RIVER BASIN WATER QUALITY
STATUS REPORT
S.E. Alaska Basin
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
SURVEILLANCE AND ANALYSIS DIVISION REGION X SEATTLE WASHINGTON
1975
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PROFILE SUMMRRV
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FORWARD
This basin status report is one of 27 scheduled for
completion in Region X of EPA for the calendar year 1975. The
information presented herein is based upon all of the documented
data available to EPA at the time of the report distribution.
Several of these reports include a minimal amount of infor-
mation which may not be enough to adequately evaluate the water
quality status of the basin. We feel that it is important to dis-
tribute these reports regardless of the availability of data since
the knowledge of a lack of data is also important to the decision
makers.
A report update is scheduled annually, therefore, additional
data made available in 1975 will be included in the next report.
We welcome comments on this report as well as information con-
cerning additional data and/or sources where additional data might
be obtained. Any correspondence can be addressed to Bill Schmidt,
Chief, Water Quality Monitoring Section, 1200 Sixth Avenue, Seattle,
Washington, 98101. Telephone (206) (442-1193).
Prepared by:
&AJJL
Reviewed by:
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BASIN NO. 12 - SOUTHEASTERN ALASKA
SUMMARY
FRESHWATER
KETCHIKAN BASIN
1. Klahini River near Bell Island
(a) September pH value falls below the Class A Standard.
JUNEAU BASIN
1. Lemon Creek near Juneau
(a) July pH value falls belov the Class A Standard.
(b) Nitrate value for April exceed 1.3 mg/1 concen-
tration considered a minimum requirement for an
algal bloom; however, algal blooms have not been
a reported problem in these waters to date.
MARINE WATER
SITKA BASIN
1. Silver Bay
(a) Sulfite Waste Liquor (SWL) concentrations exceed those
levels (10-12 mg/l) considered injurious to juvenile
forms of fish and shellfish in the top 5 meters
of the water column due to discharges from Alaska
Lumber and Pulp Co.
(b) Dissolved Oxygen concentrations exhibit a minimal
decreasing trend in the top 5 meters of the
water column.
KETCHIKAN BASIN
1. Ward Cove
(a) Dissolved Oxygen values occasionally violate the
Class C Standard of 5 mg/1 in the top 5 meters of
the water column due to discharges from the
Ketchikan Pulp Co.
(b) Sulfite Waste Liquor concentrations exceed those
levels, (10-12 mg/l) considered injurious to
juvenile forms of fish and shellfish in the top
5 meters of the water column due to discharges
from the Ketchikan Pulp Co.
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BASIN NO. 12 - SOUTHEASTERN ALASKA
SUMMAEY
KETCHIKAN BASIN
(c) Dissolved Oxygen values exhibit a minimal
increasing trend at both the 1 and 5 meters
of the water column, vith a substantial decrease
in the number and magnitude of dissolved oxygen
standard violations throughout Ward Cove.
(d) Sulfite Waste Liquor concentrations exhibit a
minimal decreasing trend at both the 1 and 5 meter
levels of the water column, throughout Ward Cove.
POINT SOURCE
Four sub-basins appear to be the major point source problem
areas in the Southeastern Alaska Basin. They are the Wrangell,
Sitka, Ketchikan and Juneau sub-basins.
Problems associated with industrial point source discharges
are limited at this time to the Sitka sub-basin (Alaska Lumber
and Pulp) and Ketchikan sub-basin (Ketchikan Pulp).
Municipal point source problems at this time are related to
the discharge of raw sewage from the City of Ketchikan directly
into the adjacent marine waters of Tongass Narrows.
More detailed point source information is located in the
Point Source and Cause and Effect Section of this report.
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DATA NEEDS
DATA SUMMARY
SOUTHEASTERN ALASKA
A Physical
1. Receiving Water
2.m Reservoirs
3. Outfall Information
4. Tributaries & Diversions
5. Groundwater Accretions
& Meteorological
Water Quantity
1. Steamflow
2. Stage, Tide
3. Point Source Discharge
4. Non-Point Source Discharge
5. Lake & Res. Water Levels
Water Quality
1. Carbon data
2. Nutrients
3. Metals
4.' D.O., Temp., pH, Cond.
5. Pesticides
6. -Transfer Ratio
Biological
1. Phytoplankton & Zooplankton
2. Benthic Macroinvertcbrat'es
3. Microorganisms
4. Algal & bio assays
Sediments
1. Chemical Composition
2. Partical Size
3. Pesticides
4. Transfer Ratio
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W.Q. Standards
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*P - Partial 'Data Available
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BflSIN DESCRIPTION
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INTRODUCTION
Southeastern Alaska "basin is located between the Gulf of
Alaska and Canada's vestern border, is often called the Panhandle.
It is an area high in precipitation stretching from Ketchikan
on the south to Haines and Skagvay on the north. Juneau, the
capital city is located in the Southeastern basin, as are the
population centers of Sitka, Petersburg, Wrangell and Yakutat.
The terrain is rugged, with towering mountains reaching upward
directly from the salt-water beaches. A basin map is included
in this section of the report to help in the location of "these areas,
Due to the lack of water quality data in the Southeastern
Alaska basin sub-basins have been established with reference
to available point source data. The Ketchikan and Sitka sub-
basins appear to have the most severe water quality problems
in the Southeastern basin. Therefore, the report emphasis will
be placed on these sub-basins.
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SUB-BASIN NO. 12
S. E ALASKA
ALASKA DEPARTMENT OF
HEALTH AND WELFARE
JUNEAU, ALASKA
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KETCHIKAN BASIN
Introduction
Ward Cove is an estuary located about 5 miles north of
Ketchikan (Figure l), connecting with Tongass Narrows. The
cove is about 0.5 of a mile at its widest point and 1 mile long,
it is 0.3 of a mile wide at its mouth. It is about 55 meters
deep at the mouth, becoming relatively shallow at the head of
the cove with a depth of 5 to 10 meters. The cove covers an
area of 0.^6 square miles. Ward Creek enters at the head of the
cove and is the principle source of fresh water.
The Ketchikan-Ward Cove is in the cold maritime belt of
Southeastern Alaska. Average rainfall is 150 inches annually,
and annual snowfall is less than 50 inches. Prevailing winds
blow from the southeast and occasionally from the northwest. The
mean low temperature for January is 28°F, and the mean high is
38°F. Summer temperatures average around 58°F.
