EVERYONE CAN'T LIVE UPSTREAM
A CONTEMPORARY HISTORY OF THE WATER QUALITY PROBLEMS
ON THE MISSOURI RIVER
( SIOUX CITY, IOWA TO HERMANN, MISSOURI )
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
OFFICE OF WATER PROGRAMS
911 WALNUT, KANSAS CITY, MISSOURI
APRIL , 1971
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EVERYONE CAN'T LIVE UPSTREAM
A
CONTEMPORARY HISTORY OF WATER QUALITY PROBLEMS
ON THE
MISSOURI RIVER
SIOUX CITY, IOWA TO ^ MISSOURI
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
OFFICE OF WATER QUALITY
REGION VII
KANSAS CITY, MISSOURI
APRIL 1971
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The Superintendent of Documents
classification number is:
EP 2.2: Up7
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
In December 1970, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
officially came into being and the Federal Water Quality Administra-
tion (FWQA) became the Office of Water Quality within EPA. This
report is based on work completed prior to the formation of EPA by
many organizational segments of the FWQA and is acknowledged as such.
The overall field effort was coordinated by the Missouri Basin Region,
FWQA, Mr. John M. Rademacher, Regional Director. The National Field
Investigations Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, Mr. A. D. Sidio, Director,
contributed generously of manpower, equipment, and consultation.
Dr. Robert Bunch and Dr. Gerald Berg of the .Advanced Waste Treatment
group provided sophisticated laboratory assistance and consultation.
Their efforts along with the understanding of Dr. Francis Middleton,
their supervisor, is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, Mr. Kenneth M.
Mackenthun, now Director of Technical Services, Office of Water
Quality, EPA, served as the Washington, D. C. coordinator for the
field efforts and his dedicated support eased the administrative bur-
den enabling the cooperative effort to be completed. The report was
developed by Mr. Carl M. Walter of the Missouri Basin Region Staff.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page Number
Introduction 1
Background and Enforcement Actions 2
Water Quality Standards 12
Water Quality Studies 15
Water Quality by Metropolitan Area 25
Other Factors 78
Conclusions 89
Bibliography 93
Appendices
A - Sampling Station Description 96
B - Report on the 1968-1969 Baseline Survey . . 100
B-l Station Descriptions (by Missouri River
Mile) 167
B-2 Data Summary 175
B-3 Determination of BOD Exertion Rates . . 200
B-4 Time-of-Water Travel in the Missouri
River 208
C - Data from Periphyton Study 216
D - Report on Fish Flesh Tainting Investigation 225
E - Report on Fecal Sterol Investigation .... 252
F - Report on Virus Isolation Investigation . . 269
G - Industrial Waste Survey Summary Data .... 290
H - Basic Data 295
n
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LIST OF TABLES
Table No. Title Page No.
1 Status of Water Quality Standards .... 14
2 Frequency of Chemical Analyses 18
3 Sampling Scheme 24
4 Missouri River Water Quality at Gavins
Point Dam 27
5 Missouri River Bacteriological Densities
Sioux City to Omaha 29
6 Missouri River Salmonella Isolations
Sioux City to Omaha 31
7 Summary of Salmonella Serotypes Isolated
from Missouri River 32
8 Bacterial Survival Studies, Sioux City
to Omaha 34
9 Fecal Sterol Concentrations, Sioux City
to Omaha 39
10 Fecal Coliform Densities Isolated from
Water Samples Used for Fecal Sterol
Analysis, Sioux City to Omaha 39
11 Virus Isolations, Sioux City to Omaha . . 40
12 Missouri River Water Quality, Omaha
Water Treatment Plant Intake 41
13 Missouri River Bacteriological Densities
Omaha to St. Joseph 43
14 Missouri River Salmonella Isolations
Omaha to St. Joseph 47
15 Bacterial Survival Studies, Omaha to
St. Joseph 48
16 Fecal Sterol Concentrations, Omaha to
St. Joseph 52
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Table No. Title Page No.
17 Fecal Coliform Densities Isolated from
Water Samples Used for Fecal Sterol
Analysis, Omaha to St. Joseph 53
18 Virus Isolations, Omaha to St. Joseph . . 54
19 Missouri River Water Quality at
St. Joseph, Missouri Water Treatment
Plant Intake 55
20 Missouri River Bacteriological Densities
St. Joseph to Kansas City 57
21 Missouri River Salmonella Isolations
St. Joseph to Kansas City 60
22 Bacterial Survival Studies, St. Joseph
to Kansas City 62
23 Fecal Sterol Concentrations, St. Joseph
to Kansas City 64
24 Fecal Coliform Densities Isolated from
Water Samples Used for Fecal Sterol
Analysis, St. Joseph to Kansas City ... 65
25 Virus Isolations, St. Joseph to Kansas
City 66
26 Missouri River Water Quality at Kansas
City, Missouri Water Treatment Plant
Intake 67
27 Missouri River Bacteriological Densities
Kansas City to Waverly 69
28 Missouri River Salmonella Isolations
Kansas City to Waverly 72
29 Fecal Sterol Concentrations, Kansas City
to Waverly 74
30 Fecal Coliform Densities Isolated from
Water Samples Used for Fecal Sterol
Analysis, Kansas City to Waverly .... 75
31 Virus Isolations, Kansas City to Waverly 77
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Table No. Title Page No.
32 A Comparison of Wet and Dry Weather
Water Quality at Selected Stations,
Missouri River, 1968 79
33 Summary of Runoff Duration and Frequency
for Selected Missouri Tributaries .... 79
34 Summary of Missouri River Tributaries . . 81
35 Summary of Industrial Waste Survey ... 87
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure No.
1
2
3
4
Title
Number of Fecal Col i form. Per Day
Sioux City to Omaha
Number of Fecal Col i form Per Day
Omaha to St. Joseph
Number of Fecal Col i form Per Day
St. Joseph to Kansas City
Number of Fecal Col i form Per Day
Kansas City to Waverlv
Page No.
30
45
59
71
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INTRODUCTION
The title of this report was carefully chosen to depict a major
dilemma of modern society. That is, the growth of the country has
placed man in the position of regarding water, both in quantity and
quality, as a limited resource and of developing a workable means to
protect this resource. "Everyone Can't Live Upstream" is directly
concerned'with the quality aspects. It is a factual document show-
ing what happens to a major river as metropolitan areas develop along
the stream banks and in essence is a description of the plight of the
downstream user.
This report documents the history of water quality problems on
the Missouri River beginning with the first Federal enforcement
actions, describing the development of water quality standards, and
some of the attendant controversy involved, and finally presenting
the results of two years of water quality investigations of the river
to develop the technical support for stringent water quality standards,
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BACKGROUND AND ENFORCEMENT ACTIONS
On July 9, 1956, Congress approved Public Law 84-660, an Act to
extend and strengthen the Federal Water Pollution Control activities.
Section 9 of this 1956 legislation empowered the Federal government
with specific enforcement capability against pollution of interstate
waters. Beginning in 1957, a series of enforcement actions were
instituted on the Missouri River. *
During the period of 1957 to 1966, as these enforcement confer-
ences, hearings and court action progressed, the Federal law was fur-
ther strengthened by Congressional amendments. The most significant
of these amendments was the Water Quality Act of 1965 which called for
Federal Water Quality Standards on interstate waters. These Standards
were to be developed by the individual states, reviewed and approved
by the Federal government, and then accepted as both the State and
Federal Standard of quality for the body of water concerned.
Along with the Standards requirement, the Water Quality Act of
1965 introduced the concept of enhancement of quality. The old
approach of attempting to solve the problem after damage had occurred
was replaced by a program of prevention and control.
The institutional pathways to achieve the goals set forth in the
legislation were tortuous. The never ending argument of Federal inter-
vention in States' rights was heard time and again. And, finally the
pollution control effort by the states and the cities was one of
expediency in order to placate the Federal government. This is demon-
strated by the history of water pollution actions on the Missouri
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River which are summarized on the following pages.
MISSOURI RIVER - SIOUX CITY, IOWA AREA
An enforcement conference was convened by the Public Health
Service on July 24, 1958, at Sioux City involving the municipalities
of Yankton, Vermillion and Elk Point, South Dakota; Sioux City, Iowa;
South Sioux City, Dakota City, Ponca and Blair, Nebraska; and their
associated industries which were discharging their wastes into and
causing pollution of the Missouri River. The conferees agreed that
pollution of the Missouri River, principally by the municipal and
industrial wastes from Sioux City, Iowa, interfered with water uses
in Nebraska. A time schedule calling for the awarding of contracts
for remedial works by January 1, 1961, was established.
The failure of Sioux City, Iowa, to make suitable progress in pro-
viding abatement facilities resulted in the calling of a hearing by
the Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare. This hearing was
held in Sioux City, Iowa, on March 23-27, 1959. The Hearing Board
found Sioux City, Iowa, and 10 meat packing firms were discharging
matter causing pollution of the interstate waters of the Missouri
River so as to endanger the health and welfare of persons in Nebraska,
Sioux City, Iowa, and its 10 associated industries were then directed
to cease and desist and to provide what at that time was considered
adequate collection and disposal facilities (primary treatment) by
March 1, 1963. Although this schedule, as recommended by the Hearing
Board, has been met substantially, new industries, such as Iowa Beef
Packers at Dakota City, Nebraska, have located in the area increasing
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the waste loads discharged. This industry has agreed to provide
secondary treatment of their wastes by August 1971.
Water quality standards established by the State of Iowa in
accordance with Section 10(c)(l) of the Federal Water Pollution Con-
trol Act were determined in part not to be consistent with protection
of the public health and welfare, the enhancement of water quality,
and the purpose of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act. As a
result, a Conference to Consider the Establishment of Water Quality
Standards for the Missouri River Basin Interstate Waters—State of
Iowa was convened April 15, 1969. As a result of the Conference,
Secretary of the Interior Walter J. Hickel proposed standards for Iowa
in the Federal Register November 1, 1969, calling for, among other
x
things, secondary treatment plus bacterial control for domestic wastes
(90 percent reduction of BOD) and equivalent treatment by industry by
December 31, 1973. These standards were adopted by the Secretary of
the Interior on May 12, 1970. On June 2, 1970, Governor Ray of Iowa
petitioned for a hearing on the matter.
Subsequently, the State of Iowa conducted studies in the Sioux
City Area and found evidence of pollution which confirmed our findings.
Sioux City was then ordered to precede with the design and construc-
tion of secondary treatment facilities.
MISSOURI RIVER - OMAHA, NEBRASKA, COUNCIL BLUFFS, IOWA AREA
The first session of the enforcement conference on the Missouri
River, Omaha Area, was held on June 14, 1957, in Omaha, Nebraska. The
conferees concluded that pollution did exist and that the major cause
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of this pollution was Omaha, Nebraska. The schedule set by the con-
ferees was not followed. Progress at Omaha had proceeded on the
assumption that the industries would provide pretreatment of the
wastes prior to discharge to the City's sewers. A sewage treatment
plant was designed on this assumption. By January 1964, the Public
Health Service learned that the packinghouses had made an agreement
with the City to have the City treat their wastes; however, the
municipal sewage treatment plant was not designed to handle this load-
ing of paunch manure and grease. Several proposals to provide pre-
treatment of the packinghouse wastes either did not meet with the
Omaha City officials' approval or the approval of the packing industry.
Since it was evident that adequate progress was not going to be pro-
vided according to the time schedule set by the first conference, the
second session of this conference was called for July 21, 1964, in
Omaha, Nebraska. The main recommendations and conclusions from this
conference established a new timetable for the planning, financing,
and construction of a pretreatment complex. In addition, an Omaha
Technical Committee, established by the conferees, continued to meet
after the formal conference to work out a technically sound proposal
for pretreating the packinghouse wastes. A survey of packinghouse
wastes was conducted under the auspices of the Omaha Technical Commit-
tee during December 1964.
The findings of this study were presented at a Progress Evaluation
Meeting of the Conferees held on February 11-12, 1965, at Omaha,
Nebraska.
The findings and recommendations of the Technical Committee, which
5
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were endorsed by the conferees unanimously, agreed upon a new time
schedule calling for the completion of the pretreatment complex by
December 15, 1966.
When it did not appear that the new time schedule would be met,
the conferees were again in session on January 27 and March 28, 1966.
The conferees reestablished the completion dates set forth at the
earlier meeting and set certain limits on grease and suspended solids
to be met by the pretreatment facilities.
A follow-up evaluation meeting in Omaha on March 8, 1967, saw the
City officials again pledge to complete the pretreatment complex. It
was finally completed and put into operation September 2, 1969.
Recently, the system has been experiencing operating difficulties,
causing a bypassing of wastes to the Missouri River via the Monroe
Street sewer. After negotiations with Federal and State officials
the City assumed responsibility for operation of pretreatment.
The Omaha City Council, on February 3, 1970, resolved to provide
secondary treatment at its Papillion Creek plant by the end of 1975,
and by 1978 at the Missouri River plant. Advancing the 1978 date is
subject to improvement in the availability of Federal-State funds.
On October 9, 1970, the Nebraska Water Pollution Control Council
amended Nebraska Water Quality Standards by requiring secondary treat-
ment of all municipal and industrial waste sources discharging to the
Missouri River by December 31, 1975. This amendment stated "To pro-
tect and enhance the quality of productivity of the waters, all
municipal wastes shall receive at least secondary treatment plus such
additional treatment as is required to maintain Water Quality Criteria.
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All industrial wastes shall receive an equivalent degree of treatment
or control consistent with waste characteristics, uses and quality of
receiving waters."
On May 4, 1970, the Council Bluffs, Iowa, City Council passed a
resolution to provide secondary treatment by December 31, 1973, or
any subsequent date reached jointly by State and Federal governments.
MISSOURI RIVER - ST. JOSEPH, MISSOURI AREA
A conference was held by the Public Health Service on June 11,
1957, in St. Joseph, Missouri. The conferees agreed on a time sched-
ule for the installation of remedial facilities. The main recommen-
dation was that the contract award for the construction of sewage
treatment plant to serve the City of St. Joseph and its 18 associ-
ated industries be made by January 1, 1959. Since the City of
St. Joseph and its electorate were not responsive to the recommenda-
tion by the conferees, a public hearing was called by the Secretary
of Health, Education and Welfare on July 27-30, 1959, and on August 12,
1959, the Secretary issued a notice directing St. Joseph and 18 indus-
tries to cease and desist and to provide remedial work by July 1, 1963.
The St. Joseph Stockyards Company and related meat packing inter-
ests formed a sewer district on the south side of St. Joseph which
proceeded to build a primary treatment plant in response to the recom-
mendations of the conferees and the cease and desist order of the
Secretary following the hearing.
The City of St. Joseph, however, did not respond to the cease and
desist order, and an action was instituted in Federal Court which,
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following a favorable vote for a bond issue in St. Joseph, resulted
in a Court Order of October 31, 1961, setting forth completion dates
and provisions whereby the City of St. Joseph could make semiannual
reports to the Court with provisions for reopening the case by the
Government or the City. This case was dismissed without prejudice
in U. S. District Court on March 16, 1970.
The municipal primary sewage treatment plant at St. Joseph is
complete and operative, although only treating approximately 70 per-
cent of the City's waste.s. Remaining interceptor work is proceeding
with an anticipated June 1971 completion date.
On November 25, 1969, St. Joseph Mayor Merrifield committed the
City to a July 1, 1974, date for the completion of secondary treatment
facilities.
The Missouri Water Pollution Board at its regular meeting on
February 27, 1970, advanced the Statewide date for secondary treatment
of all municipal and industrial wastes to December 31, 1975.
On January 8, 1971, the Kansas Board of Health amended the Kansas
Water Quality Standards with a requirement for secondary treatment of
all municipal and industrial wastes by December 31, 1975.
KANSAS CITYS AREA
On December 3, 1957, a conference was convened which determined
that pollution of interstate waters subject to abatement under the
Federal Water Pollution Control Act was occurring in the Missouri
River-Kansas Citys Area. The conferees found the major sources of
pollution to be the untreated and inadequately treated sewage and
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industrial wastes from Kansas City, Kansas; Kansas City, Missouri;
and North Kansas City, Missouri, and local industrial establishments.
They recommended that adequate waste treatment facilities (primary)
for Kansas City, Kansas; Kansas City, Missouri; and North Kansas City,
Missouri, be completed and in operation by March 1, 1962, with the
understanding that the complete separation of storm and sanitary
sewage from Kansas City, Kansas, may not be effectuated until
January 1, 1963.
In addition, the conferees recommended that industry in the Kansas
City Metropolitan Area either connect with a municipal waste disposal
system or complete and put into operation adequate treatment works for
disposal of domestic and industrial wastes not later than March 1,
1962.
Because effective progress toward pollution abatement was not
being made by any of the municipalities cited, a hearing was called
and convened June 13-17, 1960. The Hearing Board recommended that on
or before January 1, 1963, all remedial facilities (primary) should be
placed under contract for construction to be completed and placed in
operation within a reasonable time. North Kansas City completed its
primary treatment facilities and sewerage system in 1964.
With implementation of recommendations lagging for the two Kansas
Citys, a Progress Evaluation Meeting was convened April 21, 1965. The
Federal and State conferees unanimously recommended "...that all
municipal and industrial wastes originating in the Kansas City Area,
the Kansas and Missouri Rivers and the tributaries thereof, be collected
adequately through the municipal systems in accordance with the
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requirements of the State agencies, and that all these works be com-
pleted and in operation by January 1, 1967."
Subsequent to the Progress Evaluation Meeting, the City of Kansas
City, Missouri, placed its primary treatment facilities and sewerage
system collecting domestic and industrial wastes into operation dur-
ing 1966. As previously mentioned, the Missouri Water Pollution
Board advanced the date for secondary treatment facilities to 1975.
In response to this decision, the Council of Kansas City, Missouri,
issued a resolution stating that Kansas City, Missouri, would comply
with this schedule.
The City of Kansas City, Kansas, placed its primary treatment
facilities into operation in 1968 and to date has not fully completed
construction of its sewerage system. The City still discharges some
untreated wastes to streams in the area, and numerous industries dis-
charge untreated wastes to the Missouri River via the Fairfax Drainage
District outfall. On May 19, 1970, the Secretary of Interior, Walter
J. Hickel, issued a 180-day notification of the violation of estab-
lished water quality standards to the Fairfax Drainage District and
called a hearing for July 7, 1970. As a result of this hearing, the
District has submitted an abatement schedule which is being reviewed
by EPA pending further enforcement action.
On February 19, 1970, the Board of Commissioners of the City of
Kansas City, Kansas, adopted a resolution calling for completion of
secondary waste facilities by December 31, 1975.
As previously mentioned, the Kansas Board of Health requires a
minimum of secondary treatment or its equivalent of wastes for all
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sources with an outside date of December 31, 1975.
The case histories make it rather evident that water pollution
control was and still is not a popular movement. Then as now
rhetoric outweighed actions even with considerable Federal involve-
ment.
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WATER QUALITY STANDARDS
Water Quality Standards are comprised of three separate parts.
These are the quality criteria, the implementation plan showing time
schedules, and the enforcement plan including the monitoring scheme.
The intent of the Federal legislation was to have the states formu-
late and adopt the standards. Then these standards were to be sub-
mitted to the Secretary of the Interior for his approval and when
approved would become both Federal and State Standards. If not
approved, the Secretary of the Interior, after due process of law,
would establish the Standards.
The policy guidelines for developing standards provided insight
into the purpose and intent of the standards. These guidelines were
based on the premise that the waters belong to the people, and there-
fore, no one entity has a right to pollute. Since this concept had
not been followed in the past, the standards were to be designed
ultimately to enhance the quality of water through prevention and
control.
The first building block of the standard package was the quality
criteria. Here it was intended for all existing and potential water
uses to be delineated, then the appropriate quality criteria would be
established to protect these uses. The mechanism of public meetings
was utilized to develop the spectrum of public use desires. The
quality criteria necessary to protect these uses were developed by a
national technical advisory committee comprised of well known experts
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in all fields and published in a report entitled "Water Quality
Criteria." I/
The implementation portion of the standards was for the purpose
of describing the nature of actions to be taken to achieve compliance
and the time frame for completion. In doing so, all relevant pollu-
tional sources were to be considered including municipal and industrial
wastes, cooling water discharges, irrigation return flows, and com-
bined sewer overflows. It was clearly stated that no standard would
be approved which allows any wastes amenable to treatment or control
to be discharged into any interstate water without treatment or con-
trol regardless of the water quality criteria and water uses adopted.
It was also stated that no standard would be approved which recognized
waste transport as the only use.
The enforcement and monitoring aspect of the standards was
expected to outline the enforcement authority for ensuring compliance
as well as the surveillance program for determining compliance. It
-should be pointed out, the Standards were not designed primarily as
an enforcement device. It was anticipated the orderly implementation
of the Standards would provide a mechanism for improvement of the
quality of water resources without the necessity of adversary hear-
ings.
The status of Water Quality Standards for the states of Iowa,
Nebraska, Kansas and Missouri is shown in Table 1 .
I/ U. S. Department of the Interior, Federal Water Pollution Control
Administration, Water Quality Criteria. Report of the National
Technical Advisory Committee to the Secretary of the Interior.
Washington, D. C., April 1968.
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TABLE 1
STATUS OF WATER QUALITY STANDARDS
State
Date of
Initial Approval
Federal Exceptions
Present Status
January 1971
Iowa
Partial Approval
1/16/69
Excepted temperature criteria
for interior streams; Secondary
treatment plus disinfection on
Missouri and Mississippi; phenol
criteria on Missouri.
All issues resolved except
Secondary treatment for one
community on the Mississippi;
State petitioned for hearing
6/2/70 to protest the stand-
ards promulgated by Federal
Government.
Nebraska
12/19/68
None
State has amended standards to
include a December 31, 1975,
compliance date for Secondary
treatment on Missouri River.
Kansas
Partial Approval
4/25/69
Bacterial criterion, dissolved
oxygen criterion, temperature
criterion, Secondary treatment
date.
Standards have been amended to
resolve exceptions and are
awaiting approval of EPA
Missouri
7/30/70
None
State on own volition adopted
a December 31, 1975, compli-
ance date for Secondary treat-
ment. Standards fully
approved.
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WATER QUALITY STUDIES
The Missouri Basin, which comprises one-sixth of the land area of
the United States, is undergoing a new era of growth stimulated by
control, conservation and development of its water resources. The
development program is essentially that proposed in the Pick-Sloan
Plan and authorized by Congress in the Flood Control Act of 1944.
The result of this development has been a system of dams, levees and
irrigation projects throughout the Basin.
On the Mainstem of the Missouri six large reservoirs have been
created between the headwaters and Yankton, South Dakota. Much of the
811 mile reach downstream from Yankton has been leveed for flood con-
trol and channelized for navigation but the River is in a free-
flowing state.
The last major dam on the Missouri was closed in the early 1960's,
providing almost 76 million acre-feet of storage in the system. Con-
sequently, the flow downstream from Yankton is almost completely regu-
lated. Two distinct flow conditions prevail, approximately 9 months
of navigation flows at 30,000 cfs or more and about 3 months of winter
flows between 10,000 and 15,000 cfs with the upper reaches subject to
periods of ice cover and ice. jams.
There had not been any comprehensive water quality investigations
since the advent of this hydraulic control of the river until the
FWQA investigations of 1968-1970. The past Federal involvement of
enforcement actions combined with the preparation and approval of
water quality standards, necessitated the accumulation of data defining
15
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the quality of the River. This was doubly important because of the
major population centers located on the lower portion of the Missouri
River and their unknown quality impact of the Missouri River.
A two-part baseline survey was conducted in the fall of 1968 and
the winter of 1969 covering the reach of river from Gavins Point Dam
upstream from Yankton, South Dakota, to Hermann, Missouri, a river
distance of about 700 miles.
The fall 1968 survey was conducted by boat during the navigational
period. The actual field efforts were completed in two parts; the
first encompassing the area from Sioux City, Iowa to St. Joseph,
Missouri, and the second covering St. Joseph, Missouri to Hermann,
Missouri. Twenty-nine sample stations were located in the upper reach
from Gavins Points Dam to St. Joseph, Missouri and were sampled from
October 7 to October 18, 1968 (first autumn survey period). Twenty-
one of these stations were located on the main stem of the Missouri
River, five stations were on tributary streams and threee stations
were waste sources.
In the lower reach from St. Joseph to Hermann, twenty-eight sta-
tions were sampled in the period of October 28 to November 8, 1968
(second autumn survey period). Twenty-one of these stations were on
the main stem, five were tributary streams, and two were waste sources.
One main stem station at St. Joseph, Missouri, of the upstream section
was repeated.
The winter 1969 survey was designed to reexamine water quality
near urban areas with less extensive "coverage at intervening, less
accessible areas. Because of reduced flows and ice in the river,
16
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samples during this survey were collected from the stream banks at
locations accessible by automobile. Thirty-one sampling stations
were established on the 700-mile reach during the period of January 20
to February 2, 1969 (winter survey period). Twenty-four of these wera
on the main stem, two were on tributary streams and five were waste
sources.
Stations sampled during the winter survey were located as closely
as possible to the October 1968 locations. Where locations were not
identical, a letter symbol was added to the station number in the
summary tables to distinguish this difference.
Many analyses were necessary to determine the water quality in the
Missouri River. In addition to the biological examinations, 45 chemi-
cal, biochemical, and bacteriological examinations were included in
the analysis series. Not all analyses were performed on daily dis-
crete samples from each station. At selected stations composites were
made from the five daily samples and preserved for analysis of other
constituents. Sample compositing was used to keep the required number
of analyses within manageable limits. The sampling interval for each
analysis is shown in Table No. 2. Results of analyses are summarized
in Appendix B.
Biological features studied were bottom-inhabiting invertebrate
organisms and suspended algae (phytoplankton). Bottom sampling was at
approximately 20 river mile intervals except in areas affected by
waste discharges where additional stations were established. Forty
stations on the Missouri River and one station on each of the major
tributaries were sampled. Stations are designated with the same number
17
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Frequency of Chenlcal Analyses
MIGTOUHI M1VER
(Gavins Point. Dam to Heraann, Missouri)
OCT.-MOV., 1968 * JAN.-TO., UC9 SUHVEYS
CONSTITUENT on ANALYSIS
5-day Vday
composite composite
Sample of Filtrate
P-U Tines
per
.Purvey Period
Survey Period
ALL STATIONS
Tenperature *
DLssolved Oxygen (D.O.) .
f- and 5-day Blocheiileal Oxygen Dennd (B.O.D.)
Toua Alttlinlty
Specific Conductance
TurildUy
Chlorides
Sulfstes
Tot*l Dissolved Solids
Ittt&l 9u«pended Solids
Total Collfon BKUrla
Tenl Coll fora B»ct»rl»
recal stnptoeoaol Bsattri*
pH
Ifcgnesliai
Otlclun
Total Phosphorus
Atnonls, Nitrogen
!tltr»t« Nitrogen
Orfsnlc Sltro«»n
Total Organic Carbon
'1'
x'?'
x'?'
x'J'
(f)
'3'
SELECTED b'm'l'lONS
8>-da]r Bloebraleal Oxygen Demand (B.O.D.)
Sodium
Potassium
Fluoride
Boron
Arsenic
Iron
Barium
Henganese
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
Lead
Nickel
Zinc
Phenol
Cyanide
Total Organic Chlorine
Chloroform Extract
Thorium-P^P
Total Alpha Thorium
Strnntlum»90
TOTES:
x'1*'
(1) Dissolved oxygen vas not performed on vaote effluents but only on stream unplee.
(?) Analyses wre performed 3 times per week durliuj the October-Rovember, 1966 Surveyi daily during the vlnter survey.
18
(3) Performed during the vlnter survey only.
(a) Performed twice during autumn survey; one* during vlnter survey.
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as the closest chemical and bacteriological station where possible or
as Corps of Engineers river miles measured upstream from the Missouri
River confluence with the Mississippi River.
All chemical analytical methods conformed to "FWPCA Official
Interim Methods for Chemical Analysis of Surface Waters." £/ Except
for modifications required for automated chemistry, methods contained
in this volume are essentially the same as those contained in the 12th
Edition of "Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Waste-
water." I/ Most of the heavy metal analyses were performed by atomic
absorption spectroscopy.
Bacterial examinations were performed in accordance with "Standard
Methods." In this report, the term "total coliform bacteria" refers
to bacteria identified as the "Coliform Group" in Standard Methods.
Bottom animal sampling was restricted to pile dikes and adjacent
backwater areas because of river channelization and a shifting sand
bottom. Pile dikes were examined to determine the representative
kinds of benthic animals inhabiting a reach of river. Backwater areas
were sampled for bottom organisms with either a Petersen or Ekman
dredge. Dredgings were-washed and strained through a U. S. Standard
No. 30 sieve, and organisms remaining in the sieve were preserved for
laboratory identification.
Suspended algal (phytoplankton) samples of one liter were col-
lected at predetermined sampling stations and were preserved with five
11 "FWPCA Official Interim Methods for Chemical Analysis of Surface
Waters," Federal Water Pollution.Control Administration, September
1968.
±f "Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater,"
12th Edition, APHA, AWWA, WPCF, 1965.
19
-------
percent formalin for later identification.
Just prior to the completion of the winter 1969 field work, the
Secretary of the Interior took exception to certain portions of the
State of Iowa's water quality standards. Data from the 1968 and 1969
surveys were compiled and partially analyzed to provide a technical
basis for these exceptions and presented in a standards setting con-
ference in Arpil 1969. The State and the Federal Governments could
not come to agreement and the Secretary of the Interior promulgated
standards for the State. The State took issue with these standards
and requested a hearing to resolve these differences.
In preparation for this more or less adversary confrontation, the
FWQA conducted additional studies to evaluate further the pollution
of the Missouri River. These studies were initiated in the Fall of
1969 and continued through the Spring of 1970. The primary objective
of these studies was to ascertain the degree of water quality degreda-
tion in the Missouri River that could be controlled through waste
treatment.
The Fall 1969 - Winter 1970 investigations were specifically
oriented toward bacteriological and biological aspects of water
quality. Separate investigations were conducted to demonstrate the
effect of waste discharges on (1) the flavor of fish harvested from
the Missouri River; (2) the periphyton crop; (3) the densities of
total and fecal coliform groups and of fecal streptococci; (4) the
presence of enteric virus and salmonella; and (5) the presence of
sterol compounds unique to fecal material.
The fish flesh tainting study was conducted to demonstrate the
20
-------
effects of pollutants on fish flavor. To accomplish this, channel
catfish, an important resident species, were exposed to the river
both upstream and downstream from all known significant waste dis-
charges. After a period of four days the fish were removed from the
water, dressed, quick frozen and submitted to a food flavor test
panel.
Periphyton studies were conducted to examine the assemblage of
organisms that grow on surfaces of submerged objects in water. For
these studies glass slides were exposed both in the vertical and hori-
zontal position to provide a calibrated surface for organism attach-
ment. The periphyton slides were then taken to the laboratory where
the organisms were enumerated, identified and tests of organic carbon
and chlorophyll were conducted to determine the community balance in
terms of the ratio of bacterial slimes to plant organisms.
The bacterial populations utilize organic nutrients while the
plants organisms require inorganic nutrient materials. Normally high
densities of bacteria indicate the presence of organic waste such as
sewage which these organisms convert to inorganic food for the plant
cells. High densities of plant cells are indicative of sufficient
quantities of inorganic nutrients in the proper environment to support
plant growth.
Analyses were made for the total and fecal coliform groups and the
fecal streptococcus group of indicator micro-organisms including dif-
ferentiation of a random selection of fecal streptococci colonies by
biochemical procedures. Fecal coliform to fecal streptococci ratios
were calculated to indicate the probable source of the wastes, that is,
21
-------
whether of human or animal origin.
Special studies were conducted to determine if pathogenic organ-
isms, such as salmonella and enteric virus, were present in the river
at the major use points, and if so, the probable source. These data
were desirable to firmly establish the presence of human fecal pollu-
tion and to demonstrate the hazard potential.
The last part of the stream quality evaluation program was a study
to isolate a specific sterol compound in the waste sources and in the
river water. This fecal sterol is a unique solid cyclic alcohol found
in the feces of man and higher animals. The presence of this compound
in water is positive confirmation of fecal contamination, and since
this sterol is biodegradable, it is indicative of relatively recent
fecal pollution. Studies at the Advanced Waste Treatment Research
Laboratory in Cincinnati have shown this sterol is biodegradable and
effectively removed by secondary treatment.
The process for isolating and identifying the fecal sterol involves
solvent extraction, thin layer chromatography and positive identifica-
tion by gas-liquid chromatography. The thin layer identification is
a highly positive presumptive test which is confirmed by the gas-liquid
chromatography.
The sampling scheme for the Fall 1969 - Winter 1970, field effort
is shown in Table 3. When possible, all sample analyses were per-
formed in conformance with either "FWQA Official Methods for Chemical
Analyses of Surface Water," or "Standards Methods, 12th Edition."
Those analyses not covered by eithereof the above methods references,
were performed by the best procedures available from the FWQA research
22
-------
efforts.
A complete list and description of all stations sampled is,
appended to this report as Appendix A. A map of the River showing
sampling stations and a description of study area is contained in
Appendix B.
23
-------
TABLE 3
SAMPLING SCHEME
MISSOURI RIVER STUDY
FALL 1969 - WINTER 1970
Item
.Fish Flesh Tainting
Date of Survey
No. of Stations
Sampled
Periphyton
Date of Survey
No. of Samples
Bacteriological
( Col i form and
Streptococcus Groups)
Date of Survey
No. of Stream Stn.
No. of Stream
Samples per Stn.
No. of Waste Source
or Tributary Stn.
No. of Samples/Source
Salmonella
Date of Survey
No. of Swabs
Exposed
Virus
Date of Sampling
No. of Samples
Fecal Sterols
Dates of Sampling
No. of River
Stations Samples
No. of Waste Source
or Tributary Stn.
Sampling Reach
Sioux City
to
Omaha
9/29-10/18/69
16
9/7-10/7/69
12
8/8-12/69
3
28 to 30
6
2-5
9/8-12/69
10
9/9/69
14
1/20-3/4/70
3/17-24/70
3
2
Omaha
to
St. Joseph
20
9
9/3-7/69
4
28 to 30
13
2-5
11/3-7/69
16
13
1/27-2/23/70
3/10-31/70
4
- 4
St. Joseph
to
Kansas City
11
2
9/18-22/69
3
28 to 30
10
2-5
9/18-22/69
9
14
2/4-4/7/70
4/21-5/5/70
3
4
Kansas City
to
Waverly
9/29-10/18/69
25
9/7-10/7/69
15
9/25-29/69
3
28 to 30
8
2-5
12
1/20/70
12
2/11-4/14/70
4/28/70
3
5
24
-------
WATER QUALITY BY METROPOLITAN AREA
In 1961 the Missouri River Public Water Supplies Association com-
prised of.representatives of water utilities using the Missouri River
as their source of supply was formally established. This Not-For-
Profit Corporation includes representatives from the following com-
munities:
1. Omaha, Nebraska
2. Council Bluffs, Iowa
3. St. Joseph, Missouri
4. Leavenworth, Kansas
5. Atchison, Kansas
6. Kansas City, Missouri
7. Lexington, Missouri
8. Booneville, Missouri
9. Jefferson City, Missouri
1.0. St. Louis, Missouri
11. St. Louis County Water Company
The water supplied to over 3,000,000 people in these communities
represents, by far, the most important use of the river.
