United States Region 10
Environmental Protection 1200 Sixth Avenue
Agency Seattle WA 98101
Environmental Emergency Section ~
&ER& Oil and
Hazardous
Substances
Response Manual
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REPORT
Oil or Hazardous Substance
Spills, Toll Free Day
or Night 800-424-8802
ASSISTANCE
Oil and Hazardous Substance Spills
Day or Night
EPA - (206) 442-1263
Transportation Emergencies
Chem-Trec - 800-424-9300
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Table of Contents
Sgction Page No^
1 Emergency Reporting and Assistance Telephone No. (Inside Front Cover)
ii Table of Contents i
1. Introduction 1
2. Federal Mandate 1
3. Alert Procedures (Telephone No.) 2
4. On Scene Coordination Duties 3
5. Operational Response Phases, I thru V 3
6. Documentation and Enforcement 5
7. Special Considerations 5
a. Safety of Personnel 5
b. Field Gear and Safety Equipment 5
c. Waterfowl Conservation 5
8. Cleanup Chemicals 6
9. Cleanup Techniques 6-45
10. Disposal 46
IT. Environmental Damage Assessment 46
12. Telephone Directory 47
a. EPA '. . . 47
b. Federal Agencies 47
c. States Pollution Control Agencies 49
d. Cleanup Contractors 52
e. Oil Spill Cooperatives • . . . . 52
f. Hazardous Substance Spill Information and Help. 53
13. Technical Data Sources Hazardous Substances 54
a. Oil Sheen Reference 54
b. Table of Elements and Atomic Weights 55
iii. Frequently called names and telep1-
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INTRODUCTION
Federal law mandates that the U.S. Coast Guard (USCG) and the Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA) be prepared to respond rapidly to oil and hazardous
substances spill emergencies. EPA carries out its inland water
responsibility through a coordinated effort by federal and state
departments and agencies.This coordinated effort is outlined in the Region
10 Oil and Hazardous Materials Pollution Contingency Plan for the Inland
Waters of Washington, Oregon and Idaho. This response manual is a
sub-part of the overall Region 10 Contingency Plan. Its purpose is to
give the responding federal and state officials a convenient "quick"
reference guide of duties, clean- up techniques, and resources that may be
called upon to mitigate and control the effects of an oil or hazardous
substance spill.
Federal Mandate
The Congress through the Federal Water Pollution Control Act, as amended
in 1977, has declared that it is the policy that there should be no dis-
charge of oil or hazardous substances into or upon the waters of the
United States. It is the policy of the United States that the spiller
assumes complete financial responsibility for removal actions. If the
federal on-scene coordinator determines that timely and/or adequate
removal actions are not being carried out, then the federal government
will initiate removal actions. Removal actions by the federal government
will be charged to the owners or operators of the discharging facility up
to the liabilities set by Federal Law ($125,000 to $50,000,000). Federal
law also requires immediate notification by the owner or operator of an
oil or hazardous substance spill. Failure to report the spill is a
federal crime and subject to a criminal penalty of $10,000 and/or 1 year
in prison.
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Alert Procedures
1. National Response Center
Toll free day or night
2. U.S. EPA day or night
3. U.S Coast Guard National
Strike Team (Pacific)
1. States Agencies
Idaho, DHW
Oregon, DEQ
Emergency
Services - 24-hour
Washington, DOE
N.W. Region (Redmond)
S.W. Begion (Olympia)
Central (Yakima)
Eastern (Spokane)
5. Chem-Trec - Transportation
Emergencies - Toll free day
or night
6. U.S. Coast Guard
13th District Operations Center
Seattle Captain of the Port
Portland Captain of the Port
1-800-1211-8802
206-112-1263
915-883-3311
8-556-2655 (FTS)
208-381-2133 - day
1-800-452-0311 - toll free
(within Oregon only)
503-378-1121
(outside Oregon)
206-885-1900 - 24-hour
206-753-2353 - 24-hour
509-575-2190 - 24-hour
509-456-2926 - 24-hour
1-800-424-9300
206-442-5886 - 24-hour
206-112-1856 - 21-hour
503-221-6330 - 21-hour
Note: See telephone directory section for additional telephone numbers.
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On-Soene Coordination (OSCl
Coordination and direction of Federal pollution control efforts at the
scene of a discharge or potential discharge is accomplished through the
On-Scene Coordinator (OSC), predesignated by regional contingency plans,
to coordinate and direct such pollution control activities (see
description of Response Phases following this section). These activities
include the following:
1. In the event of a discharge of oil or hazardous substance, the
first official on the site from an agency having responsibility under the
Regional Contingency Plan shall assume coordination of activities under
the Plan until the arrival of the predesignated OSC.
2. The OSC, when on scene or through his representatives, shall
determine pertinent facts about a particular discharge, such as its
potential impact on human health and welfare; the nature, amount, and
location of material discharged; the probable direction and time of travel
of the material; the resources and installations which may be affected and
the priorities for protecting them.
3- The OSC shall initiate and direct aa required Phase II, Phase III
and Phase IV operations. Advice provided by the EPA representative on the
RRT on use of chemicals in Phase III and Phase IV operations in response
to discharges of oil or hazardous substances shall be binding on the OSC,
except in cases involving immediate threat to life and property through
fire and explosion.
iJ. The OSC shall call upon and direct the deployment of needed
resources in accordance with the regional contingency plans to evaluate
the magnitude of the discharge, and to initiate and to assist in the
removal operations.
5. The OSC shall provide necessary support activities and
documentation for Phase V activities.
6. In carrying out this Plan, the OSC will fully inform and
coordinate closely with the RRT to ensure the maximum effectiveness of the
Federal effort in protecting the natural resources and the environment
from pollution damage.
Operational - Response Phases
Phase Groupings.
The actions taken to respond to a pollution discharge can be separated
into five relatively distinct classes or phases. For descriptive purposes,
these are: Phase I - Discovery and Notification; Phase II - Evaluation and
Initiation of Action; Phase III - Containment and Countermeasures; Phase IV
- Removal, Mitigation and Disposal; and Phase V - Documentation and Cost
Recovery. It must be recognized that elements of any one phase may take
place concurrently with one or more other phases. The OSC initiates and
directs Phases II, III and IV.
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Phase II - Evaluation and Initiation of Action
a. The OSC shall insure that a report of a discharge is immediately
investigated. Based on all available information, the OSC shall: (1)
Evaluate the magnitude and severity of the discharge; (2) determine the
feasibility of removal; and (3) assess the effectiveness of removal
actions.
b. The OSC shall, when appropriate and as soon as possible after
receipt of a report, advise the RRT of the need to initiate further
governmental response actions. This may be limited to activation of the
RRT, or a request for additional resources to conduct further
surveillance, or initiation of Phase III or Phase IV removal operations.
c. The OSC shall insure that adequate surveillance is maintained to
determine that removal actions are being properly carried out. If removal
is not being done properly, the OSC shall so advise the responsible
party. If, after the responsible party has been advised and does not
initiate proper removal action, the OSC shall, pursuant to section
311(c)(l) of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act, take necessary
action to remove the pollutant.
d. If the discharger is unknown or otherwise unavailable, the OSC
shall proceed with Federally funded removal actions pursuant to section
311(c)(l) of the Act.
Phase III - Containment and Countermeasures
a. These are defensive actions to be initiated as soon as possible
after discovery and notification of a discharge. These actions may include
public health and welfare protection activities, source control procedures,
salvage operations, placement of physical barriers to halt or slow the
spread of a pollutant, emplacement or activation of booms or barriers to
protect specific installations or areas, control of the water discharge
from upstream impoundments and the employment of chemicals and other
materials to restrain the pollutant and its effects on water related
resources.
Phase IV - Cleanup, Mitigation and Disposal
a. This includes actions taken to recover the pollutant from the
water and affected public and private shoreline areas, and monitoring
activities to determine the scope and effectiveness of removal actions.
Actions that could be taken Include the use of sorbers, skimmers and other
collection devices for floating pollutants, the use of vacuum dredges or
other devices for sunken pollutants; the use of reaeration or other methods
to minimize or mitigate damage resulting from dissolved, suspended or emul-
sified pollutants; or special treatment techniques to protect public water
supplies or wildlife resources from continuing damage.
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b. Pollutants and contaminated materials that are recovered in
cleanup operations shall be disposed of in accordance with procedures
agreed to at the State or local level.
Phase V - Documentation and Cost Recovery
a. This includes a variety of activities, depending on the location
of and circumstances surrounding a particular discharge. Recovery of
Federal removal costs and recovery for damage done to Federal, State or
local government property is included; however, third party damages are
not dealt with in this Plan. The collection of scientific and technical
information of value to the scientific community as a basis for research
and development activities and for the enhancement of understanding of the
environment may also be considered in this phase. It must be recognized
that the collection of samples and necessary data must be performed at the
proper times during the case to fix liability and for other purposes.
b. The EPA Regional office will initiate Phase V operations. The
OSC shall keep accurate records on a daily and accumulative basis of spi
Special Considerations
a. Safety of personnel. Actual or potential polluting discharges
that could have an imminent and substantial effect on both air and water
media can pose serious hazards to personnel health and safety. The OSC
should be aware of this potential and should exercise caution in allowing
any personnel into the affected area without first verifying the nature of
the substance discharged. Regional plans shall identify the sources of
information on the hazards, precautions, and personnel protective
requirements that will be expected in carrying out response operations.
The means for OSC to secure such information also shall be included.
b. Field gear and safety equipment. Consideration should be given
to carrying the following equipment and clothing when responding to spill
scene:
1. Hard hat 8. Absorbent pads
2. "Rubber" gloves 9. Rake
3. Rain gear 10. First aid kit
H. Safety boots 11. Road flares
5. "Rubber" boots 12. Portable fire extinguisher
6. Flashlight 13. Tool kit
7. Shovel It. Sampling bottles
c. Waterfowl conservation. Oil discharges, particularly in
estuarine and near shore areas, often cause severe stress to resident and
migratory bird species. The DOT representatives and the State liaison to
the RRT shall arrange for and coordinate actions of professional and
volunteer groups that wish to establish bird collection, cleaning and
recovery centers.