Ketchikan Pulp Company
Ketchikan Pulp Company operates a magnesium-base, bisulfite
process pulp mill on the northwest side of Ward Cove. The
mill normally produces approximately 670 tons of dissolving grade
pulp per day. Even though chemicals are recovered and the
concentrated strong liquor and woodroom wastes burned, enough
wastes are discharged into Ward Cove to have a serious impact on
these waters.
Estuarine Hydrodynamics
In the Ward Cove estuary, a surface layer of fresh water and
mill effluent which is less dense than the subsurface layers
results in the establishment of a stratified layer which persists
throughout the winter and following summer. This stratification
is sufficiently well developed so that vertical mixing is
greatly inhibited. Concentrations of pollutants in Ward Cove
and adjacent waters are less in winter than in summer because of
the increased rate of transfer from Ward Cove to Tongass Narrows
as a result of the intense winter storms and the high runoff
from Ward Cove.-'-
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Previous Studies
Several studies have been conducted in Ward Cove and its
adjacent vaters. Prior to the establishment of the Ketchikan
Pulp Company, the Alaska Water Pollution Control Board examined
the water quality of the Cove itself and Tongass Narrows, from
October 1951 thru September 1952. The purpose of this survey
was to establish a data base to determine the effects of
anticipated waste discharges from the Ketchikan Pulp Company-
In 1968 and 1969 further studies conducted by the Federal
Water Quality Administration found that pulp mill discharges
were having a significant impact on the Ward Cove and Tongass
Harrows area.^
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FIGURE 1. Tongass Narrows and Ward Cove.
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SITKA BASIN
Introduction
Silver Bay is an estuary located 3-5 miles southeast of Sitka,
Alaska (Figure 2), connecting with Sitka Sound through Eastern
Channel. The Bay is 6.8 miles long and varies in width from
O.i| to 0.9 miles. It is 120 meters deep at the mouth, decreasing
to 1+5 meters at the head of the bay. The bay covers an area of
about U.2 square miles. There are a number of sources of fresh
water entering Silver Bay. Three streams enter at the head of
the bay, seven creeks enter between Bear Cove and Herring Cove,
and Sawmill Creek enters at Sawmill Cove.
The Sitka-Silver Bay area is in the cold maritime belt of
Southeastern Alaska. Average annual precipitation is 100 inches,
and annual snowfall is less than 100 inches. Winds are generally
off-shore (from east to southeast) during winter, and on-shore
(southwest and northwest) during summer. The mean high and low
temperatures for January are 38°F and 28°F, respectively.
July and August are the warmest months with a mean temperature
of 56°F.
Alaska Lumber and Pulp Company
Alaska Lumber and Pulp is located at the head of Sawmill
Cove, about 1.5 miles from the mouth of the bay. The mill is
engaged in the manufacturing of dissolving pulp by the magnesium
sulfite process. The mill produces an estimated 600 tons of
bleached air dried pulp per day. Primary treatment of the plant
effluent is provided. All wastes from the mill are discharged
to Sawmill Cove through one outfall.
Although chemical recovery is provided, enough wastes are
discharged to have a significant impact on Sawmill Cove and
Silver Bay.
Estuarine Hydrodynamics
The fresh water input to Silver Bay mixes with saline waters
and forms a shallow surface layer of brackish water. Beneath
this surface layer, horizontal and vertical gradients are small
and salinities are near oceanic values.
Circulation patterns are determined by the amount of fresh
water runoff, density differences between Silver Bay and Sitka
Sound, wind stresses, and, to a lesser degree, tidal forces.
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During high runoff (June-October), circulation pattern is of
the fjord type, strong outflow in the shallov surface layer
and the inflow immediately below the surface layer. From January
through April runoff to Silver Bay is at a minimum.
Flushing times for Silver Bay, which indicate how long a
constituent will remain in the Bay, can be estimated from previous
studies. During low runoff, flushing time is 320 days; during
high runoff, flushing time is 87 days.
Previous Studies
Several studies have been conducted in the Sitka-Silver Bay
area. The physical, chemical and biological characteristics of
the area were studied in 1956-1957, conducted jointly by Alaska
Water Pollution Control Board and University of Washington,
Department of Oceanography. The purpose of the survey was to
establish existing environmental conditions and evaluate probable
effects of waste discharge from the planned construction of the
Alaska Lumber and Pulp Company.-^
The effects of industrial waste discharges upon the estuarine
waters of Silver Bay were investigated in 1968-1969 by the
Federal Water Quality Administration. Water quality data from
this investigation established the significance of changes
caused by the long-term discharge of pulp mill wastes into Silver
Bay.5
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Figure 2. Silver Bay, Eastern Channel and Katlian Bay
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RMEilENT PROFILE
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AMBIENT PROFILE TABLE OF CONTENTS
FRESHWATER
Sub-basin
KETCHIKAN
JUNEAU
SITKA
MARINE WATER
Sub-basin
Receiving Water
KHahini R. near Bell Island
Salmon R. near Hyder
Davies Creek near Auke Bay
Montana Creek near Auke Bay
Lemon Creek near Juneau
Kadashan R. near Tenakee
USGS Station No.