Each of these communities has a vested interest in the quality of
the Missouri and each is concerned with the fate of the wastes dis-
charge upstream from their intake. For this reason the quality of the
River was-examined from the viewpoint of the impact of waste dis-
charges from the upstream major metropolitan areas on the nearest
major downstream water supply intake. The major areas discussed are:
25
-------
1. Gavins Point to Omaha, Nebraska, including Sioux City, Iowa
2. Omaha, Nebraska to St. Joseph, Missouri
3. St. Joseph, Missouri to Kansas City, Missouri
4. Kansas City, Missouri to Waverly, Missouri
Appendix B of this report is the complete document prepared after
completion of the Fall 1968 - Winter 1969 survey. Only the more sig-
nificant findings are reported In this text to provide continuity in
relating the total scope of work completed.
Gavins Point Dam to Omaha, Nebraska
The water discharged from Gavins Point Dam is of fairly good qual-
ity. Data from the 1968-1969 baseline survey are shown in Table 4.
For the major use of water supply the only quality characteristics
which approach the recommended limits of the Public Health Service are
the total dissolved solids and sulfate concentrations which are both
from natural sources.
Wastes discharged from the Sioux City metropolitan area have an
impact on the quality of the Missouri River. There are approximately
18 known Waste discharges in this area. However, during the FWQA sur-
veys, only the tributary streams, the Big Sioux and the Floyd River
and the wastes from the Sioux City sewage treatment plant and the Iowa
Beef Packers Plant at Dakota City, Nebraska were sampled. In particu-
lar, the data from the Fall 1968 - Winter 1969 survey showed an
increase in the densities of the bacterial indicator organisms. Since
the preponderance of data collected during that survey was representa-
tive of normal dry weather flow conditions, 32,400 cfs at Sioux City,
26
-------
TABLE 4
MISSOURI RIVER WATER QUALITY AT GAVINS POINT DAM
Item
Turbidity (JU) *
Total Suspended Solids mg/1
Total Dissolved Solids mg/1
Chloride mg/1
Alkalinity (as CaCOs) m<3/^
Hardness (as CaCOs) mg/1
Total Phosphorus mg/1
NH3 as N mg/1
N03 as N mg/1
Organic N as N mg/1
Total N mg/1
Total Organic Carbon mg/1
Ca mg/1
Mg mg/1
Ba mg/1
Cd mg/1
Fe mg/1
Mn mg/1
Cr mg/1
As mg/1
Cu mg/1
Pb mg/1
Ni mg/1
Zn mg/1
B mg/1
Na mg/1
K mg/1
F mg/1
Total Organic Chlorine mg/1
Chloroform Extracts
Sulfate mg/1
Fecal Col i form MPN/100 ml
Oct. 7-18, 1968
14
45
474
12
169
238
0.04
0.08
0.2
0.4
0.7
5
66
21
< 1.0
< 0.02
< 0.30
< 0.05
'• < 0.05
< 0.01
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
0.12
126.0
5.5
208
<125 ***
Jan. 20-Feb. 2, 1969
1.5
1.5
518
11
•
-
• -
-
-
-
-
-
40
21
< 1.0 **
< 0.02 **
< 0.1 **
0.04 **
< 0.02 **
< 0.01 **
< 0.05 **
< 0.05 **
< 0.1 **
0.03 **
0.09 **
75 **
6.0 **
0.6 **'
46.2
206
<20 ***
* Unless noted otherwise, results are for 5-day composite samples.
** These results for station 60 miles downstream from Gavins Points Dam.
*** Average of two discrete grab samples.
27
-------
it is most probable that these organisms were for waste discharges.
The Fall 1969 - Winter 1970 survey provided additional information
on the water quality downstream from Sioux City. These date are sum-
marized in Tables 5-11.
Table 5 is a summary of the fecal coliform and fecal streptococci
data. This table clearly shows the impact of the Sioux City Area in
terms of fecal coliform contributions with the most significant source
being the Sioux City waste treatment plant effluent. In total numbers
of organisms per day the waste treatment, on the average, discharges
twice as many as are found in the river ten miles downstream. The
ratio of fecal coliform to fecal streptococci clearly indicate a pre-
dominately human or domestic source and the organisms persist from
Sioux City to Omaha in densities greater than those recognized by the
FWQA as being safe for water supply source use.
Figure 1 is a plot of the numbers of bacteria observed in the
river and in the observed outfalls. It is significant to note that
the Iowa Beef Packers Company plant was on stirke at the time of the
investigation and the data only reflect about 15% of normal production.
Table 6 shows the recovery of salmonella from the Missouri River.
Although no salmonella were isolated from the sewage treatment plant
effluents at Sioux City during this brief sampling period, it is impor-
tant to note the persistence of these organisms in the River. Salmo-
nella are known pathogens to humans and their presence indicates a
real hazard. Table 7 shows a frequency of occurrence of the salmonella
serotypes isolated from humans and farm animals. In addition to bac-
terial enumeration, laboratory tests were conducted to demonstrate the
28
-------
TABLE 5
MISSOURI RIVER BACTERIOLOGICAL DENSITIES
SIOUX CITY TO OMAHA
SEPTEMBER 8-12, 1969
Station
Number
M-52
BS-51 .
F-50.5
SC-49
IBP-48.5
M-48
LS-45.5
S-45
B-43
M-42
Location
Missouri River Upstream
From the Big Sioux River
Big Sioux River
Floyd River
Sioux City STP
Iowa Beef Packers
Missouri River
Little Sioux River
Soldier River
Boyer River
Missouri River at Omaha
Water Treatment Plant
Intake
River
Mile
736.0
734.0
731.2
729.7
726.2
717.4
669.2
664.0
635.1
626.2
Geometri c
Mean
Fecal
Col i form
MF/100 ml
85
120
3700
32x1 06
2x1 06
6900
2100
5500
3500
2000
Fecal
Streptococci
MF/100 ml
160
48
2200
5x1 06
4x1 06
3800
790
2900
1200
700
F.C./F.S.
-
-
-
6.4
0.5
-
-
-
-
_
Source
-
-
-
Domestic
Animal
-
-
-
-
_
Average
Flow cfs
53760
345
103
24.36
.27
53960
1194
58
125
54890
Fecal
Col i form
Number
Per Day
Trillion
110.6
1.0
9.2
18864.4
13.1
9010.2
60.7
7.7
10.6
2656.7
ro
to
-------
FIGURE I
NUMBER OF FECAL COLIFORM PER DAY
MISSOURI RIVER
SIOUX CITY TO OMAHA
SEPTEMBERS- 12 , 1969
,FLOYD & BIG SIOUX RIVE
IOWA BEEF PACKERS
28 HOURS ESTIMATED TIME TRAVEL
680
RIVER MILES
-------
TABLE 6
MISSOURI RIVER SALMONELLA ISOLATIONS
SIOUX CITY TO OMAHA
SEPTEMBER 8-12, 1969
Number
Location
Salmonella Isolated
M-52 Missouri River Upstream
from the Big Sioux River
M-48.5 Iowa Beef Packers
Effluent
M-48 Missouri River Downstream
from Sioux City
M-42 Omaha Water Treatment
Plant Intake
•L- enteritidis ser. Newport
S_. enteritidTs" ser. Norwich
JK enteritidis ser. Sieburg
S_. enteritidTi" ser. Binza
S^. enteritidis ser. Anatum
S_. enteritidis ser. Derby
S. enteritidis ser. Anatum
31
-------
TABLE 7
SUMMARY OF SALMONELLA SEROTYPES ISOLATED FROM MISSOURI RIVER
Serotypes Isolated
from River
S. Typhi-Murium
S. Newport
S. Infantis
S. Thompson
S. Derby
S. Oranienburg
S. Montevideo
S. Panama
S. Anatum
S. Muenchen
S. Java
S. Bredeney
S. Poona
S. Schwartzengrund
S. Give
S. Cubana
S. Norwich
S. Sieburg
S. Eimsbuettel
S. Binza
Frequency of Serotype Occurrence in 1968*
Human**
26.1 %
6.3
4.8
3.8
2.1
1.5
1.4
1.2
1.1
1.1
1.0
0.9
0.4
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.2
0.04
0.03
0.03
Farm Animal***
16.2 %
3.0
5.7
4.7
3.6
0.4
2.5
1.0
3.3
0.4
0.2
1.0
0.02
0.9
0.4
0.1
0.02
0.4
0.7
0.3
* Annual Summary 1968: Salmonella" Surveillance, National Communicable
Disease Center
** Total Human Strains Classified by NCDC - 19,723
*** Total Farm Animal Strains Classified by NCDC - 4,422
32
-------
ability of bacterial cultures to survive in waste effluent and
stream samples. The "Survival Study" procedure involved filtering
the original sample through a 0.22 my membrane filter. This sterile
sample was divided into aliquots which were inocculated individually
with pure cultures of indicator bacteria. The number of bacteria
remaining were enumerated at intervals of 1, 2, 3, 7 and 14 days.
Table 8 summarizes these data.
These survival data demonstrate the availability of nutrient
material in the waste effluents to support bacterial growth and the
persistance of these organisms in the river water. Considering that
the maximum flow time from Sioux City to Omaha is less than 40 hours,
the potential hazard from bacterial growth and persistance is aptly
demonstrated, especially with the S.. typhimurium data.
Specialized biological studies were conducted concurrently with
the intensive sampling program. These studies including the placing
of glass slides to collect periphyton and the exposure of caged channel
catfish to the river above and below metropolitan areas to determine
the degree of fish flesh tainting caused by waste discharges. The.
nature of these biological investigations permitted continuous cover-
age of the entire reach of stream from Sioux City, Iowa to Waverly,
Missouri.
The results of the periphyton study are inconclusive. Further
study is necessary to evaluate all of the variables influencing the
periphyton communities. The periphyton data are presented in the
appendix.
The fish flesh tainting investigations demonstrated one form of
33
-------
TABLE 8
BACTERIAL SURVIVAL STUDIES
SIOUX CITY TO OMAHA
Station
Number
M-52
SC-49
IBP-48A
M-48
M-42
M-52
SC-49
Location
Missouri River Upstream
from Big Sioux River
Sioux City, Iowa STP
Effluent
Iowa Beef Packers Effluent
Missouri River Downstream
from Sioux City, Iowa
River Mile 717.4
Missouri River at Omaha
Water Treatment Plant •
Intake
Missouri River Upstream
from Big Sioux River
Sioux City, Iowa STP
Effluent
Per Cent Remaining
Initial
Count/100 ml*
50,000
70,000
33,000
67,000
68,000
15,000
'6,800
24 Hrs
Fecal
56
214
112
106
84
48 Hrs
Col i form
15
R**
255
122
19.1
72 Hrs
Group
11
R**
R**
3
18
Fecal Streptococcus Group
53
97
30
59
23
72
7 Day
20
<1
<1
<1
1
<1
<1
14 Day
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
GO
-------
TABLE 8 (Continued)
BACTERIAL SURVIVAL STUDIES
SIOUX CITY TO OMAHA
Station
Number
IBP-48A
M-48
M-42
M-52
SC-49
IBP-48A
M-48
Location
Iowa Beef Packers Effluent
Missouri River Downstream
from Sioux Ciry, Iowa
River Mile 717.4
Missouri River at Omaha
Water Treatment Plant
Intake
Missouri River Upstream
from Big Sioux River
Sioux City, Iowa STP
Effluent
Iowa Beef Packers Effluent
Missouri River Downstream
from Sioux City, Iowa
River Mile 717.4
Per Cent Remaining
Initial
Count/100 ml*
F
22,000
8,000
8,200
200,000
93,000
400.000
110,000
24 Hrs
"ecal Stre
<1
30
48
48 Hrs
DtOCOCCUS (
<1
6
<1
Salmonella Typlv
34
R**
17
73
19
215
48
26
72 Hrs
3roup (Cont
<1
5
<1
imurium
125
194
1
33
7 Day
.)
<1
1
<1
7
<1
<1
12
14 Day
<1
<1
<1
4
<1
<1
<1
co
en
-------
TABLE 8 (Continued)
BACTERIAL SURVIVAL STUDIES
SIOUX CITY TO OMAHA
Station
Number
M-42
Location
Missouri River at Omaha
Water Treatment Plant
Intake
Per Cent Remaining
Initial
Count/100 ml*
130,000
24 Mrs
Salmonell
100
48 Mrs
a Typhimur
73
72 Hrs
ium (Cont.1
108
7 Day
I
85
14 Day
176
CO
* Initial count of sample after inoculation with bacterial culture,
** R indicates regrowth or a greater than ten-fold increase,
-------
direct impact of waste discharges on the aquatic system. The results
for the Gavins Point Dam to Omaha, Nebraska reach show that fish
placed in the River above Sioux City, Iowa had an acceptable flavor
as did the fish from the Big Sioux River. The great number of fish-
ermen observed in those areas also attests to their popularity as
fishing sites. Numerous slaughterhouses in Sioux City discharge their
waste water into the Missouri River between River Mile 732 and 731.
Fish held in cages at River Mile 731.5, 731.0 and 730.'5 acquired an
unacceptable flavor. Pieces of meat and fat collected on the baskets
and could be seen floating in the water for several more miles down-
stream. The fish exposed at River Mile 730.5, downstream from the
slaughterhouses and other industries in Sioux City received the lowest
flavor score of fish tested in this area.
Wastes discharged into the Missouri River at Sioux City caused an
unacceptable flavor in caged fish in at least one mile of the Missouri
River bordering Iowa. No unacceptable flavor occurred in test fish
placed along either side of the Missouri River from Dakota City,
Nebraska, downstream to River Mile 628.0 near the Omaha, Nebraska
Water Treatment Plant intake.
During the intensive survey activities in the Fall of 1969, explor-
atory sampling was conducted to determine the feasibility of the iso-
lation of a fecal sterol and enteric virus. This fecal sterol,
coprostanol, is a compound unique to the feces of man and other higher
animals. The sterol compound is bibdegradable and consequently its
isolation confirms unequivocally the presence of relatively fresh
excreta. Virus are pathogens that will reproduce only in fairly
37
-------
specific host cells. Isolation of enteric virus is positive proof of
human wastes and is a potential health hazard.
Table 9 shows the concentrations of the fecal sterol, coprostanol,
observed in the Missouri River.
There is no doubt about the additions of fecal pollution in the
Sioux City Area nor of the persistence of this pollution to the Omaha
Water Treatment Plant intake at River Mile 626.2.
Fecal coliform densities determined from the same samples are
shown in Table 10. The absolute numbers are not completely correct
because the samples were held for periods up to 48 hours. Even so,
there is a close trend correlation with the Coprostanol concentrations,
The fecal sterol isolations leave no doubt as to the presence of
fecal material at the downstream water intake. The dissolved nature
of coprostanol combined with the biodegradability shows conclusively
that it is possible for any of the many dissolved constituents in
waste discharges to impact downstream water users.
Virus samples were collected from three locations in the Sioux
City study reach. The analysis of these samples provided the data
shown in Table 11.
These data were obtained using rather inefficient techniques and
should be on the conservative side. The important factor is that a
continuous source of virus is discharging into the river and these
organisms represent a potential hazard.
38
-------
TABLE 9
FECAL STEROL CONCENTRATIONS
Sampling
Area
Missouri River
Upstream from
Sioux City
Sioux City STP
Missouri River
Downstream
from Sioux City
Boyer River
Missouri River
at Omaha Water
Treatment Plant
Sampling
Point
M-52
SC-49
M-48
B-43
M-42
River
Mile
736.0
729.0
717.4
631.1
626.2
Concentration of Coprostanol in yg/liter
Date of Sampling
1-20-70
4
636
98
64
21
3-4-70
6
723
105
66
16
3-17-70
10
684
93
60
23
3-24-70
3
793
109
57
20
Mean
6
709
101
62
20
TABLE 10
FECAL COLIFORM DENSITIES ISOLATED FROM WATER
SAMPLES USED FOR FECAL STEROL ANALYSES
Sampling
Area
Missouri River
Upstream from
Sioux City
Sioux City STP
Missouri River
Downstream
from Sioux City
Boyer River
Missouri River
at Omaha Water
Treatment Plant
Sampling
Point
M-52
SC-49
M-48
B-43
M-42
Number of Fecal Col i forms per 100 ml of Sample
River
Mile
736.0
729.0
717.4
635.1
626.2
Date of Sampling
1-20-70
.
-
—
-
-
_
3-4-70
360
26x1 06
1.4xl04
1.0x104
_
3-17-70
8
20x1 O6
O.SxlO4
380
930
3-24-70
44
12xl06
1.6xl04
705
600
Mean
140
19xl06
1.3xl04
3,500
770
39
-------
TABLE 11
VIRUS ISOLATIONS
SIOUX CITY TO OMAHA
Date
of
Sampling
12/11/69
12/11/69
12/11/69
Station
Number
and
River Mile
M-52A
(732.7)
SC-49
M-48
(717.4)
Station
Description
Missouri River at
Thacker Marina Sioux
City
Sioux City Sewage
Treatment Plant
Missouri River
Virus
Recovered
PFU*
0
96
4
Virus
Types
Recovered
Polio virus 3
*PFU - Plague Forming Units
Omaha-Council Bluffs to St. Joseph, Missouri
This reach includes the 174 river miles between the upstream con-
trol station at the Omaha water treatment plant intake and the down-
stream use-point station at the St. Joseph water treatment plant intake.
At the control station the flow primarily is comprised of releases from
Gavins Point Dam. Significant tributary inflows from a quantity stand-
point are limited to those from the Platte River. From a quality stand-
point this reach receives heavy waste loads from the Omaha-Council
Bluffs area and lesser loads from other communities located on the
stream banks downstream from Omaha.
The quality data for the control station as developed by the Fall
1968-Winter 1969 survey are shown in Table 12. The differences in
40
-------
TABLE 12
MISSOURI RIVER WATER QUALITY
OMAHA WATER TREATMENT PLANT INTAKE I/
Item
Turbidity (JU)
Total Suspended Solids mg/1
Total Dissolved Solids mg/1
Chloride mg/1
Sulfate mg/1
Alkalinity as CaCOa mg/1
Hardness as CaC03 mg/1
Total Phosphorus mg/1*
NHa as N mg/1*
N03 as N mg/1*
Organic N as N mg/1*
Total Organic Carbon mg/1*
Ca mg/1*
Mg mg/1*
Ba mg/1*
Cd mg/1*
Fe mg/1*
Mn mg/1*
Cr mg/1*
As mg/1*
Cu mg/1*
Pb mg/1*
Ni mg/1*
Zn mg/1*
B mg/1*
Na mg/1*
K mg/1*
F mg/1*
Total Organic Chlorine ug/1**
Chloroform Extracts mg/1**
Fecal Col i form MPN/100
Oct. 7-18, 1968
36
91
532
13
185
172
237
0.12
0.07
0.3
0.9
6
65
20
1.0
0.02
0.30
0.05
0.05
0.01
0.05
0.05
0.10
-
0.11
13
8.0
0.66
138.2
26.1
8300
Jan. 20-Feb. 2, 1969
9
25
629
15
224
192
-
0.06
0.34
0.4
0.8
6
44
25
1.0
0.02
0.1
0.3
0.02
0.02
0.05
0.05
0.1
0.07
0.10
81
6.6
0.6
40.1
-
4900
I/ Unless otherwise noted, values represent averages of eight to ten
discrete samples.
* Values for 5-day composite samples.
** Results of single grab sample.
41
-------
quality as depicted by the data in Tables 4 and 12 demonstrate the
effects of waste discharges from the Sioux City metropolitan area,
especially in the observed fecal coliform densities. Again the base-
line data were collected during near normal flow conditions and are
considered to be representative of periods of minimum uncontrolled
runoff.
The Fall 1969-Winter 1970 investigation provided more detailed
information on the impact of waste discharges on the quality of the
Missouri River downstream from Omaha. During this investigation,
samples were collected from 18 stations comprised of 4 Missouri River
stations and 14 waste source or tributary stations.
The fecal coliform and fecal streptococcus data are listed in
Table 13. These data clearly show an increase in bacterial densities
down below the waste sources and mean densities in the river in excess
of recognized limits for drinking water supply. The measured fecal
coliform contributions from the waste sources between the control sta-
tion and the next downstream river station account for over 50% of the
observed increase in the river. Figure 2 is a plot of the fecal
coliform masses observed in the river and contributed by waste sources,
Again it is readily apparent that the preponderance of fecal coliform
organisms observed in the river is from point source discharges and
that the resulting mean river densities are in excess of recognized
limits for a raw drinking water supply.
The primary reason for measuring the densities of fecal coliform
indicators is to provide some basis for judging the probability of the
existence of pathogens in the water. In most instances, the higher
42
-------
TABLE 13
MISSOURI RIVER BACTERIOLOGICAL DENSITIES
OMAHA TO ST. JOSEPH
NOVEMBER 3-7, 1969
Station
Number
M-42
M-212
M-211
CB-40B
TC-210
OM-40A
OM-208
M-38
M-206
Location
Missouri River at Omaha
Water Treatment Plant
Intake
Quaker Oats Company
Pacific Fruit Express
Council Bluffs STP
Twin Cities Plaza STP
Omaha, Nebraska STP
Monroe Street Sewer
Omaha
Missouri River Upstream
from Bellevue
Bellevue STP
River
Mile
626.2
615.2
615.1
614.0
613.6
611.5
611.2
601.7
601.5
Geometric
Mean
Fecal
Col i form
MF/100 ml
3,700
2,400
2,400
12xl06
3xl06
6x1 06
3x1 06
15,000
4x1 06
Fecal
Streptococci
MF/100 ml
2,500
2,400
1,200
IxlO6
O.lSxlO6
8x1 06
lOxlO6
11,000
0.78xl06
F.C./F.S.
-
-
-
12.0
23.1
0.8
0.3
-
5.1
Probable
Source
-
-
-
Domestic
Domestic
Mix
Animal
-
Domestic
Average
Flow
CFS
43950
4
0.24
7.9
0.39
26.9
4.8
45756
0.9
Fecal
Col i form
Number
Per Day
Trillions
3,900
0.23
0.01
2,236
28
3,906
349
16,600
87
co
-------
TABLE 13 (Continued)
MISSOURI RIVER BACTERIOLOGICAL DENSITIES
OMAHA TO ST. JOSEPH
NOVEMBER 3-7, 1969
Station
Number
M-205
P-37
M-201
M-200
M-34
N-199
T-198
N-196
M-28
Location
Papillion Creek Down-
stream from Offut
Platte River
Plattsmouth STP
Nebraska City STP
Missouri River Down-
stream from Nebraska
City
Nishnabotna River
Tarkio River
Nodaway River
Missouri River at
St. Joseph Water Treat-
ment Plant Intake
River
Mile
596.6
594.8
591.2
563.3
559.7
542.0
507.6
462.4
452.3
Geometric
Mean
Fecal
Col i form
MF/100 ml
1.4xl06
650
5x1 06
7x1 06
18,000
710
920
1,800
6,500
Fecal
Streptococci
MF/100 ml
0.25xl06
720
0.59xl06
6x1 06
12,000
840
1,500
3,200
3,200
F.C./F.S.
-
-
8.5
-
-
-
—
Probable
Source
-
-
Domestic
-
-
-
—
Average
Flow
CFS
84
475
0.65
2.24
51028
390
68
153
53096
Fecal
Col i form
Number
Per Day
Trillions
2,848
7.5
79
380
22,200
7.9
1.5
6.7
8,400
-------
Fl
E 2
NUMBER OF FECAL COLIFORM PER DAY
MISSOURI RIVER
OMAHA - COUNCIL BLUFFS TO ST. JOSEPH, MO.
NOVEMBERS-?, 1969
NISHNABOTNA RIVER
PLATTE RIVER &
PLATTSMOUTH
NEBRASKA CITY
STP
PAPILLION
CREEK
MONROE ST. SEWER
& BELLEVUESTP
COUNCIL BLUFFS
53.096 cfs.
OMAHA STP
47 HOURS ESTIMATED TRAVEL TIME
540
RIVER MILES
480
460
-------
the densities of fecal coliform, the greater the possibility of patho-
gens being present. The results of the salmonella tests are shown in
Table 14. The isolation of these known pathogens confirms the sig-
nificance of the high densities of fecal coliforms.
Salmonella are present throughout the entire reach from Omaha-
Council Bluffs to St. Joseph. Their presence, particularly at the
water treatment plant intakes, is a potential hazard to all water
consumers.
The significance of the existence of salmonella in the river and
the waste discharges is further emphasized by the results of the sur-
vival studies as shown in Table 15. Normally the bacterial indicators
are expected to die off at a rate of somewhere between 70-90% in two
days. When more than 50% survive after 24 hours, the organisms are
persisting, and when there is over a ten-fold increase in numbers,
the organisms are undergoing regrowth. The survival data show the
ability of the river water and the wastes to sustain bacterial persis-
tence and regrowth.
Specialized biological studies were conducted in this are to
examine the periphyton community and to document the possibility of
fish flesh tainting.
The periphyton data were somewhat equivocal but did show the pres-
ence of bacterial slimes about 50 miles downstream from Omaha-Council
Bluffs indicating some organic enrichment.
The fish flesh tainting presented a vivid picture of the direct
impact of waste discharges between the Omaha-Council Bluffs area and
the confluence of the Missouri and Platte Rivers. Caged catfish
46
-------
TABLE 14
MISSOURI RIVER SALMONELLA ISOLATIONS
OMAHA TO ST. JOSEPH
OCTOBER 9-14, 1969
Station
Number
M-42
M-211
TC-210
OM-209
OM-40A
OM-208
M-206
M-38
M-205
M-34
M-28
Location
Missouri River at Omaha Water
Treatment Plant
Pacific Fruit Express Outfall
Twin Cities Plaza STP
Missouri River Omaha STP Bypass
Monroe St. Sewer Omaha
Omaha Missouri River STP
Combined Sample Below the Three
Outfalls
Bellevue STP Outfall
Missouri River Upstream from
Bellevue STP
Papillion Creek
Missouri River at Nebraska City
St. Joseph Water Treatment
Plant Intake
Salmonella Isolated
S_. Anatum
S. Derby
Su Infantis
S_. Bredeney
S_. Infantis
S_. Anatum
S^. Derby
SL Java
S^. Eimsbuettel
S_. Muenchen
:S_. Schwartzengrund
S_. Derby
S^. Muenchen
S^. Oranienburg
_S. Derby
S^. Montevideo
S_. Derby
47;
-------
TABLE-15
BACTERIAL SURVIVAL STUDIES
OMAHA TO ST. JOSEPH
Station
Number
M-42
M-212
M-211
CB-40B
OM-40A
M-38
M-205
P-37
M-34
Location
Missouri River at Omaha
Waterworks
Quaker Oats Outfall
Pacific Fruit Express
Council Bluffs STP
Omaha STP
Missouri River at Bellevue
Big Papillion Creek
Platte River
Missouri River near
Nebraska City
Initial
Count/100 ml*
108,000
78,000
91 ,000
105,000
102,000
104,000
101,000
90,000
90,000
Percent Remaining
24 Hrs
Fi
87
99
102
86
R**
72
81
83
91
48 Hrs •
seal Col if
72
123
62
81
R**
87
59
53
53
72 Hrs
orm
130
154
52
229
R**
83
59
34
52
7 Day
47
R**
12
R**
R**
50
19
14
27
14 Day
33
R**
3
R**
R**
29
47
5
7
00
-------
TABLE 15 (Continued)
BACTERIAL SURVIVAL STUDIES
OMAHA TO ST. JOSEPH
., . Station
Number
M-42
M-212
M-211
CB-40B
OM-40A
M-38
M-205
P-37
M-34
Location
Missouri River at Omaha
Waterworks
Quaker Oats Outfall
Pacific Fruit Express
Council Bluffs STP
Omaha STP
Missouri River at Bellevue
Big Papillion Creek
Platte River
Missouri River near
Nebraska City
Initial
Count/100 ml*
55,000
50,000
56,000
55,000
57,000
56,000
56,000
48,000
50,000
Percent Remaining
24 Hrs
Fee
124
104
73
89
263
91
71
83
88
48 Hrs
al Strepto
126
38
96
113
R**
98
98
110
94
72 Hrs
cocci
100
30
70
96
R**
89
80
98
78
7 Day
78
4
77
151
R**
77
96
110
96
14 Day
73
<1
70
R**
R**
80
79
110
72
10
-------
TABLE 15 (Continued)
BACTERIAL SURVIVAL STUDIES
OMAHA TO ST. JOSEPH
Station
Number
M-42
M-212
M-211
CB-40B
OM-40A
M-38
M-205
P-37
M-34
Station
Missouri River at Omaha
Waterworks
Quaker Oats Outfall
Pacific Fruit Express
Council Bluffs STP
Omaha STP
Missouri River at Bellevue
Big Papillion Creek
Platte River
Missouri River near
Nebraska City
Initial
Count/100 ml*
34,000
25,000
26,000
32,000
25,000
26,000
80,000
80,000
84,000
Percent Remaining
24 Hrs
Salmo
44
21
81
59
R**
50
41
43
33
48 Hrs
nella Typh
44
17
65
50
R**
46
21
20
23
72 Hrs
imurium
26
14
32
23
R**
32
19
16
14
7 Day
11
17
12
18
R**
8
5
6
5
14 Day
2
4
4
750
680
5
<1
<1
2
* Initial count of sample after inoculation with bacterial culture.
** R indicates regrowth or a greater than ten-fold increase over the initial count.
-------
exposed in river downstream from the Council Bluffs and Twin Cities
Plaza sewage discharges acquired an unacceptable flavor. Downstream
from the Omaha sewage treatment plant discharge the fish acquired t'ne
most unacceptable flavor of any tested. However, in the reach between
the Platte River and St. Joseph all exposed fish had acceptable
flavors.
Fecal sterol and virus investigations were conducted during and
after the intensive survey activities. The fecal sterol is a rather
unique indicator of fecal contamination, and its presence leaves no
doubt concerning fecal and non-fecal pollution. Table 16 is a presen-
tation of the fecal sterol data that were collected. These data were
again confirmed by fecal coliform determinations which are shown in
Table 17.
The data in Tables 16 and 17 clearly show the presence of fecal
contamination at the water intakes. They also show the major point
sources which are amenable to control. The presence of fecal material
at the water intake is not a practice either condoned by recognized
public health authorities nor one within the best public interest.
The virus data for this reach are shown in Table 18. Here is posi-
tive proof of the presence of pathogens in the waste effluents and in
the River.
The most significant of these data is the isolation of human
enteric virus from the St. Joseph water supply intake.
51
-------
TABLE-!6
FECAL STEROL CONCENTRATIONS
OMAHA TO ST. JOSEPH
Sampling
Area
Missouri River
at Omaha Water
Treatment Plant
Council Bluffs
STP
Omaha STP
Missouri River
Below Omaha
Papillion Creek
Platte River
Missouri River
at Nebraska City
Missouri River
at St. Joseph
Water Treatment
Plant
Sampling
Point
M-42
CB-40B
OM-40A
M-38
M-205
P-37
M-34
M-28
River
Mile
626.2
614.0
611.5
601.7
596.6
594.8
559.7
452.3
Concentration of Coprostanol in ug/Miter
Date of Sampling
1-27-70
9
743
250
73
177
17
60
31
2-23-70
20
864
300
71
200
21
73
34
3-10-70
26
766
362
76
295
13
76
31
3-31-70
28
815
335
67
166
15
72
37
Mean
21
797
312
72
210
16
70
33
52
-------
TABLE 17
FECAL COLIFORM DENSITIES ISOLATED FROM WATER
SAMPLES USED FOR FECAL STEROL ANALYSIS
Sampling
Area
Missouri River
at Omaha Water
Treatment Plant
Council Bluffs
STP
Omaha STP
Missouri River
Below Omaha
Papillion Creek
Platte River
Missouri River
at Nebraska City
Missouri River
at St. Joseph
Water Treatment
Plant
Sampling
Point
M-42
CB-40B
OM-40A
M-38
M-205
P-37
M-34
M-28
River
Mile
626.2
614.0
611.5
601.7
596.6
594.8
559.7
452.3
Number of Fecal Col i forms per 100 ml
Date of Samolina
1-27-70
-
_
-
-
-
-
-
-
2-23-70
1,200
2.9xl06
l.OxlO6
3,000
3.1xl05
340
1,800
2,400
3-10-70
800
1.7xl06
O.SxlO6
3,000
4.1xl05
540
3,700
1,800
3-31-70
1,000
4.0xl06
4.0xl06
6,700
4.1xl05
730
5,800
1,900
Mean
1,000
2.9xl06
1.9xl06
4,200
3.8xl05
540
3,800
2,100
53
-------
TABLE 18
VIRUS ISOLATIONS
OMAHA TO ST. JOSEPH
Date
of
Sampling
10/16/69
10/23/69
10/23/69
10/23/69
10/28/69
1/20/70
Station No.
(River Mile)
OM-40A
CB-40B
OM-208
TC-210
M-38
(601.3)
M-28
(452.3)
Station
Location
Omaha STP
Council Bluffs STP
Omaha - Monroe St.
Bypass
Twin Cities STP
Missouri River -
Near Bellevue, Neb.
Missouri River at
St. Joseph Water
Intake
Virus
Isolated
PFU
241
421
296
12
4
3
Virus
Identification
-
-
-
-
Polio virus 12 & 3
Echo virus 1 & 7
St. Joseph to Kansas City
The quality of the Missouri River at the St. Joseph water intake
reflects the natural self-purification capacity of the river to a
small degree by the reduction in non-conservative constituents. The
baseline data collected in Fall 1968-Winter 1969 in Table 19 show the
continuing trend in quality degradation due to increases in concentra-
tions of conservative materials. Again from the major water use stand-
point - water supply - the items of concern are the high fecal coliform
densities, which are in excess of recognized limits for this use, and
the total dissolved solids concentrations which approach the 500 mg/1
54
-------
TABLE 19
MISSOURI RIVER WATER QUALITY AT ST. JOSEPH, MISSOURI
WATER TREATMENT PLANT INTAKE V
Item
Turbidity (JU)
Total Suspended Solids mg/1
Total Dissolved Solids mg/1
Chloride mg/1
Sulfate mg/1
Alkalinity (as CaCOs) mg/1
Hardness (as CaC03) mg/1
Total Phosphorus mg/1*
NHs as N mg/1*
NOa as N mg/1*
Total N mg/1*
Total Organic Carbon mg/1*
Ca mg/1*
Mg mg/1*
Ba mg/1*
Cd mg/1*
Fe mg/1*
Mn mg/1*
Cr (Total) mg/1*
As mg/1*
Cu mg/1*
Pb mg/1*
Ni mg/1*
Zn mg/1*
B mg/1*
Na mg/1*
K mg/1*
F mg/1*
Total Organic Chlorine yg/1**
Chloroform Extracts mg/1**
Fecal Col i form MPN/100 ml
Oct. 7-18, 1968
48
131
472
17
170
163
254
0.26
0.18
0.4
2.9
7
69
20
<1.0
<0.02
<0.30
<0.05
<0.05
<0.01
<0.05
<0.05
<0.10
<0.05
0.10
13
8.6
0.78
32.8
3.7
6500
Jan. 20-Feb. 2, 1969
12
28
510
23
177
174
-
0.06
0.34
0.4
1.4
'6
44
25
<1.0
<0.02
<0.1
0.04
<0.02
<0.01
<0.05
<0.05
<0.1
<0.025
<0.12
55
7.5
0.6
73.1
-
2800
I/ Represents the mean of daily discrete samples.
