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THIS DOCUMENT IS AVAILABLE IN LIMITED
QUANTITIES THROUGH THE U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL
PROTECTION AGENCY, REGION X, SURVEILLANCE
AND ANALYSIS DIVISION, 1200 SIXTH AVENUE,
SEATTLE, WASHINGTON 98101
-------
EPA 910/9-75-Oli
July, 1975
COLUMBIA RIVER NUTRIENT
STUDY - 1972
PREPARED BY
JAMES HILEMAN
SURVEILLANCE AND ANALYSIS DIVISION
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RICHARD CUNNINGHAM
DEPARTMENT OF ECOLOGY
STATE OF WASHINGTON
VAN KOLLIAS
DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY
STATE OF OREGON
EPA, REGION X
1200 SIXTH AVENUE
SEATTLE, WASHINGTON 98101
2.
-------
WORKING PAPERS PRESENT RESULTS OF INVESTIGATIONS
WHICH ARE, TO SOME EXTENT, LIMITED OR INCOMPLETE;
THEREFORE, CONCLUSIONS OR RECOMMENDATIONS
EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED — MAY BE TENTATIVE.
-------
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE
LIST OF FIGURES 5
LIST OF TABLES 6
INTRODUCTION 8
SUMMARY 1|
FINDINGS 1 1
RECOMMENDATIONS 13
METHODS 1k
DISCUSSION 26
HYDROLOGY 26
NUTRIENT LOADINGS 32
NUTRIENT LEVELS 35
APPARENT STANDARDS VIOLATIONS kB
TEMPERATURE /tfi
TOTAL COLIFORMS 50
Bibliography 51
APPENDIX I WATER QUALITY CRITERIA 56
WATER QUALITY STANDARDS 59
WASHINGTON STATE 59
OREGON STATE 78
-------
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE PAGE
1 Station locations in the Upper Columbia 9
Subbasin
2 Station locations in the Middle and Lower 10
Columbia Subbasins
3 Flow in the Columbia River as a function 23
of river mile
4 Flow in the Columbia River as a function 2k
of river mile
5 Comparison of actual and caluclated total 27
nitrogen loading in the Columbia River -
Quarter 1
6 Comparison of actual and calculated total 28
phosphorus in the Columbia River -
Quarter 1
7 Comparison of actual and calculated total 3]
nitrogen loading in the Columbia River -
Quarter 2
8 Comparison of actual and calculated total 32
phosphorus loading in the Columbia River -
Quarter 2
9 Comparison of actual and calculated total 33
nitrogen loading in the Columbia - Quarter 3
10 Comparison of actual and calculated total 3^
nitrogen loading in the Columbia - Quarter 3
11 Comparison of actual and calculated total 36
nitrogen loading in the Columbia - Quarter 4
12 Comparison of actual and calculated total 37
phosphorus loading in the Columbia River —
Figure 12
13 Nitrate-nitrogen concentration (yearly average) 38
in the Columbia
14 Orthophosphate-phosphorus concentration 39
(yearly average) in the Columbia
15 Quarterly average concentrations of nitrate- ^0
nitrogen - (Quarters 1 & 2)
16 Quarterly averages of nitrate nitrogen k]
(Quarters 3 & 4)
17 Quarterly averages of ortho phosphate- *>2
phosphorus (Quarters 1 & 2)
18 Quarterly averages of orthophosphate- ^3
phosphorus (Quarters 3 & 4)
19 Temperature of the Columbia R. as a function V}
of river mile
20 Total coliform bacteria density in the Columbia 52
R. (Quarters 1 & 2)
21 Total coliform bacteria density in the Columbia 53
R. (Quarters 3 & 4)
-------
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE PAGE
1 Upper river laboratory analyses by agency 15
2 Lower river laboratory analyses by agency 17
3 Seasonal comparison of Columbia River 21
flows
4 Tributary sources of total nitrogen 26
5 Tributary sources of total phosphorus 30
6 Nutrient concentrations at mainfitem kS
stations
7 Water Quality Standards violations 51
-------
-------
INTRODUCTION
The Columbia River and its tributaries comprise the most
important river system in the Northwest. Its drainage basin
area is approximately 259,000 square miles and includes South-
eastern British Columbia; major portions of the states of
Washington, Oregon, Idaho, and Montana; and small areas of
Wyoming, Utah and Nevada. (Figures 1 and 2)
The degradation of Columbia River water quality is a real
concern of Northwest citizens. Over the last 40 years they have
watched a creeping change in the physical, chemical, and bio-
logical characteristics of the mains tern and its tributaries. In
the mid 1930's the first major dams, Bonneville and Grand Coulee,
were constructed on the Columbia River. These dams, and the many
others constructed since, have had a profound influence on the
river's physical and chemical characteristics and its native
biota. Starting in the 1940's, the population in this river basin
began a substantial increase, with a corresponding increase in
municipal, industrial, and agricultural wastewater discharges.
These increased numbers of wastewater discharges, changes
in the river's physical characteristics, increased algal growths,
and other changes, have indicated the need for a comprehensive
monitoring program on the entire river system. Specifically, there
are concerns regarding summer water temperatures, reservoir
eutrophication, increasing levels of toxic waste, cumulative effects
of organic waste discharges from indistrial development and
population growth, and high levels of dissolved gases.
-------
1.
2.
3.
li.
5.
6.
T.
8.
9.
0.
Columbia Rl
Kettle Five
Coville Riv
Spokane Riv
Sanpoil Riv
ColUT.bU Hi
OXer.ogrui Ri
Mcthov Hive
Chcl.-ui Rive
er at Horthport
at Earstov
r nt Kettle Tails
r at Long Lake
r at Keller
cr tl Cra-ide Coulee
er at Kalott
nr Patcro3
at Chela-T
Entlat River r.r Zntiat
11. Vcnatchce Fiver nr Wenitchee -
Columbia River bl Pock Island
13. Crab Creek nr Beverly
lit. Columbia Pivcr nr Vcrnlta
Station locations in the Upper
Columbia Subb-asin
11 y
-------
•^•:jy^r=tfja., ,- l> /\ • ^-pT ' ' ^4fe< (T<7"'ff @ " ?/ c/|- d ' ' i^37?^N.@ .^
I r*-** *~'
K^ - i
Er.iX- 3ivcr bl Ice Harbor
ii=,a river at Kior.a
Vill* Villi Fiver nr TO-JC":
J="rj: --.y river r.r John
ci-i- = ia river tl Jchn O-IY Dam
^l-i-.ii-i Mv.r l-l Dtllcs Don
iCi2h:'.=it ?iv-r nr Lyle
Hcci river at Hoed River
Vr.ite ril-cr. nr V:
PIver bl ?-n.noyillc D
"n^sr.CT^si River r,r Vashc'Ogal
Z'ir.-l-j r.iver r.r Kouth I-SO
"nill-s^ette River at Evui Island
L'.-vis river r.r Woodland
Kilir.a Fiver nr Kalara
I'jribia Piver at Long
Piver tit Cl&tcXanl
Coluzbia Piver at 3radv
LOV/ER COLUMBIA SUBBASIN
FIGURE 2. Station locations in the Middle & Lower
Columbia Subbasins
-------
SUMMARY
The purpose of this report is to assess some water quality
aspects of the Columbia River and its tributaries utilizing
recent data from a one-year (71-11-01 to 72-10-31) cooperative
survey. The specific objective is to determine which tributaries
to the main stem (Spokane, Yakima, etc.) had the greatest adverse
influence on the Columbia River proper. Since water quality is
influenced by discharge conditions, the study period was divided
into hydrologic quarters (three month periods beginning 11-01-71)
to differentiate between various discharge levels.
The parametric scope is limited to the major nutrients
(nitrogen and phosphorus), total coliform bacteria, temperature,
dissolved oxygen, and pH. Sources and ambient concentrations of
nitrate and orthophosphate receive special attention because they
are frequently related to a water's eutrophic state. Although the
survey yielded data on many other parameters, evaluation in this
report is limited primarily to the nutrient constituents.
FINDINGS
1. Nutrient (total nitrogen and total phosphorus) loading
levels in the Columbia River increased from the Canadian Border
to the mouth. The relative degree of increased nutrient loading
varied from 1.7 to 20.0 fold for total nitrogen and 2.3 to 11.0
fold for total phosphorus depending on hydrologic quarter.
-------
2. The major proportion of nutrient loading in the Columbia
River was directly attributable to tributary inputs. The Snake
and Willamette Rivers together accounted for 56.5% to 80.2% of
the total tributary nitrogen and 46.3% to 85.4% of the total
tributary phosphorus to the Columbia River during quarterly periods.
3. Based on yearly average concentrations, orthophosphate-
phosphorus exceeded 0.01 mg/1 (critical level for algae bloom
potential) at all Columbia River stations; nitrate-nitrogen exceeded
0.3 mg/1 (critical level for algae bloom potential) at only one
station (McNary Dam). Orthophosphate-phosphorus yearly average
concentrations exceeded 0.01 mg/1 at most tributary stations with
the exceptions of the Kettle, Methow, Chelanj Entiat, and Wenatchee
Rivers. Nitrate-nitrogen yearly average concentrations exceeded
0.3 mg/1 at seven tributary stations; Crab Creek, Spokane, Yakima,
Snake, Walla Walla, Umatilla, and Willamette Rivers.
