EPA Report vlTlu/ 9-83-118a
FINAL REPORT
WATER QUALITY DEPENDENT WATER USES
IN PUGET SOUND
March 30, 1984
Prepared for:
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
401 M Street, S.W.
Washington, D.C. 20460
Prepared by:
JRB ASSOCIATES
A Company of Science Applications, Inc.
13400-B Northup Way, Suite 38
Bellevue, Washington 98005
EPA Contract No. 68-6348, WA #29; JRB Project No. 2-834-03-760-29
___—^_—________________^_____—-_-_____——_—.______--_-_ JRB Associates —
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This project has been funded at least in part with Federal funds from the USEPA,
contract number 68-01-6348, WA 129. The content of this publication does not
necessarily reflect the views or policies of the USEPA, nor does mention of trade
names, commercial products, or organization imply endorsement by the US Government.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This report was prepared by Patricia M. O'Flaherty, Donald P. Weston,
and Barbara J. Morson of JRB Associates. Our efforts would not have
been complete without the time and advice of Dale Ward, Kurt Reidinger,
Eric Hurlburt, and Mary Lou Mills of Washington Department of Fisheries;
Jack Lilja of Washington Department of Social and Health Services; Doug
Magoon of Washington Department of Natural Resources; and Glenn Grace and
Kevin Anderson of Washington Department of Ecology. Many thanks to
Barbara J. Lowenthal and Linda M. Wynands for their patience through the
typing and revisions of the text and tables.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
1.0 INTRODUCTION 1
2.0 WATER QUALITY DEPENDENT USES OF PUGET SOUND 4
2.1 Puget Sound Salmonids 4
2.1.1 Chinook Salmon 9
2.1.2 Chum Salmon 12
2.1.3 Pink Salmon 15
2.1.4 Coho Salmon 18
2.1.5 Sockeye Salmon 21
2.1.6 Steelhead 24
2.2 Puget Sound Marine Fish Resources 26
2.2.1 Pacific Whiting 27
2.2.2 Walleye Pollock 30
2.2.3 Pacific Cod 33
2.2.4 Pacific Herring 36
2.2.5 Flatfish 39
2.2.7 Dover Sole 42
2.2.8 English Sole 45
2.2.9 Rock Sole 48
2.2.10 Sand Sole 51
2.2.11 Lingcod 53
2.2.12 Rockfishes 56
2.2.13 Miscellaneous Baitfish 59
2.2.14 Surfperches 62
2.2.15 Spiny Dogfish 63
2.2.16 Miscellaneous Fish 66
2.3 Puget Sound Shellfish Resources 67
2.3.1 Hardshell Clams 72
2.3.2 Manila Clams 80
2.3.3 Butter Clams 83
2.3.4 Native Littleneck Clams 86
ii
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Table of Contents
(cont'd)
Page
2.3.5 Horse Clams 89
2.3.6 Geoduck Clams 92
2.3.7 Softshell Clams 97
2.3.8 Mussels 101
2.3.9 Oysters .103
2.3.10 Crustaceans 110
2.3.11 Dungeness Crab 110
2.3.12 Shrimp Resources 115
2.3.13 Other Shellfish 118
2.3.14 Scallops 118
2.3.15 Abalone 118
2.3.16 Sea Urchin 120
2.3.17 Sea Cucumber 120
2.3.18 Squid 120
2.3.19 Octopus 120
2.4 Aquaculture of Marine Macrophytes 122
2.5 Puget Sound Recreation 124
3.0 REGIONAL PROFILES OF FISHERIES RESOURCES 132
4.0 CONCLUSIONS 147
5.0 RECOMMENDATIONS 151
5.1 Resource Atlas 151
5.2 Species Profiles 154
6.0 LITERATURE CITED 156
APPENDIX A - WDF Harvest Data for Marine Fish A-l
APPENDIX B - WDF Harvest Data for Shellfish B-l
APPENDIX C - WDF Harvest Data for Salmon C-l
APPENDIX D - WDF Harvest Data for Oysters D-l
APPENDIX E - Dollar Value of Puget Sound Marine Fish,
Shellfish, and Salmon by Region E-l
APPENDIX F - Supplementary Sources of Puget Sound Commercial
and Recreational Fisheries F-l
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1.0 INTRODUCTION
This report is submitted in fulfillment of the first of two tasks within the
work assignment entitled "Coordination of Monitoring Efforts in Puget Sound".
This first task, "Water Quality Dependent Uses in Puget Sound", was conceived
with the following objectives in mind:
• Identify all existing and potential water quality dependent water
uses within each of the subregions of Puget Sound as defined by Jones
and Stokes (1983).
• Rank the uses in terms of relative importance within each subregion
in order to identify to an environmental manager those uses which
should be afforded the greatest protection.
• Whenever possible, identify the critical ecosystem elements and water
quality factors which are essential to maintain these uses.
A thorough treatment with respect to all of the above objectives for each of
the multitude of Puget Sound water uses would require a level of effort far in
excess of those contractually allocated to this task. In particular, informa-
tion on critical ecosystem elements and water quality factors is either
unavailable or accessible only by a massive literature search. In order to
best meet the needs of the task, an attempt has been made to identify all
water quality dependent water uses and address each of them to some extent.
The information is formatted in such a fashion as to be amenable to expansion
in the future should this effort be expanded or pursued.
Section 2.0 serves to identify the water quality dependent uses and provide
some background information on each use. For fisheries resources, general bio-
logical information is presented, including habitat, feeding ecology, reproduc-
tive strategy, and geographic range. Current and potential fisheries value,
both commercial and recreational, is also addressed in terms of harvestable
areas, catch statistics, and trends in harvesting. Recreational uses, such as
swimming and diving, are considered in terms of distribution of recreational
sites throughout Puget Sound.
In Section 3.0 the value of these resources is examined on a regional basis,
employing the subregions (Figure 1) of Puget Sound as defined by Jones and
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Regional Water Masses and
Suba'eas o' Pugei Sound
1 Strait ol Georgia
la BeUingham Bay
it. Anacones
2 San Juan Islands
3 Sirar oUuan oe Fuca
3a Pon Angeles
4 WlndBey Basin
4a Pon Gardner
£ Central Pugs', Sounc
Sa Eliion Bay
50 Sinclair Inlet
5c Comrnencement Bay
6 HooOCana!
7 Soutrterr; Puget Sound
7a Budd Inlet
t
Figure 1
SUBREGIONS OF PUGET SOUND
Source: Jones & Stokes, 1983.
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Stokes (1983). Within each region, the relative importance of each use is
identified both within the region and to the Sound as a whole. Much of
this presentation is in graphical form.
It must be stressed at this point that the water quality uses that have been
identified do not represent the complete array of water quality related fac-
tors that combine to make the Puget Sound area one of the most attractive and
valuable within the United States. Qualities such as aesthetics and personal
values to different groups and individuals are also important but are much
more difficult or Impossible to rank in terms of relative importance. Further-
more, while many species of native animals have been included, these were
included primarily to document their relative importance within the Sound in
terms of human exploitation. The use of Puget Sound as a habitat to a variety
of non-harvested species has not been considered within the scope of this
report. However, this value must ultimately be considered in any attempt to
manage the complex ecosystem that exists in Puget Sound.
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2.0 WATER QUALITY DEPENDENT USES OF PUGET SOUND
The uses of Puget Sound considered dependent upon good water quality fall into
the major categories of commercial and sport fishing, aquaculture and recrea-
tion. Within each of these major categories numerous individual water uses
have been identified. The categories of commercial fishing, sport fishing and
aquaculture resources include salmonids, marine fish, shellfish, and aquatic
plants. Swimming and diving are included as recreational uses.
2.1 PUGET SOUND SALMONIDS
The family Salmonidae which includes salmon and trout is a diverse and econo-
mically valuable group of freshwater, anadromous, and marine fishes. The
importance of the salmonid resource in Puget Sound can not be overestimated.
In addition to providing the overwhelming proportion of total pounds harvested
and total dollar value of all the fisheries, including commercial and recrea-
tional harvests, their value to the State goes beyond economic considerations.
Historically and today, salmon and steelhead hold important ceremonial and
religious values to Native Americans. They are an important source of food
and income to many user groups. In addition, they are an essential component
of many intricate food webs. Every year thousands of waterfowl overwinter on
Puget Sound rivers and streams feeding on the bounty of emerging fry and juve-
niles. Native trout, sculpin, mammals, birds, and even insect larvae such as
caddisflies also feed on the fry. During the spawning runs an-d following the
death of adult salmon and steelhead, gulls, crows, and many bald eagles flock
in impressive numbers to feast on the carrion. In the sea, salmonids are a
source of food to many fish and marine mammals such as harbor seals and killer
whales.
Five species of Pacific salmon can be found in Puget Sound; chinook, coho,
chum, pink, and sockeye. The steelhead is a sea-run rainbow trout which also
occurs in the Sound. All are anadromous fish which are born in freshwater and
migrate to saltwater where they spend the bulk of their adult lives. They
return to freshwater, often to their natal streams to spawn and renew this
cycle and then usually die.
For all salmonid species, a great wealth of information has been compiled
igarding their biology and environmental requirements. Optimum temperatures
re
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for different life stages, adequate quantities of dissolved oxygen particu-
larly for incubating eggs and developing alevins, suitable substrate for egg
deposition and development, sufficient water circulation, suitable habitat for
spawning and rearing, and an ample supply of food are all important factors in
the survival of salmonids. Types of food and habitat preferences are also
well known for each species. While each species undoubtedly has additional
critical environmental requirements to insure its survival, it is more general
factors that threaten all the salmonids. It is commonly recognized that loss
of habitat for spawning and rearing by uncontrolled run-off and encroaching
development represent the greatest danger to this resource.
During downstream migrations, juveniles undergo a physiological change called
smoltiflcation which facilitates the transition to the marine environment.
Smolting salmon remain in estuarlne areas for periods as long as two or more
months. These areas, consequently, constitute critical habitat for salmon!d
survival. In Puget Sound, essentially every major river outfall support
smolts, particularly those with major spawning runs. It is at this stage that
the salmonid may be the most sensitive to environmental stress. Besides exper-
iencing significant growth, these fishes are undergoing many chemical and phy-
sical changes. It is unknown at this time why many substances which may not
have noticeable effects on adults or fry, can be devastating to the smolt
(M. Mills, WDF, pers. comm.). It is believed, however that this stage repre-
sents the most critical stage in a salmonid's life history.
The management of the salmonid resource in Puget Sound is complex and fraught
with numerous biological, political, and economic problems. The ultimate har-
vest of many mixed stocks must be divided between several user groups which is
often disputed and a source of major conflicts. For example, the Chinook
sport fishery is currently closed in southern and central Puget Sound (Regions
5 and 7) from April through June. This closure was implemented in these areas
to resolve chinook harvest share imbalances between Indian and non-Indian
users (K. Reidinger, WDF, pers. comm.). Further complicating the problem of
dealing with mixed stocks is that as many as five states and Canada manage and
harvest this resource. The disparity of each management policy and limita-
tions within each managing agency creates an overwhelming and difficult task
to ensure the fair allocation of salmonids.
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The culturing of salmon in hatcheries is a very important source of commercial
and recreational fisheries. Hatcheries are located throughout the Sound as
well as along the Coast. In Puget Sound, yearling salmon are also reared in
floating pens and are reported to be valued at 2 to 4 million annually
(Solomon and Mills, 1983). Potential expansion of this resource is believed
to be considerable within the near future. Most rearing pens are located in
Region 7. WDG raises steelhead in hatcheries and rearing ponds for annual
stocking of Puget Sound and Olympic Peninsula streams.
Based on the recent increased salmon enhancement funds authorized by Congress
in 1980 and pending final agreement between U.S. and Canada on a bilateral
fisheries treaty to reduce interception of U.S. stock, WDF believes that over-
all, the salmon resource will increase (Solomon and Mills, 1983). Salmon abun-
dance, however, may fluctuate from year-to-year due to environmental or har-
vest-related factors. For example, the El Nino phenomenon is thought to be
responsible for a general decline in salmon stock abundance on the Pacific
Coast, effecting Puget Sound and coastal salmon returns in 1983 and 1984.
The total Puget Sound commercial salmon fishery harvests an average of approxi-
mately 29,000,000 pounds worth over $26,000,000 annually (1979-1983). These
statistics represent WDF salmon catch report areas 6 through 13 excluding the
Lake Washington system. They do not include any major rivers that drain into
Puget Sound since the focus of this exercise was the marine waters within the
seven regional divisions of the Sound. Therefore, these figures are extremely
conservative.
The recreational fisheries for both salmon and steelhead are also extremely
important components of the total fisheries resources. Sport angling for sal-
mon occurs throughout Puget Sound but is particularly heavy in the Strait of
Juan de Fuca and in the northern and central Sound (Regions 1, 3 and 5).
Table 1 presents the 1980 Washington sport salmon catch, number of angler
trips, and salmon caught per trip as reported by Koines', et al. (1980).
Excluding the Strait of Juan de Fuca and the coastal fishery, the remainder of
Puget Sound produced 241,002 fish or 38% of the total sport salmon catch
(Hoines et al., 1980). The steelhead recreational fishery is primarily concen-
trated in freshwater with the exception of a few important marine areas such
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Table 1
TOTAL 1980 WASHINGTON SPORT SALMON CATCH, NUMBER OF ANGLER TRIPS,
SALMON PER TRIP BY MARINE AREAS, AND TOTAL FRESHWATER CATCH*
Number of Saloon
Region Marine Area
Ilwaco
Westport-Ocean Shores
LaPuih
Neah Bay
SUBTOTAL
3 Seiklu-Plllar Point
3 East Juan de Fuca Strait
2,1 San Juan Islands
4 Deception Pass, Hope, Camano
5 Admiralty Inlet
5 Seattle-Bremerton
5 Tacoma-Vashon
6 Hood Canal
7 South Puget Sound
SUBTOTAL
MARINE TOTAL
FRESHWATER TOTAL
CRAKD TOTAL
Source: Holnes et al., 1980.
Chinook
15,660
28,274
931
2,751
47,616
20.591
47,187
9.862
Is. 12,169
36.082
31.059
41.846
9,073
37.644
244,022
292.129
119.161
311,290
Chum
-0-
4
-0-
1
5
87
13
-0-
247
210
198
240
334
262
1.591
1.596
-0-
1.596
Pink
-0-
22
14
23
59
78
12
-0-
73
-0-
-0-
-0-
-0-
-0-
163
222
-0-
222
Coho
143.223
135.447
18.201
26.716
323.587
18,746
5.405
7,453
5.943
23,743
20.852
15.665
4.357
16.007
118,662
441.758
18.982
460,740
Sockeye
-0-
1
-0-
9
10
85
46
-0-
-0-
37
19
-0-
-0-
-0-
187
197
43.051
43,248
•Current WDF management analyses assume • 201 overestimate in the punchcard aport catch
mates. To correct for this bias, multiply all catch and effort estimates by 0.833 (K.
Total
Salmon
158,883
163.748
19.146
29.500
371,277
39.587
52.663
24,457*
18,432
60,071
52.128
57.751
17,138*
53.913
376.141b
747.418b
105.461C
852,879b
and angler
Reidinger .
Marine
Angler Trips
96,471
109.284
15.367
31.632
252.754
106,765
137,254
185,109
96,053
201,506
:0i,584
194,682
85.166
291.772
1,502,891
1,755,645
trip esti-
W>F.
Salmon
per
Trlr
1.65
1.50
1.25
0.93
1.47
0.37
0.36
0.13
0.19
0.30
0.26
0.30
0.20
0.19
0.25
0.43
pers. come.)
Due to lack of sampling data some saloon were unidentified.
Includes ll.Slt unidentified salmon.
Includes 23,243 jacks and 1,024 unknown salmon.
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as along the south shore of Whidbey Island (Region 4). Therefore, the impor-
tance of the steelhead fishery is not adequately reflected in this document
since it is concerned with only the marine waters of Puget Sound.
The following is a description of each salmonid species found within Puget
Sound. Each description includes a brief summary of its biology, habitat pre-
ference, geographic range, and pertinent commercial fishery data. Information
concerning any critical life stages is included where supporting data was
readily available. It should be stressed that these descriptions represent a
cursory summation only. Detailed literature reviews as well as added efforts
to contact local experts must be undertaken before enough information on each
species as well as the entire salmonid resource can be presented to adequately
meet the needs of resource managers.
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2.1.1 Chinook (Oncorhynchus tsawytscha)
Geographic Range
In North America, chinook salmon are found from the Sacramento River in
California, north to the Arctic. Chinook are found throughout the Sound but
are especially common in Regions 1, 2, 4, 5, and 7.
Biology
Adult chinook salmon (4-5 years) occur in Puget Sound beginning in the spring
and remain until the summer. There are two spawning runs; the spring chinook
which spawns typically in large rivers in August or September and a summer/
fall run that spawns by late November, also in large rivers and streams. The
spring run is a minor component of the entire chinook resource. Important
areas within Puget Sound for chinook runs include Bellingham Bay for hatchery
stocks (Region 1), Skagit, Snohomish, and Stillaguamish Rivers for both wild
and hatchery stocks (Region 4), Hood Canal for hatchery stocks (Region 6). and
the southern Sound also for hatchery stocks (Region 7). Egg survival is depen-
dent upon local stream conditions and can be inhibited by light, turbidity,
temperatures, and insufficient dissolved oxygen. Wild eggs hatch from January
to March. Fry emerge from February through May and Immediately begin down-
stream migration. Hatcheries release fingerllngs through the spring and sum-
mer. Some hatcheries release yearlings to ensure better survival. In marine
waters, chinook feed on euphausiids, squid, and small fish.
Commercial Fishery-Present and Potential
Annual harvest of chinook salmon in Puget Sound is almost 2,500,000 pounds at
a value of approximately $3,500,000 (1979-1983). Hatchery production compen-
sates for the loss of natural stocks In many areas. Hatcheries, however, have
not yielded the benefits predicted in recent years. Overall, the resource in
terms of absolute numbers, has maintained Itself and may be increasing in some
areas due to hatchery rearing successes (K. Reidinger, WDF, pers. comm.).
Recreational Harvest
Central and southern Puget Sound (Regions 5 and 7) are currently closed to
recreational fishing.
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Summary Points - Chinook Salmon
• Regions 1, 4, 5, and 7 are the major harvest areas for Chinook in Puget
Sound (Figure 2).
• Major spawning and rearing areas occur in Bellingham Bay, Skagit
Snohomish and Stillaguamish Rivers, Hood Canal and south Sound. Chinook
salmon in smolt stage are found in estuarine environments at the mouths
of rivers and streams within these areas (Regions 1, 4, 6 and 7).
• Five year (1979-1983) average of commercial fishery indicates value to be
approximately $3,500,000 for almost 2,500,000 pounds.
• Important contacts and sources of information include:
WDF Paul Sekulich
Kurt Reidinger
Michael Fraidenberg
Richard Geist
Dale Ward
Lee Hoines
UW E. Brannon
Other Organizations NW Indian Fish Commission
NW Salmon/Steelhead Council
Pacific Fisheries Management Council
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REGION 3
2%
REGION 6
3% A
REGION 7
Figure 2
DISTRIBUTION OF CHINOOK SALMON HARVEST IN
PUGET SOUND
(based on WDF statistics)
REGION 1
56%
REGION 2
15%
REGION 4
m
REGION 5
7%
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2.1.2 Chum Salmon (Oncorhynchus keta)
Geographic Range
In North America, chum salmon are found from the Columbia north to Alaska.
They are found throughout Puget Sound.
Biology
Adult chum salmon (3-5 years) occur in Puget Sound from late September to
November. Major run areas include the Skagit, Stillaguamish and Nooksak
Rivers (Regions 1 and 4); central and southern Puget Sound (Regions 5 and 7);
and Hood Canal (Region 6). Chum spawn in November, December, and January.
Egg development is chiefly dependant on temperature (Hart, 1973). Alevins
hatch in the spring and fry proceed immediately to the sea. The smolts school
in estuarine areas where they remain for several months. At sea, adults feed
chiefly on copepods, amphipods, euphausiids, squid, and small fish.
Commercial Fishery-Present and Potential
Annual harvest of chum salmon in Puget Sound is approximately 5,500,000 pounds
at a value of about $4,000,000 (1979-1983). Hatchery production compensates
for the loss of natural stocks in many areas. Hatcheries, however, have not
yielded the benefits predicted in recent years. Overall, the resource in
terms of absolute numbers, has maintained itself and may be increasing in some
areas (K. Reidinger, WDF, pers. comm.).
Recreational Harvest
Chum salmon are not a popular sport fish because the species does not readily
take hook and line. In 1980 total chum salmon sport catch, including marine
and fresh water areas, was less than 1600 fish (Koines et al., 1980).
Points - Chum Salmon
• Regions 1, 4, 5, 6, and 7 are the major harvest areas for chum salmon in
Puget Sound (Figure 3).
• Major spawning and rearing areas include the Skagit, Stillaguamish, and
Nooksak Rivers, south Sound, and Hood Canal. Chum salmon in smolt stage
are found in estuarine environments at the mouths of rivers and streams
within these areas (Regions 1, 4, 6 and 7).
• Five year (1979-1983) average of the commercial fishery indicates value
to be approximately $4,000,000 for almost 5,500,000 pounds.
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REGION 3
REGION 6
23%
REGION 7
9%
REGION 1
11%
\
Figure 3
DISTRIBUTION OF CHUJi SALMON HARVEST
PUGET SOUND
(based on WDF statistics)
REGION 2
10%
REGION 4
18%
REGION 5
28%
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• Important contacts and sources of information include:
WDF Paul Sekulich
Jim Ames
Dale Ward
Lee Hoines
UW E. Salo
E. Brannon
Other Organizations NW Indian Fish Commission
Pacific Fisheries Management Council
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2.1.3 Pink Salmon (Oncorhynchue gorbuscha)
Geographic Range
In North America, pink salmon are found from northern California to the Arctic
Ocean. They are found throughout Puget Sound. Puget Sound fish include
Fraser River (Canada) stocks.
Biology
Adult pink salmon (2 years) occur in Puget Sound in July and August of odd-
numbered years. Important run areas include Skaglt, Nooksak, Snohomish, and
Stillaguamish Rivers (Regions 1, 2, and 4). Pinks spawn in September and
October in these rivers and some may spawn in intertldal areas (Hart, 1973).
Egg survival depends on temperature, weather, and gravel conditions. After
hatching in late February, the fry form large schools and migrate downstream.
These schools remain in estuarine areas for months. As adults, pink salmon
feed on euphausiids, amphipods, copepods, squid, and small fish. Coho salmon
are important predators of pink salmon juveniles and fry.
Commercial Fisheries-Present and Potential
Annual harvest of pink salmon in Puget Sound is approximately 8,000,000 pounds
at a value of over $3,000,000. Puget Sound stocks of pink salmon have experi-
enced major declines in productivity in recent years.
The harvest of pink salmon has not benefited from hatcheries like other salmon
stocks. The reason for this trend is unclear although coho-pink interactions,
insufficient upstream spawners, overfishing, and loss of habitat have all been
suggested as causes (K. Reidinger, WDF, pers. comm.).
Recreational Harvest
Recreational fishing for pink salmon is not permitted in Puget Sound waters in
order to protect the resource. The total number of pink salmon taken in the
sport fishery was only 222 fish. This includes marine and fresh water areas
(Hoines et al., 1980).
Summary Points - Pink Salmon
• Regions 1 and 2 are the major harvest areas for pink salmon in Puget
Sound (Figure 4).
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REGION 3
2% •
REGION 6
REGION 7
Figure 4
DISTRIBUTION OF PINK SALMON HARVEST IN
PUGET SOUND
(based on WDF statistics)
REGION 5
16
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• Major spawning and rearing areas include the Skaglt, Nooksak, Snohomish,
and Stillaguamish Rivers. Pink salmon in smolt stage are found in estu-
arine environments at the mouths of rivers and streams within these areas
(Regions 1, 2 and A).
• Five year (1979-1983) average of the commercial fishery indicates the
value to be over $3,000,000 for over 8,000,000 pounds.
• Important contacts an sources of Information Include:
WDF Paul Sekulich
Jim Ames
UW E. Brannon
Other Organizations NW Indian Fish Commission
Pacific Fisheries Management Council
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2.1. A Coho Salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch)
Geographic Range
In North America, coho salmon occur from northern California to Alaska. They
are found throughout Puget Sound.
Biology
Adult coho salmon (3 years) are found in Puget Sound from mid-August through
October. Important run areas include the Skagit, Stillaguamish, Snohomish for
hatchery and wild stocks (Regions 2 and 4), Hood Canal for wild stocks (Region
6), Bellingham and Sammish Bays for hatchery stocks (Region 1), and the south-
ern Sound for hatchery and pen stocks (Region 7). Coho spawn in November,
December, and January in very small streams. Survival of eggs depends on
water levels, temperature, and gravel conditions. Light will destroy the
eggs. Fry emerge in the spring and become territorial in their natal streams.
The fry remain in these streams for 13 months, and in the following spring the
yearlings migrate to sea. The smolts remain nearshore for the first few
months at sea. Adults eat euphausiids, squid, and small fish. Juvenile coho
are voracious predators of pink salmon fry and juveniles.
Commercial Fishery- Present and Potential
Annual harvest of coho salmon in Puget Sound is almost 6,000,000 pounds at a
value of almost $5,000,000. Hatchery production compensates for the loss in
many areas. Hatcheries, however, have not yielded the benefits predicted in
recent years. Overall, the resource in terms of absolute numbers, has main-
tained itself and may be increasing in some areas (K. Reidinger, WDF, pers.
comm.).
Recreational Harvest
Recreational harvest of coho salmon in Puget Sound in 1980 amounted to 118,662
fish (Koines et al., 1980).
Summary Points - Coho Salmon
• Regions 1, 4, 5, 6, and 7 are major harvest areas for coho salmon in
Puget Sound (Figure 5).
• Major spawning and rearing areas include the Skagit, Stillaguamish,
Snohomish Rivers, Bellingham and Samish Bays, and Hood Canal. Coho sal-
mon in smolt stage are found in estuarine environments at the mouths of
rivers and streams within these areas (Regions 1, 2, A, and 6).
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REGION 3
5%
REGION 6
REGION 7
10%
Figure 5
DISTRIBUTION OF COHO SALMON HARVEST IN
PUGET SOUND
(based on WDF statistics)
REGION 4
12%
REGION 5
34%
19
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Five year (1979-1983) average of the commercial fishery indicates the
value to be almost $5,000,000 for approximately 6,000,000 pounds.
Important contacts and sources of information include:
WDF Paul Sekulich
Tim Flint
UW E. Brannon
Other organizations NW Indian Fish Commission
NW Salmon/Steelhead Council
Pacific Fisheries Management Council
.— JRB Associates -J
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2.1.5 Sockeye Salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka)
Geographic Range
In North America, sockeye salmon are found from the Columbia River north to
Alaska. Sockeye are common throughout the Sound.
Biology
Adult sockeye salmon (4 years) occur in Puget Sound from June through August.
Sockeye are found basically in the northern and central Sound as well as the
Strait of Juan de Fuca (Regions 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5). Important spawning runs
include the Baker River (Region 4) and the central Sound (Region 5). Sockeye
spawn from November to January in the Baker River and the Lake Washington
system. Egg survival depends on weather and gravel conditions. Alevins hatch
in the early spring and the fry migrate to a fresh water nursery area, usually
a large lake, to remain for 1 year. During this time the fry feed chiefly on
zooplankton and small insects. After a year, when the temperatures reach
39-45° F (Hart, 1973), the sockeye migrate to sea. Smolt school in estuaries
where they remain for several months. Adults feed on crustaceans, euphau-
siids, amphipods, and copepods.
Commercial Fishery - Present and Potential
Annual harvest of sockeye in Puget Sound is almost 8,000,000 pounds at a value
of almost $9,500,000. Hatchery production compensates for the loss of natural
stocks in many areas. Hatcheries, however, have not yielded the benefits pre-
dicted in recent years. Overall, the resource in terms of absolute numbers,
has maintained itself and may be increasing in some areas (K. Reldinger, WDF,
pers. comm.).
Recreational Harvest
The recreational sport fishery for sockeye in Puget Sound marine waters
totaled 187 fish. While these numbers appear low, the fresh water fishery
which includes Lake Washington totaled 43,051 fish in 1980 (Koines et al.,
1980). An additional 43,051 fish of Indian allocation were taken in gillnets.
Lake Washington can be a very important source of sport sockeye if fishery
escapement goals (350,000 fish) are achieved.
.JRB Associates-J
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Summary Points ~ Sockeye Salmon
• Regions 1 and 2 are the most important harvest areas for sockeye salmon
in Puget Sound (Figure 6).
• Major spawning and rearing areas include the Baker River and the Lake
Washington System. Sockeye salmon in smolt stage occur in estuarine
areas such as Salmon Bay and at the mouths of rivers and streams within
these areas (Regions 1, 2, and 5).
