FIELD INVESTIGATIONS OF
UNCONTROLLED HAZARDOUS WASTE SITES
FIT PROJECT
TASK REPORT TO THE
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
CONTRACT NO. 68-01-6056
UNION PACIFIC RR TUNNEL
(TACOMA TUNNEL)
TDDS 10-8202-03A AND 10-8202-Q-3B
FINAL REPORT
AUTHOR: HUSSEIN ALOIS-
REGION X . AUGUST 1982
ecology and environment, inc.
International Specialists in the Environmental Sciences
108 South Washington Street, #302, Seattle, Washington. 98104
063100
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iii
ABSTRACT
An abandoned railroad tunnel in the commercial area of
Tacoma, Washington had been used as a garbage dump and could
have received industrial waste. Water draining from the area
of the tunnel and samples from three monitoring wells drilled
into the tunnel were checked and found to have trace levels
of some priority pollutants. No indication of the disposal
of industrial waste into the tunnel was found, however. No
shallow drinking water wells are known of within one mile of
the site and only one deep (600 ft.) one.
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IV
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
ABSTRACT iii
1.0 INTRODUCTION 1
2.0 PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION 2
2.1 LOCATION AND SITE PLAN 2
2.2 CLIMATE AND WATER BUDGET 2
2.3 TOPOGRAPHY, DRAINAGE AND SOIL TYPES 2
2.4 GEOLOGY AND HYDROLOGY 3
2.5 LAND USE AND SENSITIVE HABITATS 5
3.0 SITE HISTORY 6
4.0 PRELIMINARY SITE INVESTIGATION 8
5.0 DRILLING PROGRAM 9
5.1 WELL CONSTRUCTION 10.
6.0 SAMPLING PROGRAM 12
6.1 PRESAMPLING PROCEDURES 12
6.2 QUALITY ASSURANCE PROGRAM 13
6.3 ANALYSES REQUESTED 13
6.4 SAMPLING PROCEDURES 14
6.5 SAMPLE DOCUMENTATION AND PRESERVATION 14
6.6 SAMPLE CUSTODY 15
7.0 RESULTS AND SUMMARY 16
7.1 SUMMARY 16
7.2 ORGANICS 16
7.3 METALS 17
8.0 CONCLUSIONS 18
BIBLIOGRAPHY 26
APPENDIX A - TDDS
APPENDIX B - WELL LOGS
APPENDIX C - FIELDWORK PROPOSAL AND SITE SAFETY PLAN
APPENDIX D - PRIORITY POLLUTANT LIST
APPENDIX E - SAMPLE DOCUMENTATION
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LIST OF FIGURES
Page
FIGURE 1
LOCATION MAP 21
FIGURE 2
PLAN OF TUNNEL AND WELL LOCATIONS 22
FIGURE 3
HYPOTHETICAL CROSS-SECTION
ALONG TACOMA TUNNEL 23
FIGURE 4
HYPOTHETICAL CROSS-SECTION ALONG ADIT
FROM TUNNEL TO GALLAGHER'S GULCH 24
FIGURE 5
MONITORING WELL INSTALLATION 25
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE 1
ORGANICS ANALYSES 19
TABLE 2
METALS ANALYSES 20
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1.0 INTRODUCTION
An interagency task force of federal, state, and local
officials has been studying Tacoma industrial areas for sites
which could possibly have been used as dumps for industrial
waste. An air shaft leading to an abandoned tunnel original-
ly excavated by the Union Pacific Railroad has been identi-
fied as one site where "indiscriminate dumping" had occured
and a field investigation and sampling of this tunnel was re-
quested. This investigation was directed by the Environ-
mental Protection Agnecy (EPA) and carried out by Ecology and
Environment's Field Investigation Team (FIT) as required by
Technical Direction Documents (TDDs) 10-8202-03A and 10-8202-
03B (see Appendix A).
The objective of the first part of the study was to
sample ground-water thought to be draining from the tunnel
and to compare this with the water quality of runoff in the
city storm drains. The results of this were used to evaluate
the safety hazards of installing wells directly into the tun-
nel from the surface. The second part of the investigation
involved locating the tunnel and drilling three wells into it
in order to sample the ground-water and to determine if in-
dustrial waste might have been deposited in the tunnel.
Because of the uncertainties about direction of flow and
height of ^the water table in the tunnel, it was decided to
install at least three wells along the line of the tunnel,
one above and one below the old drainage tunnel to Galla-
gher's Gulch and another towards the mouth of the tunnel. A
French drain just outside the old north portal of the tunnel
was also sampled as a possible source of drainage from the
tunnel.
Because the report is short figures and tables are
grouped at the end of the report with tables preceeding
figures.
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2.0 PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION
2.1 LOCATION AND SITE PLAN
The abandoned Union Pacific Railroad Tunnel is located
within the city limits of Tacoma, Washington, entirely within
Sections 7 and 8, Township 20N., Range 3E., in the Willamette
Meridian (see Figure 1).
The north portal of the tunnel is close to the junction
of Jefferson Avenue and 25th Street. The tunnel passes under
Jefferson Avenue to its north side and remains close to Jef-
ferson Avenue and Center Street until it converges on Center
Street at a point about two blocks beyond Yakima Avenue.
There is no evidence that the tunnel was excavated beyond
this point, which is about level with "J" Street (see Figure
2).
2.2 CLIMATE AND WATER BUDGET
The Tacoma area has a temperate maritime climate with
mild wet winters and moderately warm dry summers. Total pre-
cipitation in the area of the tunnel is about 40 inches an-
nually (U.S. Weather Bureau) with 75 percent occuring from
October 1 to March 31. The average annual lake evaporation
is about 26 inches. Very little evapotranspiration will take
place above the tunnel as the area is mostly a developed com-
mercial district with little vegetation, but the roofs and
paved surfaces will induce considerable runoff. The net an-
nual infiltration rate is estimated at between 5-10 inches.
2,3 TOPOGRAPHY, DRAINAGE AND SOIL TYPES
The tunnel starts half-way up a slope leading from sea-
level at the City Waterway to a low plateau of glacial
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outwash and till at an elevation of 250 feet or so. It par-
allels a steep ravine known as Gallagher's Gulch which is
south of the tunnel. About halfway along the tunnel it pass-
es under another smaller gulch which has now been filled to a
considerable depth (see Figure 3). No surface streams occur
above the tunnel. The slope of the surface is largely irrel-
evant. The tunnel floor itself rises at a slope of about 0.8
percent. The major drainage from the tunnel appears to be
through a horizontal tunnel or adit which leads across to
Gallagher's Gulch and connects with the city storm drains a-
long South Tacoma Way (see Figure 4). These in turn lead to
a discharge point on the City Waterway.
Soils in the area are mostly disturbed or imported*
Much of the area is paved and much of the rest is filled.
The area is not covered by the County Soil Survey (USDA,
1979), but by reference to analogous areas it can be inferred
tnat the natural soils are likely to be shallow and well
drained.
2.4 GEOLOGY AND HYDROLOGY
The well logs (Appendix B) show predominantly sand and
gravel with some thin layers or lenses of clay, when the well
is not in surface fill or tunnel fill. The material is as-
sumed to be largely advance outwash from thet Vashon glacia-
tion, although it may be of an earlier or later date. The
tunnel fill is of sand and gravel mixed with wood, or else
almost completely of wood, as in Well #1.
The rate of ground-water flow in the tunnel itself is
probably rapid. The relatively steep slopes on the water
table postulated between Well #1 and Well #3 suggest rapid
movement, as does the fact that a considerable void has
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appeared where the tunnel fill and collapsed roof material
have presumably been carried out of the tunnel in the flow
through the adit (see Figures 3 and 4). There is some flow
from the French drain close to the North Portal of the tun-
nel, but this does not appear to capture a large part of the
ground-water flow in the tunnel. It is evident that some
water table elevations postulated in the Twelker report
(Twelker, 1960) were not based on field evidence (see Figure
3, Appendix C), and so the FIT's original estimate of the
probable water table was also far from accurate.
It remains true that much ground-water flow will be a-
cross the tunnel, however, since the walls and floor are ex-
cavated in relatively permeable materials. Ground-water is
being recharged by flow from the upland area north and west
of the tunnel, and by direct percolation from the surface.
Discharge is via the storm drain system and by direct flow
east towards the City Waterway in the subsurface.
2.4.1 Surface Water Use
The only surface waters within one mile of the site are
Commencement Bay and. the waterways of the Port of Tacoma all
of which are heavily industrialized. The site can have only
a slight impact on these waters.
2.4.2 Ground-Water Use
The City of Tacoma uses ground-water as a back-up for
their municipal drinking water supply during the summer.