15015600
15008000
1505^990
15052800
15052000
15106920
KETCHIKAN
Ward Cove and Adjacent Waters
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SUB-BASIN NO. 12
S. E ALASKA
ALASKA DEPARTMENT OF
HEALTH AND WELFARE
JUNEAU, ALASKA
FRESHWATER STREAMS
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KETCHIKAN SUB-BASIN
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KLAHINI RIVER NEAR BELL ISLAND
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3
T
R
E
A
M
F
L
O
u
c
F
3
3503-r-
32C33
23(33- -
202*3- -
KL.AHINI RIVER NEAR BE.L.I- ISLAND
U.S.Q.S. DATA MEAN VALUES
DATE RANQE = S8tS4-0a-711023
333--
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JftJN JUL AUQ SEP OCT NOW DEC
STATION 1301SB00
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KL.AHINI RIVER NEAR E3E1L.L- ISL.AND
A
T
£
R
T
E
M
C
E
N
T
U3.0-T-
U.S.Q.S. DATA MEAN VALUES
DATE RANQE = S804.0a-71
8.0--
e.0--
JXN FOB- MAR APR MAY JTJN JUL AUQ SEP OCT NC3V DEC
STATION 13013800
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BE.1-L. I3L.AND
c
o
N
D
U
C
T
I
V
I
T
Y
M
I
C
R
O
M
H
O
3Z5-r
KL.AHINI RIVELR
U.3.Q.9. DATA MEAN VALUES
DATE RANGE = 6804-09-7 1
40--
•3SS--
20--
-\ 1 h
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JU_ AUQ SEP tDCT NOV DEC
STATION 1S01SB00
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KL.AHINI RIVER NEAR BEt-L-
U.3.Q.3. DATA MEAN VALUES
DATE RANQE o 6804-03-711023
T
O
T
A
L
H
A
R
D
N
E
3
9
M
Q
13.0- -
S.J3--
JAN FES MAR APR MAY JLJN JUL AUQ SEP OCT
STATION 1301S800
DEC
-------
B.tZXB-r
KL.AHINI
U.3.Q.3. DATA MEAN VALUES
DATE RANGE = 6804-08-711023
8.023-
7.0ZJ--
u
S.02J-T-
JAN FEB
AT=R r^Y JTJN JUL AUQ SEP OCT NOV DEC
STATION 13013800
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K.L.AHXNX RIVER NEAR BEL.L. I3t_AND
N
I
T
R
A
T
E
M
Q
0.7S0--
£3.333--
u.s.o.3. DATA MEAN VALUES
DATE RANGE ° B804.03-7 1 10Z3
-i—I—4—I—f-
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JTJN JU_ AUQ SEP OCT NOV DEC
STATION 13013000
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SALMON RIVER NEAR HYDER
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4-.0-T
SAt-MON RIVER KfEAR
u.s.o.3. DATA MEAN VALUES
DATE RANGE «* B804-13-7 110Z3
U
A
T
E
R
T
E
M
P
C
E
N
T
3.0-
2.0--
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AU3 SEP CKT NO/ EEC
STATION 1300S000
-------
2S23253—T-
SALMON RIVER KJE1AR HVDER
U.S.0.3. DATA MEAN VALUES
DATE RANGE = 8804-13-7 I 10Z3
FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JLL ALB SEP OCT NOV tGD
JAN
STATION 150081300
-------
a.ECJ-T-
3ALMON RIVER K/ELAR HVDELR
U.S.0.9. DATA MEAN VALUES
DATE RANQE = B804-1.3-7 1
Q.fSS-
7.03--
S
u
(6.5) Class A Lover limit
B.ES3--
JAN FOB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL ALQ SEP OCT KV DOC
STATION 13008000
-------
SAL-MON RIVEIR KjELAR HVDE1R
C
O
N
D
U
C
T
I
V
I
T
Y
M
I
C
R
O
M
H
O
ISGJ-
1CJ3--
20--
U.3.Q.3. DATA MEAN VALUES
DATE RANGE = B804-13-7 I L0Z3
JAN FEB tV>R APR MAY JTJN JtJL AUQ SEP OCT NCV DEC
STATION 1S008000
-------
N
I
T
R
A
T
E
M
1.2X213 —
0.73(3-
0.2O23-
SALMON RIVE.R K/ELAR HVDE.R
U.3.Q.3. DATA MEAN VALUES
DATE RANQE = B804-13-7 11023
I i I I I I 1 I 1 1 | I
JAN FEB tlAR AT=>R MAY JUN JUL AU3 BEP C3CT NCA/ DEC
STATION 13008000
-------
120.0-1-
SAL.MON RIVER K/E.AR WYDE.R
U.3.Q.3. DATA MEAN VALUES
DATE RANGE *» B8E>4-13-7 110Z3
T
O
T
A
L.
M
A
R
D
N
E
3
3
M
Q
821.0--
B0.0--
4O.J3--
223.0--
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY J1W JTJL ALJQ SEP C3CT NOV DEC
STATION LS008000
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JUNEAU SUB-BASIN
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DAVIES CREEK NEAR AUKE BAY
-------
NEAR AUKE. BAV
8.0-
U.9.Q.S. DATA MEAN VALUES
DATE RANGE «= 700113-711222
w
A
T
£
R
'I
E
n
p
c
E
N
T
B.0--
2.0--
JAN FE3 TAR APR MAY JLN JUL AUQ .SEP CXTT NOV DEO
STATION 150S4-Q80
-------
s
T
R
E
A
n
F
L
O
U
C
F
S
CR^EK. NE^AR AUKE BAV
U.S.Q.S. DATA MEAN VAUUES
DATE RANGE « 700113-711222
103- -
S3
JAN FEB M^R APR MAY JUN OTJL ALJS SO3 OCT NCV CEO
STATION 15054.QS0
-------
DAVXELS CRE-EIK NEAR AUKE BAV
U.3.Q.3. DATA MEAN VALUES
DATE RANGE « 7001.15-711222
B.CCJ-
P
H
S
U
7.CS--
(6.5) Clasa A Lover Limit
4 1 1
I 1 \-
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JTJL ALJG SEP OCT NOV DEC
STATION 15054-980
-------
83-r
DAVXEL3 CRELEK. N£AR AUK.E1 BAV