• Five year annual average (1979-1983) of the commercial fishery for sock-
eye in Puget Sound is almost 8,000,000 pounds at a value of almost
$9,000,000.
• Important contacts and sources of information include:
WDF Paul Sekulich
Jim Ames
UW E. Brannon
R. Bergner
R. Thome
Other Organizations NW Indian Fish Commission
NW Salmon/Steelhead Council
Pacific Fisheries Management Council
—.—————————— JRB Associates —
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REGION 3
3% ^
REGION 6
REGION 7
REGION 1
34%
Figure 6
DISTRIBUTION OF SOCKEYE SALMON HARVEST IN
PUGET SOUND
(based on WDF statistics)
REGION 2
63%
REGION 5
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2.1.6 Steelhead (Salmo gairdneri)
Geographic Range
Steelhead trout can be found from central California extending up the Pacific
Coast into Alaska's Aleutian Islands. Steelhead are ubiquitous in Puget Sound.
Biology
There are two races of Steelhead found in Puget Sound; winter-run and summer-
run fish. The former is much more common in the Sound. Some summer-run fish
occur in Puget Sound streams but they are primarily associated with the
Columbia River. Adult winter-run Steelhead (2-4 years) enter Puget Sound and
move upstream into major rivers and tributaries from late autumn throughout
the winter, spawning in early spring. Adult summer-run Steelhead (2-3 years)
travel upstream during the summer months and remain in ponds and streams until
the following spring when they also spawn. Spawning for both races usually
peaks in March and April in gravel beds within the major tributaries and small
rivers throughout the Sound. The Steelhead hatchery on Chambers Creek in
Tacoma (Region 7) is the primary winter-run Steelhead spawning station source
for WDG plantings (WDF, et al., 1973). Egg survival depends on temperature,
weather conditions, and gravel quality. The incubation period of eggs and
larvae ranges from 50 to 150 days during the late winter and spring. Juve-
niles remain in freshwater for 1-3 years feeding on salmon fry and insects.
After this growing period, the juveniles are approximately 6 - 8" in size and
they begin their downstream migration. At sea, adult Steelhead feed on young
fish and crustaceans. Adults may spend as many as five years in the marine
environment before returning to freshwater to spawn. Steelhead may survive to
spawn a second or third time. Thus a given run of Steelhead may be composed
of representatives from several brood years.
Commercial Fishing - Present and Potential
Commercial Steelhead fishing in Puget Sound is limited to Boldt Case Area
Treaty Indians. The Indian tribes manage the Steelhead resources on their
reservations. most commercial fishing for Steelhead occurs in freshwater
areas. In Puget Sound, the Green/Duwamish, Snohomish, Skokomish, Nisqually,
and the Skagit Rivers are important commercial fishing sites. On reservation
fishing in marine waters occurs primarily in the Port Susan area (Region 4)
where over 22,000 fish have been harvested from 1979-1983.
. JRB Associates _
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Recreational Harvest
Recreation harvest of steelhead occurs principally in freshwater (WDG,
unpub.). The Green, Puyallup, Skykomish and Snoqualmie Rivers were the major
winter-run steelhead streams for sport fishing in the Puget Sound region from
1978 through 1983 (WDG, unpub). Sport fishing for steelhead in marine waters
is extremely limited; a popular marine site is along the south shores of
Whidbey Island (Region 4). An average of 630 winter-run fish were taken each
year from 1978 through 1983 with over 1,400 fish caught during the 1979-1980
season. Other marine areas in which WDG reports incidental catches of steel-
head include the Strait of Juan de Fuca, central Puget Sound, Hood Canal, and
the south Sound area near Fox Island.
Summary Points - Steelhead
• Regions 1, 4, 5, 6 and 7 include the major rivers and tributaries for the
Indian harvest of commercial steelhead. Port Susan in Region 4 has pro-
duced the greatest Indian harvest of steelhead in the past five years
(1979-1983).
• Five year (1979-1983) total of the Indian commercial fishing (on and off
reservation) is 3,800 of summer-run and 43,000 of winter-run fish (Puget
Sound Marine waters only).
• Regions 1, 5, and 6 include the major rivers and tributaries for the
recreational harvest of steelhead. Region 4, Whidbey Island, is the
major marine sport fishing site in Puget Sound.
• Important contacts and sources of information include:
WDG Bill Freymond
Pete Hahn
Bob Gibbons
Sam Wright
Other Organizations NW Indian Fish Commission
NW Salmon/Steelhead Council
Pacific NW Steelheaders
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2.2 PUGET SOUND MARINE FISH RESOURCES
The marine fish of Puget Sound are extensively utilized, both by commercial
and recreational fisheries. Marine fish include all finfish resources other
than salmonids. Major Puget Sound marine fish include flatfishes, herring,
gadids, rockfishes, perches, and sharks.
In 1983, commercial marine fish landings in Puget Sound were about 25.8 mil-
lion pounds valued at close to six million dollars. Pacific herring, Pacific
cod, walleye pollock, spiny dogfish, Pacific whiting, and flatfish compose the
greatest proportion in terms of pounds while Pacific halibut and petrale sole
commanded the highest price per pound. The recreational fishing industry is
carried out by anglers on boats and piers and by beach seining and jigging.
The shore-based recreational fishery consisted of an estimated 312,000 trips
in 1981.
The potential for aquaculture of marine fish is unknown. The potential for
increased harvest will depend on the management plans of the WDF which are
based on estimates of standing stock (where known) and on maximum sustained
yield.
The following is a discussion of the major marine fish resources found within
Puget Sound. Each description of a species or group of organisms includes a
brief summary of its life history, habitat preference, geographic range, and
pertinent commercial and recreational fishery data. Information concerning
critical life stages or potential fisheries is included where the supporting
data were readily available. It should be stressed that these descriptions
represent a cursory summation only. Detailed literature reviews as well as
added efforts to contact local experts must be undertaken before enough infor-
mation on individual marine fish and the entire marine fish resource can be
presented or ranked in Puget Sound to meet the needs of resource managers.
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2.2.1 Pacific Whiting (Hake) (Merlucclus productus)
Geographic Range
Pacific whiting occur from the Gulf of California to the Gulf of Alaska (Hart
1973). The genetically distinct population in Puget Sound is abundant through-
out the Sound though less common in Hood Canal (Solomon and Mills, 1983).
Biology
The Pacific whiting (hake) is one of the largest marine fisheries in Washing-
ton State. The population inhabiting Puget Sound is distinct from the large
oceanic population and spawns inside the Sound in Port Susan, the Gulf of
Georgia and Carr Inlet (Kimura et al., 1981; Solomon and Mills, 1983). Spawn-
ing takes place from January to April and eggs are pelagic (Hart, 1973).
Hatching generally occurs in three days. Larval survival is low and fluctua-
tions in this population parameter are believed to be the dominant cause of
changes in stock biomass (Bailey and Francis, 1982). Growth is usually rapid
and the fish are long lived. Adults may attain lengths of three feet (Hart,
1973). The whiting forms an important link in the trophic structure in marine
ecosystems. As a predator, it feeds on herring, anchovy and shrimp, but it is
also prey for marine mammals and larger fish (Francis, 1982).
Commercial Fishery - Present and Potential
The average annual (1979-1983) harvest of Pacific whiting in Puget Sound is
nearly 12,000,000 pounds with a value of almost $300,000. Almost all the hake
harvested in Puget Sound come from Region 4. The annual average harvest from
this area in 1979-1983 was 11.5 million pounds; an additional 51,000 pounds
was harvested in Region 1. The Region A fishery is located near the spawning
areas of these fish. WDF (1982) indicates that the hake fishery in Puget
Sound is rapidly becoming one of the most important. This is concurrent with
a shift from use of the fish as animal food to use for human consumption.
Recreational Fishery
The Pacific whiting forms only a small component of the recreational boat
fishery. In 1980 about 27,000 fish were harvested in the Sound.
,JRB Associates -
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Summary Points - Pacific Whiting
• Most of the commercial harvest occurs in Region A (Figure 7).
• Larval survival appears to be the key indicator of recruitment to fish-
able stocks. No known water quality information is available. This
species is an important link in marine food webs, feeding on anchovy,
herring and shrimp and being preyed upon by marine mammals and larger
fish.
• The five year average annual harvest (1979-1983) was close to 12,000,000
pounds with a value of almost $300,000.
• Important contacts and sources of information include:
WDF Bill Clark
Mark Pedersen
Dale Ward
Lee Hoines
Mary Lou Mills
R. Costello
Greg Hueeke1
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REGION 1
REGION 3
-0-
REGION 6
-0-
REGION 7
Figure 7
DISTRIBUTION OF PACIFIC WHITING HARVEST IN
PUGET SOUND
(based on WDF statistics)
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2.2.2 Walleye Pollock (Theragra chalcogramna)
Geographic Range
Pollock occur from central California, around the Pacific Rim to the Sea of
Japan (Hart, 1973). In Puget Sound, they are most abundant in Regions 1, 2, 3
and common in other inside waters (Solomon and Mills, 1983).
Biology
Walleye pollock is the most frequently caught sportfish in the inside waters
of Puget Sound. It generally occurs in waters 200-500 ft deep and may occur
midwater or on the bottom. Spawning aggregations occur in waters 360-480 feet
deep in localized areas (Pedersen and DiDonato, 1982). Spawning grounds in
the Gulf of Georgia and near Tacoma have been identified (Solomon and Mills,
1983). Eggs are pelagic but little other information on their life history
is available. Prey includes small fish and shrimp (Hart, 1973).
Commercial Fishery - Present and Potential
The average (1979-1983) annual harvest of walleye pollock is 700,000 pounds
with a value of $80,000. A directed fishery for pollock occurs in the Gulf of
Georgia and the western Strait of Juan de Fuca. The annual average catch in
Regions 1 and 3 was 675,000 Ib and 41,000 Ib, respectively.
Recreational Fishery
Pollock are an important fish of the charter and private boat fishery in the
central and southern Sound (Regions 4, 5 and 7). In both areas, the recrea-
tional fishery is far larger than the corresponding commercial fishery for
this species. In Region 7, the fishing area is limited to the area between
Fox Island - Port Gibson and through the Tacoma Narrows (Pedersen and
DiDonato, 1982).
Summary Points - Walleye Pollock
• Commercial harvest is primarily in Regions 1 and 3, recreational harvest
is primarily in Regions 4, 5 and 7 (Figure 8).
• The five year average annual harvest (1979-1983) was around 700,000
pounds with a value of $80,000.
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REGION 1
REGION 3
6%
o
REGION 6
REGION 7
Figure 8
DISTRIBUTION OF WALLEYE POLLOCK HARVEST IN
PUGET SOUND
(based on WDF statistics)
92%
REGION 5
. JRB Associates **
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• Important contacts and sources of information Include:
WDF Mark Pedersen
Bill Clark
Dale Ward
Lee Hoines
Mary Lou Mills
R. Costello
Greg Hueeke1
—_______—__———____ JRB Associates
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2.2.3 Pacific Cod (Godus macrocephalus)
Geographic Range
Pacific cod are distributed from southern California around the Pacific Rim to
Korea and Japan (Hart, 1973). In Puget Sound, they are far more common in the
northern Sound and the Straits than they are in the southern Sound.
Biology
The Pacific cod ranges from 16 inches to three feet in length and in weight
from 2-10 pounds. These fishes form congregations before spawning in the win-
ter months. They produce very large numbers of demersal, slightly adhesive
eggs (Hart, 1973). Known spawning areas in Puget Sound include Port Angeles,
Protection Island, Port Townsend, Port Gamble, Agate Pass, Tacoma, to the Port
of Georgia (Solomon and Mills, 1983). The adult fish prefer water depths of
20-200 feet over mixed substrate types. They tend to utilize deeper water in
winter and shallower water in summer (Solomon and Mills, 1983). These fishes
feed on a wide variety of invertebrates and fish, Including herring, walleye
pollock and flatfishes (Hart, 1973).
Commercial Fishery - Present and Potential
The average annual (1979-1983) harvest of Pacific Cod in Puget Sound is over
2,400,000 pounds with a value of over $500,000. The bulk of Pacific cod are
harvested in Regions 1 and 3. Average annual catch from 1979-1983 was 1.3 mil-
lion pounds in Region 1 and 539,000 pounds in Region 3. Most of the fishery
is a trawl fishery. However, there is a set net fishery in Port Townsend Bay
and a commercial line fishery near Port Angeles. This species is subject to
wide fluctuations in harvest, probably due to its high natural mortality rate
and high fecundity (Pedersen and DiDonato, 1982).
Recreational Fishery
The recreational fishery for cod is substantial, particularly in Regions 3 and
5. In Region 5 the fishing occurs primarily near Possession Point, Jefferson
Head, Agate Pass, south Vashon Island and Point Defiance. In Region 3 the
fishery has occurred from boats in shallow water in the Straits (Pedersen and
DiDonato, 1982).
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Summary Points - Pacific Cod
• The majority of the harvest occurs in Regions 1 and 3 (Figure 9).
• The average annual harvest in Puget Sound in 1979-1983 was over 2,400,000
pounds with a value of over $500,000.
• Important contacts and sources of information include:
WDF Mark Pedersen
Bill Clark
Dale Ward
Lee Hoines
Mary Lou Mills
Greg Hueeke1
R. Costello
. JRB Associates _J
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REGION 3
22%
REGION 6
REGION 7
1% *
Figure 9
DISTRIBUTION OF PACIFIC COD HARVEST IN
PUGET SOUND
(based on WDF statistics)
REGION 1
55%
REGION 4
^ 3%
REGION 5
12%
,JRB Associates-J
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2.2.4 Pacific Herring (Clupea harengus) •
Biology
Pacific herring are the largest component of the bait fish and sac-roe fish-
eries in Washington State. These small fish have well documented spawning
areas and times returning home to specific spawning grounds each year. The
Strait of Georgia (Region 1) is the area of highest spawning intensity. Eggs
are deposited on marine vegetation in late winter and early spring and hatch
in about two weeks depending on temperature. Juvenile fish migrate out of the
Sound at about one year of age to offshore feeding grounds, returning as 3-4
year olds to spawn. As adults, the herring migrate annually between summer
feeding grounds off the Washington and British Columbian coasts and the winter
spawning grounds in the Sound. Herring are an important item in the foods of
salmon and other predatory fish such as Pacific whiting (Trumble, 1983).
Commercial Fishery - Present and Potential
The average annual harvest of herring in Puget Sound is 4,000,000 pounds with
a value of almost $4,000,000 (1979-1983). There are three commercial herring
fisheries. A sac-roe fishery, taking mostly young fish, occurs in the spring
in the eastern Strait of Georgia (Region 1). This fishery began in 1973 but
was closed in 1981 due to declining biomass. The general purpose fishery (for
animal food and commercial bait) takes place from September to February in
Bellingham Bay and the San Juan Islands (Regions 1 and 3). There has been a
consistent decline in harvest since 1971, though reasons for this are not
entirely clear. The sport bait fishery occurs throughout Puget Sound but is
more concentrated in the southern Sound and northern Hood Canal/Admiralty
Inlet area (Regions 5 and 6) (Trumble, 1983).
There is potential in Puget Sound for a "roe-on-kelp" harvest for the oriental
market. This could be accomplished through pen culture or holding of ripe her-
ring prior to egg deposition. However, there are many logistical and politcal
problems in the consideration of this type of harvest.
In 1974, the Indian tribes in Washington State were allocated 50% of the sal-
mon, steelhead and herring taken in the state. Total commercial harvest
reported includes Indian allocations.
. JRB Associates.
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Recreational Harvest
No information on the exploitation of herring by recreational fishermen could
be found.
Summary Points - Pacific Herring
• Standing stock information for each type of herring fishery is varied.
Information is available in Trumble (1983). Harvest occurs primarily in
Regions 1, 5, 6, and 7 (Figure 10).
• The fidelity of herring to certain spawning grounds Is considered criti-
cal. It is unknown what makes those spawning areas unique. Herring is
fed on by a number of commercially Important predatory fish.
• The average annual harvest in Puget Sound in 1979-1983 was 4,000,000
pounds with an average value of almost $4,000,000.
• Important sources of information include:
WDF Robert Trumble
Bill Clark
Dale Ward
Lee Hoines
Greg Hueeke1
R. Costello
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REGION 3
REGION 6
4% _
REGION 7
20%
REGION 1
Figure 10
DISTRIBUTION OF HERRING HARVEST IN
PUGET SOUND
(based on WDF statistics)
63%
REGION 2
• 1%
REGION A
REGION 5
11%
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2.2.5 Flatfish
Eleven species of flatfish are harvested commercially and recreationally in
Puget Sound. Each of these species range throughout the Sound although rela-
tive abundance changes in different regions. None of the flatfish are abun-
dant in Hood Canal; most find their peak abundance in the waters of the north-
ern and central portions of the Sound.
The two species that account for the bulk of the commercial harvest are
English sole and starry flounder, which are also the most abundant flatfish in
Puget Sound waters (Pedersen and DiDonato, 1982). The commercial harvest of
flatfish is generally done by trawling and there are few regions where this
activity is directed toward a specific species. Recreational harvest of flat-
fish is small, with most occurring in the central portion of Puget Sound
(Pedersen and DiDonato, 1982).
2.2.6 Starry Flounder (platlchthys stellatus)
Geographical Range
Starry flounder are distributed from southern California through the Bering
and Chukchi Sea to Korean and Japanese waters (Hart, 1973). In Puget Sound,
they are more abundant in the northern Sound (Regions 1 and 2) and the central
Sound (Regions 4 and 5) than in other areas.
Biology
The starry flounder, the most abundant shallow water (0-120 ft) flatfish in
Puget Sound, inhabits areas of flat sand. Spawning occurs February to March;
known spawning areas are in Boundary Bay and Bellingham Bay (Region 1)
(Solomon and Mills, 1983). Eggs are pelagic. Females are somewhat larger
than males (23.5 inches versus 17 inches) and probably live longer (Hart 1973).
Starry flounder tolerate wide ranges of salinity. Hart (1973) reports that
young are taken in the Fraser River and have been found in salinities of 6-10
parts per thousand in California. Feeding is temperature dependent and may
cease at low water temperatures. This species feeds primarily on crustaceans,
worms, small molluscs, and small fishes.
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Commercial Fishery - Present and Potential
Average annual harvest in the northern Sound (1979-1983) was 458,000 pounds
and 540,000 pounds in the central Sound (Region 5). Most starry flounder are
harvested in Regions 1 and 4; very few are harvested at all in the Hood Canal
(Region 6). Average annual harvests from 1979-1983 in Regions 1 and 3 were
444,000 and 291,000 pounds Ib, respectively. This is a comparable harvest to
that of the previous five years. In Region 3, the bulk of the fishery occurs
in Discovery Bay. Trawl grounds for starry flounder in Region 5 are at
Utsalady and Saratoga Passage (Pedersen and DiDonato, 1982).
Recreational Fishery
Starry Flounder represent a significant recreational fish species only in
Region 5. From 1976-1980 an average of 4,000 pounds was harvested annually,
primarily as a result of pier sportfishing (Pedersen and DiDonato, 1982).
Summary Points - Starry Flounder
• The majority of the commercial harvest occurs in Regions 1, 3 and 4
(Figure 11).
• The average annual harvest in Puget Sound (1979-1983) was over 350,000
pounds with a value of over $150,000.
• Important contacts and sources of information include:
WDF Mark Pederson
Bill Clark
Dale Ward
Lee Hoines
Mary Lou Mills
R. Costello
Greg Hueckel
40
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REGION 1
REGION 3
5% A
REGION 6
REGION 7
4% A
Figure 11
DISTRIBUTION OF STARRY FLOUNDER HARVEST IN
PUGET SOUND
(based on WDF statistics)
76%
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2.2.7 Dover Sole (microstomus pacificus)
Geographic Range
Dover sole are found from Baja, California to the Bering Sea. In Puget Sound,
they are most abundant in the central Sound (Regions 4 and 5) and least abun-
dant in Hood Canal (Region 6) (Solomon and Mills, 1983).
Biology
The Dover sole is one of the most hardy of the flatfish. Preferring soft bot-
tom habitat, this fish is a bottom feeder, specializing in burrowing animals
(Hart, 1973). Little of its specific life history is known in Puget Sound,
but research has been conducted on other stocks. Spawning occurs off
California from November to February. Spawning sites and times in Puget Sound
are unknown. Eggs and early larvae are pelagic for several months before set-
tling to the bottom. Once juvenile fish settle to the bottom, migrations are
generally not extensive. Off the Washington coast, movements have been noted
up to 110 miles northward and 366 miles southward (Hart 1973). Males may live
20 years and attain about two pounds in weight. Females are somewhat longer-
lived and larger (Pedersen and DiDonato, 1982). The fish are primarily found
around 300 foot depths.
Commercial Fishery - Present and Potential
The average annual harvest of Dover sole in Puget Sound is about 100,000
pounds with a value of over $20,000 (1979-1983). The primary region for har-
vest of Dover sole is in central Puget Sound (Regions 4 and 5). Trawling
grounds primarily used for harvest of this species include Penn Cove, Holms
Harbor, Saratoga Passage, Everett Bay, Possession Sound, Edmonds and Port
Madison (Pedersen and DiDonato, 1982). The fishery occurs all year peaking in
the winter and in waters from 0-500 feet deep. The average landing of Dover
sole in the central Sound (Regions 4 and 5) from 1979-1983 was 59,000 pounds
annually. The fishery in central Puget Sound has been declining since 1976 for
unexplained reasons (Solomon and Mills, 1983).
Recreational Harvest
There is virtually no recreational fishery directed at Dover sole. In 1980,
only 52 fish were reported harvested by boat-based anglers in Washington State
waters (WDF, 1980).
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Summary Points - Dover Sole
• Most are harvested from Regions 1, A, and 5 (Figure 12).
• The five year average annual (1979-1983) harvest was approximately
100,000 pounds with a value of over $20,000.
• Important contacts and sources of information Include:
WDF Mark Pedersen
Bill Clark
Dale Ward
Lee Hoines
Mary Lou Mills
R. Costello
Greg Hueeke1
————— — JRB Associates-J
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REGION 3
9%
REGION 6
REGION 7
REGION 1
25%
Figure 12
DISTRIBUTION OF DOVER SOLE HARVEST IN
PUGET SOUND
(based on WDF statistics)
REGION 2
A 2%
REGION 4
5%
REGION 5
58%
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2.2.8 English Sole (ParaphryB vetulus)
Geographic Range
These fishes are found from Baja, California through the Gulf of Alaska (Hart
1973). They are abundant in all regions of Puget Sound except Hood Canal
(Solomon and Mills, 1983).
Biology
English sole is the most abundant species of flatfish in Puget Sound. Spawn-
ing, which takes place in winter and early spring, has been recorded in
Elliott Bay, Discovery Bay, East Sound and the Gulf of Georgia (Solomon and
Mills, 1983). Eggs are pelagic but sink several hours before hatching. Lar-
vae are pelagic for a time, and then become demersal. While fish are young
they are often found in very shallow water. As they age, they prefer deeper
water (400 ft) over flat mud bottom (Hart, 1973; Solomon and Mills, 1983).
This species displays a seasonal depth migration, utilizing shallow waters in
summer and deeper waters in winter (Hart 1973). These fishes feed mostly on
molluscs, polychaetes,crustaceans and brittle stars, all of which food species
are vulnerable to particulate and chemical pollutants (Hart, 1976). Hart
(1973) indicates that a key factor in survival of young is development time
and transport from spawning grounds to nursery grounds.
Males are much smaller than females, seldom reaching 12 inches in length.
Females generally weigh under three pounds and are under 20 inches in length
(Pedersen and DiDonato, 1982).
Commercial Fisheries - Present And Potential
The average annual (1979-1983) harvest of English sole is over 1,500,000
pounds with a value of almost $500,000 (1979-1983). English sole are commer-
cially harvested by trawl fishing in all parts of the Sound. The northern and
central Sound provides the largest components of,the fishery, however, with
combined average landings from 1976-1981 in these regions of over 700,000
pounds. In the Straits and Admiralty Inlet regions (Region'3), an average of
87,500 pounds was harvested annually between 1979 and 1983. In the southern
Sound (Region 7) English sole are infested by a parasite (Philometra
americana) and therefore are unfit for human consumption. The average 323,000
pounds harvested in this region annually (1979-1983) are used as animal food.
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In all areas except the central Sound, the harvest levels have been stable for
a number of years, and the species Is considered fully utilized. In the cen-
tral Sound, the harvest levels have been slowly declining and lower harvest
levels are being recommended (Pedersen and DiDonato, 1982).
Recreational Harvest
The majority of recreational fishing from boat anglers occurs in central Puget
Sound. In this area, an average of 1,000 pounds of fish were harvested annual-
ly between 1976 and 1980 (Pedersen and DiDonato, 1982).
Summary Points - English Sole
• Most fish are harvested in Regions 1, 2, A, and 5 (Figure 13).
• A key factor in survival of young is development time and transport to
nursery grounds.
• The five year average (1979-1983) annual harvest throughout the Sound was
1.5 million pounds with an average value of almost $500,000.
• Important contacts and sources of information include:
WDF Mark Pedersen
Bill Clark
Dale Ward
Lee Hoines
Mary Lou Mills
R. Costello
Greg Hueeke1
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REGION 1
45%
REGION 7
20%
Figure 13
DISTRIBUTION OF ENGLISH SOLE HARVEST IN
PUGET SOUND
(based on WDF statistics)
REGION 4
in
REGION 5
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2-2.9 Rock Sole (Lepidopsetta Bilineata)Biology
Rock sole are a shallow water (0-120 ft) species of flatfish preferring flat
sand and mud bottom regions. Spawning takes place between February and April
in Puget Sound; Killisut Harbor is a known spawning area (Solomon and Mills,
1983). Eggs are demersal and adhesive. The larvae develop in shallow areas.
Adult fish feed on benthic invertebrates and small bottom dwelling fish (Hart,
1973). Females are usually larger than males and may grow to 20 inches and
four pounds (Pedersen and DiDonato, 1982).
Geographic Range
This species occurs from southern California, throughout the Pacific Rim to
Korea and the Sea of Japan (Hart, 1973). In Puget Sound it is abundant only
in the northern Sound and the Straits/Admiralty Inlet region (Solomon and
Mills, 1983).
Commercial Fishery - Present and Potential
The average annual (1979-1983) harvest of rock sole in Puget Sound is over
250,000 pounds with a value of over $70,000 (1979-1983). The primary regions
of trawl fishing for rock sole are in the northern Sound (Region 1) and the
Straits/Admiralty Inlet area (Regions 3 and 5). Average annual landings in
1979-1983 in these regions were 140,000 pounds and 70,000 pounds, respec-
tively. There is some directed trawl effort for this species on the west side
of Protection Island and near Port Gamble and in the Gulf of Georgia. The
peak catch is in the winter months, although the fishery continues year-round
(Pedersen and DiDonato, 1982).
Recreational Fishery
The rock sole is fished recreationally by boat and from fishing piers. The
bulk of this fishery during 1976-1980 took place in the central Sound (Regions
4 and 5) with 12,000 pounds harvested annually.
Summary Points - Rock Sole
• Primary harvest areas are in Regions 1 and 3 (Figure 14).
• The five year average annual harvest throughout the Sound was over
250,000 pounds with a value of over $70,000.
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REGION 1
REGION 3
27%
REGION 6
1% •
REGION 7
2% •
Figure 14
DISTRIBUTION OF ROCK SOLE HARVEST IN
PUGET SOUND
(based on WDF statistics)
462
REGION 2
6%
REGION 4
82
REGION 5
9%
49
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Important contacts and sources of information include:
WDF Mark Pedersen
Bill Clark
Dale Ward
Lee Koines
Mary Lou Mills
R. Costello
Greg Hueeke1
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2.2.10 Sand Sole (Psettichthys melanostictus)
Geographic Range
Sand sole are found from southern California to the Bering Sea (Hart 1973).
In Puget Sound, it is abundant only in the northern end of the Sound (Regions
1, 2, and 3), although it is common in all areas except Hood Canal (Region 6).
Biology
The sand sole is a shallow water (30-300 ft) flatfish preferring sandy bot-
toms. Spawning takes place from January to March; Belllngham Bay is a known
spawning area (Solomon and Mills, 1983). Eggs are pelagic and hatch in about
five days. These fish feed primarily on small bottom fishes, crustaceans,
polychaete worms and molluscs (Hart, 1973). Little is known of its migratory
behavior (Pedersen and DiDonato, 1982).
Commercial Fishery - Present and Potential
The average annual (1979-1983) harvest of sand sole in Puget Sound is almost
150,000 pounds with a value of $50,000. The bulk of the commercial trawl
fishery takes place in the Gulf of Georgia (Region 1) during the winter
months. Sand sole are also harvested in Boundary Bay and Birch Bay. Annual
harvest in 1979-1983 in the northern Sound averaged 79,000 pounds while the
average harvest in all other regions combined was 58,000 pounds.
»»
Recreational Harvest
Limited amounts of sand sole are recreationally fished throughout the Sound.