This is pumped from a series of wells along the South Tacoma
Channel. The nearest of these is Well #12A approximately
7500 feet west of the west end of the tunnel. This is up-
gradient from the tunnel, and maximum draw down on the well
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will bring the water level in the well down no higher than
the top of the screen, which is at 182 feet. Since the water
table in Well No. 3, at the west end of the tunnel, is at 158
feet, it is evident that even if Well 12A is pumped at full
capacity it will not withdraw water from the area of the tun-
nel.
There is another well close to Well 12A which was for-
merly used for drinking water at the Darigold plant, South
Tacoma Way and Fife Street. The well is at least 30 years
old and no records of its depth, construction, or rates of
pumping are available (Marshall, 1982).
The closest well to the tunnel is at Tacoma Ice and Cold
Storage Co., at 2602 Holgate, which is close to and downgrad-
ient from the tunnel. This well is 600 feet deep, however,
£.:id it is extremely unlikely that it will be affected by any
contamination in the water table aquifer (Reisinger, 1982).
2.5 LAND USE AND SENSITIVE HABITATS
The tunnel is in an industrial, commercial and residen-
tial area, largely built-up, with some small areas of park-
land. The population within one mile of the tunnel exceeds
10,000.
There are no wetlands, sensitive habitats or wildlife
reserves within two miles of the site.
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3.0 SITE HISTORY
The tunnel was dug by what is now the Union Pacific
Railroad. It was started in 1909 and work was stopped in the
same year because the tunnel encountered excessive flows of
ground-water. It was backfilled with cordwood and with sand
and gravel in 1915 and abandoned (Whitacre, 1982). The hori-
zontal tunnel or adit leading from the tunnel below Yakima
Avenue over to Gallagher's Gulch was left open with an 18
inch pipe in it. The pipe was connected to the combined
storm drains and sewer along South Tacoma Way or Wakefield
Avenue as it was then. The road was subsequently regraded
and about 40 feet of fill placed over the end of the pipe
from the adit, but the manhole at this junction was raised to
be level with the new surface (see Figure 4).
In 1960 the old combined storm drain and sewer was re-
placed by new sanitary sewers and storm drains. These were
not, as far below the surface as the adit outlet pipe and ap-
parently this pipe was blocked off and the manhole filled.
At the same time a bridge carrying Yakima Avenue over Galla-
gher's Gulch and Center Street was constructed, with one pier
just south of the adit mouth, immediately adjacent to the
site of the former manhole. To forstall a rise in ground-
water which could have created unwanted hydraulic pressure
around the bridge foundations, a French drain was installed.
This extends more then 20 feet below the present surface and
collects ground-water which it discharges into the storm
drains. Part of this ground-water is undoubtedly coming from
the tunnel via the adit (see Figure 4).
During the construction of the tunnel a number of air
shafts were excavated. These were subsequently filled, but
subsidence at one of them created a hole under a back room at
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the Blue Note Tavern close to Yakima Avenue. This hole was
used as a dump for bottle and cans, which would gradually
disappear down the shaft and make room for more. It is evi-
dent that the flow of water in the adit at that time was suf-
ficiently great to be eroding the fill in the tunnel and this
made voids into which the cans and bottles fell. The tavern
was demolished to make way for the Yakima Avenue bridge which
was supported by a reinforced concrete arch extending over
the tunnel and under both the bridge and its approach roads.
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8
4.0 PRELIMINARY SITE INVESTIGATION
In February the FIT investigated the history of the tun-
nel (as directed by TDD 10-8202-03), and made a proposal to
sample the French drain under the Yakima Avenue bridge and
the storm drains above and below the bridge (Appendix C).
Samples were collected on March 9th, as directed by TDD
10-8202-03A, and analyzed for metals, pesticides, extract-
ibles, and volatiles on the priorty pollutants list (Appendix
D). The samples showed that the French drain contained a
trace (<10 pg/1) of trichloroethylene. The storm drain up
the hill from the French drain collects surface drainage from
the South Tacoma Channel industrial area. This contained no
indication of any priority pollutants at all. The discharge
from the storm drain at the City'Waterway contained traces of
chloroform, and tetrachloroethylene. The levels of metals
*'?re low in all samples, and were below the level of detec-
tion for all metals except aluminum, iron, and zinc.
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5.0 DRILLING PROGRAM
During March 1982 the FIT began subcontracting pro-
cedures and negotiations with site owners and tenants for the
installation of three wells along the line of the tunnel. At
the same time arrangements were made to have the City of
Tacoma Public Works Department examine the historic data and
survey in the center line of the tunnel and the elevations of
the potential drill sites.
Four sites were selected; one above the Yakima Avenue
adit, two relatively close to the adit but below it, and a
third much closer to the north portal (see Figures 2 and 3).
Only three sites were used. It was hoped that these would be
relatively representative of the water within each part of
the tunnel. At the same time it was proposed to sample the
French drain at the north portal since it was assumed that
some of the water in it would be from the tunnel.
The sites chosen were:
Well #1 South side of Goodwill Industries parking lot at 714
South 27th Street (below the adit but close to it).
Well #2 Southeast corner of lot 23, block 2510 of Sahm's Ad-
dition on the northwest corner of the junction of
Jefferson Avenue and Fawcett Avenue (halfway between
Well #1 and the north portal).
Well #3 East edge of parking lot at 825 Center Street (head
of tunnel, above adit).
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10
5.1 WELL CONSTRUCTION
A subcontract was awarded to Tacoma Pump and Drilling
Company, Inc., of Graham, WA . The wells were drilled by a
SS15111 Speed Star air rotary rig with a casing hammer during
the period 4/29/82 to 5/5/82. The rig and casing were steam-
cleaned and checked with the Century Systems Model 128 Or-
ganic Vapor Analyzer (OVA) before each hole was drilled. At
FITs request the driller used vegetable oil to grease the
tool joints instead of petroleum based hydrocarbons.
As the hole was drilled an 8-inch steel casing was ad-
vanced close behind the bit to hold the hole open.
Well specifications called for installation of a 4-inch
PVC casing connected by stainless-steel rivets at the joints,
and subsequent withdrawal of the casing (see Figure 5). The
was to be gravel packed and a surface seal placed.
In the case of Well #3 this was done, but in Wells #1
and #2 the hole encountered a large void above the tunnel
fill which indicated that the tunnel had collapsed. As it
was felt that a 4-inch PVC might collapse or bend if left in
the hole unsupported, the original 8-inch steel casing was
left in place and perforated with a Mills knife.
After each well was completed a lockable cover was in-
stalled at the surface, and the well was developed. Each
site was then restored as closely as possible to its original
condition.
Well logs are included in Appendix A, and the logs and a
section of the tunnel originally supplied by Union Pacific
have been incorporated into a cross section (see Figure 3).
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During drilling the well bore and the cuttings and water
samples were screened with the organic vapor analyzer. An
HNU photoionizer which is sensitive to most organics but not
to methane was also available to check any OVA readings in
case they might be methane. No significant indication of any
organics except low levels of methane was detected.
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12
6.0 SAMPLING PROGRAM
The field team sampled all three wells and the water
from the French drain at the north portal of the tunnel on
May 4-5, 1982. The samples were analyzed for the presence of
priority pollutants at the Region 10, EPA laboratory in Man-
chester, Washington.
6.1 PRESAMPLING PROCEDURES
6.1.1 Site Safety Plan
The initial sample analysis of the ground-water draining
from the tunnel area indicated a very low level of hazardous
material was present (see Section 4.0). The site safety plan
(Appendix C) filed with the FIT National Program Management
Office in Washington, DC, required the use of level D protec-
tive clothing (rubber gloves, coveralls, boots, hardhat).
6.1.2 STORET Assignment
STORET station numbers were assigned by the Environ-
mental Services Division of the EPA as follows:
Well 3 - Big Bros, and Sisters 11Y057
Well 2 - Jefferson and Fawcett 11Y058
Well 1 - Goodwill Parking Lot 11Y059
French Drain 11Y060
6.1.3 Laboratory Assignment
The Environmental Services Division of EPA assigned all
the samples to the EPA Region 10 Laboratory in Manchester,
Washington.
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6.2 QUALITY ASSURANCE PROGRAM
Two sets of blanks made up of organic-free distilled
water were used. The first set (the transport blank) was
made up by the EPA Region 10 Laboratory. The second set (the
transfer blank) was made up by the FIT sampling team in the
following manner. Organic-free distilled water, supplied by
the EPA Region 10 Laboratory, was poured into the cleaned
bailer and from there into empty sample containers. This was
done to determine if the bailer contaminated the samples. No
duplicate samples were collected.
All samples were analyzed in accordance with EPA testing
procedures (EPA, 1979b).
