WATER POLLUTION CONTROL RESEARCH SERIES • 11024EJC 07/70
Selected
Urban Storm Water Runoff
Abstracts
July 1968-June 1970
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY • WATER QUALITY OFFICE
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WATER POLLUTION CONTROL RESEARCH SERIES
The VJater Pollution Control Research Reports describe the results and progress
in the control and abatement of pollution of our Nation's waters. They provide
a central source of information on the research, development and demonstration
activities of the Water Quality Office of the Environmental Protection Agency,
through in-house research and grants and contracts with the Federal, State,
and local agencies, research institutions, and industrial organizations.
Triplicate tear-out abstract cards are placed inside the back cover to facili-
tate information retrieval. Space is provided on the card for the user's
accession number and for additional key words. The abstracts utilize the
WRSIC system.
Inquiries pertaining to Water Pollution Control Research Reports should be
directed to the Head, Project Reports System, Planning and Resources Office,
Research and Development, Water Quality Office, Environmental Protection
Agency, Washington, D.C. 20242.
Previously issued reports on the Storm and Combined Sewer Pollution Control
Program:
11034 FKL 07/70 Storm Water Pollution from Urban Land Activity
11022 DMU 07/70 Combined Sewer Regulator Overflow Facilities
11020 — 08/70 Combined Sewer Overflow Seminar Papers
11022 DMU 08/70 Combined Sewer Regulation and Management - A Manual
of Practice
11023 — 08/70 Retention Basin Control of Combined Sewer Overflows
11023 FIX 08/70 Conceptual Engineering Report - Kingman Lake Project
11024 EXF 08/70 Combined Sewer Overflow Abatement Alternatives -
Washington, D.C.
11023 FOB 09/70 Chemical Treatment of Combined Sewer Overflows
11024 FKJ 10/70 In-Sewer Fixed Screening of Combined Sewer Overflows
11024 EJC 10/70 Selected Urban Storm Water Abstracts, First Quarterly
Issue
Continued on inside back cover....
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SELECTED URBAN STORM WATER
RUNOFF ABSTRACTS
by
Science Information Services Department
The Franklin Institute Research Laboratories
Prepared for
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
WATER QUALITY OFFICE
Program Number 11024 EJC
Contract Number 14-12-904
July 1970
For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office
Washington, D.O. 20402 Price $2.75
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;PA/WQO Review Notice
This report has been reviewed by the Hater Quality Office and approved
for publication. Approval does not signify that the contents necessarily
reflect the views and policies of the Water Quality Office, nor does
mention of trade names or conmercial products constitute endorsement or
recommendation for use.
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ABSTRACT
A compilation of abstracts summarizing articles from a variety
of technical publications constituting the problem of urban
drainage was developed by the Franklin Institute Research
Laboratories. The' present work includes 599 abstracts of
documents published for the most part from July 1968 through
June 1970. The abstracts are classed in ten sub-topic
categories and arranged alphabetically by author and numerically
by abstract number within each category. Each item includes
a bibliographic citation, an abstract, and a set of indexing
descriptors and identifiers. A cumulative subject index at
the end of the volume provides the necessary access to individual
concepts. An author index and journal list are also included.
This work was submitted in fulfillment of Contract 14-12-904
between the Federal Water Quality Administration and the
Franklin Institute Research Laboratories.
Key Words: Storm runoff, urbanization, drainage systems, overflow,
rainfall-runoff relationships, sewers, sewage treatment, water
pollution control.
iii
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FOREWORD
SELECTED URBAN STORM WATER RUNOFF ABSTRACTS is a compilation
of abstracts summarizing articles from a variety of technical
publications, covering the subjects of urban runoff, storm
water drainage, storm sewers, and legislation — together
constituting "the problem of urban drainage". Articles on
more general'subjects, such as "sewerage" or "sanitary
engineering", and topics not closely related to storm water
have been excluded.
The present work includes 599 abstracts of documents published
from July 1968 through June 1970. A few abstracts summarize
material published before this period that were not included
in the previous volume of SELECTED URBAN STORM WATER RUNOFF
ABSTRACTS, published in June 1969. For convenience, the abstracts
are classed in ten sub-topic categories and arranged alphabetically
by author and numerically by abstract number within each category.
Since most of the papers fit into more than one category, a
cumulative subject index at the end of the volume provides the
necessary access to individual concepts and should be utilized
for locating all abstracts in which this concept is significant.
The numbers following an index term are the numbers for the
abstracts in which this term is found. Each item includes a
bibliographic citation, an abstract, and a set of indexing
descriptors (subject terms listed in the WATER RESOURCES
THESAURUS, November 1966 edition) and identifiers (newly
suggested index terms). The most important index terms are
marked by an asterik. An author index and journal list are
included for the reader's benefit.
Copies of the articles abstracted in most cases can be obtained
from research libraries covering water pollution or public
health engineering literature.
Suggestions concerning the improvement of content and format,
or expansion of subject coverage in future supplements to this
compilation, which will be issued quarterly, will be gratefully
received.
v
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Section Title Page
ABSTRACT iii
FOREWORD v
SUBJECT FIELDS AND GROUPS vii
1- Construction: Equipment and Materials:
and Instrumentation 1
2. Overflows and Regulation Devices 35
3. Sewer Hydraulics 57
4. Sewer Systems 69
a. Combined
b. Sanitary
c. Storm
5. Storm Water - Quality, Quantity, and Pollution . 93
a. Caused from combined overflows
b. Caused from storm runoff
6. Surveys, Policies, and Reports 109
7. Legislation and Standards 163
8. Treatment Methods and Water Reuse 191
9. Hydrology 229
10. Tunnels: Technology and Equipment 289
SUBJECT INDEX 317
AUTHOR INDEX 357
JOURNAL LIST 373
vii
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Section 1
CONSTRUCTION: EQUIPMENT AND MATERIALS;
AND INSTRUMENTATION
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001
APPLIES EXISTING TECHNOLOGY FOR A CLEANER LAKE ERIE ,
Am City, Vol 85, No 4, p 18, Apr 1970,
Descriptors: *Waste treatment, ^Storage, Instrumentation, Storm runoff.
Identifiers: *Lake Erie, Monitoring system, Stormwater storage.
The Detroit Metropolitan Water Service is putting existing technology
into effect to help decelerate the aging of Lake Erie. Proposed pro-
grams include: solids reduction by addition of mechanisms to the
regional wastewater plant, coliform removal through chlorination, phos-
pkr"e reduction using pickle liquor from steel mills, waste oil and
grease removal using oil skimmers, construction of phenol-removing
systems, and installation of smokestack air cleaners to prevent air
pollution. A monitoring system to reduce stormwater overflows is also
being built to warn of approaching rainfall, thus allowing sewers to
be pumped before the storm. This will permit sewers to store contami-
nated stormwater, the dirtiest water being sent to the treatment plant.
Further long range plans are being made to meet future demands of the
region.
002
STEEL PIPE SELECTED FOR STORM SEWER SYSTEM,
Am City, Vol 85, No 3, p 22, Mar 1970.
Descriptors: *Pipes, Construction costs.
Identifiers: Steel pipes, Storm sewers, Sewer system.
Steel piping instead of the more-commonly used reinforced concrete was
employed to construct a storm sewer system in Lakewood, New York. Ad-
vantages of this material include its strength, lighter weight, and
lower cost. Savings in material cost alone were about 15%, and lower
labor costs were incurred because steel is simpler to handle than other
materials. Dimensions of the storm sewer system are given.
003
UNDERWATER SEWAGE STORAGE AN AID TO POLLUTION ABATEMENT,
Am City, Vol 84, No 9, pp 30 and 34, Sep 1969.
Descriptors: ^Construction materials, Storm runoff, Pollution abatement,
Waste storage, Overflow.
Identifiers: *Rubber storage containers, Storm tank, Anacostia River.
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Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co. and Underwater Storage, Inc. of Washington
B.C. have announced a joint project to attack water pollution by collect-
ing wastes in huge, collapsible, underwater, rubberized tanks. Two
prototype systems are being tested in the Anacostia River in Washington;
one to trap stormwater overflow, and the other near a marina to collect
wastes from boats. These storage tanks could resolve a variety of prob-
lems such as threats of river fires caused by accidentally-ignited oily
wastes, and pollution from stormwater which was previously eliminated
only through costly sewer reconstruction.
004
UNDERWATER LINE SPANS 32 FEET BETWEEN 'SUPPORTS,
Am City, Vol 84, No 8, p 58, Aug 1969.
Descriptors: *Concrete pipes, *Installation, *Construction equipment.
Identifiers: *Underwater pipeline.
An underwater pipeline of prestressed concrete units was installed in
St. John's River as an outfall sewer from a waste treatment plant to
serve a new industrial area of Jacksonville, Florida. Double sections
of cylinder pipe were laid on concrete piles topped with precast con-
crete caps to cradle the pipe. Scuba divers guided and joined pipe
sections. Extensions and other installation techniques are given.
005
IT'S IN THE BAG,
Am City, Vol 84, No 4, p 88, Apr 1969.
Descriptors: *Storage tanks, Overflow, Storm runoff, Ohio.
Identifiers: *Rubber storage containers, Combined sewers, Storm tank.
The problem of stormwater overflows from combined sewers is being corn-
batted in Sandusky, Ohio through the implementation of a plan which is
much less costly than the common solution of sewer separation. The new
system consists of rubberized storage reservoirs that trap the heavily-
polluted "first flush" of stormwater. When the storm ends, pumps trans-
fer the stored stormwater to the treatment plant for processing along
with the normal wastewater. Costs, details, and a diagram of the system
are included in the article.
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006
SCREEN TREATMENT FOR SEWER OVERFLOWS,
Am City, Vol 84, No 3, p 24, Mar 1969.
Descriptors: *Screens, Storm runoff, Overflow, Oregon.
Identifiers: *Runoff treatment, Combined sewers.
An alternative to separation of combined sewers in Portland, Oregon is
being tested under a FWPCA grant. The experimental pilot plant includes
high-rate, fine-mesh screens which treat overflow that is pumped to the
plant during periods of heavy rainfall. Previously, only one-third of
the rainy season flow was treated while the remainder was discharged un-
treated into a receiving stream. A description of the structure and
workings of the screen operation is given. Laboratory tests will deter-
mine the effectiveness and feasibility of the system.
007
TRENCHER AND BOX SHIELD MAKE SEWER JOB ALMOST ONE-RIG OPERATION,
Construct Methods Equip, Vol 51, No 4, pp 134-135, 138-140 and 143,
Apr 1969. 8 fig.
Descriptors: ^Excavation, ^Construction equipment, *Cost analysis.
Identifiers: ^Hydraulic trencher, *Storm sewers, "Guidance system,
Oakland, Michigan, Laser beam.
A tractor-powered hydraulic trencher used a three-line bucket arrange-
ment to perform digging for a 43,000-foot storm sewer in Oakland,
Michigan. A box shield moved ahead 28 inches at a time and carried a
hopper to distribute gravel for the pipe bed. Job difficulties held
cost savings to about 10% below conventional backhoeing, but the trench-
er did protect against cave-ins in addition to providing safety in open-
ing a trench parallel to gas and water lines. The trencher had three
basic components: (1) a standard Cat D9 up front; (2) a ladder type
bucket line and transverse unloading conveyer; and (3) a hydraulically
powered telescoping box that slid along two sled type runners. Dimen-
sions of each part are given along with details of the workings and
operation of the trencher and its parts. Loading of spoils to trucks
is described. Two guidance systems are mentioned; one which used a
survey string line, and the other which employed an Acme laser gun.
008
TOOLS OF THE BUILDER,
Construct Methods Equip, Vol 51, No 2, pp 164-168, 170-172, 174-175,
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177-178, 180, 183-184, 186, Feb 1969. 15 fig.
Descriptors: ^Construction equipment, *Tunneling machines, '''Tunneling,
^Hydraulic equipment, Tunnel construction, Piping, Control systems,
Concrete construction, Electronic equipment.
Identifiers: *Mole, Laser beam.
This article explores advances made since 1963 in equipment used by con-
tractors in non-highway construction. Means for handling, lifting, and
moving materials grew steadily in size and power. Conventional-type
equipment—cranes, derricks, conveyors, and pumps, became taller, strong-
er, and more versatile. Earth and rock boring for tunnel construction
became easier with the development of machines able to tackle any type
of geological formation. Special rigs are described which place large-
diameter piping inside long tunnels. Advances in mole tunneling are
cited. Hydraulic pumps, driven by electric motors, provide rotation,
twist, and up-and-down actions of the boom and bucket, and they also
propel the machine. Construction crews use laser beams as constant
reference lines. They are visible day and night for long distances and
are weak enough to be harmless. Future tunneling may be accomplished by
rapid melting of rock with lasers or electron beams. New innovations
discussed include: hydraulic-boom cranes, hydraulic fork lifts to
handle heavy wall and slab forms, lightweight plastic-foam materials,
concrete pumps, electronic computers, and television.
009
WASHED-OUT PLATE CULVERT RESET IN 17-TON SECTIONS BY CRANE,
Construct Methods Equip, Vol 50, No 7, pp. 54-57, Jul 1968. 6 fig.
Descriptors: *Flood damage, *Culverts, *Cranes, *Repairing, *Construc-
tion, *Installation.
When a 500-foot length of culvert comprised of 600 plate sections was
washed out by a flash flood, the contractor unbolted the conduit in 36-
foot barrels instead of dismantling the pipe plate by plate and lifted
the sections out by crane. The sections were stored on the bank to be
reset after the bed dried and was restored. A simple wooden screed
shaped the concrete sand bed for the 21-foot diameter culvert. Details
of the construction and installation procedures are included.
010
WORK STARTS ON 11-MILE INTERCEPTOR TO SOLVE TORONTO'S SEWER PROBLEM,
Eng Contract Record, Vol 83, No 6, pp 68-69, Jun 1970. 2 diag.
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Descriptors: *Construction, ^Contracts, *Interception, *Design, *Sewers-
Identifiers: *Canada, *Interceptor sewer, Toronto.
In metropolitan Toronto an interceptor to relieve existing high- and low-
level interceptor sewers, which are inadequate for the area they cover,
is under construction. S. McNally and Sons Ltd. was among a number of
bidders, and it was awarded all portions of the project. The project
entails the construction of a 61,640 foot-long shaft varying in diameter
from 60 to 120 inches spanning the city from east to west. The estimated
time of construction is three years. Information on the operation and
techniques used is included.
Oil
PLASTIC FITTINGS SPEED LAYING OF SEWER PIPE,
Eng Contract Record, Vol 81, No 10, p 73, Oct 1968.
Descriptors: *Pipes, "'Construction equipment,, ^Construction materials,
Installation.
Identifiers: *Transite pipe system.
The Roll-Tite system which combines a Transite asbestos-cement pipe with
a new type of plastic fitting blow-molded from black polypropylene, is
described. The installing operation for this system takes considerably
less time than for other systems. Other advantages of this system as
well as distributive information are mentioned.
012
PLASTIC MAY BE PIPELINER'S BOON,
Eng News-Record, Vol 184, No 10, pp 28-29, Mar 5, 1970.
Descriptors: *Plastic pipes, "Installation, Cost comparisons, Construc-
tion materials.
Identifiers: *Germany, *Fusion welding.
In Germany, plastic pipes with up to 40-inch diameters and pieced in 500
to 1,000 foot sections are common engineering equipment. These poly-
ethylene pipes cost slightly more than other types of pipes; however,
installation costs are drastically lower, especially when used in long
runs. The butt-fusion welding practice is quite routine in Europe.
This process of installation is described.
013
WINNER 3.6% UNDER ON CALIFORNIA STORM DRAIN,
Eng News-Record, Vol 184, No 3, p 46, Jan 15, 1970. 1 tab.
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Descriptors: ^Construction materials, *Costs, *Concrete pipes, *Con-
crete construction, *Bids, California.
Identifiers: *Bedding material, Solid shoring, Storm drainage system.
Costs and quantities of materials proposed for use in the construction of
a storm drainage system in Torrance and Los Angeles, Calif, are tabled
for the two lowest contract bidders. The hired contractor will use re-
inforced concrete box construction and reinforced concrete pipe. Exca-
vated sandy silt material will be used for bedding. Solid shoring is
necessary for most of the project.
014
STORMWATER OVERFLOW GETS BAGGED,
Eng News-Record, Vol 181, No 18, p 14, Oct 31, 1968.
Descriptors: *Constructio.n equipment, ^Construction costs, *Separation
techniques, Overflow.
Identifiers: *Rubber storage containers.
The FWPCA is financing projects to install rubber stormwater storage
bags at three locations: Washington's Anacostia River, Sandusky, Ohio
at Lake Erie, and Cambridge, Md.'s Choptank River estuary. The bags
will store stormwater overflow that normally flows untreated into rivers
and lakes along with sanitary sewage, when flows exceed treatment plants'
capacities during heavy rainfall. The Washington bags rest on the
bottom of the Anacostia River offshore of the pumping plant. The plant
will chop overflow solids before the water reaches the bags, and an
aerator will suspend the solids. The solids come out with the stored
water when it is pumped back into the sewers for treatment. These plans
are considerably less costly than sewer separation which would cost an
estimated $48 billion to accomplish throughout the United States.
015
STORMWATER SEWER DESIGN IN METRIC,
Inst Munic Engrs, Vol 97, No 5, supplement no 4, May 1970.
Descriptors: Measurement, Design.
Identifiers: Metric system, Conversion charts, Storm sewers.
First impressions of the use of metric units in stormwater sewer design
are expressed. In using the metric system, awkward multipliers are re-
moved. Conversion charts are listed.
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016
DESIGN EXAMPLES IN METRIC,
J Inst Munic Engrs, Vol 97, No 2, supplement no 2A, Feb 1970.
Descriptors: Measurement, Design.
Identifiers: "'Combined sewers, Metric system.
A metric example of the combined sewer and small pumping station is
worked out using the rational formula and the Ministry of Health figures
for intensities of rainfall.
017
STORAGE BLADDERS FOR SEWAGE,
Ind Water Eng, Vol 5, No 8, p 30, Aug 1968.
Descriptors: Construction equipment, *Rubber, ^Storage tanks, Storm
runoff, Overflow.
Identifiers: *Rubber storage containers, *Anacostia River.
Two large 100,000 gallon tanks of nylon-impregnated rubber have been
anchored in metal cradles on the bottom of the Anacostia River. During
rainfall the tanks are used to hold overflow and later, when the water
has receded, the tanks are emptied and their contents pumped easily to
the sewage treatment plant. These tanks have also been used for holding
fuel, water, oil, beer, and wine.
018
REMOTE-CONTROL 'MINI-DAMS' GUARD MINNEAPOLIS SEWERS,
Munic Eng, London, Vol 146, p 358, 1969.
Descriptors: ^Construction materials, Overflow, Outlets, Water pollution
control, Mississippi River.
Identifiers: *Minneapolis-St. Paul, Rubber storage containers, Storm
sewage.
A description is given of the installation of inflatable bags of rubber-
ized fabric at the outlet points of the storm-sewage overflows serving
Minneapolis and St. Paul, Minn. The bags, which were installed to re-
duce pollution of the Mississippi River during storms, can be inflated
by remote control to provide dams varying in height, thereby at any time
diverting as much storm sewage into the interceptor sewers as the treat-
ment works can accept.
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019
ISLAND CITY SOLVES TOUGH SEWERAGE PROBLEM,
Public Works, Vol 101, No 2, p 95, Feb 1970.
Descriptors: *Sewers, *Steel pipes, *Design, Construction costs, Con-
struction equipment, Infiltration.
Identifiers: *Galveston, Texas, *Truss pipe.
By using Armco Steel Corporation's double-walled Truss pipe, a ground-
water infiltration problem was eliminated from Galveston's sewer system.
The Truss pipe can also be easily tapped for house connections, and its
low infiltration specifications make possible an economical design for
factory-built treatment plants. Construction costs for such plants are
included, as well as dimensions of the extra-strength piping.
020
CONSTRUCTION COST REQUIREMENTS FOR WATER AND WASTEWATER FACILITIES,
Public Works, Vol 98, No 12, pp 112-113, Dec 1967.
Descriptors: *Cost analysis, Waste water treatment.
Identifiers: *Wastewater facilities.
The Business Defense Services Administration surveyed 1200 major water
utilities in order to predict the construction cost requirements for
water and wastewater facilities. The forecasted average annual expen-
diture over the 14-year period (1967-1980) showed a 139% increase over
annual amounts for the past 12 years. These expenses result from the
need to remedy present defects, to account for depreciation and obso-
lescence, and to counter the demands of an increasing population. Data
included indicating costs required for various types of water supply and
wastewater utilities in addition to amounts to be spent to combat indi-
vidual problems can serve to guide manufacturers in planning future con-
struction.
021
INTERNATIONAL BUILDING EXHIBITION - OLYMPIA LONDON 13-25 NOVEMBER 1969,
Surveyor, Vol 84, No 4039, pp 54, 74, 77, Nov 7, 1969. 3 fig.
Descriptors: *Plastic pipes, *Rain gages, *D®sign criteria, '''Construction
materials, ^Underground structures, Flow rates, Drainage systems, Equip-
ment, Plastics.
Identifiers: *Great Britain.
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This article reviews exhibitions of products, equipment, materials, and
techniques at the International Building Exhibition at Olyropia, London.
A new square-line instead of round rainwater gutter system of plastic
was displayed, in addition to a squareflow rainwater gage. Both have
greater flow capacity than their traditional counterparts. A new drain-
age system exhibited has the following features: simplicity of layout
and specification, push jointing of pipes, fittings, and plumbing con-
nections, and fast laying speed. A domestic underground stormwater
drain using plastic Polydrain PVC pipe was demonstrated; this material
is now being employed extensively for underground drainage systems.
022
SEWERS UNDER ATTACK,
Surveyor, Vol 85, No 4048, p 38, Jan 9, 1970. 2 fig.
Descriptors: *Construction, *Construction materials, *Sewers, *Pipes,
^Installation, Cements.
Identifiers: *Great Britain.
Doncaster sewers were improved once in 1956, but in 1966 a major recon-
struction of the pipes was necessitated due to corrosion by sulfuric
acid produced by bacterial action. Adjacent to the old sewer, the new
sewer was constructed in the material most resistant and readily avail-
able, namely, bitumen-coated asbestos-cement. Procedures followed for
construction and installation of the pipes is described.
023
PUBLIC WORKS EXHIBITION PREVIEW,
Surveyor, Vol 82, No 3988, pp 82, 130, 135, Nov 9, 1968. 5 fig.
.Descriptors: Construction materials, *Construction equipment, *Drain-
age systems, Underground structures, Sewerage, Plastic pipes, Pipes.
Among the previewed exhibits of the Public Works and Municipal Services
Exhibition were Metrex sewage and drainage and rigid PVC rainwater sys-
tems, a large range of PVC pressure pipe, examples of asbestos-cement
pressure pipes, Polydrain PVC underground drainage systems, and plastic
pipes. The PVC pressure pipes had a push type Z joint with a lip rubber
seal. This joint, which is easy and quick to assemble, had been made
practicable for pressure mains of large diameters up to 18 inches. The
asbestos-cement pipe display showed not only new pipes but also old,
well-preserved pipe that had lain in the soil for many years. One ex-
hibit demonstrated the economy gained in cost, labor, weight, and main-
tenance when using plastic pipes and systems.
10
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024
DRAINAGE AND TREATMENT,
Surveyor, Vol 82, No 3988, p 150, Nov 9, 1968. 1 fig.
Descriptors: *Piping, Pipes, *Linings, Drainage engineering, Drainage
systems, Plastic pipes, Sewers.
This brief review of recent advances and contracts in drainage and
treatment includes a description of a new continuous length land drain-
age piping made from rigid unplasticised PVC which can be laid by mole-
ploughing with backfill fed into the trench via a hopper above the
plough. Also described is a new inexpensive method for relining sewer
pipes using a sectioned plastics pipe, and a contract for a new &$
million, mile-long trunk sewer.
025
COMBINED SEWER SOLUTION SOUGHT IN SANDUSKY FIELD DEMONSTRATION,
Water Sewage Works, Vol 116, No 10, pp 386-387, Oct 1969.
Descriptors: *0verflow, Construction materials, Storm runoff.
Identifiers: *Storm overflows, Rubber storage containers, Storm tank,
Sandusky, Ohio.
The use of flexible rubber containers for off-shore underwater temporary
storage of storm overflow from a combined sewer has been proposed for the
Sandusky Bay area as the answer to its storm overflow problems. The con-
tainers are predicted to temporarily hold overflows equivalent to a one-
year storm. When the plant can handle the excess, the contents of the
containers are pumped back to the plant where the sewage is treated and
piped into the bay.
026
SEWER IMPROVEMENTS CALL FOR TRUNK,
Water Sewage Works, Vol 116, No 10, pp 406-407, Oct 1969. 3 fig.
Descriptors: *Construction materials, *Pipelines , *Installation, Infil-
tration.
Identifiers: *Asbestos-cement piping, *Palo Alto, California.
Asbestos-cement piping was installed in Palo Alto when urban growth
caused an increase in sewer problems and demands. Because a large por-
tion of the pipe had to be laid below the water table level, city engi-
neers considered endurance, infiltration factors, and a construction
course in deciding upon materials for the sewers. Steps in the installa-
11
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tion procedure were outlined. Prior to final acceptance of this trunk
line, tests were performed, and no infiltration was found. Dimensions
are listed for amounts used of each type of asbestos-cement piping in
the three-mile project.
027
LASER BEAM AND POWDER-ACTUATED TOOL SPEED PIPE LAYING,
Water Sewage Works, Vol 115, No 12, pp 574-578, Dec 1968.
Descriptors: ^Installation, ^Construction equipment, ^Application
methods, Sewers.
Identifiers: *Laser beam, Laser kit.
A new laser beam-aligner system, which includes a powder-actuated fas-
tening tool as basic hardware, is enabling contractors to complete sewage
installations at least 35% faster and with virtually 100% accuracy.
Basic kit and hardware can meet more than 95% of requirements for average
storm and sanitary sewer contracting job. Laser kit is designed for
application with precast manhole with concrete base, concrete base with-
out precast manhole, or simple bottom-of-the-ditch installation without
concrete base. It is accurate in uphill or downhill alignments.
028
ALUMINUM PIPELINE FOR SEA OUTFALL SEWER,
Water Waste Treat, Vol 12, No 11, p 361, Jan/Feb 1970.
Descriptors: ^Aluminum, ^Pipelines, ^Installation, ^Construction equip-
ment, ^Construction materials, Outfall.
Identifiers: *Great Britain, *Trestles.
A welded aluminum pipeline has been used to extend a sea outfall sewer
at Anglesey. Aluminum was selected because of its weight, corrosive non-
liability, strength, and resistance to seawater and domestic sewage. The
pipeline was assembled progressively by bolting the flanged ends of the
100-foot pieces underwater. The aluminum trestles , to support the pipe-
line, and the method of installation are described.
029
SUSPENDED SEWAGE PIPELINE,
Water Waste Treat, Vol 12, No 8, p 256, Jul/Aug 19-69.
Descriptors: ^Construction equipment, ^installation, *pipelines-.
Identifiers: *Great Britain, ^Suspended pipeline.
12
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By the use of Hepworth-Polva pvc pipe with flexible couplings, a 12-inch
diameter sewage pumping main has been suspended from a bridge (which
crosses the River Tay) on fabricated metal brackets which allow for pipe
movement arising from thermal expansion and contraction of the pipeline.
ihe method of suspension allows for leveling, and the completed pipeline
has an insulating wrapping. The installation also has advantages over
traditional materials in that the pipeline is light in weight, immune
to corrosion, and requires no maintenance.
030
STORM WATER STORAGE SCHEME,
Water Waste Treat, Vol 12, No 7, p 221, May/Jun 1969.
Descriptors: ^Construction materials, *Storm runoff.
Identifiers: *Rubber storage containers, *Storm overflows, *Sandusky,
Ohio, Storm sewage.
A pilot project to study the storage of storm sewage from combined
sewers at Sandusky, Ohio, is described. Two 100,000 gallon collapsible
fabric-reinforced rubber tanks have been installed on the bottom of
Sandusky Bay; the tanks will fill by gravity and will temporarily store
overflows equivalent to a 1-year storm on a small area. Subsequently
the storm sewage will be pumped to the works for treatment and dis-
charged to the bay between storms.
031
TRENCHLESS PIPELAYING DEMONSTRATED,
Water Waste Treat, Vol 12, No 2, p 71, Jul/Aug 1968.
Descriptors: *Tunneling machines.
Identifiers: *Great Britain, *Badger Major.
The Badger Major, a trenchless pipelaying machine, has been designed to
revolutionize the laying and ducting of plastic pipes , pvc pipes, and
cables in all types of soil and climatic conditions for water supply,
sewage, land drainage, etc. The Badger Major works on a trenchless prin-
ciple, passing through the ground a narrow blade with specially designed
expanders at its base to create a smooth tunnel for the pipe. The con-
trol of the machine is fully automated by the use of an infra-red light
beam and hydraulic systems engineering. The system gives a working
range of 2000 feet; accuracies of ±% inch vertically and ± 3 inches
laterally are achieved.
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032
GALVANIZED BETH-CU-LOY STEEL SHEETS - FOR CULVERT PIPE AND UNDERDRAINS,
Bethcon Galvanized Steel Sheets, Bethlehem Steel, Bethlehem, Pa., Book-
let 1956, pp 13-14. 2 fig.
Descriptors: *Steel, ^Fabrication, ^Construction materials.
Identifiers: *Beth-Cu-Loy.
Beth-Cu-Loy is Bethlehem's trade name for steel which has a small^ amount
(.2 to .3 percent) of copper added to it for resistance to corrosion.
When given a 2-oz coating of zinc, and then corrugated, these steel
sheets form ideal materials for fabrication of culvert and drainage
structures. Bethlehem manufactures culvert sheets for fabricators who
form them into culverts and underdrains. Dimensions available are given
along with advantages of the materials used, such as their strength and
their light weight.
033
CORRUGATED STEEL PIPE STORM SEWERS,
National Corrugated Steel Pipe Assoc, Schiller Park, Illinois, Booklet
STM 168, 32 p.
Descriptors: Construction materials, *Steel, *Culverts, *Design,
*Steel pipes, Construction equipment, Installation, Data collections,
Design standards.
Identifiers: *Storm sewers.
Corrugated steel is the accustomed material used in urban areas for cul-
verts and storm sewers which form a part of Interstate highway construc-
tion. This technical manual provides information needed for the design
of storm sewers which differ from culverts in details of hydraulics and
fittings. The use of corrugated steel pipe insures that the following
essentials will be provided: (1) strength, (2) positive couplings,
(3) long service life, (4) unchanging hydraulic properties, (5) versatile
fittings, and (6) proved materials. Each of these factors is demon-
strated in corrugated steel pipe storm sewers. Product details are dis-
cussed, including sizes and details of the pipe and pipe-arch; couplers
and fittings; and bituminous protective coatings. Technical data ex-
plained include: hydraulics and the determination of size, Manning
charts, structural design, the height of cover tables, and service life
design. Also described are techniques for installation and specifica-
tions for materials, fabrication, workmanship and finish, and inspection.
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034
TANKS,
Owens-Corning Fiberglas Corp, Toledo, Ohio, Publ No 1-PE-3578-F, June
1970. 8 p.
Descriptors: *Storage tanks, ^Construction materials, *Construction
equipment, *Design, *Plastics, Treatment facilities.
Identifiers: *Fiberglas reinforced plastics.
The combined Fiberglas reinforced plastics have been utilized for years
in demanding applications because of their chemical and electrolytic
corrosion resistance and structural stability. The process industry
uses these plastics for chemical storage tanks, gathering lines, salt
water injection, and disposal oil well tubing. A detailed description
of the design and manufacturing of Fiberglas Reinforced Plastic (FRP)
storage tanks is included. Applications for this type of non-corrosive
tank are mentioned with special reference to the use of Fiberglas tanks
in providing the most economical solution to severe corrosive problems
in holding, treating, and settling tanks.
035
CONTROL OF POLLUTION BY UNDERWATER STORAGE; Feasibility of Providing
Temporary Underwater Storage of Storm Overflow from a Combined Sewer
System,
Underwater Storage, Inc., Water Pollution Control Research Series, DAST
29, 161 p, Dec 1969. 9 tab, 56 fig, 12 ref.
Descriptors: *Pumped storage, *Waste storage, *Waste water treatment,
*0verflow, Water pollution control, Laboratory tests, Storage tanks,
Costs, Storm runoff, Estimated costs.
Identifiers: *Storm overflows, *Combined sewers, *Rubber storage con-
tainers, *Washington, D.C.
A pilot plant was designed, constructed and operated to assess the
feasibility of providing a facility for the collection, treatment,
storage and final disposition of a portion of the storm overflow from
a combined sewer system serving a thirty-acre drainage area in Washing-
ton, D.C. A Parshall flume was installed in the overflow line for
measurement of flow rates and determination of total overflow volume.
A portion of the overflow was diverted to the pilot plant through grit
chambers and a comminutor. Flow was stored in two 100,000-gallon under-
water bags fabricated of nylon reinforced synthetic rubber and fastened
to the river bed by a system of patented anchors. During the period of
storage, compressed air was delivered to the tanks for agitation of the
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solids. Following cessation of the storm, contents of the bags were
pumped to the interceptor sewer for delivery to the District of Columbia
Sewage Treatment Plant at Blue Plains. Flow into and out of each under-
water storage tank was metered and recorded. Samples of the combined
sewage overflow discharged to the bags and pumped discharge from the
bags were collected and subjected to laboratory analyses. During the
operation period from January through September, 1969, a total of
1,600,000-gallons of diverted overflow from 38-storms was stored in the
tanks. In addition, 600,000-gallons of river water was pumped into the
underwater storage tanks for testing during dry weather periods. The
total amount stored was pumped to the interceptor sewer in 26-separate
pump out periods. The cost of the pilot plant was $341,480.00, or
$1.70 per gallon of storage. This included facilities for testing,
samples and flow measurement. Estimates for larger installations,
without these special requirements range from 28.2 cents to 14.6 cents
per gallon for plants with storage from two to twenty million gallons.
The project demonstrated that temporary storage of overflow from com-
bined sewers in underwater rubber storage tanks is feasible and may,
under suitable conditions, be effective in eliminating direct, untreated
discharge of combined sewage into surface waters during storm periods.
036
IMPROVED SEALANTS FOR INFILTRATION CONTROL; The Development and Demon-
stration of Materials to Reduce or Eliminate Water Infiltration Into
Sewage,
Western Company of North America
Prepared for FWPCA, Program No 11020 DIH, Contract No 14-12-146, June
1969. 95 p.
Descriptors: ^Evaluation, ^Sealants, *Materials testing, *Sewers, *Cost
analysis, ^Leakage, Specifications, Infiltration, Comparative costs,
Equipment.
Identifiers: *Cost-effectiveness analysis, ^Infiltration control, *Sewer
linings.
The objective of this program was to develop new, more effective sealants
for sewer line leaks. This purpose was achieved, and all equipments and
materials investigated, tested, or compared are presented, along with
test results, supporting data, conclusions, and recommendations. Candi-
date materials were surveyed and weaknesses of rejected materials were
noted. Specific properties of acceptable materials were ascertained, and
materials having these properties were identified and subjected to tests
designed to demonstrate their effectiveness as sealants. It was con-
cluded that infiltration adversely influences sewer system operating
costs and effectiveness, and that leakage repair systems are limited in
their effectiveness. No significant cost increase beyond that experienced
with present sealers was indicated. Some present sealant application
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equipment can be modified for -use with the new materials, but new equip-
ment designs are described and recommended.
037
MAIN DRAINAGE,
T. A. Anderson
Surveyor, Vol 83, No 4010, pp 92-94, Apr 18, 1969. 6 fig.
Descriptors: *Sewers, Construction, Tunneling, Geomorphology, Instal-
lation, Legal aspects.
Identifiers: ^Construction problems, *Sewer construction, *Scotland.
The author describes several sewer jobs he undertook as a Resident
Engineer in the Glasgow Office of Public Works. One job entailed the
construction of a two-mile main duplicate sewer in Rutherglen. Problems
arising due to encounters with varying types of ground are related and
measures taken explained. As a result of high pressure, escapes of air
(blow-outs) occurred on a nearby railway line. Tunneling was halted
until a tunnel shield was installed which helped complete the job.
Other construction problems relating to sewer jobs are discussed. In-
terference with Glasgow parking areas due to sewer construction was
solved through the institution of a program of conversion of open
spaces to off-street car parks. In conclusion, the author recommends
the establishment of regional sewerage authorities similar in organiza-
tion to Scotland's Water Board, plus the formation of drainage bound-
aries on a topographical.rather than a parochial basis.
038
COMPUTERS IN HONG KONG PUBLIC WORKS,
A. T. Armstrong-Wright
Surveyor, Vol 84, No 4029, pp 34-39, Aug 22, 1969. 12 fig.
Descriptors: *Computers, ^Computer programs, ^Project planning, High-
ways, Water supply, Expenditures, Sewage disposal, Design, Hydrologic
data.
This article describes applications of electronic computers to public
works projects in Hong Kong. Their feasibility is obvious due to their
speed and accuracy. Applications of computers are discussed for the
following areas: project scheduling; highways (road alignment, flyover
beam design, pile loading and setting-out road curves and flyovers);
water supply (hydrologic data, dam stability analyses, flood balancing
reservoirs, yield of water supply schemes, operation of reservoirs, and
project appraisal); and expenditure control. In the area of sewage
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disposal, computers aid in developing suitable designs for multi-port
diffusers on ends of submarine outfalls. Computers also process hydro-
logic data which engineers use in water management and operation of
existing facilities. The author concludes that as time progresses,
increased use will be made of computers, not only in sophisticated
studies but also in day-to-day operations.
039
PROFESSIONALISM AND WATER POLLUTION CONTROL IN GREATER CHICAGO,
Vinton W. Bacon and Frank E. Dalton
J Water Pollution Control Fed, Vol 40, No 9, pp 1586-1600, Sep 1968.
Descriptors: *0verflow, Construction materials, Storm runoff.
Identifiers: *Storm overflows, Rubber storage containers, Storm tank.
Rubberized fabric tanks are under construction along Lake Erie at San-
dusky, Ohio to solve the pollution problem resulting from combined
sewer overflows. The tanks will be submerged underwater to store
sewage during storm periods. The sewage will be pumped back to treat-
ment plants during normal flow periods. The tanks are designed to
hold overflows of a one-year storm.
040
PLASTICS IN WATER AND SEWAGE CONTROL,
C. A. J. Benfield
Surveyor, Vol 85, No 4048, p 2, Jan 9, 1970.
Descriptors: Construction materials, *Design criteria, *Plastics.
Identifiers: *Polyester resins.
In this letter to the editor, the author attempts to clarify the origi-
nal article's reference to inadequacies of glass fiber reinforced poly-
ester resin (RP) when submersed in water. He notes that considerable
research has shown raw materials in the form of improved polyester
resins, glass sizes, and fabricating processes to permit application
of RP in environments of total immersion in water. Practical experi-
ence has demonstrated that by considering certain design criteria, RP
laminates can be-and are being used in the water and sewage control
industry. The author also suggests that "case histories", written by
users of plastics components, be published in the journal in order to
promote dissemination of design and performance data within the water
purification industry, as was recommended in the original article.
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041
STRUCTURES PREVENT URBAN SEDIMENT DAMAGE,
Stephen M. Boysen
Public Works, Vol 100, No 8, pp 116-117, Aug 1969. 3 fig.
Descriptors: *Design, Construction, '^Settling basins, *Storm runoff,
Performance, Operations research, Sediment control.
District of Columbia area engineers and the USCA Soil Conservation
Service jointly worked to improve sediment basin design. These basins
prevent damages originating from soils disturbed by intensive construc-
tion. Their purpose, is to trap eroding soil and keep it on or near its
original site while earth-movers do grading for new developments. These
structures are temporary, but they protect stream-channels, impound-
ments, roads, etc. from damaging sediment. A typical sediment basin
holds ponded runoff from which soil particles settle as water passes
slowly into a vertical drain shortly after a heavy rain. Details regar-
ding construction and performance are discussed. The fundamental de-
sign problem of striking a balance between detention time and economical
basin size is also explored. Effectiveness of these basins is proven by
the increasing number of counties employing the structures in the
metropolitan Washington and Baltimore areas.
042
PLASTIC RELINING OF SMALL-DIAMETER PIPES,
Raymond M. Bremver
J Sanit Eng Div, Am Soc Civil Engrs, Vol 96, No SA2, pp 297-317, Apr
1970.
Descriptors: *Storm drains, *Sewerage, Pipes.
Identifiers: *Toronto, *Storm sewers, ^Combined sewers, Plastic pipes,
Capacity.
The combined sewer system of the city of Toronto measures approximately
933 miles. In 1965, a 25 year staged and planned program for installing
new storm sewers at a net cost of $154 million was instituted as a
result of the hydraulic inadequacies of the then existing system. A
chart showing the inventory results concerning the sewer system is
given. The surcharge amount on water bills is explained and the common
defects in the existing sewers are discussed. A detailed report on the
method of relining the existing sewers, which involves the insertion of
high density plastic pipes into the sewers and the connecting of all
private and catch basin drains into the plastic conduit, is given. The
effect of relining on hydraulic capacity is explained.
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043
INSTALLATION OF SOIL, WASTE AND DRAINAGE PIPING IN FILL OR UNSTABLE
SOIL,
T. Cecil Brown
Water Sewage Works — Reference Number, pp R-47 to R-50, Nov 28, 1969.
Descriptors: *Installation, *Sewers, *Drainage engineering, *Costs, Sub-
surface runoff, Infiltration.
Drainage lines, which can be sanitary, storm or combined sewers, should
be well designed and constructed, properly supervised during construc-
tion, and closely inspected. Recommendations are made in this article
to facilitate compliance with these objectives. Sewer installation is
described in terms of considerations to be made regarding the filled
area. Cost criteria are also discussed. Economy is not always limited
to the selection of the least expensive materials because cheaper ma-
terial may prove to be the most expensive to the taxpayer in the long
run. Infiltration and joint failure are treated briefly with recommen-
dations for tight joints and for the prevention of stormwater entrance
into sanitary sewers.
044
PLASTICS IN WATER AND SEWAGE CONTROL,
G. M. Cave
Surveyor, Vol 84, No 4041, p 44, Nov 21, 1969. 1 fig.
Descriptors: *Plastics, *Flow control, ^Control systems, ^Construction
materials, *Equipment.
Rigid plastics, able to provide structural as well as protective func-
tions, are suggested for use in fluid control equipment such as valves,
penstocks, sluice gates, etc. Improvements made in plastics over the
years are noted, and requirements needed for introducing the materials
to industry are listed. Also listed are advantages of a well-designed
plastic penstock compared to a conventional unit in cast iron, with
copper-alloy sealing and bearing surfaces. Benefits of these modern
materials cannot be realized until they are employed to a greater ex-
tent by civil engineering contractors and by engineers in the water
purification industry.
045
SCRAPER PRODUCTION SPEEDS PIPE TRENCHING AT LOWER COSTS,
William Donnely
Construct Methods Equip, Vol 51, No 8, pp 38-41, Aug 1969.
Descriptors: Frenches, Excavation, backfill, 'Construction equip-
20
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ment, Comparative costs, Comparative productivity, Linings.
Identifiers: *Scraper.
Extra-wide slots for pipes were opened by scrapers thus adding width
that provides operating room for direct machine excavating and back-
filling and eliminates any hand shoveling. With this method, the
scrapers complete the trenching and backfilling 50% faster with an over-
all saving of some 20% in total labor costs. Before pipes are placed
the trench receives a 2-inch layer of leveling sand followed by a ply-
wood screed creating a contoured bed in the sand for the pipe. A
detailed description of the equipment used in the trenching is included.
046
A GUIDE FOR CONTRACTORS ON THE CONSTRUCTION OF DRAINAGE SYSTEMS,
A Drechsel
Ber Abwassertech Ver (BABVAD), No 17, pp 123-131, 1964.
Descriptors: *Hydrogeology, *Drainage patterns (geologic), *Drainage
engineering.
Identifiers: *Drain pipes, Storm sewers.
The author stresses the importance of preliminary hydrogeological in-
vestigations and studies on flow conditions of the area where a drainage
system is to be installed. He then deals with the design, construction,
materials, and equipment which should be used where drain pipes are re-
quired for ordinary drainage, systems and/or storm-sewage systems.
047
ANGLESEY ALUMINUM SEA OUTFALL,
Bruce Dumbleton
Surveyor, Vol 85, No 4049, pp 22-25, Jan 16, 1970. 5 fig.
Descriptors: *0utlets, *Methodology, *Aluminum, ^Construction materials,
Construction.
Identifiers: *Great Britain.
Decisions and procedures involved in constructing an aluminum sea outfall
extension are reviewed. Methods employed for determining the following
factors are discussed: length of the extension, material selection, the
method of support, construction and launching procedures. Although ex-
tension of the outfall presented many constructional problems, its cost
was less than for any alternate scheme involving sewage treatment. A
significant feature of the construction process was that work took place
from a ten-man inflatable craft with heavy materials towed into position
using buoyancy tanks.
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048
RUBBER TANKS AID SEWAGE FIGHT,
Jonathan Eberhart
Sci News, Vol 94, No 5, p 115, Aug 3, 1968.
Descriptors: *Construction materials, *Construction costs, Storm runoff,
Overflow.
Identifiers: *Storm overflows. Rubber storage containers, Washington D.C.
In Washington D.C.'s Anacostia River, a new technique is being tried to
eliminate pollution of the river caused by sewage overflows during severe
rainstorms. This new method is less expensive than Chicago's underground
sewer project which will cost almost $15 million for the pilot project
and more than $2 billion for city-wide installation. In Washington,
large rubber tanks will be anchored beneath the surface of the Anacostia.
Stormwater and sewage overflow will be diverted to these tanks and stored
there until the water has receded, and the tanks' contents can be pumped
to the nearby sewage treatment plant.
049
GLASS FIBER-REINFORCED PLASTICS PIPES FOR WATER PIPELINES ,
E. Faust
Kunststoffe-Plastics (KUPLAK), Vol 15, No 6, pp 191-193, 1968.
Descriptors: *Pipelines, ^Plastics, Construction equipment, Sewers.
Identifiers: *Fiberglass pipe.
Glass fiber-reinforced plastics pipes for water pipelines and sewer pipe
systems are described. The technical and economic advantages of appli-
cations of plastics in sewer pipes are detailed. Requirements that must
be taken into account in selecting proper plastics for special purposes
with regard to the use of a glass reinforced polyester pipe are men-
tioned. The properties and performances of the pipe made by filament
winding and centrifugal casting techniques are listed, and the comparison
of the production method by filament winding with that by centrifugal
casting is examined.
050
STABILIZED BASE FOR RESIDENTIAL STREETS,
W. J. Gallup
Civil Eng, Vol 39, No 5, pp 40-42, May 1969.
Descriptors: *Design, Construction materials, *Illinois, Cements, Con-
struction equipment.
22
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A public works project devised to improve streets and drainage in Stick-
ney Township, 111. is described. For street improvements, soil cement
was used to stabilize bases when streets were covered with 2 in. of
asphalt. Depending on the conditions in a particular area, a contractor
would either set up a central-mix plant to process base material or
would mix it in place. Excavation for the central-mix operation was done
with a track-type end loader, a motor grader and dump trucks. Equipment
as well as self-loading scrapers were used for in-place processing.
051
CATAD SYSTEM CONTROLS FOR REGULATION OF COMBINED SEWAGE FLOWS,
Charles V. Gibbs and Stuart M. Alexander
Water Wastes Eng, p 46-49, Aug 1969. 2 fig.
Descriptors: *Mathematical models, ^Computer programs, *Sewers, ^Storage
capacity, *Storm runoff, Sewage disposal, Municipal wastes, Automatic
control, Hydrologic properties.
Identifiers: Combined sewers.
The installation of a computer-augmented treatment and disposal (CATAD)
system to utilize optimum storage within an existing municipal combined
sewer system was described. The other objectives of CATAD were: (1) to
make available the maximum capacity of the interceptor for combined
storm and sanitary flows in unseparated areas by utilizing the storage
capability of trunk and interceptor sewers in separated areas; and (2) to
control necessary overflows at selected locations so as to minimize harm-
ful effects on marine life and public beaches. Control commands were
generated internally by a computer under program control. A mathematical
model was developed in order to implement a fully automatic control. The
model incorporated elements of meteorology and hydrology including sea-
sonal precipitation patterns and area runoff characteristics. An analysis
of the regulation of stormwater inflows by the use of trunk sewer storage
established the operating rules required for effective utilization of the
available storage.
052
THE LE ACOUSTIC FLOWMETER - AN APPLICATION TO DISCHARGE MEASUREMENT,
C. R. Hastings
J Water Works Assoc, Vol 84, No 2, pp 127-151, Jun 1970.
Descriptors: *Flowmeters, *Discharge measurement, *Hydraulics, Instru-
mentation, Testing.
A variety of discharge measurement devices have been invented of which
a flow measuring system using the LE Flowmeter is the most recent system
to substantially advance the art. The concept employed is an application
of numerical integration by Gaussian Quadrature. Test results under
23
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varying conditions of fully developed and distorted flow show that this
measurement system has an rms accuracy better than 1.0 percent. Use of
the LE Acoustic Flowmeter gives this flow measuring system features not
possessed by other devices, such as linearity, bidirectionality, no head
loss, and no need for calibration.
053
REHABILITATION OF A CONCRETE SEWER UNDER INFILTRATION PRESSURE,
Harold H. Haugh
Public Works, Vol 100, No 7, pp 89-90, Jul 1969.
Descriptors: ^Concrete additives, Concrete technology, Sewers.
Identifiers: Coating method.
The successful conversion of a storm sewer into a sanitary sewer in
Albert Lea, Minnesota is discussed. It was necessary to apply Cital-
Aquacoat as a coating on the wet surface of the concrete sewer, which
was under hydrostatic head conditions, in order to give the required
protection.
054
A GENERAL REVIEW OF CONTINUOUS WATER QUALITY ANALYSIS INSTRUMENTATION,
Robert H. Jones
Beckman Instruments, Inc. Process Instruments Division, Fullerton,
Calif. 15 p.
Descriptors: Instrumentation, ^Monitoring, *Water quality.
Identifiers: *Water quality monitor.
Beckman Instruments, Inc. offers a multi-parameter Water Quality Monitor
for continuous measurement of: disolved oxygen, temperature, pH, chlo-
ride ion, turbidity, oxidation-reduction potential, sunlight radiation
intensity and conductivity. The new instrument features sensors which
improve reliability of continuous monitoring while reducing maintenance
requirements. This instrument is compatible with conventional forms of
transmission and data handling. Pollutants in water such as silt, slimes,
soluble and suspended solids, and algae coat and contaminate sensing
elements. This paper explains Beckman's approach to this problem of
continuous water quality monitoring.
055
ACCURATE SMALL ORIFICE RAIN GAGE,
J. D. Kalma, J. Lomas, M. Thaller, and Y. Shashoua
Water Resources Res, Vol 5, No 1, pp 300-305, Feb 1969.
Descriptors: *Rain gages, Instrumentation.
Identifiers: *Small-orifice rain gage.
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An accurate, inexpensive, small-orifice rain gage with an orifice dia-
meter of 29.2 mm was developed for use in rainfall networks and in agro-
meteorological and hydrological studies. It has a large capacity and
can be installed and read easily. In comparison with standard rain
gages, the small-orifice rain gage showed good agreement under various
conditions of exposure and with different observation techniques.
056
DEVELOP AND FIELD TEST METHOD OF INSTALLING PRESSURE CONDUITS IN COM-
BINED SEWERS.
Henry J. Kazienko
Combined Sewer Separation Project, Johns-Manville R and D Center, Dec
30, 1968. 38 p, 15 fig, 9 tab. FWPCA Program No 11020 EKO.
Descriptors: *Design, *0n-site-tests, Epoxy resins, Pressure conduits.
Identifiers: *Development, *Polyester conduit hanger, Allowable load,
Combined sewers.
This report describes laboratory development and testing of polyester
molded hangers cemented to a sewer pipe crown. Polyester hanger mate-
rial formulations, epoxy cement, and hanger dimensions are specified,
and methods of installation are given in detail. Test of the hanger to
failure in the laboratory showed fracture in tension through the conduit
ring, leaving the upper part bonded to the concrete sewer crown. The
field installation of 100-ft. of 3-in. diameter PVC pipe filled with
water was made in a 7-ft. sewer in Evanston, III., in cooperation with
the Metropolitan Sanitary District of Greater Chicago. The installation
was sound and unaffected when removed after 4^ months.
057
WATER POLLUTION CONTROL. 5 BILLION DOLLARS TAB,
C. Laverty
Rubber World, Vol 160, No 1, pp 48-49, Apr 1969.
Descriptors: *Rubber, *Biocontrol, Water pollution control, Construc-
tion materials.
Identifiers: *Rubber storage containers, Rubber gates, Acid-resistant
hose.
A summary is given of various uses of rubber for combatting water pollu-
tion. Chunks or strips of rubber compounds containing relatively in-
soluble organo-metallic compounds or alkanolamine salts of salicylani-
lides as toxicants are dropped into contaminated water for biocidal
action lasting one year or more. Other antipollution methods employ:
giant (100,000 gal) rubberized Pillow tanks, used as temporary storage
for sewage overflow triggered by heavy rains; nylon-reinforced poly-
chloroprene Fabridam rubber gates for storm control; and acid-resistant
25
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hose, for carrying pickle liquor to storage tanks for treatment and
ultimate disposal in underground sandstone reservoir.
058
PROBLEM OF FLOOD-CONTROL IN SMALL BASINS,
G. Lombardo
Giorn Genio Civile (GIGCAO) , Vol 106, No 2-3, pp 110-115, Feb-Mar
1968.
Descriptors: *Computer programs, *Flood control, *Data storage and
retrieval.
Identifiers: *Rainfall analysis.
The study of possible utilization of a computer for control of floods
in small basins, with revised methods and procedures for gathering and
elaborating hydrological data is examined. The procedure for rapid
calculation of a rainfall graph and for obtaining flow regime from
rainfall characteristics in absence of analytical relation of hydrology
is explained.
059
LOW-PRESSURE AIR TESTS FOR SEWER LINES,
W. J. Malcolm
Am City, Vol 84, No 11, pp 74-75, Nov 1969. 2 diag.
Descriptors: *Testing, *Sewers, *Infiltration, Leakage.
Identifiers: *Sewer lines, *Air-testing.
New wastewater lines can be tested for leakage or exfiltration either
by the common method of water pressure or by low-pressure air, a method
becoming more popular. Such testing is imperative since if there is no
exfiltration, neither will there be infiltration. A tight sewer line
lowers the volume flowing into lines and treatment plants., thus, pumping
and treatment costs are lowered, and less flooding occurs. The author
presents eight frequently-asked questions concerning air testing, and he
answers the questions briefly.
060
FIBERGLASS WINS PIPELINE,
William Marquardt
Water Sewage Works, Vol 116, No 6, pp 228-229, Jun 1969. 3 fig.
Descriptors: *Bids, *Piping systems (mechanical), Construction materi-
als, Comparative costs.
Identifiers: *Fiberglass pipe, *San Francisco.
Corrosion resistant fiberglass was chosen over a cement-mortar lined
steel pipe in competitive bidding for the replacement of a corroded
26
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waste return piping system in the San Francisco area. The fiberglass
pipe weighed one-tenth of the weight of the cement-lined steel pipe,
and the cost of the fiberglass pipe was $5 per foot less. Hydrogen
sulfide caused leakage of the original pipe by penetrating the cement
lining and steel wall at the welded seams. Three types of fiberglass
reinforced plastic (FRP) were used in constructing various parts of
the waste return piping system. Dimensions and descriptions of the
three pipe types are given, and installation methods are also discussed.
Alternate materials investigated and rejected were: cement-lined steel,
cement-lined cast iron, asbestos cement, plastic protected metal (IPM),
reinforced concrete, glass or glass-lined pipe, uncoated steel or cast
iron, epoxy-coated steel, and vitrified clay pipe. Reasons for reject-
ing these materials were given.
061
SEWERS UNDER ATTACK,
G. L. Marsden-Jones and J. A. Foster
Surveyor, Vol 85, No 4053 and 4055, p 3, Feb 13 and 27, 1970.
Descriptors: *Construction materials, *Pipes, *Concrete pipes, Asbestos
cement.
Identifiers: *Sanitary sewers.
G. L. Marsden-Jones: With reference to the article, "Sewers Under
Attack" (9 January), he questions whether or not the use of bitumen-
coated asbestos pipe implied that concrete could not be used for sani-
tary sewers. He also wonders if gravel used to surround pipes produces
a drainage effect that harms farm land where groundwater is short in
supply and, at sewage works, raises groundwater level causing floods.
J. A. Foster: In reply to this first question, he notes that only the
specific circumstances at Doncaster warranted use of bitumen asbestos-
cement pipes and that for most sanitary sewers, concrete is a suitable
material. He further explains reasons for Doncaster's use of the unu-
sual material. In answer to the second point, he states that normal
practice in waterlogged ground is to supply impervious clay cut-off
walls at proper intervals to prevent groundwater movement along pipe-
lines .
062
FLOOD CONTROL DESIGN UTILIZES LARGE ELLIPTICAL PIPE,
Alfred R. Pagen
Public Works, Vol 100, No 12, pp 87-88, Dec 1969.
Descriptors: *Pipes, Installation, Design, Overflow, New Jersey.
Identifiers: *Elliptical pipes.
The use of 72- by 113-inch elliptical reinforced concrete pipes in
checking overflows in Woodbridge, New Jersey is discussed. A number of
special fittings were designed which included access structures, con-
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nections, and horizontal storm drain deflection sections. Cylinder
tests and installment difficulties are mentioned.
063
LONG-TIME DRAINAGE PROBLEM IS ELIMINATED,
Alfred R. Pagan
Public Works, Vol 100, No 6, pp 98-99, Jun 1969.
Descriptors: ^Drainage engineering, Design storm, Hydraulics, New Jersey
Identifiers: ^Pipelines.
The manner in which Demarest, New Jersey solved its drainage problem
is discussed. The pipe line has a flow velocity during the design storm
of less than 9 feet per second. Calculations indicate that the pipe
provides an additional margin of capacity for even greater storms.
Costs, contractors, and unforeseen complications are discussed.
064
INVESTIGATION AND REPAIR OF EXISTING SEWERS,
K. F. Perkins
Water Pollution Control, Vol 107, No 11, pp 32-33, Nov 1969.
Descriptors: ^Maintenance, *Instrumentation.
Identifiers: *Sewer inspection.
Various modes of repair and investigation of sewer line flaws are ex-
plored including techniques of T.V. and photographic examination. Ex-
isted combined sewer lines are commonly inspected at the time when
separate storm sewer lines are about to be installed. This procedure
prevents digging into newly resurfaced roads in order to examine sewer
lines.
065
STEEL STORM SEWER SAVES MONEY FOR PHOENIX,
Sam A Phillips
Water Wastes Eng, Vol 6, No 4, pp 56-57, Apr 1969.
Descriptors: *Storm drains, installation costs, Construction materials,
Steel. '
Identifiers: *Storm sewers.
In order to fulfill the need for additional storm sewers at the lowest
possible cost, the City of Phoenix asked for bids on types of materials
which could be used in the construction of an efficient and durable
storm drainage system. The city lately installed two such pipelines of
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asphalt-lined and corrugated, galvanized steel for a cost 20 to 25%
below the city engineers' estimate given before other bids were request-
ed. Completed in 1967, these new systems appear completely satisfactory,
and their installation was accomplished with greater facility and speed
than is usual when materials other than galvanized steel are used.
066
CALCAREOUS PIPE FOR SEWERS,
R. D. Pomeroy
J Water Pollution Control Fed, Vol 41, No 8, pp 1491-1493, Aug 1969.
Descriptors: *Aggregates, *Concrete pipes, *Sewers, *Testing, *Pipes,
*Corrosion, Drainage water.
Identifiers: *Pipe materials.
Although the use of calcareous aggregate in the manufacture of concrete
pipe for sewers has been advocated for those situations where there is
a hazard of mild sulfide conditions, there is a lack of data comparing
this material with others. Tests on five 8-inch diameter pipes handling
septic wastewater were run for a period of seven years. Results show
that the rate of corrosion was inversely proportional to the alkalinity
of the pipe materials. The pipe with composition of type II cement plus
limestone aggregate had a rate of corrosion approximately one-third as
great as the average of the others made without limestone aggregate.
067
INSULATED CO-AXIAL PIPELINES,
J. S. W. Riach
Pipes Pipelines Intern, Vol 13, No 11, pp 27-28, 30, Nov 1968.
Descriptors: *Pipes, "'Installation, *Piping systems (mechanical),
Drainage.
The installation procedure of a conduit system of inner and outer pipes
that is prefabricated off-site in 40 ft lengths together with all elbows,
expansion loops, tees, and other special sections is described. It is
then delivered to the site for assembly. The annular air space between
service pipe insulation and the interior of conduit provides drainage
passage for any water which may inadvertently enter the system.
068
HOW TO THINK ABOUT INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL,
Martin L. Roth
Calif Water Pollution Control Association, Los Angeles, Bulletin, Vol 6,
No 2, pp 12-18, Oct 1969.
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Descriptors: *bewage treatment, Instrumentation, *Control structures,
*Control systems, *Treatment facilities.
Instrumentation and control are defined and applied to a sewage treat-
ment process. Guidelines for operators are directed toward achieving
highest efficiency from plant installations.
069
VALUE OF INSTRUMENTATION IN WASTEWATER TREATMENT,
J. J. Salvatorelli
J Water Pollution Control Fed, Vol 40, No 1, pp 101-111, Jan 1968.
Descriptors: instrumentation, *Waste water treatment, ^Monitoring, *Sewage
treatment, Design, Sewers, Operation and maintenance.
Identifiers: *Treatment methods.
Instrumentation can free the wastewater treatment plant operator to con-
centrate on matters requiring human attention. Mechanical, physical,
and chemical processes can be used to monitor a number of systems and
treatment programs. One diagram given illustrates a centrally-controlled
municipal wastewater system including pump stations, overflow diversion
chambers, and a treatment plant. The monitoring system is located on a
central instrument panel found in the main administration and control
building of the wastewater treatment plant. Costs usually are less than
five percent of total project costs.
070
DENSE NETWORK FOR RAPID MEASUREMENT OF RAINFALL RATE,
R. A. Semplak and H. E. Keller
Bell System Tech J, Vol 48, No 6, pp 1745-1756, Jul-Aug 1969.
Descriptors: *Rain gages, *Design, *Data collections, *Rainfall dis-
position, *Instrumentation, *Measurement.
The design and operation of a dense rain gage system for obtaining
statistical data on both the temporal and spatial distribution of heavy
rainfall are discussed. This rain gage is a continuous, flow type with
a response time of the order of one second. The system used for record-
ing data on a magnetic tape is described, and typical computer-generated
rain maps for large area storms and for localized showers are given.
071
MODIFIED TRENCHER SLICES THROUGH FLINT-HARD ROCK,
Lorraine Smith
Construct Methods Equip, Vol 52, No 6, pp 74-78, Jun 1970. 10 fig.
30
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Descriptors: *Rock excavation, *Drilling equipment, *Drainage systems.
Identifiers: *Storm sewers, *Trencher.
A Texas contractor bought a strong stock model trencher and modified it
to meet the need for a storm sewer to be cut through hard rock in down-
town areas where blasting is forbidden. Major changes in the rig include
the addition of three unique features: an adjustable three-part wheel,
an hydraulic mast, and an adjustable crumbing shoe. Minor modifications
include: converting the mechanical drive train from a 21- to a 42-tooth
sprocket to increase torque on the cutting wheel, reinforcing the idler
axle, and replacing an 8"foot Jetco arc-type conveyor with the Parsons
original. The trencher not only cut through flinty rock, but it kept
well ahead of rigs forming the cast-in-place drain.
072
SOME THOUGHTS ON SEWER PIPE BEDDING,
William J. Warwick
Water Pollution Control, Vol 107, No 8, pp 30-31, Aug 1969.
Descriptors: *Pipelines , Design criteria, Installation.
Identifiers: *Sewer pipe bedding.
Important aspects of sewer pipe bedding are explored in the areas of:
satisfactory bedding needs, economics of installation, special cases,
enforcement of design criteria, and performance. Technical information
is lacking concerning the special case of common or separate trenches
for side-by-side storm and sanitary sewers or sewer connections.
Usually two such pipes are laid in a common trench, but the economics
and functional usages may not always warrant this choice. More study
is needed to determine the advantages or disadvantages of dual trenches.
073
LOW COST STORM DRAINAGE WITH PAVED CHANNELS,
Clifford Wendell and Robert Emmons
Public Works, Vol 101, No 4, pp 110-111, Apr 1970.
Descriptors: *Drainage systems, Design data, Concrete construction,
Storm drains.
Identifiers: *Drainage channels.
Rockford, Illinois realized almost a 45% reduction in costs on its
drainage system construction by installing concrete paved drainage
channels instead of conventional storm sewer systems. Rainfall-runoff
data was utilized in designing the channels for the 50-year frequency
storm. This longer frequency design provides more adequate protection
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from flooding, and the channels still retain their self-cleaning capa-
bilities. Dimensions and design diagrams of the paved drainage channels
are given.
074
A CRITICAL REVIEW OF METHODS OF MEASURING DISCHARGE WITHIN A SEWER PIPE,
H. G. Wenzel, Jr.
ASCE Tech Mem No 4, Urban Water Resources Res Program, Sept 1968. 20
p, 2 fig, 2 append. USGS: 14-08-0001-11257.
Descriptors: *Stream gages, *Flow measurement, *Flowmeters , *Closed
conduit flow, *Sewers, Venturi meters, Tracers, Radioactivity techniques,
Dyes releases, Tracking techniques, Research and development.
Identifiers: Rating curves, Urban hydrology.
Existing methods of measuring discharge of sewers are discussed with
respect to the requirements and physical limitations imposed by their
use in an urban study area, and rating curves for a suggested critical
flow device are presented with recommendations for future research. The
gage must have an output in the form of an electrical signal for record-
ing, be automatically turned on and off, and need no attendant. Labora-
tory velocity probes are unsuitable because of clogging problems. De-
sired accuracy is 5% in discharge measurement over a large flow range.
The device must be capable of installation in any existing sewer at
reasonable cost. Weirs, depth gages, and velocity meters, the methods
presently available, all have serious disadvantages and are not recom-
mended. Tracer dilution methods as well as Venturi flumes and other
critical flow devices are suggested for development, A pipe section
with a narrow throat acts as a Venturi flume for open flow and as a
Venturi meter for full flow. Plans and theoretical rating curves for
such a device are shown.
075
TV INSPECTION AND IN-PLACE GROUTING OF SEWERS,
R H. White
Water Wastes Eng, Vol 5, No 9, pp 72-74, Sep 1968.
Descriptors: Inspection, *Cost-benefit analysis, *Equipment, Grouting,
Sewers.
Identifiers: *Austin, Texas, ^Television inspection, sanitary sewers.
Experiences of Austin, Texas, in using television camera inspection and
inplace grouting in sewers are reported. The first experience with tele-
vision inspection was so successful that lines in question were reha-
bilitated at a cost less than twenty thousand dollars, instead of two
hundred and forty thousand dollars as was considered previously. Tele-
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spection equipment proved to be durable, and down-time was quite low.
Television inspection has forced contractors and other utilities to re-
spect sanitary sewers.
076
OPTIMIZING WASTE TREATMENT CONTROL SYSTEMS,
Ernest T. Williams, Jr.
Paper presented at the Third Annual National Pollution Control Conference
and Exposition, April 1-3, 1970, San Francisco, California.
Descriptors: *Instrumentation, *Waste treatment, ^Control systems,
*Meas urement.
As waste treatment and recovery processes become more complex and costly,
there is increasing reliance upon instrumentation to assume control res-
ponsibility for the most economic and efficient operation. This paper
describes the control systems normally used on four applications, and
discusses what can be done to optimize performance. The use of dissolved
oxygen and sludge density measurement in the activated sludge process is
explored. The second application is pH neutralization. Feedforward
control and the nonlinear controller have dramatically improved neutrali-
zation performance. Improvements are also suggested in the control
schemes of chromate waste and cyanide waste treatment processes.
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Section 2
OVERFLOWS AND REGULATION DEVICES
35
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U77
CLEANING OUR ENVIRONMENT-THE CHEMICAL BASIS FOR ACTION: SECTION 2 - THE
WATER ENVIRONMENT: MUNICIPAL WASTE WATER TREATMENT,
Subcommittee on Environmental Improvement, Committee on Chemistry and
Public Affairs American Chemical Society, pp 106-122, 1969. 2 fig,
4 tab.
Descriptors: *Waste water treatment, *0verflow, *Storm runoff,
*Flocculation, *Treatment facilities, *Water reuse, Sewage treatment,
Storage tanks, Underground storage.
Identifiers: *Combined sewers, *Stormwater quality.
This subsection discusses existing processes, recent advances, and
current problems relating to municipal wastewater treatment. Urban
stormwater problems from combined sewer overflows are explained, and
possible solutions presented, such as storing overflow and then passing
it to plants for skimming and sedimentation and/or polymeric floccula-
tion treatment. Other means of handling overflows include storage in
fully or partially flexible underwater tanks or in underground tunnels
with subsequent treatment, chlorination, and filtration aided by ultra-
sonic energy. One current project is evaluating the use of 1-2-acre
ponds to collect stormwater runoff and then treat it for reuse. The
following recommendations in the area of municipal wastewater treatment
were made: (1) more research by biochemists and biologists on sewage
treatment, primarily to seek radical innovations based on fundamentals
of microbiological processes; (2) research expansion on new methods of
handling wastewater treatment sludges and on parameters involved in
using synthetic polymers and polyelectrolytes to improve flocculation,
sedimentation, and conditioning of such sludges; and (3) more systematic
studies on urban stormwater quality to provide a sounder base for
evaluating various means of treatment.
078
NEW IDEAS FOR CALCULATING STORM WATER OVERFLOW SETTINGS AND THE DESIGN
OF STORM WATER TANKS,
Civil Eng Public Works Rev, Vol 65, No 766, p 487, May 1970.
Descriptors: *Storm runoff, *0verflow, *Design.
Identifiers: *Storm overflows, Storm tank.
The Technical Committee on Storm Overflows devised a new formula for
setting storm overflows which enables them to be designed without first
conducting infiltration surveys. The report of this committee also
condemns the use of low-side weir storm overflows because they cause
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excessive pollution. Ideas for the use of storm tanks during periods
when they are not required for their design purposes are proposed. The
question of flow standard storm tank effluent discharged at the same
time as high-quality standard effluent is presented but not ansxvered in
this report.
079
STORM OVERFLOWS AND THE DISPOSAL OF STORM SEWAGE,
Effluent Water Treat, Vol 10, No 3, pp 154-155, Mar 1970
Descriptors: *StdTm runoff, *Sewage, Design, Screens, Overflow.
Identifiers: Storm tank, Storm Sewage, Great Britain.
Comments on the final report of the technical committee concerned with
storm overflows and the disposal of storm sewage, are discussed. It is
the first known official document containing recommendations on the
settling of storm overflows and on the bases of storm tank design. The
main conclusions and recommendations of this British report are listed.
080
NOTES ON WATER POLLUTION,
Inst Sewage Purif, J Proc, Part 2, pp 199-202, 1966. 1 graph, 3 ref.
Descriptors: *Sewers, Investigations, Sewage, Water pollution, Runoff,
Storage tanks.
Identifiers: *Storm sewage, *Combined sewers, *Storm overflows, Great
Britain.
Stuides were performed in three areas served by combined sewerage
systems on the amount, composition, and pollution load of stormwater
overflows. There was regularity in the volume of storm sewage at the
three sites in relation to impermeable area, total rainfall, and dry-
weather flow; however, no regularity was detected in composition.
Generalizations were made regarding runoff, sewage dilution, single
storm discharges, etc., and specifics for each locale were also described.
Recommendations were made for the placement of storage tanks alongside
of storm overflows and for experimentation in designing different types
of overflows in order to reduce pollution load discharges.
37
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081
MIDLAND DISTRICT CENTER,
Inst Public Health Engrs, Vol 67, Part 1, PP 51-57, Jan 1968.
Descriptors: ^Overflow, *Sewage treatment.
Identifiers: *Storm tank, Great Britain.
The reconstructed and extended Kidderminster Sewage Works will contend
with excess water runoff by passing the overflow through screens or by
storing it in stormwater tanks. The tanks will contain underwater
sludge scrapers. Flow will be diverted from the river until all the
tanks are individually filled. The stored water will eventually be
pumped out for treatment.
082
DESIGN OF A COMBINED SEWER FLUIDIC REGULATOR; The Development of Basic
Configurations and Design Criteria for Applications of Fluidics in Sewer
Regulators,
Bowles Eng Corp.
Water Pollution Control Research Series, Report DAST-13, FWQA Contract
14-12-486, Oct 1969- 137 p, 98 fig, 3 ref, 1 append.
Descriptors: *Flow control, Sewers, Diversion structures, Design, Design
criteria, Costs, Fouling.
Identifiers: *Sewer regulator, ^Combined sewers, *Fluidic regulator,
Interceptor sewer.
A generic Fluidic Regulator configuration was developed which diverts 0
to 75% of the combined sewer flow away from the interceptor sewer, or
combined sewer, in either an analog or digital operational mode. Appli-
cation design criteria were evolved for a range of small to medium sized
municipal sewers, in terms of a few basic parameters. Preliminary
analysis has shown that the installation of a combined sewer fluidic
regulator is similar in nature and overall complexity to a conventional
leaping weir, or side flow diversion structure. It is estimated that
the use of a fluidic regulator would not increase the cost of a large
diversion structure, and would add about 20% to the cost of a small
diversion structure. A simulated fouling test showed a very low sus-
ceptibility to fouling by solid or soft sheet-like debris in the water
flow.
083
CRAZED RESIN FILTRATION OF COMBINED SEWER OVERFLOWS,
Hercules Inc, Cumberland, Maryland.
Prepared for FWPCA, Contract No. 14-12-39, Oct 1968. 78 p.
38
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Descriptors: *Evaluation, *Filters, *Sewerage, *Sewers, *Suspended load,
*Storm runoff, *Rtsins, *Overflow, Construction materials, Filtration,
Volumetric analysis.
Identifiers: *Combined sewers.
This study was conducted to evaluate the feasibility of a self-adjusting
and self-cleaning filter proposed for use on combined sewer systems to
remove a large portion of suspended solids from sewage influent during
storm flow conditions. The experimental filters were cylindrical
structures about one foot in diameter by one foot in length and whose
materials of construction were fibers laid down in predetermined patterns
by a winding process and bonded in place by resins. The permeability of
the structure is imparted by a mechanical crazing of the resin. Filtra-
tion runs showed a 62% reduction of suspended solids in the filtrate;
however, sustained runs could not be realized. The self-cleaning
capability was not demonstrated.
084
SYMPOSIUM ON STORM SEWAGE OVERFLOWS,
Inst Civil Engrs (London), 1967. 160 p.
Descriptors: Hydraulics, Statistics, Overflow.
Identifiers: Sewer separation, Storm sewage.
The twelve papers presented consist of experimental studies, which
provide technical data on flow conditions, performance of sewerage
systems, and design factors for various situations. Particular atten-
tion is paid to behavior of mixed flows and to both vertical and hori-
zontal separation methods.
085
RAPID - FLOW FILTER FOR SEWER OVERFLOWS: The Evaluation of Course Coal
as a Filter Medium to Remove Large Solids from Sewer Overflows,
Rand Development Corp.
Water Pollution Control Research Series, Report 11023 DPI—08/69, FWQA
Contract WA-67-2, Aug 1969. 81 p, 10 fig, 12 tab, 4 ref, 1 append,
photos.
Descriptors: *Sewage treatment, *0verflow, Filtration, Storm runoff,
Sampling.
Identifiers: *Rapid-flow filter, *Coal filter medium, *Combined sewers.
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In a pilot installation at the terminus of an existing urban overflow
location, a rapid-flow filter using lump coal as the filter medium per-
formed with a minimum of maintenance or difficulty. The preferred
filter used lump coal with a size of approximately 3/4 inch by lh inch,
free of fines, and about 8 inches in depth. The overflow is directed
onto the filter bed in such a manner that the filter bed is not
displaced. Filter bed depth did not appear to be critical; the degree
of solids removal does not materially increase at depths exceeding 8
inches. Because the concept is based on the use of a disposable filter
medium, no backwashing or other processing is required. It appears that
replacement approximately 6 times per year might be expected as an
average. At no time during this investigation was an odor of sewage
solids or garbage detected as long as unoiled coal was used and the
filter was shaded from the sun.
086
DISSOLVED-AIR TREATMENT. OF COMBINED SEWER OVERFLOWS; The Demonstration
Project of a Prototype Treatment Plant Designed to Treat Wastes Found
at a Combined Sewer Overflow,
Rhodes Technology Corp., Houston, Texas.
Federal Water Pollution Control Administration, Research Series, UF20-17,
Jan 1970. 216 p.
Descriptors: *Infiltration, Storm runoff, Overflow, Flocculation,
Investigations.
Identifiers: *Combined sewers, *Dissolved-air flotation, Suspended
solids, Treatment methods.
A dissolved-air flotation system was evaluated for primary treatment of
combined sewer overflows. The major pieces of component equipment were
a gyratory screen, hydrocyclones, an air dissolving tank, and a flota-
tion cell. The principal aspects investigated were: (1) performance
of the system during rain events and dry periods; (2) evaluation of
individual components; (3) capital costs and operating costs for utiliz-
ing a flotation system for various size combined sewage overflows; (4)
the adaptability of the system for automation and use in remote location;
and (5) the ability of the system to treat intermittent and highly
variable flows from combined sewage systems. Some chemical aids to
flocculation were also tested. It appears that dissolved-air flotation
systems would be economical for handling combined sewer overflows up to
8 MGD. Automation of dissolved-air flotation systems appears possible
with conventional control equipment. Chemical aids to flocculation
seem to have promise that warrants further study. The system was unique
in that all liquid flow passed directly through the air dissolving tank
with no recycle. Domestic sewage was studied in lieu of combined sewage
during periods of no rain. Conclusions, recommendations, and benefit-
cost relationships are presented in the report. A description of the
demonstration plant and the drainage area served by the flotation system
are appended.
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087
DETROIT SEWER MONITORING AND REMOTE CONTROL; Research Project Aiming at
the Reduction of Combined Sewer Overflow Pollution in Detroit using
System Monitoring and Remote Control Techniques,
Detroit Metro Water Depart.
In: Combined Sewer Overflow Abatement Technology. Water Pollution
Control Research Series, Report 11024—06/70, pp 219-290, Jun 1970.
33 fig, 2 tab.
Descriptors: *0verflow, *Control systems, ^Monitoring, *Remote control,
Storm runoff, Runoff forecasting, Sewers, Water pollution control.
Identifiers: *Combined sewers.
The Detroit Metro Water Department has installed the nucleus of a sewer
monitoring and remote control system for controlling the pollution from
the combined overflow from many small storms at a cost of slightly over
$2 million. The system includes telemetering rain gages, sewer level
sensors, overflow detectors, a centrally located computer and data-
logger, and a centrally located operating console for controlling
pumping stations and selected regulating gates. Installation has been
virtually completed and now enables applying such pollution control
techniques as storm flow anticipation, first flush interception, selec-
tive retention, and selective overflowing.
088
STORM WATER RETARDING BASINS SOLVE URBAN DRAINAGE PROBLEMS,
A. P. Aitken.
Australian Civil Eng, Vol 10, No 2, pp 35-37, Feb 1969.
Descriptors: *Watersheds (basin), Drainage systems, Design, hydraulics,
Hydrologic aspects.
Identifiers: *Australia, Stormwater basins.
Urban flooding problems solved by Melbourne and the Metropolitan Board
of Works are discussed. Hydrologic and hydraulic problems posed in de-
sign of retarding basins are explained. 16 stormwater retarding basins
varying in capacity from 13 to 2350 acre feet were constructed to reduce
peak flow downstream of basin by temporarily storing portion of inflow
from upstream catchment. Land acquisition, design considerations, and
cost of basins are mentioned.
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089
STRAINER/FILTER TREATMENT OF COMBINED SEWER OVERFLOW,
Stephen S. Blecharczyk and Edward L. Shunney.
Final Report prepared for FWPCA, Report WP-20-16, Contract No 14-12-17,
Jul 1969. 53 p, 26 tab, 6 fig, 14 ref, 1 append.
Descriptors: "^Evaluation, *Systems analysis, ^Overflow, *Cost analysis,
Suspended load.
Identifiers: *Strainer-filter system, treatment methods, *Combined
sewers.
The principal of a "self-cleaning strainer, self-cleaning filter" concept
for the treatment of combined sewer overflows was evaluated in this
feasibility study. The strainer and filter systems were examined using
a synthetic substrate (prepared on the basis of overflow sample analysis
data obtained from analysis of a combined sewer overflow in Providence,
Rhode Island), primary influent to two separate municipal treatment
plants, fresh sewage solids, and combined sewer flow. It was demon-
strated that the strainer model produced consistent suspended solids
removal rates near 35% under highly varying load conditions, at a flux
of 25 galions/minute/sq. ft. The authors believe that a strainer-filter
system of the type originally envisioned is not feasible from a cost and
operational point of view if additional treatment is necessary beyond
that attainable with a self-cleaning strainer.
090
FREQUENCY OF STORM-SEWAGE OVERFLOWS. THE FREQUENCY OF STORM-SEWAGE
OVERFLOWS IN COMBINED SEWERAGE SYSTEMS IN CONNECTION WITH STORAGE AND
PUMP CAPACITY, CONCLUSIONS FROM THE RAINFALL DATA OF THE KNMI FOR 1926-
1962,
W. 0. J. Bottger and A. G. v.d. Herik.
Water (WTRIIA7), Vol 50, pp 154-161, 1966.
Descriptors: *0verflow, Data collections, Frequency analysis,
Precipitation (atmospheric).
Identifiers: *Storm sewage, ^Netherlands.
Tabulated and graphical data on the number of operations of storm-sewage
overflows and the amounts of overflow at De Bilt, Netherlands, in the
period 1926-1962 are presented. These data were compiled by a computer
using the Ribbius-Kragt-Kuipers method (in which it is assumed that no
overflow will occur until the sewers are filled to the crest of the
lowest weir). The average overflow frequency, calculated monthly,
reached a maximum in August and a minimum in March. Results for
individual years and individual months were quite variable, and no
useful relations could be found between the annual precipitation, the
number of operations of the overflows, and the amounts of overflow.
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091
SOME ASPECTS OF SEWAGE TREATMENT AT COVENTRY,
R. W. Brooks, H. V. Lee, and M. J. Price.
Water Pollution Control, Vol 68, No 2, pp 129-145, Mar 1969.
Descriptors: *Sewage treatment, *Sludge treatment, *Filtration, Storm
runoff.
Identifiers: *Storm sewage, Storm overflows, Sewer hydraulics, Great
Britain.
An historical progress report of Coventry involving the sewage treatment
outline development, activated sludge treatment, and sand filtration is
presented. In the 1960's, the elimination of direct storm overflows and
the provision of regional storm sewage balancing stations was initiated.
Excess flow would be diverted to tanks at the stations until available
capacity could be made in the sewer downstream and pumps then would
automatically return the contents of the tanks. In the reply to the
discussion following the article the limits for discharges from the
storm overflows are presented.
092
STORM OVERFLOWS AND STORM SEWAGE,
John T. Calvert.
Surveyor, Vol 85, p 22, Apr 1970.
Descriptors: *Sewage disposal, *Design standards, *Design criteria,
*Separation techniques.
.Identifiers: *Storm overflows, *Storm sewage, Great Britain.
Conclusions of the Final Report of the Technical Committee on Storm
Overflows and the Disposal of Storm Sewage are summarized. The Ministry
of Housing and Local Government accepted the report's recommendations
regarding the general design and setting of storm overflows, and they
are considering recommendations for further research and investigation.
The major outcome of the report proposes a formula for the setting of
storm overflows which replaces the former method of fixing the setting
at 6 d.w.f. Features and advantages of the formula are given. Sewer
separation was considered but eventually rejected by the committee
because of the huge cost involved and the inevitable pollution from sur-
face water drains of separate sewers. Other areas studied were the
effects of storm sewage on rivers and the composition and strength of
storm sewage.
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093
DRAINAGE OF WIDE ROAD PAVEMENTS,
K. W. Dobinson.
Inst Engrs (Australia), Vol CE 10, No 1, pp 1-6,
Apr 1968.
Descriptors: Surface drainage, Design, Drainage engineering, Drainage
systems.
The effectiveness of various types of pavement drainage structures is
discussed. The surface drainage design method, used under certain con-
ditions, is described. A graphic system for the design of pavement
drainage is examined.
094
MORE THAN JUST A BUILDING,
L. C. Dubs.
Am City, Vol 85, No 6, pp 119-124, Jun 1970.
Descriptors: *Drainage systems, Construction, Overflow, Ohio.
Identifiers: *Dry wells.
A three-phase program designed to place all the city's service functions
in one area is underway in Canton, Ohio. The first phase involves the
construction of two buildings; one a motor vehicle service center, and
the other a street and sewer department. The service center's unusual
drainage system consists of a system of dry wells constructed throughout
the area with one large dry well absorbing overflow from the smaller
ones. This system was adopted because storm sewers were not available
in the region. Only minor flooding occurred once when there was a heavy
rainfall, so the effectiveness of this system was evidenced.
095
CHARACTERIZATION AND CONTROL OF COMBINED SEWER OVERFLOWS, SAN FRANCISCO,
D. W. Eckhoff, A. 0. Friedland, and H. F. Ludwig.
Water Res, Vol 3, No 7, pp 531-543, 1969.
Descriptors: "Overflow, Outlets, *Analytical techniques, Runoff, Sewage
treatment. °
Identifiers: *San Francisco, *Storm sewage.
44
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In order to find methods for controlling or treating storm-sewage over-
flows from combined systems in urban areas, overflows from the combined
sewerage system of San Francisco were measured and sampled for analysis
at two outfalls in the city. The dry-weather flows were also monitored.
From the data obtained and other observations, the annual runoff for the
whole of the city was compared with its total annual discharge of treated
sewage effluent, and the effects of the dry-weather flow on the overflow
and of the overflow on receiving waters were investigated. The latter
effect produced a considerable increase in the numbers of coliform
bacteria which remained higher than normal for about two weeks. The
studies showed that treatment of overflows from combined systems could
result in a substantial reduction of pollution at less expense than
would be involved in separating the systems, and that dissolved - air
flotation with chlorination appeared to be a promising method.
096
OVERFLOW STUDIES AT A SEWER SYSTEM OF A METROPOLITAN CITY,
Wilhelm v.d. Emde and Siegfried Hoffman.