U.S.Q.S. DATA MEAN VALUES
DATE RANGE ° 700113-711222
c
o
N
D
U
C
T
I
V
I
T
V
n
I
c
R
O
M
h
o
20--
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JT_N JTJL AUG SEP CXTT MOV DEC
STATION 15034-380
-------
ORE-E1K
AUKEL E3AV
I
T
R
A
T
E
M
Q
l.ECJ3-r-
0.92X3-
0.eaxzj- -
0.72BJ--
0.3ZJ3
0.203--
0.1COJ--
U.9.Q.9. DATA MEAN VALUES
DATE RANGE «« 700113-711222
JAN FES
AT=R tt\Y JUN JU_ ALO SEP OCT
STATION 13034.880
DEC
-------
DAVIELS CRE;E:K. NEAR AUKE BAV
40.0-7-
U.S.Q.3. DATA MEAN VALUES
DAT£ RANQE e 700113-711222
33.0--
T
O
T
A
G
/
L
28.0--
R
D
N 2J3.0--
E
S
S 16.0--
12. 0--
8.0--
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JTJL ADO SEP OCT NCfV
STATION 150S4-SS0
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MONTANA CREEK NEAR AUKE BAY
-------
u
A
T
E
R
T
E
M
P
C
E
N
T
12.0
MONTANA CREIEIK. NEAR AUKE1 BAY
U.3.Q.S. DATA MEAN VALUES
» B704-18-8804-21 2 = 700211-710723
Q.0--
B.0
3.0--
OTAN FTEB MAR APR MAY JUN JTJL AUQ SEP OCT NCV DEC
STATION 13032800
-------
MONTANA CREEK. NEAR AUKE BAV
U.S.0.3. DATA MEAN VALUES
B704.18-BS04-21 2 = 700211-710723
S
T
R
E
A
M
F
L
O
U
c
F
3
JAN FEB
APR MAY JUN JTJL AUQ SEP OCT NC3V DEC
STATION 13032S00
-------
MONTANA CRBE^K. NBAR AUKE1 BAV
U.S.Q.3. DATA MEAN VALUES
1 «s B704.l8-ea04-21 2 =* 700211-7 L0723
(8.5) Class A Upper Limit
8.20--
H
S
u
7.E0--
(6.5) Class A Lover Limit
B.00--
1 1 1 1 1-
JAN FOB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUO SEP OCT NOV DEC
STATION 13032800
-------
7S.0-r-
MONTANA CREEK NEAR AUKEL BAV
U.S.Q.S. DATA MEAN VALUES
t e 8704-18-9804-21 2 «> 700211-710723
C
o
N
D
U
C
T
I
V
I
T
Y
M
I
C
R
O
M
H
O
50.0--
23.0--
"I 1 h
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JLN JTJL AUQ SEP OCT
STATION 1S0S2800
DEC
-------
MONTANA CRE.ELK. NEAR ALJKE. BAV
N
I
T
R
A
T
E
T
O
T
N
O
3
M
Q
1.2CCJ-T-
0.Q20-
0.-K2CJ- -
U.S.Q.3. DATA
1 t» B704-18-BB04-21
MEAN VALUES
a 700211-710723
OTAN FEB MAR APR r^Y JUN JUL ADO SEP OCT NCV DEC
STATION 1303E800
-------
T
a
T
A
L
H
A
R
D
C
A
C
O
3
M
O
MONTANA CRE;E:K. NEAR AUKEI BAV
u.s.o.s. DATA MEAN VALUES
1 a B704-18-B904-21 2 « 700211-710723
30.0--
2EJ.JZJ--
H 1 1 1 1 1 1 1-
JAN PEB MAR AT^ MAY JUN JLJL ALQ SEP CX?T NCV DEC
STATION 13032800
-------
LEMON CREEK NEAR JUNEAU
-------
L.E1MON CREEK. NEAR CTUNEAU-
3.0-
U.S.Q.S. DATA MEAN VALUES
DATE RANGE « 080213-72I00Q
U
A
T
E
R
T
E
M
C
E
N
T
3.0--
e.ia-
1.0--
-I—I—h
JAN FEB MAR A1=R MAY JLJN JUL ALJ3 SEP OCT NOV DEC
STATION 1S0S2000
-------
L-EIMON CRE.EK. NE.AR J-UNE.AU"
3
r
R
E
A
M
F
L
O
U
c
F
3
U.S.0.9. DATA MEAN VALUES
DATE RANGE « 880213-721008
73--
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JTJN JUU AUCJ SEP OCT NOV DEC
STATION 131332000
-------
L.EMON CREEK. NEAR JUNEAU
U.S.Q.3. DATA MEAN VALUES
DATE RANGE « 680213-721.009
(8.5)Cla££ .A.
8.02J--
7.2CJ--
S
u
(6.5) Class A Lover Limit
B.SZJ2J--
H 1 1-
J/KN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JTJL ADO SEP OCT NOV DEC
STATION 13032000
-------
L.ELMON CRELEK NEAR
120 -T-
u.s.Q.s. DATA MEAN VALUES
DATE RANGE « 880213-721.003
O
O
N
D
U
C
T
I
V
I
T
Y
M
I
C
R
O
M
H
O
80--
40--
20--
-I 1 H—I 1
JAN, FEB MAR APR HAY JTJN OUL AUS SEP OCT NOV DEC
STATION IS03S000
-------
L.E1MON CREEK NEAR OTUNEAU
1.7S3-T-
u,3.0,3. DATA MEAN VALUES
PATE RANGE « B802lS-7ei-00S
Productivity Concentration
FEB MAFZ A'PR r-^Y JUN JUL ALQ S£P OCT NOV
STATION 1.3032000
-------
L.EMON
NE1AR CTUNELAU
U.3.Q.3. DATA MEAN VALUES
DATE RANGE = 880213-721009
T
O
T
A
L.
H
A
R
D
N
E
3
s
30.0--
20.0--
L0.0--
OTAN FB3 MAR APR MAY JUN JUL ALQ SEP CX7T NCA/ DEC
STATION 13032000
-------
SITKA SUB-BASIN
-------
KADASHAN RIVER NEAR TENAKEE
-------
u
A
T
E
R
T
E
M
P
C
£
10.0-T-
KADASHAN RIVE1R NE.AR TE1NAKEE
U.S.Q.3. DATA MEAN VALUES
DATE RANQE= BB0B27-7L0813
8.0--
2.0--
JAN FEB MAR AT=R MAY JUJ JUL AUQ SEP GET NCV DEC
STATION 1SL0B820
-------
3
T
R
£
A
a
u
c
F
3
123 -r-
LCOJ--
73--
ECJ--
KADASHAN RIVBFi NE.AR TEINAKELE.
U.3.Q.3. DATA MEAN VALUES
DATE RANGE « B80827-710818
23-
JAN FEB MAR AT=R MAY JUN OTJL AUO SE33 OCT
STATION I
DEC
-------
KADASHAN RIVER NE.AR TENAKEIE.
U.9.Q.3. DATA MEAN VALUES
PATE RANQE= 680327-710813
8.03--
P
U
S
u
7.CS3--
(6.5) Class A Lower Limit
B.02J--
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUQ SEP QCT tJCV DEC
STATION 15106320
-------
80 -r
KADASHAN RIVER NE.AR TEINAKEE.
