EPA/AA/CTAB/90-03
Technical Report
Light-Duty Automotive Technology and
Fuel Economy Trends Through 1990
by
Robert M. Heavenrich
and
J. Dillard Murrell
June 1990
NOTICE
Technical Reports do not necessarily represent final EPA decisions or positions.
They are intended to present technical analysis of issues using data which are
currently available. The purpose in the release of such reports is to facilitate
the exchange of technical information and to inform the public of technical
developments which may form the basis for a final EPA decision, position or
regulatory action.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Air and Radiation
Office of Mobile Sources
Emission Control Technology Division
Control Technology and Applications Branch
2565 Plymouth Road
Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105
-------
\ UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
J ANN ARBOR. MICHIGAN 48105
A *
OFFICE OF
AIR AND RADIATION
JUN 6 1990
MEMORANDUM
SUBJECT: Exemption From Peer and Administrative Review
FROM: Karl H. Hellman, Chief, CTAB
TO: Charles L. Gray, Jr., Director, ECTD
The attached report entitled "Light-Duty Automotive
Technology and Fuel Economy Trends Through 1990"
EPA/AA/CTAB/90-03, is a brief analysis of trends to model year
1990.
Since this report is concerned only with the presentation
of data and its analysis and does not involve matters of policy
or regulations, your concurrence is requested to waive
administrative review according to the policy outlined in your
directive "of April 22, 1982.
sf I/ , / 'VXV/-V-7 / /'-,-. ,.
Concurrence; /^^x/Sfrn^ ^ / /// Date: ^--- >- --'^p
Charles L. Gray,
Nonconcurrence: Date:
_
Charles L. Gray, Jr., Dir., ECTD
cc: E. Burger, ECTD
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CONTENTS
Page
I. Abstract 2
II. Introduction 2
III. General Car and Truck Trends ., 3
IV. Trends by Vehicle Size . 3
V. Trends by Market Segment 4
VI. Conclusions 5
Tables:
1. General Characteristics of Cars and Light Trucks . 6
2. Characteristics of Cars by EPA Car Class 8
3. Characteristics of Cars by Size Group 10
4. Characteristics of Trucks by Size Class ". 12
5. Effect of Weight and Size Mix Changes on Cars 14
6. Effect of Weight and Size Mix Changes on Trucks 15
7. Characteristics of Domestic, European and Asian Cars 16
8. Characteristics of Domestic and Imported Trucks 18
References . 19
Appendixes:
A. Vehicle Classification Convention 20
B. Model Year 1990 Average MPG Values by Nameplate ....... 21
C. Characteristics of Model Year 1990 Cars 26
D. Characteristics of Model Year 1990 Trucks 28
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2
I. Abstract
This, the eighteenth in this series of papers and reports, examines trends 'in
light-duty vehicle fuel economy and technology usage through model year 1990.
II. Introduction
Trends are examined herein, as in preceding papers in this series [1-20],*
using the latest and most complete EPA data available. The source database was
frozen in mid-March 1990.
Through model year 1986, all data are "final CAFE" data. For 1987, the data
are final CAFE for all manufacturers for cars and most manufacturers for trucks.
For 1988 and 1989, final CAFE data was available for some, but not all
manufacturers. For Model Year 1990, fuel economy label data were used, with sales
volumes adjusted to agree with post-label (but pre-"final") information reported
to the Department of Transportation and in trade publications. This same procedure
was used for those manufacturers for which "final" data were unavailable for
other years.
The MPG data in this series and this paper are raw data values, with no correc-
tion factors for road MPG correlation or "test procedure adjustment." Where only
one MPG value is presented, it is 55/45 combined MPG. All vehicle weight data are
based on inertia weight class (nominally curb weight plus 300 Ibs). The light
truck data in this paper include gross vehicle weights (GVW) up to 8,500 Ibs.
Vehicle classification as to vehicle type, size class and manufacturer generally
follows fuel economy label, Gas Mileage Guide and CAFE protocols; exceptions for
model year 1990 are listed in Appendix A. In some passenger car tables, Large
Sedans and Wagons are aggregated as "Large," Midsize Sedans and Wagons are
aggregated as "Midsize," and "Small" includes everything else. For trucks, the
larger Pickups, Vans and Utility Trucks are sometimes aggregated as "Large"
trucks, and "Small" includes the smaller models. The truck classification scheme
used in this paper is explained in Reference 14.
Appendix B lists the model year 1990 nameplates and their average MPG as of
the data freeze date.
This paper includes an estimate of 0 to 60 mph acceleration time, calculated
from horsepower and inertia weight, as in reference 22.
* Numbers in brackets denote references listed at the end of the text.
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III. General Car and Truck Trends
Table 1 gives characteristics of passenger cars, light trucks, and all light-
duty vehicles (cars and light trucks) for model years 1975 to 1990. Total sales in
model year 1990 are projected to be 10.7 million cars and 4.5 million trucks.
Sales-weighted 55/45 fuel economy for cars improved nearly nine MPG between 1975
and 1981, but improved less than four MPG between 1981 and 1988, and decreased from
28.6 in 1988 to 27.8 this year. Other changes since 1988, consistent with this
declining MPG trend, include increases in inertia weight, horsepower and engine
size.
Similarly, light truck MPG improved about six MPG between 1975 and 1981, but
only 1.5 MPG between 1981 and 1987 when it reached 21.6. Since then, 55/45 fuel
economy for light trucks has declined to 21.0 this year.
Average inertia weight for cars dropped 1,000 Ibs between 1975 and 1980, leveled
off for a while, and has increased by nearly 140 Ibs. since 1987. The light truck
weight trend is similar.
Average engine size for cars and light trucks decreased considerably between
1975 and 1981; by more than 100 CID for cars and 64 CID for trucks. Between 1981
and 1988, automobile engines decreased another 21 CID, but have increased. 3 CID
since then. Truck engine CID decreased until 1987, but is now 21 CID larger.
Average engine horsepower reached a minimum for cars in 1981 and for trucks in
1983, and has risen consistently since. Power per CID has increased steadily and
significantly over the entire period; while advantage could have been taken of this
to reduce CID and improve fuel economy, the MPG improvement has been foregone, in
favor of increased vehicle power and performance.
More than 95 percent, of both this year's cars and trucks will have fuel, injected
engines. Diesel engine usage peaked in 1981 for cars and a year later for trucks.
On a percentage basis, more cars used Diesel engines in 1981 than use carbureted
engines this year. Diesels have not been an important part of the light duty veh-
icle market for nearly a decade.
IV. Trends by Vehicle Size
Table 2 describes cars by EPA car class. Interior volume is undefined for model
years 1975 and 1976, and also for the Two-Seater car class. A value of 50 cubic
feet has been assigned to all Two- Seaters, a class which has never accounted for
more than about three percent of car sales.
*. *
On a class-by-class basis, passenger car MPG has declined for seven of the nine
classes since 1988. The two classes (Two-Seaters and Large Wagons) that have im-
proved their MPG since 1988 have done so by only 0.1 MPG and account for about 3
percent of the cars built this year. Four classes (Subcompacts, Compacts, Midsize
and Large sedans) have accounted for over 90 percent of the cars built the past
three years. Average MPG for all four of these classes is lower this year than it
was in 1988.
-------
Table 3 give characteristics of Large, Midsize and Small cars. Since 1980, Large
Sedans and Wagons have never accounted for more than 15 percent of the cars, com-
pared to about 20 percent in 1978 and 1979. The market share of Midsize Cars and
Wagons dropped from a peak of 36 percent in 1981 to about 22.5 percent in 1988, and
has since increased.
Average MPG for all three car size groups has decreased since 1988. These MPG
decreases have been accompanied by increases in weight for all three size groups,
and faster 0 to 60 acceleration time.
Table 4 gives fuel economy, market fraction, CID and inertia weight for light-
duty trucks by size class. In the late 1970s, Large Pickups typically accounted
for nearly 60 percent of all light trucks; Large Vans 20 percent and Small Pickups
10 percent. Since then, the market share of Large Pickups has dropped to less than
30 percent. Small Pickups gained in popularity through 1983 when they accounted
for 38 percent of all light trucks. Since then, their market share has dropped to
about 15 percent while Small Vans and Utility Trucks have each increased their
shares of the market.
Table 5 compares average interior volume, weight, and fuel economy for 1975 to
1990 passenger cars with what might have occurred had the size and weight mix of
these vehicles remained what it was in 1978. A similar comparison for light trucks
is presented in Table 6. .
V. Trends by Market Segment
Table 7 shows major characteristics of the Domestic, European, and Asian car
fleets for model years 1978-90. Table 8 presents similar data light trucks in Dom-
estic and Import segments. As in previous papers, Import production volumes in-
clude vehicles assembled in the U.S. by foreign manufacturers.
The market share of European cars has remained at 5 to 7 percent. The Asian
share of the car market, on the other hand, has increased from 14 percent in 1978
to nearly 40 percent this year. The sales fraction of Import trucks has ranged
from 10 to 30 percent and is currently in the middle of this range.
Compared to 1989, Domestic cars built this year get lower MPG, are nearly 100
pounds heavier, have larger engines, and faster 0 to 60 acceleration time. Simi-
larly, this year's Asian and European cars get lower MPG than then'did in 1989, are
heavier and have larger engines. European passenger car MPG peaked at nearly 30 MPG
in 1981, primarily because Diesel engines were used in 36 percent of the European
cars that year.
Between 1983 and 1988 Domestic fuel economy improved from 24.1 to 27.1 MPG, but
during this same period Asian MPG remained between 32.0 and 32.9 MPG. Domestic and
Asian MPG both peaked in 1988. Consistent with this declining trend in Domestic,
European and Asian MPG are an increasing trend in weight and a trend towards faster
0 to 60 acceleration time.
Import truck fuel economy peaked in 1981 at 27.3 MPG when 15.9 percent of them
had Diesel engines. Since then, Import truck MPG has decreased 3.0 MPG and inertia
weight has increased nearly 600 pounds. Since 1978, Domestic light trucks improved
5.8 MPG, but almost all of this improvement occurred between 1978 and 1983. Since
then, Domestic truck MPG and inertia weight have remained in a narrow range.
-------
For the Domestics, Hp/CID has increased from 0.48 in 1978 to 0.72 this year.
For the Europeans, Hp/CID dropped from a value of 0.76 in 1978 to 0.69 in 1981 (the
peak year for European Diesel usage) and has since risen to 0.97. Similarly, Hp/
CID for the Asians decreased from 0.78 in 1978 to 0.71 in 1981 and 1982 and has
since increased to 0.97 in 1990.
Ton-miles per gallon, i.e. miles per gallon multiplied by inertia weight in
tons, equates vehicle utility with its ability to move weight (its own plus pay-
load). Ton-MPG for Domestic and Asian cars have increased and are nearly identical.
Ton-MPG for European cars peaked in 1982 at 42.7, dropped to about 40 in 1986, and
is now increasing.
Cubic feet miles per gallon associates vehicle utility with the ability to move
interior volume, i.e. passengers and cargo. Interior volume of European cars has
been constant, but European fuel economy has decreased the last few years, so Euro-
pean cubic feet MPG has decreased. For both the Domestics and the Asians, interior
volume has been relatively constant the past few years, and thus their cubic feet
MPG trend has followed their fuel economy trend.
VI. Conclusions
There is a declining trend in light duty vehicle fuel economy. Passenger car
fuel economy has dropped from 28.6 MPG in 1988 to 27.8 this year. Similarly, light
truck fuel economy has dropped from 21.6 MPG in 1987 to 21.0 this year. Factors
which have contributed to this decline include increases in weight, horsepower, and
engine size.