Average annual catch 1976-1980 was 3,000 pounds in the central Sound and about
1,000 pounds in all other regions (Pedersen and DiDonato, 1982).
Summary Points - Sand Sole
• Most sand sole are harvested in Region 1 (Figure 15).
• The five year average annual harvest throughout the Sound was approxi-
mately 150,000 pounds with a value of about $50,000 (1979-1983).
• Important contacts and sources of information Include:
WDF Mark Pedersen
Bill Clark
Dale Ward
Lee Hoines
Mary Lou Mills
R. Costello
Greg Hueeke1
51
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REGION 1
REGION 3
8%
REGION 6
REGION 7
18%
Figure 15
DISTRIBUTION OF SAND SOLE HARVEST IN
PUGET SOUND
(based on WDF statistics)
56%
REGION 2
m n
REGION 4
11%
REGION 5
6%
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2.2.11 Llngcod (Ophiodon elongatus)
Geographic Range
Lingcod are found from southern California to the northern Gulf of Alaska.
They are found throughout Puget Sound. The species does not migrate exten-
sively.
Biology
Lingcod, a member of the Hexagrammidae family, is a valuable component of the
recreational and commercial fisheries of Puget Sound. Adult lingcod are found
in rocky areas with strong currents in water depths from intertidal to about
600 feet (Bargmann, 1982).
Spawning takes place in late winter and early spring. Spawning has been
reported from the Intertidal zone to about 100 foot depths. Eggs are demersal
in large adhesive masses that are guarded by male fish until they hatch in 1-2
months. Larvae occur in surface waters and are widely dispersed by currents.
In June, following approximately two months in surface waters, the larvae
become demersal (Bargmann, 1982). During the next six months they Inhabit
sandy estuarine regions (Pedersen and DiDonato, 1982).
Commercial Fishery - Present And Potential
The average annual (1979-1983) harvest of lingcod is over 200,000 pounds with
a value of over $50,000. Landings of lingcod have steadily decreased since
1961 (670,755 pounds) although 1970 and 1980 showed slightly higher landings.
Most of the commercial harvest occurs in the Strait of Georgia (Region 1) and
in the Strait of Juan de Fuca (Region 3). According to Bargmann (1982) 96Z of
the Puget Sound catch (1950-1978) came from Regions 1, 2, and 3. Peak
landings are August through October (Pedersen and DiDonato, 1982). Since 1980,
the season on lingcod has been closed from December 1 to April 14 in an effort
to prevent overflshlng.
Recreational Harvest
Recreational fishing for lingcod takes place using hook and line or spears.
The regions utilized in Puget Sound by recreational fishermen for lingcod are
the same as those used by commercial fishermen, although somewhat more recrea-
tional than commercial fishing takes place in the inner Sound for this
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species. Few data are available on the spearfishing harvest of lingcod. This
method of collecting fish has become very popular since the 1960's and lingcod
is the most desired fish in this sport (Bargmann, 1982). The bulk of the
recreational harvest takes place in the spring months.
Summary Points - Lingcod
• Most are harvested in Regions 1 and 3 (Figure 16).
• The five year average annual harvest throughout the Sound was over
200,000 pounds valued at over $50,000 (1979-1983).
• These fish prefer areas of rocky bottoms with strong currents.
• Important contacts and sources of information include:
WDF Mark Pedersen
Bill Clark
Dale Ward
Lee Hoines
Mary Lou Mills
R. Costello
Greg Hueeke1
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REGION 1
REGION 3
35%
REGION 6
23%
REGION 7
31%
Figure 16
DISTRIBUTION OF LING COD HARVEST IN
PUGET SOUND
(based on WDF statistics)
REGION 2
REGION
2%
REGION 5
^ 2%
55
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2-2.12 Rockflshes (Sebastes spp.)
Geographic Range
Rockfish are found from southern California to the Gulf of Alaska. In Puget
Sound, they are most common in the northern and central Sound (Regions 1,4,
and 5) and in the Straits/Admiralty Inlet area (Regions 3 and 5).
Biology
There are eight species of rockfish which make up the bulk of the commercial
fishery for this group in Puget Sound. This is a varied group of fish, all of
which prefer rocky bottom habitat in up to 500 feet of water. Little is known
about the life history of most of these species. They release pelagic embryos
near their preferred habitat. Most feed on small fish, molluscs and crusta-
ceans. Although most of the species range from 12-20 inches in length and
from 2-8 pounds, the bocaccio and the yellow rockfish grow to over 15 pounds
(Pedersen and DiDonato, 1982).
Commercial Fishery - Present and Potential
The average annual (1979-1983) harvest of rockfish in Puget Sound is 225,000
pounds with a value of almost $50,000. The commercial fishery of rockfish
utilizes mainly trawling to catch fish and most of the catch is incidental to
other species. A directed fishery for quillback and copper rockfish occurs in
Admiralty Inlet (Region 3) (Pedersen and DiDonato, 1982). Most fish are har-
vested in Regions 1 and 3. The average annual harvest between 1979-1983 in
Region 1 was 47,000 pounds and 97,000 pounds in Region 3.
Recreational Fishery
Most of the rockfish harvested in Washington State are sport fish. This fish-
ery has undergone a tremendous expansion in recent years. In 1980, 345,000
pounds of rockfish were harvested by boat anglers in Regions 1 and 2 alone.
In Regions 4 and 5, 244,000 pounds of rockfish were harvested by boat anglers
(Pedersen and DiDonato, 1982).
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Summary Points - Rockflsh
• Regions 1 and 3 have the largest commercial and recreational catch in the
Sound (Figure 17).
• The five year average harvest (1979-1983) was 225,000 pounds with a value
of almost $50,000.
• Important contacts and sources of information Include:
WDF Mark Pedersen
Bill Clark
Dale Ward
Lee Hoines
Mary Lou Mills
R. Costello
Greg Hueckel
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REGION 3
43%
REGION 6
1% •
REGION 7
10%
Figure 17
DISTRIBUTION OF ROCKFISH HARVEST IN
PUGET SOUND
(based on WDF statistics)
REGION 1
21%
REGION 2
A 5%
REGION"
^ 5%
REGION 5
15%
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2.2.13 Miscellaneous Baitfish
Baitfish, other than herring, that are utilized to some extent in Puget Sound
include surf smelt (Hypomesus pretiosus), northern anchovy (Engraulis mordax)
and candlefish (Ammodytes hexapterus). The only commercial fishery of any
size is the surf smelt fishery. This species is also an attractive recrea-
tional fish.
Biology
Surf or silver smelt, like herring, spawn at specific locations within Puget
Sound. Port Orchard and Saratoga Passage are Important spawning sites. Spawn-
ing times vary by area and may occur all year-round. These fish require
coarse sand-fine gravel (1-8 mm) sediments for spawning in the upper inter-
tidal zone. Eggs are adhesive to gravel and are burled in the upper few centi-
meters of gravel. The smelt is a shortlived species (1-3 years), and the bulk
of the spawning population is two years old (Trumble, 1983).
Known Water Quality Needs and Sensitivities
The requirement for spawning bed sediment grain size is critical, especially
since these fish utilize the same spawning areas year after year.
Commercial Fishery - Present and Potential
The average annual (1979-1983) harvest of surf smelt in Puget Sound is about
53,000 pounds with a value of almost $18,000. Commercial harvest of surf
smelt occurs through beach seining. Over 602 of the catch is from the
Saratoga Passage - Port Susan area (Region 4) and southern Hood Canal (Region
6) and has been consistent from the last decade. Average annual landings
(1979-1983) in Region 4 were 26,000 pounds and were 5,200 pounds in Region 6.
Recreational Fishery
Recreational fishing is carried out using dip nets and by jigging. Estimates
of recreational catch are not available (Trumble 1983).
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Summary Points - Baitfish
• Most smelt are harvested in Regions 1, A, and 6 (Figure 18).
• The availability of spawning beaches with appropriate sediment sizes
appears to be critical.
• The annual average harvest from 1979-1983 of surf smelt in the Sound was
about 50,000 pounds for an average annual value of almost $18,000.
• Important contacts and sources of information:
WDF Ken Trumble
Dale Ward
Lee Hoines
Greg Hueeke1
R. Costello
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REGION 1
REGION 3
2% ft
REGION 6
REGION 7
8%
Figure 18
DISTRIBUTION OF SILVER SMELT HARVEST IN
PUGET SOUND
(based on WDF statistics)
18%
REGION 2
1%
REGION 4
51%
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2-2.14 Surfperches
Biology
Two species of perch are commercially and recreationally utilized in Puget
Sound, the striped seaperch (Embiotoca lateralis) and the pile perch
(Rhacochilus vacca). Both species occur in very shallow water (up to 100 ft)
over various substrates (Solomon and Mills, 1983). They are small fish averag-
ing about a foot in length and 1-2 pounds in weight. They give birth to fully
developed young in the spring. Pile perch commonly feed on mussels, clams and
barnacles, while seaperch feed on a variety of amphipods, worms and crustacean
larvae (Pedersen and DiDonato, 1982).
Commercial Fishery - Present and Potential
The average annual (1979-1983) harvest of surfperches in Puget Sound is
130,000 pounds with a value of $40,000. The fishery for perches utilizes
beach seines. Most of the fishery takes place in Regions 5, 6 and 7. The
same five year average catches for all species of perch combined in these
regions was 88,000 Ib, 21,000 Ib and 45,000 Ib, respectively.
Recreational Fishery
There are few data available for the recreational fishery. Surfperches are
caught using beach seines and by pier anglers. Most of the fishing for this
species occurs in summer from manmade structures (Pedersen and DiDonato, 1982).
Summary Points - Surfperches
• The greatest harvest takes place in Regions 5, 6, and 7.
• Five year average annual harvest throughout the Sound (1979-1983) was
about 130,000 pounds with a value of about $40,000.
• Important contacts and sources of information include:
WDF Mark Pedersen
Bill Clark
Dale Ward
Lee Hoines
Mary Lou Mills
R. Costello
Greg Hueeke1
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2.2.15 Spiny Dogfish (Squalus acanthias)
Geographical Range
The spiny dogfish occurs from Baja, California to the Bering Sea. They are
common throughout Puget Sound and have no particular preferred habitat
(Solomon and Mills, 1983).
Biology
The dogfish, an elasmobranch which is common in Puget Sound, is found in up to
700 ft of water. They are very long-lived fish, with females maturing between
14 and 18 years. The young are born alive after a 22-24 month gestation per-
iod. These fish eat a very wide variety of organisms. At least 27 species of
fish and 13 species of invertebrates have been documented as foods (Hart,
1973). According to Pedersen and DIDonato (1982), dogfish may school when
feeding. The fish in the Sound appear to migrate little and may be an indige-
nous population (Hart, 1973; Pedersen and DiDonato, 1982).
Commercial Fishery - Present and Potential
The fishery for spiny dogfish Is conducted primarily using trawls, set nets
and set lines. Over the last eight years set lines have become the major fish-
ing type. About sixty percent of the total annual dogfish harvest in the
Sound takes place in Regions 1 and 2 at a combined annual average of 3.1 mil-
lion pounds. A total annual average of 2.1 million pounds are harvested in
the rest of the Sound.
Recreational Fishery
Although there is some sport fishery for this species, it is not large. Accord-
ing to Hoines et al. (1980), 5,200 dogfish were taken in all of Washington
State waters in 1980.
Summary Points - Spiny Dogfish
• Most harvest takes place in Regions 1 and 2 (Figure 19).
• The five year average annual harvest (1979-1983) was over 5,000,000
pounds with an average value of about $500,000.
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REGION 1
REGION 3
13%
REGION 6
6%
REGION 7
2% A
Figure 19
DISTRIBUTION OF SPINY DOGFISH HARVEST IN
PUGET SOUND
(based on WDF statistics)
38%
REGION 2
20%
REGION 4
4%
REGION 5
17%
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• Important contacts and sources of information include:
WDF Mark Pedersen
Bill Clark
Dale Ward
Lee Hoines
Mary Lou Mills
R. Costello
Greg Hueeke1
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2.2.16 Miscellaneous Fish
There are a number of fish species harvested in Puget Sound in low numbers or
incidental to other fisheries. These include mackeral, Pacific halibut, sable-
fish, white sea bass, greenling, ratfish, sculpin, mud shark and skate. Some
of these species, such as Pacific halibut and sablefish, occur in much greater
numbers and form a larger portion of the Washington State coastal fishery.
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2.3 PUGET SOUND SHELLFISH RESOURCES
The shellfish of Puget Sound contribute extensively to commercial and recrea-
tional fisheries. By the term "shellfish" is meant the molluscs, echinoderms,
and crustaceans that are commercially or recreationally exploited. Major
Puget Sound shellfish include hard and softshell clams, crab, shrimp, oysters,
and geoducks. Other shellfish harvested include scallops, sea urchins and sea
cucumbers, octopus, and squid.
In 1982, commercial shellfish landings in Puget Sound were approximately 8.5
million pounds valued at over three million dollars. Figure 20 depicts the
commercial shellfish harvest for years 1972 through 1982 in Puget Sound. Geo-
ducks, hardshell clams and oysters compose the greatest proportion of the har-
vest in terms of pounds while shrimp, oysters, and crabs yielded the highest
price per pound. Recreational harvesting of shellfish include hand digging,
diving and sport shrimp and crab pots. WDF estimates that over 500,000 recrea-
tional shellfishing trips are made annually in Puget Sound.
Recent closures of shellfish beds as a result of water quality degradation
are a cause for concern when considering the current and potential values of
shellfish resource. The closures or decertifications are primarily a result
of bacterial contamination which is from urban run-off or from municipal,
industrial or private sewage treatment plant outfalls. At the present time,
the Washington Department of Ecology is working closely with private and pub-
lic officials to develop policies and procedures to reverse the alarming trend
of shellfish decertification. Table 2 presents a list of Puget Sound sites
currently restricted from shellfish harvesting. Plans for protecting shell-
fish habitat include water quality surveys in appropriate areas, study of the
nonpoint pollution sources that contribute to shellfish contamination, and re-
duction or elimination of point source discharges in critical areas.
The following is a discussion of the major shellfish resources found within
Puget Sound. Figure 21 depicts the horizontal and vertical distribution of
Puget Sound clams, mussels, and oysters. Each description of a species or
group of organisms includes a brief summary of its biology, habitat
preference, geographic range, and pertinent commercial and recreational
fishery data. Information concerning any critical life stages or potential
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2000
ism
1000
E0e
208 .
i Be
tea
fl
400O .
3808
2000
teee
72 73 74 76 7O 77 7« 78 80 01 82
CRABS
72 73 74 7E 70 77 70 70 80 81 82
SHRIMP
72 73 74 76 70 77 78 78 80 81 82
HRDSHL CLAMS
8000
0000
2000
e I n
nfll
4000 ,
38BB
ZB80
1000
20000 __
16000
10000
6888
72 73 74 76 70 77 78 78 88 81 82
CEOOUCS
72 73 74 75 78 77 78 70 80 81 82
OYSTERS
72 73 74 78 70 77 78 70 8« 81 82
TOTAL SHELLFISH
Figure 20
ID
00
>
I
5'
5>
COMMERCIAL PUCET SOUND SHELLFISH CATCH 1972-1982
(pounds of shellfish in 1000s)
Source: WDK,
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Date
Decertified
1950s
1950s
1950s*
1950s
1960s
1960s
1960s
1968
10/81
03/82
Table 2
WASHINGTON DECERTIFIED AND UNCERTIFIABLE CULTURE AREAS
Location Caust
Dyes Inlet (all)
Sinclair Inlet (all)
Oakland Bay/Hanoersly Inlet (in the vicinity of Shelton)
Budd Inlet (all)
Liberty Bay (cast side, near Poulsbo)
Grays Harbor (about >i, basically the eactern lobe)
Villapa Bay (about 101, around mouth of Willapa River)
Port Susan (about 1/3 of the tldeflats)
Burley Lagoon (all)
Hinter Bay (all)
Conditionally Approved
03/83 Henderson Inlet (mid-stretch, upper section decertified)
02/83 Lower Eld Inlet
09/83 Penn Cove
Vneertifiablec
Last Shore of Puget Sound from Tacoma to Edmonds,
Hartstene Island, North End
East Shore of Vashon Island
Port Tovnsend
Kitsap (near Winslov)
Appletree Cove (near Kingston)
Port Gamble
Everett
Belllngham Bay
Bremerton STP
Bremerton STP
Shelton STP
STP, Deschutes River, Non-Point
Poulcbo, STP. Marina
STP», Mills
Raymond, South Bend STPs
Dairy Runoff in the StlllaguaBici.,
STPs
Ron-Point
Non-Point
Non-Point
Non-Point
STP
STPs, Industrial;
Private STP
STP
STP
STP
Sevage Outfall
Sevage Outfall
SI?, Industry, Non-Point
STP, Mills, Non-Point
Decertified area reduced in 1980 due to installation of secondary treatment.
Closure In effect following a quantity and duration of rainfall determined for a specific site.
cBased on review of geoduck beds for lease suitability by WDF and DSHS. This list is not exhaustive.
Source: WDOE, unpub.; J. Lilja, DSHS, pars. coom.
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Figure 21
HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL DISTRIBUTION
OF PUGET SOUND CLAMS, MUSSELS AND OYSTERS
(Magoon and Vining, 1980)
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fishery or aquaculture information is Included where the supporting data was
readily available. It should be stressed that these descriptions represent a
cursory summation only. Detailed literature reviews as well as added efforts
to contact local experts must be undertaken before enough information on
individual shellfish and the entire shellfish resource can be presented or
ranked in Puget Sound to meet the needs of resource managers.
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2.3.1 Hardshell Clams
Hardshell clam resources in Puget Sound are abundant and provide an important
part of the State's commercial and recreational fisheries. Hardshell clams,
which include Manila, butter, native littleneck, and horse clams, are found
throughout the Sound in intertidal and subtidal areas. Surveys of subtidal
waters within the State of Washington have been conducted by the WDF since
1967. Figure 22 illustrates the distribution of major and commercial subtidal
clam beds in Puget Sound. Primary subtidal areas for hardshell clams include
Island, Jefferson and Kitsap Counties (Regions 3, 4, 5 and 6). Based on these
surveys, the subtidal standing crop is estimated to be over 170 million pounds
in approximately 5,350 acres. These estimates could Increased as more sub-
tidal lands are surveyed. Subtidal harvest of hardshell clams average around
300,000 pounds per year. It is believed that this figure could rise to 2-5
million pounds annually if mechanical harvesting is permitted in more waters
and at depths beyond the 25 ft limitation currently imposed.
Goodwin (1980) reported that the abundance and size of subtidal hardshell clam
stocks are associated with water depth. Greatest size and abundance occurred
in shallow areas, particularly in depths less than 30 feet. Furthermore, the
most important beds were found in open water with good current flow.
Intertidal stocks of hardshell clams are more difficult to assess since approx-
imately 60% of all intertidal shoreline is privately owned. Figure 23 pre-
sents the distribution of intertidal hardshell clam resources in Puget Sound.
Because no standing crop estimates are avilable, this figure may not provide a
complete representation of intertidal clam stocks. It is known, however, that
intertidal clams comprise the principal component of the commercial hardshell
clam harvest. Clam cultivation industries in Washington contribute substan-
tially to the commercial shellfish economy. Clam farms are located throughout
Puget Sound, but the major industrial sites are located in southern Puget
Sound (Region 7), Hood Canal (Region 6) and Discovery and Sequim Bays (Region
3). Furthermore, many oyster farms will also harvest clams and may select for
the production of clams over oysters depending upon the current market condi-
tions.
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Commercial
? Major Beds
Beds
T
Figure 22
DISTRIBUTION OF SUBTIDAL HARDSHELL CLAMS
IN PUGET SOUND
(QIC, 1981)
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Figure 23
INTERTIDAL HARDSHELL CLAM
DISTRIBUTION IN PUGET SOUND
(QIC, 1981)
\\
t
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Little information is available on recreational harvesting of hardshell clams.
WDF surveys are performed only in that portion of Puget Sound east of
Dungeness Spit and only during April through August. Tables 3 and 4 show the
estimated 1975-1980 personal-use harvest (number of trips and pounds har-
vested) of hardshell clams by region in Puget Sound.
Clams which are bivalve molluscs are sedentary bottom dwellers. Therefore
they are particularly vulnerable to water quality changes and physical altera-
tions of their habitat. Bivalves found in shallow water marine regions are
primary consumers of short food chains and feed chiefly on small particulate
material. Except as prey organisms, bivalves do not generally reflect interde-
pendent associations with other marine organisms. Predation of bivalves, how-
ever, is an important factor in their ecology. Several species of waterfowl,
larids, fish and other marine invertebrates are important predators of mol-
luscs.
Table 5 lists the physical, biological and environmental parameters effecting
clam and mussel resource distribution. Stanley (1973) summarized the most
vital environmental factors effecting bivalves (Figure 24). He concluded that
water movement was the most important factor affecting the distribution of
shallow water, soft-bottom bivalves because of its effect on the substrate and
food availability. In hard-bottom bivalve communities, both the substrate
character and water movement are critical environmental factors.
Suspended sediment and large accumulations of organic matter can impair clam
growth and survival. Spat are more sensitive to silt deposits than adult
clams. Poor water quality (turbidity, sedimentation, and pollutants) can
cause clams to reduce pumping or shut down. Smaller clams with higher respira-
tory rates appear most sensitive to poor water quality conditions (Mottet
1980).
The major hardshell clam species include: Manila, butter, native littleneck
and horse clams. Each species is described in more detail in the following
sections.
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Table 3
ESTIMATED PERSONAL-USE HARVEST EFFORT OF HARDSHELL CLAMS BY REGION
(user trips in 1000s)
Region and Area
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
Source: Koines et al., 1980
1980
Gulf of Georgia
Bellinghan Bay
Samish Bay
Pad ilia & Fidalgo Bays
Region 2
K. San Juan Islands
S. San Juan Islands
Region_ _3
Saratoga Passage
Dungeness Bay
Region 4
Port Susan
Region 5
Admiralty Inlet
Port Gardner & Useless Bay
Kingston & Fort Madison
Port Orchard
Vashon/Commencement Bay
Region J>
Hood Canal (upper)
Hood Canal (central)
Hood Canal (lover)
Region 7
Nisqually-Fox Islands
Carr Inlet
Case Inlet
Budd, Eld, Totten Inlets
TOTAL:
49.0
12.2
9.2
18.2
88.6
3.2
_30.0
33.2
105.5
31.9
137.4
5.8
42.7
32.9
36.6
30.7
47.5
190.4
62.2
57.5
60.0
179.7
8.4
21.4
15.8
17.0
62.6
697.7
46.5
6.4
13.6
72.2
2.1
15^2
17.3
116.0
34.0
150.0
4.2
56.1
41.4
48.3
25.8
38.6
210.2
83.5
65.0
56.3
204.8
17.1
17.0
5.1
11.6
50.8
709.5
46.5
1.4
12.1
7.6
67.6
2.6
_JO^
23.2
110.7
34.0
144.7
7.5
72.2
48.0
74.6
28.4
38.3
261.5
98.5
79.7
60.4
238. 6
11.3
25.0
5.3
13.2
54.8
797.9
53.1
1.1
25.1
8.2
87.5
4.4
11.4
15.8
141.1
50.0
191.1
20.4
91.9
53.1
44.6
41.8
19.9
251.3
30.7
36.1
33.9
100.7
9.6
13.8
14.5
8.5
46.4
713.2
17.6
1.8
5.8
4.7
29.9
5.8
18.0
23.8
0.1
15.9
16.0
7.1
12.4
7.5
21.6
13.9
74.8
40.1
43.0
48.7
131.8
9.5
18.4
10.5
9.7
48.1
331.5
8.2
0.8
4.3
3.8
17.1
0.9
2.5
3.4
19.3
24.1
43.4
6.6
71.3
25.1
32.5
25.0
35.5
189.4
45.8
43.7
44.9
134.4
31.2
36.1
15.0
15.2
97.5
491.8
60.5
19.5
113.8
8.6
196.3
165.0
60.0
623.7
, JRB Associates.—
76
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Table 4
ESTIMATED PERSONAL-USE HARVEST OF HARDSHELL CLAMS BY REGION
(in 1000s of pounds)
Region and Area
1975
1976
1977
1976
Gulf of Georgia
Bellinghan Bay
Sanish Bay
Padilla & Fldalgo Bays
Region 2
N. San Juan Islands
S. San Juan Islands
Region 3
Saratoga Passage
Dungeness Bay
Region 4
Port Susan
Region 5
Admiralty Inlet
Port Gardner & Useless Bay
Kingston & Port Madison
Port Orchard
Vashon/Conmencenent Bay
Region 6
Hood Canal (upper)
Hood Canal (central)
Hood Canal (lower)
Region 7
Msqually-Fox Islands
Carr Inlet
Case Inlet
Budd, Eld, Totten Inlets
TOTAL:
128.0
31.9
24.0
47.6
231.5
6.4
78.3
66.7
275.8
83.4
359.2
15.2
111.7
85.9
95.6
80.2
124.2
497.6
162.5
150.3
156.8
469.6
21.9
55.9
41.2
44.5
163.5
is:3.3
90.0
12.4
26.3
11.0
139.7
4.1
33.5
224.6
65.8
90.4
8.1
108.6
80.2
93.5
50.0
74.7
406.8
161.7
125.9
109.0
396.5
33.1
55.9
41.2
44.5
98.2
1173.2
122.6
3.7
31.9
20.0
178.2
6.9
54.3
61.2
291.8
89.6
381.4
19.8
190.3
126.5
196.7
74.9
101.0
239.6
260.0
210.1
159.2
628.8
29.8
65.9
14.0
34.6
144.5
1653.5
140.2
3.0
66.3
21.6
231.1
11.7
30.1
41. 8
372.8
132.2
505.0
53.8
242.6
140.5
118.0
110.6
52.5
664. 4
80.9
95.4
89.7
266.0
25.4
36.4
38.3
22.5
122.6
1884. 7
50.2
5.1
16.4
13.3
85.0
16.5
51.1
67.6
0.3
45.4
45.7
20.1
69.6
21.5
61.6
39.5
55.4
247.6
114.2
122.3
138.7
375.2
27.2
52.5
29.9
27.5
137.1
978'. 3
25.3
2.5
13.2
11.6
52.8
2.7
7.8
10.5
59.9
74.7
134.6
20.4
221.0
77.7
100.8
77.4
110.0
586.9
141.9
135.5
139.3
416.7
96.6
111.9
46.5
47.0
302.0
1523.9
JRB
153.1
50.2
252.7
22.9
440.5
432.9
121.3
1473.6
Associates
77
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Table 5
PHYSICAL, BIOLOGICAL, AND ENVIRONMENTAL PARAMETERS
AFFECTING CLAM AND MUSSEL RESOURCE DISTRIBUTION
Physical Parameters
Water temperature
Water salinity
Water depth
Dissolved oxygen
pH
Water currents
Waves
Substrate composition
Biological Parameters
Reproduction
Recruitment
Survival
Growth
Competition
Mortality
Environmental Parameters
Nutrients
Food Availability
General water quality
Harvesting
Re-seeding
Environment enhancement
Predation
Disease
Toxins
Source: OIW, 1981
, JRB Associates —
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BIVALVE LIFE HABITS AND HABITATS
Substrotum Chorocter
Soft
Hord
Major Effect
Minor Effect
Figure 24
INTERRELATIONSHIPS AMONG ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS
AND BIVALVE LIFE HABITS
(Stanley, 1973)
79
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2-3.2 Manila Clam (Tapes japonlca)
Geographic Range
In North America, Manila clams range from San Francisco Bay north into the
Queen Charlotte Islands. In Puget Sound, Manila clams are ubiquitous, but the
southern Sound area (Region 7) is the major production area for commercially
harvested clams. Because Manila clams occupy the intertidal zone which is pri-
marily privately owned, few data are available regarding local distribution
and abundance.
Biology
Manila clams are usually found above the half-tide level on intertidal beaches
in substrates of pea gravel with silt, mud, sand and broken shell material.
These substrates are typically found along the beaches of inlets, coves, and
lagoons. The Manila clam, also known as the Japanese littleneck, is a fast
growing and hardy species making it ideal for aquaculture. It can reach com-
mercial size (2 inches) in approximately two years and can grow as large as
eight inches. It burrows to a depth of approximately three inches and thus is
easily preyed on by gulls, scoters, flatfish, crabs, starfish and moon snails.
The shallow burrow also exposes these clams to temperature extremes and many
perish during cold winters. Manila clams prefer firm and well-packed gravelly
beach sites because these beaches afford better protection from predators.
Spawning occurs in Puget Sound from May through October. Larvae are free swim-
ming for approximately three weeks and feed on phytoplankton. At the end of
the larval period, juvenile clams "set" or burrow into the substrate and
anchor with a byssal thread to a piece of rock or gravel. This thread anchor
may enable a clam to alter its location although its primary function is to
protect the clam from currents and wave action.