Based on quarterly average concentrations, nitrate-nitrogen
and orthophosphate-phosphorus exceeded the critical levels from
November, 1971, to April, 1972, between river mile 292.0 and the
mouth. Between May, 1972, and October, 1972, nitrate-nitrogen
levels were limiting and orthophosphate-phosphorus levels were
at minimum levels during the survey period.
4. Standards violations were observed at several Columbia
River stations for temperature (river miles 734.5, 292.0, 215.6,
191.4, 145.3, 66.0, 53.5, and 38.9) and total coliforms (river
miles 734.5, 66.0 and 38.9).
-------
Recommendations
1. Further studies should be conducted in some of the
tributaries, especially the Snake and Willamette Rivers to
better identify waste nutrient sources.
2. Data for other parameters included in this study should
be evaluated, especially those for toxic metals.
3. All of the data should be used as a basis for design of
a long term monitoring system.
4. An intensive bacteriological study is needed for the
lower Columbia River to delineate the source or sources of
apparent high bacterial densities.
5. A complete point source and non-point source waste
inventory is needed for the lower Columbia River. Provisions
should be made for continuous updating.
6. Additional parameters to be included for future studies
of this type are algal assay- carbon-14 uptake, and chlorophyll
determination.
-------
METHODS
To facilitate monitoring, the drainage basin was divided into
two sections. The upper section included the mainstem and tribu-
taries from McNary Dam (River Mile 292.0) to the International
Border. The lower section included the waters downstream of
McNary Dam to the mouth. Although the drainage basin was separated
into two areas and investigated cooperatively by several agencies,
every effort was made to insure that sample collection methods,
sample collection schedules, and analytical procedures were
similar.
Upper Columbia
The upper Columbia River monitoring effort was coordinated
by the Department of Ecology (DOE) with participation from U.S.
Geological Survey (USGS), Walla Walla Health Department,, and
Benton-Franklin Health District. During May and June, additional
assistance was provided by the Tri-County Air Pollution Control
Authority during a temporary manpower shortage. The three local
agencies confined their activities to sample collection in the
Tri-City - Walla Walla area.
The Department of Ecology, in addition to coordinating the
Upper River study in which samples were collected twice a month;
collected all Upper River samples excluding those from the Tri-
City - Walla Walla area. Sample analyses were shared among the
agencies as shown in Table 1.
-------
TABLE 1
UPPER RIVER LABORATORY
ANALYSES BY AGENCY
Conductivity
Turbidity
Color
NH3 -N
N02 -N
NO 3 -N
TKjel-N
T-P04
D Ortho-P
BOD5
TOC
TIC
TC (MF)
T Hard
Ca
Mg
Na
K
cl
SO
FC
Pesticides
Cu
Zn
Cr
Pb
T Hg
TDS
DOE
X
X
X
USGS
EPA
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
L
-------
Samples were collected using a bucket and line technique.
Temperature, pH and alkalinity, were determined immediately
after collection. Dissolved oxygen samples were fixed on site and
titrated at the end of the day. Trace metal and nutrient samples
were preserved with concentrated HN03 and 4% HgCl2 respectively
and iced. Samples for coliform determinations were collected in
sterilized containers and iced.
Coliform samples were shipped via Greyhound and analysis was
initiated within 30 hours of sample collection. Nutrient samples
were delivered to the USGS laboratory at the end of the survey run
(not more than 3-1/2 days). EPA and ODEQ delivered samples to their
respective labs with the exception of Total Organic Carbon (TOC)
and bacteria samples which were shipped, via Greyhound bus, to the
EPA laboratory. (See Table 2). Five-day BOD samples were collected
only on Oregon Department of Environmental Quality ( ODEQ ) runs
and analyzed by their laboratory.
Analytical methods utilized by the Washington Department of
Ecology, Oregon Department of Environmental Quality, and Environ-
mental Protection Agency laboratories are described in Standard
Methods for the Examination of Water and Waste Water, 1971 and/or
FWPCA Methods for Chemical Analysis of Water and Wastes, 1971.
All analytical methods employed by USGS are described in Water
Support Bulletin 1454 (1960).
-------
TABLE 2. Lower river laboratory analyses by agency.
The following analytical tests were conducted by either ODEQ
or EPA laboratories:
Lab Analysis
TDS
Turbidity
Color
NH3-N
N02-N
N03-N
T Kjel-N
T Phos-P
D Phos-P
D Ortho-P
BOD5
TOC
TIC
TC
PB1
T Hard
T Ca
T Mg
D Na
D K
Cl
so4
T As
ODEQ
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
EPA
X
X
X
X
X
X
. X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
17
-------
Table 2 (Cont'd)
Lab Analysis
T Cd
T Cr
T Hg
T Cu
T Fe
T Pb
T Zn
T Sb
T Se
T Coli (MF)
F Coli (MF)
ODEQ
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
EPA
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-------
Lower Columbia
The Lower Columbia River monitoring program was shared by
the Oregon Department of Environmental Quality (ODEQ) and
Region X of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) with
participation from the Oregon District U.S. Geological Survey.
The U.S. Geological Survey installed staff gages and
developed flow rating curves for several of the tributaries so
that nutrient loading values could be determined.
The ODEQ and EPA collected all samples in the Lower Columbia
River reach on a bi-weekly basis. Each agency's field personnel
conducted the monitoring run during alternate two week periods.
Sample collection and field analysis techniques employed by
EPA and ODEQ were similar to those used by DOE.
-------
DISCUSSION
This section will be devoted to an interpretation of hydrology,
nutrient loading levels, water quality standards criteria violations,
and nutrient levels for the main stem Columbia River and tributary
stations. Nutrient loadings, nutrient levels, temperature, and
total coliforms will be delineated by hydrologic quarters: hydrologic
quarter 1: 11-01-71 to 01-31-72, hydrologic quarter 2: 02-01-72 to
04-30-72, hydrologic quarter 3: 05-01-72 to 07-31-72, hydrologic
quarter 4: 08-01-72 to 10-30-72.
Hydrology
Columbia River flow is characterized by two peaks per year.
The spring peak, usually maximum in June, is due to snow melt in the
mountainous parts of the drainage basin. The winter peak can occur
from December through March and is primarily caused by precipitation
and flooding in the tributaries west of the Cascade Range" (Haertet,
Osterberg, Curl, and Park, 1969). Extremes encountered during the
course of this study were 651,900 cfs on 72-06-15 to 27 and 164,300
cfs on 72-09-21 to 25 at river mile 38.9.
A seasonal comparison of Columbia River flows at the furthermost
upstream station (river mile 734.5) and near the mouth (river mile
38.9) appears in Table 3.
-------
Table 3 - Seasonal Comparison of Columbia River Flows
Station
River Mile 734.5
River Mile 38.9
Difference*
Quarter
1234
88,600 65,568 237,000 97,000
312,620 483,700 492,000 185,000
224,000 418,000 255,000 88,000
* Due to tributaries, runoff, and groundwater inflow.
-------
Flow profiles of the river for each quarter appear in
Figures 3 and 4. In some instances, the river flow appears to
decrease in the downstream direction between two stations. Such
apparent decreases are generally artifacts of the data collection
method. Daily average flows were available for some stations and
only instantaneous flows at sampling time for others. Although such
flow records are not directly comparable, they are the best available.
The average increase in flow between river miles 734.5 and
38.9 was greatest during quarter #2. This suggests that the water
quality impact of tributary, runoff, and groundwater inflow on the
Columbia River would also be greatest during this quarter.
During quarter #3, flow at river mile 734.5 averaged sub-
stantially higher than for quarters 1, 2 and 4. Moderate downstream
inflows coupled with high flows at river mile 734.5 produced the
largest average quarterly flows at all Columbia River stations during
this quarter.
Nutrient Loadings
Nutrient loading (total nitrogen and phosphorus) in the Columbia
River is in a constant state of change. Complicated variables such
as rainfall, snow melt, industrial and agricultural activity all
exert their influence in varying degrees. Generally speaking, the
largest source of nutrient loading in the Columbia River is the
tributary inputs of Washington and Oregon, but even this is not
always the case.
-------
4-50-
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T 300-
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100 200 t300 4HZI0 300 E300 700 B&
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FIGURE -3
IN THE COLUnBlA RIVER
OF RIVER MILE
A FUNCTION
-------
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-------
Quarter #1 - Total nitrogen loading in the Columbia River
increased from 163,000 to 1,470,000 Ibs/day, or by 9 times, from
river miles 734.5 (near the Canadian Border) to 38.9 (near the
mouth) (See Figure 5). Two thirds of the increase (873,000 Ibs/day)
was attributed to tributary inputs. The remaining excess total
nitrogen (434,000 Ibs/day) cannot be explained by this study, but
may be due to such factors as diffuse sources, nitrogen-fixation,
variation in analytical and sampling techniques, etc. Correlation
between cumulative tributary loadings and loadings actually
measured in the Columbia River was very good between river miles
734.5 to 73.1 (Figure 3). The Willamette and Snake Rivers were the
largest sources of total nitrogen, contributing"54.8% and 25.4%
respectively of the total tributary loading (Table 4).