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Table 1 - Characteristics of 1975 to 1990 Light Duty Vehicles
1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990
Cars
Sales(OOO)
Fraction
8237
.806
9722 11300 11175
.788 .800 .773
10794 9443 8733 7819 8002 10675 10791 11015 10727 10673 10083 10699
.778 .835 .827 .803 .777 .761 .746 .717 .722 .701 .692 .704
City FE 13.7 15.2 16.0 17.2 17.7 20.3 21.7 22.3 22.1 22.4 23.0 23.7 23.9 24.2 23.7 23.4
Hway FE 19.5 21.3 22.3 24.5 24.6 29.0 31.1 32.7 32.7 33.3 34.3 35.5 35.9 36.6 36.3 36.0
55/45 FE 15.8 17.5 18.3 19.9 20.3 23.5 25.1 26.0 25.9 26.3 27.0 27.9 28.1 28.6 28.1 27.8
H/C Ratio 1.428 1.402 1.393 1.415 1.391 1.425 1.430 1.465 1.469 1.476 1.489 1.494 1.498 1.508 1.527 1.533
Wt(lbs)
Ton-MPG
Disp(CI)
Disp/Wt
X FWD
X 4WD
X Man.Tr
X Inject
X TBI
X Port
X Carb
X Diesel
4058 4059 3944 3588 3485 3101 3076 3054 3112 3099 3093 3041 3030 3051 3115 3171
32.3 35.5 36.4 35.9 35.4 36.6 38.9 40.1 40.7 41.1 41.9 42.6 42.8 43.8 43.8 44.2
288 287 279 251 238 188 182 175 182 179 177 167 162 161 164 164
.068 .068 .068 .067 .065 .058 .057 .055 .056 .056 .055 .053 .052 .051 .051 .050
6.5 5.8 6.8 9.6 11.9 29.7 37.0 45.6 47.3 53.7 61.6 71.1 77.1 81.5 82.2 81.5
.3 .9 .7 .8 3.1 1.0 2.1 1.1 1.1 .9 .7 1.6
19.9 17.1 16.8 20.2 22.3 31.9 30.4 29.7 27.4 24.2 23.6 24.8 24.9 23.8 21.7 23.1
5.1 3.2 4.2 5.1 4.7 6.9 8.8 17.0 28.3 39.4 53.5 65.1 73.0 84.2 89.4 96.0
5.1 3.2 4.2 5.1 4.7
94.6 96.6 95.3 94.0 93.2
.2 .3 .5 .9 2.1
.7 2.6 9.8 18.9 24.4 32.0 28.4 30.5 30.2 27.6 20.8
6.2 6.1 7.2 9.5 15.0 21.4 36.7 42.5 54.0 61.8 75.2
88.7 85.3 78.4 69.6 58.9 45.6 34.5 26.8 15.8 10.5 4.0
4.4 5.9 4.7 2.1 1.7 .9 .3 .3 .0 .0 .o'
Eng-Hp 136 134 133 124 119 100 99 99 104 106 111 111 112 116 123 129
Hp/Disp .515 .502 .516 .538 .545 .583 .594 .609 .615 .637 .671 .701 .732 .758 .786 .828
Hp/Wt .033 .032 .033 .034 .034 .032 .032 .032 .033 .034 .035 .036 .037 .038 .039 .040
0 TO 60 14.2 14.4 14.0 13.7 13.8 14.3 14.4 14.4 14.0 13.8 13.3 13.2 13.0 12.8 12.4 12.1
X Small 55.4 55.4 51.9 44.7 43.7 54.4 51.5 56.5 53.1 57.4 55.7 59.5 63.5 64.6 59.8 59vl
X Mid 23.3 25.2 24.5 34.4 34.2 34.4 36.4 31.0 31.8 29.4 28.9 27.9 24.3 22.5 25.9 27.6
X Large 21.3 19.4 23.5 21.0 22.1 11.3 12.2 12.5 15.1 13.2 15.4 12.6 12.2 12.9 14.3 13.3
Trucks
Sales(OOO) 1987 2612 2823 3273 3088 1863 1821 1914 2300 3345 3669 4350 4134 4559 4481 4501
Fraction .194 .212 .200 .227 .222 .165 .173 .197 .223 .239 .254 .283 .278 .299 .308 .296
City FE ' 12.1 12.8 14.0 13.8 13.4 16.5 17.8 18.1 18.3 17.9 18.0 18.8 18.8 18.3 18.1 18.1
Hway FE 16.2 16.9 18.1 17.5 16.8 21.9 23.9 24.4 25.2 24.8 24.9 25.9 26.5 26.2 25.7 26.1
55/45 FE 13.7 14.4 15.6 15.2 14.7 18.6 20.1 20.5 20.9 20.5 20.6 21.4 21.6 21.2 20.9 21.0
H/C Ratio 1.360 1.336 1.307 1.287 1.268 1.338 1.348 1.355 1.381 1.387 1.390 1.386 1.412 1.429 1.427 1.442
Wt(lbs)
Ton-MPG
Disp(CI)
Disp/Wt
X FWD
X 4WD
X Man.Tr
X Inject
X TBI
X Port
X Carb
X Diesel
Eng-Hp
Hp/Disp
Hp/Wt
0 TO 60
X Small
X Large
4072 4155 4135 4151 4252 3869 3806 3806 3763 3782 3795 3738 3713 3841 3936 3952
28.4 30.5 33.0 32.4 32.1 36.3 38.8 39.6 39.9 39.3 39.6 40.4 40.4 40.9 41.3 41.8
311 319 318 314 298 248 247 243 231 224 224 211 210 227 233 233
.076 .076 .076 .075 .069 .062 .063 .062 .060 .058 .058 .055 .055 .058 .058 .058
17.1
37.0
.1
22.9
34.8
.1
23.6
32.0
.1
99.9 99.9 99.9
1.4 2.0 1.7 1.4 4.9 7.1 5.9 7.4 9.0 9.8 13.6
29.0 18.0 25.0 20.1 20.0 25.8 31.0 30.6 30.3 31.5 33.3 32.2 34.0
32.4 35.2 53.0 51.6 45.7 45.9 42.1 37.1 42.7 39.9 35.5 30.7 29.0
.1 .3 1.7 1.1 .7 .6 2.6 12.3 40.5 66.9 87.7 92.9 95.6
44.4 45.8 38.2
43.3 47.1 57.4
12.1 6.8 4.2
.2 .2 .2
99.1
.8
97
1
.9
.8
94.9
3.5
93.3
5.6
90.0
9.3
94.7
4.7
95.
2.
1
.3
86.7
1.1
18.7
21.8
58.7
.7
33.6
33.3
32.9
.3
142 141 147 146 138 121 119 120 118 118 124 123 131 141 146 148
.476 .458 .482 .481 .486 .528 .508 .524 .543 .557 .586 .621 .654 .650 .653 .663
.035 .034 .036 .035 .032 .031 .031 .032 .031 .031 .033 .033 .035 .037 .037 .038
13.6 13.8 13.3 13.4 14.3 14.5 14.6 14.5 14.5 14.7 14.2 14.0 13.3 12.9 12.8 12.7
13.7
86.3
11.1
88.9
13.5
86.5
13.3
86.7
18.5
81.5
30.3
69.7
27.6
72.4
33.9
66.1
45.5
54.5
46.0
54.0
50.5
49.5
56.8
43.2
61.8
38.2
57.3
42.7
54.8
45.2
53.9
46.1
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Table 1 - Characteristics of 1975 to 1990 Light Duty Vehicles (Continued)
1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990
Cars and Trucks
Sales(OOO) 10224 12334 14123 14448 13882 11306 10554 9732 10302 14020 14460 15365 14860 15232 14564 15200
City FE 13.4 14.6 15.6 16.3 16.5 19.6 20.9 21.3 21.2 21.2 21.5 22.1 22.2 22.1 21.6 21.6
Hway FE 18.7 20.2 21.3 22.5 22.3 27.5 29.5 30.7 30.6 30.8 31.3 32.2 32.6 32.7 32.2 32.4
55/45 FE 15.3 16.7 17.7 18.6 18.7 22.5 24.1 24.7 24.6 24.6 25.0 25.7 25.9 25.9 25.4 25.4
H/C Ratio 1.415 1.388 1.376 1.386 1.363 1.411 1.416 1.443 1.449 1.455 1.464 1.463 1.474 1.484 1.496 1.506
Wt(lbs)
Ton-MPG
Disp(CI)
Disp/Wt
X FWO
X 4WD
X Man.Tr
4060
31.6
293
.069
5.3
3.3
23.2
4079
34.4
294
.069
4.6
4.8
20.9
3982
35.7
287
.070
5.5
4.7
19.8
3715
35.1
266
.069
7.4
6.6
23.0
3655
34.7
252
.066
9.2
4.3
25.1
3228
36.6
198
.059
25.0
4.9
35.4
3202
38.9
193
.058
31.0
4.0
34.1
3202
40.0
188
.056
37.0
4.6
32.8
3257
40.5
193
.057
37.0
8.1
31.5
3262
40.7
190
.056
42.1
8.2
28.5
3271
41.4
189
.056
47.8
9.3
27.0
3238
42.0
180
.054
52.6
9.3
29.8
3220
42.1
175
.053
57.7
9.6
29.1
3288
42.9
181
.053
59.8
10.6
27.3
3367
43.1
186
.053
59.9
10.4
24.5
3402
43.5
185
.053
61.4
11.2
24.8
X Inject
X TBI
X Port
X Carb
X Diesel
Eng-Hp
Hp/Oisp
Hp/Wt
0 TO 60
4.1 2.5 3.4 3.9 3.7 6.0 7.5 13.8 22.1 30.6 43.0 58.2 71.3 85.3 90.5 95.9
95.7
.2
97.3
.2
96.2
.4
95.2
.9
94.2
2.0
89.7
4.3
86.7
5.9
7.9
5.8
80.6
5.6
14.7
7.3
75.2
2.7
18.6
1-1.4
67.6
1.8
23.9
16.0
56.1
.9
25.7 31.4 34.5
32.5 39.9 50.8
41.4 28.5 14.7
.4 .3 .1
33.2
57.3
9.4
.1
25.9
69.9
4.1
.1
137 135 136 129 124 104 102 103 107 109 114 114 118 124 130 135
.507 .493 .510 .525 .532 .574 .580 .593 .599 .618 .650 .678 .710 .726 .745 .779
.033 .033 .034 .034 .034 .032 .032 .032 .033 .033 .035 .035 .036 .037 .038 .039
14.1 14.3 13.8 13.6 13.9 14.3 14.4 14.4 14.1 14.0 13.6 13.4~ 13.1 12.8 12.5 12.2
-------
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
Table 2 - Fuel Economy, Market Fraction, CID, IW, 0 To 60, and Volume
for 1975 to 1990 Cars by Size Class
Two Mini Sub Midsize Large Small Midsize Large
Seater Compact Compact Compact Sedan Sedan Wagon Wagon Wagon
19.7
.030
173
3016
12.6
19.4
.021
187
3032
12.1
20.0
.020
183
3062
12.4
50
19.4
.017
187
3079
11.8
50
20.1
.024
ISO
3026
12.2
50
20.6
.021
180
2954
12.3
50
21.9
.019
202
3005
10.6
50
25.7
.034
147
2726
13.0
50
23.0
.114
128
2721
15.2
26.0
.094
125
2688
15.1
27.9
.081
116
2544
14.0
79
27.4
.081
120
2584
14.1
79
27.6
.040
113
2450
14.4
80
28.1
.041
116
2459
14.4
83
34.3
.026
92
2164
14.5
83
35.5
.023
95
2193
14.6
83
19.2
.123
207
3243
14.2
22.2
.141
181
3033
14.7
23.9
.140
174
2966
14.2
91
24.6
.184
159
2842
14.4
90
24.1
.282
155
2847
14.2
90
27.1
.376
128
2640
14.7
90
29.3
.311
124
2604
14.7
90
29.1
.298
133
2657
14.5
92
16.2
.230
288
3958
14.6
17.5
.263
289
4025
15.2
17.9
.245
291
4129
14.6
107
20.2
.133
236
3552
14.5
105
19.5
.062
246
3624
14.4
105
22.4
.073
186
3185
14.4
106
26.7
.112
142
2825
14.2
104
29.0
.162
128
2794
14.6
103
13.6
.198
353
4630
13.9
15.7
.202
343
4558
13.8
16.4
.197
332
4474
13.9
113
18.6
.299
292
3820
13.4
113
19.1
.297
272
3710
13.6
113
21.6
.316
229
3362
13.8
113
22.9
.332
220
3346
14.2
114
24.0
.273
211
3321
14.2
114
13.1
.189
410
5142
13.5
14.2
.173
410
5156
13.4
15.9
.205
366
4482
12.8
128
16.8
.183
357
4394
12.8
128
17.4
.196
339
4210
12.9
130
19.1
.102
314
4130
14.0
131
20.4
.109
304
4108
14.3
131
20.7
.106
292
4034
13.9
131
22.4
.058
128
2834
14.8
23.9
.036
136
2902
15.2
25.5
.034
134
2801
14.9
108
24.3
.032
134
2805
14.3
108
25.7
.029
123
2711
15.1
105
28.6
.033
113
2591
15.4
108
30.0
.048
108
2531
14.4
111
30.6
.049
109
2580
15.3
112
13.2
.035
361
4791
13.8
16.0
.050
315
4555
14.8
16.3
.048
297
4410
15.1
144
18.6
.045
258
3836
14.4
140
19.1
.045
249
3758
14.7
140
21.1
.027
228
3535
15.0
140
23.1
.031
193
3285
14.5
136
23.7
.036
205
3384
14.3
136
11.9
.024
410
5453
14.0
13.5
.021
416
5444
13.7
15.5
.030
365
4713
13.6
163
15.9
.026
354
4664
13.4
162
16.1
.026
333
4467
13.4
163
19.1
.011
324
4423
15.2
161
19.9
.012
313
4394
15.3
161
19.2
.019
306
4396
14.6
161
-------
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
Table 2 - Fuel Economy, Market Fraction, CID, IW, 0 To 60, and Volume
for 1975 to 1990 Cars by Size Class (Continued)
Two Mini Sub Midsize Large Small Midsize Large
Seater Compact Compact Compact Sedan Sedan Wagon Wagon Wagon
23.9
.017
146
2756
11.8
50
26.7
.033
174
2886
12.1
50
26.9
.031
158
2826
11.7
50
28.1
.028
166
2916
11.7
50
27.5
.026
167
2920
11.5
50
27.4
.019
171
2940
11.2
50
26.2
.013
199
3083
10.1
50
27.5
.024
159
2976
10.0
50
35.7
.020
100
2273
14.2
82
25.6
.004
151
2855
10.5
76
36.0
.007
114
2300
13.4
79
30.7
.016
113
2408
12.8
81
30.7
.007
140
2636
11.3
77
31.1
.004
136
2619
11.7
78
26.7
.003
148
2874
10.6
77
26.2
.008
149
3046
10.4
80
30.0
.246
136
2688
14.0
93
29.6
.238
140
2737
13.5
93
30.1
.202
136
2734
13.4
94
30.6
.216
136
2764
13.4
95
31.1
.195
128
2728
13.7
93
32.0
' .195
124
2681
13.4
93
30.6
.192
132
2796
12.6
93 .