U.3.Q.3. DATA MEAN VALUES
DATE RANQE«= 860327-710813
C
O
N
D
U
C
T
I
V
I
T
Y
M
I
C
R
O
M
H
O
Q2J-
4G)--
H 1 f-
-I 1 1
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUQ SEP OCT ^C^' DEC
STATION 1510BS20
-------
I..230-r-
KADASHAN RIVER NEAR TENAK.EE
U.S.0.3, DATA MEAN VALUES
DATE RANQE= B80ee7-7L08i3
N
i
T
R
A
T
E
I.ECO--
0.7S3--
Q CJ.SZOJ-
L
0.230H-
'JAN - FEB MAR ATK MAY JTJN JUL AUQ SEP OCT
STATION is
DEC
-------
T
O
T
A
L
M
A
R
D
N
E
33.0-T-
23.0--
20.0-
13.0- -
KADASHAN RIVELR NEIAR TEINAKEIE:
U.9.Q.3. DATA MEAN VALUES
DATE f?ANQE» 580827-710819
M
Q
18.0--
3.0--
JAN 'FEB
APR MAY JUN JUL AUQ SEP QCT NCV DEC
STATION 1510BS20
-------
WARD COVE AND ADJACENT WATERS
-------
EPA MONITORING STATIONS. 1968-69- 2-5-6-12
NPDES MONITORING STATIONS 1973-7^. U2-U3-UH
-------
n
p
E
R
A
T
U
R
E
C
E
N
T
WARD COVE. AND ADJACENT WATERS
O «= EPA DATA isee-ea x= NPDES DATA 1973-74.
S.0--
B.0--
T
73 •POT
MED
23 PCT _L
3.0--
OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB n*R APR MAY OUN JUL
DEPTH o 1 METER
-------
M
P
E
R
A
T
U
R
E
C
E
N
T
WARD COVE AND ADJACENT WATE.RS
« EPA DATA laea-ea x= NPDES DATA 1873-7*
12.0-r
T
73 POT
MED
23 POT _L
3.0--
B.BJ--
5
3.0--
OCT NOV DEC JAN
DEPTH
FEB MAR APR MAY
3 METERS
JtJN
JTJL
-------
I
3
3
O
L
V
E.
D
O
X
Y
N
M
G
13.CO-r
12.CO —
S.03--
WARD COVE: AND.- ADJACENT WATERS
= EPA DATA isee-es x «= NPDES DATA J.S73-74.
B.&2-
3.CO--
73 -POT
T
23 PCT
STANDARD (6.0 ma/1)
r
CDCT NOV DEC JAN FED HAR APR MAY JTJN JUt_ AUG SEP
DEPTH = 1 ME.TER
-------
3
O
u
V
E,
O
X
Y
G
E.
N
n
G
L
13.JZ0-T-
COVE. AND AD-","- ^NT WA~E1R5
£PA DATA 13G3-B3 Xo NPD£3 DATA 1573-74-
73 "POT T
MED
23 PCT
S.G0 —
- STANDARD (6.0 inq/1 )
3.02--
DCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR A"PR HAY JUN JTJL ALQ SEP
«=> 3
-------
WARD COVE; AND ADJACENT WATERS
0= EPA DATA isee-ea X= NPDES DATA 1373-74-
1O00--
p
B
I
M
U2CJ--
T
7S> POT
MED
23 PCT _L
cxrr NOV DEC JAN FED HAR APR MAY JTJN JUL ADO
DEPTH « 1 METER
-------
WARD COVE. AND,. ADJACENT WATERS
£PA DATA 1988-ea X = NPDES DATA 1873-74-
U2GJ3— ~
p
e
I
M
o
120--
T
73 POT
MED
23 POT JL
NOV DEC JAN FEB HAR APR MAY JUN JU_
DEPTH « 3 METERS
-------
SILVER BAY
-------
•
27
• 0
£> 26
0
4
N
Mile 9.75 '-
23
Miles
EPA Bayplot Monitoring Stations. September 197^- (5-8-16-25)
AWPCB Monitoring Stations. September 1956. (013-011-05-01)
-------
T
E
M
P
E
R
A
T
U
R
E
C
E
N
T
SIL.VER BAY
O « EPA DATA SEP. 74-
ADJ-ACBNT WATERS
X « AWPCB DATA 3EP . 3B
DEPTH RANGE « 1-3 METERS
13.0-r-
T
i
73 POT'
MED
23 POT
12.04-
S-
-B-
S&-
-fl
a.04-
B.04-
3.0-4-
ALASKA LUMBER & PULP CO.
,
MII-E3
-------
D
I
3
3
O
L
V
£
D
Q
X
Y
Q
E
N
BAV AND ADJV NT
O « EPA DATA 'SEP. 74. X « A' "-CB T5ATA
SB
.RANQE ** 1-3
.OS-
STANDARD C6.0 mg/l)
3.2123
ALASKA LUMBER S, PULP CO.
M IL.ES
-------
SOURCE PROFILE
-------
TABLE 1
POINT SOURCE SUMMARY
RELATIVE SU3-BASI!.' CONTPIBUTIO:;
Wrangell
Sitka
Ketchikan
Petersburg
Hoonah
Klavock
Juneau
TOTALS
BOD,
0.11
70.5
9-6
3.1
13.5
0.02
•3.2
100
% N03 %
8.2
16.5
33.1
8.03
3.0
1.6
29.5
100
T.PHOS. %
h.3
3.8
7.6
1.8
0.6
0.!*
81.5
100
SUSP. SOL. %
69-9
5-8
1.8
2.0
18.3
O.Oli
2.3
100
MUNICIPAL (M) AND INDUSTRIAL (l) CONTRIBUTION
OF POINT SOURCES OF EACH SUB-BASIN
Wrangell
IND.
MUN.
TOTAL
Sitka
HID.
MUN.
TOTAL
Ketchikan
UfD.
MUN.
TOTAL
Petersburg
IND.
MUN.
TOTAL
Hoonah
IND.
MUN.
TOTAL
Klavock
XRD.
MUN.
TOTAL
Juneau
HID.
MUN.