Manila clams are not native to this area but were introduced with Japanese
oyster seed. This introduction, unlike most unwelcome invaders, proved to be
beneficial since this clam occupies a niche not generally utilized by native
littleneck or butter clams.
———————_^_^——- JRB Associates
80
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Commercial Fisheries/Aquaculture - Present And Potential
Manila clams are chiefly cultivated in the bays of southern Puget Sound. The
Manila is commercially seeded and hand harvested after two to four years.
Approximately 1.5 million pounds are harvested annually with a value of nearly
$600,000 (1979-1983). While the production of Manila clams could probably be
increased, the WDF feels its expansion is limited due to the availability of
suitable public bed sites.
Recreational Harvest
The harvest of intertidal clams for personal use occurs on public and private
tidelands. Hood Canal and selected areas in Central Puget Sound are good
recreational sites for digging Manila clams (A. Scholz, WDF, pers. comm.).
Solomon and Mills (1983) conservatively estimated the annual recreational har-
vest of all hardshell clams to be approximately two million pounds valued at
$2,275,000, though no data specific to Manila clams are available.
Summary Points - Manila Clams
• Region 7 is the major areas for Manila clam production (Figure 25).
• Five year average (1979-1983) of commercial fishing indicates value to be
almost $600,000 for approximately 1.5 million pounds.
• Important contacts and sources of Information include:
UW Ken Chew
WDF Ron Westley
Lynn Goodwin
Eric Hurlburt
Al Scholz
DOE Bob Saunders
Joan Thomas
DNR Doug Magoon
Dave Jamison
Mervin W. Howden
DSHS Jack Lilja
Other Organizations NOAA, NMFS
Oceanographic Institute of Washington
King Clam, Inc., Tacoma •
Washington Shellfish Advisory
Commission
Pierce and Thurston County Health
Departments
.JRB Associates-J
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REGION 3
REGION 6
6%
REGION 7
91%
Figure 25
DISTRIBUTION OF MANILA CLAM HARVEST IN
PUGET SOUND
(based on WDF statistics)
REGION 2
REGION A
REGION 5
^ 3%
JR6 Associates —
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2.3.3 Butter Clams (Saxldomus giganteus)
Geographic Range
Butter clams range from the Aleutian Islands to Monterey, California. In
Puget Sound butter clams are ubiquitous, but the majority of beds surveyed by
WDF are located in the Strait of Juan de Fuca (Region 3) central Puget Sound
(Regions 4 and 5) and the San Juan Islands (Region 2).
Biology
The butter clam is a large clam (4-6 inches) that occurs chiefly in the lower
tidal zone and can extend to water depths of 60 feet. Butter clams are often
found with littleneck clams although butter clams are more common in the sub-
tidal areas. Butter clams burrow from 8-12 inches into a substrate of sand,
broken shells and pea gravel. They reach commercial size (2-3 inches) in
approximately four years. Large beds of butter clams have been known to be
completely harvested since beds may consist of only one age class and suc-
cessive reproductions may not occur.
Spawning occurs in the spring and may extend through the summer. Larvae are
free swimming before setting as juvenile clams. The juvenile or "spat" bur-
rows into the substrate and anchors itself to a piece of rock shell or gravel
by the byssal thread. This anchor may also assist the clam in relocation.
Known Water Quality Needs or Sensitivities
The butter clam is known to be fairly tolerant to changes in temperature and
salinity. The butter clam, like all filter-feeding molluscs, can become toxic
from paralytic shellfish poisoning. Unlike most other molluscs that become
nontoxic in a few weeks, the butter clam can retain this poison for two or
more years. This is because the toxin is accumulated more in the siphon and
gill rather than in the body cavity (Quayle and Bourne, 1972).
Commercial Fisheries/Aquaculture - Present And Potential
Annual harvest of butter clams in Puget Sound is approximately 250,000 pounds
at a value of $50,000 (1979-1983). Sequim Bay, Admiralty Inlet, Boundary Bay,
Agate Pass and Hood Canal (Regions 3, 5 and 6) are important areas for the cul-
turing and harvesting of butter clams.
83
,JRB Associates-J
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Recreational Harvest
The harvest of butter clams for personal use occurs on public and private tide-
lands. Solomon and Mills (1983) conservatively estimated the recreational
harvest of all hardshell clams to be approximately two million pounds valued
at $2,275,000.
Summary Points - Butter Clams
• Regions 3, 5, and 6 are the major production areas for butter clams
(Figure 26).
• Five year (1979-1983) average of commercial fishery indicates value to be
almost $50,000 for approximately 250,000 pounds.
• Important contacts and sources of information:
UW Ken Chew
WDF Ron Westley
Eric Hurlburt
Lyn Goodwin
Al Scholz
DOE Bob Saunders
Joan Thomas
DNR Doug Magoon
Mervin W. Howden
Dave Jamison
DSHS Jack Lilja
Other Organizations NOAA, NMFS
Oceanographic Institute of Washington
King Clam, Inc., Tacoma
Washington Shellfish Advisory
Commission
Pierce and Thurston County Health
Departments
JRB Associates _
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REGION 3
6%
REGION 6
8%
REGION 7
3% A
Figure 26
DISTRIBUTION OF BUTTER CLAM HARVEST IN
PUGET SOUND
(based on WDF statistics)
REGION
REGION 5
50?
85
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2.3.4 Native Littleneck Clam (Protothaca staminea)
Geographic Range
Native littleneck clams range from Baja, California to the Aleutian Islands.
Subtidal surveys conducted by WDF found the majority of littleneck clam beds
in central Puget Sound (Region 5).
Biology
The native littleneck clam is a medium sized (2.5-3 inch maximum length) clam
that occurs from the mid-intertidal beach to the upper subtidal zone. They
can occur in deeper waters having been recorded to 60 ft (Goodwin, 1973).
Littlenecks prefer a substrate composed of sands and gravel in which they bur-
row to depths of six to ten inches. They are slow growers, reaching commer-
cial size in as many as six years.
Spawning occurs in the spring. Larvae are free swimming for approximately
three weeks. Juvenile clams settle into the substrate and use byssal threads
to anchor to the bottom.
Commercial Fisheries/Aquaculture - Present And Potential
Annual harvest from leased subtidal beds are approximately 500,000 pounds at a
value of almost $150,000 (1979-1983). Sequim Bay, Admiralty Inlet, Boundary
Bay, Agate Pass and Hood Canal (Regions 3, 5 and 6) are important areas for
the culturing and harvesting of native littleneck clams.
Recreational Harvest
The harvest of native littleneck clams for personal use occurs on public and
private tidelands. Solomon and Mills (1983) conservatively estimated the
recreational harvest of all hardshell clams to be approximately two million
pounds valued at $2,275,000.
Summary Points - Native Littleneck Clams
• Regions 3, 5, 6, and 7 are the major production areas for native
littleneck clams (Figure 27).
• Five year (1979-1983) average of commercial fishery indicates value to be
almost $150,000 for approximately 500,000 pounds.
86
. JRB Associates
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REGION 1
REGION 3
64%
REGION 6
2% *
REGION 7
10%
REGION 2
Figure 27
DISTRIBUTION OF NATIVE LITTLENECK CLAM HARVEST IN
PUGET SOUND
(based on WDF statistics)
REGION U
REGION 5
22%
87
JRB Associates-J
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• Important contacts and sources of information include:
UW Ken Chew
WDF Ron Westley
Eric Hurlburt
Lynn Goodwin
Al Scholz
DOE Bob Saunders
Joan Thomas
DNR Doug Magoon
Mervin W. Howden
Dave Jamison
DSHS Jack Lilja
Other Organizations NOAA, NMFS
Oceanographic Institute of Washington
King Clam, Inc., Tacoma
Washington Shellfish Advisory
Commission
Pierce and Thurston County Health
Departments
— JRB Associates _
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2.3.5 Horse Clam (Tresus capax and T. nuttallii)
Geographic Range
Tresus nuttallii ranges from Washington south to Baja, California. T_. capax
has a wide range extending from Alaska to Monterey, California (Abbott, 1974).
Horse clams can be found throughout Puget Sound, particularly in the subtidal
zone.
Biology
Two species of horse clams are found in the lower intertidal and subtidal
zones (out to 60 ft) in Puget Sound. Both clams are large (5-8 inches) and
are often mistaken for geoducks. Other names for these clams include gaper
and Washington clams. T_. capax prefers substrates of gravel and shell frag-
ments and are often found with butter and native littleneck clams. As adults
and spat, this species is often found in stands of eelgrass (Mottet, 1980).
J_. nuttallii prefers substrates of sand and occasionally clay. In general,
both clams burrow to depths of 12-18 inches. (T. nuttallii is usually the
deeper burrower and can be found at depths of 20 inches.) Both clams grow
quickly attaining commercial size of 2-4 inches in a few years. T_. capax
spawns in the spring while T_. nuttallii spawns in the summer. Larvae are free
swimming. At the end of the larval period, juvenile clams set or burrow into
the substrate and anchor with a byssal thread to a piece of rock or gravel.
The horse clams possess a characteristic shell that is elongated and permits
deep burrowing. Horse clams typically are permanent occupants of their bur-
rows (Stanley, 1973).
Known Water Quality Needs or Sensitivities
Adult horse clams disturbed from their burrow (usually as a result of harvest-
ing) are especially vulnerable to predation because they do not easily rebur-
row.
Commercial Fisheries/Aquaculture - Present and Potential
Annual harvest of horse clams in Puget Sound is approximately'85,000 pounds at
a value of $9,000 (1979-1983). Sequim Bay, Admiralty Inlet, Boundary Bay,
Agate Pass and Hood Canal (Regions 3, 5, and 7) are important areas for
harvesting of horse clams.
JRB Associates-J
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Horse clams are not as popular commercially as butter or native littleneck
clams because their shells are often broken during harvesting with forks or
shovels causing the meat to rapidly desicate. Furthermore, approximately
one-third of its body weight is edible meat while the remainder is the very
muscular neck with a skin that is generally removed before consumption (Quayle
and Bourne, 1972). Subtidally horse clams are harvested using a hydraulic har-
vester (Hanks type) and intertidally by hand. Most horse clams are harvested
from subtidal beds (QIC, 1981).
Recreational Harvest
The harvest of horse clams for personal use occurs on public and private tide-
lands. Solomon and Mills (1983) conservatively estimated the recreational har-
vest of all hardshell clams to be approximately two million pounds valued at
$2,275,000.
Points - Horse Clams
• Regions 1 and 5 are the major production areas for horse clams (Figure
28).
• Five year (1979-1983) average of commercial fishery indicates value to be
almost §9,000 for approximately 85,000 pounds.
• Important contacts and sources of information include:
UW Ken Chew
WDF Ron West ley
Eric Hurlburt
Lynn Goodwin
Al Scholz
DOE Bob Saunders
Joan Thomas
DNR Doug Magoon
Mervin W. Howden
Dave Jamison
DSHS Jack Lilja
Other Organizations NOAA, NMFS
Oceanographic Institute of Washington
King Clam, Inc., Tacoma
Washington Shellfish Advisory Comm.
JRB Associates —
90
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REGION 3
REGION 6
REGION 7
Figure 28
DISTRIBUTION OF HORSE CLAM HARVEST IN
PUGET SOUND
(based on KDF statistics)
REGION 1
19%
REGION 2
-0-
REGION k
-0-
REGION 5
80%
,JRB Associates-J
91
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2-3.6 Geoduck Clam (Panope generosa)
Geographic Range
These clams range from Alaska in the north to as far south as Baja, California
with the maximum abundance found in Puget Sound and British Columbia.
Biology
Geoducks are the largest burrowing clams, averaging two pounds in weight but
sometimes reaching as much as ten pounds. Recent and ongoing surveys con-
ducted by WDF and DNR indicate that geoducks probably extend from the lower
intertidal or subtidal regions to depths beyond (200 feet). While geoducks
prefer sand and mud substrates, they have also been found in rock and gravel
areas. They burrow two to three feet into the substrate and feed on suspended
material.
Geoducks are broadcast spawners and their larvae are planktonic for four to
five weeks. Juveniles settle on appropriate substrates and remain in their
burrow the remainder of their lives which can be exceedingly long. Some geo-
ducks are estimated to be over 100 years old (WDF, 1983).
Known Water Quality Needs or Sensitivities
No specific water quality sensitivities have been identified, generally, the
factors identified under hardshell clams (Table 5 and Figure 24) would pertain
to geoducks. The larval stage is a critical period in geoduck development
since the success of the larvae to settle on suitable beds is totally depen-
dent upon water currents. Likewise the quality of the water column could also
have an effect on the success of larval survival. As adults, geoducks are fil-
ter feeders and do not move from their burrow. They are therefore subjected
to local water quality conditions and may be a threat to human health if geo-
ducks feeding in contaminated waters are consumed.
Commercial Fishery/Aquaculture -_ Present And Potential
The geoduck resource is managed by two state agencies: WDF surveys the loca-
tions of geoduck beds and selects the beds to lease for harvesting; DNR then
leases these beds. Locally, the Washington geoduck fishery has experienced a
rapid expansion so that today it is the largest clam fishery on the west coarst
of North America. The annual harvest of over four million pounds in Puget
———————^————^ JRB Associates _
92
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Sound is valued at almost $700,000 (1979-1983). This valuable resource has
been harvested commercially for less than 20 years, thus it enjoys the bene-
fits from sound management practices that regulate harvests on a maximum sus-
tained yield basis. Unlike other fisheries that were heavily exploited or
even depleted, the geoduck fishery should continue to thrive and if artificial
plantings of hatchery seed are successful, the fishery production could be
doubled. Figure 29a presents the distribution of commercial geoduck beds in
Puget Sound based on the seven regions delineated by Jones and Stokes (1983).
Surveys conducted by the WDR since 1967 in shallow waters (18-60 ft deep) have
revealed abundant beds, particularly in the central and southern Sound regions
(Regions 5 and 7). Over 34,000 acres of beds have been identified; the major
commercial beds are reported to contain 280 million pounds in 19,545 acres.
Current commercial bed statistics (L. Goodwin, WDF, pers. comm.) indicate that
over 6,000 acres have been leased or could be leased in the near future.
These beds contain 140 million pounds or 77 million geoducks. Another 11,000
acres with an estimated 60 million geoducks are located in waters that are
unsuitable for harvest due to pollution and decertification. The decertified
beds are located primarily on the eastern shores of central Puget Sound.
Figure 29b presents the DNR marine land allocations for geoduck harvest as
well as the location of geoduck beds that are decertified.
Each year, approximately 200-500 acres are harvested by divers using hand-held
water jets. This harvest represents approximately 1.5-32 of the annual har-
vestable stock of five million pounds (maximum sustained yield). Recovery of
harvested beds can be slow, some as long as 50 years.
Although geoducks grow quickly and can reach a harvestable size in approxi-
mately four to lOyears, recruitment to suitable beds is the major factor limit-
ing production potential. Ongoing research by WDF and DNR has been directed
towards artificially reseeding beds in order to overcome the variability in
recruitment. Successful spawning and larval culture in the Brinnon Lab by WDF
has been reported (L. Goodwin, WDF, pers. comm.). Planting 30 million
hatchery seed each year could double the commercial fishery by accelerating
the average rotation period of beds. WDF intends to begin their plantings in
the summer of 1984. Based on the survival of these plantings, they will be
able to provide a good assessment of this artificial seeding program and
future geoduck harvest potentials.
JRB Associates-J
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REGION 3
15%
REGION 6
11%
REGION 7
41%
Figure 29a
DISTRIBUTION OF COMMERCIAL GEODUCK BEDS IN
PUGET SOUND
(based on WDF statistics)
REGION 1 - Insuffi-
cient Information
REGION 2 - Insuffi-
cient information
PxEGION 4
3%
REGION 5
30%
94
. JRB Associates —_
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STRAIT OF JUAN DE FDCA
Figure 29b
DNR MARINE LAND ALLOCATIONS
AREA ALLOCATED FOR
COMMERCIAL GEODUCK
HARVEST
••• RECOGNIZED CLAM BEDS
B'jT DECERTIFIED OR
UNCERTIFIED BY DSHS
(FROM DNR. MAY 1981)
-------
Recreational Harvest
The harvest of geoducks for personal use occurs on public and private tide-
lands. WDF surveys this harvest only in that portion of Puget Sound east of
the base of Dungeness Spit. These surveys only occur from April through
August. No data is available for the remainder of the year. Tables 4 and 5
present the estimated 1975-1980 personal-use harvest (number of trips and
pounds harvested) of hardshell clams in which WDF include geoducks.
Summary Points - Geoducks
• Geoducks are most abundant in the central and southern Sound (Regions 5
and 7) (Figure 29a).
• Critical stage is the planktonic larval stage.
• Five year average of commercial fishing indicates value to be almost
$700,000 for over 4,000,000 pounds.
• Important contacts and sources of information include:
WDF Lynn Goodwin
Ron Westley
Eric Hurlburt
DNR Doug Magoon
Mervin W. Howden
Dave Jamison
DSHS Jack Lilja
Other Organizations Oceanographic Institute of Washington
Geoduck Harvest in Tacoma, WA
Brian Laboratories
Pierce and Thurston County Health
Departments
———-————————— JRB Associates —I
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2.3.7 Softshell Clam (Mya arenaria)
Geographic Range
Softshell clams range along the west coast as far north as Alaska (Abbott,
1974). In Puget Sound, the bulk of softshells are found in Port Susan and
Skagit Bay (Region 4).
Biology
The eastern softshell clam or steamer clan is a medium to large-sized clam
(3-4 inches) found in the intertidal zone in substrates of sand mixed with
mud. It prefers lower salinities and hence is more often located in the upper
stretches of bays and lagoons that are flushed by rivers and streams. This
clam will burrow to depths of 6-14 inches and will attain commercial size (2-3
inches) in three years (QIC, 1981). There is some question as to whether the
softshell clam is native to this area although Kozloff (1973) asserts it is an
imported species because there are no softshell fragments found in historic
Indian shell mounds.
Softshell clams are broadcast spawners and their larvae are free swimming.
Juveniles settle by attaching byssel threads to solid objects. Softshell
clams that have anchored themselves to floating objects have been observed,
usually on pieces of floatsam (Mottet, 1980). The softshell is a slow bur-
rower and it is reported that if they are dislodged they cannot reburrow.
Known Water Quality Needs or Sensitivities
Generally the factors identified under hardshell clams (Table 5 and Figure 24)
apply to softshell clams. Because the softshell is primarily adapted to low
energy estuarine environments and due to their slow movements, softshells
inhabiting open beaches are subject to mortality from storms. Softshells can-
not easily clear sand or debris from their siphons (Stanley, 1973).
Softshell clams are however, extremely hardy with regard to temperature and
salinity. Mottet (1980) describes an experiment where adult clams revived
after being frozen (-4°C) for seven weeks. In another experiment, clams sur-
vived a 42 hour exposure to distilled water. This tolerance is probably a
function of- metabolic rate as smaller clams did not survive in the same experi-
ment.
——— JRB Associates-J
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Commercial Fishery/Aquaculture - Present and Potential
Figure 30 depicts the distribution of softshell clam resources in Puget Sound.
Because these clams occupy the intertidal regions, most of which is privately
owned, total standing stocks are unknown.
Commercial harvest of intertidal softshell clams has historically been accom-
plished primarily with a hydraulic harvester. This is no longer the case
(QIC, 1980). The operation of mechanical harvesters in estuarine areas is a
controversial subject because of the environmental effects of such operations.
Hand harvesting of softshell clams has occurred on the Skokomish Indian Reser-
vation (Region 6).
Due to the problems of mechanical harvesting and decertification, production
of hardshell clams is low (10,000-20,000 Ib annually). If these problems were
surmounted, however, the potential for this fishery is extremely high with
estimates of over 500,000 pounds annually.
Recreational Harvest
The harvest of softshell clams for personal use occurs on public and private
tidelands. There is no data regarding the number of pounds of softshell clams
annually harvested because they occur on intertidal beaches most of which are
privately owned.
Summary Points - Shoftshell Clams
• Region A is the major area for softshell clam production (Figure 30).
• Softshell clams have demonstrated broad tolerance of salinity and temp-
erature.
• Five year average (1979-1983) of commercial fishing indicate value to be
almost $4,000 for approximately 10,000 pounds.
• Important contacts and sources of information include:
UW Ken Chew
yDF Ron Westley
Lynn Goodwin
Eric Hurlburt
Al Scholz
DOE Bob Saunders
Joan Thomas
DNR Doug Magoon
Dave Jamison
Mervin W. Howden
______——————__—_—____—^___ JRB Associates —
98
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Figure 30
DISTRIBUTION OF SURVEYED SOFTSHELL CLAM
RESOURCES IN PUGET SOUND
(QIC, 1981)
99
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DSHS Jack Lilja
Other Organizations Skokomish Indian Tribe
Oceanographic Institute of WA
NOAA, NMFS
King Clan, Inc., Tacoma
Washington Shellfish Advisory Comm.
Sea Harvest Corp., Camano Island
— JRB Associates I
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2.3.8 Mussels (Mytilus edulls and M. californianus)
Geographic Range
The blue mussel ranges from California to Alaska. The California mussel
extends from the Aleutian Islands to Mexico (Abbott, 1974). In Puget Sound
the California mussel occurs only in the San Juan Archipelago while the blue
is found throughout the Sound (QIC, 1980).
Biology
The blue mussel (Mytilus edulis) is found in intertidal areas particularly in
calm estuaries of low salinity. This mussel prefers substrates of sand and
mud with large objects for attachment such as rocks and pilings (QIC, 1980).
It reaches a commercially harvestable size (2 Inches) in about two years. The
California mussel (M_. calif ornianus) occurs on exposed beaches in the lower
intertidal zone. This mussel is not harvested like the blue mussel due to its
scarcity in Puget Sound and its propensity for being the most toxic shellfish
on the open coast for paralytic shellfish poisoning (Kozloff, 1973).
Mussels are broadcast spawners releasing spawn when water temperatures rise,
usually in spring and summer. Larvae are free swimming for as long as 35 days
or more depending on water temperature and the ability to find an appropriate
settling location. Commonly, many mussels attach themselves close together
resulting in large clumps. Successive spat falls will attach to both live and
dead animals.
Known Water Quality Needs or Sensitivities
Generally the factors identified under hardshell clams (Table 5 and Figure 24)
pertain to mussels. Mussels apear to have tolerances to very low salinities
(Morton, 1968) but temperature could be a controlling factor. As long as
water temperatures do not fall below 30°F or exceed 77°F they will continue to
grow (Magoon and Vining, 1980). Predators such as scoters, perch, starfish
and whelks can cause serious losses to commercial mussel aquaculture activ-
ities.
Commercial Flshery/Aquaculture - Present and Potential
Surveys of Puget Sound mussel stocks are not available (QIC, 1980). The
commercial mussel industry is essentially an aquaculture practice using raft
101
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culture. Commercial harvesting of mussels occurs primarily in Island, San
Juan and Mason Counties (Regions 3, 4 and 6). Penn Cove and Holmes Harbor are
the most important mussel production areas. The annual harvest of 60,000
pounds in Puget Sound is valued at almost $50,000 (1979-1983). Culturing of
mussels have been especially enhanced as a result of research by WDF and the
University of Washington. If conflicts related to the public opposition to
raft culture are resolved, the potential for increased production of blue mus-
sels in Puget Sound could be significant. Until that time, predictions of har-
vest or potential income are not practicable. Furthermore, areas suitable for
mussel culture must provide moderate temperatures and areas of good natural
set. Hood Canal (Region 6) does not appear to be an appropriate site because
space conflicts with other shellfish culturing. Attempts to culture mussels
on rafts in the southern Sound (Region 7) have not been very successful. The
current harvest locations would be potentially the most suitable sites for
expansion if public approval is obtained (Jack Lilja, DSHS, pers. comm.).
Recreational Harvest
UNKNOWN
Summary Points - Mussels
• Bulk of commercial harvest is from raft culturing activities primarily in
Region 4.
• Critical life stages unknown although mussels appear to be temperature
sensitive for seed and spat development. Mussels exhibit tolerance of
low salinities.
• Mussels are a food source for wildlife including waterfowl, fish and
invertebrates.
• Five year average (1979-1983) of commercial fishing indicates value to be
almost $50,000 for approximately 60,000 pounds.
• Important contacts and sources of information:
UW Ken Chew
WDF Ron Westley
Eric Hurlburt
DOE Doug Magoon
DSHS Jack Lilja
Other Organizations NOAA, NMFS
and individuals Washington Shellfish Advisory Comm.
Oceanographic Institute of Washington
James Colby, Bremerton
Peter Jefferds, Penn Cove
Ken Pickard, Penn Cove
^ . JRB Associates —
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2.3.9 Oysters
Puget Sound is an Important region for the culturing and harvest of oysters.
The State of Washington is the largest west coast producer of oysters (Magoon
and Vining, 1980). Following Willapa Bay. Puget Sound, particularly the south-
ern Sound (Regions 6 and 7), accounts for almost half of the state's total pro-
duction (Eric Hurlburt, WDF, pers. comm.). Five species of oysters are grown
in Puget Sound: the Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas), the native Olympia
oyster (Ostrea lurida), the Kumamoto oyster (£. gigas var. Kumamoto) the
European oyster (£. edulis) the eastern oyster (£. vlginica). Of all of the
above, the Pacific oyster is commercially the most important. The following
presents a general- discussion on oyster. Biology, commercial and recreational
sections deal only with the Pacific and the Olympia oyster because they are
the most important within Puget Sound.
Geographic Range
In North America, the Pacific oyster ranges from California to British
Columbia while the Olympia oyster's original range extended from Baja,
California to Alaska. By the beginning of this century, stocks of Olympia
oysters were so severely depleted by overharvestlng that the resource never
recovered. Today, the culturing of Olympia oysters occurs primarily in the
southern Puget Sound areas (Regions 6 and 7).
Biology
Figure 31 depicts a generalized scenario of the life and culture cycles of
oysters. Pacific oysters are cupped oysters imported from Japan. These
oysters do not generally spawn successfully in Puget Sound except in limited
areas (Dabob and Quilcene Bays have good natural sets). Therefore commercial
growers rely on imported seed from Japan. Generally, local spawning occurs
from mid-summer until fall.
The native Olympia oyster spawns during the summer releasing sperm into the
water which must enter the female's shell cavity before fertilization can
occur. Larvae are free swimming for approximately 2.5 weeks and then settle
on a bed usually composed of rocks (in the wild) or oyster shells (cultured).
. JRB Associates-J
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Life Cycle
1. Eggs and sperm are released into the water.
2. Fertilization occurs in the water. Eggs hatch into free-swimming
larva.
3. During the approximate three-week larval stage the shell is
formed and size increases.
When the shell is completely formed, the larva attempt to find a
suitable substrate for settlement.
4. Oysters need a clean hard surface (cultch) for settlement and
growth. Typically larva settle on adult shell or rock.
Oyster growers collect oyster larva by providing cultch material
(such as oyster shell) for attachment.
5. The cultch containing the "seed" (young) oysters is moved to the
oyster farm.
6. Oysters are planted on rearing beds and harvested in two to four
years.
Figure 31
GENERALIZED LIFE CYCLE AND CULTURE CYCLE OF OYSTERS
(Magoon and Vining, 1980)
104
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Pacific oysters are usually cultured on rafts or bottom substrates but they
can also be grown on stakes, long lines, suspended trays or variations of
these. Olympia oysters are cultured in ponds as they must be constantly
covered with water. The Pacific oyster is a fast grower reaching commercial
size in two to five years. The Olympia oyster grows slowly and is much
smaller than the Pacific.
Known Water Quality Needs or Sensitivities
Generally critical factors discussed under hardshell clams (Table 5 and Figure
24) apply to oysters. The Pacific oyster is extremely hardy and can tolerate
extremes in temperatures or tidal fluctuations. The hardiness of the Pacific
oyster has made conditions for Olympia oysters difficult since they are much
more sensitive and therefore cannot compete easily.
Oysters are victim to predation from starfish, crabs and oyster drills. More-
over competition from other shellfish, sponges and seaweeds can cause stunting
or mortality (Magoon and Vining, 1980).
Commercial Fishery/Aquaculture - Present and Potential
Current production of oysters for commercial markets occurs primarily in the
southern Sound and Hood Canal regions with some in Bellingham Bay (Eric
Hurlburt, WDF, pers. comm.). Most culturing occurs on rafts. The oyster
industry in Washington is important in terms of local employment and as a
fisheries resource. Over six million pounds are produced annually and nearly
one half of this production comes from Puget Sound. The potential for expand-
ing this resource could be extremely high if pollution problems, public opposi-
tion to raft culture, and biological constraints are overcome (E. Hurlburt,
WDF, pers. comm.). However, private oyster growers believe that the WDF esti-
mates of oyster potential impractical because suitable waters with rich food
sources and storm safe bays are finite. They would predict growth much more
conservatively (D. MacMillan, Olympia Oyster Company, pers. comm.). Similarly,
DSHS (Jack Lilja, pers. comm.) believes that most of the suitable oyster
grounds are currently used and does not anticipate a massive increase in pro-
duction. One fact all these people agreed on was that decertified areas
JRB Associates-J
105
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reduce the oyster production potential. For example, the most productive por-
tions of Port Susan and all of Budd Inlet are closed not only to oysters but
other shellfishing or culturing due primarily to nonpoint source pollution.