31.6
.245
121
2759
12.5
94
28.8
.182
141
2844
14.4
103
29.7
.256
137
2798
14.3
103
29.8
.272
138
2804
13.5
103
29.8
.304
137
2819
13.5
103
29.8
.374
135
2835
13.3
103
29.9
.404
136
2889
12.9
104
29.9
.371
132
2905
12.7
103
28.9
.290
139
2983
12.2
103
23.9
.284
212
3316
13.8
114
24.1
.260
210
3318
13.6
114
24.9
.258
205
3319
13.3
114
25.9
.242
194
3241
13.0
114
26.0
.210
189
3247
12.7
114
26.7
.198
183
3293
12.3
113
26.7
.235
182
3295
12.2
118
26.2
.251
187
3449
11.9
114
20.2
.135
293
4041
13.4
131
20.5
.116
294
4022
13.4
131
22.3
.140
279
3841
12.7
129
23.9
.115
260
3719
12.1
127
23.9
.114
260
3696
11.8
127
24.2
.122
262
3730
10.8
128
24.0
.127
261
3707
11.3
127
23.6
.126
260
3798
11.6
127
32.2
.066
105
2565
15.3
108
31.9
.043
107
2620
15.2
116
32.5
.046
107
2579
15.2
118
31.0
.032
113
2648
14.7
118
30.7
.034
116
2795
14.2
120
31.3
.024
113
2757
13.7
119
31.5
.018
115
2772
13.2
117
29.5
.023
122
3051
12.9
122
24.4
.034
200
3348
14.1
136
25.0
.034
172
3298
14.1
136
25.0
.030
173
3380
13.9
136
26.0
.037
162
3355
13.6
138
25.6
.033
173
3434
13.0
140
26.2
.027
171
3378
12.7
139
25.5
.024
182
3481
12.3
142
25.7
.025
181
3475
12.0
141
19.6
.016
307
4380
14.1
162
19.9
.017
305
4371
13.9
162
20.9
.014
305
4354
13.2
162
22.0
.011
304
4381
13.9
161
22.1
.008
304
4348
14.0
162
22.8
.007
304
4349
12.9
162
22.9
.016
306
4385
14.1
162
22.9
.007
306
4360
14.0
161
-------
10
Table 3 - Characteristics of 1978 to 1990 Small, Midsize and Large Cars
1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990
Small
Sales(OOO)
Fraction
City FE
Hway FE
55/45 FE
H/C Ratio
Wt(lbs)
Ton-MPG
Disp(CI)
Disp/Wt
% FWD
X Man.Tr
% TBI
X Port
X Carb
X Diesel
Eng-Hp
Hp/Di sp
Hp/Wt
0 TO 60
Midsize
Sales(OOO)
Fraction
City FE
Hway FE
55/45 FE
H/C Ratio
Wt(lbs)
Ton-MPG
Disp(CI)
Disp/Wt
X FWD
X Man.Tr
X TBI
X Port
X Carb
X Diesel
Eng-Hp
Hp/Di sp
Hp/Wt
0 TO 60
4991
.447
20.3
28.3
23.3
1.395
3013
35.5
174
.055
20.2
43.6
10.1
88.6
1.4
99.2
.631
.033
14.2
3843
.344
16.1
23.0
18.6
1.426
3822
35.6
288
.075
1.2
2.2
1.6
98.4
.0
133.4
.467
.035
13.5
4714
.437
20.5
28.5
23.4
1.398
2921
34.6
163
.053
23.7
49.2
8.9
89.0
2.1
96.6
.644
.032
14.2
3693
.342
16.7
23.2
19.1
1 . 383
3716
35.7
269
.072
4.5
2.4
2.3
96.1
1.6
126.4
.475
.034
13.8
5135
.544
22.8
32.0
26.2
1.403
2709
36.0
136
.049
37.0
53.6
10.5
85.6
3.9
85.5
.659
.031
14.6
3244
.344
18.6
26.8
21.6
1.442
3376
36.6
228
.067
27,8
8.0
1.4
1.3
94.5
2.8
112.3
.510
.033
13.9
4495
.515
25.1
34.7
28.6
1.388
2637
38.2
128
.047
49.0
54.8
11.4
83.8
4.8
84.7
.687
.032
14.4
3175
.364
19.8
28.5
23.0
1.446
3341
38.5
218
.064
32.5
6.2
2.1
.7
93.1
4.1
107.1
.514
.032
14.3.
4421
.565
25.2
36.1
29.2
1.433
2675
39.6
129
.047
57.3
51.1
6.1
12.3
77.8
3.8
85.7
.684
.032
14.5
2420
.310
20.5
30.3
24.0
1.484
3329
40.2
211
.062
42.8
2.6
13.6
.8
81.5
4.1
107.5
.532
.032
14.2
4248
.531
25.7
36.9
29.8
1.435
2713
40.9
133
.048
60.8
50.6
16.2
17.0
64.7
2.1
89.0
.695
.032
14.2
2544
.318
20.5
30.2
24.0
1.477
3319
40.0
211
.063
47.1
1.7
15.3
1.3
81.6
1.7
111.2
.546
.033
13.9
6128
.574
25.4
36.9
29.6
1.449
2765
41.4
138
.049
64.6
41.3
21.1
23.8
52.9
2.1
94.2
.707
.034
13.9
3135
.294
20.6
30.7
24.2
1.488
3315
40.3
205
.061
56.8
1.5
25.0
4.5
69.3
1.2
112.6
.571
.034
13.7
6030
.559
25.8
37.4
30.0
1.444
2756
41.8
135
.048
69.8
41.4
26.5
26.4
45.8
1.3
98.6
.745
.035
13.5
3103
.288
21.2
31.8
24.9
1.506
3325
41.6
201
.060
63.1
1.6
36.6
14.0
49.0
.4
116.8
.612
.035
13.3
6551
.595
25.9
37.5
30.1
1.442
2784
42.3
136
.048
74.7
40.2
25.8
35.1
38.7
.4
99.8
.753
.035
13.4
3076
.279
21.9
33.3
25.9
1.526
3256
42.3
190
.058
72.5
2.8
40.4
28.8
30.6
.2
118.0
.650
.036
13.1
6809
.635
25.9
37.6
30.1
1.449
2801
42.5
133
.046
80.5
38.4
29.8
36.8
33.2
.2
101.1
.776
.035
13.4
2612
.243
21.9
33.5
25.9
1.531
3273
42.6
186
.056
78.2
1.9
40.6
45.0
14.0
.4
123.7
.691
.038
12.7
6896
.646
26.2
38.1
30.5
1.450
2821
43.3
133
.046
84.7
35.5
34.5
45.4
20.1
.0
105.3
.807
.037
13.1
2398
.225
22.2
35.0
26.6
1.578
3303
44.1
182
.055
87.2
3.8
28.2
67.3
4.5
128.5
.721
.039
12.4
6034
.598
25.8
37.7
30.1
1.462
2870
43.4
133
.045
86.6
33.6
32.8
52.7
14.4
.0
111.2
.853
.038
12.6
2610
.259
22.1
35.2
26.6
1.593
3312
44.1
182
.055
85.5
6.1
19.7
79.7
.7
131.3
.731
.040
12.2
6326
.591
25.7
37.5
29.9
1.456
2893
43.6
132
.045
84.7
36.7
26.1
68.7
5.2
.1
116.7
.903
.040
12.2
2952
.276
21.7
35.0
26.1
1.619
3451
45.2
186
.054
85.1
5.0
14.4
85.6
.0
141.5
.769
.041
11.9
-------
11
Large
Table 3 - Characteristics of 1978 to 1990 Small, Midsize and Large Cars (Continued)
1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990
Sales
Fraction
City FE
Hway FE
55/45 FE
H/C Ratio
Wt(lbs)
Ton-MPG
Disp(CI)
D1sp/Wt
X FWD
X Man.Tr
X TBI
X Port
X Carb
X Diesel
Eng-Hp
Hp/Disp
Hp/wt
0 TO 60
2341
.210
14.4
20.7
16.7
1.440
4428
37.2
357
.080
1.0
.1
98.5
1.4
162.3
.457
.037
12.9
2387
.221
15.1
20.9
17.2
1.388
4240
36.7
339
.080
.1
96.8
3.1
153.8
.456
.036
13.0
1064
.113
16.3
24.1
19.1
1.479
4158
40.1
315
.076
1.8
86.2
12.0
136.3
.438
.033
14.2
1064
.122
17.1
26.6
20.4
1.562
4137
42.8
305
.074
15.3
68.4
16.3
133.0
.442
.032
14.4
978
.125
17.2
26.7
20.4
1.557
4088
42.2
294
.072
17.1
72.8
10.1
135.9
.466
.033
14.0
1209
.151
16.8
26.4
20.1
1.572
4077
41.1
294
.072
35.9
61.5
2.7
140.4
.480
.034
13.5
1412
.132
17.1
26.8
20.4
1.569
4066
41.6
296
.073
37.3
61.8
.9
140.7
.478
.035
13.4
1657
.154
18.4
29.7
22.2
1.618
3886
43.1
282
.072
29.1
43.6
17.4
38.8
.3
143.6
.511
.037
12.8
1388
.126
19.5
32.4
23.8
1.667
3777
44.8
264
.070
51.1
.6
14.5
61.8
23.8
146.9
.569
.039
12.2
1306
.122
19.4
32.6
23.7
1.687
3740
44.4
263
.070
56.8
.5
14' 1
67.3
18.6
148.8
.579
.040
12.0
1378
.129
19.8
33.0
24.1
1.675
3764
45.5
265
.070
55.5
.4
11.9
74.3
13.8
149.7
.581
.040
12.0
1439
.143
19.6
32.7
23.9
1.675
3782.