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Regional Response Center
The Regional Response Center (RRC) is located at the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency's offices located at 1200 6th Ave. The Director of the
Surveillance and Analysis Division represents the Regional Administrator
and serves as the chairman of the inland response team (RRT). The command
post for spills will either be at the regional office or a location near
the spill site chosen by the on scene coordinator.
Chemicals for^Oil^ Spill _C_lga_nuj)
The use of chemicals shall be in accordance with Annex X of the National
Oil and Hazardous Substances Contingency Plan.
a. Dispersants - The Federal OSC on a case-by-case basis can approve
the use of chemical dispersants on any spills if it is determined they
will prevent or substantially reduce the hazard to human life or
substantially reduce explosion or fire hazard to property. All other
cases must be approved by the EPA RRT representative after consultation
with appropriate federal and state agencies. In all cases, appropriate
application rates and methods must be used. (See Table 1).
b. Collecting agents - The OSC may authorize use of surface
collecting agents on minor, medium and major discharges on a cage-by-case
basis if their use will result in the least overall environmental damage
or interference with water uses, and greatly enhance removal actions.
Collecting Agents.
1. Shell Oil Herder
2. Oil Spill Remover (U.S. Navy)
3.
c. Burning agents - Case-by-case basis by OSC with RRT, state and
local air pollution control agency approval.
General Consideration
It is the policy of the EPA that the preferred methods for cleanup and oil
removal consists of mechanical means such as sorbents, mechanical oil
skimming devices, pump trucks, etc.
Cleanup Techniques
It is recognized that there are many adequate methods available to
mitigate the effects of an oil and hazardous substance spill. The
following cleanup methods are offered as a guide to help the federal and
other responding personnel in carrying out their responsibilities. A list
of general cleanup techniques are shown on Tables 2-6. The cleanup tech-
niques are divided into two categories, those for materials that float,
such as oil, and those for materials which are for the most part soluble
in water. Most hazardous substances fall into the latter category. Field
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problems associated with hazardous substances can be very complex and
may require assistance beyond the scope of this manual. Questions
regarding hazardous substances should be referred to the EPA Regional
office, or other sources such as the chemical manufacturers, Chlorine
Institute, etc.
Note: Whenever dealing with oil and hazardous materials, give proper
attention to their fire and explosion hazards aa well as the chemicals
toxic properties. Safety of the public and responding personnel shall
be utmost consideration for the Federal OSC.
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TABLE 1
EPA ACCEPTANCE LIST - DISPERSANTS
1.
2.
3.
i|.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
114.
15.
16.
Company
Shell Oil Company
Natural Hydrocarbon
Elimination Company
Whale Chemical Company
Ara Chem, Incorporated
GFC Chemical Company
Adair Equipment Company,
Incorporated
BP North America,
Incorporated
U.S. Navy
Proform Prod.
Exxon Chemical
Continental Chemical
British Petroleum
MI -DEE Prod. Inc.
Name of Product
Oil Herder
NOSCUM
Seamaster, NS-555
Gold Crew Dispersant
Atlantic-Pacific
Oil Dispersant
Cold Clean
BP-1 100X
Oil Spill Bemover
BTO-ALL-PRO
Coreexit 952?
Conoco Disp. K.
BP 11 OOTO
Slik-A-Hay
Chemical Agent
Surface Collector
Biological
Dispersant
Dispersant
Dispersant
Dispersant
Dispersant
Surface-Collector
Dispersant
Dispersant
Dispersant
Dispersant
Dispersant
Date of
Sep 16,
Sep 16,
Jun 6,
Aug 31,
Sept 19
Oct 7,
Oct 20,
Aug 31,
Aug 31,
Mar 10,
Acceptance Technical Bulletin Issued
1977 Nov 29, 1976
1976 Nov 11, 1977
1977 Nov 11, 1977
1977 Nov 11, 1977
, 1977 Nov 11, 1977-
1977 Nov 11, 1977
1977 Nov 11, 1977
1978
1978
1978 May 11, 1978
April 25, 1978
May 11,
Oct 5,
1978 Sept 29, 1978
1978
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TABLE 2 CONTROL METHODS FOB SPILLS ON LAND
Type
Dikes
Earthen
Foamed
Polyurethane
3
Foamed
Concrete
Excavation
Excavation &
Dikes
Application Or
Construction Method
Create with bulldozer or
earthmoving equipment to
compact earth (height
depends on earth type)
Use trained personnel to
construct
Use trained personnel to
construct
Bulldozer or earth-moving
equipment - line if pos-
sible
Bulldozer or earth-moving
equipment - line if pos-
sible
Use Advantages
Flat or sloped 1. Material on site 1.
surface 2. Construct with com- 2.
mon equipment 3-
3- Construct quickly
Hard, dry sur- 1. Hold up to several 1.
faces feet of water (3) 2.
Flat ground 1 . Better adhesion to 1 .
Slow moving spill substrates (clay/
shale/grass) 2.
Soft ground 1 . Material on site 1 .
Natural cavitation 2. Construct with 2.
common equipment 3.
Soft ground 1 . Heed less space 1 .
than separate 2.
2. Material on site 3-
3. Construct with
common equipment
Disadvantages
Natural permeability of soil
Seepage through ground
Surface composition of soil
not suitable in all cases
Leaks on wet ground
Hard to obtain dispersion
device
Hard to obtain foam and
dispersion device
Must set for a time period
Will not hold high hydraulic
heads (15)
Move large amounts of material
Natural permeability of soil
Surface of soil not suitable
in all cases
Move large amounts of material
Natural permeability of soil
Surface of soil not suitable
in all cases
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TABLE 3 CONTROL METHODS FOR SPILLS IN WATER - FLOATING SPILLS
Method
Booms
Weirs
Pneumatic
Barriers
Spill Herding
Methods
Application or
Construction
Materials
Varies; need deploy-
ment device
Weir & boat
Air compressor
diffuser deployment
method
Chemicals on water
spray or prop, wash
Use
Not too much
current
Calm
Only shallow
water
To protect shore
or other facili-
ties
Advantages
Used on large area;
Many varieties
Not easily clogged;
collects & contains
Do not create a
physical barrier to
vessels
Useful in rough
water
Disadvantages
1.
2.
Not
Only in waves
less 2-4 feet
Current speed
less than 0.7
knots
used in rough
water
1.
2.
3-
1.
2.
Not in rough
water
Only shallow
water
Only thin layers
or materials
Not easily ob-
tainable
Not 100* effective
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TABLE >4 CONTROL METHODS FOR SPILLS IN WATER - SOLUBLE OR MISCIBLE SPILLS
Method
Sealed Booms
Diversion of
Uncontaminated
Flow
Diversion of
Contaminated
Flow
Gelling Agent
(40)
Containment of
Entire Water- -
body
Application or
Construction Materials
Boom
Device to anchor
Earthmoving Equipment
Block entrance with
sandbags, sealed booms
or dikes
Gels, Dispersion Devices;
use experienced personnel
Diking Materials, Earth-
moving Equipment Sand-
bags, etc., Lining
Use
Contain depth
limited volumes
leaking containers
Special area where
topography is right
Special area where
topography is right
If small volumes
For entirely con-
taminated area
Advantages
Contain entire depth 1 .
of
1.
2.
1.
2.
1.
2.
1.
2.
3.
water 2 .
3.
Can put cleaned 1 .
water into diverted
stream
Used for flowing 2.
water 3.
Can put clean water 1.
back into stream
Used for flowing 2.
water 3 .
M.
Stop flowing con- 1.
taminant 2 .
Stop permeation 3.
Can allow contain- 1.
ment of a large
waterbody 2.
Materials on site 3.
Easily constructed
Disadvantages
Deployment difficult
Hot used for large bodies
Difficult to get good seal (16)
Difficult to move large amounts
of earth
Clear area needed
Impermeability of ground
Difficult to move large amounts
of earth
Clear area needed
Impermeability of ground
Adverse environmental impact
Hard to obtain
Can't use in large area
Must haul to dispose
Not all waterbodies have
containable overflow
Permeability
May be an unstable condition
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TABLE 5 CONTROL METHODS FOR SPILLS IN WATER - HEAVIER THAN WATER SPILLS
Application or
Technique Construction Method Use Advantages Disadvantages
Natural Exca- none Where a natural No construction needed Can't control the area which con-
vations 4 Dikes barrier exists tains- the spill
Construction of Dredges; hydraulic or If bottom can be Material is on site 1. Hard to construct
excavations & vacuum pumps moved 2. Stirred up bottom may cause
dikes dispersion and increased
turbidity.
Divers with pumps then
place concrete or sand
bags around to form dike
if bottom material is not
sufficient
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TABLE 6 CONTROL METHODS FOR SPILLS IN AIR
Technique
Mist Knock
down
Pans or
blowers
Method
Spray fine mist into air
Disperse air by direct-
ing blower toward it
Use
Water soluble or
low lying vapors
Very calm and
sheltered areas
Advantages
Removes hazard from air
Can direct air away
from populated areas
Disadvantages
Create water pollution problem and
must be contained In solution
1. Not at all effective if any
wind
2. Need large capacity of blowers
3. Hard to control
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Clean-up Techniques For Floating Materials
The clean-up techniques used for floating material can involve either the
use of mechanical or chemical means to collect or remove spilled oil or
floating hazardous substances. The use of mechanical means such as
skimmers, booms and sorbents being the preferred methods.
Upon arriving at a spill scene the investigator should observe the physical
situation and take appropriate safety precautions if necessary. It is pre-
ferable to know the materials spilled before leaving the office. This will
allow time to check the hazards of the materials involved in the spill, and
what precautions and actions would be required during clean-up operations.