Gas Uasserfach (GAWFAM), Vol 110, No 12, pp 321-325, Mar 1969. 4 ref.
Descriptors: *Sewers, ^Measurement, *Storm runoff, *0verflow,
*Parametric hydrology, *Rainfall, *Mathematical studies.
Identifiers: *Capacity, *Germany.
For determining the capacity of the sewer system including stormwater
drainage in Hamburg, the flow speed, the water level, and the sludge
deposition during dry weather were measured. The speed is found to be
approximately 0.5m/sec, and sludge deposition is hardly avoidable at the
low inclination of the canal system. The conditions during rainy
weather were determined with automatic level recording units. From
these level? measurements the frequency of overflow in days/year, the
overflow duration in hours/year, and the overflow quantity/year were
calculated. From the recordings of rainfall and the level measurements
at the overflow spills of the sewer system a diagram is drawn according
to Kuipers' equation providing information on the storage capacity and
discharge capacity of the overflow spills. These two parameters deter-
mine the critical rainfall for the overflow spill. Its magnitude
decreases with increasing duration of rain and asymptotically approaches
the discharge capacity. To avoid frequent overflow, calculations should
be based on the critical rainfall as a function of the overflow time.
Since this is not practical, it is recommended to use the normal rainfall
for the calculation and multiply the quantities obtained by a constant
factor.
097
A RE-EXAMINATION OF THE STORM TANK PROBLEM,
L. B. Escritt.
Water Waste Treat, Vol 12, No 9, PP 298-300, Sep/Oct 1969. 1 tab.
45
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Descriptors: *Sewers, "Overflow, "Treatment facilities, *Design, Sewage
treatment.
Identifiers: "Storm tank, "Capacity, *Stormwater treatment.
Where sewage works treat flow from catchments which are served by com-
bined or partially-separate sewers, a moderately intense railfall-runoff
rate will necessitate passage or storm-tank storage of excess flow. The
Royal Commission on Sewage Disposal makes recommendations regarding the
handling of such overflows. The author of this paper disputes their
statement that storm tanks able to hold one-quarter of the daily dry-
weather flow will suffice for storing spill-over from small storms. He
notes that a capacity of two days dry-weather flow is often needed to
prevent spill-over occurring. Functions of storm tanks and the mathema-
tics of stormwater treatment are described. A suggested design for tanks
consists of circular tanks with ratating sludge mechanisms. A formula
for calculating the required capacity of a tank to prevent spill-over
is included.
098
BUILDING DRAINAGE PUMP STATIONS WITHIN LIMITED BUDGET,
E. W. Fritschi
Public Works, Vol loo, No 2, pp 104-105, Feb 1969.
Descriptors: *Design, "Louisiana, "Pumping plants, Construction.
The design of a pump station, located 15 miles south of New Orleans is
described. The primary stage of the pump station was designed for
rainfall of 2.5 in. for one hour and then % in./hr for a total of 6 in.
Emphasis was placed on the design of a sub-structure which had to serve
as a cofferdam preventing leakage from the tail bay into the suction bay,
and as a retaining wall resisting vertical, horizontal and lateral
forces. Requirements were met by designing a series of bays that struc-
turally act as a continuous arch bridge.
099
STEPS TO SUCCESS IN WATER POLLUTION CONTROL,
Charles V. Gibbs
Public Works, Vol 101, No 5, pp 62-67, May 1970.
Descriptors: "Overflow, "Pollution abatement, "Sludge digestion, Sewage
treatment, Separation techniques.
Identifiers: "Interceptor sewer, "Seattle, Combined sewers.
46
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Plans and actions of the Municipality of Metropolitan Seattle (Metro) in
regard to combatting the city's water pollution problems are presented.
Metro has devised various solutions to underground construction problems
with pipelines and pumping stations. Other problems tackled by Metro
include the removal of digested sludge from Puget Sound and the elimina-
tion of combined sewer overflows. Sewer separation is not presently
feasible because of the expense, so the Metro interceptor system is
being ordered to run the entire system. In the meantime, money originally
reserved for storm water holding tanks is being contributed to the city's
proposed sewer separation system. Metro is continuing its innovative
engineering programs and is coordinating its activities with community
agencies working in the same or related fields.
100
THE CROSSNESS SEWAGE TREATMENT WORKS, GREATER LONDON COUNCIL: FIVE
YEARS OPERATION, 1963-68,
R. W. Horner.
Water Pollution Control, Vol 69, No 2, pp 180-194, 1970.
Descriptors: *Sewage treatment, *Flow control, Flow rates, On-site
inves tigations.
Identifiers: *Maximum flow requirements, *Average flow requirements,
Storm tank, Combined sewers, Great Britain, Stormflow detention.
A description of the structure and an assessment of the 5-year operating
success of the Crossness Sewage treatment plant are discussed. All flow
which once passed to the river must now be pumped through the plant, even
wastewater gravitating in storm tanks oribinally used as reservoirs.
Moderate storms occurring after two or three weeks of dry weather create
flows which exceed the capacity of the screening gear when old combined
sewerage systems are in use. In the "Discussion," H. H. Stanbridge
asked how the plant operates under maximum flow in comparison to average
flow. The authors replied that maximum flow was 216 mil gal and that
flows exceeding this level passed to storm tanks. Most of this excess
(3.2% of the total flow in 1968-9) was later returned for treatment, but
19% of this load was discharged to the river. Tables and graphs describ-
ing the 5-year operation of the plant include: the effect of rainfall
on suspended solid load, syspended solid load per day, main pumping
station statistics, and the performance of primary sedimentation tanks,
activated-slude plants, primary and secondary digestion plants, and the
power-house. Diagrams are drawn of the engine cooling water system, the
high tension distribution system, and the grit washing plant.
101
ALL YOU SEE IS THE STREAM,
H. S. Hulme, Jr.
Am City, Vol 85, No 3, pp 77-78, Mar 1970.
47
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Descriptors: ^Drainage systems, *Stream improvement.
Identifiers: Swales, Storm sewers, Arlington County, Virginia.
A controlled stream was constructed above ,a reinforced-concrete storm
sewer enclosing Pimmet Run in Arlington County, Va. to prevent erosion
upstream while retaining the aesthetic value of the stream downstream.
Swales created along the stream carry local drainage and overflow from
storms into the main culvert. Methods of construction and problems en-
countered are explained. Dimensions and costs of the system are
included.
102
LETTERS TO ThE EDITOR—WATCH OUT FOR CROSS CONNECTIONS,
Gary D. hutchinson
Am City, Vol 84, No 1, p 21, Jan 1969.
Descriptors: *Construction equipment.
Identifiers: *Storm sewers.
Additions are made to a previously-published article concerning hazards
of well-to-storm-sewer connections. In one southeastern city, these
connections were not protected from backflow, thus, the municipal water
system was subject to dangerous innundation from storm sewers. City
officials corrected the situation by installing above-ground, air-gap
separations.
103
WHITHER WATER POLLUTION CONTROL?,
C. P. James
Water Pollution Control, Vol 67, No 5, pp 579-583, Sep 1968.
Descriptors: *Sewage disposal, *Water pollution, *0verflow, Flow rates.
Identifiers: *Hydraulic analysis, Storm sewage.
The author comments on sewage disposal, river pollution prevention ser-
vices, and research in a general manner. He contends that storm over-
flow problems are more easily solved on large works than on smaller ones,
James contests the equivalent of 3xd.w.f. for the sewage rate of flow
in dry weather as the standard measurement.
104
WATER TREATMENT - A GUIDE TO THE TREATMENT OF WATER AMD EFFLUENTS
PURIFICATION: CHAPTER 13 - INTRODUCTORY: SEWER SYSTEMS— OVERFLOWS--
CONSERVANCY,
48
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G. V. James
The Technical Press Ltd, London, pp 247-252, 1966. 1 fig, 5 ref.
Descriptors: *Sewerage, *Flow characteristics, *Sewers, *0verflow, *Weirs,
Sewage treatment.
Identifiers: *Storm overflows.
General facts concerning sewage and sewer systems are presented, includ-
ing explanations of sewage "strength"; variations in flow; the influence
of seasonal and weather changes; and the three types of sewerage systems
—combined, partially separate, and entirely separate. The operation of
local storm overflows to relieve tributary sewers before they are sur-
charged is described. The three types of overflows are: the ordinary
weir type; the improved weir type with a horizontal iron plate and a
vertical deflecting plate directing water to the overflow pipe; and the
leaping weir type, the best of the three sewage treatment processes
mentioned include: chemical precipitation; use of comminutors; and
dilution, bleaching and trenching of cesspool contents.
105
CRITICAL OBSERVATIONS FOR HYDRAULIC MEASUREMENTS OF FIXED STORM-SEWAGE
OVERFLOWS,
J. Jehne
Wasserwirtsch-Wassertech (WSWSAO), Vol 17, No 4, pp 122-127, Apr 1967.
Descriptors: *Specific capacity, Sewerage.
Identifiers: *Storm overflows, Combined sewers.
In connection with hydraulic measurements for storm sewage overflows,
the author discusses the errors which are caused by using the concept
"dilution". The specific concentration of one or more substances (re-
ferred to as the specific load) is recommended as the criterion for the
permissible load of combined sewerage systems on the receiving water.
Equations are developed for calculating the maximal critical values for
the specific load and runoff.
106
THE SIMULATION OF INFILTRATION FOR STUDIES IN OVERLAND FLOW,
G. A. Jobling and A. K. Turner
Proceedings of International Hydrology Symposium, Sep 6-8, 1967,
Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Vol 1, Paper 27, p 203-210,
1967. 8 p, 7 fig, 3 ref.
Descriptors: *Rainfall-runoff relationships, ^Overland flow, *Model
studies, *Hydraulic models, *Simulated rainfall, Simulation analysis,
49
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Artificial precipitation, Rainfall simulators, Runoff forecasting,
Routing.
Identifiers: Watershed models.
"Overland flow' over natural surfaces is unsteady and spatially varied,
due to both rainfall and infiltration. Most experimental work to date
has been done using impermeable surfaces, the effects of time-dependent
infiltration being ignored. Research into flows over natural surfaces
is time consuming and the results are difficult to interpret at this
stage in our knowledge of such flows. A method of simulating infiltra-
tion is described which enables experimental work to be undertaken in a
tilting flume. The system produces a time-dependent decay in simulated
infiltration, and can be described by an equation of the form used by
Kostiakov. Since the two parameters involved can be readily altered, the
system provides a means of simulating a range of field surfaces. Some
initial results using the method are described.
107
COMBINED UNDERFLOW STORAGE PLAN FOR POLLUTION AND FLOOD CONTROL IN THE
CHICAGO METROPOLITAN AREA,
Clint J. Keifer, A. L. Tholin, and Marshall Suloway.
Chicago, City Bureau of Engineering, Department of Public Works, Sep
1969. 43 p, 13 fig, 6 tab.
Descriptors: Underground storage, *Tunnels, *Control structures, *Sewers,
*Flood control, *Water pollution control, Water conveyance, Waste Water,
Shafts, River regulation, Drainage systems, Drainage engineering, Design,
Underflow.
Identifiers: *Chicago.
Three alternative plans, proposed locally as solutions to flood control
and pollution problems in the Chicago metropolitan area, are described
and compared. The combined sewer systems, which carry the municipal and
industrial wastes as well as storm water runoff, spill raw sewage into
the Des Plaines, Chicago and Calumet Rivers, and the Sanitary and Ship
Canal from 400 outlets, during overflows occuring when interceptor
sewers and treatment plants are loaded beyond capacity. The flow from
these rivers empty via the Des Plaines River into the Illinois River.
Intense rainstorms frequently result in basement and underpass flooding.
The $650 million plan suggested by the City proposes the construction of
95 miles of huge conveyance tunnels, 26 ft wide and 50 ft deep, excavated
through solid rock beneath the Chicago, Calumet, and Des Plaines Rivers,
and the Sanitary and Ship Canal. Flows from the combined sewers would
be dropped through shafts into these tunnels to provide temporary
storage for flood prevention and to collect sewer overflows for subse-
50
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quent pumping to three major existing treatment plants. Improvements
along the Des Plaines River and the Sanitary and Ship Canals planned by
the Illinois Division of Waterways are also described. The project
design would be based upon handling the runoff from a storm with a 100
year average recurrence interval.
108
NEW REGULATIONS AND CONSTRUCTIONS OF STORM-SEWAGE OVERFLOWS, FOR THE
RELIEF OF RECEIVING WATERS,
R. Lautrich
Ber Abwassertech Ver (BABVAD), Vol 19, pp 175-193, 1968.
Descriptors: ^Regulated flow, Rainfall-runoff relationships.
Identifiers: *Storm overflows.
This paper deals with the relation between the critical rainfall and
runoff and the resulting dilution. Investigating the effect of the
fundamental lay-out of storm sewage overflows, the author concludes that
if two storm sewage overflows are constructed at a given position in
place of one, the polluting load discharged to the receiving water can
be greatly reduced.
109
PAVING CURES DUST AND DRAINAGE ILLS,
Jack Lough
Am City, Vol 84, No 7, pp 97-98, Jul 1969.
Descriptors: Concrete construction, Drainage programs, Storm runoff.
Identifiers: Street drainage.
A far-reaching street-paving program was implemented in Albion, Nebraska
after heavy rains caused driveway culverts to overflow, ditchwater to
stagnate, and runoff to spill into streets and parkways because ditches
were clogged. Concrete curbs, gutters, and pavements were installed to
ameliorate this situation and also to provide dust control. The entire
project cost $473,619.48 (about $5700 per block).
110
A BREAK FROM ACCEPTED PRACTICE . . . BRINGS STORM-WATER CONTROL WITHIN
REACH OF OUR BOROUGH'S POCKETBOOK,
L. L. Lowry
Am City, Vol 83, No 6, pp 108-109, Jun 1968.
51
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Descriptors: ^Reservoir storage, Storm runoff.
Identifiers: *Stormwater control.
State College, Pa. constructed a reservoir to contain runoff until after
a storm, instead of installing a more costly water-carrying conduit. An
electrically controlled gate closes when rain causes the water level in
the reservoir to rise, and it opens when the storm subsides, thus,
allowing the rainwater to drain. As a part of State College's sewage
project, a new storm trunk line was built contrary to common practice;
that is, from the center of the job downstream, to reduce the threat of
the pipe coming afloat in the event of a flash flood. This plan was also
successful; flood water was forced inside the pipe rather than flowing
around the outside and causing flotation. State College also formed a
Storm Water Authority to undertake the financing of such storm water
control projects.
Ill
WATER STORAGE METHODS — FROM CUPPED HANDS TO COMPUTERS,
T. W. Lumsden
Water Pollution Control, Vol 107, No 6, pp 16-19, and 30, Jun 1969.
Descriptors: *Reservoir storage, Construction costs, Storm drains,
Storm runoff.
Identifiers: *Stormwater systems.
Storage tanks and reservoirs should provide for flow equalizing, fire
protection, and emergencies. An overall system analysis is usually
necessary to determine the most economical combination of storage faci-
lity, trunk mains, and pumping facility- Criteria for locations of
storage facilities and construction cost considerations are noted in
this article. Stormwater systems exhaust sizable segments of expenditures
utilized for water storage in general. Drains must provide for normal
stormwater runoff and higher flows resulting from reservoir emptying and
inadvertent overflows.
112
THE WRAY FLOOD DISASTER AND ITS EFFECTS ON THE PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICES,
D. H. Maud
Inst Public Health Engrs, Vol 67, Part 4, pp 244-249, Oct 1968.
Descriptors: *Storm runoff, *0utlets, *bypasses, Sewage treatment,
Repairing, Sewerage.
Intense thunderstorms and flooding damaged the water supply system and
sewerage and sewage disposal systems of the town of Wray on the river
52
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Roeburn. As a result of the storm, the outlet pipe, which allowed storm
water overflow to pass to the river, was completely filled with silt as
were other parts of the sewage disposal system. In addition to repairs
on the sewer disposal and sewerage systems, town workers cleared the
outfall pipe, thus, establishing a bypass to the river. They then con-
nected the washout valve on the filter feedline near the dosing chamber
to the humus tanks. By re-opening the inlet valve to the primary sedi-
mentation tank and opening the dosing chamber's washout, primary tank
effluent was routed to the humus tanks; and thus, a two-stage settlement
treatment system was instituted in place of discharging raw sewage over
the side weir storm overflow.
113
CITY OF OXFORD: EXTENSION TO SEWAGE-TREATMENT WORKS,
A. T. Morris, C. E. Copeland, and V. H. Lewin
Water Pollution Control, Vol 69, No 3, pp 249-256, 1970. 1 diag, 2
graphs, 5 ref.
Descriptors: *Sewage treatment, *0verflow, *Separation techniques.
Identifiers: *Storm sewage, Storm tank, Great Britain.
The City of Oxford extended its 1957 sewage treatment works in order to
cope with overloads caused by housing, industry, and population expansion.
The original plant made no provision for storm sewage; however, the new
plant includes storm/sewage balancing tanks with a capacity of 1.5 mil
gal (6.82 x 103m3). The workings and dimensions of these tanks are
detailed along with descriptions of other essential portions of the
plant such as the activated-sludge plant, final separating tanks, and
sludge treatment and disposal parts.
114
SOLVING A SEWER OVERFLOW PROBLEM,
Charles R. North
Public Works, Vol 97, No 4, p 92, Apr 1966. 1 diag.
Descriptors: *Sewers, *Design, *Planning, *Pumping plants, *0verflow,
Investigations.
Identifiers: *Painesville, Ohio.
The 1910 sewer line in Painesville, Ohio is discussed. A pump station
and force mains were added to an existing sanitary sewer system, and
subsequently caused flooding. An investigation was undertaken to iden-
tify and correct the cause of the problem. The following conclusions were
included: 1) in future designs, considering the capacity of older sewers
as two-thirds full; 2) recommending of camera inspection with semi-annual
53
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cleaning; 3) running of pumps on an alternate basis; 4) telemetering; 5)
checking of the upstream side of the pump station for excessive infiltra-
tion; and, 6) checking the operation of the regulator.
115
THE DISCHARGE OF STORM SEWAGE TO PUBLIC WATERS FROM AREAS OF GROUNDS WHICH
ARE ENDANGERED BY OIL, IN CONNEXION WITH THE CLEAN WATER ACT FOR BERLIN,
K. -h. Salewski
Gesunh Ingr,(GEINA5), Vol 87, pp 265-266, 19b6.
Descriptors: legislation, ^Surface waters, *Design, *Separation
techniques.
Identifiers: *Germany, Storm sewage, *0il separators.
In connection with the legislation for the protection of Berlin surface
waters, which prohibits the discharge of oil emulsions, the author dis-
cusses the use of oil separators for areas where large volumes of oil
are handled and where spillage is washed off into the receiving water by
rainfall. These oil separators can be installed in sections along areas
likely to be affected before storm sewage enters the receiving waters.
Standards for the design of such separators are discussed.
116
STORM WATER TREATMENT AT CLEVELAND,
George D. Simpson and Lamont W. Curtis
J Water Pollution Control Fed, Vol 41, No 2, Part 1, pp 151-168, Feb
1969. Paper from Am Water Works Assoc - 88th Annual Conference, Cleve-
land, Ohio, Jun 2-7, 1968.
Descriptors: ^Watersheds (basins), ^Multiple-purpose projects, *Pressure
conduits, *Pumping plants, *Water pollution control, *Chlorination,
^Pollution abatement, *Lake Erie, Biological treatment, Reduction
(chemical), Recreation facilities.
Identifiers: *Gravity sewer, ^Cleveland, Ohio.
A feasibility study was conducted for the FWPCA of a proposed offshore
stabilization-retention basin, for the treatment of various polluting
flows now being discharged to Lake Erie. The basin would receive
treated effluent flow from the City's Easterly Wastewater Treatment
Plant, as well as flow from six large combined sewer overflow outfalls
and flow from five polluted streams which drain the service area. The
proposed basin would be approximately 900 acres in area, with a mean
water depth of 33.5 ft. A shoreline collection system is included to
convey flows to two central points for discharge into the basin. The
collection system will consist of a combination of gravity and pressure
conduits, with two pumping stations. Two basic types of purification
processes will take place in the basin. Biological and chemical oxida-
54
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tion will result in reduction of BOD and COD; this process will require
an aerobic environment. Sedimentation of fine suspended solids, particu-
larly the activated sludge cell matter in the treatment plant effluent,
will require quiescent settling. To meet these two conditions, a two
stage basin is contemplated. The first stage will be maintained in
aerobic condition by air-lift or mechanical pumping. In the quiescent
sedimentation stage, it is expected that an upper layer of five to ten
feet of water will be aerobic, with the remainder of the depth anaerobic.
The basin will create a sheltered bay at the shoreline, which will be
used for boating, fishing and swimming. A small boat marina is contem-
plated as part of the overall project. The basin will be provided with
facilities for chlorination. Effluent will be discharged at about 8,000
ft. from shore in a water depth of approximately 42 ft. The basin has
been found feasible from the standpoint of pollution abatement and
reduction of bacterial contamination of the City's beaches resulting
from polluted discharges.
117
ALTERNATIVES TO SEPARATION OF COMBINED SEWERS,
D. H. Waller
Paper presented at the 21st Annual Meeting of the American Water Works
Association, Atlantic Branch, Canadian Section, Oct 8, 1968.
Descriptors: ^Pollution abatement, *Application methods, ^Separation
techniques, Overflow.
Identifiers: Combined sewers.
The drawbacks of separation include high costs, public inconvenience
during construction, and the continuing problem of polluted stormwater
runoff. Alternative solutions to this pollution problem either reduce
pollutants in the overflow or decrease amounts of combined sewage that
is overflowed. Pollutants can be eliminated from overflows through
storage and treatment methods such as disinfection, screening, sedimen-
tation, filtration, and other overflow devices. Possible procedures
for diminishing combined sewage overflows outlined include real-time
control of discharge points, storage by use of larger pipes, or increased
interceptor and treatment plant capacity. Each locality's circumstances
will determine which method or combination of methods will provide the
best means for solving its pollution problem.
118
METHOD OF AND MEANS FOR DEALING WITH STORM-WATER OVERFLOWS IN SEWERS AND
LIKE DRAINAGE SYSTEMS,
F. Wood and Longwood Engineering Co, Ltd.
Brit Patent 1,023,311.
55
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Descriptors: ^Overflow, ^Drainage systems, *Bays, *Treatment facilities,
Sewerage, Screens, Outlets.
Identifiers: *Storm sewage, *Storm overflows.
The equipment examined for dealing with storm-sewage overflows in
sewerage and other drainage systems comprises a bay fitted with a trough
or channel which has walls of unequal height and a mouth covered with a
filter screen, which can be cleaned by a rake or rakes rotating in the
direction of flow of water through the bay. Under normal conditions of
flow, water passes through the bay directly to the sewer, but under
storm conditions, the increased flow causes a build-up of pressure in the
bay so that water and floating trash flows over the lower wall of the
trough and through the screen to the storm-sewage outlet. Trash is
swept from the screen by the rake(s) over the higher wall into a trash
pit and thence to the sewer.
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Section 3
SEWER HYDRAULICS
57
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119
A NEW TWIST (90 DEGREES IN FACT) TO SEGMENTED SEWER - PIPE DESIGN,
Eng Contract Record, Vol 83, No 6, pp 56-57, Jun 1970.
Descriptors: *Sewers, *Design, *Estimated costs, Installation.
Identifiers: *Canada, *Sewer hydraulics.
The City of Edmonton, Canada, is using a new segmented pipe on the
sewer line in the downtown area. Chief design engineer F. Bereczky
thought of tilting a horizontal sewer line to a 90 degree position,
thus changing the flow characteristics. The design of the pipe has
been worked out so that all dimensions are a function of the inside
diameter, and the design can be adopted to any size of pipe. The
installation procedure and the estimated cost of the new line are
given.
120
PORTABLE RECORDING OF SEWER FLOW,
Water Wastes Eng, Vol 6, No 12, p 12, Dec 1969.
Descriptors: *Storm runoff, ^Manholes, Sewerage, Hydrology.
Identifiers: *Sewer hydraulics, Sanitary sewers, Surface flow, Toronto.
In the region including Toronto, sewer flows were measured in order to
assess problems arising from storm flows and infiltration into sanitary
sewers. It was found that poor manhole hydraulics in one or two manholes
can reduce capacities of large sewer systems. Continued observation and
control of methods by which surface water enters sanitary sewers was
recommended.
121
POLYMERS FOR SEWER FLOW CONTROL; The Development and Demonstration of
the Use of Polymers that Reduce or Eliminate Sewer Overflows by Flow
Energy Reduction,
The Western Company of North America
Prepared for FWPCA, Program No 11020 DIG, Contract No 14-12-34, Aug 1969.
179 p.
Descriptors: *Infiltration, ^Overflow, *Sewers, Toxicity.
Identifiers: Overflow control, *Polymers, *Sewer lines, Economic
analysis.
Six water-soluble polymers were investigated to determine their effects
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upon aquatic flora and fauna, flow characteristics of wastewater, and
the operation of a wastewater treatment plant. It was found that the
polymers and gels, in the magnitudes tested, were not toxic to bacteria,
algae, or fish, and did not act as a nutrient for algae growth. Based
upon calculations obtained from flow test data, a maximum flow increase
of 2.4 times the flow prior to injection could be obtained if a constant
head was maintained. Laboratory flow test data indicated that if flow
rates were held almost constant prior to and during polymer injection,
a reduction in the static head occurred as a result of friction reduc-
tion within the fluid. The most effective polymers in providing energy
reduction were Polyox Coagulant-701, WSR-301, and AP-30; however, AP-30
required higher polymer concentration to obtain equivalent flow charac-
teristics. In field tests on a 24-inch diameter line, it was found that
polymer concentrations of between 35 and 100 mg/1, decreased frictional
flow resistance sufficiently to eliminate surcharges of more than six
feet. Based upon an economic analysis, the average annual cost of new
construction was approximately five times the cost of using polymers
during peak storm-flow periods.
122
DESIGN OF SUB-SURFACE DRAINAGE SYSTEM FOR INNER RING ROAD OF CITY OF
ANTWERP,
E. W. Brand
Roads Road Construct, Vol 46, No 546 and 547, pp 162-168, Jun 1968, and
pp 201-207, Jul 1968.
Descriptors: Pump testing, Evaluation, Seepage, Electrical studies,
Pipe flow.
Identifiers: *Belgium.
The procedure adopted for the design of a permanent dewatering system
for the depressed inner ring road in the City of Antwerp, Belgium is
presented. Details are given related to the execution and analysis of
extensive field pumping tests; the calculation of seepage quantities;
and the study of hydraulics of horizontal intake pipes adopted to effect
ground water lowering. A number of electrical model tests that map
flow nets for a number of values of parameters determining critical
pipe elevations are examined.
123
SOLUTION OF AN UNUSUAL SUBSURFACE DRAINAGE PROBLEM,
E. W. Brand
J Irrigation Drainage Div, Am Soc Civil Engrs, Vol 94, No IR2, pp 199-221,
Jun 1968.
Descriptors: *Subsurface drains, *Surface-groundwater relationships,
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Design, Storm runoff.
Identifiers: *Surface runoff, Groundwater, Belgium.
The stages followed in designing a subsurface drainage system for the
inner-ring road being built in Antwerp, Belgium are described. The
system will collect and carry away surface runoff, will permanently
lower the groundwater table*, and will collect and carry away seepage
water resulting from this lowering. Conventional methods were adopted
for stormwater drainage design. The seepage water and stormwater col-
lected in a catch basin will run by gravity in pipes to one of four
low points in the road's vertical profile. From two of these points
the water will flow to pumping stations and from the other two, into
rivers. The most complicating factor in the subsurface drainage
design was the possible effect of the precipitation of ferric oxide
from groundwater. This factor necessitated complete submergence of
the intake system. Factors influencing the final selection of the
subsurface drainage system are explored in detail.
124
RATIONAL "RATIONAL" METHOD OF STORM DRAINAGE DESIGN,
Discussions by Lamont W. Curtis and Dah-Cheny Woo.
J Irrigation Drainage Div, Am Soc Civil Engrs, Vol 95, No IR4, pp 634-637,
Dec 1969.
Descriptors: *Design storm, Time series analysis, Rational formula.
Identifiers: *Sewer hydraulics.
The value of using the rate-duration-frequency curve as the design storm
pattern is discussed in reference to intensify-time rainfall charts com-
piled in Cleveland, Ohio. Incomplete computation in the Rational Method
is due to the omission of time needed for flow traveling through the
sewers.
125
VELOCITY MEASUREMENTS IN SEWERS VITAL TO DESIGN AND MAINTENANCE,
Lamont W. Curtis
Water Sewage Works, Vol 116, No 4, pp 144-147, Apr 1969. 2 diag, 2 tab,
2 graphs, 1 ref.
Descriptors: *Flow measurement, *Sewers, *Analysis, ^Methodology,
*Velocity, Mannings equation.
Identifiers: *Sewer hydraulics.
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Discharges can be converted to wastewater volumes per capita in a
sanitary sewer, or can be related to rainfall in a storm sewer. The
velocity, depth, and slopes measured can be used to compute Manning's
coeeficient of the roughness-friction factor. The salt-concentration
method of measuring velocity was best suited for developing a discharge-
depth relationship for a number of sewers, as well as giving an indica-
tion of the condition of the sewer. The equation applicable for the
salt-concentration method is Q = AV, where: Q is the discharge; A is
the area, computed from the measurement of the flow depth; and, V is
the velocity measurement. The equipment needed, procedure, analyses of
data, and continuous gaging methods are discussed in detail. It is con-
cluded that there is no ratio, which when applied to surface velocity
measurements, will give accurate average velocities in a pipe. Results
of the studies indicate, however, that a ratio of .75 will give a good
approximation for flow depths between .2 and .4 of the pipe diameter.
126
DETERMINATION OF FLOOD FLOWS AND DISCHARGE COEFFICIENTS IN MUNICIPAL
SEWERAGE SYSTEMS,
T. Dimchev
Vodosnab Sanit Tekh, Vol 3, pp 115-132, 1966,
pp 115-132, 1966.
Descriptors: ^Discharge coefficients, Sewers.
Identifiers: *Bulgaria.
Studies have continued on the discharge properties of sewerage systems
in Bulgaria, and results are given for catchment areas in Sofia, Varna,
and Burgas. From these data a new formula was developed for calculating
the overall discharge coefficient for a particular area. The effect of
the free volume in the sewerage system on the quality of the discharge
was also considered.
127
DEVELOPMENTS IN SEWER MONITORING EQUIPMENT AND TECHNIQUES,
R. Galliers and M. V. King
J. Inst Munic Engrs, Vol 97, pp 27-31, Jan 1970.
Descriptors: *Instrumentation, *Storm runoff, Sewers.
Identifiers: Sewer hydrualics, Birmingham, Alabama.
This paper describes equipment and techniques developed over the last
five years by the City of Birmingham Public Works Department concerning
flow in sewers. These methods can be applied to the control of trade
effluent discharge, the design of sewers and river channels, and to the
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solution of drainage problems brought on by sewer flows such as storm
overflows on rivers. Automatic equipment only was used to study storm
flows since waiting for storm is not feasible. Automatic depth recording
of rivers will soon be undertaken to obtain Unit hydrographs for intense
storms. This is the best method of designing natural catchments. In-
cluded are labeled diagrams of equipment used such as the streamline
pressure head and recorder for depths of flow and various sampling
machines used for qualitative tests on samples taken at known times.
128
PRACTICAL METHODS FOR DETERMINING SEWAGE FLOW FOR ALL COMMUNITIES,
R. M. Girling
Water Sewage Works, Vol 116, No 7, pp 250-258, 1969.
Descriptors: *Flow, *Instrumentation, ^Measurement, *Sewers.
Identifiers: *Sewer hydrualics.
This article comprises a discussion on the principles, uses, and practice
of the determination of flow in sewers. Flow measurements taken by the
float or tracer methods, or by using weirs or flumes are described.
Calculations of pumping rates are listed along with associated experi-
mental apparatus.
129
REAL TIME ROUTING OF HYDROGRAPHS IN STORM SEWERS,
Garth S. Harris
J Hydraulics Div , Am Soc Civil Engrs, Vol 96, No HY6, pp 1247-1260,
Jun 1970.
Descriptors: *Flood routing, Storm runoff, Hydrographs.
Identifiers: *Average-lag method, Interceptor sewer.
A rapid computation of routed flood hydrographs in circular sewers was
required for use in the evaluation of the effect of storm flooding in
the Minneapolis-St. Pual Interceptor sewers. The method of characteris-
tics is used to provide an accurate assessment of the routed hydrograph,
but this method requires use of a large computer and a comparatively
large amount of computer time. The progressive average-lag method,
fully describ'ed in the article, is used to carry out the evaluation
in real time (i.e., when rainfall is occurring and before the flood
wave travels far down the channel). The routing constants of this
method are determined by comparing the results of this method with
those from the method of characteristics until good agreement is
obtained. It has not been possible to determine the routing constants
in the progressive average-lag method analytically.
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130
HYDRUALIC DESIGN OF LARGE SURGE TANKS FOR PUMPING PLANTS,
Ravinder K. Jain, Roy T. Nakahara, and John W. White
Tech Memo No 38, Dept Water Resour, Calif, Nov 1968.
Descriptors: *Surge tanks, *Hydraulic design, Water hammer, Pressure,
Transients, Discharge lines, Energy losses, Graphical analysis, Surges,
Hydraulic structures, Pumping plants, Orifices, Analysis.
Identifiers: *Pressure waves, *Water column separation.
The hydraulic design of large surge tanks is described, placing emphasis
on designs used for the Tehachapi surge tank. Graphical and analytical
methods for determining the size of large surge tanks for pumping plants
are given. Energy loss coefficients for different orifice configurations
tested are included. Surge tanks are used to control transient pressures
and to prevent water column separation. Flow in discharge lines communica-
tions with the surge tank through orifices connecting discharge lines with
the tank is related. Normal operation produces changes in flow rates in
discharge lines, resulting in positive or negative transient pressure
waves reflected at the surge tank as minor fluctuations in water surface
elevation protecting discharge lines and downstream tunnels from these
surges. During emergency conditions all pumps could be shut down at
once by a power failure. This condition causes the pumps to halt, changing
rotational direction as soon as water begins to flow back. The reverse
flow continues until the downstream valves are closed. To prevent low
pressures in discharge lines or water column separation under this condi-
tion, water is supplied from the surge tank.
131
THE SEWER HAD TO BE CLEANED BEFORE SNOWFALL,
Charles Knecht
Am City, Vol 84, No 10, pp 120 and 123, Oct 1969.
Descriptors: *Maintenance, *Sewers, Hydraulics.
Identifiers: *Sewer cleaning, Sewer hydraulics.
In Houghton, Michigan, a cold-climate town, water pollution and sewage
problems are serious due to the sand and grit from street traction
abrasives, which enter sewer interceptors during rain and spring thaw
conditions. Not only do the interceptors become clogged and sewers
inoperable, but public health is threatened by unclean water developing
from overflow bypassing treatment. The town hired a company this year
to utilize traditional cleaning techniques to unclog the sewer system.
The line was only two years old and designed to self-clean, but pre-
ventive maintenance programs are necessary for all sewers in cold-climate
towns like Houghton.
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132
STUDIES ON THE CHEMICAL CONTROL OF TREE ROOTS IN SEWER LINES,
0. A. Leonard and Neal Townley
Paper presented at the Calif WPCA 42nd Annual Conference, Sacramento,
Calif, April 29 to May 1, 1970.
Descriptors: *Sewers, laboratory tests, *Root systems.
Identifiers: *Tree roots, Sewer hydraulics.
This study was a cooperative effort by the authors and Dr. Ahrens of
the Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station. The problem was
studied at Davis and the Utilities Division of Sacramento by growing
wood plants in pots filled with a potting mix which were placed on open
cans. Roots which grew into cans were treated for periods of time by
solutions of different chemicals. The most promising treatments were
examined in a single test in July, 1969 in the sewer lines of Sacramento
County. All treatments were effective in killing the roots in the lines
but some were more effective than others in killing roots in and outside
of joints. Studies are being continued to evaluate factors influencing
kill, cost, and safety to trees.
133
PRACTICAL HYDRAULICS FOR PUBLIC WORKS ENGINEER,
F. E. McJunkin and P- A. Vesilind
Public Works, Vol 99, No 9, 10 and 11, pp 88-97, Sep 1968, pp 114-120,
Oct 1969, pp 77-81, Nov 1968.
Descriptors: *Hydraulic engineering, Multiple-purpose projects. Flow,
Flow measurement, Pumping.
Identifiers: *Sewer hydraulics.
This article is a review of methods of application of hydraulic engineer-
ing principles and procedures to meet the needs of engineers involved in
hydraulic work of design and analysis of public works projects. The
conveyance of water by means of flow in closed conduits, flow in open
conduits, and fundamentals of flow measurement are explored. The
hydraulics of pumps are investigated.
134
DEPTH OF FLOW AS DESIGN CRITERION FOR CHANNELS WITH ARTIFICIAL LINERS,
J. C. McWhorter, T. G. Carpenter, and R. N. Clark
Nat Acad Sciences-Nat Research Council—Highway Research Rec, No 261,
pp 10-24, 1969.
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Descriptors: *Design criteria, *Drainage water, *Erosion control,
*Channels, *Linings, Testing.
A study of water disposal systems which drain runoff is presented. Six
artificial liners were investigated to develop design criteria for erod-
ible channels. Liners installed on flat-bottom earth channels (2 ft
wide, 60 ft long) and on slopes were subjected to increasing flows to
channel failure. Test sections of sand to heavy clay were inserted in
the channel floor, and the effectiveness of the liners was observed.
Measurements consist of flow rates, channel and water surface profiles,
and test section erosion.
135
INCREASING WASTE-WATER FLOW VELOCITY BY USING CHEMICAL ADDITIVES,
J. L. Overfield, H. R. Crawford, J. K. Baxter, L. J. Harrington, and
I. W. Santry
J Wat Pollution Control Fed, Vol 41, No 9, pp 1570-1585, 1969.
Descriptors: *Model studies, *Flow rates, *Sewers, *Analysis,
Overflow, Costs.
Identifiers: *Polymers, *Additives, Sewer hydraulics.
Pilot-scale experiments are reported on the effect of adding polymers
to sewers in order to increase the rate of flow of the sewage and thus
reduce surcharging and/or overflow from sewers. The tests showed that
sewage flow could be increased by a factor of two or more by adding
45-200 ml of polymer per litre. The concentration required depended
on the additive used, the concentration of sewage, the flow increase
desired, and the temperature. Experiments showed that the additives
used did not have an adverse effect on sewage bacteria or fish and did
not encourage algal growths in receiving streams. They tended to
improve the rates of sedimentation and sludge dewatering in the sewage
works. Economic analyses showed that, for a given example, the cost
of eliminating overflow from a constriction by use of additives was less
than half the cost of installing an additional sewer. However, there
are certain limits to the use of additives as a long-term solution to
such problems.
136
INCREASING SEWAGE FLOW VELOCITY BY USING CHEMICAL ADDITIVES,
J L Overfield, J. K. Baxter, Dr. H. R. Crawford, and I. W. Santry
Paper presented at Water Pollution Control Fed—41st Annual Conference,
Sep 22-27, 1968.
Descriptors: *Sewers, *Flow rates, *Cost analysis, *Flow characteristics,
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*Additives.
Identifiers: *Sewer hydraulics, *Chemical additives.
It is possible today to increase the flow of sewage in an existing sewer
without increasing the fluid head. This increase can be made by the
addition of selective chemicals. The flow in an overflowing sewer may
be increased to the extent that sewage does not back up in the sewer
manhole and overflow into streams and house basements. By using these
chemicals, it is possible for a community to relieve sewer lines of
their periodic peak loads without resorting to expensive relief sewers.
Data measured during an extensive test program show that flow can be
increased approximately 2.5 times original flow. Measurements were
made on a test facility utilizing six-inch sewer pipe (plus auxiliary
equipment required to operate the test facility). Biochemical tests
were conducted on sewage, sewage bacteria, fish, and algae to determine
adverse effects of chemical additives to sewerage or receiving streams.
No significant adverse effects were found. A cost/effectiveness analysis
showed that, for a sample case, it cost less than one half as much to
use chemicals to relieve an overflowing sewer than to put in a relief line.
Development of improved flow characteristics was based upon work per-
formed by The Western Company, in improving its oil field servicing
activities.
137
HYDRAULIC DESIGN OF SELF-CLEANING SEWAGE TUNNELS,
Discussion by A. S. Paintal
Am Soc Civil Engrs, Vol 95, No SA6, pp 1182-1184, Dec 1969.
Descriptors: *Hydraulic design, Sewers, Bed loads.
Identifiers: *Sewer hydraulics, ^Capacity, *Sewage tunnels.
The author contends that: 1) the main concern in the design of sewage
tunnels is the transportation of incoming grit and sewage material;
2) the transporting capacity of water is important because of its
bearing upon the possible clogging of sewers; 3) the minimum traction
assumed in the design of sewer tunnels must be adequate to keep it
thoroughly flushed; and, 4) the application of existing bed load formu-
las to fixed bed channels is not desirable.
138
TURBULENT FRICTION IN ECCENTRIC ANNULAR-CONDUITS,
James M. Robertson
ASCE Combined Sewer Separation Project, Univ of Illinois, T and AM
Report No 310, Mar 1968. 13 fig, 3 tab, 48 ref. FWPCA Program No. 11020
EKO.
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Descriptors: *Flow around objects, *Head loss, ^Pressure conduits,
Data collections, Flow rates.
Identifiers: *Annular pipes, *Hangers, Eccentricity, Sewer-in-sewers.
Following a general review of the analytical and experimental information
on the friction loss encountered by fluids flowing in annular pipes, with
particular regard to the influence of eccentricity of the inner member,
experiments are described on an evaluation of the friction of water in a
steel annular pipe of diameter ratios 5.8 and 3.2 in the Reynolds number
range of ten to the fifth power to ten to the sixth power. It is found
that on a discharge basis, for the same head loss in a given length, with
the diameter ratio of 5.8 the flow capacity of the pipe line is decreased
12.7% in the concentric situation but only 4.5% with full eccentricity.
The latter decrease is not greatly different from the 3% reduction in
area due to the inserted smaller pipe. An analysis is included showing
that for the simple insert at full eccentricity the near-full-flow capac-
ity of a sewer is little affected. The effects of hangers such as might
be employed to support inserts in sewers is found to have an appreciable
effect on the flow capacity of a full-flowing sewer.
139
INFILTRATION IN SEWERS,
W. J. Robertson and A. W. Bird
Australian Civil Eng, Vol 10, No 4, pp 44-47, Apr 1969.
Descriptors: *Investigations, *Infiltration, Sewers.
Identifiers: *Australia.
Extensive investigations carried out by the Melbourne and the Metropolitan
Board of Works, where the problem of entry of extraneous water into the
sewerage system was studied, is discussed. Factors affecting wet weather
infiltration are enumerated.
140
EXPERIMENTAL ESTIMATION OF DETENTION IN STORM SEWER SYSTEM,
T. Sueishi and A. Katsuya
Trans Japan Soc Civ Engrs, Vol 151, pp 47-57, Mar 1968.
Descriptors: *Storm runoff, investigations, *Flow characteristics,
Rational formula, Floods.
Identifiers: *Storm sewers, *Capacity, Sewer hydraulics.
Results of an experimental study on storm runoff in an urban area showed
that the phenomena called as flow detention, retardation, storage and
flooding were hydraulically identical phenomena. These experiments were
made for sewer slopes of 1/200 and 1/1000. The control structures had
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negative effects on the capacity of dynamic storage except when flooding
in the lower area was concerned or when the drainage pump capacity was
designed to be depressed. Flooding does not always occur by increasing
the return period, because the maximum rate of runoff becomes a steady
state when calculated by the rational method.
141
PEAK FLOWS OF SEWAGE FROM INDIVIDUAL HOUSES,
Donald H. Waller
ASCE Combined Sewer Separation Project, Technical Memorandum No 9,
Jan 1, 1968. 117 p, 45 fig, 23 tab, 15 ref. FWPCA Program No 11020 EKO.
Descriptors: *Peak discharge, *Water demand (household), Data collections,
Plumbing.
Identifiers: *Sewage flow (household), Louisville, Kentucky,
Sampling stations, Capacity.
Sewage flows and water demands measured at two household observation
stations, as well as water and wastewater flows from individual fixtures
and appliances are used to estimate upper limits of pump and storage
capacities for a storage-grinder-pump unit for individual homes and to
examine the relationship between peak rates of sewage flow and corres-
ponding water demand rates. For individual fixtures, combination of
rate, duration?and frequency of discharge that will produce maximum
hydraulic loading conditions are selected. Single-fixture hydrographs
are combined to produce synthetic hydrographs of peak period sewage
discharge, from which combinations of storage and pump capacities are
derived. Peak sewage flows and simultaneous water demands for a fourteen
day period at one house are presented and analysed.
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Section 4
SEWER SYSTEMS
a. Combined
b. Sanitary
c. Storm
69
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4a. Combined
142
SEPARATE AND COMBINED SEWERS,
Water Wastes Eng, Vol 5, No 12, p22, Dec. 1968.
Descriptors: *Sewerage, Structural design, Systems analysis, Separation
techniques.
Identifiers: *Combined sewers, Sewer hydraulics.
This round table discussion describes the general picture of the storm
and sanitary sewerage systems, including the ranges and sizes of each
of the types of sewers, of the cities the participants represent. Each
participant also relates his city's problems in regard to the effect of
combined sewers on treatment plants and under conditions of storm flow.
Three of the cities have implemented separate sewers, while three others
have not undergone separation because of its high cost. Our city has
proposed a less costly plan of eliminating ground water seepage into
sewers, and the last city (the only one located in Canada) has not yet
estimated the cost of separation.
143
SEPARATE AND COMBINED SEWERS
Water Wastes Eng, Vol 5, No 7, p 26, Jul 1968.
Descriptors: *Sewers, ^Methodology, ^Separation techniques, Surveys,
Comparative costs.
Identifiers: *Combined sewers, Sewer-in-sewers.
Replies by six spokesmen from various regions of the United States are
given in relation to the following areas of questioning: 1) mile of
sewers in the areas investigated; 2) ranges of sizes of each of the sewer
types; 3) population serviced by the system; 4) effect of combined sewers
on treatment plant operations; 5) surcharging; and, 6) plans on sewer
separation and costs.
144
REPORT ON PRESSURE SEWERAGE SYSTEM, SUMMER STREET SEPARATION STUDY AREA,
BOSTON, MASSACHUSETTS,
Am Soc Civil Engrs, New York; and Camp, Dresser and McKee, Boston, Mass.
Combined Sewer Separation Project, Report, Sept 1968, FWPCA Program
No 11020 EKO.
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Descriptors: *Cost analysis, *Design, Pressure conduits.
Identifiers: *Building plumbing separation, *Sewer separation,
Boston, Massachusetts, Gravity sewer, Sewage flow variations.
The report studies the design, estimated costs, and evaluates the feasibili-
ty of the hypothetical application of the ASCE Project Scheme of pressure
sewers for separation in representative combined sewer areas from lay-
outs by the Project staff. The Boston study researched the 53-acre
gently sloping, heterogeneous commercial Summer Street Separation Study
Area. The report describes the separation of building plumbing in de-
tail in a typical three-quarter century old five story and basement
commercial building 65-ft. by 145-ft. in plan, and estimates the cost
of plumbing separation. Four alternative pressure sewer collection
systems are indicated with plans and hydraulic profiles. Some systems
included in-line main pumping stations. The least expensive complete
pressure system, which did not include a main pumping station, is
estimated to cost $4,700,000. Both costs include costs of building
plumbing separation, $4,000,000 for the pressure system including com-
munitors, wet walls and non-clog pumps, and 2,000,000 for the gravity
systems.
145
COMBINED SEWER SEPARATION PROJECT, REPORT ON MILWAUKEE STUDY AREA,
Am Soc Civil Engrs, New York; Greeley and Hansen, Chicago, 111.
ASCE Combined Sewer Separation Project Report, Dec 1968, FWPCA
Program No 11010 EKO.
Descriptors: *Annual costs, *Cost analysis, Design, Pressure conduits.
Identifiers: Building plumbing separation, *Sewer separation, Gravity
sewer, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Sewage flow variations, Storage-grinder
pump.
The report covers the design, estimate costs and evaluate the feasibili-
ty of the hypothetical application of the ASCE Project scheme of pressure
sewers for separation in representative combined sewer areas from lay-
outs by the Project staff. The Milwaukee study researched the 157-acre
mainly dense residential, moderately sloping Prospect Avenue Study Area.
The report describes methods of building plumbing separation and indi-
cates two alternative arrangements of pressure sewers with plans and a
profile. Estimates of construction cost of each are compared with that
of a conventional gravity system of separation designed by the consult-
ant. Plumbing separation, is estimated to cost $912,000 for the gravity
alternative and $971,000 for the pressure alternatives, not including
storage-grinder-pump units.
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146
COMBINED SEWER SEPARATION USING PRESSURE SEWERS,
Am Soc Civil Eng
Prepared for FWPCA, Program No 11020 EKO, Contract No 14-12-29, Oct 1969.
198 p.
Descriptors: *Separation techniques, *Sewers, *Pressure conduits,
*Design, ^Systems analysis, Storm runoff, Snowmelt.
Identifiers: ^Combined sewers, *Interceptor sewer, *Sewer-in-sewers,
*Sewer hydraulics.
The feasibility, selection of systems components, and the development
of a new method for separating community wastewaters and runoff from
rainfall and snowmelt in areas served by combined and intercepting
sewers are reported on the basis of information drawn from 25 projects'
reports and technical memoranda whose abstracts are appended in this
final compilation. The general concept involves pumping ground waste-
water from buildings through pressure tubing connected to street pressure
conduits discharging in turn into interceptors. The tubing and conduits
would be contained within existing combined sewers, thus allowing runoff
from rainfall and snowmelt to be removed from the community unencumbered
by wastewaters. Pressure conduits suspended inside combined sewers can
be entered by workmen, but generally this system will cost more than
new gravity systems,
147
SEPARATION OF COMBINED WASTEWATER AND STORM DRAINAGE SYSTEMS, SAN
FRANCISCO STUDY AREA,
Brown and Caldwell,
ASCE Combined Sewer Separation Project Report, FWPCA Program No 11020
EKO.
Descriptors: *Cost analysis, *Design, Pressure conduits.
Identifiers: *Building plumbing separation, *Sewer separation, Gravity
sewer, Plumbing code, San Francisco, Calif., Storage-grinder pump.
The report studies the design, estimated costs, and evaluates the
feasibility of the hypothetical application of the ASCE Project Scheme
of pressure sewers for separation in representative combined sewer areas
from layouts by the Project staff. The San Francisco study researched
the 323 acre predominantly residential, steeply sloping, Launa Street
Sewer Service District. The report describes methods of building plumb-
ing separation and indicates two alternative arrangements of pressure
sewers, with plans and profiles. Estimates of construction cost of each
are compared with that of a conventional gravity system of separation
designed earlier by the City. Plumbing separation, is estimated to
cost about $5,400,000 for the gravity method and about $4,400,000 for
the pressure method not including storage-grinder-pump units.
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148
FINAL REPORT TO THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF CIVIL ENGINEERS ON TASK 7 AND
TASK 9 OF THE COMBINED SEWER SEPARATION PROJECT,
Robert N. Bowen and John G. Havens
National Sanitation Foundation, ASCE Combined Sewer Separation Project,
Dec 1967. 55 p, 18 fig, 4 tab, 14 ref. FWPCA Program No 11020 EKO.
Descriptors: Construction materials, *Materials testing, *0n-site
tests, *Pressure conduits, ^Specifications, Installation.
Identifiers: *Fittings, *Plowing method, *Sewer-in-sewers.
Assistance was provided in connection with special field trial instal-
lations of flexible tubing inserted in building sewers. Materials were
proposed for pushing or pulling through a building sewer and a method-
ology and necessary attachments and tools were recommended. Polyethylene
and polybuthylene tubing are recommended for use inside building sewers,
and copper tubing for use in open trenches. A saddle type of connection
is recommended for connecting pressure tubing to street pressure conduits.
Cast iron, PVC, asbestos cement, or ductile iron are recommended for
pressure conduits. Experience with the plowing of a pressure pipe is
reviewed. Reference is made to the standard practice for trench instal-
lations, street crossings, and thrust blocking. Two methods of clean-
ing hose pressure tubing are proposed. Six possible layouts of pres-
sure conduits are discussed in terms of operation and maintenance. All
six arrangements provide for routine rerouting of flow by exploiting a
dual conduit configuration.
149
WATER-POLLUTION ABATEMENT,
F.C. DiLuzio
Am City, Vol 82, No 12, p 21 and 29, Dec 1967.
Descriptors: *Sewers, Pollution abatement.
Identifiers: Holding tanks, Treatment processes, Combined sewers.
The FWPCA is searching for more effective and less expensive means
than physical sewer separation to solve combined-sewer problems. A
combination of holding tanks and treatment processes is one method
being tested; other alternatives are being examined.
150
COMBINED SYSTEM—SEPARATE SYSTEM,
W.V.D. Emde
Oesterr Wasserwirtsch (OSWAAI), Vol 19, No 7/8, pp 125-130, 1967.
Descriptors: investigations, *Sewers, *Sewerage, *Hydrograph analysis,
Design.
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Identifiers: ^Combined sewers, *Separate system.
In a paper presented at a seminar on canalization held at Raach, Austria,
in 1967, the author gave details of investigations into the efficiency
of sewerage systems, and outlined the advantages and disadvantages of
separate systems as compared with combined systems. Describing the de-
sign and construction of each system he emphasized that neither could
be regarded as the more efficient, and stressed the need for graphical
and hydrographical surveys when sewerage systems are planned and that
the final decision must depend on the purposes which the sewerage system
is to serve. For small communities, housing estates, and small hotels
the combined system can be of advantage, provided the discharge of rain-
fall and runoff is controlled and the quality of the receiving waters
is not affected. Where future plans require extensions of sewerage
systems, the separate system is more suitable, as long as operational
control and plant maintenance are carried out regularly.
151
STUDY OF APPROXIMATE LENGTHS AND SIZES OF COMBINED SEWERS IN MAJOR
METROPOLITAN CENTERS,
Dasel E. Hallmark and John G. Hendrickson
ASCE Combined Sewer Separation Project, Technical Memorandum No 4,
May 1, 1967. 9 p, 2 tab, FWPCA Program No 11020 EKO.
Descriptors: *Sewers.
Identifiers: ^Combined sewers, *Sewer sizes, ^Combined sewer lengths,
Walk-through sewers.
A tabulation is given for give major cities of mileage and percentage
of combined sewers with heights: greater than 48 inches; equal to or
less than 48 inches; and equal to or less than 24 inches. An average
of 72 percent of the sewers are smaller than 24 inches. Heights of 54
inches and larger, classified as walk-through sewers, account for an
average of about 15 percent of the total combined sewer mileage.
152
STORM-WATER TANKS IN COMBINED SEWERAGE SYSTEMS,
D. Londong
Ber Abwassertech Ver (BABVAD), Vol 19, pp 195-210
1968. '
Descriptors: *Design, *Application methods, *Flow control.
Identifiers: *Storm tank, Combined sewers.
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The author discusses the important role of stonnwater tanks used to
prevent and retard the discharge of sudden and heavy rainfalls from
combined sewerage system to reveiving waters, and he gives details of
design calculations for these tanks and their application.
153
STORM-WATER TANKS IN COMBINED SEWERAGE SYSTEMS,
D. Londong
Staedtehyg (STDHAT), Vol 17, No 9, pp 199-206, 1966.
Descriptors: *Flow control, ^Analysis, *Pollution abatement, *Rainfall
disposition, Flow rates.
Identifiers: *Storm tank, Germany
Rainwater, discharged from combined or separate systems, can have severe
polluting effects on receiving waters especially in iddustrial areas.
Discussing the methods used for reducing such pollution, the author refers
to German specifications for three standard types of stormwater retarding,
tanks, designed to prevent the direct discharge of the first flush of
rainfall and to restrict the flow from being carried forward to receiving
waters or sewage works. Various methods of calculations for stormwater
retarding tanks in sewerage systems are reviewed and compared as to
their accuracy. Illustrated details are given of a revised method in
which different rates of flow at varying durations of rainfall can be
calculated using different parameters.
154
MALLING RDC REGIONAL DRAINAGE SCHEME,
D. Lowe
Surveyor, Vol 82, No 3971, pp 29-33, Jul 12, 1968. 5 fig, 1 tab.
Descriptors: *Sewage treatment, *Sewers, *Treatment facilities, *Sewage
disposal, *Design, *Construction.
Identifiers: *Combined sewers, *Great Britain, Trunk sewer.
Owing to restrictions on the choice of available sites, unusual design
and construction techniques were required to build a sewage treatment
works which forms part of the •£ 3 million Snodland-Ightham regional
drainage scheme in a rural district of Kent. The Snodland area was
mostly sewered on a partially combined system to a totally inadequate
sewage disposal works, and the Ditton area's disposal works was heavily
overloaded. The basis of the new sewerage system is a trunk sewer laid
from a new sewage disposal works. Into this main trunk system flow from
area villages will be brought by either pumping or gravity. Solutions
to each town's problems will be implemented through the use of inter-
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cepting sewers, pumping stations, pumping mains, etc. Aspects concern-
ing site selection for the new sewage works are discussed, and then the
design of the works is detailed. Construction problems and solutions to
these problems are explained in regard to both the regional sewerage
scheme and the sewage disposal works.
155
WASTEWATER SYSTEM FOR THE METROPOLITAN CORPORATION OF GREATER WINNIPEG,
A. Penman
J. Water Pollution Control Fed, Vol 39, No 3, pp 373-383, Mar 1967.
Descriptors: *River regulation, *Sewerage, Future planning (projected),
Recreation, Urbanization.
Identifiers: ^Separate system, *Investigations.
The Metropolitan Corporation recognized its duties in restoring the
rivers to the requirements of the urban area so that the citizens could
use these rivers for recreational purposes. This necessitated the ex-
pansion of the existing facilities and the addition of new facilities.
Sewer rentals and industrial wastes were two major areas investigated.
A separate sewer system was looked into by both city and consulting
engineers. It was decided that the $200 million plus cost of intercept-
ing the old combined system was not feasible; however, future develop-
ment of areas along the Red and Assiniboine Rivers will be based on
separate sewer systems.
156
STORM AND COMBINED SEWER DEMONSTRATION PROJECTS, JANUARY 1970,
William A. Rosenkranz
Federal Water Pollution Control Administration Research Series Report
DAST-36, Jan 1970. 121 p, 3 fig, 1 tab, 24 ref.
Descriptors: ^Urbanization, *Storm drains, Sewage treatment, Overflow,
Sewage disposal, Cities, Research and development, Grants, Federal
Government, Water pollution control.
Identifiers: *Combined sewers.
Studies sponsored by FWPCA of combined storm and sanitary sewers, and
treatment of combined wastes are listed. Abstracts of completed reports
are presented, and active projects are described in information sheets.
Subjects needing more research are also listed and described. Equip-
ment, data methods, and criteria for urban drainage projects are out-
lined.
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157
ASSESSMENT OF COMBINED SEWER PROBLEMS,
Richard H. Sullivan
In: Combined Sewer Overflow Abatement Technology. Water Pollution
Control Research Series, Report 11024—06/70, pp 107-121, Jun 1970.
8 fig.
Descriptors: *Storm runoff, *0verflow, *Storm drains, ^Surveys.
Identifiers: ^Combined sewers.
This article is a final report on an inventory of combined sewer facili-
ties in the United States. 641 jurisdictions, or 46% of the communities
with 94% of the population and 84% of the area served by combined sewers,
were interviewed directly. The results of the survey indicated that
36,236,000 people, living on 3,029,000 acres were served by combined
sewers. This total indicates that approximately 29% of the nations total
sewered population is served by combined sewers. The types of problems
incurred, regulator devices, and infiltration control are discussed.
158
PROBLEMS OF COMBINED SEWER FACILITIES AND OVERFLOWS,
R. H. Sullivan
J Water Pollution Control Fed, Vol 41, No 1, pp 113-121, Jan 1969.
Descriptors: ^Surveys, ^Effects.
Identifiers: ^Combined sewers.
The author summarizes and discusses some of the principal points found
during a survey, carried out by the Federal Water Pollution Control
Administration, on the problems caused by combined sewers.
159
OPERATION OF SEWERAGE WORKS FOR BUDAPEST,
M. Szilagyi
Paper presented at a conference on the Construction of Complex Supply
Installations at Budapest, 1968, Theme No 4.4.
Descriptors: ^Sewerage, *Sewers, *Surveys.
Identifiers: *Hungary.
The built-up area of Budapest covers 23,700 ha, of which 9400 ha are
connected to the sewerage system. In 1966 the length of the sewer net-
work has about 2000 km. There were 32 sewage works and pumping sta-
tions, and the' quantity of sewage and rainwater discharge amounted to
over 300 million m3. The annual volume of sludge removed from the sewer
amounted to 60,000 m3.
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160
PRESSURE TUBING FIELD INVESTIGATION,
L. Scott Tucker
ASCE Combined Sewer Separation Project, Technical Memorandum No 5,
Aug 15, 1967. 29 p, 19 fig, 2 tab, 1 ref. FWPCA Program No 11020 EKO.
Descriptors: *0n-site tests, Conduits, Cost analysis, Trenches,
Pressure conduits.
Identifiers: *Sewer-in-sewers, Copper tubing, Plastic tubing,
Washington, D.C.
Three methods of installing pressure tubing from houses or small build-
ings, and of connecting the tubing with street pressure conduits, are
described and discussed. One would be the installation and connection
of pressure tubing and conduit in trenches by traditional water distri-
bution methods. Field trials were conducted to indicate the feasibili-
ty of inserting tubing in building sewers. Tubing was pushed through
an 86-foot long 4- 5-inch diameter building lateral, which included
three 45 degree bends, from a specially dug pit at the upstream end in-
to a 4-foot diameter combined sewer. The forward end of the tubing was
guided by a special leader device. Three fourths-, 1-, and 1 1/2-inch
polyethylene tubing could be pushed. Polybutylene and copper tubes
could not be pushed because they buckled or crimped. A Kellums grip
and swivel on the end of a rope were used to pull tubing from the com-
bined sewer to the upstream pit. Three fourths-, 1-, and 1 %-inch
polyethylene and 3/4- and 1-inch polybutylene could be pulled. Three
fourths-inch copper tubing could not be pulled because of its stiff-
ness. The third method, tested in the field, combined the insertion of
tubing with a street main in the trench. Cost estimates were made for
the latter two methods.
161
COMBINED SEWERS MAY BE AN ADVANTAGE,
Frank I. Vilen
Am City, Vol 85, No 1, pp 68-70, Jan 1970.
Descriptors: *Sewers, ^Design, Storm runoff, Biological treatment,
Separation techniques.
Identifiers: *Kenosha, Wisconsin, ^Combined sewers, Sludge treatment
plants.
An alternative to separation, which utilizes combined sewers in conjunc-
tion with activated sludge treatment plants, is being put into operation
in Kenosha, Wisconsin through a FWPCA grant. The plant employs the bio-
logical-adsorption process and can treat up to 20 mgd of combined sewage.
Details of how the system works are included as well as a flow sheet dia-
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gram of the plant. The plant will save the city at least $6 million over
sewer separation and during dry weather portions of the system can sup-
plement normal plant operations. The plant will treat flow from only
70-80% of the storms, but because of the "first flush" action of storm
runoff, the greatest bulk of BOD and suspended solids will be captured.
Parameters to be measured and evaluated to determine the efficiency of
the system are listed.
162
COMBINED SEWERS IN CANADA,
D. H. Waller
Eng J, Vol 52, No 6, pp 22-30, Jun 1969.
Paper presented at the Annual General Meeting of the Engineering Insti-
tute of Canada, May 29-31, 1968.
Descriptors: *Sewers, ^Surveys, Overflow, Separation techniques.
Identifiers: *Combined sewers, *Canada.
The author presents a survey of combined sewers in Canada similar to the
one he undertook in 1967 on the same subject in the United States. Even
when combined sewers are large enough to carry peak storm flows in addi-
tion to domestic sewage, they do not provide the higher velocities in
dry weather that are needed to prevent solid deposition. Thus, up to
1/3 the annual production of solids and BOD may be overflowed during
storms and held back from treatment. Problems such as these necessi-
tated this study which provides information in four main areas: 1) the
extent and distribution of Canada's combined sewers; 2) the prevailing
attitudes and policies in regard to combined sewers; 3) factors influ-
encing these attitudes and policies; and 4) descriptions of methods pro-
posed and adopted to diminish overflows from combined sewers. A majori-
ty of the population surveyed considered combined sewer overflows to be
a nuisance. Separation is too expensive to warrant institution in most
communities. Some combined systems have not yet developed to the point
where they include overflow, and in some areas the pollution from this
source is not considered to be a problem. More information is needed
regarding less-costly alternatives to separation. Separation should be
implemented without delay for flood relief, when combined sewers are re-
placed and in new construction, or in plumbing for new buildings. These
programs are not overly expensive, and they leave open the option of in-
stituting alternatives which future technology may uncover.
163
AVONMOUTH INDUSTRIAL ESTATE—UNUSUAL DRAINAGE SCHEME,
K. J. West
J Inst Munic Engrs, Vol 95, No 12, pp 363-367, Dec 1968.
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Descriptors: ^Drainage systems, *City planning, Urbanization, Sewerage,
Separation techniques.
Identifiers: *Great Britain, ^Combined sewers.
Systems of drainage considered for the City of Bristol, England include:
a separate system with stormwater draining to rhines; a separate system
with storrawater draining through pipes to existing outfall culverts;
and, combined systems. The combined sewerage system was adopted for a
major part of the estate.
4b. Sanitary
164
STOKE SEWER RENEWED AFTER CRUDE SEWAGE OVERFLOW,
Surveyor, Vol 85, No 4049, pp 38-39, Jan 16, 1970. 1 fig.
Descriptors: *Sewerage, *Sewers, ^Treatment facilities, ^Control struc-
tures, Control systems, Contracts, Construction.
Identifiers: *Great Britain.
A sewerage reconstruction program in the Burslem area of Stoke-on-Trent
involves a four-stage renewal of the sewer system and reconstruction of
the water pollution control works. Old sewers were in poor structural
and hydraulic condition, and several sections of the main outfall sewer
upstream of the treatment works collapsed causing crude sewage to over-
flow and form a large lake of sewage. Two contracts provided a sanitary
sewer from the works plus a surface water culvert connecting with a feed-
er to the River Trent. A third contract provided a separate storm and
sanitary system connecting the old sewer network with the sewer and
culvert constructed previously. Other structures built under the con-
tract are described.
165
OUTLINE DESCRIPTION OF ASCE PROJECT ON 'SEPARATION OF SANITARY SEWAGE
FROM COMBINED SYSTEMS OF SEWERAGE',
Am Soc Civil Engrs, New York.
ASCE Combined Sewer Separation Project, Technical Memorandum No 1,
Feb 21, 1966, FWPCA Program No 11020 EKO.
Descriptors: ^Pressure conduits, Separation techniques.
Identifiers: ^Combined sewers, ^Sanitary sewage, Comminuted sewage.
Descriptions of the project separation scheme, project goal and project
background are given. The general concept of the ASCE Project scheme is
to pump comminuted sanitary sewage from individual buildings and building
complexes through relatively small pressure tubing laid in existing build-
ing connections and thence into new pressure conduits suspended in exist-
ing street sewers. Potential advantages of the scheme are discussed.
The project wishes to develop feasible designs and operations and to
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test them in actual systems. The immediate objective is to examine and
evaluate both the feasibility and probable cost. The background of
the project is reviewed. An appendix summarizes the need for separation
of combined sewerage systems and the national scope of the problem.
166
MASSIVE SEWER INFILTRATION,
Thomas E. Llewellyn
Am City, Vol 83, No 10, pp 90-91, Oct 1968.
Descriptors: ^Maintenance, ^Repairing, Infiltration.
The North Tahoe Public Utility District instituted a massive sewer
repair program after it discovered that sewage flows were highly
excessive. Snow Creek and Lake Tahoe were becoming polluted, 200
manholes were leaking and permitting entrance of surface and ground
water, and many lateral sewers were causing infiltration. Smoke
bombs employed to pinpoint offenders disclosed storm inlets connected
to sanitary sewers. Methods used to correct violations and sewer
defects are described.
167
DOMESTIC SEWAGE FLOW CRITERIA FOR EVALUATION OF PROJECT SCHEME TO ACTUAL
COMBINED SEWER DRAINAGE AREAS,
Murray B. McPherson
Combined Sewer Separation Project, Technical Memorandum No 8, Nov 17,
1967. 19 p, 2 fig, 3 tab, 9 ref. FWPCA Program No 11020 EKO.
Descriptors: ^Design criteria, *Water demand (household), Data collec-
tions .
Identifiers: *Domestic water use, *Peak demands, Demand variations,
Sewage flow.
Residential sewage flow criteria are developed for use in design of
pressurized sanitary sewers for hypothetical applications of the ASCE
Project scheme. In a typical combined sewer area, data on domestic water
demands is the most that can be expected to be available. On the basis
of a study of winter water demand data it is concluded that projection
of such observed demands for a service area to the end of the design
period is the preferred basis of design. Data for California and the
northeastern United States are presented separately. For each region,
design curves represent the variation, as a function of the number of
dwelling units served, of flow for the minimum 24 hours, for the peak
hour of the minimum day, and for the maximum peak hour of any day,
expressed as ratios to the annual average rate.
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168
MINIMUM TRANSPORT VELOCITY FOR PRESSURIZED SANITARY SEWERS,
Murray B. McPherson, L. Scott Tucker, and M. Floyd Hobbs
Combined Sewer Separation Project, Technical Memorandum No 7, Nov 16,
1967. 23 p, 4 fig, 2 tab, 8 ref. FWPCA Program No 11020 EKO.
Descriptors: ^Deposition (sewage sediments), *Pressure conduits, *Scour,
Data collections, Design criteria, Regression analysis, On-site tests.
Identifiers: *Sand concentration, *Sewage analysis, ^Transport velocity,
Comminution, Grinding, Sanitary sewage.
Raw sewage, with and without particle-size reduction by comminution,
was pumped through 2-in. to 8-in. clear plastic pipe. Extensive
observation indicated rather conclusively that the material last to be
scoured and first to be deposited was predominantly sand. For all
tests, the sewage was salted with ground egg shells but these were al-
ways moved at lower mean flow velocities than the sand, which was in
low concentrations, viz., 8 to 78 ppm. No discernable difference was
noted in the minimum transport velocities for comminuted and un-
comminuted sewage, and the difference between minimum scouring veloc-
ities and maximum depositing velocities was small. Test results were
blended with those from sand transport experiments elsewhere for general
representation. Exploratory open channel tests were made with the
8-in. pipe for a firmer correlation with sand tests. Results are pre-
sented in terms of dimensionless parameters. Limited tests were made
on 8-in. spiral corrugated pipe.
4c. Storm
169
RACE TO PLUG BURST MAIN BEFORE RAINS CAME,
Eng Contract Record, Vol 82, No 12, pp 44-45, Dec 1969.
Descriptors: *Damages, ^Remedies, ^Repairing, Estimated costs.
Identifiers: *Storm sewers.
Tue article describes how a municipal storm sewer section, solidly
plugged with a mixture of mud and water, ruptured and was repaired.
Three steps were taken to correct the damage: 1) temporary lines were
laid along the surface and the mains were pumped through these surface
lines; 2) drop manholes were constructed at two sides of the threatened
area; and, 3) three pumps were used to by-pass the plugged section of
the line. The emergency measures for the public are related, and the
theoretical causes for the break are included. The cost of repair for
this unexplained occurrence is given.
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170
DROP INLET REPAIRS STORM DAMAGE TO SEWER SYSTEM,
Eng Contract Record, Vol 82, No 2, p 26, Feb 1969.
Descriptors: *Damages, *Repairing, *Intakes, Construction materials,
*Sewers, Construction equipment.
Identifiers: *Storm sewers, *Medary, Wisconsin.
In Medary, Wisconsin, a storm sewer, washed out by heavy rainfall, was
repaired in twelve days. The Wisconsin Culvert Co. recommended that
the now exposed area, which had previously held a 750 foot-long piece
of a 72 inch diameter storm sewer pipe, be contained by fabricating a
96 inch diameter drop inlet constructed of 8-gage corrugated galvinized
steel, closely riveted and caulked. The drop inlet would connect to
the existing 72 inch line by means of a watertight 84 inch diameter,
8-gage galvinized steel pipe, close riveted and caulked, outlet connected
at the base of the drop inlet would run 400 feet along the gouged ditch
line. The method was approved and immediate fabrication of sections of
the drop inlet began followed by trucking of these sections to the site
and their installation.
171
WISCONSIN SANITARY SEWER WON BY 2.3%,
Eng News-Record, Vol 182, No 14, p 43, Apr 3, 1969. 1 tab.
Descriptors: *Costs, *Bids, Construction materials, Drainage systems.
Identifiers: *Storm sewers, West Allis, Wisconsin.
Unit prices and quantities of materials proposed for a 3-branch storm
sewer contract in West Allis, Wisconsin are tabulated and discussed for
the two lowest bidders for each branch. Branch A includes three rein-
forced concrete storm tunnels and a corrugated metal culvert arch.
Branch B and C will relieve severe flooding conditions in this area of
Wisconsin.
172
CHICAGO SEWER DRAIN PROJECT,
Eng News-Record, Vol 182, No 10, p 41, Mar 6, 1969. 1 tab.
Descriptors: *Contracts, Drainage systems, Flood control, Concrete
construction, Cost comparisons.
Identifiers: *Chicago, *Sewer relieving.
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Detailed statistics are given concerning bids for a contract to con-
struct sewer drains extending the sewer system in a section of Chicago,
Consolidated Construction Co. , Inc. won this contract, and it will
undertake the project to provide flood relief from a storm of five
frequency or less. Inadequate smaller sewers will be replaced, and
a number of trunk sewers and siphons will be relieved. The project
will be constructed in open cut, and reinforced concrete will be the
principal material used. Prices from the two lowest bidders are
tabulated for each of the items to be included in the project.
173
MICHIGAN SEWER AND ROAD JOB,
Eng News-Record, Vol 182, No 9, p 43, Feb 27, 1969. 1 tab.
Descriptors: *Bids, Construction materials, Concrete pipes, Backfill.
Identifiers: *Port Huron, Michigan, *Storm sewers.
Unit prices and quantities of materials proposed for a Port Huron,
Michigan paving, storm sewer, and water main contract are tabulated
and described for the two lowest bidders. Reinforced concrete will be
used for storm sewer piping. The contractor will excavate and backfill
over existing sewers because of the formerly poor backfill.
174
STORM SEWER CHANNEL IN NEBRASKA,
Eng News-Record, Vol 181, No 2, p 69, Jul 11, 1968. 1 tab.
Descriptors: Construction costs, *Bids, Concrete pipes.
Identifiers: *0maha, Nebraska, *Storm sewers.
Bids for constructing a channel section of a storm sewer in Omaha are
compared, and prices for quantities of materials are tabulated for the
two lowest bidders. A long riprapped, flat-bottom ditch will be filled
with reinforced concrete piping. The proposed length of the channel
was shortened due to difficulties in obtaining easements. The project
will improve alignment and flow capacity to prevent property damage by
erosion.
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175
ADDITIONAL INFOEMATION-FAILURE OF STORM SEWER SYSTEM,
Water Sewage Works, Vol 117, No 6, p 191, Jun 1970.
Descriptors: *Sewers, *Decision making, Overflow.
Identifiers: *Storm sewers, *Medary, Wisconsin.
A description of the storm sewer system situation in Medary, Wisconsin
prior to the overflow in June 1968 is given. The article states that
the failure of the sewer line in Medary was not due to the design of
the storm sewer system, the installation of the pipe, or the type of
pipe used. Two reasons are given as to the cause of the overflow:
modifications to the storm sewer without informing the consultant
engineer; and, lack of knowledge or consideration of hydraulic
principles.
176
RX FOR . . .,
Water Sewage Works, Vol 116, No 12, pp 464-465, Dec 1969.
Descriptors: ^Construction materials, *Sewers, Storm runoff, Steel.
Identifiers: *Storm sewers, *Medary, Wisconsin.
Failure of a concrete storm sewer system in Medary, Wisconsin during'a
heavy rainfall resulted in property damage and threatened disaster for
two major arterial highways. With weather forecasts predicting more
storms, officials ordered the construction and installation of a large
corrugated, galvanized steel storm sewer. Dimensions and details are
given of the system which was installed and operating in 12 days—an
unlikely feat to perform using other conduit materials.
177
SUBURB MEETS URBANIZATION HEAD-ON,
Water Wastes Eng, Vol 4, No 11, pp 47-49, Nov 1967.
Descriptors: *Sewerage, *Design, Costs, Michigan.
Identifiers: *Storm sewers, Expenditures.
The city of East Lansing, Meridian Township Board, and Michigan State
University jointly agreed to provide a municipal sewer system for the
fast-growing college and recreational area in Ingham County, Michigan.
The original septic tanks were connected to storm sewer systems which
led to a newly constructed sewage treatment plant. Financial problems
and an itemized list of expenses are discussed.
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178
SEWERAGE,
British Standards Inst, The Council for Codes of Practice
British Standard Code of Practice CP2005, 1968.
Descriptors: *Design, ^Construction, *Sewers, Legislation.
Identifiers: Storm overflows, Tidal outlets, Trade effluents,
Great Britain.
The Civil Engineering Code of Practice (No. 5, 1950), entitled
DRAINAGE has been completely revised to incorporate new methods for
the design and construction of sewers and auxiliary works. Recommen-
dations are made regarding materials and components, basic data require-
ments, general design and construction of sewers, discharge of trade
effluents, manholes, storm overflows, siphons, pumping stations and
mains, and tidal outfalls. The relevant legislation is indicated, and
methods for calculating rates of runoff are appended.
179
MODEL STUDIES OF STORM SEWER DROP SHAFTS,
Sigurd H. Anderson
St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory, Minneapolis, Technical Paper
No 35, Series B, pp 1-61, Dec 1961.
Descriptors: ^Hydraulic structures, laboratories, *Model studies.
Identifiers: *Drop shafts, *Storm sewers.
The Department of Public Works of the City of St. Paul, Minnesota,
presently engaged in a program of enlarging their storm sewer system,
is developing a drop-shaft design which will reduce the possibility
of impact damage to the structure and also insure stable flow con-
ditions in the underground interceptors. It was found that past de-
signs required frequent inspection and maintenance at the base of the
shaft to prevent failure of the structure. An experimental study led
to the development of an impact-cup type of drop structure which could
be effectively used to convey storm runoff waters from the surface to
subterranean collecting systems with a minimum of air entrainment and
a reduction in possible damage at the base of the drop. Pictures and
measured sketches of the designs are included.
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180
STORM DRAINAGE PRACTICES OF THIRTY-TWO CITIES,
Colby V. Ardis, Kenneth J. Dueker, and Arno T. Lenz.
J Hydraul Div, Am Soc Civil Engr, Vol 95, No HY1, pp 383-408,
Jan 1969. 26 p, 13 fig, 12 tab, 12 ref, append.
Descriptors: *Drainage, *Storm drains, *Drainage water, *Waste
water disposal, *Waste water treatment, Wisconsin, Urbanization,
Runoff, Storm runoff, Cost analysis, Drainage systems, Water pollution
control, Design, Rational formula.
Identifiers: Urban hydrology, Municipal engineering, Storm sewers.
Wisconsin cities with populations of 7,500 to over 60,000 are developing
comprehensive plans with all storm sewer designs done by registered pro-
fessional engineers. Storms with 5 to 10 yr frequency are used in design.
Two-foot inlest depressed one in., 12-in. minimum pipe size, and pipe
velocities of 2 to 15 fps are common. Urban drainage designers who
provided current practice, policy, procedure and cost information for
a typical 15-acre, 6-block area indicated wide diversity in results when
using the Rational Method to compute flows. Only 6 of 23 cities which
contributed sample designs used variable intensities correctly in the
Rational Method. Errors in the use of the runoff coefficient C were
common. Total project costs varied from $8,000 to $65,000 for this
sample area. The need for narrower guide lines for design is suggested.
181
PLANNING STANDARDS FOR STORM DRAINAGE,
Myron D. Calkins
Urban Planning Devel Div, Am Soc Civil Engrs, Vol 96, No UP1, pp 53-58,
Mar 1970.
Descriptors: *Storm runoff, *Storm drains, Design, Standards.
Identifiers: *Storm sewers, Design criteria.
The construction of facilities for the control and containment of storm
water runoff is advocated. Some historical background concerning the
organization of interested engineers is given. Two publications were
issued in 1966 containing: 1) the standard design criteria for storm
sewers and appurtenances; and, 2) storm sewer construction specifications.
The former document proved to be more valuable and is outlined.
182
UNDERWATER INSPECTION—SEEING IS REVEALING,
Tom Davey
Water Pollution Control, Vol 107, No 11, pp 16-17 and 31, Nov 1969.
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Descriptors: ^Outlets, *Storm runoff, Sewage effluents.
Identifiers: *Storm sewers, Toronto.
On one underwater diving job, two consulting engineers inspected storm
water outfalls near the lakeshore in Toronto. They were lowered into
manholes, and inside they found accumulations of silt and domestic and
industrial sewage debris even though these were storm sewers. As a
result of these obstructions, storm flow had become more restricted
over the years.
183
URBAN RENEWAL IN WHITE PLAINS, NEW YORK,
J. Michael Divney
Civil Eng, Vol 39, No 9, pp 69-72, Sep 1969.
Descriptors: *Urban renewal, Storm drains.
Identifiers: *White Plains, New York.
In an urban renewal program in White Plains, N. Y. , a scatter housing
plan was developed. A scheme employing pairs of one-way streets and
at-grade intersections was used. The Davis Brook storm drain (84 in.
diameter, 3000 ft. long) will divert the route of the David Brook
culvert from the center of the project to the Bronx River, along the
southern boundary of the project. The pipes were jacked under the
commuter rail line, and gravel was pumped into the voids, thus stop-
ping the track settlement.
184
POLLUTION ABATEMENT THROUGH SEWER SYSTEM CONTROL,
W. T. Eiffert and P. J. Fleming
J Water Pollution Control Fed, Vol 41, No 2, pp 285-291, Feb 1969.
Descriptors: *Waste water treatment, *Pollution abatement, Sewers,
Sewerage.
Identifiers: *Storm sewer pollution, *Dayton, Ohio
Concurrent with a major wastewater treatment plant expansion program
in Dayton, Ohio, for effluent release into the Great Miami River, a
four point program has been initiated to eliminate pollution from storm
sewers. Although Dayton has a separate sewer system, untreated industrial
plant wastes and municipal by-passes must be eliminated to insure the 90
to 95 percent pollution reduction required by water quality standards.
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185
SOME ASPECTS OF DEEP SEWER MAINTENANCE,
L. Goodhew
Water Pollution Control, Vol 68, No 2, pp 217-221, Mar 1969.
Des criptors: *Sewers, Weirs.
Identifiers: *S"torm sewage, *Deep sewers.
The design and construction of deep sewers which are described are drawn
from the Rochester, Chatham and Gillingham Joint Sewerage Board. It is
advised to restrict the admission of storm sewage and to install storm
overflow weirs only on the branch sewers. The maintenance of deep sewers
as well as safety precautions, and cleaning and inspection methods are
explained. For the first flush of storm sewage into the trunk sewer, a
long and narrow chamber, with an overflow weir at the upstream end and
an outlet into the trunk sewer from its downstream end, is constructed
at a point where a branch sewer enters a trunk sewer.
186
ORGANIZING AND PLANNING FOR SEWER MAINTENANCE,
Glen J. Hopkins and Don Hurlbert
J Water Pollution Control Fed, Vol 39, No 2, pp 230-239, Feb 1967.
Descriptors: *Maintenance, *Repairing, Sewerage, Gate control.
Identifiers: Storm sewer valves, Sewer separation, Kansas City,
Missouri.
The sewer maintenance program devised by the Maintenance Division of the
Department of Pollution Control, Kansas City, Mo., is geared toward public
service in the quick repair of damaged sewers, whatever the cause. This
program also deals with sewer and catch basin cleaning, sewer malfunctions
and connections, and preventive maintenance. The sewer system includes
a number of gate and sluice gate valves on storm sewers that must be
closed in times of flooding. In the case of overloaded sewers, if storm-
water lines are found to be connected to sanitary sewers, the Maintenance
Division requests that the two lines be disconnected.
187
STORM DRAINAGE PRACTICES OF THIRTY-TWO CITIES,
Discussions by Richard A. Rogers, and Kenneth R. Wright and Elmer L.
Claycomb
J Hydraulics Div, Am Soc Civil Engrs, Vol 95, No 6, pp 2195-2196,
Nov 1969.
Descriptors: *Design criteria, *Storm drains, Rational formula.
Identifiers: *Urban Storm Drainage Criteria Manual.
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Wright and Claycomb state that the Denver Regional Council of Govern-
ments (DRCOG) commissioned the preparation of an Urban Storm Drainage
Criteria Manual in 1967. The related findings indicate that the
Rational formula is often misused. They also mention that extensive
research has been conducted on the subject of practical storm sewer
design by the University of Missouri.
188
RATIONAL "RATIONAL" METHOD OF STORM DRAINAGE DESIGN,
R. A. Rogers
J Irrigation Drainage Div, Am Soc Civil Engrs, Vol 94, No IR4,
pp 465-480, 1968.
Descriptors: *Storm drains, *Drainage systems, *Design, *Rational
formula, *Non-uniform flow, ^Computer programs, Runoff Pipes.
Identifiers: *Submerged systems.
The method of a storm drainage system design is presented which utilizes
the Rational Formula with a modification to allow for nonuniform runoff.
The system is designed for critical periods when flow in a system or
parts of a system is maximum as determined from a hydrograph of the run-
off. This method is particularly suited for the design of submerged
systems, and therefore, it was computerized. The results of a sample
problem show larger pipe sizes than would be found when using the con-
ventional method which adds times of flow in lines to concentration
time at some arbitrary starting point.
189
DUNFERMLINE PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE,
William G. Stephenson
J Inst Munic Engrs, Vol 96, pp 53-60, Feb 1969.
Descriptors: *City planning, Drainage programs.
Identifiers: *Dunfermline, Scotland, *Storm sewers, Combined sewers.
The highways, drainage works, water supply, and lighting of Dunfermline
are discussed. The overloading of combined sewers since the last war
has necessitated extension of storm relief sewers. Two projects will
begin to ameliorate the situation. Menawhile, all new drainage projects
have been laid on the separation system.
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190
MULTI-MEANS EFFORT FOR URBAN FLOOD CONTROL,
Kenneth R. Wright
Paper presented at International Conference on Floods: Their Protection
and Defense of the Soil, held by the academia Nazionale Dei Lincei,
Rome, Italy, Nov 1969.