Total phosphorus loading in the Columbia River increased from
26,000 to 191,000 Ibs/day, or by 7.4 times, from river miles 734.5
to 38.9 (See Figure 6). The increase attributed to tributary inputs
was 121,000 Ibs/day. The Willamette and Snake Rivers were the
largest sources of total phosphorus; contributing 68.9% and 16.5%
respectively of the total tributary loading (Table 5).
Quarter #2 - Total nitrogen loading in the Columbia River
increased from 97,000 to 1,951,000 Ibs/day, or by 20 times, between
river miles 734.5 and 38.9. Tributary loading (1,356,000 Ibs/day)
to the Columbia River reached a maximum during this quarter. The
Snake and Willamette Rivers were the largest sources of total nitrogen
contributing 49.7% and 22.3% respectively of the total tributary
loading (Table 4). The correlation between tributary loading and
-------
TOTAL NITROGEN
Ranking
River
* Percent (%)
Ibs/day
1
2
3
4
5
6
1
2
3
4
5
6
1
2
3
4
5
6
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Willamette
Snake
Yakima
Spokane
Lewis
Deschutes
Snake
Willamette
John Day
Spokane
Yakima
Umatilla
Snake
Willamette
Spokane
Okanogan
Yakima
Wenatchee
Snake
Willamette
Deschutes
Yakima
Spokane
Okanogan
Wenatchee
54.8
25.4
3.3
3.1
3.0
1.8
49.7
22.3
6.8
6.1
3.7
3iO
44.3
12.2
7.0
6.8
6.3
5.1
36.3
12.2
6.3
6.3
6.2
3.7
3.1
478591
221671
28723
27512
26125
15292
674533
302072
92585
82780
50485
40765
286947
79359
45771
44247
40738
33531
85921
60574
14895
14831
14628
8765
7272
* % of total tributary loading
TABLE 4
-------
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300
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700
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RIVER MILE
! C7URE. B
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DADINCJ IN
OF ACTUAL AND CALCULATED TOTAL FHO3FMORU3
THE COLUMN 1ft RIVER- QUARTER L
-------
actual Columbia River loading was not as good as for the first
quarter (Figure 7).
Total phosphorus loading in the Columbia River increased from
18,000 to 199,000 Ibs/day, or by 11 times, between river miles 734.5
and 38.9. Tributary loading (257,000 Ibs/day) reached a maximum
during this quarter (See Figure 8). In this case, total tributary
loading exceeded the increase of loading observed in the Columbia
River by 42%. Again, as stated previously, many factors may in-
fluence the observed values. Also, the survey was not designed to
delineate this type of variation. However, the general correlation
between tributary and actual Columbia River loadings was good
(Figure 8). The Snake, Willamette, and John Da'y Rivers were the
largest sources of total phosphorus contributing 26.7%, 19.6% and
17.5% respectively of the total tributary loading (Table 5).
Quarter #3 - Total nitrogen loading in the Columbia River in-
creased from 662,000 to 1,112,000 Ibs/day, or by 1.7 times, between
river miles 734.5 and 38.9 (Figure 9). The increase attributed to
tributary inputs was 657,000 Ibs/day. The Snake and Willamette Rivers
were the largest sources of total nitrogen contributing 44.3%
and 12.2% respectively of the total tributary loading (Table 4).
The Columbia River at river mile 734.5 reached a maximum average
loading (662,000 Ibs/day) and a maximum average flow (240,000 cfs)
during this quarter.
Total phosphorus loading in the Columbia River increased from
39,000 to 203,000 Ibs/day, or by 5.2 times, between river miles
734.5 and 38.9 (Figure 10). The increase attributed to tributary
-------
TOTAL PHOSPHORUS
River
*Percent
Ibs/day
1
2
3
4
5
6
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
1
2
3
4
5
6
1
2
3
4
5
6
Willamette
Snake
John Day
Deschutes
Spokane
Yakima
Snake
Willamette
John Day
Lewis
Umatilla
Spokane
Yakima
Snake
Okanogan
Yakima
Willamette
Spokane
Methow
Willamette
Snake
Deschutes
Yakima
Spokane
Klickitat
68.9
16.5
3.1
2.9
1.8
1.6
26.7
19.6
17.5
9.7
8.0
5.3
4.8
44.9
15.7
9.3
8.2
5.7
4.8
30.1
28.1
12.9
9.3
5.6
2.3
83444
19953
3810
3506
2130
1934
68745
50453
45071
25030
20501
13639
12446
34615
12157
7188
6354
4404
3691
4967
4643
2127
1534
928
381
of total tributary loading
TABLE 5
-------
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I !JJU QK ACJTLJAt. ANT) ; fA L r?t H..A T 5,13 TOTAL NITROGJE.N
f-'J It. IT-IE. COLtiiiffSlA PTVf;F- Ul-JAf.T&H 2
-------
T
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i v e. P n i L E,
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/»ra:. ^LCJULAT&'D TOT/NL
I A ^tV£F:~ fil.JARTElP T.
-------
T 1. 4--
o
T
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L
1 .2-
N
I
T
R t .0-
O
0
E
N
0.6-
n
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L
1
N
0.4--
L
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3
S 0.2-
D
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Y
/
.-»>
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- -"» M"T
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- ; V... I— A
1 ^^v
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15 — X
1 * ^^"~^^
*-«-«
1 '--, ' «•.-
\ ^ "----^-^-.,
A • ^«Bk
^J:^»
•\ —
ACTUAL *""
1 i 1 1 1 1 1 1
r 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
L00 200 300 4-00 300 900 700 Sfl
I V &R M I LE
F I RU R
OF ACTUAL AND CALCULATED TOTAL NITROGEN
THE. COLUMBIA RIVER- QUARTER 1
-------
T
O
T
A
L
P
H
O
3
P
H
O
R
U
9
n
i
o
N
L
D
3
X
D
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V
0.4.-,-
0.3 +
0.2-f
0. IH-
ACTUAL
100
200
300
+00
300
700
800
RIVER niLE.
FIGURE.
r! I 3QN OF ACTUAL AND CALCULATED TOTAL PHOSPHORUS
NC? IN THE. COLUMDIA RlVEFe- QUARTER 3
-------
inputs was 77,000 Ibs/day. The largest sources of total phosphorus
were the Snake and Okanogan Rivers, contributing 44.9% and 15.7%
respectively (Table 5). The Willamette River (8.2%) dropped to
fourth place behind the Yakima River (9.3%) during this quarter.
Quarter #4 - Total nitrogen loading in the Columbia River
increased from 91,000 to 622,000 Ibs/day, or by 6.4 times, between
river miles 734.5 and 38.9 (Figure 11). The increase attributed to
tributary inputs was 657,000 Ibs/day. The Snake and Willamette
Rivers were the largest sources of total nitrogen contributing 36.3%
and 25.6% respectively of the total tributary loading (Table 4).
Total phosphorus loading in the Columbia River increased from
18,000 to 42,000 Ibs/day, or by 2.3 times, between river miles 734.5
and 38.9 (Figure 12). The increase attributed to tributary inputs
was 16,500 Ibs/day. The largest sources of total phosphorus were
the Willamette, Snake and Deschutes Rivers contributing 30.1%, 28.1%
and 12.9% respectively (Table 5).
Tributary nutrient loading to the Columbia River averaged much
lower during this quarter than during the previous three quarters.
Tributary flow input to the Columbia River was also lowest during
this quarter.
Nutrient Levels
Nutrient (nitrate-nitrogen and orthophosphate-phosphorus
levels in the Columbia River are summarized by yearly and quarterly
averages in Figures 13 through 18.
-------
CD
T
O
T
A
L
N
I
T
R
O
Q
£
N
n
i
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L
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0.S-I-
0.3- -
2J.4-- -
0.2--
"I
j
300
+00
500
700
800
R I V
FIGURE 11
COMPARISON OF ACTUAL AND CALCULATED TOTAL NITROGEN
t_OAD!NO IN THE COLUMBIA RIVER- QUARTER 4.
-------
T
A
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v :
H
o
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100 e00 300 4-00 °&e\ B00 700 8£
I V
n I L
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OF ACTUAL AND CALOULATE.D TOTAL PHO3PMDRU3
IN TUt. COLUMBIA PlV&R- aUARTE.F? 4-
-------
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N
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1
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n
c
0.3
Cf?ITlCAL LEVEL
0.2--
0.1--
100
200
300
+00
330
700
600
RIVER nILE
FIGURE,
N ITRAr&~N I TROOEN CONCENTRATION CVEARLV
«N THE OOLUMDIA RIVER
-------
1
tl
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it
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fi CJDLLIMC5IA P I V £
T I ON
-------
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500
Q00
700
800
I V
1 L £,
13 QUAHT&PLV AVO CONC tf J TP.A T I ON OF f J I
1 AND 21
T £.- N I TROC&N
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^F M I THAT'S." N 1 T'RDC?E.N
-------
f:
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toO
f*
u
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n
T
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\
•
.0s. 4-
0.0s.
0.01
i
CRITICAL LEVEL
X
L
I L 1
100 200 300
_.j_
4-00
300
B00
700
300
R I V ELR
I L E.
17
C?ON
TPAt I ON OF ORTHOFH
1 AND 2^
TE-
-------
u
f.