TOTAL
BODj
16.7
83.3
100
99-7
*
99-7
96.8
3-2
100
97-3
2.8
100.1
100
100
50.1
1)9-9
100
98.3
1-7
100
N03
5-9
914.1
100
95.1
100
20.1*
79.6
100
ll»
86.1
100.1
33.6
66.2
99-8
21.6
78.U
100
2.2
97.8
100
T.PHOS
59.2
iio.e
100
95.1
100
21.6
78. U
100
12. U
87.6
100
18.3
81.7
100
33.7
66.3
100
91.9
8.1
100
SUSP. SOL.
99-7
*
99-7
100
100
98.9
1.1
100
87.8
12.2
100
100
100
85^7
100
96.5
3.5
100
* indicates less than 1%
- no data available
I/ Percent contribution of each
sub-basin in the S.E. Alaska
Basin
-------
In the folloving Municipal and Industrial Point Sources
Tables (Table 2 & 3), each discharger has been assigned a
discharge number. The major dischargers are numbered on the
basin map that follows in this section. Existing water quality
stations do not correspond to the areas of point source locations,
-------
TABLE 2
SOUTHEASTERN ALASKA
Municipal Point Source Loadings
Wrancell Basin
City of V.'rangell
BIA Wra:. ;ell Inn tit.
.Wrungell Port
Sitka' Birln
City of .'itka
Jur.eau L- :^in
City of Jineau //I
Ci'.y of J'meau *;.'
3&J Development Co.
Ketchiktr. Basin
U.3.C.G. Radio Sta.
" Ketch Ikon Base
City of i.etchik'in
Me*-lakat". a Ir.dii-n Com
Petorsbui'p; Basin
City of I'etersburp:
Hoor.ah I- -3 in
City of i-'aonah
Klavock '-asin
City of Klawock
City of Kydaburp;
DIC.C.
3
li
5
10-
lit
16
18
22
23
21.
£5
29
3*
37
38
RECEIVING
WATER
Zimovia Strt.
Shoemaker Bay
Wrangell Harbor
Sitka Bay
Mendenhall R.
Alike Bay
Gastineau Chnl.
Tongas s Narrows
Tongass Narrows
Tongass Narrows
Nichols Passage
Wrangell Narrows
Port Frederick
Klawock Inlet
Sukkwan Strt.
POP
2300
200
2
5000
1*800
1000
5000
200
200
1050
2200
TUB
213
2ll*
FLOW
MOD
1.5
.001
.001
1.5
0.6
0.01
.01
.003
0.01
l*.9
.1*3
0.8
.125
0.3
.21
BOD
391
3.0
0.3
850
115.2
120
.751
1*.8
1189
179
371*
10.5
36.2
3.1
%
99.2
*
100
1*6.2
5.6
1*8.2
*
w
86.6
13.0
100
100
92.1
7.9
N03'
lb/d
93.1
1*.2
0.05
123
101
21
105
1*.2
1*.2
172.5
26
5>*.3
15.7
5.3
1..5
%
93.1
6.9
100
1*1*. 5
9.3
1*6.3
2.03
2.03
83.3
12.6
100
100
&
T.PHOS
lb/d
22
1.6
0.02
1*8
39.1
8.11*
1*1
1.6
1.6
67
10.1
21.1
6.1
2.0l*
1.7
% SUSP. SOLIDS %
lb/d
93.2
6.8
w
100
1*1*. 3
9.2
1*6.5
2.0
2.0
83.1*
12.6
100
100
5>*.5
1*5-5
1*50
7.0
__
150
25
0.75
1.6
2.5
38
550
_
75
9fl.5
1.5
_
.•85.7
ll*.3
1.8
3-7
5.8
88.6
100
_
100
* indict os lecf- than
- r.o da' a available
-------
TABLE 3
SOUTHEASTERN ALASKA
Industrial Point Source Loadings
DISC.
Wrangell Basin H
Alaska Wood Products
Wrangell Lumber Co.
Reliance Shrimp Co.
Tyler Brothers , Inc.
Sitka Basin
Timber Contractors
Silver Bay Logging Co.
Sitka Sound Seafoods
Alaska Lumber & Pulp
A.W. Logging Co.
A.W. Logging Co.
Clear Creek Log Co.
Clear Creek Log Co.
Alaska Lumber & Pulp
Juneau Basin
Peter Pan Seafoods
Hildre Sand & Gravel
Juneau Cold Storage
Ketchikan Basin
S. Coast Forest Products
S. Coast Forest Products
Standard Oil
.E.G. Phillips ic Son
39
1*0
1*1
1*2
1*3
1*1*
1*5
1*6
1*7
1*8
1*9
50
51
52
53
51*
55
56
57
58
RECEIVING
WATER
Ziraovia Strt.
Wrangell Harbor
Wr angel 1 Harbor
Sumner Strt.
Salt Lake Bay
Kelp Bay
Sitka Sound
Silver Bay
Tenakee Inlet
Tenakee Inlet
N. Hamilton Bay
Peril Strait
Peril Strait
Hawk Inlet
Lemon Creek
Gastineau Chnl.
Coffrr.an Cove
Twelve Mile Arm
Tongass Narrows
Tongass Harrows
FLOW
MOD
1.8
1.18
0.01
0.01
.001
.005
0.031
0.1*
.005
.010
.010
.010
.005
0.3
.050
.075
.005
.005
.005
.01*3
BOD £
Ib/d
31.0 39-1
36.0 1*5.1*
3.1* 1*.3
8.9 11-2
1.1* *
0.5 *
lt.0 *
313091* 100
5.1 *
0.35 *
11.05 *
11.05 *
0.3 *
12916.1* 91
2.0k *
1275 8.9
5.1 *
1*.3 *
-
61*. 5 *
N03
Ib/d.
0
1.33
0.5
2.0
0.2
0.7
0.6
-
0.71*
0.52
1.6
1.6
0.1*1*
i*.e
0.29
0
0.71*
0.6
-
0
% T.PHOS %
Ib/d
*
31*. 7
13.1
52.2
3.1
10.9
9.1*
-
11.6
8.1
25
25
6.9
9^.3
5-7
*
1.1*
1.1
_
*
10.
22.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
-
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
971*
0.
29.
0.
0.
-
1.
9k
5
19
7
1
3
2
3
2
62
62
17
.8
12
7
29
2
1*
31.9
65.6
*
*
1*
12
8
-
12
8
2l*.8
2l*.8
6.8
97
*
3.0
1.3
1.0
-
6.3
SUSP. SOLIDS %.
iVd
1811.1*
1550C.1
-
-
_
-
-
13078
-
-
-
-
-
1*51!*
_
361*
*
-
- •
21.