Descriptors: *Flood control, *Planning, *Drainage systems, *Drainage
engineering, Storm drains, Storm runoff, Drainage programs, Hydraulic
structures, Water policy.
Urban drainage is usually very localized, although it is believed that
damages due to urban drainage problems are equal to report flood losses.
An effective way to deal with this problem is by a multiple means effort
based on a basic urban drainage policy. Such a policy should be formu-
lated in lieu of various inputs, principles of urban drainage, hydrology
and hydraulics of small urban basins, and accurate knowledge of urban
drainage law. Urban drainage policy must also recognize that urban
drainage is directly related to the total urban system. The planning
process is based on the concept of two urban drainage systems. The
initial drainage system, typically storm sewers, is designed to handle
storm runoff expected to occur once every 2-10 years. The major drainage
system is the area which must accomodate the 100-year runoff and includes
both natural and artificial elements. Other specific aspects of urban
drainage planning discussed are functions of storm sewers and streets,
hydraulic structures, inlets and culverts, storage and floodproofing.
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Section 5
STORMWATER - QUALITY, QUANTITY, AND POLLUTION
a. Caused from combined overflows
b. Caused from storm runoff
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5a. Caused from combined overflows
191
OHIO STORMS BURST TWO RESERVOIRS,
Eng News-Record, Vol 183, No 3, p 13, Jul 17, 1969.
Descriptors: *0hio, ^Damages, Storm runoff, Storm drains.
Identifiers: *Storm overflows, Storm sewage.
Severe storms in northern Ohio caused serious damage to 23 counties in
the state. In four sections of Bellevue, the heavy rains raised the
water table so high that sewage-filled water rose out from the limestone
channels of the underground storm drainage system. Residents spent days
pumping water off to ditches draining Lake Erie. The flooding also de-
stroyed much of Bellevue's $4.5-million sewage interceptor and treatment
plant in addition to damaging reservoirs, bridges, etc. in other Ohio
areas.
192
WATER FOR PEACE, VOLUME 3, WATER SUPPLY TECHNOLOGY,
Int Conf on Water for Peace, May 23-31, 1967.
Descriptors: *Water management (applied), ^Pipelines, Water quality,
Water conservation.
Identifiers: *Water quantity forecasting.
The third volume includes 97 papers dealing with water supply problems
associated with the management of groundwater resources. Water pipeline
design, materials, and construction are explained. Water quantity fore-
casting and water conservation techniques are examined. Water quality
considerations such as water pollution, and methods of water quality
maintenance are discussed.
193
WATER FOR PEACE, VOLUME 4, WATER SUPPLY TECHNOLOGY,
Int Conf on Water for Peace, May 23-31, 1967.
Descriptors: *Water pollution control, ^Standards, Filtration,
Water quality, Data storage and retrieval, Water resources
development.
Identifiers: ^Treatment processes.
The fourth volume includes 103 papers dealing with water pollution con-
trol and research work carried out to improve water analysis, filtration,
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and treatment techniques. Water quality standards, and methods and in-
strumentation for hydrologic data collection and retrieval are discussed
so they may be used for water development and water programs.
194
WATER FOR PEACE, VOLUME 8, PLANNING AND DEVELOPING WATER PROGRAMS,
Int Conf on Water for Peace, May 23-31, 1967.
Descriptors: *Waste water treatment, *Pollution abatement, ^Quality con-
trol, *Water utilization, *Cost analysis.
The eighth volume includes 78 papers dealing with the development of
water programs, in various countries, associated with water and waste-
water treatment, water pollution abatement, and water quality control.
Water utilization for multiple agricultural and industrial purposes,
and for electric power requirements are explored. Financing considera-
tions, involved in the planning, organization, management, and design of
public water supplies are studied.
195
WATER POLLUTION ASPECTS OF URBAN RUNOFF; The Causes and Remedies of
Water Pollution From Surface Drainage of Urban Areas,
Am Public Works Assoc
Prepared for FWPCA, Contract No WA 66-23, Jan 1969. 272 p.
Descriptors: *Water pollution, *Water pollution sources, *Storm runoff,
*Water pollution effects, Solid wastes, Data collections, Watersheds
(basins). Runoff, Pesticides.
Identifiers: *Environmental pollution, *Storm sewers, *Combined sewers,
*Urban drainage.
The environmental pollution factors and their potential pollutional ef-
fects resulting from the water-wastes interfacial contracts during pre-
cipitation and runoff have been analyzed based upon collected field data
and theoretical calculations. The surface urban environment factors
studied included, street refuse and litter, catch basins, environmentally
used chemicals, contributions from air pollution and its control, and
sewer solids deposition. It was found that street refuse could present
a significant pollution load. It is estimated that a pollution load -
measured in terms of BOD - of a) 1% of the total raw sewage or 5% of the
total secondary treatment effluent in terms of average daily load, and
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b) 160% of the raw sewage and 800% of the secondary effluent load, ex-
pressed in terms of the shock pollution load on the receiving body of
water results from the dust/dirt fraction of street litter. Summary-form
findings and recommendations, raw data collected, survey questionnaires,
and a comprehensive set of ordinances govering a wide sampling of possi-
ble sources of urban storm water pollution are compiled in this report.
196
WATER QUALITY CRITERIA: REPORT OF THE NATIONAL TECHNICAL ADVISORY COM-
MITTEE TO THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR,
U.S. Federal Water Pollution Control Admistration, 245p.
Descriptors: *Water quality control, *Standards.
Identifiers: *Water quality criteria.
To assist State and Federal agencies in establishing water quality stand-
ards, as required by the Water Quality Act of 1965, the first National
Technical Advisory Committee on Water Quality Criteria has collected
into this volume a basic foundation of water quality criteria with
individual sections on: recreation and aesthetic aspects; public water
supplies; fish, other aquatic life, and wildlife; agricultural uses;
and, industrial water supplies. Tabulated numerical data, appended re-
ferences for each section, and a subject index are included.
197
NEW ENGLAND INTERSTATE WATER POLLUTION CONTROL COMMISSION: NINETEENTH
AND TWENTIETH ANNUAL REPORTS ON INTERSTATE WATER POLUTION CONTROL, 1966
AND 1967,
Descriptors: ^Standards, *Water quality, *Classification, *Sewage
treatment, *Waste water treatment, *Planning, ^Operations, Legislation.
These reports outline the activities and accomplishments of the Commis-
sion, and the signatory states, in the improvement of water quality.
Tables are included showing the 1967 revision of the scheme used for
classification of water according to the intended uses and the corre-
sponding physico-chemical and bacteriological standards. Each state has
been classifying the interstate streams, and subsequent to approval of
the classification by the Commission, each state will undertake estab-
lishing a program for treatment of sewage and waste waters to meet the
appropriate standards. Progress in the planning and construction of
treatment plants is summarized for the individual states, and some indi-
vidual states, and some individual plants are described and illustrated.
Research has included studies on the legal aspects of water right and
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on the identification and solution of major operational problems at
sewage works. Attention has also been given to the training of opera-
tors for waste water treatment plants particularly in view of the re-
quirements of the 600 new plants which have been proposed for the near
future. Federal and state legislation is also summarized.
198
OHIO RIVER VALLEY WATER SANITATION COMMISSION: SEVENTEENTH, EIGHTEENTH,
NINETEENTH, AND TWENTIETH YEARBOOKS,
28 pp, 165; 44 pp, 1966; 40 PP, 1967; 44 pp, 1968.
Descriptors: *Water quality, ^Control structures, *0hio River, *Water
management (applied), Monitoring, Geological surveys, Hydroelectric
plants.
Identifiers: *Water quality criteria, Hydrological surveys.
Progress in cooperative work on the management of water quality in the
Ohio River valley is reviewed. The 18th yearbook contains the criteria
which have been recommended for water quality. Since the Water Quality
Act of 1965 required the establishment of water quality standards for
the individual states, a major problem is the reconciliation of standards,
especially where different standards are applied to the same stretch of
river bordering two states. Other projects include: expansion of the
system for monitoring water quality, appraising river conditions, and
forecasting impending changes some days in advance; development of auto-
mated forecasting procedures for management of water quality using a
mathematical model; geological and hydrological surveys to determine the
potentialities and limitations of deep wells for the disposal of diffi-
cult or toxic waste waters; assessment of changes in aquatic life; and,
investigations on the enrichment of oxygen in rivers by various methods
of operation at hydroelectric power facilities. Each yearbook includes
data on the individual water quality characteristics in the Ohio River
and its tributaries, and on the present status of municipal and indus-
trial pollution control facilities. The 20th yearbook also contains an
article by R. H. Leach, reviewing the accomplishments of the Commision
during the 20 years since its establishment.
199
SEWER MAINTENANCE IN A COLD CLIMATE,
F. E. Ayers
J Water Pollution Control Fed, Vol 41, No 3, pp 418-423, Mar 1969.
Descriptors: *Runoff, ^Hydrology, *Water pollution sources, Storms,
Infiltration.
Identifiers: *Sewer maintenance, *Canada, Combined sewers.
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Sewer maintenance problems in Ottawa include threatened explosions due to
improper sewer ventilation during snow and sleet storms, the entrance of
granular street materials into catch basins and then the sewer systems,
and the handling of excess runoff during spring thaws. The problem
caused by the entrance of sand and peastone traction materials into the
sewer system is greatest in the city's combined sewer district where
pipes are older and laid on flatter grades than those of the newer sepa-
rate system. Means of combating Ottawa*a sewer maintenance problems are
discussed. Two programs adopted are the crash maintenance program during
spring to remove grit in flat sewers, thus allowing sewers maximum capac-
ity for spring runoff; and the development of detained sewer maintenance
records which are made available to crews handling sewer problems.
200
PROPOSED PROCEDURE FOR DETERMINING QUANTITY AND QUALITY OF STORM FLOW,
M. B. Fielding
Water Resources Commn, Div Res Pap No 2002, 1966.
Descriptors: Measurement, Flow, Planning.
Identifiers: *Storm sewage, Suspended solids.
The author outlines a suitable procedure for meassuring the flow of
storm sewage and for collecting samples for the determination of BOD and
suspended solids. A graphical form is proposed for reporting the results.
201
URBAN EFFECTS ON QUALITY OF STREAMFLOW,
E. Gus Fruh
In: Effects of Watershed Changes on Streamflow, Water Resources Sympo-
sium No 2, Oct 1968, p 255-282, University of Texas Press, Austin and
London, 1969. 28 p, 22 fig, 5 tab, 15 ref. NSF Grant GU-1963, and Texas
Water Quality Bd Contract No 68-69-281.
Descriptors: *Reservoirs, Urbanization, *Water quality, *Stratification,
*Texas, Water pollution sources, Water pollution effects, Dissolved
oxygen, Aquatic bacteria, Algae, Colorado River.
Identifiers: Austin, Texas.
The effects of impoundments and urbanization on the water quality of the
Colorado River ot Texas were studied in the reservoirs near Austin, Texas.
Lake Travis, upstream from Austin, is large and deep and has no signifi-
cant input of pollution. Lake Austin, the next reservoir downstream, is
much smaller and shallower, and receives some recreational and urban
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runoff pollution. Town Lake, in Austin, is small and narrow and receives
some urban runoff pollution. Oxygen concentration/water depth data for
the 3 reservoirs are tabulated. In Lake Travis, even in the winter, the
temperature varied with depth. During the summer, the oxygen first be-
came depleted at the thermocline region. Throughout the fall, various
depths of Lake Travis became reaerated, but oxygen-depleted waters were
still passing through the penstocks in November. In winter, oxygen was
present at all depths. In Lake Austin, the summer oxygen concentration
in the epilimnion varied around saturation. Dissolved oxygen decreased
steadily in the hypolimnion during the summer and was consistently lower
above the sediments. After autumn turnover, oxygen remained uniform from
top to bottom. High numbers of total and coliform bacteria were found in
Lake Austin during the spring following periods of intensive rainfall.
The urban stream, Barton Creek, had significantly higher concentrations
of solutes, nutrients, and bacteria than Town Lake above the stream's
entrance, particularly during the spring rainfall period. All of Austin's
urban streams enter Town Lake and Lake Austin, with the streams from the
more highly developed areas entering Town Lake.
202
URBAN PLANNING ASPECTS OF WATER POLLUTION,
Sigurd Grava
Columbia University Press, New York, 1969. 232 p.
Descriptors: *City planning, *Water quality control, *Urban renewal,
Urbanization, Water pollution control.
This study, strictly limited to water-borne wastes and water quality
control, represents a synthesis of experience and thought on water
pollution as it applies to urban planning and is intended as a guide
and source of information for urban planners and community decision
makers. Although non-technical in nature, the work includes data,
financial and administrative considerations, and reference material.
203
COMBINED SEWER CONSIDERATIONS BY PHILADELPHIA,
Carmen F. Guarino, Joseph V. Radziul, and William L. Greene
J Sanit Eng Div, Am Soc Civil Engrs, Vol 96, No SA1, pp 1-14, Feb 1970.
Descriptors: *Pollution abatement, *Water quality, Sewage Treatment,
Instrumentation, Application methods.
Identifiers: *Philadelphia, Sewer overflows.
The City of Philadelphia's experience and study of the combined sewer
overflow pollution problem are described. Water quality legislation and
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pollution abatement philosophies are considered. The needs for problem
definitions are delineated along with pertinent constraints of existing
methodology and measuring instrumentation. Costs and economic analysis
of some abatement schemes are evaluated. Complete separation of storm-
water and sanitary wastes, storage in conduit or detention basins, a
total systems concept and microstraining, chlorination, and ozonation of
discharges are some of the principles reported for the control and treat-
ment of combined sewer overflows. The authors basically recommend partial
separation in certain areas of the City and alternate methods or the
continuance of combined sewerage for the remaining areas. However,
further knowledge is needed regarding all types of sewerage systems and
treatment.
204
EVALUATION OF WATER-QUALITY MONITORING IN THE ORANGE COUNTY WATER
DISTRICT, CALIFORNIA,
Joe A. Moreland and John A. Singer
Geological Survey Open-file report, 1969. 27 p, 5 fig, 3 tab, 12 ref.
Descriptors: *Water quality, ^Monitoring, *Groundwater, ^California,
Data collections, Saline water, Water pollution sources, Irrigation
water, Municipal water.
Identifiers: Orange County, California.
Water samples for chemical analysis are collected periodically from 272
wells in the Orange County, California Water District by 16 agencies.
Many other wells are sampled at infrequent intervals by these and other
agencies. The efficiency and completeness of the entire network are
evaluated, and changes in standards for the network are suggested. Com-
plete chemical analysis of a water sample is not always necessary. Selec-
tive analyses suggested for obtaining specific types of data include:
(1) Chloride determination and electrical conductivity measurements on
samples from aquifers susceptible to intrusion of sea water; (2) sulfate,
bicarbonate, and nitrate determinations on samples from aquifers under-
lying the forebay area; and (3) sodium, sulfate, chloride, and boron
determinations and electrical conductivity measurements on samples from
aquifers used as a source of irrigation water.
205
THE MAGNETIC SPHERULES IN SEDIMENTS OF LAKE MENDOTA, WISCONSIN,
Jerome 0. Nriagu and Carl J. Bowser
Water Res, Vol 3, No 11, PP 833-842, Nov 1969. 5 tab, 4 graphs, 12 ref.
Descriptors: ^Industrial wastes, ^Domestic wastes, *Water pollution
sources, ^Wisconsin, *Influent streams, *Sediment distribution
Identifiers: *Lake Mendota, Urban runoff.
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Magnetic microspherical particles which occur in the bottom muds of Lake
Mendota have been analysed chemically and mineralogically. The data sug-
gest that these spherules are flue products derived from industrial and
domestic activities and are being supplied to the lake either through the
action of washing the atmosphere or as the detrital load of the influent
streams and urban runoff.. These particles are.apparently unaffected by
diagenetic changes and since the chronological pattern of the lake sedi-
mentation is well documented, the distribution of these microspherical
particles has been used to evaluate the role of man in the trophic evolu-
tion of the lake.
206
WATER QUALITY: COST BENEFITS OF IRREDUCIBLES,
Ralph Stone, William Garber, and Helen Friedland
J Sanit Eng Div, Am Soc Civil Engrs, Vol 96, No SA3, pp 691-697, June
Jun 1970. 4 tab, 2 ref.
Descriptors: *Reasonable use, ^Beneficial use, ^Surveys, Water
The ASCE Committee on Sewerage and Sewage Treatment distributed a ques-
tionnaire to members of the Sanitary Engineering Division in order to
determine the attitudes and opinions of members in regard to existing
and future research and development, the social and economic value of
alternate beneficial uses of the Nation's water, and to demonstrate an
algorithmic technique for quantifying probabilistic or nondeterministic
data. Results of the questionnaire are listed and interpreted. Respond-
ing engineers generally indicated that sewer and storm drain design would
benefit least from existing or future research and development work. The
authors conclude that it is possible and desirable to quantify qualitative
factors relating to engineering decisions. Also, as algorithmic methods
are used increasingly, future technical refinements may be expected.
207
WATER AND WASTE WATER, AND WATER POLLUTION CONTROL IN AUSTRALIA,
D. K. B. Thistlethwayte
Water Pollution Control, Vol 68, No 3, pp 256-274, 1969.
Descriptors: *Water sources, *Water utilization, *Sewerage, *Sewage
treatment, *Water pollution, *Water pollution control, *Surface runoff,
Biocontrol, Legal aspects.
Identifiers: ^Australia.
The author outlines the sources and use of water in Australia, the develop-
ment of sewerage facilities and of water and sewage treatment, and the
problems of pollution and pollution control. Although sewage from most
large communities receives full biological treatment, there is growing
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pollution of surface waters by urban runoff and from agricultural sources;
and little attention has so far benn given to reclamation and reuse of
water. The control .of pollution is the responsibility of various agencies,
and differs from state to state.
5b. Caused from storm runoff
208
QUALITY OF SURFACE WATERS OF UNITED STATES, 1960—3,4,
U.S. Geological Survey
Water Supply Paper 1742, 1968. 309 .p.
Descriptors: *0hio River, *St. Lawrence River, *Watersheds (basins),
*Water quality, Chemical analysis, Temperature, Rainfall.
Records of chemical analysis, suspended sediment, and temperature for
surface waters serve as a basis for determining the suitability of wa-
ters which were examined for all uses in the Ohio River and the St.
Lawrence River basins. The discharge of stream and chemical quality are
related to variations in rainfall and other forms of precipitation. The
records are arranged by drainage basins in downstream order.
209
WATER QUALITY MONITORING FIELD STUDIES,
Bruce R. Barrett
Paper presented at the Calif Water Pollution Control Assoc 42nd Annual
Conference, Sacramento, Calif, April 29 to May 1, 1970.
Descriptors: ^Monitoring, *0n-site investigations, ^Instrumentation,
Water pollution, Water quality.
Continuous water quality monitors have been used by the Technical Ser-
vices Program of the Robert S. Kerr Water Research Center, Ada, Oklahoma,
in a variety of field water pollution studies and for various purposes.
Two commercially available types of monitors have been used. Monitors
were used in the James River Project along with recording flow gages to
determine the relationship between stream quality and storm runoff. In
a before-and-after type study to determine differences in quality due to
navigation impoundments, monitors were used to establish the existing
quality of the waterway. In a research study of a refinery waste treat-
ment plant, a monitor was used to study the various unit processes for
purposes of treatment control and overall refinery waste monitoring.
The sample taking capability of the monitors was indispensable in an
enforcement case involving a mine waste.
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210
FECAL COLIFOKM CONCENTRATIONS IN STORMWATERS,
Robert A. Buckingham and Roger P. Betson
Paper present at the Am Geophys Union, Fifty-first Annual Meeting, 1970.
Descriptors: *Storm runoff, *Coliforms, ^Overland flow, *Water quality,
*Water pollution sources, *Testing.
Identifiers: *Fecal coliforms, *Tennessee Valley.
Recent limited stormwater bacteriological water-quality sampling in the
Tennessee Valley indicates that high fecal coliform loads are common in
stormwater runoff. In clean residential areas sustained high fecal co-
liform loads were observed uring stormwater runoff. The source of these
loads was associated with overland flow, and it appears that staggered
contributing times account for the sustained high loads. High fecal co-
liform counts were also measured in stormwaters originating from agricul-
tural areas and forested watersheds. The consistency with which fecal
coliform counts in excess of accepted standards are commonly found fur-
ther substantiates the need for a reappraisal of this test as an indica-
tor of pathogenic organisms. These data also point to the importance of
recognizing the streamflow regime in the analysis of water-quality sampl-
ing data since observations taken during storm periods usually in high
bacteriological loads.
211
STORM WATER POLLUTION FROM URBAN LAND ACTIVITY,
Jerry G. Cleveland, Ralph H. Ramsey, and Paul R. Walters
In: Combined Sewer Overflow Abatement Technology. Water Pollution Control
Research Series, Report 11024—06/70, pp 1-55, Jun 1970.
Descriptors: *Storm runoff, *Water pollution, *Water pollution sources,
*Investigations, Urbanization, *Pollutants, ^Sampling, Cities.
Identifiers: *Tulsa, Oklahoma.
An investigation of the pollution concentrations and loads from storm
water runoff in an urban area was conducted in Tulsa, Oklahoma during
the period from October 1968 to September 1969. The scope of the project
included a field assessment of the storm water pollution by obtaining
samples of the water resulting from rainfall and surface runoff from test
sites in the metropolitan area; development of an analytical procedure
for correlation of storm water pollution with defined variables of land
uses, environmental conditions, drainage characteristics, and rainfall;
and development of an abatement plan for pollution in urban areas. Run-
off samples were analyzed in terms of quality standards for BOD, COD,
TOC, organic kjeldahl nitrogen, soluble prthophosphate, chloride, pH,
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solids, total coliform, fecal coliform, and fecal streptococcus pollu-
tants. Results of this investigation are detailed herein.
212
SEASONAL VARIATIONS IN SURVIVAL OF INDICATOR BACTERIA IN SOIL AND THEIR
CONTRIBUTION TO STORMWATER POLLUTION,
D. J. Van Donsel, E. E. Geldreich, and N. A. Clarke
Appl Microbiol, Vol 15, No 6, pp 1362-1370, 1967.
Descriptors: Streptococcus, E. coli, Bioindicators.
Identifiers: Seasonal survival study.
A three-year study was made on the survival of selected strains of
Escherichia coli and Streptococcus faecdlis in shaded and exposed out-
door soil plots. The soils were dosed periodically, and subsequent re-
ductions in survival are shown graphically as seasons variate. Periods
for 90-per cent reduction of Esch. coli. ranged from 3.3 days In summer
to 13.4 days in autumn and for S. faecalis from 2.7 days in summer to
20.1 in winter. During the fall, the survival periods for the organisms
were the same, but in spring and winter Streptococcus survived longer.
Both organisms could be isolated from runoff during period of heavy
rainfall in spring; however, isolation during summer and autumn months
was sporadic. On account of these results and other factors, it was
considered that Esch. coli was the better indicator of pollution.
213
CONCEPTS OF FECAL STREPTOCOCCI IN STREAM POLLUTION,
E. E. Geldreich and B. A. Kenner
J Water Pollution Control Fed, Vol 41, No 8 pp R336-R352, Aug 1969.
Descriptors: Storm runoff.
Identifiers: Fecal coliforms, Fecal streptococci, Stream pollution.
Results of an intensive study on the occurrence and strain distribution
for 12, 536 fecal streptococcus strains found in warm-blooded animal feces
and numerous water sources from a wide geographical area reveal several
new factors that must be understood for a proper interpretation of the
sanitary significance of this bacterial group in water pollution studies.
These studies were conducted in streams, agricultural waters, recrea-
tional and public water sources, and on domestic wastewater and storm-
water and food processing wastes. The ubiquity of Streptococcus faecalis
var. liquifaciens in the water environment and the occasional occurrence
of an atypical S. faecalis associated with vegetation shows the need for
including the fecal coliform examination in recreational water quality
measurements. Applications of the fecal streptococcus indicator system
in stream pollution are the development of fecal coliform to fecal
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streptococcus ratios that will further define possible sources of the
fecal discharge into the stream; and the detection of the S bovis and
S. equinus subgroup which was not found in human feces and may be con-
sidered a specific indicator of non-human animal pollution.
214
THE BACTERIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF STORM-WATER POLLUTION,
E. E. Geldreich, L. C. Best, B. A. Kenner, and D. J. Van Donsel
J Water Pollution Control Fed, Vol 40, No 11, pp 1861-1872, Nov 1968.
Descriptors: *Water pollution sources, ^Pollutant identification,
Remedies.
Identifiers: *Fecal coliforms.
The bacteriological composition of stormwater from a variety of areas
was compared and seasonal differences noted. Higher numbers of organisms
appear to persist during winter than during summer. The fecal coliform
segment of the total coliform population for all stormwater samples
averaged 8.6 percent; however, 21.1 percent fecal coliforms were observed
in stormwater taken in autumn from a suburban business district. Evi-
dence indicates that fecal contamination in separate stormwater systems
originates from cat and dog deposits on soil and from rodent deposits in
urban areas. Thus, regulations to prohibit pets on public beaches and
improved garbage control plans to discourage rodent proliferation are
recommended. Also, diversion of storm drains and land drainage away
from beaches and reservoirs would aid in reducing bacterial contamination.
215
RESEARCH REGARDING SEDIMENT AND URBANIZATION,
Harold P- Guy
J Hydraulics Div, Am Soc Civil Engrs, Vol 93, No HY6, pp 247-254, Nov 1967.
Descriptors: *Sedimentation, Urbanization, Streamflow, Water resources,
Storm runoff.
Identifiers: Sediment pollution, Storm drainage.
Sediment derived from construction in areas of urban growth has profound
impact on downstream channels and water resources. Such sediment pollu-
tion is usually much more dynamic and intense than sediment derived from
rural areas. Research needs concerning urban drived sediment are similar
to those already underway in rural areas; however, new emphasis must be
given to exposed subsoils, to problems in existing stream channels, to
pollution of existing and future water resources, and to more effective
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planning and phasing of construction. Storm drainage, that flows through
existing and new channels that are later complicated by urban changes, is
a foremost topic of urban hydrology; and it is discussed in this article.
Some of the needed soils and stream channel research can be accomplished
in laboratories, but much needs to be done on small areas at the constru-
tion sites. Although many urban research methods can be adapted from
related rural programs, consideration must be given to the fact that the
extent and location of the exposed subsoils in the drainage basin will
change rapidly and that extremely high and variable sediment loads will be
imposed upon the stream channels. Better planning and legal backing will
make research findings more useful.
216
ON SIGNIFICANCE OF PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA IN SURFACE WATERS,
A. W. Hoadley
J. Hew Eng Water Works Assoc, Vol 82, No 2, pp 99-111, Jun 1968.
Decriptors: *Pseudomonas, *Drainage, Indicators.
Identifiers: *Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
Although sewage discharges represent major potential sources of P.
aeruginosa in the environment, storm drainage from municipal areas con-
tributes continuous inoculum to surface waters. Farm drainage also can
contain small numbers of bacteria under certain conditions. Relatively
heavy populations of P. aerug'lnosa in streams below sewage outfalls, de-
crease rapidly as they progress downstream. The usefulness of this
organism as an indicator of the possible presence of enteric pathogens
is therefore limited.
217
THE OCCURRENCE AND BEHAVIOUR OF PSEDDOMONAS AEEUGINOSA IN SURFACE WATERS,
A. W. Hoadley
Thesis, University of Wisconsin, 1967, 224 pp; Diss Abstr, Vol 28B,
pp 459-460, 1967.
Descriptors: *Pseudomonas, Indicators, *Storm runoff, *Water pollution
sources, *Surface waters, Drainage, Sewage.
Identifiers: *Pseicdomonas aevug-inosa.
Studies on the ecology of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in surface and tap waters
and on its usefulness as an indicator of pollution showed that Pseudomonas
probably does not occur in waters unaffected by the activities of man and
domestic animals. Although farm drainage and storm runoff from urban areas
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contribute small numbers of Pseudomonas, sewage discharges probably repre-
sent the major source of these organisms entering streams, particularly
discharges of crude sewage which may contain up to 7 x 105 organisms per
100 ml. Although secondary sewage treatment reduces the number of
Pseudonomas in domestic sewage by about 99 per cent, growth of the
organism has been observed during treatment of slaughterhouse wastewaters.
Populations of less than 100 per 100 ml occurred in surface waters near
areas of human activity but not directly receiving sewage discharges;
however, populations of about 100 per 100 ml were detected in public
bathing waters in the Madison lakes, Wis., and very much greater popula-
tions were observed in waters recently contaminated with sewage. Although
some sterile natural waters supported growth of Pseudonomas in the labora-
tory, populations of viable Pseudonomas were reduced rapidly in natural
surface waters, with reductions of more than 90 percent in three hours.
It is concluded that Pseudonomas aevug-inosa is a sensitive indicator of
pollution of surface waters by sewage and by runoff from urban areas and
farmyards.
218
QUALITY OF SURFACE WATERS OF UNITED STATES, 1960-7,8,
U S Geological Survey
S. K. Love
Water Supply Paper 1744, 1968.
Descriptors: *Mississippi River Basin, *Water temperature,, *Suspended
load, *Water quality.
Identifiers: *Gulf of Mexico Basin, *Chemical analysis, *Stream quality.
Records of chemical analysis, suspended sediment, and temperature for
surface waters given in this volume serve as a basis for determing
suitability of waters examined for all uses in the lower Mississippi
River Basin and the Western Gulf of the Mexico Basin. Discharge of
stream and chemical quality are related to variations in rainfall and
other forms of precipitation.
219
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAINAGE OF STREET FLUSHING WATERS,
N. A. Pravoshinskiy
Soviet Hydrol: Selec Pap, Issue No 2, p 168-170, 1968. 2 tab, 8 ref.
Descriptors: *Water pollution sources, *Roads, ^Urbanization, *Drainage
systems, Storm drains, Municipal wastes, Organic wastes, Sediments.
Identifiers: *USSR.
The quality and quantity of runoff from street washing operations in
Minsk were measured to study the contribution of street washing to water
pollution. Data from earlier studies in Moscow and Leningrad are included
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for comparison. The BOD of street cleaning runoff is 6-223 mg/liter,
petroleum products are up to 110 mg/litter, and coliforms are nearly as
abundant as in wastewater. These waters, unless they are treated, can
be a major source of pollution.
220
CALCULATION OF WATER POLLUTION BY SURFACE RUNOFF,
N. A. Pravoshinskiy and P. D. Gatillo
Water Res, Vol 2, No 1, pp 24-26, Jan 1968.
Descriptors: ^Surface runoff, *Water quality, Data collections,
Evaluation.
Identifiers: ^Surface runoff pollution, *USSR.
The extent of surface runoff pollution was calculated in the Minsk and
Soligorsk districts using the five-day BOD as the main index. Other
data were accumulated to determine the variations in the quality of the
water when compared with the type of storm, the length of the previous
dry weather period, the season, the surface of the region, and the amount
of transport and pedestrian traffic. With these results, evaluations
can be made of the influences of the pollutants and of the effects of
measures such as catch basins, settling basins, storm sewers, and in-
creased sewer capacity, on the maintenance of sanitary pond conditions.
221
ASSESSING THE QUALITY OF URBAN DRAINAGE,
Walter Viessman, Jr.
Public Works, Vol 100, No 10, pp 89-92, Oct 1969.
Descriptors: ^Urbanization, *Runoff, *Water quality, Storm runoff,
Pollutant identification.
Identifiers: ^Sediment.
Recommendations are made for further study in the area of identifying
sources and constituents of urban runoff through the development and
testing of urban water quality models and through the national collection
of urban water quality data. Possible sources of pollutants and consti-
tuents of stormwater runoff are described with emphasis on a primary pol-
lutant, sediment. Approaches to the development of water quality models
are discussed.
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Section 6
SURVEYS, POLICIES, AND REPORTS
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222
ENVIRONMENTAL QUESTIONS THAT NOBODY LIKES TO HEAR,
Am City, Vol 85, No 3, p 8, Mar 1970.
Descriptors: *Water pollution, *Costs, Storm runoff, Overflow.
Identifiers: Storm sewers, Sewer separation.
This short review summarizes environmental problems in the United
States such as water pollution, refuse collection and disposal, min-
eral depletion, and air pollution. Under water pollution, it is noted
that $48 billion is required to separate sewers in the U.S. in order
to correct effects of stormwater overflow. Grim predictions concern-
ing the environment are made, and immediate action to improve condi-
tions is advocated.
223
MOLE TUNNELING RESEARCH ADVOCATED,
Civil Eng, Vol 37, No 8, pp 48-49, Aug 1967. 1 diag.
Descriptors: *Tunneling, *Tunnels, ^Comparative costs.
Identifiers: ^Viewpoint, *Mole.
Dr. Walter Hibbard, Jr., Bureau of the Mines Director, recently empha-
sized the need for more research and development on mechanized tunnel-
ing. There is a growing demand for tunnels for the following purposes:
subways, utilities, transmission lines, mining, and urban freeways.
Needs in each of these areas are discussed as are advances already
made with the mole borer. Savings in the billion-dollar range are
possible with advanced tunneling procedures. In addition to perfecting
moles, guidance control, placement of lining, and methods for the
transportation of muck out of the tunnel must be developed.
224
THE TIDAL THAMES 1967,
Effluent Water Treat J, Vol 8, No 9, pp 463-465, Sep 1968.
Descriptors: ^Pollution abatement, *Design, Sewerage, Estuaries,
Storm runoff.
Identifiers: Thames River, Storm sewage, Great Britain.
The article concerns aspects of pollution control along the tidal
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river. The greatest effect of the discharge from the Greater London
Council sewage works on the tidal Thames originated from the outfall
works at Beckton. A scheme for reduction in storm sewage discharges
from the sewerage system leading to the Beckton works was being
examined. New trunk sewers, a pumping plant, and storm sewage tanks
would be most likely involved in the scheme. The cost of the Beckton
improvements was estimated at 21 million pounds, and of the improve-
ments of the sewerage and storm sewage disposal systems at 22 million
pounds.
225
SAIGON'S SEWER NEEDS STUDIED,
Eng News-Record, Vol 183, No 5, p 16, Jul 31, 1969.
Descriptors: investigations, *Water pollution sources, *Drainage sys-
tems, Storm runoff, Sewerage, Water pollution control, Sewers.
Identifiers: *Saigon River.
The Agency for International Development (AID) is conducting a 15-month,
$800,000 study to discover the most efficient and economic sewer system
for the disposal of Saigon's sewage and stormwater runoff. The present
system is almost entirely non-functioning and as a result, the water-
ways of the city, including the Saigon River, are highly polluted with
human waste and refuse. One plan to be explored is a drainage canal
system for stormwater that would double as a transportation system.
The results of the study will be used to support requests for financial
assistance for reconstructing Saigon's sewers.
226
WHAT TO DO WITH SEWAGE WHEN IT RAINS HARD,
Eng News-Record, Vol 178, No 16, pp 30-31, Apr 20, 1967.
Descriptors: *Tunnel construction, *Tunnels, Storm runoff, Water treat-
ment, Control systems.
Identifiers: *Chicago.
Chicago is building a $14.4-million deep tunnel system to carry spil-
lages from combined storm and sanitary sewers during rainfall. The
FWPCA has indicated four main areas related to stormwater runoff
problems which require further study and demonstration: drainage area
control; collection system control; external discharge control, includ-
ing treatment of both combined sew'er overflow and stormwater run-off;
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and a miscellaneous area, consisting of the economic feasibility of
substituting separate sewers for combined sewers and local for central
treatment facilities, better hydrologic analyses, new management pro-
cedures, construction materials and methods, and the development of
performance criteria for standards of water quality.
227
WATER MONEY NEEDS REQUIRE MORE THAN PROMISES,
Environ Sci Technol, Vol 4, No 4, pp 278, Apr 1970.
Descriptors: ^'Pollution abatement, *Water treatment.
Identifiers: Waste treatment costs, Sewered population statistics.
S. 3472, the program for water pollution cleanup, calls for $10 billion
for construction of municipal waste treatment plants. Among spokesmen
at the 4th Annual Legislative Seminar concerned with the continuing
cleanup is James R. Ellis who states that cities are in a catch-up
situation. According to Ellis, 35% of the sewered population in the
United States received 5% of the federal dollar during the period
1965 - 1969. Some of Ellis' suggestions are cited. John L. Salisbury,
a Maine spokesman, contends that the need for secondary treatment is
being challenged.
228
WATER POLLUTION — COAST TO COAST,
Environ Sci Technol, Vol 3, No 9, pp 804 - 805, Sep 1969.
Descriptors: *Municipal wastes, ^Pollution abatement, Sewage disposal,
Thermal pollution.
Identifiers: ^Combined sewers, *Water pollution.
A report on the FWPCA's regional review notes includes: the municipal
problem and the pollution abatement activities; industrial sources of
water pollution abounding in the Northeast, Great Lakes, and Ohio
regions; agricultural activities; the Northeast problem of combined
sewer discharge with 90% of the United States population served by
combined sex
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229
URBAN RUNOFF ADDS TO WATER POLLUTION,
Environ Sci Technol, Vol 3, No 6, p 527, Jun 1969.
Descriptors: *Runoff, *Data collections, *Cost analysis, *Surveys,
*Separation techniques, Rainfall, Overflow, Biochemical oxygen demand.
Identifiers: *Urban runoff, ^Chicago, Combined sewers.
An APWA survey indicated that: 1) urban runoff constitutes approximately
1% of the raw sewage load which amounts to 5% of the BOD discharged
from the area's secondary waste treatment facilities; 2) water pollution
from this urban source occurs creating a shock pollution load on receiv-
ing waters; 3) the most determinable measure of pollution potential of
street litter is the BOD load of the soluble dust and dirt fraction;
4) an estimated expenditure of $48 billion would be needed to separate
sanitary and storm waters; and, 5) $15 billion would be needed for
alternate control methods for abatement of combined sewer overflows.
230
REVIEW OF LITERATURE OF 1968 ON WASTEWATER AND WATER POLLUTION CONTROL,
J Water Pollution Control Fed, Vol 41, No 6, pp 873-1251, Jun 1969.
Descriptors: *Water pollution control, *Chemical analysis, *Sewage
treatment, *Storm runoff, Publications, Estuaries.
This review covers 1968 literature on analytical methods (analysis of
anions, cations, and gases; and instrumentation), biological filters,
activated sludge, detergents, anaerobic processes, sludge treatment,
disinfection, water reclamation and reuse, storm flow, facility
evaluation, kinetic models, physical and chemical wastewater treatment,
effects of pollution on aquatic life, eutrophication, thermal pollution,
microbiology, oxygen sag, groundwater, marine and estuarine pollution,
economics of treatment, standards, and industrial wastes (paper, fer-
mentation, meat, dairy, canning, coal, tannery, steel, petroleum,
plating, chemical, and radioactive). Included under topics on "Disin-
fection," are the results of Elliassen's studies evaluating the effi-
ciency of chlorination of stormwater overflows from combined sewers in
Boston. He found that chlorination of overflows appreciably reduced
numbers of coliform organisms in the Charles River basin, and it
substantially impeded regrowth of such organisms. In the "Wastewater
and Stormflow Treatment" section, advances, present techniques, and
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problems relating to sewer construction and operation are discussed.
Recent literature on the stormwater disposal problem is also explored
including solutions to the problem other than separation. Various
treatment procedures described include the use of stabilization-reten-
tion basins, chlorination, and sedimentation.
231
A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE OF 1967 ON WASTE WATER AND WATER POLLUTION
CONTROL,
J Water Pollution Control Fed, Vol 40, No 6, pp 897-1219, 1968.
Descriptors: *Water pollution control, *Sewage treatment, *Analytical
techniques, *Waste treatment, *Sludge, *Water pollution effects,
Estuaries, Standards, Legislation.
Identifiers: *Storm sewage.
A review, with bibliographies, is given of literature published during
1967, dealing with sewage and trade waste treatment, and the control
of pollution. Subjects dealt with include methods of analysis; biolog-
ical, physical, and chemical methods of sewage treatment; detergents;
anaerobic processes; treatment, disposal, and utilization of sludge;
disinfection of effluents; reclamation and re-use of water; sewerage
and treatment of storm sewage; effects of various pollutants on aquatic
life; microbiology of polluted waters; oxygen sag and self-purification;
effects of pollution on surface and ground waters; bottom deposits;
marine and estuarine pollution and its effects; pollution control legis-
lation; surveys of polluted waters; stream standards; and treatment of
waste waters from various industries, including radioactive waste
waters.
232
PROBLEMS OF COMBINED SEWER FACILITIES AM) OVERFLOWS, 1967,
U.S. Federal Water Pollution Control Administration, Publ No WP-20-11
1967.
Public Works, Vol 99, No 12, pp -130, 132-133, and 138, 1968.
Descriptors: *Sewers, ^Statistics, *Surveys, Overflow, Water pollution
sources.
Identifiers: ^Combined sewers.
The report of a national survey by the APWA, of communities and other
jurisdictional entities served wholly or partly by combined sewers, is
summarized. The population served by separate sewers is approximately
half of that served by combined sewers, and the latter systems are
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concentrated mainly in the north-east, the region of the Great Lakes,
and the Ohio River basin. Statistical information is given of the
numbers and types of overflows in the U. S. and regulation devices used
in combined sewer overflows, which represent 75% of all overflow sources,
The survey confirms that combined sewer overflows contribute a signifi-
cant part of the water pollution problem in the U. S.
233
OHIO TOWN GETS SEWERAGE SYSTEM AFTER 20 YEARS,
Water Sewage Works, Vol 116, No 6, pp 218-221, Jun 1969. 4 fig.
Descriptors: *Sewerage, ^Treatment facilities, Installation, Construc-
tion, Joints (connections).
Identifiers: *Middleport, Ohio.
This article describes the twenty-year struggle that evolved in Middle-
port, Ohio over the construction of a sewerage system and treatment
plant. Without such a system, Middleport's sewage was dumped raw into
the river. A combination of a lack of funds, the granting of numerous
six-month sewage dumping permits, and village councils' opposition
tactics prevented installation of the system until September 1968.
Factory-made compression joint pipe was used to minimize infiltration
when the river level is above the pipe's level. This vitrified-clay
pipe contains patented 0-ring joints.
234
ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH IN S E ASIA,
Water Waste Treatment, Vol 12, No 12, pp 392-396, Mar/Apr 1970.
Descriptors: *Storm runoff, *Sewage treatment, *Water pollution,
*Foreign research.
Identifiers: *Thailand.
The Thailand government's decision to plan for drainage and sewerage
in Bangkok has led to increased research at the Asian Institute of
Technology in Bangkok. Studies relating to stormwater collection,
river pollution, and sewage treatment have been made in cooperation
with interested authorities; and the results are applicable not only
to Bangkok's project but also to other tropical regions. Topics of
pertinent research projects include: (1) the anaerobic treatment of
tapioca starch waste; (2) characteristics of treatment of Bangkok
septic-tank sludge; (3) a Bangkok runoff hydrograph; (4) the ecology
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of polluted canals in Bangkok; (5) a study of photosynthetic oxygen
production in the Chao Phya River; (6) pollution of the Chao Phya River,
Bangkok; and (7) oxygen balance in the Chao Phya River estuary. Re-
search is also proceeding on industrial waste treatment in Southeast
Asia including studies on design criteria for waste stabilization ponds
and sludge drying beds, and the progress of biological assimilation of
wastes in a tropical climate. Water treatment is another area currently
being investigated.
235
MEMORANDUM OF EVIDENCE TO THE MINISTRY OF HOUSING AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT
WORKING PARTY ON SEWAGE DISPOSAL,
Committee from the Institute of Water Pollution Control.
Water Pollution Control, Vol 68, No 6, pp 603-609, 1969.
Descriptors: *Water pollution control, *Sewage disposal, *Deteriora-
tion, *Sewage treatment, ^Treatment facilities, Planning, Storm runoff.
Identifiers: ^Separate system, Storm sewage, Great Britain
The Institute of Water Pollution Control gives evidence on and makes
suggestions relating to sewage disposal for a Memorandum to the "Jeger"
Working Party. Topics discussed are divided into five categories:
(1) public health, (2) amenity, (3) economic effects, (4) sewage treat-
ment and disposal processes, and (5) administration and standards.
Under the section on amenity, the Institute notes that with regard to
the amenities of rivers, the major cause of deterioration is the gener-
ally inadequate provision for sewage disposal integral with residen-
tial and industrial expansion. Even where adequate sewage treatment
facilities exist, storm-sewage discharges often impair river amenities.
Separate sewer construction is recommended. Methods of sewage treat-
ment are discussed such as: sewage sludge utilization after heated
digestion, plus quaternary processes for de-nitrification, de-salination,
and phosphate removal. Other topics covered are: trade effluent con-
trol, planning authorities, coastal pollution, settling tank design,
and suggestions for investigational research.
236
HANDBOOK OF STEEL DRAINAGE AND HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION PRODUCTS,
Am Iron Steel Inst, New York, N.Y., 1967. 382 pp.
Descriptors: ^Drainage, ^Construction, ^Design data, *Design, *Steel,
*Steel structures, ^Installation, ^Application methods, Construction
materials, Construction equipment.
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The main purpose of this handbook is to aid engineers in overcoming
problems involved in highway- railway, municipal, agricultural, and
industrial drainage and construction. The text aims to present engi-
neering practices based on sixty years of practical experience compat-
ible with existing technology. Design data and designer aids are cited
extensively, while theory is kept at a minimum. The design and appli-
cation of flexible steel underground conduits, plus good installation
practices, are described in the first two parts of the book. The third
part concerns other steel products for related construction. The first
part on general design considerations includes chapters on: product
details, strength design, service life, hydraulics, cost factors,
couplings and fittings, and installation instructions. Part II on
applications covers the following subjects: culverts, sewers, subdrain-
age, airport drainage, erosion prevention, dam and levee drainage, tun-
nels, shafts, caissons, underpasses, and service tunnels. The book
also contains a glossary of terms, a list of symbols, conversion tables,
general tables, and gage/height-of-cover tables.
237
HANDBOOK OF STEEL DRAINAGE AND HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION: CHAPTER 1 - PROD-
UCT DETAILS,
Am Iron Steel Inst, New York, N.Y., pp 10-37, 1967. 14 fig, 22 tab,
14 ref.
Descriptors: ^Underground structures, *Conduits, *Steel, ^Analysis,
Steel structures, Design, Surface drainage, Subsurface drainage, Bypasses
Identifiers: Storm sewers.
This chapter studies product details involved in design of flexible
steel underground conduits. Design factors are listed, and the book
elects to begin with an analysis of the required strength factor of the
conduit wall. The background of corrugated steel conduits is given as
well as specifications in common use; a description of corrugations,
sectional properties, pipe seams, and shapes of conduits; data on struc-
tural plates that are field assembled, and on bolts and nuts, and arch
channels. The following three principal types of underground conduits
are introduced: (1) conduits for surface drainage, such as culverts,
storm sewers, and stream enclosures; (2) conduits for subdrainage for
controlling underground water; and (3) conduits for traffic underpasses,
and service passes.
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238
HANDBOOK OF STEEL DRAINAGE AND HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION: CHAPTER 2 -
STRENGTH DESIGN,
Am Iron Steel Inst, New York, N.Y., pp 38-63, 1967. 18 fig, 5 tab,
20 ref.
Descriptors: *Design, ^Underground structures, ^Design criteria,
-'Strength of materials, Design data, Operation and maintenance.
Design methods discussed in this chapter are based on more than sixty
years satisfactory field experience with buried flexible structures.
The new design approach explained considers overall needs of the drain-
age structure—environment, service demands, and strength requirements
under dead and live loads. Computer analysis is practical and is an
anticipated future development when sufficient research evaluates the
influence of different soils and compactions on the structure. The
following topics are treated in the chapter in the same sequence in which
decisions are made in designing buried structures: (1) computation of
loads; (2) culvert structural design; (3)- earth backfill design; (4)
foundation preparation; (5) minimum cover; (6) end treatment; and (7)
maintenance.
239
HANDBOOK OF STEEL DRAINAGE AND HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION PRODUCTS: CHAPTER
3 - SERVICE LIFE,
Am Iron Steel Inst, New York, N.Y., pp 64-81, 1967. 20 fig, 2 tab,
10 ref.
Descriptors: ^Drainage systems, *Steel structures, *Economic feasibili-
ty, Inspection.
Identifiers: Soil conditions, Water conditions.
This chapter confirms that corrugated steel drainage structures can be
economically designed for either normal conditions or for highly corro-
sive industrial and sanitary sewers and for mining, salt water and other
difficult service conditions. The first section deals with inspection
methods and results, including parts on: destructive forces; methods of
determining durability; laboratory tests; highway culvert inspections;
sewer inspections, air force base drainage inspection; air port drainage;
and levee culverts and sewers. Section II concerns the influence of
various types of soil and water conditions, and Section III discusses
design for service life, including topics such as: the amount of durabil-
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ity needed; service conditions; base metals; galvanized coatings and
their service life; non-metallic coatings and linings; pavements in
pipe; California service life determination; and miscellaneous products
and conditions (subdrainage, steel end sections, steel retaining walls,
liner plates, sheeting, and guardrail).
240
HANDBOOK OF STEEL DRAINAGE AND HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION PRODUCTS: CHAPTER
4 - HYDRAULICS,
Am Iron Steel Inst, New York, N.Y., pp 82-141, 1967- 47 fig, 18 tab,
22 ref.
Descriptors: *Hydraulic design, *Drainage structures, *Culverts,
*Design data, *Runoff forecasting, Open channels, Sewers, Design flow.
Identifiers: *Sewer hydraulics.
This chapter explores the hydraulics of various drainage structures
such as open channels, culverts, storm drains, and sanitary sewers,
with the emphasis placed on culverts. Section I includes methods of
hydrologic design and factors in drainage design. Section II involves
the estimation of runoff from small areas and discusses the rational
method, watershed characteristics, time of concentration, drainage
area, and the Talbot and Burkli-Ziegler formulas. The hydraulics of
open drainage channels such as ditches, gutters, and median swales is
treated in the next section. Section IV discusses the hydraulics of
sewers, including: design flow of sanitary sewers and of stormwater;
hydraulic considerations for sewers; transitions, bends, and junctions;
pipe friction formulas; values of n_ — the roughness coefficient in
the Manning equation; determining storm sewer sizes; and the hydraulics
of subdrains.
241
HANDBOOK OF STEEL DRAINAGE AND HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION PRODUCTS: CHAPTER
5 - COST FACTORS,
Am Iron Steel Inst, New York, N.Y., pp 142-150, 1967. 5 fig, 4 tab,
4 ref.
Descriptors: *Maintenance costs, *Cost analysis, *Cost trends, *Cost
comparisons, Costs, Economic prediction.
Cost per year of service depends on durability, maintenance, ease of
replacement, and factors influenced by local conditions. Recent trends
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show an increase in pre-engineered and prefabricated structures with
consequent reduction of on-the-job labor. This has the following three-
way effect: (1) promotes factory-controlled quality under more ideal
working conditions; (2) by reducing design and inspection time, it
permits the engineer to concentrate on the whole job rather than its
details; and (3) although product cost may be higher, installed cost is
usually less. Subsections of this chapter discuss: (1) price vs. cost;
(2) cost items included; (3) material cost; (4) hauling and handling;
(5) excavation and backfill; (6) installation; (7) replacing the traf-
fic surface; (8) detours, slow orders; (9) supervision, overhead, con-
tingencies insurance; (10) engineering costs; (11) unstable foundation
conditions; and (12) the cost end of treatment.
HANDBOOK OF STEEL DRAINAGE AND HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION PRODUCTS: CHAPTER
6 - COUPLINGS AND FITTINGS,
Am Iron Steel Inst, New York, N.Y., pp 151-159, 1967. 16 fig.
Descriptors: *Steel pipes, Joints (connections), Installation,
Design data.
Identifiers: ^Couplings.
Shop-fabricated corrugated steel pipe and pipe-arches are delivered in
lengths convenient for shipping and handling. For longer installed
lengths, standard connecting bands or special field joints are used.
Joint selection criteria covered in this chapter include strength,
joint tightness, simplicity, and economy of installation. Also treated
are design features of couplings, standard and special fittings, fabri-
cation details, and field installation of fittings.
243
HANDBOOK OF STEEL DRAINAGE AND HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION PRODUCTS: CHAPTER
7 - INSTALLATION INSTRUCTIONS,
Am Iron Steel Inst, New York, N.Y., pp 160-183, 1967. 22 fig, 3 ref.
Descriptors: *Steel structures, ^"Installation.
Identifiers: ^Corrugated steel, ^Installation methods, Installation
procedure.
Because of their strength, light weight, and resistance to fracture,
corrugated steel structures can be installed rapidly, easily, and with
the least expensive machinery. The first part of this chapter outlines
the importance of good installation and the advantages of using corru-
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gated steel in installation procedures. Other subsections discuss:
preparation of the base, assembly of pipe culverts and sewers, vertical
elongation of corrugated steel pipe, and backfilling. Entire sections
are devoted to jacking, boring, lining, and bridge filling.
244
HANDBOOK OF STEEL DRAINAGE AND HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION PRODUCTS: CHAPTER
9 - SEWERS,
Am Iron Steel Inst, New York, N.Y., pp 202-211, 1967. 9 fig, 4 ref.
Descriptors: *Sewers, *Design standards, ^Treatment facilities, Sewerage,
Steel, Equipment, Control systems, Control structures.
Identifiers: *Sewer design, Steel structures, Storm sewers, Combined
sewers, Sanitary sewers.
This chapter defines terminology associated with sewers and sewerage
and explains basics involved in the following areas: sewer system
design, corrugated steel sewers, storm sewer inlets, standard and
special fittings, manholes, sewer joints and outfalls, sewage treatment
plants and lagoons, septic tanks, water control gates, and sewer mainte-
nance and repair. Definitions include: sewer, sewage, storm sewer,
sanitary sewer, combined sewer, industrial wastes, half-soling, thread-
ing, and tunneling.
245
HANDBOOK OF STEEL DRAINAGE AND HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION PRODUCTS: CHAPTER
11 - AIRPORT DRAINAGE
Am Iron Steel Inst, New York, N.Y., pp 240-247, 1967. 4 fig, 2 tab,
4 ref.
Descriptors: *Surface runoff, ^Drainage systems, ^Controlled drainage,
*Design standards, ^Standards, *Drainage practices, *Rainfall-runoff
relationships.
Identifiers: *Airport drainage.
The purpose of airport drainage is to remove water which may hinder any
activity necessary for the safe and efficient operation of the airport.
Artificial facilities are needed to collect surface runoff, dispose of
excess groundwater, lower the water table, and protect slopes. Charac-
teristics of airport drainage are summarized, and a list is presented
of information needed prior to designing the drainage system. Require-
ments of airport drainage differ from those of culverts, storm drains,
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and subdrainage of highways, railways, industrial areas, agricultural,
urban, and suburban areas; and these differences are reviewed, espe-^
cially in regard to rainfall-runoff computations. Four types of drainage
appearing on airports are mentioned, and Federal Aviation Agency recom-
mended standards are listed. Remaining sections of the chapter concern
the size of conduits, the selection structures, and storm drains.
246
COMBINED SEWER OVERFLOW ABATEMENT TECHNOLOGY,
A Compilation of Papers Presented at the Federal Water Quality Admin-
istration Symposium on Storm and Combined Sewer Overflows, Chicago,
Illinois, June 22-23, 1970. 336 p.
Descriptors: *Storm runoff, *0verflow, *Conferences, Sewage treatment,
Treatment facilities, Water pollution control.
Identifiers: ^Combined sewers, *Demonstration projects.
This compilation of papers has been prepared based on a discussion of
several demonstration projects. Material from these projects to be
highlighted include: 1) alternatives to storm and combined sewer
pollution in a small urban area, 2) screening and air flotation for
solids removal, 3) underflow deep tunnel system concept, 4) urban
erosion and sediment control, 5) sewer monitoring and remote control,
6) combined sewer overflow regulators, 7) use of fine mesh screens ',
and 8) land use and urban runoff pollution. Each of the papers is
abstracted separately.
247
DRAINAGE MASTER PLAN FOR THE CITY OF FORT WORTH, PUBLIC WORKS DEPART-
MENT, STORM DRAINAGE CRITERIA AND DESIGN MANUAL,
Knowlton-Ratliff-English, Consulting Engineers, 1967. 74 p.
Descriptors: ^Drainage engineering, *Design criteria, *Drainage pro-
grams, ^Drainage practices, *Storm runoff, *Surface drainage, *Storm
drains, *Flood control, Rainfall-runoff relationships, Hydrology,
Hydraulic structures, Hydraulics, Intakes, Open channels, Storage,
Culverts.
Identifiers: *Fort Worth, Texas, Nomographs, Gutter flows.
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The purpose of this drainage manual is to establish standard criteria,
principles, procedures, and practices for the design of storm drainage
facilities within the City of Fort Worth, Texas. The manual constitutes
the first phase of the development of a master plan for storm drainage
to guide the design and construction of storm sewers and channels in
the City and its anticipated growth area. The following eight sections
give a logical development to the solution of storm drainage problems.
248
SECTION I, INTRODUCTION; SECTION II, DETERMINATION OF DESIGN DISCHARGE;
SECTION IX, APPENDIX.
In: Drainage Master Plan for the City of Fort Worth Public Works De-
partment, Storm Drainage Criteria and Design Manual, Knowlton-Ratliff-
English Consulting Engineers, 1967. 19 p.
Descriptors: *Watersheds, *Time of concentration, *Runoff coefficient,
Bibliographies.
Identifiers: *Glossary, Drainage, Computation forms.
Section I is an introduction explaining the purpose and arrangement of
the manual. Division of the urban area into defined watersheds, drain-
age areas, and drainage sub-areas and a system of coding these elements
of the drainage system are also presented. Section II sets forth six
conditions which should govern the design of a storm drainage system.
This section also treats methods for determining the amounts and rates
of runoff using the Rational Method and the Unit Hydrograph Method.
The Rational Method is specified for watershed areas up to 1,000 acres.
Above this area, computations using both methods are specified and the
greater discharge is to be used for design of the elements of the sys-
tem. The use of planimetrictopographic maps of the area is recommended
for determining the size and shape of watersheds. Runoff coefficients
and graphs of rainfall intensity vs. duration and frequency are included
as being representative of the Fort Worth area. A nomograph for comput-
ing 'time of concentration' is presented. Section IX constitutes an
appendix which includes a glossary of terms, bibliography, and forms for
use in making engineering computations.
249
SECTION III, FLOW IN GUTTERS; SECTION IV, STORM DRAIN INLETS,
In: Drainage Master Plan for the City of Fort Worth Public Works De-
partment, Storm Drainage Criteria and Design Manual, Knowlton-Ratliff-
English, Consulting Engineers, 1967. 56 p.
Descriptors: *Hydraulic structures.
Identifiers: *Inlets, Drainage design computations, Computation aids.
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Section III presents information, a nomograph, and curves to facilitate
making computations required in designing the various hydraulic proper-
ties of street gutters and roadway ditches. The nomograph and curves
greatly simplify the solutions for depth of flow of drainage runoff in
gutters and the lateral spread of the water into traffic lanes. The
nomograph and figures, which are graphical solutions of Manning's
Equation for uniform flow, are developed for streets of different
widths and roughness coefficients, and for streets with straight cross
slopes and others with various size parabolic crowns. Section IV
presents sketches, criteria and examples to illustrate design procedures,
standards and techniques for determining hydraulic capacities and
required dimensions of storm drain inlets. Three major classifications
of inlets are treated; namely, (1) inlets in sumps, (2) inlets on
grade without gutter depression, and (3) inlets on grade with gutter
depression.
250
SECTION V, FLOW IN STORM DRAINS AND THEIR APPURTENANCES; SECTION VI,
DESIGN OF CLOSED STORM DRAINAGE SYSTEM; SECTION VII, DESIGN OF OPEN
CHANNELS,
In: Drainage Master Plan for the City of Fort Worth Public Works
Department, Storm Drainage Criteria and Design Manual, Knowlton-Ratliff-
English, Consulting Engineers, 1967. 29 p.
Descriptors: ^Hydraulic design, *Pipe flow, *Closed conduit flow,
Channel flow, Concrete pipes, Metal pipes, Drainage systems, Mannings
equation, Joints, Head loss, Hydraulic gradient, Roughness coefficient.
Section V presents criteria, procedures, formulas, and roughness coeffi-
cients for use in designing the hydraulic elements of storm drains and
appurtenances to storm drainage systems. A minimum mean flow velocity
of 2.5 ft. per sec. is specified, as are minimum grades for various sizes
of concrete pipe and corrugated metal pipe. Charts for facilitating
hydraulic computations based upon the Continuity Equation and Manning
Formula are included. Tables of design coefficients are included for
calculating head losses at inlets, manholes, junctions, bends, obstruc-
tions and size changes. The hydraulic grade line is required to be 2 ft.
or more below ground or streets. Section VI presents the overall drain-
age system design procedure, step-by-step, applying the criteria, tech-
niques, formulas, coefficients, and charts presented in the preceding
sections of the manual. Section VII presented procedures for designing
the hydraulic elements of lined and unlined open channels, rectangular
and trapezoidal in cross-section, and natural ditches. The Manning
Formula is the basis of design.
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251
SECTION VIII, DESIGN OF CULVERTS,
In: Drainage Master Plan for the City of Fort Worth Public Works Depart-
ment, Storm Drainage Criteria and Design Manual, Knowlton-Ratliff-English,
Consulting Engineers, 1967. 34 p.
Descriptors: *Drains, *0utlets, *Hydraulic design, Pipes, Roads, Concrete
pipes, Metal pipes, Head loss, Roughness coefficient, Culverts.
Identifiers: *Highway drainage, Pipe culverts, Culvert sizing,
Nomographs.
Section VIII defines the functions of drainage culverts, presents design
criteria, establishes the method of flow determination, and sets forth
design formulas, coefficients, and procedures for sizing various types of
culverts. It is specified that the quantity of flow shall be determined
by the Rational Method or the Unit Hydrograph Method. All designs are to
be based on a 50-year storm frequency. Formulas are specified for
hydraulic computations under various culvert flow depths and various
degrees of submergence at the entrance and inlet. Nomographs are
included for use in simplifying computations associated with the
hydraulic design of culverts.
252
REPORT OF COMMISSION TO INQUIRE INTO ALLEGED NUISANCES IN AUCKLAND
METROPOLITAN DRAINAGE DISTRICT,
New Zealand House of Representatives, 1965. 32 p.
Descriptors: *Sewage treatment, Evaluation, Remedies.
Identifiers: *New Zealand.
This report, on the investigation of nuisances caused by midges and
offensive odors at the Mangere sewage works of the Manukau Sewerage
Scheme, Auckland, deals with the causes of these nuisances, possible
methods of elimination, and the necessity for legislation. Since much
of the nuisance is attributable to the sewage reaching the works in a
stale condition, it is recommended that the Orakei combined sewerage
system be cleaned at least once a year, regular sampling be carried out
during periods of low flow, provision be made for the injection of
compressed air at each pumping plant to minimize septic conditions in
the pressure mains, and the inverted siphons be flushed at least once
a week during the dry season. Certain modifications are also recommended
at the sewage works, including the covering of preliminary aeration
and primary sedimentation tanks, the use of percolating filters to
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regulate the load on the oxidation ponds, and the reduction of recircu
lation of effluent to increase the period of sedimentation and the
amount of sludge digested. In view of the increasing population, the
design load of the works for a population of 800,000 will possibly be
reached by 1986; and since the existing oxidation ponds cannot be
extended economically, investigations are necessary to determine the
best process for the extensions. It is proposed to consider the acti-
vated-sludge process.
253
URBAN WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH; SYSTEMATIC STUDY AND DEVELOPMENT OF
LONG - RANGE PLANS, FIRST YEAR REPORT, SEPTEMBER, 1968,
ASCE - Urban Hydrology Research Council
Office of Water Resources Research Contract No 14-01-0001-1585, various
paging, 1968.
Descriptions: *Rainfall-runoff relationships, *Urbanization, *Systems
analysis, *Drainage engineering, Data collections, Storm runoff, Urban
sociology, Community development.
Identifiers: *Urban hydrology.
The first year emphasis was on subjects requiring earliest consideration,
such as urban storm drainage. An assessment is given of the potentials,
liabilities, and available knowledge of the rainfall-runoff-water quality
process; and model requirements for process simulation are detailed. Im-
mediate research needs with regard to damage evaluation are given; and
the utilization of storage to ameliorate flooding is outlined. The prin-
cipal non-hydrologic aspects of urban water are listed, and include ad-
ministration of works, economics of planning and operation, financing
of systems, recreational facilities, planning and operation, and socio-
logical problems. The report contains 11 appendices, each with technical
papers dealing with the appendix subject.
254
COMBINED SEWER OVERFLOW SEMINAR PAPERS; Compilation of Technical Papers
and Discussions Presented at a Seminar at Hudson-Delaware Basin FWQA
Office, Edison, New Jersey,
Water Pollution Control Research Series, Report DAST-37, 1970. 199 p.
Descriptors: ^Overflow, *Conferences, Storm runoff, Sewage treatment,
Water pollution control.
Identifiers: ^Combined sewers.
This report is a compilation of twelve papers dealing with various
aspects of combined sewer overflows, such as: storage and treatment of
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combined sewage as an alternate to separation, polymers for sewer flow
control, treatment methods, microstraining with ozonation and chlorina-
tion of combined sewer overflows, a simulation technique for assessing
storm and combined sewer systems, and the Boston deep tunnel plan. Each
of the papers is abstracted separately.
255
MASTER PLANNING FOR STORM RUNOFF FOR NEW NORTH/SOUTH RUNWAY AND ENVIRONS
--STAPLETON INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT,
Wright-McLaughlin Engineers, Denver, Colorado
Report given to the City and County of Denver, Depart of Public Works,
Nov 1969. 39 p. 13 fig, 5 tab.
Descriptors: *Storm runoff, *Ponding, *Airports, *Detention reservoirs,
*Drainage, *Drainage engineering, *Drainage programs, *Runoff, Pondage,
Flood control.
Identifiers: *Denver, *Stapleton International Airport, Storm sewers.
This engineering report is unique because it incorporates new and uncon-
ventional concepts in planning drainage facilities for removal of storm-
water runoff. The master plan for providing storm-water drainage at
Stapleton Airport emphasizes detention and slow discharge of runoff at
outlet points. Conventional designs usually embody high discharge rates
at outlets which promotes downstream flooding. The drainage of Stapleton
Airport has been complicated by the construction of a new highway and a
new runway, both of which combined to block overland drainage and dis-
charge to Sand Creek. In addition, new land development nearby and the
probability of constructing another runway further complicates the
drainage problem. The engineers propose the development of unconcen-
trated overland flow planes as well as swales and grass-lined open channels
on fiat grades to convey runoff slowly to existing and proposed deten-
tion ponds and outlets. Rooftop ponding is recommended for new buildings
proposed on and near the airport. Undersized storm sewers are recommen-
ded to force overland flow during intense storms—thereby reducing dis-
charge rates and downstream flooding.
256
URBAN STORM DRAINAGE CRITERIA MANUAL,
Wright-McLaughlin Engineers, Denver, Colo
Work performed for the Denver Regional Council of Federal Governments.
Vols I and II, Mar 1969.
Descriptors: *Drainage engineering, *Design criteria, *Drainage pro-
grams, *Drainage practices, *Storm runoff, *Surface drainage, *Storm
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drains, *Flood control, Rainfall-runoff relationships, Hydrology,
Hydraulic structures, Water law, Administration, Watershed management,
Hydraulics, Intakes, Open channels, Storage, Culverts, Drainage systems.
Identifiers: *Denver, *Storm drainage policy, Street drainage, Curb
and gutter design.
The manual was written to suggest techniques, methodology, and guidelines
to facilitate the implementation of a new and more thorough approach to
storm drainage problems in Metropolitan Denver. The authors recomment
adoption of the manual by government agencies in Metropolitan Denver,
and that the Denver Regional Council of Governments provide coordinate
drainage activities. The following eight chapters are a review of the
most comprehensive treatment of urban storm drainage design criteria
available.
257
DRAINAGE POLICY, (CHAPTER 1)
Wright-McLaughlin Engineers, Denver, Colo
In: Urban Storm Drinage Criteria Manual, Vol 1, Max 1969. 54 p.
Descriptors: *Design criteria, *Water policy, ^Drainage programs,
^Drainage practices, ^Drainage engineering, *Storm runoff, '^Watershed
management, *Flood control, Design standards, Flood plains, Design
storm, Storage, Watersheds (basins), Surface runoff, Drainage,
Surface drainage, Drainage systems, Drainage water, Hydrology,
Ponding, Rational formula.
Identifiers: *Denver, *Storm drainage policy.
This chapter recommends the adoption of this manual by government agen-
cies. Storm drainage is presented as a 'space-allocation' problem
demanding planning and integration on a regional basis. A set of policy
statements, based upon underlying principles, technical criteria, and
data is recommended to provide direction for planning, providing, and
operating drainage facilities. These statements call for the initiation
of flood plain management programs and a program for collecting and
analyzing stormwater runoff and flood data. Stormwater drainage master
plans, based upon the criteria in this manual and consistent with the
comprehensive plan, are encouraged for adoption by each urbanized drain-
age basin. Coordination by the Denver Regional Council of Governments
is suggested. The report includes recommendations for participation by
governmental units in the National Flood Insurance Act of 1968. Design
criteria discussed relate to storm frequency, initial and major drainage
system considerations, natural drainage-ways, water quality control, and
runoff computation. Emphasis is placed upon coordinating drainage plan-
ning with transportation and open space planning.
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258
SUMMARY OF COLORADO DRAINAGE, (CHAPTER 2), AND PLANNING (CHAPTER 3),
Wright-McLaughlin Engineers, Denver, Colo
In: Urban Storm Drainage Criteria Manual, Vol 1, Wright-McLaughlin
Engineers, Mar 1969. 43 p.
Descriptors: *Water law, *Legal aspects, legislation, *Natural flow
doctrine, *Administration, *Watershed management, *Flood routing, *Water
resources planning, *Riparian rights, Water rights, Judicial decisions,
Obstructions to flow, Drainage programs, Flood control.
Identifiers: *Denver.
Chapter 2 presents the responsibilities and legal liabilities of munici-
palities relating to planning, constructing, operating, maintaining, and
repairing drainage improvements. The importance of obtaining all
pertinent facts and developing a plan before initiating a proposed
improvement is stressed. Municipalities proceeding in this manner
can be relatively assured of no legal complications and should be
able to use any of several different means to finance proposed improve-
ments. Specific legal actions are cited and briefed. Chapter 3 cites
drainage systems as being subsystems of the total urban system, affecting
orderly growth and development. Planning should include consideration
of multiple-uses and additional benefits which can result from well plan-
ned drainage systems. Emphasis is placed upon adopting plans which incorpo-
rate undisturbed natural swales and waterways. Other aspects discussed
include drainage management measures, master planning, flood plain planning,
initial and major systems, transportation facilities relationships, open
space, and planning and sizing storm sewer systems.
259
RAINFALL FOR THE DENVER REGION, (CHAPTER 4), AND RUNOFF (CHAPTER 5),
Wright-McLaughlin Engineers, Denver, Colo
In: Urban Storm Drainage Criteria Manual, Vol 1, Wright-McLaughlin
Engineers, Mar 1969. 77 p.
Descriptors: *Rainfall, *Runoff, *Rainfall disposition, *Rainfall in-
tensity, *Hydrology, *Rainfall-runoff relationships, *Storm runoff,
*Design criteria, *Drainage engineering, Design storm, Duration curves,
Hydrograph analysis, Unit hydrograph, Rational formula, Flood forecast-
ing, Frequency analysis.
Identifiers: *Denver.
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The chapter on 'Rainfall' suggests a rainfall analysis technique similar
to that employed by the U.S. Weather Bureau. The chapter includes
several key rainfall-frequency maps making it possible to determine
any combination of return-period from one to 100 years and durations
from 5 minutes to 24 hours. Chapter 5 describes in detail the following
three methods of calculating runoff applicable to Metropolitan Denver:
(1) Rational Method, for sewers draining areas less than 200 acres;
(2) Colorado Unit Hydrograph Procedure, for sewers draining basins
in excess of 200 acres; and (3) Statistical Analysis, for streams upon
which future urbanization will have little effect on runoff inflow.
Two statistical methods are illustrated: (1) Log-Pearson Type III,
and (2) Index Flood. Flood Plain Information Reports, prepared by the
Corps of Engineers for delimiting flood hazard areas and stream sur-
face profiles, are cited. Users are urged to allow for anticipated
urbanization.
260
STORM SEWERS (CHAPTER 6); STREETS AND INTERSECTIONS (CHAPTER 7); AND
STORMWATER INLETS (CHAPTER 8),
Wright-McLaughlin Engineers, Denver, Colo
In: Urban Storm Drainage Criteria Manual, Vol 1, Wright-McLaughlin
Engineers, Mar 1969. 252 p.
Descriptors: *Storm drains, *Drainage systems, *Design criteria,
*Hydraulic design, *Intakes, Design standards, Surface drainage.
Identifiers: ^Street drainage, ^Street design criteria, *Stprmwater
inlets, Curb and gutter design, Storm sewers.
The chapter on 'Storm Sewers' presents criteria intended for use by engi-
neers in designing systems of storm sewers for collecting and conveying
stormwater runoff to points of discharge in the major drainage system,
including conduits, channels, inlets, bends, junctions, manholes, outlets,
pressure systems, and the related hydrologic aspects of rainfall and
runoff. Chapter 7 presents criteria and suggested procedures and stand-
ards for street design. Drainage design of streets is approached from
the standpoint of providing systems to drain streets and, secondarily,
using streets as integral parts of local drainage systems. Chapter 8
discusses the various types of inlet devices used for providing openings
to drain stormwater from streets into sewers. Design criteria and inlet
capacity graphs are treated in detail. Several examples of typical de-
signs of storm sewers, streets, and stormwater inlets are presented.
261
PILOT PLANNING STUDY FOR AREA WIDE STORM DRAINAGE PLANNING,
Wright-McLaughlin Engineers, Denver, Colo
Pilot Planning Study for Area Wide Storm Drainage Planning, Vol II,
April 1969. 76 p.
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Descriptors: *Planning, *Water management (applied), *Flood control,
*Drainage, Drainage systems, Flood plain zoning, Methodology, Estimated
costs, Legal aspects, Multiple-purpose projects, Regional analysis,
Hydrograph analysis, Unit hydrograph, Detention reservoirs, Channels,
Conduits.
Identifiers: *Boulder, Colorado, *North Boulder, Colorado, *Environ-
mental design.
This pilot planning study includes: (1) the development of a methodol-
ogy for the preparation of an area wide storm drainage plan, (2) a study
of alternate solutions to the North Boulder, Colorado major drainage
problems, (3) preparation of storm drainage master plans for five North
Boulder waterways, and (4) development of a financing strategy and a
practical test of the recently completed Urban Storm Drainage Criteria
Manual. North Boulder was chosen as a pilot study because it represen-
ted most of the urban drainage problems found in the Denver region and
because it had no flood plain management program, policy, or regulation
ordinances. Field and office studies to develop all practical alter-
nates and to study these alternates using a qualified environmental
design team approach defined the problem. Economics, comprehensive
plans and programs of the city and county, open space needs, greenbelt
requirements, and legal aspects of urban storm drainage were all taken
into consideration when evaluating alternates. A detailed discussion
of the Colorado Urban Hydrograph Procedure, which was used in determin-
ing flood magnitudes was given. The report is contained in two volumes:
Volume one contains the text of the report and Volume two contains thirty
detailed drawings of the proposed Wonderland Creek Drainage.
262
LANCASHIRE RIVER AUTHORITY. FIRST AND SECOND ANNUAL REPORTS FOR THE
PERIOD 15TH OCTOBER 1964 TO 31ST MARCH 1966 AND THE YEAR ENDED 31ST
MARCH 1967,
Descriptors: *Water quality, *Water pollution sources, *Water pollution
control, *Standards, *Storm runoff, *Design, Effluents, Estuaries,
Evaluation.
Identifiers: Storm sewage.
The Lancashire River Authority has taken over the functions of the
former Lancashire River Board in regard to land drainage, fisheries,
and pollution prevention; and it also exercises new functions relating
to the conservation and management of water resources. The annual
reports contain sections on all these aspects of the work, and tabulated
analytical data are appended for various rivers. In the first report,
a summary is given of the features influencing the quality of water in
rivers and streams in the area. A map has been prepared indicating the
general level of water quality in the various streams. The sources of
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pollution and remedial action are outlined. Standards for sewage ef-
fluents are based on those of the Royal Commission except in a few
cases where more stringent or extended standards are necessary owing to
local conditions. Wherever possible, permission is given for discharge
of storm-sewage flows in excess of 3 times the normal flow receiving
complete treatment, with no limitation on BOD and a relaxed standard of
100 mg per litre for suspended solids. Under certain circumstances
storm flows exceeding about 300 gal per head per day may also be dis-
charged after removal of coarse solids. The Authority encourages dis-
charge of trade effluents to the sewers, but where this is impossible
the standards applied are similar to those for sewage effluents. Dis-
charge of effluents to underground strata is discouraged owing to the
possibility of contamination of ground water; however, this is not con-
sidered to include the disposal of small volumes of sewage effluent via
subsurface soakaway systems and this method of disposal is advocated
wherever practicable. Preliminary work has been undertaken on the water
demands and resources of the area, and a hydrometric scheme has been
prepared. As an alternative to the Morecambe bay barrage, it has been
suggested that small barrages be constructed at Arnside on the Kent
estuary and Greenodd on the Leven estuary. Consideration is being given
to the establishment of minimal acceptable flows for the inland waters
and suitable data are being collected. A technical note is appended to
the second report, describing the operation of dissolved-oxygen recorder
on the River Calder at Whalley. Information was obtained showing the
effects of climatic and storm conditions on the dissolved-oxygen concen-
tration in the river. Although the dissolved-oxygen concentration is
usually above 75 per cent saturation, it decreases while the initial
wave of storm runoff is passing downstream. In the absence of an in-
creased runoff from the Ribble catchment to compensate, conditions harm-
ful to migratory fish might occur in the Ribble below the Calder conflu-
ence .
263
WATER RESEARCH: MAJOR RESEARCH PROBLEMS IN HYDROLOGY AND ENGINEERING,
William Ackermann
The Johns Hopkins Press, Baltimore, Maryland, pp 495-501, 1966. 11 ref
Descriptors: ^Information retrieval, ^Planning, *Water resources,
Engineering geology, Dams.
Identifiers: *Water resources information, Urban hydrology.
Sources of information on water resources problems in general are dis-
cussed, such as government publications and publications of activities
of professional organizations like the American Geophysical Union. Re-
search problems on hydrology and engineering cited as needing special
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attention are: river forecasting for water resource management, urban
hydrology, the engineering and geology of dams, evaporation and trans-
piration, and prime water resources. (See abstract number 292),
264
LAKE COUNTY ADOPTS CLEAN LAKE POLICY,
R. E. Anderson
Water Sewage Works, Vol 115, No 11, pp 412-415, Nov 1968.
Descriptors: *Sewage effluents, *Sewage treatment, *Water pollution
control, Hydraulics.
Identifiers: *Lake County, Illinois, *Storm sewage, Capacity.
Effluents from sewage works of the North Shore Sanitary District, Lake
County, Illinois, will be discharged into the Des Plaines river instead
of into Lake Michigan, thus reducing pollution of the lake. Those
works giving primary treatment only will be abandoned, and their services
absorbed in expansion programs of other works. The capacity for storm
sewage flows is to be increased, so that storm sewage will not enter the
lake but will be pumped to works for treatment after the storm.
265
A STORM DRAINAGE AND OPEN SPACE MASTER PLAN FOR HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO,
Hamilton County, Ohio Regional Planning Commission
Ralph G. Berk
Urban Planning Project, Ohio, P-53, Dec 1966. 77 p. 13 fig, 2 plates.
Descriptors: ^Drainage systems, Storm runoff, Sewers, Urbanization,
Surface runoff.
Identifiers: ^Hamilton County, Ohio.
A planning study of Hamilton County, Ohio which provides a complete in-
ventory and location of all streams, culverts, and bridges having drainage
areas greater than 300 acres is presented. The complete physical character-
istics of the drainage structures and the intervening reaches of their
streams are given. A method is developed for determining flood flows.
Flow quantities to be considered for design purposes are established,
as well as indications for improvement of inadequate flows. The study
provides accurate information about present and future flood hazards,
their location and extent; the erosion and siltation problems; and open
space needs. Provided are suggestions for subdivision regulations for
the enabling and enforcing of protective measures. Guidelines for leg-
islation necessary for carrying out any plans selected by decision
makers are supplied. Suggestions for the financing and administering
of public improvement programs are also made.
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266
A LONG-TERM PLAN FOR SEWERAGE DEVELOPMENT IN THE JOHANNESBURG REGION,
V. Bolitho
Water Pollution Control, Vol 69, No 1, pp 79-91, 1970.
Descriptors: *Waste water treatment, Water resources, Overflow, Hydro-
logy.
Identifiers: *Sewer hydraulics, Outfall sewers, Storm sewage, Combined
sewers, Johannesburg, South Africa.
The present-day Johannesburg waste water scheme is described along with
long-term planning needs for expansion of water resources systems. Pop-
ulation forecasts are used in considering water usage and its effect on
sewer flows. Present problems of outfall sewer designs are discussed
including the imperfect separation of storm and sewage flows and the
obsolence of outfall sewers due to overload from combined sewage and
storm overflows. The capacity of existing treatment works is also
considered as well as developments in treatment technology and recommen-
dations for the enlargement of sewers to meet future demands. Financial
implications of the development plans are included.
267
THE COST OF SEWAGE TREATMENT,
R. M. Bradley and Peter C. G. Isaac
Water Pollution Control, Vol 68, No 4, pp 368-402, Jul 1969.
Descriptors: *Costs, *Sewage treatment, Cost analysis.
Identifiers: *Sewer hydraulics, Great Britain.
A detailed report on capital and operational costs with data for 79
works situated in areas of England, Scotland, and Wales, all of which
were commissioned after 1952, is presented. Graphs of costs in relation
to specific problems are shown as well as cost analysis charts. Some
works had a record of the total flow entering the works in various time
periods, but few were able to differentiate between the flows receiving
full treatment and those diverted to storm treatment. Because of the
lack of reliable flow data, operating cost data is presented on a
population basis.
268
FINANCING CONSTRUCTION OF A MAJOR DRAINAGE IMPROVEMENT,
Peter M. Callihan
Public Works, Vol 100, No 6, pp 105-106, Jun 1969.
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Descriptors: *Storm runoff, ^Construction costs, Drainage systems,
California.
Identifiers: Drainage improvements
Rohnert Park, Sonoma County, and the Sonoma County Flood Control District
have developed a new method of financing major drainage channels.
One channel, which served as a major drainage facility to accomodate
storm flows from the anticipated high density development area, could
not be improved because of costs. A policy requiring land developers
to improve all major drainage ways was adopted and the problem was
solved. A large drainage area plan is discussed along with problems
of financing its improvements.
269
ON WATER POLLUTION CONTROL POLICY,
Thomas R. Camp
Eng News-Record, Vol 181, No 7, pp 22-23, Feb 12, 1970.
Descriptors: ^Pollution abatement, ^Regulation, Storm drains, Sewer
separation.
Identifiers: *Construction grants, ^Combined sewers, ^Viewpoint.
The author criticizes the FWPCA's new policy of refusing construction
grants for projects that provide less than 85% removal of five-day BOD,
because this requirement does not cover the oxygen demand of ammonia
(derived from human urine) or of combined sewer overflows. This policy
would eliminate aid to most communities since many areas have combined
sewer overflows. Big cities are cited as having the worst water pollution
problems because they utilize storm drains as combined sewers, and street
congestion hinders sewer separation. Chicago's alternate solution of
underground deep rock storage tunnels for sewage is described and praised.
The following recommendations are made towards achieving pollution
abatement: (1) authorization for grants-in-aid to solve combined sewer
problems; (2) mandatory heavy chlorination of sanitary sewage; (3) water
pollution control authorities to manage watersheds; and (4) FWPCA's
promotion of further legislation required to carry out the above aims.
270
PLAN AND PROGRAM FOR THE BRANDYWINE,
Robert J. Coughlin, John C. Keene, Benjamin H. Stevens, and Ann Louise
Strong
Pennsylvania Univ, Inst for Environmental Studies, Oct 1968.
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Descriptors: ^Urbanization, ^Drainage systems, *Land use, *Water re-
sources development, Storm runoff, Real property, Legislation.
Identifiers: ^Conservation easements, Brandywine, Pennsylvania, Chester
County, Pennsylvania.
The Plan is a proposal for the wise use of the water and land resources
of the Upper East Branch of Brandywine Creek, Chester Co., Pa. The Plan
was developed for the Chester Co. Water Resources Authority by the Insti-
tute for Environmental Studies, University of Penna; Regional Science
Research Inst.; United States Geological Survey; and their consultants.
The aim of the Plan is to prevent deterioration of the water resources
and thus to retain the amenities of related land when urbanization occurs
in the Brandywine watershed. The Plan recommends 3 types of action; pub-
lic purchase of conservation easements or other less than fee interests
on flood plains, stream and swale buffers, steep slopes, and forests; devel-
opment and adoption of detailed water supply and sewage disposal plans in
advance of urbanization; and enactment of strong local regulations for
erosion and storm runoff control.
271
WATER RESEARCH: SOME OBSERVATIONS ON RAINFALL AND RUNOFF,
Norman H. Crawford
The Johns Hopkins Press, Baltimore, Maryland, pp 343-353, 1966. 10 fig,
5 ref.
Descriptors: *Runoff, *Runoff forecasting, *Rainfall-runoff relationships,
Synthetic hydrology, Volumetric analysis.
Identifiers: *Volume-time distribution.
This paper's purpose is to explain the complex processes involved in
finding the volume and time distribution of runoff; two factors basic
to the study of the rainfall-runoff relationship. Illustrations of the
role of various basic hydrologic processes are made using digital synthe-
sis models (Standford Watershed Model IV). A schematic description of a
watershed, presented in the first section, provides background for con-
cepts and terms which follow. The second section discusses volume of
runoff, and the third illustrates timing and runoff distribution. The
conclusion comments on education in the response of watersheds to rain-
fall and on the application of synthesis methods of investigation to
water resources studies in general. (See abstract number 292).
272
KNOWLEDGE OF SEDIMENTATION IN URBAN ENVIRONMENTS,
David R. Dawdy
J Hydraulics Div, Am Soc Civil Engrs, Vol 93, No HY6, pp 235-245, Nov 1967-
Descriptors: *Sediment yield, Drainage effects, Geomorphology, Urbaniza-
tion.
Identifiers: Sedimentation data.