The following is a brief sequence of clean-up operations that normally
take place during a well organized spill clean-up operation:
1. Alerting all response personnel to spill situation.
2. As soon as possible the source of the spill should be
SHUT-OFF. This may be as simple as- closing a valve, or
require that a leaking tank be emptied.
3. Contain the spilled material, preferably before it reaches
water. This can be accomplished by use of an earthen dam,
absorbents, boom, make shift weirs, etc.
tt. Clean-up of material from water and land. The preferred
method here would be to remove liquids intact, to minimize
the disposal problems and allow reclaiming of the spilled
material. In some cases this is not practical, and a lot of
oil/chemical soaked absorbents and debris is produced.
5. Disposal of waste materials, and oil/chemical soaked debris.
6. Documentation for spill and spill prevention violations.
The listed sequence of activities is not a set outline; many of these
activities can be going on at the same time. It should be kept in mind
that early stoppage of the spill source and quick containment will greatly
reduce the scope of the clean-up operations and most likely the
environmental damages.
Booms
Booms are used to contain spills of floatable materials, and to facilitate
clean-up operations. Booms can be used to keep the oil and hazardous
materials in a small area or to keep these materials out of a particular
area. This latter approach is used to protect vulnerable natural resources
and private property such as a marina.
Generally, booms as a containment device are good in calm waters and will
lose their effectiveness in currents above 1 MPH. (See Figures 1 and 2).
In situations where the current is above the 1 MPH figure, the boom should
be used as a deflection device, moving the oil to a quiet collection area.
This is done by placing the boom at an angle to the movement of the float-
ing material. This angle being less than 90° and usually smaller than
450. The faster the current, the smaller the angle and the longer
length of boom is required.
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- SKIRT-
n n n n n
END VIEW SIDE VIEW
Figure 1. The basic components of an oil contaminant boom.
- Booms are usually susceptible to two kinds of failure while they are
deployed: (1) entrainment and (2) splashover.
Entrainment is the loss of oil under the skirt, due normally to a
combination of increased headwave thickness and water current. Figure 2
illustrates what happens to cause this undesirable effect.
WATER FLOW
OIL DROPLETS
BREAKING OFF
^^•^•^^r—
Figure 2. Heavy waves and currents may wash spilled oil under
the booms; this type of failure is known as "entrainment."
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Entrainment can be accelerated by either of two separate events or a
combination of external inputs. One event is the increase of water
current velocity. This event has a tendency to push the skirt off the
vertical and to decrease the amount of entrained oil (Figure 3). The
second event is high winds, which can cause a similar loss of vertical
integrity, if sufficient freeboard is present, by pushing the top of the
boom toward the water surface. Sometimes, the boom may actually lie flat
on the water with a subsequent loss of previously contained oil (Figure 4)
WIND
Figure 3. Entrainment increased due to fast current.
WIND
Figure *J. Entrainment increased due to high wind with normal
current.
The problems associated with entrainment can be partially countered by
decreasing the angle of the boom to the bank. Problems associated with
the effect of wind on boom integrity are completely situational and
require individual analysis and deployment of "trade-offs" to maximize
containment of the spilled product.
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The wind and the sea state are primary influences on the second type
of failure, which stems from the aplashover of the boom. Splashover is
directly affected by boom design, freeboard height, angle of approach of
waves to the boom, and the size and interval of the waves. Any combination
of these factors causes the oil to go over the top of the boom. The solu-
tion, again, is site-specific, and the amount and direction of movement of
the boom to minimize this splashover should be determined on a case-by-case
basis. In choppy sea conditions, some oil will probably spill over, but
there is no need for alarm unless large quantities are being lost.
Regardless of the type used, booms can be effective only if positioned
or deployed in a manner consistent with local conditions.
The most valuable element in boom deployment is a sound working
knowledge of local waterways. Knowledge of currents, tides, natural catch
areas, water depth, etc., is invaluable in effecting a more rapid
response. A second element necessary for timely, effective deployment is
the availability of ready support equipment. If the water body is large
enough to require a boat for boom deployment, it is important to have
available some sort of towing bridle that will place the strain on the
tension member.
The following examples demonstrate various techniques that are widely
used to contain oil with booms under different stream conditions (Figures
5, 6, and 7). The illustrated solution is not always effective. In the
case of most rivers, currents usually subside at or near the banks.
Because of reduced flow in these areas, some containment can normally be
expected nearshore. As can be seen, all of these deployment techniques
require the securing of an anchor on the leading edge of the boom. A
recommended method for anchoring the boom is shown in Figure 8.
Figure 5. Small river with moderate depth of 15 to 20 ft (H.6 to
6.1 m) and slow current of 1.0 to 1.5 kn (1.8 to 2.8 km/h).
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ANCHOR
COLLECTION PIT
Figure 6. Small river with moderate depth of 15 to 20 ft. (1.6 to
6.1 m) and moderate to fast current of 3 to 1 kn (5.6 to 7.1 km/h).
Figure 7. River of moderate to deep depth and fast current of 76 kn
(110.8 km/h).
18
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ANCHOR LINE
v (RECOMMENDED SCOPE
7x WATER DEPTH)
~ 6-8 FT
ANCHOR CHAIN
DANFORTH ANCHOR
Figure 8. Normal configuration for anchoring booms.
Estuaries and bays are usually affected by tides, which create special
problems in containment. The change in direction and flow rate of
currents can cause contained oil to move away from the boom and be lost.
The best solution ia a back-moored boom; that is, oil is allowed to
collect in a boom that is deployed in the usual manner and a second boom
is then placed on the backside to contain any backflow due to tidal or
wind change (Figure 9).
INITIAL
BARRIER
Figure 9. Back moored boom technique for containing spilled oil in tidal-
influenced estuaries and bays.
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EARTHEN DAM
Earthen dams are a second type of barrier. This measure is used most
frequently on small creek or tributaries, but could be effectively used on
slightly larger water bodies if the flow rate is slow (less than 0.5 knots
(kn)). Earthen dams are very easy to construct, using a bulldozer, drag-
line, or backhoe. The primary objective is to allow the water to pass
downstream while containing the oil. Water passes through an inverted
siphon or inclined pipe, which is placed below the water surface
(Figure 10).
OIL
WATER
FLOW
Figure 10. Earthen dam barriers with inverted siphon and inclined pipe
for the containment of spilled oil.
In summary, it should be remembered that physical barriers, whether
booms or dams, are intended to restrict the spread of oil and decrease
contamination. With regard to booms, almost anything that floats can be
strung together to assist in the endeavor. Items that have been used in
the past with varying degrees of success include bales of hay, telephone
poles, and 55-gallon drums. In all oil spill situations, rapid response
is the key to an effective operation, and containment must be accomplished
as soon as possible, using the best available resources.
SKIMMERS
Assuming that efforts to contain the discharged oil have proved
successful, recovery of the spilled oil is then begun. Removal is usually
accomplished with the use of mechanical devices called "skimmers."
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Skimmers, as the name implies, are designed to collect, or skim, the
floating product from the surface of the water. Skimmers can be grouped
into four basic categories: (1) vacuum or suction type, (2) weirs, (3)
dynamic inclined plane, and (4) oleophilic belts, drums, and disks.
VACUUM OR SUCTION-TYPE SKIMMERS
The suction-type skimmer is a simple device in terms of both design
and operation. A suction head and pump are involved, and these devices
simply vacuum the oil from the surface of the water. One example of a
suction-type skimmer head is called a "duck bill" (Figure 11). The
primary advantages of using this device are its adaptability to most
environmental situations, its ability to handle almost all types of oils,
and the simplicity of operation in most water depths. Its disadvantages
include a tendency to become clogged with debris and the need for
continual maintenance during recovery operations to prevent clogging and
allow efficient skimming.
DISCHARGE HOSE
OIL RECOVERY
ORIFICE
Figure 11. Illustration of a suction-type skimmer head for removing
spilled oil.
WEIR SKIMMERS
Weir skimmers are probably the most widely recognized type of recovery
device available today. In addition, they are the most widely available
type of skimmer for pollution recovery operations.
Weir skimmers consist of four primary components: (Da flotation
device to suspend the skimmer in water, (2) a reservoir to collect the
oil, (3) a device to adjust the skimming level to minimize the quantity of
oil entering the reservoir, and (4) some method to empty the reservoir,
either by positive displacement pumps or suction (Figure 12).
21
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OIL SLICK
WATER
COLLECTION RESERVOIR
SUCTION DISCHARGE HOSE
Figure 12. Vertical and lateral views of the components of the weir
skimmer.
The idea behind this device is commonly referred to as the "waterfall"
principle. The collecting reservoir is submerged to the level of the oil/
water interface, at which point, gravity forces the oil into the reservoir,
creating a "waterfall" effect. The advantages of this type of skimmer
include its high mobility and good recovery efficiency in relatively calm
water. The weir is susceptible to being clogged with debris, but a screen
can be placed around the unit to minimize this problem.
DYNAMIC INCLINED PLANE SKIMMERS
Dynamic inclined plane skimmers use an inverted, continuous belt; that
is, a belt that runs from high to low, as opposed to normal conveyors
which run from low to high (Figure 13). The belt takes the oil below the
surface of the water. The oil leaves the belt and floats upward to a
reservoir, where it is collected and pumped to a storage container. Like
oleophilic skijnmers, which are discussed later, dynamic inclined plane
skimmers have good recovery efficiency and are available in a variety of
sizes. Both types have restrictions on maneuverability and loss of
-efficiency when trash or debris is present.
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Figure 13. An illustration of the dynamic inclined plane skimmer in
operation.
OLEOPHILIC SKIMMERS
oleophilic recovery devices is the passing of the "absorbing" material
continuously through the spilled oil. The oil adheres to the surface and
is removed from the water. At this point, the oleophilic member is wiped
or squeezed by rollers on blades and the oil is deposited in a reservoir.