6.3 ANALY.SES REQUESTED
The sampling plan called for the laboratory to analyze
all samples for the priority pollutants (Appendix D) with the
exception of the miscellaneous group (cyanide, phenolics and
asbestos). A separate portion of sample to be analyzed for
this group was not collected, but there was sufficient of one
sample for the laboratory to check for cyanide and phenolics,
and this was done.
Detection limits of at least 10 ug/1 for the organics
and 2 ug/1 for metals was required.
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6.4 SAMPLING PROCEDURES
Each of the three monitoring wells was sampled after
completion and development. Before sampling, a volume equal
to at least five times the volume of water standing in the
casing was pumped out with a submersible pump. The pump was
cleaned between each well by immersing it in potable water
and pumping at least 50 gallons through it and the discharge
line. Samples were then collected with a Teflon and glass
bailer. The bailer was cleaned before each sampling with
distilled water, methanol and acetone, and then dried with
Grade D breathable air. The bailer was lowered into the cas-
ing with monofilament line. The line was changed between
each sampling to prevent cross-contamination.
The water for each sample was transferred into the fol-
lowing laboratory-cleaned containers:
Extractible Organics 2 half-gallon glass jars
with Teflon-lined lids
Pesticides 1 half-gallon glass jars
with Teflon-lined lids
Heavy Metals 1 one-quart polyethylene
cubitainer
Volatile Organics 2 40-milliliter vials
with Teflon-lined lids
The bailer and the samplers' gloves were rinsed twice
with the water to be analyzed. The gloves were discarded
after each sampling. The outside of the sample containers
were rinsed with clean water brought to the site before they
were placed in an ice chest.
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15
The surface water from the French drain was collected in
a glass jar which was prepared by the laboratory. The
samples were poured from this into the sample containers.
The outside of the containers were rinsed with clean water
before being placed in an ice chest.
All disposables were bagged and disposed of off-site.
Boots were washed and coveralls bagged for cleaning later.
6.5 SAMPLE DOCUMENTATION AND PRESERVATION
All samples sent to the Laboratory were accompanied by a
ziplock plastic bag containing Field Data Records, Analysis
Required forms and Chain-of-Custody Record. A sample identi-
fication tag and a piece of labeling tape with the laboratory
number, sample type, and preservation method written on it
were attached to each sample (Appendix E).
Samples were packed inside a 4-mil plastic bag. This
was then placed inside a similar bag packed with ice. The
bags were placed in an ice chest and the chest was sealed
with filament tape and taken to the laboratory by the field
team
6.6 SAMPLE CUSTODY
All samples remained in the FIT custody until delivered
to the EPA Region X Laboratory in Manchester, Washington.
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7.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
7.1 SUMMARY
Very low levels of a number of common synthetic organics
in the priority pollutants list, including four chlorinated
hydrocarbons, were found in the samples. Of the four non-
priority pollutants none was chlorinated. Two were commonly
used solvents and two derivatives of common chemicals.
The metals data showed levels exceeding drinking water
standards in one unfiltered sample, but levels of dissolved
mete.ls were all well within drinking-water standards.
7.2 ORGANICS
Less than 5 ug/1 of 1,1,1-trichloroethane, 1,2- trans-
dichloroethylene and trichloroethylene were found in the
wells (see Table 1). All these are" common industrial sol-
vents. Well #2 contained four non-priority pollutants. Two
were again common solvents, tetrahydrofuran and acetone, the
others were derivatives of tetrahydrofuran and of phenol.
None of these indicates that the tunnel was used as a dump
for industrial waste.
As noted above (Section 6.3), only Well #2 was checked
for the miscellaneous group (cyanide and phenolics).
Phenolics were detected but not quantified. It should be
noted that none of the priority pollutant phenolics was de-
tected in any sample. The cyanide level (5 ug/1) is well
below any harmful level (EPA, 1979a).
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17
The sample from the French drain just outside the north
portal of the tunnel contained 15 ug/1 of chlorinated sol-
vents. Although this is higher than other samples from the
tunnel it is still not high enough to suggest.that industrial
waste was dumped into the tunnel. The drain surfaces in a
yard used by the City of Tacoma to park Public Works Depart-
ment vehicles. These levels may reflect spillage of solvents
associated with surface activities.
7.3 METALS
Levels of dissolved metals are all well within the
levels permitted by the drinking water regulations (EPA,
1976). Total levels of arsenic, chromium, lead, nickel, and
zinc in Well #3 exceeded those recommended for drinking water
This sample was relatively high in sediment and the filtered
sample showed marked reductions in metals (Table 2).
There is no suggestion that any of these samples are in-
dicative of the dumping of industrial waste in the tunnel.
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8.0 CONCLUSIONS
1. No significant concentrations of chemical contaminants
were found in the groundwater in the Tacoma Tunnel.
2. Low-level contamination of the groundwater by a few heavy
metal and organic compounds was detected.
3. With the exception of the total metals concentrations in
the sample from Well #3, all the levels of contaminants
found in the groundwater are well below drinking water
standards. The higher metals levels in Well #3 sample
are considered to be due to excessive sediment in the
sample.
4. There are no known shallow drinking water wells in the
vicinity of the tunnel or in the area affected by water
moving through the tunnel.
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TABLE 1
ORGANIC ANALYSES (ug/1)
TACOMA TUNNEL
TACOMA, WASHINGTON
COMPOUNDS DETECTED
Well 1
Well 2 Well 3
French Drain
Base/Neutral Compounds
napthalene
di-n-butyl phthalate
Volatiles
1,1,1-trichloroethane
1,2-trans-dichloroethylene
tetrachloroethylene
trichloroethylene
Miscellaneous
cyanide
phenolics
Non Priority Pollutants
butyl tetrahydrofuran
acetone
tetrahydrofuran
phenol,2,6-bis-(1,1-
dimethyl ethyl)-4-methyl
2.2
<1
4.6
NA
NA
0.9
2.6
4.5
5
<5000
<1
NA
NA
P
P
P
2.5
3.2
4.1
5.2
NA
NA
indicates not detected
NA indicates not analyzed
P indicates detected but not quantified
< indicates detected but below the level indicated
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TABLE 2
METAL ANALYSES (ug/1)
TACOMA TUNNEL
TACOMA, WASHINGTON
Metals Found
Arsenic, total
Barium, total
Cadmium, total
Cadmium, dissolved
Chromium, total
Chromium, dissolved
Copper, total
Copper, dissolved
Lead, dissolved
Mercury, total
Mercury, dissolved
Nickel, total
Nickel, dissolved
Zinc, total
Zinc, dissolved
Well 1
4
0.2
41
6.5
24
1.6
27
4
420
.... _
Well 2
4
2.1
0.4
9.8
6.5
14
1.6
14
0.26
0.11
20
3
180
100
Well 3*
132
1.5
6.3
218
7.2
163
1.6
0.11
0.11
270
11
1010
— — • —
French Drain
Tunnel Portal
<2
7.2
5.9
16
2.5
0.11
0.11
31
6
~— —•
*Note: Sample was turbid. High total metals due to sediment.
indicates not detected
< indicates detected but below the level indicated
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22
FIGURE 2
PLAN OF TUNNEL AND WELL LOCATIONS
TACOMA TUNNEL
TACOMA, WASHINGTON
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a.
240
200
160
120
00 ft
,-Yakima Ave.
25th St.
A
Jefferson Ave.
240 ft
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WATER TABLE S:;V>.:.-;,"£
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:^-" -••'•''• '•'"•"; '•
Sand and Gravel
Clay
Surface Fill
Tunnel Fill and
Collapsed roof material
ft
horizontal scale 1 in. = 500 ft
vertical scale 1 in. = -40 ft
FIGURE 3
HYPOTHETICAL CROSS-SECTION*
ALONG TACOMA TUNNEL
TACOMA, WASHINGTON
Partly from Vlhitaker Engineers files
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0.
T3
01
•o
:>o Fill
Sand
Disturbed Area
Sand and Gravel
240 ft
to
ft
scale 1:480
FIGURE 4
HYPOTHETICAL CROSS SECTION ALONG
ADIT FROM TUNNEL TO GALLAGHER'S GULCH
TACOMA TUNNEL
TACOMA, WASHINGTON
160 ft
12.0 ft
"Twelker, 1960
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FIGURE 5
MONITORING-WELL CONSTRUCTION
TACOMA TUNNEL
TACOMA, WASHINGTON
recyclea paper
Mini i'ti\iri*iimt*tit
-------
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Gahler, A., 1982, personal communication. U.S. EPA Region X
Laboratory, Manchester, Washington.
Griffen, W. C., Et al., 1962, Water Resources of the Tacoma
Washington Area, Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper
1499-B.