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The two types of sedimentation data are associated with: 1) gross drain-
age basin sediment yield; and, 2) time variability of sediment yield. For
a given basin, the greater the forested area the smaller the sediment
yield, and the effects of urbanization may influence the base condition
of a given area. Geomorphic changes may be induced by the increased
variability of flow caused by urbanization and highway construction.
273
FEDERAL GRANTS FOR MUNICIPAL WASTE TREATMENT—THE NEED FOR POLICY CHANGE,
James R. Ellis
J Water Pollution Control Fed, Vol 42, No 5, Part 1, pp 679-684, May
1970. 1 tab, 2 ref.
Descriptors: ^Separation techniques, *Grants, *Pollution abatement,
Overflow.
Identifiers: *Abatement facilities, *Combined sewers, *Policy change.
The article cites the federal government's neglect of big city's water
pollution abatement needs. Recommended are federal grants for construc-
tion of combined sewer overflow abatement facilities, since this pollu-
tion problem is not solved by installation of wastewater treatment
plants. Either sewer separation or stormflow storage is needed before
treatment, and such projects are not now eligible for federal grants.
Other suggestions include: (1) authorization of incentive grants for
new big-city projects until recipients receive the level of federal
support they deserved since 1956; (2) making federal grant committments
reliable and adequate as to dollars; (3) strengthening the market for
local bonds by renouncing abortive efforts to tax municipal bonds;
(4) implementation of regulatory standards encouraging towns to correct
their worst problems and to achieve the most pollution abatement for
each federal and local tax dollar; and (5) encouraging local use of sewer
service by offering a federal grant incentive, but prohibit an industry
from destroying any stream for a fee.
274
ON THE CONCEPT OF MUNICIPAL SEWERAGE SYSTEMS,
H. Fathmann
IWL Forum 66/1, pp 1-23, 1966.
Descriptors: *Sewage treatment, *Costs, *Drainage systems, *Equipment,
Design.
The author deals with various problems which are encountered in the
design and operation of sewage works for local communities. Particular
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reference is given to the cost of drainage systems and mechanical
treatment plants, the control of storm sewage overflows, the operation
of screens, detritus, sedimentation and humus tanks, and the advantages
of percolating filters and activated-sludge plants.
275
STATUS AND PROPOSED CONTROL OF POLLUTION IN BOSTON HARBOR AND ITS
TRIBUTARIES ,
John J. Flaherty
J Boston Soc Civil Eng, Vol 55, No 4, pp 221-230, Oct 1968.
Descriptors: ^Pollution abatement, Sewerage, Discharge, Overflow,
Storm runoff.
Identifiers: *Boston, Separate system, Deep tunnel plan, Combined
sewers.
Stormwater overflows from combined sewerage systems and from industrial
wastes is the principal cause of river pollution in the Boston area.
About 100 outlets into the Harbor and its tributaries are affected by
Boston storm overflows and combined sewer discharges from neighboring
communities. Four principal alternative methods of pollution abatement
for the area are: 1) complete separation-of all sanitary sewerage and
storm drainage systems, 2) construction of chlorination detention tanks,
3) construction of surface holding tanks, and 4) implementation of the
deep tunnel plan. Engineers recommend the construction of sanitary
sewers and storm conduits wherever existing principal design flows or
runoff from 15-year frequency design rainstorms. The governmental
agencies responsible for pollution control, as well as various studi'es
and approaches to alleviation and abatement methods are listed. Results
indicated that the most positive method of collecting and disposing
overflows of mixed sewage and Stormwater is the deep tunnel plan.
276
WATER RESEARCH: MAJOR RESEARCH PROBLEMS IN WATER QUALITY,
Ernest F. Gloyna
Johns Hopkins Press, Baltimore, Maryland, pp 479-493, 1966. 3 tab, 19
ref.
Descriptors: *Water pollution, *Water quality, ^Pollutants, Water
quality control, Research and development.
Identifiers: *Urban drainage.
This section describes the nature of pollution, some dimensions on
quality, the current status of water renovation, and research needs.
Considerable background information is provided. Types of pollution
discussed are: disease-causing pollution, and conservative and non-
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conservative pollution. Factors which influence water quality are
examined, namely: usage, natural pollution, agricultural and urban
drainage, waste-solids disposal practices, recreation, and certain
political implementations. The following are areas related to water
quality which need the most research: improvement of treatment processes,
translation of theory to design, optimization of water quality management,
development of stream use criteria, groundwater quality management, and
improvement of marine disposal systems. (See abstract number 292).
277
ARCTIC HEATED PIPE WATER AND WASTE WATER SYSTEMS,
J. W. Grainge
Water Res, Vol 3, No 1, pp 47-71, Jan 1969.
Descriptors: *Sanitary engineering, *Sewerage, Pipes,
Identifiers: *Canada.
Sanitation problems of communities in Northern Canada are discussed, and
some environmental conditions are evaluated. Improvements in sanitation
in small Canadian communities by providing piped water and sewage ser-
vices have been proposed. Two original, relatively inexpensive, all-
weather systems suitable where pipes may not be buried on account of
soil conditions are described. Ideas and suggestions for planning water
and sewerage systems are given.
278
DRAINAGE OF ROADS AND PAVED SURFACES,
M. J. Hamlin and F. D. Hobbs
Inst Public Health Engrs, Vol 69, Part 2, pp 122-141, Apr 1970.
Descriptors: *Rainfall intensity, *Storm drains, Hydraulic design, Roads.
Identifiers: *Stormwater inlets.
Factors to be considered in designing stormwater inlets for roads are
discussed utilizing hydraulic requirements rather than a purely empirical
viewpoint. Rainfall intensity is one determining factor since, theoreti-
cally, rainfall intensity is a function of the area to be drained. The
intensity of rainfall and the period for which it lasts varies across
the country, and therefore, this factor must be carefully evaluated before
designing stormwater inlets.
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279
WATER SUPPLY AND WASTE DISPOSAL,
W. A. Hardenbergh and Edward B. Rodie
International Textbook Company, Scranton, Pa., 1960. 513 p.
Descriptors: *Water supply, *Waste disposal, *Sanitary engineering,
*Design, *0perations, *Industrial wastes, *Water treatment.
This volume presents the theory and practices relating to the interre-
lationship between the basic problems of water supply and waste disposal.
The authors provide an integrated treatment of the fundamentals common to
both of these areas of sanitary engineering. Detailed are the design and
operation of systems for water supply and waste disposal. Problems in
water supply caused by over-population and expansion plus unusual disposal
dilemmas created by increased amounts of industrial waste products are
described, and some solutions are proposed. The first nine chapters
concern basic principles of water supply and waste disposal including:
water use and sewerage volume, piping for water and sewage systems, and
the collection and storage of water. The last fourteen chapters relate
to either problems or solutions such as: water treatment by screening and
sedimentation; control of corrosiveness, taste, and odor; sludge treatment
and disposal; filtration and disinfection of water; removal of dissolved
minerals from water; the activated sludge process; and primary and
secondary sewage treatment.
280
WATER SUPPLY AND WASTE DISPOSAL - CHAPTER 1 - THE WATER-SEWAGE CYCLE,
W. A. Hardenbergh and Edward B. Rodie
International Textbook Company, Scranton, Pa., pp 1-7, 1960. 4 fig,
6 ref.
Descriptors: *Water supply, *Sewage disposal, *Storm drains, *Sewage
treatment, *Water treatment, Separation techniques.
Identifiers: *Storm sewers.
This chapter enumerates the functions of water supply and sewage disposal
systems and discusses terminology, financing, and other elements of each
system. A section on storm drainage recommends the provision of separate
sewage and stormwater systems when sewage treatment is required. General
information on water and sewage treatment is also included in this
chapter. (See abstract number 279).
140
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281
WATER SUPPLY AND WASTE DISPOSAL - CHAPTER 2 - QUANTITY OF WATER FROM
RAINFALL,
W. A. Hardenbergh and Edward B. Rodie
International Textbook Company, Scranton, Pa., pp 8-39, 1960. 13 fig,
6 tab, 11 ref.
Descriptors: *Rainfall, *Snowfall, *Runoff, *Streamflow, *Measurement,
*Water yield, *Surface waters, *Water quality, *Rainfall disposition,
*Storm drains, *Design, ^Rational formula, *Runoff forecasting, Ground-
water, Percolation, Evaporation, Absorption.
The first three sections of this chapter involve rainfall and snowfall,
rain measurement, and rain making. Next, runoff is described with a
method for measuring streamflow. Other sections discuss the estimation
of watershed yield, empirical formulas for runoff of water supply,
an investigation of the source for yield, and the quality of surface
water. Rainfall-runoff proportions, along with rainfall rate and
duration, are cited as important criteria for designing storm drainage
facilities. Techniques for computing these three elements are given
including the Rational Method and the Burkli Zeiger empirical formula
for determining runoff. Other topics treated in the chapter include:
percolation and absorption, evaporation, and groundwater. (See abstract
number 279).
282
WATER SUPPLY AND WASTE DISPOSAL - CHAPTER 4 - HYDRAULICS OF WATER AND
SEWAGE CONDUITS,
W. A. Hardenbergh and Edward B. Rodie
International Textbook Company, Scranton, Pa,, pp 59-72, 1960. 5 tab,
3 fig, 2 ref.
Descriptors: *Pipe flow, *Pipes, *Sewers, Mannings equation.
Identifiers: *Sewer hydraulics.
General formulas describing the flow of water in pipes are used to
compute pipe sizes. Such formulas and other aspects of flow in water
pipes are presented in this chapter. Flow in sewers is described
specifically with reference to the Manning Formula and other formulas.
Additional topics discussed are: limiting velocities in sewers, and
the design of full and partly filled sewers excluding circular sewers.
(See abstract number 279).
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283
WATER SUPPLY AND WASTE DISPOSAL - CHAPTER 5 - PIPING FOR WATER AND SEWER
SYSTEMS,
W. A. Hardenbergh and Edward B. Rodie
International Textbook Company, Scranton, Pa., pp 73-98, 1960. 22 fig,
3 tab, 10 ref.
Descriptors: *Water supply, ^Construction, *Construction materials,
*Sewers, Design, Piping systems (mechanical).
Identifiers: Pipe construction.
Requirements for the construction of water supply and sewer pipes are
listed, and descriptions of the most commonly-used materials are included.
Cast-iron, asbestos-cement, concrete, and steel are discussed in terms
of their use in water supply pipe construction. Vitrified-clay, concrete,
and asbestos-cement are described for sewer pipes. Other topics in this
chapter are: service pipes, electrolysis, water hammer, the thickness of
metal pipe, appurtenances for water systems (valves, meters, hydrants)
and for sewers (manholes, drop manholes, inlets, catch basins, flush
tanks, diverting weirs, inverted siphons,.and outlets), junctions of
large sewers, loads on pipes in trenches, and the testing of sewer pipe
strength. (See abstract number 279).
284
WATER SUPPLY AND WASTE DISPOSAL - CHAPTER 8 - COLLECTION AND TRANSPORTATION
OF SEWAGE,
W. A. Hardenbergh and Edward B. Rodie
International Textbook Company, Scranton, Pa., pp 161-190, 1960. 3 tab,
8 fig, 4 ref.
Descriptors: *Sewerage, *Sewers, *Storm drains, ^Design standards,
*Specifications, Runoff, Time of concentration, Construction, Measurement.
Identifiers: *Storm sewers, ^Capacity, Combined sewers, Curved sewers.
Subjects discussed in this chapter include: the layout of a sewerage
system, the position of the sewer in the street, the procedure for
establishing layout, and the design of sanitary sewers. Also described
is the design of a storm drainage system including information of the
inlet time or time of concentration, runoff, sizes and gradients of
storm sewers, and inlet capacity. Combined sewers, noted to be rarely-
built, follow the same design as that for storm sewers although their
shape may be modified. Sewer construction, infiltration measurement,
records, and curved sewers are additional topics explored. (See abstract
number 279).
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285
TARGET DATES FOR SECONDARY TREATMENT AND STORMWATER SEPARATION ON LOWER
MISSOURI AND MISSISSIPPI RIVERS,
Glen J. Hopkins
Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Missouri Water Pollution
Control Association, Jefferson City, Missouri, February 23, 1970.
Descriptors: *Water pollution sources, ^Pollution abatement, Missouri
River, ^Mississippi River, ^Surface runoff, Wa£er pollution, Sewage
treatment, Separation techniques, Overflow.
Identifiers: ^Agricultural land runoff, Combined sewers.
The author discusses sources and effects of pollution in the lower
Missouri and Mississippi Rivers, and explains his reasons for opposing
secondary treatment and storm sewer separation for this area. He states
that sufficient pollution abatement has already taken place in these
rivers and that communities need not waste tax dollars supporting federal
grants for further pollution prevention facilities. According to Mr.
Hopkins, the Missouri River can assimilate wastes properly with the
treatment that is presently offered. He also asserts that sewered wastes,
municipal and industrial, and combined sewer overflows cause far less
pollution to the rivers than does surface runoff from agricultural lands
upstream. Cost of sewer separation for this area is estimated to exceed
$250 million.
286
BUILDING PLANS AS A BASIS FOR THE DESIGN OF WATER AND SEWAGE WORKS,
E. Hornig
Gas Wasserfach (GAWFAN), Vol 107, pp 32-36, 1966.
Descriptors: *Planning, *Hydraulic engineering.
Identifiers: *Germany.
The federal German building plan of 1960 can also be applied to hydraulic
engineering. The number of future inhabitants per 103 sq. m. for town
and country planning is calculated by statistical analyses and also
represents an overall basis for the future requirements of water supplies
and sewage treatment facilities. This plan takes into consideration
the average rainfall and the pollution potential of the population.
287
MASTER WASTEWATER COLLECTION AND TREATMENT PLAN FOR BOGOTA, COLUMBIA,
D. R. Horsefield
J Water Pollution Control Fed, Vol 48, No 8, pp 1443-1458, Aug 1968.
143
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Descriptors: *Sewage disposal, ^Design, Construction costs, Sewerage.
Identifiers: *Bogota, Columbia, ^Interceptor sewer, Stonnwater
disposal, Combined sewers.
Bogota has a population of 1,700,000 and an average wastewater flow of
88.2 mgd, both of which are expected to increase substantially by
1985. A Master plan for the disposal of domestic and industrial
wastes, and stormwater through a multi-stage program consisting of
canal and intercepting sewer construction is presently in the first
stage and total costs are estimated at $85,000,000. Separation of
existing combined sewer areas is not recommended because of cost and
public inconvenience. Graphs concerned with water consumption trends,
wastewater, sanitary sewage discharges, rainfall-runoff, and costs are
included; and canal designs are pictured. Problems encountered, methods
used, and design criteria are discussed.
288
THE INFLUENCE OF SALTS APPLIED TO HIGHWAYS ON THE LEVELS OF SODIUM AND
CHLORIDE IONS PRESENT IN WATER AND SOIL SAMPLES,
Frederick E. Hutchinson
Maine University Water Resources Center Project Completion Report, Jun
1969. 18 p, 2 fig, 9 tab, 6 ref.
Descriptors: *Saline soils, *Maine, ^Chlorides, *Saline water, Pollutant
identification, Water pollution sources, Highways, Soil-water-plant
relationships, Infiltration, Leaching.
Identifiers: Highway icing.
This research project was conducted to determine the effect of salt
applications to de-ice highways on the sodium and chloride levels in
1) streams and rivers, 2) private water supplies contiguous to highways,
and 3) soils bordering highways. Analysis of seven rivers in Maine
from six samplings over a two-year period indicate that sodium and
chloride concentrations are not affected by highway salting, since the
level of both ions remained consistent throughout the period. Although
the concentrations of both ions tended to increase from the headwaters
to the mouth of the rivers the average concentrations for 27 sites were
3.4 and 1.5 ppm for sodium and chloride respectively. Semi-annual
analyses of 100 randomly selected wells along Maine highways indicate
that levels of sodium and chloride are much higher than normal, averaging
69 and 162 ppm respectively. 25% of the wells were unfit for potable
supplies because they contained in excess of 250 ppm of chloride. Sodium
and chloride levels in soils contiguous to highways bear a direct relation-
ship to the length of time over which highways have been salted. In areas
where salt has been applied for 20 years the sodium levels have risen
over a distance of 60 feet from the edge of the highway, and to a depth
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of 18 inches. Sodium saturation of the soil approaches 15% at some sites,
and chloride levels in the soil-water system ranged from 10 to 2525 ppm,
thereby producing the equivalent of an "alkali" condition.
289
WATER AND METROPOLITAN MAN,
Stifel W. Jens and D. Earl Jones, Jr.
Rep of 2nd Eng Found Conf on Urban Water Resources Res, Aug 12-16, 1968,
1969.
Descriptors: *Water resources development, ^Planning, Urbanization,
Systems analysis, Mathematical models, Social aspects, Legal aspects,
Economics, Management, Water management (applied).
Identifiers: Water resources research, Sociology.
The second conference on urban water resources research stressed the
interdisciplinary and systems analysis approaches to solving urban water
and pollution problems. Recommendations were made for action and for
further research in communication, planning, social impacts, regulation,
data collection, precipitation, storage, urban design, and systems
analysis.
290
DIVISION OF COST RESPONSIBILITY FOR WASTEWATER SYSTEMS,
James A. Johnson
J Water Pollution Control Fed, Vol 42, No 3, Part 1, pp 341-353, Mar 1970.
Descriptors: *Cost-benefit analysis, *Waste water treatment, Construction
costs .
Identifiers: Combined sewers, Storm sewers.
The paper describes the level and trends of wastewater facility costs and
the methods currently used to meet them; groups of beneficiaries of
sewerage service; formulas for dividing costs among the groups; and it
examines the differences in the formulas. Specifically, ideas are
presented as to how combined sewers should be termed so as to determine
who should pay the cost. In the case of separate storm sewers, the
problem involves the amount of responsibility placed on the property
owner.
291
PREDICTION MODELS FOR INVESTMENT IN URBAN DRAINAGE SYSTEMS,
John W. Knapp and Walter J. Rawls
Water Resources Research Center Bull No 24, Virginia Polytechnic Instit,
p 1-55, April 1969.
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Descriptors: *Mathematical models, *Investment, *Drainage systems,
*Decision making, *Cost-benefit analysis, Design criteria, Planning,
Economic feasibility, Geographical regions, Engineers estimates.
Linear models were developed and used to study the significant factors
controlling costs of conventional urban drainage systems. The objective
of the study was to find decision making tools which engineers and
planners could employ for estimating the cost of alternative sizes of
drainage facilities and the degree of protection to be afforded; and for
judging the potential for development. Techniques of factor, component,
and non-linear analysis were performed with data collected from 100
municipal agencies around the country. The study revealed that design
practices as well as geographic areas were important. Physical features,
although most important, were usually the fixed, uncontrollable variables.
Design factors, on the other hand, were important in both degree and kind.
The analysis explained the differences in the design methods and led to
the development of equations to predict the cost for various levels of
design.
292
WATER RESEARCH,
Allen V. Kneese and Stephen C. Smith, editors
Papers presented at Seminars in Water Resources Research, sponsored by
Resources for the Future and the Western Resources Conference, at
Colorado State University, July 1965. The John Hopkins Press, Baltimore,
Md., 1966. 526 p.
Descriptors: *Water resources, *Water resources development, *Planning,
*Water Resources Research Act, Water management (applied), Evaluation.
These conference papers reflect years of research activity on problems
of planning and managing water resources. The following developments
over the past decade are highlighted in the papers: (1) clarification
and far-reaching applications of economic concepts to water development
and use; (2) emphasis on cross-disciplinary research; (3) use of
high-speed electronic computers in water management research; (4) empha-
sis on problems of recreation, water quality, and management of water-
associated land used; (5) more research on political, administrative,
and institutional factors; (6) the new role of federal agencies in
water management research; and (7) the impact of the Water Resources
Research Act of 1964. The papers are divided into areas including:
(1) issues in theoretical economic analysis; (2) case studies of
water management; (3) research on evaluation problems; (4) studies of
water reallocation; (5) political and administrative studies; (6) research
on hydrology and engineering; and (7) major research programs and needs.
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293
HYDROLOGICAL ASPECTS OF WATER MANAGEMENT,
Gy Kovacs
2nd Int Postgrad Course on Hydrol Method for Develop Water Resources
Manage, Jan-July 1968, Manual No 2, 1968.
Descriptors: *Water management (applied), *Water resources development,
*Hydrologic aspects, Government, Planning, Urbanization, Water conser-
vation, Flood control, Channel improvement, Irrigation, Water supply,
Sewage, Waste disposal, Hydroelectric power, Economics.
Identifiers: Textbook, Technical manuals.
Water management is defined and the hydrological aspects of water
management are discussed in the introductory section of a text written
for an international post-graduate course in water resources management.
The topics introduced are flood control, river training, water control
on the catchment, irrigation, water supply and sewage problems, water
power, and economics. The objectives of water management and the needs
for data of the various branches of water management are outlined and
summarized. Various national water management organizations and policies
are briefly described.
294
A SIMULATION TECHNIQUE FOR ASSESSING STORM AND COMBINED SEWER SYSTEMS,
John A. Lager
In: Combined Sewer Overflow Seminar Papers, Edison, N.J., Nov 4-5, 1969.
Water Pollution Control Research Series, Report DAST-37, pp 151-170,
Mar 1970. 5 fig, 4 tab, 11 ref.
Descriptors: *Simulation analysis, *Assessments, ^Computer programs, *Storm
runoff, Water pollution control.
This paper describes work in progress to develop an assessment technique
for comparing alternate solutions through a comprehensive computerized
program capable of "representing urban stormwater runoff phenomena,
both quantity and quality, from the onset of precipitation on the basin,
through collection, conveyance (both combined and separate systems),
storage, and treatment systems to points downstream from outfalls which
are significantly affected by storm discharges". The program is intended
for use by municipalities, government agencies, and consultants as a
tool for evaluating the pollution potential of existing systems, present
and future, and for comparing alternate courses of remedial action.
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295
A PLAN FOR ENDING LAKE ERIE POLLUTION,
James C. Lamb
Public Works, Vol 100, No 6, pp 79-82, Jun 1969.
Descriptors: *Pollution abatement, Storm runoff, Sewage treatment,
Separation techniques.
Identifiers: *Lake Erie, *Water quality programs, Combined sewers.
Sources and effects of pollutants in Lake Erie are described along with
plans and recommendations for the elimination of pollution from the
lake. Urban runoff and combined sewer overflows are major sources of
pollution contributing BOD, bacteria, and nutrients — especially phospho-
rus. Detroit, Cleveland, and Toledo are the largest offenders in the
area of storm water runoff. Suggested state water quality programs are
outlined in addition to areas requiring research and development such
as: tertiary treatment, nutrient removal, sediment evaluation, pesticide
pollution, radioactive and thermal pollution, industrial sludge disposal,
oxygen deficient zones, and eutrophication. Expensive separate sewerage
systems are recommended only where feasible, such as in redevelopment
projects. However, where combined sewers exist, overflows should be
disinfected before being discharged to a body of water, and future
plans for storage and treatment should be made,
296
POLLUTION OF THE CHAO PHRAYA RIVER,
R. E. Leffel
J Sanit Eng Div, Am Soc Civil Engrs, Vol 94, No SA2, pp 295-306, Apr 1968.
Descriptors: ^Foreign research, Estuaries, Waste water treatment.
Identifiers: *Chao Phraya River, Thailand.
Programmed sampling and tests of the Chao Phraya River Estuary show
that its pollution-receiving capacity is limited. No sewage collection
system presently exists in Bankgok, but separate wastewater and storm-
water systems are being planned because a combined system would undoubtedly
cause further pollution of the estuary during severe rainfall. More
studies must be made before the degree of oxidation of organic carbon,
nitrogen, and amoniacal nitrogen can be accurately determined. Further
studies are also being conducted to decide upon the necessary type of
initial wastewater treatment. Such treatment must include sufficient
oxidation of organic carbonaceous substances and oxidizable nitrogenous
substances. This study also demonstrates the need for modifications in
standard BOD measurements in addition to modifications of the parameters
and equations defining DO concentrations for tropical estuaries.
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297
WATER-RESOURCES ENGINEERING,
Ray K. Linsley and Joseph B. Franzini
McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, 1964. 654 p.
Descriptors: *Water resources, *Water resources development, *Planning,
*Hydrology, *Water pollution control, ^Digital computers, *Water manage-
ment (applied), *Engineering education, Water utilization.
Identifiers: *Textbook.
This book is basically aimed towards introducing water resources
engineering to the undergraduate civil engineering student. The first
five chapters present hydrology, the subject basic to water management.
Chapter six involves legal aspects of water use which often constrain
planning efforts. Chapters seven through twelve discuss physical works—
dams, canals, pipelines, etc.—which are utilized in almost all types of
water resources projects. Chapters fourteen through twenty cover prin-
cipal water use£, and the last chapter summarizes the planning procedure
for single and multi-purpose projects. Pollution control is stressed in
regard to waste treatment, and the role of the digital computer in
hydraulic engineering is thoroughly discussed.
298
WATER-RESOURCES ENGINEERING - CHAPTER 3 - QUANTITATIVE HYDROLOGY,
Ray K. Linsley and Joseph B. Franzini
McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, pp 38-71, 1964. 18 graphs, 4 tab,
2 diag, 6 ref.
Descriptors: *Hydrologic aspects, *Runoff, ^Infiltration, *Rainfall-
runoff relationships, *Snowmelt, Rational formula, Estimating equations,
Hydrographs.
This chapter presents examples of commonly used hydrologic procedures,
some empirical, some rational. Terms relating to basin recharge and
runoff are defined. Other topics discussed include: hydrograph analysis,
infiltration and infiltration indices, rainfall-runoff correlations,
moisture-accounting procedures, long-period runoff relations; plus
topics relating to runoff from snow and techniques such as the rational
method for estimating instantaneous peak-flow rates and computing
complete hydrographs.
299
WATER-RESOURCES ENGINEERING - CHAPTER 10 - OPEN CHANNELS,
Ray K. Linsley and Joseph B. Franzini
McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, pp 251-279, 1964. 18 diag, 9 tab,
1 graph, 8 ref.
149
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Descriptors: *0pen channels, ^Hydraulic properties, *Flow measurement,
Canals, Tunnels, Flumes.
The open channel and the pressure conduit are the two types of conduits
that convey water. The open channel may take the form of a canal,
flume, tunnel, or partly filled pipe, all of which are referred to in
this chapter. Open channels are characterized by a free water surface,
in contrast to pressure conduits which flow full. This chapter details
salient features of the hydraulics of open-channel flow including:
uniform and nonuniform flow, normal and critical depth, location of the
hydraulic jump, free outfall, hydraulic efficiency of channels, channel
transitions, and flow around bends and steep slopes. Measurement of flow
in open channels is also explained for weirs and venturi flumes. Canals,
canal appurtenances, and tunnels are described in the section on types
of open channels.
300
WATER-RESOURCES ENGINEERING - CHAPTER 11 - PRESSURE CONDUITS,
Ray K. Linsley and Joseph B. Franzini
McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, pp 280-322, 1964. 31 diag, 5 tab,
11 ref.
Descriptors: ^Pressure conduits, ^Hydraulic properties, *Flow measure-
ment, Construction materials, Construction equipment.
Identifiers: ^Pollution potential.
A pressure conduit flows full and is often less costly than an open
channel because it generally follows a shorter route. If water is
scarce, pressure conduits may be used to avoid water loss by seepage and
evaporation that might occur in open channels. Pressure conduits are
preferable for public water supplies because of the reduced opportunity
for pollution. This chapter is limited to turbulent flow in pipes, since
this is what the hydraulics engineer deals with exclusively. Topics
covered under the section on the hydraulics of pressure conduits include:
head loss due to pipe friction, minor losses in pipelines, flow with
negative pressure, flow in branching and parallel pipes, and pipe
networks. Other sections discuss: measurement of flow in pressure
conduits; forces acting on pipes; materials such as steel, cast-iron,
and concrete for pressure conduits; appurtenances for pressure conduits
such as gates, valves, and surge tanks; and inverted siphons.
301
WATER-RESOURCES ENGINEERING - CHAPTER 18 - DRAINAGE,
Ray K. Linsley and Joseph B. Franzini
McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, pp 490-533, 1964. 18 diag, 2 tab,
2 graphs, 8 ref.
150
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Descriptors: *Drainage, *Storm drains, ^Surface drainage, ^Design, Surveys
Identifiers: *Stormwater disposal, ^Highway drainage.
The problems of drainage may be subdivided into municipal drainage, the
disposal of excess stormwater from cities; land drainage, the disposal
of stormwater from rural areas, and the removal of excess water from
the soil; and highway drainage, the disposal of stormwater from highway
rights of way. Principles governing most drainage projects are basically
the same, but the differing physical problems encountered require different
solutions. In describing procedures for designing storm drainage works,
topics covered include: estimates of flow, gutters, inlets, grated and
curb-opening inlets, manholes, and outlet works. The section on land
drainage discusses: drainage ditches, underdrains, groundwater flow to
drains, layout of a tile-drain system, drainage by vertical wells, and
legal aspects of drainage. Topics included under highway drainage are:
longitudinal and cross drainage, culverts, culvert inlets and outlets,
debris barriers, culvert hydraulics, bridge waterways, and dips.
302
WATER-RESOURCES ENGINEERING - CHAPTER 19 - SEWAGE DISPOSAL AND WATER
QUALITY CONTROL,
Ray K. Linsley and Joseph B. Franzini
McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, pp 534-575, 1964. 13 diag, 4 tab,
1 graph, 17 ref.
Descriptors: *Sewage treatment, *Sewage disposal, *Sewage, ^Industrial
wastes, *Storm runoff, *Sewers, Infiltration, Flow rates, Construction.
Identifiers: Sewage quantity, Sewer hydraulics, Combined sewers.
In urban areas liquid wastes (sewage) which must be disposed of include
domestic or sanitary sewage, industrial wastes, and storm runoff. Basic
terms related to sewage disposal are defined in this chapter. The sec-
tion on the quantity of sewage discusses infiltration and variations of
flow. The laying of sanitary, separate, and combined sewers is described
along with discussions of information on sewer construction and mainte-
nance. Topics relating to sewage treatment are also detailed such as:
screening of sewage, comminutors, grease removal, sewage sedimentation,
filtration, oxidation ponds, the activated-sludge process, sludge digestion,
and disposal, Imhoff and septic tanks, chlorination, and industrial waste
treatment.
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303
THE 1969 FLOODS,
John A. McCollum
Calif Water Pollution Control Assoc 42nd Annual Conference, Apr 29-May
1, 1970, Sacramento, Calif.
Descriptors: *Damages, *Sewers, *Storm drains, ^Repairing.
Identifiers: *Los Angeles, California.
This paper describes the damage to the sewer and storm drain systems in
the City of Los Angeles during and subsequent to the winter rains of
January and February, 1969. Emergency repair work, performed by forces
of the Bureau of Sanitation of the Department of Public Works under
adverse conditions, resulted in the protection of public and private
property from costly damages. Steps taken to insure the health and
sanitary condition of the citizenry included restoration of sewer lines,
repair to channels and debris basins, and alleviation of slide potential.
Damage was also experienced on a county-wide basis and a summary of
events shows the interrelationships involved in emergency repair work
performed.
304
ST. LOUIS FLOOD PROTECTION: INTERIOR DRAINAGE,
Herman M. McKinney
J Hydraulics Div, Am Soc Civil Engrs, Vol 93, No HY4, pp 129-147, Jul 1967
Descriptors: ^Drainage programs, Comparative costs, Storm runoff.
Identifiers: *St. Louis, Missouri, Sewer hydraulics.
The interior drainage considerations in the project authorization and
basis for determinations of storm runoff, hydraulic gradients, sewer
capacities, gate closing stages, stormwater ponding capacities,
seepage, base flow, required pumping capacities, and sewer sizes are
presented. In addition, the basis for schemes of plans considered, and
comparative cost analysis and selection of plans are evaluated.
305
DESIGN OF ROUGHNESS ELEMENTS FOR ENERGY DISSIPATION IN HIGHWAY DRAINAGE
CHUTES,
H. M. Morris
Nat Acad Sciences—Nat Research Council—Highway Research Rec, No 261,
pp 25-37, 1969.
152
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Descriptors: ^Energy dissipation, ^Channels, *Design criteria,
Investigations, Analysis.
Identifiers: ^Tumbling flow.
Laboratory and field studies were conducted at Virginia Polytechnic
Institute to develop design criteria for a method of energy dissipation
by providing roughness elements in a channel designed to produce the
phenomenon of tumbling flow in a channel. Based on test results, it
is recommended that either two-dimensional square elements or cubical
elements be used. Design equations are presented, along with recommen-
dations for spacing and placement of elements.
306
CONSERVATION PROGRAMS IN THE URBAN FRINGE,
John W. Neuberger
J Soil Water Conserv, Vol 24, No 6, pp 216-618, Nov/Dec 1969- 6 ref.
Descriptors: ^Conservation, *Storm drains, ^Drainage, Erosion control,
Runoff, Sediment control, Nebraska.
Solutions to land erosion and drainage problems caused by suburban sprawl
in a Nebraska conservation district are outlined. Increased paving,
roofing, and compacted soils result in erosion and flooding; therefore,
the construction of major and minor storm drainage and water runoff
systems is recommended. An Omaha program to reduce sedimentation from
developing areas is detailed in addition to guidelines for good land
resource conservation. Examples of developers' initiatives towards
furthering the urban conservation program are cited.
307
STREAM POLLUTION AND ABATEMENT FROM COMBINED SEWERS AT BUCYRUS, OHIO,
Richard F. Noland and Dale A. DeCarlo
In: Combined Sewer Overflow Abatement Technology. Water Pollution Control
Research Series, Report 11024—06/70, pp 291-230, Jun 1970. 16 fig, 3 tab.
Descriptors: *Water pollution effects, ^Overflow, *Water pollution control,
*Investigations, Storm runoff.
Identifiers: *Bucyrus, Ohio, *Sandusky River, ^Combined sewers, Treatment
method.
This paper contains results taken from a detailed engineering investigation
and comprehensive technical study to evaluate the pollutional effects from
combined sewer overflows on the Sandusky River at Bucyrus, Ohio which
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evaluated the benefits, economics, and feasibility of alternate plans
for pollution abatement from the combined sewer overflows. A year long
detailed sampling and laboratory analysis program was conducted on the
combined sewer overflows in which the overflows were measured and sampled
at 3 locations comprising 64% of the city's sewered area and the river
flow was measured and sampled above and below Bucyrus. The results of
the study showed that the combined sewers will overflow about 73 times
each year discharging an estimated annual volume of 350 million gallons
containing 350,000 pounds of BOD and 1,400,000 pounds of suspended solids.
A method of controlling the pollution from combined sewer overflows is
presented along with the degree of protection, advantages, disadvantages,
and estimate of cost.
308
UNDERFLOW SEWERS FOR CHICAGO,
Milton Pikarsky and C. J. Keifer
Civil Eng, Vol 37, No 5, pp 62-65, May 1967. 2 diag, 2 tab.
Descriptors: ^Design, *Sewers, ^Overflow, ^Planning, ^Tunnels, Costs,
Construction equipment, Computer models, Underflow.
Identifiers: *Deep tunnel plan, ^Chicago, Combined sewers.
Chicago is planning an underflow sewer system consisting of a large
tunnel under rivers and canals into which all combined sewers will dis-
charge. This system, costing $400 million dollars, will eliminate the
need for a $4 billion dollar conventional separate sewer because spillages
from combined sewers will be directed to the underground tunnel rather
than polluting surface streams. The performance of the Lawrence Ave.
underflow sewers was analyzed through a computer simulation of the
system. Untreated overflow into local streams was reduced from 3%/year
of the sewage from combined sewers to .8% from Lawrence Ave.'s underflow
sewers.
309
WATER RESOURCES AS AN ELEMENT OF URBAN PLANNING,
M. L. Rockwell
J Urban Planning Devel Div, Am Soc Civil Engrs, Vol 94, No UP1 pp 1-9
Aug 1968.
Descriptors: *Water utilization, *Storm runoff, Reservoir storage,
Urbanization.
Identifiers: *Water resource problems.
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This paper examines the complex technical, legal, and administrative
problems involved in northeastern Illinois' water situation and the high
degree of use and reuse taking place in this area. Even stormwater
runoff along with its pollutants is retained in reservoirs to be used
later beneficially. Existing problems related to stormwater runoff in
this area include the restriction of water infiltration and, thus, the
production of increased runoff caused by the construction of impermeable
surfaces (roof tops, streets, and parking lots), and the maintenance of
unsightly stormwater basins in areas where water recreational facilities
are needed.
310
OPENING REMARKS,
William A. Rosenkranz
In: Combined Sewer Overflow Seminar Papers. Water Pollution Control
Research Series, Report DAST-37, pp 1-8, 1970.
Descriptors: *Sewers, *Storm runoff, *Federal project policy, Grants,
Research and development, Water pollution control.
Identifiers: *Combined sewers, Demonstration grants.
The background and history of the FWQA's combined sewer program and
methods of applying for grants under the demonstration grant program
established by the Water Quality Act of 1965 are discussed. Technical
areas in which the FWQA Storm and Combined Sewer Pollution Control
Branch are interested include: removal of storm flow and infiltration
from sanitary sewers, through elimination of illicit storm water
connections; pressure or vacuum sewers as an alternate means of sewer
separation; infiltration control; improved materials and construction
practices for sewers; and, treating and/or controlling urban runoff.
311
ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH AND COMMUNITY PLANNING,
J. A. Salvato, Jr.
J Urban Planning Devel Div, Am Soc Civil Engrs, Vol 94, No UP1, pp 23-30,
Aug 1968.
Descriptors: *Planning, ^Environmental effects, Public health.
Effects are given of a type of planning which includes land use, water
system and transportation, and prevention of problems caused. The health
department responsibility for the issuance of permits and approval of
operational results to protect public health is emphasized.
155
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312
ENTERPRISING PROJECT AIMS AT BRINGING SEWER DESIGN UP TO DATE,
Mike Sunnier
Water Pollution Control, Vol 107, No 1, p 25, Jan 1969.
Descriptors: ^Hydraulic design.
Identifiers: *Sewer junctions.
A joint research project on hydraulic criteria is being carried out by
the Borough of Scarborough and the University of Toronto. The project
specifically is concerned with finding the best design modification
to eliminate flooding at sewer junctions.
313
SYSTEM DESIGN,
George E. Symons
Water Wastes Eng, Vol 4, No 9, pp M3-M21, Sep 1967.
Descriptors: *Sewerage, *Sewers, ^Design, ^Hydraulics, *Installation,
^Storage tanks, Sewage treatment, Design flow, Storm runoff, Overflow.
Identifiers: Combined sewers, Storm sewers.
This digest of information on sewerage systems includes definitions,
explanations, and tabular data on a wide range of topics such as:
sewer type classifications, considerations in sewer design, sanitary
sewers, sewer hydraulics, storm and combined sewers, sewer appurte-
nances, and inplant piping systems. Conditions are enumerated under which
sanitary sewers, combined sewers, or separate sewers should be installed.
Storm sewers are recommended to relieve loads on existing combined
sewers. Stormwater treatment is suggested unless an alternative can
be employed such as sanitary wastes transport under pressure through
small lines laid in existing combined sewers. The planning and design
of storm and combined sewers is described including correct location
and design capacity of such systems. Appurtenances relating to storm-
water runoff, such as overflows and storm tanks, are defined and de-
scribed. Storm tanks are more commonly used in combined systems in or-
der that stormwater eventually be passed to sewage treatment works to
avoid overflow of storm water into nearby bodies of water. Such tanks
operate under gravity or pumping conditions. Tables, diagrams, and
graphs in the digest include: sewer classification, sewer system
layouts, population trends in the U.S., quantities of water and sewage
flow in U.S. cities, amounts of hourly and daily sewage flow in a sample
city, extreme flow rates as a function of population, filtration speci-
fications, rates of flow using Bernoulli's, Manning's, and Hanzen-Wil-
liams' formulas, a sewer design slide rule, sewer hydraulic information,
recommended minimum sewer grades, and design criteria for sewer appur-
tenances .
156
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314
THE SEWERAGE AND DRAINAGE PROBLEM,
A. L. Tholin
In: Environmental Engineering and Metropolitan Planning, edited by
John A. Logan, Paul Opperman, and Norman E. Tucker, Northwestern
University Press, pp 91-109, 1963.
Descriptors: ^Sewerage, ^Drainage, *Urbanization, Conduits, Construction
costs, Financing, Detention reservoirs, Gaging stations, Flood damage,
Planning, Water pollution, Drainage systems, Public health, Sewage
treatment.
Identifiers: ^Combined sewers, *Sanitary sewers, *Storm sewers, Sewer
design.
Recommendations are made regarding the sewerage and drainage problem.
The desirable solution of the sewerage and drainage problem should
include the following action: (1) convey spent water quickly by
underground conduits to the place of treatment and disposal; (2) avoid
combined sewers, if possible; (3) design so as to conserve and utilize
energy of flow to achieve economy of construction cost; (4) detain storm-
water near the origin, where possible; (5) interpret river gagings with
a critical eye; (6) find out what flow-ways we need, establish and main-
tain them; and (7) have a master plan. Included in the paper are: a
formal comment, a discussion, and a workshop regarding the subject matter.
315
RIVER CONSERVATION AND WATER CONSERVATION WORKS: CHAPTER 9 - THE USE
OF BALANCING RESERVOIRS AND FLOW REGULATING RESERVOIRS IN DEALING WITH
RUN-OFFS FROM URBAN AREAS,
G. Thompson
Butterworths, London, pp 132-141, 1966. 6 fig, 5 ref.
Descriptors: *Surface drainage, *Flow control, ^Regulated flow, *River
systems, *Design criteria, Sewers.
Identifiers: *Urban runoff, *Flow balancing.
This chapter attacks the problem of increased runoff from a river caused
by urban development and the installation of surface water drainage.
Such a problem ensues wherever more paved areas are directly connected
by sewers to a river. As a solution, the author recommends flow balancing,
which entails passing the flow through a natural or artificial lake
with a restricted outflow, or flow regulation, in which part of the river
flow is passed into specially-prepared areas. These plans can be economi-
cal, and they reduce peak flows and also channel sizes farther downstream.
General design factors for implementing flow balancing and regulation
are discussed; and then a scheme combining the two principles, which was
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applied to the River Cray, is described. Flow balancing is possible in
new or undeveloped towns; whereas, it cannot usually be implemented in a
built-up area unless, lakes or disused mine workings are available. In
such urban areas, flow regulation is readily applicable. (See abstract
number 316).
316
RIVER ENGINEERING AND WATER CONSERVATION WORKS,
Roland Berkeley Thorn, editor
Butterworths, London, 1966. 520 p.
Descriptors: *Water supply, *Water conservation, *Engineering education,
Legislation.
Identifiers: *River engineering.
The editor collected articles by twenty-three authors, and these,
together with his own contributions, form a comprehensive introduction
to basic information needed by river authority engineers. The book
also includes topics related to water supply engineering and the soil
mechanics of flood embankments. With the exception of the first
chapter on water conservation and water supply legislation, the emphasis
is on engineering subjects and the means for solving major problems
arising in river engineering and water conservation works.
317
SPECIAL REQUIREMENTS FOR A FULL SCALE FIELD DEMONSTRATION OF THE ASCE
COMBINED SEWER SEPARATION PROJECT SCHEME,
Donald H. Waller
ASCE Combined Sewer Separation Project, Technical Memorandum No 13, June
3, 1968. FWPCA Program No 11020EKO. 84 p, 12 fig, 13 tab, 10 ref.
Descriptors: *Benefits, *Costs, Anaerobic conditions, Legal aspects,
Measurement, Overflow.
Identifiers: *Field demonstration planning, Obstructions to flow, Inter-
views, Sewer separation, Storage-grinder pump.
Matters that should be considered in planning a field demonstration of
the ASCE Project pressure sewer scheme are summarized. These include:
importance of connecting as many buildings as possible in the demonstra-
tion project area; need for protection from overflows of building stor-
age-grinder pump units; relationship between occurrence of overflows from
buildings and given levels of public inspection, detection and control;
effectiveness of alarms on storage-grinder pump units; legal agreements
with property owners; importance of complete records of project costs;
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effectiveness of the project as a pollution control measure; possible
benefits of elimination of infiltration from interceptors and treatment
plants; detection and clearing of obstructions; use of polymer additives
to reduce fluid friction; behavior of unground sewage including anaerobic
decomposition; self-cleansing characteristics of flow; rate and extent
of deterioration of friction factors; sewage flow variations and their
relationship to water demands; handling of interruptions of service;
and field tests on installations in walk-through combined sewers. The
appendix is an assessment of the physical problems to be overcome in
separation of plumbing on private property, with estimates of cost,
based on information from officials in seven large cities having combined
sewers, and from a consulting engineer and a recent American Public
Works Association survey.
318
NON-MECHANICAL CONSIDERATIONS INVOLVED IN IMPLEMENTING PRESSURIZED
SEWERAGE SYSTEMS,
Donald H. Waller
Combined Sewer Separation Project, Technical Memorandum No 12, May 31,
1968. FWPCA Program No 11020 EKO.
Descriptors: *Administration, *Economic justification, *Legal aspects.
Identifiers: *Interviews, Radcliff, Kentucky, Storage-grinder pump.
Installation of a storage-grinder pump unit in every home raises questions
regarding: allocation of costs of the units; responsibility for mal-
function of the units; arrangements for service of the units; and wil-
lingness of owners to accept the presence of units in their buildings.
Twenty-five householders in Radcliff, Kentucky, whose houses are served
by sewage ejector units were interviewed to obtain opinions about fea-
tures of the units that appeared to represent potential sources of
nuisance, inconvenience, or other liabilities. Also interviewed were
the superintendent of the utility operating the Radcliff sewerage
system, owners of five houses in Louisville, Kentucky, at which sewage
sampling stations were located, and three consulting engineering firms
who have considered schemes involving the installation of sewage pump-
ing equipment on private properties. Opinions and practices reported
reflect the view that sewage pumping equipment placed on private pro-
perty as part of a public project should be purchased, installed, and
serviced at public expense.
319
BRITAIN AND THE AMERICAN WATER QUALITY CRISIS
Richard Wood
Effluent Water Treat J, Vol 10, No 6, pp 316-317, 319-321, Jun 1970.
159
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Descriptors: *United States, *Cost analysis, ^Comparative costs, Equipment,
Standards, Pollution abatement.
Identifiers: *Viewpoint, *Great Britain.
The author states that Britain's shortcomings with regard to water
pollution control stem from a failure of financial investments in
control plants to keep pace with the changing technology of industrial
processes and their effects on both domestic ,and mixed-municipal sewage.
A comparative cost analysis between Britain and the United States
concerning water pollution control is discussed including: cost per-
cents appropriated for equipment, industrial waste treatment, municipal
sewage treatment, and river pollution abatement, Basic purification
standards are included as well as effluent standards. The author expands
on the idea that the exportation of pollution control equipment such as
instrumentation and control systems to the United States is one area
in which the British may contribute their technological advances in
aiding both the United States and Britain.
320
FLOOD CONTROL PROMISED MAJOR BENEFITS,
Walter J. Wood and N. Christian Datwyler
Public Works, Vol 101, No 6, pp 67-68, Jun 1970.
Descriptors: *Drainage systems, *Flood control, *Storm drains, Overflow.
Identifiers: Connecting tunnel.
The Department of Housing and Urban Development recently granted funds
to the Los Angeles County Flood Control District for the construction
of a storm drainage system. Such a system will eliminate problems
caused by accumulated stormwater sumps along the undulating terrain of
the area. Such stormwater accumulations have caused drownings and
mosquito proliferation, and they sometimes overflow and flood surrounding
areas or infiltrate the sewer system creating a health hazard. The
project consists of a tunnel connecting storm drains to the Pacific Ocean.
The new drainage system will encourage redevelopment in the area by
resolving the problems presently making the region an unattractive and
often-dangerous place to live.
321
ENGINEERING ASPECTS OF WASTEWATER CONTRACTS,
Samuel I. Zack
J Sanit Eng Div, Am Soc Civil Engrs, Vol 95, No SA3, pp 465-480, Jun
1969.
Descriptors: *Engineers estimates, *Sewers, Engineering.
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Engineering elements essential to the financing, construction, operation
and maintenance of sewerage facilities for use by two or more parties
are outlined. Contract terms, conditions and clauses in successful use
which include the engineering basis for jointly sharing the capacities
of sewage collection and treatment facilities, and for joint sharing
of capital and annual operating and maintenance costs are covered.
Definitions of engineering terms; regulations pertaining to conditions
of wastewaters, both domestic and industrial, acceptable from the party
being served; specific stipulations considered typical for excluding
discharge of detrimental wastewaters and sewage which contains stormwater;
drainage from stormwater inlets, floor drains, and from other direct
sources; and how and when payments are made according to actual contracts
in effect are given. The importance of scheduling payments to meet
commitments is presented. Examples are cited to indicate how engineer-
ing factors and needs of a specific location affect the patterns of
a contract. The fact that no lawyer should endeavor to write a contract
without engineering consultation and that no engineer should write a
contract without legal advice is emphasized.
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Section 7
LEGISLATION AND STANDARDS
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322
MUNICIPALS WANT NEW CENTRAL BODY FOR WATER AND SEWAGE,
Surveyor, Vol 85, pp 37 and 48, Apr 1970.
Descriptors: *Future planning (projected), *Legal aspects, *Regulation,
*Administration.
Identifiers: ^Viewpoint.
The setting up of a central body, with much wider responsibilities than
those of the present Water Resources Board, to plan, initiate, or coor-
dinate action over the whole field of water resources and sewage purifi-
cation and disposal, is proposed by the Institution of Municipal Engi-
neers. The following points were discussed: the inadequacy of the
present form of organization for the future; water supply and effluent
disposal planning; standards research; and the delegation and deter-
mination in regards to responsibilities of river boards and local gov-
ernment bodies (i.e. surface water sewerage, positioning of surface
water overflows and outfalls).
323
MERSEY RA STANDARDS FOR EFFLUENTS,
Surveyor, Vol 84, No 4039, p 98, Nov 7, 1969.
Descriptors: *Standards, *Sewage effluents, *Sewage disposal, Overflow.
Identifiers: *Effluent standards, *Great Britain, Trade effluents.
Storm sewage.
The Mersey and Weaver River Authority defined effluent standards in
accordance with relevant local conditions. Standards were developed for
the following areas: (1) purified sewage effluents discharged to inland
rivers (normally applied to rates of flow up to 3 d.w.f.); (2) partially
treated sewage effluents discharged to rivers (normally applied to rates
of flow in excess of 3 d.w.f.); (3) untreated sewage effluents from
storm sewage overflows; (4) sewage effluents discharged to tidal waters;
and (5) trade effluents.
324
POWER TO ACQUIRE LAND, CONSTRUCT AND EQUIP SEWERAGE SYSTEM,
Conn Gen Stat Ann sec 7-247 (1960).
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Descriptors: Connecticut, *Sewage districts, *Condemnation, *Cities,
Sewage, Sewage disposal, Sewage treatment, Sewers, Wastes, Environmental
sanitation, Drainage systems, Storm drains, Regulation, Administrative
agencies, Management, Storm runoff, Real property, Right of way, Eminent
domain, Contracts, Control, Legislation, Local governments.
Any city may acquire, construct, and operate a sewerage system or systems.
For that purpose, the city may enter upon and acquire property by pur-
chase, condemnation, or other means. Cities may establish rules for the
operation of the system, including regulation of discharge of sewer or
any storm drain runoff into the system which they feel will adversely
affect its operation. Cities may contract with any person or with any
other city to provide or obtain sewerage system services for any sewage.
The sewer authority shall: (1) establish rules for the transaction of
its business; (2) keep records of its proceedings; and (3) designate an
officer to be the custodian of its books.
325
HEALTH AND SAFETY,
Del Code Ann tit 16, sees 7907, 7929, 7930, 7931 (1953).
Descriptors: *Delaware, Inspection, *Sewage, *Administrative agencies,
Legislation, Evaluation, On-site investigations, On-site tests, Regula-
tion, Water law, Legal aspects, Sewage disposal, Sewers, Cesspools,
Waste disposal, Environmental sanitation, Potable water, Permits, Public
health, Waste water (Pollution), Sanitary engineering, Social aspects,
Water quality- Storm drains, Wells, Well permits, Water supply, Runoff,
Plumbing.
Identifiers: Storm sewers, Storm sewage.
Agents of the State Board of Health inspect and supervise all water and
sewer systems, building and house drainage systems, and their ventila-
tion. Plumbing inspectors may enter any building or premises in the
state when necessary for the performance of their duties and may in-
spect and order the removal of any plumbing fixture, pipe, or cesspool
which they deem to be in an unsanitary condition. Storm waters must be
drained into a storm water sewerage system or a combined sewerage system
but not into a sanitary sewerage system intended for sewerage only. Privy
vaults or cesspools are not permitted on premises accessible to a Dublic
sewer. Where a public water supply is available, dug wells or other
sources of private water supply are unlawful unless approved in writing
by the Board.
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326
WESTERN AND ATLANTIC RAILROAD V HASSLER (DAMAGES CAUSED BY INADEQUATE
CULVERT),
92 Ga App 278, 88 SE 2d 559-565 (1955).
Descriptors: *Georgia, *Flood damage, ^Precipitation excess, ^Rainfall
intensity, Judicial decisions, Damages, Rainfall, Precipitation, Rail-
roads, Culverts, Rainfall Disposition, Runoff, Drainage, Surface runoff,
Floods, Cloudbursts, Streams, Nonnavigable waters, Mills, Riparian land,
Natural flow.
Identifiers: Negligence.
Plaintiff owned a mill adjacent to a non-navigable creek. The creek
flowed through a culvert under defendant's tracks approximately two
thousand feet from the mill. The culvert was adequate in area to take
care of the normal flow of the creek. The defendant raised its tracks
two and one-half feet, and reinforced the culvert by adding several
inches of new masonry, thereby reducing the flow of water through the
culvert by about fifteen percent. The raising of the tracks prevented
the overflow of the water in time of heavy rains. During such rains,
plaintiff's mill and cotton gin were damaged because of flooding. The
question presented was whether damage resulted from an act of God or
through the fault of the railroad. The court held that this was a
question for the jury. If the flood that did occur was so extraordinary
and unprecedented that it could not have been foreseen and the damage
could not have been prevented by prudential means , the railroad could
not be held liable.
327
CITY OF MACON V CANNON (SURFACE WATER RUNOFF),
89 Ga App 484, 79 SE 2d 816-826 (1954).
Descriptors: ^Georgia, *Storm drains, ^Flooding, *Drainage water, Sub-
surface drains, Drainage engineering, Highways, Roadbeds, Drainage systems,
Overland flow. Natural flow, Precipitation excess, Rainfall, Storm runoff,
Legal aspects, Judicial decisions, Local governments.
Plaintiff brought action to recover for damages resulting from defendant
city's maintenance of a nuisance. The alleged nuisance consisted of a
sewer beneath plaintiff's land which lacked the capacity to handle in-
creased surface runoff. Judgment was entered for the plaintiff and city
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appealed. The reviewing court affirmed the lower court, holding that
the evidence presented by the plaintiff was sufficient to establish:
(1) that plaintiff's premises became flooded even during normal rain due
to the inadequate capacity of the sewer, (2) that the paving of a nearby
highway greatly increased the runoff into the sewer in question; and
that (3) the city was guilty of maintaining a nuisance by failure to
enlarge the sewer system after notification by plaintiff of the increased
flowage into the sewer.
328
CHICAGO SANITARY DISTRICT,
111 Ann Stat ch 42, sees 326, 326aa, 326bb, 329a. 330, 336, 337, 339,
341, 342, 344-349, 351, 352, 354-359 (Smith-Kurd 1956), as amended,
(Supp 1969).
Descriptors: ^Illinois, *Sewage treatment, ^Drainage systems, *Water
pollution, Legislation, Administration, Administrative agencies, Drainage,
Municipal wastes, Sewage disposal, Cities, Pollution abatement, Treatment
facilities, Channels, Channel improvement, Engineering structures, Sewage,
Waste water (Pollution), Assessments, Water resources, Eminent domain,
Flood control, Regulation, Permits, Water control.
Identifiers: *Sanitary districts.
The authority of sanitary districts includes jurisdiction over drainage,
sewage, and treatment works within their respective territories. Dis-
tricts are charged with prevention and abatement of pollution by estab-
lishing standards, requiring permits for construction of municipal
sewage systems and for changed systems, and initiating court action against
violators. Financing of projects may be through sale of bonds. Authority
of districts includes building docks, highways, bridges, approaches, and
other works related to drainage canals and channels, and existing water-
ways may be improved to facilitate drainage. Districts have the power of
eminent domain in most instances and are held liable for all damage caused
by improvements. Specifications are made for size and capacity of sewage
and drainage watercourses, for restrictions on the type of sewage discharge
allowed, and for connecting facilities between districts. Districts which
violate the act are subject to court action initiated by the Attorney Gen-
eral. Municipalities are required to share water sources that have been
saved from pollution with other cities. There is provision for inspection
of new channels. The city of Chicago is organized as a drainage district,
and the statutory powers are conferred on the corporate authorities.
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329
SANITARY DISTRICTS OUTSIDE OF MUNICIPALITIES,
111 Ann Stat ch 42, sees 418, 421, 433, 437, 438, 439 (Smith-Kurd 1956),
as amended, (Supp 1969).
Descriptors: ^Illinois, ^Administrative agencies, ^Environmental sanita-
tion, *Sewage disposal, Water purification, Sanitary engineering, Water
law, Legislation, Legal aspects, Water policy, Administration, Financing,
Taxation, Dams, Public health, Sewage treatment, Planning, Sewers, Sewage,
Water utilization, Water pollution, Water pollution control, Water quality
control.
Identifiers: *Sanitary districts.
The board of trustees of any sanitary district is responsible for the
collection and disposal of sewage within their area and must protect the
water supplied to their inhabitants from contamination. They may use
such conduits, pipes and pumps as are necessary to construct an adequate
sewage system for this purpose. They must also treat and purify all
sewage before allowing same to flow into any lake, river or other water
course. While real and personal property may be taken for the district's
corporate purposes, whether by purchase or condemnation, adequate com-
pensation must be paid therefore either by gross sum or annual rental.
The district's sewers may pass along or under public roads or public
ground and may have conduits and pipes laid under public waters, but in
either case not in such a manner as to impede normal use thereof. A
district has the power to keep its water courses free from pollution and
may construct dams and remove debris from same in the interests of public
health. The board may finance costs of such a system either through
general taxation or special assessment.
330
DRAINAGE AND FLOOD CONTROL,
111 Ann Stat ch 42, sees 472, 473, 481, 482 (Smith-Kurd Supp 1969).
Descriptors: ^Illinois, *Flood control, *Administrative agencies, *Drain-
age, Legislation, Legal aspects. Water law, Water policy, Financing,
Sewage disposal, Water utilization, Projects, Administration, Public
health, Sewers, Drainage systems, Hydrographs, Drainage districts, Flood
protection, Charts, Distribution patterns, Floods, Hydrograph analysis,
Rainfall, Runoff, Mapping, Assessments.
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The Department of Public Works and Buildings is responsible for making
a survey and preparation of a master plan for drainage and flood control
of all watershed areas of this state so that hazards to persons and prop-
erty may be reduced. Such a plan includes the full hydrography of each
watershed area including rainfall, runoff, frequency and severity of
floods. A drainage district may construct a sewage disposal system to
eliminate sewage which is a menace to public health. Such a system may
be financed through assessments on the lands benefitted. Revenue bonds
may be used to pay the initial costs of such construction, to be repaid
solely from the revenue from the operation of such system. The Depart-
ment is responsible for general coordination and supervision of the
efforts of the individual districts. It may also enter agreements with
the federal and local governments for the formulation of plans, including
funding, and for the construction, operation and maintenance of improve-
ments for flood control, drainage and utilization of water and water
resources.
331
DUNLAP LAKE PROPERTY OWNERS ASS'N INC V CITY OF EDWARDSVILLE (ABATEMENT
OF POLLUTION),
22 111 App 2d 95, 159 NE 2d 4-6 (1959).
Descriptors: *Illinois, ^Bypasses, *Sewers, ^Pollution abatement,
Judicial decisions, Local governments, Sewage districts, State govern-
ments, Sanitary engineering, Disposal, Effluents, Public health, Sewage,
Waste water (Pollution), Lakes, Storm drains, Sewerage, Damages, Water
pollution, Water pollution sources, Administrative agencies.
Plaintiff, a non-profit corporation, sued to enjoin defendant from further
using a sanitary sewer bypass which allegedly caused sewage to flow into
a private lake. The lake was used by area residents for all household
purposes. The by-pass is part of the city's combined storm sewer and
sanitary sewer system. When the level in the sanitary sewer reaches a
certain height at the point of a bypass because of a stoppage or an over-
loading caused by heavy rain, the sanitary sewer overflows into the storm
sewer. At one particular by-pass, the storm sewer empties into a natural
watercourse or ditch which, in turn, empties into plaintiff's lake. The
injunction was denied, because plaintiff had not demonstrated actual and
substantial injury. The court held that speculative or anticipated damage,
as shown in the instant case by plaintiff, is not properly the subject of
a permanent injunction proceeding brought by individuals. While plaintiff
had shown that the defendant had created a condition whereby diluted sewage
could, on infrequent occasions, flow into plaintiff's lake, there was no
actual evidence of pollution. The court concluded that pollution control
and abatement are best left to the appropriate specialized state agency,
except in cases of flagrant and obvious polltuion.
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332
BROWN V CITY OF JOLIET,
247 NE2d 47-52 (111 App Ct 1969).
Descriptors: ^Illinois, -Surface drainage, *Storm drains, *Cities,
Planning, Judicial decisions, Land use, Regulation, Drainage programs,
Administrative agencies, Legal aspects, Project planning, Sewers, Sur-
face runoff.
Identifiers: Joliet, Illinois.
Brown, a subdivision developer, sued to require the city of Joliet,
Illinois to record her subdivision plat. Her plat had been down by the
city planning commission and subsequently the city council because they
felt she had failed to include adequate plans for surface runoff. The
planning commission felt that development without adequate provision for
storm drains would increase drainage problems in adjacent areas and
would not drain her own development properly. Brown claimed that the
requirement of more adequate provision for surface runoff was an illegal
confiscation of her property. Judgment was entered for the city. The
city had authority to make regulations for adequate water drainage before
recording of a plat. There is a presumption of validity of these ordi-
nances. There was sufficient evidence to show that Brown had not made
adequate provision for surface drainage and that the city had acted
properly under the ordinances. Brown was not deprived of property un-
constitutionally as the problem required by the city to be remedied was
a product of her own specific and unique activity. The problem was not
one of the general community which the city is trying to force her to
remedy at her own expense.
333
SEWERS AND DRAINS IN CITIES AND TOWNS,
Ind Ann Stat sees 48-3948 thru 48-3950 (Supp 1968).
Descriptors: *Indiana, *Local governments, *Drains, *Sewers , Adminis-
trative agencies, Construction, Benefits, Costs, Cost allocation, Cost-
benefit theory, Cost-benefit analysis.
Whenever the Board of Public Works orders the construction of any local
sewer or drain, it shall adopt a resolution to that effect. A hearing
will be held, after which the Board shall decide if the benefits to be
derived are worth the estimated cost.
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334
WATER AND SEWERS,
Md Ann Code art 23B, sees 78-92 (1966), as amended, (1968).
Descriptors: *Maryland, *Cities, *Water supply, *Drainage, Sewage,
Municipal wastes, Sanitary engineering, Sewers, Sewage treatment, Cess-
pools, Sewage disposal, Pipelines, Conduits, Drainage systems, Storm
drains, Leakage, Water pollution, Water rates, Water wells, Surveys,
Condemnation, Public health, Boundaries (property), Plumbing, Main-
tenance , Sewerage.
Any city may construct and maintain water systems, sewerage systems and
drainage systems, and do all things necessary for the efficient operation
of such systems. Any company placing or changing any structure in the
public way must receive authorization from the city. Any structure im-
peding the city water pipes may be ordered removed by the city, and they
can use their condemnation power if necessary. The city may enter upon
the county public way for the purposes of constructing or maintaining its
water systems without obtaining a permit. The city shall provide con-
nections with water and sewer mains for abutting property owners and may
order existing cesspools and wells filled for the benefit of public
health. A uniform charge may be levied for these connections. The city
may require changes in plumbing to prevent waste or improper use of water.
The city may prohibit the operation of private water systems and provide
for the sanitary maintenance of other private sewage systems. The city
may extend its systems beyond the town boundaries. City employees may
enter private property to examine the water systems. No person shall
pollute water used in the water supply. Service rates for water may be
charged and special assessments levied to pay for the systems.
335
FULTON V TOWN OF BELMONT (DAMAGE FROM OVERFLOW OF STORM DRAINS),
127 NE 2d 569-572 (Mass Sup Ct 1955).
Descriptors: *Massachusetts, *Surface drainage, *Drains, *Cities,
Damages, Flood damage, Ditches, Pipes, Drainage systems, Conduits,
Seepage, Percolating water, Storm drains, Drainage water, Surface runoff,
Sewers, Culverts, Judicial decisions, Legal aspects, Overflow.
Identifiers: Injunctions (mandatory).
Plaintiffs were landowners in defendant town. Along the street on which
plaintiffs reside was an elevation called a berm, designed to carry sur-
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face water to two catch basins at a low point in front of plaintiff's
property. One of the catch basins was drained by a pipe running under
plaintiffs' property. The drain and pipe had been requested and in-
stalled by plaintiffs' predecessor in title in order to conduct the
surface and percolating water from the catch basins to the rear of the
property. The city furnished the pipes for the drain. Subsequent
owners, including plaintiffs, allowed the drain to remain. Plaintiff
sought a mandatory injunction requiring removal of the drains and a
damage award for flood damage due to faulty drainage. The court held
that defendant had a right to build the catch basins in order to keep
the street in repair and safe for travel and that it would not be liable
for any water therefrom which floods nearby land. Adjoining landowners
may erect drains to prevent flooding of their land, but the city is not
responsible for negligent construction thereof because the drain is in
the control of the landowner.
336
MUNICIPALITIES - PARTICULAR POWERS,
Mich Comp Laws Ann sees 124.251-124.294 (1967), as amended, (Supp
1968).
Descriptors: ^Michigan, *Cities, *Water supply, *Sewage disposal,
Contracts, Financing, Condemnation, Sewers, Storm drains, Taxes, Engi-
neering, Income, Interest, Cost analysis, Local governments, Legislation,
Water distribution (applied), Sanitary engineering.
Identifiers: *Trust indentures.
Any two or more municipalities may incorporate an authority to acquire and
operate plants used or useful in obtaining, treating, and distributing
water. Articles of incorporation shall set forth powers to fulfill the
corporate purpose. The authority may acquire and transfer property within
or without its corporate limits, including by condemnation. The authority
may enter into contracts of up to 50 years duration in order to sell or
purchase water and may supply water to corporate or private consumers.
Municipalities may also Incorporate authorities to acquire and operate
storm and sanitary sewers and sewage treatment plants used or useful in
collecting and disposing of sewage or industrial wastes. Incorporation
shall be as provided in this act. Contracts for sewage service shall not
exceed 40 years and charges by either authority may be classified or varied
from time to time. No change of jurisdiction over any territory by any
municipality shall impair the contract obligation for either water or
sewage services. The programs and contracts outlined shall be financed
according to this act.
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337
JERUZAL V HERRICK (STATUTORY AUTHORITY OF DRAIN COMMISSIONER),
350 Mich 527,87 NW 2d 122-126 (1957).
Descriptors: ^Michigan, *Drainage systems,*Sewers, ^Legislation,
Judicial decisions, Storm drains, Surface runoff, Surface waters, Juris-
diction, Administrative agencies, Public health, Remedies, Projects,
Legal aspects, State governments, Local governments.
Identifiers: Mandamus.
A statute authorized the county drain commissioner to construct drains,
and listed in its definition of 'drain1 the term, "any sewer.' The com-
missioner proceeded with the planning and financing for a sanitary sewer
for an area within the county. The commissioner stopped the proceedings
until the legal question of whether he had authority to construct this
sewer could be determined. The problem concerned the definition of
'drain' under the statute, and specifically, whether it included the
system designed solely as a sanitary sewer, completely closed to surface
or storm water drainage. Interested property owners filed application
for a writ of mandamus to direct the commission to install the sewer.
The court issued the writ, ruling that there was nothing in the language
of the statute to preclude the commissioner from installing this particu-
lar sewer system.
338
WATER RESOURCES, CONSERVATION,
Minn Stat Ann sees 105.37 to 105.41 (1964), as amended (Supp 1968).
Descriptors: ^Minnesota, legislation, *Administrative agencies, *Drains,
Ditches, Runoff, Surface waters, Groundwater, Base flow, Tiles, Precipi-
tation excess, Water resources development, Hydraulic structures, Adjudi-
cation procedure, Water conveyance, Water supply, Water conservation,
Water utilization, Legal aspects, State governments, Permits, Regu-
lation, Impounded wastes, Dams, Reservoirs, Condemnation, Eminent
domain.
Subject to existing rights, all waters capable of substantial beneficial
public use are declared to be public waters subject to state control. The
Commissioner shall devise a water resources conservation program contem-
plating conservation, allocation, and development of all waters within
the state, surface and underground. The Commissioner shall be guided by
such a program in consideration of issuance of permits for construction of
dams, reservoirs, and other control structures. The Commissioner is em-
powered to acquire property to implement this program by condemnation.
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The Water Division Director shall make such engineering surveys and
reports as the Commissioner shall direct. A report on all future public
ditches shall be filed with the Director. The Director is required to
publish runoff data and information concerning the capacity of the drains
within the state. The Director is empowered to conduct inspections of
manufacturing plants. The Director is authorized to appear as an expert
witness on behalf of the state in any matter affecting water within the
state.
339
CLARK V CITY OF SPRINGFIELD (NUISANCE ABATEMENT SEWAGE AND SURFACE WATER),
241 SW 2d 100-109 (Ct App Mo 1951).
Descriptors: *Missouri, *Pipes, ^Surface runoff, *Rainfall, Drainage
water, Surface waters, Sewage disposal, Sewage sludge, Sewers, Drainage
systems, Waste water, Local governments, Nuisance (water law), Operations,
Judicial decisions, Legal aspects, Damages, Diversion structures, Ditches,
Operation and maintenance.
Plaintiff brought this action for damages alleged to have been caused by
the overflow of surface and sewage waters onto and across his premises.
The evidence indicated that plaintiff's property was directly in the path
of the natural flow of surface water in the area but that the city had
installed a storm drain channeling the surface runoff into a ditch running
toward plaintiff's property and directly above the city's sanitary sewer
line. The result of maintenance of these tandem ditches was to increase
the pressure in the sewer pipes by the infiltration of surface water from
the ditch. Consequently, in periods of even light rain, the sewage con-
tained in the pipes would boil up, flow through manhole covers, and mix
with the surface water which was running across plaintiff's premises.
The court recognized the common enemy doctrine which allows an upland
owner to divert water from his premises by casting it upon the land of
another. The city was found to have artificially impounded the surface
water and to have cast it upon the plaintiff's servient estate in a de-
structive manner, thus violating a recognized qualification of the doc-
trine. Accordingly, damages were awarded in favor of the plaintiff.
340
SEWERAGE - WATER WORKS,
Mo Ann Stat sees 250.010 thru 250.250 (1959)
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Descriptors: *Missouri, *Public health, *Sewage districts, *Water pollu-
tion control, Legislation, Legal aspects, Cities, Construction, Maintenance,
Treatment facilities, Waste disposal, Sewers, Water purification, Liquid
wastes, Solid wastes, Industrial wastes, Domestic wastes, Administrative
agencies, Costs, Assessments, Taxes, Financing, Rates, Planning, Leases,
Pollution abatement, Water supply, Water quality.
Identifiers: *Bonds, *Sewer districts, Improvements, Storm sewers.
Cities and sewer districts are authorized to acquire, construct, improve,
extent, maintain, and operate sewerage systems for the protection of the
public health. 'Sewerage system' means storm water systems; sanitary
systems; sewerage systems; sewerage treatment plants; and collection,
purification, and disposal facilities. Two or more cities are authorized
to operate combined water works and sewerage systems. Cities may dele-
gate to their boards of public works the responsibility for and control
of combined systems. The cost to any city or sewer district of acquiring,
constructing, improving, or extending a sewerage system or combined sys-
tem will be financed through tax levies, assessments, general revenue
funds, or bond issuances. Cities and sewer districts are authorized to
charge reasonable rates for the use of their sewerage systems. Cities
may charge industrial establishments for the operation by the city of
sewerage facilities to abate or reduce industrial water pollution. It
is the purpose of this chapter to enable cities and sewer districts to
protect the public health and welfare by preventing or abating water
pollution and by supplying wholesome water. Cities and sewer districts
are empowered to do all things necessary to carry out these purposes.
341
COOPERATION BY CITIES OF 100,000 INHABITANTS AND MORE WITH DRAINAGE DIS-
TRICTS, ETC., FOR FLOOD PROTECTION,
Mo Ann Stat sees 70.330 thru 70.360 (1952).
Descriptors: *Missouri, *Cities, *Drainage districts, *Sewers, Legisla-
tion, Local governments, Watershed management, Flood control, Watersheds
(basins). Public health, Environmental sanitation, Conveyance structures,
Natural streams, Overflow, Flood damage, Eminent domain, Assessments, Cost-
benefit theory, Costs, Cost repayment, Stream improvement, Cost allocation,
Levees, Construction.
Identifiers: Storm sewers.
Cities with more than one hundred thousand inhabitants may contract with
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local drainage districts or other public corporations for cooperation or
joint action in building sanitary and storm sewers in watersheds common
to such cities and districts. These cities may also contract to con-
struct levees or improve any natural watercourse to prevent overflow from
injuring lands situated within their territorial limits. These cities
may contract with the United States, private corporations, and any in-
dividuals owing lands subject to injury by overflow or in need of sewers.
Where a watershed is located partially within an adjoining state, the
preceeding activities may be carried on with the consent of the adjoining
state if the public health and safety so require. These cities may ac-
quire rights of way by purchase or eminent domain for any such sewers or
watercourse improvements. The cities may pay for these works and rights
of way out of their general funds or by imposition of special assessments
upon benefited lands.
342
GOULD AND EBERHARDT, INC V CITY OF NEWARK (DISCHARGE OF SURFACE WATERS
FROM STORM SEWER),
6 NJ 240, 78 A 2d 77-79 (1951).
Descriptors: *New Jersey, ^Discharge (water), ^Drainage water, ^Drainage
systems, Cities, Natural flow. Overflow, Alteration of flow, Storm drains,
Surface waters, Storm runoff, Outlets, Remedies, Relative rights, Contracts,
Construction, Projects.
Identifiers: ^Equitable estoppel, Injunctions (prohibitory), Laches,
Storm sewers.
Plaintiff brought this action against defendant city to enjoin the fur-
ther discharge of storm and surface waters onto plaintiff's property from
a storm sewer system constructed and maintained by defendant. Before
undertaking the construction of the sewer system, the city consulted plain-
tiff and outlined its plans. After considering the project, plaintiff
gave its consent. Over nineteen years passed before plaintiff expressed
its dissatisfaction with the project. The city asserted that plaintiff
should be estopped from claiming equitable relief because it had given
its consent before the construction was undertaken. The court pointed
out that a municipality's collection and discharge of surface waters
upon private property in greater quantity than would occur from the
natural flow is an active wrongdoing for which a court of equity can
grant injunctive relief. However, while the court will not protect an
active wrongdoer under the doctrine of equitable estoppel, in the present
case, the city was not guilty of active wrongdoing since it was acting
in reliance upon plaintiff's express consent. Therefore, the court held
that plaintiff, having had knowledge of and having assented to the construc-
tion and having enjoyed the benefit of it for many years, was not entitled
to the relief sought.
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343
PETER WENDEL AND SONS V CITY OF NEWARK (DAMAGE FROM ARTIFICIAL DRAINAGE
SYSTEM) ,
46 A 2d 793-794 (NJ Ct Ch 1946).
Descriptors: *New Jersey, *Drainage systems, ^Surface drainage, *Storm
drains, Cities, Streams, Drainage water, Drainage, Ditches, Riparian
rights, Outlets, Urbanization, Surface runoff, Culverts, Storm runoff,
Navigable waters.
Plaintiff's land was located downstream from defendant's storm drain out-
let. Prior to 1928, drainage water from the outlet traveled over un-
developed farm land and emptied into 2 natural brooks. By the time the
water reached plaintiff's land, it was in a navigable state. In 1928,
defendant constructed a surface drainage system causing the drainage
water to flow in greater quantity and force, inundating portions of
plaintiff's land. The court held that where a city deliberately enters
upon a scheme of drainage and, by artifical means, casts drainage water
on private property which would not otherwise receive such water, it
commits a wrong which equity will restrain.
344
PROTECTION OF WATER SUPPLY FROM POLLUTION,
NJ Stat Ann sec 40:62-67 (1967).
Descriptors: *New Jersey, *Water pollution, *Public health, ^Drains,
Sewers, Sewage disposal, Legislation, Local governments, Cities, Drainage
districts, Drainage systems, Construction, Water pollution control, Water
quality control, Administrative agencies.
In municipalities having a public water supply obtained from a source
beyond the municipal limits, the board or body having the control of such
water supply may, when necessary to protect such water from pollution,
construct, maintain, and operate, within this territory from which the
water is derived or through which it flows, a system of drains and sewers
for intercepting, taking off, and disposing of all sewage or other pollut-
ing matter. Every such system shall provide for the disposal of the
sewage and other polluting matter taken up at a place and in a manner
to render the same hamrless. The construction of such a system of drains
and sewers shall not be commenced or entered upon unless and until the
state department of health: shall approve the construction thereof as a
sanitary measure; shall approve the plans therefore, which shall be sub-
mitted to it; and, shall define in a general way the limits of the district
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or territory within which or for which such system of drains of sewers
shall be constructed.
345
STORMWATER SEWERS FOR COUNTY ROADS; MUNICIPAL COOPERATION,
N J Stat Ann sec 27:16-24 (1966).
Descriptors: *New Jersey, ^Drainage systems, *Roads, Storm drains,
Legislation, Local governments, Cities, Sewers, Legal aspects, Mainte-
nance .
The board of chosen freeholders may direct the construction of a storm
water drainage system in connection with the improvement or maintenance
of a county road. The act provides the procedures to be followed in
accomplishing such construction.
346
POWER OF CITIES,
N Y General City Law sees 20 (2), 20 (8), 20 (8a) (McKinney 1968).
Descriptors: *New York, *Cities, ^Drainage, ^Navigation, Legislation,
State governments, Local governments, Sewers, Storm drains, Condemnation,
Sewage disposal, Sewage, Water supply, Flood control, Right of way,
Bridges, Beds, Navigable waters, Docks, Piers, Diversion, Public benefits
Cities may obtain and hold real and personal property within or without
the city limits. They may condemn real property for the construction,
maintenance, and operation of sewage disposal plants, water supply
systems, and drainage channels and structures for flood control, as
well as all necessary rights-of-way for the above projects, and for
any public or municipal purpose. Land so obtained may be sold or con-
veyed, but the rights of a city in and to its waterfront, ferries,
bridges, wharves, submerged lands, streets, parks and all other public
places are inalienable, except where specifically permitted in this
section. Cities may control the waterfront and waterways of the city,
and may establish, operate, and regulate docks, piers, wharves, ware-
houses, and all adjuncts and facilities for navigation and commerce,
and for the utilization of the waterfront, waterways, and adjacent
property. Cities may control filling and diversion of water-courses,
except when authorized by a state or federal agency, by requiring that
permits be obtained before such activities are commenced. Such permits
may be denied if the city determines that the proposed filling or diver-
sion is detrimental to the drainage or welfare of the city.
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347
PUBLIC HEALTH LAW (CLASSIFICATION OF WATERS AND PREVENTION OF POLLUTION),
N Y Public Health Law sees 1200, 1201, 1202 (b,c,d,e,f,i,l), 1205,
1220, 1221, 1225, 1250, 1251, 1252, 1260, 1261 (McKinney Supp 1968).
Descriptors: *New York, *Public health, *Water pollution control,
*Sewage, Water resources development, Legislation, Water purification,
Surface waters, Underground streams, Tidal waters, Organic wastes,
Natural resources, Sewage disposal, Sewage treatment drainage, Conserva-
tion, Shellfish, Riparian rights, Industrial wastes.
Identifiers: Marine district.
The state of New York has passed extensive legislation dealing with
the problem of water pollution and the protection of public health,
fish, and wildlife. Their purpose is to safeguard the waters of the
state from pollution. All waters of the state are included in the
act. A water resources commission is set up to classify the waters
and determine the standard of purity that should be maintained in
each body of water. Water is classified according to its usage, i.e.,
drinking, bathing, fishing, and then assigned a standard of purity
that must be maintained. Hearings by the commission to determine
said standards are to be public. Pollution of water beyond the purity
standard is made illegal as to both fresh and salt water. Permits
must be obtained for the operation of a disposal system. Civil and
criminal penalties are established for violation of these provisions
and the use of injunctions are expressly authorized. No person other
than the state acquires any actionable rights by virtue of the provi-
sion and it is in no way designed to create new or enlarge existing
rights of riparian owners.
348
KUSHNER V PAZ CONSTR (STORM SEWER DRAINAGE),
171 NYS 2d 1007-1009 (S Ct 1958).
Descriptors: *New York, *Storm drains, ^Obstructions to flow,
Legal aspects, Judicial decisions, Manholes, Sewers, Drainage water,
Flooding, Surface runoff, Natural flow, Relative rights.
Identifiers: Storm sewers.
Plaintiff sold the westerly portion of her parcel of land to the de-
fendant. A storm sewer ran along the rear of both parcels and water
in it naturally flowed in a westerly direction. The deed did not
reserve an easement for the storm sewer in plaintiff's favor. To
stop the flooding of his land due to a blockage of the sewer to the
west of him, the defendant filled in a manhole located on his property.
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This caused a flooding of plaintiff's cellar. The court held that
plaintiff was not entitled to a temporary injunction to compel the
defendant to remove the obstruction and that an easement for sewer
drainage over defendant's land would not be implied by law.
349
GIBSON V STATE (CONSTRUCTION AND MAINTENANCE OF SEWERS),
64 NYS 2d 632-644 (Ct Cl 1946).
Descriptors: *New York, *Storm runoff, *Sewers, ^Highway effects,
Overflow, Floods, Drainage, Drainage engineering, Storms, Surface
runoff, Surface waters, Damages, Remedies, Judicial decisions, Legal
aspects, Operation and maintenance, Rainfall-runoff relationships,
Cities, Local governments, State governments, Highways.
Following a severe rain storm, water flowed from a nearby highway
intersection onto plaintiff's property, damaging said property
rather extensively. Plaintiff brought suit, alleging that the
damage resulted from defendant's negligence in building and maintain-
ing a highway sewerage system. The court granted defendant's motion
for dismissal. It found that the state was under no duty to provide
drainage for plaintiff's property. However, when a municipal corpora-
tion puts a sewerage plan into operation, it becomes liable for
damages resulting from negligence in the construction and/or the
maintenance thereof. In the case at bar, the evidence failed to
establish any such negligence. The court also held that a munici-
pality is not liable for an increase in flow of surface waters resulting
solely from the paving of streets and the placement of other improvements.
Liability may exist if the state diverts the surface runoff of a water-
shed from the course of its natural flow or collects such runoff in an
artificial channel and discharges it in great volume upon the lands of
another. But, in this case, the evidence disclosed no accumulation
of water beyond that which would normally result from the construction
of streets and roadbeds.
350
ACCURATE DIE CASTING CO V CITY OF CLEVELAND (FLOOD DAMAGE FROM SUB-
SURFACE DRAINAGE),
113 NE 2d 401-407 (Ohio Ct App 1953).
Descriptors: *0hio, *Flood damage, *Cities, *Sewers, Drainage systems,
Judicial decisions, Flood control, Flood protection, Overflow, Storm
drains, Excessive precipitation, Natural flow, Subsurface drainage,
Surface waters, Drainage water, Local governments, Outlets.
Identifiers: *Evidence.
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The plaintiff brought suit to recover for the flooding of his manufac-
turing plant, allegedly caused by the defendant's negligent sewer con-
struction. The court found that the sewer outlets were not large enough
to handle the accelerated water flow from a heavy rainfall. As a
result of this condition, water was cast upon plaintiff's land in sub-
stantial quantities. The court found that the inadequacy of the drain
to handle the accelerated waterflow was the proximate cause of the
flooding and entered judgment for the plaintiff.
351
HOKE V CITY OF GREENSBURG (MUNICIPAL LIABILITY FOR DIVERSION OF
SURFACE WATER THROUGH STORM SEWER).
42 Westmoreland County Law Journal, Vol 42, p 225-229 (Pa Ct C P 1959).
Descriptors: ^Pennsylvania, *Surface drainage, *Diversion, *Storm
drains, Sewers, Legal aspects, Judicial decisions, Channels, Damages,
Drainage systems, Cities, Surface waters, Conveyance structures,
Relative rights, Drainage effects, Water conveyance, Flooding,
Artificial watercourses.
Identifiers: *Storm sewers.
The defendant City of Greensburg installed a 14 inch storm sewer that
extended along the westerly edge of a city street in a southerly direc-
tion. The storm sewer was then extended in a westerly direction to a
48 inch storm sewer which passed in a general southerly direction to
realestate owened by plaintiffs. Plaintiffs filed a suit to recover
for damages resulting to their property when defendant diverted
surface water through the system onto plaintiffs' land. The jury
returned a verdict for the plaintiffs and the defendants moved for
a new trial. On appeal, the court held that the determination of
defendant's liability was properly left to the jury.
352
MASON V LAMP (ACTION TO RECOVER DAMAGES FROM SURFACE WATER RUNOFF ONTO
PLAINTIFFS' PROPERTY),
189 Va 348,53 SE 2d 7-11 (1949).
Descriptors: *Surface waters, *Storm runoff, ^Drainage, *Virginia,
Relative rights, Watersheds, Drainage effects, Drainage practices,
Ditches, Surface runoff, Flood control, Diversion, Surface drainage,
Judicial decisions, Legal aspects, Flood damage.
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Plaintiffs brought this action seeking damage for injuries to their
land and building caused by surface water which was diverted onto
their land when defendant filled a low area on his property. The
depression, xAich filled with water after heavy rains, had been
located mainly on defendant's property, but had also extended to
plaintiffs' property and to parts of other lots. Defendant took
no special steps to provide a new drainage receptacle or avenue
for collection or conveyance of surface water. During subsequent
heavy rains, surface water, drained from defendant's lot, among
others, and from plaintiffs' own lot into plaintiffs' building,
causing considerable damage. The court found that under the common
law as adopted by Virginia, each landowner may protect his property
from surface water damage as he sees fit, so long as he does not
act wantonly or carelessly at the expense of other landowners.
Plaintiffs failed to show negligence in defendant's filling and
grading. The court held that defendant need not maintain a catch
basin on his property for plaintiffs' benefit.