45.2
266
.070
57.8
.3
20.0
67.6
12.5
156.5
.606
.042
11.6
1421
.133
19.2
32.6
23.6
1.695
3827
45.1
262
.068
60.3
.1
10.5
82.6
6.9
157.6
.617
.042
11.7
-------
12
Table 4 - Fuel Economy, Market Fraction, CID and Inertia Weight
for 1975 to 1990 Light-Duty Trucks by Size/Body Class
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
Small
Pickups
22.1
.1093
116
2821
23.5
.0871
117
2829
26.3
.1086
121
2820
26.3
.1037
121
2844
23.4
.1486
123
2832
25.3
.2625
123
2792
28.1
.2468
129
2822
27.5
.3091
144
2880
Large
Pickups
13.1
.5667
343
4241
13.9
.6276
344
4301
14.9
.6090
347
4319
14.7
.5889
339
4326
14.3
.5660
330
4486
17.4
.5083
294
4227
18.9
.5439
286
4069
19.0
.4438
287
4151
Small
Van
20.7
.0005
109
3497 '
19.9
.0006
120
3500
22.2
.0008
120
3500
20.0
.0008
120
3500
18.7
.0027
120
3500
19.0
.0084
120
3619
18.5
.0062
120
3644
21.7
.0078
111
3668
Large
Van
13.1
.2292
318
4198
13.8
.1915
324
4202
14.7
.1814
333
4256
14.2
.1902
330
4253
13.5
.1529
326
4560
16.5
.1213
299
4404
17.4
.1283
292
4357
17.1
.1545
296
4376
Small
Utility
16.1
.0269
273
2897
15.9
.0229
273
2985
17.0
.0257
274
3074
16.7
.0285
275
3026
16.7
.0339
261
3196
18.8
.0325
227
3083
20.4
.0234
225
3054
20.5
.0222
207
2922
Large
Utility
12.1
.0674
350
4724
13.2
.0703
356
4745
14.5
.0745
352
4632
13.8
.0878
359
4676
11.6
.0959
355
4975
14.3
.0670
328
4810
15.6
.0513
320
4734
16.8
.0626
324
4855
-------
13
Table 4 - Fuel Economy, Market Fraction, CID and Inertia Weight
for 1975 to 1990 Light-Duty Trucks by Size/Body Class (continued)
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
Small
Pickups
26.9
.3805
145
2978
26.0
.2707
146
3080
26.9
.2415
148
2974
26.8
.2881
145
3003
26.9
.2679
147
3018
26.3
.2290
153
3079
26.2
.1885
154
3094
25.2
.1431
178
3270
Large
Pickups
18.4
.3280
289
4197
18.8
.3402
271
4048
18.6
.3248
276
4139
19.1
.2940
266
4133
19.2
.2513
261
4068
19.0
.3102
286
4223
19.0
.3256
283
4271
19.7
.3567
268
4138
Small
Van
19.7
.0062
118
3567
24.7
.0649
136
3380
23.5
.1206
169
3521
23.2
.1494
181
3671
23.2
.2101
185
3672
23.1
.1762
194
3816
23.1
.2035
188
3834
23.1
.2348
199
3884
Large
Van
17.7
.1599
301
4445
17.1
.1371
303
4402
16.4
.1124
308
4462
17.4
.0906
305
4537
17.1
.0964
310
4599
17.5
.0721
313
4632
17.0
.0852
315
4666
17.3
.0651
314
4700
Small
Utility
21.9
.0680
189
3512
21.9
.1247
175
3546
22.1
.1429
168
3643
22.2
.1309
163
3550
22.4
.1396
175
3513
22.0
.1674
188
3529
21.2
.1558
213
3685
21.8
.1607
200
3635
Large
Utility
16.5
.0574
333
4905
15.5
.0622
331
4910
15.8
.0577
333
4945
16.3
.0470
328
4955
15.8
.0346
340
5093
16.1
.0449
334
5093
16.4
.0414
329
5070
16.3
.0397
333
5191
-------
14
Table 5 - Effect of Weight and Size Mix Changes
on Passenger Car Characteristics, 1975 to 1990
Year
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1975
1986
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
-1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
u
VoL
110.
109.
109.
104.
106.
106.
109.
108.
108.
107.
107.
107.
109.
107.
usi ng
109.
109.
109.
109.
109.
109.
109.
109.
109.
109.
109.
109.
109.
109.
Usi ng
104.
109.
110.
113.
115.
117.
117.
117.
119.
118.
118.
116.
118.
113.
sing tacr
Weight
4058.
4059.
3944.
3588.
3485.
3101.
3076.
3054.
3112.
3099.
3093.
3041.
3030.
3051.
3115.
n rear s
Displ
288.
287.
279.
251.
238.
188.
182.
175.
182.
179.
177.
167.
162.
161.
164.
Actual r
FE City
13.69
15.23
15.99
17.24
17.70
20.33
21.72
22.31
22.14
22.45
22.95
23.71
23.86
24.21
23.68
3171. 164. 23.43
Constant SI ze C Lass Mix
4169. 301. 13.26
4109. 292. 15.02
3922.
3588.
3508.
3277.
3177.
3166.
3182.
3231.
3153.
3128.
3147.
3161.
3210.
3295.
Constant
3588.
3588.
3588.
3588.
3588.
3588.
3588.
3588.
3588.
3588.
3588.
3588.
3588.
3588.
3588.
3588.
277.
251.
241.
209.
194.
189.
192.
195.
187.
180.
179.
177.
179.
179.
Wei ght
237.
235.
238.
251.
250.
246.
241.
235.
233.
232.
231.
230.
228.
225.
221.
215.
16.06
17.24
17.61
19.41
21.14
21.67
21.63
21.28
22.52
22.92
22.94
23.34
22.76
nx
Hway
19.46
21.27
22.25
24.49
24.60
28.97
31.08
32.73
32.66
33.28
34.30
35.54
35.86
36.64
36.25
36.03
/ * Q7P \
( 197o;
18.95
21.11
22.43
24.49
24.45
27.86
30.60
31.96
32.03
31.90
33.93
34.95
35.09
35.96
35.35
22.48 35.19
p| -,&f, Lt^ w f 1Q"7Q^
Llass Mix (ISta)
15.36 21.59
16.91 23.48
17.52
17.24
17.28
17.91
18.82
19.01
18.93
19.06
19.49
19.83
20.07
20.67
20.74
20.74
24.19
24.49
24.11
25.69
27.44
28.17
28.45
28.69
29.68
30.43
30.84
31.89
32.10
32.18
55/45
15.79
17.46
18.31
19.89
20.25
23.48
25.13
26.04
25.89
26.30
26.96
27.89
28.09
28.57
28.06
27.80
15.33
17.26
18.41
19.89
20.15
22.48
24.56
25.34
25.33
25.03
26.54
27.12
27.17
27.72
27.10
26.84
17.65
19.35
20.00
19.89
19.80
20.74
21.92
22.27
22.29
22.45
23.05
23.52
23.81
24.56
24.67
24.69
-------
15
Table 6 - Effect of Size and Weight Mix Changes on
Light Duty Truck Characteristics, 1975 to 1990
jsing eac
n year
5 MCT,UŁ
Year Weight Displ FE City
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
4072.
4155.
4135.
4151.
4252.
3869.
3806.
3806.
3763.
3782.
3795.
3738.
3713.
3841.
3936.
3952.
311.
319.
318.
314.
298.
248.
247.
243.
231.
224.
224.
211.
210.
227.
233.
233.
Using Constant Size
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
Using
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
4089.
4131.
4143.
4151.
4334.
4130.
4023.
4088.
4160.
4077.
4136.
4148.
4134.
4238.
4277.
4233.
Constant
4151.
4151.
4151.
4151.
4151.
4151.
4151.
4151.
4151.
4151.
4151.
4151.
4151.
4151.
4151.
4151.
313.
316.
319.
314.
308.
278.
272.
275.
277.
266.
270.
263.
263.
279.
278.
271.
Weight
315.
317.
319.
314.
295.
280.
279.
280.
273.
270.
268.
259.
255.
258.
253.
252.