•The product in the reservoir is then pumped into some type of holding
container.
Oleophilic skimmers are the most sophisticated recovery devices
available today, usually employing several different mechanical systems,
which require varying levels of preventive maintenance and highly trained
operators for use.
The rotating disk, or drum systems, as shown in Figure 14, are noted
for very efficient recovery of oil in deeper water where little or no
debris is present. Available in various sizes, the large models normally
require extensive logistic support.
The most widely used oleophilic skimmers are of the belt and rope ?
type. These devices operate very efficiently in both thick and thin
slicks, and are usually capable of recovery sheens. Their ability to
remove oil mixed with small amounts of debris remains almost as efficient
as debris-free environments.
Because oleophilic belt skimmers require the use of some sort of
vessel for staging and employment, they are difficult to operate in close
quarters or in shallow water. Figure 15 shows a typical "continuous belt"
installation.
The oleophilic rope employs the same basic principle as the "belt";
i.e, a continuous process of "a-bsorption" by the oleophilic component,
squeezing by a roller or wiper system, and reentry into or upon the oil in
the water.
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ROTATING DISKS
FIXED_WIPER
COLLECTION TROUGH
OIL
Figure 14. Oleophilic drum skimmer.
COLLECTION POINT
OIL PICKUP
Figure 15. A continuous-belt oleophilic skimmer for recovering
spilled oil on the surface of the water.
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Booms made of absorbent material can be used to contain the spilled
material and to pick up the spilled material. This type of set-up
requires attention to insure that the boom is still effective and not
completely soaked with the spilled chemical.
Hazardous Substances Clean-Up Techniques
Hazardous Substance Spill Response and Treatment
The safety of the people responding to hazardous spill situations is
critical and must be considered before any action is taken. When the
identity of the spilled material is unknown, general safety precautions
should be taken. All spills must be treated as extremely hazardous prior
to their identification. If it is necessary to work in the immediate
vicinity of spilled material, wear a self-contained breathing apparatus
and protective clothing. If this equipment is not available, then the
following general precautions should be taken:
1. Always approach a spill from upwind
2. Avoid direct or indirect contact with spilled material
3. Remove all ignition sources
4. Restrict access to area
5. Obtain assistance
GENERAL INFORMATION
First and most important in the handling of hazardous materials is the
identification of shipments considered hazardous. Alerting of personnel
to the hazards to which they may be exposed is accomplished directly or
indirectly by descriptive data in shipping documents and on containers,
and/or by package labels and vehicle placards.
Emergency personnel should always be aware of the hazards that are asso-
ciated with the transportation of hazardous materials. Because non-hazar-
dous and hazardous materials are shipped in containers that are similar in
appearance, it is essential that hazardous materials cargo are clearly
identified and the inherrent dangers of the shipments are easily recognized
and continually emphasized.
Transportation emergencies involving hazardous materials fortunately are
rare; however, when accidents do occur, the need to quickly identify the
material is obvious. At the scenes of accidents, emergency personnel must
not only exercise caution to prevent being injured, but they must also
initiate measures without delay to protect the public. The potential
hazards must be known. Therefore, accurate materials identification is
imperative.
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Every vehicle should be considered to be a hazard because of the material
it may be carrying, even though it is not placarded. The reason is the
law does not require vehicles carrying certain materials be placarded,
even though they may be extremely dangerous under certain circumstances.
(For example, hair spray usually considered to be relatively harmless, is
very flammable and explodes when subjected to heat.) There are numerous
other products, when packed under pressure in aerosol cans, which are
potentially dangerous.
In case of an accident or spillage, the first person at the scene should
ascertain from the driver of the vehicle, conductor of train or pilot of
Police and fire department personnel, if necessary, should evacuate all
people from the danger area and keep all people at a safe distance from
the accident or fire unless they are required to combat the fire or help
handle the accident.
If a vehicle carrying flammable liquids or compressed gas is wrecked, do
not drive your car near the wreckage as it may cause the material to
ignite.
Keep fires, open flames, lanterns or flares, lighted cigarettes, cigars
and pipes away from .the scene.
Warning signals should be set-up to prevent further accidents. It is
recommended that flame producing signals (flares, fusees, or open flame
lanterns) not be used when an accident involves dangerous material of any
type. The use of flame producing signals is specifically prohibited by
the Department Of Transportation for any cargo tank vehicle used for
transporting flammable liquids or flammable compressed gas and for any
vehicle transporting explosives, Class A or B.
Prevent leaking liquids from draining onto the highways or into sewers and
streams by damming up the liquid or by digging a drainage trench, etc.
Tipped containers that might be leaking should be set upright, if
possible. Powdered materials should be covered with a blanket, dirt or
other material to prevent blowing about.
Traffic and spectators should be kept away from the accident. Do not let
vehicles stop in, or pass through, the area of spilled materials.
Should any of the material being transported get on your skin or clothing,
you should remove it as soon as possible by washing. You should then try
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to identify the material as soon as possible and contact the local or
State Health Department to see if there is a potential danger and if so,
how to handle the situation. Something that may not seem dangerous could
have serious side effects. For example, materials which come into contact
with your pants leg may not cause illness or discomfort to an adult, but
later in the home, a small child coming in contact with the contaminated
clothing could be made seriously ill or killed. For this reason, it is
IMPERATIVE that you find out how the material should be treated. You may
have to remove your clothing outside so that your home or office does not
become contaminated and cause unnecessary illness or death. If in doubt,
remove contaminated clothing before entering a building and shower as
quickly as possible to remove any contamination that may be on the skin or
in the hair.
If hazardous or toxic vapors are escaping from a spill, it is best to take
action to evacuate people from the area downwind from the spill until the
spill has been cleaned up.
HAZARDOUS MATERIALS DEFINITIONS
The following definitions have been abstracted from the Code Of Federal
Regulations, Title 19-Transportation, Parts 100-199- Refer to the
referenced Sections for complete details.
Cla a 3 i f ica; tion Definitlong
Explosives Any chemical compound, mixture, or device the
primary or common purpose of which is to func-
tion by explosion, i.e., with substantially
instantaneous release of gas or heat, unless
such compound, mixture, or device is otherwise
specifically classified in Parts 170-189 of this
chapter. (Sec. 173.50)
Class A Detonating or otherwise of maximum hazard.
There are nine types of Class A explosives all
defined in Sec. 173-53-
Class B In general, function by rapid combustion rather
than detonation and include some explosive
devices such as special fireworks, flash powder,
etc. Flammable hazard. (Sec. 173.88)
Class C Certain types of manufactured articles contain-
ing Class A, or Class B explosives, or both, as
components but in restricted quantities, and
certain types of fireworks. Minimum hazard.
(Sec. 173.100)
Flammable 'Any liquid having a flash point below 100 P.
Liquid (37.8° c) as determined by tests prescribed
in Section 173-115
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Classification Definitions
Pyrophorlc Liquid Any liquid that ignites spontaneously in dry or
moist air at or below 130 degrees P. (Sec.
173.115)
Combustible
Liquid
Any liquid having a flash point at or above
100 F. (37.8°C.), and below 200°F.
£93.3°C). (Sec. 173.115)
Flammable
Solid
Any solid material, other than an explosive,
which is liable to cause fires through friction,
absorption of moisture, spontaneous chemical
changes, retained heat from manufacturing or
processing* or which can be ignited readily and
when Ignited burns so vigorously and persistently
as to create a serious transportation hazard.
(Sec. 173-150)
Oxidizing
Material
Corrosive
Material
Compressed
Gas
Flammable
Compressed Gas
Poisons
Class A
A substance that yields oxygen readily to
stimulate the combustion of organic matter.
(Sec. 173-151)
Any liquid or solid that causes destruction of
human skin tissue or a liquid that has a severe
corrosion rate on steel or aluminum. (Sec.
173-240).
Any material or mixture having in the container
pressure exceeding 10 psi at 70 F. or,
having an absolute pressure exceeding 101 psi at
130°F. (Sec. 173-300)
Any flammable material or mixture having in the
container a pressure exceeding 10 psi at
100°F. (Sec. 173-300)
Extremely dangerous poisons. Poisonous gases or
liquids of such nature that a very small amount
of the gas, or vapor of the liquid, mixed with
air is dangerous to life. (Sec. 173-326)
Less dangerous poisons. Substances, liquids or
solids (including pastes and semi-solid)t other
than Class A or Class C poisons, which are known
to be so toxic to man as to afford a hazard to
health during transportation; or which in the
absence of adequate data on human toxicity, are
presumed to be toxic to man. (Sec. 173.3^3)
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Classification
Definitions
Irritating A liquid or solid substance which upon contact
Material with fire or when exposed to air gives off dan-
(Formerly Class C gerous or intensely irritating fumes, but not
Poison) including any poisonous material, Class A. {Sec.
173.381)
Etiologic
Agent
An etiologic agent means a viable microorganism,
or its toxin which causes or may cause human
disease. (Sec. 173.386 Refer to the Department
of Health, Education and Welfare Regulations
Title *12, CFR, Sec. 72.25(c) for details.)
Radioactive
Material
Any material, or combination of materials, that
spontaneously emits ionizing radiation, and
having a specific activity greater than 0.002
microcuries per gram. (Sec. 173'389) NOTE: See
Sec. 173.389(a) thru (L) for details.
The following is offered as a working
definition only as this material is
not presently defined in Title H9.
Cryogenic
Material
Extremely low temperature gaseous material
transported as a liquid. Maintained in liquid
form by low temperature rather than pressure.
Spill Assessment
Establish the type of spill - The first step is to determine what type of
spill is involved by identifying the source of the spill. The following
types of spills are possible:
a. Trains
1.
2.