353
MUNICIPAL AND COUNTY GOV'T (SEWAGE SYSTEM),
Vt Stat Ann tit 24, sees 3501-3508 (1959).
Descriptors: ^Vermont, *Sewage, *Sewage disposal, ^Cities, Legislation,
Regulation, Waste disposal, Wastes, Sewage treatment, Administrative
agencies, Facilities, Local governments, Utilities, Public utilities,
Taxes, Water rates, Storm runoff.
Identifiers: Domestic sewage, Storm sewage, Sanitary sewage, Sanitary
treatment.
A municipal corporation may construct, maintain, and operate a sewage
system and is authorized to purchase or acquire necessary real estate
and easements. The municipal corporation may contract to make disposal
of domestic or storm water sewage. The property owner using the sewage
system shall be liable for rent, such rent being a lien on the real
estate furnished with the service. The municipal corporation may pur-
chase and hold realty and personalty and may levy and collect taxes
necessary for the payment of the expenses and indebtedness of such sew-
age system. A board of sewage systems commissioners is created to
supervise the municipal systems and to establish all needed rates for
rent, with rules and regulations for its control and operation.
354
BRATONJA V CITY OF MILWAUKEE (ACTION TO RECOVER DAMAGES DUE TO FLOODING
FROM HEAVY RAIN),
3 Wise 2d 120,87 NW 2d 775-780 (1958).
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Descriptors: ^Wisconsin, *Sewers, *Flood damage, Judicial decisions,
Surface runoff, Surface waters, Storm runoff, Flood protection, Cloud-
bursts, Rain, Water "law, Local governments, Cities, Legal aspects,
Damages, Drainage systems.
Identifiers: Negligence, Storm sewers.
Plaintiffs owned buildings fronting on city streets. The area was within
a natural saucer-like depression. A storm sewer in the area was laid in
1906. Improvements after that time mostly by the city, caused the level
of the streets to be raised and soil by which rainfall would normally be
absorbed to be covered. A relief sewer was later added. At least one
plaintiff had suffered damages as a result of flooding due to a series
of heavy rains. In 1949, another heavy rain fell, whereupon, several
buildings in the area became flooded. Plaintiffs brought actions against
the city, both on negligence and nuisance theories. The trial court
found that there was no inadequacy or insufficiency in the original sewer
plan, that the rainfall in 1949 was extraordinary, and that the city did
not maintain the sewer system negligently. The appellate court affirmed,
ruling that the city was under no obligation to collect the rainwater in
the street; but if it actually took possession of such water and thereby
assumed responsibility for it, it may have been liable for subsequently
permitting it to escape on adjoining property. The plaintiffs failed to
prove what part if any of their damage resulted from the backing up of
the water in the sewer, contrasted with that from the flooding by surface
water. The court held that attempting to label the condition a nuisance
could not change the respective rights.
355
CREATION OF TOWN SANITARY DISTRICTS FOR POLLUTION CONTROL AND WASTE DIS-
POSAL,
Wis Stat Ann sees 60.30-60.304 (1957), as amended, (Supp 1969).
Descriptors: *Wisconsin, *Administrative agencies, *Drainage systems,
*Waste disposal, Sewers, Sewage disposal, Sewage treatment, Drainage,
Storm drains, Cities, Pumping, Construction, Jurisdiction, Real property,
Public health, Legal aspects, Treatment facilities, Domestic wastes,
Boundaries (property), Sewage districts.
Identifiers: *Sanitary districts.
Town sanitary districts may be created for the purpose of purchasing,
establishing, or constructing surface or storm water sewers, drainage
improvements, sanitary sewers, or a system of waterworks, sewerage, or
garbage disposal. The districts may sue and be sued in furtherance of
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these purposes. 'Sewerage' includes all construction for collection,
transportation, pumping, treatment, and final disposition of sewage.
Procedure for creation of a town sanitary district is set forth. Town
districts may be created within metropolitan sewerage districts since
it is the intention of the legislature to permit auxiliary sewer con-
struction in addition to the main and intercepting sewers constructed
by metropolitan districts. Town boards are vested with jurisdiction to
establish town sanitary districts. Petitions requesting such districts
must be submitted by a fixed percentage of affected landowners to the
town boards. Open hearings must be held by the town board before the
creation of a district can be approved. Judicial review of the board's
action is made available.
356
BOARD CONTROL OF REPAIR, CONSTRUCTION, AND IMPROVEMENT OF STREETS, SEWERS,
SIDEWALKS, AND WATERCOURSES,
Wis Stat Ann sec 61.36 (1957), as amended, (Supp 1969).
Descriptors: *Wisconsin, *Local governments, *Sewers, Regulation, Water-
courses (legal), Storm drains, Legislation, Administrative agencies,
Drains, Structures, Canals, Legal aspects, Highways, Road construction,
Construction, Drainage, Drainage practices.
Identifiers: Sanitary sewers, Storm sewers.
The village board may lay out, alter, extend, improve, repair, or discon-
tinue any municipal roads, streets, alleys, sanitary and storm sewers,
parks, and other public grounds. They may construct drains, canals, or
sewers, and may alter, widen, or straighten watercourses. Their power
extends to the building, alteration, repair, improvement, or discontinu-
ance of any sidewalks and crosswalks as well as to the building and
maintenance of roads and sidewalks required to connect the village with
any transportation terminal or village property outside of its limits.
357
NEW AND PROPOSED LAWS,
Paul R. Bonderson
Paper presented at the Calif Water Pollution Control Assoc 42nd Annual
Conference, Sacramento, Calif, Apr 29 to May 1, 1970.
Descriptors: *Legislation, *Water quality control, *Water pollution con-
trol, *Legal aspects, *California, *Water quality act.
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The Porter-Cologne Water Quality Control Act, a complete revision of the
State's water quality laws, became effective January 1, 1970. The Act
accomplishes the following objectives: (1) grants the State Board ex-
panded powers to provide more leadership and greater influence over ac-
tivities of regional boards; (2) requires regional boards to adopt more
restrictive water quality control plans and discharge requirements so
that better pollution control will be achieved; and, (3) makes major
changes in enforcement procedures, including court assessment of $6,000
per day fines, which will give boards much more effective means for tak-
ing enforcement actions. Indications are that over 1,000 environmental
quality control bills will be considered during the current legislative
session. Consideration will be given to having a State sewage construc-
tion grant program. Major proposed water pollution control legislation
will be summarized.
358
ANALYTICAL PROCEDURES FOR MEASURING CHEMICALS IN THE PUBLIC HEALTH SER-
VICE DRINKING WATER STANDARDS, 1962,
Norman A. Clarke and John D. Weeks
J Amer Water Works Assoc, Vol 62. No 3, pp 172-176, Mar 1970.
Descriptors: *Standards, *Potable water, *Analytical techniques,
*Measurement, *Chemical analysis.
The authors have compiled a list of chemical substances in the Drinking
Water Standards and have defined recommended methods of analysis and
sensitivity of techniques for measuring these chemicals. Also included
are the methods of atomic absorption and spark emission spectroscopy,
where applicable.
359
THE RESPONSIBILITY OF TREATMENT PLANT OPERATORS UNDER THE PORTER-COLOGNE
WATER QUALITY CONTROL ACT,
Jerome B. Gilbert
Paper presented at the Calif Water Pollution Control Assoc 42nd Annual
Conference, Sacramento, Calif, Apr 29 to May 1, 1970.
Descriptors : *Water quality act, *Water pollution control, *Water qual-
ity control, *Regulation, *Administrative agencies.
The State Water Resources Control Board and the nine California Regional
Water Quality Control Boards are the state agencies responsible for con-
trol of water pollution and water quality. The Porter-Cologne Water
Quality Control Act greatly strengthens and expands powers and duties of
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these agencies. Although there are many factors contributing to the deg-
radation of water quality, discharges from municipal and industrial waste.
treatment plants are still the principal cause of water quality problems.
Under the new law, requirements will be made further restrictive, result-
ing in highly sophisticated and more complicated treatment plants. Exact-
ing performance by operators in charge of plants will be needed to prevent
violation of requirements and to collect fines up to $6,000 per day. To
help assure that qualified operators will be in charge, the State Board
will classify all treatment plants and specify the level of competence
necessary to operate them. The Board will also specify the training
necessary to qualify an operator for each level of competence. All oper-
ators should take advantage of training opportunities in order to qualify
themselves for new levels of operating competence.
360
COORDINATION THROUGH COOPERATION,
A. J. Hanis
Public Works, Vol 99, No 11, pp 68-69, Nov 1968.
Descriptors: *Construction, *City planning, Sites, Storm drains.
Identifiers: Construction projects, *Sanitary sewers, *Storm sewers.
The Greater Tampa Utilities Group formed in 1960 recommends standards
for planning and locating public and utility construction projects such
as electric, telephone, gas, water, and sanitary and storm sewer lines.
Street diagrams showing proposed utility locations are included with
sanitary sewers placed along center lines and storm sewer lines at ap-
proximately the quarter point on one side. Municipal storm drains are
placed beneath the curb and county/state drains beneath the pavement at
the quarter point.
361
WATER QUALITY CONTROL IN CALIFORNIA,
Norman B. Hume
J Sanit Eng Div, Am Soc Civil Engrs, Vol 96, No SA4, pp 873-874,
Aug 1970.
Descriptors: legislation, *Water pollution control, *Water quality
control, *Water resources, *Water rights, *Administration, *Pesticides,
*Groundwater, *Water management (applied), *California.
A summary of the historical progression of water quality control legis-
lation from 1949 through the present is given including: a description
of the Dickey Water Pollution Act of 1949; reasons for combining the
186
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related functions of water rights determination, water pollution control,
and water quality control; the responsibilities assigned to the State
Water Resources Control Board; the regional approach to water resources
control and management; the origin of pesticides; the methods for pro-
tection of groundwater; the water quality control study project and find-
ings; and, the Porter-Cologne Water Quality Control Law of 1969.
362
ESTABLISHMENT OF WATER QUALITY STANDARDS IN THE CITY OF TAKAMATSU,
Takishi Ishibashi
Sangyo Kogai, Vol 6, No 6, pp 372-382, Jun 25, 1970.
Descriptors: *Standards, *Water quality, *Systems analysis, Investiga-
tions, *Water pollution treatment.
Identifiers: Japan.
An urban river system was employed to establish water quality standards
in the Takamatsu area. Normally the standard is established by an in-
vestigation of the individual source of pollutants. In large cities
where numerous sources exist, an exhaustive investigation is impracti-
cal; consequently, an average water quality standard, based on a sampl-
ing investigation of primary sources of pollutants, together with con-
siderations of the special properties of the water area are taken as a
basis in establishing the individual standard. This new system was
effective in expediting the formulation of the standard. The general
situation of the water area in question, status of water utilization,,
water pollution, results of investigations on water quality, pollutants'
source, planning of the public sewage system, and future prospects of
water pollution are presented. Basic factors considered in establish-
ing and finalizing the water quality standard are given. Discussions
made at committee meetings for establishing the standard are also in-
cluded.
363
BRITISH WATER POLLUTION CONTROL,
Samuel H. Jenkins
Environ Sci Technol, Vol 4, No 3, pp 204-209, Mar 1970.
Descriptors: *Discharge, *Pollution abatement, Legislation.
Identifiers: *Pollution control methods, Stormwater purification,
Sewage purification.
Water pollution abatement is being realized in Great Britain due to the
construction of varying types of purification plants which produce
effluents fit for discharge to public sewers or rivers. Past and pre-
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sent legislation and national policy in the area is described along with
techniques used in water pollution abatement. Major improvements have
been made possible by granting complete power to municipal authorities
to control industrial discharges, thus, insuring that mixtures of sewage
and industrial effluents are treated in accordance with required stand-
ards. Pollution control procedures covered include: industrial water
reuse, metal finishing waste treatment, sewage treatment plants, plastic
filter media, and slude disposal. In Britain, maximum amounts of storm
water are purified. Trunk sewers convey 6 d.w.f., but sewage treatment
plants complete purification to only 3 d.w.f. The remainder spills into
tanks of 6 hour d.w.f. capacity, and it is later pumped back for treat-
ment.
364
THE SEWERAGE (SCOTLAND) ACT 1968,
Dugald McDonald
Surveyor, Vol 84, No 4036, pp 46-48, and 51-53, Oct 17, 1969. 3 fig.
Descriptors: ^Legislation, *Sewerage, *Sewage disposal, *Sewers, *Prior
appropriation, Jurisdiction, Local governments.
Identifiers: *Trade effluents, ^Scotland.
This paper describes the Sewerage Scotland Act, a modern, comprehensive
code governing sewerage, sewage disposal, and trade effluents. The act
is divided into three parts: sewerage, trade effluents, and a supplemen-
tal part. The following subjects included in the act are discussed in
the first part: local authority to provide sewerage, sewer maintenance,
sewers vested in local authority, new sewer construction, sewer connec-
tions, joint sewerage and sewage disposal, highway drainage, septic
tanks, adoption of private sewage works, defective drainage, abolition
of special drainage districts, and prohibition on buildings erected on
sewers. The part on trade effluents includes: the right to discharge
to sewer, and existing and new discharges. The supplemental section re-
views: the rights to sewage, powers of entry, sampling sewage, prohibi-
tion on harmful substances, application to the Crown, and settlement of
appeals and disputes.
365
PORTER-COLOGNE ACT REVISITED,
Ronald B. Robie
Paper presented at the Calif Water Pollution Control Assoc 42nd Annual
Conference, Sacramento, Calif, Apr 29 to May 1, 1970.
Descriptors: ^Legislation, ^California, *Water quality control, *Water
quality act, *Legal aspects.
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The Porter-Cologne Water Quality Control Act, effective January 1 this
year, provides the State Water Resources Control Board and the nine
California Regional Water Quality Control Boards with the "tools" to
implement and carry out an effective water quality control program. The
new law is geared to enhance the water environment as well as to prevent
water pollution. This is evidenced by the inclusion of esthetic enjoy-
ment and the preservation of fish, wildlife and other aquatic preserves
among the water uses to be protected. Other major provisions of the new
law include: civil fines up to $6,000 per day for violation of cease
and desist orders relative to a waste discharge; payment of a filing fee
not exceeding $1,000 to accompany a report of a proposed or material
change in a waste discharge; mandatory cleanup of pollution by a viola-
tor with full liability for cleanup costs; and integration of water
quality into consideration of water rights, including appropriation of
water by storage to be released in order to protect or enhance water
quality.
366
UTILIZATION OF STREAM FOR STORM DRAINAGE,
D. A. Schneider
Public Works, Vol 98, No 4, p 87, Apr 1967.
Descriptors: *Legislation, Drainage districts.
Identifiers: *North Carolina.
As the Court stated in a North Carolina case, municipalities can be held
liable for damages caused by their failure to maintain proper sewer con-
ditions including good drainage and freedom from obstruction. Thus,
when a locality utilizes a natural waterway for sewerage and drainage,
it is obligated to keep this water in proper condition, and it is liable
under the law for damages resulting from neglect to perform this duty.
367
PHOSPHATES. IN SURFACE WATER AND DETERGENTS,
P. J. Weaver
J Water Pollution Control Fed, Vol 41, No 9, pp 1647-1653, Sep 1967.
Descriptors: *Phosphates, *Surface runoff, Water pollution sources,
Detergents.
Identifiers: Urban runoff, Stormwater.
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The presence of phosphates in surface waters may be caused by municipal,
industrial, and/or agricultural sources. Millions of pounds of phosphate
enter lakes and streams each year. An estimated 120,000 to 200,000 Ib
(54,500 to 90,800 kg) of phosphorus (as P) were measured daily in the
Maumee River Basin in Ohio. Agircultural sources, animal wastes, and
lake bottom muds are important sources of the phosphate nutrients in ad-
dition to wastes encountered at wastewater treatment plants from domes-
tic disposal systems, urban runoff and drainage, and stormwater overflow.
The removal of P from treatment plants may be accomplished by chemical,
chemical biological, and other methods. Phosphates are important ingre-
dients of detergents because they soften water, sequester, emulsify,
provide alkalinity and many other advantages.
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Section 8
TREATMENT METHODS AND WATER REUSE
191
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368
WASTE DISPOSAL -WATER TREATMENT PLANTS (JOINT DISCUSSION),
J Am Water Works Assoc, Vol 58, No 9, pp 1102-1116,
Sep 1966.
Descriptors: *Water treatment, *Waste disposal, *Sludge disposal,
*Application methods.
Identifiers: *Detroit, Michigan, Back-wash water.
In a joint discussion at the annual conference of the AWWA in
May 1966 several speakers discussed various aspects of the problem
of disposing of wastes from vater treatment plants without causing
pollution. Local factors were taken into account when deciding
whether or not such wastes were likely to have an adverse effect
on the receiving water- The effects of Pennsylvania state water
quality standards and of federal pollution-control legislation
on the disposal of wastes from water works were considered, and
the methods of disposal at Detroit, Michigan, were described by
G.J. Remus. One of the Detroit works is situated on the banks of
the Detroit river and the filter wash-water from this plant is
discharged directly to the river; since the flow is rapid, the wash-
water is dispersed rapidl/ and there is no evidence of sludge
deposits. The wash-water is chlorinated before discharge and is
bacteriologically of better quality than the river water- The
other three water works are situated away from the river; at the
largest of these the filter back-wash water is recirculated for
reuse, while at the other two it is discharged to a sanitary
sewer, and settled before discharge to a storm sewer, respectively.
The sludges from the sedimentation tanks at all the plants are
discharged to the sanitary sewers.
369
THE LARGEST BIOLOGICAL SEWAGE-TREATMENT PLANT ON THE CONTINENT,
Ber Abwassertech Ver (BABVAD), Vol 18, No 2, V, 1967.
Descriptors: ^Biological treatment, *Sewage treatment, *Sludge treat-
ment, Channels, Investigations.
Identifiers: Germany.
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An account is given of plans for a large biological treatment plant
to be built in Essen, Germany, to deal with the increasing quantities
of sewage to relieve the existing Emscher plant. The new plant will
be able to treat a load of 20 m^ per second, and during rainfall
this amount can be increased to 30 m per second. Provisions have
also been made to construct the influent and effluent channels of the
mechanical stage in such a way that a loading of up to 1+5 m per
second would be possible. The section where the preliminary treatment
is carried out is to be built below ground to that incoming sewage
can enter without pumping; the biological stage will then be built
above ground and the sewage will be pumped into individual tanks
accomodated in 3 buildings. The plan for separate units applies
to the whole plant for convenience of necessary repairs. Special
provision is made for the separation of oil. Oxygen is supplied
mechanically to the aeration tanks, which will have a total volume
of 180,000 m; the final sedimentation tanks will also have a volume
of 180,000 m3. Primary sludge, amounting to about 60% of the total
sludge, is to be transported to the sludge-drying plant in Essen-
Karnap via a pressure pipeline. Experiments are at present being
carried out on methods for disposal of excess activated sludge.
370
10,000 FT LONG SEA OUTFALL AT HASTINGS IN SUSSEX,
Civil Eng Public Works Rev,,V61 63, No 7^6, p 1003, Sep 1968.
Descriptors: *0utlets, *Pumping plants, Pollution abatement, Pretreatment
(water), Construction, Sewage disposal.
Identifiers: *Great Britain, Stormwater sump.
A new sewage disposal scheme is under construction to eliminate sea-
shore pollution caused by direct discharges to the ocean through
two conventional outfalls. The plan involves pretreatment of sewage
after which it is pumped through a long outfall pipe to a point two
miles offshore. The pumping station will handle sewage flows up to
6 dwf or 7.5 mgd, and a combination storm weir and automatic pen-
stock will pass excesses to the stormwater sump. A culvert will
connect the stormwater sump to the foreshore, and for sea-levels
below mid-tide the stormwater will discharge to the sea by gravity.
At other times when the culvert is tide-locked, a stormwater pump
will operate. Descriptions of physical characteristics, workings,
and methods of construction of the long sea outfall and the pumping
station are included along with a diagram of the new sewerage
scheme.
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371
RE-USING STORM RUN-OFF,
Environ Sci Technol, Vol 2, pp 1001-1005, 1968.
Descriptors: *Design, *Cost analysis, Lakes, Potable water, Runoff.
Identifiers: Columbia, Maryland.
A design and cost study of the 1100-acre Wilde lake watershed in
Columbia, Md., which considers the treatment of runoff and its re-
use as potable water, is described. The scheme includes the
collection and storage of runoff in 10 small lakes and preliminary
treatment there by sedimentation, chemical coagulation, and
chlorination.
372
TRANSMISSION PDWT TREATS 100,000 GPD,
Modern Power Eng, Vol 6k, No 6, pp 6^-66, Jun 1970. 2 tab,
1 diag.
Descriptors: *Waste treatment, *Sewers, *Sewage treatment, ^Industrial
wastes, Separation techniques, Water distribution (applied), Storm
runoff,
Identifiers: Interceptor sewer.
Prior to installing General Motors' automatic transmission treatment
plant, plans were made for the separation of industrial wastes from
other liquid wastes. Separation of sewage and sanitary wastes was
accomplished by laying interceptor sewers from washrooms to connect
to municipal sewers. Stormwater was separated through the construc-
tion of an overhead collection system connected to rainwater leaders
from the roof. Clean cooling water from production operations was
also pumped into this overhead collector and the contents fed to
municipal storm systems. Industrial waste purification was accom-
plished through the installation of the complex waste treatment
plant, which is described in detail and which, since September 1968,
has passed only treated industrial wastes to municipal sewers.
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373
PHASE 1 EXTENSION WILL CATER FOR EXTRA 1.7 M.G.D. FLOW,
Munic Eng (London), Vol 146, p 756, 1969.
Descriptors: *Sewage treatment, Humus, Sedimentation, Filtration.
Identifiers: * Great Britain, Storm tank.
An illustrated description is given of extensions in progress to the
Tixall sewage works of the Stafford Borough Council, including
humus, sedimentation, digestion, and storm sewage tanks, additional
percolating filters, and a building to house filter presses. The
extended works, which also treats, sewage from an area administered
by Stafford R.D.C., will have a treatment capacity of 3.7 m.g.d.
COMBINED SEWAGE WORKS OPERATING AT FARINGDON,
Munic Eng (London), Vol 146, p 1221, 1969.
Descriptors: *Sewage treatment, *Storm runoff, *Biocontrol.
Identifiers: *Combined sewers, *Ef fluent discharge, *Biological
filtration, Great Britain,
An illustrated description is given of the new sewage works served
by a combined sewerage system and provided by Faringdon R.D.C.,
Berks. Treatment is by biological filtration. The final effluent
flows into a stream after discharge to a small irrigation area, and
excess stormwater is distributed over a 5-acre seepage site from
where it drains to the stream through a clinker bed. Crude sludge
is dewatered in drying beds .
375
FULL TREATMENT CAPACITY INCREASED TO 3.36 M.G.D. By' 29,000-POUND
EXTENSION,
Munic Eng (London), Vol 145, p 2090, 1968.
Descriptors: *Sewage treatment, Sludge disposal.
Identifiers: *Great Britain, Capacity, Storm sewage.
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Recent extensions to the sewage works of Fleet, Hants., which have
increased capacity to a dry-weather flow of 1.12 m.g.d., are described,
Additional facilities include sludge-drying beds with mechanized
removal of sludge, and modifications have been made to humus tanks
and percolating filters to provide more working volume. The humus-
tank effluent passes through microstrainers before discharge and
storm sewage overflows are treated on the land before discharge to
a stream.
376
LOWESTOFT CHOOSES TUNNEL FOR SEWAGE OUTFALL,
Surveyor, Vol 8U, No ^030, p 18, Aug 29, 1969- 2 fig.
Descriptors: ^Outlets, ^Sewerage, ^Construction, ^Currents (water),
*Costs, *Tunnel design, Discharge (water), Sewage treatment, Tunnel
construction, Tunneling machines.
The sewage outfall project at Lowestoft is controversial in concept
as well as in mode of construction. Problems of such outfalls include
their frequent damage by heavy seas and their questionable ability
to adequately disperse effluents. Sea currents at discharge points
were investigated and found to be conducive to properly carrying
effluent out to sea. The slightest beach pollution, however, will
promote intense public distrust of the plan. Discharge shafts of the
tunnel beneath the sea-bed will be raised through the use of massive
hydraulic jacks, an unusual technique. Both the tunnel work and
the shaft raising will be done employing compressed air. Dimensions
of the tunnel and other construction techniques and problems are
related. The scheme adopted is inexpensive with regard to capital
and service costs. A complete sewage treatment works for the town
would cost at least twice as much.
377
TIVERTON SEWAGE WORKS RECOGNIZES FLOOD HAZARD
Surveyor, Vol Qh, No 1*028, pp 30-32, Aug 15, 1969. 7 fig.
Descriptors: *Drainage systems, *Sewage disposal, *Sewers, Flood
control, ^Multiple-purpose projects, *Treatment facilities, Design
criteria, Sludge treatment, Sewage treatment.
Identifiers: *Great Britain.
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Extensive main drainage and sewage disposal schemes were completed
at Tiverton, Devon. Plans involved relaying of the town's sewers,
the provision and renovation of pumping stations, and the reconstruction
of sewage disposal works. All three aspects of the work are fully
described. Previous town sewers consisted of old brick culverts
which were badly silted, and infiltration water entered in places.
A complicating factor at Tiverton is that the works are susceptible
to flooding from the nearby River Exe. This complication was
considered in the design of the works, particularly with regard to
sludge treatment. To overcome problems of drying sludge, a method
of mechanical drying, called sludge pressing, was installed. A
mixture of primary, humus, and stormwater sludges is passed to a
chemical conditioning tank where lime and ferrous sulphate solutions
are added and mixed with the sludge. The pressing, which takes about
seven hours, is performed automatically. The entire procedure is
outlined.
378
DUAL PURPOSE SETTLEMENT TANKS AT ANDOVER,
Surveyor, Vol 83, No U013, pp 29 and kk, May 3, 1969. 1 fig
Descriptors: *Sewage treatment, *Treatment facilities, Design,
Sediment control, Pumping plants, Weirs, City planning.
Identifiers: *Storm tank, *Storm overflows, *Great Britain.
Andover's new sewage treatment works embodies four unusual design
features, namely, dual purpose primary sedimentation and stormwater
tanks, double filtration, elutriation, and filter pressing. As a
temporary extension, three sedimentation tanks were constructed to
deal with an excess dry weather flow. The original pumping station
was converted to a stormwater pumping station, and preliminary treat-
ment units were replaced by an inlet works composed of coarse screens,
a bypass channel, flow controlling weirs, and a storm overflow chamber.
Flows up to 3 d.w.f. pass to the new main pumping station. Flows
between 3 and 6 d.w.f. surcharge and pass to the old station converted
for stormwater pumping. Flows exceeding 6 d.w.f. discharge into
existing stormwater tanks. The rectangular sedimentation and
stormwater tanks were combined into one unit of eight tanks, four
back-to-back with a gallery between. Advantages of this system are
cited. Descriptions are given of the previous facilities, effluent
requirements, temporary extensions, the new main pumping station,
the pumping main, the treatment works, primary and secondary treat-
ment, final settlement, sludge digestion, elutriation and conditioning,
filter pressing, and landscaping architecture.
197
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379
ASHFORD (KENT) SEWAGE WORKS AFTER FOUR YEARS,
Surveyor, Vol 83, No UOOO, pp 38-Ul, Jan 31, 1969. 3 fig, 1 tab.
Descriptors: *Construction, *Design, Operations, *Sewage disposal,
*Treatment facilities, *Sewage treatment, *Controlled drainage,
*Sludge treatment, *Effluents, Storm runoff.
Identifiers: *Great Britain.
Major items are presented from a longer paper that described in detail
the design, operation, and problems involved in construction of the
Bybrook Sewage Disposal Works at Ashford in Kent. In one town served
by the old Bybrook works, flows exceeding 6 d.w.f. discharged directly
to the old River Stour. Old stormwater storage tanks, previously
serving Bybrook only, were improved and a short weir constructed so
that all flows pass through both tanks before discharge to the
river. Two auto sludge scraping mechanisms aid removal of sludge
which is returned along with the tank contents by a stormwater pump
to the works for full treatment. The following topics relating to
the new disposal works are discussed: trade wastes, the standard of
effluent, inlet works, settlement tanks and filters, humus tanks,
the irrigation area, stormwater, sludge treatment, commissioning
techniques, percolating filters, the digestion plant, mechanical
plant problems, the pumps' insides and filter arms grounding. The
paper concentrates on early operational problems, but notes that
the disposal works' effluent has proven to be excellent.
380
FARINGDON RDC NEW SEWAGE WORKS,
Surveyor, Vol 82, No 3980, pp 5^-56, Sep 13, 1968. 5 fig.
Descriptors: ^Treatment facilities, *Sewerage, *Sewers, *0verflow,
^Controlled drainage, Storm runoff.
Identifiers: ^Combined sewers, *Storm sewers, *Great Britain,
Capacity.
A conventional treatment plant of modern design and large capacity,
plus a new and extensive sewerage system replaced a formerly overloaded
system at Faringdon in the Berkshires. Additional sewers were provided
to relieve the existing system from surcharge and from extremely
heavy flows from a new relief road constructed to overcome flooding.
Faringdon has a combined sewerage system which must be of a size and
capacity sufficient to handle tne heaviest storm. The sewage disposal
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works and sewers leading to the works were designed to handle
3 x dwf. Provision was made for flows over 3 x dwf by constructing
large diameter sewers which operate immediately when combined sewers
run over. The stormwater sewers do not flow to the disposal works,
but discharge onto a stormwater irrigation area. Advantages of this
system over the previous one are reported. The new treatment works
is described in general, in addition to the procedure used to treat
storm flows over 3 x dwf.
381
LAUNCHING A TWO MILE SEWAGE OUTFALL,
Surveyor, Vol 82, No 3978, pp 16-17, Aug 30, Ip68. k fig.
Descriptors: *Drainage systems, *Treatment facilities, Outlets,
Water pollution sources, Construction, Pumping plants, Weirs,
Storm runoff, Flow control, Costs, Design data.
Identifiers: *Great Britain
The Hastings western area main drainage scheme includes a sewerage
outfall, two new pumping stations, a partial treatment works, and
a pumping main. The scheme was designed to replace two conventional
outfalls which caused pollution of the foreshore and shallow water
because of insufficient length. The new outfall was built up into
seven strings in a special assembly area, and these sections were
joined successively before the entire pipe was launched into its
final position on the sea bed. Further construction procedures
are explained along with the means used to determine the proper
length of the outfall. The new pumping station pumps sea sewage
flows up to 6 d.w.f., and a discharge to a stormwater sump. The
sump connects to the foreshore by a culvert and for sea levels below
mid-tide, stormwater discharges to sea by gravity. At times when
the culvert is tide-locked, a stormwater pump operates. Costs,
dimensions, and other details of the entire scheme are included in
the article.
382
NEW SEWAGE DISPOSAL WORKS FOR OAKENGATES U.D.C.,
Surveyor Munic City Engrs, Vol 129, No 3920, pp 31-32, 1967.
Descriptors: *Sludge treatment, *Sewage treatment.
Identifiers: *Great Britain, *Storm tank, *Biological filtration.
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An illustrated description is given of a new sevage vorks at
Oakengates, Salop., vhich provides complete treatment by biological
filtration for up to 3 times the dry-weather-flow of 0.8 m,-)f?.d.
Primary sludge and sludge from stormwater tanks are discharged to
thickening tanks, and secondary sludge is returned for treatment or
pumped to the thickening tanks if required. After thickening, sludge
is dewatered on beds.
383
AWARD WINNING INDUSTRIAL WASTE TREATMENT PLANT,
Water Pollution Control, Vol 107, No 7, p 18, Jul 1969.
Descriptors: *Waste treatment, Ponds, Storm runoff
Identifiers: *Stormwater pond.
Chrysler's industrial waste treatment plant handles combined storm
and industrial wastew.ater- The plant is designed to remove and
dispose of free and emulsified oils, detergents, caustic strippers,
and acid rinses. A stormwater holding pond of three Trillion
gallons stores excess flow from the industrial plant under storm
conditions. Exceptionally long and heavy rainfalls could cause the
pond to overflow; however, a sufficient detention time would still
allow suspended solids to settle out. Stored stormwater is treated
later when the plant sewage load has decreased
WILMINGTON GOES ON LINE WITH MODERN NEW- SECONDARY TREATMENT PLANT,
Water Sewage Works, Vol Il6. No 12, pp HTl-^73, Dec 1969.
Descriptors: *Sewage treatment, *Sewerage, Sewers, Water pollution.
Identifiers: *Sewer hydraulics, Combined sewers, Wilmington, Delaware.
Wilmington Delaware's recently-built secondary sewage treatment plant
will allow the city to meet federal regulations regarding water pollu-
tion. Although the city has a combined sanitary, industrial wastes,
and stormwater sewerage system, entire flows are given primary treat-
ment before passing to the river. During periods of rainfall, sewage
pumping stations discharge approximately 120 mgd with three pumps in
operation. The structure of the new sewage treatment plant is des-
cribed along with the advantages it provides.
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385
OXFORD SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT,
Water Waste Treat, Vol 12, No 9, PP 280-281, Sep/Oct 1969.
Descriptors: *Treatment facilities, *0verflow, Sewage treatment,
Regulation.
Identifiers: Great Britain,
Extensions of the Oxford Sewage Treatment Plant vere required vhen
overloads reached 2 million gallons per day. Now all flows, after
preliminary treatment, are pumped to the inlet channel where two-thirds
are sent to the old works and one-third to the new works with peak
flow/storm "balancing tanks acting progressively above 7,000 g.p.m.
The dimensions and workings of new units are described. Additions
to the plant include: three peak flow/storm balancing tanks, an
aeration plant unit, side wall unit extensions to the original flat
bottom tanks, infinitely variable speed pumps serving the return
activated sludge plant, two hopper bottom tanks, a secondary sludge
digestion unit, and three tanker vehicles for conveying consolidated
activated sludge.
386
NEW PUMPING STATION FOR LIVERPOOL,
Water Waste Treat, Vol 12, No 9, p 297, Sep/Oct 1969.
Descriptors: *Pumping plants, *Treatment facilities, *Pumps.
Identifiers: *Great Britain, *Storm tank.
The new pumping station for Liverpool is part of a major extension
program which provides further sedimentation tanks, stormwater tanks,
and increased biological filtration capacity. The station is designed
to accomodate seven vertical sewage pumps, four of which (dryweather
pumps) are arranged so as to deliver sewage through one rising main
to the primary sedimentation tanks. The three remaining pumps
(stormwater pumps) deliver sewage through a second rising main to
the stormwater tanks. The operation and output of the pumps are
described. Ultraviolet lamps are used to suppress odor and retard
any fungoid growth which may occur in the pump house basement.
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387
INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL AT DALMAENOCK SEWAGE DISPOSAL WORKS,
Water Waste Treat, Vol 12, No 1, pp 19-20, May/Jun 1968.
Descriptors: *Sewage treatment, *Flow measurement, Sludge treatment,
Effluents.
Identifiers: ^Scotland.
The instrumentation and control provided by the Lea Recorder Co.
for the new activated-sludge plant at Dalmarnock, Glasgow, are
described in detail. Provision has been made for automatic sampling
at various stages of treatment, as well as for the control and re-
cording of the flows of sewage, stormwater, and effluent. The final
effluent is discharged to the River Clyde.
388
SALISBURY SEWAGE WORKS,
Water Pollution Control, Vol 97, No 5, PP 536-538, riep 1968.
Descriptors: *Design, *Sewerage, Storm runoff, Sewage treatment.
Identifiers: *Storm tank, Sewage system.
The workings of the Salisbury Sewage system are described. In the
case of heavy rainfall (flows in excess of 3 d.w.f) storm sewage
passes to h storm tanks with a combined capacity of 7007000 gal.,
serving a design population of U6,000. After the storm, the contents
are returned for full treatment and the tanks are cleaned by high-pressure
hose jets.
389
SHREWSBURY SEWAGE WORKS,
Water Pollution Control, Vol 67, No 4, p UOO, 1968.
Descriptors: *Design, *Sewerage, Storm runoff, Sewage treatment.
Identifiers: *Storm tank, Sewage system.
The new Shrewsbury sewage works opened in 196k is described. Flows
exceeding 6 x d.w.f. are discharged over a double-sided weir and
pass directly into a nearby river. Flows in excess of 3 x d.w.f.
pass to the storm tanks which have a combined capacity equivalent
to 6 h d.w.f.
202
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390
WATER RE-USE,
Chem Eng Program, Symposium Series, Vol 63, No 78, 1967. 284 p.
Descriptors: *Water reuse, *Water pollution control, *Waste water
treatment, *Application methods, *Analytical techniques, Design, Sewers,
Sewage treatment.
This publication contains the papers presented at the 59th annual
meeting of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers in Detroit,
Michigan, during an international conference on the conservation of
waste water by reuse, and additional papers from other meetings of
the Institute are also included to give broad coverage of the subject.
Information on the reuse of waste water for industrial or municipal
supplies is presented for 9 countries and consideration is also given to
the role of water reuse in the prevention of pollution, management of
water resources, and design of sewerage systems; medical, legal, and
economic aspects; internal reuse of water in factories; treatment for
reuse, including the use of chemicals, ionizing radiation, activated
carbon, and biological processes; removal of viruses, phosphates,
and nitrogen compounds; reuse in spaceships; recovery of chemicals;
analytical techniques; disposal of sludges; and complete reuse of
all waste waters including storm s-ewage.
391
MERSEY AND WEAVER RIVER AUTHORITY. FIRST ANNUAL REPORT 1965-1966,
Descriptors: *Water resources, ^Fisheries, *Sewage treatment, Quality
control, Activated sludge, Effluents, Investigations.
Identifiers: Storm sewers, Suspended solids.
This report contains information on vater resources, including the
preparation of a hydrometric scheme and a survey of water demand in
connection with the investigation of the Morecambe Bay Barrage Scheme;
fisheries and causes of fish mortalities: and pollution prevention,
including the results of chemical surveys of the major rivers. The
policy of closing the smaller sewage works and treating all the
sewage at larger, improved, works, which also treat trade wastewaters,
is proving successful. The policy of recommending separate sewerage
systems wherever circumstances permit has been vindicated by results
of investigations on the characteristics of discharges from the
stormwater sewers, which are relatively free from organic matter
although they contain inert suspended solids. Laboratory studies have
shown that most effluents from textile and paper mills can be treated
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by the activated-sludge process, producing an effluent of high
quality, providing nitrogenous and phosphate nutrients are added
as necessary. A new plant used for the treatment of textile waste-
waters by chemical precipitation and sedimentation operates on a
"fill-and-draw;' system using a series of 3 tanks. While one tank
is filling, liquid in a second tank is being mixed, neutralized, and
coagulated and settled liquor is being decanted from a. third tank.
A veil-clarified effluent is produced.
392
PROBLEMS OF WATER TREATMENT IF DEVELOPING COUNTRIES,
D. Anderson
Effluent Water Treat, Vol 8, No 10, pp 513-516, Oct 1968
Descriptors: *Water treatment, Waste water (pollution), Sewage.
Identifiers: Developing countries.
There will be an increase in the volume of vastewater and in the
concentration of pollutants due to the increase in the total use of
water for municipal, agricultural, and industrial purposes. The
problems created by this increase include: development of water
resources investigating river morphology and irrigation: sewage
waste stressing the reduction of the oxygen consumable in sewage;
trade wastewater caused by a rapid program of industrialization;
equipment and processes wherein design standards used in industrial
countries were also applied to developing countries, citing the
installation of a treatment plant and an inadequate stormwater system;
water and wastewater management; and water-borne disease. Research
information is needed for combatting the water treatment problems.
393
EXTRACTS FROM THE ANNALS OF A SEWAGE-WORKS MANAGER, 1950-1966,
T.A. Austin
Paper presented at a meeting of the Institute of Water Pollution
Control, Birmingham, November 1967,
Descriptors: *Sewage treatment, Effluents, Water pollution, Water
reuse, Investigations, Biochemical oxygen demand.
Identifiers: *Great Britain, Storm sewage, Suspended solids.
An historical account is given of the development of sewage works at
Leamington Spa with special reference to the problems encountered.
Aspects considered include: the system adopted for charging, conveying,
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and treating trade wastewaters; raising of weirs on storm sewage
overflows to overcome pollution of the River Learn; and experiments
on the treatment of effluent to permit reuse for industrial purposes.
The works now serve a population of 58,000 and treat an average flow
of 4.5 m.g.d., with an efficiency of 93-7 per cent (based on BOD).
In view of continually increasing loads, a scheme is being developed
for a new works, together with a new Avon valley sewer. Trials
were carried out using spray-irrigation of screnned sewage on grass
plots with underdrains which removed 89 per cent of the BOD and 95
per cent of the suspended solids.
394
SEPARATION OF SEWAGE FROM STORMWATER,
V.W. Bacon, R. Leland, and B. Sosewitz
In: Symposium on Storm Sewage Overflow, Inst of Civil Engrs,
pp 143-152, 1967.
Descriptors: *Sewers, *Water pollution sources, Storage, Design,
Investigations.
Identifiers: *Storm sewage, *Chicago.
In the U.S., since the conversion from existing combined sewage
systems to separate systems would not be economical., various alternate
methods of preventing pollution by storm sewage have been investigated.
The Chicago underground storage plan followed by back-pumping to sur-
face reservoirs for sedimentation and chlorination is discussed.
395
STORAGE AND TREATMENT OF COMBINED SEWAGE AS AN ALTERNATE TO
SEPARATION,
A.W. Banister
In: Combined Sewer Overflow Seminar Papers, Edison, N.J., Nov 4-5,1969.
Water Pollution Control Research Series, DAST-37, PP 19-36, Mar 1970.
4 fig.
Descriptors: *Separation techniques, *Storm runoff, *Treatment
facilities, *Project planning.
Identifiers: *Chippewa Falls, Wisconsin.
The city of Chippewa Falls, Wisconsin needed to complete a program of
separating stormwater from its sanitary sewage and waste collection
and treatment facilities, or to provide a method of treating the
combined sewage and wastes. The project selected consisted of certain
combined trunk sewers, certain minor separate storm sewers, a combined
sewage pumping station, and a combined sewage storage pond. A detailed
description of the project operations and results is given.
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396
HYDROGEOLOGIC STUDIES ARE KEY TO SAFETY IN WASTE MANAGEMENT PROGRAMS,
Robert E. Bergstrom
Water Sewage Works, Vol Il6, No U pp 1^9-155, Apr 1969. 1 fig. 7 ref.
Descriptors: *Groundwater, *Waste disposal, *Water pollution,
^Illinois, ^Treatment facilities, *Tunnels, Flov control, Aquifers,
Data collections, Investigations, *Hydrogeology-
Identifiers: ^Disposal operations, *Storm tunnels, *Waste management,
Deep tunnel plan, Chicago.
Waste disposal is explored as a possible factor in groundvater conta-
mination. State-reviewed disposal operations in Illinois that are speci-
fically discussed include: landfills and dumps, radioactive waste
burial grounds, sewage treatment and waste storage ponds, disposal wells,
and sewage-stormwater tunnels. The Chicago Sanitary District's tunnel
plan for the prevention of stormwater and raw sewage bypassing treat-
ment plants and polluting streams is described. Initial reports con-
cluded that stormwater and sewage would not pollute the groundwater
reservoir because the rock in which the tunnel was bored is tight, and
head relations provide that water only moves into and not out of the
tunnel. Possible problems created by this project are mentioned.
The following suggestions are proposed to aid groundwater practitioners
in waste management; (l) the selection of sites for waste disposal
based on hydrogeologic conditions which indicate natural safeguards
and the protection of health and resources; (2) procurement of data
needed to develop criteria for determining geologic conditions and
beneficial engineering practices; and (3) the study of investigations
relating to waste management topics such as saturation and water move-
ment in typical geologic terrains that might be used for waste disposal.
397
THE DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF REGIONAL SEWERAGE AND SEWAGE TREATMENT
WORKS FOR LIVINGSTON NEW TOWN INCLUDING ITS ENVIRONS AND FOR THE
NEWBRIDGE AREA,
T.A.C. Brownlie and W. Ferguson
J Inst Public Health Engrs, Vol 68, Part 3, pp 160-i88, Jul 1969.
Descriptors: *Sewerage, Sewage treatment, Design, Overflow.
Identifiers: *Storm sewers, ^Combined sewers, Treatment methods, Storm
tank, Great Britain.
Described in detail are plans for Livingston New Town and its
environs and Newbridge. Separate sewers were adopted for the New
Town while existing combined systems were re-sewered for separation
only when redevelopment took place. Overflows were suggested where
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major existing severs were to be connected to newer sewers, and at
least 6 d.w.f. will be passed to the new sewer- Primary tanks of
the existing sewage-treatment works will be converted to storm water tanks
and pumps installed to convey stored sewage back to the new sewer. Ho
flows below 18 d.w.f. should reach rivers without treatment. Surface
water storm sewers will be built according to the size necessary to
drain the "once a year storm,I! even though rain of this intensity
and duration is not likely to occur more than once in three or five
years. Descriptions are given of the size, capacity, and mode of
treatment and operation for the numerous parts of the sewage treatment
plants proposed. No storm water settling tank is envisaged for the
first development, and future expansion and increase in population
will determine whether a storm settling tank is required. Partial
treatment of 6 x d.w.f. or more will be possible. Capital and operating
costs for both treatment plants are tabled as are data concerning
capacities and dimensions of each treatment mechanism.
398
OPERATING EXPERIENCES AT SWINDON, 1962-1967,
W.F. Carmichael
Water Pollution Control, Vol 68, No h. pp ^Q-k6h, Jul 1969.
Descriptors: *Sewerage, *Sewage treatment, Sludge treatment,
Overflow.
Identifiers: *Storm sewage, Combined sewers, Great Britain.
The sewerage system of Swindon is constructed as a combined system
from pre-war days, and as a separate sewerage system for expansion
areas. The report stresses sludge treatment and disposal, power
generation, and sewage treatment which emphasizes biological filters,
screens, primary settling tanks, and storm sewage treatment. The
operation of the storm sewage treatment as well as analysis data
concerning overflows onto underdrained land are given.
399
COMPLETE WATER RE-USE,
L.K. Cecil
Chem Eng Program, Symposium Series, Vol 63, No 78, pp 258-261, 1967.
Descriptors: *Water reuse, Water pollution control, Activated
sludge, Phosphates, Chemical precipitation.
207
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Identifiers: *Treatment methods.
The author outlines a system of water pollution control in which all
wastewaters from the area are treated for reuse as municipal or
industrial water supplies. Wo wastewaters are discharged to public
watercourses, and water is drawn from natural sources only to replenish
losses by evaporation and other processes. The choice between combined
and separate sewerage systems in such an area and the selection of
a treatment system for the wastewaters are considered, and a practical
system of treatment is described comprising removal of grit and sand.
Simultaneous removal of carbonaceous and nitrogenous compounds and
reduction of phosphate by activated sludge with incineration of
excess sludge to ensure removal of phosphate from the system is examined;
as well as chemical precipitation to reduce carbonate hardness. COD,
phosphates, silica, boron, fluorides, and viruses, followed by filtration
through diatomaceous earth. The removal of dissolved solids in a
series of five units consisting of hydrogen cation-exchange column,
three activated-carbon columns, and an anion-exchange column is ex-
plored. The system recovers about 95 per cent of the initial water.
Water can be removed from the system at several stages for
selected purposes.
1+00
OVERVIEW OF CONTROL METHODS,
Francis J. Condon
In: Combined Sewer Overflow Seminar Papers, Edison, N.J., Nov U-5, 1969.
Water Pollution Control Research Series, DAST-37, pp 9-17, Mar 1970.
Descriptors: *Water pollution sources, *Sewers, *Infiltration,
^Control systems, Treatment facilities, Control structures.
Identifiers: ^Overview.
Pollution problems caused by combined sewers and separate sewers that
act as combined ones because of widespread infiltration and mal-
functioning regulators are examined. Methods of control which are
presently being investigated are discussed herein.
CITY OF NORWICH SEWAGE WORKS,
P. Cotton
Water Pollution Control, Vol 67, No 1*, pp 1^-1+57, 1968.
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Descriptors: *Sewage treatment, *Biocontrol, *Sludge treatment.
Identifiers: *Great Britain, *Biological filtration, Storm tank.
An illustrated description is given of the sewage works of Norwich,
which are designed to treat a dry-weather flow of 7.5 m.g.d. by
"biological filtration with recirculation of effluent. Flows in
excess of three times design flow are settled in storm tanks.
Sludge is thickened by sedimentation before digestion and digested
sludge is passed to a storage lagoon before being dried on beds,
disposed of on land in liquid form, or distributed by tanker to
surrounding farms.
1*02
SEWERAGE FLAMING IN GREATER STOCKHOLM AREA,
Anders Cronstrom
Water Sewage Works, Vol 116, No 9, pp 356-358, Sep 1969.
Descriptors: *Sewerage, *Sewage treatment, *Biological treatment,
*Planning, *Design, *Treatment facilities, *Tunnel design, *Tunnels.
Identifiers: *Sweden.
An intensive redistribution within and to the Greater-Stockholm area
is expected by the year 2000, and consequently large and difficult
sewerage problems are created. The problems caused by sewerage and
sewage discharge in the surrounding area of Stockholm are discussed
in relation to treatment facilities now in use. Two courses of
problem solving are described as: l) tunnel systems for sewage
collecting from catchment areas which would carry the sewage for
the whole region to a common sewage treatment plant with ocean
discharge; and, 2) a tunnel system constructed as an outlet conduit
to better receiving waters for the biologically treated sewage from
various existing sewage treatment plants. No decision has been made
as to which method will be employed
403
ASSESSMENT OF ALTERNATIVE METHODS FOR CONTROL/TREATMENT OF COMBINED
SEWER OVERFLOWS FOR WASHINGTON, D.C.,
John A. DeFilippi
In: Combined Sewer Overflow Seminar Papers, Edison, N.J., Nov ^-5, 1969-
Water Pollution Control Research Series, Report DAST-37, PP 123-138,
Mar 1970. 1 tab.
209
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Descriptors: *0verflow, ^Control systems, *Laboratory tests,
Hydraulic models.
Identifiers: "Treatment methods, *Combined sewers, *Comparative
analysis, *High-rate filtration, ^Washington, D. C.
An investigation, which deals vith the assessment of alternate
methods for control/treatment of combined sewer overflows for the
District of Columbia, is presented herein and has the following
three components: l) problem definition, 2) the study of the feasi-
bility of high-rate filtration for treatment of combined sewer flows,
and 3) the study of alternative methods of solution. Problem defi-
nition dealt with attempting to define hydraulic properties and water
quality characteristics of combined and separated storm sewer flows.
The second major area of study, high-rate filtration, was investigated
by bench-scale laboratory experiments. The third part of the investi-
gation was accomplished by analyzing various approaches used in other
parts of the country relative to their applicability to the Washington,
D.C. system. This paper presents a discussion of the three major
portions of the investigation. The approaches are described and
appropriate conclusions presented.
MICROSTRAINING OF SEWAGE EFFLUENTS IN THE USA,
E.W.J. Diaper and M.R. Lowndes
Effluent Water Treat, Vol 10, No 6, pp 323-325, 327,328, Jun 1970.
Descriptors: ^Filtration, *Waste water treatment, *Pollution abatement,
^Investigations, Pollutant identification, Economic justification,
Standards, Legislation, Suspended load, Chlorination, Ozone.
Identifiers: ^Microstraining, Storm overflows, Chicago, Lebanon,
Ohio.
Emphasis has recently been placed on up-grading effluent standards to
maintain, or improve, river qualify in lieu of increasing contamination
from municipal and industrial discharges. Each state mazt formulate
standards for waste water treatment as a resUlt of legislation intro-
duced by the Federal Government. Increased attention has been paid
to the compounds of phosphorus and nitrogen in effluents since these
chemicals provide nutrients for plant life in the receiving stream.
The basic operating principles of a typical microstraining installa-
tion are reviewed. The article outlines the results from three in-
vestigations in which microstraining has been assessed as an economic
aid in preventing pollution in: l) Lebanon, Ohio -where methods of
removing suspended matter that tend to overload advanced waste treat-
ment processes were explored: 2) Chicago - where the necessary tertiary
treatment stage at three plants is being determined in order to meet
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state standards; and, 3) the Cochrane Division of the Crane Co. -
where the removal of suspended solids in stormvater overflows by
microstraining and the reduction of bacteria in these effluents
by chlorination and ozonation are being evaluated.
1*05
NEW APPROACHES TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT,
Discussions by E.W.J. Diaper and Russell L. Gulp
J Sanit Eng Div, Am Soc Civil Engr, Vol 95, No SA 5, pp 978-980,
Descriptors: *Sewage treatment, Storm runoff.
Identifiers: Combined sewers, Philadelphia.
In his comments, E.W.J. Diaper mentions the fact that the combina-
tion of microstraining and ozonation for the treatment of combined
sewer stormwater overflows is being evaluated in Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania.
NEW ACTIVATED SLUDGE PLANT TO SERVE THREE WARWICKSHIRE VILLAGES,
Brian M. Dumbleton
Surveyor, Vol 82, No 3972, pp 31-33, Jul 19, 1968. 5 fig.
Descriptors: *Sewage treatment, ^Treatment facilities, ^Separation
techniques, Sewers, Drainage programs, Design, Overflow.
Identifiers: *Great Britain, Trunk sewer, Storm tank.
The Atherston Rural District Council constructed a new sewage treat-
ment works and installed several miles of trunk sewers to supercede
three existing, overloaded works and to provide for mains drainage
in two towns not previously sewered. An activated sludge plant was
also proposed for construction. The partially separate sewers in
most of the villages were adequate for even anticipated future flows,
but in a few instances where surcharging occurred, new sewers were
laid. In one area, storm overflows on the sewers were considered to
reduce flow to the new works, but separation at the site of the works
was found to be preferable. A complete description of the design of
the new works is given. Storm tanks can hold the equivalent of
12 hours d.w.f. At times of very heavy rainfall, tanks overflow
to Penmire Brook. After a storm, contents of the tanks are returned
to the pumping station to be lifted to the works for treatment. The
treatment process and sludge handling are described.
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1+07
SUBMARINE PIPELINE TO DISCHARGE TREATED EFFLUENT AT SPILSBY RDC,
Nigel East
Surveyor, Vol 85. No U053, PP 38-^0, Feb 13, 1970. 10 fig.
Descriptors: *Sewage treatment, ^Treatment facilities, ^Separation
techniques, *Steel pipes, Construction, Outlets, Storm runoff, Sewers,
Sewerage, Effluents
Identifiers: *Great Britain, Storm tank.
Spilsby RDC's sewerage scheme involves two sewage treatment works and
construction of a 1.5 mile outfall sewer to dispose of effluent from
both works. In one works, storm flows exceeding 3 d.w.f. are separated
and passed to storm tanks and additional flows screened only before
passing to the final effluent sump. The previous raw sewage, storm-
water, and effluent pumping plant was augmented and the filter
distributer arms replaced with others of greater capacity. The outlet
sewer system was revised to take the effluent to the submarine outfall.
Modifications of the second works provided a degree of treatment
similar to that at the first works. The bitumen enamel-coated steel
submarine pipeline is described in addition to methods used for trench
excavation and launching.
TREATMENT OF URBAN STORMWATER RUNOFF,
F.L. Evans, E.E. Geldreich, S.R. Weibel, and G.G. Roebeck
J Water Pollution Control Fed, Vol Ho, No 5, Res Suppl, R162-1TO, 1968.
Descriptors: *Sedimentation, *Chlorination, ^Laboratory tests,
Microorganisms.
Identifiers: ^Cincinnati, Ohio, Runoff treatment.
Tabulated and graphical results are given of laboratory studies on
treatment by sedimentation and chlorination of runoff from an urban
area of Cincinnati which is sewered on the separate system. Plain
sedimentation for less than one hour was not effective in reducing
COD, BOD, concentrations of nitrogen, phosphate and solids, or the
total counts of three bacterial indicators, but improved removals
were obtained with sedimentation for four hours. A dose of 2-6 mg
of chlorine per litre applied for 20 min was neccessary to effect a
99-99 per cent kill of total coliform organisms, faecal coliform
organisms, and faecal streptococci. Even with such high doses of
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chlorine and the presence of free residual chlorine after treatment,
aftergrowth of total coliform organisms occurred in 2k-12 hours;
however, there was no significant aftergrowth of faecal organisms.
From these results it is suggested that the count of faecal coliform
organisms rather than total coliform organisms is more realistic
indicator of the downstream effects of chlorinated discharges.
1*09
WATER REUSE IN INDUSTRY,
E.F. Gloyna, D.L. Ford, and J.M. Eller
J Water Pollution Control Fed, Vol k2, No 2, pp 237-2*4.2, Feb 1970
3 diag, 3 graphs, 2 tab.
Descriptors: *Liquid wastes, ^Pollutants, *Storm runoff, *Water reuse,
*Industrial wastes, Waste treatment, Separation techniques.
Identifiers: *Cresylic acid, *Sodium sulfide solutions, ^Collection
system.
A system designed to treat liquid wastes from oil refineries and
produce a salable product is described. The waste material is
shipped to the treatment plant. Pollutants in the waste material
include phenols, cresols, cresylic acid, mercaptans, sulfides,
thiophenols, caustic soda, and heavy metals. The finished products
are cresylic acid and sodium sulfide solutions. Stormwater runoff is
utilized after separation into contaminated and uncontaminated portions,
The wastewater collection system consists of a comprehensive network
of drip pans, collection troughs, dikes, and tanks. The network is
interconnected to the process system and coeling towers.
KAPPALA UNDERGROUND SEWAGE WORKS, STOCKHOLM,
E. Isgard and A. Rosander
Civil Eng Public Works Rev, Vol 65, No 766, pp 517-520,
May 1970. k diag, 1 map, 1 tab.
Descriptors: *Sewage disposal, *Tunnels, ^Treatment facilities, Construction,
Planning, Cost analysis, Infiltration, Storm runoff.
Identifiers: *Gravity sewer, Sweden.
Ten suburban communities north of Stockholm formed the Kappala Union
to deal with their sewage problems. They planned to convey sewage
to a sewage treatment plant on LidingO Island, enabling effluent to
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discharge into the main stream of water. Plans are described for the
establishment of a system of gravity sever tunnels to convey waste-
water to the plant. The flow was intended to consist of municipal
sewage and groundwater infiltration without much stormwater.
Construction techniques for the sewage tunnels and the treatment plant
are discussed, as is the planning of the plant and main pumping
station. Total costs for the project are given in a table.
Ull
TECHNIQUES AND RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN SEWAGE WORKS DESIGN,
R.P. Boyd James
Water Pollution Control, Vol 69, No 1, pp 62-66, 1970.
Descriptors: *Sewage treatment, Sludge treatment, Evaluation,
Overflow.
Identifiers: *Storm tank, ^Treatment processes, Storm sewage.
New techniques and developments in three different areas are discussed,
the areas being: sewage treatment and its effect on operators and
others, the effectiveness of sewage treatment, and the efficiency of
the process. Developments in sludge dewatering and aerial nuisance
decrease the unattractiveness of sewage treatment to operators and
other employees. The advances and deficiencies of tertiary treatment,
biological treatment, and preliminary treatment and sedimentation are
presented in relation to the influences they have on the effectiveness
of sewage treatment. Also-in-this area, the failings of storm sewage
treatment are enumerated, and the author strongly recommends that
provisions for storm tanks or irrigation areas be made in order to
reduce pollution from overflows. He asserts that it is better to inter-
cept a HO d.w.f. flow in a storm tank than to given full treatment to
a mere 6 d.w.f., allowing the remainder to overflow. F.W. Allen in
the "Discussion," suggests that storm tank treatment could be improved
if full use were made of the storage capacity of sewers and if one storm
has no outlet to the river so that the first storm flush could be
stored there and later sent back for treatment. He also recommends that
overflows sited on a sewer near a trade effluent discharge be upstream
of the discharge to allow the trade effluent to pass to the sewage
works. New techniques in the efficiency area of sewage treatment are
also described in addition to civil engineering developments that speed
construction.
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Ul2
MICROSTRAINING - WITH OZONATION OR CHLORINATION - OF COMBINED
SEWER OVERFLOWS,
W.A. Keilbaugh, G.E. Glover, and P.M. Yatsuk
In: ComMned Sewer Overflow Seminar Papers, Edison, N.J., Nov H-5, 1969.
Water Pollution Control Research Series, Report DAST-37, pp 59-99,
Mar 1970. 11 fig, 5 tab, 10 ref.
Descriptors: *0verflow, *Suspended load, *Sewers, *0zonation, *Chlorination,
Estimated costs.
Identifiers: *Microstraining, ^Philadelphia, Combined sewers, Treatment
methods.
Microstraining, using a nominal 23 micron aperture Microstrainer screen,
has removed up to 98% of the suspended solids from the combined sewer
overflow which serves a residential area of 11 acres in the. city of
Philadelphia. BOD removals and coliform bacteria concentrations in the
microstrained effluents have varied widely. Results to date indicate-
that there is a slightly better colon group bacterial kill with chlorine
in the microstrainer effluents then when ozone is used. Preliminary est-
imates have been made for the costs of treatment for a combined sewer via
the microstraining process. It is estimated that the costs per acre of
of drainage for a full scale plant in our test area would range from
approximately $9,500 to $11,800 for microstraining alone, $10,500 to
$12,800 for microstraining plus chlorination, and $18,000 to $21,300 for
microstraining plus ozonation.
413
NON-LINEAR PROGRAMMING AS A METHOD OF DESIGN OF TREATMENT FACILITIES
FOR COMBINED SEWER EFFLUENT,
Charles A. Kohlhaas
Stanford Univ Engineer Thesis, Sep 1969
Descriptors: Optimization, *Storm drains, *Treatment, *Mathe-
matical models, Computer programs.
Identifiers: *Storm Sewage, *Combined sewers, *Non-linear
programming, Sensitivity analysis.
Due to the high flows experienced in combined sewer systems, treatment
can seldom be provided for the entire volume of combined sewage. This
leads to the problem of determining the optimum-partial treatment needed
to meet water quality objectives. Non-linear programming is used to
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determine the optimum combination of primary and secondary treatment to
be provided for combined sewer effluent. Water quality requirements
limiting floating solids, grit, settleable solids, suspended solids, and
BOD are considered as constraints against an objective function composed
of the cost of preliminary, primary and secondary treatment. The
nature of the problem allows a graphical solution. The sensitivity of the
solution to a number of input variables is performed. The response
of cost to the levels of water quality specified by water quality
regulations is also investigated. The graphical solution of the non-
linear program gives insight into the nature of objective and constraint
functions encountered in water pollution control work. In spite of
the very non-linear nature of the constraint functions in a mathemati-
cal sense, the plots of such functions proved to be largely linear.
414
SILT REMOVAL FROM COMFINRD SKIVERS,
D. Laredo and E.A. Bryant
Water Sewage Works, Vol 115, No 12, pp 561-564, Dec 1968.
Descriptors: *Massachusetts, ^Sewage treatment, *Chlorination,
Storm runoff.
Identifiers: *Degritting tank.
At the 50--m.g.d. primary sewage works of Fall River Mass., which is
served by combined sewers, a degritting tank and facilities for pre-
liminary additional chlorination have been installed to treat storm
flows which previously had to bypass the works because they fouled the
sedimentation tanks. The design, operation, and performance of the
degritting tank are described.
415
THE SEWAGE DISPOSAL AT VELDEN ON LAKE WORTHER,
W. Lengyel
Oesterr Wasserwirtsch (OSWAAI), Vol 20, No 9/10, pp 204-210,
Sep/Oct 1968.
Descriptors: ^Pollution abatement, *Sewage treatment, Pumping plants,
Pressure conduits.
Identifiers: *Lake Worther, Germany, Combined sewers, Separate system.
To prevent and control polluting loads from entering Lake Worther,
additional sewage works were constructed to serve the health resort of
Velden. These works provide primary treatment for domestic sewage and
trade wastewaters in tanks and have facilities for sludge digestion
and mixing of sludge and garbage. Owing to the complex geographical
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conditions of the area, a central pumping station had to be provided
to pump the sewage via a long pressure pipe 65 m above water level
to the lake. The author outlines the factors which affect the use of
combined sewerage systems as compared with separate systems and dis-
cusses the advantages and disadvantages. In the case of Lake Worthier
the separate sewerage system is recommended, but strict control should
be kept on the number of dwellings served.
416
HIGH-LEVEL INACTIVATION OF VIRUSES BY CHLORINATION,
T.L. Lothrop and O.J. Sproul
J Water Pollution Control Fed, Vol 41, No 4, pp 567-575, Apr 1969.
Descriptors: *Biocontrol, *Chlorination, *Testing, *Waste water
treatment, Viruses.
Identifiers: *Stormwater treatment.
Laboratory tests were performed on Type 1 poliovirus and Type 2
bacteriophage with varying chlorine dosages to determine the chlorine
residuals necessary to insure high-level virus inactivation in settled
raw wastewater and stormwater overflow. Conclusions drawn from the
study showed that high-level inactivation of viruses is possible in
treated and untreated domestic wastewaters, but that present chlorin-
ation practices do not accomplish this feat. In the experimental runs
with synthesized stormwater overflow, a 100-percent inactivation of
Type 1 poliovirus was achieved by providing a free chlorine residual.
In all runs, the T2 bacteriophage was much less sensitive to combined
chlorine residuals than was the coliform organism and was more sen-
sitive than the poliovirus to combined chlorine residuals.
417
ROTARY VIBRATORY FINE SCREENING OF COMBINED SEWER OVERFLOWS; Primary
Treatment of Storm Water Overflow from Combined Sewers by High-Rate,
Fine-Mesh Screens,
Donald M. Marske
In: Combined Sewer Overflow Abatement Technology. Water Pollution
Control Research Series, Report 11024—06/70, pp 57-106, Jun 1970.
13 fig, 6 tab, 2 ref.
217
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Descriptors: *Sewage treatment, *0verflow, *Storm runoff, *Screens,
Economic feasibility, Treatment facilities.
Identifiers: *Combined sewers.
The feasibility, effectiveness, and economics of employing high-mesh
screening for primary treatment of stormwater overflow from combined
sewer systems is detailed herein. Based on final performance tests
run on dry-weather sewage, the unit (63 inches high and an outside
diameter of 80 inches) is capable of 99% removal of floatable and settle-
able solids, 34% removal of total suspended solids, and 27% removal of
COD. The screened effluent is typically 92% of the influent flow. The
estimated cost of treatment is 22 cents/1000 gallons for a scale-up
design of a 25 mgd screening facility. It was observed that the proposed
screening facility required 1/10 to 1/20 the land required by a con-
ventional primary treatment plant.
418
THE USE OF SCREENING/DISSOLVED - AIR FLOTATION FOR TREATING COMBINED
SEWER OVERFLOWS,
Donald G. Mason
In: Combined Sewer Overflow Abatement Technology. Water Pollution
Control Research Series, Report 11024—06/70, pp 123-138, Jun 1970.
9 fig.
Descriptors: ^Separation techniques, *0verflow, *Estimated costs,
^Laboratory tests.
Identifiers: *Combined sewers, *Screening/flotation system.
This report documents a study on the treatment of combined sewer over-
flow by screening and dissolved-air flotation. The objectives of the
project determined the effectiveness and cost of a screening/flotation
system. A combined sewer in Milwaukee, Wisconsin was monitored and
testing was performed. The results of the laboratory tests indicated
a combination of screening/flotation provided a feasible system and
a prototype demonstration unit with a 5 mgd capacity was designed and
installed. The system has been operated on 30 overflows. Removal of
BOD, COD, SS, and VSS have ranged between 50 and 75 per cent. Cost
estimates indicate a total installed cost of $12,000 per mgd capacity.
Operating costs are estimated at l.Oc/1000 gallons without chemical
flocculant addition.
419
OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE OF MUNICIPAL WASTE TREATMENT PLANTS,
R.L. Michel, A.L. Pelmoter, and R.C. Palange
J Water Pollution Control Fed, Vol 41, No 3, pp 335-354, 1969.
218
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Descriptors: *Waste water treatment, *Maintenance, *Statistics,
*Mathematical studies, Infiltration, Storm runoff, Analysis.
Identifiers: treatment methods, Storm sewage.
When grants for wastewater treatment plants are made under the U.S.
Federal Water Pollution Control Act, efficient operation and mainte-
nance of these plants must be provided. To ensure compliance with this
requirement, an appropriate audit is made at each plant after it has
operated for about one year. In this report, the data from 1500 audits
in the period July 1962 to December 1964 are summarized and analysed
statistically showing mathematical relations between several of the
variables examined. These relations include: population, quantity
and strength of wastewaters, operating costs, and type of treatment.
Problems encountered are also summarized, with particular reference
to the bypassing of untreated wastewater as a result of storm sewage
flow or infiltration into the sewers.
420
THE UNABATED GROWTH OF WATER POLLUTION ABATEMENT ACTIVITIES,
Austin H. Montgomery, Jr.
Consulting Engr, Vol 33, No 5, pp 114-117, Nov 1969. 10 ref.
Descriptors: *Methodology, *Pollution abatement, *Sewers, *Costs,
*Separation techniques, *Engineering personnel, Water resuse,
Identifiers: *Treatment methods.
Water pollution abatement activities were given authority and direction
by the Federal Water Quality Act of 1965. An estimated cost of $48
billion is necessary for the separation of combined sanitary and storm
sewers. The traditional primary-secondary treatment plants' objectives
and achievements usually have been not to restore but to slow down or
prevent further degradation. Lack of knowledge of the extent and means
of treating pollution sources such as pesticides, acid, erosion, ferti-
lizers, and mine drainage, is a factor in delaying the abatement program.
A list of consulting engineering firms, which have been awarded research
and development grants and contracts for advanced wastewater treatment
techniques, is given. The trend in the reuse rather than discharge of
wastewater is well under way, and the most widespread reuse today is
that of secondary treatment effluent as a water source for industry
and agriculture. A need for professional water pollution control
is emphasized.
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421
RECONSTRUCTION OF OFFERTON SEWAGE WORKS OF HAZEL GROVE AND BRAMHALL
U.D.C.,
J. Morton and F. SummerfieId
Water Pollution Control, Vol 68, No 1, pp 85-92, 1969.
Descriptors: *Sewage treatment, *Aerobic treatment, *Sludge digestion,
Screens, Sludge disposal.
Identifiers: Storm tank, Sedimentation tank, Gas recirculation system.
Previous extensions to the Offerton sewage works of Hazel Grove and
Bramhall U.D.C., Cheshire, proved inadequate by 1964, and further ex-
tensions are now being planned. These will include aeration with
Simplex cones for secondary treatment by the activated-sludge process,
together with new screens, stormwater tanks, and sedimentation tanks.
Automatic control systems will also be installed. To improve the
performance of the sludge digestion unit, which consists of two con-
centric tanks, it is planned to install a gas recirculation system to
give better mixing. Disposal of liquid digested sludge on farmland,
which was begun in 1963 will be expanded.
422
SPECIAL OPERATIONAL RESULTS FROM OXIDATION CHANNELS,
J. Muskat
Oesterr Abwasser-Rundschau (OERAV), Vol 12, No 1,
pp 3-7, 1967.
Descriptors: *Sewage treatment, ^Investigations, Nitrification, Analysis.
Identifiers: ^Oxidation channels.
The advantages of oxidation channels for the treatment of sewage are
discussed with special reference to the satisfactory results obtained
when dealing with shock loads and with rainwater. The principles of
action in straight, circular, and mixed oxidation channels are outlined
including the difference in the biological conditions of each plant.
The importance of dilution for the biocenose in circular channels is
considered as well as the factors which affect nitrification and de-
nitrification in straight and in circular channels.
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423
RIVER ENGINEERING AND WATER CONSERVATION WORKS: CHAPTER 6 -
APPLIED FLOOD HYDROLOGY,
J.E. Nash
Butterworths, London, pp 63-110, 1966. 22 fig, 1 tab, 23 ref.
Descriptors: *Flood routing, *Rainfall, *Frequency analysis,
*Discharge (water), *Hydrograph analysis, *Unit hydrograph, Storm runoff
Rainfall-runoff relationships.
The author deals with two problems in flood hydrology: (1) predic-
ting peak discharges from rainfall data and such other factors as
are found necessary; and (2) the determination of the frequency of
exceedence of a discharge when records of discharge over several years
exist or in the absence of such records. The chapter attempts to
designate the tools available for solving such problems and the use-
fullness and limitations of these tools. Topics discussed under
hydrograph analysis are: storm runoff from individual storms, rainfall
and effective rainfall, the unit hydrograph hypothesis, changing the
duration of a unit hydrograph, use of the S curve, calculation of
unit hydrographs from rainfall and stream flow records, and uses of
a unit hydrograph. The relation between the unit hydrograph and the
catchment is explained, as is the volumetric relation between rainfall
and runoff. The last two sections explore flood frequency and the
relation of flood frequency to catchment characteristics. (See ab-
stract number 316).
424
WATER AND WASTE WATER DISTRICTS IN SUBURBIA,
Myron K. Nelson and R.L. Chandler
J Sanit Eng Div, Am Soc Civil Eng,-Vol 96, No SA2, pp 593-604,
Apr 1970.
Descriptors: *Water districts, *Sewage treatment, Sewers, Chlorination,
Effluents, Storm runoff.
The formation of water and sewer districts in a highly urbanized area
composed of fourteen cities is described. The economical and functional
advantages of such districts are enumerated. Separate rather than com-
bined sewers are recommended, but the problem of surcharging sanitary
sewers during heavy rainfall still remains. This problem is now being
combatted through the installation of additional sewers and holding
stations which function as primary treatment plants when sanitary sewers
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are surcharged. Skimmings and settled material are continually re-
moved and discharged back to normal sewers, and all incoming waste-
water is chlorinated. Effluent is conveyed to the receiving stream
after treatment. This system appears to be successful in that incoming
sewage is highly diluted with stormwater and receiving streams carry
normal flows during discharge periods. The physical growth of water
resources properties is tabled and long range plants for the area are
discussed.
425
RECLAMATION AND REUSE - THE STATE OF THE ART,
John D. Parkhurst
Report No 16, Proc Water Quality Management Symposium, University of
California, Davis, Jun 1969. 12 p, 2 tab.
Descriptors: *Reclaimed water, *Water reuse, *Waste water treatment, Reviews
Water treatment, Demineralization, Electrodialysis, Treatment facilities,
Sanitary engineering, Separation techniques, Water quality, Filtration, Ion
exchange, Tertiary treatment, Nutrients, Nitrates, Phosphates, Reverse
osmosis.
Identifiers: Renovating.
The sewerage system of the Los Angeles County Sanitation Districts
serves about 4 million people in 71 incorporated cities and large
tracts of unincorporated areas. Because of the serious problems
caused by water shortage in these heavily populated areas, the sani-
tation districts have instituted the latest techniques and facilities
in water reclamation. The Whittier Narrows Plant, the Pomona research
and demonstration program and the Lancaster project provide sound data
for future planning of similar facilities. The initial stages of the
40-yr master plan that will provide approximately 440 mgd of potentially
reusable water in the districts' system are underway. The sanitation
districts in Los Angeles County are pursuing research and pilot scale
operations of various tertiary treatment processes to provide reclaimed
water of any desired quality. Descriptions are given of the processes
being used.
426
STORMWATER DISINFECTION AT NEW ORLEANS,
Edgar H. Pavia, and Crawford J. Powell
J Water Fed, Vol 41, No 4, p 591-606, Apr 1969. 10 fig, 1 ref.
222
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Descriptors: *Chlorination, *Storm runoff, *Disinfection, Chlorine,
Design, Pumping plants, Coliforms.
Identifiers: *Hypothlorites, *New Orleans, Louisiana, *Lake Ponchartrain,
Louisiana, Open channels.
A progress report is given on a project to disinfect storm waters
in New Orleans. The project aims to show the feasibility of re-
ducing the coliform count by adding chlorine or hypochlorite at
pumping stations and letting disinfection take place in open channels
of populated areas. The study will encompass the effect of such
treated storm waters when they are discharged into body contact
recreational areas. The Lake Ponchartrain area of New Orleans is
the site of the test to begin in early 1969.
427
DETROIT'S METROPOLITAN WATER POLLUTION CONTROL PROGRAM - IN ACTION,
Gerald J. Remus
The Engineer and the City, pp 91-96, 1969.
A symposium sponsored by the National Academy of Engineering at its
5th Annual Meeting, Oct 22-23. 1969.
Descriptors: *Water pollution control, *Cities, *Project planning,
*Multiple-purpose projects, *Sewerage, *Storm runoff, *Control systems,
*Sewage disposal, *Estimated costs, *Construction costs, Instrumentation.
Identifiers: *Detroit, ^Combined sewers.
The adoption of metropolitan programs for water supply, pollution
control, and sewage treatment in the Detroit area received its impetus
in 1959. A brief review of the growing acceptance of the programs is
given. The sewage system for Detroit operates on a combined stormwater-
sanitary sewage basis with the use of remote controls, automatic alarms,
and computer recordings (including records on how a storm crosses a
metropolitan area). The stormflow dirt deposit to the Detroit River
has been reduced by at least 15%: and because of the sewer control
instruments flooding of the activated sludge process at the plant.
Approximately $371 million will be spent from 1966 to 1975 on this
water pollution control program. Recommendations for further studies
and programs are made by the author, and an estimated cost list on
the sewage disposal construction (1968-1970) is given.
428
OVERVIEW OF COMBINED CONTROL AND TREATMENT METHODS,
William A. Rosenkranz
In: Combined Sewer Overflow Seminar Papers, Edison, N.J.,
Nov 4-5, 1969. Water Pollution Control Research Series,
Report DAST-37, pp 119-121, Mar 1970.
223
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Descriptors: *Control systems, *Storage.
Identifiers: *0verview, *Treatment methods, *Combined sewers.
The author contends that there is no single method of either control
or treatment applicable as a complete answer to combined sewer problems,
He further holds that engineering studies must consider all potential
alternatives when seeking to determine a treatment method, and that
physical control by storage must be considered in conjunction with
potentially applicable treatment methods in order to achieve an op-
timal system.
429
DEVELOPMENTS IN STORM AND COMBINED SEWER POLLUTION CONTROL,
William A. Rosenkranz
Paper presented at the Spring Meeting of the New England Water
Pollution Control Association, Jun 11, 1968.
Descriptors: *Water pollution control, *Sewage treatment, Appli-
cation methods.
Identifiers: *Stormwater pollution, *Combined sewage, Sewer separation,
Storm sewers.
Three basic approaches used to minimize combined sewage or stormwater
pollution are defined as: (1) control, (2) treatment, and (3) com-
binations of the two. Examples are given under each category. Con-
sidering progress thus far, it is unlikely that any single control or
treatment method developed will successfully solve combined sewer or
stormwater pollution problems. Instead, methods providing whole or
partial solutions based on particular circumstances of the area will
be integrated into the combined sewer or stormwater project. Methods
of control and/or treatment described include: screening, disinfec-
tion, sedimentation, in-system storage, off-system storage, chemical
treatment, automated regulators, and sewer separation. Sewer sepa-
ration continues to maintain the widest amount of present and planned
use and predicted applicability.
430
TAHOE AND WINDHOEK: PROMISE AND PROOF OF CLEAN WATER,
Frank P. Sebastian
Paper presented at the Third Annual National Pollution Control
Conference and Exposition, San Francisco, California, Apr 1-3, 1970.
Descriptors: *Sewage treatment, *Water purification, treatment
facilities, *Water reuse, Cost analysis.
Identifiers: *Tahoe treatment plant, ^Windhoek treatment plant.
224
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Two sewage treatment plants have shown that technology does exist
to meet the stringent environmental quality standards on wastewater.
By 1970, the Tahoe plant will have pumped one and one-half billion
gallons^of purified waste water into a new reservoir for water sports
and irrigation; and, the Windhoek (South West Africa) sewage puri-
fication plant, using a different system, will have supplied nearly
one-third of the drinking water for a city of 30,000 people for more
than a year. The paper presents illustrations, flowsheets, and cost
data on the world's two most advanced waste water treatment plants.
431
THE REUSE OF TREATED MUNICIPAL WASTE BY THE MIDLAND DIVISION, THE DOW
CHEMICAL COMPANY,
E.S. Shannon and A. Maass
Paper presented at the Am Water Works Assoc, Annual Conference,
Washington, D.C., Jun 21-26, 1970.
Descriptors: *Sewage treatment, *Chlorination, *Estimated costs, Water
supply, *Water reuse, Water quality. Trickling filters.
identifiers: *Midland, Michigan.
In June 1969, the Dow Chemical Company started to take into its cooling
water and fire protection system the treated sewage from the city of
Midland, Michigan. The supplemental water supply will provide up to
seven million gallons per day of relatively high quality water and the
reservoir will provide a three million gallon fire water supply. The
Midland waste water treatment system consists of primary, and two stage
trickling filter secondary treatment, followed by chlorination. There
is also a. three million gallon reservoir, two six thousand gallon per
minute pumps, and associated controls and piping. The total cost of
the project is estimated at $500,000.
432
NEW INFORMATION NEEDS FOR WATER MANAGEMENT IN URBAN REGIONS,
John R. Sheaffer
Paper presented at the Am Geophys Union - 1969 National Fall Meeting.
Descriptors: *Water management (applied), *Investigations, *Michigan,
*Water resources, Pollutants, Planning.
Identifiers: *Urban water resource management.
To illustrate the new information needs for water management in urban
areas, a case study of a waste water management plan is described and
the types of data required in the formulation of the plan are identi-
fied. Muskegon County, Michigan, is the study area. The basic manage-
225
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ment concept set forth in the research creates new information needs.
The concept is one of utilizing pollutants as resources out of place and,
thus, converting them into economic goods. This goal is accomplished
by taking the waste from the water, processing it, and putting it on the
land, where it becomes useful and valuable. The environmental im-
plications and the data needs for such a program can be viewed readily
in the context of this new type of urban water resource management. It
is obvious that adjustments in mapping techniques will be necessary
to accommodate future management efforts.
433
SEWERAGE AND SEWAGE TREATMENT,
Ralph Stone
"Sewerage and Sewage treatment: State-of-the-Art Abstracts",
J Sanit Eng Div, Am Soc Civil Engr, Vol 96, SA1, pp 35-48, Feb 1970.
Descriptors: *Waste treatment, *Sewage treatment.
Identifiers: ^Abstracts.
Abstracts of 13 on-going research projects are given. The summaries
consider activated sludge effluent, clarification processes, ecology
in waste stabilization ponds, wastewater treatment by ion-exchange
resins, plant operating costs, fly ash filters, wastewater aeration,
individual home waste treatment systems, oxygenation, sulphides, and
other problems. This paper has been prepared as an activity of the
Committee with significant information on waste treatment, inclusive
of subjects of research and demonstration projects.
434
SEWAGE-TREATMENT PLANT,
G. Talon
Abwass, Vol 14, No 12, pp 17-18, 1967.
Descriptors: *Sewage treatment, *Aeration, *Storage tanks, *Equipment,
Flow control.
Identifiers: *Compressed-air lift.
Modifications are examined in relation to preliminary aeration equip-
ment in a sewage-treatment plant. The incoming sewage, instead of
passing through a grit chamber and storm-sewage overflow, is conveyed
directly to a holding tank, inside of which is a container whose upper
rim is at the same height as that of the plant itself. A compressed-
air lift, mounted in the holding tank above the bottom of the tank,
comprises a vertical shaft with aeration jets. This compressed-air
lift has a two-fold effect: it lifts the"sewage into the treatment
tank, and it provides primary aeration.
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435
SOME STRUCTURAL DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS IN OXFORD SEWAGE WORKS EXTENSIONS,
M.G. Tassell
Surveyor, Vol 85, No 4047, pp 31-34,36, Jan 2, 1970. 7 fig.
Descriptors: *Sewage treatment, treatment facilities, *Structural
design, *Structural engineering.
Identifiers: *Great Britain.
This article discusses extensions to the Oxford sewage purification
works. The design approach to two widely differing water retaining
structures, the primary settlement and storm/balancing tanks and the
elevated wash water tank to the sand filtration unit, are considered
in some detail. The common thread was the elimination, where possible,
of complex stresses either by introducing hinges or movement joints.
Shrinkage cracking is more difficult to avoid. Possible methods of
reducing such cracking are discussed. The importance of efficient and
continuous curing from the moment the shuttering is struck, or in the
case of slabs, from the time of initial set is emphasized.
436
NEW CONSTRUCTION AND PLANS FOR THE TOWN DRAINAGE OF FLENSBURG,
H. Wagner
Ber Abwassertech Ver (BABVAD), No 17, pp 27-37, 1964.
Descriptors: *Design, *Drainage programs, *Sewage treatment, *Sewerage,
Sludge treatment.
Identifiers: ^Germany.
After a brief description of existing sewage works for the town of
Flensburg, the author outlines plans for expansion of the sewerage
water overflow of 960 litres per sec, also receives heavily polluted
wastewaters from nearby slaughterhouses, increasing the five-day BOD
system in this area. The plant, which at present serves a population
of 90,000 with a dry-weather flow of 320 litres per sec, and a storm-
to 1200 mg per litre. To reduce the heavy load, the plan includes:
additional pumping stations at Galwick; the extension of the pressure
pipeline to a length of 1450 m; and a treatment plant equipped for
the activated-sludge process, with sludge digestion followed by
thickening and drying on beds, and disposal at sea by ships.
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437
RIVER ENGINEERING AND WATER CONSERVATION WORKS: CHAPTER 7 - RUNOFF
FROM COMBINED RURAL AND URBAN AREAS,
L.H. Watkins
Butterworths, London, pp 311-121, 1966. 5 fig, 4 tab, £ ref.
Descriptors: *Hydrographs, *'Hydrologic aspects. Rational formula,
Rainfall.
Identifiers: *Urban runoff, *Great Britain, RRL.
Hydrologic principles of the calculation of runoff from rural areas
are also applicable to urban and combined rural and urban catchments.
However, traditionally urban runoff has been calculated by a varia-
tion of the basic method called the Rational Formula or the Lloyd-
Davies formula. This formula has been shown to be reliable only for
very small urban catchments, and it is being replaced by the R.R.L.
Hydrograph method. This chapter discusses the R.R.L. Hyd.rograph
method based on climatic conditions in. Great Britain. In order for
this method to be applied elsewhere, suitable rainfall data must be
employed and adequate allowance made for increased impermeability of
natural surfaces, particularly under conditions of tropical rainfall.
(See abstract number 316)
438
OVERVIEW OF TREATMENT METHODS,
Darwin R. Wright
In: Combined Sewer Overflow Seminar Papers, Edison, N.J., Nov 4-5, 1969
Water Pollution Control Research Series, Report DAST-37, pp 53-58
Mar 1970.
Descriptors: ^Overflow, treatment.
Identifiers: ^Overview, Combined sewers, Treatment methods.