1
0
p
M 0 . 03 -
O
p
A 0 . 04- -
T
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H 0.03-
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3
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9 '
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L
X
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\ CRITICAL LEVE.I. /
; "-^
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100
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G00
700
800
t V
I L EL
FIGURE 18 QLJARTE.RLV
OQN CE.N TRA T I ON OF ORTH OPH D9PH A T &~
^ AMD 4O
-------
Nitrate-nitrogen concentrations were observed above the critical
level (.3 mg/1) at all mainstem Columbia River stations (Table 6).
The frequency in excess of the critical level was found to be sub-
stantially less than that for orthophosphate-phosphorus. Yearly
average concentrations vs river mile (Figure 13) indicates that
nitrate-nitrogen concentration increased from river mile 734.5 to
38.9 but exceeded the critical level (based on a yearly average)
only at river mile 292.0. The high nitrate-nitrogen level observed
at river mile 292.0 reflects the impact of the Snake, Yakima, and
Walla Walla Rivers.
Quarterly average concentrations of nitrate-nitrogen vs river
mile (Figures 15 and 16) show that a dramatic change in the profile
of the Columbia River took place from quarter two to quarter three
(Spring to Summer). During quarters one and two (Winter and Spring)
the nitrate-nitrogen concentrations generally increased between
river miles 734.5 and 38.9 reaching a maximum at river mile 292.0
(See figure 15). During this period, the nitrate-nitrogen concen-
trations generally exceeded the critical level (0.3 mg/1) between
river miles 292.0 and 38.9. The increasing trend observed for
quarters one and two did not occur during quarter three (Figure 16).
During this period, nitrate-nitrogen concentrations averaged sub-
stantially lower than the critical level. Quarter four had a
nitrate-nitrogen profile similar to quarters one and two but at a
much lower level. In fact, like quarter three, average concentrations
did not exceed the critical level.
44
-------
Stations Nitrate - Nitrogen Orthophosphorus
Columbia River
Tributary
Mile 734.5
Kettle R.
Colville R.
Spokane R.
Sanpoil R.
Mile 596. A
Okanogan R.
Methow R.
Chelan R.
Entiat R.
Wenatchee R.
Mile 453.2
Crab Cr.
Mile 388.1
Yakima R.
Mile 330.0
Snake R.
Walla Walla R.
Mile 292.0
Umatilla R.
John Day R.
Mile 215.6
Deschutes R.
Mile 191.4
Klickitat R.
Hood R.
White Salmon R.
Mile 145.3
Washougal R.
Sandy R.
Willamette R.
Lewis R.
Kalama R.
Mile 66.0
Mile 53.5
Mile 38.9
Station
61A070
60A070
59A070
54A070
52A070
53A070
49A070
48A070
47A070
46A070
45A070
44A070
41A070
COL060
37A090
36A055
33A070
32A070
400081
403052
403053
403048
403051
403002
543110
403050
543111
400008
543109
403049
403059
270070
27B070
25A150
400007
403010
No. No.
Samples >.3 mg/1 Mean (mg/1)
17
17
16
22
19
22
18
19
23
23
23
20
21
21
24
18-
21
23
23
24
24
24
24
23
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
20
24
12
23
24
TAB1
1
0
4
12
0
1
0
7
2
4
3
1
19
4
17
3
10
21
7
23
4
8
1
8
3
1
0
7
2
3
15
4
6
3
9
10
E 6 - Nutrien
0.12
0.06
0.22
0.36
0.07
0.14
0.08
0.23
0.10
0.20
0.20
0.18
1.10
0.16
0.60
0.22
0.44
0.84
0.31
0.81
0.16
0.26
0.13
0.24
0.12
0.15
0.10
0.21
0.17
0.13
0.39
0.13
0.18
0.19
0.26
0.24
t Concentrations
No, No.
Samples .> 0.01 mg/1 Mean (mg/1)
19
17
17
24
19
22
18
21
23
23
21
20
21
21
24
15
21
21
24
23
23
22
23
23
23
23
.23
23
23
23
23
15
21
10
22
23
at Mainstem Sti
15
5
17
18
18
18
7
3
6
15
8
16
21
17
22
15
20
20
20
22
18
18
23
19
23
19
22
17
9
12
22
9
18
8
15
19
tions
0.020
0.004
0.026
0.028
0.020
0.014
0.004
0.001
0.004
0.009
0.004
0.020
0.060
0.014
0.052
0.022
0.027
0.098
0.028
0.086
0.041
0.028
0.057
0.030
0.035
0.059
0.024
0.022
0.016
0.016
0.038
0.017
0.015
0.028
0.022
0.025
-------
Orthophosphate-phosphorus concentrations were observed above
the critical level (.01 mg/1) at all mainstern Columbia River
stations (Table 6). Yearly average concentrations vs river mile
(Figure 14), indicates that the orthophosphate-phosphorus con-
centration decreased from river mile 734.5 to 388.1, rose rapidly
from river mile 388.1 to 292.0, and then decreased from river mile
292.0 to 38.9. The increase in concentration observed between river
mile 388.1 to 292.0 reflects the impact of the Snake, Yakima, and
Walla Walla Rivers. Average yearly concentrations exceeded the
critical level (.01 mg/1) at all mainstem Columbia River stations.
Quarterly average concentrations of orthophosphate-phosphorus
vs river mile (Figures 17 and 18) show that a dramatic change in the
profile of the Columbia River took place from quarter two to three.
During quarters one and two (Figure 17), the orthophosphate-
phosphorus profiles were similar to that observed for the yearly
average concentrations (Figure 14) with concentrations exceeding
the.critical level at all mainstem Columbia River stations. Quarters
three and four produced much lower levels than quarters one and two.
During quarter three (Figure 18), the orthophosphate-phosphorus
concentration was below the detection level from river mile 734.5 to
596.4, increased to .01 mg/1 between river mile 453.2 and 66.0.
During this period, the critical level was exceeded at only one
station (river mile 38.9). Orthophosphate-phosphorus concentration
decreased from .02 mg/1 to .00 mg/1 from river mile 734.5 to 388.1
for quarter four. Below river mile 388.1 the concentration increased
to .01 mg/1, maintaining this level at all downstream stations.
-------
During quarter four, the critical level was exceeded at river miles
734.5 and 453.2.
The preceeding discussion is summarized by the following statements:
1. Average nitrate-nitrogen and orthophosphate-phosphorus concen-
trations greater than the levels considered critical for potential algae
bloom problems were observed during the first and second quarters
(11-01-71 to 04-30-72) at all Columbia River stations between river mile
292.0 and the mouth. Orthophosphate-phosphorus, however, exceeded critical
levels more consistently and to a greater degree than did nitrate-nitrogen.
2. During quarters three and four (72-05-01 to 72-10-31), average
nitrate-nitrogen concentrations were not observed in excess of the
critical levels at any of the mainstem Columbia Rive-r stations.
Orthophosphate-phosphorus continued to be at or near its critical level
much of the time. From the observed data, nitrate-nitrogen may be
assumed to be the limiting nutrient during this period.
The problem of data interpretation is thus manifest at this point.
Sphaerotilus and algae problems are known to occur during the months of
July, August and September. Yet, the chemical data evaluated in this
report indicates that nutrient levels were high enough to support active
growth only between November, 1971 and April, 1972. Between May, 1972,
and October, 1972, nitrate-nitrogen levels were limiting and orthophosphate-
phosphorus levels were at a minimum level. It is highly possible that
these declines are the result however, of algal utilization during these
last two quarters.
Nitrate-nitrogen and orthophosphate-phosphorus are considered to be
nutrient indicator parameters. If present at adequate levels, they
-------
indicate a potential for accelerated biologic 1 growth (algal blooms).
This potential may or may not be realized depending on other limiting
factors (temperature, micronutrients, metals, etc.).
The nitrate and orthophosphate tests help provide an insight into
the algal bloom potential of the system. The two parameters by them-
selves form only part of the total picture. Other parameters such as
micronutrients, temperature and metals shquld be considered as well.
To help complete the picture, it will be necessary to obtain data on
nutrient uptake rates and on the quantity of nutrients tied up in the
active biomass (both macro and micro). Analyses that may help fill in
the apparent data gap are the algal assay, carbon-14 uptake, chlorophyll
determination and algal cell counts.
APPARENT STANDARDS VIOLATIONS
Violations were observed during this study for temperature and
total coliforms at several of the Columbia River mainstern stations
(Table 5). Six of the eight temperature violations occurred during
the dates 72-08-08 to 72-08-10 when the River was in a low flood
condition. Total coliform criteria violations occurred at river miles
734.5, 66.0, and 38.9.
Temperature
The temperature data plotted on Figure 19 suggest that temperature
increased during quarters 2,3 and 4 between river miles 734.5 to 73.1
and decreased during quarter 1. Relativly rapid temperature changes
occurred between river miles 330.0 to 292.0 and 145.3 to 53.5. Potential
influencing factors between river miles 330.0 to 292.0 would be the
-------
T
E
n
p
E.
R
A
T
U
R
X
c
100
200
300
+00
B00
700
800
n 1 LEI
FIGURE. 13 QUARTERLY AVC T &MP ELRA TURE OF THE COLUnBlA RIVER
-------
Snake River and McNary Dam. Potential influencing factor between
river miles 145.3 to 53.5 would be the Willamette River and the Pacific
Ocean.