Twelker, N. H., and Assoc., 1960, Foundation investigation
for Yakima Bridge, City of Tacoma: Neil H. Twelker and
Associates, Tacoma, Washington, report to Horace J.
Whitacre and Associates.
Marshall, D., 1982, personal communication; 7/9/82, Consoli-
dated Dairy Products Co. (Darigold), Seattle, Washing-
ton.
Reisinger, J. , 1982, personal communication; 7/9/82, Tacoma
Ice and Cold Storage Co., Tacoma, Washington.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 1976, National
interim primary drinking water regulations, EPA-570/9—
76-003. (U.S. Government Printing Office)
1979a, National secondary drinking water, regulations.
'in Federal Register; Vol. 44, No. 140, pp. 42195-42202.
1979b, Guidelines for establishing test procedures for
analysis of pollutants: proposed regulations. In
Federal Register; Vol. 44, No. 233, pp. 69463-69575.
U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), 1961 (photorev. 1968, 1973),
Tacoma South, WA.: National Topography Map Series,
Scale 1:24,000.
Whitacre, H. J., and Assoc. 1982, company files: Tacoma,
Washington.
Zulauf, A. S., 1979, Soil survey of Pierce County Area, Wash-
ington, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conserva-
tion Service.
recycled paper ecology and environment
-------
APPENDIX A
TDD 10-8202-03A
and
TDD 10-8202-03B
recycled paper rouluu» mill rminuiairin
-------
1. COST
CENTER
EP-152-10 UNCO
3. Priority: 4. Ai
0 High 0>
[~~1 Medium
D Low D
TECr...iCAL DIRECTION DOCUMENT (TDD)
NTROLLED HAZARDOUS WASTE SITE PROJECT
ecology and environment, inc.
t> J
Khorized 5. EPA Site 6. Completion Date:
ertime Identification
Number
Yes |~xlNo 4/30/82
2.
No.
10-8202-03A
7. Reference Info:
D Yes S No
Q Anached
... v
D Pick Up
a. General Task Description: Sample storm sewers draining the area of the
abandoned Union Pacific Railroad Co. tunnel, Tacoma, WA.
9. Specific Elements:
Contact Dept
locating and
Check manhol
. of Public Works for assistance in
opening manholes
es with OVA and HNU photoionizer.
Sample for priority pollutants and drinking
water parameters
^ /7
^Report on analytical results
10. Interim Deadlines
3/02/82
3/09/82
*4/30/32
11. Desired Report Form: Formal Report [ | Letter Report [Xj Formal Briefing Q
Other (Specify):
iz COMMENTS: *Assumes laboratory f£ turn around time of 40 days or less.
13. Authorizing DPO:
L^L^ c-U^z^-
/j 14. Date:
(Signature) ' '
15. Received By: [^Accepted Q Accepted with exceptions [^Rejected 16. Date:
•'/ /' • /-s^' ' ;
(FITL Signature) / '
?
i
>
3
O
>
1
o
u
1
t 1 Wfiii. - f ITL Copy
i 2 C«n«ry _ DPO Copy
t 3 Ptnk — Contracting Officer's Copy (Wjihington. O C.)
~ P'Oject OHicer'i Copy (W.vnmslon. D. C.)
Pnctcxopy to £ i E NPM (Washington, O. C.I
-------
1. COST
CENTER
EP 152-10
3. Priority:
E High
j } Medium
D Low
TECr...iCAL DIRECTION DOCUMENT (TDD)
UNCONTROLLED HAZARDOUS WASTE SITE PROJECT
ecology nnd environment, inc.
5.
4. Authorized
Overtime
Yes QNo
EPA Site
Identification
Number
6. Completion Date:
6/18/82
"I
No. 1Q-8202-03B-
7. Reference Info:
D Yes E No
O Attached
.•»
D Pick Up
8. General Task Description: Subcontract for and supervise the installation
of wells aloncj the line of the abandoned Union Pacific Railroad
tunnel, Tacoma^JVA.- Sample soil and groundwater and__monitor
.during drilling
9. Specific Elements:.
Draw up requests for bid and subcontract drilling
Supervise drilling and monitor wells, and sample
soil and groundwater
Write interim report
10. Interim Deadlines
_5/J782*
5/17/82
6/18/82
11. Desired Report Form: Formal Report
Letter Report [~~| Formal Briefing
Other (Specify):,
12. COMMENTS: *Assumes rapid approval of subcontract request by EPA
contracting officer.
(Signature)
15. Received By: Q^ccepted Q Accepted with exceptions (^Rejected
(FITL Signature)
16. Date:
1 Whn«-FI7LCoov
1 C«"»ry — OPO Coov
3 Pink — Contr*ciing O"'C»''t Cooy (VV^lhington. O C.)
(ff>3bSr ~ pto:«ct O"'Ct»'» Coov nv«k«in8«"%. O. C.)
Photocopy 10 C & E NP'.< (W.jh;og1on. O C.)
tinil
-------
APPENDIX B
WELL LOGS
l rminmmrni
-------
TACOMA TUNNEL - WELL LOGS
Ground Elevation: 252.00' (City Datum)
Monitoring Well #1
Location: Goodwill Industries
04-30-82
DEPTH
0 - IB-
IS1 - IS-
IS1 - 381
38' - 55'
55' - 64'
64' - 70'
70' - 78'
78' - 92'
92' - US-
US' - 120'
Dark brown sandy clay with gravels, (fill)
Same as above with silt lenses. Silt content increase
with depth, (fill)
Silty clay with few gravels
Sandy clay with medium to coarse gravels. Few pieces
of wood are present, (fill)
Sand and gravels with some clay. More sandy at 60'(wet)
Generally fine sand with very few gravels, (wet)
Silty clay with few gravels
Void. Lost air circulation
Pieces of slightly decomposed wood.
Coarse sand and gravels, firm. Drilling completed at
1201 below ground elevation. Base of the tunnel is US'
below ground elevation. Drilling completed at 120' below
ground elevation. Water level after well completion 81'9",
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'ol HIM! rntiniiimrni
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TACOMA TUNNEL - WELL LOGS
Ground Elevation:
Monitoring Well #2
Location:
248.71' (City Datum)
05-04-82
Big Brothers and Big Sisters property at
825 Center Street
DEPTH
0 - 13'
13' - 23'
23' - 32'
32' - 53'
53' - 55'
55' - 60'
60' - 75'
75' - 95'
95' - 100'
Fine sand with rock fragments.
Coarse sand and gravels with rock fragments.
Fine sand
Medium to coarse sand and gravels with occasional fine
sand lenses.
Fine sand with rock fragments.
Medium to coarse sand.
Void. Lost air circulation
Medium to coarse sand and gravels with pieces of slightly
decomposed wood. Hit water at 80'.
Sandy clay with gravels, firm. Drilling completed at 100'
below ground elevation. Water level after completion of
the well 90'5" below ground elevation. Base of the tunnel
is 95' below ground elevation.
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ami rnti
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TACOMA TUNNEL - WELL LOGS
Ground Elevation: = 185.10' (City Datum) 05-03-82
Monitoring Well £3
Location: Jefferson and Fawcett, at the open lot
DEPTH
0 - 10'
10' - 15'
15' - 20'
20' - 35'
35' - 50'
50' - 55'
Mottled brown silty clay, moist, fairly plastic.
Fine sand, with occasional boulders, moist.
Fine sand with medium to coarse gravels, moist.
Generally medium to coarse sand and gravels with clay
lenses.
Coarse sand and gravels with pieces of slightly decomposed
wood. Wood content increases with depth. Water hit at
about 35'. Rate of flow about 15 - 20 gpm.
Coarse sand and gravels, firm. Base of tunnel is 53' below
ground elevation. Drilling completed at 55' below ground
elevation. Water level after completion of the well 24'1"
below ground elevation.
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ttnil «'Mtin
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APPENDIX C
FIELDWORK PROPOSAL AND SITE SAFETY PLAN
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ecology and environment, inc.
103 SOUTH WASHINGTON, SUITE 302. SEATTLE. WASHINGTON' 9S104. TEL. 205-G24.9537
Iniernetior'.al Specialists in the Envlronmen'a! Sciences
DATE: March 2, 1982
TO: John Osborn
FROM: Hussein Aldis
SUBJ: Abandoned Union Pacific Railroad Tunnel
tacoma, Washington
REF: TDD 10-8202-03
New information has been given to the FIT by Daniel Handa, Dept. of
Public Works, Tacoma. He has unearthed the construction files for pro-
jects 3010-E and 3508, 1960, concerned with the sewer and storm drain
modifications made necessary by the construction of the Yakima Avenue
Bridge and the regrading of South Tacoma Way.