Tank car
Box car
Trucks
1. Tank
2. Trailer
Ship
1. Dry Cargo
2. Tank Ship
3. Com. Pass. Vessel
U. Fishing Vessel
5. CG Vessel
6. Pleasure Craft
7. Tugboat
8. Unidentified
Pipeline
1. Offshore
2. On ahore
Storage Tank
1. Offshore
2. On shore
c. Bus
d. Aircraft
1. Cargo
2. Passenger
Things to look for at spill site:
1. Are hazardous placards on labels visible on vehicle or container?
29
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2. If so, what are contents identification, warning or relating to
dangers (poisonous explosive, etc.}?
3. Identification numbers on tank cars, trucks, etc.
l(. Is waybill, shipping papers available from conductor, driver?
Record easily visible physical properties - Observation of the following
properties of the spilled material can confirm an identification or pos-
sibly identify the specific chemical involved. However, the OSC must
approach the spill cautiously and not endanger himself and others in
determining the characteristics. If a certain physical property cannot be
readily identified, gather other information that can safely be obtained.
1. What is the spill state:
a. Solid (power, pellet, granular)
b. Liquid
c. Gas
2. Is there a noticeable odor from a safe distance?
Pleasant - almond, ammonia, benzene, fragrant, lysol, vinegar, sweet.
3. What color is it?
4. Is it turbid?
Opaque -
Clear -
Cloudy -
Other -
5. If it is in water, does it
float
sink
mix (soluble)
not mixed
6. Does it cause your eyes to water?
7. Is it
fuming
flaming
foaming
or is a gas being given off
or is another noticeable reaction occurring?
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Magnitude of the Spill - The OSC can establish the magnitude of the
spill by answering the following questions:
1. What number, type, and size of individual containers have spilled
the material?
1.
2.
3.
il.
5.
6.
7.
Metal drums
Fiber drums
Bags
Paper
Polyethylene
Cylinders
Carboys
Boxes Type
Other
approx.
approx.
Length
Length
Length
Diameter
Length
height
diameter
height
diameter
Width
Width
Width
Height
Width
Height
Height
Height
Height
Dimensions
2. If large tank trucks or cars or barge and ship holds are involved, the
approximate size can be estimated by pacing off a similar distance at
a remote location.
Size X X
Often the tank cars and trains are labeled so the capacity should be
recorded gal.
Available technical data:
a. OHM TADS - EPA
b, Chris Manuals - U.S.C.G.
c. Fire Protection Guide on Hazardous Materials - NFPA
d. Hazardous materials - Emergency Action Guide - U.S. Department of
Transportation
e. Chem-Tree
f. Chemical Manufacture
SAMPLING PROCEDURES
The collection and subsequent analyses of samples is important in evalua-
ting the progress of the spill cleanup. Therefore, it is also important to
collect samples as soon as possible after the spill occurs for spill iden-
tification and assessment and for later use as evidence. Likewise, it is
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important to collect samples at the beginning of and during the cleanup
operation to document the progress of the cleanup. The general sampling
methodology described here may be applicable to all situations, although
the EPA "Field Detection and Damage Assessment Manual" should be used as a
guideline when samples are to be collected specifically for assessment or
enforcement purposes,.
Method of Sampling
There are two methods of sample collection: automatic and manual. "Auto-
matic" refers to the use of an automatic sampler to collect samples while
"manual" refers to collection of samples by a person at the scene. Samp-
ling at the scene of a spill will usually be performed manually because of
the emergency and temporary nature of the situation. Also, the presence
of personnel on the scene may make it convenient and economical to take
manual samples. Guidance on selection and use of automatic samplers can
be found in other publications. The following discussion will assume
manual sample collection although the theory could also apply to the use
of an automatic sampler.
Type of Samples
There are two types of samples which can be collected for analysis:
1. Grab (discrete samples).
2. Composite samples.
Grab or discrete samples characterize the water quality at a particular
instant in time. The purpose of a composite sample is to mix discrete
samples in such a way to represent the average characteristic over a
period of time. In addition to generating an average value, composition
is often done to reduce the analytical load placed on the laboratory.
The choice of the type of sample should depend on the objective of the
sampling and the variability of the water. If the variability of the
parameter of interest is low (that is, if the concentration of the para-
meter of interest changes little over time), then a grab sample may charac-
terize the quality adequately. On the other hand, if the variability is
high, then a composite should be formed from grab samples taken at short
intervals, or the grab samples themselves should be collected and analyzed.
If nothing is known about the variability of the water, then grab samples
should be collected and analyzed initially to determine the variability of
the water. Judgment will have to be exercised in terms of the allowed
variability.
If a single sample or a small number of samples are to be used it is
imperative that the contents be thoroughly mixed prior to sampling or in
the case where quiescent conditions must be maintained, a number of samples
at various locations throughout the process container should be taken.
32
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Sample Containers
Samples must be taken into appropriate sample containers to reduce the
possibility of contamination or adsorption which will yield incorrect
results. The container must be completely clean and equipped with a
tightly fitting cap. Organic hazardous materials must be contained in a
glass jar or bottle to reduce adsorption to the container walls. Specifi-
cally, oils and grease, pesticides, or even short chain organic compounds
should be placed into glass containers. Other materials such as metallic
salts, can be stored in plastic containers with no adverse effect.
Sample containers should be provided from the nearest analytical laboratory
to insure use of the proper type or, if necessary, the bottles can be pur-
chased from a local bottle supplier. If possible, use wide mouth con-
tainers with a lined cap except where interaction between the sample and
cap material must be modified. (Then use narrow necked containers). If
commercial sample bottles can not be obtained, wide mouth canning jars can
be used if an aluminum foil liner is provided. Where a plastic container
is applicable, distilled water can be purchased, the bottles emptied and
the containers used when no other bottles are available. However, the use
of these bottles is not recommended without specific instructions from the
OSC.
To clean sample containers prior to reuse, the following procedures has
been found to be effective:
1. Wash containers and caps with non-phosphate detergent and scrub
strongly with a brush.
2. Rinse with tap water, then distilled water.
3. Invert to drain dry.
4, If additional cleaning is needed, rinse with sulfuric acid, tap
water and distilled water.
In certain cases, samples bottles are further rinsed with chemicals to
remove traces of materials left by previous samples. These procedures are
outlined as follows:
1. Acid Rinse: If metals are to be analyzed, rinse the container
with a solution of one part nitric acid to four parts water, then
with distilled water. If phosphoruses to be analyzed, rinse the
container with a solution of one part hydrochloric acid to one
part water followed by distilled water.
2. Solvent Rinse: If oil and grease or pesticides are to be
analyzed, rinse the sample container with hexane, then acetone,
and distilled water. The container should have been previously
cleaned with-acid solution. Treat the container caps similarly.
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For long term monitoring, however, the analytical laboratory performing
the analyses should provide prepared bottles for sampling.
Sample Preservation and Identification
The purpose of sample preservation is to maintain the constituents of
interest in the same concentration as when the sample was collected'. Even
with preservation, the concentrations of the constituents may be a func-
tion of the time between sample collection and analysis. Therefore, for
any given preservation method,a maximum holding time is also specified.
Other factors related to preservation that may affect the integrity of the
sample include the type and material of the sample container, sample iden-
tification, and the chain of custody for sampling handling. For the pre-
liminary or initial sampling, icing or refrigeration of the samples should
be adequate. While not effective for all parameters, icing or refrigera-
tion is recommended as a standard technique since it comes closest to
being a universal preservative and does not interfere with any analyses.
The use of ice cubes and an insulated chest is usually an effective and
convenient method for storage and transport of samples.
For a long term sampling program or for process monitoring samples, the
laboratory performing the analyses should be consulted for specific
instructions regarding preservation techniques and sample containers.
Sample Identification
Once the sample is taken, certain procedures must be followed to allow the
identification of the sample and to record the chain of custody. It is
important that these techniques be standardized and become a part of
normal field procedure.
Each sample should be assigned a unique number to allow easy identifica-
tion in the field and the laboratory. It is important that the number
include relatively few digits so that it will not be abbreviated during
successive handling. It ia recommended that each person who samples be
assigned a roll of peel-back labels. These labels would include the
person's initials and sequential numbering. As a sample is taken and
sealed, a number will be affixed to the bottle. The label would include
sufficient space for added information such as date, preservative added,
etc. Then the specifics regarding the sampling location, type of sample,
and other pertinent facts would be recorded in the field notebook.
Chain of Custody
In cases of litigation, there must be proof of the chain of possession
that occurs from the time of sample collection to final destruction. If a
sample cannot be traced completely, the validity of the analytical result
may be doubtful. Therefore, it is important that procedures for a written
record of chain of custody be included as normal field practice. A person
has custody of a sample if one of the following requirements is fulfilled:
1. It is in his actual physical possession.
2. It is in his view after being in his actual physical possession.
34
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3- It was looked up by him after being in his physical possession.
4. It was kept in a secured area, restricted to authorized personnel
after being in his physical possession.
When the sample leaves his custody, then a record should be made
indicating that this has been done.
RECORDS
The Importance of keeping written records cannot be emphasized too
strongly. As documentation of the events surrounding the spill and its
cleanup, these written records may have important legal implications
particularly in cost recovery or reimbursement. The records may also
serve as a learning tool in that the knowledge gained from the spill can
be applied to future spill situations. It is a good practice after the
spill is cleaned up, and the emergency is over, to go back and assess the
measures taken at the scene. Evaluation of this sort is important in
improving response techniques. A record of the progress being made in the
cleanup is also important in making decisions at the scene of the spill.
It is recommended that the OSC keep in a permanent bound book a log or
.diary of the chronological events from the time of notification of the
spill until the cleanup and his duties are completed. All events of any
significance should be recorded in the log with notation of the spill
until the cleanup and his duties are completed. All events of any sig-
nificance should be recorded in the log with notation of the date and
time. The information should include records of flow, operation, main-
tenance, sampling, fuel used, problems encountered, telephone conversa-
tions, meetings held, orders issued, weather observations, etc. The log
should be kept in a bound, sequentially numbered notebook. Entries should
be made in the log immediately and the date and time indicated. No pages
should be removed from the notebook. If a page is ruined, it should be
marked "VOID". Important observations involving judgment and sampling
records should be signed by the principal investigator and countersigned
by a witness.