Recreational Fisheries
Personal harvest of oysters occurs on both public and private tidelands of
Hood Canal (Region 6) (Hoines et al., 1983). Table 6 presents the estimated
harvest in user trips and in number of pounds from 1972 to 1980.
Summary Points - Oysters
• Pacific and Olympia oysters are the most important species of oysters
cultured. Quilcene and Dabob Bays in Region 6 and the southern Sound,
Region 7, are the most important oyster producing areas in Puget Sound
(Figures 32 and 33).
• Critical stages with cultured oysters are during initial cultch settling.
Temperature may effect the larval development and thus make predicting
natural spatfall difficult; an important factor to growers of native
Olympia oysters.
• Five year average (1979-1983) of commercial fishing indicates values of
Pacific oyster to be almost $2,000,000 for over two million pounds.
Olympia averages are almost 6,000 pounds valued at approximatley $75,000.
• Important contacts and sources of information include:
DOE
WDF
DNR
DSHS
UW
Other Organizations
Bob Saunders
Joan Thomas
Ron Westley
Eric Hurlburt
Dave Jamison
Doug Magoon
Jack Lilja
College of Fisheries
Washington Shellfish Advisory Comm.
Olympia Oyster Co., D. MacMillan
Pete Becker
Dick Lewis, Pacific Coast Assoc.
Arnold Woring, Coast Oysters
Pierce and Thurston County Health
Departments
, JRB Associates —
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Table 6
ESTIMATE!) PERSONAL-USE HARVEST OF OYSTERS KY CATCH AREA
1972 to 1980
User Trips in 1000s
Area
Upper Hood Canal
Central Hood Cnnal
Lower Hood Canal
TOTAL
Upper Hood Canal
Central Hood Canal
Lower Hood Canal
TOTAL
1972
96.6
21.2
18.1
135.9
56.1
9.6
8.2
73.9
1973
47.5
27.3
23.1
97.9
27.6
12.4
10.5
50.5
1974
51
32
31
115
29
18
14
62
.4
.5
.2
.1
.8
.9
.2
.9
1975
51.5
34.1
35.6
121.2
1000s
29.9
19.8
20.7
70.4
1976
49. 1
38.2
33.1
120. A
of Pounds
22.8
17.7
15.3
55. fi
1977
57.9
46.9
35.5
140.3
26.8
21.7
16.4
65.0
1978
25.
26.
25.
76.
14.
12.
11.
38.
2
ft
0
8
6
1
4
1
1979
30.5
34.1
39.2
103.8
12.5
14.0
16.1
42.6
1980
32.8
29.9
31.1
93.8
15.7
14.3
14.9
44.9
30
00
Source: WDF, 1981
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REGION 3
2%
REGION 6
13%
REGION 7
76%
Figure 32
DISTRIBUTION OF PACIFIC OYSTER HARVEST IN
PUGET SOUND
(based on WDF statistics)
REGION 2
REGION 4
REGION 5
7%
108
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REGION 7
95%
Figure 33
DISTRIBUTION OF OLYMPIA OYSTER HARVEST IN
PUGET SOUND
(based on WDF statistics)
109
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2.3.10 Crustaceans
Both crab and shrimp represent significant and lucrative resources to Puget
Sound's commercial and recreational fisheries. These resources combined con-
tributed approximatley 25% of the value in dollars to the total Puget Sound
commercial shellfish harvest over the past five years. The primary species
include Dungeness crab (Cancer magister), spot shrimp (Pandalus platyceras),
pink shrimp (P_. borealis) and coonstripe shrimp (P_. hypsinotus).
2.3.11 Dungeness Crab
Geographic Range
The Dungeness crab is found from Mexico to southwestern Alaska (Shapiro,
1971). In Puget Sound, Bellingham, Padilla and Lummi Bays are important areas
due to the occurrence of eelgrass beds.
Biology
Dungeness crabs are found from low water to 50 fathoms in substrates of mud,
sand, gravel, stones or shells (Nations, 1975). Adults spend most of their
lives in depths of 25 fathoms or less but adults move inshore during the
spring to reproduce. Females carry eggs for a time before larvae emerge the
first zoeal stage, one of six stages as planktonic organisms. Upon the com-
pletion of all zoeal stages the larva become a megalops larva which molt into
a bottom dwelling juvenile. Juvenile Dungeness crabs live in intertidal and
subtidal waters in beds of algae or eelgrass. In approximately three years,
the juvenile crab will mature and move to deeper waters.
Critical Water Quality Needs and Sensitivities
It is generally accepted that juvenile and larval stages of crustaceans are
among the most sensitive marine invertebrates. For this reason they are often
selected for bioassays, particularly for studies on hydrocarbon toxicity.
Most Dungeness crab mortality is related to predation or disease. Molting
crabs are extremely susceptible, particularly once they have lost their protec-
tive shell. Migrating crabs instinctively attracted to female pheromones and
spawning areas are also susceptible to toxicant exposure, both in terms of
toxicity and interference with important reproductive signals.
. JRB Associates _
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Commercial Fisheries/Aquaculture - Present and Potential
The Dungeness crab fishery contributes 1.5 million pounds annually to Puget
Sound commercial fisheries with a value of $1,500,000. There is little poten-
tial for the culture of Dungeness crabs since they are cannabalistlc. Conse-
quently, the management of wild stocks is Important to maintain a maximum sus-
tained yield equivalent to current levels. The northern Sound including the
San Juan Islands (Region 2) and the Straits of Juan de Fuca and Georgia
(Region 1 and 3) are important crab resource areas in Puget Sound. Table 7
presents current and potential commercial and recreational harvests of
Dungeness crabs in Puget Sound.
Recreational Harvest
Recreational harvesting of Dungeness crabs and rock crabs using crab pots is a
popular pastime in Puget Sound, particularly in the San Juan Islands (Region
3), Admiralty Inlet (Region 5), Hood Canal (Region 6) and the Straits of Juan
de Fuca and Georgia (Regions 1 and 3). Table 8 presents the 1979 and 1980 sum-
maries of sport crab pot fishing in Puget Sound by number of effort days and
crabs.
Summary Points - Dungeness Crabs
• Region 1 is the most Important area in Puget Sound for Dungeness Crab
production (Figure 34).
• Resource estimates of standing stocks are not available. Commercial
landing statistics of crabs are used to predict potential harvest data.
• Critical life stages: larval, juveniles and molts.
• Five year average (1979-1983) is estimated to be $1,500,000 for 1.5
million pounds.
• Important contacts and sources of information include:
WDF Ron Westley
Eric Hurlburt
UW School of Fisheries
JRB Associates—I
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Table 7
DUNGENESS CRAB LANDINGS AND VALUES, PUGET SOUND DISTRICT
(rounded off to nearest thousand)
DUNGENESS CRAB LANDINGS (Ibs)
Present Harvest
Potential Harvest
Region
1
1
1
2
1
3
4
3
5
5
5
6
6
6
Catch Area
Gulf of Georgia
Bellinghara Bay
Samish Bay
San Juan Islands
Padilla & Fidalgo Bays
Skagit Bay, Saratoga Pass
Port Susan
Dungeness Bay
Admiralty Inlet
Port Gardner, Useless Bay
Kingston, Port Madison
Hood Canal, Upper
Hood Canal, Central
Hood Canal , Lower
TOTAL
Commercial
1,447,000
216,000
136,000
89,000
53,000
65,000
30,000
13,000
2,000
16,000
2,000
-0-
-0-
-0-
2,069,000
Recreational
11,000
86,000
32,000
17,000
32,000
40,000
22,000
25,000
3,000
7,000
6,000
34,000
17,000
48,000
382,000
Total
1,458,000
304,000
168,000
106,000
85,000
105,000
52,000
38,000
5,000
23,000
8,000
34,000
17,000
48,000
2,451,000
Commercial
1,496,000
306,000
155,000
139,000
57,000
65,000
30,000
20,000
2,000
16,000
2,000
-0-
-0-
-0-
2,288,000
Recreational
11,000
88,000
32,000
17,000
32,000
40,000
22,000
25,000
3,000
7,000
6,000
34,000
17,000
48,000
382,000
Total
1,507,000
394,000
187,000
156,000
89,000
105,000
52,000
45,000
5,000
23,000
8,000
34,000
17,000
48.000
2,670,000
DUNGENESS CRAB VALUES (S)
1
1
1
2
1
3
4
3
5
5
5
6
6
6
Gulf of Georgia
Bellingham Bay
Samish Bay
San Juan Islands
Padilla & Fidalgo Bays
Skagit Bay, Saratoga Pass
Port Susan
Dungeness Bay
Admiralty Inlet
Port Gardner, Useless Bay
Kingston, Port Madison
Hood Canal, Upper
Hood Canal, Central
Hood Canal, Lower
TOTAL
949,000
142.000
89,000
58,000
35,000
43,000
20,000
9,000
1,000
10,000
1,000
-0-
-0-
-0-
1,357,000
7,000
58,000
21,000
11,000
21,000
26,000
14,000
16,000
2,000
4,000
4,000
22,000
11,000
3], 000
248,000
956,000
200,000
110,000
69,000
56,000
69,000
34 , 000
25,000
3,000
14,000
5,000
22,000
11,000
31,000
1,605,000
981,000
201,000
102,000
91,000
37,000
43,000
20,000
13,000
1,000
10,000
1,000
-0-
-0-
-0-
1,500,000
7,000
58,000
21,000
11.000
21,000
26,000
14,000
16,000
2,000
4,000
4,000
22,000
11 , 000
31,000
248,000
988,000
259.000
123,000
102,000
56,000
69,000
34,000
29,000
3,000
14,000
5,000
22,000
11,000
31,000
1,748,000
Source: Solomon and Mills, 1983
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Table 8
CRAB AND SHRIMP SPORT FISHERIES3
FOR 1979 AND 1980
Sport Shrimp
Region
1
1
1
2
1
3
4
4
3
5
5
5
6
6
6
1
1
1
2
1
3
4
4
3
5
5
5
6
6
6
[ 1979
Area
Gulf of Georgia
Bellingham Bay
Satnish Bay
South San Juan Islands
Anacortes
Strait of Juan de Fuca
Skagit Bay-Saratoga Pass
Port Susan
Dungeness-Discovery
Admiralty Inlet
Useless Bay-Port Gardner
Seattle-Port Madison
Upper Hood Canal
Central Hood Canal
Lower Hood Canal
Total
I 1980
Gulf of Georgia
Bellingham Bay
Samish Bay
South San Juan Islands
Anacortes
Strait of Juan de Fuca
Skagit Bay-Saratoga Pass
Port Susan
Dungeness-Discovery
Admiralty Inlet
Useless Bay-Port Gardner
Seattle-Port Madison
Upper Hood Canal
Central Hood Canal
Lower Kood Canal
Total
Sport
Effort
Pot Days
17.419
57,353
8,586
24,718
13,147
1,097
85,417
23,226
48,559
15,716
18,675
11,792
20,833
11,305
29,032
386,875
18,643
53,475
7,398
24,741
14,064
2,870
101,129
29,824
42,393
15,749
20,413
11,014
30,655
11,639
31,417
415,424
Crab Pot Gear
Number of
Dungeness
22,454
92,433
22,747
28,656
23,737
549
120,319
63,191
57,904
18,653
17,923
19,226
35,371
17,853
56,297
597,313
30,959
58,021
17,207
14,504
19,970
6,468
105,553
41,414
47,604
16,850
14,874
13,880
22,918
12,700
73,383
496,305
Crabs
Rock
1,394
4,588
689
1,977
1,052
88
6,833
1,858
3,885
1,257
1,494
943
1,667
904
2,323
30,952
1,679
4,813
666
2,227
1,266
258
9,102
2,684
3,815
1,417
1,837
991
2,759
1,048
2,828
37,390
Pot Gear
Effort Shrimp
Pot Days (Ib)
14,219 15,796
13,839 16,067
20,813 26,768
48,871 58,631
16,661 22,556
15,472 30,413
.27,373 31,511
59,506 84,480
in number of days effort and number of crab or pounds of shrimp.
Source: Solomon and Mills, 1983
,JRB Associates-J
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REGION 1
REGION 3
2% ^
REGION 6
REGION 7
Figure 34
DISTRIBUTION OF DUNGENESS CRAB HARVEST IN
PUGET SOUND
(based on WDF statistics)
REGION 2
5%
85%
REGION 4
8%
REGION 5
• 1%
114
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2.3.12 Shrimp Resource
Geographic Range
The pandalid shrimp found in Puget Sound occur from Alaska to California.
Pink and coonstripe shrimp are common in Saratoga Passage and the San Juan
Islands (Regions 3 and 4), while spot shrimp are primarily in Hood Canal
(Region 6) (Solomon and Mills, 1983).
Biology
Pandalid shrimp are an important facet of Puget Sound's marine resources.
Pandalids in Puget Sound can range from shallower waters around rafts and
pilings for the coonstripe shrimp to the deeper waters which pink shrimp typi-
cally inhabit. Adult pandalids may be found from the intertldal zone to the
deepest waters preferring substrates with high organic matter. This is parti-
cularly true of the pink shrimp which feeds on infaunal organisms. Adult
shrimp seasonally migrate to spawn in shallower bays. After mating, the
female releases the eggs, usually in the spring and summer. The larvae are
planktonic for two or more months before metamorphosing into the benthic Juve-
nile stage.
Known Water Quality Needs or Sensitivities
It is generally accepted that juvenile and larval stages of crustaceans are
among the most sensitive marine invertebrates. While juvenile and postlarval
stages are fairly tolerant of salinity changes, cultured pandalid shrimp
appear to be more sensitive to sudden chilling (Bardach et al. 1972).
Commercial Fishery/Aquaculture - Present and Potential
Pandalid shrimp are harvested with baited traps. In the last five years,
Puget Sound's shrimp fishery has been worth $150,000 annually with an average
annual catch of 50,000 pounds. Spot shrimp are commercially cultured by rear-
ing in floating pens. The northern Sound and Hood Canal are the most impor-
tant areas for or harvesting wild pandalid shrimp (Regions 1, 4 and 6). Table
9 presents current and potential commercial and recreational harvest of shrimp
in Puget Sound.
115
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Table 9
PANDALID SHRIMP LANDINGS AND VALUES, PUGET SOUND DISTPxICT
(rounded off to nearest thousand)
PANDALID SHRIHP LANDINGS (Ibs)
Present Harvest
Potential Harvest
Region
2
3
4
4
6
6
6
Catch Area
San Juan Islands
Port Angeles Harbor
Saratoga Passage
Port Susan
Hood Canal, Upper
Hood Canal, Central
Hood Canal, Lower
TOTAL
Comoercial
36,000
1,000
2,000
2,000
11,000
9,000
11,000
72,000
Recreational
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
18,000
15,000
24,000
57,000
Total
36,000
1,000
2,000
2,000
29,000
24,000
35,000
129,000
Commercial
51,000
2,000
5,000
5,000
13,000
17,000
27,000
120,000
Recreational
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
Unavailable
25,000
20,000
33,000
78,000
Total
51,000
2,000
5,000
5,000
38,000
37,000
60,000
198,000
PANDALID SHRIMP VALUES ($)
2
3
4
It
6
6
6
San Juan Islands
Port Angeles Harbor
Saratoga Passage
Port Susan
Hood Canal, Upper
Hood Canal, Central
Hood Canal, Lower
TOTAL
11,000
3,000
500
500
26,000
23,000
27,000
91,000
-0-
-0-
-0-
-0-
44,000
36,000
60,000
140,000
11,000
3,000
500
500
70,000
60,000
87,000
232,000
15,000
4,000
1,000
2,000
32,000
42,000
30,000
126,000
-0-
-0-
-0-
-0-
61,000
49,000
82 , 000
192,000
15,000
4,000
1,000
2,000
93,000
91,000
112,000
318,000
Source: Solomon and Mills, 1983
JR8 Associates _
116
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Recreational Harvest
Recreational harvesting of shrimp using baited traps, wading and underwater
diving is popular in Puget Sound and is reported by WDF only for Hood Canal
(Region 6). Table 8 reported the number of days and pounds of shrimp harvested
recreationally in this region for 1979 and 1980.
Summary Points - Shrimp
• Regions 3 and 4 are the most important areas for shrimp production in
Puget Sound.
• Critical life stages are larvae and Juveniles.
• Five year average of commercial fishing indicates value to be $150,000
for approximately 50,000 pounds.
• Important Sources of Information include:
WDF Ron Westley
Eric Hurlburt
UW School of Fisheries
117
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2.3.13 Other Shellfish
Puget Sound is also a source of commercial shellfish that are not heavily
exploited but are becoming increasingly important. Harvests of octopus,
squid, scallops, sea cucumbers, and sea urchins are worth over $100,000 annual-
ly (1979-1983 average). Table 10 presents the comparative annual landings of
some of these shellfish as reported by WDF (1982).
The culturing of many of these species promises to greatly increase annual har-
vests as well as boost local employment and economics. This, of course, is
dependent upon the success of culturing techniques, success of adapting these
methods to local areas, and public acceptance.
According to WDF, some areas in Puget Sound are particularly suitable for the
culturing of shellfish. These include Discovery and Sequim Bays, Killisut
Harbor, Penn Cove, Holmes Harbor, Port Susan, Skagit Bay, Dabob and O^iilcene
Bays, Port Gamble and the San Juan Islands (Solomon and Mills, 1983). These
areas can be found in Regions 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6.
The following is a brief description of the commercial fishery and an assess-
ment of its aquacultural potential. This information was provided by Eric
Hurlburt, WDF Shellfish Division (pers. comm.).
2.3.1A Scallops
Current commercial harvest of scallops is focused primarily in the northern
Sound, San Juan Islands and Hood Canal (Regions 2, 3, and 6). The weathervane
and the purple-hinged rock scallop are the major commercial species. Experi-
mental work performed on scallop culture and production by WDF's Shellfish
Division appears promising. They believe scallop culture has the potential of
producing 5-10,000,000 pounds annually in Puget Sound.
2.3.15 Abalone
Native abalone are found in the northern Sound in the Straits of Juan de Fuca.
Commercial harvest of this shellfish occurs along the coast but is exceedingly
small. Due to their slow growth and recruitment and limited availability of
suitable habitat, the potential for culture or increased wild harvest of this
shellfish is low at this time.
JRB Associates —
118
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e_
T)
00
1
8
i
Year
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
197(S
1977
1978
1989
1980
1981
1982
Source:
Octopus
12,166
12,127
12,780
30,195
17,830
35,718
48,546
30,760
10,446
10,031
41,573
27,530
51,994
29,700
25,819
WDF, 1982
Table 10
COMPARATIVE ANNUAL LANDINGS OF SHELLFISH
PUGET SOUND DTSTKTCT IN NUMBER OF FOUNDS
Sea Sea
Scallops Cucumbers Urchins
— — —
14,474
530
7,806 1,800
(S.444 2,500
485 10,044 14,734
1,759 — 57,449
1,163 3,485 30,962
14,754 1,544,411
61,326 902,591
126,865 1,025,844
236,115 1,002,183
2,704 420,754 43,267
69,708 275,615 268,407
4,848 27,089 202,387
Shrimp
25,080
22,990
33,074
63,025
88,484
144,093
115,162
83,073
57,649
38 , 908
66,303
89,864
79,896
101,301
112,075
Squid
674
609
453
4,314
172
666
1,352
389
1,080
513
1,699
3,972
3,592
11,533
4,291
1
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2.3.16 Sea Urchin
Three species of sea urchins are found in Puget Sound: the purple, red, and
green. The harvest of purple sea urchins is not permitted currently and the
green is not exploited at all. The commercial market is low and demand is not
expected to rise in the near future. However, there is the potential for the
red sea urchin to support an annual harvest of 1,000,000 pounds and the green
have an annual harvest of 2,000,000 pounds. Culturing sea urchins is not
likely at this time because of the low demand.
2.3.17 Sea Cucumber
Sea cucumbers are ubiquitous in Puget Sound, particularly in the deeper
waters. Current peak harvest is 400,000 pounds annually from Regions 2, 5, 6
and 7 (Figure 35). This however, could potentially be doubled, but market
demands are low at this time, and WDF has not intensively studied this issue.
Culturing of sea cucumbers is not anticipated at this time. Perhaps a more
important issue to sea cucumber harvest is a better understanding of their
ecological role which may be more important than their commercial value.
2.3.18 Squid
The squid is a pelagic organism that is usually found in the northern sound,
but also occurs in the southern Sound later in the year. This movement is
believed to be a spawning migration. At the present, the average annual har-
vest of squid is approximately 22,000 pounds (1979-1983). Because squid pro-
duction is too variable from year to year WDF does not anticipate a great
increase in its commercial harvest. Culturing of squid is not likely at the
present time.
2.3.19 Octopus
The octopus is a territorial bottom dweller and is found primarily in the
northern and central Sound. At the present, the average annual harvest of
octopus is approximately 29,000 pounds (1979-1983). Because the octopus popu-
lation size is fairly stable in Puget Sound, there may be some potential for
expanding wild harvests though reliable data is not available. Octopus aqua-
culture appears promising, particularly because of rapid growth rates. How-
ever, this culture will have to -consider their cannabalistic behavior and this
factor may hinder potential culturing efforts.
i JRB Associates
120
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REGION 3
REGION 6
13%
REGION 7
18%
REGION 1
• 2%
REGION 2
9%
Figure 35
DISTRIBUTION OF SEA CUCUMBER HARVEST IN
PUGET SOUND
(based on WDF statistics)
REGION 5
56%
121
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2.4 AQUACULTURE OF MARINE MACROPHYTES
Numerous species of marine macrophytes such as the red, green and brown algaes
are used as food, primarily for animals but also for humans. Additional uses
of these seaweeds include fertilizers, food additives, and varied industrial
processes (Bardach et al., 1972). The culture of Nori or Porphyra, a red
algae, holds the highest potential for plant aquaculture in Puget Sound
because of its ease of culture and its popularity in many Oriental foods.
Nori is nutritious, rich in vitamins A, B, and C and is considered as a valu-
able food source, particularly in areas of the world with food shortages
(DiChiro 1981). Currently, DNR is studying the culturing and production of
Nori in Puget Sound. They believe that local production of Nori would supply
a large local demand because it is fresher and less costly than the imported
product. They also believe that Nori could be grown on small scale sea farms
thus expanding the productivity of Puget Sound's marine lands. At the current
time, harvesting of seaweeds is limited to the personal harvest of wild
stocks. This can be a problem if many plants are improperly harvested as they
may not regenerate.
The potential for culturing sea vegetables is very high in Puget Sound. Any
bay or shoreline with suitable characteristics including flattened or slightly
sloping shelves, shallow water and good flushing will provide an ideal loca-
tion. Vegetables could be grown at the water's surface usually in nets sus-
*»
pended in the intertidal zone. Currently, the practical limit for sea farming
is around 60 feet, however as culturing techniques and market demands increase
more remote areas could be used. Because Puget Sound is characterized by rela-
tively protected waters, high nutrients, and overall high water quality, the
potential for culturing Nori and other sea vegetables is very high. Some
other potential algae for culture include: Laminaria (brown algae),
Nereocystis (brown), Grassolaria (red) and Monostroma (green).
The question of whether macrophytes take up heavy metals and other toxicants,
particularly from sewage or industrial wastes contamination is of concern.
Macroalgae will take up heavy metals but it is believed the metals become
irrevocably bound. The potential for human health problems is unknown,
although some contend that because humans do not have the proper enzymes to
digest plant cell walls where the metal concentrations are believed to accumu-
late, the potential for human health risks is low (Thomas, 1983).
_. — . JRB Associates —
122
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Summary Points - Plant Aquaculture
• Current harvest Is restricted to personal use of wild stocks only.
• Important contacts and sources of information include:
UW John Merrill
DNR Tom Mumford
Giovanna Di Chiro
Joan Thomas
Other Organizations American Sea Vegetable Co.
John Olson
Luke Lucosky
123
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2.5 PUGET SOUND RECREATION
In assessing recreational activities that are dependent upon good water qual-
ity, we limited our evaluation to only those activities which require body
contact with the waters of Puget Sound, namely swimming and SCUBA diving.
While we recognize that other recreation within the Sound is undoubtedly
affected by water quality to some extent, we also recognize that these activ-
ities could occur despite the quality of the water. For example, boating
itself is not impaired by poorer water quality although we can assume that
boating recreation may diminish in grossly contaminated waters.
Consideration of swimming and diving opportunities within the Sound is ham-
pered by the fact that accurate records on swimmer and diver user days is not
available. Obtaining this information would essentially require interviewing
state, county and local park authorities who are on-site at each location in
order to determine the level of effort. Therefore, only the number and loca-
tions of all swimming and diving sites within Puget Sound have been included.
This information is presented in Table 11 and Figures 36 and 37 for swimming
and Table 12 and Figures 38 and 39 for diving.
JRB Associates —
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Table 11
SWIMMING BEACHES IN PUGET SOUND
Site
Region Number
1 23
24
27
2 26
28
29
30
3 16
25
4 1
5 2
3
4
5
6
7
9
10
15
18
20
6 11
14
17
19
22
7 8
12
13
21
RA = Recreational
Area
Name
Bayview RA
Birch Bay RA
Saddle Bag Island RA
Moran State Park
Spencer Spit RA
Sucia Island State Park
Turn Island RA
Dungeness Spit
Deception Pass State Park
Freeland County Park
Richmond Beach County Park
Alki Point Park
Carkeek Park
Dash Point State Park
Seahurst Park
Point Defiance
Browns Point Lighthouse
Pichic Point
Ft. Worden State Park
S. Whidbey Island RA
Saltwater RA
Twanoh RA
Potlatch RA
Belfair RA
Scenic Beach RA
Kitsap Memorial RA
Titlow Beach
Stretch Point RA
Squarin Island RA
Penrose Point RA
Percent of Total by Region
1 10%
2 13.3%
3 6.7%
4 3.3%
5 36.7%
6 16.7%
7 13.3%
Jurisdictional
Authority
State Parks
State Parks
State Parks
State Parks
State Parks
State Parks
State Parks
State Parks/USIWS
State Parks
Island County
King County
Seattle City Parks
Seattle City Parks
State Parks
King County
City of Tacoma
Pierce County
Snohomish County
State Parks
State Parks
State Parks
State Parks
State Parks
State Parks
State Parks
State Parks
City of Tacoma
State Parks
State Parks
State Parks
JR
125
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Figure 36
LOCATIONS OF PUBLIC SWIMMING BEACHES IN PUGET SOUND
(see Table 11)
. JRB Associates —
126
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REGION 3
7%
REGION 6
17%
REGION 7
13%
REGION 1
10%
REGION 2
13%
Figure 37
DISTRIBUTION OF PUBLIC BEACHES IX PUGET SOUND
.JRB Associates-J
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Table 12
SCUBA SITES IN PUGET SOUND
State
Inventory
Region Number
1 64
63
62
61
60
59
58
2 65
66
67
66
69
71
70
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
El
83
82
84
3 57
56
48
49
50
46
47
4 53
52
51
5 55
54
45
44
43
42
41
39
40
26
25
24
23
1 •>
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
13
11
Name
Birch Bay
Lunmi Island
Larrabee State Park
Eliza Rock
Gueffiis Island
Sunset Beach
Fidalgo Head
Ewing Cove (artif. reef)
Sucia Island
Orcas Island
White Rock
Gossip Island
Roche Harbor
Speider Island
Lime Kiln Point
Pile Point
Eagle Point
Reid Rock
Crane Island
Bell Island ' ''
Orcas Island Ferry Dock
Orcas Island Reef
Shag Rock
Spencer Spit
Peapod Rocks0
Doe Island
Buckeye Shoals
Roaria Beach0
Deception Passc
Dungeness Bay
Ediz Hook (Port Angeles)
Freshwater Bay
Fort Uorden0
Discovery Bay
Langley
Columbia Beach
Mukilteo
Fort Caseyc
Keystonec
Port Townsend Jetty
Irondale
Port Townsend Canal
Klas Rock
Colvos Rock
Port Ludlov
Foulweather Bluff
Point No Point
Edmonds^
Point Wells
Richmond Beach
Agate Pass
Shilshole Breakwater
Blakely Rock
Alki Point North (artif. reef)
Alki Point South
Fort Ward St. Park -Orchard Rocksc
Blake Island0
Vashon Island
Seahurst State Park (artif. reef)
Saltwater State Parkc
Vashon Island Neill Point
Gig Harbor
Uses*
S.SH
S.O.P
SH
S.SH
S.SH
S.O.SH
S
P.S.O.H
S.P.O.SH
S
P,0,S,SK
S,P,0,SH
S
S.P.O
S.P.O
H.E.P.O
E.O.SK
S
S
E
S
s,o
s,o
O.S.SH
P.O.S.SH
S
S.P.O
S.O,?,SH
H.O.P
S.SH
S.SE
S.P.O.SH
S
H
S.SH
S
S.SH
O.P
P,S,0,SH
P,S,H,0,SH
H.S.SH
P,S,H
S.P.O.SH
S.O.SB
S.P.O
S.SK
H
H.P.O
S
S
S
S.F.O.SH
S,P,0,SH
0
s.o
O.P.S
P,H,S,0,SH
S.H
p.o.s-
P.O.S
5
H,S
k
Access
S
B
S
E
B
S
B
B
B
B
B
B
B,S
B
B.S
B
B,S
B
B
£
S
B
B
S.B
B
B
B
S
S,B
S
S
S
S
S
S
£
S
S
S
£
S
S
B
B
S.B
S
S
S
S
S
B
£
B
S
S
S.B
B
B
S.B
S.B
E
B
JRB Associates __
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Table 12
(cont'd)
State
Inventory
Region Number
6 36
37
36
35
32
34
31
33
30
29
28
1 -
7 10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
Name
Hood Canal Bridge
Sisters Rock
Gamble Bay
Lofall
Pulall Point
Seabeck Dock
Pleasant Harbor
Stavis bay
Triton Cove
Eldon
Lilliwaup
Hood sport
Tscoma
Point Fosdick
Fox Island
Kopachuckc (artlf. reef)
Day Island
Fox Island
Tolivia Shoal
Tolnie State Parkc (artif. reef)
Dana Passage
Steamboat Island
Percent Total by Region
1 8.32
2 23.8!