The importance of a varying waste is emphasized in relation to the
treatment of combined sewer overflows. The. three different treatment
methods employed are: physical treatment, biological treatment,
and chercical-physical treatment. Examples of these methods are in-
cluded along with discussions on their results.
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Section 9
HYDROLOGY
229
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439
BASIC DATA FOR URBAN HYDROLOGY STUDY, DALLAS, TEXAS - 1967,
Geol Surv Open-file Rep, 1969. 80 p, 3 fig, 1 tab, 6 ref,
append.
Descriptors: *Floods, *Hydrologic data, *Data collections, *Texas,
Urbanization, Rainfall-runoff relationships, Runoff, Streamflow,
Hydrographs, Storm runoff.
Identifiers: *Dallas, Texas, *Urban hydrology.
This report presents the basic hydrologic data collected during the 1967
water year (October 1, 1966, to September 30, 1967). Basic data were
collected for urban hydrology studies to: determine the magnitude,
frequency, and areal extent of flooding; document and define floods of
greater than ordinary magnitude; and, determine the effect of urban
development on flood peaks and volume on small streams in Dallas, Texas.
440
COMPILATION OF HYDROLOGIC DATA, GREEN CREEK, BRAZOS RIVER BASIN, TEXAS -
1967,
Geol Surv Open-file Rep, 1969. 34 p, 2 fig, 3 tab, append.
Descriptors: *Small watersheds, *Rainfall-runoff relationships, *Data
collections, *Hydrologic data, *Texas, Streamf low, Stage-discharge re-
lations, Storm runoff, Flood control, Floods, Stream gages, Gaging
stations, Flow characteristics, Low flow, Peak discharge, Hydrographs,
Mass curves, Duration curves, Storm drains.
Identifiers: Green Creek, Texas, Brazos River basin, Texast
Rainfall and runoff data were collected during the 1967 water year for
the 46.1-square-mile area above the stream-gaging station Green Creek
near Alexander, Texas. The locations of floodwater-retarding structures
and hydrologic instruments in the area are shown on a map. Data are to
be used to determine the net effect of floodwater-retarding structures
on the regimen of streamflow at downstream points, to develop computa-
tion techniques that will provide more accurate estimates of runoff re-
sulting from a given amount of rainfall on small watersheds, and to
develop relationships between maximum rates of runoff and rainfall in
small watersheds that will enable more accurate design of small storm-
drainage structures.
230
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441
COMPILATION OF HYDROLOGIC DATA, HONEY CREEK, TRINITY RIVER BASIN, TEXAS -
1967,
Geol Surv Open-file Rep, 1969. 68 p, 2 fig, 3 tab, append.
Descriptors: *Small watersheds, *Rainfall-runoff relationships, *Data
collections, *Hydrologic data, *Texas, Streamflow, Stage-discharge re-
lations, Storm runoff, Flood control, Floods, Stream gages, Gaging
stations, Flow characteristics, Low flow, Peak discharge, Hydrographs,
Mass curves, Duration curves.
Identifiers: Honey Creek, Texas, Trinity River basin, Texas.
Rainfall and runoff data were collected during the 1967 water year for
the 39.0-square-mile area above the stream-gaging station Honey Creek
near McKinney, Texas. The location of floodwater-retarding structures
and hydrologic instruments in the area are shown on maps. Data are to
be used to determine the net effect of floodwater-retarding structures
on the regimen of Streamflow, to determine the effect of the structures
on the sediment yield of the basin and to determine the trap efficiency
of the structures, to develop computation techniques that will provide
more accurate estimates of runoff, to develop relationships between
maximum rates of runoff and rainfall to enable more accurate design of
small storm-drainage structures, to determine the minimum instrumenta-
tion necessary, and to determine the quality of the water, its suitability
for use, and its flocculating characteristics as they affect the sedi-
ment-trap efficiency of the pools.
442
COMPILATION OF HYDROLOGIC DATA, MUKEWATER CREEK, COLORADO RIVER BASIN,
TEXAS - 1967,
Geol Surv Open-file Rep, 1969. 87 p, 2 fig, 3 tab, append.
Descriptors: *Small watersheds, *Rainfall-runoff relationships, *Data
collections, *Hydrologic data, *Texas, Streamflow, Stage-discharge re-
lations, Storm runoff, Flood control, Floods, Stream gages, Gaging
stations, Flow characteristics, Low flow, Peak discharge, Hydrographs,
Mass curves, Duration curves.
Identifiers: Mukewater Creek, Texas, Colorado River basin, Texas.
Rainfall and runoff data were collected during the 1967 water year for
the 70.0-square-mile area above the stream-gaging station on Mukewater
Creek at Trickham, Texas. The location of floodwater-retarding struc-
tures and hydrologic instruments in the area are shown on a map. Data
are to be used to determine the net effect of floodwater-retarding
231
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structures on the regimen of streamflow at downstream points, to develop
computation techniques that will provide more accurate estimates of run-
off, to develop relationships between maximum rates of runoff and rain-
fall in small watersheds that will enable more accurate design of small
storm-drainage structures, to determine the minimum instrumentation
necessary to make reliable estimates of total storm inflow to the struc-
tures, and to determine the quality of the water, its suitability for
use, and its flocculating characteristics as they affect the sediment-
trap efficiency of the pools.
443
COMPILATION OF HYDROLOGIC DATA, NORTH CREEK, TRINITY RIVER BASIN, TEXAS -
1967,
Geol Surv Open-file Rep, 1969. 27 p, 2 fig, 2 tab, append.
Descriptors: *Small watersheds, *Rainfall-runoff relationships, *Data
collections, *Hydrologic data, *Texas, Streamflow, Stage-discharge re-
lations, Storm runoff, Flood control, Floods, Stream gages, Gaging
stations, Flow characteristics, Low flow, Peak discharge, Hydrographs,
Mass curves, Duration curves, Storm drains.
Identifiers: North Creek, Texas, Trinity River basin, Texas.
Rainfall and runoff data were collected during the 1967 water year for
the 21.6-square-mile area above the stream-gaging station North Creek
near Jackson, Texas. The location of proposed floodwater-retarding
structures and hydrologic instruments in the area are shown on a map.
Data are to be used to determine the net effect of floodwater-retarding
structures on the regimen of streamflow at downstream points, to develop
computation techniques that will provide more accurate estimates of run-
off resulting from a given amount of rainfall, to develop relationships
between maximum rates of runoff and rainfall in small watersheds that
will enable more accurate design of small storm-drainage structures, to
check the applicability of flood-routing procedures and techniques for
small watersheds, and to determine the quality of the water, its suit-
ability for use, and its flocculating characteristics as they affect the
sediment-trap efficiency of the pools.
444
COMPILATION OF HYDROLOGIC DATA, PIN OAK CREEK, TRINITY RIVER BASIN,
TEXAS - 1967,
Geol Surv Open-file Rep, 1969. 25 p, 2 fig, 5 tab, append.
232
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Descriptors: *Small watersheds, *Rainfall-runoff relationships, *Data
collections, *Hydrologic data, *Texas, Streamflow, Stage-discharge re-
lations, Storm runoff, Flood control, Floods, Stream gages, Gaging
stations, Flow characteristics, Low flow, Peak discharge, Hydrographs,
Mass curves, Duration curves.
Identifiers: Pin Oak Creek, Texas, Trinity River basin, Texas.
Rainfall and runoff data were collected during the 1967 water year for
the 17.6-square-mile area above the stream-gaging station in Pin Oak
Creek near Hubbard, Texas. The location of floodwater-retarding struc-
tures and hydrologic instruments in the area are shown on a map. Data
are to be used to determine the net effect of floodwater-retarding
structures on the regimen of streamflow at downstream points, to deter-
mine the effect of the structures on the sediment yield of the basin and
to determine the trap efficiency of the structures, to develop computa-
tion techniques that will provide more accurate estimates of runoff, to
develop relationships between maximum rates of runoff and rainfall in
small watersheds that will enable more accurate design of small storm-
drainage structures, to determine the minimum instrumentation necessary
to make reliable estimates of total storm inflow to the structures, and
to determine the quality of the water, its suitability for use, and its
flocculating characteristics as they affect the sediment-trap efficiency
of the pools.
445
COMPILATION OF HYDROLOGIC DATA, WALLER AND WILBARGER CREEKS, COLORADO
RIVER BASIN, TEXAS - 1966,
Geol Surv Open-file Basic-data Rep, 1968.
Descriptors: *Data collections, *Streamflow, ^Urbanization, Stream
gages, Rainfall-runoff relationships, Texas, Hydrologic data, Water
year, Small watersheds, Hydrographs.
Identifiers: Austin, Texas, Waller Creek, Texas, Wilbarger Creek,
Texas, Urban hydrology.
Streamflow data are compiled for comparison of Waller Creek, an entirely
urban stream in Austin, Texas, and Wilbarger Creek, in a geologically
and topographically similar setting in a rural area, for urban hydrolog-
ical studies. Data are tabulated on a regular daily basis and for in-
dividual storms for the water year 1966. Each stream gaging station
record includes location, drainage area, availability of records, gage
type, extreme flow events, remarks, and daily gage records for the year.
Hydrographs are used to show storm rainfall-runoff relationships.
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446
CALIFORNIA HIGH WATER, 1965-1966,
California, Dept Water Resources—Bui 69-66, Aug 1967.
Descriptors: *California, *Rainfall, *Runoff, *Meteorological data,
Storms, Flood damage, Storm runoff.
The report provides information on meteorology, rainfall-runoff, and
damages resulting from major storms of the 1965-66 water year. It de-
scribes general weather patterns preceding and during storm periods (in-
cluding precipitation characteristics), and discusses resulting runoff
in seven hydrograph areas of state. The report presents information on
flooded areas and the damages encountered.
447
HYDROLOGY ANNUAL NO. 14 - 1966,
Soil Conserv and Rivers Control Council Annual Hydrol Rep, 1968. 247 p,
5 fig, 19 ref.
Descriptors: *Data collections, *Hydrologic data, ^Bibliographies,
Streamflow, Stream gages, Snow surveys, Snow cover, Low flow, Floods,
Discharge (water), Recession curves, Sediment load, Suspended load,
Water quality. Channel morphology, Stage-discharge relations.
Identifiers: *New Zealand.
Hydrologic data collected at 25 stations in New Zealand in 1966 are tab-
ulated. Collected data include a list of streamflow stations, precipi-
tation gages, sediment gages, water quality stations, snow courses,
groundwater observation sites, representative and experimental basins,
streamflow tables, snow survey data, recession curves, suspended sedi-
ment rating curves, water quality data, flood data, and channel morphol-
ogy and efficiency surveys. An annotated bibliography of hydrological
papers about New Zealand and by New Zealand authors is included.
Addresses of all local hydrological and meteorological authorities and
agencies collecting data are also included.
448
THAI AIR BASE FLOOD CONTROL,
T. L. Adams and A. C. McNulty
Military Engr, Vol 61, No 403, pp 361-362, Sep-Oct 1969. 1 diag,
234
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Descriptors: *Flood control, *Drainage systems, *Design storm, *Reser-
voir storage, Runoff.
Expansion of a Royal Thai Air Force Base necessitated development of a
flood control system to alleviate drainage problems. An area-wide
drainage study considered four possible solutions: (1) a concrete-lined
trapezoidal channel to carry runoff around the new runway overrun; (2)
a collection basin and pump near the runway; (3) a multicell box culvert
under the runway extension; and (4) a flood control storage reservoir
with controlled discharge. The economics and feasibility of the four
plans were discussed based on a two-year design storm condition, and the
storage reservoir method was decided upon. Interior base drainage con-
sisted of a system of ditches, collection channels, and storage basins,
plus three pump stations. The new flood control system will also some-
what relieve flooding of the neighboring city by decreasing the runoff
rate to it.
449
ADAPTION OF ELECTRONIC COMPUTER FOR IMPROVED METHOD OF MODELING SURFACE
RUNOFF FROM RAINFALL FOR SMALL WATERSHEDS,
Roger A. Amisial and J. Paul Riley
Symp on Use of Analog and Digital Computers in Hydrol, Dec 1968, Vol 2,
Int Assoc Sci Hydrol, Publ No 81, p 392-404, 1968.
Descriptors: *Model studies, *Rainfall-runoff relationships, *Small
watersheds, *Analog models, *Arizona, Routing, Streamflow forecasting,
Mathematical models, Streamflow, Hydrographs, Synthetic hydrology,
Analog computers, Overland flow.
Identifiers: Walnut Gulch, Arizona.
In the field of surface water hydrology, the fundamental equations of
motion and continuity adequately portray the overland and channel flow
phenomena. The differential equations, however, are not easily amenable
to solution, and their integration in closed form can be obtained only
for extremely simplified cases. Techniques of integration by numerical
methods have been developed, which can be handled by use of electronic
computers. Combined with basic mathematical operations, the electronic
analog computer can be successfully employed in the solution of surface
runoff models described in terms of the 2 fundamental equations. The
watershed is divided into subzones based on topography or physiography.
The subzone is simulated by an equivalent rectangular basin transected
by the main stream channel. Using the 2 fundamental equations of flow,
the water is routed over the basin slopes with the rainfall as input and
through the channel system which receives lateral flow from the basin
slopes. Models based on the derived equations and on simplified forms
235
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of these equations are being developed in an attempt to assess the va-
lidity of these equations for some simplifying assumptions made in the
usual routing procedures. Tests of the mathematical models are being
made by simulating subbasins of the Walnut Gulch Experimental Watershed
near Tombstone, Arizona.
450
GENERALIZED ANALYSIS OF SMALL WATERSHED RESPONSES,
J. Amorocho
Technical Completion Report WRC No 133, California Water Resources Cen-
ter, Nov 1969- 5 p, 5 ref. OWRR Project B-005-CAL.
Descriptors: *Small watersheds, ^Surface runoff, *Rainfall-runoff re-
lationships, *Model studies, Storm runoff, Streamflow, Flood prediction,
Snowmelt, Demonstration watersheds.
Several topics were investigated under the general heading 'Generalized
Analysis of Small Watershed Responses.' Each topic resulted in a self-
contained report: (1) The functional series representation for nonlinear
physical system was used to develop a method permitting the determination
of a nonlinear prediction equation and the nonlinear response functions
for hydrologic systems. The method was tested successfully using rain-
fall and stream flow data of a small California watershed. (2) A method
of curve fitting was applied to precipitation data of an array of rain
gages in a small California watershed to obtain a functional representa-
tion of the time and space distribution of storm rainfall. This method
may be used for the establishment of criteria for precipitation network
design and for the analysis of watersheds and nonlinear systems with
distributed input fields. (3) A simply cascade model of the rainfall-
runoff process was developed to test whether the design of more complex
mathematical models is justified from the standpoint of runoff prediction.
(4) A detailed mathematical model of the physical processes producing
snowmelt was developed. It is suitable for the prediction of net water-
shed inputs due to the fusion of snowfields, and may be incorporated
into a comprehensive watershed model. (5) A study of the accuracy of
the prediction of floods of high return period was conducted. It pro-
vided expressions for the standard errors of sample estimates of flood
magnitudes corresponding to given return periods for normal and double
exponential universes. Jointly these topics contribute to a better
understanding of various statistical and physical aspects of small water-
shed behavior.
451
THE NONLINEAR PREDICTION PROBLEM IN THE STUDY OF THE RUNOFF CYCLE,
J. Amorocho
Water Resources Res, Vol 3, No 3, pp 861-880, 1967. 20 p, 12 fig, 32
ref.
236
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Descriptors: *Forecastlng, *Rainfall-runoff relationships, ^Synthetic
hydrology, *Sequential generation, Mathematical models, Simulation anal-
ysis .
Identifiers: *Hydrologic systems, Nonlinear systems, Nonlinear synthesis,
Uncertainty.
The general theory of nonlinear synthesis and analysis in hydrology is
discussed, with particular reference to the problems of predictive un-
certainty. These problems are associated with incomplete descriptions
of the hydrologic systems, limited model-prototype equivalences, system
variability in time, and system nonlinearity. Solutions to the nonlinear
analysis problem of hydrologic systems under the assumption of approxi-
mate time invariance, based on complex cascade network approximations,
power series and polynomial expansions, and variable response function
approximations are presented. The relations between present theoretical
knowledge and its practical application are summarized.
452
DISCUSSION ON PAPER BY J. AMOROCHO, "THE NONLINEAR PREDICTION PROBLEM IN
THE STUDY OF THE RUNOFF CYCLE",
J. Amorocho, Ray K. Linsley- and Norman H. Crawford
Water Resources Res, Vol 4, No 3, pp 684-688, Jun 1968. 3 ref.
Descriptors: *Synthetic hydrology, Mathematical models.
Identifiers: *Probability distribution, *0utput comparison, *Heisenberg
principle.
R. K. Linsley and N. H. Crawford: The authors uphold and dispute some
of the conclusions of AmorochoTs paper. They dispute the application of
Heisenberg's uncertainty principle to hydrology. Also, they question
Amorocho's suggestion for an evaluation of the probability distribution
of the difference between outputs computed by a model and outputs mea-
sured in the prototype system. The authors support the opinion regarding
the futility of pursuing strict determinism in hydrologic research. J.
Amorocho: In response to the above objections to the application of the
Heisenberg principle to hydrology, he supports his statements with ex-
amples. He also defends his other conclusions, and he agrees with the
discussers' opinion regarding the advantages of some knowledge of the
structure of hydrologic processes.
453
A CRITIQUE OF CURRENT METHODS IN HYDROLOGIC SYSTEMS INVESTIGATION,
J. Amorocho and W. E. Hart
Trans Am Geophys Union, Vol 45, No 2, pp 307-321, Jun 1964.
237
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Descriptors: *Parametrie hydrology, *Synthetic hydrology, *Correlation
analysis, *Synthesis, *Statistical models, Rainfall-runoff relationships.
Identifiers: ^Nonlinear analysis.
The paper presents a critical review of current methods employed for the
establishment of quantitative relationships between precipitation and
runoff in hydrology. These procedures, which are classified under the
general categories of "parametric" and "stochastic" hydrologies, include
the methods of correlation analysis, partial and general synthesis,
general nonlinear analysis, and statistical simulation. They are studied
as mathematical models of the hydrologic systems, having specific theo-
retical properties and limitations. The structures of these models are
examined with the aid of flow charts, and the areas of their optimum
application are suggested.
454
EFFECTS OF URBAN DEVELOPMENT ON FLOODS IN NORTHERN VIRGINIA,
Daniel G. Anderson
Geol Surv Open-file Rep, 1968. 26 p, 5 fig, 5 tab, 9 ref.
Descriptors: *Floods, ^Urbanization, *Virginia, *Flood routing, Drainage
systems, Storm runoff, Hydrographs, Hydrograph analysis, Routing, Fore-
casting, Time lag.
Identifiers: Urban hydrology, Urban floods, Flood peaks.
Graphical and mathematical relations are presented to estimate the flood
peak magnitudes having recurrence intervals ranging up to 100 yr for
drainage basins with various degrees of urban or suburban development.
Five independent variables are required for use of the relations. They
are basin size, length, and slope which may be measured from maps, and
percentage of impervious surface and type of drainage system which may
be evaluated by a basin inspection, but which in actual practice will
usually be estimated for future developed conditions. The estimating
relations are based upon analysis of flood information for 81 sites, 59
of which are in the Washington, D. C. metropolitan area. The relations
are judged to be of adequate accuracy for design of drainage systems and
for definition of flood limits. Urban and suburban development are shown
to significantly affect flood flows. Improvements to the drainage system
may reduce the lag time to one-eighth that of the natural channels. This
lag time reduction, combined with an increased storm runoff resulting
from impervious surfaces, increases the flood peaks by a factor that
ranges from 2 to nearly 8. The flood peak increase depends upon the
drainage basin characteristics and the flood-recurrence interval.
455
RAINFALL AND STREAMFLOW FROM SMALL TREE-COVERED AND FERN-COVERED AND
BURNED WATERSHEDS IN HAWAII,
H. W. Anderson, P.O. Duffy, and Teruo Yamamoto
US Forest Service Research Paper PSW-34, pp 1-10, 1967.
238
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Descriptors: *Rainfall-runoff relationships, *Peak discharge, *Storm
runoff, *Hydrologic properties, *Watershed management, *Burning, Re-
forestation, Ferns, Trees, Analytical techniques, Hawaii.
Identifiers: Principal components analysis.
Streamflow from two 30-acre watersheds near Honolulu was studied by
using principal components regression analysis. Models using data on
monthly, storm, and peak discharges were tested against several variables
expressing amount and intensity of rainfall, and against variables ex-
pressing antecedent rainfall. Explained variation ranged from 78 to 94
percent. The analysis provided some clues as to the dominant hydrologic
processes under three different watershed conditions. The lack of
change in the coefficients relating precipitation to runoff in the pre-
and post-fire periods may be interpreted as indicating that the burning
of the watershed had little effect on the infiltration of percolating
capacity—at least not in the range such as to affect rainfall excess or
storm interflow or both. On the other hand, the increase in the regres-
sion constant indicates that the burning of the watershed had its ex-
pected effect in reducing any storage that was readily available for
evaporation, such as the interception storage.
456
REAL-TIME COMPUTER CONTROL OF URBAN RUNOFF,
James J. Anderson
J Hydraul Div, Am Soc Civil Engrs, Vol 96, No HY1, pp 153-164, Jan 1970.
19 fig, 10 ref. FWPCA Grant No l-Minn.-l. Paper presented at the ASCE
Hydraulics Division Conference, M. I. T., Cambridge, Massachusetts, Aug
21-23, 1968.
Descriptors: *Runoff, *Hydraulics, *Mathematical models, Urbanization,
*Water control, *Digital computers, *Separation techniques, Drainage
systems, Flow control, Monitoring, Gaging stations, Water management
(applied).
Identifiers: ^Combined sewers, Interceptor sewer, Computer control.
A real-time process computer control is being built in the Minneapolis -
St. Paul Sanitary District to drastically reduce combined sewer overflows
without incurring the huge cost and lengthy construction time involved
in installing a separate sewage system in place of combined sewers. The
use of the mathematical model of this interceptor sewer system will aid
remote operation of gate settlings and runoff diversion devices via a
computerized supervisory system. Through data processing techniques a
river quality monitoring program, the amount, nature, and effects of
overflow wastes of the Mississippi River will be evaluated. Diagrams
of the format for the new system are included in addition to data pre-
dicting its future effectiveness.
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A PORTABLE RAINFALL SIMULATOR AND RUNOFF SAMPLER,
J. U. Anderson, A. E. Stewart, and P- C. Gregory
N Hex Agricultural Experiment Station Res Rept 143, October 1968. 8 p,
7 photo, 1 tab, 5 ref. OWRR Project A-004-NMEX.
Descriptors: *Rainfall simulators, Surface runoff, Water yield, Sediment
yield, Equipment.
The device applies water to 16 x 20 foot plots at rates up to 8 inches
per hour with kinetic energy approximating that of natural rainfall. It
also samples and records the rate of runoff in such a way that sediment
production can be measured accurately. The major components are: (1) a
1500 gallon tank truck for transporting water and apparatus, (2) a de-
mountable aluminum framework and moving spray assembly for applying water,
and (3) a device for sampling and measuring the rate of runoff. Two men
can assemble it and put it in operation in one and a half hours. The
sampler takes representative 1.76 plus or minus .03% or 10.68 plus or
minus .04% samples.
458
VARIATION IN LAG TIME FOR NATURAL CATCHMENTS,
Arthur J. Askew
J Hydraul Uiv, Am Soc Civil Engrs, Vol',96, No HY2, pp 317-330, Feb 1970.
Descriptors: *Runoff forecasting, Rainfall-runoff relationships, Time
lag.
Lag time for a catchment is shown to be a variable which is strongly
correlated with flood magnitude, and the use of direct rather than sur-
face runoff increased the degree of this correlation and offered other
potential advantages. Values for various parameters of rainfall and
runoff were derived from the analysis of records for five small catch-
ment areas. Lag time is defined as the time between the centers of mass
of excess rainfall and direct runoff. Weighted mean discharge is used
as the measure of average streamflow magnitude. No significant correla-
tion is found between the lag and various characteristics of the areal
and temporal distribution of rainfall. Therefore, the lag-weighted mean
discharge equations best represent the variable lag time for the catch-
ments studied.
459
LAG TIME OF NATURAL CATCHMENTS,
Arthur J. Askew
New South Wales Univ Water Res Lab Rep No 107, July 1968. 209 p 42 fig
10 tab, 52 ref, 5 append.
240
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Descriptors: *Rainfall-runoff relationships, *Routing, *Runoff forecast-
ing, *Mathematical models, *Computer programs, Hydrographs, Hyetographs,
Hydrograph analysis, Synthetic hydrology, Time lag
Identifiers: *Australia.
An investigation was made of the values of lag time for natural catchment
areas, as measured from center of mass of excess-rainfall to center of
mass of resulting runoff. Any variation in this value for an individual
catchment is an indication of a nonlinear response. Values of lag were
measured for a range of floods on 5 catchment areas. The difference in
value between catchments was found to be a function of the catchments'
characteristics, while variation in the values for an individual catch-
ment was strongly related to the magnitude of the floods. As the degree
of this variation was fairly constant for the areas studied, the degree
of nonlinearity was also considered to differ little between the catch-
ments. The development of 3 general formulae required a detailed anal-
ysis to be made of a large volume of hydrologic data by an objective
systematic procedure. For this purpose lag was measured to the center
of mass of direct runoff and a weighted mean discharge measure of flood
magnitude was devised. Numerous hyetograph characteristics were measured
and studied, but none appeared to have any significant influence on the
value of lag time. Computer program listings for computing lag-discharge
relationships and for regression analysis of lag-discharge relationships
are included.
460
MAN'S INFLUENCE ON HYDRO-LOGICAL PHENOMENA,
J. Balogh and I. Matrai
2nd Int Postgrad Course on Hydrol Methods for Develop Water Resources
Mange, Budapest, Hungary, Manual No 14, 1968.
Descriptors: *Water management (applied), *Flood control, *River train-
ing, Irrigation, Drainage systems, Land management, Reservoir operation,
Water demand, Watershed management, Water utilization, Water quality,
Forest management, Runoff, Streamflow, Ice, Navigation, Water pollution,
Urbanization, Industries, Agriculture.
Identifiers: *Technical manuals.
The effects on the hydrologic cycle of human water-controlling activities,
which include urbanization, agriculture, forestry, industry, and commerce,
are examined in this technical manual. Agricultural and forestry activi-
ties modify the water budgets of entire drainage basins, which change run-
off precipitation, and other quantitative factors, but they have rela-
tively little effect on quality. Commercial, industrial, and urbaniza-
tion activities have much less effect on quantity than on water quality.
Much of man's water demand must be met by use of groundwater. The ef-
fects of flood control and river training works on stream hydrology and
the effect of human uses of catchment areas are discussed in detail.
Water management efficiency and various management techniques are eval-
uated.
241
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461
ESTIMATING DESIGN FLOODS FROM EXTREME RAINFALL,
Frederick C. Bell
Colorado State Univ, Hydrol Paper No 29, Jul 1968. 21 p, 20 fig, 5 tab.
"' ref.
r -scriptors: *Design flood, *Rainfall, *Precipitation (atmospheric),
*xorecasting, *Storm runoff, Watersheds (basins), Drainage basins,
Bibliographies, Hydrology, Floods, Small watersheds, Hydrologic data,
Time lag, Flood forecasting, Flood hydrographs, Flood peaks, Design storm,
Rainfall-runoff relationships, Rational formula.
Identifiers: Flood hydrology.
Distinct differences exist between estimating specific floods from data
on specific rainfall events and estimating design or representative
floods from rainfall statistics. The latter should be regarded as a
more generalized procedure in which high accuracy cannot be expected.
Many physical details of specific events are irrelevant for estimating
representative events. A single parameter is sufficient to express the
time-distributing characteristics of a watershed for design purposes.
The suggested parameter is the representative lag, closely related to
the volume/peak ratio. For small watersheds in the western U. S., the
same return period may be assigned to the design flood and the corre-
sponding extreme rainfall. This finding is not expected to apply to all
climatic situations, but may be a reasonable assumption in the absence
of any other information. The rational-loss rate method is suggested for
estimating extreme floods from extreme rainfall because of its simplicity,
flexibility, and consistency with the requirements and limitations of
the problem. This method does not give satisfactory reproductions of
the 10-yr floods on the test watersheds and cannot be strongly supported
by this performance.
462
USING ANALYTICAL METHODS TO DEVELOP A SURFACE-RUNOFF MODEL,
Roger P. Betson, Russell L. Tucker, and Faye M. Haller
Water Resources Res, Vol 5, No 1, pp 103-111, Feb 1969. 9 p 5 fig
2 tab, 5 ref.
Descriptors: *Rainfall-runoff relationships, *Runoff forecasting,
*Analytical techniques, Rainfall intensity, Antecedent precipitation,
Meteorology, Mathematical models, Computer models, Digital computers,
Surface runoff, Graphical analysis.
Identifiers: Analytical models.
By using analytical methods, successive restrictions were imposed on a
mathematical version of the U. S. Weather Bureau's graphical surface-
runoff model to develop an analytical model that expresses the API
(Antecedent precipitation index)-runoff relations with 2 equations and
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5 coefficients. The analytical model is similar in concept to the
graphical model in that both relate rainfall, week number, and the API
measure to surface runoff. The concise relations of the analytical
model, however, can be rapidly derived from a historical storm list by
computer. When tested, runoff relations, derived with the analytical
model over selected watersheds, predicted surface runoff from those
watersheds somewhat better than the regional, graphical relations devel-
oped for the Tennessee Valley.
463
ANALYTICALLY DERIVED UNIT GRAPH AND RUNOFF,
Roger P. Betson and Ralph F. Green
J Hydraul Div, Am Soc Civil Engrs, Vol 94, No HY6, pp 1489-1505, Nov 1968.
Descriptors: *Runoff, Hydrologic aspects.
Identifiers: Parametrics.
A technique has been programmed to solve analytically for measures of
precipitation excess and unit graph shape parameters. The optimization
procedures achieved a very high degree of adjustment of the model to
data, but the results were inconsistent. The development of an'objective
fitting technique is described. A two-step fitting procedure was devised
which substantially increased the objectivity of the fitting technique.
The two shape parameters were first individually corrected by a univariate
technique to near-optimum values. This reduced the effect of the higher-
order partial derivatives with respect to the shape parameters. The si-
multaneous differential correction technique was then used to obtain
corrections for both the shape parameters and the runoff parameters.
While this two-step solution technique does not yield exact results, they
are close enough to the desired values and can be obtained consistently
from different starting points.
464
EFFECTS OF URBANIZATION ON PEAK FLOWS,
E. F. Brater and Suresh Sangal
In: Effects of Watershed Changes on Streamflow, Water Resources Sympo-
sium No 2, Austin, Texas, October 1968, University of Texas Press,
Austin and London, pp 201-214, 1969. 14 p, 8 fig, 36 ref.
Descriptors: Urbanization, *Rainfall-runoff relationships, *Storm run-
off, *Routing, Hydrograph analysis, Model studies, Mathematical models,
Simulation analysis, Infiltration, Runoff, Overland flow, Peak discharge,
Floods.
Identifiers: Urban hydrology.
Study of the effect of urbanization on peak flows requires the best
possible knowledge of the runoff process. The volume of surface runoff
is the rainfall minus infiltration and permanent retention. Some of the
impermeable portions of basins result from urbanization and their magni-
243
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tude must be considered in computing the infiltration capacity. Hydro-
logically significant impermeable area is probably smaller than the ac-
tual impermeable area, and there is evidence that it is related to popu-
lation density. For basins near Detroit the significant value varies
from 1% to 10%, for population densities varying from about 500 to 7,000
per square mile. Many routing techniques may provide the basis for a
mathematical model of the hydraulics of storm runoff. One method of
evaluating the influence of urbanization on the runoff hydrograph is to
study relationships between unit hydrograph shape parameters and some
measures of drainage basin characteristics. Much work has been and is
being done to help find better ways of predicting peak flows from rain-
fall, and more emphasis is being placed on the determination of the ef-
fect of urbanization.
465
RAINFALL-RUNOFF RELATIONS FOR SOUTHEASTERN LOUISIANA AND SOUTHWESTERN
MISSISSIPPI,
Anthony J. Calandro
Louisiana State Dep Public Works Tech Rep No 2a, 1967. 61 p, 2 fig, 3
tab, 11 ref, append.
Descriptors: *Rainfall-runoff relationships, ^Louisiana, *Mississippi,
Hydrographs, Hydrograph analysis, Data collections, Rainfall, Runoff,
Statistical models, Regression analysis, Antecedent precipitation, Dura-
tion curves, Runoff forecasting, Rain gages, Storm runoff
Identifiers: Thiessen methods.
A method for estimating storm runoff from rainfall records is presented
for southeastern Louisiana and southwestern Mississippi. A rainfall-
runoff relationship generally useful in the study area relates storm run-
off to storm rainfall and the week of its occurrence. Values of weekly
coefficients and exponents are tabulated. The standard error of estimate
of this relationship for all storm is about 40%; for storm rainfalls
greater than 4 inches, the standard error decreases to about 25%. With
these limitations, the rainfall-runoff relations can also be used to
distribute incremental rainfall excess with time. Records for 20 stream-
gaging stations and 34 rainfall stations in the area studied were used to
compute antecedent rainfall parameters, rainfall duration, total storm
rainfall, and total runoff for 959 storm hydrographs. Graphical analysis
indicates that regressions of rainfall versus runoff for each week of the
year are as good as or better than regressions involving parameters of
antecedent conditions and rainfall duration for estimating storm runoff.
Apparently, the week-of-year factor accounts for seasonal variations in
duration and antecedent conditions, and use of the seasonal factor alone
will provide useful estimates of storm runoff in the area studied.
244
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466
EXTENSION OF ROLE OF LINEAR SYSTEMS ANALYSIS IN HYDROGRAPH THEORY,
A. B. Carrasquilla and F. E. Perkins
M.I.T., Dept Civil Eng, Hydrodynamics Laboratory Report 106, Sept 1967.
Descriptors: Optimization, Mathematical studies, Systems analysis,
Analytical techniques.
The extension of techniques developed for the identification of response
characteristics from past rainfall-runoff records to the most general
case within the framework of a single input-single output linear system
theory—time variant system with nonzero initial conditions is discussed.
The identification process is formulated as the optimization problem for
minimization of the mean square error between predicted and observed out-
puts. It is shown that the representation of a kernel in linear parametric
form reduces the optimization problem to a solution of a set of optimiza-
tion formulation were developed.
467
HANDBOOK OF APPLIED HYDROLOGY,
Ven Te Chow, editor
McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, 1964. 1491 p.
Descriptors: ^Hydrology, *Water resources development, Oceanography,
Hydrogeology, Geomorphology, Soil physics, Statistics, Water quality,
Planning, Legislation.
This handbook contains a vast range of information on hydrology and water-
resources technology with interdisciplinary coverage of information to
date. Sections of the book, each authored seoaratelv. can be divided into
four groups: (1) closely—related sciences upon which hydrology depends
including oceanography, hydrogeology, geomorphology, soil physics, plant
ecology, silviculture, fluid mechanics, statistics, probability, opera-
tions research, and electronic computers; (2) phases of the hydrologic
cycle such as rainfall, snow, evapotranspiration, infiltration, ground-
water, runoff, ice and glaciers, reservoir and river sedimentation,
droughts and low streamflow, and water quality; (3) practice and appli-
cation of hydrology including flow determination, flood routing, stream-
flow measurement, reservoir regulation, river forecasting, urban hydrol-
ogy > agricultural lands, forests and rangelands, lakes and swamps, and
arid and semiarid regions; and (4) socio-economic aspects of hydrology
such as water resources planning and development, flood-plain adjustment
and regulation, and water law and policy.
245
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468
HANDBOOK OF APPLIED HYDROLOGY, SECTION 14, RUNOFF,
Ven Te Chow
McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, pp 14:1 to 14:54, 1964. 15 graphs,
9 tab, 7 diag, 147 ref.
Descriptors: *Runoff, Surface runoff, Overland flow. Storm runoff.
The introduction to this section briefly defines terms such as surface
runoff, overland flow, storm flow, groundwater runoff, storm runoff, etc.
The rest of the section deals with the basic aspects of runoff including
terminology, runoff phenomena, time and space distributions, variability,
and other aspects not discussed elsewhere in the handbook. (See abstract
number 467) .
469
THE SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF STORM RAINFALL,
V. K. Co Hinge and D. G. Jamieson
J Hydrology, Vol 6, No 1, pp 45-47, 1968.
Descriptors: *Rain gages, *Storms, Topography, Hydrograph analysis.
Identifiers: *Storm rainfall, Rainfall-surface wind relationship, Great
Britain.
This investigation employed a network of rain-gages to ascertain the
average areal precipitation on major zones of the Tyne catchment in
Northern England. The actual rainfall for each storm was compared to
the predicted rainfall which was obtained by using past rainfall figures
and surface-wind speed and direction for each storm. Errors between ac-
tual and predicted rainfall are tabulated, the mean percentage of error
being 4.6%. In spite of the sparsity of rain-gage equipment and the
small number of storms studied, this investigation demonstrated the
direct relationship between spatial rainfall distribution and surface
wind and topography. Using such parameters, estimations can be made of
the average areal storm rainfall over subcatchments. This process could
be extended to predict flood hydrographs at particular parts of a drain-
age system.
470
EFFECT OF URBANIZATION ON STORM WATER PEAK FLOWS,
Pedro C. C. Da Costa
J Sanit Eng Div, Am Soc Civil Engrs, Vol 96, No SA2, pp 187-193, Apr 1970.
Descriptors: ^Rational formula, *Storm runoff, ^Hydrology, Urbanization,
Rainfall intensity.
Identifiers: *Storm. sewers, Rainfall-runoff relationships, Sewer hydraulics
246
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The rational formula, Q = c i A, may be considered a rough expression of
the influence of urbanization on stormwater sewer flows. The unique run-
off coefficient, c, is the product of three factors, each one having some
correlation with the degree of urbanization given to the watershed. The
presented general rational formula is related to the other rainfall - run-
off relationships derived by Snyder and Horner - Flynt. Results from the
formula are compared with those obtainable by the Chicago method. Modi-
fications by urbanization are graphed. Variability of rainfall frequency
is attributed to topographic and urban conditions.
471
POTENTIALLY BIGGEST RUNOFF FROM TORRENTIAL RAINFALLS,
Kazimierz Debski
Rozpr Hydrotech, Polska Akad Nauk, Part 23, pp 51-64, 1969. 14 p, 4 fig,
4 tab, 9 ref.
Descriptors: *Rainfall, *Runoff, *Streamflow, Watersheds (basins),
Topography, Forecasting, Storm runoff, Synoptic analysis, Mathematical
studies.
Identifiers: *Poland.
Stream runoff, as a result of torrential rainfalls, was analyzed on the
basis of the data recorded by Polish hydrological gaging stations. The
maximum runoff, as a result of a torrential rain is very different from
a runoff formed by spreading rains. These 2 types of rain runoff cannot
be expressed by a single formula common to these 2 phenomena. The peak
rate of storm runoff increases with the growth of water basin and can be
well represented by a definite monotonic function, whereas the peak run-
off from a spreading rain increases with an increase in the water basin
area, according to a definite parabolic function. The study also shows
that under the same physiographic conditions the peak rate of a storm
runoff in small basins is greater than that from spreading rains. In
evaluating the runoffs from their corresponding rainfalls the Pagliari
formula was adapted as the most suitable for the hydrogeological condi-
tions prevailing in the Polish areas.
472
EVALUATION OF SEGMENTED IUH FROM DERIVATIVES,
M. H. Diskin
J Hydraul Div, Am Soc Civil Engrs, Vol 95, No HY1, pp 329-346, Jan 1969.
Descriptors: *Analytical techniques, Hyetographs, Hydrographs, Surface
runoff, Precipitation excess.
A new method for analysis of rainfall excess hyetographs and direct sur-
face runoff hydrographs, and for the derivation of instantaneous unit
hydrographs is explained. The method is based on a theorem for the con-
volution of derivatives of functions and shows how derivatives of an
assumed instantaneous unit hydrograph can be obtained from analysis of
the shapes of an available rainfall excess hyetograph and a direct sur-
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face runoff hydrograph. Numerical examples accompany the development of
the method and an example illustrating the application of the method is
included.
473
RAIN-GAUGING PROGRAM TO PROVIDE GUIDE TO STORM SEWER DESIGN,
Harvey W. Duff, Russ L. Tobey, and George C. C. Hsieh
Water Sewage Works, Vol 116, No 11, pp 420-424, Nov 1969.
Descriptors: *Rain gages, *Data collections, *Storm drains, *Design
criteria, ^Electronic equipment, Computers.
Identifiers: *Rain data, *Storm sewers, *Seattle, Washington.
The Sewage and Drainage Section, Design Division of the Seattle, Washing-
ton, Engineering Department, is conducting a rain gaging program to pro-
vide sufficient precipitation data and storm data for urban-water studies
for the purpose of determining a more realistic basis for the design of
storm drain systems. Data for the program are obtained from electronic
instruments and handled by a computer. It is estimated that only 0.2
percent of the possible data covering a four-year period is missing.
474
URBAN EFFECTS ON THE UNIT HYDROGRAPH,
William H. Espey, Jr., David E. Winslow, and Carl W. Morgan
In: Effects of Watershed Changes on Streamflow, Water Resource Sympo-
sium No 2, Austin, Texas, October 1968, University of Texas Press,
Austin and London, pp 215-228, 1969. 14 p, 10 fig, 4 tab, 15 ref.
OWRR Project C-1098 .
Descriptors: Urbanization, *Storm runoff, *Hydrograph analysis, *Fre-
quency analysis, Hydrology, Rainfall-runoff relationships, Peak discharge,
Floods, Unit hydrograph, Flow.
Identifiers: Urban hydrology, Houston, Texas.
Summaries are presented of work concerning peak floods for urban areas
and of a recent study concerning watersheds in Houston, Texas. Increased
urbanization results in increased peak flows and accentuated high and low
flows. Equations presented show that peak flows may be expected to in-
crease from two to four times that of the flow from the undeveloped water-
sheds, depending upon the type of channel improvement, amount of vegeta-
tion in the channel, and the type of secondary drainage system. The
capacity of the secondary drainage facilities may have a limiting effect
on the peak discharge.
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475
EFFECTS OF STORM RAINFALL VARIABILITY ON RUNOFF FROM SMALL SEMIARID
WATERSHEDS,
M. M. Fogel
Trans Am Soc Agricultural Engrs, Vol 12, No 6, pp 808-812, Nov/Dec 1969.
Descriptors: *Frequency analysis, *Rainfall-runoff relationships, Data
collections, Storms.
Identifiers: Storm analysis, Convective storms.
The relation between rainfall frequency and runoff frequency is examined
and a rainfall-runoff relationship for convective storms is presented.
The analysis of 13 years of rainfall and runoff data collected on the
Atterbury experimental watershed formed the basis for study. A linear
multiple-regression model was used to determine the relative effects of
the storm depth of rainfall and the positioning of the storm on the
watershed.
476
STATISTICAL TREATMENT OF RAIN GAUGE CALIBRATION DATA,
A. E. Freeny
Bell System Tech J, Vol 48, No 6, pp 1757-1766, Jul-Aug 1969.
Descriptors: *Calibrations, *Statistical models, Parametric hydrology.
Gages, Measurement.
Identifiers: *Holmdel, New Jersey, *Capacitance gages.
Statistical treatment of calibration data of capacitance gages used for
the measurement of rain rates in a rain gage network set up in a 160 sq
km area surrounding Crawford Hill, Holmdel, N. J., is described. The
distribution of parameters and residuals is discussed and the refinement,
which corrects for fitting bias, is given.
477
RAINFALL-RUNOFF RELATIONSHIPS EXPRESSED BY DISTRIBUTION PARAMETERS,
Emil 0. Frind
J Hydrology, Vol 9, No 4, pp 405-426, Dec 1969. 11 graphs, 1 tab, 15
ref.
Descriptors: *Rainfall-runoff relationships, ^Parametric hydrology,
*Input-output analysis, Computer models.
Identifiers: *Statistical parameters.
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This study is concerned with statistical parameters of precipitation and
runoff and the interrelations between corresponding parameters. Three
processes are considered: the input process (mean annual effective pre-
cipitation) , the transformation process (basin storage), and the output
process (mean annual runoff). The input is assumed to be a pure-random
series with known statistical parameters. The transformation is char-
acterized by an exponential recession curve with one parameter. With
these assumptions, equations are developed expressing statistical para-
meters of the output for any simulated series, which are analyzed for
their moments. The type of distribution of the output is also established,
478
THE YEARLY DISTRIBUTION OF RAINFALL INTENSITIES,
A. L. H. Gameson and R. D. Quaife
Meteorol Mag, Vol 94, No 1115, pp 173-180, 1965.
Descriptors: *Rain gages, *Rainfall-runoff relationships, *Hydrologic
data.
Identifiers: *Storm sewage, *Great Britain.
Autographic rain-gages were installed at Bradford and Brighouse, Yorks.,
and Northampton during investigations of the flow and composition of
storm sewage. The Northampton data were studied in detail in an attempt
to compare the observed runoff distribution from an impermeable area of
115 acres with that calculated from the rainfall pattern. An equation
used in the calculation of the probable yearly duration of rainfall in-
tensities exceeding any particular value in inches per hour at a station
with a given annual rainfall is presented.
479
AVERAGE INTENSITY OF RAINFALL FOR USE IN THE RATIONAL FORMULA,
H. M. Gifft and George E. Symons
Water Wastes Eng, Vol 5, No 12, pp 44-45, Dec 1968.
Descriptors: *Hydraulics, *Storm runoff, *Rational formula, *Rainfall
intensity.
Identifiers: *Nomograms.
For convenience in design problems concerned with storm flow runoff where
climatological data are not available, the attached nomogram and the map
of iso intensities are applicable to the following formula, R = 5.5 x Hs
F'2 T'5 where:
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R = rainfall intensity (in./hr.)
H5= rainfall intensity (in./hr., 5-year frequency)
F = frequency of storms (years)
T = time of concentration (min.).
480
HANDBOOK OF APPLIED HYDROLOGY, SECTION 9, RAINFALL,
Charles S. Oilman
McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, pp 9:1 to 9:68, 1964. 34 diag, 24
graphs, 79 ref.
Descriptors: *Meteorology, *Rainfall, Simulated rainfall.
Identifiers: *Rainfall data applications.
This section seeks to aid the hydrologist in understanding the meteorol-
ogy of rainfall, to enable him to appreciate the overlap between the two
fields, and to inform him of the sources of further knowledge. The first
subsection deals with rainfall measurement, the basis for all hydrologic
and hydrometeorological work. The second treats the physics and hydro-
dynamics of rain, including the artificial inducement of precipitation.
The third subsection, on the synoptic meteorology of rain, includes trop-
ical rainfall, local convective thunderstorms, and quantitative precipi-
tation forecasting. The next subsection details space-time relationships
of rainfall. The last subsection, on design applications of rainfall
data, includes frequency analysis, which is utilized in designing urban
storm sewers; storm transposition; predicted maximum precipitation; and
specifications of standard project storms. (See abstract number 467).
481
A MODEL FOR GENERATING SYNTHETIC SEQUENCES OF SHORT-TIME-INTERVAL RAIN-
FALL DEPTHS,
R. A. Grace and P- S. Eagleson
Proceedings of International Hydrology Symposium, Sept 6-8, 1967,
Colorado State Univ, Fort Collins, Vol 1, Paper 35, pp 268-276, 1967.
9 p, 4 fig, 1 tab, 5 ref.
Descriptors: *Rainfall, *Forecasting, ^Synthetic hydrology, *Simulated
rainfall, *Mathematical models, Simulation analysis, Digital computers,
Computer programs, Computer models.
Identifiers: Rainfall data.
An analytical model is developed for the synthesis of short-time-interval
sequences of rainfall data. The model uses the probability distribution
of the time between storms and the storm duration as well as an equiva-
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lent joint distribution of storm rainfall depth and duration to generate
sequences of lumped storms which retain the stochastic features of the
historical storm data. The prescribed total storm depths are then dis-
tributed over their respective durations by using a special type of urn
model in such a way that the short-time-increment rainfall sequences
within synthetic storms possess, on the average, the same serial corre-
lation and percentage mass characteristics as their historical counter-
parts. Probability distributions and storm characteristics are obtained
from 10-min summer rainfall data for a period of 5 years at St. Johnsbury,
Vermont. These sequences are extended synthetically, and the character-
istics of the synthetic storm are shown to agree adequately with the
historical attributes. Not only does the model give valid results, but
it does so quickly, since it is possible to compile the necessary compu-
ter programs and then generate 15 summers of lumped storms or 5 summers
of 10-min data in 3 minutes.
482
RUNOFF VOLUME PREDICTION FROM DAILY CLIMATIC DATA,
Monroe A. Hartman, Walter G. Knisel, Jr., and Ralph W. Baird
Water Resources Res, Vol 5, No 2, pp 84-94, Feb 1969. 11 p, 8 fig, 9
ref.
Descriptors: *Rainfall-runoff relationships, *Soil moisture, *Runoff
forecasting, Model studies, Mathematical models, Digital computers,
Discharge (water), Infiltration, Inflow, Streamflow, Water balance,
Evaporation, Duration curves, Hydrograph analysis, Hydrographs.
A two-soil-moisture-reservoir model is developed to improve the estimate
accuracy of a runoff-volume-prediction model. Soil moisture accounting
in the two reservoirs is an intermediate step to runoff prediction. A
decay-type function describes the moisture depletion between days of
rainfall. The moisture depletion constant in the function varies by
season with soil moisture, pan evaporation, and mean daily temperature.
The runoff-prediction equation relates runoff to rainfall and soil mois-
ture at the beginning of the storm. Computed runoff volumes are compared
with values observed on a 3-acre native grass-meadow watershed for an 11-
year period. Accumulated computed amounts for the period agree within
1% of the accumulated observed amounts.
483
A NOTE ON AREAL RAINFALL DEFINITION,
David M. Hershfield
Water Resources Bui, Vol 5, No 4, pp 49-55, Dec 1969. 7 p, 4 fig, 1 tab,
2 ref.
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Descriptors: ^Rainfall, *Distribution patterns, Sampling, Mathematical
studies, Instrumentation, Networks, Data collections, Rainfall
disposition, Hydrology, Correlation analysis, Rain gages.
Sources of error in defining areal rainfall on a storm basis include the
instrumental error, sampling fluctuations over the area, and network
density. Analysis of dense rain gage data show the magnitude of the
errors resulting from the natural variability of rainfall. Except for
one watershed in Arizona, the coefficient of variation, based on a
sample of storm totals from the individual gages in various size areas,
remains relatively constant with increasing area for a particular storm.
The error due to rainfall variability over the area is probably the
most important and must be considered in experiments which attempt to
resolve small-area hydrologic problems.
484
JOINT PROBABILITIES IN RAINFALL-RUNOFF RELATION,
L. A. V. Hiemstra
Nat Acad Sciences—Nat Research Council—Highway Research Rec, No 261,
pp 1-17, 1969.
Descriptors: *Rainfall-runoff relationships, ^Surface drainage, Runoff,
Rainfall intensity, Runoff forecasting.
A study of the problem in surface drainage of highways deals with peak
rates and total volumes of runoff predicted from rainfall with known
probability of occurrence. A deterministic water budget approach makes
it possible to translate the rainfall input into a runoff hydrograph.
It was possible to describe a time pattern of rainfall intensity by means
of an incomplete beta-function. A two-parameter, log-normal, distribu-
tion function was a suitable descriptor for all necessary probability
distributions.
485
RUNOFF HYDROGRAPH AS A FUNCTION OF RAINFALL EXCESS,
I. K. Hill
Water Resources Res, Vol 5, No 1, pp 95-102, Feb 1969. 8 p, 5 fig, 6
ref.
Descriptors: *Rainfall-runoff relationships, *Mathematical models ,
*Runoff forecasting, *Streamflow forecasting, *Hydrographs, Duration
curves, Rainfall intensity, Hyetographs, Precipitation excess, Surface
runoff, Overland flow, Storm runoff.
Identifiers: Kinematic wave theory.
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A set of differential equations has been obtained for the overland runoff
from an arbitrary catchment when the rainfall excess over the catchment
is known as a function of space and time. An analytical solution is
given for a steady rain of finite duration. The differential equations
obtained are also solved analytically for a moving top-hat storm over a
plane catchment, and the maximum depth is obtained explicitly as a func-
tion of the storm duration and catchment length. The results for all
plane catchments with a given resistance formula are reduced to a single
curve. It is found that the depth is increased if the storm moves down-
stream and decreased if the storm moves upstream the slower the storm
the greater being the change. Finally, it is shown that all the results
apply qualitatively to open channel flow where the kinematic wave
approach is suitable. If the lateral inflow replaces the rainfall ex-
cess, it is found that the form of the curve describing the variation
of depth with time is a function of the cross-section geometry but is
qualitatively similar to the overland flow curve described above.
486
AVERAGE ANTECEDENT TEMPERATURES AS A FACTOR IN PREDICTING RUNOFF FROM
STORM RAINFALL,
Charles D. Hopkins, Jr. and Dale 0. Hackett
J Geophys Res, Vol 66, No 10, pp 3313-3318, Oct 1961.
Descriptors: *Rainfall-runoff relationships, *New York, *New England,
*Basins, *Storms, Rainfall, Storm runoff, Runoff forecasting.
Identifiers: *Elevation-temperature relationships.
Rainfall-runoff relations in New England and New York have been shown to
vary widely from basin to basin in a manner related to average basin
latitudes and elevations. Station elevations and latitudes have been
shown to be related to average temperatures. Average monthly and annual
temperatures were computed for each basin sampled and average weekly
basin temperatures estimated. These weekly temperatures were used to
derive an index of average antecedent basin temperature based on a
logarithmic recession. Two rainfall-runoff relationships were derived
in which the index of antecedent basin precipitation, the index of
average antecedent basin temperatures corresponding to the season of the
storm, the average annual basin temperature, storm rainfall, and storm
runoff were used. One of these relations applied to the spring and
summer, the other to the fall and winter. Testing showed that a large
part of the variation in the rainfall-runoff relationship had been re-
moved. It was concluded that average basin temperatures can be used
with profit in computing runoff in New England and New York.
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487
TIME DISTRIBUTION CHARACTERISTICS OF RAINFALL RATES,
F. A. Huff
Water Resources Res, Vol 6, No 2, pp 447-454, Apr 1970. 2 tab, 6 graphs,
6 ref.
Descriptors: *Illinois, *Rainfall intensity, *Mathematical studies,
*Time series analysis.
Identifiers: *Warm-season storms, *Variability analysis.
Data from a 50-storm sample on two dense networks in Illinois were used
to investigate the time distribution of 1-minute rainfall rates in warm-
season storms. Absolute and relative variability were analyzed for point
and mean rates on areas from 25 to 100 square miles. Several variability
measures were employed including sequential variability that uses both
the magnitude and the sequence of rates in characterizing the time dis-
tribution. Since the variability parameters were found to fit closely
a log normal distribution, probability distributions were constructed
to define interstorm variability relations. Both absolute and relative
variability showed a wide range within and-between storms, and between
areas of different size. Little difference in variability properties
was noted between rain and synoptic weather types associated most fre-
quently with warm-season storms. No evidence of regular oscillations
in the time distribution of rainfall rates in convective storms was
shown by lag correlation analyses.
488
SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF RAINFALL RATES,
F. A. Huff
Water Resources Res, Vol 6, No 1, pp 254-260, Feb 1970. 2 diag, 3 tab,
2 graphs, 6 ref.
Descriptors: *Illinois, *Rain gages, *Rainfall intensity, *Instrumenta-
tion, *Radar, *Measurement, *Spatial distribution.
Identifiers: *Warm-season storms.
A 29-storm sample of 1-minute rainfall rates was obtained with an Illinois
network of 50 recording gages in 100 square miles during the warm seasons
of 1952 and 1953. These gages were equipped with enlarged orifices and
6-hour charts to provide nearly instantaneous spatial patterns of rain-
fall intensity on the network. The data were used to determine quantita-
tive estimates of rainfall rate gradients, sampling errors in the mea-
surement of mean areal rates, and spatial correlation patterns. The de-
rived relations are considered first approximations for midwestern warm-
season storms. It was concluded that the spatial variability of rainfall
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rates is frequently so great within and between convective storms that
the rain gaging equipment and operational requirements for accurate rate
measurements may be prohibitive for most users when sampling areas are
100 square miles or greater. Consequently, it is recommended that the
use of radar in combination with recording gages be investigated as a
possible solution to the measurement problem.
489
SPATIAL CORRELATIONS OF STORM, MONTHLY AND SEASONAL PRECIPITATION,
F. A. Huff and W. L. Shipp
J Appl Meteorol, Vol 8, No 4, pp 542-550, Aug 1969. 7 diag, 6 tab,
1 graph, 7 ref.
Descriptors: *Precipitation, ^Measurement, *Statistical models, *Rain-
fall disposition, *Spatial distribution, ^Correlation analysis, *Storms,
*Rainfall intensity, *Illinois.
One approach to defining sampling requirements for precipitation mea-
surement networks is through statistical correlation methods. Data from
three dense rain gage networks in Illinois were used with this method
on rainfall measurements ranging from 1-minute rates to total storm,
monthly and seasonal amounts. Effects of rain type, synoptic storm
type, and other factors on spatial correlations were studied. Correla-
tion decay with distance used to indicate sampling requirements was
greatest in thunderstorms, rain showers and air mass storms. Conversely,
minimum decay occurred with steady rain and the passage of low pressure
centers. Seasonally, the decay rate is much greater in May-September
storms than in cold season precipitation. Sampling requirements are
extreme in measuring rainfall rates; thus., assuming a minimum acceptance
of 75% explained variance between sampling points, a gage spacing of 0.3
minutes is needed for 1-minute rain rates compared with 7.5 minutes for
total storm rainfall in summer storms.
490
MESOSCALE SPATIAL VARIABILITY IN MIDWESTERN PRECIPITATION,
F. A. Huff and W. L. Shipp
J Appl Meteorol, Vol 7, No 5, pp 886-891, Oct 1968.
Descriptors: *Rain gages, ^Precipitation (atmospheric), Illinois.
Identifiers: *Variability analysis.
Data from four dense rain gage networks operated for periods of 7 to 12
years on areas of 10 to 550 sq mi in Illinois were used to determine
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spatial relative variability of monthly and extended period precipitation
of storms in continental climate typical of midwestern United States.
The relation of storm variability to are.al mean precipitation, storm
duration, precipitation type, synoptic weather type, season, and size
of sampling area was investigated.
491
SOME APPLICATIONS OF CROSS-SPECTRAL ANALYSES IN HYDROLOGY: RAINFALL
AND RUNOFF,
I. R. Iturbe and C. F. Nordin
Water Resources Res, Vol 5, No 3, pp 608-621, 1969.
Descriptors: *Water circulation, Rainfall, Runoff.
Identifiers: *Rainfall cycle, *Runoff cycle.
Correlations between yearly cycles of rainfall and also runoff, for
stations in the Pacific coast region of U.S.A. were obtained from cross-
analysis of the monthly records. It was found that for stations within
1000 km of each other the precipitation cycle was virtually the same,
and that there was a similar although less coherent relation for the
runoff cycle. It was also found that the yearly temperature cycle was
highly correlated with the yearly rainfall cycle but that the yearly
cycle in atmospheric pressure appeared related to the rainfall cycle
only through the temperature cycle.
492
HANDBOOK OF APPLIED HYDROLOGY, SECTION 20, HYDROLOGY OF URBAN AREAS,
Stifel W. Jens and M. B. McPherson
McGraw-Hill Company, New York, pp 20:1 to 20:45, 1964. 19 graphs, 9
tab , 2 diag, 58 ref.
Descriptors: *Hydrologic data, *Storm runoff, *Design storm, *Methodology,
*Surface drainage, Rational formula, Waste water (pollution), Water.supply,
Drainage engineering.
Identifiers: *Urban hydrology.
This section outlines current uses of hydrologic data and methods of
solution of urban water problems and needs. Stormwater drainage is
emphasized, and the utilization of urban hydrology in the areas of
flooding, water supply, pollution, airports, and expressways is mentioned.
The first subsection, involving qualitative descriptions of urban storm-
water runoff, explains the hydrologic cycle in terms of runoff-producing
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storms in order to aid engineers in designing collection and disposal
facilities for stormwater. The next subsection on the quantitative de-
termination of urban stormwater runoff includes empirical formulas for
determining design storm drain discharges, the rational method, correla-
tion studies of rainfall and runoff, the hydrograph method, the inlet
method, and the hydraulics of inlets and gutter flow. The next three
shorter subsections deal with urban flooding, water supply, and pollution
from inadequately treated wastes. Subsection VII explores the objectives,
hydrologic data, subsurface and surface drainage of airports, and Sub-
section VIII concerns the hydrology of urban expressways. (See abstract
number 467).
493
URBAN HYDROLOGY OF THE HOUSTON, TEXAS METROPOLITAN AREA-COMPILATION OF
BASIC DATA-1966,
S. L. Johnson
Geol Surv Duplicated Basic-Data Rep, 1968, 275 p, 13 fig, 12 tab, Charts,
Hydrographs.
Descriptors: *Data collections, Urbanization, *Hydrologic data, *Texas,
Rainfall, Runoff, Stream gages, Hydrographs, Streamflow.
Identifiers: Houston, Texas.
Basic data of the urban hydrology of Houston, Texas, 1965^66, are com-
piled. Surface-vwater records are from gaging stations, crest-stage
partial-record stations; rain gages, and miscellaneous sites. Each
gaging-station record includes location, drainage area, gage type and
history, average discharge, extremes, remarks; daily discharge, total
discharge, mean discharge, annual maximum, minimum, and mean discharges,
and peak discharges. Runoff and rainfall are computed for each drainage
basin and hydrographs and mass curves are drawn. A map of each basin
shows locations of all gages.
494
LOSS RATES ON SELECTED CATCHMENTS IN VICTORIA,
A. Karoly
Water Res Found of Australia Bull No 13, 1965. 48 p, 22 fig, 10 tab,
8 ref.
Descriptors: *Rainfall-runoff relationships, *Surface-groundwater
relationships, *Rainfall disposition, Base flow, Infiltration, Runoff
coefficient, Small watersheds.
Identifiers: *Australia.
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Storm rainfalls on 9 catchments in Victoria, Australia wer.e analyzed
for rainfall-runoff relationships and 137 loss rates were derived.
Loss rate is defined as the average rate of potential infiltration loss
to surface runoff during the supply period of a storm. Relationships
between loss rates and some hydraulic factors of the drainage basins
were calculated. Frequency distributions and seasonal variations of
loss rate were calculated and compared with U.S. and other Australian
rates.
495
A NONLINEAR APPROACH TO RUNOFF STUDIES,
V. C. Kulandaiswamy and C. V. Subramanian
Proceedings of International Hydrology Symposium, Sep 6-8, 1967, Vol 1,
Paper 10, p 72-79, 1967. 8 p, 5 fig, 1 tab, 4 ref.
Descriptors: *Rainfall-runoff relationships, *Mathematical models,
*Runoff forecasting, Computer models, Streamflow forecasting, Simulation
analysis, Rainfall disposition, Unit hydrograph, Hydrograph analysis.
Identifiers: Watershed models.
The process of conversion of rainfall excess into surface runoff is
studied by treating drainage basins as lumped systems. The rainfall
excess is considered as inflow and the surface runoff as outflow.
Making use of the equation of continuity, a differential equation used
with, field data indicates that the system behavior is nonlinear but
can, however be treated as linear by approximation in the case of major
floods. The proposed equation is verified by applying it to observed
storms, and the results are found to be very encouraging. This method
of approach provides considerable scope for an analytical treatment of
rainfall excess-surface runoff relationship.
496
THE ESTIMATION OF RUNOFF FROM RAINFALL FOR NEW BRUNSWICK WATERSHEDS,
J. Lee and D. I. Bray
J Hydrology, Vol 9, No 4, pp 427-437, Dec 1969. 4 tab, 11 ref.
Descriptors: *Runoff forecasting, *Watersheds (basins), *Storm runoff,
*Storms, ^Estimating equations, Analysis.
Identifiers: *Canada.
Prediction equations have been derived for forecasting runoff volume
for regions within the Province of New Brunswick. Five basins were
selected so as to provide a regionally representative distribution
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over the province. The prediction equations are based on the storm
rainfall, antecedent precipitation index, base flow, and week number in
which the storm occurred. Statistical methods were used to obtain the
least-squares multiple linear regression equation, correlation coeffi-
cient, and the standard error for each of the techniques used for the
watersheds. The number of storms varied from 8 to 23 for the basins
studied. The standard error of the optimum prediction equations for
runoff ranged from 0.065 inches to 0.212 inches and the multiple cor-
relation coefficient (R) varied from 0.556 to 0.963. Results of the
regression equations developed for one basin were extended to a neighbor-
ing basin of similar hydrological characteristics, but with only recent
streamflow records.
497
HYDROLOGY FOR URBAN LAND PLANNING—A GUIDEBOOK ON THE HYDROLOGIC EFFECTS
OF URBAN LAND USE,
Luna B. Leopold
Geol Surv Cire 554, 1968. 18 p, 8 fig, 1 tab, 28 ref.
Descriptors: Urbanization, *Hydrologic aspects, Hydrographs, Hydrograph
analysis, Storage, Sediment yield, Water temperature, Water pollution.
Identifiers: Urban hydrology.
The effects of urbanization on hydrologic factors are discussed and
rainfall-runoff relations of urbanized and unurbanized watersheds are
compared. Urbanization increases the amount of impervious area in a
watershed so that the intensity and amount of runoff increase and peak
discharges occur sooner. Sediment yields are 10-100 times larger in
urbanized watersheds, water quality decreases, water values usually de-
crease. Hydrographs, frequency curves, and sediment yield-discharge
curves, are used to show typical effects of urbanization on streams.
498
RAINFALL-RUNOFF MODEL FOR SMALL BASIN FLOOD HYDROGRAPH SIMULATION,
R. W. Lichty, D. R. Dawdy, and J. M. Bergmann
Symp on Use of Analog and Digital Computers in Hydrol, Tucson, Ariz,
Dec 1968, Vol 2, Int Ass Sci Hydrol Publ No 81, pp 356-367, 1968. 12 p,
6 fig, 2 tab, 10 ref.
Descriptors: *Rainfall-runoff relationships, *Flood forecasting,
^Mathematical models, Digital computers, Computer programs, Streamflow
forecasting, Parametric hydrology, Infiltration, Surface-groundwater
relationships, Simulation analysis, Optimization, Runoff forecasting.
Identifiers: Philips equation.
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A simplified, mathematical model of the surface runoff component of
streamflow response to storm rainfall was developed and programmed for
digital computer solution. The model uses an infiltration component
based on an equation by Philip to determine rainfall excess, which is
transformed by a linear basin-response function to simulate the flood
hydrograph. An objective-fitting procedure that emphasizes the simula-
tion of peak-discharge rate was used to identify optimum model parameters
in a pilot study of a 5-sq mi drainage basin in North Carolina. Split-
sample fitting and testing showed that predictive capability varied for
3 samples of flood events. Results of simulation for 2 test samples of
pre-1948 flood events showed reasonable correspondence between simulated
and observed flood peaks. The post-1948 test sample showed wide scattering
between simulated and observed flood peaks. Sensitivity analysis of
objective-function response to parameter incrementation showed that
antecedent moisture accounting grossly controlled the results of optimiza-
tion.
499
URBAN RUNOFF BY ROAD RESEARCH LABORATORY METHOD,
Ray K. Linsley (discussion)
J Hydraul Div, Am Soc Civil Engrs, Vol 96, No HY4, pp 1100-1102, Apr
1970. 5 ref.
Descriptors: *Hydrographs, *Runoff forecasting, Flood routing, Computers,
Methodology.
Identifiers: *Rainfall characteristics, *RRL.
The author compares various methods of deriving hydrographs for urban
drainage studies, and explains why the lag and route method is superior
to the unit hydrograph. Computer use is suggested to aid in estimating
runoff from pervious areas and to help integrate characteristics of
rainfall into calculated flows and simplify the problem of determining
frequency of computed peak flows. This method would aid testing of the
RRL procedure described in the original paper.
500
COMMITTEE ON STATUS AND NEEDS IN HYDROLOGY - MEETING OF AGU COMMITTEE
ON STATUS AND NEEDS IN HYDROLOGY,
Ray K. Linsley
Trans Am Geophys Union, Vol 45, No 3, pp 693-698, Sep 1964.
Descriptors: ^Hydrology, *Water quality, Base flow, Investigations.
Identifiers: *Hydrologic research.
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The Committee on Status and Needs in Hydrology investigated research
needs in hydrology and their report is summarized in this article. They
conclude that within hydrology, water quality requires increasing atten-
tion. Also, the position of biological rather than physical processes
of the hydrologic cycle needs to be studied, and efforts should be made
to research chemical, physical, and biological phenomena associated with
flow in permeable media in and near the ground surface. A list of sixty-
three research topics, compiled by the Committee, encompass these points.
The order of the list conveys the relative importance of needed research
in the overall field of hydrology, rather than a judgement of intrinsic
scientific merit. Rainfall-runoff relations, areal distribution of
storm precipitation, hydrologic systems analysis, unit-hydrograph simu-
lation, and processing of hydrologic data are examples of topics listed.
501
ANALYSIS OF FORMING AND DETERMINATION OF RAINFALL-RUNOFF LOSSES IN
EASTERN CARPATHIANS,
P. M. Lyutik
Sb Rab Gidrol (SGGGAI), No 7, pp 60-75, 1967. 16 p, 7 fig, 2 tab, 15
ref.
Descriptors: *Rain, *Runoff, *Water loss, *Rainfall-runoff relationships,
Floods, River basins, Precipitation (atmospheric), Discharge (water),
Hydrologic properties, Drainage districts, Infiltration, Evaporation,
Hydrograph analysis, Climatic zones, Storm runoff, Frequency.
Identifiers: *USSR, Carpathian Rivers.
On the basis of discharge and precipitation data recorded at several
gaging stations of the Carpathian Rivers, the rainfall-runoff losses
were analyzed by using the standard technique of subdividing a river
discharge into the total and basic parts. Flood frequencies, runoff
coefficients, precipitation, and water loss volumes were calculated and
expressed by charts and tables. The analysis of runoff coefficients
indicates an initial loss of water equal to a layer of 40-50 mm in thick-
ness for summer floods and 10-15 mm for spring and fall floods. The
hydrologic data record at the Transcarpathian gaging station shows the
greatest losses (as much as 90%) after isolated rainfalls in river ba-
sins of small areal extent. The smallest losses occur after long in-
tensive rainfall or after a long rainfall period. The majority of rain-
falls characterized by maximum discharges have high rainfall-coefficient
values (0.60 - 0.90) and occur during the spring and fall months.
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502
AN ANALYSIS OF NATIONAL BASIC INFORMATION NEEDS IN URBAN HYDROLOGY,
M, B. McPherson, D. C. Taylor, and L. S. Tucker
Am Soc Civil Eng Basic Inform Rep, Apr 1969. 112 p, 14 fig, 4 tab,
73 ref.
Descriptors: *Rainfall-runoff relationships, Urbanization, Drainage
systems, Instrumentation, Hydrologic data, Measurement, Networks, Mete-
orological data, Surveys, Data processing, Water quality.
Identifiers: *Urban hydrology, Storm sewers.
The article focuses on data needs, data devices and data networks.
Primarily aimed at improvement in design of storm drainage, an intensive
study was made of the data requirements for analyzing rainfall-runoff-
quality relationships and of suitable data collection instrumentation,
with consideration of the types of networks required for the collection
of adequate data. Suitable data collected with properly coordinated
instrumentation in networks representing a variety of climatic, topo-
graphic, and land-use conditions, are virtually non-existent. There
are very meager amounts of performance data with which existing or pro-
posed storm drainage facilities can be checked or designed. Transfer
of data findings between metropolitan regions is a central and primary
objective. Recommendations centered on hydrologic information needs
are related to storm sewers. The replacement value of existing storm
sewerage systems in the United States is at least $22 billion, and it
is estimated that an average of about $3.5 billion per year will be
spent on construction of new storm sewerage systems over the next sever-
al years. The plan recommended for a minimum national program of urban
storm drainage research would cost on the order of 1/3% of this average
annual construction cost.
503
SOME NOTES ON THE RATIONAL METHOD OF STORM.DRAIN DESIGN,
M. B. McPherson
ASCE Urban Water Resources Res Prog Tech Mem No 6, Jan 22, 1969. 84 p,
9 fig, 3 tab, 42 ref, 2 append. USGS Contract No. 14-08-0001-11257.
Descriptors: Urbanization, *Storm drains, *Rainfall-runoff relation-
ships, ^Rational formula, *Storm runoff, *Design, Drainage systems, Sur-
face runoff, Routing, Hydrographs, Runoff, Hydraulic design, Design
flood, Systems analysis, Stream gages, Gaging stations.
Because the 'rational method' of designing urban storm- drainage facili-
ties has substantial liabilities, new design procedures are discussed and
the urgent need for more field stream gaging data is stressed. The
limitations of the rational method consist mainly of the weaknesses of
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projecting standard values of the rainfall-runoff relationship over wide
geographical areas, the use of too many standardized assumptions, and
using the same runoff routing methods in too many dissimilar situations.
Suggested improved design methods would use on-site gaged rainfall-runoff
relations to determine flow probabilities in mathematical models so that
the optimum drainage system for each particular case may be designed.
Presently there are no gaging programs of sufficient scope in operation.
Other suggestions include the use of surface detention to flatten runoff
peaks, storage of urban runoff for water supply use, or use of urban run-
off as a source of recreational water.
504
THE NATURE OF CHANGES IN URBAN WATERSHEDS AND THEIR IMPORTANCE IN THE
DECADES AHEAD,
M. B. McPherson
ASCE Tech Mem No 5, Urban Water Resources Res Program, Dec 1968. 18 p,
3 tab, 23 ref. OWRR Contract No. 14-01-0001-1585, USGS Contract No.
14-08-0001-11257.
Descriptors: ^Urbanization, *Urban sociology, *Water resources develop-
ment, Social aspects, Drainage systems, Land use, Sewers, Utilities, Water
utilization, Water supply, Water reuse, Water quality.
Identifiers: Urban hydrology.
Urban changes, largely social and economic, that affect urban hydrology
are discussed in a survey and bibliography of urban sociology and recent
urban history largely consisting of quotations and reviews of non-engi-
neering and non-hydrological literature. Urban expansion is considered
largely a function of development of new forms and trends of use of high-
speed urban transport. The urban areas of the country are growing rapidly
with trends of increasing urbanization added to increasing growth of
suburbs. Urban problems of crowding, water supply, waste disposal, and
general environmental quality are growing even faster than the cities.
The need for comprehensive planning rather than solving single problems
such as waste disposal or water supply is stressed. The environment of
cities is a function of all social and physical factors. Hydrological
problems can be solved only as part of the total environmental problem.
505
URBAN WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH,
M. B. McPherson
Am Soc Civil Eng Annual Prog Rep, 1968. 43 p, 4 fig, 3 tab, 38 ref,
11 append. L. S. Tucker, Director. Work supported by OWRR, Dept of
Interior. OWRR Contract No. 14-01-0001-1585 .
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Activities in urban water resources research by ASCE in 1967-1968 are
reported. The objective of the research is to provide guidelines for
initiating and expanding a program of long-range studies in urban water
problems. Considerable attention was given to storm drainage to arrive
at mathematical descriptions of the rainfall-runoff relationship, to
predict pollution loads, and to develop methods of planning water quan-
tity, quality, and drainage development. Data collection system design
and data requirements are discussed. Systems analysis, statistical
studies, and model studies are being initiated. Considerable attention
was given to research needs in political, economic, social, legal, and
related aspects of urban hydrology. Appendices contain technical and
feasibility studies of modeling, flood damages, non-hydrological aspects,
research needs, systems engineering, and economics.
506
GENERALIZED CHARTS OF HYDROLOGIC FACTORS USEFUL IN URBAN PLANNING,
John F. Miller
Paper presented at the Am Geophys Union - 1969 National Fall Meeting.
Descriptors: *Urban renewal, *Hydrologic data, *Planning.
Identifiers: *Urban hydrology, *Tables.
The Environmental Science Services Administration prepares maps and
tables of average and extreme values for various climatic and hydrologic
factors. Many of these products are useful to the urban planner. A brief
description is given of the meteorological or climatological basis for
some of these products and examples are shown of possible applications to
urban hydrology -
507
EFFECTS OF WATERSHED CHANGES ON STREAMFLOW,
Walter L. Moore and Carl W. Morgan
Water Resources Symposium No 2, Austin, Texas, October 1968. Published
by Univ of Texas Press, Austin and London, 1969. 289 p.
Descriptors: Urbanization, *Rainfall-runoff relationships, *Hydrograph
analysis, *Water quality, Flood control, Reservoirs, Water yield,
Planning, Water management (applied), Hydrology, Floods, Peak discharge,
Model studies, Hydraulic models, Mathematical models, Computer models,
Analog models.
Identifiers: Urban hydrology.
This special lecture series was arranged to present the most advanced
approaches to evaluating the effects of watershed changes on streamflow.
To an increasing degree man's activities are altering the hydrologic
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characteristics of watersheds, both rural and urban, and it is urgent to
know the character and extent of the changes and how they affect plans
for development. Numerous field studies designed to evaluate the effect
of specific watershed changes by comparisons between watersheds have
been in operation for sufficient time to build up a significant length
of record. New methods of computer simulation of watersheds have reached
a stage of development to offer an attractive tool for attacking the
problem in new ways. The effects of the changes can best be evaluated
when the entire performance of the watershed is understood in detail.
Then all of the physical processes can be followed and the performance
of the watershed can be simulated by numerical or analog techniques
which correspond to the physical processes. Watershed changes produce
effects on both the amount and the quality of streamflow. The topics
discussed include model studies, land treatment in rural watersheds,
flood control structures, rural pollution, the effects of urbanization
on peak flow, the effects of urbanization on water yield, and urban water
quality changes.
508
SOME EFFECTS OF URBANIZATION ON RUNOFF AS EVALUATED BY THORNTHWAITE
WATER BALANCE MODELS,
Robert A. Muller
Proc 3rd Annual Amer Water Resources Conf, Nov 8-10, 1967, San Francisco,
Calif, pp 127-136, 1967. 10 p, 4 fig, 5 tab, 5 ref.
Descriptors: *Rainfall-runoff relationships, *Water balance, Urbaniza-
tion, New Jersey, Evaporation, Rainfall, Runoff, Infiltration, Flood
control.
Identifiers: Thornthwaite method, Raritan River basin, New Jersey.
Water balance methodology (including the Thornthwaite potential evapo-
transpiration) and water balance models are applied to the Raritan River
basin in New Jersey. In order to gain some understanding of hydrocli-
matological processes and interrelationships associated with urbaniza-
tion of drainage basin. The precise objectives are: to compare and
contrast selected Thornthwaite water balance components as calculated by
several more or less 'standard' techniques; to demonstrate that poten-
tial evapotranspiration and water balance models can be utilized as
hydroclimatological controls to obtain first approximations of the con-
sequences of land cover type change, or urbanization within a river basin;
and, to explore generated water balance data based on the assumption of
the transformation of a watershed from rural to urban. Calculated run-
off takes into account the monthly and seasonal variation of precipita-
tion and soil moisture storage as well as energy availability for evapo-
transpiration loss. Measured runoff not only includes the climatic
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variation but in addition the effects of land use change. He,nce, the
differences between calculated and measured runoff overtime should be
a measure of the effects of land use change oil runoff.
509
HANDBOOK OF APPLIED HYDROLOGY, SECTION 12, INFILTRATION,
G. W. Musgrave and H. N. Holtan
McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, pp 12:1 to 12:30, 1964. 18 graphs,
7 tab, 4 diag, 19 ref.
Descriptors: *Infiltration, *Flow, Hydrograph analysis, Rainfall-runoff
relationships, Runoff.
Identifiers: *Infiltration index, Infiltration research.
The first two subsections of this part concern early concepts and factors
affecting water flow through the soil surface or infiltration. The sub-
section on infiltration measurement includes descriptions of rainfall
simulators and flooding type infiltrometers, plus three methods of runoff
hydrograph analyses to estimate infiltration. The role of infiltration
in the rainfall-runoff relationship is explored generally, based on data
from small agricultural watersheds. Infiltration in computations of run-
off is discussed in the next subsection in relation to small-area pro-
jects such as urban drainage, airports, etc. and also in relation to
larger watersheds. Infiltration indexes, which express infiltration- as
an average rate throughout a storm, are explained in another subsection,
and lastly, some forecasts are made regarding future research in infil- .
tration. (See abstract number 467).
510
HANDBOOK OF APPLIED HYDROLOGY, SECTION 25-IV, HYDROLOGY OF FLOW CONTROL,
PART IV, RIVER FORECASTING,
T. J. Nordenson and M. M. Richards
McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, pp 25:98 to 25:111, 1964. 5 graphs,
5 tab, 2 diag, 13 ref.
Descriptors: *River forecasting, *Flood control, Operations, Rainfall-
runoff relationships, Hydrographs, Forecasting.
Basic river forecasting procedures utilized by the U.S. Weather Bureau
are described along with discussions of common operational problems.
Day-to-day river forecasts of inflow to reservoirs and discharges are
needed for those studying flood control, navigation, water supply, stream
pollution, etc. Tools of the river forecaster include rainfall-runoff
relations, unit hydrographs, routing methods, recession curves, and
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stage-discharge relations. In one subsection, a specific river forecast-
ing example of a hypothetical river basin is studied for runoff computa-
tions and forecasts of headwater and downstream points. The final sub-
section involves special forecasts such as flash flood warnings, and
water supply and low flow predictions. (See abstract number 467).
511
ANALYSIS OF TWO MAJOR RUNOFF-PRODUCING SOUTHWEST THUNDERSTORMS,
H. B. Osborn and K. G. Renard
J Hydrology, Vol 8, No 3, pp 282-302, Jul 1969. 21 p, 20 fig, 1 tab,
5 ref.
Descriptors: *Rainfall-runoff relationships, ^Thunderstorms, *Storm
structure, Arizona, Hyetographs, Hydrographs, Storm runoff, Runoff
forecasting, Meteorology, Demonstration watersheds, Small watersheds.
Identifiers: Walnut Gulch Experimental Watershed.
The two largest runoff-producing storms for 10 yr of records, the first
in 1964 and the second in 1967, recorded on the Walnut Gulch Experimental
Watershed in southeastern Arizona are analyzed and compared. Both storms
were non-frontal thunderstorms which produced peak discharges on the order
of 1500 cfs per sq mi; in 1964 from a 2000-acre subwatershed, and in 1967
from an 84-acre subwatershed. During the 1967 storm rainfall of 3.35
inches in 45 min was recorded at one point on the watershed. Approximately
18 acre-ft of runoff was produced on the 84-acre subwatershed in the 1967
storm. Runoff-producing rainfall lasted for less than 60 minutes for both
storms. For both storms, runoff per unit area decreased with increasing
subwatershed size because of the large transmission losses in the ephem-
eral channels and because of the limited areal extent of the runoff-pro-
ducing rainfall.
512
URBAN HYDROLOGY, STORM DRAINAGE, AND FLOOD PLAIN MANAGEMENT IN METROPO-
LITAN AREAS OF THE UNITED STATES,
Herbert G. Poertner
Georgia Institute of Technology Water Resources Center Report, Aug 1968.
28 p. OWRR Project X-102.
Descriptors: *Water management (applied), ^Planning, *Government,
^Urbanization, Storm runoff, Water supply, Legislation, Regulation,
Reviews.
Identifiers: *Urban hydrology.
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Current practices in urban hydrology, storm drainage, and flood plain
management are reviewed. These practices have characteristics which not
only limit solutions to present problems but contribute to future prob-
lems. An illustration is the opposition by land owners and tax authori-
ties to flood plain zoning. One alternative to the present unsatisfac-
tory state of management is to establish a program responsive to all seg-
ments of the population. Major limitations of present practices in en-
gineering and design are deficiencies in knowledge of urban hydrology,
lack of analyses of accumulated data, and ineffective use of data for
producing optimum designs of integrated drainage systems. Problems of
urban drainage are primarily institutional. Enabling legislation is
needed for management of water in entire metropolitan areas by a single
authority. Programs on federal, state, and local levels for correction
of deficiencies within present flood plains and drainage systems need
development to serve existing communities as well as those that may
emerge in the surrounding area.
513
A NONLINEAR HYDROLOGIC SYSTEM RESPONSE MODEL,
Ramanand Prasad
J Hydraul Div, Am Soc Civil Eng, Vol 93, No HY4, pp 201-221, Jul 1967.
21 p, 9 fig, 2 tab, 15 ref, 2 append.
Descriptors: *Simulation analysis *Analog computers, *River basins,
Mathematical models, Numerical analysis, Rainfall-runoff relationship,
Reservoirs, Storm runoff, Illinois.
The effects of the physical factors responsible for the transformation
of rainfall excess into direct runoff were simulated by the action of a
conceptual nonlinear reservoir. A nonlinear differential equation of
the basin response was derived. Because no analytical solution for the
system response equation existed, solutions were found by means of an
electronic analog computer and a numerical method. Model parameters
were found to be correlated with basin, main channel, and rainfall
characteristics for seven east central Illinois basins. The consistency
of the results obtained from an analysis of storms over those basins in-
dicated that the proposed model could be adopted for nonlinear simulation
of the hydrologic system response.
514
AN EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF PARTIAL AREA CONTRIBUTIONS,
Robert M. Ragan
Intern Assoc Sci Hydrol Pub No 76, pp 241-251, 1968. Syrap on Hydrol
Aspects of Util of Water, Bern, Sept 25-Oct 7, 1967. 11 p, 5 fig, 8 ref.
269
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Descriptors: ^Routing, *Runoff, *Rainfall-runoff relationships, Subsur-
face runoff, Flood routing, Surface-groundwater relationships, Hydro-
graphs, Discharge (water), Infiltration, Rainfall intensity, Storm run-
off, Interception, Vermont.
The paper describes a detailed experimental-numerical investigation of
the concept of partial area contributions to storm hydrographs. A com-
puter solution of a numerical flood routing technique was used to iso-
late the time-spatial distribution of local runoff entering the main
channel of a small watershed. Extensive experimental information col-
lected in the vicinity of the 619 ft length of second order stream pro-
vided a means of interpreting these land-phase hydrographs. Analysis of
a series of storms showed that only a small portion of the watershed
ever contributed flow to the storm hydrograph. The contributing area
was found to be a function of the storm duration and intensity and,
rather than being uniformly distributed along the length of the channel,
it existed in the form of localized zones of intense contribution. In
a given storm, the contributing area was found to fluctuate with changes
in the rainfall intensity. During periods of low intensity, most of the
flow came from channel precipitation and rain falling on the wet areas
surrounding a series of seeps. If a period of high intensity occurred,
flow developed through the forest litter on the hillsides and thereby
created a larger contributing area. No interflow in the soil mass above
the water table was encountered. A rapid response of the groundwater
at some points along the channel, however might have been interpreted as
interflow if extensive measurements had not been taken. The behavior of
the watershed was quite logical when the fundamentals of the individual
processes were considered. The results of the study illustrate that
there is a need for a reevaluation of some of the traditional methods
used for runoff computations. Further, any parametric model developed
for the synthesis of hydrologic events should be able to reflect partial
area contributions.