Total Coliforms
Total coliform levels exceeded water quality standards criteria
at three of the eleven Columbia River stations. The standard violations
occurred at river miles 734.5, 66.0 and 38.9. In general, total
coliform densities were high at river mile 734.5 (near the Canadian
border), decreased to a minimum between river miles 330.0 to 214.6, and
then increased to a maximum density between river miles 66.0 to 38.9
(Figures 20 and 21).
Although the data in Tables 6 and 7 indicate water quality problems
exist, they reveal that few if any of the Columbia River tributaries
discharge highly polluted water into the Columbia River.
50
-------
TABLE 7
WATER QUALITY STANDARDS VIOLATIONS
Stations
Columbia River
Tributary
Mile 734.5
Kettle R.
Colvllle R.
Spokane R.
Sanpoil R.
Mile 596.4
Okanogan R.
Methow R.
Chelan R.
Entiat R.
Wenatchee R.
Mile 453.2
Crab Cr.
Mile 388.1
Yakima R.
Mile 330.0
Snake R.
Walla Walla
Mile 292.0
Unatilla R.
John Day R.
Mile 215.6
Deschutea R.
Mile 191.4
Klickltat R.
Hood R.
White Salmon R.
Mile 145.3
Washougal R.
Sandy R.
Willamette R.
Lewis R.
Kalama R.
Mile 66.0
Mile 53.5
Mile 38.9
*Apparent i
Nuraber
61A070
60A070
59A070
54A070
52A070
53A070
49A070
48A070
47A070
46A070
45A070
44A070
41A070
COL060
37A090
36A055
33A070
32A070
400081
403052
403053
403048
403051
403002
543110
403050
543111
400008
543109
403049
403059
27C070
27B070
25A150
400007
403010
iolation
Temperature DO pH
Samples Samples Samples
Total Violations* Total Violations* Total Violations
19 2
17 2
17 2
24 2
19 3
22 0
18 1
21 1
27 4
23 0
23 0
20 0
21 5
.21 0
24 3
17 0
21 4
24 1
24 1
23 5
23 5
23 1
23 3
23 "l
23 0
23 0
23 0
24 1
24 2
23 3
23 2
27 0
27 1
14 1
23 1
23 1
18 0
16 0
16 0
22 8
19 1
22 0
18 0
21 0
23 0
23 0
23 0
20 0
21 0
21 0
25 0
18 0
21 4
21 0
24 0
23 0
23 0
22 0
23 0
23 0
23 0
23 • 0
23 0
23 0
23 0
23 1
23 0
27 0
27 0
13 0
22 0
22 Q
2 0
2 .0
2 0
2 0
2 0
2 0
2 0
2 0
1 0
2 0
2 0
1- "0
2 0
21 0
2 0
0 0
2 0
. 0 0
• 22 0
21 6
21 3
21 0
22 2
21 0
21 •!
21 0
21. 0
22 0
22 . 1
21
21 1
0 0
0 0
0 0
21 0
2JU 0
TOTAL COLIFORMS
No.
Samples
16
16
16
23
, 17
18
16
18
20
20
19
16
19
-
24
IP
22
24
12
-
-
12
-
13
13
-
14
13
12
—
13
26
27
14
11
12
Median Limit Sample Linit
Violation * Value
Yes 200
No 185
Yes 550
Yes • 350
No 200
No 28
No 450
No 220
No 24
Yes 375
Yes 500
No 150
No 1000
-
Yes" 2150
No 138
No 145
Yes 4800
No 30
— —
-
No 21
-
No 140
No 170
-
No 158
No 90
No 98
— ••
Yes 3064*
No 235
No 150
No 850
No 700
Yes 1350
Violation* Percent
Yea 44
No 0
No 19
Yes 26
No 18
No 0
No 6
No 0
No 0
No 10
No 16
No 12
Yes 21
- -
Yes 46
No 19
No 9
Yes 71
No 0
— ~
- -
No 0
— —
No 8
No 8
- -
No 7
No 0
No 17
•» ™
Yes 38
No 12
No 4
Yea 21
No 18
tea 42
-------
T
D
T
A
L
C
D
L
I
F
O
R
n
n
E
D
N
I
0
0
n
L
3
I V,
L- \
i
22)0
h-
300
G00
700
800
FIOURE. 20
QUARTERLY MEDIAN TDTAL CDLIFORM DENSITY
, QUARTER 3 i ANtJ ?. '
-------
1 ---1 - - ,_ '-
1 **. •• *. «k T
±
1 *
t
I ±
T
0
0
t
[ 10X3-
C)
P ^
M
n
«
n
j
I
ki
i i
t
n
i
4-
' I
: ,, •
• *
>
' !••
100
r
TH'
\*
FlGfUREL
'-*&& -H30
RIVER MILE:
n T3 AND 4. 1
I-
S00
700
"DE.N3ITV
600
-------
BIBLIOGRAPHY
'Haertel, L., Osterberg, C., Curl, H., Park, P.K., Nutrient and Plankton
Ecology of the Columbia River Estuary, Dept. of Oceanography,
Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, 1969, f. 965.
Klein, L., River Pollution I. Chemical Analysis, Academic Press Inc.,
New York, 1959, 206 pp.
Rainwater, F.H., Thatcher, L.L., Methods for Collection and Analysis of
Water Samples, Geological Survey Water Supply Paper No. 1454,
1960, 301 pp.
Sawyer, C.N., Factors Involved in Disposal of Sewage Effluents to Lakes,
Sewage and Industrial Wastes, Vol. 26, No. 3, 1954, pp 317-325.
, Methods for Chemical Analysis of Water and Wastes,
Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio, 1971, 312 pp.
, Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater,
American Public Health Association, New York, 1971, 874 pp.
, Implements ion and Enforcement Plan for Water Quality
Regulations, Surface Waters, State of Washington, Department of
Ecology, 1970, 95 pp.
, Standards of Quality for Public Waters of Oregon and Disposal
Therein of Sewage and Industrial Wastes, Department of Environ-
mental Quality, 1970, pp. 35-54k.
54
-------
RAW DATA IS AVAILABLE UPON REQUEST FROM
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY STORET
-------
APPENDIX I
WATER QUALITY CRITERIA
WATER QUALITY STANDARDS
-------
WATER QUALITY CRITERIA
Specific criteria for the interpretation of collected water
quality data are as follows:
Water Quality Standards
Promulgated water quality criteria are found in Appendix II.
Since the determination of a water quality criterion violation frequently
requires a large quantity of data and could require a judicial decision,
this report refers to criteria violations as apparent violations.
Apparent violations are noted according to the following definitions:
Dissolved Oxygen - A violation is recorded whenever the D.O.
(in mg/1 or % saturation) drops below the level specified in the standard.
pH - A violation is recorded whenever the pH exceeds the range
specified in the standard.
Temperature - A violation is recorded whenever the temperature
exceeds the maximum limit specified in the standard (Ex: Class AA = 60 F).
Total Coliform - The coliform standard is applied to the total data
collected during the year rather than individual values. A violation is
recorded when either the yearly median* value exceeds the limit
specified in the standard, or a specific percentage of values exceeds
the maximum limit specified in the standard.
* Average value for Oregon rivers.
57
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Provisional Criteria
Municipal, domestic and other waste water discharges often contain
sufficient quantities of nitrogenous and phosphoric compounds to cause
increases in the receiving waterways. The following table lists critical
parameter levels and the significance of these parameter levels.
Table 1 - CRITICAL WATER QUALITY PARAMETERS
Substance
Nitrate (N03-N)
Nitrite (N02-N)
Ammonia (NH3-N)
Ammonia (NH3-N)
Ortho Phosphate (O-PO^-P)
Critical
Level (mg/1)
.3
.02
.2
1.0
.01
Significance
Algae bloom potential
Organic pollution, low
oxygen concentration in
stream.
Organic pollution
Unattractive for fish
(toxic)
Algae bloom potential.
58
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OREGON WATER QUALITY STANDARDS
Division 4
WATER POLLUTION
SUBDIVISION I
STANDARDS OF QUALITY FOR PUBLIC WATERS OF OREGON AND DISPOSAL
THEREIN OF SEWAGE AND INDUSTRIAL WASTES
ED. NOTE: Unless otherwise specified, sections 41-005 through
41-070 of this chapter of the Oregon Administrative Rules Compila-
tion were adopted by the Sanitary Authority June 1, 1967, and filed
with the Secretary of State June 1, 1967 as Administrative Order
SA 26. Repeals Administrative Order SA 8.
Statutory Authority: ORS 449.080; 449.086.
NOTE: Effective July 1, 1969, the Sanitary Authority was
replaced by the Department of Environmental Quality, consisting of
a Department and of a Commission, known as the Environmental
Quality Commission. Where Sanitary Authority is presently used in
these regulations, it should be noted by readers of these rules
that Department of Environmental Quality should be substituted
unless the context or statutes clearly require the use of
Environmental Quality Commission.
41-005 DEFINITIONS. As used in this subdivision unless other-
wise required by context:
(1) "Sewage" means the water-carried human or animal waste
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from residences, buildings, industrial establishments or other
places together with such ground water infiltration and surface
water as may be present. The admixture with sewage as above defined
of industrial wastes or wastes, as defined in subsections C21
and (3) of this section, shall also be considered "sewage" within
the meaning of this division.
(2) "Industrial waste" means any liquid, gaseous, radioactive
or solid waste substance or a combination thereof resulting from
any process of industry, manufacturing, trade or business, or
from the development or recovery of any natural resources.