3 8.3:
4 3.6:
5 29.81
6 14. 3".
7 11.9:
Ues
S
S.P.SK
S.H.P.SH
S.P.O
S.SH
S.P.H
H.P.O.SK
P.S.O.SH
S.P.SH
S.SH.O
S.SH
P.S.O.SK
S.P.H.SH.O
S.H.P.O
S.P.SE
S.P.O.SK
S.P.SK
S
S.O.SH
O.S.SH
S.H
P.O
Access
S
c
t
S
B
S
S
S
B
C
S
s
S
B
S
S
s
E
B
S
B
B
,1
,B
,B
,B
.B
Use Codes: S - Sptar Fishing
SH - Shell Fishing
P - Photography
0 - Observation
H - Historical Interest
Access Codes: S - Shore
B - Boat
CState Underwater Park
City Underwater Pari
Source: Wash. Stati Parks 6 Recreation Conn., 1977
JRB Associates-J
129
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Figure 38
LOCATIONS OF SCUBA SITES WITHIN PUGET SOUND
(see Table 12)
Source: Wash. State Parks & Recreation Comm., 1977,
JRB Associates _
130
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REGION 3
REGION 6
14%
REGION 7
IT,'-.
Figure 39
DISTRIBUTION OF SCUBA SITES IN PUGET SOUND
REGION 1
8%
REGION 2
24Z
REGION 4
REGION 5
302
JRB Associates-J
131
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3.0 REGIONAL PROFILES OF FISHERIES RESOURCES
The relative importance of all the fisheries resources identified in Section
2.0 are discussed below within each of the subregions of Puget Sound. Presen-
tation of this data is complicated by the incompatibility of WDF catch report-
ing areas and the seven subregions of Puget Sound identified by Jones and
Stokes (1983). Interpretation of the data is even further complicated by the
fact that WDF uses three different divisions of the Sound for catch reporting:
one for marine fish and shellfish; a second for salmon; and a third for
oysters.
The WDF marine fish and shellfish reporting areas are shown in Figure 40.
There are nine major regions of the Sound, each with two to five subregions.
In order to present this data in a consistent format, the WDF subregions were
grouped in a manner that would most closely approximate the Jones and Stokes
subregions. The WDF marine fish and shellfish boundaries used and their rela-
tionship to the Jones and Stokes divisions are shown in Figure 41. A similar
procedure was followed for salmon (Figures 42 and 43) and oysters (Figures 44
and 45). It is important to note that the WDF statistics are based on landing
areas which may not necessarily reflect areas of catch.
The annual commercial catches of marine fish, shellfish and salmon within each
of the seven Puget Sound subregions are presented in Appendices A-D. The dol-
lar values of these resources are presented in Appendix E. In order to pre-
sent this data in a more readable format and to identify those resources of
greatest economic importance within each subregion, the data from the appen-
dices are summarized in Figures 46-52. The major resources are identified
both in terms of pounds harvested and dollar value. Two criteria were used in
selecting major species for inclusion in these' figures: 1) the pounds har-
vested (or dollar value) of the species comprised 1% or more of the total of
all fisheries resources harvested in the region; or 2) the regional harvest
(or dollar value) of the species comprised over 50% of the total Sound harvest.
Region 1 (Figure 46) - Based on 1979-1983 data, pink salmon is the dominant
fisheries resource in terms of pounds harvested, followed by herring and sock-
eye salmon. The latter two species are of greatest importance in terms of dol-
lar value in the region, followed by chinook salmon and Dungeness crab.
132
JRB Associates _
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21
Figure 40
WDF MARINE FISH AND SHELLFISH CATCH REPORT AREAS
Regional Boundaries
•••• Subregional Boundaries
,JRB Associates-J
133
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1 - 20A, 21A, 21B, 22B
2 - 20B, 22A
3 - 23A, 23B, 23C, 25A, 25E
4 - 24A, 24B, 24C
5 - 26A, 26B, 26C, 26D, 25B, 25D
6 - 27A, 27B, 27C, 25C
7 - 28A, 28B, 28C, 28D
Figure 41
SUBAREAS OF PUGET SOUND WITH BOUNDARY ADJUSTMENTS
TO INCLUDE WDF MARINE AND SHELLFISH REPORTING AREAS
134
, JRB Associates.
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Figure 42
WASHINGTON DEPARTMENT OF FISHERIES SALMON CATCH REPORT AREAS
Regional Boundaries
•••• Subregional Boundaries
135
,JRB Associates-)
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Subarea
1 - 7A, 7B, 1C, 7D
2-7
3-6, 6A, 6B, 6C, 6D
4-8, 8A
5-9, 9A, 10, 10A, 10E, 11, 11A
6 - 12, 12A, 12B, 12C, 12D
7 - 13, 13A, 13B
Figure A3
SUBAREAS OF PyGET SOUND WITH BOUNDARY ADJUSTMENTS
TO INCLUDE WDF SALMON REPORTING AREAS
, JRB Associates __
136
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41
Figure 44
WASHINGTON DEPARTMENT OF FISHERIES OYSTER CATCH REPORT AREAS
Regional Boundaries
•••• Subregional Boundaries
,JRB Associates-J
137
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Subarea
1 - 43A, 43B, 43C, 43F
2 - 43J
3 - 42G, 42R
4 - 43D, 43E, 43G, 43H
5 - 41N, 41M, 42F, 42H, 42J,
42K, 42L, 42M, 42N
6 - 42C, 42D, 42E
7 - 41A, 41B, AID, 41E, 41F
41G, 41H, 41K
Figure 45
SUBAREAS OF PUGET SOUND WITH BOUNDARY ADJUSTMENTS TO
INCLUDE WDF OYSTER REPORTING AREAS
JRB Associates —
138
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100,
90-\
60-|
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t 50-
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10-1
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100
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20 —
10-
r~
— — K — ^
L7 r- & 2 ^
ce ~ C. _ _
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r-
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t' '«- IA f.
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y
Figure 46
MAJOR FISHERIES RESOURCES OF REGION 1 IN TERMS OF ROUND POUNDS HARVESTED
(upper figure) AND DOLLAR VALUE (lower figure)
l_j Proportion of that particular tpeclec harvest to the total weight or
dollar value of all fliherles resources harvested In the region.
I Proportion of the regional harvest of that species to the total Puget
Sound harvest or dollar value for the same species.
,JRB Associates -J
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100
90-
80 _
70 _
60-
50-
40 _
30-
20 _
10 -
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Figure 47
MAJOR FISHERIES RESOURCES OF REGION 2 IN TERMS OF ROUND POUNDS HARVESTED
(upper figure) AND DOLLAR VALUE (lower figure)
[l| Proportion of that particular species harvest to the total weight or
dollar value of all fisheries resources harvested in the region.
| Proportion of the regional harvest of that species to the total Puget
Sound harvest or dollar value for the same species.
. JRB Associates I
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ion
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70-
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Figure 48
MAJOR FISHERIES RESOURCES OF REGION 3 IN TERMS OF ROUND POUNDS HARVESTED
(upper figure) AND DOLLAR VALUE (lower figure)
|_j Proportion of that particular apecles harvest to the total weight or
dollar value of all flcheriet resources harvested In the region.
f Proportion of the regional harveat of that species to the total Puget
Sound harvest or dollar value for the sane species.
,JRB Associates-J
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iur>
90-
80-
70-
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Figure 49
MAJOR FISHERIES RESOURCES OF REGION 4 IN TERMS OF ROUND POUNDS HARVESTED
(upper figure) AND DOLLAR VALUE (lower figure)
^ Proportion of that particular species harvest to the total weight or
dollar value of all fisheries resources harvested in the region.
| Proportion of the regional harvest of that species to the total Puget
Sound harvest or dollar value for the sane species.
142
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93-
80-
70-
60 .
50-
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10 -
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-10
Figure 50
MAJOR FISHERIES RESOURCES OF REGION 5 IN TERMS OF ROUND POUNDS HARVESTED
(upper figure) and DOLLAR VALUE (lower figure)
n
Proportion of that particular species hsrvest to the total weight or
dollar value of all fisheries resources harvested in the region.
Proportion of the regional harvest of that species to the total Puget
Sound harvest or dollar value for the same species.
143
.JRB Associates-J
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tso-J
100
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Figure 51
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- 50
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1
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MAJOR FISHERIES RESOURCES OF REGION 6 IN TERMS OF ROUND POUNDS HARVESTED
(upper figure) AND DOLLAR VALUE (lower figure)
|Tj Proportion of that particular species harvest to the total weight or
dollar value of all fisheries resources harvested in the region.
| Proportion of the regional harvest of that species to the total Puget
Sound harvest or dollar value for the same species.
144
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100
80-
70-
60-
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fl
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a
-30
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Figure 52
MAJOR FISHERIES RESOURCES OF REGION 7 IN TERMS OF ROUND POUNDS HARVESTED
(upper figure) AND DOLLAR VALUE (lower figure)
[_J Proportion of that particular tpccles harvest to the total weight or
dollar value of all fisheries resources harvested in the region.
I Proportion of the regional harvest of that species to the total Puget
Sound harvest or dollar value for the same species.
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Region 1 serves as the principal harvest area for a number of species, most
notably butter sole, arrowtooth flounder, walleye pollock,, scallop and
Dungeness crab.
Region 2 (Figure 47) - Pink salmon and sockeye salmon are the most important
harvested resources both in terms of pounds harvested and dollar value.
Region 2 harvest of European oyster, coonstripe shrimp and pink shrimp com-
prise the vast majority of the total harvest of these resources in the Sound.
Region 3 (Figure 48) - Pacific cod and spiny dogfish comprise the major fish-
eries resources of Region 3 in terms of pounds harvested. However on the
basis of dollar value, coho and sockeye are the more valuable resources of the
region. Region 3 provides the majority of the total Sound harvest of Pacific
halibut, rex sole, sablefish, native littleneck clam and sea urchins.
Region 4 (Figure 49) - Pacific whiting comprise over three-fourths of the fish-
eries resources of region 4, in terms of pounds harvested, however because of
a very low price per pound, this species contributes only 10% of the fisheries
dollar value of the region. Coho, chum and chinook salmon are the major
species of the region in terms of economic value. The vast majority of
Pacific whiting, softshell clam and mussels harvested in the Sound come from
Region 4.
Region 5 (Figure 50) - Coho and chum salmon are the major resources of Region
5 both in terms of economic value and pounds harvested. Region 5 is the prin-
cipal harvest area for Dover sole, striped seaperch and sea cucumber.
Region 6 (Figure 51) - The chum salmon is the major fisheries resource of the
region. The spotted shrimp is the only species harvested primarily in Region
6.
Region 7 (Figure 52) - The Pacific oyster is the most economically valuable
fisheries resource of Region 7, though both the geoduck clam and Manila clam
are also important in terms of pounds harvested. Region 7 is the primary har-
vesting area for a variety of shellfish including the geoduck and Manila
clams, the Olympia, Pacific and Kumamoto oysters, and the rock crab.
— JRB Associates _
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4.0 CONCLUSIONS
The information presented within this report identifies many existing and
potential water qualty dependent water uses within the seven subregions of
Puget Sound. These water uses include commercial ano recreational fisheries
and recreational activities such as swimming and diving.
Fisheries values, both commercial and recreational, were considered only in
terms of their economic worth in landed pounds and dollars and only for the
last five years (1979-1983). The report does not reflect standing crop or bio-
mass (except for hardshell clams and geoducks), because in most cases this
information is not available.
Whenever possible, critical life stages or habitat requirements were described
within each species' account in order to provide an environmental manager the
means to understand these important resources and begin to recognize any steps
necessary to protect them. Table 13 presents a summary of all critical life
stages and habitats or conditions necessary to sustain each species listed
within this report. As the table and species accounts indicate, many such cri-
tical stages or factors are unknown. In particular, information on the envir-
onmental needs of early life stages is not available or is inadequate. Larvae
of many Puget Sound fish and shellfish form a part of the marine zooplankton
community which is an essential link in the trophic dynamics of the Sound.
Fisheries resources are renewable, but their continued survival depends upon
sustained recruitment. Early life stages, furthermore, are generally accepted
as being more sensitive to environmental perturbations than the adults. Juve-
nile teleosts and crustaceans are known to be sensitive to pollutants such as
heavy metals and hydrocarbons (Hempel, 1979). A lack of understanding of the
early life stages of fish and shellfish can result in major gaps in the
understanding of the ecological significance of many species or even the
environmental condition of a given area.
Therefore it is vital that environmental managers have at their disposal the
data necessary to correlate these life stages to water quality conditions that
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Table 13
CRITICAL LIFE STAGE AND HABITATS FOR
IMPORTANT PUGET SOUND FISHES AND INVERTEBRATES
Species or
Species Group
All Salmonids
Pacific Whiting
(hake)
Walleye Pollock
Pacific Cod
Pacific Herring
Starry Flounder
Dover Sole
English Sole
Rock Sole
Sand Sole
Ling Cod
Rockfishes
Surf Smelt
Surf Perches
Hardshell Clams
Geoducks
Horse Clams
Softshell Clams
Oysters
Critical Life Stage*
Smolts
Larvae (survival of
larvae considered most
important to success of
year class, Bailey and
Francis, 1982).
Unknown - probably early
life stages
Unknown - probably early
life stages
Unknown - probably early
life stages
Unknown - probably early
life stages
Unknown - probably early
life stages
Unknown - probably early
life stages
Unknown - probably early
life stages
Unknown - probably early
life stages
Adult males guarding egg
masses in shallow waters
are vulnerable to fish-
ing. Likewise, the suc-
cess of the hatch is
dependant on the male's
presence (Bargmann, 1982;
Pedersen & DiDonato, 1982)
Unknown - probably early
life stages
Spawning period is
critical because of the
specific habitat require-
ments for successful egg
deposition (sandy-gravel
substrate) .
Unknown - probably early-
life stages
Pelagic larvae which are
dependant upon water
movement and sedentary
adults if their habitat
is threatened by water
quality changes or phy-
sical alterations.
Areas and Conditions Necessary for
Critical Stage In Life History
Estuarine areas off all major spawning areas (see species
accounts for specific Puget Sound areas).
Port Susan, Gulf of Georgia and Carr Inlet are the known spawning
areas in Puget Sound (Solonon and Mills, 1983).
Eggs and larvae are pelagic (Pedersen and DiDonato, 1982). Pollock
spawn in Gulf of Georgia, Tacoma (Solomon and Mills, 1983).
Spawning concentrations occur near Fort Angeles, Protection Island,
Fort Townsend, Port Gamble, Agate Pass, Tacoma, Port of Georgia
(Solomon and Mills, 1983). Eggs are semi-pelagic or benthic (Hart,
1973).
Major spawning site is the Strait of Georgia. Eggs deposited on
marine vegetation. Juveniles and larvae are found in shallow
waters along the shoreline (Trumble, 1979).
Known spawning sites Include Boundary Bay and Bellingham Bay
(Solomon and Mills, 1963). Eggs are pelagic (Federsen and DiDonato,
1982).
Spawning areas unknown. Eggs and larvae are pelagic and pelagic
life may extend several months (Bart, 1973).
Known spawning sites include Elliott Bay, Discovery Bay, East
Sound, and Gulf of Georgia (Solomon and Mills, 1983). Larvae are
pelagic for approximately six to 10 veeks (Hart, 1973). Juveniles
occupy shallow intertidal areas (Hart, 1973).
Killisut Harbor is a known spawning area (Solomon and Mills, 1983).
Eggs are demersal and adhesive. Larvae are pelagic and develop
in shallow waters (Hart, 1973).
Bellingham Bay is a known spawning area (Solomon and Mills, 1983).
Eggs are pelagic (Hart, 1973; Federsen and DiDonato, 1982).
Ling cod spawn on the substrate in rocky crevaces in shallow and
intertidal areas (Pedersen and DiDonato, 1982; Hart, 1973). Eggs
are adhesive and are guarded by males. Larvae are dispersed by
currents and occur in surface waters, especially sandy estuarine
areas (Bargmann, 1982; Pedersen and DiDonato, 1982).
Pelagic embryos released near preferred habitat of rocky areas or
kelp growths in 0-500 ft depths (Solomon and Mills, 1983).
Fort Orchard and Saratoga Passage important spawning areas (Solomon
and Mills, 1983). Eggs are deposited on gravel in upper intertidal
zones (Trumble, 1983). Larvae occur in surface waters after
hatching.
Viviparous fish found in shallow waters seldom deeper than 60 ft.
(Pedersen and DiDonato, 1982).
Intertidal to subtidal zones throughout Puget Sound.
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Table 13
(cont'd)
Crustaceans
Scallops
Abalone
Larvae, Bolting and
breeding adults
Seed scallops most
sensitive stage (Hagoon
and V In ing, 1960)
Unknown - probably
larvae and juvenile
stages
Eelgrass beds in intertldal zones to deep water throughout Puget
Sound, but especially in Belllnghan, Padilla, and Luml Bays.
Intertldal to deep water throughout Puget Sound but especially
in Saratoga Passage, Hood Canal, and around the San Juan Islands
for pandalld shrlnp.
Deep water scallops Intolerant of environmental alterations.
Larvae oust anchor to objects off the hot tent to prevent •Bothering
(Magoon and Vlnlng, 1980).
Larval stage arc planktonlc and congregate In surface waters.
Post-larvae and adults feeding on seaweeds on rocky headlands,
especially along the Strait of Juan de Fuca and the San Juan
Islands.
•In many cases a specific critical life stage is unknown for Puget Sound fish. Larval and developmental stages
are, however, considered to be sensitive in many fish species and when information concerning this life stage
is available, it is included herein.
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will be affecting them. The means to do this of course is not readily avail-
able at this time, but summaries of fisheries data such as those included with-
in this report are a beginning. Additional research into all life stages as
well as the inclusion of known water quality factors such as sensitivities to
particular pollutants should be pursued. Furthermore, identification of addi-
tional water uses such as wildlife habitat values and aesthetics are also
imperative when assessing the impacts of specific or general water quality fac-
tors.
The importance of aquaculture and recreational opportunities within Puget
Sound cannot be disputed. However, the environmental manager and planner must
look beyond the current distribution of such activities. He or she must also
consider emerging demands, public acceptance, availability of facilities and
proximity to population centers before a complete understanding of these water
uses is achieved.
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5.0 RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 RESOURCE ATLAS
The information presented in this report is such that it encompasses many fac-
tors about Puget Sound that could be best presented in a graphical or atlas
format. All the uses included within this report should be considered as well
as important remaining factors such as ecological values, non-harvested
species data, and more complete recreational information.
This atlas would encompass all seven subregions of Puget Sound as identified
by Jones and Stokes (1983). By utilizing a map scale of 1:50,000, an even
finer detail of the Sound could be achieved. This would be particularly use-
ful when incorporating various fisheries statistical data which are much more
specific to geographical zones within Puget Sound. Each of the seven subre-
gions would correspond to a subdivision of the atlas. Preceding each subre-
gion would be an overview section with introductory and important factual mate-
rial that would provide a succinct characterization of that subregion's most
important water quality dependent water uses.
These water uses could then be presented on a series of maps. Each map would
be accompanied by a facing page that would provide important information
regarding each water use. Examples of this format are included in Figures 53
and 54 from the Biological Resource Atlas of Alaska's Beaufort Sea coast which
JRB Associates designed. While the intent of the Alaskan document is dif-
ferent from the Puget Sound Water Use project, these figures do illustrate the
ease by which biological and site specific data can be mapped and how well
this can facilitate management decisions. Each map of Puget Sound would syn-
thesize background environmental data including range, distribution, and sea-
sonality of various species and groups of organisms such as:
1. Fisheries - marine and anacromous
2. birds - waterfowl and shorebirds
3. Invertebrates - shellfish, zooplankton, etc.
4. Marine mammals
.JRB Associates—1
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NJ
BIRDS
Large concentrations of
•^^_ molting Oldsquaw have been
^^^ observed north of Howe Island
(25).
Brant and Snow Geese nest on
ffgf- Howe Island; this island
supports one of the largest
Alaskan colonies of Snow
Geese (11).
The Sagavanirktok River delta
W attracts waterfowl and shore-
birds, particularly in the
spring when major overflows
provide early open water (2).
In July, the Snow Geese on
Howe Island move south into
the outer Sagavanirktok delta
to traditional brood rearing
areas (S. Johnson, pers.
comm. 1983) .
W Black Brant nest on the
Niakuk Islands (39).
Shorebirds, particularly
"Vw phalaropes, are found along
j/ the mainland shores in
Prudhoe Bay in areas near
salt marshes (41).
- Glaucous Gulls are commonly
Wh^ associated with the mouth of
J7 the Sayavanirktok River
delta. Nesting colonies are
found on Niakuk Island and
west of Howe Island (11,21).
I- -1 General bird use area
1 / /I Bird high use area
-A-
J"
Shorebird symbol may depict gulls,
terns, and passerines.
TERRESTRIAL
MAMMALS
All the land area is within
the summer range of the
Central Arctic Caribou Herd.
Calving may occur throughout,
although most calving occurs
west of the Kuparuk River
(Maps -13,41) (7,38).
«fc Eastward movements of caribou
%j^^ occur through this area in
iNl July. Movement to the south
Jl/l and west occurs in early to
mid-August (38,44).
The Prudhoe Day area (see
>L£v Maps 47, 48 S 53) is consi-
nnf dered highly productive for
arctic fox. Up to 200
animals may overwinter there
(15). A fox den has been
reported on Howe Island (S.
Johnson, pers. comm. 1983).
General terrestrial mammal
use area
n Special terrestrial mammal
use area
^••1 Caribou movements
%Bw Underscore indicates con-
I^Tf firmed fox den.
FISH
Extensive surveys have been
carried out in this region.
Nearshore areas are heavily
used by anadrornous and marine
fishes during the open water
period (3,13,15,35,45).
Winter sampling indicates
arctic cod and snailfish
overwinter in offshore waters
(40).
Channels in the Sagavanirktok
River delta are migratory
^fcr* pathways for arctic char and
whitefish. Overwintering
areas for grayling, white-
fish, burbot and sculpin may
occur in deep pools in the
river channels (3).
I" l""!"| High density fish zone
1 I (see General Overview)
Medium density fish zone
(see General Overview)
Low density fish zone
(see General Overview)
<^ ^> Fish migration
MARINE MAMMALS
Ringed seals may be present
^^ in all marine waters during
^tff. the summer, but are probably
excluded from Prudhoe Bay anc1
other shallow waters during
the winter due to grounded
ice (4,5). Bearded seals nay
be present in summer months,
especially if substantial ice
is near the coast (38).
^^^ Heald Point contained a
lUfe confirmed polar bear den in
»»«X 1974 (14). fH-VioT- onlt-ahlo
habitat in the delta nay be
used .
Howe Island contained a con-
gR^ firmed polar bear den in 1974
flf (34). Lentfer (28) considers
that the Sagavanirktoki River
delta provides suitable
denning habitat.
i
i
^•••w Whale migration
Jllk^ Underscore indicates con-
r»™ firmed polar bear den site.
This information has been compiled from existing sources and is not a product of original research.
Figure 53
EXAMPLE OF CRITICAL HABITAT DESCRIPTIONS AND MAP KEY FROM
THE ALASKAN BEAUFORT SEA BIOLOGICAL RESOURCE ATLAS (Source: ACS, 1983)
(Example of corresponding map presented in Figure 54)
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Figure 54
EXAMPLE OF BIOLOGICAL RESOURCE MAP FROM
THE ALASKAN BEAUFORT SEA BIOLOGICAL RESOURCE ATMS (Source: ACS, 1983)
(Example of corresponding descriptions and map key presented in Figure 53)
-------
Important sites for recreational or commercial exploitation would also be high-
lighted. The facing page for each map would not only define the extent of
these uses, it could also list critical water quality factors corresponding to
that use. In addition, important physical characteristics of the Sound such
as hydrologic data or geomorphology could be charted and defined. By using
this atlas format, possibly employing overlays, the environmental manager
would have the advantage of viewing several key characteristics of a particu-
lar area simultaneously. The format of this document should be amenable to
including any new information as it becomes available. Ancillary information
included within the resource atlas should be key contacts or local authorities
for resource-related information. Overall, the atlas could assist a planner
or manager in assessing the water uses within a specific area of Puget Sound
and provide him or her with an important tool to perform sensitivity rankings
when faced with a water quality impact potential.
5.2 SPECIES PROFILES
This report has served to identify those resources within each region that are
of greatest economic value to that region. The next logical step is to iden-
tify the environmental constraints of each resource (species) and the water
quality conditions which must be met in order to protect that resource.
Presentation of this information could best be done as a species profile which
would provide for each species:
• Habitat requirements
• Life history information
• Fisheries value
• Ecological role
• Environmental requirements
- Physical - substrate, depth, temperature, turbidity
- Chemical - dissolved oxygen, salinity, sensitivity to pollutants
(heavy metals and organics)
Such information was presented herein, but not in great detail because of the
extensive search of the scientific literature which would be required. How-
ever, if available, this information would be extremely valuable to resource
managers.
154
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The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and Army Corp of Engineers are currently
supporting efforts to develop species profiles for over forty species of fish
and invertebrates of the Pacific Northwest. These profiles are Intended to
document life histories and environmental requirements (temperature, salinity,
dissolved oxygen, etc.) though they do not deal with sensitivity to pollu-
tants. To date only a single species profile for chlnook salmon has been
released (Beauchamp et al., 1983) and funding cutbacks threaten the contin-
uation of the effort. It is doubtful that more than half of the projected
forty profiles will eventually be completed.
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6.0 LITERATURE CITED
Abbott, R.T. 1974. American Seashells. 2nd ed. Van Nostrand Reinhold Comp.,
New York. 663 pp.
Alaska Clean Seas (ACS). 1983. Alaskan Beaufort Sea Coastal Region, Vol. I and
II, Alaska Clean Seas Contingency Planning Manual Supplement. Prepared by
JRB Associates for Alaska Clean Seas, Anchorage, AK.
Bardach, J.E., J.H. Ryther and W.O. McLarney. 1972. Aquaculture: The Farming
and Husbandry of Freshwater and Marine Organisms. Wiley-Interscience, New
York. 868 pp.
Bargmann, G.G. 1982. The biology and fisheries for lingcod (Ophiodon
elongatus) in Puget Sound. Washington Dept. of Fisheries, Tech. Rep. No.
66. Olympia, WA. 69 pp.
Barley, K.M. and R.C. Francis. 1982. Environment and population dynamics of
Pacific whiting, Merluccius productus. Paper submitted for International
Groundfish Symposium, Anchorage, AK, October 26-28. 1982. NOAA/NWAFC,
Seattle, WA. 19 pp. plus figures.
Beauchamp, D.A., M.F. Shepard and G.B. Pauley. 1983. Species profiles: life
histories and environmental requirements of coastal fishes and inverte-
brates (Pacific Northwest)—chinook salmon. U.S. Fish and Wildlife
Service, Division of Biological Services, FWS/OBS-82/11.6. U.S. Army Corps
of Engineers, TR EL-82-4. 15 pp.
Di Chiro, G. 1981. Nori aquaculture in Washington State. Pamphlet prepared by
Washington Dept. of National Resources. Olympia, WA.
Francis, R.C. 1982. On the population and trophic dynamics of Pacific whiting,
Merluccius productus. NOAA/NWAFC Processed Rep. 82-07. Seattle, WA. 68 pp.