Of the proposals suggested by the consulting soils engineers to handle
the problems posed by the existence of the adit from the abandoned railroad
tunnel at Yakima Avenue, the option chosen was one involving plugging and
abandonment of the manhole into which the adit drained. This allowed the
ground-water to rise considerably in this area up to the level of a french
drain, installed around the bridge pier, that leads off to the new storm
drains installed along South Tacoma Way (see Fig. 1).
The result of this information is to remove the most promising point for
sampling the tunnel directly. Some ground-water that passes through the area
of the tunnel will undoubtedly be collected by the french drains, but so also
will surface runoff from the ditch beside the railroad (see Fig. 2).
The concrete tank mentioned by Mr. Sparling is shown in the 1960 con-
struction drawings (see Fig. 3), and this should enable the FIT to locate
the manhole we need to sample there (see attachment).
There does not seem to be any reason to sample the storm drains between
Yakima Avenue and the City Waterway.
Recommendations
The following points should be sampled: (see fios. 4 & 5)
o The manhole below the former railroad reservoir near "J" St.
(Fig. 3).
o The manhole on the north side of South Tacoma Way opposite
station 8+70 (Fig. 1).
recycled paper
|-<'£> ,|ll{{ I'lmriMHIlI'MI
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o The main storm drain discharging into the City Waterway.
Even if these sample points prove negative, three wells should be
installed along the line of the tunnel between "J" Street and Jefferson
and 25th to determine ground-water elevations and quality.
HA:jg
Attachment
recycled paper ......l..e» mid
imr..ni.u-m
-------
Sampling
Locafion
FIGURE 1
PROPOSED SAMPLING LOCATION*
' ABANDONED UNION PACIFIC RAILROAD TUNNEL
TACOMA, WASHINGTON
'From Drawing iWb 3010-E Sheet 1 (1960)
Dept. of Public Works, Tacoma
recycled paper
-------
FIGURE 2
SURFACE AND STORK DRAINS BELOW YAKIKA AVENUE*
ABANDONED UNION PACIFIC RAILROAD TUNNEL
TACOKA, WASHINGTON
Vro.-n Drawing IWb 3010-E Sheet 2 (1960)
Dept. of Public Works, Tacoma
recycled paper
unit
-------
Co" Cuavc DATA
IO
o'
T* I OC. G. «< '
FIGURE 3
PROPOSED SAMPLING LOCATION*
ABANDONED UNION PACIFIC RAILROAD TUNNEL
TACOMA, WASHINGTON
Vrom Drawing IWb 3010-E Sheet 2 (1960)
Dept. of Public Works, Tacorr.a
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ill rmtr*Mimriil
-------
?[s^f jjn
FIGURE 4
LOCATION OF FIGURE 1, FIGURE 2, AND FIGURE 3
UNION PACIFIC RAILROAD TUNNEL
TACOKA, WASHINGTON
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t£> and rnvintiunrni
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FIGURE 5
LOCATION OF PROPOSED SAMPLING POINTS
UNION PACIFIC RAILROAD TUNNEL
TACOMA, WASHINGTON
recycled paper
(•4',ilt*i£i jttui ni*i
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ecology and environment, inc.
103 SOUTH WASHINGTON. SUITE 302, SEATTLE. WASHINGTON ssiw, TEL. 205-624-9537
International Specialists in the Environmental Sciences
April 23. 1982
TO: John Osborn
Region X EPA
f "\ A*"
FROM: James Farr v J^>v~^l5 />•
SUBJ: Re.vised_FieTowork Proposal
Tacoma Tunnel
REF: TDD 10-8202-038
Introduction
The abandoned Union Pacific Railroad Tunnel (Tacoma Tunnel) is
located entirely within sections 7 and 8, T. 20 N., R. 3 E., in the
Willamette Meridian.
The eastern end of the tunnel starts from the lower North Portal
close to the junction of Jefferson Avenue and 25th Street. The tunnel
passes under Jefferson Avenue on its west side and remains close to it
until it converges on Center Street at a point about 2 blocks beyond
Yakima Avenue (see Fig. 1). There is no evidence that the tunnel was
excavated beyond this point, which is about level with "J" Street.
A local newspaper article (Tacoma Tribune 1981) suggested the tun-
nel as a site where "indiscriminate dumping" may have taken place. Re-
view of the files indicates that the tunnel was dug during 1909, aban-
doned before completion because of ground-water problems, and backfil-
led with sand and gravel sometime before 1915. The backfilling was
evidently incomplete or the material was poorly compacted, because sub-
sidence occurred at several places along the line of the tunnel.
One of the air shafts was used as a garbage dump at a tavern, but
only bottles and cans were discarded. The shaft was near the end of a
horizontal side tunnel or adit that drained the head of the tunnel into
the combined city storm drain and sanitary sewer until 1960, when the
drains were plugged. The flow of water in the adit may have eroded
some of the tunnel fill and contributed to subsidence along the line of
the tunnel as well to as the disappearance of the cans and bottles from
the tavern.
On March 9, 1952, the EPA/FIT team sampled the storm drains adja-
cent to the tunnel along Yakima Avenue and the city outflow to Com-
mencement Bay (see Fig. 2). The preliminary findings show traces (<2
ppb) of tetrachlorethylene; trichloroethylene; 1,2-transdichloro-
ethylene; and 1,1 dichloroethylene (Gaylor 1982).
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null cmirttnmnii
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Revised Fieldwork Proposal
Tacoma Tunnel
page a.
Ground-water flows east along the line of the tunnel and crosses
the excavated portion following, in a general way, the slope of the
ground (see Fig. 3).
The objective of this investigation, as required by TDD 10- 8202-
03B, is to install monitoring wells along the length of the tunnel (see
Fig. 4} to intersect its base. Samples will be collected from those
monitoring wells to establish ground-water quality and to determine
whether industrial waste was dumped into the tunnel before it was back-
filled. If no ground-water is encountered at the elevation of the tun-
nel, the well will be extended to intersect the ground-water. In this
case, water-table elevation and the ground-water quality will be estab-
lished below the tunnel.
The north portal of the tunnel, at Jefferson and 25th, is on city
property used for the storage of construction materials. The steep
bank into which the tunnel was driven has been consistently wet and the
city installed a french drain to control the flow of water. Because
this water partly originated in the tunnel, the flow from the french
drain will also be sampled.
prilling Specifications
Although negotiations with the landowners and tenants at the pro-
posed monitoring-well sites are not complete, locations have been ten-
tatively selected (see Fig. 4).
Well 1 will be on the Big Brothers/Big Sisters property at 825
Center Street. The hole should be on the line of the tunnel, which is
marked by the concrete slab in the front of the building, but it should
be drilled just off the east end of the parking lot.
Well 2 may be on the south side of the Goodwill Industries parking
lot about, 100 feet north of the center line of Center Street. This
will be about 25 feet east of the green plywood cover of the sump just
off the edge of the parking lot at the top of the steep bank leading
down to Center Street. An alternative site is at 601 Center Street, 55
feet north of the property boundary of the General Electric Supply Com-
pany. This is dependent on consent from the City of Tacoma.
Well 3 is proposed for the southeast corner of the vacant lot ad-
jacent to the Reid Printing Parking lot at 2552, Jefferson Avenue
South.
The monitoring wells will be excavated either with a cable-tool
drill rig or with an air-rotary drilling rig with a casing hammer. The
holes will be cased with unperforated steel casing with a drive shoe.
The casing will be 8 inches in diameter (see Fig. 5).
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crul<*£\ ami
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Revised Fieldwork Proposal
Tacoma Tunnel
page 3
While drilling from the water table to final depth, the casing
will be advanced so that the open holes do not extend more than 5 feet
below the bottom of the casing. None of the wells is expected to ex-
ceed 120 feet in depth. As small a quantity of water as possible will
be added to the holes during drilling.
After each hole has been excavated to the required depth, a 4-
inch-diameter PVC casing with a zone of perforation at the bottom will
be installed inside the steel casing. The length of the perforated
section will not exceed 10 feet. The casing will be placed just above
the tunnel floor at a level determined by the supervising geologist.
The joints of the PVC casing will be either threaded or riveted (not
glued). The annular space between the steel casing and the 4-inch PVC
casing will be filled with clean pea gravel to at least 2 feet above
the perforations. The site of the perforations and the grain size of
the gravel will be determined by the supervising geologist.
The annular space from the top of the gravel pack to 18 feet below
ground surface will be backfilled with drill cuttings. The annular
space from the depth of 18 feet to ground surface will be filled with a
mixture of bentonite and fine sand in accordance with Washington State
DOE speciciations. The steel casing and drive shoe will be removed
after the well has been constructed. This should be done in a manner
that will not cause damage to the PVC casing or cause excessive
caving.