* Represents results of one or two five-day composites.
** Represents results of one grab sample.
55
-------
maximum recommended concentration in the PHS Drinking Water Standards.
The Fall 1969-Winter 1970 investigation provided additional data
showing the presence of fecal contamination added by St. Joseph and
other downstream communities. The emphasis of this work again was to
show the existence of a potential health hazard that could be miti-
gated by better waste treatment.
Table 20 is a summary of the fecal coliform and fecal streptococcus
data collected during the intensive investigation. These data indi-
cate a significant contribution of both animal and human wastes and
show that 50% of the fecal coliform mass observed in the river is
attributable to those discharges that were sampled. The densities of
fecal coliform organisms increase from 4,300 organisms per 100 ml at
the St. Joseph water intake (River Mile 452.3) to 8,800 organisms per
100 ml at River Mile 440. The densities decrease to 3,800 per 100 ml
at the Kansas City, Missouri water intake, River Mile 370.5.
Figure 3 is a graphical display of the numbers per day of fecal
coliform discharge to the River and the profile in the River. Of
particular concern is the occurence of high densities during high
flows not involving storm runoff.
The salmonella data shown in Table 21 show the existence of patho-
gens in the River. The gauze swabs recovered from the Missouri River
at Mile 440 and Mile 370, the Kansas City, Missouri water intake
resulted in the positive isolation of salmonella, as did those swabs
recovered from the listed waste sources.
Here again the potential survival characteristics of the bacteria
in the River are of concern. Laboratory tests were conducted using
56
-------
TABLE 20
MISSOURI RIVER BACTERIOLOGICAL DENSITIES
ST. JOSEPH TO KANSAS CITY
SEPTEMBER 18-22, 1969
Number
M-28
SJ-3
SJ-5
SJ-9
SJ-15
SJ-17
SJ-18
M-27
A-25.5
Station
Location
St. Joseph Waterworks
Intake
Black Snake Creek
Charles St. Sewer
Mitchell St. Sewer
St. Joseph STP
Brown's Ditch
South St. Joseph Indus-
trial Sewer District
STP
Missouri River Palermo
Landing
Atchison STP
Ri ver
Mile
452.3
452.3
452.3
452.3
446.4
446.4
445.6
440.3
421
Geometric
Mean
Fecal
Col i form
100 ml
4,300
2x1 06
3x1 06
2xl06
4xl06
0.17xl06
7x1 06
7,800
2x1 06
Fecal
Streptococci
4,300
0.96xl06
IxlO6
0.79xl06
2x1 06
52,000
37x1 O6
8,800
250,000
F.C./F.S.
1
2.1
3.0
2.5
2.0
3.3
0.2
0.9
8.0
Probable
Source
-
-
Domestic
Mix
Mix
-
Animal
-
Domestic
Average
Flow
CFS
57900
-
2.6
-
6.68
6.5
11.29
59680
1.64
Fecal
Col i form
No. /Day
Trillions
5931
-
189
-
647
27
1913
11265
79
en
-------
TABLE 20 (Continued)
MISSOURI RIVER BACTERIOLOGICAL DENSITIES
ST. JOSEPH TO KANSAS CITY
SEPTEMBER 18-22, 1969
Station
Number
L-24.5
P-23.5
M-101
M-23
Location
Leavenworth STP
Platte River
Line Creek
Kansas City, Missouri
Water Intake
River
Mile
395.6
391.2
372.2
370.5
Geometric
Mean
Fecal
Col i form
100 ml
4x1 06
420
10,000
3,800
Fecal
Streptococci
270,000
550
2,700
2,400
F.C./F.S.
14.8
.-
-
Probable
Source
Domestic
-
-
Average
Flow
CFS
9.07
124.6
2.4
63120
Fecal
Col i form
No. /Day
Trillions
878
1
-
5805
in
OD
-------
2400
o
oc
UJ
Q.
2000
1600
en
UD
te.
o
o
u
u
LU
O
tc.
UJ
CQ
z:
1700
FIGURE 3
NUMBER OF FECAL COLIFORM PER DAY
MISSOURI RIVER
ST. JOSEPH , MO. TO KANSAS CITY, MO.
SEPTEMBER 18-22, 1969
20 HOURS ESTIMATED TRAVEL TIME
CHARLES ST.SEWER
ST. JOSEPH STP
SOUTH ST. JOSEPH STP
400 380
RIVER MILES
-------
TABLE 21
MISSOURI RIVER SALMONELLA ISOLATIONS
ST. JOSEPH TO KANSAS CITY
SEPTEMBER 18-22, 1969
Station
Number
SJ-15
SJ-17
SJ-18
M-27
L-24.5
P-23.5
M-23 •
Location
St. Joseph STP
(RM 447.4)
Brown's Branch Ditch
(RM 446.4)
St. Joseph Industrial STP
(RM 445.6)
Missouri River at Palermo
Landing
(RM 440.3)
Leavenworth STP
(RM 395.6)
Platte River
(RM 391.2)
Missouri River at Kansas
City, Missouri Water
Intake
(RM 370.5)
Salmonella Isolated
!S_. Schwartzengrund
S_. Oranienburg
S_. Panama
S. Infantis
S. Java
S_. Eimsbuettel
S. Derby
* S.. Give
S_. Panama
S.. Panama
S_. Infantis
S. Bredeney
£. Infantis
S^. Typhimurium Var. Copenhagen
S. Newport
_S. Give
S_. Infantis
:S. Poona
60
-------
both filtered river and filtered waste samples inoculated with pure
bacterial cultures to develop time concentration histories. The
results of these tests are shown in Table 22. Since St. Joseph is
about 24 hours flow time from Kansas City, the ability of these organ-
isms to persist and regrow has significant importance.
The specialized biological investigations, fish flesh tainting and
periphyton, did not indicate any severely polluted areas between
St. Joseph and Kansas City. The caged catfish exposed in this reach
all had acceptable flavoring and the attached organism community was
normal. Bottom dwelling organisms collected during the Fall 1968-
Winter 1969 operation were representative of a relatively clean water
population.
The special virus and fecal sterol studies initiated during the
Fall of 1969 and Winter of 1970, reconfirmed the presence of fecal
pollution and pathogenic organisms. The results of the fecal sterol
analyses are shown in Table 23. These data clearly show the accretion
of the sterol, coprostanol, between the control station at the
St. Joseph Waterworks intake and the downstream impact station at the
Kansas City, Missouri waterworks intake. The coprostanol data are
further verified in significance by the fecal coliform determinations
made on the same samples and shown in Table 24.
Virus data are listed in Table 25. These data clearly demonstrate
the source and persistence of the pathogens through isolation from both
waste source and river samples.
61
-------
TABLE 22
BACTERIAL SURVIVAL STUDIES
ST. JOSEPH TO KANSAS CITY
Station
Number
M-28
SJ-15
SJ-18
M-27
M-23
M-28
SJ-15
SJ-18
M-27
Location
Missouri River at
St. Joseph Intake
St. Joseph STP
St. Joseph Industrial STP
Missouri River at Palermo
Landing
Missouri River at Kansas
City Intake
Missouri River at
St. Joseph Intake
St. Joseph STP
St. Joseph Industrial STP
Missouri River at Palermo
Landing
Initial
Count
Per 100 ml*
98,000
100,000
110,000
99,000
82,000
49,000
52,000
52,000
83,000
Percent Remainina
24 Hrs
112
R**
R**
83
84
48 Hrs
Fecal Coli
92
R**
R**
80
100
Fecal Strepto
86
98
R**
91
69
44
58
68
72 Hrs
form
102
R**
R**
59
82
coccus
94
39
73
59
7 Day
91
R**
R**
55
70
76
6
27
66
14 Day
68
R**
664
43
R**
25
7
1
59
CTl
ro
-------
TABLE 22 (Continued)
BACTERIAL SURVIVAL STUDIES
ST. JOSEPH TO KANSAS CITY
Station
Number
M-23
M-28
SJ-1-5
\
SJ-18
M-27
M-23
Location
Missouri River at Kansas
City Intake
Missouri River at
St. Joseph Intake
St. Joseph STP
St. Joseph Industrial STP
Missouri River at Palermo
Landing
Missouri River at Kansas
City Intake
Initial
Count
Per 100 ml*
52,000
76,000
94,000
81 ,000
90,000
75,000
Percent Remai
24 Hrs
83
48 Hrs
90
72 Hrs
100
Salmonella Typhimurium
68
R**
R**
40
44
40
R**
370
29
3
55
R**
222
33
33
rn'na
7 Day
79
62
R**
103
19
2
14 Day
44
13
R**
<1
18
2
en
to
* Initial count of sample after inoculation with bacterial culture.
** R indicates "regrowth" or a greater than ten-fold increase over the initial number.
-------
TABLE 23
FECAL STEROL CONCENTRATIONS
ST. JOSEPH TO KANSAS CITY
Sampl i ng
Area
Missouri River
at St. Joseph
Water Treatment
Plant
St. Joseph STP
St. Joseph
Industrial STP
Missouri River
at Palermo
Landing
Atchison STP
Leavenworth STP
Missouri River
at Kansas City
Water Treatment
Plant
Sampling
Point
M-28
SJ-15
SJ-18
M-27
A-25.5
L-24.5
M-23
River
Mile
452.3
446.4
445.6
440.3
421.0
395.6
370.5
Coprostanol Concentration in yg/1
Date of Sampling
2-4-70
37
391
573
56
365
424
63
4-7-70
31
418
465
49
451
519
46
4-21-70
35
484
503
48
498
486
54
5-5-70
28
452
493
43
389
535
60
Mean
33
436
508
49
424
491
56
64
-------
TABLE 24
FECAL COLIFORM DENSITIES ISOLATED FROM WATER
SAMPLES USED FOR FECAL STEROL ANALYSES
Sampling
Area
Missouri River
at St. Joseph
Water Treatment
Plant
St. Joseph STP
St. Joseph
Industrial STP
Missouri River
at Palermo
Landing
Atchison STP
Leavenworth STP
Missouri River
at Kansas City
Water Treatment
Plant
Sampling
Point
M-28
SJ-15
SJ-18
M-27
A-25.5
L-24.5
M-23
River
Mile
452.3
446.4
445.6
440.3
421.0
375.6
370.5
Fecal Col i form Density Organisms/ 100 ml
Date of Sampling
2-4-70
1,600
1.6xl06
1.4xl06
5,200
0.97xl06
4.4xl06
6,200
4-7-70
1,400
6.8xT06
4.2xl06
1,800
5.0xl06
5.8xl06
2,400
4-21-70
2,600
0.7xl06
22x1 O6
3,700
0.27xl06
1.9xl06
3,000
5-5-70
560
7.8xl06
17xl06
450
4.9xl06
llxlO6
1,000
Mean
1,800
4.2xl06
llxlO6
2,800
2.8xl06
5.7xl06
3,150
65
-------
TABLE 25
VIRUS ISOLATIONS
ST. JOSEPH TO KANSAS CITY
Date
of
Samples
1/22/70
1/22/70
4/23/70
9/24/69
9/24/69
Station
Number
and
River Mile
SJ-15
SJ-18
M-27
(440.3)
A-25.5
(421.0)
L-24.5
(395.6)
Station
Description
St. Joseph STP
St. Joseph Industrial
Effluent
Missouri River at Palermo
Landing
Atchison, Kansas STP
Leavenworth, Kansas STP
Virus
Isolated
PFU
93
10
3
402
57
Virus
Identified
-
-
-
-
-
Kansas City to Waverly
The Kansas City Metropolitan Area is the largest in terms of popu-
lation and diversified industry of those areas considered in these
studies. The nature of wastes generated in the Kansas City Area varies
from straight domestic to complex organic chemicals from industrial
sources. The majority of this waste load is discharged to the Kansas
and Blue Rivers which are tributaries to the Missouri.
Baseline data for the Kansas City, Missouri, water intake are
presented in Table 26. These data collected during the Fall 1968-
Winter 1969 investigation show the river to be approaching marginal
quality levels for water supply use on the basis of Environmental
66
-------
TABLE 26
MISSOURI RIVER WATER QUALITY AT KANSAS CITY, MISSOURI
WATER TREATMENT PLANT INTAKE I/
Item
Turbidity (JU)
Total Suspended Solids mg/1
Total Dissolved Solids mg/1
Chloride mg/1
Sulfate mg/1
Alkalinity (as CaC03) mg/1
Hardness (as CaC03) mg/1
Total Phosphorus mg/1*
NH3 as N mg/1*
NOs as N mg/1*
Organic N as N mg/1*
Total Organic Carbon mg/1*
Ca mg/1*
Mg mg/1*
Ba mg/1*
Cd mg/1*
Fe mg/1*
Mn mg/1*
Cr (Total) mg/1*
As mg/1*
Cu mg/1*
Pb mg/1*
Ni mg/1*
Zn mg/1*
B mg/1*
Na mg/1*
K mg/1*
F mg/1*
Total Organic Chlorine mg/1**
Chloroform Extracts mg/1**
Fecal Col i form MPN/100 ml
Oct. 28-Nov. 8, 1968
61
173
497
17
198
179
261
0.32
0.12
1.1
0.6
9
72
20
<1.0
<0.02
<0.03
<0.05
<0.05
<0.01
<0.05
<0.05
<0.10
> <0.05
0.32
12
9.0
0.5
45.9
0.0
6500
Jan. 20-Feb. 2, 1969
29
73
485
22
185
174
-
0.24
0.75
0.7
0.9
7
40
19
<1.0
<0.02
<0.2
<0.06
<0.02
<0.01
<0.05
<0.05
<0.1
0.11
0.08
66
7.6
0.8
42.1
-
8300
I/ Represents the mean of daily discrete samples.
* Represents results of one or two five-day composites.
** Represents results of one grab sample.
67
-------
Protection Agency criteria. The total dissolved solids approach the
recommended maximum concentration contained in the Public Health
Service drinking water standards and the fecal coliform densities
exceed recognized criteria for a raw water source.
The bacterial contamination is demonstrated in greater detail in
Table 27 in which the results from the Fall 1969-Winter 1970 survey
are listed. These data show the high densities at the control station
the large increase due to discharges from the metropolitan area and
the persistence of the indicator organisms as far as Waverly, some 87
miles downstream or approximately 26 hours travel time.
Figure 4 is a plot of the numbers of bacteria discharged to the
River in the Kansas City Area and the resulting downstream profile.
The flat slope of the curve demonstrates the persistence of these indi-
cator organisms in the River.
Salmonella were isolated from many of the waste sources discharging
into this reach of the Missouri. Table 28 is a list of the salmonella
serotypes identified.
One of the better indices of the quality of a stream is derived
from an examination of the invertebrate animals living on the stream
bed. The numbers and kinds of bottom dwelling organisms in a specific
aquatic environment indicates within a fairly narrow range the quality
of that environment.
The Missouri River is rather unique from the biological standpoint.
The high flow combined with the intense channelization by flow control
structures have limited the development of invertebrate communities to
the rock flow control structures and the quiescent areas behind these
68
-------
TABLE 27
MISSOURI RIVER BACTERIOLOGICAL DENSITIES
KANSAS CITY TO WAVERLY
SEPTEMBER 25-29, 1969
Station
Number
M-23
M-102
KR-22
M-103
M-104
M-105A
M-105B
M-106
Location
Kansas City, Missouri
Water Intake
Fairfax Industrial Sewer
Kansas River
Kansas City, Kansas STP
Kansas City, Missouri
Wests ide STP
Corn Products Interna-
tional (Major Effluent)
Corn Products Interna-
tional (Minor Effluent)
Rock Creek, North Kansas
City STP
Ri ver
Mile
370.5
367.6
367.4
367.2
367.19
365
364.8
362.7
Geometric
Mean
Fecal
Col i form
100 ml
3,800
0.56xl06
1,600
5x1 06
IxlO6
1,700
2,600
0.3xl06
Fecal
Streptococcus
Per 100 ml
4,600
0.23xl06
630
5x1 06
IxlO6
. 18,000
30,000
15xl06
F.C./F.S.
-
-
1.0
1.0
-
-
Probable
Source
-
-
-
Mix
Mix
-
-
Average
Flow
CFS
63,000
-
2,234
15.35
23.99
24.4
2.0
4.44
Fecal
Col i form
No. /Day
Trillions
5,793
-
24
1 ,857
581
1
0.1
32
-------
TABLE 27 (Continued)
MISSOURI RIVER BACTERIOLOGICAL DENSITIES
KANSAS CITY TO WAVERLY
SEPTEMBER 25-29, 1969
Station
Number
M-19
M-107B
M-108
M-18
M-109
M-15
Location
Kansas City Blue River
STP
Blue River
Rock Creek STP
Independence
Missouri River near
Missouri City
Little Blue River
Missouri River near
Waverly
River
Mile
358
358
356.9
345.5
339.5
293
Geometric
Mean
Fecal
Col i form
100 ml
3x1 06
.99xl06
2xl06
9,000
4,100
8,700
Fecal
Streptococcus
Per 100 ml
0.58xl06
.15xl06
IxlO6
54,000
2,900
' 12,000
F.C./F.S.
5.2
6.2
2.0
_
-
_
Probable
Source
Domestic
-
„.
_
-
_
Average
Flow
CFS
87.96
19.2
8.22
63,270
11.6
63,600
Fecal
Col i form
No. /Day
Trillions
6,386
460
398
13,780
1.2
13,390
-------
2400
FIGURE 4
NUMBER OF FECAL COL I FORM PER DAY
MISSOURI RIVER
KANSAS CITY. MO. TO WAVERLY, MO.
SEPTEMBER 25-29, 1969
24 HOUR ESTIMATED TRAVEL TIME
ROCK CREEK STP
K.C.. MO. WESTSIDE STP
BIG BLUE RIVER
K.C.. MO. - BLUE RIVER STP
63,600 cfs
380
320
RIVER MILES
280
-------
TABLE 28
MISSOURI RIVER SALMONELLA ISOLATIONS
KANSAS CITY TO WAVERLY
Number
Station
Location
Salmonella Isolated
M-101
M-102
M-107B
M-109
Line Creek
Fairfax Industrial Outfall
Big Blue River
Little Blue River
S_. Infantis
S_. Binza
S_. Typhimurium
£. Montevideo
S_. Cubana
S_. Tompson
S. Muenchen
structures.
The bottom dwelling organism communities were sampled intensively
during the Fall 1968 field study. At the control station near the
Kansas City, Missouri water intake the organisms found were indicativ-
of relatively clean water. There was an assemblage of 7 pollution
sensitive and 1 pollution tolerant form.
Approximately 11 miles downstream, most of the pollution sensitive
organisms were replaced by pollution tolerant forms indicating degraded
water quality. Downstream from the Blue River confluence, 14 miles
from the control station, all pollution sensitive organisms were
absent and only the more tolerant forms were present. Between the con-
fluence of the Blue River, R.M. 356, and Waverly, Missouri, R.M. 293,
the accumulation of organic sludge on the pile dikes and in backwater
72
-------
areas limited the available habitat to tolerant forms.
The major tributary streams in this reach, the Kansas and the Big
Blue Rivers were both found to be grossly polluted. Bottom dwelling
organisms in the Kansas were limited to the most tolerant kinds such
as sludge worms, while the Blue River was so severely polluted that
the bottom samples were devoid of animals.
The specialised biological studies during the Fall 1969-Winter 1970
reconfirmed the 1968 findings. The fish flesh tainting studies demon-
strated that wastes discharged to the Missouri River caused unaccept-
able flavors in caged catfish for a distance of 22 miles downstream
from the Kansas City Area. In addition, fish placed in the Big Blue
River, the old channel of the Blue River and Sugar Creek died within
24 hours.
The periphyton studies indicated polluted conditions in a six-mile
reach (R.M. 362-R.M. 356) downstream from the Kansas River. Large
reductions in numbers of attached organisms were observed in comparison
with upstream stations indicating an unfavorable environment. Some
recovery was observed downstream from R.M. 356 in numbers of organisms,
but the communities included pollution tolerant blue-green algae and
protozoans which feed on organic materials.
The fecal sterol isolations represented another index of recent
fecal pollution in the Missouri River. Table 29 shows the coprostanol
concentrations from samples taken in this reach.
Table 30 is a listing of the fecal coliform densities in the fecal
sterol samples. The correlation between the fecal coliform and fecal
sterols is quite good even though the samples were between 48 and 72
73
-------
TABLE 29
FECAL STEROL CONCENTRATIONS
KANSAS CITY TO WAVERLY
Sampling
Area
Missouri River
at Kansas City
Water Treatment
Plant
Kansas River
Kansas City,
Kansas STP
Kansas City,
Missouri West-
Side Plant
Blue River
Kansas City,
Missouri Blue
River STP
Missouri River
at Missouri City
Missouri River
at Waverly
Sampling
Point
M-23
K-22
M-103
M-104
M-107B
M-19
M-18
M-15
River
Mile
370.5
367.4
367.20
367.19
358.0
358.0
345.4
293.0
Concentration of Coprostanol in ug/liter
Date of Sampling
2-11-70
80
78
522
259
92
328
86
66
4-14-70
68
70
496
319
110
419
75
79
4-28-70
98
83
587
298
92
396
98
58
5-13-70.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Mean
82
77
535
290
95
381
87
70
74
-------
TABLE 30
FECAL COLIFORM DENSITIES ISOLATED FROM WATER SAMPLES
USED FOR FECAL STEROL ANALYSES
KANSAS CITY TO WAVERLY
Sampl i ng
Area
Missouri River
at Kansas City
Water Treatment
Plant
Kansas River
Kansas City,
Kansas STP
Kansas City,
Missouri West-
Side Plant
Blue River
Kansas City,
Missouri Blue
River STP
Missouri River
at Missouri City
Missouri River
at Waverly
Sampling
Point
M-23
KR-22
M-103
M-104
M-107B
M-19
M-18
M-15
Number of Fecal Col i forms per 100 ml of Sample
River
Mile
370.5
367.4
367.20
367.19
358.0
358.0
345.4
293.0
2-11-70
880
6,200
20x1 O6
1.3xl06
80
1.9xl06
1,600
770
Date of Sampling
4-14-70
-2.-108-
1,300
13xl06
0.3xl06
500
2.6xl06
1,600
1,800
4-28-70
700
7,400
5.9xl06
0.4xl06
406
2.2xl06
2,100
1,600
5-13-70
18,500
1,800
13xl06
1.6xl06
32,000
4.1xl06
19,000
11,800
Mean
5,500
4,200
13xl06
0.9xl06
8,300
2.7xl06
6,100
4,000
75
-------
hours old.
These data again confirm the presence of fecal pollution in the
River. For the bacteriological, viral, and fecal sterol data, the
upstream control station provides the datum and the downstream obser-
vations show a positive increase above this base. The waste discharges
that were sampled showed contributions which accounted for almost 60%
of the increase in fecal coliform densities. The presence of the fecal
sterol, coprostanol, reinforces the significance of the fecal coliform
as an indicator and the isolation of salmonella and virus confirms the
existence of a potential hazard. Combining these observations with the
results of the fish flesh tainting studies, the periphyton studies and
the earlier bottom dwelling organism investigation, a rather complete
spectrum of pollution is produced.
The virus data as shown in Table 31 provide the final confirmation
of the nature of the waste discharges. The total number of virus from
waste sources in the Kansas City Area, based on the data in Table 31,
averages about 264 virus per gallon of sewage. When it is considered
that the Kansas City Area discharges almost 100 million gallons per day
into the river, the viral hazard potential is placed in a rather stag-
gering perspective.
76
-------
TABLE 31
VIRUS ISOLATIONS
KANSAS CITY TO WAVERLY
Date
of
Samples
9/26/69
Sampling
Station
Number
M-102
M-103
M-104
M-106
M-108
M-19
Sampling
Station
Description
Fairfax Industrial
Sewer
Kansas City, Kansas
STP
Kansas City, Missouri
Westside STP
Rock Creek - North
Kansas City STP
Rock Creek - Independ-
ence STP
Kansas City Blue River
STP
Virus
Isolated
PFU/Liter
63
75.5
71.5
3.0
94
114
Virus
Identification
—
_
_
_
_
_
77
-------
OTHER FACTORS
The field investigations conducted between 1968 and 1970 have pro-
vided more knowledge of the quality of the Missouri River than hereto-
fore available. These studies were unique in that they included the
exotic as well as the standard tests of water quality. And in the
end, this uniqueness further emphasized the relationships in the over-
all body of data.
One of the most significant findings of these investigations is
the relative importance of point source discharges and of land runoff.
A 2-day portion of the 1968-1969 baseline survey was conducted during
a heavy rainstorm. These data are contrasted against the 8-day dry
weather data in Table 32, to show the effect of runoff.
It is readily apparent that storm runoff adds a significant waste
load to the river. There is an increase in the 5-day 20°C BOD and an
attendant decrease in the dissolved oxygen concentrations. The densi-
ties of fecal coliform indicator organisms show an increase of several
orders of magnitude due to wet weather flow.
However, it is equally important to realize the frequency of occur-
rence of wet weather flows. Flow hydrographs for five of the more
significant streams were plotted to estimate the frequency of runoff
peaks that might contribute pollution to the Missouri River. The num-
ber and duration of runoff peaks were determined using an arbitrary
flow increase with a 2-3 day peak definition. Table 33 summarizes
these findings.
Based on these the Missouri could be free from uncontrolled runoff
78
-------
TABLE 32
A COMPARISON OF WET AND DRY WEATHER
WATER QUALITY AT SELECTED STATIONS
MISSOURI RIVER
1968
Station
No.
M-52
M-42
M-28
Station
Location
Upstream from Conflu-
ence of Missouri River
and Big Sioux River
Omaha Water Treatment
Plant
St. Joseph Water
Treatment Plant
Dissolved
Oxygen
mq>
Dry
9.5
9.1
8.6
n
Wet
10.0
8.0
5.6
5-Day 20°C
BOD
mg/1
Dry
0.9
1.9
3.0
Wet
1.2
4.9
_
Suspended
Solids
ma/1
Dry
55
91
131
Wet
•»
1020
2780
Fecal
Col i form
MPN/100 ml
Dry
220
8300
6500
Wet
30,300
210,000
230,000
TABLE 33
SUMMARY OF RUNOFF DURATION AND FREQUENCY
FOR SELECTED MISSOURI RIVER TRIBUTARIES
Stream
Kansas
Platte (Iowa)
Nishnabotna
Little Sioux
Big Sioux
Location
Bonner S.
Agency
Hamburg
Turin
Akron
Record
Length
Yrs
13
13
13
9
13
Affected
% Time
16
14
11
12
9
Runoff Peak
Duration
Davs/Yr
Avg
60
53
39
42
35
Min
20
22
16
14
10
Max
92
86
64
79
82
Runoff Peaks
Number/Yr
Avg
12
14
10
6
4
Min
6
8
5
4
1
Max
18
24
17
9
10
79
-------
84 or more percent of the time from any particular tributary. No
attempt to modify this for combination of tributaries seems feasible.
Table 34 is a list of all of the significant tributaries and their
average flow contribution. The tributaries are listed in descending
geographical order. It is expected that the individual stream flow
characteristics would be similar to those shown in Table 33.
In addition to the investigation of the significance of point
sources, an industrial waste survey was conducted to determine the
character of the discharges other than municipal. The metropolitan
areas of Kansas City and St. Joseph, Missouri; Omaha and Dakota City,
Nebraska; and Council Bluffs and Sioux City, Iowa were included in
this survey. All identifiable industries were contacted by letter,
phone or personal visit to collect available data on their waste dis-
charges. The entire industrial waste survey effort was under the
sponsorship of the respective State Water Pollution Control Agency.
In the Sioux City area, the wastes being discharged to the Floyd
River and the Missouri River consist primarily of domestic wastes,
industrial wastes associated with the food processing industry --
particularly the meat packing industry, and wastes from large ammonium
nitrate and insecticide manufacturing plants. Except for periods dur-
ing storm runoff, all wastes discharged to the Sioux City municipal
sanitary sewer system receive primary treatment. This includes all
industrial wastes produced in Sioux City except those from the stock-
yards and cooling and condensate waters from various industries.
Reportedly, a small percentage of the domestic wastes in the Sioux
City area are discharged into the municipal storm sewer system.
80
-------
TABLE 34
SUMMARY OF MISSOURI RIVER TRIBUTARIES
USGS Gage
6-4785
6-4855
6-6005
6-6075
6-6085
6-6095
6-8055
6-8100
6-8130
6-8150
6-8175
6-8205
6-8925
6-8935
6-8940
6-9020
6-9055
6-9265
6-9335
6-4860
6-6100
6-8930
Stream - Gage
James River
Big Sioux
Floyd
Little Sioux
Soldier
Boyer
Platte
Nishnabotna
Tarkio
Little Nemaha
Nodaway
Platte (Mo.)
Kansas
Big Blue
Little Blue
Grand
Chariton
Osage
Gasconade
Missouri
Missouri
Missouri
Scotland
Akron
James
Turin
Pisgah
Logan
South Bend
Hamburg
Fairfax
Falls City
Burlington, Mo.
Agency, Mo.
Bonner Springs
Kansas City
Lake City
Summer
Prairie Hill
St. Thomas
Jerome
Sioux City
Omaha
Kansas City
Avg. Dischg.
cfs (1967)
366
830
174
1,003
128
301
5,503
970
186
598
508
827
. 6,583
137
108'
3,683
1,071
9,604
2,486
31,680
27,680
54,350
Rank
13
9
16
7
18
14
3
: 8
15
11
12
10
2
17
4
6
1
5
81
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Based upon the findings of this survey there are six major waste-
water outlets in the Sioux City area. These are the outlets from a
packing plant in Dakota City, Nebraska, the primary effluent from the
Sioux City municipal wastewater treatment plant, the effluent from the
detention ponds serving the chemical plants, at Port Neal, and three
major outlets serving the Sioux City stockyards.
In Council Bluffs, the municipal wastewater treatment plant pro-
vides treatment for the domestic and industrial wastes. The major
sources of industrial wastes are two food processors and one meat
packer.
The packing plant is a large beef slaughtering facility designed
to handle 250 head of beef per hour. Some treatment facilities are
being provided and supported by an EPA Research and Demonstration
Grant.
The industry in Omaha is oriented heavily toward agriculture,
including livestock slaughtering, rendering, and hide processing indus-
tries; meat processing (breaking, boning, sausage manufacture, etc.);
and food processing industry; particularly the frozen-prepared dinner
industry, the potato chip industry, and the ice cream and other milk
product industry. In the milk product category, cheese manufacturing
is minimal.
Another important industrial source of liquid wastes in Omaha is
livestock receiving facilities, the largest facility being the Union
Stockyards Company. At Union Stockyards, livestock is received and
marketed for slaughter or for further feeding. Manure in the cattle
pens is removed in the semi-solid form, dehydrated, bagged and sold.as
82
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soil conditioner. Manure from the swine and sheep pens is washed to
the sewer. All irunoff resulting from rainfall flows to the sewer.
Associated with the animal handling wastes are the livestock trans-
port trucks. Several truck washing businesses within the city special-
ize in cleaning manure and bedding from trucks and washing the interior
and exterior of the truck. These washwaters enter the sewer carrying
considerable quantities of the semi-solid manure removed from the
truck's.
Another class of industry, which may be of importance as a source
of pollutants having public health significance, is the pharmaceutical
industry. One products, diethyl stilbestrol, is widely used as a feed
additive for stimulating animal growth. In general, the pharmaceutical
industries in Omaha are careful to minimize the loss of product to the
sewer. However, the significance of the quantities of hormones and
other Pharmaceuticals discharged to the sewer from pharmaceutical manu-
facturing, as compared to other potential sources of the same chemicals,
such as from livestock slaughtering operations, cannot be quantified
from this survey.
Other classes of industry in Omaha, such as metal plating, textiles,
pulp and paper wastes, plastics, and machinery manufacturing, are mini-
mal or non-existent.
Only a superficial survey was made of St. Joseph, Missouri. The
domestic waste is processed through two primary treatment plants.
Slaughterhouse and insecticide waste are combined in one STP with some
domestic sewage to handle the only exotic chemical problem existing in
the area.
83
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During the Lower Missouri Survey effort the chemical plant was shut
down and no waste other than domestic/slaughterhouse was; entering the
river.
The industrial background of North Kansas City, Missouri is
characterized by a heavy concentration of storage and packaging opera-
tions. Few industries are process in nature. Most organizations work
the daylight shift with the resultant loading on the sewage treatment
plant going from 7,000 PE at night to 70,000 PE in the day.
There are a few light metal fabrication operations where etching,
cleaning and plating, produce waste which could be harmful to secondary
treatment processing. Those companies not treating wastes in plant can
be identified.
Three industries are potential sources of trouble. One produces a-
large amount of organic loading resulting from the refining of sugar
from corn. Some of these wastes are discharged to city sewer while
others are allowed to go direct into the Missouri River.
A second industry, a repair shop for railroad tank cars allows the
steamings from the car-cleaning operation to escape by seepage into
the ground. This is an undefined route of disposal and within a few
yards of the river levee and water's edge. Some oils have been seen in
storm sewer outfalls into the Missouri River near this installation.
The third industry manufactures copper powder and one of the wastes
is a copper ammonium carbonate complex. This material is believed to
be adequately disposed of; however, unexplained copper color has been
seen in a storm sewer outfall to the Missouri River.
A small creek flows through North Kansas City and into the Missouri
84
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which carries the primary treated effluent from the North Kansas City
STP and miscellaneous industrial wastes..
Kansas City, Missouri is a transportation terminal for finished
and semi-finished goods. Numerous warehouses and assembly plants
exist in the area. Industrial waste from these operations is primarily
dry in character and very little of an exotic nature.
The City is on a sewer system with localized areas being served by
package treatment plants. Most all industries are handled through the
City's central treatment plant.
There are numerous food processors throughout the City, such as
potato chip manufacturers, dairies, bottling works in addition to
restaurants in the retail trade. These high organic waste sources are
not a problem source.
An industrial complex centered around a steel mi IT with attendant
etching, plating, cleaning, painting operations exists on the Blue
River in the east part of Kansas City. This group of companies dis-
charge much of their wastes into the Blue River making the quality of
the stream far below State Standards. The State of Missouri has issued
compliance orders in hopes to improve this stream.