515
FREQUENCY ANALYSIS OF RAINFALL INTENSITIES FOR CALCUTTA,
V. Raman and M. Bandyopadhya
J Sanit Eng Div, Am Soc Civil Engrs, Vol 95, No SA6, pp 1013-1030, Dec
1969. 18 p, 10 fig, 9 tab, 7 ref, append.
Descriptors: *Rainfall disposition, *Frequency analysis, *Duration
curves, *Depth-area-duration analysis, Rainfall intensity, Statistical
methods, Runoff, Rational formula, Rainfall-runoff relationships, Storm
runoff, Storm drains, Drainage engineering.
Identifiers: *India, Storm sewers.
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Analysis of the point rainfall data in Calcutta, India for 23 yr yields
a procedure for arriving at the relationship between the average inten-
sity of excessive rainfall, the corresponding duration the rain continued
to fall at the average rate, and the frequency with which these combina-
tions of intensity and duration of such storms occur. Probability
methods based on annual maximum events and partial duration series, and
mathematical and graphical curve fitting, based on frequency analysis,
are employed for developing the relationships. Intensity duration fre-
quency relations are expressed in tabular and graphical forms and as
mathematical equations. The various methods do not give exactly identi-
cal results, and discretion must be used to choose between them for
application in the design of a storm sewer system. No particular method
can be considered as the best for rainfall frequency determination.
516
URBAN SPRAWL AND FLOODING IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA,
S. E. Rantz
Geol Surv Circular No. 601-B, Washington, 1970. 11 p, 1 fig, 1 map, 5
photo, 3 tab.
Descriptors: Urbanization, *Flooding, *Flood control, Storm runoff,
Land use, Landslide.
Identifiers: *Urban sprawl.
The floods of January 1969 in south-coastal California provide a timely
example of the effect of urban sprawl on flood damage. Despite record
breaking, or near record breaking, stream discharges, damage was minimal
in the older developed areas that are protected against inundation and
debris damage by carefully planned flood-control facilities, including
debris basins and flood-conveyance channels. By contrast, heavy damage
occurred in areas of more recent urban sprawl where the hazards of inun-
dation and debris or landslide damage have not been taken into considera-
tion, and where the improvement and development of drainage or flood con-
trol facilities have not kept pace with expanding urbanization.
517
SYNTHESIS OF URBAN RAINFALL,
A. J. Raudkivi and N. Lawgun
Water Resources Res, Vol 6, No 2, pp 455-464, Apr 1970. 8 tab, 6 graphs,
3 ref.
Descriptors: *Computer models, *Depth-area-duration analysis, *Markov
processes, *Parametric hydrology.
Identifiers: *Urban hydrology, *New Zealand.
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A statistical analysis of rainfall records is used to develop a computer
model for generation of a sequence of short period rainfalls. Time inter-
vals between rainfalls are generated by sampling from a frequency distri-
bution fitted to historical data. The model also uses a first order
Markov process in addition to random sampling from a frequency distribu-
tion in order to obtain the rainfall durations. Rainfall depths are
obtained by sampling from the joint distribution of rainfall depths and
durations. Model parameters are based on meterologic conditions of the
Auckland area, and all statistical tests were performed at a 5% level of
significance. The model produces comparable time intervals between storms
and a linear correlation between rainfall depths and durations, but ex-
treme values of rainfall depths and durations are absent from the gener-
ated data.
518
EFFECT OF A COMMERCIAL CLEARCUTTING IN WEST VIRGINIA ON OVERLAND FLOW
AND STORM RUNOFF,
Kenneth G. Reinhart
J Forest, Vol 62, No 3, pp 167-171, 1964.
Descriptors: *Rainfall-runoff relationships, *Watershed management,
Watersheds (basins), Overland flow, Storm runoff, West Virginia,
Infiltration, Hydrologic aspects.
Identifiers: Experimental watersheds.
A commercial clearcutting was made on a 74-acre gaged watershed on the
Fernow Experimental Forest; skidroads were loggers' choice—without
limitations as to grade or provisions for drainage. After-logging in-
filtration rates in the watershed remained well above maximum rainfall
intensities except on portions of the skidroads. Overland flow occurred
only from the skidroads; it resulted from the combination of rain directly
on the skidroads and interception of subsurface flow by the road cuts.
Increased storm runoff in the growing seasons—up to a maximum of about
1/2 area-inch in any one storm—was largely the result of decreases in
field-moisture deficiency rather than changes in the proportions of sur-
face and subsurface flow. This study indicates that, in judging hydro-
logic condition of logged areas, perhaps as much emphasis should be
placed upon road conditions and forest-floor disturbance as upon the
amount of timber cut and condition of the stand.
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519
MODELING THE RUNOFF CHARACTERISTICS OF AN URBAN WATERSHED BY MEANS OF AN
ANALOG COMPUTER,
J. Paul Riley and V. V. Dhruva Narayana
In: Effects of Watershed Changes on Streamflow, Water Resources Sympo-
sium No 2, Austin, Texas, pp 183-200, October 1968, University of Texas
Press, Austin and London, 1969. 18 p, 14 fig, 3 tab, 7 ref.
Descriptors: ^Urbanization, *Rainfall-runoff relationships, *Computer
models, *Analog models, Analog computers, Simulation analysis, Hydro-
graph analysis, Storm runoff, Peak discharge.
Identifiers: Urban hydrology, Austin, Texas.
In the synthesis of hydrograph characteristics of small urban watersheds,
the distribution of the water among the various phases of the runoff pro-
cess is attempted by the concept of 'equivalent rural watershed.' For a
given input into both the models, the outputs must be identical. The
hydrograph of outflow from an urban watershed is obtained by chronologi-
cally deducting the losses due to interception, infiltration, and de-
pression storage from precipitation on the equivalent rural watershed
and then routing it through the surface and channel storages. This is
being approached by computer simulation. Testing and verification of
the basic mathematical model is being done by using observed rainfall
and runoff data from well-instrumented runoff areas. Coefficients re-
presenting interception, depression storage, and infiltration are deter-
mined by the trial and error process on the analog computer in such a way
that the outflow hydrograph predicted by the model is nearly identical to
the measured prototype hydrograph. Relationships between these coeffi-
cients and various urbanization characteristics or parameters are estab-
lished. Sensitivity studies which investigate the significance of each
of the watershed coefficients on the outflow characteristics are also
undertaken.
520
CORRESPONDENCE: "The analysis of urban rainfall runoff and discharge,"
E. J. Sarginson, D. E. Bourne, and L. H. Watkins
J Inst Munic Engrs, Vol 96, No 6, p 181, Jun 1969.
Descriptors: *Hydrographs, ^Analytical techniques.
L. H. Watkins: The author contends that there are two misconceptions
about the RRL hydrograph method: 1) the method does not currently assume
uniform proportional depth in the whole sewer system; and, 2) the routine
technique as applied to an areal/time calculated hydrograph is not illogi-
cal. The use of computer service is advocated.
E. J. Sarginson and D. E. Bourne: In reply to Watkins' comments, the
authors insist that their analysis can be modified to allow for variations
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in proportional depth from pipe to pipe. They further contend that the
method they have proposed separates the effects of ground and pipe stor-
age, and the resulting hydrograph simultaneously gives the attenuation
in the peak discharge and the delay in the time of its occurrence re-
sulting from the combined effects of overland flow and flow in the sewer.
521
ANALYSIS OF URBAN RAINFALL-RUN-OFF AND DISCHARGE,
E. J. Sarginson and D. E. Bourne
J Inst Munic Engrs, Vol 96, No 3, pp 81-85, Mar 1969.
Descriptors: *Hydrographs, ^Rainfall, *Analytical techniques, *Design
standards, *Discharge measurement.
This paper considers phenomena which modify a rainfall hydrograph for an
urban catchment, and it examines the extent to which these modifications
are satisfied by existing design methods. The theory presented accounts
for phenomena concerned. A method for analysis of existing urban rain-
fall and discharge records is given. This design method was developed
with the hydrograph based on a standard storm which is successively
routed over the ground and through a sewer, assuming a linear storage-
flow relation for each.
522
CORRESPONDENCE: "The Analysis of Urban Rainfall Run-off and Discharge,"
E. J. Sarginson, D. E. Bourne, and M. V. King
J Inst Munic Engrs, Vol 96, No 5, pp 155-156, May 1969.
Descriptors: *Storm runoff, *Hydrographs, Rainfall, Discharge measure-
ment .
Identifiers: Sewer hydraulics.
M. V. King: The author disputes certain parts of the paper by D. E.
Bourne and E. J. Sarginson. He corrects the misconception that the
equation i=e~3/4/4 is the Meteorological Office equation, and he argues
that storm runoff should be considered with regard to time of flow through
the sewer. He holds that the authors' rainfall hydrographs are valid
only if the drainage area had zero time of concentration. He exposes the
weakness of the authors' hydrograph method, and he explains and defends
his proposed method.
E. J. Sarginson and D. E. Bourne: Replying to King's criticisms, they
dispute his assertion that their rainfall hydrographs hold only if the
drainage area had zero time of concentration. They also do not consider
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velocities of flow necessary to their analyses; instead, they cite the
important factors as being volumetric rates of runoff and discharge. They
discuss King's method, but continue to support their original statements.
523
A PROGRAM IN URBAN HYDROLOGY. PART II: AN EVALUATION OF RAINFALL-RUNOFF
MODELS FOR SMALL WATERSHEDS AND THE EFFECTS OF URBANIZATION ON RUNOFF,
P. B. S. Sarma, J. W. Delleur, and A. R. Rao
Purdue University Water Resources Research Center Technical Report No 9,
Oct 1969. 240 p, 58 fig, 30 tab, 105 ref, 3 append. OWRR Project B-002-
IND.
Descriptors: Urbanization, *Storm runoff, *Watersheds (basins), *Rain-
fall-runoff relationships, *Time lag, *Model studies, Water yield, Run-
off, Hydrographs, Rainfall, Runoff coefficient, Indiana, Routing.
Identifiers: Nash model, West Lafayette Watershed.
The data for this study were taken from four watersheds with varying de-
grees of urbanization located in West Lafayette, Indiana. The analytical
approach adopted was the linear (time variant, lumped) system analysis.
The conceptual linear systems considered in the analysis of the data were
the single linear reservoir model, the double routing method, the Nash
model, and the single linear-reservoir with linear-channel model. The
single linear reservoir model was selected to simulate the rainfall-run-
off process on small urban watersheds (less than 5 square miles) based on
the larger watersheds (between 5 and 20 square miles). The relationship
of the degree of urbanization and the time lag, the magnitude of the. peak
discharge, and the frequency of peak discharge were studied. Studies will
be continued with linear models and, in addition, nonlinear models will be
considered in the hydrologic simulation of the larger watersheds in order
to develop design methods and criteria for predicting runoff from areas
with varying degrees of urbanization.
524
APPLICATION OF THE LINEAR CONVOLUTION MODEL IN DESCRIBING THE RAINFALL -
RUNOFF RELATIONSHIP OF AN URBAN DRAINAGE BASIN,
Fred A. Schmer, Robert A. Clark, and Edward A. Hiler
Paper presented at the Am Geophys Union - 1969 National Fall Meeting.
Descriptors: *Rainfall-runoff relationships, ^Watersheds (basins),
*Systems analysis, *Hydrologic aspects, *Input-output analysis, *Testing.
Identifiers: *Urban hydrology, *Convolution relationship.
This investigation is concerned with the applicability of the linear con-
volution relationship for approximating the rainfall-runoff phenomenon
275
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for an urban drainage basin. A solution for the transfer function of the
convolution relationship is obtained by employing discrete mathematics
similar to the Wiener-Hopf equation. The solution is obtained, based on
the restraints of the physical system by linear programming. In this in-
vestigation, the hydrologic system is analyzed as a truly linear system.
Recorded rainfall intensity is the input of the system, and recorded run-
off the output. A major concern of the study involves the effects of
antecedent moisture conditions on the transfer function. Results are
presented which substantiate the use of the proposed linear model as an
approximation to the hydrologic system. Generalized transfer functions
are developed for each basin and tested with independent events. Ante-
cedent moisture conditions are shown to have a definite predictable ef-
fect on the transfer function, and rainfall events are classified with
an antecedent moisture condition criteria in order to select the proper
transfer function for the event. Comparisons are made with more conven-
tional hydrologic analysis.
525
THE U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY URBAN WATER PROGRAM,
William J. Schneider
In: Effects of Watershed Changes on Streamflow, Water Resources Symposium,
No 2, p 165-168, October 1968, University of Texas Press, 1969.
Descriptors: *Planning, ^Urbanization, *Data collections, *Water manage-
ment (applied), Research and development, Water resources development,
Water supply, Waste disposal, Storm runoff.
Identifiers: Urban hydrology.
The Water Resources Division of the U.S. Geological Survey is currently
expanding its role in urban hydrology as rapidly as possible to meet new
demands. Almost since the first stream gaging stations were established,
more than 80 years ago, water resources data have been collected in urban
areas. Today, some data are available for every one of the 222 standard
metropolitan areas in the United States. In addition to the collection
of basic data, the Water Resources Division has conducted studies either
within or including urban areas. These have resulted in numerous reports
published in the Survey publication series and in outside technical jour-
nals. In recent years, the emphasis of these studies has been on the
assessment of changes in the water resources caused by urbanization. Storm
drainage today is still largely designed on the basis of the empirical ra-
tional formula using rainfall intensity modified by a coefficient of runoff,
The inefficiency of this method is well recognized. Greater knowledge of
the part of the hydrologic cycle involving rainfall-runoff relations in
urban environments is needed. A study, currently under way, will consider
the data needs for urban runoff studies, appraise available and needed in-
strumentation for collection of these data, and advise on types of networks
for collection of these data. The study is for design of pilot areas.
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526
EFFECTS OF URBAN DEVELOPMENT ON DIRECT RUNOFF TO EAST MEADOW 'BROOK,
NASSAU COUNTY, LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK,
G. E. Seaburn
Geological Survey Professional Paper 627-B, p B1-B14, 1970. 14 p, 5 fig,
1 plate, 8 tab, 18 ref.
Descriptors: *Rainfall-runoff relationships, *New York, ^Urbanization,
*Storm runoff, Storm drains, Unit hydrograph, Duration curves, Hydro-
graphs, Hydrology.
Identifiers: Nassau County, New York, Long Island, New York, Urban
hydrology.
The effects of intensive urban development on direct runoff to East
Meadow Brook, a southwardflowing stream in central Nassau County, N.Y.,
during the period 1937-66, are described. The special objectives of the
study were to relate indices of urban development to increases in the
volume of annual direct runoff to the stream; to compare hydrograph fea-
tures at different periods during the transition of the drainage basin
from rural to urban conditions; and to compare the rainfall-runoff rela-
tions for periods before and after urban development. Periods of housing
and street construction in the drainage basin correspond to 3 distinct
periods of increased direct runoff. During each period, the average an-
nual direct runoff increased because of an increase in the area served by
storm sewers that discharged into East Meadow Brook. The amount of land
served by sewers increased from about 570 acres in 1943 to about 3,600
acres in 1962, or about 530 percent. During this same period, the aver-
age annual direct runoff increased from about 920 acre-feet per year to
about 3,400 acre-feet per year, or about 270 percent.
527
SUMMARY REPORT STORMS OF 1969,
Larry D. Simpson
Los Angeles County Flood Control District Summary Report, Jun 1969.
55 p, 30 photo, 1 plate, 3 tab.
Descriptors: *Floods, ^California, *Flood control, *Reservoirs, Peak dis-
charge, Storm runoff, Urbanization, Flood protection, Channel improvement,
Flood damage, Streamflow, Rainfall-runoff relationships, Stage-discharge
relations.
Identifiers: Los Angeles County, California.
Data on flood-producing storms of 1969 in Los Angeles County, California,
are tabulated. During the months of January and February of 1969, storms
occurred over the southern California area which were of such a magnitude
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as to tax the capacities of a number of the facilities of the district and
to cause significant damage to public and private property in those areas
where complete flood protection had not yet been attained. These storms
began with a two-phase storm which occurred between January 18 and 26,
1969. The effects of these storms on the Los Angeles County Flood Control
District and the communities within Los Angeles County are discussed.
528
EFFECT OF URBAN DEVELOPMENT ON FLOOD DISCHARGES-CURRENT KNOWLEDGE AND
FUTURE NEEDS,
H. F. Smith
J Hydraulics Div, Am Soc Civil Engrs, Vol 95, No HY1, pp 287-309, Jan 1969,
23 p, 2 append.
Descriptors: *Bibliographies, ^Urbanization, *Hydrology, Information re-
trieval, Discharge (water), Floods, Hydraulics, Runoff, Surface runoff,
Streamflow.
This Progress Report by the Task Force on Effect of Urban Development on
Flood Discharges, Committee on Flood Control, Hydraulics Division, ASCE
attempts to provide, as a guide for engineers, planners, governmental
officials, and all others interested in the problems of urban runoff, an
annotated up-to-date bibliography of reports, papers, and other material
pertaining to the effect of urban development on flood discharges. The
report includes a brief discussion of the impact on flood runoff which
can be expected by urban development and the factors directly affecting
the runoff regimen of a drainage area, as suburbs and cities replace the
rural landscape. Included is a listing of pertinent research projects
which are underway with identification of areas where, in the opinion of
the Task Force, additional research is required.
529
THE ROLE OF SOLID AND LIQUID PRECIPITATIONS IN RUNOFF FORMATION,
I. S. Sosedov
Tr Inst Gidrogeol Gidrofiziki (TIGDB), Vol. 2, p 101-109, 1969.
Descriptors: ^Precipitation (atmospheric), *Rain, *Snow, *Runoff, Sur-
face runoff, Erosion, Water supply, Water balance, Mathematical studies,
Soil water, Rain gages, Snow cover, Snowmelt.
Identifiers: *USSR.
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Sources of surface runoff were investigated on the basis of a water
balance equation in the Transilian Ala Tau region. Evaluation of the
effects of altitude, snow cover, geographical location, vegetation,
and slope orientation yields coefficients of runoff formed by solid
(snow) and liquid (rain) precipitation.
530
SYNTHETIC HYDROGRAPHS: EFFECTS OF NETWORK GEOMETRY,
A. J. Surkan
Water Resources Res, Vol 5, No 1, pp 112-128, Feb 1969.
Descriptors: *Mathematical models, *Unit hydrograph, Simulation analysis,
Storms.
Identifiers: *Storm analysis.
A mathematical model for channel networks (represented by directed graphs
on a rectangular grid) is used to generate synthetic hydrographs. This
makes possible the simulation of effects of changes in geometric factors
specified by shape and connectivity, while keeping a fixed prescribed
temporal and spatial precipitation pattern. Alternatively, this model
may be used with fixed networks of interest to study the effects of
different types and motions of storms. The model provides for a discrete
approximation of the distributed network, and transformation relating a
runoff hydrograph to input precipitation.
531
HIGH WATER RESPONSE PLAN FOR FLOOD CONTROL,
John Teipel
Public Works, Vol 100, No 7, pp 82-83, Jul 1969.
Descriptors: *Runoff, *Rainfall, *Planning, *Forecasting, ^Operations,
*0verflow.
Identifiers: *Storm sewers.
Dallas, Texas has instituted a high water response plan in order to cope
with runoff from overloaded storm sewers and flash flooding from small
creeks which cause problems during heavy rainfalls. Planned operations
begin with initial forecasts of severe weather followed by mobilization
of forces to serve areas called Phase Locations which are classified
according to their particular difficulties. Phase I forces handle local
downpour locations; Phase II forces handle major creek locations; and
Phase III forces handle locations affected by river flooding, including
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operation of six flood control pump stations. Other actions taken to
alleviate problems before, during, and after the storm are explained.
532
URBAN RUNOFF BY ROAD RESEARCH LABORATORY METHOD,
Michael L. Terstriep and John B. Stall
J Hydraulics Div, Am Soc Civil Engrs, Vol 95 No HY6, p 1809-1834, Nov 1969
Descriptors: *Storm runoff, *Urbanization, ^Mathematical models,
Rainfall-runoff relationships, Roads, Model studies, Storm drains,
Hydraulics, Hydrology, Sewers, Streamflow, Planning.
Identifiers: Urban hydrology.
A simple mathematical model of an urban basin presented in 1962 by the
British Road Research Laboratory is tested on three urban watersheds in
the United States. The basins are located in Baltimore, Md. and Chicago,
and Campaign, 111. They contain 0.395, 12.5, and 2290 acres respectively.
The model produces a runoff hydrograph by applying rainfall to only the
directly connected impervious area of the basin. The basin is described
by a time-area diagram and a discharge-storage relationship. The peak
discharges of actual and predicted hydrographs are shown for 8 of these.
To apply the model to a basin, the pattern of impervious areas must be
known in detail, as well as the slopes and sizes of all surface and
subsurface drains.
533
AVAILABILITY OF RAINFALL-RUNOFF DATA FOR PARTLY SEWERED URBAN DRAINAGE
CATCHMENTS,
L. S. Tucker
ASCE Technical Memorandum No 13, Urban Water Resources Research Program,
Mar 1970. 156 p, 24 fig, 15 tab, 49 ref. append. OWRR Project C-
1536 (No 1992) (3).
Descriptors: *Data collections, *Rainfall-runoff relationships, *Cities,
*Storm runoff, ^Stream gages, Sewers, Open channels, Urbanization,
Hydrologic data, Runoff, Drainage systems, Storm drains.
Identifiers: Japan, Urban runoff.
Available rainfall-runoff data for partially sewered urban drainage
catchments are identified to facilitate model development by researchers.
Information on the availability of rainfall-runoff data from 64 developed
partially sewered urban drainage catchments in U.S. and 8 in Japan is
summarized. The 64 catchments in the U.S. are concentrated in 8 states.
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and the locations of these instrumented catchments are shown by a map.
Rainfall-runoff data for most of the catchments are available from the
agencies collecting the data. A summary of information on the 64
instrumented, highly-developed, partially sewered urban drainage
catchments in the U.S. is presented. Additional details such as
availability of data, how to obtain further information about catchments
and data, gage locations,and maps of catchments are presented.
534
SEWERED DRAINAGE CATCHMENTS IN MAJOR CITIES,
L. S. Tucker
ASCE Urban Water Resources Res Program Tech Mem No 10, Mar 31, 1969.
71 p, 34 fig, 4 tab, 13 ref. USGS Contract No. 14-08-0001-11257.
Descriptors: *Cities, *Rainfall-runoff relationships, *Storm drains,
*Sewers, Storm runoff, Drainage systems, Water quality control, Water
pollution control.
Identifiers: Combined sewers.
The size distribution and number of sewered drainage catchments in San
Francisco, Washington, D.C., Milwaukee, Houston, and Philadelphia are
summarized to provide data for urban rainfall-runoff-water quality
studies. The 4 cities are in 4 distinctly different regions of the US,
and are different topographically. The sizes of all sewered drainage
catchments are tabulated, maps show catchment boundaries, and supporting
discussions are presented. Only the drainage catchments served entirely
by storm or combined sewers are discussed, and partially sewered urban
drainage catchments are omitted. The distribution of sewered drainage
catchment size is unique for each city. The number of catchments varies
from 42 in San Francisco to 1,283 in Houston. The largest catchment
varies from 1,820 acres in Milwaukee to 6,180 acres in Washington, D.C.
The average catchment size varies from 65 acres in Houston to 560 acres
in San Francisco. The median catchment size varies from 6 acres in
Houston, to 190 acres in San Francisco. In Washington, B.C., drainage
catchments varying in size from 1 to 50 acres account for 46% of the
total number of catchments varying in size from 1 to 50 acres account
for 46% of the total number of catchments, but their cumulative area
served by sewers. On the other hand, over 50% of the total District
area served by sewers is accounted for by the 5 largest drainage
catchments, which are only 5% of the total of 93 catchments.
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535
AVAILABILITY OF RAINFALL-RUNOFF DATA FOR SEWERED DRAINAGE CATCHMENTS,
L. S. Tucker
ASCE Urban Water Resources Res Program Tech Mem No 8, Mar 3, 1969.
43 p, 14 fig, 5 tab, 18 ref. USGS Contract No 14-08-0001-11257. OWRR
Contract No 14-01-0001-1585.
Descriptors: *Data collections, *Gaging stations, *Cities, *Rainfall-
runoff relationships, ^Urbanization, Drainage systems, Runoff, Storm
drains, Sewers, Storm runoff, Flow rates, United States.
Data on the availability of rainfall-runoff data from gaged, sewered
urban catchments are compiled. Only 13 completely sewered catchments
in the U. S. are gaged. Runoff is measured by flume in Northwood, Gray
Haven, and Swansea, all in Baltimore, Md. Reduced data from 29 Gray
Haven Storms are tabulated. The 13 catchments are summarized in a
table giving name, size, data collected, type of flowmeter, type of
storm sewer, data available, operator of the installation, location,
and period of operation. Each installation and catchment is described
in detail. Baltimore has 3 gaged catchments, Cincinnatti, Ohio has 1,
St. Louis, Mo. has 3, Chicago, 111. has 1, Philadelphia, Pa. has 1,
New York City has 4, and Washington D.C. has 1.
536
OAKDALE GAGING INSTALLATION, CHICAGO-INSTRUMENTATION AND DATA,
L. S. Tucker
ASCE Tech Mem No 2, Urban Water Resources Res Program, Aug 15, 1968.
14 p, 8 fig, 2 tab, 2 append. OWRR: 14-01-0001-1585, USGS: 14-08-0001-
11257.
Descriptors: *Data collections> *Storm runoff, *Rainfall, *Rainfall-
runoff relationships, ^Urbanization, Watersheds (basins), Stream gages,
Flumes, Rain gages, Land use, Drainage, Discharge (water). Runoff,
Hydrographs, Hyetographs, Sewers.
Identifiers: *Urban hydrology, Chicago, Illinois.
An instrumented 12.9 acre urban drainage area in Chicago, Illinois is
described. Rainfall and runoff data for storms for which data are
reliable are tabulated and presented. The area is 2 1/2 blocks by 1
block wide and consists entirely of detached family dwellings. The
drainage system is a 30-in. combined sewer draining into a 10.5 ft
square concrete trunk sewer. Runoff is measured by a parabolic flume
in an underground vault. A tipping bucket rain gage is located about
1 block north of the drainage area. The rain and flume gages are
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connected to recorders by telephone lines. Rainfall and runoff records
from storms are shown in tables, hyetographs, and hydrographs. Copies
of some of the original recorder charts are included.
537
NORTHWOOD GAGING INSTALLATION, BALTIMORE-INSTRUMENTATION AND DATA,
L. S. Tucker
ASCE Tech Mem No 1, Urban Water Resources Res Program, Aug 1, 1968.
16 p, 11 fig, 2 tab, 3 append. OWRR: 14-01-0001-1585 and USGS-14-08-0001-
11257.
Descriptors: *Rainfall-runoff relationships, *Data collections, *Storm
runoff, Urbanization, Watersheds (basins), Stream gages, Flumes, Rain
gages, Land use, Discharge (water), Runoff, Hydrographs, Hyetographs,
Evaporation, Rainfall.
Identifiers: *Urban hydrology, Baltimore, Maryland.
Detailed data of the hydrology of Northwood, a small urban drainage area
in Baltimore, Maryland, are presented. Northwood is one of the few
sewered catchments in the U.S. that is gaged with flumes. The 47.4 acre
drainage area is about 4 mi north of downtown Baltimore in a residential
suburban area. It contains a 17.4 acre shopping center and 30 acres of
residential development. Buildings in the residential area are very
uniformly grouped houses with 3-4 houses per group. The average imper-
viousness of the drainage area is 68%. Ground slopes average 3%. A-
weighing bucket rain gage and a Parshall flume were installed in 1959,
and the rain gage was replaced with a tipping bucket gage in 1963. Both
in the rain gage and stream gage have recorders. Runoff is estimated to
be within 5% of actual flow 95% of the time for flume depths over 4 in.
Reduced rainfall and runoff data for 14 storms, hourly precipitation, and
daily pan evaporation data are tabulated. Hyetographs and hydrographs
illustrate the rapid response of the drainage area.
538
BASIC DATA FOR URBAN HYDROLOGY STUDY, DALLAS, TEXAS - 1966,
Trigg Twitchell
Geol Surv Open-file Rep, 1966. 203 p, 3 fig, 1 tab.
Descriptors: *Rainfall-runoff relationships, ^Urbanization, *Data
collections, *Texas, Streamflow, Runoff, Hydrographs, Rainfall, Surface
waters, Hydrologic data, Depth-area-duration analysis.
Identifiers: Dallas, Texas, Urban hydrology.
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Basic hydrologic data compiled for the study of urban hydrology in Dallas,
Texas include data from raingages, stream gages, and flood-profile partial-
record stations. Hydrographs and mass curves are given for major storms
at each station.
539
USING RUNOFF EVENTS TO CALIBRATE SMALL FORESTED CATCHMENTS,
S. J. Ursic and T. W. Popham
In: 14th Congr Proc, Int Union Forest Res Organ, Vol 1, pp 319-324, 1967.
Descriptors: ^Calibrations, *Rainfall-runoff relationships,
*Storm runoff, Water measurement, Mathematical models,
Watershed management, Hydrologic aspects, Mississippi.
Identifiers: ^Experimental watersheds.
Calibration and analysis based on individual runoff events appear efficient
for evaluating changes in the hydrologic performance of small paired catch-
ments. The approach is particularly useful where effects of watershed
treatment on changes in ephemeral flow phenomena are of primary concern.
540
EXPERIENCE WITH THE EVALUATION OF URBAN EFFECTS FOR DRAINAGE DESIGN,
Donald VanSickle
In: Effects of Watershed Changes on Streamflow, Water Resources Symposium
No 2, p 229-254, October 1968. University of Texas Press, Austin and
London, 1969. 26 p, 17 fig, 4 tab, 17 ref.
Descriptors: ^Urbanization, *Rainfall-runoff relationships, *Unit
hydrograph, ^Synthetic hydrology, Rational formula, Storm runoff, Peak
discharge, Floods, Hydrograph analysis, Routing.
Identifiers: Houston, Texas, Urban hydrology.
An example is given of the adaptation of preliminary research data to
the development of new drainage design criteria for a major metropolitan
area. The new criteria should be closer to the actual needs than the
old rational method criteria. The Houston metropolitan area, one of the
most rapidly urbanizing areas in the United States, was used to establish
and test new urban runoff criteria. In order to apply urbanization factor
data to design, the following procedures are followed: (1) develop the
mean basin length and mean basin slope values from topographic maps;
(2) estimate the degree of development anticipated in the watershed for
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the period of design; (3) estimate drainage density for each of the
areas of use; (4) multiply the drainage density by the area for each type
of land use to get total channel length; (5) determine the basin factor;
(6) from the curves, determine the time to peak and the unit hydrograph
peak for the degree of development involved; and (7) develop the unit
hydrograph. A simpler way to use the criteria is to develop them as
empirical curves of drainage area versus discharge, of specific use
only in the urban area and for the storm frequencies for which they are
designed. Synthetic unit hydrographs were prepared and tested for about
50 drainage areas in the Houston areas.
541
URBAN STORM RUNOFF RELATIONS,
Warren Viessman, Jr., Walter R. Keating, and Kalkunte N. Srinivasa
Water Resources Res, Vol 6, No 1, pp 275-279, Feb 1970. 1 diag, 2 graphs,
1 tab, 7 ref.
Descriptors: *Storm runoff, *Model studies, *Data collections,
Rainfall-runoff relationships.
Identifiers: *Urban hydrology, *Comparative analysis, ^Baltimore,
Maryland.
A model incorporating the hydrologic and hydraulic phases of stormwater
flows to estimate the runoff from a 23-acre residential area has pre-
diction errors that are generally less than 10% when the peak flow is
used as the criterion for comparison. The data for this study were
derived from rainfall and runoff records of the Gray Haven drainage
area in Baltimore, Maryland.
542
ESTIMATING THE GROUND-WATER CONTRIBUTION TO STORM RUNOFF BY THE ELECTRI-
CAL CONDUCTANCE METHOJ,
Adrian P. Visocky
Ground Water, Vol 8, No 2, pp 5-10, Mar-Apr 1970. 7 fig, 12 ref.
Descriptors: *Storm runoff, *Base flow, *Monitoring, *Water quality,
Leaching, Infiltration, Rainfall-runoff relationships, Surface-ground-
water relationships, Hydrographs, Peak discharge.
The feasibility of determining the groundwater contribution to stream
flow during periods of storm runoff by continuous monitoring of a
stream's electrical conductance was investigated. The groundwater con-
tribution can be estimated if stream flow and the conductance of surface
water and of groundwater are known. The conductance method was tested on
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a 95-square-mile basin in north-central Illinois. Continuous records
of stream flow, stream-flow conductance, and groundwater stage within
the basin were collected. A rating curve of base flow versus mean
groundwater stage was constructed, and groundwater discharges determined
from the rating curve were compared with those computed from conductance
data. The conductance method normally gave a lower estimate of the
groundwater contribution than did the rating-curve method. However,
analyses of storms which were preceded by extended dry periods resulted
in much lower estimates of groundwater discharge by the rating-curve
method than by the conductance method. The conductance method offers a
simple alternative for use in areas where observation wells are unavail-
able or where rating curves are difficult to construct.
543
URBAN EFFECTS ON WATER YIELD,
Arvi 0. Waananen
In: Effects of Watershed Changes on Streamflow, Water Resources Sympo-
sium No 2, p 169-182, Oct 1968. University of Texas Press, Austin
and London, 1969. 14 p, 7 fig, 2 tab, 16 ref.
Descriptors: ^Urbanization, *Rainfall-runoff relationships, *Storm
runoff, *Water supply, Land use, Water yield, Hydrology, Hydrographs,
Peak discharge, Hydrograph analysis, Meteorology, Sewers, Storm drains,
Sewage disposal, Waste disposal.
Identifiers: Urban hydrology.
Urban development has a significant impact on hydrologic relations. The
results of various studies demonstrate the type and magnitude of many of
the effects on yield. These may be summarized as including: (1) increase
in total yield from stormflow and in annual discharge; (2) decrease in
base flow of those streams that remain under generally natural conditions;
(3) modification of low flow of streams influenced by the importation
of water, the use of which results in discharge of wastewater. This
includes the increase of low flow in streams that receive septic-tank
drainage, or effluents from sewage-treatment plants, or from industrial
plants; (4) decrease in recharge to the underlying ground-water basins;
and (5) increase in precipitation in urban areas and corresponding
increase in yield. The principal effect of urban development on yield
is an increase in direct runoff. The cumulative effect of increase in
stormflow from urban areas, particularly in regions of strip cities and
the megalopolitan complexes developing in several areas, may be substan-
tial on downstream receiving channels.
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544
LOS ANGELES COUNTY FLOOD CONTROL SYSTEM AND THE EARLY 1969 STORMS,
Walter J. Wood
Civil Eng, Vol 40, No 1, pp 58-61, Jan 1970.
Descriptors: *Rainfall-runoff relationships, Urbanization, ^Overflow.
Identifiers: *Los Angeles, Flood control.
The Los Angeles flood control system, comprised of 19 dams, 72 debris
basins, 390 miles of channels, and 1200 miles of storm drains, faired
well during the floods of January and February 1969. Although the
rainfall intensities did not equal that from the storm of 1938, the
high runoff is attributed to the urbanization of the affected area and
to the quicker delivery of valley flows by the network of storm drains
and collector channels. The storm experience reaffirmed the adequacy
of the general design of the system. The effective handling methods
of dams, debris basins, and channels in relation to runoff are discussed.
545
A LABORATORY STUDY OF SURFACE RUNOFF DUE TO MOVING RAINSTORMS,
Ben Chie Yen and Yen Te Chow
Water Resources Res, Vol 5, No 5, p 989-1006, Oct 1969. 18 p, 7 fig,
13 ref. NSF Grant GK-1155.
Descriptors: *Rainfall-runoff relationships, *Runoff forecasting,
*Rainfall disposition, Hydrographs, Hydrograph analysis, Distribution
patterns, Mathematical models.
The movement of a rainstorm determines the spatial and temporal distri-
butions of the rainfall over a watershed and hence affects the character-
istics of the flow on the watershed. In this study the importance of the
movement of rainstorms on the time distribution of the surface runoff from
watersheds is demonstrated-through the use of a laboratory watershed ex-
perimentational system. Experiments were performed on the impervious
square watershed for 2 rainfall intensities, 4 surface slopes, and 14
rainstorm velocities. Analysis of the mechanics of water flowing on
watersheds is attempted to explain the influence of movement of rainstorms
on the characteristics of surface runoff hydrographs.
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546
THE HYDROGEOLOGIST'S RESPONSIBILITY-METROPOLITAN WATER RESOURCE PLANNING,
Arthur J. Zeizel
Trans Am Geophys Union, Vol 49, No 3, pp 543-547, Sep 1968. 2 ref.
Descriptors: ^Urbanization, *Water resources development, Planning,
*Water management (applied).
Identifiers: *Urban hydrology.
As the population of the United States is changing from a predominantly
rural to urban society, so the traditional role of the hydrogeologist
is changing. Needs for this services are reflecting the requirements
of comprehensive water resources management programs. This trend toward
urbanization is also creating complex water problems and related land
problems. Comprehensive water resources planning offers a means of
solving these problems and improving the living environment. Its emphasis
is on alternative management measures that can best be planned and
evaluated by interdisciplinary study teams, teams that should include
the hydrogeologist. Urban drainage management programs need additional
supporting research in urban hydrology, and the hydrogeologist can
contribute broadly in planning these research and management activities,
particularly for projects in stormwater storage, infiltration, and reuse.
Hydrogeologists can also assist in solving engineering problems encountered
during construction of dams, tunnels, reservoirs, lakes, and canals. The
inadequate communication that now exists between the hydrogeologist and
the planner can be improved by a closer working relationship.
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Section 10
TUNNELS: TECHNOLOGY AND EQUIPMENT
289
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547
CHICAGO SANITARY DISTRICT IN NEW POLLUTION FIGHT,
Civil Eng, Vol 37, No 10, p 98, Oct 1967.
Descriptors: *Tunnel construction, *Storm runoff, *Sewage , *Tunnels.
Identifiers: ^Chicago, Illinois.
As part of Metropolitan Chicago's ten-year program to combat water
pollution, a deep tunnel sewage plant is being proposed for completion
by 1972 to store excess floodwaters from severe rainstorms in under-
ground chambers. Stormwater runoff will be prevented from entering
sanitary sewers, and the water will later be released under controlled
conditions. The estimated cost of the deep tunnel project is $750
million, which is much less than the $3-billion it would cost to con-
struct separate storm and sanitary sewage systems. Other proposed pro-
grams include chlorination of all facilities by 1968, elimination of
visible solids by 1969, and construction of a tertiary waste-treatment
plant in Hanover, 111. by 1971.
548
BREAKTHROUGH ON SECOND MERSEY ROAD TUNNEL AS WORK COMMENCES ON DUPLICATE,
Civil Eng Public Works Rev, Vol 65, No 765, p 378, Apr 1970.
Descriptors: *Tunneling, *Tunneling machines, *Tunnel linings, *Linings,
*Concretes, *Steel, *Epoxy resins, Construction equipment.
Identifiers: *Great Britain, *Mole, *Mini Mole.
A mole tunneling machine was used to excavate through sandstone rock
between Liverpool and Birkenhead. The tunnel was lined with a segmented
type of lining made up of reinforced concrete acting compositely with an
inner steel skin. It was then covered with a high-build epoxy protective
coating. A duplication of the tunnel is to be built for which a Mini
Mole has been desinged for driving a 2,202- yard pilot tunnel. A descrip-
tion of the Mini Mole is given.
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549
STANDARD EQUIPMENT, MODIFIED TECHNIQUES DRILL HOLES IN ROCK,
Construct Methods Equip, Vol 52, No 3, pp 100-101, Mar 1970. 4 fig.
Descriptors: *Rock excavation, *Drilling equipment, *Pipelines, *Tunnels,
Tunnel construction.
Identifiers: *Sanitary sewers, *Skokie, Illinois.
Kenny Construction Co. in Skokie, Illinois undertook the horizontal
boring of over 500 feet of major-size holes through tough rock. The
tunnels will carry fire lines, pipelines for petroleum products, and
sanitary sewers. The job was completed successfully with conventional
overburden drilling machines. Special effort and skill was used in
applying and maintaining cutting heads, keeping the bore aligned, and
strengthening an auger to carry cuttings back to an ejector.
550
EXCAVATOR OPENS BORE WITH CLEAN SWEEP FORE AND AFT,
Construct Methods Equip, Vol 50, No 10, pp 64-65, 67-68, Oct 1969. 2 fig,
Descriptors: *Drilling, *Tunnels, *Tunnel construction, Control systems,
Hydraulic equipment, Tunnel linings, Concrete construction, Tunneling
machines.
Identifiers: *Sewer tunnel, *Akron, Ohio.
Drilling and shooting operations drove a tunnel borer through sandstone
while an hydraulic-excavator worked in the earth section of sand, clay,
and gravel to complete a sewer tunnel in Akron, Ohio. The excavator
had a boom-mounted blade dig and then sweep muck to a conveyor that
dumped into a skip on rails. Hydraulic jacks thrust the excavator for-
ward and steered it laterally and vertically. Laser beam sightings kept
the machine on course. Techniques used to bore the tunnel are described
in detail. Once the tunnel was driven, sewer pipe was pulled in and
laid on a poured concrete cradle. Concrete was then pumped down shafts
into the space between the pipe and tunnel lining.
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551
JACKS SAVE DAY FOR TEXAS TUNNELER,
Construct Methods Equip, Vol 51, No 9, pp 90-93, Sep 1969. 7 fig.
Descriptors: *Tunneling, *Tunnel construction, ^Tunneling machines.
Identifiers: *Pipe jacking, *Reaining auger, Houston, Texas.
To tunnel and line three oversized utility conduits under a Houston
street, the subcontractor resorted to pipe-jacking instead of machine-
tunneling when crews were unable to hold the boring rig on the center-
line. The subcontractor planned to use a rig that was custom-built for
a Dallas storm-drain project. With the addition of a shield over the
auger, the job was attempted in Houston's soft earth. After the centering
trouble stopped work, the remaining tunnels were completed by mining with
pneumatic shovels and jacking the liners into place with the subcontrac-
tor's designed equipment.
552
PIPELAYER MINIMIZES TRENCHING AND BACKFILLING,
Construct Methods Equip, Vol 51, No 8, pp 42-45, Aug 1969.
Descriptors: ^Tunneling, *Tunnel construction, ^Tunneling machines,
*Installation, Pipelines.
Identifiers: *Badger Minor, *Tugmaster, *Galveston, Texas.
The first domestic water system for the Gulf Coast resort area near
Galveston is being installed with two trenchless pipelaying methods
known as the "pull through" and the "slow in" techniques. Basically,
both involve tunneling through the ground and pulling long strings of
pipe through the bore with very little disturbance of the ground at the
surface. The principal pieces of equipment used on this job are the
Badger Minor and the Tugmaster. The functions of these pieces are
described and the two methods of pipe installation are explained.
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553
THE ART OF TUNNELING,
Construct Methods Equip, Vol 51, No 7, pp 143-146, Jul 1969. 1 fig.
Descriptors: *Tunneling.
Identifiers: *Mechanical tunneling, *Tunneling techniques, *Tunneling
analysis.
Present and future demands for tunneling are enormous, especially for
construction of rail lines, highways, sewers, and water-lines. These
demands require that costs be cut and processes speeded up. Mechanical
tunneling seems to answer these needs, but problems with it remain to be
solved. Mechanical moles do not run at the high speed desired, and hard
rock often resists machines' efforts. Other problems cited include:
inadequate muck-handling systems, a need for development of geological
techniques to provide tunnelers with better information as to what is
lying ahead, a need for better rock-mechanics techniques for measuring
subsurface stresses around boreholes and tunnels, and improvement in
methods for supporting tunnels and shafts against cave-ins. The
following new techniques for tunneling are discussed: use of surface-
active chemical agents or lasers to weaken the rock face, electron beams
for cutting rock, pulsed supersonic water jets from an air-powered
cannon, and electrohydarulics—a method of converting electrical energy
into mechanical energy.
554
PRODUCTION UP, COST DOWN,
Construct Methods Equip, Vol 51, No 5, pp 54-58, May 1969. 8 fig.
Descriptors: *Sewers, *Installation, Control systems, Comparative costs,
Concrete pipes.
Identifiers: *Chicago, *Mole.
A mechanical mole is breaking the way for the placement and jacking of a
two-mile sewer project in the Metropolitan Sanitary District of Greater
Chicago (MSD). Long jacking distances are achieved by overmining a few
inches and using bentonite slurry as a pipe lubricant. Part of the good
production rate can be attributed to installation of track for mucking
equipment inside the pipe before it is lowered through access shafts to
crews below. Workings of the mole and jack are explained. An electric-
gas laser provides accurate control for rapid mining and jacking opera-
tion, as its beam is sloped to follow the required grade. The laser also
aligns the pipe vertically and horizontally. District engineers com-
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pared costs of installing the 5%-foot precast-concrete pipe using the
jacking method against the cost of installing the 5^-foot monolithic
concrete sewer in a tunnel using conventional methods of machine mining,
and the jacking method was found to be less expensive.
555
SEWER MOLE TRIMS COST OF TUNNEL RIBS AND CONCRETE,
Construct Methods Equip, Vol 48, No 5, pp 93-95, May 1966.
Descriptors: *Tunneling, *Tunneling machines, ^Investigations, *Tunnel
construction.
Identifiers: *Sewer tunnel, St. Louis, Missouri.
In a comparative study between the mechanical tunneling method and the
drill-and-shoot method, five distinct advantages in mechanical boring
were reported by Victor J. Scaravilli, a contractor on a St. Louis sewer
tunnel. A description of the 23,000-foot sewer tunnel which the S&M
Constructors of Cleveland are boring for the Metropolitan St. Louis
Sewer District is included.
556
PAVED WAY FOR TRANSCONA'S LONG HOLE,
Eng Contract Record, Vol 82, No 10, pp 58-60, Oct 1969. 1 diag.
Descriptors: *Sewers, *Tunnels, ^Tunneling, *Tunnel design, Planning,
Construction.
Identifiers: *Storm sewer, Canada.
BACM Industries Ltd. in Winnipeg built the largest and longest sewer
tunnel ever contracted in Manitoba. This storm relief project is de-
scribed in a brochure they mailed to all residents in the area. The
basic construction plan involved the sinking of 10 shafts to a depth of
34 feet at regular intervals, the sewer being tunnelled outward from
each shaft and connected to form one long tunnel. The soft-mining
method was employed, and no problems were encountered except for the
high water table created during spring because of flooding conditions
above ground. This was overcome by boxing off the area and using sump
pumps to divert the water until workers were finished in that area.
Tunneling procedures used are discussed, including the open cut method
employed for a portion of the storm relief sewer.
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557
JET, MOLE TEAM SEEKS TUNNELING BREAKTHROUGH,
Eng News-Record, Vol 184, No 4, p 48, Jan 22, 1970.
Descriptors: *Tunneling machines, *Construction equipment.
Identifiers: *Mole.
A mole that uses high velocity jets of water to cut rock has been
produced. The machines are pulsed devices in which gas, after being
compressed in a cylinder, is suddenly released to act as a piston. The
piston drives against water in a pressure head to force it out through
a nozzle in a jet. Two versions of this tunneling device are examined.
558
LASER STEERS BIG MOLE IN BAD ROCK UNDER LAKE,
Eng News-Record, Vol 184, No 2, pp 26-28, Jan 8, 1970. 1 diag.
Descriptors: *Tunneling, *Tunneling machines, *Tunnels, ^Control
systems.
Identifiers: *Mole, *Laser beam control, *Lake Huron.
A mole tunneling machine, the biggest and most sophisticated ever built
by Lawrence Manufacturing Company, is rapidly boring a six-mile tunnel
out under Lake Huron for water conveyance to Detroit. Dimensions and
operating techniques for the mole are described. Called an Alkirk Hard
Rock Tunneler, the rig is unusual because of the 24-in.-dia. pilot bit
and anchor jutting out of its main cuttethead which mounts carbide
cutters. Laser guiding of the mole is used; in effect, the laser beam
controls the machine. Should something interrupt the beam, or the laser
itself fail to function, four potentiometers act as a holding mechanism
that maintains the mole on the last recorded position for fifteen
minutes. Completion of the tunnel is expected to be by 1971, but ground
conditions and legal entanglements have placed the project behind
schedule. It is hoped that the mole will improve this situation.
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559
THOMPSON RIVER MOLE BORE IS THE LONGEST IN HARD ROCK,
Eng News-Record, Vol 183, No 5, p 18, Jul 31, 1969.
Descriptors: ^Tunneling, *Tunneling machines, *Tunnel design,
^Construction equipment, *Tunnels.
Identifiers: *Mole, ^Australia.
A 12-mile tunnel, which will divert water from the Thompson River
through 3,600-ft. Mount Gregory to the Yarra River, is a 24 million
dollar project. The project has three stages: 1) excavation of the
Thompson and Yarra adits (totaling 3,260 feet); 2) excavation of the
1,390 foot Easton adit, and a 2.9 mile section of the main tunnel be-
tween the Easton and Thompson adits; and, 3) boring of the 9.1 mile
main tunnel using the mole.
560
MOLE BREAKS THROUGH AFTER 293-FT. DAY AND 1,114-FT WEEK,
Eng News-Record, Vol 183, Ho 4, pp 28-29, Jul 24, 1969.
Descriptors: *Bids, *Tunnel construction, ^Tunneling machines, Tunnel
design, Cost comparisons.
Identifiers: *Mole.
The Utah Construction and Mining Co.'s mole boring machine, called Jarva
Mark 11-1200, averaged 109 feet per day at an estimated $15/ft. cutter
cost. Remarks made by the project manager which encompass the operation
of the mole and the construction design, are included. A cost comparison
of the different contract bids is given.
561
PIPES JACKED BEHIND MINI-MOLE,
Eng News-Record, Vol 182, No 20, pp 45-46, May 15, 1969.
Descriptors: *Sewers, *Cost comparisons, *Tunneling machines, ^Tunneling.
Identifiers: *Mini Mole, *Chicago, *Mole.
A mining machine, which jacks concrete pipe sections immediately behind
it, is being used to build a sewer in suburban Chicago. The technique,
commonly used to avoid cut-and-cover construction across highways and
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railroads, entails building a two mile sanitary sewer under a $2.9
million contract. The procedure involved is explained, and a cost com-
parison study of mining and jacking the 66-inch diameter pipe into place,
with a 78-inch-ID reinforced concrete sewer using conventional methods
of machine mining, ribs, lagging and monolithically placed concrete, is
given.
562
MOLE MAKES MONKEY OF MOUNTAIN,
Eng News-Record, Vol 181, No 50, p 19, Dec 12, 1968.
Descriptors: *Nevada, *Drilling, *Tunneling machines, ^Construction
equipment.
Identifiers: *Mole.
A mole machine, working in everchanging igneous formations that range in
compressive strength from 1500 to 1700 psi, is driving a tunnel through
a Nevada mountain. Called the Jarva Mark 11/14, the unit develops
866,000 Ib. of thrust, and has an adjustable cutterhead that will handle
tunnels from 11 to 14 feet in diameter.
563
PIPELAYER PLOWS SEWER IN QUICKLY,
Eng News-Record, Vol 181, No 5, p 44, Aug 1, 1968.
Descriptors: *Tunneling machines, *Tunnel construction, Tunneling.
Identifiers: *Great Britain.
A British company has applied the principle of the cablelaying plow to
place pipes, and claims to have halved the cost of a sewer project in
northeast England. The track-mounted machine, called a Badger Major,
forces a passage through the ground without removing any soil. Then
plastic pipe is snaked through the tunnel, which has a wall surface
free of sharp stones that might damage the pipe. A hydraulic winch,
guided by an infrared beam emitted from a portable transmitter mounted
atop of the winch, hauls the plow forward. The rig will work in all
types of ground except rock.
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564
MOLE BORES AT 16 FEET PER HOUR,
Eng News-Record, Vol 179, No 42, p 29, Oct 19, 1967.
Descriptors: *Drilling, *Drilling equipment, *Tunnel construction.
Identifiers: *Mole, West Germany -
A mechanical mole excavating under West Germany's Swabian Jura range has
a cutting head made up of four rotating steel-toothed cutting wheels
mounted on a rotating base. On the vertical axis, the operator of the
mole steers by raising or lowering the cutting head; and horizontally,
the mole is steered with the aid of small crawler tracks. A laser
control system keeps the mole on course.
565
DEEP TUNNEL STORAGE MAY SOLVE CITY STORM WATER PROBLEM,
Environ Sci Technol, Vol 3, No 3, pp 209-211, Mar 1969.
Descriptors: *Storm runoff, ^Pollution abatement, *Sewage treatment,
*Runoff, *Cost comparisons, *Cost analysis, *Water quality, Overflow,
Biochemical oxygen demand.
Identifiers: *Deep tunnel plan, *Chicago, Combined sewers.
The Metropolitan Sanitary District of Greater Chicago (MSD) has a plan
devised for the control of pollution from storm and combined sewer water
runoff — the Chicagoland Deep Tunnel Project. This plan would: cap-
ture flow from a 300 square-mile section; cost approximately $1.02
billion ($.02 billion more than the present sewage treatment facilities'
cost); and, almost completely remove BOD from the stormwater runoff at
h the cost of available alternatives. The Harza Engineering Co. and
Bauer Engineering Inc. are the two consulting firms working on the pro-
ject which may develop into a $2.2 billion water quality program. Com-
ments by Vinton Bacon, general manager of the sanitary district, are
made on the urgency of the project, the necessary reasons for the
project, and the benefits from the project. A cost list is given as
well as a short description of the tunnel system layout.
566
MODERN TUNNELING METHODS USED ON BOLTON SEWER,
Surveyor, Vol 85, No 4049, p 38, Jan 16, 1970. 1 fig,
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Descriptors: *Tunneling, *Sewers, *Tunnel construction, *Tunnel design,
*Tunneling machines.
Identifiers: *Great Britain.
Fifteen years ago, a Radcliff sewer connection by tunnel was more expen-
sive than a riverside route on the surface. However, developments in
tunneling made it possible for a tunnel route to provide savings over
the sewer's probable life. So, a %-mile long sewage tunnel was con-
structed. Blasting was used for the greater part of the length, and
excavated materials were removed by means of an electrically-driven small
gauge railway. Instead of employing compressed air for shaft sinking, a
recently developed boring technique was used. The method is fully
described along with other construction and installation procedures.
567
METRO TORONTO TO START $22 MILLION SEWER PROJECT,
Water Pollution Control, Vol 108, No 3, p 38, Mar 1970.
Descriptors: *Design, *Tunnel construction, *Tunnel linings, Urbaniza-
tion, Contracts .
Identifiers: *Interceptor sewer, *Storm sewers, *Canada.
McNally Construction was recently awarded a $5 million contract for the
first phase of work on a 10-foot diameter mid-Toronto storm sewer inter-
ceptor. $22 million is the estimated cost of the 8.5 mile project which
consists of a 100-foot below surface tunnel. Concrete will be used for
tunnel lining and can be poured at any time except when boring under the
Don River when it must be poured immediately to prevent cave-ins. A
pumping station will be rebuild to connect the low and high level inter-
ceptors to the project interceptor, thus relieving pressure on the two
older storm sewers.
568
MOLE SETS FAST PACE IN NEVADA ROCK,
Western Construct, Vol 43, No 12, pp 38-39 and 52, Dec 1968.
Descriptors: *Mechanical equipment, *Nevada.
Identifiers: Mole.
The rotary mining machine, driving the River Mountains' Tunnel of the
Southern Nevada Water Project, is advancing 200 feet per day through
barrier mountains bounding Lake Mead. The Jarva mole, which is 12 feet
in diameter and has a cutting head with 26 hardened steel disk cutting
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wheels and I center and 4 tri-cone gage cutters of carbide steel, is
used to drill through the rock. The business end of the mole is held in
place during operation by four hydraulic feet behind the cutting collar.
569
THE IMPACT OF THE DEEP TUNNEL PLAN ON THE WATER RESOURCES OF NORTHEAST
ILLINOIS,
Harza Engineering Co and Bauer Engineering, Inc.
Rep to Chicago Metrop Sanit Dist, Feb 1969. 20 p, 6 fig, 1 append.
Descriptors: *Water pollution control, *Storm runoff, *Tunnels, *Hydrologic
aspects, Storm drains, Pumped storage, Groundwater, Aquifers, Illinois,
Cities, Urbanization.
Identifiers: ^Chicago, Deep tunnel plan, Combined sewers.
The possible effects of the proposed Chicago deep tunnel urban runoff
retention scheme on the water resources of northeastern Illinois were
estimated by surveying the hydrogeology, surface water hydrology, and
groundwater development of the area. Chicago has a combined sewer
system, and storm runoff overloads cause discharge of raw sewage to
waterways including recreational areas of Lake Michigan. A system of
deep tunnels and protective recharge wells is proposed for temporary
storage of peak combined loads. The system is expected to release
treated storm runoff at a steady rate, greatly regulating the streamflow
of receiving streams. High groundwater heads must be maintained to pre-
vent loss of contaminated water from the tunnels, requiring good ground-
water management practices for the entire area.
570
CHICAGOLAND DEEP TUNNEL SYSTEM FOR POLLUTION AND FLOOD CONTROL: FIRST
CONSTRUCTION ZONE, DEFINITE PROJECT REPORT,
Harza Engineering Co and Bauer Engineering Inc, May 1968.
Work performed for Metropolitan Sanitary District of Greater Chicago.
199 p, 10 map, 15 dwg, 26 tab, 14 chart.
Descriptors: *Multiple-purpose projects, ^Pollution abatement, *Flood
control, Overflow, Pumped storage, Operations, Sewerage, Water quality,
Reservoir operation, Water treatment, Costs, Financing.
Identifiers: *Deep tunnel plan, *Calumet Area, Illinois, *Chicago,
Illinois, Storm overflows.
The deep tunnel system is a multipurpose project to capture polluted
storm overflows, treat them, and gradually return them to the waterways,
The system, when not in use, pumps water to generate power. Chapter
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one briefly describes the program for the entire Chicago area. Selection
of the Calumet area as the first construction zone is justified. The
investigations program for the zone is described. Chapter Two gives the
general concept of the plan, summarily describes project features, and
discusses operation of the entire system. Chapter Three discusses exist-
ing waterflows. It examines the service area, waterways, the existing
combined sewer system, flooding problems, hydrological aspects of com-
bined sewer overflows, and quality of overflows. Chapter Four through
Eight discusses project features at length; chapter Four covering the
interception and conveyance structures; Five, the mined storage reser-
voir; Six, the pumping-generating station; Seven, the surface reservoir
•and regulating facilities; and Eight, water treatment facilities and
processes. Chapter Nine discusses overall system operation. Chapter
Ten defines alternatives and provisions for expansion. Chapter Eleven
outlines project implementation and cost estimates. The last two chap-
ters summarize and justify the project, and discuss its financing.
571
UNDERFLOW PLAN FOR POLLUTION AND FLOOD CONTROL IN THE CHICAGO
METROPOLITAN AREA,
Depart of Public Works, City of Chicago, Metro Sanit District of Greater
Chicago, and Depart of Public Works and Buildings, State of Illinois.
In: Combined Sewer Overflow Abatement Technology. Water Pollution
Control Research Series, Report 11024—06/70, pp 139-218, Jun 1970.
20 fig, 9 tab, 8 ref.
Descriptors: *Project planning, ^Overflow, Waste water treatment,
*Tunnels, Water pollution control, Flood control, Storm runoff, Sewers,
Cost analysis.
Identifiers: *Chicago, Combined sewers.
The spillages of polluted water from combined sewers in time of storms
has been the subject of this report. Three separate schemes have been
described for solving these flooding and pollution problems in the
Chicago area, namely: Underflow Storage Plan, the Deep Tunnel Plan, and
the Chicago Drainage Plan. A complete description of the Underflow-
Storage Plan has been presented which will reduce the spillage of pollu-
tants to the surface waterways by over 98.5% and provide the necessary
flood control to handle the 100-year frequency storm. Recommendation
for the starting of the First Phase of this plan is emphasized, and the
estimated costs involved are given.
301
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572
COMBINED UNDERFLOW-STORAGE PLAN FOR POLLUTION AND FLOOD CONTROL IN THE
CHICAGO METROPOLITAN AREA,
Depart of Public Works, Chicago, 111. Bureau of Eng
City of Chicago Dep Public Works, Bur Eng Rep, Sep 196$. 43 p, 13
exhibit, 6 tab.
Descriptors: *Storm runoff, *Waste water treatment, *Water pollution
control, *Tunnels, *Illinois, Urbanization, Sewers, Sewage treatment,
Drainage systems, Storm drains, Cost analysis.
Identifiers: Combined sewers, Chicago.
The basic concept of the Chicago Underflow-Storage Plan for Pollution
and Flood Control is the use of a pattern of underground tunnels. These
tunnels would be sized to provide a linear distribution of storage volume,
and a conveyance capacity in a single pattern of cleansable tunnels with-
out the necessity for supplemental storage or power development. All
water remaining in the underground tunnels after each storm period will
be pumped directly to the existing treatment works. The underflow-con-
veyance capacity takes advantage of the lowered water levels to be
established in the Illinois Waterway at Lockport for flood control and
improved navigation. The basic features of the Underflow-Storage Plan
include: (1) 18,000 acre-feet of underground storage; (2) a combined
outflow capacity by underflow and overflow of about 43,000 cfs; (3)
sufficient underground storage for any storm having a frequency of re-
currence up to 100 years. The total capital cost of the proposed Com-
bined Underflow-Storage Plan is estimated to be $650,000,000.
573
FLOOD AND POLLUTION CONTROL: A DEEP TUNNEL PLAN FOR THE CHICAGOLAND
AREA,
Metropolitan Sanitary District of Greater Chicago, 111.
Prefeasibility Report, May 1966. 61 p, 11 map, 5 tab, 7 append.
Descriptors: *Flood control, *Pollution abatement, Underground storage,
*Cost comparisons, ^Estimated costs, Design criteria, Sewers, Drains,
Reservoirs, Feasibility studies, Overflow, Project planning, Comparative
benefits, Estimated benefits, Pumped storage.
Identifiers: *Deep tunnel plan, *Chicago.
The prefeasibility report reviews six alternative underground storage
plans and recommends a comprehensive deep tunnel plan. Engineering de-
sign criteria for the plan are considered, which include lateral sewers,
new main sewers, vertical drains, an underground reservoir, pumped-
storage power, a surface reservoir, and pollution treatment. The costs
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of underground excavation, of plan components, and of contingency and
overhead are given. Comparative flood control benefits are discussed ir
terms of basement flooding, flooding of industrial areas, land enhance-
ment, and flood reduction on the waterway system. Alternative costs are
given. The report gives comparative costs for two methods of storing
and treating combined overflows. Possibilities of a better scheme of
separating storm and sanitary sewers must be investigated. Potential
benefits and costs of tertiary and space treatment require further
investigation. Appendices discuss extensively hydrology, geology, water
quality, aquifer protection, power, costs, and benefits.
574
CHICAGO TUNNEL DRAINAGE PROJECT: PRELIMINARY EVALUATION OF FEASIBILITY,
Metro politan Sanitary District of Greater Chicago, 111.
Preliminary Study, May 1964. 33 p, 5 map, 9 tab, 3 chart.
Descriptors: *Project planning, ^Drainage programs, Underground storage,
*Flood protection, Sewerage, Storage capacity, Construction, Reservoirs,
Construction costs, Annual costs, Financing, Pollution abatement, Sedi-
ment control.
Identifiers: ^Chicago, Illinois.
Approximately a third of the preliminary study describes the project
plan, another third economics, and the final third problems for investi-
gation. It recommends that an underground storage system, combined with
storage in a higher level sewer system, be designed for the Chicago
flood of record. Capacities, types, and construction of proposed storage
structures are discussed. The pumped storage facilities of the project
would release water to the lower reservoir during peak power load periods
and pump it back to the upper reservoir during off-peak hours. Layout,
storage capacity, and alternative locations are discussed.
575
DEVELOPMENT OF TUNNELING METHODS AND CONTROLS FOR WATER RESOURCE
PROJECTS,
Ellis L. Armstrong
Paper presented at the ASCE—Water Resources Eng Conf, Feb 1969.
Descriptors: *Tunnel construction, *Tunneling, *Tunneling machines,
Tunnel failure, Tunnel linings, Tunnels, Cost comparisons, Laser, Cost
trends, Rock bolts.
Identifiers: Tunnel supports, Blasting.
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Improvements in equipment and methods during the past 15 yr have kept
tunnel excavation costs from appreciable increases while the general
construction cost index has doubled. Tunnel drilling rates have in-
creased to about 300 ft/wk today. The concept of boring machines to
drill tunnels has made the greatest advance in the last 5 years. A
table lists the major completed mole tunneling projects. Cost savings
up to 40% over conventional drill-shootmuck cycle methods can be proven.
The requirement for and types of tunnel supports being used are discussed
Improvements and advances are expected in tunnel linings because the
excavation rate has surpassed the lining rate. A laser beam is an ex-
cellent control method for precision drilling with a boring machine.
Tunneling safety has progressed to a satisfactory level.
576
STORM DRAINAGE ASPECTS OF THE DEEP TUNNEL PLAN,
W. J. Bauer
Proc AISI Seminar, 111 Inst Technol, Oct 8, 1968. 29 p, 10 fig, 5 tab.
Descriptors: *Water pollution control, *Storm runoff, *Pumped storage,
*Tunnels, ^'Illinois, Hydroelectric power, Costs, Cost-benefit analysis,
Storm drains.
Identifiers: ^Chicago.
The proposed Chicago deep tunnel plan would provide temporary storage of
storm runoff from combined sewers to allow steady low-volume treatment
and prevent discharge of raw sewage to surface waters. The total cost is
estimated to be 242-446 million dollars. Operating costs are expected
to be very low because the facility will be large enough to use profit-
ably as a peak-demand pumped storage hydroelectric plants. Storm runoff
will be only a small part of the total movement of water. The design
and cost analysis of the project are described briefly.
577
RECENT TUNNEL EXCAVATION WITH BORING MACHINES,
D. E. Cannon
Civil Eng, Vol 37, No 8, pp 45-48, Aug 1967. 3 tab.
Descriptors: *Tunneling machines, ^Drilling, *Routing, *Rock excavation,
^Tunneling.
Identifiers: *Mole, *Machine comparison.
Mole boring machines are making tunnel excavation records on the U.S.
Bureau of Reclamation's San-Chama Project for additional water supply
304
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routes to Rocky Mountain cities of north central New Mexico. A series
of three tunnels are required for this project. Geology reports indi-
cated that the rock to be encountered—shale and sandstone—could be
economically excavated by a mole. Drilling was performed from the
surface along the tunnel alignments at roughly one mile intervals. A
main concern was whether igneous dikes or sills existed at tunnel eleva-
tion which might preclude using a boring machine. Results of the explo-
ration program were encouraging and did not indicate presence of igneous
intrusions. Advantages cited of boring machines over conventional
tunneling methods include: higher excavation rate, reduction in concrete
needs, fewer personnel requirements, safer operations, reduction in
required supports and in clean-up time. Disadvantages of mole boring
include: high initial investment; long delivery period; restriction to
softer rocks; and the requirement for a well maintained ventilation
system, an accurate guidance system, and expert surveying technicians.
578
'MOLE' KEEPS TRAFFIC ON THE MOVE,
Don Carter
Public Works, Vol 101, No 2, pp 82-83, Feb 1970.
Descriptors: *Drainage, *Storm runoff, ^Tunneling machines, Tunnel
construction, Repairing.
Identifiers: *Tulsa, Oklahoma, *Mole,.Storm sewers, Laser beam control.
The first application of large bore horizontal drilling in Oklahoma
occurred in Tulsa to alleviate the storm sewer complex by tunneling a
drain which will carry off the water from accumulated storm runoffs. The
problems encountered such as breakdowns, cave-ins, and ventilation are
discussed. The laser beams and targets used to set vertical and hori-
zontal guides, and grade alignment are mentioned as the most unique
parts of the machine.
579
TUNNELING SOLVES TOUGH SEWER - CONSTRUCTION PROBLEM;
T. W. Clapham
Am City, Vol 85, No 2, pp 105-114, Feb 1970.
Descriptors: *Sewers, *Tunneling, *Tunnel construction, Tunnel linings.
Identifiers: ^Interceptor sewer, *Little Rock, Arkansas.
The encasement tunneling technique was employed when constructing a major
section of a ten-mile sanitary interceptor sewer in Little Rock, Arkansas,
The tunnel, totalling 1,776 feet in length, is discussed in relation to
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its sectional variations in length, diameter, and depth. Round-shaped,
corrugated steel plates with flanges along two sides, permitting them to
be bolted together from the inside to form adjacent rings, were used for
building the encasement. After each tunnel was complete the concrete
sewer pipe was installed.
580
MECHANIZATION OF UNDERGROUND DRAINAGE WORK,
J. Dunglas
Houille Blanch (HOBLAB), Vol 23, No 6, pp 529-538, 1968.
Descriptors: ^Equipment, *Mole drainage, *Piping systems (mechanical).
Identifiers: *Deep drainage.
The advantages of mechanized pipe-laying equipment for deep drainage
systems are reviewed and technical features of trenching machines with
optical depth-setting and built-in pipe laying systems are described.
The adaptation of drainage system design to allow for use of mole-plow
type machines is examined.
581
WHAT'S AHEAD FOR TUNNELING MACHINES,
George Hill
J Construct Div, Am Soc Civil Engrs, Vol 94, No C02, pp 211-231, Oct
1968. 7 graphs, 4 tab, 2 diag.
Descriptors: *Tunneling, *Tunneling machines, *Tunnels, *Data Collections,
^Construction, *Drilling, Cost analysis.
Identifiers: *Tunnel use, Tunnel forecasting.
Ten years of tunnel construction data from 1955 to 1965 are reviewed to
establish particular characteristics of the past-tunneling market. These
characteristics include: (1) total footage of tunnel construction com-
pleted each year; (2) a breakdown of these tunnels according to use
(water transportation, vehicle tunnels, railroad and subway tunnels
and mining tunnels); and, (3) a profile of the 1955-1965 history of
tunneling activity and growth rates which were used in conjunction
with expert opinions and announced future tunneling expectations to
develop a forecast of 3,000 miles of worldwide-tunneling activity from
1966 to 1976. To estimate the impact of tunneling machines on the to-
tal market, a detailed cost analysis is outlined for Drill and Blast
versus Mechanical Boring. The economic comparison showed tunneling
machines to be an effective economic alternative in a significant por-
306
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tion of the future tunneling. It is estimated that tunneling machines
will complete 1,000 miles of the total 3,000 miles forecasted between
1966 and 1976.
582
THE DEEP TUNNEL PLAN FOR THE BOSTON AREA,
David R. Horsefield
J Boston Soc Civil Engrs, Vol 55, No 4, pp 231-252, Oct 1968.
2 tab, 2 graphs, 2 maps, 29 ref.
Descriptors: *Storm runoff, *0verflow, *Water pollution sources, *Dis-
charge (water), Surface runoff, *Water analysis, ^Statistics, *Water
quality, *Standards, Cost comparisons, *Tunnel design, *Costs, *Tunnel
construction, *Sewers, ^Massachusetts, Rainfall intensity, Pollution
abatement.
Identifiers: ^Combined sewers, *Deept tunnel plan, *Boston.
The Boston drainage system is discussed. The inadequacies of the com-
bined sewer system are explored and it is concluded that the overflow
of mixed sewage and stormwater from combined sewers into the waters of
Boston Harbor and adjacent waters constitutes a serious hazard to public
health. The deep tunnel plan is compared in regards to cost analysis
with other pollution control methods. As a solution to the combined
sewer problem, the deep tunnel plan will be employed so as to eliminate
pollution from waters of the Boston area and to provide a more health-
ful environment.
583
HYDRAULIC DESIGN OF UNLINED ROCK TUNNELS,
Carl J. Huval
J Hydraulics Div, Am Soc Civil Engrs, Vol 95, No HY4, p 1235-1246
Jul 1969. 12 p, 5 fig, 2 tab, 24 ref, 2 append.
Descriptors: *Tunnel hydraulics, *Tunnels, ^Hydraulic design, *Tunnel design,
Hydraulics, Mannings equation, Roughness coefficient, Hydraulic structures.
Overexcavation, Diversion structures, Hydroelectric power, Water tunnels
(conveyance), Water tunnel-s (testing), Bibliographies, Rocks.
Identifiers: *Unlined tunnels.
Many unlined rock tunnels have been built for flood flow diversion and
for hydropower tunnels where the rock is of sound quality and not greatly
jointed and fractured. The number of unlined rock tunnels will increase
in the years ahead because new methods of drilling, blasting, and muck
removal have been developed and improved to make tunnel construction more
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economical. Methods of tunnel stabilization, such as grouting and use
of rock bolts, have been improved so that many kinds of rock and diffi-
cult driving conditions can be handled more flexibly. Savings of un-
lined rock tunnels in time and cost of construction have been demonstrated
by the ready acceptance of this type of tunnel in Sweden, Norway, Australia,
and the United States. Unlined rock tunnel resistance coefficients can
be predicted by using a rock overbreak parameter. The important consider-
ations entering into design of unlined rock tunnels are summarized. The
present method of predicting hydraulic resistance is inadequate. A study
of tunnel rock overbreak experience leads to a relation between rock over-
break and tunnel size. This measure of rock overbreak provides a simple
correlation of flow resistance test results based on the fully rough flow
equation.
584
THE CHICAGO AREA DEEP TUNNEL PROJECT-A USE OF THE UNDERGROUND STORAGE
RESOURCE,
V. A. Koelzer, W. J. Bauer, and F. E. Dalton.
J Water Pollution Control Fed, Vol 41, No 4, pp 515-534, Apr 1969.
20 p, 17 fig, 1 tab.
Descriptors: *Water pollution control, *Storm drains, *Underground
storage, ^Illinois, Water pollution sources, Municipal wastes, Industrial
wastes, Sewage, Sewage treatment, Sewage disposal, Subsurface drainage.
Identifiers: Chicago.
The Greater Chicago area is plagued with recurring water pollution and
flood problems stemming from 3 sources—industry, wastewater treatment
plant effluent, and combined storm and sanitary sewer overflows. A
solution to all three sources is the Deep Tunnel Project. It will cap-
ture stormwater overflows from combined sewers, dropping them through
vertical shafts to a tunnel network. The polluted water will be con-
veyed for temporary storage in a large mined underground reservoir 800 ft.
(242 m) below the surface. Preliminary design studies including project
features, feasibility, costs, performance, and benefits, as well as oper-
ation, are discussed. Tunneling methods are included.
585
MOLE ANCHORS IN PILOT HOLE AND PULLS ITSELF AHEAD,
Michael Kolbenschlag
Construct Methods Equip, Vol 52, No 4, pp 87-88, 90-91, 94-95,
Apr 1970. 5 fig.
Descriptors: *Tunneling machines, ^Drilling, *Tunnels , *Drill holes.
Identifiers: *Mole, *Mole structure, Laser beam.
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Instead of advancing by having the cutterhead jacked against the face,
as most tunneling machines do, a Detroit hydraulic rig used a reverse
technique. This mole drilled a pilot hole in the center of the face,
locked in place an anchor concentric with the pilot-drill stem, and
then pulled itself forward hydraulically against resistance of the
anchor. The main cutterhead and pilot drill advanced simultaneously.
Water and fault zones complicated early stages of work on the water
tunnel, but the contractor hoped to make up time with the new method.
Complete descriptions are given of the structure of the machine, mucking
operations, laser guidance, and the mole's power source.
586
SUCCESSFUL OPERATION OF THE HABEGGER TUNNEL-BORING MACHINE IN HARD ROCK,
E. Lauber and H.W. Brodbeck
Schweiz Bauz (SWBAAJ), Vol 86, No 51, p 917-924, Dec, 1968. Transl from
Ger Bur Reclam Transl 812, Apr 1969. 21 p, 14 fig, 2 tab.
Descriptors: ^Tunneling machines, ^Tunneling, *Tunnel construction,
*Boring machines, Tunnels, Engineering geology, Rock excavation, Rocks,
Foreign construction, Pressure tunnels.
Identifiers: Switzerland.
The Habegger hard-rock tunneling machine was used in boring the high-
pressure water tunnel for the Juliawerk Tiefencastel Project, Switzerland.
Experiences in tunneling, machine operation, and rock cutting are discussed.
Improvements in designing cutters and developing cooled cutters are
described. The machine steering system and a helium laser directional
guide held horizontal and vertical deviations within 4 cm over 800 m.
A scraper conveyor system was modified to successfully leave a clean
floor while working in groundwater. Comparing mechanical with conven-
tional tunneling indicated that rock excavation costs are approximately
equal. Problems of what is hard rock in regard to tunneling machines,
rock properties for evaluation of rock cutting, and wear of cutters are
covered.
587
HYDRAULIC DESIGN OF SELF-CLEANING SEWAGE TUNNELS,
D.K. Lysne
J Sanit Eng Div, Am Soc Civil Engrs, Vol 95, No SA1, pp 17-36, 1969.
Descriptors: *Tunnels, *Tunnel design, Tunnel hydraulics.
Identifiers: *Tunnel cleaning method.
309
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When planning sewerage facilities for large areas, there is now a
tendency to use tunnels in place of trunk sewers, making it feasible
to transport sewage over longer distances. The author describes a
method for the hydraulic design of such tunnels, designed to be self-
cleaning; and he gives design graphs for convenience. It is pointed
out, however, that the self-cleaning feature does not necessarily
determine the optimal tunnel area. Economic considerations may be
the determining factor in regard to the self-cleaning feature, par-
ticularly for larger tunnels.
588
LASER BEAM ON MOLE SPEEDS SEWER WORK,
Alex Mair
Eng Contract Record, Vol 83, No 2, pp 44-45, Feb 1970.
Descriptors: ^Instrumentation, ^Tunneling machines, Tunneling,
Operations.
Identifiers: *Mole, *Laser beam control.
A tunnel in Edmonton is being produced at an average of 120 ft/day. A
tunnel mole and the use of a laser beam have hastened the procedure.
The practical limit on the distance the beam can travel depends on
two things: changes in direction of the line, and the amount of dust
and fog in the air in the tunnel. The mole consists of a set of ro-
tating arms with cutting teeth and a bucket wheel for catching the
loosened material. The workings of the tunnel operation are given.
589
GROUNDWATER STUDIES—CHICAGOLAND DEEP TUNNEL SYSTEM.
I.S. Papadopulos, William R. Larsen, and Forest C. Neil.
Ground Water, Vol 7, No 5, p 3-15, Sep-Oct 1969. 13 p, 16 fig, 4 tab,
10 ref.
Descriptors: *Hydrogeology, *Storm runoff, *Cities, ^Illinois, Waste
water treatment, Waste water disposal, Groundwater,. Water levels,
Seepage, Discharge (water), Hydrologic data, Aquifers, Pumped storage,
Analog models.
Identifiers: ^Chicago, Deep tunnel plan.
The Deep Tunnel System planned by the Metropolitan Sanitary District
of Greater Chicago will provide flood and pollution control for the
combined sewer areas of the Chicago region. Elements of the Deep
Tunnel System that are of main concern to the groundwater resources
310
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of the area are: the conveyance tunnels; and the mined storage reser-
voir, which will convey and store polluted stormwater overflows. The
Silurian and the Cambrian-Ordovician aquifers, in units of which these.
elements will be located, will be protected from any deleterious ef-
fects of the System by ensuring that a positive hydraulic head, causing
an inward flow, is continuously maintained around the tunnels and the
mined reservoir. In the Cambrian-Ordovician aquifer, this necessitates
that groundwater levels are maintained by artificial recharge. Ex-
tensive groundwater studies were conducted to (1) demonstrate the feasi-
bility of aquifer protection by recharge, (2) determine the needed amounts
of recharge water, and (3) estimate the seepage of groundwater into the
tunnels and mined reservoir. The studies included field investigations,
analog computer analyses and office evaluation of the collected data and
analog results. The results indicated (1) the proposed aquifer protection
is feasible, (2) the recharge requirements will vary from 1.4 mgd in 1976
to 6.0 mgd in 2010, and (3) seepage into the tunnels will be small, in
amounts that can be easily controlled.
590
INVESTIGATION PROGRAM FOR AQUIFER PROTECTION REQUIREMENTS, CHICAGOLAND
DEEP TUNNEL PLAN,
I.S. Papadopulos and R.E. Aten
Ground Water, Vol 6, No 3, pp 4-9, May-Jun 1968.
Descriptors: *Tunnel design, Investigations, *Storage, Overflow,
Testing.
Identifiers: *Chicago, Illinois.
This plan envisions temporary storage of combined sewer overflows in
a systems of tunnels excavated in solid rock, deep under the City.
After the end of a storm, stored water would be pumped to the surface
where it would be treated to remove pollution before being discharged
into waterways. Preliminary investigations indicated t-hat aquifer
protection can be provided by a system of recharge wells. Further
detailed studies, now in progress, include detailed exploratory dril-
ling, controlled aquifer tests in selected zones, pumping tests for
specific capacity in a zone to be tunneled, recharge injection tests,
and analog model analysis.
591
SHAFT BUILDERS MATCH METHODS WITH MACHINES,
Gerald Parkinson
Construct Methods Equip, Vol 51, No 4, pp 72-73, 76-77, 80-81,
Apr 1969. 11 fig.
311
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Descriptors: *Installation, *Sewers, *Storm drains, *Tunneling,
^Shafts (excavation), ^Slurries, Concrete construction.
Identifiers: *Mole, *Mexico.
In Mexico City, an area that once engulfed a lake and inherited the
problems of building on unstable ground, contractors worked to install
a new system of sewers and storm drains. To prepare for three big
moles that performed the tunneling, deep access shafts were sunk into
the ground that varies from jelly-like volcanic ash to solid rock. Most
of the contractors adopted variations of the slurry-trench system to
construct concrete walls for the access shafts. One company used a
method called "controlled flotation," by which the shaft is formed and
concreted in a series of steps—all performed at ground level, and
then it is sunk toward its final position as wall sections are added
on top. This method is described in detail as are variations used in
the slurry-displacement method. Several solutions to groundwater prob-
lems are outlined.
592
BUILDING FOR THE FUTURE—THE BOSTON DEEP-TUNNEL PLAN,
C.A. Parthum
J Water Pollution Control Fed, Vol 42, No 4, pp 500-510, Apr 1970.
2 tab, 2 graphs, 1 diag.
Descriptors: ^Overflow, *Storm runoff, ^Tunnels, *Sewage disposal,
*Sewers, ^Underground storage, Sewage, Separation techniques, Chlori-
nation.
Identifiers: *Deep tunnel plan, *Boston, Combined sewers, Holding
tanks.
A deep tunnel storage plan has been proposed to prevent pollution due
to discharge of wastewater overflows and mixed wastewater and storm-
water from the combined sewers of Boston and adjacent municipalities.
Other methods such as complete sewer separation, chlorination tanks,
and holding tanks were considered, but the deep tunnel system appeared
most economical. Construction costs were estimated at $66 million.
The proposed system consists of 17.2 miles (27 km) of 33-ft (10-m)
diam deep tunnels in a radial pattern, a pumping capacity of 2,400 cfs
(4,100 cu m/min), and a 45,000-ft (13,700-m) ocean outfall with dif-
fusers. The system is designed to handle runoff from the 15-year-fre-
quency storm of 24-hour duration within 2 days, without surcharging,
and the maximum recorded storm for Boston if surcharging is permitted.
312
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593
HYDRAULIC PROPERTIES OF SMALL UNLINED ROCK TUNNELS,
Seppo Priha
J Hydraulics Div, Am Soc Civil Eng, Vol 95, No HY4, p 1181-1209, Jul,
1969. 29 p, 27 fig, 9 tab, 10 ref, 2 append.
Descriptors: *Water tunnels (conveyance), *Tunnel hydraulics, *Tunnels,
*Roughness (hydraulic), *Hydraulic properties, Model tests, Pressure
tunnels, Hydraulic models.
Identifiers: *Un]ined tunnels, Finland.
Factors influencing hydraulic characteristics of small unlined tunnel
cross sections are presented. Investigations were performed in rock
tunnels constructed by the Helsinki City Waterworks for conveying raw
water. The length of the Silvola Reservoir entrance tunnel is 1.8 km;
the theoretical cross section is 4:5 sq m. The length of the Silvola-
Vanhakaupunki raw water tunnel is 7.6 km; the theoretical cross section
is 6 sq. m. Vertical shafts divided both tunnels into 3 parts, in all
of which cross-sectional measurements and pressure loss measurements
for different discharges were accomplished using measuring weirs and
Siemens Venturi meters. All 3 tunnels were excavated by the so-called
Swedish method in the most usual type of rock in Finland, composed mostly
of granite and gneiss.
594
HYDRAULIC PROPERTIES OF SMALL UNLINED ROCK TUNNELS,
David Ellis Wright (Discussion)
J Hydraulics Div. Am Soc Civil Engrs, Vol 96, No HY4, pp 1047-1050,
Apr 1970. 3 ref.
Descriptors: *Rock properties, ^Hydraulic properties.
Identifiers: Unlined tunnels.
The writer congratulates Seppo Priha, the original author, for presenting
further data on the hydraulic resistance of unlined rock tunnels. He
also asks several questions in order to clarify certain facts relating
to the original article. Next he discusses various assumptions and deri-
vations in the original such as: (1) the effect of section spacing on
the variation of areas; (2) the variation of overbreak with tunnel size;
(3) the relation between the resistance coefficient and the variation of
area; and (4) the effect of lining slabs on resistance.
313
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595
HYDRAULIC DESIGN OF UNLINED ROCK TUNNELS,
Skrikrishna V. Chitale, K.S. Rajagopalan, and David Ellis Wright
(Discussion)
J Hydraulics Div, Am Soc Civil Engrs, Vol 96, No HY4, pp 1060-1065,
Apr 1970. 1 fig, 3 ref.
Descriptors: *Rock properties, Hydraulic design, Roughness
(hydraulic).
Identifiers: *Unlined tunnels.
S.V. Chitale and K.S. Rajagopalan comment on Figures 2 and 3 of the
original article. Fig. 2 shows a plot of resistance coefficients for
unlined rock tunnels, and considerable scatter of data is apparent.