At each well's completion, a length of 8-inch-diameter steel cas-
ing with a lockable cover will be installed and cemented into the
ground at least 3 feet down. Keys to the cover locks will be given to -
the supervising geologist.
The Ecology and Environment geologist will log the soil material
during drilling and supervise the entire operation. The completed
wells will be developed and pumped by the subcontractor to ensure their
utility as monitoring wells.
Every attempt will be made to leave the site in its original con-
dition. The subcontractor will be required to remove excess drill cut-
tings and other drilling materials after they have been monitored for
hazardous substances and cleared. This will be done after the comple-
tion of each well.
Decontamination
The subcontractor will be required to steam-clean all the drilling
equipment and steel casing before use in order to ensure that contami-
nation is not introduced into the wells. The subcontractor will also
steam-clean all drilling equipment and steel casing between wells.
recycled paper ,
rroloifv anil rnvininmrni
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Revised Fieldwork Proposal
Tacoma Tunnel
page 4
Safety Procedures
Monitoring During Drilling
A model 128 Century Systems organic vapor analyzer (OVA)' will be
used to monitor the presence of organic vapors during a_nd .after well
installation. An HNU photoionization analyzer in""conju~ftion with the
OVA will be used to screen for methane. ~ >v"
The OVA will be operated in survey mode and gas chromotographic
mode. The survey mode will be used to evaluate total organics present
on any drilling equipment such as casings that may contaminate the
wells. It will also be used to evaluate the drillers' water, if such
evaluation is required. Organic-free water will be obtained from the
EPA Region X laboratory for use as a blank. The survey mode also will
be utilized to monitor the breathable zone above each well during
installation to ensure safety to all drilling personnel. The gas
chromatographic mode will be used to detect and identify the type of
organic compounds present in the soil cuttings and water brought up by
the drillers. This will be done for the safety of the drillers and
will also indicate any vertical distribution of contaminants in each
well.
Site Safety Plan
The initial sample analysis for volatile organics in the ground- .
water draining from the tunnel area suggests no hazardous materials are
present. The sampling team, therefore, does not consider the water as
hazardous material and will dispose of purged and bailed water in the
field. Well cuttings will be removed by the drillers after they have
been checked with the OVA.
Level D decontamination procedures will be as follows.
o The FIT equipment van will be parked at least 25 feet from the
drilling area
o Sample containers for volatiles will be rinsed with distilled
water before they are placed in the ice chest for shipment.
o Work coveralls will be removed and bagged for later cleaning.
o Disposables (latex disposable gloves, paper towels, miscel-
laneous materials) will be bagged for later off-site disposal
by the FIT.
A completed site-safety plan form (see attachment 1) will be filed
with Ecology and Environment's national program manager's office before
sampling takes place.
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Revised Fieldwork Proposal
Tacoma Tunnel
page 5
Analytical Requirements
The contract laboratory will analyze all samples for those heavy
metals, pesticides, acid extractives, base/neutral extracttbles, and
volatiles on the priority pollutant list (see attachment 2). Detection
limits of 10 g/1 for the organics and 2 g/1 for the heavy metals will
be required.
Sampling Procedures
Each of the three monitoring wells will be sampled upon completion
and development. The sample will be collected with a Teflon bailer.
The bailers
water, methanol,
The bailers will
The line will be
contamination.
will be cleaned before each sampling with distilled
and acetone, then dried with grade D breathable air.
be lowered into the casings with monofilament line.
changed between each sampling to prevent cross-
The water for each sample will
laboratory-cleaned containers.
For extract'ible organics
be transferred into the following
For pesticides
For heavy metals
2 half-gallon glass jars with
Teflon-lined lids.
1 half-gallon glass jar with
Teflon-lined lids
1 1-quart polyethylene cubitainer
The volatiles will be collected directly from the bailer in two 40-
mi Hi liter vials with Teflon-lined lids.
The bailer and the samplers' gloves will be rinsed two times with
the media to be analyzed. The gloves will be discarded after each
sampling. The outside of the sample containers will be rinsed with
distilled water before the containers are placed in an ice chest.
Surface Water
Surface water from the drain will be collected in a stainless-
steel bucket and poured into the sample bottles and vials. The sample
containers and sample gloves will be rinsed twice with the surface
water before filling the sample bottles. The sample containers will be
rinsed with distilled water before the containers are placed in an ice
chest.
STORET Assignment
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HIM! rimnimtiriil
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Revised Fieldwork Proposal
Tacoma Tunnel
page 6
The STORE! group at the EPA Environmental Services Division will
be contacted prior to sampling. They will assign a STORET number to
each sampling location.
Laboratory Notification
The day before sampling the EPA/FIT team will notify the contract
laboratories of the sample documentation numbers of the analyses re-
quired and confirm the number of samples to be shipped.
Quality-Assurance Program
Two sets of blanks made up of organic-free distilled water will be
used. The first set (the transport blank) will be made up by the EPA
Region X laboratory. The second set (the transfer blank) will be made
up in the field by the EPA/FIT sampling team. Organic-free distilled
water, supplied by the EPA Region X laboratory, will be transferred
with the cleaned bailer into empty sample containers. This will be
done to determine whether the bailer is contaminating the samples.
Both sets of blanks will be sent to the contract laboratories along
with the well samples. Two duplicate samples will also be collected
from one of the monitoring wells.
All samples will be analyzed in accordance with EPA testing pro-
cedures (GPO 1979).
Sample Packaging and Shipment
All sample containers will be rolled in wrapping paper and packed
in vermiculite inside a plastic bag. This in turn will be packed in an
outer bag containing ice. The packaged containers will then be placed
in an ice chest that is sealed with fiberglass tape and custody tape.
Packaging will meet the NEIC requirements (NE1C 1980).
Sample Custody
All samples will remain in EPA or FIT custody until shipment by
Federal Express.
attach: 2
FIT/4
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REFERENCES
Gayler, A., 1982, personal communication: Region X Laboratory,
.U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
National Enforcement Investigations Center (NEIC), 1980, Enforce-
ment considerations for evaluation of uncontrolled hazardous
waste disposal sites by contractors: Denver, Colorado, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency.
Tacoma News Tribune, 1981, news feature dated January 24:
Tacoma, Washington.
Twelker, N. H., and Assoc., 1960, Foundation investigation for
Yakima Bridge, City of Tacoma: Neil H. Twelker and
Associates, Tacoma, Washington, report to Horace <]. Whitacre
and Associates.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 1979, Guidelines
establishing test procedures for the analysis of pollutants:
Proposed regulations, in Federal register, v. 44, no. 233,
p. 69463-69575: U.S. {government Printing Office.
U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), 1961 [photorev. 1968, 1973],
Tacoma South, Wash.: National Topography Map Series,
scale 1:24,000.
Whitacre, H. J., and Assoc. 1982, company files: Tacoma,
Washington.
recycled paper ,.,••,!,.«» ,,n,l rmir..nn,ri,t
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01
a.
•o
Scale M:1Z,000
FIGURE 1*
ORIGINALLY PROPOSED LINE OF CONSTRUCTION
TACOMA TUNNEL
*WhHtaker Engineers 1982
-------
'/i«*;- i-v '• \ \ \ Line of TunnelH-
^jfVM8^'^^^
-.» .:.'. - -*J;_« --• .. --s>"tCT ^ i ^.^^s^ /i. .' .«—-^ »- ' *
7.r:n7v.T--,:].-;iV-'- f -inYakima Avenue .7, ->7 ^ix-p 77 y —
^mji^,^^'fe^:r; 7m--yrO4
^^~ " "-"""-- ^^rti
:"J" StreetiC"^'.^
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Scale 1:24,000
FIGURE 2*
SAMPLING POINTS, MARCH 1982
TACOMA TUNNEL
USGS 1961
recycled paper
-------
Tacoma Ave.
I
27th St,
horizontal scale 1 1n. ° 500 ft
vertical scale 1 In. « 40 ft
FIGURE 3*
HYPOTHETICAL CROSS SECTION ALONG TUNNEL
TACOMA TUNNEL
25th St.
&
Jefferson Av
*Partly from Whltaker Engineers files
**Twclkcr (1960)
-------
LLykr^"611 ]x
FIGURE 4
PROPOSED HONITORING-VJELL SITES
TACOMA TUNNEL
recycled paper
mid fn>irtinnu>iil
-------
- LOCKABLE CAP
EE7
VARIABLE
LLKGTH .
[
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— — • "T*"
SFVJ.T
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*-;~ "'_\
'** "•'•**"
• -1 %*_
» I •— * '•
1£.~.