Goodwin, C.L. 1973. Distribution and abundance of subtidal hardshell clams in
Puget Sound, Washington. Washington Dept. of Fisheries, Tech. Rep. No. 14,
81 pp.
Goodwin, C.L. 1980. Puget Sound subtidal geoduck and hardshell clam survey
data, April 1979-April 1980. Washington Dept. of Fisheries, Prog. Rep. No.
112. 35 pp.
Hart, J.L. 1973. Pacific fishes of Canada. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada, Bull. 180.
740 pp.
Hempel, G. 1979. Early life history of marine fish; the egg stage. Washington
Sea Grant Publication, Seattle, WA 70 pp.
Hoines, L.J., W.D. Ward and G.D. Nye. 1979. Washington State sport catch
report - 1980. Washington Dept. of Fisheries.
Hoines, L.J., W.D. Ward and G.D. Nye. 1980. Washington State sport catch
report - 1980. Washington Dept. of Fisheries.
JRB Associates.
156
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Jones and Stokes. 1983. Water Quality Management Program for Puget Sound. Pre-
pared by Jones and Stokes Associates, Inc. and Tetra Tech, Inc. for the
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region 10.
Kimura, O.K., N.A. Lemberg and M.G. Pedersen. 1981. Status of the central
Puget Sound hake population in 1980. Washington Dept. of Fisheries, Tech.
Rep. No. 62. 30 pp.
Kolzoff, E.N. 1973. Seashore Life of Puget Sound, the Strait of Georgia and
the San Juan Archipelago. Univ. Washington Press, Seattle. 282 pp. and
plates.
Magoon, C. and R. Vining. 1980. Introduction to Shellfish Aquaculture in the
Puget Sound Region. Washington Dept. of Natural Resources, Olympia, WA.
68 pp.
Morton, J.E. 1967. Molluscs, 4th ed. Hutchinson and Co., London, Eng. 244 pp.
Mottet, M.G. 1980. Research problems concerning the culture of clam spat and
seed. Washington Dept. of Fisheries, Tech. Rep. No. 63. 106 pp.
Nations, J.D. 1975. The genus Cancer (Crustacea: Brachyura): systematics,
biogeography and fossil record. Nat. Hist. Mus. of Los Angeles Co., Sci.
Bull. 23. 104 pp.
QIC. 1981. Clam and Mussel Harvesting Industries in Washington State.
Oceanographic Inst. of Washington, Seattle, WA.
Pedersen, M. and G. DiDonate. 1982. Groundfish management plan for
Washington's inside waters. Washington Dept. of Fisheries, Prog. Rep.
No. 170. 123 pp.
Quayle, D.B. and N. Bourne. 1972. The clam fisheries of British Columbia.
Fish. Res. Bd. Canada, Bull. 179. 70 pp.
Shapiro, S. 1971. Our Changing Fisheries. NOAA/NMFS, U.S. Government Printing
Office, Washington, D.C. 534 pp.
Solomon, F. and M.L. Mills. 1983. Location, harvest and economic values of
salmon, baitfish, groundfish and shellfish resources, summarized from the
WDF-sponsored testimony in the Northern Tier Pipeline case (proposed
cross-Sound route) with updated figures for 1979 and 1980. Washington
Dept. of Fisheries, Tech. Rep. No. 76. 136 pp.
Stanley, S.M. 1970. Relation of shell form to life habits in the bivalvia
(Mollusca). Geol. Soc. America, Memoir 25. 296 pp.
Thomas, L. 1983. Testing sea vegetables in natural foods. East-West Journal.
Trumble, R.J. 1983. Management plan for baitfish species in Washington State.
Washington Dept. of Fisheries, Prog. Rep. No. 195. 106 pp.
WDF. 1982. 1982 Fisheries Statistical Report. Washington Dept. of Fisheries,
Olympia, WA. 77 pp.
157
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WDF. 1983. The Commercial harvest of geoduck clams. Pamphlet prepared by the
Washington Dept. of Fisheries and Dept. of Natural Resources.
Washington Dept. of Fisheries, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, and Washington
Dept. of Game. 1973. Joint statement regarding the biology, status, manage-
ment , and harvest of the salmon and steelhead resources of the Puget Sound
and Olympic Peninsular drainage areas of western Washington. Prepared for
use in United States et al., vs. State of Washington Civil No. 9213.
WDOE. unpub. Shellfish protection strategy. Unpublished Dept. of Ecology
report provided by Bob Saunders.
WDOG. unpub. Washington State reported Boldt Case Area (EGA) and Columbia
River Treaty Indian catch. 1978-79; 1979-80; 1980-81; 1981-82; 1982-83.
WDOG. unpub. Summary of 1978; 1979; 1980; 1981; 1982 Summer-run and 1978-79;
1979-80; 1980-81; 1981-82; 1982-83 Winter-run steelhead trout sport catch
in Washington.
Washington State Parks and Recreation. 1977. Underwater parks comprehensive
study. Prepared by the Washington State Parks and Recreation Commission,
Olympia, WA. 99 pp.
——————————— JRB Associates _
158
-------
APPENDIX A
UDF HARVEST DATA FOR MARINE FISH (1979-1983) ANNUAL AVERAGE
,JRB Associates-J
-------
MARINE FISH IN ROUND POUNDS BY REGION
Region 1-HTDF Report Areas 20A, 21A, 2IB, 22B
MARINE
FISH
Mackerel
Candlefish
Anchovy
Silver
Smelt
Pacific
Halibut
Butter
Sole
C-0 Sole
Dover Sole
Rex Sole
English
Sole
Petrale
Sole
Rock Sole
Sand Sole
Sole,
General
Starry
Flounder
Arrowtooth
Flounder
Miscel-
laneous
Sablefish
Herring
Ling Cod
1979
23,500
55,900
20,400
864,300
*
154,900
87,400
800
709,100
29,500
251,500
7,100
5,406,000
19,500
1980
3,800
28,800
58,900
*
783,600
300
128,700
86,600
1,800
514,500
2,100
439,300
1,000
5,004,000
48,200
1981
5,500
45,800
23,400
*
734,600
200
141,500
87,800
4,600
262,300
6,700
7,300
1,179,500
62,900
1982
3,200
14,600
16,800
*
636,100
*
110,700
62,100
400
358,400
2,600
135,000
*
1,233,400
117,200
1983
10,400
10,400
8,300
595,600
1,000
80,300
64,300
200
376,800
3,800
31,900
600
576,200
102,300
MEAN
9,300
31,100
25,600
*
722,800
300
123,200
77,600
1,600
444,200
9,000
173,000
1,700
2,679,800
70,000
*Less than 100 pounds.
(CONTINUED NEXT PAGE)
JRB Associates —
A-l
-------
REGION 1—CONTINUED
MARINE
FISH
Pacific
Cod
Pacific
Tom Cod
Walleye
Pollock
Pacific
Whiting
Rockfish
Perch,
General
Striped
Seaperch
Pile Perch
White
Sea Bass
Greenling
Ratfish
Sculpin
Spiny
Dogfish
Skate
Shark ,
General
Sand Dab
1979
1,310,300
954,900
152,900
17,500
1,000
340,600
1,986,300
24,300
198D
1,615,700
731,600
1,700
97,000
300
3,700
17,800
2,018,000
66,600
1981
1,566.800
1,468,400
26,200
53,400
700
8,600
96.400
194,800
81,700
1982
1,099,100
141,000
3,800
41,300
3,400
14,400
100
3,164,400
186,200
1983
1,050,500
81,600
72,900
27,500
*
600
5,800
2,345,500
190,400
MEAN
1,328,700
675,500
51,500
47,400
200
3,500
95,000
*
1,941,800
109,800
*Less than 100 pounds.
A-2
.JRB Associates-J
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MARINE FISH IN ROUND POUNDS BY REGION
Region 2—WDF Report Areas 20B, 22A
MARINE
FISH
Mackerel
Candlefish
Anchovy
Silver
Smelt
Pacific
Halibut
Butter
Sole
C-0 Sole
Dover Sole
Rex Sole
English
Sole
Petrale
Sole
Rock Sole
Sand Sole
Sole,
General
Starry
Flounder
Arrowtooth
Flounder
Miscel-
laneous
Sablefish
Herring
Ling Cod
1979
1,200
*
15,700
11,900
900
9,800
400
1,800
' 85,100
14,500
1980
600
*
*
6,000
49,400
*
20,200
1,200
200
40,000
300
500
76,200
18,300
1981
500
3,800
46,500
100
23,000
2,700
3,800
9,800
3,600
*
32,600
34,000
1982
*
1,300
21,100
25,700
2,000
10,400
*
1,700
300
69,500
19,500
1983
300
*
4,800
3,200
500
2,100
2,500
200
12^900
MEAN
500
*
*
2,200
27,500
*
16,800
1,400
800
14,400
*
1,600
600
52,700
19,800
*Less than 100 pounds.
(CONTINUED NEXT PAGE)
JRB Associates —
A-3
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REGION 2—COKTIHDED
MARINE
FISH
Pacific
Cod
Pacific
Tom Cod
Walleye
Pollock
Pacific
Whiting
Rockfish
Perch,
General
Striped
Seaperch
Pile Perch
White
Sea Bass
Greenling
Ratfish
Sculpin
Spiny
Dogfish
Skate
Shark,
General
Sand Dab
1979
126,500
2,600
600
17,800
1,695,400
1,200
1980
173,300
3,700
15,800
*
1,767,500
14,000
1981
257.200
11,000
978L500
17,100
1982
120,600
1,200
9,500
100
284,900
7,700
100
1983
69,200
4,400
*
419,800
8,300
MEAN
149,400
1,500
510
11,700
*
1,029,200
9,700
*
*Less than 100 pounds.
A-4
,JRB Associates—!
-------
MARIKE FISH IN ROUND POUNDS BY REGION
Region 3—WDF Report Areas 23A, 23B. 23C. 25A. 25E
MARINE
FISH
Mackerel
Candlefish
Anchovy
Silver
Smelt
Pacific
Halibut
Butter
Sole
C-0 Sole
Dover Sole
Rex Sole
English
Sole
Pet rale
Sole
Rock Sole
Sand Sole
Sole,
General
Starry
Flounder
Arrowtooth
Flounder
Miscel-
laneous
Sablefish
Herring
Ling Cod
1979
*
300
1,700
14,900
1,800
76,600
700
85,000
4,700
18,100
100
2,400
12,800
3,800
1980
1,700
500
4,800
1,300
111,400
500
86,100
7,700
*
37,500
*
1,400
6,300
84,300
1981
*
1,100
5,600
27,100
*
143,100
*
80,800
22,300
800
43,700
800
1,000
145,300
1982
1,500
*
200
*
73,900
*
50,500
14,200
400
22,800
*
3,200
42,000
107,500
1983
1,500
900
400
32,400
*
50,500
5,600
*
16,600
300
100
21 ',300
MEAN
*
*
1,200
1,800
9,500
600
87,500
300
70,600
10,900
200
27,700
100
800
9,400
3,800
79,300
*Less than 100 pounds.
(CONTINUED NEXT PAGE)
A-5
. JRB Associates _
-------
REGION 3—CONTINUED
MARINE
FISH
Pacific
Cod
Pacific
Tom Cod
Walleye
Pollock
Pacific
Whiting
Rockfish
Perch,
General
Striped
Seaperch
Pile Perch
White
Sea Bass
Greenling
Ratfish
Sculpin
Spiny
Dogfish
Skate
Shark ,
General
Sand Dab
1979
606,700
26,400
147,000
3,300
600
1,607,600
27,400
1980
983,200
*
77,300
184,400
100
700
921,200
13,900
1981
462.200
91,000
*
63,200
300
*
288,700
24,900
1982
334,200
11,700
69,200
100
1,600
200
184,500
17,400
1983
309,400
*
21,800
1,600
900
*
*
*
280,500
11,700
*
MEAH
538,800
*
41,300
*
97,100
300
1,200
*
*
*
300
656,700
19,000
*
*Less than 100 pounds.
A-6
,JRB Associates—I
-------
MARINE FISH IN ROUND POUNDS BY REGION
Region 4—WDF Report Areas 24A, 24B, 24C
MARINE
PISH
Mackerel
Candlefish
Anchovy
Silver
Smelt
Pacific
Halibut
Butter
Sole
C-0 Sole
Dover Sole
Rex Sole
English
Sole
Petrale
Sole
Rock Sole
Sand Sole
Sole,
General
Starry
Flounder
Arrowtooth
Flounder
Miscel-
laneous
Sablefish
Herring
Ling Cod
1979
30,800
700
200
301,900
100
31,000
7,900
900
198,900
15,200
1980
26,200
200
9,000
396,700
31,000
18,800
295,500
8,500
*
1,500
1981
40,400
700
12,800
281,700
21,000
16,90.0
100
290,400
20,200
500
1982
24,300
200
900
239,300
*
1,900
13,500
400,200
17,500
*
300
1983
6,600
1,200
600
174,700
20,700
18,500
*
269,400
700
100
.
MEAN
25,600
600
4,700
278,900
*
21,100
15,100
200
290,900
5,300
*
4,000
3,500
*Less than 100 pounds.
(CONTINUED NEXT PAGE)
JRB Associates _
A-7
-------
REGION 4—CONTINUED
MARINE
FISH
Pacific
Cod
Pacific
Tom Cod
Walleye
Pollock
Pacific
Whiting
Rockfish
Perch,
General
Striped
Seaperch
Pile
Perch
White
Sea Bass
Greenling
Ratfish
Sculpin
Spiny
Dogfish
Skate
Shark,
General
Sand Dab
1979
84,600
18,400
9,618,100
11,700
4,300
*
550,200
300
1980
77,200
*
20,200
10,275,800
11,900
400
2,900
156,700
2,200
1981
118.800
9,300
9.382,100
5,900
1,200
4,100
700
56,400
11,000
1982
41,400
3,200
13,324,200
13,600
4,800
191,300
56,400
1983
32,300
4,000
14,965,700
13,500
300
6,400
169,100
25,200
MEAN
70,900
*
11,000
11,513,200
1 1 , 300
400
4,500
100
*
224,700
19,000
*Less than 100 pounds.
,JRB Associates-J
A-8
-------
MARINE FISH IN ROUND POUKDS BY REGION
Region 5—WDF Report Areas 25B, 25D, 26A, 26B, 26C, 26D
MARINE
FISH
Mackerel
Candlefish
Anchovy
Silver
Smelt
Pacific
Halibut
Butter
Sole
C-0 Sole
Dover Sole
Rex Sole
English
Sole
Pet rale
Sole
Rock Sole
Sand Sole
Sole,
General
Starry
Flounder
Arrowtooth
Flounder
Miscel-
laneous
'Sablefish
Herring
Ling Cod
1979
10,900
*
400
69,900
132,300
*
28,500
2,300
600
6,700
*
500
477,100
12,800
1980
900
3,800
25,300
64,000
*
18,100
5,900
900
14,200
600
551,500
2,000
1981
200
1,600
42,600
100,100
*
27,400
9,700
200
34,500
*
615,742
3,200
1982
3,300
200
300
37,800
146,500
*
27,000
10,900
100
51,200
11,900
600
536,600
1,400
1983
100
4,000
*
121,600
*
270,500
*
22,600
10,100
200
94,800
1,100
200
700
264,100
300
MEAN
*
200
4,700
*
100
*
- 59,400
*
142,700
*
23,700
7,800
400
40,300
200
2,400
500
489,000
4,000
*Less than 100 pounds.
(CONTINUED NEXT PAGE)
JRB Associates —
A-9
-------
REGION 5—CONTINUED
MARINE
FISH
Pacific
Cod
Pacific
Tom Cod
Walleye
Pollock
Pacific
Whiting
Rockfish
Perch,
General
Striped
Seaperch
Pile Perch
White
Sea Bass
Greenling
Ratfish
Sculpin
Spiny
Dogfish
Skate
Shark ,
General
Sand Dab
1979
515,700
7,200
22,700
*
29,300
75,200
500
300
1,749,100
800
1980
338,500
*
2,400
*
36,000
31,600
62,100
300
1,183,800
3,700
1981
252.200
2,900
6,000
68,300
20,900
63,700
200
497,600
8,100
1982
211,400
6,200
3,300
20,000
31,900
62,500
9,000
800
584,500
15,500
1983
205,200
900
19,800
12,800
49,100
*
432,600
6,000
MEAN
304,600
*
3,900
1,900
33,400
*
25,300
62,500
1,900
300
889,500
6,800
*Less than 100 pounds.
A-10
,JRB Associates—J
-------
MARINE FISH IN ROUND POUNDS BY REGION
Region 6—WDF Report Areas 25C, 27A. 27B, 27C
MARINE
FISH
Mackerel
Candlefish
Anchovy
Silver
Smelt
Pacific
Halibut
Butter
Sole
C-0 Sole
Dover Sole
Rex Sole
English
Sole
Pet rale
Sole
Rock Sole
Sand Sole
Sole,
General
Starry
Flounder
Arrowtooth
Flounder
Miscel-
laneous
Sablefish
Herring
Ling Cod
1979
9,500
*
31,800
*
3,600
400
*
199,000
*
1980
7,400
*
1,300
*
1,800
600
*
300
329,600
100
1981
*
300
7,500
3,100
2,900
*
500
173,400
1982
200
10,700
4,300
500
600
300
104,000
1983
1,400
*
15,100
500
3,500
400
1,400
263,800
MEAN
*
*
5,200
*
*
12,400
100
3,200
200
700
*
100
161,200
52,800
*less than 100 pounds.
(CONTINUED NEXT PAGE)
A-ll
JRB Associates —
-------
REGION 6—CONTINUED
MARINE
FISH
Pacific
Cod
Pacific
Tom Cod
Walleye
Pollock
Pacific
Whiting
Rockfish
Perch,
General
Striped
Seaperch
Pile Perch
White
Sea Bass
Greenling
Ratfish
Sculpin
Spiny
Dogfish
Skate
Shark,
General
Sand Dab
1979
12,400
1,900
10,100
29,700
*
608,100
1980
6,700
*
100
*
6,300
2,800
15,600
*
495,100
700
1981
6.300
500
2,600
16,600
122,600
1982
7,400
200
700
1,200
7,000
73,300
800
1983
3,300
1,800
3,100
20,500
195,700
900
*
MEAN
7,200
*
*
*
2,300
4,000
17,900
*
298,900
500
*
*Less than 100 pounds.
, JRB Associates -J
A-12
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MARINE FISH IN ROUND POUNDS BY REGION
Region 7—WDF Report Areas 28A, 28B, 28C, 28D
MARINE
FISH
Mackerel
Candlefish
Anchovy
Silver
Smelt
Pacific
Halibut
Butter
Sole
C-0 Sole
Dover Sole
Rex Sole
English
Sole
Petrale
Sole
Rock Sole
Sand Sole
Sole,
General
Starry
Flounder
Arrowtooth
Flounder
Miscel-
laneous
Sablefish
Herring
Ling Cod
1979
1,300
200
183,800
4,600
32,900
17,200
4,600
1,566,600
*
1980
4,700
280,400
2,300
26,800
40,400
800,20^
1981
2,700
*
*
49,900
*
5,200
16,400
9,000
543,600
*
1982
600
700
200
468,900
8,500
27,100
23,300
514,500
1983
9,500
500
633,800
9,000
19,600
200
36,800
5,000
775,600
*
MEAN
3,800
*
300
*
323,400
*
5,900
24,600
*
25,400
900
1,000
840,100
*
*Less than 100 pounds.
(CONTINUED NEXT PAGE)
. JRB Associates —.
A-13
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REGION 7—CONTINUED
MARINE
FISH
Pacific
Cod
Pacific
Tom Cod
Walleye
Pollock
Pacific
Whiting
Rockfish
Perch,
General
Striped
Seaperch
Pile Perch
White
Sea Bass
Greenling
Ratfish
Sculpin
Spiny
Dogfish
Skate
Shark,
General
Sand Dab
1979
21,000
11,500
100
31,700
17,100
45,100
*
391,100
1,890
1980
14,100
200
23,800
12,000
53,000
109,800
1,100
1981
9.000
*
14,100
4,000
29,700
*
105,600
3,500
1982
12,100
19,000
4,900
26,900
18,200
4,800
1983
14,200
200
21,800
4,100
29,300
5,700
1,500
MEAN
14,100
2,400
*
22,100
8,400
36,800
*
126,100
2,600
*Less than 100 pounds.
A-14
. JRB Associates —
-------
APPENDIX B
WDF HARVEST DATA FOR SHELLFISH (1979-1983) ANNUAL AVERAGE
JRB Associates —
-------
SHELLFISH IN ROUND POUNDS BY REGION
Region 1--WDF Report Areas 20A, 21A. 21B, 22B
SHELLFISH
Butter Clams
Horse Clams
Geoduck Clams
Native
Littleneck
Clams
Manila Clans
Softshell
Clams
Musse Is
Scallops
Octopus
Squid
Dungeness
Crab
Rock Crab
Coons t ripe
Shrimp
Spotted
Shrimp
Pink Shrimp
Sea Cucumbers
Sea Urchins
1979
5,500
500
400
3,500
7,000
1,603,200
3,600
1980
258,600
18,500
2,000
300
2,400
19,600
3,600
1,583, 100
14,300
1981
126,800
52,600
1, 100
2,700
5,200
67,300
12,800
3,300
1,280,600
1,000
9, 100
1,400
1982
4,700
600
600
3,200
4,500
10, 100
500
1,075, 100
6,700
200
3,400
1983
700
*
4,400
3,300
*
700
13,800
*
1,276,400
11,600
200
12, 100
MEAN
79,300
14,400
200
2,000
3, 100
*
15,000
12,600
1,500
1,363,700
3,700
*
4,000
4,700
300
*Less than 100 pounds.
. JRB Associates -J
B-l
-------
Region 2—WDF Report Areas 20B, 22A
SHELLFISH
Butter Clams
Horse Clans
Geoduck Clams
Native
Littleneck
Clams
Manila Clams
Sof tshell
Clams
Mussels
Scallops
Octopus
Squid
Dungeness
Crab
Rock Crab
Coonst ripe
Shrimp
Spotted
Shrimp
Pink Shrimp
Sea Cucumbers
Sea Urchins
1979
*
53,700
31,600
2,200
19,300
123,900
1980
8,400
35,500
16,300
9,900
10,400
1981
5,800
4,700
1,300
900
100
106,100
5,600
300
35,900
107, 100
6,100
1982
6,600
8, 100
2,400
300
900
200
45,900
10,300
36, 100
1983
600
1,800
1,600
100
200
400
24,300
3,300
200
21,900
600
MEAN
2,600
2,900
800
400
2,100
100
53,100
13,400
500
24,600
23,500
26, 100
*Less than 100 pounds.
, JRB Associates _
B-2
-------
Region 3—WDF Report Areas 23A, 23B. 23C. 25A. 25E.
SHELLFISH
Butter Clams
Horse Clams
Geoduck Clams
Native
Littleneck
Clams
Manila Clams
Sof tshell
Clams
Mussels
Scallops
Octopus
Squid
Dungeness
Crab
Rock Crab
Coonst ripe
Shrimp
Spotted
Shrimp
Pink Shrimp
Sea Cucumbers
Sea Urchins
1979
11,700
1,000
31,300
148,400
4,600
2,300
3,300
*
800
878,300
1980
25,800
1,100
2,900
342,500
15,800
29,200
1, 100
2,700
1, 100
43,300
1981
17,200
1,500
15,800
364,900
13,000
*
26,300
A
1,500
2,300
260,900
1982
14,900
400
308,200
600
8,000
200
32,000
100
1,700
800
2,800
202,400
1983
6,400
313, 500
4,400
42,400
32,500
*
1, 100
1, 100
24,600
319,000
MEAN
15,000
800
10,000
295,600
100
9,200
9,000
24,700
300
1,600
1,200
5,500
340,800
*Less than 100 pounds
. JRB Associates —I
B-3
-------
SHELLFISH
Butter Clams
Horse Clams
Geoduck Clams
Native
Littleneck
Clams
Manila Clams
Softshell
Clams
Mussels
Scallops
Octopus
Squid
Dungeness
Crab
Rock Crab
Coonst ripe
Shrimp
Spotted
Shrimp
Pink Shrimp
Sea Cucumbers
Sea Urchins
Region 4— WDF Report Areas 24A, 24B, 24C
1979
2,000
15,200
30, 100
2,300
133,200
1980
300
8,500
39,800
1,300
78,400
1, 100
3,200
15,300
400
1981
*
1,400
88,2.00
600
83,900
*
700
4,500
1982
200
300
12,200
97,400
300
30,600
300
600
3,100
1983
20
16,30
34,30
70
32, 10
50
50
5,70
*Less than 100 pounds.
JRB Associates —
B-4
-------
Region 5— WDF Report Areas 25B, 25D, 26A, 26B, 26C, 26D
SHELLFISH
Butter Clams
Horse Clams
Geoduck Clams
Native
Littleneck
Clams
Manila Clams
Sof tshell
Clams
HUE sels
Scallops
Octopus
Squid
Dungeness
Crab
Rock Crab
Coons tripe
Shrimp
Spotted
Shrimp
Pink Shrimp
Sea Cucumbers
Sea Urchins
1979
71 ,600
46,800
2, 126,700
184,500
600
3,400
*
23,800
192,000
1980
83,000
41 ,300
1,030, 100
152,200
10,00
300
5,900
*
11,000
*
207,600
1981
92,700
46,000
347,800
143,500
126,900
5, 900
1,100
2,200
1,100
4,700
200
114,600
1982
159,500
61,000
1,971,300
6.2,800
69,000
5,400
1,600
17,700
*
22,700
1983
224,600
157,000
343,900
138,000
9,000
2,900
38,400
7,100
*
212,200
MEAH
126,300
70,400
1,164,000
136,200
43,200
1 ,200
300
4,000
8,200
12,900
*
*
149,900
*Less than 100 pounds.
B-5
-------
SHELLFISH
Butter Clans
Horse Clams
Geoduck Clams
Native
Littleneck
Clams
Manila Clams
Sof tshell
Clams
Mussels
Scallops
Octopus
Squid
Dungeness
Crab
Rock Crab
Coonst ripe
Shrimp
Spotted
Shrimp
Pink Shrimp
Sea Cucumbers
Sea Urchins
Region 6 — WDF Report Areas 21A, 21B, 21C
1979
17,700
1,132,700
500
900
32,400
1980
38,400
355,000
14,700
178, 100
*
*
*
28, 100
300
2, 100
1981
3,100
147,900
22,800
157,600
*
1,000
400
49,200
1982
2,900
36,600
31,800
1983
42,300
2,200
14,200
44,600
-
3,100
600
18,500
*
25,000
*
MEAN
20,300
400
327, 100
11,000
83,600
*
-
200
700
*»
100
32,000
*
5,400
*
*Less than 100 pounds.
1-
i
1
B-6
-------
Region 7--WDF Report Areas 28A, 28B. 28C. 28D
SHELLFISH
Butter Clams
Horse Clams
Geoduck Clams
Native
Littleneck
Clams
Manila Clams
Sof tshell
Clams
Mussels
Scallops
Octopus
Squid
Dungeness
Crab
Rock Crab
Coonstripe
Shrimp
Spotted
Shrimp
Pink Shrimp
Sea Cucumbers
Sea Urchins
1979
700
1,328,700
12,500
1,434,400
1,000
1,700
1980
300
2,522,800
4,600
1 ,240,200
1,000
200
185,900
1981
10,400
200
3,776,100
85,200
1, 176,800
200
200
6 , 000
800
44,800
1982
9,200
3,331,800
37,700
1 ,336,300
2,700
1 ,200
1,700
500
1,500
1983
22,000
3,173,400
85,800
1 ,501 ,400
11 ,900
1 , 100
1, 100
9,500
MEAN
8,500-
*
2,826,600
45,100
1,337,800
3,000
900
2,100
200
100
48,400
*Less than 100 pounds
B-7
, JRB Associates—I
-------
APPENDIX C
WDF HARVEST DATA FOR SALMON (1979-1983) ANNUAL AVERAGE
JRB Associates
-------
SALMON IN ROUND POUNDS BY REGION
Region 1—WDF Report Areas 7A. 7B. 7C, 7D
SALMON
Chinook
Chum
Pink
Coho
Sockeye
1979
1,342,400
57,500
5,303,500
974,300
3,921,200
1980
1 ,898,400
1,639,200
400
1,212,800
1,046,400
1981
1,302,400
203, 100
5,265,000
579,300
2,066,700
1982
1,513,700
963,300
*
952,400
5,641,900
1983
849,600
288,700
3,368,100
761,600
725,500
MEAN
1,381,300
630,400
2.787,400
896, 100
2,680,400
Region 2—WDF Report Area 7
SALMON
Chinook
Chum
Pink
Coho
Sockeye
1979
374,260
26,900
12,772,900
467,800
5,938,000
1980
418,500
2,159,000
400
1,835,000
1,272,900
1981
460,400
88, 100
12,433,000
601,500
4,784,800
1982
358,800
460, 100
*
643,400
11,806,400
1983
213,900
12,000
4,176,800
202,000
118,800
MEAN
365,200
549,200
4,897,200
749,900
4,998,000
Region 3—WDF Report Areas 6, 6A, 6B, 6C, 6D
SALMON
Chinook
Chum
Pink
Coho
Sockeye
1979
53,700
2,700
548,700
232,000
354,500
1980
32,000
61,700
100
187,200
81,400
1981
34,800
12,400
132,300
193^200
288,800
1982
76,200
5,300
287, 100
263,700
1983
16,600
2,900
25,400
341 , 100
13,600
MEAN
42,700
17,000
141,300
248,100
200,400
*Less than 100 pounds.