The important records that should 'be kept in the notebook can be listed as
follows:
1. General events - for each day start/stop times for cleanup
activities, arrival or procurement of equipment, documentation
for authorization, weather observations.
2. Treatment - gallons treated by each process, hours of operation
of each process, maintenance needed and/or performed, fuel used,
equipment breakdowns, ultimate disposal.
3. Sampling - records of sampling, sample preservation methods, .and
destination and analyses required of samples.
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4. Personnel - a record of all personnel on site, their function,
and the actual times present should be recorded. This is
especially important for those personnel, whether from a
government agency or third party contractor, associated with the
cleanup/treatment operation itself. It is imperative that the
OSC develop a rigid communication network with the person in
charge of the cleanup/treatment operation so that the OSC knows
at all times that status of each operation and the personnel
attending the respective operation.
WASTEWATER TREATMENT METHODOLOGY
FOR HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES
The general procedure for treatment of hazardous spills is shown in
Figure 16. Candidate treatment schemes for the control and disposal of
hazardous materials are as follows: carbon absorption-A, filtration-F,
ion exchange-IX, reduction-R, oxidation-0, gravity separation-S, precipi-
tation-P, neutralization-N, dilution-D. These treatment schemes can be
achieved either in a batch mode depending on the hazardous materials
containment or in a flow through process. Consideration should also be
given whether the material can be discharged to a municipal treatment
plant without creating a major upaet. This may be prior to or following
treatment of hazardous materials on site. Alao, due to the high solu-
bility of most hazardous substances, success of any treatment scheme is
dependent on quick containment of the spilled materials. See Tables 2-6
in the general clean-up section (Pages 9-13)-
Filtration
Filtration is designed to remove particular matter by passing the
contaminated water through a layer of porous media such as sand. The
treatment may be employed as a pre-treatment prior to passing 'the water
through a carbon column or ion exchange system or as a polishing step for
removal of a particulate after a chemical reaction. While various types
of media are used in filtration a simplified mode for field application
would generally consider a gravity or pressure flow dual media filter
column. During a filter run, the head loss will gradually increase due to
accumulation of solids within the filter media. When the head loss
reaches the limit set by the hydraulic conditions of the filter design the
filter run will stop and the filter is backwashed. In some cases the
effluent quality from the filter may control the termination of the filter
run. Filters may be backwashed with sorted filter effluent, in which case
the backwash waste after removal of a suspended solid is retreated and
refiltered. In situ filtration may involve permitting water to pass by
gravity through a built-up sand or coal bed. Continuous filtration will
usually involve bringing in a portable filter for direct application at
the site. The basic components of a typical filter are shown in Figure 17.
Carbon Adsorption
Carbon adsorption is a physical phenomena which removes organic matter and
some inorganic chemicals from water. These chemicals are physically
adsorbed on the large surface area of the carbon (500-1,000 m^ per
36
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SPILL HANDLING THOUGHT GUIDE
FIGURE 16
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gram). Activated carbon is produced from many materials including wood,
coal, lignite, etc. The adsorption process and its effectiveness is
dependent on the nature of the material being adsorbed and of the type of
arbon used. In general concentrations of greater than 1,000 mg/1 of a
ontaminant requires excessive detention times and excessive quantities of
arbon. The amount of carbon needed to adsorb a given chemical must be
stablished by field testing. When the capacity of the carbon has been
xhausted the carbon must be replaced and the spent carbon disposed of.
Table 7 gives general guidelines for the adsorbability of various organics
on activated carbon. In situ use of carbon would generally consider the
addition of powdered activated carbon directly to the spill site. Effec-
tive mixing of the carbon with the contaminated water in question is
essential for effective adsorption to occur. Off-site treatment would
involve pumping the contaminated water through a granular carbon column.
Ion Exchange
Ion exchange is a process in which ions held by electrostatic forces to
functional groups on the surface of a solid are exchanged for ions of a
different species in solution. The process takes place on a resin which
is usually made of a synthetic material. Various kinds of resin are avail-
able including weakly acidic and strongly acidic ion exchange resins and
weakly and strongly basic ion exchange resins depending on the application
involved. The ions are exchanged until the resin is exhausted and then
the resin is regenerated with a concentrated solution of ions flowing in a
reverse direction or replaced with new resin. The amount of resin required
must be established by chemical tests done on the wastewater for the ion
content of interest. The .best type of resin is established mainly by the
specfic contaminant to be removed, the amount of wastewater Involved and
other ionic demands on the resin. Ion exchange treatment can be accomp-
lished by off-site pumping of the wastewater in question through an ion
exchange column with the ability to either regenerate or replace the resin
when it becomes exhausted. In situ treatment in a manner similar to carbon
would involve mixing the resin with the wastewater in question in a
suitable containment area.
Gravity Separation
Gravity separation involves removal of suspended solids with a specific
gravity greater than water by the process of sedimentation or particles
with a specific gravity less than water by flotation. Sedimentation is
removal of solid particles from a suspension through gravity settling.
size and shape, density and viscosity of the water, and the" presence o
other materials in the water. The rate of settling while predictable
using theoretical equations should employ a field testing procedure.
While sedimentation may involve the removal of hazardous solid materials
it is most often associated with the coagulation process. Flotation is
used to separate the materials with a specific gravity less than water.
The contaminant rises to the top and is skimmed off periodically.
-------
Table 7- INFLUENCE OF MOLECULAR
STRUCTURE AND OTHER FACTORS ON ABSORBABILITY
1. An increasing solubility of the solute in the liquid carrier decreases
its adsorbability.
2. Branched chains are usually more adsorbable than straight chains. An
increasing length of the chain decreases solubility.
3. Substituent. groups affect adsorbability:
Substituent Group Nature of Influence
Hydroxyl Generally reduces adsorbability;
extent of decrease depends on
structure of host molecule.
Amino Effect similar to that of
hydroxyl but somewhat greater.
Many amino acids are not adsorbed
to any appreciable extent.
Carbonyl Effect varies according to host
molecule; glyoxyllc and more
adsorbable than acetic but
similar increase does not occur
when introduced into higher fatty
acids.
Double bonds Variable effect as with carbonyl.
Halogens Variable effect.
Sulfonic Usually decreases adsorbability.
Nitro Often increases adsorbability.
^. Generally, strong ionized solutions are not as adsorbable as
weakly ionized ones; i.e., undissociated molecules are in general
preferentially adsorbed.
5. The amount of hydrolytic adsorption depends on the ability of the
hydrolysis of form an adsorbable acid or base.
6. Unless the screening action of the carbon pores intervene, large
molecules are more sorbable than small molecules of similar chemical
nature. This is attributed to more solute carbon chemical bonds being
formed, making desorption more difficult.
39
-------
Neutralization
Neutralization is a process in which hydroxal or hydrogen ions are added
to a solution to produce an approximately equal concentration of ph7. The
process is used to reduce the acidic character of a spilled chemical by
addition of caustic soda (NAOH,-lime/(Ca(OH)2) or soda ash
(NAgCO^). Alkaline wastewaters are neutralized by the addition of
hydrochloric acid (HCL), sulfuric acid (H2SOi;). Strongly basic NAOH,
strongly acidic HaSOij and HCL must be added very carefully to avoid
creating a violent reaction. Complete mixing of the contents is
especially important to avoid pockets of strong chemicals in the liquid.
The other neutralizing agents are considered weaker acids and bases and
react slower than the strong acids bases. The amount of neutralizing
chemical required should be determined by a bench scale test.
Coagulation Precipitation
Coagulation precipitation is a process which removes pollutants by
reacting these materials to form an insoluable product. (See Figure 18.)
This process results in a reaction rather than physical adsorption. There
is a series of steps to allow effective precipitation, (1) chemical
addition, (2) rapid
mix, (3) addition of coagulant, (4) flocculation, (5) sedimentation and in
some cases (6) filtration as shown in Figure 17. Each precipitation reac-
tion may not require all of these steps. Precipitation is used to remove
many types of metal cautions and some anions such as fluorides and sul-
fides. The agents involved in precipitation reaction include calcium,
sodium hydroxide, sodium bicarbonate, sulfate and sulfide. These chemi-
cals are added at a certain pH. The amount of chemicals required to
precipitate a particular constituent are determined by running a bench
scale test. Coagulation involves the addition of a coagulant such as
ferric chloride, aluminum sulfate or organic polyelectrolytes in order to
precipitate specific wastewater constituents.
Ferric Chloride As Coagulation Aid
This compound is effective in clarifying both organic and inorganic
suspensions. The final pH should be above 6 for the best results or
caustic soda may be needed to control pH. Large suspensions require
dosages of approximately 50-500 mg/1 although larger doses may be
needed for very high concentration or alkaline suspensions. If the
wastewater is low in alkalinity, lime may be needed to raise the pH to
6 or higher. Excessive dosage of ferric chloride will result in a
brown colored effluent which should be avoided.
Alum As Coagulation Aid
Aluminum sulfate (Alum) is effective in clarifying both inorganic and
organic suspensions. pH can usually be controlled in a range of
6.5-7.5, and this control is generally crucial for good alum use. If
a suspension is to be treated alum dosages of 100-1,000 mg/1 should be
effective. Huge dosages may be needed for concentrated or highly
alkaline suspensions. As with ferric chloride suspensions with low
alkalinity may require addition of lime or caustic soda to produce the
final pH range of 6.5-7.5.