12.12
12.83
14.04
13.77
13.43
16.48
17.78
18.11
18.32
17.93
18.03
18.78
18.82
18.34
18.07
18.14
11 nix
Hway
16.23
16.94
18.14
17.53
16.81
21.94
23.90
24.39
25.16
24.75
24.89
25.94
26.48
26.15
25.68
26.15
55/45
13.68
14.40
15.63
15.24
14.73
18.56
20.10
20.48
20.87
20.47
20.58
21.45
21.64
21.19
20.85
21.04
Class Mix (1978) -
12.08
12.91
14.01
13.77
13.19
15.51
16.73
16.83
16.52
16.45
16.28
16.78
16.66
16.48
16.43
16.66
Class
11.87
12.82
14.00
13.77
13.77
15.48
16.32
16.67
16.67
16.28
16.42
16.96
16.90
17.17
17.36
17.42
16.17
17.07
18.10
17.53
16.46
20.61
22.45
22.60
22.55
22.54
22.18
22.90
23.06
23.35
23.30
24.02
13.63
14.50
15.59
15.24
14.45
17.46
18.90
19.02
18.78
18.73
18.50
19.07
19.03
19.00
18.94
19.32
Mix (1978)
15.69
16.91
18.07
17.53
17.39
20.59
21.88
22.36
22.84
22.50
22.61
23.43
23.66
24.44
24.72
25.08
13.33
14.38
15.58
15.24
15.15
17.43
18.43
18.83
18.98
18.60
18.73
19.37
19.39
19.82
20.04
20.19
-------
16
Domestic
Table 7 - Characteristics of 1978 to 1990 Domestic, European and Asian Passenger Cars
1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990
Sales(OOO) 9084 8761 6820 6261 5506 5683 8102 7797 7517 6605 6614 6388 6017
Fraction .813 .812 .722 .717 .704 .710 .759 .723 .682 .616 .620 .634 .562
City FE 16.2 16.8 18.9 20.2 20.8 20.5 21.3 21.8 22.4 22.4,22.6 22.4 21.9
Hway FE 23.1 23.4 27.2 29.4 31.3 30.9 32.1 33.2 34.5 34.8 35.7 35.6 35.3
55/45 FE 18.7 19.3 21.9 23.5 24.5 24.1 25.1 25.8 26.6 26.7 27.1 26.9 26.4
H/C Ratio 1.421 1.388 1.440 1.461 1.510 1.508 1.501 1.525 1.541 1.557 1.574 1.588 1.612
Wt(lbs) 3828 3696 3323 3291 3247 3310 3233 3246 3199 3200 3245 3278 3371
Ton-MFC 36.0 35.7 36.5 38.7 40.0 40.2 40.8 41.9 42.6 42.7 44.1 44.1 44.6
Disp(CI) 284 268 218 210 200 208 197 199 191 189 189 191 196
Disp/Wt .073 .071 .064 .062 .059 .061 .059 .059 .058 .058 .057 .057 .057
X FWD
X 4WD
X Man.Tr
X TBI
X Port
X Carb
X Diesel
4.6
8.2
1.1
98.6
.4
6.3
9.9
1.1
97.3
1.6
23.4
.6
16.8
.9
.2
95.7
3.1
32.4
.3
15.3
3.7
91.3
5.0
42.9
.4
15.4
13.9
82.4
3.7
42.4
.6
12.3
26.6
.7
71.5
1.2
51.3
.3
13.6
32.0
6.3
60.7
.9
60.0
.0
11.0
44.2
13.3
42.3
.2
68.2
.1
11.7
41.0
29.6
29.2
.1
74.3
.1
10.9
45.2
39.6
15.1
.1
79.0
.0
9.9
35.8
59.6
4.5
80.3
.3
9.7
33.6
63.3
3.1
81.3
.0
8.5
27.2
71.1
1.6
Eng-Hp 133 128 109 106 106 111 110 117 117 121 126 131 136
Hp/Disp .483 .501 .532 .549 .567 .565 .593 .625 .646 .666 .696 .710 .718
Hp/Wt .035 .035 .033 .032 .032 .033 .034 .036 .036 .037 .039 .040 .040
0 TO 60 13.6 13.6 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.0 13.8 13.2 13.0 12.8 12.4 12.2 12.1
X Small 32.2 31.0 37.3 32.7 38.8 34.7 45.3 40.7 43.6 43.3 47.8 41.4 37.4
X Mid 42.1 41.8 47.1 50.3 43.4 44.1 37.2 38.0 38.1 37.1 31.6 36.2 40.0
X Large 25.8 27.2 15.6 17.0 17.8 21.3 17.4 21.3 18.3 19.6 20.6 22.4 22.6
Cu.Ft 114 114 110 113 112 115 111 113 112 112 112 113 113
Cu.Ft MPG 2185 2235 2448 2706 2800 2828 2857 2950 2998 3018 3069 3068 3016
Cu.Ft Ton MPG 4117 4088 4048 4408 4504 4612 4553 4734 4767 4802 4959 5015 5072
European
Sales(OOO)
Fraction
582 520 699 525 494 441 640 666 732
.052 .048 .074 .060 .063 .055 .060 .062 .066
742
.069
596 492 583
.056 .049 .054
City FE 20.5 21.0 24.1 25.5 25.1 23.7 23.2 22.8 22.6
Hway FE 30.1 30.4 34.8 36.0 34.3 33.0 32.8 32.3 32.2
55/45 FE 23.9 24.4 28.0 29.4 28.6 27.2 26.7 26.3 26.1
H/C Ratio 1.472 1.450 1.441 1.418 1.368 1.393 1.413 1.419 1.431
22.5 21.7 21.2 21.0
31.8 31.4 30.9 31.6
25.9 25.2 24.7 24.8
1.419 1.448 1.455 1.506
Wt(lbs)
Ton-MPG
Disp(CI)
Disp/Wt
X FWD
X 4WD
X Man.Tr
X TBI.-
X Port
X Carb
X Diesel
Eng-Hp
Hp/Disp
Hp/Wt
0 TO 60
X Small
X Mid
X Large
Cu.Ft
Cu.Ft MPG
Cu.Ft Ton MPG
2705
33.2
115
.042
53.7
68.6
65.5
22.9
11.5
87
.758
.032
14.7
96.2
3.8
92
2335
3084
2783
35.1
121
.043
47.0
69.1
54.9
27.5
17.6
87
.727
.031
15.1
93.4
6.6
90
2354
3195
2649
38.5
114
.043
65.3
75.2
55.3
15.5
29.2
80
.702
.030
15.4
95.4
4.6
90
2699
3498
2765
42.1
121
.044
61.1
68.7
61.4
2.2
36.4
84
.694
.030
15.2
95.0
5.0
93
2928
3940
2895
42.7
129
.044
54.8
61.2
65.6
6.3
28.1
92
.718
.031
14.8
93.8
6.2
96
2923
4144
3041
42.0
140
.046
42.0
.1
53.5
77.1
3.5
19.4
107
.773
.035
13.5
90.5
9.3
.1
99
2785
4181
2987
40.8
139
.046
45.4
.5
51.0
84.2
2.2
13.6
110
.798
.037
13.0
81.6
18.4
100
2772
4086
3070
41.1
145
.047
45.0
.6
46.4
88.8
.3
10.9
117
.823
.038
12.8
79.5
20.5
.0
102
2818
4231
3016
39.8
146
.047
47.1
1.2
47.1
91.4
5.3
3.3
124
.857
.040
12.2
76.4
22.1
1.5
103
2793
4128
3028
39.5
147
.047
46.2
1.4
48.8
90.3
6.6
3.1
128
.883
.041
11.9
78.4
19.7
1.9
101
2696
4006
3155
40.1
153
.048
44.4
1.0
40.0
2.7
97.2
.1
138
.906
.043
11.5
71.0
26.7
2.3
103
2680
4154
3213
40.0
153
.047
39.1
2.6
36.2
.0
99.4
.1
.5
144
.952
.044
11.3
72.2
25.6
2.1
103
2628
4150
3284
40.9
154
.046
50.2
1.4
33.0
97.7
1.5
.8
149
.971
.044
11.2
61.8
27.7
10.5
104
2659
4285
-------
17
Asian
Table 7 - Characteristics of Domestic, European and Asian Passenger Cars (Continued)
1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990
Sales(OOO) 1510 1513 1924 1948 1819 1879 1933 2328 2765 3380 3462 3203 4099
Fraction .135 .140 .204 .223 .233 .235 .181 .216 .251 .315 .324 .318 .383
City FE 25.3 23.4 25.5 27.5 27.6 28.7 28.5 28.1 28.8 27.9 28.5 27.3 26.6
Hway FE 34.3 32.4 34.7 36.5 37.2 39.4 39.9 39.2 40.0 39.2 39.8 38.7 37.9
55/45 FE 28.7 26.7 29.0 30.9 31.2 32.7 32.7 32.2 32.9 32.0 32.7 31.5 30.7
H/C Ratio 1.357 1.386 1.365 1.335 1.355 1.370 1.394 1.386 1.384 1.400 1.392 1.414 1.420
Wt(lbs) 2482 2506 2482 2469 2512 2529 2569 2585 2616 2700 2663 2773 2862
Ton-MPG 36.2 33.9 36.4 38.6 39.7 41.9 42.5 42.2 43.5 43.6 43.9 43.9 44.2
Disp(CI) 106 107 107 109 113 112 114 113 110 111 108 114 119
Disp/Wt .042 .042 .043 .044 .044 .044 .044 .043 .042 .041 .040 .041 .041
X FWD
X 4WO
X Man.Tr
X TBI
X Port
X Carb
X Diesel
22.8
74.1
5.9
94.1
32.4
2.5
77.8
8.1
91.9
39.2
2.4
69.7
9.4
90.6
45.5
2.1
68.7
11.0
88.2
.8
51.3
2.2
64.4
13.1
85.6
1.3
63.2
11.3
67.1
20.2
79.3
.5
66.8
4.2
59.4
.5
28.6
70.1
.8
71.8
9.4
59.0
.4
29.5
69.9
.2
85.3
3.6
54.4
1.7
41.4
56.8
..1
89.3
3.0
47.1
8.5
37.6
53.9
92.8
2.5
47.6
24.1
35.9
40.0
92.6
1.4
43.4
19.8
53.2
27.1
86.4
4.0
43.2
14.2
78.0
7.8
Eng-Hp 84 78 77 78 80 83 88 89 90 93 93 104 116
Hp/Oisp .784 .734 .720 .713 .707 .731 .768 .782 .810 .827 .852 .912 .970
Hp/Wt .033 .031 .031 .031 .032 .032 .034 .034 .034 .034 .034 .037 .040
0 TO 60 14.0 14.6 14.6 14.5 14.5 14.2 13.7 13.9 13.8 13.9 13.6 12.8 12.2
X Small
X Mid
X Large
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
99.2
.8
98.1
1.9
99.6
.4
95.7
4.3
-94.7
5.3
90.7
9.3
Cu.Ft 85 85 89 89 91 93 94 95 97 97 98. 102 98
Cu.Ft MPG 2531 2356 2647 2816 2924 3160 3174 3175 3287 3194 3296 3264 3069
Cu.Ft Ton MPG 3097 2895 3232 3426 3611 3924 4004 4013 4211 4236 4307 4476 4320
Fleet
Sales(OOO) 11175 10794 9443 8733 7819 8002 10675 10791 11015 10727 10673 10083 10699
City FE 17.2 17.7 20.3 21.7 22.3 22.1 22.4 23.0 23.7 23.9 24.2 23.7 23.4
Hway FE 24.5 24.6 29.0 31.1 32.7 32.7 33.3 34.3 35.5 35.9 36.6 36.3 36.0
55/45 FE 19.9 20.3 23.5 25.1 26.0 25.9 26.3 27.0 27.9 28.1 28.6 28.1 27.8
H/C Ratio 1.415 1.391 1.425 1.430 1.465 1.469 1.476 1.489 1.494 1.498 1.508 1.527 1.533
Wt(lbs) 3588 3485 3101 3076 3054 3112 3099 3093 3041 3030 3051 3115 3171
Ton-MPG 35.9 35.4 36.6 38.9 40.1 40.7 41.1 41.9 42.6 42.8 43.8 43.8 44.2
Disp(CI) 251 238 188 182 175 182 179 177 167 162 161 164 164
Disp/Wt .067 .065 .058 .057 .055 .056 .056 .055 .053 .052 .051 .051 .050
X FWD
X 4WD
X Man.Tr
X TBI
X Port
X Carb
X Diesel
Eng-Hp
Hp/Disp
Hp/Wt
0 TO 60
X Small
X Mid
X Large
Cu.Ft
Cu.Ft MPG
Cu.Ft Ton MPG
9.6
20.2
5.1
94.0
.9
124
.538
.034
13.7
44.7
34.4
21.0
109
2240
3926
11.9
.3
22.3
4.7
93.2
2.1
119
.545
.034
13.8
43,. 7
34.2
22.1
109
2258
3878
29.7
.9
31.9
.7
6.2
88.7
4.4
100
.583
.032
14.3
54.4
34.4
11.3
104
2507
3841
37.0
.7
30.4
2.6
6.1
85.3
5.9
99
.594
.032
14.4
51.5
36.4
12.2
106
2744
4161
45.6
.8
29.7
9.8
7.2
78.4
4.7
99
.609
.032
14.4
56.5
31.0
12.5
106
2836
4273
47.3
3.1
27.4
18.9
9.5
69.6