Two chemical companies near the steel mill complex could be the
source of exotic organo-phosphorus insecticides. One firm reclaims
various types of wastes and employs a series of sealed lagoons on the
river side of the levee. The other firm, a large manufacturer of
agricultural chemicals, is constructing a treating plant to handle its
industrial waste. Their wastes are being lagooned and neutralized
prior to disposal into the City sanitary sewer.
85
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Table 35 summarizes the results of the industrial waste survey and
the basic data are contained in Appendix G.
Based on the analyses of significance and frequency it is readily
apparent that point source discharges are responsible for the observed
water quality degradation for about 85% of the time. It is also
apparent that the pathogenic hazard is high because of the domestic or
agri-industry origin of the wastes. Then it is only a matter to
determine what feasible means are available to solve this problem.
The problem in the most basic terms is the addition of organic
materials, bacteria and virus to the river. Some of the organic mate-
rials cause the tainting of fish flesh. Others serve as necessary
nutrients to sustain the persistence or regrowth of bacteria. Specific
organic compounds such as the fecal sterols show the ability of these
biodegradable organic compounds to persist in the water environment and
also indicate the presence of recent fecal contamination.
The bacterial indicator organisms also show the presence of mate-
rial of fecal origin and indicate a possibility of the existence of
pathogenic organisms. Isolation of salmonella and virus confirms this
premise.
In summary the Missouri River represents a potential hazard to any-
one using it as a source of drinking water or for recreation. Mitiga-
tion of this hazard through a higher level of waste treatment with
adequate bacterial control is technically feasible and well within the
public interest.
A properly operated secondary treatment plant will remove between
85 and 95 percent of the five-day biochemical oxygen demand. This rep-
86
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TABLE 35
SUMMARY OF INDUSTRIAL WASTE SURVEY
Metropolitan
Area
Sioux City, Iowa
Council Bluffs, Iowa
Omaha, Nebraska
North Kansas City, Missouri
Kansas City, Missouri
Number of
SIC Code
Groups
9
9
14
9
12
Total No..
, of
Companies
74
35
172
30
80
Number of Companies
With Significant
Inplant Treatment
13
3
10
6
14
With Discharge to
Municipal Sewers
66
31
159
26
72
00
-------
resents a reduction in readily available carbonaceous material.which is
susceptible to biological oxidation or stabilization. This also removes
a substantial portion of the nutrient material necessary for bacterial
persistence or regrowth and many of the compounds that taint fish
flesh.
Properly operated secondary treatment will remove on the average
about 50 percent of the nitrogen which is another nutrient necessary
for bacterial growth"or persistence.
And, last but not least, properly operated secondary treatment will
reduce significantly the bacterial and virus densities. Bacterial
removals between 90 and 98% can be obtained. The secondary effluent
is more easily disinfected due to greater removals of solids and oxi-
dizable substances. The bacterial reductions that can be obtained with
disinfection of secondary effluent depend upon disinfection technique.
With chlorination, efficiencies of 99% can be reached.
Insofar as the removal of virus is concerned, properly operated
activated sludge treatment will remove up to 90% of the virus. These
virus are removed either by adsorption onto the suspended or colloidal
material or by inactivation from toxic substances. Additional virus
removal can be obtained with proper chlorination, that is requisite
free chlorine residuals and proper contact time.
88
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CONCLUSIONS
A minimum of secondary sewage treatment is needed to protect
water uses that exist now, as well as in the future, iiV'the Missouri
River. The time is past when this Nation can ask itself how much
pollution can be added to the environment instead of how much environ-
mental pollution can be prevented. We can no longer afford to take
the risk of relying on our reckoning of the assimilative capacity of
the receiving waters and minimum acceptable quality as the basis for
designing minimum level of waste treatment. This concept has not pro-
tected us in the past from polluting most of the Nation's waters, and
it is less valid today when the volume and complexity of waste dis-
charges continue to increase at a rapid rate. We subscribe to a con-
cept of water quality enhancement through adequate waste treatment.
There are many valuable and tangible attributes associated with
secondary waste treatment other than its capacity to remove oxygen-
demanding wastes. Most of these are affected little, if at all, by
primary treatment. These attributes include up to 95 percent sus-
pended solids reduction and the removal of substantial quantities of
bacteria, pathogenic organisms, viruses, heavy metals, and nutrients
including 30 percent or greater phosphorus removal and 50 percent
nitrogen reduction. The receiving waters of efficiently treated wastes
are kept aesthetically clean. A very important factor is that secon-
dary treatment provides the basis for efficient, effective disinfection
through the removal of most of the solid particles that harbor bacteria
and by destruction of fecal organic matter in which they multiply. To
89
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strive for less than secondary waste treatment or its equivalent is to
strive towards mediocrity when something far superior is attainable,
technically realistic and needed to protect water uses.
Data collected during investigations made of the Missouri River
and its tributaries by the FWQA over the past two years demonstrate
conditions of serious pollution. Wastes discharged by the major com-
munities, using only primary treatment, cause measurable increases in
bacterial indicator organisms, virus and fecal sterols. These wastes
also cause water quality degradation as reflected by the structure of
the periphyton communities and the tainting of fish flesh. Each
measured pollutional characteristic or observed effect is attributable
to constituents that can be substantially removed from waste waters
by properly operated secondary treatment facilities with bacterial
control.
This investigation also provided specific knowledge on a number of
pollutants that should be prevented from entering the Missouri River
and that can be controlled by secondary treatment with disinfection.
For example, the treatment of public water supplies is based on a con-
cept of multiple barriers against the invasion of pathogenic organisms.
One of these barriers is adequate disinfection of municipal wastes that
may enter the waterway from which the supply is drawn. There are a
number of organisms present in sewage that threaten the health of per-
sons drinking or swimming in the water that is so contaminated. These
include: Salmonella; Shigella; Leptospira; Mycobacterium; and the
enteric viruses, such as polio and hepatitis.
The FWQA investigations on the Lower Missouri River resulted in the
90
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isolation of a number of constituents that can be removed by secondary
treatment. These included 19 Salmonella serotypes, many of these were
pathogenic human strains. Pathogenic Salmonella were demonstrated in
three water supply intakes. Bacterial regrowth was found to be sig-
nificant in the receiving waters. Viruses were isolated from water
supply intake areas. It was demonstrated that viruses could survive
in Missouri River water for a period of 25 hours or longer, which would
permit them to reach most water supply intakes from the pollution
source. In laboratory experiments, they survived in large numbers.
Fecal sterols were isolated from water intake areas during the sur-
vey. The isolation of fecal sterols confirmed independently with a
chemical test rather than a bacteriological one that fecal pollution
does occur. These are biodegradable and would be removed in a secon-
dary treatment process.
The Fish-tainting study was not a unique or alternate approach to
a comprehensive water quality investigation, but one that has been
used on a number of occasions to successfully identify taste and odor
problems in water. The presence of unacceptable flavors in fish flesh
from caged fish confined downstream from metropolitan areas in the
Lower Missouri River is a significant indication of the existence of a
problem and of the presence of taste and odor producing compounds in
the water. Secondary treatment removes ketones that occur in paint
solvents, phenols, hydrocarbons and coal tar wastes that produce dis-
agreeable taste in fish flesh. Water quality standards adopted by the
States specify that water quality should be such that off flavors are
not produced in fish flesh.
91
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In the case of the Missouri River where the principal use is as a
water supply source for approximately three million people, the obli-
gation of upstream communities is readily apparent. Their sewage
treatment plants serve as the first of the multiple barriers between
the upstream wastewater and downstream water user.
Although it is now technically feasible to produce drinking water
from sewage, it is not economically practicable. The water utilities
constantly search for the best quality raw water source to provide
the general public with a safe potable water supply. The water treat-
ment systems of today are probably capable of removing 99.9% of the
virus present. But there is still a chance of the 0.1% slipping
through. Since virus were isolated at the water intakes, and since
it may take as little as one viral particle to cause infection, the
average man dependent on the Missouri River municipalwater systems
could be subjected to a viral infection. The implementation of higher
levels of waste treatment can mitigate this threat. It must be remem-
bered, not everybody can live upstream.
92
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
Berg, G. An Integrated Approach to the Problem of Viruses in Water.
Presented at National Specialty Conference on Disinfection,
University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, July, 1970.
California State Department of Public Health. Proceedings of the
Symposium on Fecal Coliform in Water and Waste Hater"Berkeley,
California, May 21, 1968, and Los Angeles, California, May 22, 1968.
Chambers, C. W. Chlorination for Control of Bacteria and Viruses in
Sewage Effluents.Presented at the 41st Annual Meeting of Central
States Water Pollution Control Association, St. Paul, Minnesota,
June 12-14, 1968.
Chang, S. L. "A Discussion on Microbiological Aspects of Drinking
Water Quality." Unpublished Manuscript.
Committee on Environmental Quality Management of the Sanitary
Engineering Division. "Engineering Evaluation of Virus Hazard in
Water." Journal, Sanitary Engineering Division, American Society
of Civil Engineers, Volume 96, SA 1, February, 1970.
Geldreich, E. E. and Kenner, B. A. "Concepts of Fecal Streptococci in
Stream Pollution." Journal, Water Pollution Control Federation,
Volume 41, No. 8, Part 2, August, 1969.
Geldreich, E. E. and Van Donsel, D. J. Salmonellae in Fresh Water
Pollution. Presented at National Specialty Conference on
Disinfection, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts,
July, 1970.
Geldreich, E. E. Sanitary Significance of Fecal Coliforms in the
Environment. U. S. Department of the Interior, Federal Water
Pollution Control Administration, 1966.
Geldreich, E. E., Jeter, H. L., and Winter, J. A. "Technical
Considerations in Applying the Membrane Filter Procedure." Health
Laboratory Science, Volume 4, No. 2, April, 1967.
Geldreich, E. E., Best, L. C., Kenner, B. A., and Van Donsel, D. J.
"The Bacteriological Aspects of Stormwater Pollution." Journal,
Water Pollution Control Federation, Volume 40, No. 11, Part 1,
November, 1968.
Geldreich, E. E. The Use and Abuse of Fecal Streptococci in Water
Quality Measurements.A paper presented to American Society for
Microbiology, Boston, Massachusetts, April 26 - May 1, 1970.
93
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Ingram, W. M., Mackenthun, K. M., and Bartsch, A. F. Biological Field
Investigative Data for Hater Pollution Surveys. U. S. Department
of the Interior, Federal Water Pollution Control Administration,
1966.
Kabler, P. "Water Examinations by Membrane Filter and Most Probable
Number Procedures." American Journal of Public Health, Volume 44,
No. 3, March, 1954.
Keup, L. E., Ingram, W. M., and Mackenthun, K. M. The Role of Bottom-
Dwelling Macrofauna in Hater Pollution Investigation?!Public
Health Service Publication No. 999-WP-38, 1966.
Kittrell, F. W. A Practical Guide to Water Quality Studies of Streams.
U. S. Department of the Interior, Federal Water Pollution Control
Administration, 1969.
Kittrell, F. W. and Furfar, S. A. "Observations of Coliform Bacteria
in Streams." Journal, Water Pollution Control Federation,
Volume 35, No. 11, November, 1963.
Murtaugh, J. and Bunch, R. L. "Sterols as a Measure of Fecal Pollution."
Journal, Water Pollution Control Federation, Volume 39, No. 3,
Part 1, March, 1967.
Mackenthun, K. M. and Ingram, W. M. Biological Associated Problems in
Freshwater Environments, Their Identification. Investigation and
Control.U. S. Department of the Interior, Federal Water
Pollution Control Administration, 1967.
Mackenthun, K. M. The Practice of Water Pollution Biology. U. S.
Department of the Interior, Federal Water Pollution Control
Administration, 1969.
National Academy of Sciences. Eutrophication, Causes, Consequences,
Correctives. Proceedings of a Symposium, Washington, D. C., 1969.
Stumm, W. and Morgan, J. J. Aquatic Chemistry, An Introduction
Emphasizing Chemical Equilibria in Natural Waters. Wi 1 ey
Interscience, New York, 1970.
U. S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare. Public Health
Service Drinking Water Standards. PHS Publication 956,
Washington, D. C., 1962.
U. S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare. Manual for
Evaluating Public Drinking Water Supplies. Cincinnati, Ohio, 1969.
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U. S. Department of the Interior, Federal Water Pollution Control
Administration, Water Quality Criteria. Report of the National
Technical Advisory Committee to the Secretary of the Interior.
Washington, D. C., April, 1968.
U. S. Department of the Interior, Federal Water Pollution Control
Administration. FWPCA Methods for Chemical Analysis of Water and
Wastes. Cincinnati, Ohio, 1969.
U. S. Department of the Interior, Federal Water Pollution Control
Administration. Transcript of Proceedings of Second Session of
the Conference to Consider the Establishment of Water Quality
Standards for the Missouri River Basin Interstate Water - State of
Iowa.Council Bluffs, Iowa, April, 1969.
Velz, C. J. Applied Stream Sanitation. Wiley Interscience, New York,
1970.
Walton, G. "Water Treatment: Prevention of Waterborne Diseases."
Proceeding of 11th Sanitary Engineering Conference, Influence of
Raw Water Characteristics on Treatment!Department of Civil
Engineering, University of Illinois and Illinois Department of
Public Health, Division of Sanitary Engineering, Urbana, Illinois,
February 5-6, 1969.
95
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APPENDIX A
SAMPLING STATION DESCRIPTION
-------
STATION DESCRIPTIONS
Stati on Ri ver
Number Mile
M-52 736.0 Two miles upstream from mouth of Big Sioux
River at 1-29 Bridge.
BS-51 734.0 Big Sioux River upstream from confluence with
Missouri River at Sioux City, Iowa.
F-50.5 731.2 Floyd River new channel at Dace Avenue Bridge,
Sioux City, Iowa.
SC-49 729.7 At Sioux City STP effluent.
IBP-48.5 726.2 Iowa Beef Packers, Inc., Dakota City, Nebraska,
Plant effluent at second manhole downstream
of package STP on company property south of
Sioux City.
M-48 717.4 Below Sioux City STP outfall at power cable
crossing.
LS-45.5 669.2 Little Sioux River at Highway 1-29 Bridge
near River Sioux, Iowa.
S-45 664.0 Soldier River upstream from confluence with
Missouri River.
B-43 635.1 Boyer River one mile upstream from confluence
with Missouri River.
M-42 626.2 At Omaha, Nebraska water works intake 0.3
Mile below State Highway 36 bridge.
M-52A 732.7 Approximately one mile South of Elk Point,
South Dakota, 0.5 mile upstream from
U. S. Highway 73 bridge.
M-212 615.2 Quaker Oats Company effluent at concrete box
(covered with steel grill) on levee about
100 feet from Missouri River at Pierce Street,
Omaha, Nebraska.
M-211 615.1 Pacific Fruit Express outfall off 35th Street
at Council Bluffs, Iowa.
CB-40B 614.0 Council Bluffs STP primary effluent at the
plant, 35th Street and 23rd Avenue.
96
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Station
Number
TC-210
OM-40
OM-40A
OM-208
M-38
M-206
M-205
P-37
T-198
N-196
River
Mile
613.6
611.5
611.2
601.7
601.5
596.6
594.8
M-201
M-200
M-34
N-199
591.2
563.3
559.7
542.0
507.6
462.4
Twin Cities Plaza STP effluent at plant.
Omaha, Nebraska STP effluent.
At Omaha, Nebraska 10th and Monroe Street
sewer effluents in ditch below twin-tube
outfall structure, about 100 feet west of
Missouri River.
At Bellevue, Nebraska 0.1 mile below State
Highway 370 bridge.
At Bellevue, Nebraska STP Number 1 primary
effluent at plant clarifier outfall (upstream
of STP secondary digester overflow and water
plant lime sludge waste) State Road 370.
Papillion Creek at one-lane steel truss and
wooden bridge, approximately one mile down-
stream from U. S. Highway 73 and 75 bridge
and Offutt Air Force Base secondary STP out-
fall, Sarpy County, Nebraska.
Platte River 3 miles upstream from confluence
with Missouri River at U. S. Highway 73 and
75 bridge south of La Platte, Nebraska.
At Plattsmouth, Nebraska STP primary effluent
at plant.
At Nebraska City, Nebraska STP primary
effluent at plant.
Downstream from Nebraska City, Nebraska,
0.2 mile above Fraziers Light.
Nishnabotna River at Southeast edge of Hamburg
at confluence with Missouri River,
U. S. Highway 275 bridge.
Tarkio River near Corning, Missouri at State
Highway 111 bridge.
Nodaway River north of Nodaway, Missouri at
U. S. Highway 59 bridge on November 3, 1969
and at County Road T Bridge on
November 4 - 7, 1969.
97
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Station River
Number Mi 1e
M-28 452.3 Missouri River at St. Joseph water works
intake 0.3 miles downstream from daymark
right bank.
OM-209 611.9 Missouri River - Omaha STP By-Pass.
SJ-3 452.3 Blacksnake Creek sewer at mouth of pipe to
sink hole aside the Missouri River at
St. Joseph, Missouri.
SJ-5 452.3 Charles Street Sewer at manhole in Second
Street intersection, St. Joseph, Missouri.
SJ-9 452.3 Mitchell Street sewer at manhole located
approximately 30 feet west of Sixth Street
curbline, St. Joseph, Missouri.
SJ-15 446.4 St. Joseph, Missouri, Municipal STP primary
effluent at outfall to ditch, approximately
150 feet East of Missouri River edge.
SJ-17 446.4 Brown Branch Ditch approximately 400 feet
from Missouri River confluence and 10 feet
upstrem of South St. Joseph.Industrial STP
emergency by-pass outfall and downstream of
St. Joseph Power & Light Company power plant
waste discharge.
SJ-18 445.6 South St. Joseph, Missouri Industrial Sewer
District Treatment Plant effluent at mouth
of outfall pipe at bank of Missouri River.
M-27 440.3 Missouri River at Palermo Landing 1.3 miles
upstream from Palermo Light, left bank about
4 miles west of St. Joseph, Missouri
A-25.5 421.0 Missouri River at Atchison, Kansas STP
primary effluent at the plant outfall weir.
L-24.5 395.6 Missouri River at Leavenworth, Kansas STP
primary effluent at the collection box for
the two clarifier streams.
P-23.5 391.2 Platte River south of Farley, Missouri at
State Highway 45 bridge.
M-101 372.2 Line Creek, at CB&Q Railroad Bridge approximately
0.4 mile upstream of mouth.
98
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Station River
Number Mi 1 e
M-23 370.5 Missouri River at Kansas City, Missouri
Waterworks Intake (opposite Fairfax Airport).
M-102 367.6 Missouri River at Kaw Valley Drainage District,
Fairfax District, Kansas City, Kansas Industrial
sewer at outfall structure on Kansas bank of
Missouri River. .
KR-22 367.4 Kansas River 3 miles from confluence with
Missouri River at Missouri Pacific Railroad
Bridge, Kansas City, Kansas.
M-103 367.2 Kansas City, Kansas STP.
M-104 367.19 Kansas City, Kansas west side STP.
M-105A 365.0 Corn Products Corporation hot waste effluent
at the outfall mouth to ditch .(the major dis-
charge to Missouri River).
M-105B 364.8 Howell Street Sewer outfall. Corn Products
Corporation minor discharge at floodgate
upstream of ditch approximately 200 feet from
Missouri River. . :
M-106 362.7 North Kansas City STP primary effluent at
outfall mouth to Rock Creek, Missouri.
M-19 358.0 Big Blue River at Blue River STP, Kansas City,
Missouri about 3 miles upstream from confluence
with Missouri River.
M-107B 358.0 Big Blue River new channel approximately
100 feet upstream from the mouth, Missouri.
M-108 356.9 Rock Creek STP, Independence, Missouri raw
sewage by-pass line:1 from September 25 through
September 28, 1969, and primary effluent on
September 29, 1969.
M-18 345.5 Missouri River 1 mile upstream of Missouri
City, Missouri, N. W. Electric Power Plant Co-op.
M-109 339.5 Little Blue River at U. S. Highway 24 bridge.
M-15 293.5 Missouri River at Waverly, Missouri U. S. High-
way 24 and 65, USGS 6-8955.
99
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APPENDIX B
REPORT ON THE 1968-1969 BASELINE SURVEY
-------
WATER QUALITY OF THE MISSOURI RIVER
GAVINS POINT DAM TO HERMANN, MISSOURI
OCTOBER NOVEMBER,1968 AND JANUARY FEBRUARY, 1969
SURVEYS
SOUTH
DAKOTA
SIOUX CITY
IOWA
NEBRASKA
OMAHA •> COUNCIL BLUFFS
lo
KANSAS
HERMANN
MISSOURI
..--I
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
FEDERAL WATER QUALITY ADMINISTRATION
NATIONAL FIELD INVESTIGATIONS CENTER
CINCINNATI, OHIO
JUNE , 1970
100
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WATER QUALITY OF THE MISSOURI RIVER
(Gavins Point Dam to Hermann, Missouri)
OCTOBER-NOVEMBER 1968
AND
JANUARY-FEBRUARY 1969
SURVEYS
Richard K. Ballentine
Jame s E. Arden
Loys P. Parrish
Delbert B. Hicks
Stephen L. Bugbee
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
FEDERAL WATER QUALITY ADMINISTRATION
NATIONAL FIELD INVESTIGATIONS CENTER
CINCINNATI, OHIO
JUNE 1970
101
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE NO.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS vil
INTRODUCTION .. 1
SUMMARY .'; 2
METHOD OF STUDY 6
SAMPLE STATIONS 6
ANALYSES 7
ANALYTICAL METHODS 7
MISSOURI RIVER AND TRIBUTARY FLOWS AND HYDROLOGY.. 9
AUTUMN SURVEY 9
WINTER SURVEY 10
WATER QUALITY 11
BACTERIAL POLLUTION . 11
Gavins Point Dam - St. Joseph, Missouri. 12
St. Joseph, Missouri-Hermann, Missouri.. lU
BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND (BOD) 15
Gavins Point Dam-St. Joseph, Missouri... 16
St. Joseph, Missouri-Hermann, Missouri,. 16
DISSOLVED OXYGEN (D.O.) 17
D.O. Criteria 17
Gavins Point Dam - St. Joseph, Missouri. 17
St. Joseph, Missouri - Hermann, Missouri 18
102
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
(contd)
PAGE NO.
TOTAL SUSPENDED SOLIDS 18
Gavins Point Dam - St. .Joseph, Missouri 18
St. Joseph, Missouri - Hermann, Missouri 19
NITROGEN (N) 19
Gavins Point Dam to St. Joseph, Missouri 20
St. Josepu, Missouri - Hermann, Missouri 20
PHOSPHORUS(P) 20
Gavins Point Dam - St. Joseph, Missouri ?!
St. Joseph, Missouri - Hermann, Missouri 21
WATER TEMPERATURE 21
HYDROGEN ION CONCENTRATION (pH) • 22
ALKALINITY .22
TOTAL DISSOLVED SOLIDS 22
SULFATES . 22
TOTAL ORGANIC CARBON 2U
SOLUBLE METALS : 2'j
CYANIDE 25
TOTAL ORGANIC CHLORINE 26;
GREASE 26
RADIOACTIVITY LEVELS 2?
BOTTOM ANIMALS ..,, ... 28
SUSPENDED ALGAE 30
103
-------
m
TABLE OF CONTENTS
(contd)
TRIBUTARY STREAMS
Big Sioux River ...
Floyd River .,
Soldier River
Boyer River
Papillion Creek ...
Platte River
Kansas River ......
Blue River
Grand River
Chariton River ....
Osage River
Gasconade River ...
MUNICIPAL WASTE SOURCES
PAGE NO.
31
31
31
31
31
31
32
32
32
33
33
33
33
33
APPENDICES
A STATION DESCRIPTIONS
B DATA SUMMARY
C DETERMINATION OF BOD EXERTION RATES
D TIME-OF-WATER TRAVEL IN THE MISSOURI
RIVER
104
-------
iv
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE NO. PAGE NO.
1 LOCATION MAP
2 TOTAL COLIFORM BACTERIA - FECAL
COLIFORM BACTERIA ... ...... .... 12
3 TOTAL COLIFORM BACTERIA - FECAL
COUFORM BACTERIA - FECAL STREP-
TOCOCCI BACTERIA ..... ......... 13
k TOTAL COLIFORM BACTERIA - FECAL
COLIFORM BACTERIA ...... , ...... . ., lU
5 . TOTAL COLIFORM BACTERIA - FECAL
COLIFORM BACTERIA - FECAL STREP-
TOCOCCI BACTERIA .............. .... 15
6 . 5-DAY BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND '16
7 . DISSOLVED OXYGEN .............. 1Y
8 TOTAL SUSPENDED SOLIDS ........ 18
9 -TOTAL NITROGEN ........ ........ 20
10 TOTAL PHOSPHORUS .............. ?1
11 TOTAL ORGANIC CARBON .......... ?U
IP RELATIVE NUMBER OF TOLERANT AND
SENSITIVE KINDS OF ORGANISMS... 28
13 NUMBER OF KINDS OF BOTTOM ORGAN-
ISMS .., ....... ................ 28
lU SUSPENDED ALGAE (number per ml. ) , 30
105
-------
LIST OF FIGURES
(contd)
APPENDICES
FIG. C-l K VERSUS TIME-OF-WATER TRAVEL
( Sioux City, Iowa - St. Joseph, Mo.)
C-2 K. VERSUS TIME-OF-WATER TRAVEL
( St. Joseph, Mo. - Hermann, Mo.)
C-3 K VERSUS RIVER MILE
(Sioux City, I.awa - Hermann, Mo.)
C-U MEAN 5-DAY BOD LOAD & DISCHARGE VERSUS
RIVER MILE
(Sioux City, Iowa - Hermann, Mo.)
D-l ACCUMULATED TIME-OF-WATER TRAVEL
VERSUS RIVER MILE
(Sioux City, Iowa - Hermann, Mo.)
D-2 ACCUMULATED TIME-OF-WATER TRAVEL
VERSUS RIVER MILE
(Sioux City, Iowa - Hermann, Mo.)
106
-------
VI
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE NO. PAGE NO.
APPENDICES
A STATION DESCRIPTIONS (by Missouri River
Mile ............. . _____ '.. . ............
B-l SUMMARY OF 8- & 2- DAY AVERAGES FOR DIS-
CRETE SAMPLES .................. ......
B-2 SUMMARY OF AVERAGES FOR DISCRETE SAMPLES
Tl O II II If ft •" It I!
B-U SUMMARY OF BACTERIAL DENSITIES ........
B-6 " " " "
B-7 SUMMARY OF !?-DAY COMPOSITE SAMPLES ----
B-8 AVERAGE OF TWO 5-DAY COMPOSITE SAMPLES
tJ_Q " II " II 'I II
B-10 SUMMARY OF SOLUBLE METALS, ETC ........
T3 "1 1 tt II || it II
T3 1 O M lf " fl !'
B-13 SUMMARY OF ORGANIC AND RADIOACTIVE CON-
STITUENTS .............................
B-lU " " "
B-15 SUMMARY OF ORGANIC CONSTITUENTS .......
B-16 BOTTOM ASSOCIATED ANIMALS .............
B-17 SUSPENDED AKJAE. . . ....................
C-l SUMMARY OF BOD CHARACTERISTICS FOR TRIB-
UTARIES & WASTE SOURCES ...............
D-l TIME-OF -WATER TRAVEL ..................
107
1 FREQUENCY OF CHEMICAL ANALYSES 7
2 SUMMARY OF AVERAGE DAILY DISCHARGES... 9
3 WEATHER SUMMARY FOR THE SURVEY PERIODS 9
U GREASE 26.
5 NATIONAL TECHNICAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE -
RADIOLOGICAL CRITERIA 27
6 NUMBER OF KINDS OF BOTTOM-ASSOCIATED
ANIMALS 31
7 SUMMARY OF TRIBUTARY STREAM DATA 31
8 MUNICIPAL WASTE SOURCES 33
-------
vii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The water quality surveys described in this report were
assisted by the cooperative effort of a great number of people.
The authors acknowledge especially the assistance of the fol-
lowing:
SIOUX CITY, IOWA -
Mr. C. T. Evitts, Supt., Waste Treatment Plant.
OMAHA METROPOLITAN UTILITY DISTRICT -
Mr. R. D. Hawes, General Supt., Water Operation.
Mr. C. F. Klever, Supt. of Water Plants.
CITY OF OMAHA -
Mr. Charles Geisler, Chief, Sanitary Engineer.
Mr. James Swan, Plant Operations Engineer.
Mr. George Mehan, Missouri River Treatment Plant.
KANSAS CITY, KANSAS -
Mr. Robert Cooke, Supt., Waste Treatment Plant.
KANSAS CITY, MISSOURI -
Mr. Roy Jackson, Ass't. Director of Waste Pollu-
tion Control.
Mr. Carl H. Steeby, Supt., Blue River Sewage
Treatment Plant.
108
-------
viii
COLUMBIA, MISSOURI -
Mr. Raymond A. Beck, Director of Public Works.
Mr. Janes Brush, Sanitary Engineer.
Mr. James Riley, Chief Operator, Plant #2.
U. S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS, OMAHA DISTRICT -
Mr. Dan Manning, Chief, Water Quality Unit.
Mr. William Gillespie, Engineering Technician,
Gavins Point Dam.
109
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INTRODUCTION
This report is based on field surveys conducted
by personnel from the National Field Investigations Center
of the Federal Water Pollution Control Administration(FWPCA),
Cincinnati, Ohio in cooperation with the Missouri Basin Re-
gion, FWPCA, Kansas City, Missouri.
The purpose of the surveys was to determine Missouri
River water quality along the 700-mile reach from Gavins
Point Dam near Yankton, South Dakota, to Hermann, Missouri
(Figure 1) which includes parts of the borders of South
Dakota, Nebraska, Iowa, Missouri, and Kansas.
throughout this report reference is made to the Federal
Water Pollution Control Administration (FWPCA) which is
now the Federal Water Quality Administration (FWQA).
110
-------
SOUTH
DAKOTA
M-42
M-41
Council, Blutfs
M-39 \
M-38
M.-I7
Independence
Kansas City
FIGURE I
LOCATION MAP
MISSOURI RIVER
m
-------
SUMMARY
1. The subject of this report is the water quality in
the 700-mile reach of the Missouri River from Gavins
Point Dam near Yankton, South Dakota, to Hermann,
Missouri. Major metropolitan areas include: Sioux
City, Iowa; Omaha, Nebraska-Council Bluffs, Iowa;
St. Joseph, Missouri; and Kansas City, Missouri.
2. Two chemical and bacteriological surveys were con-
ducted. The first was from October 7 to November 8,
1968; the second from January 20 to February 2, 1969.
An aquatic biological survey was conducted from Octo-
ber 7 to October 16, 1969.
3. Forty-five physical, chemical, biochemical, and bac-
teriological examinations were made on samples from
56 locations for the autumn (October-November, 1968)
survey and 31 sampling locations for the winter (Janu-
ary-February, 1969) survey.
I*. Three hydrologic conditions were encountered during
the two surveys:
a. "Normal" weather and navigational flows
for the first eight sampling days of the
first autumn survey between Gavins Point
Dam and St. Joseph, Missouri (average flow
36,600 cfs), and for the second autumn sur-
vey between St. Joseph and Hermann, Missou-
ri (average flow 55,600 cfs).
b. Two days of heavy rainfall in the basin
which caused nearly double normal navi-
gational flows between Omaha, Nebraska
and St. Joseph, Missouri for the last
112
-------
two days of the first autumn survey.
The flow averaged 70,400 cfs .at St.
Joseph.
c. Winter weather and non-navigational
flows combined with river stages
affected by ice Jams were encountered
during the winter survey. Flow at
St. Joseph averaged 20,800 cfs.
5. At all stations, coliform bacteria densities exceeded
by several times the National Technical Advisory Com-
mittee Criteria for sources of public water supply
and for recreation.
Specifically:
a. During the normal weather periods of the
autumn survey, the highest geometric mean
total and fecal coliform bacteria densi-
ties were 256,000 MPN/100 ml and 6l,200
MPN/100 ml respectively, downstream from
Omaha-Council Bluffs; and 189,000 MPN/100
ml and 15,000 MPN/100 ml respectively,
downstream from Kansas City, Missouri.
b. The coliform densities increased greatly
during the autumn 2-day, rain-affected
period. Both total and fecal coliform
bacteria exceeded 100,000 MPN/100 ml at
19 of 21 river stations sampled with the
highest 2-day densities of 1,UUO,000 MPN/
100 ml and 1,120,000 MPN/100 ml respective-
ly, occurring downstream from Nebraska City,
Nebraska.
c. The winter survey bacterial densities were
generally lower than those of the autumn
survey. The highest geometric mean densi-
ties occurred downstream from the major
metropolitan areas. Total coliform, fecal
coliform, and fecal streptococci bacterial
densities were 53,800 MPN/100 ml, lU, 200
MPN/100 ml, and 6l,100 respectively, down-
stream from Omaha-Council Bluffs, and 128,
000 MPN/100 ml, 23,900 MPN/100 ml, and 26,
600 MF/100 ml respectively downstream from
Kansas City, Missouri.
113
-------
6. Dissolved oxygen (D.O.) concentrations were 'greater than
8.3 rag/1 during the autumn survey in the Gavins Point
Dam to St. Joseph reach and were greater than 9 rag/1 in
the St. Joseph to Hermann, Missouri reach. Concentra-
tions during the winter survey exceeded 9-0 rag/1 in the
total 700-mile reach. The lowest dissolved oxygen con-
centrations occurred during the 2-day, rain-affected
period when the lowest average was 5-2 mg/1 near St.
Joseph.
7. A lead concentration of 0.085 mg/1 for the average of
two 5-day composite samples and cyanide concentrations
of 6 >ig/l downstream from Sioux City indicated potential
toxicity in the Missouri River. .
8. The total dissolved solids concentrations exceeded the
recommended limit of 500 mg/1 contained in the Public
Health Service Drinking Water Standard at six of twenty
stations during the first autumn survey upstream from
St. Joseph. During the winter survey, twelve of twenty
stations exceeded this criterion in the Gavins Point Dam
to Hermann reach.
9. Radlonuclide concentrations were much less than NTAC per-
missible criteria in the main stem of the Missouri River
and in tributary streams. Concentration's were indicative
of natural background levels for uranium, radium-226, and
thorium-232. When calculated as gross alpha, the total
concentrations, were 2.5 pc/1. Strontium-90 concentra-
tions averaged about 1.8 pc/1 during the autumn surveys.
10. A study of bottom-associated animal populations in 638
miles of the Missouri River downstream from Sioux City,
Iowa, indicated at least 117 miles were severely degraded
by organic pollution and an additional 99 miles were mod-
erately degraded by pollution. Specifically:
a. From Sioux City, Iowa to Omaha, Nebraska,
and Council Bluffs, Iowa, stream bed ani-
mals reflected unpolluted conditions with
the exception of localized degradation in
the Sioux City area.
b. Severe degradation of the bottom-associated
organisms occurred for 5k miles downstream
from the Omaha and Council Bluffs area. Ob-
jectionable floating solids (grease and chunks
of animal fat) were evident from the Omaha and
Council Bluffs area downstream past the St.