40
-------
WATER LEVEL
INFLUENT
EFFLUENT
TRANSFER PIPE
RECYCLE
EQUALIZATION TANK
TYPICAL AUTOMATIC GRANULAR MEDIA FILTER
FIGURE 17
-------
MECHANISM OF COAGULATION
SEDIMENTATION-
TIME
MIXING INTENSITY
MECHANISM
FIGURE 18
-------
Organic Polyelectrolytes As Coagulation Aid
Polyelectrolytes are available in cationic, anionic or nonionic, form
and may be effective alone when flocculating suspensions of inorganic
materials. These polyelectrolytes are usually not effective alone for
flocculating organic suspensions, but can be used in conjunction with
alum or ferric chloride. Polyelectrolyte dosages vary with both the
type of charge on the polymer and the type of suspension to be
treated. Cationic polyelectrolytes are generally added in higher
dosages 1-10 mg/1 in dilute suspensions while anionic and nonionic
dosages are added approximately at 0.5-5 mg/1. When the solution is
concentrated and the suspension concentration is greater than 1,000
mg/1 add 1-300 mg/1 of cationic polyelectrolyte or 1-100 mg/1 of
anionic or nonionic compound.
Reduction
Reduction reactions are only applicable to a small number of compounds.
Sodium bisulfite has been recommended as the most suitable reducing
agent. However, other chemicals including sodium sulfite and sodium
metabi sulfite can also be used. Reduction Is used as a pretreatment for
chrome compounds to change them to the chromous state for precipitation.
This reaction must occur at low pH, so adjustment to pH 2 to 3 with acid
is recommended. Reduction is also used for either sodium or calcium
hypochloride. A reducing agent can be added until an acceptable chlorine
residual is measured. Excess reducing agent can be removed by addition of
more wastewater or aeration. Determination of the amount of reducing
agent, i.e., sodium bisulfite or its equivalent is determined by a small
bench scale testing procedure.
Oxidation
Oxidation reactions are more common than reduction and more agents can be
used. Chlorination and aeration are two ways to oxidize materials.
Chlorination reactions are the most commonly used to oxidize cyanide to
the less toxic cyanate and then to the carbon dioxide and nitrogen. These
reactions are most effective at alkaline pH so both sodium hydroxide and
hypochlorite are commonly added. Chlorine is more safely added in the
form of liquid hypochlorite in concentrations of 5-6%. Dosages are
determined by a bench scale test. Aeration is another method for
oxidation. Air can be used as an oxidizing agent and is more available,
but not as strong as chlorine OP chlorine compbunds. In general, air is
introduced in the form of bubbles which rise to the surface. As they
travel through the water column the oxygen in the air is transferred
through the bubble and into the water where it can'oxidize the hazardous
compound. This technique is only useful for easily oxidized materials.
-------
Table 8. TREATMENT CHEMICAL IKFOHMATIOH
Chemical
Ferric Chloride
Alum
Polyelectrolytea
Alum & Poly
Ferric chloride
Use Strength
organic 25-100 mg/ml
inorganic solution
organic 25-50 mg/ml
inorganic solution
inorganic 0.5-U
solutions:
inorganic/
organ ics to
increase
strength of
floe
inorganic/ —
organ ics to
increase
clarity
Common dosage, mg/1
1000 mg/1, 50-500 mg/1
+• lime to pH 6 or
or greater
1000 rag/1, SS 100-1000
mg/1 + CaO or NaOH to
pH 6.5 to 7.5
SS 1000 mg/1 1-10 mg/1
SS 1000 mg/1 1-300 mg/1
SS 1000 mg/1 0.5-5 mg/1
SS 1000 mg/1 1-100 mg/1
SS 1000 mg/1 0.5-5 mg/1
SS 1000 mg/1 1-100 mg/1
Alum 100-1000 mg/1
Poly 1-10 mg/1
Ferric 50-500 mg/1
Poly 1-10 mg/1
Field mix time3
complete
dispersal of
chemical (approx.
2-5 min).
Complete
dispersal of
chemical (approx.
2-5 min).
complete disper-
sal of chemical:
(approx. 1-2 min) .
complete diaper-
sal of chemical
(approx. 1-2 min)
then poly & mix
about 1 min.
complete disper-
sal of ferric
(approx. 1-2 min)
then add poly &
mix about 1 min
Field
floe time»
5-15 min
5-15 min
5-10 min
2-5 min
5-10
25- min
5-10 min
* If required flocculation time exceeds the maximum time, try a higher chemical dosage.
-------
Table 9. CHEMICAL REACTION OPERATING PARAMETERS
Process
Chemical
Sedimentation
Neutralization
Precipitation
Oxidation
Aeration
Reduction
Type
Rapid
Flocculation
Rapid
Rapid
flocculation
none
Rapid
Air mix
Rapid
Mixing
Time
1-5 min
5-15 min
depends on rate
and process height
10-30 min
Use 30 min for lime
addition
1-5 min
5-10 min
30-60
depends on rate and
process height
10-30
Depends on test
10-30
Endpolnt
Clarified water
and good settling
Add to pH 7, use pH
paper or meter to
check
Varies to a pH or
until residual of
reactant or
until clarified
To a HOC1 residual
of 1 mg/1
D.O. measure to 7Q%
of saturation or other
Large ORP change/
cr+6 — Cr+6 is yellow
Chemicals
Ferric Chloride
aluminum sulfate
polyelectrolytes
Calcium hydroxide,
calcium oxide, sodium
hydroxide , sodium
carbonate, sulfuric acid,
acetic acid, hydrochloric
acid
Calcium hydroxide,
sodium hydroxide,
sodium carbonate,
sodium biocarbonate,
sodium sulfate, sodium
sulfide, potassium
Chloride
Sodium hypochlorite
Air
Sodium Bisulfite,
Sodium sulfde
to green HOC1
reduction, no
-------
After clean-up operations have removed the spilled material(s) and
contaminated debris from the water or ground, the OSC's responsibilities
are not over. Improper shipping and disposal of spill clean up waste can
cause serious safety problems, as well as result in secondary pollution as
bad as if not worse than the original spill. Therefore, the OSC must be
assured that all chemical disposal is carried out in a safe and proper
manner .
Disposal operations may involve the shipping of the waste materials to a
state approved land disposal site, treatment by a reliable disposal or
recycling company, or sending the material to a sewage treatment plant,
etc. The preferred method of disposal would be to recycle to the
spiller's company or to a company that can use the material in its
operation.
act as liaison between the ederal governmen and loca agences such as
disposal sites, air pollution control agencies, sewage treatment plants,
etc.
Extremely toxic materials may require special on-site treatment, or as in
the case of PCB's, either special incineration or shipment to an EPA/State
approved disposal site. EPA, Edison, New Jersey, has specialized equipment
that may be available to treat these very toxic materials. Coordination
of this activity will be conducted by the EPA Environmental Emergency
Section and the Oil and Special Materials Control Division, EPA,
Headquarters.
Environmental Damage Assessment
Even though initial response to an environmental emergency does not include
a formal damage assessment, the field investigator should be alert to the
obvious signs of environmental harm. This could include indications of a
fish kill, oiled and dying birds, contamination of beaches and marshlands,
etc. Any signs of environmental damage should be reported to the Environ-
mental Emergency Section, who will, in conjunction with the appropriate
resource agencies, coordinate any necessary damage assessment.
-------
Telephone Directory
National Response Center 1-800-121-8802
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Regional Office
(206) 112-1263 Comm. Office 21 Hour Number
8-399-1263 FTS 21 Hour Number
Operation Offices
Idaho
(208) 381-1150 Comm. Office
8-551-1150 FTS
Oregon
(503) 221-3250 Comm Office
8-123-3250 FTS
Washington
(206) 155-7218 Comm Office
8-399-1285 FTS
U.S. Coast Guard 13th District Operations 112-5886
13th District, M.E.P. Branch Center
(206) 112-5850
8-399-5850 FTS
COTP Offices
Seattle
(206) W2-1856
(206) 112-7070
8-399-xxxx FTS
Portland
(503) 221-6323 Emergencies
(503) 221-6321 General Information
8-123-xxxx FTS
Corps of Engineers Portland District
Division Engineer (503) 221-6000
(503) 221-3700 8-123-6000 FTS
8-123-3700 FTS
Seattle District Walla Walla District
(206) 761-3690 (509) 525-5626
8-399-3690 (509) 525-5100
8-112-xxx
U.S. Attorney
Portland, OR
(503) 221-2765
8-123-2765
-------
Seattle, WA
(206) 1)112-7970
8-399-7970
Spokane, WA
(509) 1456-3811.
8-439-3811
Boise, ID
(208) 3811-1211
8-5511-1211
National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)
National Marine Fisheries
(206) 1)142-7575
8-399-7575
National Weather Service
(206) 14112-51498
11142-5788
8-399-5788
Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory
(206) 1(112-1(598
8-399-!4598
FDAA
(206) 1(112-1310
8-399-1310
Department of Interior
Oil Spill Coordinator
Portland, OR
(503) 23»-3361 Ext. 11058
8-1(29-1058
Washington Response Coordinator
Olympia, WA
(206) 753-9578
8-1(31-9578
Oregon Response Coordinator
Portland, OR
(503) 231-3361 Ext 1083
Idaho Response Coordinator
Boise, ID
(208) 381-1931
8-5514-1931
-------
Idaho Department of Health & Welfare
Division of Environment Offices
REGION 1 Northern Idaho
Coeur d'Alene 8-5 Monday-Friday Phone: 208-667-3521
Home
Mike Christie, Supervisor 208-667-1072
Larry Comer, Env. Engineer 208-661-3290
Gary Sturm, Env. Engineer 208-667-0381
Dave Johann
Lewiston 8-5 Monday-Friday Phone: 208-1-716-2651 Ext. 130
Ed Tulloch, Sr. Env. Quality Spec. 208-1-713-3225
REGION 2 Southwest Idaho
Bolae 8-5 Monday-Friday Phone: 208-1-381-3823
Dave Sanders 208-315-5271
Jerry Yoder, Supervisor 208-376-3990
Dick Rogers, Env. Engineer 208-313-2657
Jon Wroten, Sr. Env. Quality Spec. 208-376-0318
Twin Falls 8-5 Monday-Friday
Basil Typyi
Ian von Lindern, Env. Engineer
Alex Schaefer, Sr. Env. Quality
Spec.