THREADED CAP
.8" SURFACE
'$£-1: •'-,I-,'-/-".'*"-GROUKD
¥i^3
GEOUT
?VC CAS) KG
S" HOLE
WATER TABLE
CLLAH PEA GRAVEL
PERFORA7JONS
K07 70-SCALE
FIGURE 5
hONlTORING-HELL CONSTRUCTION
TACOK.A TUNNEL
recycled paper
IIIM) rn\in»llltii*iil
-------
IELD INVESTIGATION TEAM
SITE SAFETY PLAN
A. GENERAL INFORMATION
SITE: Tacoina Tunnel TDD NO: 10-8202-03B
USTS NO:
LOCATION: along Center Street/Yakima Avenue, Tacoma, Washington
PLAN PREPARED BY: Thomas Tobin, RSC DATE: April 5, 1982
APPROVED EY-. Thomas Tobin, RSC . _ DATE: April 5, 1982
OEJECTIVE(S): Install three ground-water monitoring wells to intercept the
base of the tunnel and collect environmental samples from wells while drilling
PROPOSED DATE OF INVESTIGATION: April 15, 1982
BACKGROUND REVIEW: Conplete: X Preliminary:
DOCUMZNTAT10N/SUM>iAJlY: OVERALL HAZARD: Serious: Moderate:
Low: Y Unknown:
B. SITE/WASTE CHARACTERISTICS
VASTE TYPES(S): Liquid X Solid X Sludge Gas
CHARACTERISTJC(S) : Corrosive Ignitable Radioactive
Volatile X Toxic Reactive Unknown Other (Nsrae)
FACILITY DESCRIPTION: Abandoned tunnel; never completed. Backfilled with
gravel in 1915. Ground-water is draining through this tunnel.
Principal Disposal Method (type and location): Some dumping of
bottles and cans into the tunnel via a hole
Unusual Features (dike integrity, power lines, terrain, etc.)
Stairs: (active, inactive, unVnoun) Inactive
History: (U'orker or non-uorVer injury; cocplaints froo public;
previous agency action):
Allegation in newspapers of "indiscriminate dumping." No-one
with knowledge of the tunnel alleges industrial waste dumping;
only dLrapinp of bottles and cans from a tavern.
recycled paper
,;-,.\..^ ,,,,.1 ,.,„.,., ,.
1 of 5 1/S2
-------
No hazard is alleged to exist. The FIT sampled two manholes to
- water draining from the tunnel' area" opj March
1982. Tentative an alyesjjy the EPA for those volatiles on the
priority pollutants list showed only tetrachloroethylene and
trichloroethylene above detection limits (<5 ppb). Because the
level of organics in the tunnel sampled is very low and there _
does not appear to be a problem with inhalation, 'no respiratory
protection is thought necessary while drilling and sampling. If
conditions change during drilling or sampling (i.e., the OVA or
HNU detect high levels of organic vapors in the respirable zone),
appropriate respiratory equipment will be worn and: the KPM will be
contacted.
D. SITE SAFETY WORK PLAN
PER1HZTER ESTABLISHMENT: >!ap/SVetch Attached X Site Secured?
Perimeter Identified? 'es Zone(s) of Combination Identified?
PERSONAL "PROTECTION
Level of Protection: A B C D X ,
Modifications: In the event of undetermined organic vapors in the
respirable zone, appropriate respiratory protection will be
chosen if necessary.
Surveillance Equipment and Materials:
HNU photoionizer with 11.7 eV lamp
OVA in survey and G/G modes
f f rr»l«|!» mill i-mirmimrm » / KJ
-------
Special Equipment, Facilities, or Procedures: The drilling team
has been contracted by the Region X FIT and will abide by the
field team leader's/on-site safety officer's recommendations.
SITE ENTRY PROCEDURES: The field team leader will brief team members
prior to site entry. There will be daily safety briefings also.
Teaa Member
Kwasi Boateng
James Farr
Pete Evers
Thomas Tobin
Responsibility
Field team leader/geologist
OVA operator/sampling
Sampler/OVA operator, .alternate
safety officer
Safety officer/sampler
WORK LIMITATIONS (Tioe of day, etc.):
None
1KVEST1CATIOX-DERIVEI) MATERIAL DISPOSAL: See cover rr-emo
paper
3 of 5
mill rmirmiiurni
1/S2
-------
LOCAL RESOURCES
Ambulance Mercy-Yellow Ambulance 383-5416; Emergency Medical Ser. Ambulance 582-0600
Hospital Emergency Rooa Puget Sound Hospital, Pacific Street, So. 36th St., 471-0561
Poison Control Center Kary Bridge Children's Hospital, 272-1281
Police Emergency £93-4911 •
Fire Department 627-0151
Airport N/A
Explosives Unit Police Emergency 593-4911
EPA Contact Fred Wolf EAD 442-0691
SITE RESOURCES
Water Supply FIT will bring
Telephone None on site; will locate telephone booth near drilling sites
Radio
Other
EMERGENCY CONTACTS
1. Dr. Raymond Harbison (University of Arkansas) . . . (501) 661-5766 or 661-5767
(501) 370-8263 (24 hour)
2. Regional Safety Officer Thomas Tobin 624-9537/524-2870
3. FIT Leader Hussein AJdis 624-9537
A. FIT office Region X; 206-624-9537
5. Ecology and Environment, Inc. KPMO (703) 522-6065
(24 hour; call forwarding)
6. Regional Health Maintenance Program Contact ....
7. TAT Emergency Paging System (716) 882-2804
8. Chemtrex • 1-800-424-9300
9. Robert King (703) 522-6065/281-5281
10. David Dahlstrom (716) 632-4491/741-2884
recycled paper 4 of 5 , 1/82
rot>int£ % nun t*ri\m>nmfiii
-------
(Gi
ve
road or other directions; Attach ..*}
HOSPITAL:
Puqet Sound Hospital: Center Street J^as^toJefferso^Stj^e^
South on Pacific Avenue to
SC3A D
APR D ' CARTRIDGES Q
SURVEY HETER
RJ.J5IATJON CONTAMINATION METER
EQUIPMENT CHECKOUT
CYLINDERS I1 - EYE KASH UNIT [71
FIRST AID KIT fxl
DRINKING KATER SUPPLY
O2 INDICATOR Q PERSONAL CLOTHING Q]
PUMP d TUBES O CEmCTATIDyKriCN ?MEU*LS
Dosimeter badges CS
OVA . K3
HNU G3
f 5
-------
129 PRIORITY POLLUTANTS*
(KITH CHEMICAL ABSTRACT SERVICE NU.".SERS)
AKT J MOWY
ARSENIC
BERYLLIUM
CADMIUM
CKSOy.lU.1
COPPER
LEAD
NICKEL
SELENIUM
SILVER
THALLIUM
ZINC
PESTICIDES
ALDRIN
ALPHA BHC
BETA EHC
GA.-.-JV BHC
DELTA BHC
CHLORDANE
•j^-DDD
-------
APPENDIX D
LIST OF 129 PRIORITY POLLUTANTS
recycled paper ,.,-.il,.K> mill i-mininnu-ni
-------
129 PRIORITY POLLUTANTS*
(KITH CHEMICAL ABSTRACT SERVICE NUMBERS)
ANT 1 MONY
ARSENIC
BERYLLIUM
CADMIUM
CHROMIUM
COPPER
LEAD
f.£RCURY
NICKEL
SELENIUM
SILVER
THALLIUM
ZINC
PESTICIDES
ALDRIN
ALPHA BHC
EETA BHC
CAK-.A BHC
DELTA BHC
CHLOSDANE
1,1-DDD
1,1-DDE
1,1-DDT
D1ELDR1N
ALPHA ENDOSULFAN
BETA ENDOSULFAN
ENDOSULFAN SULFATE
ENDR1N
ENDR1N ALDEHYDE
HEPTACHLOR
HEPTACHLOR EPOX1DE
PCB 1016
PCB 1221
PCB 1232
PCB 1212
PCE 1218
PCB 1251
PCB 1260
TOXAPHENE
GlKILUKifiUi
CYANIDE
7440-36-0
7WO-3S-2
7WO-41-7
74-4 0-43-9
7WO-47-3
744CV50-S
7435-S2-1
743S-97-6
7440-02-0
7782-49-2
7«4C>-22-<
7A-40-2E-0
7443-66-6
339-00-2
319-&4-6
31S-8S-7
5S-89-9
319-86-8
5103-71-9
72-54-8
72-55-9
50-29-3
60-57-1
115-29-7
115-29-7
1031-07-8
72-20-8
7421-93-4
76-44-8
1024-57-3
12674-11-2
111-042-S2
111-411-65
5>4-692-l9
126-772-96
110-916-91
110-968-25
6001-35-2
57-12-5
£ASE-'.'fUTKAL EXTRACTIVES
ACENAPHTHENE
ACEKAPHTHYLENE
AK7HRACENE
BEN21D1NE
BEN20(A)ANTHRACENE
BEKZO(A)PYRENE
EENZO(B)FLUORANTHENE
BENZO(GHI)PERYLENE
EEN20(K)FLUORANTHENE
SISC2-CHLOROETHOXYL) METHANE
E1S<2-CHLOROETHYL) ETHER
B1S(2-CHLOROISOFROPYL) ETHER
B1SC2-ETHYLHEXYL) PKTHALATE
1-EROMOPHEKYL PKENYL ETHER
2-CHLORONAPHTHALENE
CHRYSENE
Jj-CHLOROPHENYL PHENYL ETHER
1,2-D1CHLOROBENZENE
1,3-DlCHLOROBENZENE
l,lj-D)CHLOROBENZENE
3,3-DlCHLOROBENZJDINE
DI ETHYL PH7HALATE
DIMETHYL PHTHALATE
DJ-N-BUTYL PHTHALATE
2y1-DINITR010LUEHE
2,6-DlN)TR010lUENE
DI-N-OCTYL PH1HALATE
1,2-DIPHENYLHYDRAZlNE
FLUORANTHENE
FLVORENE
HEXACHLOROBENZENE
HEXACHLOROBUTAD1ENE
HEXACHLOROCYCLOPENTADI EKE
HEXACHLOROETHANE
JHDENO(1,2,3-CD)PYRENE
isoPHORONE
NAPTHALENE
K-BUTYL BENZYL PHTHALATE
NITROBENZENE
K-N1TROSODIMETHYLAMINE
N-NITROSODl-K-PROPYUk.».INE
N-NHROSODIPHtNYLAMINE
PHENANTHRENE
PYREHE
TCDD
1,2,1-TRICHLOSOSEKZENE
S3-32-S
20C-94-6
120-12-7
92-87-5
i6-55-3
50-32-8
205-9S-2
191-24-2
207-OS-9
in-si-i
111-44-4
105-60-1
117-81-7
101-5S-3
91-5S-7
218-01-9
700S-72-3
53-70-3
95-50-1
Ml-73-1
106-48-7
91-94-1
84-66-2
131-11-3
84-74-2
121-14-?