Joseph, Missouri water supply intake a dis-
tance of approximately 166 miles.
114
-------
c. Wastes from the Kansas City area and the
Blue and Kansas Rivers produced adverse
conditions for aquatic life for 66 river
miles downstream as indicated by the ab-
sence of pollution-sensitive (clean water)
bottom organisms.
d. Increasing numbers of pollution-sensitive
bottom organisms occurred in farther down-
stream reaches which indicated recovery
from severe pollution.
11. Biological studies indicated degraded water in tributar-
ies to the Missouri River including the Big Sioux, Floyd,
Soldier, Boyer, Kansas and Blue rivers.
12. Suspended algae in the Missouri River increased in numbers
from 1,000 cells/ml to 6,000 cells/ml downstream from Omaha,
Nebraska - Council Bluffs, Iowa.
115
-------
METHOD OF STUDY
SAMPLE STATIONS
The autumn survey was designed to give more extensive river
coverage when the river was readily accessible because of sustained
navigational flows and sampling could be accomplished from boats.
The winter survey was designed to reexamine water quality near ur-
ban areas with less extensive coverage at intervening, less access-
ible areas. Because of reduced flows and ice in the river, samples
during this survey were collected from the stream banks at locations
accessible by automobile.
Fifty-six sample stations were selected in the Gavi-"; Point
Dam to Hermann, Missouri river reach for the autumn survey (Appen-
dix A). Twenty-nine sample stations were located in the upper reach
from Gavins Point Dam to St. Joseph, Missouri and were sampled from
October 7 to October 18, 1968 (first autumn survey period). Twenty-
one of these stations were located on the main stem of the Missouri
River, five stations were on tributary streams and three stations
were waste sources.
In the lower reach from St. Joseph to Hermann, twenty-eight
stations were sampled in the period of October 28 to November 8, 1968
(second autumn survey period). Twenty-one of these stations were on
the main stem, five were tributary streams, and two were waste sources.
One main stem station (M-27) of the upstream section was repeated.
Thirty-one sampling stations were established on the 700-mile
reach during the period January 20 to February 2, 1969 (winter survey
period). Twenty-four of these were on the main stem, two were on trib-
utary streams and five were waste sources.
116
-------
Stations sampled during the winter survey were located as closely as
possible to the October 1968 locations. Where locations were not
identical, a letter symbol was added to the station number in the
summary tables to distinguish this difference (Appendix A).
ANALYSES
Many analyses were necessary to determine the water quality
in the Missouri River. In addition to the biological examinations,
k5 chemical, biochemical, and bacteriological examinations were in-
cluded in the analysis series. Not all analyses were performed on
daily discrete samples from each station. At selected stations com-
posites from five daily samples were made and preserved for analysis
of other constituents. Sample compositing was used to keep the re-
quired number of analyses within manageable limits. The. sampling
interval for each analysis is shown in Table No. 1;. re suits of •, analy-
ses are summarized in Appendix B.
Biological features studied were bottom-inhabiting inverte-
brate organisms and suspended algae (phytoplankton). Bottom sampl-
ing was at approximately 20 river mile intervals except in areas
affected by waste discharges where additional stations were estab-
lished. Forty stations on the Missouri River and one station on
each of the major tributaries were sampled. Stations are designated
with the same number as the closest chemical and bacteriological
station where possible or as .Corps of Engineer river miles measured
upstream from the Missouri River confluence with the Mississippi
River (Appendix A).
ANALYTICAL METHODS
All chemical analytical methods conformed to "FWPCA Official
Interim Methods for Chemical Analysis of Surface Waters.". Except
for modifications required for automated chemistry, methods contained
in this volume are essentially the same as those contained in the 12th
Edition of "Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Waste-
water."** Most of the heavy metal analyses were performed by atomic
absorption spectroscopy.
Bacterial examinations were performed in accordance with
"Standard Methods." In .this report, the term "total coliform bac-
teria" refers to bacteria identified as the "Coliform Group" in
Standard Methods.
4t
"FWPCA Official Interim Methods for Chemical Analysis of Surface
Waters," Federal Water Pollution Control Administration, September,
1968.
"Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater," 12th
Edition, APHA, AWWA, WPCF, 1965.
llfr
-------
Frequency of Chemical Analyses
MISSOURI RIVER
(Gavins Point Dam to Hermann, Missouri)
OCT.-NOV., 1968 4 JAN.-FEB., 1^69 SURVEYS
CONSTITUENT OR ANALYSIS
ALL STATIONS
Temperature
Dissolved Oxygen (D.O.)
?- and 5-day Biochemical Oxygen Demand (B.O.D.)
Total Alkalinity
Specific Conductance
Turbidity
Chlorides
Sulfates
Total Dissolved Solids
Total Suspended Solids
Totftl Goliform Bacteria
Fecal Collforra Bacteria
Fftcal Streptococci Bacteria
PH
Magnesium
Calcium
Total Phosphorus
Ammonia Nitrogen
Nitrate Nitrogen
Organic Nitrogen
Total Organic Carbon
SELECTED STATIONS
90-day Biochemical Oxygen Demand (B.O.D.)
Sodium
Potas Blunt
Fluoride
Boron
Arsenic
Iron
Barium
Manganese
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
Lead
Nickel
Zinc
Phenol
Cyanide
Total Organic Chlorine
Chloroform Extract
Uranium (U?35 & U?38)
Kodiun-796
Thorium- P3?
Total Alpha Thorium
Strontlum-90
5-day 5-day P-U Times 1 Time
DAI LY Compos! te Composl te pe r per
Sample ' of Filtrate ' Survey Period Survey Period
X
X{1>
X
X
X
X
•x
x'
x<5>
x
X
X
x(3)
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
x'u>
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
NOTES: (l) Dissolved oxygen was not performed on waste effluents but only on stream sanples.
(?) Analyses were performed 3 tines per veck during the October-November, 1968 Survey; daily during the winter ourvey.
(3) Performed during the winter survey only.
(1*) Performed twice during autumn survey; once during winter survey'.
118
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8
Bottom animal sampling was restricted to pile dikes and adja-
cent backwater areas because of river channelization and a shifting
sand bottom. Pile dikes were examined to determine the representa-
tive kinds of benthic animals inhabiting a reach of river. Backwater
areas were sampled for bottom organisms with either a Petersen or
Ekraan dredge. Dredgings were washed and strained through a U. S.
Standard No. 30 sieve, and organisms remaining in the sieve were
preserved for laboratory identification.
Suspended algal (phytoplankton) samples of one liter were
collected at predetermined sampling stations and were preserved
with five percent formalin for later identification.
119
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MISSOURI RIVER AND TRIBUTARY FLOWS AND HYDROLOGY
Water released from Gavins Point Dam is the major control-
ling factor affecting Missouri River flows during dry weather per-
iods. During periods of heavy rainfall the hydrology of tributary
streams can greatly affect flows in the main stem of the Missouri
River. Ice jams in the river during cold, winter weather can also
interfere with normal stages and flow rates.
AUTUMN SURVEY
The Gavins Point Dam to St. Joseph, Missouri reach vr.s sam-
pled from October 7 to 18, 1968. For the period October 7 to 16,
1968, which included the first 8 days of sampling, river flows re-
flected normal weather conditions. An average of 31/300 cubic feet
per second (cfs) was released from Gavins Point Dam (Table No. 2
and Appendix E.) Tributary inflows increased the flow to an aver-
age of 36,600 cfs at St. Joseph, Missouri, 360 miles downstream.
Rainfall for this period was recorded at O.U6 inches at Omaha,
Nebraska (Table No. 3).
Beginning late in the day on October 15> 1968, and continuing
for the next two days, heavy rainfall occurred in the upstream reaches
of the basin (Table No. 3). The average water released from Gavins
Point Dam was reduced to 28,500 cfs for the period October 17 to 18,
1968. However, flows increased to ^5,9/00 cfs (139 $) &t Omaha; and
to 70,UOO cfs (192 $) at St. Joseph (Table No. 2). The ratio of rain-
affected flows to dry weather flows generally increased in the down-
stream direction.
Tributary streams in this reach of the Missouri River exhib-
ited even greater percentage flow increases between the normal weath-
er period and the rain-affected period (Table No. 2). The greatest
was the Soldier River which increased from 30 cfs to 1,050 cfs
(3,500$). The October 7 to 18 survey period, therefore, reflects
two distinctly different river conditions. Samples from the October
7 to 16 period reflect river conditions during "normal" autumn weath-
er; samples from the October 17 to 18, 1968 period reflect river con-
ditions warped by extremely heavy rains.
120
-------
TABLE HO.
si/
SuBaary of Average Daily Discharge
MISSOURI RIVER
flavins Pt. DBB to St. Joseph, Missouri
October 7-18, 1968 and January 80-31, 1969 Surveys
ro
STATION
Name
MISSOURI RIVER: ,
Gavins Pt. Dam *>, S. Dak.
Sioux City, Iowa
Omaha, Nebraska
Nebraska City, Nebraska
Rulo, Nebraska
St. Joseph, Missouri
TRIBUTARIES:
Big Sioux River at Akron, Iowa
Soldier River at Pisgah, Iowa
Boyer River at Logan, Iowa
Platte River near South Bend, Nebr
WASTE SOURCES:^/
Sioux City, Iowa - STP
Council Bluffs, Iowa - STP
Omaha, Nebraska -
Missouri R. STP
Monroe St. Sewer
Omaha, Nebraska
River Mileage^/
811.0
738.3
615.9
568.6
1*98.0
1*1*8.2
734.0
661*. 0
635.1
59U.8
729-0
6lU .0
611.5
611.5
Oct. 7-l6
Normal Fall
31,300
32,UOO
33,100
35,600
36,300
36,600
170
30
310
3,"»50
25-1
7-7
53.K3M -ed>
1968 DISCHARGES
cu.ft./sec.
Oct. 17-18
Extremely Wet
26,500
31*, ooo
1*5,900
57,300
7*, 600
70,1*00
700
1,050^
1,720
17,100
(16. 2 mgd)
{ 5.0 mgd)-'
ol/
87.0 (56.2mgd)^
Flow Ratio
Wet/Normal
0.91
1.05
1.39
1.61
1.94
1.92
U.15
35-00
5-55
U.96
-
-
-
1.6U
1969
cu.
Jan. 20-31
Non-Navigation
16,900
16,800
15,000
18, 300
19,200
20,800
113
35
112
3,350^
22.6 (1U.6 mgd)
8.0 ( 5.8 agd)
24.8 ( 16 mgd)
—
DISCHARGES
ft. /sec.
Flow Ratio
1969/1968 Normal
0.5U
0.52
0.1*5
0.51
0.53
0.57
0.66
1.12
0.36
0.97
.
-
-
_
-------
TABLE IK), e
(contd)
Sumry of Average Dally Dl •charge*-'
(contd)
KISSOURI RIVER
St. Joseph to Hermann, Missouri
October ?f-November 8, and January 20-February 2 Surveys
STATION
lane
MISSOURI RIVER:
St. Joseph, Missouri
Kansas City, Missouri
Waverly, Missouri
Boonville, Missouri
Hernann, Missouri
TRIBUTARIES:
Kansas River at Sooner Springs,
Kansas
Grand River near Suaner,
Missouri
Cbarlton River near •
Price Bill, Missouri
Osage River near
St. Thomas, Missouri
Gasconade River near
Jerome, Missouri 8/
WASTE SOURCES :^/
Kansas City, Kansas STP
Kansas City, Missouri
WEST SIDE STP
BLUE RIVER STP
River Mileage^/
US. 2
366.1
293.".
196.6
97-9
367. U
250.0
238.8
130.0
10U.U
367.20
367.19
356.9
cu.ft./see.
Oct. 28-Nov. 8
Normal Fall
38,800
1*6,300
1*5,500
1.8,500
55,600
6,500
167
5U
5.380
2,170
12.1(7-81 mgd)
.
65.9C»2.6 ngd)
1969 DISCHARGES
cu.ft./see.
Jan. 20-Feb. 2
Non-Navigation
20,600
28,100
29, 300
U6,700§/
92,700§/
lU.OOO
5,500§/
1,770§/
n.ooo8/
9,ooo§/
•
-
26.8 (17.3 mgd.)
91-3 (59 »gd)2/
Flaw Ratio
0-53
O.ol
0.6U
0.96
1.67
2.15
33.10
32.80
3-90
U.15
• -
.
1-39
I/ Average flows based on provisional U. S. Geological Survey data except for waste sources,
Gavins Point Daa releases, and Platte River In January, 1969.
2/ River Mileage refers to location of Missouri River USGS gage or to point where tributary
or waste source enters Missouri River.
3/ Average flows based on U. S. Amy Corps, of Engineers data.
5/ Average Includes dally flow on 10/16/66.
5_/ Waste source flows are averages for sample days only and
•ay be precipitation-affected.
6/ Flow estimated from Information provided by plant personnel.
J_/ No flow due to shutdown for system repairs. All sewage was by-
passed raw from many outfalls along the Omaha waterfront.
8/ Discharges are for period from January 20-31, 1969-
2/ Average Includes a dally raw sewage bypass of 1»3 mgd.
-------
LOCATION
Sioux City, la.
Omaha, Nebraska
Auburn, Nebraska
St. Joseph, Mo.
St. Joseph, Mo.
Kansas City, Mo.
Jefferson City, Mo.
Hermann, Mo.
Sioux City, la.
Omaha, Nebraska
Auburn, Nebraska
St. Joseph, Mo.
Kansas City, Mo.
Jefferson City, Mo.
Hermann, Mo.
TABLE NO. 3
Weather Summary
For the Survey Periods
MISSOURI RIVER
Inclusive
Rainfall
Air Temp.
Periods
Normal Wet
Oct.
7-lU
7-15
7-15
7-15
Oct.
15-18
16-18
16-18
16-18
Oct. 28-Nov. 8
Jan.
Jan.
Jan.
it
»
"
20-31
II
II
23-Feb. 2
II
20-31
Inches
Normal Wet
O.hB k.I2
O.U6 3.61
0.08 3.90
1.29 1.32
0.69
0.57
1.67
1.73
0.6l
O.U6
0.50
0.55
0.53
3.69
Avg.
Max.
66.2
69.8
70.8
7^.7
CO. 3
58,3
61.7
-
18.1
22.6
26.5
32.7
33.2
37-3
Avg.
Mia.
U8.8
51.7
52.2
5^.5
36.2
39.8
36.3
-
2.6
6.0
10.8
15-3
.17.6
21.2
123
-------
10
The St. Joseph, Missouri to Hermann, Missouri reach was
sampled during the period October 26 to November 8, 1968. River
flow rates had subsided from the peak of the previous period.
Flows averaged 38,800 cfs at St. Joseph and 55,600 cfs 350 miles
downstream at Hermann. Approximately 84 percent of the flow in-
crease in this reach during the survey period was contributed by
three tributaries: the Kansas River (6,500 cfs), Osage River
(5,380 cfs) and Gasconade River (2,170 cfs).
Precipitation during this period was recorded as 0.57
inches at Kansas City, Missouri (Table No. 3).
WINTER SURVEY
Flows during the January to February, 1969 survey were
affected by ice jams in the river upstream from Kansas City and •
by rain downstream. For much of the survey period, river stages
were higher than normal summer navigational levels in the reaches
upstream from St. Joseph. Flow rates were affected by the damming
effect of the ice jams downstream. At Omaha, flows averaged about :
1,800 cfs less than that released from Gavins Point Dam (Table No. 2).
The flow at St. Joseph averaged 20,800 cfs. Upstream and-immediate-
ly downstream from the ice jams flows were reduced during the second
week of the survey. The flow at Kansas City was composed of 64.5$
Missouri River water the first week but only 30.0°y» the second week
(Table No. 2). Approximately two-thirds of the flow at Kansas City
was composed of Kansas River water during the second week.
The flow increased slightly to 29,300 cfs at Waverly, Mis-
souri; to 46,700 cfs at Boonville, Missouri 97 miles farther down-
stream; and to 92,700 cfs at Hermann, another 100 miles downstream.
These flows ranged from 53$ of the October 28 to November 8 flows
at Kansas City to 167^ at Hermann. Tributary flows increased from
215$ to 3,310;'' of the earlier period.
Precipitation during the winter survey was 0.46 inches at
Omaha, 0.53 inches at Kansas City and 3-69 inches at Jefferson City.
These data indicate the large amount of precipitation downstream from
Kansas City.
Most of the precipitation was in the form of snow upstream
from St. Joseph. Precipitation downstream occurred as a combination
of snow, sleet, and rain.
124
-------
11
WATER QUALITY
BACTERIAL POLLUTION
Total and fecal coliform bacteria enumeration analyses were
performed during the two autumn survey periods of the Missouri River.
Fecal streptococci bacteria were enumerated in addition to the coli-
form analyses during the winter survey.
The report of the National Technical Advisory Committee to
the Secretary of the Interior (NTAC Report) has numeric bacterial
criteria for natural waters used for public water supplies and for
recreation. The permissible criterion for a source of public water
supply is a "...monthly arithmetic average based upon an adequate
number of samples..." of 10,000/100 ml total coliform bacteria and
2,000/100 ml fecal coliform bacteria. The criteria for recreation
is divided into three classifications. These classifications and
numerical limits are: General recreational use of surface waters,"...
average not to exceed 2,000 fecal coliforms per 100 ml—"**; waters
designated for recreation uses other than primary contact recreation,"
... should not exceed a log mean*** of 1,000/100 ml..."** fecal coli-
form bacteria; and primary contact recreation,"...shall not exceed
a log mean of 200/100 ml..."**fecal coliform bacteria.
Geometric mean bacterial densities and the oO% confidence
limits for the autumn surveys versus time-of-water travel and river
mile are presented graphically in Figures 2 and 3. The time-of-water
travel analysis for the autumn survey is included as Appendix D. The
winter survey bacterial densities versus river mile are presented in
Figure k. Ice jams affected river stage-discharge relationships mak-
ing accurate time-of-water travel calculations difficult upstream from
Kansas City, Missouri. An unstable hydrograph downstream from Kansas
City affected time-of-water travel such that only an average of a wide
interval could be calculated. Thus, time-of-water travel is not mean-
ingful for the winter survey period.
Anon. 1968. Water Quality Criteria. Report of the National Tech-
nical Advisory Committee for the Secretary of the Interior, Feder-
al Water Pollution Control Administration, Washington, D.C.
Log mean and geometric mean are equivalent terms, i.e., the anti-
logarithm of the average of the logarithms of a set of numbers.
125
-------
12
Gavins Point Dam - St. Joseph, Missouri
Water released from Gavins Point Dam contained low densities
of coliform bacteria during the upstream autumn sampling period.
Total and fecal coliform bacteria had been increased from mean dens-
ities of 250 MPN/100 ml and less than 120 MPN/100 ml, respectively
to 1,380 MPN/100 ml and 220 MPN/100 ml respectively, at Station M-52
(R.M. 736.0) upstream from Sioux City.
Waste from the Eioux City area increased total and fecal coli-
form densities to 62,800 MPN/100 ml and Ik,300 MPN/100 ml respective-
ly, at Station M-48, located 4.5 hours time-of-water travel downstream
from the Sioux City sewage treatment plant (STP) discharge. A major
cause of this increase in bacterial densities was the unchlorinated
discharge from the Sioux City primary sewage treatment plant (Table 7)«
Another major waste source is the Iowa Beef Packers plant at Dakota
City, Nebraska. This plant, providing minimal waste treatment, was
not sampled during these surveys.
Coliform densities decreased downstream from the Sioux City
area. The trend lines in Figure 2 illustrate the indicated decrease.
At the Omaha Metropolitan Utility District (M.U.n.) water intake (Sta-
tion 42, R.M. 626.2), 34 hours time-of-water travel downstream from the
Sioux City STP discharge, the mean total and fecal coliform bacteria
densities were 52,300 MPN/100 ml and 8,320 MPN/100 ml, respectively.
These densities were 5.2 times and 4.1 times respectively, the NTAC
criteria for sources of supply for public drinking water.
Wastes from the Omaha, Nebraska-Council Bluffs, Iowa area
increased the mean bacterial densities to 256,400 MPN/100 ml and 6l,200
MPN/100 ml total and fecal coliform bacteria respectively, at Station
M-39 (R.M. 610.5),** 0.2 hours time-of-water travel downstream from the
Monroe Street sewer outfall. The major causes of this increase were
the wastes from Omaha including the 34.3 million gallons per day (MOD)
of untreated packing house wastes plus an estimated 16 MOD of raw sew-
age bypassed because of a pumping station outage; and 5 MOD of unchlor-
inated effluent from the Council Bluffs, Iowa primary sewage treatment
plant.
Downstream from Omaha-Council Bluffs coliform bacteria densities
decreased. At the St. Joseph, Missouri Water Company intake, mean total
and fecal coliform densities had decreased to 57,700 MPN/100 ml and
6,500 MPN/100 ml, respectively. These levels are respectively 5.8 times
and 3.2 times the drinking water criteria in the NTAC report.
In discussion of bacteria densities, "mean" refers to geometric mean
throughout this report.
M W
Laboratory composited sample made from quarter point samples (3 samples
per station cross-section).
126
-------
FIGURE 2
1,000.000
^100,000
g
I
u.
o i .000
u
o
I- 100
LEGEND
UPPER 90% CONFIDENCE LIMIT
OEOMETR1C MEAN
LOWER 00% CONFIDENCE LIMIT
TOTAL COLIFORM BACTERIA
MISSOURI RIVER
SIOUX CITY. I A. - ST. JOSEPH. MO.
OCT. - NOV.. 1968
RIVER MILE
400
30 40 80 60 TO 80
TIME OP WATER TRAVEL . HOURS
•0 100
1.000.000-
100.000-
* 10.000-
«
O
Ik
O 1,000-
u. 100-
LEGEND
FECAL COLIFORM BACTERIA
MISSOURI RIVER
SIOUX CITY. IA. - ST. JOSEPH. MO.
OCT. - NOV.. 1968
• UPPER B0% CONFIDENCE LIMIT
t GEOMETRIC MEAN
. LOWER 00% CONFIDENCE LIMIT
RIVER MILE
800
10
•0 40 30 40 70 10
TIME OF WATER TRAVEL . HOURS
•O
100
127
-------
13
Graphical extrapolation of the trend lines in Figure 2 indi-
cates that of the bacterial contamination at the St. Joseph Water
Company intake about 24$ of the total coliform bacteria and 15$ of
the fecal coliform bacteria vere from sources upstream from Omaha-
Council Bluffs (primarily from the Sioux City area). The remainder
of the contamination was introduced from the Omaha-Council Bluffs
area.
During the 2-day rain-affected period, coliform bacteria
increased to very high densities throughout the entire reach. Nine-
teen of the 21 sampling stations had both total and fecal coliform
bacterial densities that exceeded 100,000 MPN/100 ml. The highest
densities were at Station M-3^ (R.M. 559-7) downstream from Nebraska
City, Nebraska where densities were 1,440,000 MPN/100 ml and 1,120,000
MPN/100 ml total and fecal coliform bacteria, respectively.
Comparison of the column in Table B-4 entitled "fecal coliform
bacteria as a percent of total coliform bacteria" for the 8-day nor-
mal period and the 2-day wet period showed a much higher ratio at
most stations during the wet period. This large increase in percent
fecal coliform bacteria indicates that the coliform bacteria from
land runoff were largely from fecal sources. Such areas as feedlots
and pastures are heavily contaminated and yield large numbers of fecal
coliform bacteria.
Coliform bacterial densities during the winter survey were sub-
stantially less than during the 8-day normal weather period in October
1968 even though stream flow was reduced by about 50$ (Figure 3> Ap-
pendix Tables B-4 and B-6). The decrease in the winter densities
within the Sioux City-Omaha reach was partially caused by the reduced
densities in the waste flow from the Sioux City STP discharge (Table
No. 7)- Reductions in bacterial densities also occurred in portions
of the wastes discharged in Omaha. Municipal wastes bypassed during
the autumn study received treatment during the winter study.
Downstream from the Sioux City area at Station M-48A (R.M.
718.3) bacterial densities increased to 44,300 MPN/100 ml and 11,200
MPN/100 ml total and fecal coliform bacteria, respectively, and 16,500
MF/100 ml fecal streptococci bacteria. Both fecal coliform and fecal
streptococci bacteria had higher densities downstream at Station M-47
(R.M. 699.5).
At the Omaha M.U.D. Water Intake (Station M-42, R.M. 626.2)
bacterial densities were reduced from upstream levels. The total
coliform densities were approximately equal to the NTAC report crite-
ria for sources of public drinking water supplies; however, fecal
coliform densities were 2.9 times the criteria.
Bacterial densities increased following the introduction of
wastes from Omaha and Council Bluffs. Bacterial densities at
128
-------
FIGURE 3
ro
1,000,000-
100,000-
2 10,000-
0.
5
in
2
o
u
2
o
t-
1,000-
FIRST WEEK ONLY
LEGEND
T UPPER 80% CONFIDENCE LIMIT
GEOMETRIC MEAN
LOWER 80% CONFIDENCE LIMIT
TOTAL COLIFORM BACTERIA
MISSOURI RIVER
SIOUX CITY. |A. - ST. JOSEPH. MO,
JAN.- FEB.. 1969
TOO
600 SOO
RIVER MILE
1,000,000-
100,000 -
5
O
2
10.000-
a.
£ 1,000-
IJ
o
u
-I .
4
O ,00
lij
u.
FIRST WEEK ONLY
LEGEND
UPPER 80% CONFIDENCE LIMIT
GEOMETRIC MEAN
LOWER 80% CONFIDENCE LIMIT
FECAL COLIFORM BACTERIA
MISSOURI RIVER
SIOUX CITY, IA. - ST. JOSEPH,MO.
JAN.- FEB.. 1969
i^
SOO
RIVER MILE
1,000,000 -
2
O
O
x
u.
u
o
o
o
0.
I
in
100,000-
10,000 -
1,000 -
-FIRST WEEK ONLY
FECAL STREPTOCOCCI BACTERIA
MISSOURI RIVER
SIOUX CITY, IA. - ST JOSEPH, MO.
GEOMETR.C MEAN JAN. - FEB., 1969
LEGEND
UPPER 80% CONHOENCE LIMIT
LOWER 8O% CONFIDENCE LIMIT
I
700
600 ' 500
RIVER MILE
-------
Station M-38 (R.M. 601.3) increased to 53,800 MPN/100 ml and
1^,300 MPN/100 ml total and fecal coliform bacteria respectively,
and 61,100 MP/100 ml fecal streptococci bacteria. The mean fecal
coliform density was larger downstream at Station M-35 (R.M. 580.9).
Bacterial densities decreased farther downstream. However,
the effect of the increased time-of-water travel caused by the ice
Jams downstream exaggerated the apparent rate of decrease.
St. Joseph, Missouri-Hermann, Missouri
Station M-27 (R.M. M*0.3), located about 2 hours time-of-travel
downstream from the St. Joseph sewage treatment plant (STP) outfall,
was sampled during both the upstream and downstream autumn surveys.
Coliform densities were similar during each survey with means of
67,000 MPN/100 ml and 8,100 MPN/100 ml total and fecal coliforms
respectively, during the latter St. Joseph-Hermann survey (Figure k)
and 65,300 MPN/100 ml and 11,800 MPN/100 ml respectively, during the
upstream autumn survey.
In the reach between St. Joseph and Kansas City, wastes from
the Kansas communities of Atchison and Leavenworth enter the Missouri
River. The bacteriological effects of wastes from these communities
are not readily discernible in Figure U. This is the result of high
residual densities from upstream sources, a large amount of variation
in the data as indicated by the 80 % confidence limits, and the dilu-
tion afforded by river flows in excess of 38,800 cfs.
Densities upstream from the Kansas River at Station M-23 (R.M.
370.5) located at the Kansas City, Missouri Water Works Intake, were
77,000 MPN/100 ml and 6,500 MPN/100 ml total and fecal coliform bac-
teria, respectively. These levels are 7-7 times and 3.2 times res-
pectively, criteria recommended by the NTAC report for sources of
public water supplies.
Bacterial densities in the Missouri River were increased by
the inflow of: the Kansas River; the Kansas City, Kansas sewage
treatment plant; the Kansas City, Missouri west side sewage treatment
plant; and the Blue River which contained the Kansas City, Missouri>
Blue River sewage treatment plant effluent (Appendix Table B-2).
Densities were increased to 189,000 MPN/100 ml and 15,000 MPN/100 ml
total and fecal coliform bacteria at Station M-18 (R.M. 3^5.^) 3.9
hours time-of-water travel downstream from the Blue River.
Coliform densities decreased downstream from the Kansas City
area but were greater than recommended water use criteria. At
Station M-l6 (R.M. 313.2) located within 1 hour time-of-travel from
the Lexington, Missouri water intake, total and fecal coliform dens-
ities were 11.9 times and 9«0 times the NTAC report criteria for a
130
-------
FIGURE 4
g s j< £
•>f t kS
1
1 ,OOO .000-
100.000-
_l
2
0
o
^ 10*00'
a.
O I.OOO-
u.
j
o
0
_J
g 100-
11 g i,
5 I i
S 5 31
j
ht^
\ ^-HCOND WEI
\-FIR5T WEEK
d
I
5
i
X
Pfc
K ONLY
ONLY
LEGEND
_. UPPER «0* CONFIDENCE LIMIT
9EOMCTRIC MEAN
LOWER aO% CONFIDENCE LIMIT
TOTAL COLIFORM BACTERIA
MISSOURI RIVER
ST. JOSEPH. MO. - HERMANN, MO.
OCf. - NOV.. 1966
RIVER MILE
300
10 20
40 BO 60 TO 80
TIME OF WATER TRAVEL, HOURS
CFROM usos OAOE AT R.M. 447.9)
ao 100 no 120 no
1.000.000-
100.000-
z
o
o
10/WO'
a.
-------
15
source of public water supply. These same criteria were also ex-
ceeded at the water supply intakes for the Missouri communities
of Glasgow (approximately 7 and 4.U times the criteria respective-
ly), Boonville (approximately 5.7 and 3.U times the criteria res-
pectively), and Jefferson City (approximately U and 2.4 times the
criteria respectively).
Graphical extrapolation of the trend lines in Figures 4A
and UB indicate that about 3Mo of the total coliform bacteria and
30$ of the fecal coliform bacteria at Jefferson City were from
sources upstream from Kansas City. The remainder of the coliforms
were principally from the Kansas City area.
During the winter survey, bacterial densities downstream
from the St. Joseph area were affected by flow phenomena. Calcu-
lations indicate that only a fraction of the Missouri River water
at St. Joseph reached Kansas City during this period (see Flow
Section for discussion). The character of the river water changed
downstream from the Kansas River as it furnished an average of one-
half the flow of the Missouri River during the study period. Bac-
terial densities in the Kansas River were not determined during the
winter survey.
Densities at Station M-17 downstream from Kansas City (R.M.
334.5) were 126,000 MPN/100 ml and 23,900 total and fecal coliform
bacteria respectively, and 26,600 MF/100 ml fecal streptococci bac-
teria. Bacterial densities exhibited a decreasing trend in the
downstream direction even though rains caused tributaries to flow
at several times the November, 1968 rates (Figure 5)-
The NTAC report criteria for sources of public drinking
water supplies of 10,000/100 ml total coliform bacteria and 2,000/
100 ml fecal coliform bacteria was again exceeded at all water
supply withdrawal points in this reach.
BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND (BOD)
Wastes containing oxygen demanding organic materials, such
as municipal sewage, remove dissolved oxygen from the aquatic en-
vironment in the process of the biochemical decomposition and
stabilization of these materials. A principal function of waste
treatment is the removal of such oxygen-demanding materials. A
common measure of the strength of these materials is the 5-da.y,
20° C. biochemical oxygen demand (BOD,.).
In these surveys, 2-day and 5-day BOD analyses were per-
formed. The use of both analyses permitted estimation of the
reaction rates of BOD satisfaction. A detailed analysis of the
BOD data is presented in Appendix C.
132
-------
FIGURE 5
co
GO
1,000,000 -J
5 100.000-
o
o
z
0.
S 10.000
in
o 1,000-
o
?
o
100-
I I
LEGEND
UPPER 10% CONFIDENCE LIMIT
GEOMETRIC MEAN
LOWER BOX CONFIDENCE LIMIT
TOTAL COLIFORM BACTERIA
MISSOURI RIVER
ST. JOSEPH. MO. - HERMANN. MO.
JAN. - FEB., 1969
RIVER MILE
1,000,000-
IOO.OOO -
O
o
0.
S
in
oc
O
o
UJ
10,000 -
1,000 -
LEGEND
UPPER 80% CONFIDENCE LIMIT
. GEOMETRIC MEAN
. LOWER 80% CONFIDENCE LIMIT
FECAL COLIFORM BACTERIA
MISSOURI RIVER
ST. JOSEPH, MO. - HERMANN. MO.
JAN. - FEB.. 1969
4OO
I
200
RIVER MILE
,OOO,OOO-
o
o
o
o
o
t-
0.
UJ
£t
I-
tf)
ct
o
UJ
100,000-
10,000-
1,000 -
u
II
LI
LEGEND
UPPER 80% CONFIDENCE LIMIT
> GEOMETRIC MEAN
, LOWER 80% CONFIDENCE LIMIT
FECAL STREPTOCOCCI BACTERIA
MISSOURI RIVER
ST. JOSEPH. MO. - HERMANN. MO.
JAN. - FEB., 1969
300
ZOO
RIVER MILE
-------
16
Gavins Point Dam-St. Joseph, Missouri
The BODc for the 8-day normal weather period during the up-
stream autumn survey reflected the vaste discharges from the major
metropolitan areas (Figure 6 ). From "background concentrations up-
stream from Sioux City (< 1.0 mg/l) the BODc, was increased to 1.6
mg/1 at Station M-Uj (R.M. 699.5) by wastes from that area. Waste
discharges from the Omaha-Council Bluffs area increased the BODc
to 5.8 mg/1 at Station M-39 (R.M. 610.5). The concentration de-
creased irregularly downstream to the St. Joseph Water Company In-
take.
The average BODc concentrations for the 2-day, rain-affect-
ed period increased substantially throughout the entire survey
reach. Increases ranged from 1.3 times (0.9 mg/1 to 1.2 mg/l) at
Station M-52 (R.M. 736.0) to 2.2 times (3.4 mg/l to 7.6 mg/l) at
Station M-29 (R.M. 469.0). As was indicated by increases in the
bacterial densities, much of this increase was from organic mater-
ial transported by surface runoff from feedlots and pastures tri-
butary to the river.
The winter survey data indicated concentration increases
similar to the normal weather period of the autumn survey for the
Sioux City and Omaha metropolitan areas. BODc concentrations were
reduced downstream from Omaha-Council Bluffs partially because of
the increased time-of-water travel caused by the ice jams and result-
ant sedimentation of suspended organic material.