2.1
104
.615
.033
14.0
53.1
31.8
15.1
109
2904
4426
53.7
1.0
24.2
24.4
15.0
58.9
1.7
106
.637
.034
13.8
57.4
29.4
13.2
108
2910
4425
61.6
2.1
23.6
32.0
21.4
45.6
.9
111
.671
.035
13.3
55.7
28.9
15.4
108
2990
4548
71.1
1.1
24.8
28.4
36.7
34.5
.3
111
.701
.036
13.2
59.5
27.9
12.6
107
3057
4585
77.1
1.1
24.9
30.5
42.5
26.8
.3
112
.732
.037
13.0
63.5
24.3
12.2
107
3051
4569
81.5
.9
23.8
30.2
54.0
15.8
.0
116
.758
.038
12.8
64.6
22.5
12.9
107
3121
4703
82.2
.7
21.7
27.6
61.8
10.5
.0
123
.786
.039
12.4
59.8
25.9
14.3
109
3109
4801
81.5
1.6
23.1
20.8
75.2
4.0
.0
129
.828
.040
12.1
59.1
27.6
13.3
107
3017
4741
-------
18
Domestic
Table 8 - Characteristics of 1978 to 1990 Domestic and Imported Light Duty Trucks
1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990
Sales(OOO) 2915 2616 1293 1310 1459 1806 2608 2938 3055 2988, 3676 3588 3571
Fraction .891 .847 .694 .720 .763 .785 .780 .801 .702 .723 .806 .801 .793
City FE 13.2 12.7 14.9 16.1 16.8 17.2 16.8 17^0 17.4 17.7 17.7 17.5 17.6
Hway FE 16.7 15.7 19.8 21.7 22.7 23.8 23.4 23.7 24.2 25.2 25.6 25.2 25.7
55/45 FE 14'.5 13.8 16.8 18.2 19.0 19.6 19.2 19.5 19.9 20.4 20.5 20.3 20.5
H/C Ratio 1.279 1.247 1.331 1.348 1.363 1.393 1.405 1.408 1.399 1.430 1.450 1.445 1.463
Wt(lbs) 4305 4504 4323 4173 4078 3977 3990 3963 3993 3932 3985 4070 4081
Ton-MPG 31.8 31.8 36.8 38.4 39.3 39.6 38.9 39.2 40.1 40.5 41.2 41.7 42.1
Disp(CI) 337 330 303 293 277 257 250 245 243 237 247 253 254
Disp/Wt .079 ,073 .070 .070 .068 .063 .062 .061 .060 .059 .061 .061 .062
Imports
X FWD
X 4WD
X Man.Tr
X Inject
X TBI
X Port
X Carb
X Diesel
31.7
25.5
99.1
.9
17.6
25.6
97.9
2.1
27.1
36.8
95.9
4.1
.3
19.0
35.6
98.4
1.6
.0
18.2
31.2
93.3
6.7
.0
26.1
33.8
95.9
4.1
5.7
33.0
30.1
98.1
1.9
8.2
30.7
26.5
9.5
89.6
.9
7.6
29.9
25.3
44.6
19.8
24.8
54.8
.6
9.4
29.8
26.0
79.2
38.6
40.6
20.6
.3
10.9
29.9
26.0
96.0
50.5
45.5
3.7
.2
12.0
29.8
21.5
98.3
51.1
47.2
1.4
.3
16.1
30.5
19.0
98.6
45.4
53.2
1.2
.3
Eng-Hp 153 148 136 132 130 125 125 130 134 143 150 153 155
Hp/Disp .451 .449 .451 .453 .486 .508 .523 .553 .579 .629 .630 .629 .629
Hp/Wt .036 .033 .032 .032 .032 .031 .031 .033 .034 .036 .038 .038 .038
0 TO 60 13.2 14.2 14.4 14.4 14.3 14.5 14.6 14.2 13.8 13.0 12.7 12.6 12.5
X Small
X Large
Sales
Fraction
City FE
Hway FE
55/45 FE
H/C Ratio
Wt(lbs)
Ton-MPG
Disp(CI)
Disp/Wt
X FWD
X 4WD
X Man.Tr
X Inject
X TBI
X Port
X Carb
X Diesel
2.7
97.3
358
.109
22.2
29.9
25.1
1.346
2903
37.2
127
.043
6.5
88.6
.8
99.2
3.8
96.2
473
.153
20.3
28.0
23.1
1.382
2854
33.7
124
.043
20.1
88.1
1.8
98.2
4.3
95.7
571
.306
21.5
29.0
24.3
1.352
2839
35.1
124
.044
4.6
20.3
89.8
5.4
92.6
2.0
3.3
96.7
510
.280
24.2
32.5
27.3
1.347
2862
39.9
130
.045
6.5
22.8
92.8
4.0
80.1
15.9
18.1
81.9
454
.237
24.1
32.0
27.1
1.329
2932
40.6
135
.046
7.1
26.1
92.2
2.8
79.5
17.7
33.8
66.2
495
.215
24.1
32.1
27.1
1.338
2982
41.0
137
.046
6.2
24.6
90.2
3.0
90.3
6.8
39.3
60.7
737
.220
23.7
31.2
26.6
1.325
3045
40.9
134
.044
2.0
23.9
84.5
11.6
84.6
3.8
44.0
56.0
730
.199
23.5
30.9
26.3
1.318
3119
41.4
139
.045
2.4
30.0
79.8
23.5
74.9
1.6
46.3
53.7
1296
.298
23.1
31.1
26.1
1.353
3136
41.2
138
.044
1.8
31.2
83.5
30.9
16.1
14.8
68.0
1.1
53.6
46.4
1146
.277
22.5
30.6
25.6
1.363
3139
40.3
139
.044
2.3
35.9
76.3
34.9
20.5
14.4
64.9
.2
52.2
47.8
883
.194
21.6
28.9
24.4
1.341
3245
39.6
146
.045
1.3
47.5
74.9
53.1
19.2
34.0
46.9
49.5
50.5
893
.199
20.6
27.8
23.3
1.353
3395
39.8
154
.045
1.1
41.5
67.8
71.1
24.7
46.4
28.9
51.5
48.5
931
.207
20.7
28.0
23.4
1.358
3454
40.7
154
.045
3.8
47.1
67.3
84.2
10.5
73.7
15.8
Eng-Hp 89 85 87 84 87 92 91 100 99 99 106 114 121
Hp/Disp .719 .688 .701 .650 .648 .672 .680 .719 .717 .718 .737 .747 .793
Hp/Wt .031 .030 .031 .030 .030 .031 .030 .032 .032 .032 .033 .034 .035
0 TO 60 14.7 15.0 14.7 15.2 15.2 14.6 14.9 14.4 14.3 14.2 13.9 13.6 13.2
X Small
X Large
100.0 100.0
89.3
10.7
90.2
9.8
84.7
15.3
88.0
12.0
70.0
30.0
76.7
23.3
81.6
18.4
83.1
16.9
78.2
21.8
76.0
24.0
63.0
37.0
-------
19
References
1. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Fuel Economy and Emission Control, Novem-
ber 1972.
2. Passenger Car Fuel Economy - Trends and Influencing Factors, SAE Paper 730790,
Austin and Hellman, September 1973.
3. Fuel Economy of the 1975 Models, SAE Paper 740970, Austin and Hellman, October
1974.
4. Passenger Car Fuel Economy Trends through 1976, SAE Paper 750957, Austin,
Michael and Service, October 1975.
5. Light-Duty Automotive Fuel Economy Trends through 1977, SAE Paper 760795,
Murrell, Pace, Service and Yeager, October 1976.
6. Light-Duty Automotive Fuel Economy Trends through 1978, SAE Paper 780036,
Murrell, February 1978.
7. Light-Duty Automotive Fuel Economy Trends through 1979, SAE Paper 790225,
Murrell, February 1979.
8. Light-Duty Automotive Fuel Economy Trends through 1980, SAE Paper 800853,
Murrell, Foster and Bristor, June 1980.
9. Light-Duty Automotive Fuel Economy Trends through 1981, SAE Paper 810386,
Foster, Murrell and Loos, February 1981.
10. Light-Duty Automotive Fuel Economy Trends through 1982, SAE Paper 820300,
Cheng, LeBaron, Murrell and Loos, February 1982.
11. Why Vehicles Don't Achieve EPA MPG on the Road and How that Shortfall Can Be
Accounted For, SAE Paper 820791, Hellman and Murrell, June 1982.
12. Light-Duty Automobile Fuel Economy . . . Trends through 1983, SAE Paper 830544,
Murrell, Loos, Heavenrich, and Cheng, February 1983.
13. Passenger Car Fuel Economy - Trends through 1984, SAE Paper 840499, Heavenrich,
Murrell, Cheng, and Loos, February 1984.
14. Light Truck Fuel Economy - Trends through 1984, SAE Paper 841405, Loos, Cheng,
Murrell and Heavenrich, October 1984.
15. Light-Duty Automotive Fuel Economy . . . Trends through 1985, SAE Paper 850550,
Heavenrich, Murrell, Cheng and Loos, March 1985.
16. Light-Duty Automotive Trends Through 1986, SAE Paper 860366, Heavenrich, Cheng,
and Murrell, February 1986.
17. Light-Duty Automotive Trends through 1987, SAE Paper 871088, Heavenrich,
Murrell, and Cheng, May 1988.
18. Light-Duty Trends Through 1988, U.S. EPA, EPA/AA/CTAB/88-07, Heavenrich, and
Murrell, June 1988.
19. Light-Duty Automotive and Technology Trends Through 1989, U.S. EPA, EPA/AA/
CTAB/89-04, Heavenrich, Murrell and Hellman, May 1989.
-------
20
20. Downward Trend in Passenger Car Fuel Economy A View of Recent Data, U.S.
EPA, EPA/AA/CTAB/90-01, Murrell and Heavenrich, Jan. 1990.
21. Options for Controlling the Global Warming Impact from Motor Vehicles, U.S.
EPA, EPA/AA/CTAB/89-08, Heavenrich, Murrell and Hellman, December 1989.
22. Concise Description of Auto Fuel Economy in Recent Years, SAE Paper 760045,
Malliaris, Asia and Gould, February 1976.
Appendix A - Vehicle Classification Convention
1990 Light Duty Vehicles
Manufacturer/Vehicles
Chrysler Vehicles by Diamond Star
Chrysler Vehicles by Lamborghini
Chrysler Vehicles by Maserati
Chrysler Vehicles by Mitsubishi
Ford Vehicles by Mazda
General Motors Vehicles by Isuzu
General Motors Vehicles by Nummi
General Motors Vehicles by Suzuki
Dodge Monaco
Eagle Premier
Ford Festiva
Ford Probe (4 cylinder)
Ford Probe (6 cylinder)
Pontiac LeMans
Cadillac Allante
Lotus Espirit
Honda Sterling
Chrysler Colt 4wd Wagon
Chrysler Colt Vista.
Mitsubishi Space Wagon
Subaru 4wd Sedans and Wagons
Are Classified As:
Asian
European
European
Asian
Asian
Asian
Asian
Asian
European
European
Asian
Asian
Domestic
Asian
Domestic
European
Asian
Small Wagon
Small Van
Small Van
Passenger Cars
Note: Classification of a vehicle as Domestic, European or Asian is based on the
authors' judgment of where the majority of the engine and emission control system
design and development work was done. It is meant to be a tracking system for
technical parameters related to engine and emission control system design, not a
tracking system for "domestic content," or a replacement for the Domestic/Import
classification used in implementing fuel economy standards legislation.