(3) "Wastes" means sewage, industrial wastes, and all other
liquid, gaseous, solid, radioactive, or other substances which
will or may cause pollution or tend to cause pollution of any
waters of the state.
(4) "Pollution" means such contamination or other alteration
of the physical, chemical or biological properties of any waters
of the state, including change in temperature, taste, color, turbidity,
silt or odor of the waters, or such discharge of any liquid, gaseous,
solid, radioactive or other substance into any waters of the state
which either by itself or in connection with any other substance
present, will or can reasonably be expected to create a public
nuisance or render such waters harmful, detrimental or injurious
to public health, safety or welfare, or to domestic, commercial,
industrial, agricultural, recreational or other legitimate
beneficial uses or to livestock, wildlife, fish or other aquatic
life or the habitat thereof.
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(5) "Waters of the state" Include lakes, bays, ponds,
impounding reservoirs, springs, wells, rivers, streams, creeks,
estuaries, marshes, inlets, canals, the Pacific Ocean within the
territorial limits of the State of Oregon and all other bodies
of surface or underground waters, natural or artificial, inland
or coastal, fresh or salt, public or private (except those private
waters which do not combine or effect a junction with natural
surface or underground waters) which are wholly or partially
within or bordering the state or within its jurisduction.
(6) "Marine waters" means all oceanic, offshore waters
outside of estuaries or bays and within the territorial limits
of the state of Oregon.
(7) "Estuarine waters" means all mixed fresh and oceanic
waters in estuaries or bays from the point of oceanic water
intrusion inland to a line connecting the outermost points of
the headlands or protective jetties.
(8) "Standard" or "standards" means such measure of quality
or purity for any waters in relation to their reasonable and
necessary use as may be established by the Sanitary Authority
pursuant to ORS Chapter 449.
(9) "Fish and other aquatic life" means all beneficial fishes,
Crustacea, mollusks, plankton, higher aquatic plants, and water-
fowl.
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41-010 HIGHEST AND BEST PRACTICABLE TREATMENT AND CONTROL
REQUIRED
Notwithstanding the general and special water quality standards
contained In this subdivision, the highest and best practicable
treatment and/or control of wastes, activities and flows shall in
every case be provided so as to maintain dissolved oxygen and overall
water quality at the highest possible levels and water temperatures,
coliform bacteria concentrations, dissolved chemical substances,
toxic materials, radioactivity, turbidities, color, odor and other
deleterious factors at the lowest possible levels.
41-015 RESTRICTIONS ON THE DISCHARGE OF SEWAGE AND INDUSTRIAL
WASTES AND HUMAN ACTIVITIES WHICH AFFECT WATER QUALITY
IN THE WATERS OF THE STATE
No wastes shall be discharged and no activities shall be con-
ducted such that said wastes or activities either alone or in
combination with other wastes or activities will violate or can
reasonable be expected to violate, any of the general or special
water quality standards contained in this subdivision.
41-020 MAINTENANCE OF STANDARDS OF QUALITY
(1) The degree of waste treatment required to restore and
maintain the above standards of quality shall be determined in each
instance by the State Sanitary Authority and shall be based upon
the following:
(a) The uses which are or may likely be made of the
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receiving stream.
(b) The size and nature of flow of the receiving stream.
(c) The quantity and quality of the sewage or wastes to
be treated, and
(d) The presence or absence of other sources of pollution
on the same watershed.
(2) All sewage shall receive a minimum of secondary treatment
or equivalent (equal to at least 85% removal of 5-day biochemical
oxygen demand and suspended solids) and shall be effectively
disinfected before being discharged into any public waters of the
state.
41-025 GENERAL WATER QUALITY STANDARDS
The following General Water Quality Standards shall apply to
all waters of the state except where they are clearly superceded
by Special Water Quality Standards applicable to specifically
designated waters of the state. No wastes shall be discharged and
no activities shall be conducted which either alone or in combination
with other wastes or activities will cause in any waters of the
state:
(1) The dissolved oxygen content of surface waters to be less
than six (6) milligrams per liter unless specified otherwise by
special standard.
(2) The hydrogen-ion concentration (pH) of the waters to be
outside the range of 6.5 to 8.5 unless specified otherwise by special
standard.
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(3) The liberation of dissolved gases, such as carbon-dioxide,
hydrogen sulfide or any other gases, in sufficient quantities to
cause objectionable odors or to be deleterious to fish or other
aquatic life, navigation, recreation, or other reasonable uses made
of such waters.
(4) The development of fungi or other growths having a
deleterious effect on stream bottoms, fish or other aquatic life, or
which are injurious to health, recreation or industry.
(5) The creation of tastes or odors or toxic or other conditions
that are deleterious to fish or other aquatic life or affect the
potability of drinking water or the palatibility of fish or shellfish.
(6) The formation of appreciable bottom or sludge deposits or
the formation of any organic or inorganic deposits deleterious to
fish or other aquatic life or injurious to public health, recreation
or industry.
(7) Objectionable discoloration, turbidity, scum, oily
sleek or floating solids, or coat the aquatic life with oil films.
(8) Bacterial pollution or other conditions deleterious to waters
used for domestic purposes, livestock watering, irrigation, bathing,
or shellfish propagation, or be otherwise injurious to public
health.
(9) Any measurable increase in temperature when the receiving
water temperatures are 64 F. or above, or more than 2 F. increase
when receiving water temperatures are 62 F. or less.
(10) Aesthetic conditions offensive to the human senses of
sight, taste, smell or touch.
(11) Radioisotope concentrations to exceed Maximum Permissible
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Concentrations (MFC's) in drinkinp water, edible fishes or
shellfishes, wildlife, irrigated crops, livestock and dairy
products or pose an external radiation hazard.
t
41-030 BENEFICIAL USES OF WATERS TO BE PROTECTED BY SPECIAL WATER
QUALITY STANDARDS.
The Special Water Quality Standards contained in this
subdivision are adopted for the purpose of protecting, together
with pertinent general water quality standards, the beneficial
uses of specified waters of the state as set forth in Table A
and to conserve the waste assimilative capacity of the waters so as to
accommodate maximum development and utilization of the resources
of the state.
41-035 SPECIAL WATER QUALITY STANDARDS FOR PUBLIC WATERS OF GOOSE
LAKE IN LAKE COUNTY.
The provisions of this section shall be in addition to and
not in lieu of the General Water Quality Standards contained in
Section 41-025, except where this section imposes a conflicting
requirement with the provisions of Section 41-025, this section
•hall govern. No wastes shall be discharged and no activities
shall be conducted which either alone or in combination with other
wastes or activities will cause in the waters of Goose Lake:
(1) Dissolved Oxygen (DO). DO concentrations to be less
than 7 milligrams per liter.
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(2) Organisms of the Coliform Group Where Associated with
Fecal Sources. (MPN or equivalent MF using a representative
number of samples). Average concentrations of collform bacteria
to exceed 1000 per 100 ml, with 20% of samples not to exceed
2400 per 100 ml.
(3) Hydrogen-Ion Concentration (pH). pH values to be out-
side the range of 7.5 to 9.5.
(4) Temperature. Daily average temperatures to exceed 70° F.
or the daily mean ambient air temperature, whichever is greater.
41-040 SPECIAL WATER QUALITY STANDARDS FOR PUBLIC WATERS OF THE
MAIN STEM KLAMATH RIVER.
The provisions of this section shall be in addition to and
not in lieu of the General Water Quality Standards contained in
Section 41-025, except where this section imposes a conflicting
requirement with the provisions of Section 41-025, this section
shall govern. No wastes shall be discharged and no activities
shall be conducted which either alone or in combination with
other wastes or activities will cause in the waters of the
Klamath River:
CD. Dissolved Oxygen CDO).
(a) Main stem Klamath River from Klamath Lake to
Keno Regulating Dam located approximately 16 river miles above
the Oregon-California border}.. DO concentrations of surface
waters to be less than 5 milligrams per-liter unless caused by
natural conditions.
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(b) (Main stem Klamath River from Keno Regulating Dam
to Oregon-California border). DO concentrations to be less than
7 milligrams per liter.
(2) Organisms of the Coliform Group Where Associated with
Fecal Sources. (MPN or equivalent MF using a representative number
of samples). Average concentrations of coliform bacteria to
exceed 1000 per 100 ml, with 20% of samples not to exeeed 2400 per 100 ml.
(3) Turbidity. (Jackson Turbidity Units, JTU). Turbidities
to exceed 5 JTU above natural background values except for certain
short-term activities which may be specifically authorized by the
Sanitary Authority under such conditions as it may prescribe and which
are necessary to accommodate essential dredging or construction
where turbidities in excess of this standard are unavoidable.
(4) Temperature. Any measurable increase when river
temperatures are 72° F. or above, or more than 2° F. cumulative
increase when river temperatures are 70° F. or less.
67
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(5) Dissolved Chemical Substances.
Main stem Klamath River at the Oregon-California border. Conduc-
ivity to exceed 400 micromhos at 77 F.
(6) Hydrogen-Ion Concentration.
(pH) pH values to be outside the range of 7.0 to 9.0.
41-045 SPECIAL WATER QUALITY STANDARDS FOR THE PUBLIC WATERS OF
MULTNOMAH CHANNEL AND THE MAIN STEM WILLAMETTE RIVER.