St. Joseph, Missouri-Hermann, Missouri^
The average BODc's remained relatively constant between
St. Joseph and Kansas City with averages of approximately 3 img/l.
Wastes from Kansas City increased the BODc to 3-5 rag/1 at Station
M-21 (R.M. 365.6). The concentration decreased downstream from
Kansas City and reached the lowest average of 1.7 mg/l at Station
M-9 (R.M. 221.0). Downstream. from this point the BODc increased
irregularly.
The average BODc, concentration trend between St. Joseph
and Kansas City was affected by the hydraulic interferences of the
ice jams during the winter survey. Downstream from the Kansas City
area waste discharges increased the BODc, to 5.4 mg/1 at Station
M-17 (R.M. 33^.5). The concentration was slightly reduced to 5.0
mg/l at Station M-12 (R.M. 241.2).
concentrations farther downstream were affected by the
large amounts of rain and irregular main stem and tributary hydro-
graphs .
134
-------
o.oH
a.o-
«!
OKI
O O Z
co o
CJT
111
(9
4
O
O
O
CD
FIGURE 6
5-DAY BIOCHEMICAL
OXYGEN DEMAND
MISSOURI RIVER
SIOUX CITY. I A. - HERMANN. MO.
OCT. - NOV.. 1968
JAN.- FEB.. 1969
6.O-
B.O-
4.O-
LESEMO
O OCT. - NOV., I96B
A JAN. - FEB.,1969
0 OCT., 1968 RAIN-AFFECTED
2.O -
I.O -
700
600
I
BOO
RIVER
400
MILE
I
SCO
200
100
-------
17
DISSOLVED OXYGEN (D.O.)
The D.O. of a flowing stream or a body of water is an import-
ant, necessary constituent to maintain desirable fish and other aqua-
tic life, and to maintain pleasing aesthetic conditions by avoiding
obnoxious odors associated with septic conditions.
D.O. Criteria
For sources of public water supply, the NTAC criterion for
D.O. is a monthly mean equal to or greater than 4 mg/1 with individ-
ual samples equal to or greater than 3 mg/1. The NTAC report states,
"Criteria for dissolved oxygen are included, not because the sub-
stance is of appreciable significance in water treatment 'or in fin-
ished water, but because of its use as an indicator of pollution by
organic wastes." NTAC criteria for fish and other aquatic life appli-
cable to the Missouri River is stated, "For a diversified warm-water
biota, including game fish, the D.O. concentration should.be above
5 mg/1,...however, they may range between 5 and k mg/1 for short
periods during any 24-hour period,..."
Gavins Point Dam - St. Joseph, Missouri
D.O. concentrations averaged 8.3 mg/1 or greater in the main
stem of the Missouri River for the first 8 sampling days of the Oc-
tober 7-18, 1968 survey (Figure 7 arid Appendix Table B-l). The high-
est average D.O. concentration was 9-5 mg/1 &nd occurred at Station
M-52 (R.M. 736) upstream from Sioux City, Iowa.
The rain-affected, 2-day average D.O. concentrations generally
decreased from Sioux City to St. Joseph. D.O. concentrations varied
inversely with river flows; as the ratio of wet weather flows to dry
weather flows increased, D.O. concentrations generally decreased.
Two-day average D.O. concentrations had a low of 5.2 mg/1 at Station
M-29 (R.M. U69.0) upstream from St. Joseph.
During the January-February, 1969 survey, D.O. concentrations
showed the effects of an ice cover which was formed by blockage of
floating ice by an ice jam upstream from St. Joseph. As additional
floating ice was trapped, the ice cover was backed-up past Omaha
during the second week of the survey. Upstream from the ice cover
and Omaha-Council Bluffs, D.O. concentrations exceeded 12.5 mg/1.
With the introduction of wastes from the Omaha-Council Bluffs
area and with the ice cover reducing reaeration, the D.O. concentra-
tions decreased steadily to the lowest average of 9-1 mg/1 a"t Sta-
tion M-30 (R.M. 488.3) near White Cloud, Kansas (Figure 7). Down-
stream from St. Joseph and the ice cover, the D.O. concentration in-
creased.
136
-------
o
3
CO
14 •
IS-
12
II-
10 •
9-
8 -
X
O 7-
" 6 —
111 *
I ..
in
at
5 4
FIGURE 7
DISSOLVED OXYGEN
MISSOURI RIVER
SIOUX CITY, IA. • HERMANN, MO,
OCT. - NOV. 1968
JAN.- FEB., 1969
.O OCt - NOV., 1968
A JAN. - FEB.,1969
<;> OCT., 1968 RAIN-AFFECTED
• 00
TOO
eoo
900
RIVER
4OO
MILE
3OO
2OO
too
-------
18
St. Joseph, Missouri - Hermann, Missouri
Average D.O. concentrations at Station M-27 (R.M. UU0.3)
were 1.1 mg/1 greater during the second autumn survey than during
the first autumn survey. This difference is partially accounted
for by the lower average water temperature (l6° C. vs 9° C.) in
the latter survey period. This decrease in temperature increased
oxygen saturation from 10.0 mg/1 to 11.6 mg/1, a difference of
1.6 mg/1.
D.O. concentrations decreased slightly downstream from St.
Joseph but exceeded 9.5 mg/1 at all stations upstream from the
Kansas City, Missouri water works intake. Downstream from the
waste discharges in the Kansas City area, D.O. concentrations de-
creased to the lowest average of 9.2 mg/1 at Station M-l6 (R.M.
313.2) approximately 15 hours time-of-water travel downstream.
D.O. concentrations recovered further downstream and averaged
9.8 mg/1 at Station M-l (R.M. 98.0) at Hermann.
During the winter survey, D.O. concentrations downstream
from St. Joseph increased from 9.6 mg/1 at Station M-28 (R.M. ^52.3)
to 11.2 mg/1 at Station M-20A (R.M. 358.3). The warped flow condi-
tions did not adversely affect D.O. concentrations. Downstream from
the waste discharges in the Kansas City area, D.O. concentrations
decreased slightly to 10.7 mg/1 at Station M-9A (R.M. 219.2). The
D.O. concentration exceeded this level at the remaining stations in
the reach.
The D.O. criteria recommended in the NTAC report were exceed-
ed at all stations during both survey periods.
TOTAL SUSPENDED SOLIDS
The total suspended solids concentration is a measure of the
organic and inorganic particulate matter in water. The organic frac-
tion consists of constituents such as, organic material from sewage,
meat-packing waste, and suspended algae. The inorganic fraction
consists of clays and silts washed from the land and carried by the
river. The total suspended solids concentration is an indirect in-
dicator of water clarity.
Gavins Point Dam - St^ Joseph, Missouri
Water released from Gavins Point Dam (R.M. 811.0) averaged
l<-5 mg/1 total suspended solids (Figure 8). The concentration in-
creased to 55 mg/1 at Station M-52 (R.M. 736.0) upstream from Sioux
City and remained relatively uniform at this level for 60 miles
farther downstream. The total suspended solids increased irregular-
ly downstream from Station M-^6 until the highest average concentra-
tion in the reach of 278 mg/1 occurred at Station M-32 (R.M. 525.1).
138
-------
J Ul
S c
. 4
3.000 -
2.700 -
2.400 -
—• 2.IOO -
OJ
10
<9
3
m
O
(O
1.800 ^
I.90O -
1.800-
u
a
u
m 900 H
n
600 H
3OO-
O -
- O
*i|
-f o w
O O 2
V
,* #
f
FIGURE 8
TOTAL SUSPENDED SOLIDS
MISSOURI RIVER
SIOUX CITY, IA. - HERMANN. MO.
OCT. - NOV.. 1968
JAN.- FEB.,1969
LEGEND
O OCT. - NOV. , 1968
A JAN. - FEB.,1969
0 OCT., 1968 RAIN-AFFECTED
200
100
RIVER MILE
-------
19
The rain-affected two-day average total suspended solids con-
centrations were several times greater than the 8-day normal weather
concentrations which averaged 715 mg/1 at Station M-4U (R.M. 65^.6)
downstream from the Soldier River. The concentrations followed an
irregular, although generally upward trend for the remaining stations
in the reach. Beginning at the Omaha Metropolitan Utilities District
(M.U.D.) water intake (Station M-^2, R.M. 626.2), all of the remain-
ing 13 downstream stations exceeded TOO mg/1 total suspended solids,
10 stations exceeded 1,000 mg/1 and two stations exceeded 2,000 mg/1.
The highest average for the 2-day period was 2,?80 mg/1 at the St.
Joseph Water Company intake (Station M-28, R.M. 14.52.3).
Upstream from the ice jams, the total suspended solids con-
centrations during the winter survey were quite low when, compared
with the autumn results. Water released from Gavins Point Dam (R.M.
811.0) contained only 2 mg/1 which increased to kQ mg/1 upstream from
the major waste discharges in Sioux City. The nine remaining main
stem stations in the reach had concentrations between 9 &nd 28 mg/1.
The clarity of the Missouri River during the winter survey
when compared with the autumn survey is attributed to the frozen
condition in the drainage basin. Tributary runoff carrying clay
and silt particles was small. The damming effect of the ice jams
reduced water velocity allowing sedimentation which contributed to
water clarity.
St. Joseph, Missouri - Hermann, Missouri
The total suspended solids concentrations in this reach grad-
ually increased in the downstream direction during the autumn survey.
The average concentrations increased from l6l mg/1 at Station M-27
(R.M. 440.3) downstream from St. Joseph, to the highest average of
297 mg/1 at Station M-6 (R.M. 162.0). The concentration decreased
slightly at Hermann.
Downstream from the ice Jams during the winter survey, the
total suspended solids concentrations increased. Concentrations
increased from 29 mg/1 at Station M-27 (R.M. M*O.3) at the St. Jos-
eph water intake to 233 mg/1 at Station M-lU (R.M. 270.0). With the
heavy rainfall and high runoff in the lower basin, concentrations
reached the highest average of 596 mg/1 at Station M-7A (R.M. 17^.8).
NITROGEN(N)
Total nitrogen consists primarily of ammonia, nitrate, and •
organic forms. Nitrites are generally insignificant in streams and
are not usually determined. Ammonia and nitrate forms of nitrogen
are important nutrients required for green plant growth while am-
monia and organic nitrogen (from protein-containing organic compounds)
140
-------
20
compose most of the second stage or nitrogenuous BOD. Ammonia can
be a problem at water treatment plants because of its high chlorine
demand. Sources of nitrogen include .waste discharges, runoff from
chemically fertilized agricultural lands and feedlots, and to a
minor extent, fixation of atmospheric nitrogen by certain biota.
Gavins Point Dam to St. Joseph, Missouri
During the normal weather survey, total nitrogen concentra-
tions increased in the reach from Gavins Point Dam to Sioux City,
decreased between Sioux City and Station M-UU (R.M. 654.6), but
exhibited an increasing trend downstream from Omaha (Figure 9).
The highest average concentration was 3-3 mg/1 at Station M-27
(R.M. 440.3) at the lower end of the reach downstream from St.
Joseph.
The composite samples from the rain-affected portion of the
survey exhibited an erratic trend in total nitrogen concentrations
but generally increased in the downstream direction. Total nitro-
gen concentrations were less than the 8-day normal-weather data for
the Gavins Point Dam to Sioux City reach; approximately the same
from Sioux City to the Soldier River; and greater than the normal
weather concentrations downstream from the Soldier River, me high-
est total nitrogen concentration was 4.1 mg/1 at Station M-29 (R.M.
469.0). Five of the main stem stations had concentrations of 3.0
mg/1 or greater.
During the winter survey total nitrogen concentrations follow-
ed a similar pattern although concentrations were greater than dur-
ing the autumn survey. The highest average concentration in the
reach was 2.2 mg/1 which occurred both at Sioux City and near St.
Joseph.
St. Joseph, Missouri - Hermann, Missouri
During the autumn survey, total nitrogen concentrations
generally increased downstream from St. Joseph. The average concen-
tration increased to 2.3 mg/1 at Station M-8 (R.M. 197.2) at Boon-
ville, Missouri. Following an apparently aberrant increase at Sta-
tion M-7 (R.M. 179.0), the concentration decreased to 1.9 mg/1 at
Hermann.
Average concentrations during the winter survey followed a
similar pattern with concentrations increasing downstream from St.
Joseph. The highest average concentration was 3.3 mg/1 at Station
M-15 (R.M. 293.4) at Waverly, Missouri.
PHOSPHORUS(P)
Phosphorus is an important constituent in chemical fertilizers
because of its requirement for plant growth. In streams, phosphorus
can contribute to excessive algal growths which cause obnoxious
tastes and odors in water supplies. Major sources of phosphorus in-
clude detergents in waste discharges and runoff from chemically fer-
tilized agricultural lands.
-------
- Ul
„ o:
M <
Z O u
O u 3
ro
z
Ul
O
O
cc
I-
8.0-
4.0-
3.O-
2.0 -
I.O -
FIGURE 9
TOTAL NITROGEN
MISSOURI RIVER
SIOUX CITY. IA. - HERMANN. MO.
OCT. - NOV. 1968
JAN.- FEB.. 1969
LEGEND
© OCT. - NOV.. 1968 ( 5 DAY COMPOSITES )
A J«N. - FEB.,1969 (5 DAY COMPOSITES)
<•> OCT., 1968 RAIN-AFFECTED ( 5 BAY COMPOSITE )
—T"
7OO
800
6OO
—1
soo
—1—
40O
300
20O
IOO
RIVER MILE
-------
21
Gavins Point Dam - St. Joseph, Missouri
Average total phosphorus concentrations vere O.OU mg/1 in
water released from Gavins Point Dam (R.M. 811.0) during the October
1968 survey (Figure 10).
Downstream from the Omaha-Council Bluffs area, total phosphor-
us ranged from 0.2U mg/1 to 0.30 mg/1. This concentration includes
significant contributions from Papillion Creek* and the Platte River
(0.80 mg/1). The concentration remained essentially unchanged dur-
ing the remainder of the reach.
Total phosphorus concentrations increased greatly at most sta-
tions in the composite samples collected during the rain-affected
period which reflected runoff from agricultural lands. Concentrations
increased irregularly downstream from Gavins Point Dam and reached the
highest average of 0.92 mg/1 at Station M-29 (R.M. 1*69.0).
During the winter survey, average total phosphorus concentra-
tions had an irregular but generally increasing trend downstream from
Sioux City (Figure 10). Concentrations were less than the autumn
samples because of reduced contributions from tributaries and the
frozen watershed.
St. Joseph, Missouri - Hermann, Missouri
Total phosphorus increased downstream from St. Joseph during
the fall survey. Concentrations at 21 of the 22 stations ranged from
0.22 mg/1 to 0.^0 mg/1. One station had a concentration of 0.62 mg/1.
The winter survey results exhibited a similar pattern. Winter
survey phosphorus concentrations were reduced upstream from Lexington,
Missouri, but greater downstream. The large amount of rainfall and
subsequent land runoff caused the increase downstream. The highest
average concentration in the reach was 0.56 mg/1 at Station M-5A
.(R.M. 132.0), two miles upstream from the Osage River.
WATER TEMPERATURE
During the upstream autumn survey period, average water tem-
peratures during the 8-day normal period ranged from Ik" C. upstream
from Sioux City to 16° C. near the St. Joseph water intake (Appendix
Table No. B-l). Average temperatures decreased during the 2-day
rain-affected period in the upper reach. The temperature decreased
to 10° C. at Sioux City.
Temperatures were reduced during the downstream autumn survey
period. Temperatures ranged from 9° C. downstream from St. Joseph
to 12° C. at Hermann. Sixteen of the 22 stations averaged 10° C.
*
Papillion Creek is composed primarily of sewage treatment plant
effluent. The total phosphorus concentration during the winter
survey was 6.U5 mg/1. A similar concentration would be estimated
for the autumn survey.
I T"O
-------
1.0-
0.9-H
0.8 -
J 0.7 -
2>
a 0.6 -
-i
N.
^ 0.5 -
Ut
Q.
in
O
O
0.4 -
0.3-1
0.2 -
O.I -
• UJ
3 IT
i u £
i z ?,
s<
tl
o
2
FIGURE 10
TOTAL PHOSPHORUS
MISSOURI RIVER
SIOUX CITY. IA. - HERMANN. MO.
OCT. - NOV. 1968
JAN. - FEB.. 1969
LEGEND
O OCT. - NOV., 1968 ( 5 DAY COMPOSITES )
A JAN.- FEB.,1969 ( 3 DAY COMPOSITES)
OCT., 1968 RAIN-AFFECTED (9 DAY COMPOSITE)
80O
700
60O
90O
400
300
2OO
IOO
RIVER MILE
-------
22
Average water temperatures in the entire 700-mile reach were
near 0° C. and reflected the low air temperatures and floating ice
in the river during the winter survey. Four stations on one sampling
run had a 1° - 2° C. difference in temperature (Stations M-26A, M-27,
M-28 and M-30) from adjacent upstream and downstream stations. Eight-
een of the remaining nineteen stations averaged 0°.C. Station M-l
(R.M. 98.0) at Hermann averaged 1°C.
HYDROGEN ION CONCENTRATION(pH)
The NTAC Report on Water Quality Criteria recommends pH *
levels between 6.0 and 9.0 for maintenance of fish and other aquatic
life. The waters of the Missouri River were within these limits.
The pH of the Missouri River was approximately 8.3 for most
stations in the upstream reach during the autumn normal weather per-
iod(Appendix Table B-l). Average pH's varied from 8.1 to 8.6.
The pH decreased slightly at several stations during the 2-
day rain-affected period. The lowest average pH during this period
in the main stem Missouri River was 7.8 at Station M-30 (R.M. U88.3).
Downstream from St. Joseph the pH was generally 8.fc u.uring
the autumn survey. Average values ranged from 8.1 to 8.3 but 19 of
the 22 main stem stations averaged 8.2.
Average pH1s were generally lower during the winter survey
than during the autumn 8-day normal weather period. In the reach
from Sioux City to Atchison, Kansas, average pH values decreased
from 8.1 (M-52A, R.M. 732.8) to 7.8 (Station M-26A, R.M. U22.5).
After an increase to 8.0 at Station M-23 (R.M. 370.5) at the Kansas
City, Missouri water intake, the pH generally decreased downstream
to the lowest average of 7.6 at Station M-7A (R.M. 174.8).
ALKALINITY
The alkalinity of natural waters is primarily composed of
bicarbonates, carbonates and hydroxide ions and is a measure of the
buffer capacity (i.e., resistance to pH change with addition of
either acid or base) of a water. It is generally reported as equiv-
alent CaCOo. The NTAC report recommends alkalinities greater than
20 mg/1 for maintenance of fish and other aquatic life, and between
30 to a maximum of ^00-500 mg/1 for sources of public water supplies.
Alkalinity concentrations ranged from 160 mg/1 to 197 mg/1
in the upstream reach during the normal autumn weather period (Ap-
pendix Table No. B-l). Fourteen of 20 stations averaged between
l6o - 170 mg/1. Concentrations decreased during the 2-day rain-
affected period with a range of 114 mg/1 to lOO mg/1. Sixteen of
19 stations averaged between 140 - 160 mg/1. During the autumn
survey downstream from St. Joseph, alkalinities averaged between 162
mg/1 and l8l mg/1 with 20 to 22 stations between 170 - l8l mg/1.
145
-------
23
Alkalinities during the winter survey averages between 165
mg/1 and 192 rag/1 from Sioux City to Station M-12 (R.M. 241.2).
Fifteen of the 19 main stem stations averaged between 170 - 185
rag/1. Farther downstream, heavy rains and high flows resulted in
a reduced alkalinity concentration of Il6 mg/1 at Hermann.
TOTAL DISSOLVED SOLIDS
Total dissolved solids are a measure of the inorganic salts
present in a water although some soluble organic material may also
be included. Excessive total dissolved solids are objectionable
because of physiological effects, mineral tastes and economic
effects such as corrosion.
*
The NTAC criteria and the PHS Drinking Water Standards
recommend that total dissolved solids not exceed 500 mg/1 for
sources of public drinking water supply. Several stations on the
Missouri River exceeded this concentration.
Total dissolved solids concentrations during the normal
autumn weather period ranged from 468 mg/1 to 645 mg/1 upstream
from St. Joseph (Appendix Table No. B-l). Of the SO main stem
stations sampled, fourteen stations averaged less than 500 mg/1
and 19 stations less than 552 mg/1. Concentrations were reduced
during the 2-day rain-affected period when results ranged from 198
mg/1 to 516 mg/1. Eleven of 16 stations averaged less than 400 mg/1.
Total dissolved solids concentrations ranged from 375 mg/1 to
504 mg/1 downstream from St. Joseph during the autumn survey. Twenty-
one of 22 stations averaged less than 500 mg/1 with 14 between 450
mg/1 and 500 mg/1.
During the winter survey, the concentration of total dissolved
solids ranged from 480 mg/1 to 653 mg/1 except at the four most down-
stream stations (M-9A, M-7A, M-5A and M-l). Of the 20 stations sam-
pled, eight ranged from 480 mg/1 to 500 rag/1, seven exceeded the 500
mg/1 criterion and ranged between 500 mg/1 and 550 mg/1. Concentra-
tions at the lower four stations were less than upstream and ranged
from 403 mg/1 to 254 mg/1. The decrease was caused by the heavy
rains and high runoff.
SULFATES
The significance of the sulfate ion in drinking water is es-
sentially the same as total dissolved solids. The Public Health Ser-
vice Drinking Water Standards recommend limiting suLfate concentra-
tions to 250 rag/1. Average concentrations did not exceed this standard
* Anon. Public Health Service Drinking Water Standards, DHEW, Public
Health Service Publ. No. 956 (1962).
146
-------
in the Missouri River although concentrations in excess of 20C mg/1
occurred.
Sulfate concentrations ranged from 16^ mg/1 to 220 mg/1 in
the upper reach during the autumn normal weather period (Appendix
Table No. B-l). Nine of the 20 stations in this reach averaged
over 200 mg/1. Concentrations vere similarly distributed during
the 2-day rain-affected period although 7 stations had higher results
than during the normal period.
Sulfate concentrations ranged from 113 m§/l to 203 mg/1 down-
stream from St. Joseph during the autumn survey. Fifteen stations
averaged less than 190 mg/1. Concentrations had a generally decreas-
ing pattern downstream from Kansas City.
During the winter survey, sulfate concentration trends were
similar to those of the autumn survey upstream from Station M-9A
(R.M. 219.2). Concentrations ranged from 150 mg/1 to 22U mg/1. A
downward trend occurred between Stations M-9A and M-l because of
dilution from heavy tributary runoff.
TOTAL ORGANIC CARBON
The total organic carbon test is a measure of the total organic
matter in water and comprises the theoretical, maximum carbonaceous
oxygen demand. The test measures organic carbon in materials contained
in waste discharges, naturally occurring organic materials such as lig-
nins, and living organisms such as algae and bacteria, all of which are
transported by a stream.
/ *
The total organic carbon concentrations were less than 10 mg/1
during the autumn normal weather period in the upstream reaches (Figure
ll). Concentrations increased irregularly from 5 mg/1 at Gavins Point
Dam to concentrations of 8 - 9 rag/1 near St. Joseph. Concentrations
downstream from Sioux City were approximately two times greater during
the rain-affected period when compared to the normal weather period.
Two stations had concentrations greater than 20 mg/1 and seven stations
exceeded 15 mg/1.
Downstream from St. Joseph during the autumn survey, total or-
ganic carbon concentrations ranged from 8 mg/1 to 11 mg/1 with no
definite trend evident. Five stations averaged 8 mg/1, 9 stations
averaged 9 og/lj 7 stations averaged 10 mg/1 and 1 station averaged
11 mg/1.
Total organic carbon concentrations during the winter survey
ranged from 5 mg/1 at Sioux City (Station M-52A, R.M. 732.8) to 7 mg/1
at the Kansas City, Missouri water intake (Station M-23, R.M. 370.U).
Downstream from the Kansas River and the Kansas City area, concentra-
tions generally increased. The highest average of 16 mg/1 occurred at
Station M-5A (R.M. 132.0).
JL
Except for an aberrant concentration of 135 nig/1 at Station M-48.
U7
-------
26 -
«5g
X Z"
i3*j
O U S
WO.
40
.If
5-
20-
00
18-
to
§
U
O
<
o
10 -
W
FIGURE II
TOTAL ORGANIC CARBON
MISSOURI RIVER
SIOUX CITY. IA. - HERMANN. MO.
OCT. - NOV. .19 6 8
JAN. - FEB., 1969
O OCT. - NOV., 1968 ( 5 DAY COMPOSITF" /
A JAN. - FEB.,1969 (3 0"" COMPOSITES)
O OCT., 1968 P-..rl -AFFECTED (3 DAY COMPOSITE )
80O
roo
6OO
I
soo
••oo
300
200
100
RIVER
-------
25
SOLUBLE METALS
Eleven different metal analyses were performed during the
surveys of the Missouri River. All determinations were on the
filtrate from samples and thus indicate soluble concentrations.
Of these metals, several were absent at all sample stations in
detectable concentrations: barium ( < 1.0 mg/l), cadmium ( <
0.02 mg/l), total chromium ( < 0.02 mg/l), copper ( < 0.05 mg/l),
and nickel ( < 0.10 mg/l) (Appendix Table No. B-10).
During the autumn survey, detectable concentrations of
boron and iron occurred. Approximately 0.12 mg/l of boron occurred
upstream from St. Joseph. Downstream concentrations decreased from
0.3k- at Station M-24 (R.M. 381*.9) to less than 0.02 mg/l at Hermann
(Station M-l - R.M. 98.0). A soluble iron concentration of 0.60
mg/l for the second 5-day composite was detected at Station M-39
(R.M. 610.5) Just downstream from the Missouri River STP discharge
in Omaha.
Detectable concentrations of iron, manganese, boron, lead,
and arsenic occurred during the winter survey. Soluble iron concen-
trations ranged from < 0.1 mg/l to 0.3 mg/l. Five of 12 stations
had measurable concentrations. Manganese concentrations ranged from
< 0.02 mg/l to 0.10 mg/l. Eleven of the 12 stations sampled had
positive results. Boron concentrations were detected at all stations
selected for analysis. Concentrations ranged from 0.08 mg/l to 0.12
rag/1. The average concentration of lead at Station M-48A (R.M. 718.3)
was 0.085 mg/l which exceeded the PHS Drinking Water Standard of 0.05
mg/l. The source of lead was not determined. The largest arsenic
concentration in a discrete sample was 0.035 mg/1 and occurred upstream
from Sioux City at Station M-^2 (R.M. 626.2). Detectable concentra-
tions also occurred at Station M-23 (R.M. 370.5) and M-38 (R.M. 601.3).
CYANIDE
Cyanides are synthetic organic compounds which have acute
toxicity. The PHS Drinking Water Standards have established a limit
of 200 )ig/l for cyanides. Since there are no naturally occurring
cyanides, their presence indicates a waste source containing the con-
stituent.
Positive cyanide results (more than 1.0 jig/l) were obtained
at six of the seven stations sampled between Sioux City and St. Jos-
eph during the autumn survey (Appendix Table No. B-13). Samples from
three of eight stations were positive downstream from St. Joseph.
Maximum concentrations during the autumn surveys occurred dur-
ing the 2-day rain-affected period when the highest single result was
15.2 Jig/1 at Station M-33 (R.M. 546.7). Four stations in this reach
exceeded 10 jug/1 during this wet period. Downstream from St. Joseph,
the highest single concentration of 7.0;ug/l occurred downstream from
the Kansas River at Station M-20.
149
-------
26
During the winter survey measurable cyanide results were
obtained at 10 of the 12 stations sampled. The maximum concentra-
tion was 7-7>ig/l at the Omaha M.U.D. water intake.
TOTAL ORGANIC CHLORINE
Total organic chlorine indicates the presence of organic
chlorine-bearing compounds which are principally chlorinated hydro-
carbon pesticides in the absence of chlorinated waste discharges.
Although the test is non-specific as to which pesticides or other
compounds are present, it does indicate the presence of the general
group.
Total organic chlorine concentrations were generally higher
upstream from St. Joseph than downstream during the autumn surveys
(Appendix Table No. B-13). The highest concentration was 26^.3>ig/l
downstream from the Omaha area waste discharges. Downstream from
St. Joseph concentrations ranged from 30.6^ig/l to 98-7>ig/l'
The cause of the higher concentrations of organic chlorine
upstream may be related to pesticide use on the extensive farmland
in this area (also irrigation upstream from study area)- as well as
use for insect vector control in feedlot operations.
Total organic chlorine concentrations exhibited no definite
pattern during the winter survey. Tributary runoff for most of the
basin was small (upstream from Jefferson City, Missouri) because of
the frozen conditions of the watershed. Pesticides, also, had not
been applied for several months. These levels would represent con-
centrations in upstream storage reservoirs of both the Missouri
and Kansas Rivers. Concentrations ranged from 22.2 ug/1 to 7^-^
W5/1-
GREASE
The determination of grease by the Standard Methods procedure
includes fats, waxes, oils and other non-volatile materials which are
soluble in hexane. Grease is an obnoxious compound in water because
of the unsightly surface scum formed, and because it causes problems
in water supplies.
Because of previous difficulties reported by water supplies
downstream from the Omaha area (principally, St. Joseph), grease
concentrations were determined for waste discharges in the Omaha area
and Sioux City. Downstream from the Omaha area and continuing past
the St. Joseph water intake "grease balls" were observed floating on
the water surface during the autumn survey. Measurement of grease from
the Iowa Beef Packers Plant in Dakota City, Nebraska was determined at
a later time by the Missouri Basin Region Results of these analyses
(Table No. U) indicate grease concentrations in packinghouse waste and
in primary treated effluent.
15.0
-------
TABLE k
GREASE
MISSOURI RIVER SURVEYS
Monroe St.-
S. Omaha Sewer
Composite
mg/1
Missouri R.
Sevg. Trmnt.
Pit.
mg/1
Council Bluffs
Iowa STP
Effluent
mg/1
Sioux City
Iowa STP
Effluent
mg/1
la. Bf.Pkrs.
Dakota City
Nebraska
mg/1
OCTOBER-NOVEMBER
299 - - 17 -
JANUARY-FEBRUARY
26 3.1 38 263(1)
Average of 3 samples collected on March 27-28, 1969 when Grease removal was not in operation.
-------
27
Average Grease concentrations in untreated packinghouse waste
ranged from 260 - 300 mg/1; that from primary treated effluents ranged
from 15 - kO mg/1.
RADIOACTIVITY LEVELS
Radiological analyses were performed only during the autumn
surveys. The naturally occurring radionuclides uranium (U-235 and
U-238), radium -226, thorium -232 and total alpha thorium; and the
"fission" product strontium-90 were determined. Although not an in-
clusive list of analyses, this series of naturally occurring nuclides
allows an estimate of the natural background levels. Strontium-90
occurs because of past atmospheric nuclear weapons testing and is
significant for physiological reasons because its chemical properties
are similar to calcium.
As shown in Table No. 5> dissolved radionuclide concentrations
in the Missouri River and selected tributaries were substantially
lower than the permissible criteria recommended by NTAC for sources
of water supply. In the main stem of the Missouri River, at the four
stations sampled, uranium concentrations varied from 2.5 .ug/1 to U.3
>ig/l; radium -226 concentrations from 0.02 pc/1 to 0.07 pc/1; and
strontium-90 concentrations from 1.5 pc/1 to 2.2 pc/1. " Thorium -232
concentrations were less than the detection limits of the analytical
method.
Gross alpha concentrations for various stream locations in the
country are reported in Radiological Health Data and Reports (RHD&R).
For the period July to December, 1968 concentrations averaged 2.9 pc/1
for the Missouri River at the Missouri City and St. Joseph, Missouri
stations. Total alpha concentrations during the autumn survey were
calculated from the uranium (after conversion to pc/1 ) and radium -
226 concentrations. The concentration calculated by this method was
2.5 pc/1 which is very close to the value reported in RHDScR. Thus,
the naturally-occurring radionuclides are primarily responsible for
the observed autumn concentrations.
The headwaters of the Platte River drain the uranium enriched
areas of Colorado and transport higher concentrations of uranium than
other Missouri River tributary streams. The uranium concentration was
6.k )ig/l but still much less than the NTAC criterion (Table No. 5).
The strontium-90 concentrations averaged about 1.8 pc/1 during
the autumn surveys. Strontium-90 concentrations in water have de-
clined with the reduction in atmospheric nuclear testing. In the
period from July to September, 1967 RHD&R reported concentrations of
3.0 pc/1 and 3»2 pc/1 respectively for Missouri City and St. Joseph.
The autumn data reflect the decline in the intervening time period.
For uranium, 1 ug equals 0.668 pc assuming U-23U equilibrium.
152
-------
TABLE NO. 5
National Technical Advisory Committee
Recommended Surface Water Radiological Criteria
for
Public Water Supplies
Permissible^ ' Desirable^'
Constituent Criteria Criteria
Uranium U.U mg/1 Absent^ '
Radium-226 3 pc/1 < 1 pc/1.
Strontium-90 10 pc/1 . < 2 pc/1
Concentrations in raw surface waters which allow the production
of a safe, clear, potable, aesthetically pleasing, and accept-
able public water supply which meets the limits of the Public
Health Service Drinking Water Standards.
(-2)
v ' Concentrations in raw surface waters that represent high quality
water in all respects for use as public water supplies.
^ ' Not detectable by the most sensitive analytical procedure in
"Standard Methods" or other approved procedure.
153
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BOTTOM ANIMALS*
Many invertebrate animals are found living on the beds of
rivers. In a clean water environment, this community includes
numerous kinds of pollution-sensitive animals which serve as food
organisms for desirable game fish. Pollution-tolerant organisms
are present but are few in number. As the environment receives
increasing amounts of organic pollution, clean water animals are
reduced or eliminated from the community in the order of their
sensitivity to degraded water quality. This adverse change in
the bottom-associated community is indicative of the extent of
pollution. Further evidence of organic pollution is indicated
by increases in floating solids and in the formation of sludge
deposits in slack water areas behind man-made or naturally occur-
ring obstructions. The sludge may decompose and produce obnox-
ious gases and remove dissolved oxygen from the overlying flowing
water.
The river upstream from Sioux City at Station M-52 (R.M.
736) and downstream to the Omaha, Missouri River waste treatment
plant (R.M. 6l2), supported a stream bed animal community indica-
tive of unpolluted water (Figures 12 and 13, and Table 6). Clean-
water stoneflies, mayflies, and caddisflies were the predominant
kinds of bottom organisms throughout most of this reach (Appendix
Table No. B-l6). The number of pollution tolerant forms remained
proportionately lower than sensitive kinds except in the reach
bordered by Sioux City, Iowa and Dakota City, Nebraska at Station
M-50 (R.M. 730). Floating solids consisting of manure, chopped
garbage and similar materials were observed. These were found up-
stream from the municipal waste treatment plants, and thus, origi-
nate from untreated waste sources.
Tributaries examined in this reach indicated polluted condi-
tions. Flows from these streams were low in volume and the degraded
water entering had no observable effect on the Missouri River.