The authors list reasons for this scatter. Fig. 3 gives tunnel over-
break for various tunnel sizes. The authors note the difficulty involved
in using this figure to estimate overbreak depth because of the presence
of considerable scatter, and they suggest a way to improve this situation.
David Ellis Wright notes that progress will be made in designing unlined
rock tunnels only if a critical comparison is made of results on proto-
type tunnels. He lists requirements to be satisfied in order that these
results be of wider design use. He also.defines terms such as tunnel
size, overbreak, relative roughness, and equivalent sand grain diameter,
rfhich he uses in his commentary on the original paper. His comments
include opinions on the resistance equation, the relation between re-
sistance and roughness, partly-lined conduits, and data in Table 2 of
the original paper.
596
STABILITY OF TUNNELS UNDER ROCK LOAD,
L.V. Rabcewict
Water Power, Vol 21, No 6, 7, 8, p 225-229, 266-273, 297-302, Jun, Jul,
Aug, 1969. 19 p, 41 fig, 22 ref.
Descriptors: *Tunnel construction, *Tunneling, *Tunnel linings,
Tunnel failure, Tunnel design, Theoretical analysis, Bibliographies,
Model studies, Tunnels, Structural design, Stability.
Identifiers: *Austrian Tunneling Method, *Tunnel supports, Austria.
The salient feature of the New Austrian Tunneling Method is a semi-
rigid lining applied to the rock before it is damaged by loosening.
The lining, designed to reach permanent equilibrium after adjusting
to rearrangement forces, may be any material or combinations of
materials suited to the purpose. Tunnels should be driven full face
where possible in a minimum of time. Practical experience and
314
-------
theoretical investigations have proved that by using the method, rock
surrounding a cavity can be transformed into an effective carrying
member. Failure by she-ar is the only mode of collapse of a tunnel
lining when the lining extends around the entire periphery of the
tunnel section. Principles for designing linings based on failure by
shear are explained and proved by model tests. Some theoretical
analyses of the strength of linings and anchors are presented and a
design method based on data collected on shear failure is discussed.
The effect of contact between lining and rock on tunnel behavior is
examined. A type of strengthening consists of system anchoring com-
bined with shotcrete, taking advantage of the property of rock to
stabilize by yielding, is described. A tunnel and an underground
powerhouse constructed in accordance with the New Austrian Tunneling
Method are described.
597
A FLOODED TUNNEL INTERCEPTOR SYSTEM FOR THE METROPOLITAN ST. LOUIS
SEWER DISTRICT,
W.G. Shifrin, G.K. Hasegawa, and V.C. Lischer, Jr.
J Water Pollution Control Fed, Vol 39, No 3, pp 313-333, Mar 1967.
2 tab, 3 maps, 5 diag, 1 graph, 3 ref.
Descriptors: *Tunnel construction, *Drilling equipment, *Tunneling,
*Sewers, Drilling, Operations, Design.
Identifiers: *St. Louis, Missouri, *Interceptor sewer, Combined sewers
Preliminary studies showed that a flooded tunnel interceptor system
would be the most advantageous type for an area of St. Louis, Missouri.
Interceptors were designed to carry ultimate peak dry-weather flows
only, since the city has many combined sewers. The interceptors
will exclude backwater from the Mississippi River at low to moderately
high river stages. A boring machine was used for parts of the tun-
neling during construction. Operation of the system will depend on
river stage, rainfall, and the operation of an interconnected flood
protection system. Drawdown of the wet well at the terminal pumping
station will be necessary periodically to promote cleansing of the
tunnels. The system is furnished with telemetering devices and
central controls.
598
AUGER TEAMS WITH SHIELD TO CUT MIXED TUNNEL FACE,
Lorraine Smith icnn
Construct Methods Equip, Vol 52, No 1, pp 104-106, Jan 1970.
315
-------
Descriptors: *Tunneling, *Tunneling machines, *Tunnel construction.
Identifiers: *Reaming auger, *Pipe jacking.
A tunneling rig, which more than tripled production of similar equip-
ment through rock when first used on a storm drain in 1968, has been
specially built to bore through white limestone known as "Austin chalk".
A special reaming auger and shield to allow the rig to work through a
combination of soft limestone and crumbling clay was designed by
Joe B. Byrd, of the Boring & Tunneling Co. of America, Inc. A detailed
analysis of the boring by the rig followed by the jacking of concrete
pipes is given.
599
LARGE AGGREGATE SHOTCRETE CHALLENGES STEEL RIBS AS A TUNNEL SUPPORT,
Harry Sutcliffe and Cole R. McClure
Civil Eng, Vol 39, No 11, p 51-55, Nov 1969. 5 p, 3 fig, 3 photo.
Descriptors: *Tunnel linings, *Pumped concrete, *Tunnel construction,
Construction, Tunneling, Aggregates, Underground structures, Durability,
Concretes.
Identifiers: *Tunnel supports .
A growing need for underground construction exists in transportation,
pumped storage, pollution control, and defense works. The rate of
growth of tunnel construction is limited only by the higher cost when
compared to above-ground construction. A substantial portion of the
cost of underground work is in the support and lining of the excavation,
and making this area more economical is important. Any acceleration
of the rate that support or lining can be placed permits the use of
faster tunneling machines and reduces costs. Gunite, a pneumatically
applied cement mortar used in canal linings, has been used with wire-
mesh reinforcement in tunnels to prevent slaking and spalling of the
ground, with good durability and resistance to abuse. The spraying of
large-aggregate concrete was only mildly successful until European
research with chemical accelerators provided a means of controlling
the rate of strength buildup of the sprayed material. Use of acceler-
ators started the changes in application practices and furthered the
acceptance of shotcrete in underground work. First used in combination
with steel ribs and wire mesh shotcrete is used more frequently
unreinforced.
316
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SUBJECT INDEX
Abatement facilities
273
Absorption
281
Abstracts
433
Acid-resistant hose
057
Activated sludge
391, 399
Additives
135, 136
Adjudication procedure
338
Administration
256, 258, 318, 322, 328
329, 330, 361
Administrative agencies
324, 325, 328, 329, 330,
331, 332, 333, 337, 338,
340, 344, 353, 355, 356,
359
Aeration
434
Aerobic treatment
421
Aggregates
066, 599
Agricultural land runoff
285
Agriculture
460
Air-testing
059
Airport drainage
245
Airports
255
Akron, Ohio
550
Algae
201
Allowable load
056
Alternation of flow
342
Aluminum
028, 047
Anacostia River
003, 017
Anaerobic conditions
317
Analog computers
449, 513, 519
Analog models
449, 507, 519, 589
Analysis
125, 130, 135, 153, 237,
305, 419, 422, 496
Analytical models
462
Analytical techniques
095, 231, 358, 390, 455,
462, 466, 472, 520, 521
Annual costs
145, 574
Annular pipes
138
317
-------
Antecedent precipitation
462, 465
Application methods
027, 117, 152, 203, 236,
368, 390, 429
Aquatic bacteria
201
Aquifiers
396, 569, 589
Arizona
449, 511
Arlington County, Virginia
101
Artificial precipitation
106
Artificial watercourses
351
Asbestos cement
061
Asbestos-cement piping
026
Assessments
294, 328, 330, 340, 341
Austin, Texas
075, 201, 445, 519
Australia
088, 139, 207, 459, 494,
559
Austria
596
Austrian Tunneling Method
596
Automatic control
051
Average flow requirements
100
Average lag method
129
Back-wash water
368
Backfill
045, 173
Badger Major
031
Badger Minor
552
Baltimore, Maryland
537, 541
Base flow
338, 494, 500, 542
Basins
486
Bays
118
Bed loads
137
Bedding material
013
Beds
346
Belgium
122, 123
Beneficial use
206
Benefits
317, 333
Beth-Cu-Loy
032
318
-------
Bibliographies
248, 447, 461, 528, 583,
596
Bids
013, 060, 171, 173, 174,
560
Biochemical oxygen demand
393, 565
Biocontrol
057, 207, 374, 401, 416
Bioindicators
212
Biological filtration
374, 382, 401
Biological treatment
116, 161, 369, 401
Birmingham, Alabama
127
Blasting
575
Bogota, Columbia
287
Bonds
340
Boring machines
586
Boston, Massachusetts
144, 275, 582, 592
Boulder, Colorado
261
Boundaries (property)
334, 355
Brandywine, Pennsylvania
270
Brazos River basin, Texas
440
Bridges
346
Bucyrus, Ohio
307
Building plumbing separation
144, 145, 147
Bulgaria
126
Burning
455
Bypasses
112, 237, 331
Calibrations
476, 539
California
013, 204, 268, 357, 361,
365, 446, 527
Calumet area, Illinois
570
Canada
010, 119, 162, 199, 277,
496, 556, 567
Canals
299, 356
Capacitance gages
476
Capacity
042, 096, 097, 137, 140,
141, 264, 284, 375, 380
Carpathian Rivers
501
Cements
022, 050
319
-------
Cesspools
325, 334
Channel flow
250
Chlorine
426
Cincinnati, Ohio
408
Channel improvement
293, 328, 527
Channel morphology
447
Channels
134, 261, 305, 328, 351,
369
Chao Phraya River
296
Charts
330
Chemical additives
136
Chemical analysis
208, 218, 230, 358
Chemical precipitation
399
Chester County, Pennsylvania
270
Cities
156, 211, 324, 328, 332,
334, 335, 336, 340, 341,
342, 343, 344, 345, 346,
349, 350, 351, 353, 354,
355, 426, 533, 534, 535,
569, 589
City planning
163, 189, 202, 360, 378
Classification
197
Cleveland, Ohio
116
Climatic zones
501
Closed conduit flow
074, 250
Cloudbursts
326, 354
Coal filter medium
085
Chicago, Illinois
107, 172, 226, 308, 394,
396, 404, 536, 547, 554,
561, 565, 569, 570, 571,
572, 573, 574, 576, 584,
589, 590
Chippewa Falls, Wisconsin
395
Chlorides
288
Chlorination
116, 404, 408, 412, 414,
416, 424, 426, 431, 592
Coating method
053
Coliforms
202, 426
Collection system
409
Colorado River
201
Colorado River basin, Texas
442
Columbia, Maryland
371
320
-------
Combined sewage
429
Combined
005,
051,
083,
099,
146,
154,
162,
199,
254,
284,
302,
314,
398,
415,
438,
571,
sewers
006, 016,
056, 077,
085, 086,
100, 105,
149, 150,
156, 157,
163, 165,
228, 232,
266, 269,
285, 287,
307, 308,
374, 380,
403, 405,
417, 418,
456, 534,
572, 582,
035,
080,
087,
142,
151,
158,
189,
244,
273,
290,
310,
384,
412,
427,
565,
592,
042,
082,
089,
143,
152,
161,
195,
246,
275,
295,
313,
397,
413,
428,
569,
597
Comminuted sewage
165
Comminution
168
Community development
253
Comparative analysis
403, 541
Comparative benefits
573
Comparative costs
036, 045, 060, 143, 223,
304, 319, 554
Comparative productivity
045
Compressed-air lift
434
Computation aids
248
Computation forms
248
Computer control
456
Computer models
308, 462, 477, 481, 495,
507, 517, 519
Computer programs
038, 058, 188, 294, 413,
459, 481, 498
Computers
038, 473, 499
Concrete additives
053
Concrete construction
008, 013, 073, 109, 172,
550, 591
Concrete pipes
004, 013, 061, 066, 173,
174, 250, 251, 554
Concrete technology
053
Concretes
548, 599
Condemnation
324, 334, 336, 338, 346
Conduits
160, 237, 261, 314, 334,
335
Conferences
246, 254
Connecticut
324
Connecting tunnel
320
Conservation
306, 347
Conservation easements
270
321
-------
Construction
009, 010, 022, 037, 041,
047, 094, 098, 154, 164,
178, 233, 236, 283, 284,
302, 333, 340, 341, 342,
344, 355, 356, 360, 370,
376, 379, 381, 407, 410,
556, 574, 581, 599
Construction costs
002, 014, 019, 048, 111,
174, 268, 287, 290, 314,
427, 574
Construction equipment
004, 007, 008, Oil, 014,
017, 019, 023, 027, 028,
029, 033, 034, 045, 049,
050, 102, 170, 236, 300,
308, 548, 557, 559, 562
Construction grants
269
Construction materials
003, Oil, 012, 013, 021,
022, 023, 025, 026, 028,
030, 032, 033, 034, 039,
040, 044, 047, 048, 050,
057, 060, 061, 065, 083,
148, 170, 171, 173, 176,
236, 283, 300
Construction problems
037
Construction projects
360
Contracts
010, 164, 172, 324, 336,
342, 567
Control
324
Control structures
068, 107, 164, 198, 244,
400
Control systems
008, 044, 068, 076, 087,
164, 226, 244, 400, 403,
427, 428, 550, 554, 558
Controlled drainage
245, 379, 380
Convective storms
475
Conversion charts
015
Conveyance structures
341, 351
Convolution relationship
524
Copper tubing
160
Correlation analysis
453, 483, 489
Corrosion
066
Corrugated steel
243
Cost allocation
333, 341
Cost analysis
007, 020, 036, 089, 136,
144, 145, 147, 160, 180,
194, 241, 267, 319, 336,
371, 410, 430, 565, 571,
572, 581
Cost-benefit analysis
075, 290, 291, 333, 576
Cost-benefit theory
333, 341
Cost comparisons
012, 172, 241, 560, 561,
565, 573, 575, 582
322
-------
Cost-effectiveness analysis
036
Cost repayment
341
Cost trends
241, 575
Costs
013, 035, 043, 082, 135,
171, 177, 222, 241, 267,
274, 308, 317, 333, 340,
341, 376, 381, 420, 570,
576, 582
Couplings
242
Cranes
009
Cresylic acid
409
Culvert sizing
251
Culverts
009, 033, 240, 247, 251,
256, 326, 343
Curb and gutter design
256, 260
Currents (water)
376
Curved sewers
284
Dallas, Texas
439, 538
Damages
169, 170, 191, 303, 326,
331, 335, 339, 349, 351,
354
Dams
263, 329, 338
Data collections
033, 070, 090, 138, 141,
167, 168, 195, 204, 220,
253, 396, 439, 440, 441,
442, 443, 444, 445, 447,
465, 473, 475, 483, 493,
505, 525, 533, 535, 536,
537, 538, 541, 581
Data processing
502
Data storage and retrieval
058, 193
Dayton, Ohio
184
Decision making
175, 291
Deep drainage
580
Deep sewers
185
Deep tunnel plan
275, 308, 396, 565, 569,
570, 573, 582, 589, 592
Degritting tank
414
Delaware
325
Demand variations
167
Demineralization
425
Demonstration grants
310
Demonstration projects
246
Demonstration watersheds
450, 511
323
-------
Denver
255, 256, 257, 258, 259
Deposition (sewage sediments)
168
Detention reservoirs
255, 261, 314
Detergents
367
Depth-area-duration analysis
515, 517, 538
Deterioration
235
Design
010,
034,
062,
082,
107,
144,
152,
180,
237,
281,
313,
389,
406,
597
015,
038,
069,
088,
114,
145,
154,
181,
238,
283,
371,
390,
426,
016,
041,
070,
093,
115,
146,
161,
188,
262,
287,
378,
394,
436,
019,
050,
078,
097,
119,
147,
177,
224,
274,
301,
379,
397,
503,
033,
056,
079,
098,
123,
150,
178,
236,
279,
308,
388,
402,
567,
Detroit, Michigan
368, 427
Developing countries
392
Development
056
Digital computers
297, 456, 462, 481, 482,
498
Discharge (water)
275, 342, 363, 376, 423,
Design criteria
021, 040, 072, 082, 092,
134, 167, 168, 181, 187,
238, 247, 256, 257; 259,
260, 291, 305, 315, 377,
473, 573
Design data
073, 236, 238, 240, 242,
381
Design flood
461, 503
Design flow
240, 313
Design pressure conduit
144
Design standards
033, 092, 244, 245, 257,
260, 284, 521
Design storm
063, 124, 257; 259, 448,
461, 492
447, 482, 501, 514, 528,
536, 582, 589
Discharge coefficients
126
Discharge lines
130
Discharge measurement
052, 521, 522
Disinfection
426
Disposal
331
Disposal operations
396
Dissolved-air flotation
086
Dissolved oxygen
201
324
-------
Distribution patterns
330, 483, 545
Ditches
335, 338, 339, 343, 352
Diversion
346, 351, 352
Diversion structures
082, 339, 583
Docks
346
Domestic sewage
353
Domestic wastes
205, 340, 355
Domestic water use
167
Drainage engineering
024, 043, 046, 063, 093,
107, 190, 247, 253, 255,
256, 257, 259, 327, 349,
492, 515
Drainage improvements
268
Drainage patterns (geologic)
046
Drainage practices
245, 247, 256, 257, 352,
356
Drainage programs
109, 189, 190, 247, 255,
256, 257, 258, 304, 332,
406, 436
Drainage structures
240
Drain pipes
046
Drainage
067, 180, 216, 217, 236,
248, 255, 257, 261, 301,306,
314, 326, 328, 330, 334,
343, 346, 349, 352, 355,
356, 536, 578
Drainage basins
461
Drainage channels
073
Drainage design computations
249
Drainage districts
330, 341, 344, 366, 501
Drainage effects
272, 351, 352
Drainage systems
021,
088,
118,
188,
245,
261,
291,
328,
339,
350,
381,
502,
535,
023,
093,
163,
190,
250,
265,
314,
330,
342,
351,
448,
503,
572
024,
094,
171,
219,
256,
268,
320,
334,
343,
354,
454,
504,
071,
101,
172,
225,
257,
270,
324,
335,
344,
355,
456,
533,
073,
107,
180,
239,
260,
273,
327,
337,
345,
377,
460,
534,
Drainage water
066, 134, 180, 257, 327,
335, 339, 342, 343, 348,
350
Drains
251, 332, 335, 338, 356,
573
Drill holes
585
325
-------
Drilling
550, 562, 564, 577, 581,
585, 597
Drilling equipment
071, 549, 564, 597
Drop shafts
179
Effluent standards
323
Effluents
262, 331, 379, 387, 391,
393, 407, 424
Electrical studies
122
Dry wells
094
Electrodialysis
425
Dunfennline, Scotland
189
Durability
599
Electronic equipment
008, 473
Elevation-temperature relationships
486
Duration curves
259, 440, 441, 442, 443,
444, 465, 482, 485, 515,
526
Dyes releases
074
Eccentricity
138
Economic analysis
121
Economic feasibility
239, 291, 417
Economic justification
318, 404
Economic prediction
241
Economics
289, 293
Effects
158
Effluent discharge
374
Elliptical pipes
062
Eminent domain
328, 338, 341
Energy dissipation
305
Energy losses
130
Engineering
321, 336
Engineering education
297, 316
Engineering geology
263, 586
Engineering personnel
420
Engineering structures
328
Engineers estimates
291, 321
Environmental design
261
326
-------
Environmental effects
311
Environmental pollution
195
Environmental sanitation
324, 325, 329, 341
Epoxy resins
056, 548
Equipment
021, 036, 044, 075, 273,
319, 434, 457, 580
Equitable estoppel
342
Erosion
529
Erosion control
134, 306
E. coli
204
Estimated benefits
573
Estimated costs
035, 119, 169, 261, 412,
418, 427, 431, 573
Estimating equations
298, 496
Estuaries
224, 230, 231, 262, 296
Evaluation
036, 083, 089, 122, 220,
252, 262, 292, 325, 411
Evaporation
281, 482, 501, 508, 537
Evidence
350
Excavation
007, 045
Excessive precipitation
326, 350
Expenditures
038
Experimental watersheds
518, 539
Fabrication
032
Facilities
353
Feasibility benefits
573
Fecal coliforms
210, 213, 214
Fecal streptococci
213
Federal Government
156
Federal project policy
310
Ferns
455
Fiberglas reinforced plastics
034
Fiberglass pipe
049, 060
Field demonstration planning
317
Filters
083
Filtration
083, 085, 091, 193, 373,
404, 425
327
-------
Financing
314, 329, 330, 336, 340,
570, 574
Finland
593
Flood protection
330, 350, 354, 527, 574
Flood routing
129, 258, 423, 454, 499,
514
Fisheries
391
Fittings
148
Flocculation
077, 086
Flood control
058, 107, 172, 190, 247,
255, 256, 257, 261, 293,
320, 328, 330, 341, 346,
350, 352, 377, 440, 441,
442, 443, 444, 448, 460,
507, 508, 510, 516, 527,
544, 570, 571, 573
Flood damage
009, 314, 326, 335, 341,
350, 352, 354, 446, 527
Flood forecasting
259, 461, 498
Flood hydrographs
461
Flood hydrology
461
Flood peaks
454, 461
Flood plain zoning
261
Flood plains
257
Flood prediction
450
Flooding
327, 348, 351, 516
Floods
140, 326, 330, 349,
440, 441, 442, 443,
447, 454, 461, 464,
501, 507, 527, 528,
Flow
439,
444,
474,
540
128, 133, 200, 474, 509
Flow around objects
138
Flow balancing
315
Flow characteristics
104, 136, 140, 440, 441,
442, 443, 444
Flow control
044, 082, 100, 152, 153,
315, 381, 396, 434, 456
Flow measurement
074, 125, 133, 299, 300,
387
Flow rates
021, 100, 103, 135, 136,
138, 153, 302, 535
Flowmeters
052, 074
Fluidic regulator
082
Flumes
299, 536, 537
328
-------
Forecasting
451, 454, 461, 471, 481,
510, 531
Foreign construction
586
Foreign research
234, 296
Forest management
460
Fort Worth, Texas
247
Fouling
082
Frequency analysis
090, 259, 423, 474, 515
Fusion welding
012
Future planning (projected)
155, 322
Gages
476
Gaging stations
314, 440, 441, 442, 443,
444, 456, 503, 535
Calveston, Texas
019, 552
Gas recirculation system
421
Gate control
186
Geographical regions
291
Geological surveys
198
Geomorphology
037, 272, 467
Georgia
326, 327
Germany
012, 096, 115, 153, 286,
369, 436
Glossary
248
Government
293, 512
Grants
156, 273, 310
Graphical analysis
130, 462
Gravity sewer
116, 144, 145, 147, 410
Great Britain
021, 022, 028, 029, 031,
047, 079, 080, 081, 091,
092, 100, 113, 154, 163,
164, 178, 224, 235, 267,
319, 323, 370, 373, 374,
375, 377, 378, 379, 380,
381, 382, 385, 386, 393,
397, 398, 401, 406, 407,
435, 437; 469, 478, 548,
563, 566
Green Creek, Texas
440
Grinding
168
Groundwater
123, 204, 281, 338, 361,
396, 569, 589
Grouting
075
329
-------
Guidance system
007
Humus
373
Gulf of Mexico Basin
218
Hungary
159
Gutter flows
247
Hamilton County, Ohio
265
Hangers
138
Hawaii
455
Head loss
138, 250, 251
Heisenberg principle
452
High-rate filtration
403
Highway drainage
251, 301
Highway effects
349
Highway icing
288
Hydraulic analysis
103
Hydraulic design
130, 137, 240, 250, 251,
260, 278, 312, 503, 583,
595
Hydraulic engineering
133, 286
Hydraulic equipment
008, 550
Hydraulic gradient
250
Hydraulic models
106, 403, 507, 593
Hydraulic properties
299, 300, 593, 594
Hydraulic structures
130, 179, 190, 247, 249,
256, 338, 583
Hydraulic trencher
007
Highways
038, 288, 327, 349, 356
Holding tanks
149, 592
Holmdel, New Jersey
476
Honey Creek, Texas
441
Houston, Texas
474, 493, 540, 551
Hydraulics
052, 063, 084, 088, 131,
247, 256, 264, 313, 456,
479, 528, 532, 583
Hydroelectric plants
198
Hydroelectric power
293, 576, 583
Hydrogeology
046, 396, 467, 589
330
-------
Hydrograph analysis
150, 259, 261, 330, 423,
454, 459, 464, 465, 469,
474, 482, 495, 497, 501,
507, 509, 519, 540, 543,
545
Hydrographs
129, 298, 330, 437, 439,
440, 441, 442, 443, 444,
445, 449, 454, 459, 465,
472, 482, 485, 493, 497,
499, 503, 510, 511, 514,
520, 521, 522, 523, 526,
536, 537, 538, 542, 543,
545
Hydrologic aspects
088, 293, 298, 437, 463,
497, 518, 524, 539, 569
Hydrologic data
038, 439, 440, 441, 442,
443, 444, 445, 447, 461,
478, 492, 493, 502, 505,
506, 533, 538, 589
Hydrologic properties
051, 455, 501
Hydrologic research
500
Hydrologic systems
451
Hydrological surveys
198
Hydrology
120, 199, 247, 257, 259,
266, 297, 461, 467, 470,
474, 483, 500, 507, 526,
528, 532, 543
Hyetographs
459, 472, 485, 511, 536,
537
Hypochlorites
426
Ice
460
Illinois
050, 328, 329, 330, 331,
332, 396, 487, 488, 489,
490, 513, 569, 572, 576,
584, 589
Impounded wastes
338
Improvements
340
Income
336
India
515
Indiana
333, 523
Indicators
216, 217
Industrial wastes
205, 279, 302, 340, 347,
372, 409, 584
Industries
460
Infiltration
019, 026, 036, 043, 059,
086, 121, 139, 166, 199,
288, 298, 302, 400, 410,
419, 464, 482, 494, 498,
501, 508, 509, 514, 518,
542
Infiltration control
036
Infiltration index
509
Infiltration research
509
331
-------
Inflow
482
Influent streams
205
Information retrieval
263, 528
Injunctions (mandatory)
335
Injunctions (prohibitory)
342
Inlets
249
Input-output analysis
477, 524
Inspection
075, 239, 325
Installation
004, 009, Oil, 012, 022, 026,
027, 028, 029, 033, 037, 043,
062, 067, 072, 119, 148, 233,
236, 242, 243, 313, 552, 554,
591
Installation costs
065
Installation methods
243
Installation procedure
243
Ins trumentation
001, 052, 054, 055, 064, 068,
069, 070, 076, 127, 128, 203,
209, 427, 483, 488, 502, 588
Intakes
170, 247, 256, 260
Interception
010, 514
Interceptor sewer
010, 082, 099, 129, 146, 287,
372, 456, 567, 579, 597
Interest
336
Interviews
317, 318
Inves tigations
080, 086, 114, 139, 140, 150,
155, 211, 225, 305, 307, 362,
369, 391, 393, 394, 396, 404,
422, 432, 500, 555, 590
Investment
291
Ion exchange
425
Irrigation
293, 460
Irrigation water
204
Japan
362, 533
Johannesburg, South Africa
266
Joints (connections)
233, 242, 250
Joliet, Illinois
332
Judicial decisions
258, 326, 327, 331, 332, 335,
337, 339, 348, 349, 350, 351,
352, 354
Jurisdiction
337, 355, 364
Kansas City, Missouri
186
332
-------
Kenosha, Wisconsin
161
Kinetic wave theory
485
Laboratories
179
Laboratory tests
035, 132, 403, 408, 418
Laches
342
Lake County, Illinois
264
Lake Erie
001, 116, 295
Lake Huron
558
Lake Mendota
205
Lake Ponchartrain, Louisiana
426
Lake Worther, Germany
415
Lakes
331, 371
Land management
560
Land use
270, 332, 504, 516, 536,537,
543
Landslide
516
Laser
575
Laser beam
007, 008, 027, 585
Laser beam control
558, 578, 588
Laser kit
027
Leaching
288, 542
Leakage
036, 059, 334
Leases
340
Lebanon, Ohio
404
Legal aspects
037, 207, 258, 261, 289, 317,
318, 322, 325, 327, 329, 330,
332, 335, 337, 338, 339, 340,
345, 348, 349, 351, 352, 354,
355, 356, 357, 365
Legislation
115, 178, 197, 231, 258, 270,
316, 324, 325, 328, 329, 330,
336, 337, 338, 340, 341, 344,
345, 346, 347, 353, 356, 357,
361, 363, 364, 365, 366, 404,
467, 512
Levees
341
Linings
024, 045, 134, 548
Liquid wastes
340, 409
Little Rock, Arkansas
579
Local governments
324, 327, 331, 332, 336, 337,
339, 341, 344, 345, 346, 349,
350, 354, 356, 364
Long Island, New York
526
333
-------
Los Angeles, California
303, 544
Los Angeles County, California
527
Louisiana
098, 465
Louisville, Kentucky
141
Low flow
440, 441, 442, 443, 444, 447
Machine compai:±son
577
Maine
288
Maintenance
064, 131, 166, 186, 334, 340,
345, 419
Maintenance costs
241
Management
289, 324
Mandamus
337
Manholes
120, 348
Mannings equation
125, 250, 282, 583
Mapping
330
Marine district
347
Markov processes
517
Maryland
334
Mass curves
440, 441, 442, 443, 444
Mas s achus e t ts
335, 414, 582
Materials testing
036, 148
Mathematical models
051, 289, 291, 413, 449, 451,
452, 456, 459, 462, 464, 481,
482, 485, 495, 498, 507, 513,
530, 532, 539, 545
Mathematical studies
096, 419, 466, 471, 483, 487,
529
Maximum flow requirements
100
Measurement
015, 016, 070, 076, 096, 128,
200, 281, 284, 317, 358, 476,
488, 489, 502
Mechanical equipment
568
Mechanical tunneling
553
Medary, Wisconsin
170, 175, 176
Metal pipes
250, 251
Meteorological data
446, 502
Meteorology
511, 543
Methodology
047, 125, 143, 261, 420, 462,
480, 492, 499
Metric system
015, 016
334
-------
Mexico
591
Michigan
177, 336, 337, 432
Microorganisms
408
Microstraining
404, 412
Middleport, Ohio
233
Midland, Michigan
431
Mills
326
Milwaukee, Wisconsin
145
Mini Mole
548, 561
Minneapolis-St. Paul
018
Minnesota
338
Mississippi
465, 539
Mississippi River
018, 285
Mississippi River Basin
218
Missouri
339, 340, 341
Missouri River
285
Model studies
106, 135, 179, 449, 450, 464,
482, 505, 507, 523, 532, 541,
593, 596
Mole
008, 223, 548, 554, 557, 558,
559, 560, 561, 562, 564, 568,
577, 578, 585, 588, 591
Mole drainage
580
Mole structure
585
Monitoring
054, 069, 087, 198, 204, 209,
456, 542
Monitoring system
001
Mukewater Creek, Texas
442
Multiple-purpose projects
116, 133, 261, 377, 427, 570
Municipal engineering
180
Municipal wastes
051, 219, 228, 328, 334, 584
Municipal water
204
Nash model
523
Nassau County, New York
526
Natural flow
326, 327, 342, 348, 350
Natural flow doctrine
258
Natural resources
347
Natural streams
341
335
-------
Navigable waters
343, 346
Navigation
346, 460
Nebraska
306
Non-uniform flow
188
Nonlinear analysis
453
Nonlinear synthesis
451
Negligence
326, 354
Netherlands
090
Nonlinear systems
451
Nonnavigable waters
326
Networks
483, 502
Nevada
562, 568
New England
486
North Boulder, Colorado
261
North Carolina
366
North Creek, Texas
443
New Jersey
062, 063, 342, 343, 344, 345,
508
New Orleans, Louisiana
426
New York
346, 347, 348, 349, 486, 526
New Zealand
252, 447, 517
Nitrates
425
Nitrification
422
Nomograms
479
Nomographs
247, 251
Non-linear programming
413
Nuisance (water law)
339
Numerical analysis
513
Nutrients
425
Oakland, Michigan
007
Obstructions to flow
258, 317, 348
Oceanography
467
Ohio
005, 094, 191, 350
Ohio River
198, 208
Oil separators
115
336
-------
Omaha, Nebraska
174
On-site investigations
100, 209, 325
On-site tests
056, 148, 160, 168, 325
Open channels
240, 247, 256, 299, 426, 533
Operation and maintenance
069, 238, 339, 349
Operations
197, 279, 339, 379, 531, 570,
588, 597
Operations research
041
Optimization
413, 466, 498
Orange County, California
204
Oregon
006
Organic wastes
219, 347
Orifices
130
Outfall
028
Outfall sewers
266
Outlets
018, 047, 095, 112, 118, 182,
251, 342, 343, 350, 370, 376,
381, 407
Output comparison
452
Overexcavation
583
Overflow
003,
025,
078,
086,
096,
114,
157,
254,
308,
341,
397,
417,
570,
005,
035,
079,
087,
097,
117,
162,
266,
313,
342,
398,
418,
571,
006,
039,
081,
089,
099,
118,
175,
273,
317,
348,
403,
438,
573,
014,
048,
083,
090,
103,
121,
222,
275,
320,
350,
406,
531,
582,
017,
062,
084,
094,
104,
135,
232,
285,
323,
380,
411,
544,
590,
018,
077,
085,
095,
113,
156,
246,
307,
335,
385,
412,
565,
592
Overflow control
121
Overland flow
106, 210, 327, 449, 464, 468,
518
Overview
400, 428, 438
Oxidation channels
422
Ozonation
412
Ozone
404
Painesville, Ohio
114
Palo Alto, California
026
Parametric hydrology
096, 453, 476, 477, 498, 517
Parametrics
463
337
-------
Peak demands
167
Pipe materials
066
Peak discharge
141, 440, 441, 442, 443, 444
455, 464, 474, 507, 519, 527,
540, 542, 543
Pennsylvania
351
Percolating water
335
Percolation
281
Performance
041
Permits
325, 328, 338
Pesticides
195, 361
Philadelphia
203, 405, 412
Philips equation
498
Phosphates
367, 399, 425
Piers
346
Pin Oak Creek, Texas
444
Pipe construction
283
Pipe culverts
251
Pipe flow
122, 250, 282
Pipe jacking
551, 598
Pipelines
026, 028, 029, 049, 063, 072,
192, 334, 549, 552
Pipes
002, Oil, 022, 023, 024, 042,
061, 062, 066, 067, 188, 251,
277, 282, 335, 339
Piping
008, 024
Piping systems (mechanical)
060, 067, 283, 580
Planning
114, 190, 197, 200, 235, 261,
263, 286, 289, 291, 292, 293,
297, 308, 311, 314, 329, 332,
350, 402, 410, 432, 467, 506,
507, 512, 525, 531, 532, 546,
556
Plastic pipes
012, 021, 032, 024, 042
Plastic tubing
160
Plastics
021, 034, 040, 044, 049
Plowing method
148
Plumbing
141, 325, 334
Plumbing code
147
Poland
471
Policy change
273
Pollutant identification
214, 221, 288, 404
338
-------
Pollutants
211, 276, 409, 432
Pollution abatement
003, 099, 116, 117, 149, 153,
184, 194, 203, 224, 227, 228,
269, 273, 275, 285, 295, 319,
328, 331, 340, 363, 370, 404,
415, 420, 565, 570, 573, 574,
582
Pressure conduits
056, 116, 138, 144, 145, 146,
147, 148, 160, 165, 168, 300,
415
Pressure tunnels
586, 593
Pressure waves
130
Pollution control methods
363
Pollution potential
300
Pretreatment (water)
370
Principal components analysis
455
Polyester conduit hanger
056
Polyester resins
040
Prior appropriation
364
Probability distribution
452
Polymers
121, 135
Pondage
255
Ponding
255, 257
Ponds
383
Port Huron, Michigan
173
Potable water
325, 358, 371
Precipitation (atmospheric)
090, 326, 461, 489, 490, 501,
529
Precipitation excess
326, 327, 338, 472, 485
Pressure
130
Project planning
038, 332, 395, 427, 571, 573,
574
Projects
330, 337, 342
Pseudomonas
216, 217
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
216, 217
Public benefits
346
Public health
311, 314, 325, 329, 330, 331,
334, 337, 340, 341, 344, 347,
355
Public utilities
353
Publications
230
Pump testing
122
339
-------
Pumped concrete
599
Rainfall analysis
058
Pumped storage
035, 569, 570, 573, 576, 589
Pumping
133, 355
Pumping plants
098, 114, 116, 130, 370, 378,
381, 386, 415, 426
Pumps
386
Quality control
194, 391
RRL
437, 499
Radar
488
Radcliff, Kentucky
318
Radioactivity techniques
074
Railroads
326
Rain
354, 501, 528
Rain data
473
Rain gages
021, 055, 070, 465, 469, 473,
478, 483, 488, 490, 529, 536,
537
Rainfall
096, 208, 259, 281, 326, 327,
330, 339, 423, 437, 446, 461,
465, 471, 480, 481, 483, 486,
491, 493, 508, 521, 522, 523,
531, 536, 537, 538
Rainfall characteristics
499
Rainfall cycle
491
Rainfall data
481
Rainfall data applications
480
Rainfall disposition
070, 153, 259, 281, 326, 483,
489, 494, 495, 515, 545
Rainfall intensity
259, 278, 326, 462, 470, 479,
484, 485, 487, 488, 489, 514,
515, 582
Rainfall
106
259
440
449
459
474
485
502
510
519
533
539
545
runoff relationships
108, 245, 247, 253, 256,
271, 298, 349, 423, 439,
441, 442, 443, 444, 445,
450, 451, 453, 455, 458,
461, 462, 464, 465, 470,
475, 477, 478, 482, 484,
486, 494, 495, 498, 501,
503, 505, 507, 508, 509,
511, 513, 514, 515, 518,
523, 524, 526, 527, 532,
534, 535, 536, 537, 538,
540, 541, 542, 543, 544,
Rainfall simulators
106, 457
Rainfall-surface wind relationship
469
Rapid-flow filter
085
Raritan River Basin, New Jersey
508
340
-------
Rates
340
Rating curves
074
Rational formula
124, 140, 180, 257, 259, 281,
298, 179, 180, 437, 461, 470,
479, 492, 503, 515, 540
Real property
270, 324, 355
Reaming auger
551, 598
Reasonable use
206
Recession curves
447
Reclaimed water
425
Recreation
155
Relative rights
342, 348, 351, 352
Remedies
169, 252, 337, 342, 349
Remote control
087
Renovating
425
Repairing
009, 112, 166, 169, 170, 186,
303, 578
Research and development
074, 156, 276, 310, 505, 525
Reservoir operation
460, 570
Reservoir storage
110, 111, 309, 408
Reservoirs
201, 338, 507, 513, 527, 573,
574
Recreation facilities
116
Reduction (chemical)
116
Reforestation
455
Regional analysis
261
Regression analysis
168, 465
Regulated flow
108, 315
Regulation
269, 322, 324, 325, 328, 332,
338, 353, 356, 359, 385, 512
Resins
083
Reverse osmosis
425
Reviews
425, 512
Right of way
324, 346
Riparian land
326
Riparian rights
258, 343, 347
River basins
501, 513
River engineering
316
341
-------
River forecasting
510
River regulation
107, 155
River systems
315
River training
460
Road construction
356
Roadbeds
327
Roads
219, 251, 278, 345, 532
Rock bolts
575
Rock excavation
071, 549, 577, 586
Rock properties
594, 595
Rocks
583, 586
Root systems
132
Roughness (hydraulic)
593, 595
Roughness coefficient
250, 251, 583
Routing
106, 449, 454, 459, 464, 503,
514, 523, 540, 577
Rubber
017, 057
Rubber gates
057
Rubber storage containers
003, 005, 014, 017, 018, 025,
030, 035, 039, 048, 057
Runoff
080, 095, 180, 188, 195, 199,
221, 255, 259, 271, 281, 284,
298, 306, 325, 326, 330, 338,
371, 439, 446, 448, 456, 460,
463, 464, 465, 468, 471, 484,
491, 493, 501, 503, 508, 509,
514, 515, 523, 528, 529, 531,
533, 535, 536, 537, 538, 565
Runoff coefficient
248, 494, 523
Runoff cycle
491
Runoff forecasting
087, 106, 240, 271, 281, 458,
459, 462, 465, 482, 484, 485,
486, 495, 496, 498, 499, 511,
545
Runoff treatment
006, 408
Saigon River
225
St. Lawrence River
208
St. Louis, Missouri
304, 555, 597
Saline soils
288
Saline water
204, 288
Sampling
085, 211, 483
Sampling stations
141
Sand concentration
168
342
-------
Sandusky, Ohio
025, 030
Sandusky River
307
Sediment control
041, 306, 378, 574
Sediment distribution
205
San Francisco, California
060, 095, 147
Sanitary districts
328, 329, 355
Sanitary engineering
277, 279, 325, 329, 331, 334,
336, 425
Sanitary sewage
075, 165, 168, 353
Sanitary sewers
061, 120, 244, 314, 356, 360,
549
Sanitary treatment
353
Scotland
037, 364, 387
Scour
168
Scraper
045
Screening flotation system
418
Screens
006, 079, 118, 417, 421
Sealants
036
Seasonal survival study
212
Seattle, Washington
099, 473
Sediment
221
Sediment load
447
Sediment pollution
215
Sediment yield
272, 457, 497
Sedimentation
215, 373, 408
Sedimentation data
272
Sedimentation tank
421
Sediments
219
Seepage
122, 335, 589
Sensitivity analysis
413
Separate system
150, 155, 235, 275, 415
Separation techniques
014, 092, 099, 113, 115, 117,
142, 143, 146, 161, 162, 163,
165, 273, 280, 285, 295, 372,
395, 406, 407, 409, 418, 420,
425, 456, 592
Sequential generation
451
Settling basins
041
Sewage
079, 080, 217, 293, 302, 324,
325, 328, 329, 331, 334, 346,
347, 353, 392, 547, 584, 592
343
-------
Sewage analysis
168
Sewage disposal
038, 051, 092, 103, 154, 156,
228, 235, 280, 287, 302, 323,
324, 325, 328, 329, 330, 334,
336, 339, 344, 346, 347, 353,
355, 364, 370, 377, 379, 410,
427, 543, 584, 592
Sewage districts
324, 331, 340, 355
Sewage effluents
182, 264, 323
Sewage flow (household)
141, 167
Sewage flow variations
144, 145
Sewage purification
363
Sewage quantity
302
Sewage sludge
339
Sewage system
388, 389
Sewage treatment
068,
095,
113,
230,
254,
295,
329,
372,
378,
388,
398,
411,
424,
435,
069,
097,
154,
231,
264,
302,
334,
373,
379,
389,
401,
414,
429,
436,
077,
099,
156,
234,
267,
313,
347,
374,
382,
390,
402,
415,
430,
565,
081,
100,
197,
235,
274,
314,
353,
375,
384,
391,
405,
417,
431,
572,
085,
104,
203,
246,
280,
324,
355,
376,
385,
393,
406,
421,
433,
584
091,
112,
207,
252,
285,
328,
369,
377,
387,
397,
407,
422,
434,
Sewage tunnels
137
Sewer cleaning
131
Sewer construction
037
Sewer design
244, 314
Sewer districts
340
Sewer hydraulics
091, 119, 120, 124, 125, 127,
128, 131, 132, 133, 135, 136,
137, 140, 142, 146, 240, 266,
267, 282, 302, 304, 384, 470,
522
Sewer-in-sewers
138, 143, 146, 148, 160
Sewer inspection
064
Sewer junctions
312
Sewer lines
059, 121
Sewer linings
036
Sewer maintenance
199
Sewer overflows
203
Sewer pipe bedding
072
Sewer regulator
082
Sewer relieving
172
344
-------
Sewer separation
084, 144, 145, 147, 186, 222,
269, 317, 429
Sewer sizes
151
Sewer system
002
Sewer tunnel
550, 555
Sewerage
023, 042,
118, 120,
163, 164,
224, 225,
284, 287,
364, 376,
397, 398,
570, 574
083, 104,
142, 150,
177, 184,
233, 244,
313, 314,
380, 384,
402, 407,
105, 112,
155, 159,
186, 206,
275, 277,
331, 334,
388, 389,
427, 436,
Sewered population statistics
227
Shellfish
347
Simulated rainfall
106, 480, 481
Simulation analysis
106, 294, 451, 464, 481, 495,
498, 513, 519, 530
Sites
360
Skokie, Illinois
549
Sludge
231
Sludge digestion
099, 421
Sludge disposal
368, 375, 421
Sludge treatment
Sewers
010
037
066
083
119
131
146
161
178
240
302
321
332
340
349
364
394
424
536
571
592
9
9
9
9
9
9
y
9
9
9
9
9
>
9
»
9
y
i
>
>
y
019
043
069
087
121
132
149
162
184
241
303
324
333
341
350
372
400
504
543
572
597
9
9
9
9
9
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
022
049
074
096
125
135
150
164
185
265
308
325
334
344
351
377
406
532
554
573
y
9
y
y
9
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
y
024
051
075
104
126
136
151
170
206
282
310
329
335
345
354
380
407
533
556
579
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
*
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
027,
053,
080,
107,
127,
137,
154,
175,
225,
283,
313,
330,
337,
346,
355,
384,
412,
534,
561,
582,
036,
059,
082,
114,
128,
139,
159,
176,
232,
284,
315,
331,
339,
348,
356,
390,
420,
535,
566,
591,
091,
398,
369, 377, 379, 382, 387,
401, 411, 436
Sludge treatment plants
161
Slurries
591
Small-orifice rain gage
055
Small watersheds
440,
449,
Snow
529
441, 442, 443, 444, 445,
450, 461, 494, 511
Snow cover
447,
529
Shafts
107, 591
Snow surveys
447
345
-------
Snowmelt
146, 281, 298, 450, 529
Social aspects
289, 325, 504
Sociology
289
Sodium sulfide solutions
409
Soil conditions
239
Soil moisture
482
Soil physics
467
Soil water
529
Soil-water-plant relationships
288
Solid shoring
013
Solid wastes
195, 340
Spatial distribution
488, 489
Specific capacity
105
Specifications
036, 148, 284
Stability
596
Stage-discharge relations
440, 441, 442, 443, 444, 447,
527
Standards
181, 193, 196, 197, 231, 245,
262, 319, 323, 358, 362, 404,
582
Stapleton International Airport
255
State governments
331, 337, 338, 346, 349
Statistical models
453, 465, 476, 489
Statistical parameters
477
Statistics
084, 232, 419, 467, 582
Steel
032, 033, 065, 176, 236, 237,
244, 548
Steel pipes
002, 019, 033, 242, 407
Steel structures
236, 237, 239, 243, 244
Storage
001, 247, 256, 257, 394, 428,
497, 590
Storage capacity
051, 574
Storage-grinder pump
145, 147, 317, 318
Storage tanks
005, 017, 034, 035, 077, 080,
313, 434
Storm analysis
475, 530
Storm drainage
215
Storm drainage policy
256, 257
346
-------
Storm drainage system
013
Storm drains
042,
180,
191,
269,
303,
331,
342,
351,
443,
533,
576,
065,
181,
206,
278,
306,
332,
343,
355,
473,
534,
584,
073,
183,
219,
280,
320,
334,
345,
356,
503,
535,
591
111,
187,
247,
281,
324,
335,
346,
360,
515,
543,
156
188
256
284
325
336
348
413
526
569
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
157
190
260
301
327
337
350
440
532
572
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
Storm overflows
025,
080,
118,
030,
091,
178,
035,
092,
191,
039,
104,
378,
048
105
404
9
>
9
078
108
570
9
9
Storm rainfall
469
Storm runoff
001,
030,
077,
087,
112,
146,
182,
213,
225,
247,
259,
294,
310,
349,
379,
395,
417,
439,
446,
465,
485,
511,
518,
532,
539,
565,
582,
003,
035,
078,
091,
120,
157,
190,
215,
226,
253,
262,
295,
313,
352,
380,
405,
419,
440,
450,
468,
486,
512,
519,
533,
540,
569,
589,
005,
039,
079,
096,
123,
161,
191,
217,
230,
254,
265,
302,
324,
353,
381,
407,
423,
441,
454,
470,
492,
513,
522,
534,
541,
571,
592
006,
041,
083,
109,
127,
176,
195,
221,
234,
255,
268,
304,
327,
354,
383,
409,
424,
442,
455,
471,
496,
514,
523,
535,
542,
572,
017
048
085
110
129
180
210
222
235
256
270
307
342
372
388
410
426
443
461
474
501
515
525
536
543
576
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
>
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
025
051
086
111
140
181
211
224
246
257
275
309
343
374
389
414
427
444
464
479
503
516
527
537
547
578
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
*
9
9
*
9
i
9
Storm sewage
018, 030, 079,
091, 092, 095,
118, 185, 191,
235, 262, 264,
353, 375, 393,
413, 419, 478
080,
103,
200,
266,
394,
084,
113,
225,
323,
398,
7
090,
115 ,
231,
325,
411,
7
Storm sewer pollution
184
Storm sewer valves
186
Storm sewers
002, 007, 015,
065, 071, 101,
170, 171, 173,
177, 179, 180,
195, 222, 237,
280, 284, 290,
340, 341, 342,
356, 360, 380,
470, 473, 502,
567, 578
Storm structure
511
Storm tank
003, 005, 025,
081, 097, 100,
373, 378, 382,
397, 401, 406,
Storm tunnels
396
Stormflow detention
100
Storms
199, 349, 446,
489, 496, 530
Stormwater
367
Stormwater basins
088
033,
102,
174,
181,
244,
313,
348,
391,
515,
039,
113,
386,
407,
469,
042,
140,
175,
182,
255,
314,
351,
397,
531,
078,
152,
388,
411,
475,
046,
169,
176,
189,
260,
325,
354,
429,
556,
079,
153,
389,
421
486,
347
-------
Stormwater control
110
Stormwater disposal
287, 301
Stormwater inlets
260, 278
Stormwater pollution
429
Stormwater pond
383
Stormwater purification
363
Stormwater quality
077
Streamflow
215, 281, 439, 440, 441, 442,
443, 444, 445, 447, 449, 450,
460, 471, 482, 493, 498, 527,
528, 532, 538
Streamflow forecasting
449, 485, 495
Streams
326, 343
Street design criteria
260
Street drainage
109, 256, 260
Strength of materials
238
Stormwater storage
001
Streptococcus
212
Stormwater sump
370
Stormwater systems
111
Structural design
142, 435, 596
Structural engineering
435
Stormwater treatment
097, 416
Strainer-filter system
089
Stratification
201
Stream gages
074, 440, 441, 442, 443, 444,
445, 447, 493, 503, 533, 536,
537
Stream improvement
101, 341
Stream pollution
213
Stream quality
218
Submerged systems
188
Subsurface drainage
237, 350, 584
Subsurface drains
123, 327
Subsurface runoff
043, 514
Surface drainage
093, 237, 247, 256, 257, 260,
301, 315, 332, 335, 343, 351,
352, 484, 492
Surface flow
120
Surface-groundwater relationships
123, 494, 498, 514, 542
348
-------
Surface runoff
123, 207, 220, 245, 257, 265,
285, 326, 332, 335, 337, 339,
343, 348, 349, 352, 354, 367,
450, 457, 462, 468, 472, 485,
503, 528, 529, 582
Surface runoff pollution
220
Surface waters
115, 217, 281, 337, 338, 339,
342, 347, 349, 350, 351, 352,
354, 538
Surge tanks
130
Surges
130
Surveys
143, 157, 158, 159, 162, 206,
232, 301, 334, 502, 505
Suspended load
083, 089, 218, 404, 412, 447
Suspended pipeline
029
Suspended solids
086, 200, 391, 393
Swales
101
Sweden
402, 410
Switzerland
586
Synoptic analysis
471
Synthesis
453
Synthetic hydrology
271, 449, 451, 452, 453, 459,
481, 540
Systems analysis
089, 142, 146, 253, 289, 362,
466, 503, 505, 524
Tables
506
Tahoe treatment plant
430
Taxation
329
Taxes
336, 340, 353
Technical manuals
293, 460
Television inspection
075
Temperature
208
Tennessee Valley
210
Tertiary treatment
425
Testing
052, 059, 066, 134, 210, 416,
524, 590
Texas
201, 439, 440, 441, 442, 443,
444, 445, 538
Textbook
293, 297
Thailand
234, 296
Thames River
224
Theoretical analysis
596
349
-------
Thermal pollution
228
Transport velocity
168
Thiessen methods
465
Thornthwaite method
508
Thunders tonns
511
Tidal outlets
178
Tidal waters
347
Time lag
454, 458, 459, 461, 523
Time of concentration
248, 284
Time series analysis
124, 487
Topography
469, 471
Toronto
010, 042, 120, 182
Toxicity
121
Tracers
074
Tracking techniques
074
Trade effluents
178, 323, 364
Transients
130
Transite pipe system
Oil
Treatment
413, 438
Treatment facilities
034, 068, 077, 097, 118, 154,
164, 233, 235, 244, 246, 328,
340, 355, 377, 378, 379, 380,
381, 385, 386, 395, 396, 400,
402, 406, 407, 410, 417, 425,
430, 435
Treatment methods
069, 086, 089, 307, 397, 399,
403, 412, 419, 420, 428, 438
Treatment processes
149, 193, 411
Tree roots
132
Trees
455
Trencher
071
Trenches
045, 160
Trestles
028
Trickling filters
431
Trinity River basin, Texas
441, 443, 444
Trunk sewer
154, 406
Truss pipe
019
Trust indentures
336
350
-------
Tugmaster
552
Tulsa, Oklahoma
211, 578
Tumbling flow
305
Tunnel cleaning method
587
Tunnel construction
008, 226, 376, 547, 549, 550,
551, 552, 555, 560, 563, 564,
566, 567, 575, 578, 579, 582,
586, 596, 597, 598, 599
Tunnel design
376, 402, 556, 559, 560, 566,
582, 587, 590, 596
Tunnel failure
575, 596
Tunnel forecasting
581
Tunnel hydraulics
583, 587, 593
Tunnel linings
548, 550, 567, 575, 579, 596,
599
Tunnel supports
575, 596, 599
Tunnel use
581
Tunneling
008, 223, 548, 551, 552, 553,
555, 556, 558, 559, 561, 563,
566, 575, 577, 579, 581, 586,
588, 591, 596, 597, 598, 599
Tunneling analysis
553
Tunneling machines
008, 031, 376, 548, 550, 551,
552, 555, 557, 558, 559, 560,
561, 562, 563, 566, 575, 577,
578, 581, 585, 586, 588, 598
Tunneling mechniques
553
Tunnels
107, 223, 226, 299, 308, 396,
402, 410, 547, 549, 550, 556,
558, 559, 569, 571, 572, 576,
581, 583, 585, 586, 587, 592,
593, 596
Uncertainty
451
Underflow
107, 308
Underground storage
077, 107, 573, 574, 584, 592
Underground streams
347
Underground structures
021, 023, 237, 238, 599
Underwater pipeline
004
USSR
219, 220, 501, 529
Unit hydrograph
259, 261, 423, 474, 495, 526,
530, 540
United States
319, 535
Unlined tunnels
583, 593, 594, 595
Urban drainage
195, 276
351
-------
Urban floods
454
Urban hydrology
074, 180, 253, 263, 439, 445,
454, 464, 474, 492, 497, 502,
504, 505, 506, 507, 512, 517,
519, 524, 525, 526, 532, 536,
537, 538, 540, 541, 543, 546
Urban renewal
149, 202, 506
Urban runoff
205, 315, 367, 437
Urban sociology
253, 504
Urban sprawl
516
Urban Storm Drainage Criteria Manual
187
Urban water resource management
432
Urbanization
155, 156,
211, 215,
270, 272,
343, 439,
464, 470,
503, 504,
516, 519,
528, 532,
538, 540,
572
Utilities
353, 504
Variability analysis
487, 490
Velocity
125
Venturi meters
074
163,
219,
289,
445,
474,
505,
523,
533,
544,
180,
221,
293,
454,
493,
507,
525,
535,
546,
201,
253,
309,
455,
497,
508,
526,
536,
567,
202,
265,
314,
460,
502,
512,
527,
537,
569,
Vermont
353, 514
Viewpoint
223, 269, 319, 322
Virginia
352, 454
Viruses
416
Volume-time distribution
271
Volumetric analysis
083, 271
Walk-through sewers
151
Waller Creek, Texas
445
Walnut Gulch, Arizona
449
Walnut Gulch Experimental Watershed
511
Warm-season storms
487, 488
Washington, D. C.
035, 048, 160
Waste disposal
279, 325, 340, 353, 355, 368,
396, 525, 543
Waste management
396
Waste storage
003, 035
Waste treatment
001, 076, 231, 372, 383, 409,
433
352
-------
Waste treatment costs
227
Waste water (pollution)
107, 325, 328, 331, 339, 392,
492
Waste water disposal
180, 589
Waste water treatment
020, 035, 069, 077, 180, 184,
194, 197, 266, 290, 296, 390,
404, 416, 419, 425, 571, 572,
589
Water districts
424
Water hammer
130
Water law
256, 258, 325, 329, 330, 354
Water levels
589
Water Loss
501
Wastes
324, 353
Wastewater facilities
020
Water analysis
582
Water balance
482, 508, 529
Water circulation
491
Water column separation
130
Water conditions
239
Water conservation
192, 293, 316, 338
Water control
328, 456
Water conveyance
107, 338, 351
Water demand (household)
141, 167, 460
Water distribution (applied)
336, 372
Water management (applied)
192, 198, 261, 289, 292, 293,
297, 361, 432, 456, 460, 507,
512, 525, 546
Water measurement
539
Water policy
190, 257, 329, 330
Water pollution
080, 103, 195, 207, 209, 211,
222, 228, 234, 276, 285, 314,
328, 329, 331, 334, 344, 384,
393, 396, 460, 497
Water pollution control
018, 035, 057, 087, 107, 116,
156, 180, 193, 202, 207, 225,
230, 231, 235, 246, 254, 262,
264, 294, 297, 307, 310, 329,
340, 344, 347, 357, 359, 361,
390, 399, 427, 429, 534, 569,
571, 572, 576, 584
Water pollution effects
195, 201, 231, 307
Water pollution sources
199, 201, 204, 205, 210, 211,
214, 217, 219, 225, 232, 262,
285, 288, 331, 367, 381, 394,
400, 582, 584
353
-------
Water pollution treatment
362
Water resources planning
258
Water purification
329, 340, 347, 430
Water quality
054, 192, 193, 197, 198, 201,
203, 204, 208, 209, 210, 218,
220, 221, 262, 276, 281, 325,
340, 362, 425, 431, 447, 460,
467, 500, 502, 504, 507, 542,
565, 570, 582
Water quality act
357, 359, 365
Water quality control
196, 202, 276, 329, 344, 357,
359, 361, 365, 534
Water quality criteria
196, 198
Water quality forecasting
192
Water quality monitoring
054
Water quality programs
295
Water rates
334, 353
Water resource problems
309
Water resources
193, 215, 263, 266, 292, 297,
328, 361, 391, 432
Water resources development
270, 289, 292, 293, 297, 338,
347, 467, 504, 525, 546
Water resources information
263
Water resources research
289
Water Resources Research Act
292
Water reuse
077, 390, 393, 399, 409, 420,
425, 430, 431, 504
Water rights
258, 361
Water sources
207
Water supply
038, 279, 280, 283, 293, 316,
325, 334, 336, 338, 340, 346,
431, 492, 504, 512, 525, 529,
543
Water temperature
218, 497
Water treatment
226, 227, 279, 280, 368, 392,
425, 570
Water tunnels (conveyance)
583, 593
Water tunnels (testing)
583
Water utilization
194, 206, 207, 297, 309, 329,
330, 338, 460, 504
Water wells
334
Water year
445
Water yield
281, 457, 507, 523, 543
354
-------
Watercourses (legal)
356
Watershed management
256, 257, 258, 341, 455, 460,
518, 539
Watershed models
106, 495
Watersheds (basins)
088, 116, 195, 208, 248, 257,
341, 352, 461, 471, 496, 518,
523, 524, 536, 537
Weirs
104, 185, 378, 381
Well permits
325
Wells
325
West Allis, Wisconsin
171
West Germany
564
West Lafayette Watershed
523
White Plains, New York
183
Wilbarger Creek, Texas
445
Wilmington, Delaware
384
Windhoek treatment plant
430
Wisconsin
180, 354, 355, 356
355
-------
AUTHOR INDEX
Ackermann, William
263
Adams, T. L.
448
Aitken, A. P.
088
Alexander, Stuart M.
051
Amisial, Roger A.
449
Amorocho, J.
450, 451, 452, 453
Anderson, D.
392
Anderson, Daniel G.
454
Armstrong, Ellis L.
575
Armstrong - Wright, A. T.
038
Askew, Arthur J.
458, 459
Aten, R. E.
590
Austin, T. A.
393
Ayers, F. E.
199
Bacon, Vinton W.
039, 394
Baird, Ralph W.
482
Anderson, H. W.
455
Anderson, J. U.
457
Anderson, James J.
456
Anderson, R. E.
264
Anderson, Sigurd H.
179
Anderson, T. A.
037
Ardis, Colby V.
180
Balogh, J.
460
Bandyopadhya, M.
515
Banister, A. W.
395
Barrett, Bruce R.
209
Bauer, W. J.
576, 584
Baxter, J. K.
135, 136
Bell, Frederick C.
461
357
-------
Benfield, C. A. J.
040
Brater, E. F.
464
Beegaann, J. M.
498
Bray, D. I.
496
Bergstrom, Robert E.
396
Bremver, Raymond M.
042
Berk, Ralph G.
265
Best, L. C.
214
Betson, Roger P.
210, 462, 463
Bird, A. W.
139
Blecharczyk, Stephen S.
089
Bolitho, V.
266
Bonderson, Paul R.
357
Bottger, W. 0. J.
090
Bourne, D. E.
520, 521, 522
Bowen, Robert N.
148
Brodbeck, H. W.
586
Brooks, R. W.
091
Brown, T. Cecil
043
Brownlie, T. A. C.
397
Bryant, E. A.
414
Buckingham, Robert A.
210
Calandro, Anthony J.
465
Calkins, Myron D.
181
Callihan, Peter M.
268
Calvert, John T.
092
Bowser, Carl J.
205
Camp, Thomas R.
269
Boyson, Stephen M.
041
Bradley, R. M.
267
Brand, E. W.
122
Cannon, D. E.
577
Carmichael, W. F.
398
358
-------
Carpenter, T. G.
134
Copeland, C. E.
113
Carrasquilla, A. B.
466
Carter, Don
578
Cave, G. M.
044
Cecil, L. K.
399
Chandler, R. L.
424
Chitale, Skrikrishna V.
595
Chow, Yen Te
467, 468, 545
Clapham, T. W.
579
Clark, R. N.
134
Clark, Robert A.
524
Clarke, Norman A.
212, 358
Claycomb, Elmer L.
187
Cleveland, Jerry G.
211
Collinge, V. K.
469
Condon, Francis J.
400
Cotton, P.
401
Coughlin, Robert J.
270
Crawford, H. R.
135, 136
Crawford, Norman H.
271, 452
Cronstrom, Anders
402
Gulp, Russell L.
405
Curtis, Lament W.
116, 124, 125
DaCosta, Pedro C. C.
470
Dalton, Frank E.
039, 584
Datwyler, N. Christian
320
Davey, Tom
182
Dawdy, David R.
272, 498
Debski, Kazimierz
471
DeCarlo, Dale A.
307
DeFilippi, John A.
403
359
-------
Delleur, J. W.
523
Dunglas, J.
580
Diaper, E. W. J.
404, 405
DiLuzio, F. C.
149
Eagleson, P. S.
481
East, Nigel
407
Dimchev, T.
126
Eberhart, Jonathan
048
Diskin, M. H.
472
Eckhoff, D. W.
095
Divney, J. Michael
183
Eiffert, W. T.
184
Dobinson, K. W.
093
Donnely, William
045
Donsel, D. J. Van
212, 214
Drechsel, A.
046
Dubs, L. C.
094
Dueker, Kenneth J.
180
Duff, Harvey W.
473
Duffy, P. D.
455
Dumbleton, Brian M.
406
Dumbleton, Bruce
047
Eller, J. M.
409
Ellis, James R.
273
Emde, Wilhelm v. d,
096, 150
Emmons, Robert
073
Escritt, L. B.
097
Espey, William H.
474
Evans, F. L.
408
Fathmann, H.
274
Faust, E.
049
Ferguson, W.
397
360
-------
Fielding, M. B.
200
Flaherty, John J.
275
Fleming, P. J.
184
Fogel, M. M.
475
Ford, D. L.
409
Foster, J. A.
061
Garber, William
206
Gatillo, P. D.
220
Geldreich, E. E.
212, 213, 214, 408
Gibbs, Charles V.
051, 099
Gifft, H. M.
479
Gilbert, Jerome B.
359
Franzini, Joseph B.
297, 298, 299, 300, 301,
302
Freeny, A. E.
476
Friedland, A. 0.
095
Friedland, Helen
206
Frind, Emil 0.
477
Fritschi, E. W.
098
Fruh, E. Gus
201
Galliers, R.
127
Gallup, W. J.
050
Gameson, A. L. H.
478
Gilman, Charles S.
480
Girling, R. M.
128
Glover, G. E.
412
Gloyna, Ernest F.
276, 409
Goodhew, J.
185
Grace, R. A.
481
Grainage, J. W.
277
Grava, Sigurd
202
Green, Ralph F.
463
Greene, William L.
203
361
-------
Gregory, P. C.
457
Guarino, Carmen F.
203
Guy, Harold P.
215
Hackett, Dale 0.
486
Hallmark, Basel E.
151
Hamlin, M. J.
278
Hanis, A. J.
360
Hendrickson, John G.
151
Herik, A. G. v. d.
090
Hershfield, David M.
483
Hiemstra, L. A. V.
484
Hiler, Edward A.
524
Hill, George
581
Hill, I. K.
485
Hardenbergh, W. A.
279, 280, 281, 282, 283,
284
Harrington, L. J.
135
Harris, Garth S.
129
Hart, W. E.
453
Hartman, Monroe A.
482
Hasegawa, G. K.
597
Hastings, C. R.
052
Haugh, Harold H.
053
Havens, John G.
148
Hoadley, A. W.
216, 217
Hobbs, F. D.
278
Hobbs, M. Floyd
168
Hoffman, Siegfried
096
Holtan, H. N.
509
Hopkins, Charles D.
486
Hopkins, Glen J.
186, 285
Horner, R. W.
100
Hornig, E.
286
Horsefield, David R.
287, 582
362
-------
Hsieh, George C. C.
473
Huff, F. A.
487, 488, 489, 490
Hulme, H. S.
101
Hume, Norman B.
361
Hurlbert, Don
186
Jamieson, D. G.
469
Jehne, J.
105
Jenkins, Samuel H.
363
Jens, Stifel W.
289, 492
Jobling, G. A.
106
Hutchinson, Frederick E.
288
Johnson, James A.
290
Hutchinson, Gary D.
102
Johnson, S. L.
493
Huval, Carl J.
583
Jones, D. Earl
289
Isaac, Peter C. G.
267
Isgard, E.
410
Ishib ashi, Takishi
362
Iturbe, I. R.
491
Jain, Ravinder K.
130
James, C. P.
103
James, G. V.
104
James, R. P. Boyd
411
Jones, Robert H.
054
Kalma, J. D.
055
Karoly, A.
494
Katsuya, A.
140
Kazienko, Henry J.
056
Keating, Walter R.
541
Keene, John C.
270
Keifer, Clint J.
107, 308
363
-------
Keilbaugh, W. A.
412
Keller, H. E.
070
Kenner, B. A.
213, 214
King, M. V.
127, 522
Knapp, John W.
291
Larsen, William R.
589
Lauber, E.
586
Lautrich, R.
108
Laverty, C.
057
Lee, H. V.
091
Knecht, Charles
131
Lawgun, N.
517
Kneese, Allen V.
292
Lee, J.
496
Knisel, Walter G.
482
Leffel, R. E.
296
Koelzer, V. A.
584
Leiand, R.
394
Kohlhaas, Charles A.
413
Lengyel, W,
415
Kolbenschlag, Michael
585
Lenz, Arno T.
180
Kovacs, Gy
293
Leonard, 0. A.
132
Kulandaiswamy, V. C.
495
Leopold, Luna B.
497
Lager, John A.
294
Lewin, V. H.
113
Lamb, James C.
295
Laredo, D.
414
Lichty, R. W.
498
Linsley, Ray K.
297, 298, 299, 300, 301,
302, 452, 499, 500
364
-------
Lischer, V. C.
597
Llewellyn, Thomas E.
166
Lomas, J.
055
Lombardo, G.
058
Londong, D.
152, 153
Lothrop,. T. L.
416
Lough, Jack
109
Mair, Alex
588
Malcolm, W. T.
059
Marguardt, William
060
Marsden - Jones, G. L.
061
Marske, Donald M.
417
Mason, Donald G.
418
Matrai, I.
460
Love, S. K.
218
Maud, D. H.
112
Lowe, D.
154
McClure, Cole R.
599
Lowndes, M. R.
404
McCollum, John A.
303
Lowry, L. L.
110
McDonald, Dugald
364
Ludwig, H. F.
095
Lumsden, T. W.
Ill
Lysne, D. K.
587
Lyutik, P. M.
501
Maass, A.
431
McJunkin, F. E.
133
McKinney, Herman M.
304
McNulty, A. C.
448
McPherson, Murray B.
167, 168, 492, 502, 503,
504, 505
McWhorter, J. C.
134
365
-------
Michel, R. L.
419
Miller, John F.
506
Montgomery, Austin H.
420
Moore, Walter L.
507
Moreland, Joe A.
204
Morgan, Carl W.
474, 507
Morris, A. T.
113
Morris, H. M.
305
Morton, J.
421
Muller, Robert A.
508
Musgrave, G. W.
509
Muskat, J.
422
Nakahara, Roy T.
130
Narayana, V. V. Dhruva
519
Nash, J. E.
423
Neil, Forrest C.
589
Nelson, Myron K.
424
Neuberger, John W.
306
Noland, Richard F.
307
Nordenson, T. J.
510
Nordin, C. F.
491
North, Charles R.
114
Nriagu, Jerome 0.
205
Osborn, H. B.
511
Overfield, J. L.
135, 136
Pagan, Alfred R.
062, 063
Paintal, A. S.
137
Palange, R. C.
419
Papadopulos, Istavros S,
589, 590
Parkhurst, John D.
425
Parkinson, Gerald
591
Parthum, C. A.
592
366
-------
Pavia, Edgar H.
426
Pelmoter, A. L.
419
Penman, A.
155
Perkins, F. E.
466
Perkins, K. F.
064
Phillips, Sam A.
065
Pikarsky, Milton
308
Poertner, Herbert G.
512
Pomeroy, R. D.
066
Popham, T. W.
539
Powell, Crawford J.
426
Rabcewict, L. V.
596
Radzuil, Joseph V.
203
Ragan, Robert M.
514
Rajagopalan, K. S.
595
Raman, V.
515
Ramsey, Ralph H.
211
Rantz, S. E.
516
Rao, A. R.
523
Raudkivi, A. J.
517
Rawls, Walter J.
291
Reinhart, Kenneth G.
518
Prasad, Ramanand
513
Pravoshinskiy, N. A.
219, 220
Price, M. J.
091
Priha , Seppo
593
Quaife, R. D.
478
Remus, Gerald J.
427
Renard, K. G.
511
Riach, J. S. W.
067
Richards, M. M.
510
Riley, J. Paul
449, 519
367
-------
Robertson, James M.
138
Robertson, W. J.
139
Robie, Ronald B.
365
Rockwell, M. L.
309
Rodie, Edward B.
279, 280, 281, 282, 283,
284
Roebeck, G. G.
408
Rogers, Richard A.
187, 188
Rosander, A.
410
Rosenkranz, William A.
156, 310, 428, 429
Roth, Martin L.
068
Salewski, K. H.
115
Salvato, J. A.
311
Salvatorelli, J. J.
069
Sangal, Suresh
464
Santry, I. W.
135, 136
Sarginson, E. J.
520, 521, 522
Sarma, P. B. S.
523
Schmer, Fred A.
524
Schneider, D. A.
366
Schneider, William J.
525
Seaburn, G. E.
526
Sebastian, Frank P.
430
Semplak, R. A.
070
Shannon, E. S.
431
Sheaffer, John R.
432
Shifrin, W. G.
597
Shipp, W. L.
489, 490
Shunney, Edward L.
089
Simpson, George D.
116
Simpson, Larry D.
527
Singer, John A.
204
Smith, H. F.
528
368
-------
Smith, Lorraine
071, 598
Smith, Stephen C.
292
Sosedov, I. S.
529
Sosewitz, B.
394
Sproul, 0. J.
416
Srinivasa, Kalkunte N.
541
Stall, John B.
532
Stephenson, William G.
189
Summerfield, F.
421
Sumner, Mike
312
Surkan, A. J.
530
Sutcliffe, Harry
599
Symons, George E.
313, 479
Szilagyi, M.
159
Talon, G.
434
Tassell, M. G.
435
S tevens , Ben j amin H.
270
Taylor, D. C.
502
Stewart, A. E.
457
Stone, Ralph
206, 433
Strong, Ann Louise
270
Subramanian, C. V
495
Sueishi, T.
140
Sullivan, Richard H.
157, 158
Suloway, Marshall
107
Teipel, John
531
Terstriep, Michael L.
532
Thaller, M.
055
Thistlethwayte, D. K. B.
207
Tholin, A. L.
107, 314
Thompson, G.
315
Thorn, Roland Berkeley
316
369
-------
Tobey, Russ L.
473
Townley, Neal
132
Tucker, L. Scott
160, 168, 502, 533, 534,
535, 536, 537
Turner, A. K.
106
Twitchell, Trigg
538
Ursic, S. J.
539
Van Sickle, Donald
540
Vesilind, P. A.
133
Viessman, Walter
221
Viessman, Warren
541
Vilen, Frank I.
161
Visocky, Adrian P.
542
Waananen, Arvi 0.
543
Wagner, H.
436
Waller, Donald H.
117, 141, 162, 317, 318
Walters, Paul R.
211
Warwick, William J.
072
Watkins, L. H.
437, 520
Weaver, P. J.
367
Weeks, John D.
358
Weibel, S. R.
408
Wendell, Clifford
073
Wenzel, H. G.
074
West, K. J.
163
White, John W.
130
White, R. H.
075
Williams, Ernest T.
076
Winslow, David E.
474
Wo o, D ah-Cheny
124
Wood, F.
118
Wood, Richard
319
Wood, Walter J.
320, 544
370
-------
Wright, Darwin R.
438
Wright, David Ellis
594, 595
Wright, Kenneth R.
187, 190
Yamamoto, Teruo
455
Yatsuk, P. M.
412
Yen, Ben Chie
545
Zack, Samuel I.
321
Zeizel, Arthur J.
546
371
-------
JOURNAL LIST
Abbreviation
Full Title
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
Abwass
Am City
Appl Microbiol
Australian Civil Eng
Bell System Tech J
Ber Abwassertech Ver
Civil Eng
Civil Eng Public Works Rev
Construct Methods Equip
Consulting Engr
Effluent Water Treat J
Eng Contract Record
Eng J
Eng News-Record
Environ Sci Technol
Gas Wasserfach
Gesundh Ingr
Giorn Genio Civile
Ground Water
Houille Blanch
Ind Water Eng
Inst Civil Engrs (London)
Inst Engrs (Australia)
Inst Public Health Engrs
Inst Sewage Purification,
J Proc
J Am Water Works Assoc
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
Abwasse:
The Ame:
Applied
Austral:
Bell Sys
Berichti
Civil Ei
Civil Ei
Construi
Consult:
Effluen
Enginee:
Enginee:
Enginee;
Environi
Gas- um
Gesundhi
Giornali
Ground 1
Houille
Industr
Institu
Institu
Institu
Institu
Journal
Journal
27. J Appl Meteorol
28. J Boston Soc Civil Engrs
29. J. Construct Div, Am Soc
Civil Engrs
30. J Forest
27.
28.
29.
30.
Bell System Technical Journal
Berichte der Abwassertechnischen Vereiningung
Civil Engineering
Civil Engineering and Public Works Review
Construction Methods and Equipment
Consulting Engineer
Effluent and Water Treatment Journal
Engineering and Contract Record
Engineering Journal
Engineering News-Record
Environmental Science and Technology
Gas- und Wasserfach
Gesundheits Ingenieur
Giornale del Genio Civile
Ground Water
Houille Blanche
Industrial Water Engineering
Institution of Civil Engineers (London)
Institution of Engineers (Australia)
Institution of Public Health Engineers
Institution of Sewage Purification,
Journal and Proceedings
Journal of the American Water Works
Association
Journal of Applied Meteorology
Journal of the Boston Society of Civil
Engineers
Journal of the Construction Division,
American Society of Civil Engineers
Journal of Forestry
373
-------
31. J Geophys Res
32. J Hydraulics Div, Am Soc
Civil Engrs
33. J Hydrol
34. J Inst Munic Engrs
35. J Irrigation Drainage Div;
Am Soc Civil Engrs
36. J New England Water Works
Assoc
37. J Sanit Eng Div, Am Soc
Civil Engrs
38. J Soil Water Conserv
39. J Urban Planning Develop Div,
Am Soc Civil Engrs
40. J Water Pollution Control
Fed
41. J Water Works Assoc
42. Abwass
43. Kunststoffe - Plastics
44. Meteorol Mag
45. Military Engr
46. Mod Power Eng
47. Munic Eng (London)
48. Oesterr Abwasser - Rundschau
49. Oesterr Wasserwirtsch
50. Pipes Pipelines Intern
51. Rozpr Hydrotech, Polska
Akad Nauk
52. Public Works
53. Roads Road Construct
54. Rubber World
55. Sangyo Kogai
56. Sb Rab Gidrol
57- Schweiz Bauztg
31. Journal of Geophysical Research
32. Journal of the Hydraulics Division,
American Society of Civil Engineers
33. Journal of Hydrology
34. Journal of the Institute of Municipal
Engineers
35. Journal of the Irrigation and Drainage
Division, American Society of Civil
Engineers
36. Journal of the New England Water Works
Association
37. Journal of the Sanitary Engineering
Division, American Society of Civil
Engineers
38. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation
39. Journal of the Urban Planning and
Development Division, American Society
of Civil Engineers
40. Journal of the Water Pollution Control
Federation
41. Journal of the Water Works Association
42. Abwasser
43. Kunststoffe - Plastics
44. Meteorological Magazine
45. Military Engineer
46. Modern Power and Engineering
47. Municipal Engineering (London)
48. Oesterreichische Abwasser - Rundschau
49. Oesterreichische Wasserwirtschaft
50. Pipes and Pipelines International
51. Rozpravy Hydrotechniczne, Polska
Akademia Nauk
52. Public Works
53. Roads and Road Construction
54. Rubber World
55. Sangyo Kogai
56. Sbornik Rabot po Gidrologii
57. Schweizerische Bauzeitung
374
-------
58. Science News 58.
59. Sov Hydrol 59.
60. Staedtehyg 60 i
61. Surveyor 61.
62. Surveyor Munic City Engrs 62.
63. Trans, Am Geophys Union 63.
64. Trans, Am Soc Agr Engrs 64.
65. Trans, Japan Soc Civil Engrs 65„
66. Tr Inst Gidrogeol Gidrofiziki 66.
67o Vodosnab Sanit Tekh 67.
68. Wasserwirtsch - wassertech 68.
69. Water 69.
70. Water Pollution Control 70.
71. Water Power 71.
72. Water Res 720
73. Water Resources Res 73.
74. Water Sewage Works 74.
75. Water Waste Treat 75.
76. Water Wastes Eng 76.
77. Western Construct 77.
Science News
Soviet Hydrology
Staedtehygiene
Surveyor
Surveyor and Municipal City Engineers
Transactions, American Geophysical
Union
Transactions, American Society of
Agricultural Engineers
Transactions, Japan Society of Civil
Engineers
Trudy Institute Gidrogeologii i
Gidrofiziki
Vodosnabzheinie i Sanitarnaya
Tekhnika
Wasserwirtschaft - Wassertechnik
Water
Water and Pollution Control
Water Power
Water Research
Water Resources Research
Water and Sewage Works
Water and Waste Treatment
Water and Wastes Engineering
Western Construction
375
-------
BIBLIOGRAPHIC: Franklin Institute Research Laboratories.
Selected Urban Storm Water Runoff Abstracts FWQA
Publication No. 11024EJC07/70
ABSTRACTS: A compilation of abstracts summarizing articles from
a variety of technical publications constituting the problem
of urban drainage was developed by the Franklin Institute
Research Laboratories. The present work includes 599 abstracts
of documents published for the most part from July 1968 through
June 1970. The abstracts are classed In ten sub-topic categor-
ies and arranged alphabetically by author and numerically by
abstract number within each category. Each item includes a
bibliographic citation, an abstract, and a set of indexing
descriptors and identifiers. A cumulative subject index at
the end of the volume provides the necessary access to indi-
vidual concepts. An author index and journal list are also
included. This work was submitted in fulfillment of Contract
14-12-904 between the Federal Water Quality Administration
and the Franklin Institute Research Laboratories.
BIBLIOGRAPHIC: Franklin Institute Research Laboratories.
Selected Urban Storm Water Runoff Abstracts FWQA
Publication No. 11024EJC07/70
ABSTRACTS: A compilation of abstracts summarizing articles from
~ a variety of technical publications constituting the problem
of urban drainage was developed by the Franklin Institute
Research Laboratories. The present work Includes 599 abastractt
of documents published for the most part from July 1968 through
June 1970. The abstracts are classed In ten sub-topic cate-
gories and arranged alphabetically by author and numerically
by abstract number within each category. Each Item includes
a bibliographic citation, an abstract, and a set of Indexing
descriptors and identifiers. A cumulative subject Index at
the end of the volume provides the necessary access to indi-
vidual concepts. An author index and Journal list are also
included.
This work was submitted in fulfillment of Contract 14-12-904
between the Federal Water Quality Administration and the
Franklin Institute Research Laboratories.
KEY WORDS
Storm runoff
Urbanization
Drainage systems
Overflow
Rainfall-runoff
relationships
Sewers
Sewage treatment
Water pollution control
Storm runoff
Urbanization
Drainage systems
Overflow
Rainfall-runoff
relationships
Sewers
Sewage treatment
Water pollution control
BIBLIOGRAPHIC: Franklin Institute Research Laboratories.
Selected Urban Storm Water Runoff Abstracts FWQA
Publication No. 11024EJC07/70
ABSTRACTS: A compilation of abstracts summarizing articles from
a variety of technical publications constituting the problem
of urban drainage was developed by the Franklin Institute
Research Laboratories. The present work includes 599 abstracts
of documents published for the most part from July 1968 through
June 1970. The abstracts are classed in ten sub-topic cate-
gories and arranged alphabetically by author and numerically
by abstract number within each category. Each Item includes
a bibliographic citation, an abstract, and a set of indexing
descriptors and identifiers. A cumulative subject index at
the end of the volume provides the necessary access to Indi-
vidual concepts. An author index and Journal list are also
Included. This work was submitted in fulfillment of Contract
14-12-904 between the Federal Water Quality Administration and
the Franklin Institute Research Laboratories.
Storm runoff
Urbanization
Drainage systems
Overflow
Rainfall-runoff
relationships
Sewers
Sewage treatment
Water pollution control
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Accession Number
Subject Field & Group
SELECTED WATER RESOURCES ABSTRACTS
INPUT TRANSACTION FORM
Organization
Franklin Institute Research Laboratories, 20th Street & The Parkway
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19103
Title
SELECTED URBAN STORM WATER RUNOFF ABSTRACTS
1 Q Authors)
Franklin Institute Research
Laboratories
16
21
Project Designation
FWQA Program No
11024EJC07/70
Note
22
Citation
FWQA Contract No 14-12-904, Jul 1970. 375 p.
23
Descriptors (Starred First)
*Storm runoff, Urbanization, Drainage systems, Overflow, Rainfall-runoff relationships
Sewers, Sewage treatment, Water pollution control.
25
Identifiers (Starred First)
*Combined sewers, *Storm sewers.
27
Abstract
A compilation of abstracts summarizing articles from a variety of technical publica-
tions constituting the problem of urban drainage was developed by the Franklin
Institute Research Laboratories. The present work includes 599 abstracts of documents
published for the most part from July 1968 through June 1970. The abstracts are
classed in ten sub-topic categories and arranged alphabetically by author and
numerically by abstract number within each category. Each item includes a biblio-
graphic citation, an abstract, and a set of indexing descriptors and identifiers.
A cumulative subject index at the end of the volume provides the necessary access
to individual concepts. An author index and journal list are also included.
This work was submitted in fulfillment of Contract 14-12-904 between the Federal
Water Quality Administration and the Franklin Institute Research Laboratories.
Abstractor
Dorothy A.
Ortner
Institution
Franklin Institute Research Laboratories
WR:102 (REV. JULY 1869)
WRSIC
SEND TO: WATER RESOURCES SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION CENTER
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
WASHINGTON. D. C. 20240
* GPO: 1969-359-339
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Continued from inside front cover....
11022 — 00/67
11023 --- 09/67
11020 — 12/67
11023 — 05/68
11031
11030
11020
11020
11020
11020
11020
11023
11020
11020
11020
11024
11020
11000
— 08/68
DNS 01/69
Dili 06/69
DES 06/69
— 06/69
EXV 07/69
DIG 08/69
DPI 08/69
DGZ 10/69
"EKO 10/69
— 10/69
FKN 11/69
DWF 12/69
— 01/70
11020 FKI 01/70
11024
11023
DOK 02/70
FDD 03/70
11024 DMS 05/70
11023 EVO 06/70
11024 — 06/70
Phase I - Feasibility of a Periodic Flushing System
for Combined Sewer Cleaning
Demonstrate Feasibility of the Use of Ultrasonic
Filtration in Treating the Overflows from Combined
and/or Storm Sewers
Problems of Combined Sewer Facilities and Overflows,
1967, (KP-20-11)
Feasibility of a Stabilization-Retentio'n Basin in Lake-
Erie at Cleveland, Ohio
The Beneficial Use of Storm Water
Water Pollution Aspects of Urban Runoff, (k'P-20-15)
Improved Sealants for Infiltration Control, (WP-20-18)
Selected Urban Storm Water Runoff Abstracts, (WP-20-21)
Sewer Infiltration Reduction by Zone Pumping, (DAST-9)
Strainer/Filter Treatment of Combined Sewer Overflows,
(WP-20-16)
Polymers for Sewer Flow Control, (WP-20-22)
Rapid-Flow Filter for Sewer Overflows
Design of a Combined Sewer Fluidic Regulator, (DAST-13)
Combined Sewer Separation Using Pressure Sewers, (ORD-4)
Crazed Resin Filtration of Combined Sewer Overflows, (DAST-4)
Storm Pollution and Abatement from Combined Sewer Overflows-
Bucyrus, Ohio, (DAST-32)
Control of Pollution by Underwater Storage
Storm and Combined Sewer Demonstration Projects -
January 1970
Dissolved Air Flotation Treatment of Combined Sewer
Overflows, (WP-20-17)
Proposed Combined Sewer Control by Electrode Potential
Rotary Vibratory Fine Screening of Combined Sewer
Overflows, (DAST-5)
Engineering Investigation of Sewer Overflow Problem -
Roanoke, Virginia
Microstraining and Disinfection of Combined Sewer
Overflows
Combined Sewer Overflow Abatement Technology
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