The provisions of this section shall be in addition to and
not in lieu of the General Water Quality Standards contained in
Section 41-016, except where this section imposes a conflicting
requirement with the provisions of Section 41-016, this section
shall govern. No wastes shall be discharged and no activities
shall be conducted which either alone or in combination with
other wastes or activities will cause in the waters of Multnomah
Channel or the Willamette River:
(1) Dissolved Oxygen. (DO).
(a) (Multnomah Channel and main stem Willamette River
from mouth to the Willamette Falls at Oregon City, river mile
26.6). DO concentrations to be less than 5 milligrams per liter.
(b) (Main stem Willamette River from the Willamette
Falls to Newberg, river mile 50. DO concentrations to be less
than 6 milligrams per liter.
(c) (Main stem Willamette River from Newberg to Salem,
river mile 85. DO concentrations to be less than 7 milligrams
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per liter.
(d) (Main stem Willamette River from Salem to con-
fluence of Coast and Middle Forks, river mile 187). DO concentra-
tions to be less than 90% of saturation.
(2) Organisms of the Coliform Group Where Associated
With Fecal Sources. (MPN or equivalent MF using a representa-
tive number of samples). Average concentrations of coliform
bacteria to exceed 1000 per 100 ml, with 20% of samples not to
exceed 2400 per 100 ml.
(3) Turbidity. (Jackson Turbidity Units, JTU). Turbidi-
ties to exceed 5 JTU above natural background values except for
certain short-term activities which may be specifically
authorized by the Sanitary Authority under such conditions as' it
may prescribe and which are necessary to accommodate essential
dredging or construction where turbidities in excess of this
standard are unavoidable.
(4) Temperature.
(a) (Multnomah Channel and main stem Willamette River
from mouth to Newberg, river mile 50). Any measurable increase
when river temperatures are 70° F. or above, or more than
2° F. increase when river temperatures are 68° F. or less.
(b) Main stem Willamette River from Newberg to
confluence of Coast and Middle Forks, river mile 187). Any
measurable increase when river temperatures are 64° F. or above,
or more than 2° F. increase when the river temperatures are
62° F. or less.
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(5) Dissolved Chemical Substances. Guide concentrations
listed below to be exceeded except as nay be specifically author-
ized by the Sanitary Authority upon such conditions as it may deem
necessary to carry out the general intent of Section 41-010 of
this subdivision and to protect the beneficial uses set forth in
Table A.
mg/1
Arsenic (Asl 0.01
Barium (Ba) 1.0
Boron (Bo) 0.5
Cadmium (Cd) 0.01
Chloride (Cl) 25.
Chromium (Cr) 0.05
Copper (Cu) 0.005
Cyanide (CN) 0.01
Fluoride (F) 1.0
Iron (Fe) 0.1
Lead (Pb) 0.05
Manganese (Mnl 0.05
Phenols (totals). 0.001
Total dissolved solids 100.
Zinc (Zn) 0.1
Heavy metals (Totals 0.5
including Cu, Pb, Zn,
and others of non-
specific designation)
41-050 SPECIAL WATER QUALITY STANDARDS FOR THE PUBLIC WATERS OF
THE MAIN STEM OF THE COLUMBIA RIVER FROM THE EASTERN OREGON-
WASHINGTON BORDER WESTWARD TO THE PACIFIC OCEAN.
The provisions of this section shall be in addition to and
not in lieu of the General Water Quality Standards contained in
Section 41-025, except where this section imposes a conflicting
requirement with the provisions of Section 41-025, this section
shall govern. No wastes shall be discharged and no activities
70
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shall be conducted which either alone or in combination with
other wastes or activities will cause in the waters of the
Columbia River:
(1) Dissolved Oxygen. (DO) DO concentrations to be
less than 90% of saturation.
(2) Organisms of the Coliform Group Where Associated With
Fecal Sources. (JffN or equivalent MF using a representative
number of samples).
(a) (From the eastern Oregon-Washington boundary
downstream to the Interstate Highway 5 bridge between Vancouver,
Washington and Portland, Oregon). Average concentrations of coli-
form bacteria to exceed 240 per 100 milliliters or to exceed
this value in more than 20 percent of the samples.
(b) From the Interstate Highway 5 bridge between
Vancouver, Washington and Portland, Oregon, to the mouth).
Average concentrations of coliform bacteria to exceed 1000
per 100 milliliters, with 20 percent of the samples not to
exceed 2400 per 100 milliliters.
(3) Turbidity. (Jackson Turbidity Units, JTU). Turbidities
to exceed 5 JTU above natural background values except for certain
short-term activities which may be specifically authorized by
the Sanitary Authority under such conditions as it may prescribe
and which are necessary to accommodate essential dredging or
construction where turbidities in excess of this standard
are unavoidable.
I :<
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(4) Hydrogen-Ion Concentration pH values to fall outside the
range of 7.0 to 8.5.
(5) Temperature. Any measurable increase when river tempera-
tures are 68° F. or above, or more than 2 F. increase when river
temperatures are 66° F. or less.
(6) Dissolved Chemical Substances. (Above the zone of marine
water intrusion, approximate river mile 40). Guide concentrations
listed below to be exceeded except as may be specifically author-
ized by the Sanitary Authority upon such conditions as it may
deem necessary to carry out the general intent of Section 41-010
of this subdivision and to protect the beneficial uses set
forth in Table A.
mg/1
Arsenic (As) 0.01
Barium (Ba) 1.0
Boron (Bo) 0.5
Cadmium (Cd) 0.01
Chloride CCl) 30.
Chromium (Cr) 0.05
Copper (Cu) 0.005
Cyanide (CN) 0.01
Fluoride (F) 1.0
Iron (Fe) 0.1
Lead (Pb) 0.05
Manganese (Mn) 0.05
Phenols (totals) 0.001
Total dissolved solids 200.
Zinc (Zn) 0.1
Heavy metals (Totals 0.5
including Cu, Pb, Zn,
and others of non-
specific designation)
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4H05 SPECIAL WATER QUALITY AND WASTE TREATMENT STANDARDS
FOR THE DESCHUTES RIVER BASIN.
The provisions of these sections shall be in addition
to, and not in lieu of, existing STANDARDS OF QUALITY FOR
PUBLIC WATERS OF OREGON AND DISPOSAL THEREIN OF SEWAGE AND
INDUSTRIAL WASTES (Oregon Administrative Rules, Chapter 340,
Division 4, Subdivision 1). Where these sections impose
conflicting requirements with the provisions of Section
41-025, these sections shall govern.
Special Water Quality Standards. No wastes shall be
discharged and no activities shall be conducted which either
alone or in conjunction with other wastes or activities will
cause in the waters of the Deschutes River Basin:
(11 Organisms of the Coliform Group where associated
with fecal sources. (MPN or equivalent MF using a repre-
sentative number of samples). To exceed an average concen-
tration of 240 per 100 mllliliters, except during periods of high
runoff.
(2) Dissolved Oxygen (DO). Dissolved oxygen concentrations
to be less than 90 percent of saturation at the seasonal low,
or less than 95 percent of saturation in spawning areas during
spawning, incubation, hatching, and fry stages of salmonid
fishes.
(3) pH (Hydrogen-Ion Concentration). pH values to fall
outside the range of 7.0 to 8.5.
73
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(4) Turbidity (Jackson Turbidity Units, JTD). Any
measurable increases in natural stream turbidities whan
natural stream turbidities are less than 30 JTU, or more than
a 10 percent cumulative increase in natural stream turbidities
when stream turbidities are more than 30 JTU, except for certain
short-term activities which may be specifically authorized by
the Department of Environmental Quality under such conditions
as it may prescribe and which are necessary to accommodate
essential dredging, construction, or other legitimate uses
or activities where turbidities in excess of this standard are
unavoidable.
(5) Temperature. Any measurable increases when stream
temperatures are 58 F. or above, or more than 2 F. increases
when stream temperatures are 56° F. or less, except for certain
short-term activities which may be specifically authorized by
the Department of Environmental Quality under such conditions
as it may prescribe and which are necessary to accommodate
legitimate uses or activities where temperatures in excess
of this standard are unavoidable.
Minimum standards for Treatment and Control of Wastes.
Prior to discharge or release to the public waters of the
Deschutes River Basin all wastes shall be treated or
controlled in accordance with the following:
74
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(1) Sewage.
(a) For tne Metolius River subbasin and the
Deschutes River Basin above the Bend Diversion Dam (River Mile
165), average effluent concentrations shall not exceed 5
milligrams per liter of 5-day 20° C. Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)
and 5 milligrams per liter of suspended solids (SS).
(b) For the Deschutes River from the Bend Diversion
Dam (RM 165) downstream to the Pelton Reregulating Dam
(RM 100) and for the Crooked River subbasin, average effluent
concentrations shall not exceed 10 milligrams per liter of 5-day
20 C. Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) and 10 milligrams per
liter of suspended solids (SS).
(c) For the Deschutes River from the Pelton
Reregulating Dam (RM 100) downstream to its mouth, average
effluent concentrations shall not exceed 20 milligrams per liter
of 5-day 20° C. Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) and 20
milligrams per liter suspended solids (SS).