-------
Appendix B - Average Fuel Economy by Nameplate and Size Class, 1990 Vehicles
21
***************************** UNADJ
TWO SEATERS 55/45
*****************************
MINICOMPACT SEDANS 55/45
***************************** MPG
HONDA CIVIC CRX HF 58.1
***************************** UNADJ
SUBCOMPACT SEDANS 55/45
***************************** MPG
GEO METRO XFI 65.4
GEO METRO, LSI 50.5
SUZUKI SWIFT 48.3
FORD FESTIVA 41.6
DAIHATSU CHARADE 41.5
SUBARU JUSTY 40.7
SUZUKI SWIFT GT 36.9
HONDA CIVIC CRX 36.8
TOYOTA TERCEL 36.7
SUBARU JUSTY 4WD 36.6
HONDA CIVIC 36.6
HYUNDAI EXCEL 36.0
'MITSUBISHI PRECIS 36.0
NISSAN SENTRA 35.6
GEO STORM 35.3
CHRYSLER COLT 35.0
NISSAN SENTRA COUPE 34.3
TOYOTA COROLLA 34.2
MITSUBISHI MIRAGE 34.1
YUGO GV/GVX/CABRIO 33.4
GEO PRIZM .. .'. 32.4
CHRYSLER OMNI/HORIZON 32.2
ISUZU IMPULSE 31.9
NISSAN PULSAR NX 31.9
VW/AUDI FOX 31.7
TOYOTA CELICA CONVERTIBLE 31.5
MAZDA MX-5 MIATA 31.4
VW/AUDI CABRIOLET 30.9 TOYOTA CELICA 30.9
ALFA ROMEO SPIDER 29.9
CHRYSLER LASER 29.6
SUBARU XT 29.5
MITSUBISHI ECLIPSE 29.4
HONDA INTEGRA 29.3
GM SUNBIRD CONVERTIBLE 29.3
VW/AUDI 80 28.9
CHRYSLER TALON 27.7
VW/AUDI CORRADO 27.4
HONDA PRELUDE 27.3
CHRYSLER DAYTONA 27.2
SUBARU XT 4WD 26.2
NISSAN 240SX 26.1
CHRYSLER LEBARON CONVERTIBLE 25.9
FORD MUSTANG 25.3
SAAB 900 CONVERTIBLE 25.0
GM REATTA 24.7
NISSAN M30 24.4
VW/AUDI 90 24.3
LOTUS ESPRIT TURBO 24.2
VW/AUDI 80 QUATTRO 24. 1
MERCEDES-BENZ 190E2.6 23.9
NISSAN 300ZX 2+2 23.9
CHRYSLER TC BY MASERATI 23.8
NISSAN 300ZX 23.7 BMW M3 23.7
PORSCHE 944 S2 23.6 GM CAMARO, FIREB/TRANS AM 23.6
BMW 3251 CONVERTIBLE 23.4
VW/AUDI COUPE, QUATTRO 23.3
BMW 3251X, 325I/325IS 23.1
TOYOTA SUPRA 23.0
MAZDA RX-7 22.9
GM CORVETTE 22.4
MERCEDES-BENZ 300CE 21.4
MERCEDES-BENZ 300SL 21.2 PORSCHE 911 CARRERA 4/2 21.2
GM ALLANTE 20.7
MASERATI 222E 19.4
MASERATI SPYDER/KARIF 19.. 1 PORSCHE 928 S4 19.2
MASERATI 430 18.7
MERCEDES-BENZ 500SL 18.0
FERRARI 348 TB/TS 17.8
JAGUAR XJ-S COUPE 17.5
JAGUAR XJ-S 17.0
FERRARI MONDIAL 16.4
FERRARI TESTAROSSA 13.4 ROLLS-ROYCE CORN/BENT ..' 13.3
LAMBORGHINI COUNTACH 8.7
-------
22
Appendix B - Nameplate Fuel Economy (continued)
***************************** UNADJ
COMPACT SEDANS ' 55/45
***************************** MPG
ISUZU STYLUS 35.3
GM LEMANS 35.0
MERCEDES-BENZ 300D 2.5 TURBO . 34.3
FORD ESCORT 34.1
MAZDA 323/323 PROTEGE 34.0
CHRYSLER SUMMIT 33.1
GM SUNBIRD 31.6
VW/AUDI GOLF/GTI, JETTA 31.5
GM CAVALIER 30.6
GM GRAND AM, CALAIS 30.0
SUBARU LOYALE 29.5
TOYOTA CAMRY 29.3
GM SKYLARK 29.3
HONDA ACCORD 29.1
SUBARU LOYALE 4WD 28.3
VW/AUDI 16V GTI, JETTA GLI ... 28.2
CHRYSLER SHADOW, SUNDANCE 28.1
SUBARU LEGACY 28.0
MITSUBISHI GALANT 27.9
FORD TEMPO/TOPAZ 27.9
NISSAN STANZA 27.5
FORD PROBE 27.4
GM BERETTA 27.3
SAAB 900 26.8
PEUGEOT 405 SEDAN 26.3
CHRYSLER LEBARON 26.2
SUBARU LOYALE TURBO, LEGACY 4W 26.1
VOLVO 240 25.7
***************************** UNADJ
MIDSIZE SEDANS 55/45
***************************** MPG
***************************** UNADJ
LARGE SEDANS 55/45
***************************** MPG
TOYOTA ES250 24.7
FORD TEMPO/TOPAZ AWD 24.5
TOYOTA CRESSIDA 24.3
MERCEDES-BENZ 300E 2.6 23.9
HONDA LEGEND 23.4
VOLVO 780 23.4
BMW 5251 23.3
MITSUBISHI SIGMA 23.0
STERLING 827 23.0
MERCEDES-BENZ 300E .: 22.7
JAGUAR 22.5
NISSAN 045 21.5
BMW 5351 20.7
MERCEDES-BENZ 300SE 20.1
MERCEDES-BENZ 560SEC 17.6
MAZDA 626/MX-6 29.2
GM CENTURY 28.1
GM CUTLASS CIERA 28.0
GM CORSICA 27.9
MERCEDES-BENZ 350SDL TURBO
27.7
VW/AUDI PASSAT 27.4
GM 6000 27.3
CHRYSLER ACCLAIM 26.8
GM G.PRIX, SUPREME, LUMINA ... 26.8
CHRYSLER SPIRIT 26.7
FORD TAURUS/SABLE 26.6
GM REGAL 26.4
CHRYSLER DYNASTY, LEBAR LANDAU 25.9
CHRYSLER NEW YORKER 25.6
HYUNDAI SONATA 25.5
NISSAN MAXIMA 25.4
FORD COUGAR 25.2
VOLVO 740-760 25.2
GM RIVIERA 25.2
GM TROFEO/TORONADO 24.2
VW/AUDI 100 QUATTRO 23.5
TOYOTA LS400 23.5
MAZDA 929 23.4
VOLVO 760 23.3
FORD MARK VII 23.2
VW/AUDI 200 QUATTRO, 100 23.2
VW/AUDI 200 23,
ASC GRAND PRIX 23.
GM ELDORADO, SEVILLE 22.5
BMW 735 20.6
MERCEDES-BENZ 300SEL 20.1
MERCEDES-BENZ 420SEL 18.9
MASERATI 228 18.5
VW/AUDI V8 18.5
MERCEDES-BENZ 560SEL 17.2
BMW 750IL 16.7
ROLLS-ROYCE SIL SPIR/BENT 13.3
ROLLS-ROYCE BENTLEY TURBO 12.8
GM 88, LESAB, ELEC, PARK AV .. 25.2
GM NINETY-EIGHT, BONNEVILLE .. 25.0
FORD THUNDERBIRD 24.8
SAAB 9000 24.4
FORD CONTINENTAL 23.9
CHRYSLER NEW YORKER 23.6
FORD GRAND MARQUIS, TOWN CAR 23.2
CHRYSLER PREMIER, MONACO 23.2
GM FLEETWOOD/DEVILLE 22.5
GM CAPRICE 22.4
FORD LTD CROWN VICTORIA 22.1
GM BROUGHAM 21.9
MERCEDES-BENZ 300E 4MATIC 21.5
-------
23
Appendix B - Nameplate Fuel Economy (continued)
***************************** UNADJ
SMALL WAGONS 55/45
***************************** MPG
HONDA CIVIC 36.6
NISSAN SENTRA 34.2
TOYOTA COROLLA 34. 1
FORD ESCORT 33.9
MITSUBISHI MIRAGE '. . . 33.5
CHRYSLER COLT 33.5
VW/AUDI FOX 31.7
CHRYSLER COLT 4WD 29.6
GM CAVALIER 29.4
TOYOTA COROLLA ALL-TRAC 29.2
HONDA CIVIC 4WD 29.2
SUBARU LOYALE 29.2
TOYOTA CAMRY 28.4
SUBARU LEGACY 28.0
SUBARU LOYALE 4WD 26.2
SUBARU LEGACY 4WD 26.1
***************************** UNADJ
MIDSIZE WAGONS 55/45
***************************** MPG
VW/AUDI PASSAT 27.3
GM CENTURY 27.2
GM CUTLASS CRUISER 27.1
GM CELEBRITY 27.1
GM 6000 26.5
VOLVO 240 25.8
PEUGEOT 405 25.5
FORD SABLE V6 25.3
FORD TAURUS V6 25.3
VOLVO 740/760 24.6
VOLVO 240 DL/240 GL 24.3
VOLVO 760 23.9
FORD TAURUS 23.9
FORD SABLE 23.8
PEUGEOT 505 23.0
MERCEDES-BENZ 300TE 4MATIC ... 20.8
***************************** UNADJ
LARGE WAGONS 55/45
***************************** MPQ
FORD GRAND MARQUIS
FORD LTD CROWN "VICTORIA
VW/AUDI 200 QUATTRO
GM CUSTOM CRUISER ..
GM CAPRICE
GM LESABRE/ELECTRA .
MERCEDES-BENZ 300TE
23.2
23.2
23.1
22.8
22.8
22.8
21.3
-------
24
Appendix B - Nameplate Fuel Economy (continued)
***************************** UNADJ
SMALL PICKUPS 55/45
***************************** MPG
***************************** UNADJ
SMALL VANS 55/45
***************************** MPG
TOYOTA TRUCK 2WD 26.7
ISUZU PICKUP 2WD 25.7
FORD RANGER PICKUP 2WD 25.0
6M S10 PICKUP 2WD 25.0
GM S15 PICKUP 2WD 24.8
MITSUBISHI TRUCK 2WD 24.6
CHRYSLER RAM 50 2WD 24.5
FORD RANGER PICKUP'4WD 22.0
CHRYSLER COLT VISTA 27.1
MITSUBISHI SPACE WAGON 26.3
NISSAN AXXESS 25.8
CHRYSLER COLT VISTA 4WD 24.7
CHRYSLER CARAVAN/RAM VAN 24.4
CHRYSLER VOYAGER 2WD 24.4
MITSUBISHI VAN 24.3
NISSAN AXXESS AWD 23.9
CHRYSLER TOWN & COUNTRY 23.7
GM LUMINA APV 23.5
MAZDA MPV 23.4
GM SILHOUETTE 2WD 23.4
GM TRANS SPORT 2WD 23.4
GM SAFARI 2WD (CARGO) 22.6
FORD AEROSTAR VAN 2WD 22.6
GM ASTRO AWD (CARGO) 22.0
GM SAFARI AWD (CARGO) 22.0
GM ASTRO 2WD (PASS) 21.9
GM SAFARI 2WD (PASS) 21.9
VOLKSWAGEN VANAGON 2WD 21.2
FORD AEROSTAR WAGON 21.0
GM ASTRO AWD (PASS) 20.4
MAZDA MPV 4X4 20.4
FORD AEROSTAR VAN 4WD 20.2
***************************** UNADJ
SMALL UTILITY 55/45
***************************** MPG
SUZUKI SAMURAI CONVERT 33.5
SUZUKI SAMURAI HARDTOP 33.5
SUZUKI SIDEKICK 2WD 32.2
SUZUKI SIDEKICK SOFT-TOP 31'.2
SUZUKI SIDEKICK HARDTOP 31.2
GEO TRACKER CONVERT 30.6
GEO TRACKER 4WD 30.6
NISSAN HARDBODY 2WD 28.1
DAIHATSU ROCKY 4WD 27.3
GM S10 BLAZER 2WD 23.0
GM S15 JIMMY 2WD 23.0
GM ASTRO 2WD (CARGO) 22.6
ISUZU AMIGO 2WD 22.5
FORD BRONCO II 2WD 22.4
MITSUBISHI WAGON 22.3
GM S15 JIMMY 4WD 21.8
GM S10 BLAZER 4WD 21.8
TOYOTA 4-RUNNER 2WD 21.7
FORD BRONCO II 4WD 21.6
NISSAN VAN (PASS) 21.4
CHRYSLER CHEROKEE 2WD 21.3
CHRYSLER WRANGLER 4WD 21.0
CHRYSLER CHEROKEE 4WD 20.9
CHRYSLER WAGONEER 4WD 20.6
ISUZU AMIGO 4WD 20.6
TOYOTA 4-RUNNER 4WD 20.6
GM SAFARI AWD (PASS) 20.4
CHRYSLER RAIDER 4WD 20.2
MITSUBISHI MONTERO 20.2
NISSAN PATHFINDER 2WD 19.9
NISSAN PATHFINDER 4WD 19.4
ISUZU TROOPER 19.3
VOLKSWAGEN VANAGON SYNCRO
18.5
-------
25
Appendix B - Nameplate Fuel Economy (continued)
***************************** UNADJ
LARGE PICKUPS 55/45
***************************** MPG
MAZDA B2200/B2600I
TOYOTA TRUCK 2WD
TOYOTA 1-TON TRUCK 2WD
CHRYSLER COMANCHE PICKUP
ISUZU PICKUP 2WD 1 TON
CHRYSLER DAKOTA PICKUP 2WD
TOYOTA TRUCK 4WD
CHRYSLER POWER RAM 50 4WD
MITSUBISHI TRUCK 4WD
MAZDA B2600I 4X4
NISSAN HARDBODY 4WD
GRUMMAN-OLSON S10 CAB CHASSIS
GM S10 PICKUP 4WD
GM S15 PICKUP 4WD
ISUZU PICKUP 4WD
GM C1500 SIERRA 2WD
GM C1500 PICKUP 2WD
CHRYSLER DAKOTA PICKUP 4WD ...