Downstream from Omaha-Council Bluffs, adverse effects of dis-
charged wastes were discernible for more than 166 miles. Floating
solids were evident and unsightly globular masses of grease, chunks
of animal fat, and paunch manure accumulated in eddy areas. Clean-
water animals were destroyed for 5^ miles downstream to Station M-33
(R.M. 5^7) except at Barlett, Iowa at Station M-35 (R.M. 581) where
ah aberrant increase in kinds of sensitive and tolerant forms occur-
red (Figure 13). At Bartlett, available evidence indicated that the
animals found were from the Platte River. The Platte River enters
upstream, and could have carried invertebrates into the Missouri
River. The community found at Station M-35 (R.M. 581) was composed
#
The bottom animal community was sampled from locations behind rock
jetties and other backwater areas. The bottom animal identifications
discussed are for these areas only and are not intended to represent
conditions for the entire channel.cross sections. (See the Section on
Methods.) lb4
-------
SIOUX CITY,
IOWA
60-
30-
O
5 40-
< 30-|
O
t-
j« 20-
10-
750
x
_i
O
80-
70
60-
50-
30-
20-
10-
500
700
ST. JOSEPH,
MO.
450
COUNCIL BLUFFS,IOWA
a
OMAHA,NEB.
650 600
RIVER MILES
KANSAS CITY,
MO.
400 330
RIVER MILES
JEFFERSON CITY,
MO.
HERMANN,
MO.
550
I
300
300 230
£s & SENSITIVE
O—o TOLERANT
5O-
40-
£ 20-
o
j* 10-
250
200 ISO
RIVER MILES
FIGURE 12
RELATIVE NUMBER OF
TOLERANT AND SENSITIVE
KINDS OF ORGANISMS
MISSOURI RIVER
SIOUX CITY, IOWA - HERMANN. MO.
OCTOBER.1968
100
155
-------
COUNCIL BLUFFS, IOWA
SIOUX
i-
4-
2-
CITY,
IOWA
••
[
790
1
0
/
/
^
/
^
^
B
•
700
t
t
t
B
1
[
690
a
OMAHA. NEB.
I
\
I
r
]
i_L
n r
10. \ ' \
i i
600 990 900
RIVER MILES
8-
4-
2-
J
900
]
ST. JOSEPH
MO.
|
1
1
I
490
*
1
KANSAS CITY,
Jl
^ 1
400
RIVER
MO.
1 .
P
t
t
t
t
t
,
\
n
t
t
t
t
i
I
I
i
a. 1
350 300 250
MILES
JEFFERSON CITY, HERMANN,
8-
6-
4-
Z-
ET
1
n 1
i
\
\
|
1
MO.
1
m
MO.
i
i
m \
_
l\
d > TOLERANT
d /
d/
SENSITIVE
250
200 190
RIVER MILES
100
FIGURE 13
NUMBER OF KINDS
OF BOTTOM ORGANISMS
MISSOURI RIVER
SlOUX CITY, IOWA - HERMANN. MO.
OCTOBER, 1968
156
-------
29
of nearly the same kinds as found in the Platte River. These partic-
ular forms vere not found at adjacent Missouri River stations and thus
vould not be indicative of Missouri River water quality at this sta-
tion.
Downstream from Brownville, Nebraska, at Station M-32 (R.M.
525), the number of pollution sensitive kinds of bottom animals were
proportionately greater than pollution tolerant animals (Figure 13).
This increase resulted from water quality improvement caused by natural
removal of organic settleable solids contained in upstream wastes so
that backwater bottom conditions improved. The river continued to .sup-
port a community of benthic animals indicative of good quality.water
downstream to Kansas City. Slowly decomposing grease globs remaining
in these waters did not induce changes sufficient to affect the aquatic
life but were aesthetically objectionable for recreation and water supply
uses.
Pile dikes at Station M-23 (R.M. 370) immediately upstream from
the Kansas City area supported a diverse bottom fauna. The community
contained an assemblage of 7 pollution sensitive and 1 pollution toler-
ant form. The number of animal kinds present arid the composition of
the bottom-associated organisms was indicative of unpolluted water
(Table 6).
Approximately 11 river miles downstream at Station M-20 (R.M.
359), the number of pollution sensitive forms decreased from 7 to 2
kinds and the tolerant forms increased from 1 to U. Pollution tolerant
sludgeworms, pulmonate snails and leeches predominated which indicated
degraded water quality. Sensitive forms such as, mayflies were reduced
in number of kinds; caddisflies were eliminated. Large quantities of
floating and suspended material and oil were observed at this station.
Downstream from the Blue River confluence, all pollution sensi-
tive organisms were eliminated and replaced by more pollution tolerant
forms (R.M. 356). Restriction of the diversity of forms to those that
are most tolerant indicated gross organic pollution. The accumulation
of organic sludge on the pile dikes, and in the backwater areas, limited
the available habitat to tolerant forms. This condition persisted for
approximately 63 miles downstream to Waverly, Missouri at Station M-15
(R.M. 293).
Downstream from Waverly from Station M-14 (R.M. 270) to Station
M-8 (R.M. 197)> the appearance of pollution sensitive forms indicated
slight recovery from pollution. However, this portion of the river
contained animal communities comprised of near equal varieties of
pollution sensitive and tolerant animals. This is indicative of mod-
erate pollution when compared to upstream clean-water areas where the
variety of sensitive forms were four to five times as numerous as the
tolerant ones.
157
-------
30
From Lupus, Missouri, at Station M-7 (R.M. 179) downstream-
to Hermann, Missouri, at Station M-l (R.M. 98), large numbers of
pollution sensitive burrowing mayflies were collected. The pres-
ence of these clean water organisms was an indication of improved
water quality in this reach.
SUSPENDED ALGAE
The suspended algal community, phytoplankton, in large flow-
ing streams originate in lakes and backwaters associated with the
streams. This community is affected by environmental factors char-
acteristic of each stream such as: turbidity, water velocity, and
available inorganic nutrients. Turbidity restricts the amount of
light that penetrates the water and thus restricts algal photosyn-
thesis.
Water velocity also affects phytoplankton which are princi-
pally static water organisms. Their presence in flowing water re-
sults from facultative adaptation. Swift turbulent currents are
detrimental to many of these fragile organisms because of the abras-
ive action of suspended solids and because the organism is prevented
from maintaining a position for optimum light. Increased inorganic
nutrients may produce increases in numbers and change the kinds of
algae present, unless physical factors are limiting.
In the Missouri River, a combination of a swift current, high
turbidity, and lack of adjoining still water environments (due to
channelization of the river), tend to limit the phytoplankton com-
munity to low numbers.
Suspended algae ranged in numbers from 870 cells per milli-
liter (ml) to 1,000 cells per ml in the river reach from Station M-52
(R.M. 736.0) at Sioux City to Omaha-Council Bluffs at Station M-^l
(R.M. 618.3) (Figure Ik). Downstream from Omaha-Council Bluffs, be-
ginning at Station M-38 (R.M. 601.3), the algal population started to
increase and attained a high of 6,000 cells per ml at Station M-3^
(R.M. 559.7) which was approximately a sixfold increase. This in-
crease is attributed to nutrients being discharged to the river.
Downstream from this point to St. Joseph, Missouri, at Station M-28
(R.M. U52.3), the population of algae gradually declined. From Sta-
tion M-28 at St. Joseph, Missouri to a point downstream from Kansas
City at Station M-15 (R.M. 293.k), the algal population ranged from
1300 to 2000 cells per ml. The algal population of 2,000 per ml in
this reach would have declined to numbers equal to, or less than,
those noted upstream from Omaha except for the nutrients discharged
from cities adjoining the river. Downstream, the effects of current,
turbidity and suspended solids reduced the population to 500 cells
per ml at Station M-9 (R.M. 221). The algal population increased
slightly to 1,000 cells per ml farther downstream at Station M-6
(R.M. 162.0).
158!
-------
BIG SIOUX R
* (11.653)
PLATTE R.
(9.236)
FIGURE 14
SUSPENDED ALGAE
(number per ml.)
MISSOURI RIVER
OCT.- NOV.. 1968
GRAND R.
(10,649)
6000-
~ 5OOO-
"1 4OOO •
13
Q 3OOO-
UJ
Q
Q.
V)
2OOO-
IOOO-
SIOUX CITY.
IOWA
OMAHA,
NEB.
SOLDIER R
ST. JOSEPH. KANSAS CITY,
MO. MO.
O O
JEFFERSON CITY,
MO.
* CHARITON R.
O* *>
OSAGE R. /
GASCONADE R.
—I—
4OO
—I
2OO
800
—I
7OO
—I
600
5OO
3OO
IOO
RIVER MILES
-------
3-1
Tributary streams contained high populations of phytoplank-
ton but stream flows were too small to contribute significant quant-
ities of algae to the Missouri River algal populations.
TRIBUTARY STREAMS
Twelve tributary streams were sampled either for chemical and
bacteriological analyses or biological analyses, or both, near their
confluences with the Missouri River during the autumn survey (Table 6, 7
and Appendix B). Two of these (Papillion Creek and the Platte River)
were again sampled during the winter survey.
Big Sioux River
This stream flows into the Missouri River just upstream from
Sioux City, Iowa, and forms the South Dakota-Iowa state line. Only
four kinds of pollution tolerant and one kind of pollution sensitive
animals were found. The bottom contained deposits of organic mater-
ial and oil. During the two-day, rain-affected period, DO's decreas-
ed by fifty percent (from 12.0 mg/1 to 6.0 mg/1) and fecal coliform
bacteria increased from 110 MPN/100 ml to ^,000 MPN/100 .ml.
Floyd River
The bottom of this stream was covered with organic solids,
including manure, and exuded the rotten egg odor of hydrogen sulfide.
Water quality was degraded so severely that only one kind of pollu-
tion tolerant bottom animal could inhabit these waters.
Soldier River
The water quality in this stream was greatly affected by rain-
fall. During the rain-affected period, geometric mean fecal coliform
bacterial densities increased from U,000 MPN/100 ml to 2,000,000 MPN/
100 ml, and suspended solids from 10 mg/1 to 3>530 mg/1. The stream
supported only two kinds of pollution tolerant bottom organisms and
no clean water kinds.
Boyer River
The water quality of the Boyer River was also adversely affected
during the rainy period. Fecal coliform densities increased from a
mean of 20,500 MPN/100 ml to 1,500,000 MPN/100 ml, and the WD^ in-
creased to lU mg/1. The sandy bottom of the stream supported only
one kind of sensitive clean water organism, and three kinds of toler-
ant bottom organisms.
Papillion Creek
A primary source of flow in this stream is the treated sewage
discharges from Omaha's Papillion Creek sewage treatment plant,
-------
TABLE 6
NUMBER OF KINDS OF
BOTTOM-ASSOCIATED ANIMALS
MISSOURI RIVER
OCTOBER, 1968
LOCATION
Corresponding
Water. Quality
Station
BIG SIOUX RIVER
FLOYD RIVER
SOLDIER RIVER
BOYER RIVER
PIATTE RIVER
KANSAS RIVER
BLUE RIVER
GRAND RIVER
OSAOE RIVER
GASCONADE RIVER
M-5?
M-50
M-U8
M-l*7
M-U6
M-kk
M-l*?
M-l*l
M-39
M-38
M-36
M-35
M-3U
M-33
M-32
M-31
M-30
M-29
M-28
M-27
M-26
M-25
M-2U
M-23
M-20
-
M-18
M-17
M-16
M-15
M-ll*
M-12
M-10
M- 9
M- 8
M- 7
M- 6
M- 5
M- 3
M- 1
BS-51
-
S-l*5
B-U3
P-37
Kr-22
-
Or-13
0-4
Or 2
River
Mile
736
730
717
699
676
655
6?6
618
610
601
591
581
560
51*7
525
507
U88
U69
1*52
1*1*0
1*23
397
385
370
359
356
3*5
334
313
293
270
238
?35
??1
197
179
162
139
118
98
Pollution Pollution
Sensitive Interrae-
Organlsms diately
Sensitive
. Organisms
MISSOURI RIVER
1*
3
5
7
6
8
k
6
3
1
0
5
1
0
3
3
2
6
l*
5
3
U
2
7
7
0
0
0
0
0
3
1
1
2
1
2
p
1
1
5
TRIBUTARY STREAMS
1
0
0
1
1*
0
0
2
1
1
p
k
?
?
r
5
3
5
l*
9
3
7
5
2
6
6
U '
9
8
8
2
1
9
8
2
1
3
3
3
3
5
l*
l*
3
?
3
U
0
0
3
2
0
9
5
l*
3
0
5
3
4
Pollution
Tolerant
Organisms
3
3
3
l*
3
1
r
r '
p
3
2
1*
2
1
2
2
1
3
2
1
3
2
1
1
1*
k
3
1*
l*
' 1
2
1
?
1
p
U
?
1
1
3
u
1
2
3
2
2
0
2
3
1
Total Number
of
Kinds
9
10
10
13
11
11*
9
13
9
13
5
16
8
3
11
11
7
18
ll*
1U
8
7
12
16
8
5
6
7
7
l*
10
6
7
6
5
• 9
8
2
2
11
7
1
11
9
10
5
0
9
7
6
NOTE: Bottom organism identifications are in Appendix Table No. B-16.
-------
TABLE 7
3UMW8T OP TRIBUTART 3IREAM DATA
IQSSOURI RIVER
TRIBUTARY STREAM
Big Sioux Rlver(BS-51)
Soldier Rlvcr(S-UJ)
Boyer Rlver(B-U3)
Papllllon Creek(PA-37A)
Platte Rlxer(P-37)
bases Rlver(KR-22)
Grand Rlver(GR-13)
Ctarlton Slver(C-ll)
O*age Rlvcr(O-U)
Gasconade Rlrer(G-?)
Enter*
Missouri River
•t R.M.
T^.O
6&..0
635.1
596.5
59"».8
367.U
950.O
238.8
130.O
lOU.fc
5-Dky Biocbemleal
4sjgen O-BKod
8-Da; t-Da»
•ontal Wet Winter
9-1 6.0
2-3 6.9
9.2 lU.o
- 127 8U
7.9 8.2 2.1
3.1
3.3
3>
1.6
3.2
Dissolved Oxygeu
8-DBy J-toy
Ifoml Wet Winter
12.0 6.0 ' -
9.9 6.6
8.2 5-7
- - 3.9
9.2 7.3 10.0
9.6
9.3
10.1.
9>
9-7
8-Day P-D»y
•ornal Wet Winter
Total Fecal Total Fecal Total Fecal
1,130
1"»,700
11U.UOO
27,700
116,000
!>,OOO
> 10,700
Sooo
9,600
110 17,000 U.OOO
U,000 S,UOO,000 2,000,000 - - .
20,500 > 2,000,000 1,500,000
16,000,000 11, 000,000 It.OW.OOO 591.200
11,200 620,000 290,000 36.OOO 18,700
6,800
< ">6o
2,3^0
1,100
570
Total
Suspended Solids
8-Oay 2-Day
Koroal Wet Winter
55
10
729
-
763
?8i>
59
5k
55
66
71
3,530 -
999
100
32
-------
32
Offutt Air Force Base, and the community of Bellevue, Nebraska.
This small creek was sampled during both the fall and winter sur-
veys. Sampling was confined to three days, all of which were
affected by rain, during the autumn survey. Water quality approach-
ed that of untreated sewage with a BOD^ of 127 mg/1 and a fecal coil-
form density of 11,000,000 MPN/100 ml. Water quality was only slight-
ly better during the winter survey when the BOD^ was 81+ mg/1 and the
fecal coliform density was 591,000 MPN/100 ml.
Platte River
The Platte River is the largest tributary to the Missouri
River in the reach from Gavins Point Dam to St. Joseph, Missouri.
This stream was sampled for chemical and bacteriological analyses
during both the autumn and winter surveys. Biological sampling was
conducted during the autumn period only.
During the autumn and winter surveys, the fecal coliform dens-
ities were quite similar with densities of 11,200 MPN/100 ml and
18,700 MPN/100 ml, respectively. However, the densities increased
to 290,000 MPN/100 ml during the 2-day, rain-affected period.
The average concentration of suspended solids during the
winter survey was only four percent (32 mg/l) of that during the
autumn survey (763 rag/l) • The frozen condition of the watershed,
and low runoff, accounted for this reduction.
The bottom animal community during the autumn survey was com-
posed of predominately clean water forms. Four pollution sensitive
and two pollution tolerant animal kinds were found.
Kansas River
Bottom materials from the Kansas River were composed primarily
of paunch manure and organic sludges, and emanated a distinct rotten
egg odor during the autumn survey. Bubbling gases from these bottom
deposits, oil and floating solids such as, animal fat, clotted blood,
and hair were observed in this stream. Only pollution tolerant sludge-
worms, mothflies and midge larvae were found in the bottom animal
community.
The fecal coliform bacterial density was 6,800 MPN/100 ml near
the stream mouth. Total suspended solids averaged 28U mg/1.
Blue River
The Blue River was severely polluted by wastes discharged from
the Kansas City Blue River sewage treatment plant, and industrial
wastes including that from steel processing. Bottom samples collected
from the Blue River were devoid of bottom animals which indicated gross
163
-------
33
organic pollution and possibly, the presence of toxic materials. Bot-
tom sediments were composed of a gray-black organic sludge that had
a strong hydrogen sulfide odor. The water was colored gray and pock-
marked by bubbles of decomposition gases.
Grand River
When sampled during the autumn survey, this stream had low
flows averaging 167 cfs. (Winter flows averaged 5,500 cfs.) The
bottom animal community was composed of two pollution sensitive,
and two pollution tolerant forms. Two-thirds of the population
density were tolerant sludgeworms. Mean fecal coliform densities
were < k60 MPN/100 ml during this low flow period.
Chariton River
This stream had a mean flow of only 5^ cfs during the autumn
sampling period. Fecal coliform bacteria had a geometric mean of
2,3^0 MPN/100 ml which exceeded the NTAC contact and non-body contact
recreation criteria. The average D.O. of 10.4 mg/1 was near satura-
tion and satisfactory for aquatic life.
Osage River
The Osage River is a large tributary to the lower Missouri
River. The flow averaged 5,380 cfs during the autumn survey, and
21,000 cfs during the winter survey. During the autumn survey, fecal
coliform bacteria had a geometric mean of 1,100 MPN/100 ml which ex-
ceeded the NTAC contact and non-body contact recreation criteria. The
bottom organism community was composed of one pollution sensitive and
three pollution tolerant forms. However, more than one-half the popu-
lation density was composed of the pollution sensitive variety.
Gasconade River
Waters of this stream had geometric mean fecal coliform dens-
ities of 570 MPN/100 ml which exceeded the NTAC primary contact r«cre-
ation standard of 200 MPN/100 ml. However, land runoff from the 1-2/3
inches of rain during the two-week autumn survey may have increased the
densities. The bottom animal community was composed of one pollution
sensitive and one pollution tolerant form. One-third of the population
density was composed of tolerant sludgeworms.
MUNICIPAL WASTE SOURCES
Seven of the larger municipal waste discharges were sampled
during the Missouri River surveys (Table 8). Six of the discharges
were final effluents from primary waste treatment plants; one reported
discharge was a composite of two separate Omaha sewers which discharged
untreated wastes to the Missouri River: the Monroe Street and South
Omaha interceptor sewers.
164
-------
TABLE 8
MUNICIPAL WASTE SOURCES
MISSOURI RIVER
WASTE DISCHARGE
Sioux City, lova STP
CTl
Oaaha, Nebraska:
Coapoaite: Monroe St.
& So. Osaha Severs
Missouri River Sev-
age Treataent Plant
Council Bluffs, low
Sevage Treataent Plant
Kansas City, Missouri:
Blue River Sevage
Treataent Plant
West Side Sevage
Treataent Plant
Kansas City, Kansas:
Oct. 7-18,
Jan. 20-31,
Oct. 7-lfl,
Jan. 20-24,
Oct.
Jan. 27- 31,
Oct.26-Nov
Jan.20-2U,
Jan. 27-31,
Nov. U-8,
Sampling
Period
1968
1969
1968
1969
1968*1)
1969
. 1, 1968
1969
1969
1968
FLOW
MOD
16.2
11*. 6
3^.3
16.0<3>
5(3)
5.2
1.2.6
59.0
17.3
7.8
BOD,
»«/l
2U7
31*0
965
256
335
171
136
123
277
Total
Suspend.
Solids
•g/1
109
130
891
91
99
87
78
58
267
BACTERIAL DENSITIES
TOTAL
COLI
MPN/lOOal
75,200,000
19,1*60,000
18,600,000
11,180,000
160,000,000
22,51»0,000
1*6,000,000
l*0,l*UO,OOO
8,91*0,000
1*6,000,000
FECAL
COLI
MPN/lDOml
20,200,000
5,150,000
7,760,000
3,000,000
35,000,000
It, 330,000
1*, 500,000
7,930,000
2,760,000
9,700,000
FECAL
STREP
MF/lOOml
_
8,760,000
-
16,650,000
1,320,000
7,880,000
5,050,000
-
Total(2)
Organic
Carbon
•g/1
97
65
212
,30
61
U9
31
*
82
Total(2)
Phos-
Phorus
•8/1
10.6
1U.2
ll.l.
6.9
*:,
9.8
8.7
5.6
12.0
Total(2)
Nitro-
gen
78.8
73.2
67.2
26.8
57.0
32.6
30.U
2U.U
U3-7
Grease
•g/1
17
38
299
26
31
-
-
-
Sevage Treataent Plant
NOTES: (1) Single grab sanple.
(2) Weekly composite aide fraa 5 dally composite sallies.
(3) Estla»ted by plant personnel.
-------
Secondary treatment of these discharges as well as other
smaller municipal treatment plants, and industrial waste discharges
would substantially reduce concentrations of BOD; total organic
carbon; settleable and suspended solids; grease and other floatable
materials; and bacteria and viruses discharged to the Missouri River
from these controllable sources. Resulting water quality improvement
in the Missouri River would be both aesthetic through removal of ob-
noxiously appearing suspended and floatable material which forms scum
on pile dikes and settles to form sludge in backwater areas; and bac-
teriologically by affording a safer water for recreation and for mun-
icipal water supply.
Future water quality studies will be designed to quantitate
these and additional water quality improvements.
166
-------
APPENDIX B-l
STATION DESCRIPTIONS
(by Missouri River Mile)
167
-------
A-l
APPENDIX B-l
STATION DESCRIPTIONS
(by Missouri River Mile)
MISSOURI RIVER BASIN SURVEYS
STATION
M-l
G-2
M-3
0-4
„.».
M-5
River^1'
Mile
98.0
104.4
118.0
130.0
132.0
139.0
(2
Sample
Type
A
A
A
A
C
A
' DESCRIPTION
Missouri River at State Highway 19
bridge, Hermann, Missouri.
Gasconade River at State Highway 100 -
1 mile upstream from confluence .
Missouri River at Chamois- Missouri
(0.2 miles upstream from Kishmar Light)
Osage River at Bpnnots Mill Landing,
Missouri.
Missouri River at small boat dock -
off Missouri State Highway 94.
Missouri River - 3 miles downstream
from Jefferson City, Missouri (at
Moreau River light).
M-6 162.0 A Missouri River at Wilton, Missouri
(0.2 miles upstream from Wilton light).
M-7A 174.8 C Missouri River at Lupus, Missouri.
M-7 179-0 A Missouri River at Searcys Bend - 4
miles upstream from Lupus, Missouri
(at Searcys Bend light).
* ' Biology stations may not coincide exactly with chemical and bacterio-
logical sampling stations; usually they were + 0.2 mile.
(?)
v ' Sample type: A - Chemical, bacteriological and biology sample station.
B - Biology sample station only.
C - Chemical and bacteriological sampling station only.
168
-------
A-?
APPENDIX B-l
(Contd.)
STATION DESCRIPTIONS
(by Missouri River Mile)
MISSOURI RIVER BASIN SURVEYS
STATION River ' Sample DESCRIPTION
Mile Type
M-8 197.2 A Missouri River at M.K.T. RR bridge,
Boonville, Missouri.
M-9A 219.2 C Missouri River at limestone quarry,
downstream from Bluffport, Missouri.
M-9 221.0 A Missouri River at Fish Creek Bend -
5 miles downstream from Glasgow,
Missouri (at Brockway Island Light -
221.0).
M-10 235-1 A Missouri River at Gilliam Bend - 6
miles downstream from New Frankfort,
Missouri (at light).
C-ll 238.8 A Chariton River upstream from conflu-
ence. For October 28-30 at a point
approximately 1 mile upstream. For
October 31-November 8 at Price Bridge,
Highway W south of Keytesville,
Missouri.
M-12 241.2 A Missouri River at New Frankfort Land-
ing, Missouri.
GR-13 250.0 A Grand River upstream from confluence.
For October 28-30 at Brunswick. For
October 31-November 8 at U.S. Highway
24 Bridge, Missouri.
M-lU 270.0 A Missouri River at Ray-Carrol County,
Grain Growers, Inc., loading dock,
east of Wakenda, Missouri.
169
-------
A-3
APPENDIX B-l
(Contd.)
STATION DESCRIPTIONS
(by Missouri River Mile)
MISSOURI RIVER BASIN SURVEYS
STATION River'1' Sample^2' DESCRIPTION
Mile Type
M-15. 293.k A Missouri River at U. S. Highway 24 &
65 - Waverly, Missouri.
M-l6 313.2 A Missouri River - k miles downstream
from Lexington, Missouri (at Ray-
Carrol G.G., Inc. loading dock).
M-17 33^.5 A Missouri River at Fishing River Land-
ing via gravel road south from Orrick,
Missouri.
M-18 345.4 A Missouri River at N. W. Electric (Co-
operative) Power Plant near Missouri
City, Missouri.
356 - B Missouri River downstream from con-
fluence with Blue River.
K-19 358.0 C Kansas City Blue River Sewage Treatment
Plant (effluent to Big Blue River).
358.0 B Big Blue River.
M-20A 358.3 C Missouri River at Kansas City Power and
Light Company - Hawthorne Plant water
intake structure.
M-80 359-3 A Missouri River at C.R.I. & P. RR bridge.
M-21 365.6 A Missouri River A.S.B. Highway & RR
bridge.
K-19B 367.19 C Kansas City, Missouri West Side Sewage
Treatment Plant effluent.
K-19A 367.20 C Kansas City, Kansas Sewage Treatment Plant
effluent.
170
-------
A-!*
APPENDIX B-l
(Contd.)
STATION DESCRIPTIONS
(by Missouri River Mile)
MISSOURI RIVER BASIN SURVEYS
STATION River
Mile
Sample *
Type
DESCRIPTION
KR-22 367.^ A Kansas River at Central Avenue bridge.
M-23 370.5 A Missouri River at Kansas City, Mis-
souri Waterworks Intake opposite Fair-
fax Airport.
M-2^4- 38U.9 A Missouri River upstream from Kansas
City (at Weavers light).
M-?5 397-^ A Missouri River at Leavenworth, Kansas
(0.2 miles downstream from Highway
bridge).
M-25.5 UlS.O C Missouri River - approximately U miles
downstream from Atchison, Kansas.
M-26A U22.5 C Missouri River at Atchison and Eastern
Railroad Company bridge.
M-?6 U2P.6 A Missouri River at Atchison, Kansas (0.1
miles upstream from RR bridge).
M-?7 UUO-3 A Missouri River at Palermo landing (1.3
miles upstream from Palermo light).
M-28 ^52.3 A Missouri River at St. Joseph Water
Company Waterworks Intake.
M-29 U69.0 A Missouri River - 0.5 miles upstream from
Charleston landing (Daymark).
M-30 ^88.3 A Missouri River at White Cloud, Kansas
(at power cable crossing).
M-31 507.5 A Missouri River - 9-5 miles upstream from
Rulo, Nebraska.
171
-------
A-5
APPENDIX B-l
(Contd.)
STATION DESCRIPTIONS
(by Missouri River Mile)
MISSOURI RIVER BASIN SURVEYS
STATION River' Sample' DESCRIPTION
Mile Type
M-32 525.1 A Missouri River (at Upper Morgan Bend,
upper light).
M-33 5^6.7 A Missouri River at Peru Sportsman Club
ramp.
M-3^ 559-7 A Missouri River downstream fr""" Nebraska
City (0.2 miles upstream from Frazers
light).
M-35 580.9 A Missouri River at Bartlett, Iowa (at
Shenandoah Boat Club ramp).
M-36 591.? A Missouri River at Plattsmouth, Nebraska
(O.r miles downstream from Pollock light).
P-37 594.8 A Platte River at U.S. Highway 75 bridge,
Nebraska.
PA-37A 596.5 C Big Papillion Creek at Offutt Air Force
Base Road to Capehart, Nebraska - off
U.S. Highway 75.
M-38 601.3 A Missouri River at Bellevue, Nebraska
(0.1 miles downstream from State Highway
370 bridge).
M-39 610.5 A Missouri River downstream from Omaha STP
outfall (at power cable crossing).
OM-^0 611.5 C Composite sample of 7 parts Monroe St.
Sewer effluent and 1 part South Omaha
Sewer, Omaha, Nebraska (approximate river
mi-leage).
OM-^QA 611.5 C Omaha, Missouri River Sewage Treatment
Plant effluent (approximate river mileage)
172
-------
A-6
APPENDIX B-l
(Contd.)
STATION DESCRIPTIONS
(by Missouri River Mile)
MISSOURI RIVER BASIN SURVEYS
STATION
CB-UOB
M-Ul
M-U2
B-U3
M-UU
BA5
M-U6
M-U7
M-48
M-U8A
SC-U9
River'1)
Mile
61U.O
618.3
626.2
635.1
65^.6
66U.O
676.5
699.5
717. ^
718.3
729.0
Sample
Type
C
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
C
C
(2)
v ' DESCRIPTION
Council Bluffs Sewage Treatment Plant
effluent (approximate river mileage).
Missouri River at I.C. RR bridge.
Missouri River at Omaha Waterworks
Intake (0.3 miles downstream from
Highway 36 bridge).
Boyer River at I-?9 Highway bridge,
Iowa.'
Missouri River upstream from Blair,
Nebraska (at Tyson Boat Marina) .
Soldier River at I-?9 Highway bridge,
Iowa.
Missouri River at Upper Sioux Reach,
upper light.
Missouri River at Lighthouse Marina
(also called Don Ruth Marina - 6 mile
from Whiting, Iowa) .
Missouri River downstream from Sioux
STP outfall (at power cable crossing)
Iowa Power and Light Co. Power Plant.
Sioux City Sewage Treatment Plant eff
ent (approximate river mileage).
M-50 730.0 A Missouri River downstream from Floyd River
confluence - Sioux City, Iowa (at power
cable crossing).
- . 731 B Floyd River 0.1 miles upstream from the
confluence.
173
-------
A-7
APPENDIX B-l
(Contd.)
STATION DESCRIPTIONS
(by Missouri River Mile)
MISSOURI RIVER BASIN SURVEYS
STATION River
Mile
Sample
Type
DESCRIPTION
M-52A 732-8
BS-51 73^.0
M-52 736.0
Gavins
Pt. Dam 811.0
C Missouri River 0.5 miles upstream from
U.S. 73 Highway bridge.
A Big Sioux River upstream from confluence
(at 1-29 Highway bridge).
A Missouri River - 2 miles upstream from
Sioux River confluence.
Lewis and Clark Reservoir Dam upstream
from Yankton, South Dakota (Corps of
Engineers).
174
-------
APPENDIX B-2
DATA SUMMARY
175
-------
TABLB NO. B-l
Summary of 8- Si 2-Day Averages—'for Discrete Samples
MISSOURI RIVER
OCTOBER 7-18, 1968 SURVEY
STATION
River
Name Mileage
TEMPERATURE
•c
8- Day 2-Day
DISSOLVED
OXYGEN
mg/1
8-Day 2-Day
2-DAY BOD
mg/1
8-Day 2-Day
5-DAY BOD
mg/1
8-Day ?-Day
MISSOURI RIVER:
Gavins
Ft. Dam 811.0 -- -- -- -.-
M-52
M-50
M-U8
M-i»7
M-U6
H-14*
M-l*2
M-l*l
M-39
M-38
M-36
M-35
M-3i*
M-33
M-32
M-31
M-30
M-29
M-28
M-27
TRIBUTARIES
BS-5L,
S-Uj*'
B-l*3 w
PA-37*1/
P-37
736.0
730.0
717.1*
699.5
676.5
65U.6
626.2
618.3
610.5
601.3
591.2
580.9
559.7
5U6.7
525.1
507-5
1*88.3
1*69.0
1*52.3
1*1*0.3
:5/
73"*.0
66U.O
635.1
596.5
lU
ll*
ll*
15
15
15
ll*
ll*
ll*
15
15
15
ll*
15
15
15
15
15
16
16
ll*
_
ll*
16
10
10
11
12
11
13
12
11*
13
13
12
12
ll*
ll*
l!*
1U
15
15
16
15
11
10
10
10
11
9-5
9-1*
9-3
9.2
9.2
9-1
9-1
8.9
8.8
8.8
8.6
8.6
8.5
8.1*
8.6
8.6
8.3
8.6
8.6
8.7
12.0
9-9
8.2
9.2
10.0
9.7
9-1*
9.2
9.0
8.0
8.0
7.8
_
7.6
7.8
7.5
6.8
7.0
6.1
6.6
6.0
5.2
5.6
5.6
6.0
6.6
5-7
7*8
O.U
0.1*
0.8
0.8
0.7
0.8
1.1
1.2
3.6
1.9
1-9
1.8
1-3
1.7
1.3
1.3
1-9
2.1
1.8
1.6
I*. 6
1-3
5.0
1*.2
0.6
0.6
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.9
2.6
2.2
3-2
2.6
2.9
2.9
3.3
3.9
2.8.
2.5
2.6
3-0
-
2.9
3.U
5.2
8.1
55
3.8
0.9
1.1
1.5
1.6
1.1*
1.5
1.9
2.0
5.8
3-1*
3.1*
3-3
2.8
3.2
2.6
2.6
3.2
3.1*
3.0
3.0
9.1
2.3
9.2
7.9
1.2
1.2
1.6
1.8
1.8
i*.o
>*.9
1*.2
6.1
5-2
5."*
5.6
6.8
6.7
7.0
5.8
5.8
7.6
.
5.6
6.0
6.9
1U.O
127
8.2
PH
Units
8- Day P-Day
8.3^
8-3
8.3
8.3
8.3
8-3
8.3
8.2
8.2 •
8.3
8.6
8.2
8.1
8.3
8.3
8.2
8.2
8.2
8.2
8.3
8.2
8.1*
8.3
8.1
8.2
8.1*
8.3
8.3
8.3
8.3
8.2
8.2
8.2
8.1
8.1
8.1
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
7.8
7.8
8.0
7.8
8.0
7.8
7.8
7.7
ALKALINITY
Ca CO,
mg/13
8- Day ?-Day
1692/
166
165
167
171*
160
197
172
169
161*
168
167
168
169
170
165
170
173
163
171
2lU
255
251
158
160
160
160
151*
158
156
168
15"*
111*
11*7
151*
180
11*8
11*6
153
160
152
1>*5
158
11*3
177
li*9
17*
130
HARDNESS
Ca CO
8- Day 2- Day
**&
256
21*9
252
257
£51*
261*
237
263
25<*
250
21*9
272
262
256
258
253
258
261
251*
263
388
350
31*0
199
251*
275
258
258
251*
271
238
238
238
2U2
258
226
?l*6
21*6
258
258
2l*2
2U6
21*2
385
?1*6
21*2
181*
WASTE SOURCES:^
30-1*9,7
OM_ltO2/
CB-1*OB
729.0
611.5
6lU
_
-
-
_
.