1.2
98.8
-
-
.
-
-
100
-
-
_
_
-
92.5
_
7-5
-
-
*
* indicates less than
- no data available
-------
TABLE 3
SOUTHEASTERN ALASKA
Industrial Point Source Loadings
i'C'-'t c.*.
^cn r.
Cu.-r.pi
bloc:.
."<..'W ^
",'..'il .
;;•-••«• ;
L.O.O.
::-fc. •
K-.-id
?e id .
R.L. ,
Vale.-.',
Unio:
Tuxe/ •
Tuxo:-.-
El C-..
J.R.'i1
Isco ,
Ketc;.:
Ketc: .
Ketc:.:
.:an £•)••
.irs Co.
11 Co:;:-
Logging
'land i-
;land !•'
iland F
lair pi:.
~idal,-o
inbcr '.'
DISC.
ir: . #
tr.&Log Co.
Co.
i:-h Co.
;.:h Co.
ijh Co.
i" Co.
I'ack Co.
o.
Imber <.'o.
olsoii I,
ine Lor
Oil
11 Lcp-:i
n Lo,~'*. -
-it an L .•
Idersl"
Inc.
lean F:/!
Xan PJ"'
Kan Gtv,1
o/'ginp; Co.
••• ; ng Co .
r.r Co.
r.i' Co.
:•• 'irif; Co.
•«ve Log Co.
p Co.
p Co.
•y. Airport
59
60
61
62
63
61*
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
71)
75
76
77
78
79
RECEIVING FLOW
WATER MGD
Port Alice Bay
Tuxckun Passage
El Capitan Pass. .
Stcttratoat Bay
Totifi.'isa Narrows
Tonn'iss Harrows
Sumiior Strt.
Ton^nss Narrows
Carroll Inlet
Coon Cove
0;j si pee Chnl.
Coffm;ui Cove
Tonkas s Narrows
Tuxckan Passage
I.aBouchere Bay
El Capitan Pass.
Whale Pass ape
El Capitan Pass.
Thome Bay
Ward Cove
Tongas s Narrows
.010
.010
.005
.05
.005
O.Ol*
0.01
0.73
.005
.005
.005
.05
-.350
.005
.05
.005
..010
.005
.050.
1(3.8
0.01
BOD
lb/d
22.1
1.26
6.1*6
1*2.5
17.0
17.0
17-0
25-5
5-6
!*.3
6.8
35-7
_
11.05
25.5
11.05
15.3
1+.8
76.5
1*0813
2.5
%
*
*
M
*
tt
#
*
#
*
*
#
*
_
*
*
*
*
#
1.0
99
*
NOo
IVd
3.21
1.89
0.9l*
6.17
2.1*6
2.1*6 '
2.1*6
3.69
0.8
0.62
0.99
5.18
_
1.6
3.7
1.6
2.2
0.7
11.1
-
-
%
6.1
3.6
1.8
11.6
1..6
it. 6
1*. 6
7.0
1.5
1.2
1.9
9.8
_
3.0
7.0
3.0
l».l
1.3
21.0
-
-
T.PHOS
lb/d
1.25
0.73
0.36
2.39
0.96
0.96
0.96
1.1*1*
0.32
0.2l*
0.38
2.01
-
0.62
1.1*1*
0.62
0.9
0.3
1*.3
-
-
% SUSP. SOLIDS %
lb/d
5-7
3.3
1.6
10.8
l*.l*
- l*.l* ",.3 *
l*.l* '-
6.5
1.5
1.1
1.7
9.1
_ - -
2.8
6.5
2.8
l*.l
1.1*
19-5
3910 99.1*
2.5 *
Pete-;-, burg :•••!.:; in
Pete-.-'ourg I-'inheries 80
Pete."-burg Processors 81
Pent;.'.la Lofji^g Co. 82
Wrangell Narrows 1.15
Wrancell Narrows 0.16
Saginaw Bay .005
5-1
0.71*
8.1*
0.3
10
* in '.'. eaten
- no 'lata a
than 1%
-------
TABLE 3
SOUTHEASTERN ALASKA
Industrial Point Source Loadings
Peter"'
'.•fhitr.-:.
Keku ';
Kuprc-i
•toon*'.
L'xcur.
I-elic-.
Thomp-
Klavro>:
Craie
Klawc •
DISC.
liurg E.'.urln //
/-Fidilro Seafoods
•inning Co.
:iOf Fucking Co.
Basin
'.on Ir.l'jt Pack Co.
i Cold L''.orage
,n Fish Co.
;•- Basil-
Fisheries
k Ocet:..-.ide Pack.
83
8)4
85
86
87
88
89
90
RECEIVING FLOW
WATER KGD
Wranpell Narrows
Keku Straits
Keku Straits
Port Frederick
Lisionski Inlet
Port Frederick
Klauock Inlet
Klavock Inlet
.005
0.377
.008
0.25
.OOlU
0.016
.017
.003
BOD
Ib/d
17-0
13203.2
3.'4
0.72
1.7
37.6
1.82
%
99.8
*
100
*
95- U
It. 6
NO 3
Ib/d
2.5
5.0l*
0.5
7.09
0.62
0.25
0
2.7
*
28.1*
57.3
5-7
89.1
7.8
3.1
100
T.PHOS
Ib/d
1.0
1.5
0.2
l.Olt
0.09
0.8
1.06
% SUSP. SOLIDS
Ib/d
33.3
50 3969.6
6.7
75-9 1*1137
17-5
6.6
1*2.1 12.5
55-8
*
100
100
100
*indi -ites j---:;c than 1%
-no Q,^a av.-j.iii.ble
note: Excursion Inlet Packing Co. formerly Hoonah Seafoods
-------
J
S. E ALASKA
ALASKA DEPARTMENT OF
HEALTH AND WELFARE
JUNEAU, ALASKA
POINT SOURCE DISCHARGES
15052800 \
*J\
-------
CflUSE-EFFECT RNflLVSIS
-------
KETCHIKA1I, ALASKA
BACTERIOLOGICAL STUUY
A study to document the "bacteriological water quality of
Tongass Narrows with respect to the effects of raw sewage
outfalls from the city of Ketchikan was conducted May 7-12, 1969
"by the Federal Water Pollution Control Administration, Alaska
Water Laboratory. •> Conclusions drawn from this study were:
1. The raw sewage outfalls of Ketchikan are responsible
for the preponderance of coliforn bacteria found in the adjacent
waters of Tongass Narrows. The sewage' disposal practices at
Ketchikan result in serious bacterial contamination of Tongass
Narrows, and an accumulation of fecal solids and associated
refuse in the nearshore surface waters and on the shoreline.
i
2. Pathogenic bacteria and viruses associated with un-
treated sewage, as indicated by observed high coliform densities,
pose a potentially serious public health hazard to water-
contact users of the Ketchikan waterfront.