208-731-1000 Ext. 275
208-713-9508
208-513-6771
208-321-2291
REGION 3 Southeast Region
Pocatello 8-5 Monday-Friday Phone: 208-233-6170 Ext. 291
Henry Moran, supervisor 208-232-8087
Jim Perry, Env. Engineer 208-785-5919
Gordon Hopson, Sr. Env. Quality 208-785-1991
Spec.
CENTRAL OFFICE Boise 8-5 Monday-Friday Phone: 208-331-1255 or
208-331-1250
. 8-551-1255 (FTS)
Al Murrey, Chief Water Quality 208-329-1305
Bureau
Bob Olson, Chief, Reg. Env. Ser. 208-375-6182
Larry Koenig, Mrg. Source Control 208-311-1255 Work
-------
DEQ EMERGENCY RESPONSE PLAN
In the event of an oil spill, chemical and hazardous materials spill and
waste-water treatment by-pass or spill, NOTIFY:
OREGON EMERGENCY SERVICES, 21 hours
1-800-152-0311 (toll free number within Oregon)
1-503-378-1121 (if outside Oregon)
-------
WASHINGTON STATE DEPARTMENT OF ECOLOGY
Northwest Region (206) 885-1900 24 Hrs.
(Redmond, WA)
Southwest Region (206) 753-2353 21 Hrs.
(Olympia, WA)
Central Region (509) 575-2490 24 Hrs.
(Yakima, WA)
Eastern Region (509) 456-2926 24 Hrs.
(Spokane, WA)
51
-------
Clean-Up Contractors
Crowley Environmental Services
Seattle, WA (206) 682-1898
Portland, OR (503) 283-1211
Western Environmental Services (503) 285-9111 (Portland)
(206) 682-0377 (Seattle)
Emergency Hotline 800-517-0792 (All States)
800-152-0769 (Oregon only)
D. W. Ryckman and Associates, Inc.
"React" - For Hazardous Material Response. Satellite Offices
in Seattle and Portland 21 hour number (St. Louis, Missouri)
(311) 569-0991
Oil Spill Coops
Clean Sound Cooperative
Seattle, WA - (206) 621-7011
Clean Biver Cooperative (503) 285-1025
Portland, OR
-------
HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCE SPILL INFORMATION AND HELP
Information Source
1. CHEM-TREC
Information & Service
All Chemicals involved
in transportation
emergencies, referral
to chemical companies
Telephone
1-800-424-9300
2.
3.
H.
5.
CHEVRON
CHLORINE INSTITUTE
UNION CARBIDE CO.
(Help Hot Line)
NATIONAL AGRICULTURE
CHEMICALS ASSOCIATION
Info and help on Chevron
Chemical Products.
Chlorine emergencies
Info and help on Union
Carbide Products
Help with agriculture
products
(115) 233-3737
(Collect)
800-121-9300
(Chem. Tree)
]_301-7I|1-3187
(503) 286-1451
Stauffer Chemical,
Portland
6. POISON CONTROL CENTERS Info on poisons, toxics,
antidotes
a. UNIVERSITY OF OR (503) 225-8311
PHYSICIANS CONSECTATIOB (21 hr number)
CENTER Portland, OR
b. POISON INFO CENTER (206) 631-5252
Seattle, Washington
o. POISON CONTROL CENTER, IDAHO 1-800-632-8000
7. CHEM NUCLEAR SYSTEMS, INC Advice for handling (503) 223-1912
P.O. Box 1269
Portland, OH 97207
Arlington, OR
8. WES-CON, INC.
Box 561
Twin Falls, ID 83301
9. CHEM-PRO
Seattle, WA
Portland, OR
10. KALAMA CHEMICAL
Kalama, WA
11. WESTERN PROCESSORS
' Seattle, WA
hazardous substances, will
handle cleanup, & offer
disposal site in Arlington, OR
(Disposal Site)
Recycling, encapsulation,
storage & detoxification
Accepts solvents and oils
Will give advice in
handling some hazardous
materials spilled
Sludge recovery
(503) 151-2777
(208) 733-0897
(206) 767-0350
(503) 285-1618
(206) 673-2550
(206) 852-1350
53
-------
OIL SHEEN REFERENCE
Standard Terms for High Viscosity Oil Films and
Descriptive Appearance of High Viscosity Oil on Water
Standard
Term
Barely
visible
Silvery
Slightly
colored
Brightly
colored
Dull
Dark
Approximate
Film Thickness
10-6 lO-^
inches meters
1.5
3
6
12
40
80
0.04
0.08
0.15
0.3
1.0
2.0
Approximate
Quantity of
Oil in Film
Gals, per Lites per
sq. miles sq. km.
25 4U
50 88
100 176
200 351
666 1,168
1,332 2,337
Appearance
Barely visible
under most favor-
able light
conditions
Visible as a
silvery sheen on
water surface
First trace of
color may be
observed
Bright bands of
color are visible
Colors begin to
turn dull brown
Colors are much
darker brown
of black
Note: Each one-inch thickness of oil equals 5.61 gallons per square
yard or 17,378,909 U.S. gallons per square mile.
STANDARD TERMS AND CONVERSION TABLE
Knowing
Gallon (U.S.)
Barrel
Cubic Feet
Litre
U.S.
1.
12.
7.
0,
Multiply
, Gallon
.0000
0000
.1805
,2611
by factor below to obtain
U.S. Barrel
0.02381
1.00000
0.1781
0.00629
Cubic Feet
0.13368
5.6116
1.0000
0.03532
Litre
3.785
158.930
28.310
1.000
-------
TABLE OF ELEMENTS AND ATOMIC WEIGHTS
Actinium
Aluminum
Americium
Ant imony
Argon
Arsenic
Astatine
Barium
Berkelium
Beryllium
Bismuth
Boron
Bromine
Cadmium
Calcium
Californium
Carbon
Cerium
Cesium
Chlorine
Chromium
Cobalt
Copper
Curium
Dysprosium
Einsteinium
Erbium
Europium
Fermium
Fluorine
Francium
Gadolinium
Gallium
Germanium
Gold
Symbol
Ac
Al
Am
Sb
Ar
As
At
Ba
Bk
Be
Bi
B
Br
Cd
Ca
Cf
C
Ce
Cs
Cl
Cr
Co
Cu
Cm
Dy
Es
Er
Eu
Fm
F
Fr
Gd
Ga
Ge
Au
Atomic
Number
89
13
95
51
18
33
85
56
97
1
83
5
35
48
20
98
6
58
55
17
21
27
29
96
66
99
68
63
100
9
87
61
31
32
79
Atomic
Weight
227"
26.9815
213"
121.75
39.918
71.9216
210«
137.31
215"
9.0122
208.980
10.811
79.909
112.10
10.18
218«
12.01115
110.12
132.905
35.153
51.996
58.9332
63.51
215"
162.50
217"
167.26
151.96
251"
18.9981
223"
157.25
69.72
72.59
196.967
Mercury
Molybdenum
Neodymium
Neon
Neptunium
Nickel
Niobium
Nitrogen
Nobelium
Osmium
Oxygen
Palladium
Phosphorus
Platinum
Plutonium
Polonium
Potassium
Praseodymium
Promethium
Protactinium
Radium
Radon
Rhenium
Rhodium
Rubidium
Ruthenium
Samarium
Scandium
Selenium
Silicon
Silver
Sodium
Strontium
Sulfur
Tantalum
Symbol
Hg
Mo
Nd
Ne
Np
Ni
Nb
N
No
Os
0
Pd
P
Pt
Pu
Po
K
Pr
Pm
Pa
Ra
Rn
Re
Rh
Rb
Ru
Sm
So
Se
Si
Ag
Na
Sr
S
Ta
Atomic
Number
80
12
60
10
93
28
11
7
102
76
8
16
15
78
91
81
19
59
61
91
88
86
75
15
37
11
62
21
31
11
17
11
38
16
73
Atomic
Weight
200.59
95.91
111.21
20.183
237"
58.71
92.906
11.0067
253"
190.2
16
105.1
30.9738
195.09
212"
210"
39.102
110.907
115"
231"
226"
222"
186.2
102.905
85.17
101.07
150.35
11.956
78.96
28.086
107.870
22.9898
87.62
32.061
180.918
•Mass number of isotope of longest known half-life.
-------
Hafnium
Helium
Holmium
Hydrogen
Indium
Iodine
Iridium
Iron
Krypton
Lanthanum
Lawrencium
Lead
Lithium
Lutetium
Magnesium
Manganese
Mendelevium
Symbol
Hf
He
Ho
H
In
I
Ir
Fe
Kr
La
Lw
Pb
Li
Lu
Mg
Mn
Md
Atomic
Number
72
2
67
1
19
53
77
26
36
57
103
82
3
71
12
25
101
Atomic
Weight
178.19
1.0026
161.930
1.00797
111.82
126.9011
192.2
55.817
83.80
138.91
259*
207.19
6.939
171.97
21.312
51.9381
256*
Technetium
Tellurium
Terbium
Thallium
Thorium
Thulium
Tin
Titanium
Tungsten
Uranium
Vanadium
Xenon
Ytterbium
Yttrium
Zinc
Zirconium
Atomic Atomic
Symbol Number Weight
To 13 99«
Te 52 127.60
Tb 65 158.921
Tl 81 201.37
Th 90 232.038
Tm 69 168.931
Sn 50 118.69
Ti 22 17.90
W 71 183.85
U 92 238.03
V 23 50.912
Xe 51 131.30
Yb 70 173.01
Y 39 88.905
Zn 30 65.37
Zr 10 91.22
•Mass number of isotope of longest known half-life.
-------
Frequently called names and telephone numbers.
NAME _^ TELEPHONE NUMBER
------- |