(d) The treatment standards in item 1 (a) above.
applicable to the Metolius River subbasin and the Upper
Deschutes River basin, shall apply year round. Treatment
standards in 1 (b) and 1 (c) above, applicable to the
Crooked River subbasin. and the middle and lower Deschutes
River, shall apply during the warm weather season, approximately
April 1 to October 31, and all treatment and control
facilities shall be operated at maximum efficiency so as to
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minimize waste discharges to public waters during the cold
weather season, approximately November 1 to March 31.
(e) All sewage wastes shall be disinfected, after
treatment, equivalent to thorough mixing with sufficient
chlorine to provide a residual of at least 1 part per million
after 60 minutes of contact time.
(f) Positive protection shall be provided to
prevent bypassing raw or inadequately treated sewage to
any public waters.
(g) More stringent waste treatment and control
requirements may be imposed, especially in headwater and
tributary streams, where waste loads may be large relative
to stream flows.
(2) Industrial and Agricultural Wastes. Industrial and
agricultural waste treatment or control requirements shall
be determined on an individual basis In accordance with the
provisions of Sections 41-010, 41-015, 41-020, 41-025 and
41-030 of Oregon Administrative Rules, Chapter 340.
(a) Where industrial or agricultural effluents
contain significant quantities of potentially toxic elements,
treatment requirements shall be determined utilizing
appropriate bioassays.
(3) General. All persons proposing developments within
the Deschutes River Basin shall fully explore, with the aid
of competent engineering assistance, all feasible alternative
75
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methods of waste disposal. First consideration shall be given
to systems which have no direct discharges to surface waters,
and in every case installation of a system shall be required
which will provide not only adequate protection but the
best possible protection of the overall environmental quality
of the area.
Hist: Filed 33-3-70 as DEQ 4.
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Stale of
Vl&shingion
Department
ofBooIogy
WATER QUALITY STANDARDS
JUNE 19,1973
Donicl J. Cvoni, fjw
Jolm A. Ci;;*, Director Olyiopio, V/cshlni.-ion 90001 Telephone (200) 703-2000
78
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(23) Colu-bia River fron r.outh to the Class A
Kashir.gton-Orcron border (rivc.-r mile 3C9).
Spade. 1 cor.di t.icn - tcr.pcr .Tty.ro - water
temperature;; shall net exceed u3° F. due in part
to neasur.-'ble (0.5° F.) increases resulting fro:^
Jiur.nn activities; nor shall such tcrr.pc-rature
increases, at any ti. -.-.•, exceed 2° F. due to all
such activities ccr.bincu. Dissolved oxygen
shall c.xcec-;! 90t of. saturation. Delow in tier state
highway No. 5 bridro. Total roJJ. : o_rp crc:.~'.:':i r-r'.s
shall i:ot e::C'_-cci :r<:diar. values o. i,OiJt) v:ier. less
than 20 v of sanplcr, exceeding 2,'IQO wlien associ-
ated with any fecal source.
(24) Colur.bia river fron v.'ashir.aton - Class 'A
Oregon border (river nile 309) to Grand
Coulee Da:n (river r.ilc 5?5).. S r •? c i r 1 cor, dj t i nn^
'
fron ',;.-jrhinr;tori-Orc-ron border (river nij'o 30'.')
to Pric-r.t rapids P.-i:-.\ (river nilc 397) .
water tcr.per.-.tures rliill r.ot exceed GG° 'I-', ciuc n
part to i..easurable (0.5° F.) increases resulting fron
hunan Activities; nor shall such terr.poraturc increase.-,,
at any tir.o, exceed t => 110/(T-15); for purposes
hereof, 1-t" represents the pernissivc increase and
"T" rcprcscr. r> the water te.-.pcrature due to all
caur s cor-b::.od.
(2i>) Colu.-r.bia River fron Grand Coulee Dan Class AA
(river nilc 595) to Canadian border (river nile
742).
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HEW WAC 17' .iOl-030 GENERAL WATER USE AI3D CRITERIA
CLASSES. 'i'7;:.-"following criteria shall be applicable to the
various dances of waters in the State of Washington:
(1) Clnr.s A A (Extraordinary) •
(a) General characteristic. Water quality of this class
shall markedly and uniformly exceed'the requirements for all-
or substantially all uses.
(b) Characteristic uses. Characteristic uses shall
include, but are not limited to the following:
(i) .. Water supply (domestic, industrial, agricultural).
(ii) Wildlife habitat, stock watering.
(iii) General recreation and aesthetic enjoyment (pic-
nicking, hiking, fishing, swimming, skiing, an.d boating).
(iv) General marine recreation and navigation.
(v) Fish and shellfish reproduction, rearing, and har-
vest. •
(c) V?ater quality criti ria.
. (i) Total colifor.T. orr.-nisres shall not exceed median
values of 5~0 (fresh water) or 70 ("marine water) with less than
10% of samples exceeding 230 when associated with any fecal
source.
(ii) Dissolved oxygen shall exceed 9.5 mg/1 (fresh
water) or 7.0 i.-.g/l (marine water).
{iii) Tc-tal dissolve^] gas - the conco ^ration of total
dissolved gas shall not exceed 110% of saturation at any point
of sample collection.
(iv? Tcrr.ocraturc - water temperatures shall not exceed
60° F. (ires!) water) or 55° F. (marine v/ater) due in part to
measurable (0.5° F.) increases resulting from human activities;
nor shall such tcrr.paretnre increases, at any tir.e, exceed
t = 75/(T-22) (fresh water) or t =* 24/(T-39) (marine water);
for purposes hereof "t" represents the permissive increase and
"T" represents the water temperature due to all causes combined,
(v) pM^ shall bo within the range of 6.5 to 8.5 (fresh
water) or 7.0 to C.5 (marine water) with an induced variation
of.less than 0.1 units.
(vi) Turbidity shall not exceed 5 JTU over natural
conditions.
(vii) Toxic, rndiorictivo, or dcloteriour. n.itcrxal
c_onc£n_t:^£itiohs_ .'J:iaTl be less i.'ian ti;.'b"se wiucii i.uy aii'ect
piib"lic'"I]eV4in>7 the natural aquatic environment, or the desir-
ability of the water Jor any u:;nc;c.
(viii) A e:: the '.• j. c v a 3 u c n shall not be impaired by the
presence of material:, or their effects, excluding those of
natural origin, whi;h offend the censes of sight, smell, touch
' ' 2.
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C_f..r;iJ (J
(a) Gcnu'ra'jL c.. M7;: ever I:; tic. Water quality of this class
tin all moot or exceed the requirements for all or substantially
all uses.
(b) Characteristic ur.cs. Characteristic uses shall
include, but nre not limited to, the following:
(i) Water supply (domestic, industrial, agricultural) .
(ii) Wildlife habitat, stock watering.
(iii) Goner;*! recreation and aesthetic enjoyment (pic-
nicking, hiking, fishing, swinging, skiing tnd boating).
(iv) Ccmraercc and navigation.
(v) Fish and shellfish reproduction, rearing and harvest.
(c) Water quality criteria.
(i) Tot.;-i 1 coli form orcani r.;nr. shall not exceed median
value of 2TO (frei.h wr.cer) 'with less than 2Gt of Samples
exceeding 1,000 when associated with any fecal sources or 70
(marine water) with less than 101 of samples exceeding 230
when associated with any fecr.l sources.
(ii) Disr.olvcid oxyocn shall exceed 8.0 ng/1 (fresh
water) or 6.0 r.;~c:7T (marine water).
(iii) Total dissolved oas - the concentration of total
dissolved gas shall not. exceed llOt of saturation at any point
of sample collection.
(iv) Tcnvjc-rnturc - water temperatures shall not exceed
G5e F. (fresh water) or 61° F. (marine- water) due in part to
measurable (0.5° F.) increases resulting from human activities;
nor shall such temperature increases, at any time, exceed' t =
90/{T-19) (fresh water) or t = 40/{T-35) (marine water); for
purports hereof "t" represents the permissive increase and "T"
represents the water temperature due to all causes combined.
(v) p_M shall be within the rcnga of 6.5 to 0.5 (fresh
water) or 7.0 to 8.5 (marine v/ater) with an induced variation
•of less than 0.25 units.
(vi) Turbidity shall not exceed 5 JTU over natural con-
ditions.
(vii) Toxic, radioactive, or deleterious material
concent rat ions shall be below those o;; public health signifi-
cance, or which r.ay cause acute or chronic toxic conditions
to the aquatic biota, or which ir.ay adversely affect any water
use. • >
(viii) Aesthetic values shall not be impaired by the
presence of materials or their effects, excluding those of
natural origin, which offend the senses of sight, smell, touch,
or ta-to. '
(3) Clans B (Good).
(a) General characteristic. VJatcr quality of this class
shall meet or exceed the requirements for most uses.
(b) Characteristic uses. Characteristic uses shall
'include, but are not limited to, the following:
(i) Industrial and agricultural water supply.
(ii) Fishery and wildlife habitat.
(iii) General recreation and. ccr.thetic enjoyment (pic-
nicking, hiking, fishing, and boating).
(iv) Stock watering.
(v) Corxr.erce and navigation.
(vi) Shellfish reproduction and rearing, and cructacca
(crabs, shrimp, etc.) harvest.
(c) Water quality criteria.
(i) Total colilorn ornanisr.n shall not exceed median
values of l"7cT6"0 with le::s than 10t of samples exceeding 2,400
when associated with any fecal source.
3.
81
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