3. Present sewage discharges at Ketchikan are confined
near the water surface, and are moved generally northward along
the city waterfront by the combined action of winds and tidal
currents in Tongass Narrows.
Sewage collection systems serve most of Ketchikan's popu-
lation of more than eight thousand. The collected sewage is
discharged untreated to Tongass Narrows through 18 shallow
outfalls located along the shoreline as shown in Figure 3.
A summary of the bacteriological data is presented in
Table U. Results of the surface water analyses (Table k)
for total and fecal coliforms show that State bacteriological
water quality standards were exceeded in many areas along the
Ketchikan waterfront.
-------
FIGURE 3
o
-------
TABLE h
SUMMARY OF RESULTS FOR SURFACE SAMPLE ANALYSES
TOTAL AND FECAL: COLIFORMS
TOTAL COLIFORMS/lOOML
FECAL COLIFORMS/100ML
'ATION
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
LOCATION
Ferry Terminal
Hospital
North-Bar Harbor
Outside Bar Harbor
breakwater
South Bar Harbor
South of Bar Point
Edwards Wire Rope
Alaska Outboard
Nordby Marine Store
Paul M. Hansen Co.
Grant St.
Dock St.
Mission St.
Mill St.
Entrance-Thomas
Basin
South of
Thomas Basin
B.C.F. Dock
Number, of
SAMPLES
2
2
4
3
4
3
3
2
2
2
3
4
4
3
3
2
4
MAXIMUM
1,800
180
100,000
610
120,000
60,000
16,000
190
13,000
4,000
7,100
59,000
250,000
70,000
2,000
690
86,900
MINIMUM
90
80
480
-------
WARD COVE
-------
MileL.8 *-2£
0 200 400 60CJ
NPDES Monitoring Stations. 1973-197^. (li2-Ui-Ii6-J48-52)
-------
T
E
n
p
E
R
A
T
U
R
E
C
E
N
T
LS.0-T-
WARD COVE: AND A'DTACENT WATERS
DATE RANCE «= 731001-74-0031
NFDE.S DATA DEPTH c 0-3 METER3
MAX T
MEAN
MIN J-
12.0--
S.0--
B.0--
3.0--
KETCHIKAN PULP CO.
MILES
-------
13.03-r-
n
t
3
9
O
L
V
E
D
O
X
V
Q
E
N
Q
L
3.
3.2C3--
WARD COVE. AND AD .T ACE. NT WATERS
DATE. "RANC?EL B ' 731001-7 A-0B31
I
NPDE9 -D-ATA DEPTH e 0-3 HE.TE.RS
T
STANDARD (6.0 rag/])
KETCHIKAN PULP CO.
MAX
MEAN
MIN
T
MILES
-------
30.03-j-
* 28.03-
I
N
I
T 2S.2X3-J-
Y
24..JZCJ-f-
F
T
22.023+ 1
20.02J-
WARD COVE AND ADJ-ACENT WATELRS
DATE. RANGE = 73 1001-74-0B31
NPDE.3 DATA DEPTH n 0-3 METERS
KETCHIKAN PULP CO.
-1 +
HAX -r
MEAN O
MIN -L
M I L E. 3
-------
P
B
I
M
Q
10--
WARD COVE AND ADJACENT WATERS
DATET -RANGE, t= 731001-74-0631
MFDE-S^EATA DEPTH «= 0-3 METERS MAX T
MEAN
MIN -L
KETCHIKAN PULP CO.
M I L. E 3
-------
SILVER BAY
-------
SEE
INSERT
• 0
26
MILE 10.0 • —
24
.. - • 23
20
N
V
>
\
MILE G.9 -X--V
Miles
/
E.P.A. Bayplot Monitoring Stations, September
Stations, 3-^-5-8-16-21-23-25
-------
12.0-r
SIL.VER BAY ANt) AD.JACENT WATERS
E.V.A. 'DATA SEP. 74- MEAN VALUES
1 = 1 METER 3 «=T 3 METERS 0 « 10 METERS
T
E
M
P
E
R
A
T
U
R
E
11.S--
11-0--
c
E
N
T
. S--
ALASKA LUMBER & PULP CO.
MILES'
-------
N
M
G
/
L
.025-r
SIL.VE1R BAV AND AD J"A C-'ZNT WATERS
E.P.A. DATA 3EV. 74- MEAN VALUES
1 « 1 METER 3 G 3 METERS .0 a 10 METER3
I
3
3
a
L
v
E
D
O
X
Y
S. 03 —
e. CO-
STANDARD (6.0 mg/1)
I
B
8
-------
SILVER BAY AND AD-TACE.NT WATERS
P
B
I
102-
M
G
E.F.A. 'tfATA .3EF. 74. MEAN VALUES
l METER 303 METERS 0 a 10 METER3
ALASKA LUMBER & PULP CO.
5 B
MIL.ES
-------
RPPENDIX
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. federal Water Quality Administration, Alaska Operations Office,
Northwest Region, "Effects of Pulp Mill Wastes on Receiving
Waters at Ward Cove, Alaska", October 1970.
2. Federal Water Quality Administration, Alaska Operations Office,
Northwest Region, "Effects of Pulp Mill Wastes on Receiving
Waters at Ward Cove, Alaska", October 1970.
3. Alaska Water Pollution Control Board, Report No.10 "Silver Bay
Water Pollution Control Studies", 1957.
lj. Environmental Protection Agency, Alaska Operations Office,
"Effects of Pulp Mill Wastes on Receiving Waters at Silver
Bay, Alaska", February 1971.
5. Federal Water Pollution Control Administration, Northwest
Region, "Ketchikan, Alaska, Bacteriological Survey",
August 1969.
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