(CONTINUED NEXT PAGE)
. JRB Associates -J
C-l
-------
Region 4—WDF Report Areas 8. 8A
SALMON
Chinook
Chum
Pink
Coho
Sockeye
1979
270', 500
143,300
902,600
407,500
2,300
1980
336,600
1,022,600
*
1,222,900
1,400
1981
295,300
970,900
360,500
554,200
1,000
1982
223,600
2,534,700
*
436,700
1,700
1983
152,900
221,600
212,500
313,600
400
MEAN
255,800
978,600
295,100
587,000
1,300
Region 5—WDF Report Areas 9, 9A. 10. 10A, 10E, 11, 11A
SALMON
Chinook
Chum
Pink
Coho
Sockeye
1979
82,300
71,500
74,700
1,276,900
3,400
1980
122,000
1,743,500
400
2,068,700
37,700
1981
162,400
1,556,400
22,300
1,068,400
100
1982
162,900
3,196,500
*
2,207,900
1,300
1983
272,400
1,347,500
41,300
2,016,900
1,900
l
MEAN |
160,400
1,583,100
27,800
1,727,800
8,900,
Region 6—WDF Report Areas 12, 12A, 12B, 12C, 12D
SALMON
Chinook
Chum
Pink
Coho
Sockeye
1979
79,700
556,100
6,800
220,500
900
1980
77,100
1,472,600
656,700
600
1981
94,600
1,446,500
4,000
141,200
*
1982
59,200
1,788,500
421,400
100
1983
45,600
1,281,500
2,000
269,900
200
MEAN
71,200
1,309,000
2,500
342,000
400
*Less than 100 pounds,
(CONTINUED NEXT PAGE)
, JRB Associates —.
C-2
-------
Region 7—WDF Report Areas 13. 13A, 13B
SALMON
Chinook
Chum
Pink
Coho
Sockeye
1979
124, 100
48,300
2,500
346,000
1,200
1980
164,700
896,300
601,000
1981
180,800
455,200
4,500
326,900
200
1982
66,300
680,200
861,600
*
1983
144,900
324,700
1,600
407,500
200
HEAR
136,200
480,900,
1,700
508,600
300
. JRB Associates —
C-3
-------
APPENDIX D
WDF HARVEST DATA FOR OYSTERS (1979-1983)'ANNUAL AVERAGE
JRB Associates —
-------
OYSTERS IN ROUND POUNDS BY REGION
Region 1—WDF Report Areas 43A, 43B. 43C. 43F
OYSTERS
Olympia
Pacific
Kumamot o
European
Eastern
1979
321,800
1980
273,600
1981
247,200
1982
190, 400
1,600
1983
*
191,700
MEAN
244,900
300
Region 2—WDF Report Area 43J
Region 3--WDF Report Areas 42G, 42R
*Less than 100 pounds
OYSTERS
Olympia
Pacific
Kumamoto
European
Eastern
1979
1980
1981
16,700
300
2. 100
1982
6,000
1,200
1983
1,800
3,400
MEAN
4,900
*
900
400
OYSTERS
Olympia
Pacific
Kumamoto
European
Ea stern
1979
1980
1981
44,800
1982
94,600
1983
21,400
MEAN
32,200
JRB Associates —
D-l
-------
Region 4—WDF Report Areas 43D, 43E. 43G. 43H
OYSTERS
Olympia
Pacific
Kumamot o
European
Eastern
1979
200
1980
11,700
1981
1982
5,600
1983 j
8,900
MEAN
5,300
Region 5—WDF Report Areas 41M, 41N,
42F, 42H, 42J. 42K, 42L, 42M, A2N
Region 6—WDF Report Areas 42C. 42D, 42E
*Less than 100 pounds
OYSTERS
Olympia
Pacific
Kumamoto
European
Eastern
1979
419,300
1980
49,500
1981
35,500
1982
133,800
1983
105,000
MEAN
148,600
*
OYSTERS
Olympia
Pacific
Kumamoto
European
Eastern
1979
308,900
1980
*
164,400
1981
186, 100
1982
304,500
1983
1,400
354,800
MEAN
300
263,700
JRB Associates —
D-2
-------
Region 7—WDF Report Areas A1A, 41B, 41C.
AID, 41E, 41F. 41G, 41H, 41J. 41K
OYSTERS
Olympia
Pacific
Kutnamoto
European
Eastern
1979
4,800
1,608,200
1980
5,500
1,836,500
1981
3,000
1,376,800
1982
2,700
1,526,000
*
1983
10,900
1,621,800
25,900
*
MEAN
5,400
1,593,900
5,200
*
. JRB Associates —
D-3
-------
APPENDIX E
DOLLAR VALUE OF PUGET SOUND
MARINE FISH. SHELLFISH, AND SALMON BY REGION
. JRB Associates —
-------
DOLLAR VALUE* OF rUCET SOUND MARIHE FISH. SHELLFISH. AKD SALMON
BT REGION
SPECIES
Mackerel
Candlefish
Anchovy
Silver
Smelt
Pacific
Halibut
Butter
Sole
C-0 Sole
Dover Sole
Rex Sole
English
Sole
Petrale
Sole
Rock Sole
Sand Sole
Sole,
General
Starry
Flounder
Arrovtooth
Flounder
Miscel-
laneous**
Sablefish
I
3,300
3,900
5,500
199,000
200
36,400
28,700
400
82,200
900
90,000
600
11
200
500
7,600
5,000
500
200
2^700
900
200
HI
400
3,400
2,000
100
24,000
100
20,800
4jOOO
100
5,100
400
3,300
IV
9,100
100
1,003
76,700
6,200
5,600
53,800
2.800
V
1,700
12,800
39,200
7,300
2,900
100
7,400
1,300
500
fl
1,900
3,400
100
1,000
100
100
?II
1.300
100
88,900
1,700
9,100
4,700
500
400
TOTAL
17,900
3.*00
4,000
21,900
100
438,800
400
78,400
50,900
800
156,000
900
95,900
5,000
•Mean of years 1979 and 1983, rounded out to nearest $100.
"Represents 1983 prices only.
Source: Washington Department of Fisheries
(corrnrrn) KETT PACE)
E-l
JRB Associates —
-------
DOLLAE VALUE—COmMDZD*
SPECIES
Herring
Ling Cod
Pacific
Cod
Pacific
Too Cod
Sand Dab
Walleye
Pollock
Pacific
Whiting
Rockfish
Perch,
General
Striped
Seaperch
Pile Perch
White
Sea Base
Greenling
Ratfish
Sculpin
Spiny
Dogfish
Skate
Shark,
General
I
2,438,700
17,200
299,000
71,000
100
10,400
100
800
184,500
5,500
II
48,000
4,900
33.600
200
2,600
97,800
500
III
3,500
19,400
121,200
4,300
21,400
100
300
100
62,400
1,000
IT
3,700
900
16,000
1,200
287,900
2,500
100
1,100
21,300
1,000
T
445,000
1,000
68,500
400
7,300
7,100
15,000
100
84,500
300
VI
146,700
13,000
1,700
500
1,100
4,300
28,400
VII
764,500
3,200
200
4,900
2,400
8,800
12,000
100
TOTAL
3,850,100
56,400
543,200
77_,300
288,000
49,600
10,900
30,300
200
490,900
8,400
*Mean of years 1979 and 1963, rounded out to nearest
Source: Washington Department of Fisheries
$100.
(COifTIHUED HETT PAGE)
E-2
, JRB Associates,
-------
HOLLA* fALDE-
SPECIES
Butter
Clan
Horse Clan
Geoduck
Clan
Native
Littleneck
Clan
Manila
Clan
Softihell
Cla»
Mussels
Scallop**
Octopus
Squid
Dungeness
Crab
Rock
Crab**
Coonstripe
Shrl«p
Spot
Shrlnp
Pink
Shrimp
Sea
Cucumber
Sea
Drchin**
Olyapia
Oyster
Pacific
Oyster
Kunanoto
Oyster
European
Oyster**
Eastern
Oyster
I
13,900
1,500
600
1,300
3,800
3,600
500
1,329,600
2,900
200
2,200
700
200
22,000
II
700
1.200
600
100
600
51,800
10,700
1,400
13,800
3,800
3,400
4,400
13,600
III
2,600
100
1,600
85,700
2,600
3,000
24,000
200
4.200
700
900
44,300
2,900
W
200
3,800
44.000
300
69,900
300
2,700
3,200
4,800
f
22,100
7,400
186,200
39,500
17,500
500
100
1,100
2,700
12,500
100
24,000
133,800
n
3,600
52,300
3.200
33,800
200
700
100
66,000
5,400
4,000
237,400
Til
1,500
452,200
13,100
541,800
2 , 300
303
703
200
100
7.700
1
73,600
1,434,500
18,003
200
TOTAL
43.700
9.000
692,300
143.000
595.600
3,800
47,400
4,000
8,500
7,100
1.488.700
100
14,200
94,600
19.900
42.500
47,700
77.800
1,839.800
18,000
13,800
1
•Mean of years 1979 and 1963, rounded out to nearest $100.
••Represents 1983 prices only.
Source: Washington Department of Fisheries
(COKTUTOP) HEP PACE)
E-3
. JRB Associates —
-------
DOLLAR TALUE—CORTIDED*
SPECIES
SAIMOB;
Chinook
Chun
Pink
Coho
Sockeye
I
2,168,600
466,500
1,073,100
1,057,400
3,216,400
II
573,300
406,400
1,885,400
884,900
5,997,600
III
67,000
12,600
54,400
292,800
240,500
IT
401,600
724,200
113,600
692,700
1,600
T
251,800
1,171,500
10,700
2,038,800
10,700
fl
11,200
968,700
1,000
403,500
400
Til
213,800
355,900
700
508,600
400
TOTAL
3,687,300
4,105,800
3,138,900
5,876,700
9.467,600
.JRB Associates-.
E-4
-------
APPENDIX F
SUPPLEMENTARY SOURCES OF
PUGET SOUND COMMERCIAL & RECREATIONAL FISHERIES
, JRB Associates —
-------
Oy.ttrrv.Whol
(lau Orster Co IK
919A * Beach RdBm 766-6171
Ellison Orslei Company
2620 MW Madrona Beach Rd
Olympia (66-7551
Olympia Oyster Co
1042Bloomfield RdSnetloo 426-3354
Rockpoint Oyster Company
239Chuckanut Or Blanenard 766-6002
Simmons Oyster Co
3022HW Simmons RdOlympla... 866-9021
fi»h Broken
(tavTM-rhMer luc
300120th HE Belkvue ....454-7959
CMc Rettn 0 (Waskmiwn) IK
59SOS6USeatlk 742-2205
Caenei Imeniational
400 111 ..Seattle 612-4364
Docatev Seafoods IK
1513Dener Av NStatlk '. 2(5-9110
EtveM CM IK
Smith Tower Seauk 622-1013
Earo-Pacific International Corporation
1200 WesllakeN Seattle 2(4-3651
Everoreer) (rokerafie CD
4110ME 165th SeaUk 363-3911
Fotenprel C C Company
362SlllSSeatlk 623-6906
Otal Pacific Seafoods IK
3623 6th SSeattle 623-0052
Hamlui E N Associates
Ice/man Bg Seattle 482-9180
Ufnu Fnfeirici Ltd
42252>dAvWSeaule 285-5*30
Isaco Trading Company Uc
TO lailkbfSuttte 767-9510
Kachemak Memaliwat Saki IK
lOOValkySMUIe 282-7245
»>lky CUrtt Company
2460S6UiSuUk.-.
_____________ ...422-25(1
M/VAknun
2700 Ratter (dlM^iui ......... 671-9356
Marine Resarces Co
192 NickerMn Sunk ........... 285-6424
Merco Intenrade IK
4044 23rd AvW Seattle ........ 2(2-5655
MeUttl Fish Co
2335SRauier Seattle .......... 322-4368
•onkeni Products Cop
TDjTuniinil Sales MdgSeattk .622-6677
•orlhlaM Sea Products IK
360015UAvWSe»Uk ........ 2*5-0781
Pjarthvmlern Traders IK
102450*1 Moines Wy S Still If. .762-1580
PncalK
(221 44U AvW Everett ........ 745-6022
Prelude Foots International IK
200 SW Hick*™ Seattk ....... 762-0260
Sea- West Industries IIK
SWallcinnFillteliMharr, ....... 734-8900
Seafood Merchant IK TH
4502 MW 141k Stiltk .......... 789-4015
KVWT ttlTOOOJ BC
I) ll t»nm-W< Tr> For It
MZJSE 35thH«rMr lil»d ---- IK-tMl
Sn«S<«lK PitrMSMUk... 622-2520
Swifturl FMeriH IK
200WTkom«lSu(ll> .......... 284-W6C
Tr«iul »« Sutllf ........ 281-5352
Itoinrul IfcrcMlIk Cerp
1818 Wrnl«« «S««ltk ........ 282-0568
u
18411 91H ».»l«r«eouu
Homer AK ............... M72IS-7TH
FUm METAL FtinCATMS BC
39206tliA»NWi*iuk ....... til- 2223
Scan Harm IK
5416«HlrV20Ui5 WSeattk ........ 285-3350
*U AlttXAK SEAFMM MC
Nirririo-SalrMi>-Kln( Crab
20OTM.norCSe.ttlc .......... 122-I7W
Allied FKtieries IK
S4UliciaiiWaT8elll«tlian ...... 676-1069
An Can Trading Ce IK
2S15Feoer.lE.er«l ........... 259-9117
Anacortei Seafoods IK
2M2C«nercialA>acarus ..... 293-7526
Associated Heat 4 Seafoods Oiilr IK
22280ceMe>UISS>aUle ....... 622-5J9S
aiervkw Imomatianal IK
2211E*aier»ew(d
•ellinokaic. ................... .671-5507
tall IVos IK
11206 CoenaiH teack R«
Exntl ....................... 347-2626
tootk Frj*eri«
Terminal 25 Seattle ............ 622-2942
CtD Trading IK
1600 15th An WSeittlt ....... 285-2126
Curlard Seatoodi l«c
•eklM Airport Teiaco
Homer AK ................. 907235-7755
Cee 4 Dee Heats 4 Sealods
517RaiMrSnoMnil« ........... 382-0750
Codfalher Ttle
Edward AMonelli Sel Er-Eata Vo> FM
157YeslerSeatk .............. 682-3150
Consolidated Frsk Co
!S«ul.emFIII»«llin.h.» ..... 734-9906
Mkiaii Fak Co
DakoU 4 Oakes A'Aaaconn . . . 293-3159
Cosuck Caviar IK _
101 S Dakota Seattle ........... 624-2995
Oahl Flih Co IK
601WCk«stMBellin|kaiii ...... 733-3940
Eaole Island Seafoods IK
2304 Jeffers
_. _. .onfacome 272-79(6
Fisherman's Market
514 W Holly Bellmoham 733-3200
Fresh Fish Horthwesl IK
Lywtwood 775-0936
tlacier Seafoods IK
1112E54UiAveTaeoma 922-7970
High Seas Fish Co
1BOOW EmenonSeattk 283-3366
Interocean Seafood Co
200 SW Michigan Seattle 767-6390
Island Fish Market
3WHonhCanunoDr
Camano Island 387-9891
Jessie's llwaco Fish Company
12727 HorthupWy HE Belkvue . 883-8363
Rth 4V Soofood-Wriol
-(Confd)
Joanr/sSeaFoMC*
tlM4toc>Taceau
10629 ME tthklkne
K4MHeals 2900 4lh SSeattlr.
Kltsap Ian Sales
1595 SW Sute Mraliway 160
PonOrckard
UCooMrFM4CnbCo
115N ULa CMier
Unn.1 Indlar, TrkWI EmorprrH
2612KVMI UpVIIMfkair,
acierel Jack's
1995 SE teUiel tdPort Orthard.
Hen Ventvr Fiskeries IK
20C SW M.chlajr Seattle
feorUerr. Fish Produas Uc
1911 S 56th T»wm
Nortlmfl Waleri Seafood Co IK
20001 Ion tellingham
P.crfil Fish Co
8146thA«SSeattk
Pacific Pearl Sutoods
1450 114th KBelleme
Piclf ic Salmon Co IK
Pier 66 Seattle
Pacific Seafoods hK
14040 ML 8th Bellenie
Pacific Seafoods Inc
Pacific Western Seafoods IK
444NE Harem* (IrfVtattk ...
Pan-Alaska Fisheries Inc
Fuhiuaa» Terminal Seattk
Peki Sales Co
653NE HortMMe WrSelttk ... .
Petca IK
(221 44th AtWEremt ........
Pete's Seafood
3612CofeiE«rotl .............
Provide Seafood Corp
Seattle
627-tlM
455-4664
. 628-4811
.876-1189
.466-4166
734-1030
(76-6511
763-9168
475- 3858
671-8894
.453-4600
.622-9368
.746-6(86
.671-2213
.522-9411
.284-0900
412-9000
395-2010
259-2634
422-1320
8404 BmdornWy Edmonds T7t-»M>
22627 (oUxll-EvefMI Hsvy SE Batkell
481-5503
Sea Ran Seafood! U<
KlBWeitlakeH Seattk 2(2-7(00
Santtk Seafoods IK
rte>24Seaule 682-2150
Skalar-tlaggnn Ltd
4660E Marginal Wy SSeattk.. .767-5331
Skellfish Of North America IK
401 Akunder Tacoma 838-2052
Shellfish Of Horth America The
401 Akunder Tacoma 272-4916
Skokomish Indian Trto I Enterprises
Seafood Division
Rl SHiitaprin (77-9246
293-4661
rcunr Sealoeata
1719 13UA>acart«
SlnanSnfoodi
1520NorunE>erett ............ 258-2546
Steuart Seafoods
1520HononEvfrett ............ 743-5202
SvornehDE
FootOKAvAHCones ......... 293-6989
S»«oouUi Indian Fish Co
955MooraprRdLf Conner ...... 466-3179
Tamnra AiMrica IK
3637 56USW Seattk .......... 932-3112
Tridera Seafoods Cop
653HW 41st St Seattle ......... 783-3818
Union Wharf
10 Tartar Pon Tovrmerxl ........ 385-0954
UMversKr Seafood 4 Poultry Co
1317 PC 471h Seattle ........... 632-3900
Ursm Seafoods IK
1414D«ter KSeattle .......... 284-8720
VaNulla Hr-Fi Harteters
444 ME Ravenna (f»d Seaute .... 522-9411
Variants 8roUen
426BNAnroraStattk .......... 612-9548
Veonc Sausape Co IK
12557 SE Green Valley Rd
AXwn ........................ (38-6440
Western Fish 4 Ovtler
1137 Dock Tacoma ............. (38-9491
VESTEU FBH 4 IYJTU CO (K -
laiLiUilMMI • Fmh A Fmnii SntN*e
VMeht; DrlHenei IB f erel Sow* Am
1137 Dock Tauma 383-1668
SwtJe ............ 838-9491
Yankee Fish Co
Soualicumwater WyBellinokain.. 713-1657
(BRUS AIMCU
Kssa
*
UllMW45thSeiuk TO-T7J,
Fishormon'B Supplios
ALA-PACBC
9407E Marginal Wy SSeatlk .
Agsu Dyne Enterprises
19909 144th Ai NE WoodUnllk
Cumberland trocery
31302 SI 354th tnumcla.
Ellh Hlghluier Fishing Cear
11555 27lbHE« Seattle
Fhkermen's Metal Pi duetts
3950 6th RW Seattle
Ktog Neptune Co
342516th WSealtk
IfXmABMP*lTCO
4714 Bj Hird IIW Seattle
7*2-171,
483-84.,
(86-274S
165-CH7
433-481,
2C2-1U1
7W-MDI
IntenutionalPamt!
(51 Com. tty Bellovfkairi
sm Yang Fishing del Ind Co Ltd
16943NE 16U PIBellevue ...
Honol 1304 (Oth StSW Everett
HorsoIlK
1304 80th StSW Everett
Pacific King IK
219CMalnMiro
Polyf orm US Ltd
4830 5 224th Kent
Seafood Preservative IK
515 116th Bellevut
SeaUk Marine 4 Fishing Supply Co
2121W Cammodare Wy Seattli
Semen Association
1111 HW451h Seauk
Snakey Enterprises
3274 Blackburn Mourn Venm.
746-9547
347-40*
743-4421
743-64U
872-03M
454-4551
285-5011
783-7713
U6-348S
4749 Ballard Av NW Seauk.... 1
TtlkCOlK
13451 SE 27th PI fcrltevur 747-1550
Western Anglers 255-7521
White Metal Fakriuling IK
425922adAvWSopUk 284-4UI
Fbhory Con»uhonts
~rederlkHh Kunne 4 Associate! IK
116LoeStSETumwaler 352-4640
Pacific Fiskeries Research
S09E UtkOijnpia 754-4891
Fishing Todclo-Whol (V Mfn
(alley Jud 4 Co IK
22805PacificHvrySSeaulj ....(24-5491
Kg Al's Tackle
1122SWoodlavnTaconu 565-3391
CdUtTAIPIODUCTKet
7116 220th SW
Houmlakt Terrace 774-7M
JMFMarmt
450AoMral Wy Edmonds 776-9(21
Jensen Liav 4 Sons IK
2817P
-------
BOIXA1 VALUE-
SPECIES
Butter
Clan
Horse Clan
Geoduck
Clam
Native
Llttleneck
Clam
Manila
Clam
Softehell
Clam
Mussels
Scallop**
Octopus
Squid
Dungeness
Crab
Rock
Crab**
Coons tripe
Shrimp
Spot
Shrimp
Pink
Shrimp
Sea
Cucumber
Sea
Urchin**
Olympia
Oyster
Pacific
Oyster
Kumamoto
Oyster
European
Oyster**
Eastern
Oyster
I
13,900
1,500
600
1,300
3,800
3,600
500
1,329^00
2,900
200
2,200
700
200
22,000
II
700
1,200
600
100
600
51,800
10,700
1,400
13,800
3,800
3,400
4,400
13,600
III
2,600
100
1,600
85,700
2.600
3,000
24,000
200
4,200
700
900
44,300
2,900
EV
200
3,800
44,000
300
69,900
300
2,700
3,200
4,800
V
22,100
7,400
186,200
39,500
17.500
500
100
1,100
2,700
12,500
100
24,000
133,800
VI
3,600
52,300
3,200
33,800
200
700
100
86,000
5,400
4,000
237,400
Til
1,500
452,200
13,100
541,800
2,300
TOTAL
43,700
9,000
692,300
143,000
595,600
3,800
47,400
4,000
300 8,500
700 7,100
200 1,488,700
100
7,700
73,600
1,434,500
100
14,200
94.600
19,900
42,500
47,700
77,800
1,839,800
18.000 18,000
200 13,800
*Hean of years 1979 and 1983, rounded out to nearest $100.
"Represents 1983 prices only.
Source: Washington Department of Fisheries
(COHTIHUED HEP PAGE)
, JRB Associates —
E-3
-------
DOLLA1 VALUE-
SPECIES
Herring
Ling Cod
Pacific
Cod
Pacific
Ton Cod
Sand Dab
Walleye
Pollock j
Pacific
Whiting
Rockflsh
Perch,
General
Striped
Seaperch
Pile Perch
White
Sea Bass
Greenllng
Katfish
Sculpln
Spiny
Dogfish
Skate
Shark,
General
I
2,438,700
17,200
299,000
71,000
100
10,400
100
800
184,500
5,500
II
48,000
4,900
33,600
200
2,600
97,800
500
III
3,500
19,400
121,200
4,300
21,400
100
300
100
62,400
1,000
IT
3,700
900
16,000
1,200
287,900
2,500
100
1,100
21,300
1,000
T
445,000
1,000
68,500
400
7,300
7,100
15,000
100
64,500
300
fl
146,700
13,000
1,700
500
1,100
4,300,
1
28,400
m
764,500
3,200
200
4,900
2,400
8,800
12.000
too
TOTAL
3,850,100
56.400
543.200
77,300
288,000
49,600
10.900
30,300
200
490,900
8,400
•Mean of years 1979 and 1983, rounded out to nearest $100.
Source: Washington Department of Fisheries
(COHTTJDED HKTT PACE)
E-2
. JRB Associates -
-------
vh Pockon Equipment
MTtO-MOFX U» CMP 4
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742-2205
422-4344
.aS-M10
422-3013
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42232MA>WSMUI«
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.343-3*11
.423^*04
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lOOVlUtrSMttl* ............. 2K-7245
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422-2941
471-*3SA
2440S4USuUlt
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4044 23rt Af WSt.Uk .
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745-4022
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572-1070
444.4144
L>[«»lr FM 4 Cn4 C*
113«UUCM*r
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24UK«w UbllMpM ...... 734-1030
tekiral Jict i
3««S H (clktl MNn OrcMrt . . 174-451
Hr> VtKvc FUMrin tec
20DSWHicMfOTSc*14<
ItatKn Firt ^KtKU tec
J91JS 34ttT(Ulli ............. -47V
Item. m w-AljtU Fhktrm IK
.432-WOO
.355-101
29*-2434
.422-1320
PHt > Stln C*
k53NE IkntUkt Wf Sunk . .
Pvw'i SN!M<
3412C^h>CHnU
« 4S5-174S
4741 2lR A. «StMUt 265-3350
A«Cu T
JBlSFMirifcnrau
..1Z2-1TM
..474.104*
..23*>*117
l 2*3-7314
clalM Ht« 4 SM(M4> Onu IK
2211E
fell Orat tec
EMTttt
.471-5407
147-2k24
! 25SUUW ............ 422-2*42
4 P trrt«| IK
MOO UO An W Suit* ....... 213-2324
SutM* IK
DMou 4 0«n AiAwcMn
Couct ti«» IK
COT 4 On Mutt 4 SufKk
H7«j«irS|illlill« ........... M2-07M
ttmf* AKMlll Sfl Erbli TH FM
Mr$.MIt .............. 4(2-3130
...734.VN4
...2*>31M
...424.2*H
...733-3*40
...272-7*14
...733-3200
...77i-B93*i
...»22-7*70
...2B3-33b6
...747-43*0
il Flu Co IK
401W Cknun -
U.U hUM SwtjMi tec
2J04J "
tlacitr StUC«MMOr
...FnliC . .
12727 Nonlw W, 1C 4tlira* .
.KU-I3B3
th 4 $* SStnlt.. .747-333
Sfctllfn* Of Mtru Amtrlu tec
401AkuK»rTacK« «3»-;
Mltat Of Mult ABtnci t»t
401AI»MKfT«K» 272-4*14
StaAtKUk tetw 7HMl EKtrarbn
•77-C244
UmrMl $Mf«KI 4 f^n
1317IC47tliSMttlt ........... 432-3*00
14140<«» ItStlltll .......... 2*4-1720
(IkllU HcFi HMtKin
444 1C (Mm* IMSMUto . . . . 322-*411
•rlftiKM OrMktn
4241 N Ann SMttk .......... 432-f540
VIM &MUtf Ct IK
•»**•
jitHiK«««. 733-1457
111JBW4SUSMUI....
.7W-7TJ,
Fi(rWm4>n'i Supplw*
4U-MCMC
*407CI»lr«*ulWrSSMUIt ..1
•w Pmt EKtrpilm
]**0«144UAflKWM*UilHl
31302SI XMUlMKlM M4-2741
EllnMtMilltrFlllMlttMr
11333 27l»K« SMUIt ]
)9504WSMUIt.
'bhcry CemwItanH
"HKI>M» rjjKt 4 AHKIMII tec
lUlttSlSEIliKMUr.
Plcrfic FnMrin •nurct
754-40*9
i»hing TadtU-Wrwl 4. Mfn
2a05PMMKlMTSSMUIt ..474-VMl
lia/WMtttnTuMH 345- 33*
ourrupttMCTiKt
7U4220USW
•TlteilM
450AK«nl «•»E*MKk 774-*U<
.272-30W
734-***I
'704-27*2
422-7541
242-4zae
242-0411
7TO-244C
II te*Htri« IK
113CNOII
•ffrUwS
4X5K41ltSMUk.
512«l»»rJ«UI.
Uttltoi Ibrxt 4 Mf
11200SW15US SMUIt.
•Milt LlK Ct
,
Swell C*
24powri ...... i*
ptrti Strvtcr tec
WrSMttit.
272-413]
Source:
GTE Business-to-Business Commercial Directory, Seattle-Puget
Sound Edition, 1981/1982.
. JRB Associates —
F-l
------- |