606-20-2
117-81-7
122-66-7
20C-44-0
B4-73-7
118-74-1
87-68-3
77-47-C
67-72-1
193-39-5
78-59-1
91-20-3
BS-68-7
9B-95-3
62-75-9
671-W-7
Bt-30-6
BS-0)-B
129-00-O
1746-01-6
120-E2-1
ACID CXTRACJlBLEj
2-CHLOfiOPHENOL
2/1-DICHLOROPHENOL
2,1-DlNlTROPHENOL
2-N1TROPHENOL
1-NITROPHENOL
F-CHLORO-n-CRESOL
PEK7ACHLOROPHENOL
PHENOL
VQLATIlEi
ACROLE1N
ACRYLONITRILE
BENZENE
B)S(CHLORO.METHYL) ETHER
BRO.-.ODJCHLOROMITHANE
BRO.-UFORrt
CARBON TETRACHLORIDE
CHLOROBEN2ENE
CHLOROETHANE
2-CHLOROETHYL VINYL ETHER
CHLOROFORM
CIS-1.3-DICHLOSOPROPENE
DJBROMOCHLOROMETHANE
DICHLOROFLUOROME THANE
1,1-DICHLOROETHANE
1.2-DJCHLOROnHANE
1.1-D1CHLOROETHYLENE
1.2-DICHLOROPROPANE
ETHYLBENZENE
METHYL BROMIDE
METHYL CHLORIDE
MTTHYLENE CHLORIDE
1,1,2,2-TETRACHLOROETHANE
TETRACHLOROETHYLENE
1,2-TRANS-DICHLOROETHYLENE
TRANS-1^3-DICHLOROPROPENE
1,1.2-TRICHLOROETHANE
1RICMIOROETHYLENE
1KKMLOSOFLUORO.-J THANE
1,1.1-TRICHLOROElKANE
TOLUENE
VIHYL CHLORIDE
9S-S7-8 ,
120-£3-2^
105-67-S-
534-52-1 ,
51-25-5
8S-75-5
100-07-7
59-50-7
67-86-5
106-95-2
85-06-02
107-02-8
107-13-1
71-43-2
5X2-8S-1
15-27-4
75-ZS-Z
5J-23-5
103-90-7
7S-00-3
110-7i-B
67-66-3
W2-7S-6
1?<-4S-1
75-71-8
75-34-3
107-06-2
75-35-4
78-87-5
100-41-4
74-83-9
74-87-3 '
75-09-2 ;
79-34-5
127-18-4
5^0-59-0
1006)-0?-6
75-00-5
7S-01-6
75-69-4
71-55-6
103-8S-3
75-01-4
'LIST COr-.oiLtD it EPA
(•colon* a (til environ tit nil
(Ttiliikf\- 111 III I'll* IO Mill 11*111
-------
APPENDIX E
SAMPLE DOCUMENTATION
recycled paper ,..-..l.i|.> „„,!
-------
a-nple Documentation for Income Tunnel (Project No. 10-8202-0)8)
ocetion SIOHET
umtie r St at ion
5 Number
-1 S. 11Y059
Sood-Sll)
2
-2 11Y05Q
Jefferson
Fowcett)
Sample
Cont aine re
Date
and
Time
2 5/5/B2
l/2-gal glsss Jare 09)0
1 polyethylene
cubltainur
2
40-ml vials
2
l/2-gal glass
1 polyethylene
cubitelnur
2
40-ml vials
5/5/B2
09)0
5/5/U2
09)0
5/4/82
Jars 1000
5/4/02
1000
5/4/82
1000
JO Custody
Tag Form
Number Number
10-1551 10-0074
10-1552
10-155) 10-0074
10-1554 10-0074
10-1555
10-007)
10-007)
10-007)
Sample
Lab.
Number
18001
16001
18001
18000
18000
18000
Sample
Type
(grab)
Aqueous
Aqueous
Aqueous
Aqueous
Aqueous
Aquooua
Me arm of
Preser-
vation
Ice
Ice
Ice
Ice
Ice
Ice
Analysis Requested
Priority Pol lutants
Analysis
Priority Pollutants
Analysis
Priority Pollutants
Analysis
Priority Pollutants
Analysis
Priority Pollutants
Analysis
Priority Pollutants
Analysis
Dust
EPA
Pt.
EPA
Pt.
EPA
Pt.
EPA
Pt.
EPA
Pt.
EPA
Pt.
inat ion
Liiiorotory
Orchard, KA
Laboratory
Orchard, HA
Lifcorotory
Orchurd, HA
Laboratory
Orchard, HA
Luboralo ry
Orchard, HA
Lii> oratory
Orchard, HA
-------
Sample Documentation Tor Tocomo Tunnel (Projoct No. 10-8202-030)
LocutKxi SIOREI
o
Nuni>e Bi Station
°- Number
TD
W-3 5 11Y057
(Dig Oroo.
i Sisters )
(Culvert) 11Y060
S amp I e
Cont alners
2
Date
end
Time
5/5/82
I/2-gal glaoa Jara 1330
1 polyethylene
cubitainer
2
40-ml vials
2
I/2-gal glass
1 polyethylene
cubitainor
2
5/5/82
1330
5/5/82
1330
5/5/82
jars 1100
5/5/82
noo
5/5/82
10
Tag
Number
10-1561
10-1562
10-1563
10-1564
10-1565
10-1556
10-1557
10-1558
10-1559
Custody
Form
Number
10-0074
10-0074
10-0074
10-0074
10-0074
10-0074
Sample
Lab.
Number
18003
18003
18003
18002
18002
18002
Sample
Type
(Grab)
Aqueous
Aqueous
Aqueous
•
Aqueous
Aquoous
Aqueous
Means of
Preser-
vation
Ice
Ice
Ice
Ice
Ice
Ice
Analysis Requested
Priority Pollutants
Analysis
Priority Pollutants
Analysis
Priority Pollutants
Analysis
Priority Pollutants
Analyaio .
Priority Pollutants
Analysis
Priority Pollutants
Oeot
EPA
Pt.
EPA
Pt.
EPA
Pt.
EPA
Pt.
EPA
Pt.
EPA
inat ion
Laboratory
Orchard, HA
Laboratory
Orchard, HA
laboratory
Orchard, HA
Li&orulory
Orchard, HA
Laboratory
Orchard, HA
Laboratory
40-ml viola
1100 10-1560
Analysis
Pt. Orchard, HA
------- |