26.9
26.1
24.5
23.2
22.5
22.5
22.4
22.3
22.2
22.1
21.9
21.8
21.7
21.7
20.6
20.5
20.0
19.9
FORD F150 PICKUP 2WD 18.8
GM C2500 SIERRA 2WD 17.6
GM C2500 PICKUP 2WD 17.6
FORD F150 PICKUP 4WD 17.6
GM K1500 PICKUP 4WD 17.5
GM K1500 SIERRA 4WD 17.5
CHRYSLER D100/D150 PICKUP 17.5
FORD F250 PICKUP 2WD 16.7
GM K2500 SIERRA 4WD 16.6
GM K2500 PICKUP 4WD 16.5
FORD F250 PICKUP 4WD 15.6
CHRYSLER D250 PICKUP 2WD 15.0
CHRYSLER W100/W150 PICKUP 15.0
CHRYSLER DAKOTA CAB CHAS 15.0
CHRYSLER D250 CAB CHASSIS 14.0
CHRYSLER W250 PICKUP 4WD 13.8
TOYOTA CAB/CHASSIS 2WD 13.5
***************************** UNADJ
LARGE VANS 55/45
***************************** MPG
GM G15/25 VANDURA 19.3
GM G10/20 VAN 2WD 19.3
GM G10/20 SPORTVAN 17.6
GM G15/25 RALLY 2WD 17.6
CHRYSLER B150/B250 VAN 17.4
GM G35 RALLY 2WD 17.4
GM G30 SPORTVAN 2WD 17.4
GM G30 VAN 2WD 17.0
GM G35 VANDURA 2WD 17.0
FORD E150 ECONOLINE 16.8
CHRYSLER B150/B250 WAGON .. 16.7
CHRYSLER B350 VAN 16.4
FORD E150 CLUB WAGON 15.8
CHRYSLER B350 WAGON 15.1
***************************** UNADJ
LARGE UTILITY 55/45
***************************** MPG
GM R1500 SUBURBAN 17.6
GM V1500 BLAZER 4WD 16.8
GM V1500 JIMMY 4WD 16.8
GM V1500 SUBURBAN 16.3
RANGE ROVER 16.3
CHRYSLER AD150 RAMCHARGER 16.3
FORD BRONCO 4WD 16.2
FORD E250 ECONOLINE 16.1
TOYOTA LAND CRUISER 15.4
CHRYSLER AW150 RAMCHARGER 14.4
CHRYSLER GRAND WAGONEER 13.7
-------
26
Appendix C - Characteristics of 1990 Passenger Cars by Size Class
(
Domestic
Sales(OOO)
Fraction
55/45 FE
Wt(lbs)
Ton^MPG
Disp(CI)
Disp/Wt
% FWD
X 4WD
% Man.Tr
% TBI
% Port
% Carb
% Diesel
Eng-Hp
Hp/Disp
Hp/Wt
0 TO 60
Cu.Ft
Cu.Ft MPG
Cu.Ft Ton MPG
European
Sales(OOO)
Fraction
55/45 FE
Wt(lbs)
Ton-MPG
Disp(CI)
Disp/Wt
% FWD
X 4WD
X Man.Tr
X TBI
X Port
X Carb
X Diesel
Eng-Hp
Hp/Disp
Hp/Wt
0 TO 60
Cu.Ft
Cu.Ft MPG
Cu.Ft Ton MPG
Two
ieater
37
.141
22.7
3531
40.2
316
.090
31.7
11.9
100.0
238
.749
.068
8.2
50
1138
2009
20
.078
19.2
4106
39.8
250
.060
9.4
25.7
100.0
272
1.127
.065
8.2
50
992
1992
Mini
Compact
22
.239
25.3
3165
40.5
164
.051
46.5
77.3
100.0
176
1.048
.054
9.9
75
1999
3057
rassenge
Sub
Compact
476
.181
25.9
3250
42.3
208
.063
38.9
32.3
37.7
62.3
146
.712
.044
11.5
95
2513
4025
122
.046
26.1
2950
38.7
132
.'044
53.8
4.3
63.8
93.0
7.0
135
1.014
.045
11.2
92
2445
3544
r uars -
Compact
1693
.545
29.4
2926
43.2
145
.049
98.9
16.8
50.4
49.6
112
.779
.038
12.6
102
3033
4419
194
.063
26.4
3122
41.5
143
.045
53.1
.2
39.3
98.2
1.8
138
.964
.043
11.3
105
2848
4349
Midsize
2181
.814
26.5
3447
45.8
189
.055
89.5
.0
2.7
18.3
81.7
138
.738
.040
12.1
114
3037
5220
118
.044
22.8
3593
41.3
172
'.047
33.5
1.7
6.7
99.0
1.0
160
.961
.044
11.2
112
2615
4628
Large
1286
.955
23.6
3812
45.1
264
.069
61.9
11.6
84.9
3.5
159
.614
.042
11.6
127
3013
5736
61
.045
23.3
3500
'40.8
176
.050
100.0
3.2
100.0
150
.866
.043
11.2
121
2822
4939
otai
Small
43
.176
31.1
2856
44.7
136
.047
100.0
19.6
81.8
18.2
99
.737
.035
13.5
119
3746
5335
2
.009
31.7
2500
39.7
109
.044
100.0
100.0
100.0
81
.743
.032
13.8
111
3526
4408
;ion nagc
Midsize
227
.841
25.9
3467
44.9
189
.055
100.0
10.4
89.6
140
.742
.040
11.9
143
3700
6405
43
.159
24.9
3519
44.0
139
.039
20.5
1.6
10.3
100.0
133
.958
.038
12.7
135
3364
5912
jnsa
Large
74
1.000
22.9
4358
50.0
305
.070
.4
28.3
71.7
143
.468
.033
14.0
161
3691
8037
-------
27
Appendix C - Characteristics of 1990 Passenger Cars by Size Class (Continued)
c
Asian
Sates(OOO)
Fraction
55/45 FE
Wt(lbs)
Ton-MPG
Disp(CI)
Disp/Wt
% FWD
% 4WD
% Man.Tr
% TBI
% Port
% Carb
% Diesel
Eng-Hp
Hp/Disp
Hp/Wt
0 TO 60
Cu.Ft
Cu.Ft MPG
Cu.Ft Ton MPG
Fleet
Sales(OOO)
55/45 FE
Wt(lbs)
Ton-MPG
Disp(CI)
Disp/Wt
% FWD
% 4WD
% Man.Tr
% TBI
% Port
% Carb
% Diesel
Eng-Hp
Hp/Disp
Hp/Wt
0 TO 60
Cu.Ft
Cu.Ft MPG
Cu.Ft Ton MPG
Two
ieater
204
.782
29.9
2764
42.3
122
.043
29.5
85.1
10.6
89.4
137
1.106
.048
10.6
50
1583
2117
261
27.5
2976
41.8
159
.051
28.2
70.2
8.3
91.7
162
1.058
.052
10.0
50
1475
2092
Mini
Compact
69
.761
26.5
3009
40.0
144
.048
8.3
49.4
100.0
138
.959
.046
10.6
82
2176
3275
90
26.2
3046
40. 1
149
.049
17.5
56.1
100.0
147
.980
.048
10.4
80
2134
3223
rassenge
Sub
Compact
2027
.772
33.8
2632
44.7
99
.038
94.5
2.4
52.4
21.9
63.1
15.0
99
.991
.037
12.8
94
3247
4201
2625
31.6
2759
44.0
121
.042
82.5
2.1
49.3
23.7
64.3
11.9
110
.941
.039
12.5
94
3077
4139
r i-ars -
Compact
1219
.392
28.8
3040
43.9
131
.043
95.3
2.4
27.8
6.3
93.7
124
.942
.041
11.8
104
3031
4559
3106
28.9
2983
43.4
139
.047
94.6
1.0
22.5
29.9
69.9
.1
119
.855
.039
12.2
103
3021
4470
Midsize
382
.142
25.6
3412
43.7
176
.051
74.7
20.4
100.0
157
.883
.045
11.0
112
2898
4897
2681
26.2
3449
45.3
187
.054
84.9
.1
5.4
14.9
85.0
.0
142
.769
.041
11.9
114
2999
5148
Large
1347
23.6
3798
44.9
260
.068
63.6
.1
11.0
85.6
3.3
158
.625
.042
11.6
127
3005
5700
Oldl
Small
199
.815
29.2
3099
45.3
119
.038
57.6
42.4
43.3
20.5
71.3
8.2
114
.958
-.037
12.7
123
3633
5573
244
29.5
3051
45.1
122
.040
65.5
34.5
39.7
31.1
62.2
6.7
111
.917
.036
12.9
122
3652
5520
lun ndgu
Midsize
271
25.7
3475
44.8
181
.052
87.3
.3
1.6
8.7
91.3
139
.777
.040
12.0
141
3647
6327
113
Large
74
22.9
4358
50.0
305
.070
.4
28.3
71.7
143
.468
.033
14.0
161
3691
8037
-------
28
Appendix D - Characteristics of 1990 Light Duty Trucks by Size Class
Small Large Small Large Small Large
Pickups Pickups Van Van Utility Utility
Domesti c
Imports
Fleet
Sales(OOO)
Fraction
55/45 FE
Wt(lbs)
Ton-MPG
Disp(CI)
Di sp/Wt
% FWD
% 4WD
% Man.Tr
X TBI
X Port
X Carb
X Diesel
Eng-Hp
Hp/Disp
Hp/Wt
0 TO 60
Sales
Fraction
55/45 FE
Wt(lbs)
Ton-MPG
Disp(CI)
Di sp/Wt
X FWD
X 4WD
X Man.Tr
X TBI
X Port
X Carb
X Diesel
Eng-Hp
Hp/Disp
Hp/Wt
0 TO 60 '
Sales
55/45 FE
Wt(lbs)
Ton-MPG
Disp(CI)
Di sp/Wt
X FWD
X 4WD
X Man.Tr
% TBI
X Port
X Carb
X Diesel
Eng-Hp
Hp/Disp
Hp/Wt
0 TO 60
439
.682
24.5
3366
41.6
191
.057
13.2
52.6
38.5
61.5
133
.702
.039
12.2
205
.318
26.7
3066
41.0
149
.049
79.3
87.1
12.9
124
.829
.040
11.8
644
25.2
3270
41.4
178
.054
9.0
61.1
26.3
69.6
4.1
130
.743
.040
12.0
1288
.802
18.9
4325
41.3
296
.068
36.5
22.0
53.8
45.8
.4
163
.553
.038
12.6
317
.198
23.4
3376
39.7
.151
.045
5.4.1
87.0
63.8
36.2
116
.760
.034
13.4
1605
19.7
4138
40.9
268
.064
40.0
34.9
43.2
49.4
7.1
.3
154
.594
.037
12.8
932
.881
23.0
3907
45.0
205
.052
61.9
8.4
2.4
38.9
61.1
144
.709
.037
12.9
125
.119
23.6
3713
43.9
152
.041
28.0
15.6
24.0
6.0
94.0
125
.821
.034
13.8
1057
23.1
3884
44.9
199
.051
57.9
9.2
5.0
35.0
65.0
142
.723
.037
13.0
293
1.000
17.3
4700
40.9
314
.067
.5
49.8
50.0
.2
171
.541
.036
13.1
293
17.3
4700
40.9
314
.067
.5
49.8
50.0
.2
171
.541
.036
13.1
467
.646
21.5
3650
39.3
229
.063
81.0
28.5
34.9
58.3
6.8
156
.691
.043
11.4
256
.354
22.5
3605
40.6
146
.040
88.4
61.5
29.0
68.7
2.3
119
.814
.033
13.9
723
21.8
3635
39.8
200
.055
83.6
40.2
32.8
62.0
5.2
143
.734
.039
12.3
167
.936
16.4
5239
43.3
339
.065
69.0
3.4
61.6
29.9
6.0
2.5
187
.551
.036
13.2
11-
.064
15.8
4500
35.5
241
.053
100.0
100.0
164
.682
.036
12.9
179
16.3
5191
42.8
333
.064
71.0
3.1
57.6
34.4
5.6
2.4
186
.559
.036
13.2
------- |