-
_
-
-
_
_
-
152
551*
-
160
551
-
21*7
985
260
81*7
7.1*
7.3
8.0
7-7
1*12
2<*9
_
371*
225
1*39
263
31*1*
293
-------
TABLE BO. B^l
(contd)
Summary of 8- & 2-Day Averages-'for Discrete Samples
MISSOURI RIVER
OCTOBER 7-18, 1968 SURVEY
STATION
River
Name Mileage
TURBIDITY
Units
8-Day 2-Day
TOTAL
SUSP. SOLIDS
mg/1
8-Day 2-Day
TOTAL
DISSOL. SOLIDS
mg/1
8-Day 2-Day
SPEC. CONDUC.
fuabas/cm
at 25*C.
8-Day 2-Day
CHLORIDE
mg/1
8-Day 2-Day
SULFATE
mg/1
8-Day 2-nay
MISSOURI RIVER:
Gavins / / / /
Pt. Dam 811.0 . l**^ - 45=' - 474=' - 800^ - V& - y£&
M-52
M-50
M-48
M-47
M-46
M-44
M-42
M-41
M-39
J M-38
4 M-36
1 M-35
M-34
M-33
M-32
M-31
M-30
M-29
M-28
M-27
TRIBUTARIES
BS-51,,
S-45^
B-43 . ,
PA-37A— '
P-37
736.0
730.0
717.4
699-5
676.5
654.6
626.2
618.3
610.5
601.3
591.2
580.9
559.7
546.7
525.1
507.5
488.3
469.0
452.3
440.3
:^/
734.0
664.0
635.1
596.5
594.8 '
22
21
24
24
24
44
36
47
39
37
46
50
67
114
59
64
52
46
48
47
20
6
245
.
175
30
34
48
46
39
255
231
245
250
350
300
385
470
440
492
560
810
985
1120
1120
30
1670
1850
-
538
55
62
44
61
58
155
91
120
95
95
136
185
220
238
278
142
no
123
131
142
55
10
729
.
763
.
87
147
114
102
715
1020
740
850
998
1100
1340
1610
1780
1120
1310
1480
2550
2780
2890
71
3530
999
_
-
471
484
494
552
496
533
532
540
478
493
485
490
493
482
645
480
512
468
472
458
547
423
392
_
504
.
497
365
341
398
287
330
326
469
313
327
.
500
245
516
449
312
198
174
422 •
3670
2860
_
-
800
820 .
790
800
790
790
800
790
790
790
790
790
790
780
780
800
700
790
780
780
1040
660
700
_
810
750
880
720
730
740
720
680
710
680
770
770
64o
640
650
660
64o
600
580
600
600
900
340
400
_
620
11
12
12
11
12
12
13
12
13
16
15
15
19
17
20
18
22
21
17
17
45
13
45
69
13
14
14
15
13
19
13
17
17
17
18
18
27
27
32
28
16
21
20
21
52
13
22
_
69
203
214
209
191
210
199
185
180
216
210
187
172
164
187
220
209
194
166
170
186
169
40
78
_
68
21 £
245
188
245
212
188
182
158
172
170
198
330
185
180
128
162
145
165
130
142
26
37
7?
WASTE SOURCES:^'
on_i±Q
QM_ llQ~*J
^*n 1. «*n
729.0
611.5
/*i 1.
61
178
94
297
109
891
170
840
1330
1650
1020
1690
2230
2370
1900
2110
243
481
300
499
236
234
I4o
188
I/ 8-day average is for typical Fall weather, where total precipitation was 0.46" in Omaha-
2-day average is for extremely wet weather, where precipitation was 3.61.
2/ Average of two 5-day composite samples (Gavin* Pt. Dam only).
3/ Averages for 7 days of typical Fall and 3 days of extremely wet weather
4/ Average for 3 days of extremely wet weather.
2/ River Mileage refers to point where tributary or waste source enters Missouri River
Samples were collected on tributary or waste source upstream from confluence.
-------
TABLE HO. B-2
Summary of Averages for Discrete Samples
MISSOURI RIVER
OCTOBER 28-NOVSeER 8, 1968 SDHVET
STATION
River
Name Mileage
MISSOURI RIVER:
M-27,/ ^"*0.3
M-26=/p/ 1*22.6
M-25.5^'
M-25
M-2U
M-23
M-21
M-20
M-18
M-17
M-16
M-15
M-1U
M-12
M-10
M- 9
M- 8
M- 7
M- 6
M- 5
M- 3
M- 1
TRIBUTARIES:
KR-22
GR-13
C-ll
0-U
G-2
1*18.0
397-1*
38U. 9
376.5
365.6
359-3
31*5.1*
334.5
313.2
293.U
270.0
2l*1.2
235-1
221.0
197-2
179-0
162.0
139-0
118.0
98.0
$
367."*
250.0
238.8
130.0
10U.1*
TEMPERATURE
•c
9
10
9
9
10
9
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
12
12
11
11
9
13
12
DISSOLVED
OXYGEN
mg/1
9.8
9.7
9-6
9.5
9.6
9.7
9.6
9-7
9-1*
9.1*
9-2
9-3
9-1*
9-5
9.5
9-6
9-5
9-5
9-6
9-6
9.7
9.8
9.6
9-3
10. U
9.1*
9.7
2-DAY BOD
mg/1
1-5
1.1*
1.6
1.1*
1-5
1-5
1.7
l.U
1.1*
1.5
1-3
1-3
1.0
0.9
1.0
0.9
1.3
l.i*
1.2
1.2
2.1*
1-9
1.6
1.9
1.8
1.0
2.0
5-DAY BOD
mg/1
3.0
2.6
3.2
3.0
3-0
2-9
3-5
2.7
3.0
2.7
2.8
2.6
2.2
2.1
1.8
1.7
2.1*
2.1*
2.1*
2.1*
U.I
3-5
3.1
3-3
3.U
1.6
3-2
PH
Units
8.2
8.2
8.2
8.2
8.3
8.2
8.2
8.2
8.2
.8.2
8.2
8.2
8.2
8.2
8.2
8.2
8.1
8.2
8.2
8.2
8.2
8.1
8.2
8.1
8.2
8.1
8.2
ALKALINITY
asCa CO
179
181
179
179
186
179
180
181
180
181
181
180
176
177
17U
17U
17U
17U
171*
171*
161
162
182
182
168
112
167
HARDNESS
asCa CO..
mg/13
257
2U8
263
21*8
258
g6i
2U3
2^3
2l*2
2U6
2UU
2UU
237
239
2U1
2U2
250
25U
239
208
210
213
193
196
151*
179
WASTE SOURCES:-3^
K-19t|/
K-lgi/
367.20
356.9
19
_
-
H*7
127
277
171
7.6
7.2
301
188
292
229
-------
TABLE NO. B-2
(contd)
Summary of Averages for Discrete Samples
MISSOURI RIVER
OCTOBER 26-NOVEMBER 8, 1968 SURVEY
STATION
River
Name Mileage
MISSOURI RIVER:
M-27,/ 1*1*0.3
M-26=/_, 1*22.6
M-25. 5— '
M-25
M-SU
M-23
M-21
M-20
M-18
j M-17
1 M-16
1 M-15
M-ll*
M-12
M-10
M- 9
M- 8
M- 7
M- 6
M- 5
M- 3
M- 1
TRIBUTARIES
KS-22
GR-13
C-ll
0- 1*
G- 2
1*18.0
397.1*
381*. 9
370.5
365.6
359-3
31*5. 1*
33U. 5
313.2
293.U
E70.0
21*1.2
235.1
221.0
197.2
179.0
162.0
139.0
118.0
98.0
•2
367.1*
250.0
238.8
130.0
10l*.U
TURBIDITY
Units
55
61
53
58
60
61
102
86
99
100
101
103
71
71*
73
72
75
79
81
8l
68
78
135
31
36
28
31*
' TOTAL
SUSP. SOLIDS
mg/1
161
200
11*1
165
165
173
202
£01*
19U
188
2ll*
213
229
227
238
215
276
257
297
265
250
241
281*
59
51*
55
66
TOTAL
DISSOL. SOLIDS
mg/1
1*85
1*90
1*96
1*91*
50l*
1*97
i*6i*
1*68
1*71
1*69
1*59
1*52
1*66
1*66
1*1*5
1*58
1*1*8
1*1*6
1*31*
1*1*9
373
375
312
266
285
171*
191*
SPEC. COHDUC.
^mhos/cm
at 25 "C.
71:
7?o
710
7-C
. . TIC
t70
680
680
680
680
670
680
68c
670
690
680
£80
670
660
580
570
500
1>50
1*70
r-90
330
CHLORIDE
mg/1
17
16
16
16
16
17
20
18
19
18
19
18
19
19
19
19
. 19
19
19
19
17
16
29
12
10
5
1*
SULFATE
mg/1
171*
203
192
191*
P01
198
176
190
190
186
179
188
151*
156
153
151*
152
150
152
152
122
113
103
1*1
63
22
5
WASTE SOURCES:-^/ .
K"19i/
K-19-
367.20
356.9
&r
61*
265
87
7M
656
l?6o
91*0
123
85
Al
229
I/ Result for 5 discrete samples, 10/28 - 11/1/68.
2/ Result for 5 discrete samples, ll/l* - 11/8/68.
3/ River Mileage refers to point where tributary or waste source
enters Missouri River. Sanples were collected on tributary
or waste source upstream from confluence.
-------
TABLE NO. B-3
Summary of Averages for Discrete Samples
MISSOURI RIVER
January 20-February 2, 1969
00
O
STATION
River
Name Mileage
TEMPERATURE
•c
DISSOLVED
OXYGEN
mg/1
2-DAY BOD
mg/1
5-DAY BOD
mg/1
PH
Units
ALKALINITY
Ca CO,
«g/l3
MISSOURI RIVER:
Gavins ,
Pt. Dani/
M-52A
M-U8A
M-U7
M-U2
M-38
M-35
M-3l*
M-32,
M-30^
M-28
M-27
M-26A
M-23
M-20A
M-18
M-17
M-15
M-ll*
M-12
M-9A
M-7A
M-5A
M-l
811.0
732.8
718.3
699.5
626.2
601.3
580.9
559.7
525.1
1*88.3
<*52.3
1*1*0.3
1*22.5
370.5
358.3
3*5. U
33"*.5
293A
270.0
21*1.2
219.2
17"*. 8
132.0
98.0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
2
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
12.7
12.6
12.7
13.2
12.8
12.5
10.6
9.1*
9.1
9.6
10.0
10.3
11.0
11.2
11.3
11.2
11.2
11.3
11.2
10.7
11.0
10.7
11.8
O.U
0.8
1.0
0.8
2.2
1-7
1.1
1.1
1.7
1.5
1.3
1.6
2.2
2.7
2.1
3.1
2.7
2.5
2.8
3.2
3.0
7.7
2.3
1.1
1.6
2.0
1.1*
3.6
2.7
1.9
2.2
3.0
2,9
3.5
i*.o
5.1
l*. 3
5-1*
5.3
5.1
5.0
> 5.5
> 5.6
> 10.9
"».3
8.1
8.1
8.1
8.1
8.1
8.0
8.0
7-9
7.8
7-8
7.8
7.8
8.0
7-9
7-9
7.9
7.9
7-9
7.8
7-7
7.6
7.6
7-7
175
171*
176
19?
187
188
185
182
165
17U
175
176
17!*
181
183
183
186
179
178
ll*l*
132
136
116
TRIBUTARIES:^/
PA-37A
P-37
596.5
59"*.8
tl
1
0
3-9
10.0
1*1
1.1
81*
2.1
7.8
7.9
289
181
HAOTE SOURCES:^
SC.U9
CB-UOB— 'i
OM-UOA^
K-19fc/
729.0
6lU
611.5
367.19
356.9
17
_
_
.
-
_
.
_
.
-
207
172
l£2
71
88
31*0
335
256
123
136
7-6
7.3
7-9
7-1*
1*72
213
208
158
206
-------
TABLE HO. B-3
(cdntd)
Summary of Averages for Discrete Samples
MISSOURI RIVER
January 20-February 2, 1969
STATION
River
Name Mileage
TURBIDITY
Units
TOTAL
SUSP. SOLIDS
mg/1
TOTAL
DISSOL. SOLIDS
rag/1
SPEC. CONDUC.
|unhos/cm
at 25*C.
CHLORIDE
mg/1
SULFATE
rag/1
MISSOURI RIVER:
Gavins .
Pt. Dami/
M-52A
M-48A
M-47
M-42
M-38
M-35
M-34
M-32-,
M-30^'
M-28
M-27
3 M-26A
J M-23
M-2OA
M-18
M-17
M-15
M-14
M-12
M-9A
M-7A
M-5A
M-l
811.0
732.8
718.3
699.5
626.2
601.3
580.9
559.7
525.1
488.3
452.3
440.3
422.5
370.5
358.3
345.4
334.5
293.4
270.0
241.2
219.2
174.8
132.0
98.0
1.5
19
10
9
9
8
8
7
6
17
12
12
16
29
35
4i
44
60
70
66
144
211
219
138
1.5
48
23
18
25
17
17
12
9
27
28
29
42
73
91
115
102
141
233
197
423
596
543
331
518
546
553
554
629
570
653
525
527
486
510
517
506
485
489
491
494
496
480
489
403
337
371
254
-
600
SiO
?C "
. 86&
3 1C
790
76c
-5C
710
740
730
jltC
7 30
73C
I'-O
730
7 O
710
680
560
48o
5X)
360
11
12
13
14
15
16
18
?5
?F
??
23
23
?3
2?
25
26
27
27
28
26
20
17
19
9
206
?14
213
PI'*
P24
221
206
175
173
170
177
179
175
185
178
16?
173
181
173
150
120
95
109
55
TRIBUTARIES:-^
PA-37A
P-37
596.5
594.8
41
16
100
32
646
455
1000
700
106
56
80
81
WASTE SOURCES:^/
SC— 49
CB-40B=y
K-19|p
729.0
6l4
611.5
367.19
356.9
55
55
52
40
.50
130
99
91
58
78
1482
908
1132
1428
836
:-7TO
I3?t>
1650
1230
334
113
291
538
145
200
242
238
232
217
i/ Result for the average of two 5-
-------
TABLE »0. B->>
Sumaary of Bacterial Densities
MISSOURI SIVE3
October 7-18, 1968 Survey
STATION
River
Name Mileage
Time -of -Water"1
Travel
Hours
• /
7 Norml
8-Day
Mean
TOTAL COLirORM BACTERIA
MPB/100 «1
Upper
80* Conf.
Limit
Lover
80* Conf.
Limit
Wet
2-Day
Mean
Normal
8-Day
Hear.
FECAL COLOTOH BACTERIA
MPN/100 ml
Upper
80* Conf.
Limit
Lower
80* Conf.
Limit
Fl
wet „
8-Day
Mean
MISSOURI RIVER:
Gavins 811.0 - 250= - - - < 1S5= -
fl. Dam
M-58
M-50
M-W
M-1.7
M-li6
M-l.ll
M-1.8
M-lll
M-39
M-38
00 M-36
ro
' M-35
M-3">
M-33
M-32
M-31
M-30
M-29
M-28
M-27
736.0
730.0
717.1.
699.5
676.5
651.. 6
626.2
618.3
610.5
601.3
591.2
580.9
559-7
5U6.7
585-1
507.5
1188.3
i.69.0
1.52.3
UW.3
- 1.6
0.5
5.2
11.3
18.8
85.8
3*1.7
37-3
39-3
111. 6
W..2
Ii7.3
53.8
57.7
6U.7
70.6
77.1
83-9
89.8
93.6
1,380
2,1.50
62,800
57,100
53,000
39,500
52,300
1.6,600
yj&,koo
165,200
1711,200
130,liOO
166,800
189,1.00
100,1.00
133,800
15MOO
11.7,800
57,700
65,300
3,9"lO
6,050
22li,llOO
197,200
178,000
91,1.00
192,900
223,100
708,000
1.21,800
306,200
1.95,600
!»7l»,UOO
377,600
232,900
29l.,500
6lll,000
392,700
852,900
168,900
1.90
970
17,600
16,500
15,800
17,100
ll>, 200
9,750
92,800
6I..700
99,100
3li,300
58,600
9U.900
1.3,300
60,800
38,800
55,600
13,200
85,300
7l.,SOO
71., 800
265,000
230,000
213,000
852,000
111!., 000
802,000
330,000
Ii60,000
790,000
790,000
1,1>»0,000
> 757,000
767,000
838,000
-
-
855,000
790,000
?SO
2Uo
H, 300
26,600
18,900
9,030
3, 350
11,500
61,200
1.5,200
53,500
38,UOO
50,8oo
38,500
19,000
56,000
56,1.00
Ik, 600
6,U8o
11,800
710
1,080
1.8,900
109,500
77,900
50,600
3l.,100
311,600
l6li,600
96,liOO
107,600
IQlt.llX)
150,000
82,1.00
50,1.00
70,200
126,100
73..I.OO
56,900
86,200
70
60
If, 510
6,1.60
i,590
1,610
8,030
3,630
28,800
81,200
56,600
111, 200
17,500
18,000
, 7,130
11,200
6,310
7.900
1,560
5,320
30,300
1.7,000
116,000
108,000
11.9,000
578,000
207,000
207,000
230,000
330,000
1.90,000
330,000
1,150,000
1.60,000
352,000
1.35,000
-
-
835,000
330,000
!CAL COLD-ORM BACTERIA
^rSr0™0^8"
8-Day 2-Day
< 50.0
15-9
9.9
if. 8
1.6.6
35-7
ff.9
15-9
A.O
23.9
57.1"
30.7
29.1.
30.1.
50.3
18.9
51.0
18.1.
9.9
11. 7
18.1
1.0.5
68.8
1.3.8
1.7.0 '
70.0
38.6
50.0
25.8
69.7
71.7
6?.o
1.1.8
77.8
< 63-3
<"5.9
51.9
-
-
57. P
1.1.8
TRIBUTARIES:
BS-51
S-li5
B-113
PA-3TA
P-37
73*. 0
66li.O
635.1
596.5
5911.8
- 0.8
28.5
31.6
1.3.0
1.3.3
1,130
111, 700
llli.liOO
-
87,700
6,730
96,100
1,011,000
-
859,800
190
8,850
12,900
-
8,950
17,000
8,1.00,000
> 2,000,000
16,000,000^
680,000
110
I., 000
80,500
-
11,200
1*0
63,100
376,700
-
88,700
30
suo
1,110
-
1,500
It, 000
8,000,000
1,500,000
11,000,000^'
890,000
9-7
27.8
17.9
-
kO.l
?3.5
83.3
< 75.0
68.8
U6.8
WASTE SOURCES:-'
SC-U9
CB-lUB
OM-to
729.0
6H..O
611.5
0.7
38.1.
39-1 .
75,200,000
160,000, ooo^'
18,600,000
151,500,000
-
118,500,000
37,300,000
-
8,160,000
i9,000,000
-
30,000,000
20,200,000
35,ooo,ooo2/
7,760,000
53,300,000
-
19,100,000
7,680,000
-
3,100,000
1.9,000,000
-
11,000,000
86.9
81.9
1.1.7
100.0
-
36.7
I/ Average of two discrete samples.
2/ Average for 3 aampleB irtilcb were Influenced by extremely wet weather.
3/ Single sanple during noival weather period.
£/ River Mileage refers to point vhere tributary or waste source eaters Missouri River.
Sables vere collected on tributary or waste source upstream fron confluence.
<2J Tlae-oT-water travel froa USGS Gage at Sioux City, Iowa.
-------
TABLE HO. B-5
Summary of Bacterial Densities
MISSOURI RIVER
October SB-November 8, 1968 Survey
STATION
River
Name Mileage
MISSOURI RIVER:
M-27 UU0.3
M-2oi/ U22.6
M-25. $ U18.0
M-25 397-U
M-2lt 38U.9
M-23 370.5
M-21 ' 365.6
M-20 359-3
M-18 3U5.lt
M-17 33U.5
M-l6 313.2
M-15 293. U
M-lU 270.0
M-12 2U1.2
M-10 235.1
M- 9 221.0
M- 8 197.2
M- 7 179.0
M- 6 162.0
M- 5 139-0
M- 3 118.0
M- 1 98.0
TRIBUTARIES:-^
KR-22 367. U
0)1-13 250.0
C-ll 238.8
0- It 130.0
G- 2 10U.U
WASTE SOURCES:^
K-19A 367 . 2
K-19 356.9
I/ Uesults for five
2/ Uesults for five
TOTAL COIJTORM BACTERIA
TiBe-of-Watei*^ MPN/100 ml
Travel
Hours
2.3
7.7
9-3
16.3
20. U
25.2
26.6
?8.8
33-5
37-3
UU.7
51.6
60.2
71.1
73.5
78.7
88.1
9'i.lt
100.lt
108.5
116 It
12H.7
26.2
67.8
71.9
112.1
121.5
26.2
29.6
Geom.
Mean
67,000
37,000
65,000
82,000
6lt,000
77,000
88,000
79,ooo
189,000
150, ooo
119,000
77,000
119,000
88,000
67,000
80,000
65,000
39,000
Ult,000
111, 000
36,000
15,000
116,000
It, 000
> 10,700
5,000
2,600
Upper 80$
Conf .Limit
183, Uoo
51,900
125,900
164,000
12lt,200
208, 300
151,000
169,800
537,300
382,700
Ul2, 100
173,600
221, 900
1UO,900
1U9, 600
206, 300
106,700
72,800
10't,900
87,500
6U,UOO
35,000
315, fOO
36,900
> 110,600
61,300
39,300
46, 000, 000 88,200,000
116,000,000
discrete samples, 10/28
discrete samples, 11/lt
59,000,000
- 11/1/68.
- 11/8/68.
Lower 80$
Conf .Limit
24,700 •
27,000
33,600
Ul, 100
33, 300
28,500
51,300
36,900
66,700
57, ?oo
3U, 200
3"»,100
6U,200
5U.600
30,000
31,200
39,800
20,700
18,200
19,500
20, ItOO
6,100
U2,900
U30
> 1,030
lilO
170
2U, UOO, 000
36,100,000
FECAL COLIFORM BACTERIA
MPN/100 ml
Geom.
Mean
8,100
11,000
7,300
11,000
7,500
6,500
lU.OOO
19,000
15,000
18, 000
18,000
10,000
15,000
10,000
12,000
3,900
7,000
5,700
5,000
5, ItOO
it, 700
3,800
6,800
< U60
2, 3UO
. 1,100
570
9,700,000
It, 500, 000
Upper 80$
Conf .Limit
19, It 00
18, UOO
21,ltOO
25,100
13,500
12,900
' 33,300
7U,POO
33,200
29,500
35,800
2U,UOO
55,100
25, UOO
28,000
29,200
12,800
23,900
12, UOO
12,700
13,700
9,250
1?,600
< 6,U70
2P, UOO
l't,500
10,700
21,300,000
7,360,000
Lower 80$
Conf .Limit
3,390
6,270
2,510
U,UUo
U,220
3,300
5,780
U,76o
7,f»
10,600
9, 170
u.seo
'1,200
U.260
5,570
2;700
3,800
1,350
2,000
2,300
1,580
1,570
3,700
< 30
2Uo
80
30
U, 390, 000
2,810,000
Fecal Coliform Bacteria
ai a % of
Total Coliform Bacteria
12.1
29.7
11.2
13. 1»
11.7
8.U
15-9
FU.O
7-9
12.0
15-1
13.0
12.6
11. U
17 9
11.1
10.8
1U.6
11. U
13.2
13.1
25-3
5-9
< 11.5
< 21.9
22.0
21.9
21.;
9.8
3/ Hirer Mileage refers to point where tributary or waste source enters the Missouri River.
Samples were collected on tributary or waste source upstream from confluence.
Uy Time-of-water travel from USGS Gage at St. Joseph, Missouri.
183
-------
TABLE NO. B-6
Summary of Bacterial Densities
MISSOURI RIVER
January 20-February ?, 19^9 Survey
STATION
River
Hame Mileage
MISSOURI RIVES:
Gavins 1 ,
Ft. Domi' 811.0
M-52A 732.8
M-48A 718.3
M-47 699.5
M-42 626.2
M-38 601.3
M-35 580.9
M-34 559-7
M-32 525.1
M-30? 488.3
M-28 452-3
M-27 440-3
K-26A 422-5
»-23 370.5
M-20A 358.3
M-lS 345. 4
M-17 334.5
M-15 293.4
M-14 270.0
M-12 241.2
M-9A 219.2
M-7A 174.8
M-5A 132-0
M-l 98.0
TRIBUTARIES:^
PA-37A 596-5
p- 37 594.8
WASTE SOURCES:^'
SC-49 729-0
CB-4osi' 614.0
OM-40A5/ 611.5
K-19BS/ 367-2
K-19^ 356-9
TOTAL COUFORH BACTERIA
MM/100 ml
Geom.
Mean
< 30
1,040
44,300
39,000
10,100
53,800
45.100
21,600
7,280
95,200
15,800
17,300
51,500
37,400
136, 500
87,400
128,000
150,300
140,500
87,300
70,000
129,500
73,400
42,800
4,040,000
36,000
19,460,000
22,540,000
11,180,000
8,940,000
40,440,000
I/ Result for two discrete saopL
£/ Remit for 5 discrete saoples
Upper W,
Conf. Limit
_
2,200
98,900
93,200
88.300
125,400
113,900
41, 600
37,300
161,600
158,800
201,400
177-.900
251,200
374,700
297,400
477,700
342,500
942,300
323,600
265,400
736,100
191,500
110,200
9,570,000
143,600
57,930,000
42,190,000
33,730,000
26,630,000
111,980,000
Lover BOH
Conf. Limit
-
50:
19,800
15,400
1,160
23.100
17,300
11,200
1,420
56,100
1,580
l,i'So
14,900
5,560
49,700
25,700
34,300
66,000
20,900
23,600
17, £00
2?, 8OO
28, £00
16,600
1,710,000
9,000
6,540,000
12,040,000
3,700,000
3,000,000
14,610,000
Geom.
Mean
< 20
3M
li..roo
15,300
4,910
14,200
19,100
9,510
1,930
5.83C
2,830
3,760
18,900
8,320
13,600
f4,EOO
23,900
19,500
19,700
5,560
7,520
5,970
4,700
3,380
591,200
lfl,700
5,150,000
4,330,000
3,000,000
2,760,000
7,930,000
FECAL COIJFORM BACTERIA
MPB/100 ml
Upper BOJ
Conf .Limit
-
550
•*.ya
vS.300
£-J,£(JO
j4,800
45.900
21,800
7,600
18.300
15,900
22,300
41,600
36,000
56,700
94,900
56.600
43,000
94.500
13,600
15,600
16,300
If, 900.
6,290
1,130,000
60,600
20,000,000
9,630,000
14,990,000
5,220,000
12,340,000
Lover tiO%
Conf .Limit
-
130
3,780
i.yyo
810
5,830
7,950
4,150
520
1,860
500
6EO
8,-6oO
1,9»
6,100
6,190
10,100
3.870
4,110
f.reo
3,£K>
2,190
1,710
1,820
310, 100
5,750
1,330,000
1,950,000
600,300
1,460,000
5,100,000
FECAL STREPTOCOCCI BACTERIA
XPH/100 ml
Geom.
Mean
20
r;o
It. 500
31.700
5,9-0
61, 100
37,700
16,300
5.9^0
17,300
5,590
5,960
l£,6oo
15,000
2T.OOO
?5,700
«:-,6oo
TO, 900
18.500
11.200
16,200
35,000
re. 500
15,900
534,200
8,060
8,760,000
1,320,000
16,650,000
5,050,000
7,880,000
Upper BOJ
Conf. Limit
.
-
470
y-.ibO
ir1. .800
53,700
119, 500
105.400
43,300
47.400
51,500
57,200
46,800
53,400
69,500
•'I, Sao
95, 300
£9,100
69,300
62.600
4f,500
•^,200
14f,400
76,600
64,600
1,570,000
63,500
37,670,000
2,930,000
62,120,000
11,310,000
49,790,000
lOTer UOjk
Conf .Limit
100
a. Boo
8,030
650
31,200
13,500
6,130
740
5,340
550
760
5,170
3,220
6,530
6,920
•10,200
6.300
5,^50
F.950
3,fO
8,590
1,730
3,940
ie?,ioo
1,020
2,040,000
597,000
4,463,000
f, ?6o,ooo
1,750,000
Fecal Coll. Bact.
u a % of
Tot. Coll. Bact.
-
30.3
'5.3
39- 2
43. €
T6.4
4r.4
44.0
27.?
6.1
17.9
21.7
36.7
r?.?
13.6
27.7
13.7
13.0
1U.O
6.4
10.7
4.£
6 .4
T-9
14.6
51.9
26.5
19. P
?6.8
30.9
19.6
RATIO
Fecal Coll. Bact.
Fecal Strec. Bact.
-
1>5
0.63
0.48
0.83
0.?3
0.51
0.58
0.33
0.34
0.51
0.63
1.14
0.55
0.34
0.94
0.90
0.93
1.06
0.50
0.46
0.17
0."
o.n.
1.11
'•V
0.59
3-23
O.lS
0. c=-
1.01
es, 1/24 and 1/31/69-
, V20 - 1/24/69-
Samples were collected on tributary or waste source upstream from confluence.
k/ Results for 5 discrete wuupXeo, 1/?T - 1/31/69-
-------
TABU NO. B-7
Summary of 5-Day Composite Samples
MISSOURI RIVER
October 7-18, 1968 Survey
STATION
River
Nane Mileage
00
tn
MISSOURI
GavinB i
Ft. Dami'
M-52
M-50
M-U8
M-u7
M-lt6
M-Uk
M-U2
M-141
M-39
M-38
M-36_
M-35
M-3k
M-33
M-32
M-31
M-30
M-29
M-28
3 TVER:
811.0
736.0
730.0
717. U
699.5
676.5
651.. 6
626.2
618.3
610.5
601.3
591.2
580.9
559-7
5k6.7
525.1
507.5
U88.3
U69.0
U52.3
M-27 UkO.3
TRIBUTARIES:^
BS-51
S-U5
B-U3
PA-37A
73|t.O
66U.O
635.1
596.5
P-37 5*. 8
WASTE SOURCES:^
SC-U9
OM-UO
CB-kOB
729.0
611.5
61*
TOT. PHOSPHORUS
mg/1
Normal Wet
5-Day 5-Day
O.OU
0.05
0.07
0.07
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.12
0.20
0.2U
O.S>
0.30
0.29
0.25
0.27
0.28
0.27
0.26
0.33
0.26
0.25
0.29
0.17
a. 10
-
0.80
10.6
11. U
-
0.03
0.07
0.11
0.11
0.15
0.12
0.5k
O.U9
O.Uo
0.37
0.35
0.35
0.38
0.70
0.73
0.60
0.58
0.73
0.92
0.60
0.56
0.32
3.00
2.85
-
1.50
9.60
12.0
-
NlUas u
mg/1
Kormal Wet
5-Day 5-Day
0.08
0.09
0.20
< 0.01
0.20
0.15
0.24
0.07
0.12
0.17
0.09
X07
O.Ik
0.19
0.13
0.13
0.1*
0.25
0.17
0.18
0.19
0.39
0.10
0.6k
-
O.U3
66.80
36.8
-
0.06
0.12
0.16
0.20
0.23
0.18
0.2?
0.19
0.17
0.22
0.15
O.l<7
0.52
0.51
1.13
1.55
0.18
0.2S
0.28
0.21
0.27
0.62
0.72
0.52
-
0.59
60.00
39.8
-
NO^ as N
Wi
Normal Wet
5-Day 5-Day
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
O.U
0.3
0.3
O.U
0.3
O.I*
0.3
0.3
0.1*
0.1*
0.2
0.5
3.0
-
0.5
< 0.1
0.5
-
0.3
0.1*
0.2
0.2
0.3
0.2
O.U
O.U
o.u
O.U
o.u
o.u
o.u
0.6
0.6
0.5
0.6
0.7
1.0
0.7
0.6
1.3
1.6
3-5
-
0.5
< 0.1
< 0.1
-
ORC. N as N
ng/1
Normal Wet
5-Day 5-Day
O.U
1.2
1.0
0.7
0.8
0.9
0.6
0.9
0.8
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.2
1.0
l.U
1.9
1.5
1.0
1.1
2.3
?-T
. 1.9
0.7
5.7
-
2.1
12.0
30.0
-
0.2
O.U
o.u
0.6
0.6
0.7
1.5
1.3
2.0
1.5
1.1
1.5
1.1
2.9
2.2
1.9
1.8
2.0
2.8
1.6
1.3
1.2
7.U
U.9
-
3.k
13.7
160
-
TOT. NITROGEN
mg/1
Normal Wet
5-Day 5-Day
0.7
1.5
l.U
0.9
1.2
1.?
1.1
1-3
1.2
1.3
1.3
1.5
1.6
1.5
1.9
2.3
2.0
1.6
1.6
2.9
3.3
2.5
1.3
9.3
-
3.0
78.8
67.2
-
0.6
0.9
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.1
2.2
1.9
2.6
2.1
1.6
2.U
2.0
u.o
3.9
u.o
?.6
3.0
U.I
2.5
2.2
3.1
9.7
8.9
-
U.5
73.8
199.8
-
TOT. ORG. CARBON
mg/1
Normal Wet
5-Day 5-Day
5
5
6
135
6
6
5
6
8
8
7
9
9
3
9
8
7
9
9
7
8
13
5
1*0
-
19
97
212
_
6
5
6
7
7
5
13
10
9
10
10
11
10
21
18
16
16
19
PU
16
1U
9
56
37
-
23
82
278
_
Ca Mg
mg/1 mg/1
Avg. of Two Avg. of Two
5-Day Samples 5-Day Samples
66i/ ?li/
69 20
70 ?0
70 PO
68 ??
67 x
68 2P
65 20
92 6
68 20
68 20
63 p?
70 !=3
68 20
70 PO
66 ?2
66 22
68 22
68 21
69 . 20
72 19
9U 37 '
72 3?
72 36
61 ll
113 3k
70 21
_
I/ 5-Day Composite for typical Fall weather period 10/7-11/68.
2/ 3iver Mileage refers to point where tributary or waste source enters Missouri
Samples were collected on tributary or vaste source upstreao from confluence.
-------
TABLE NO. B-8
Average of Two 5-Day Composite Sampler
MISSOURI RIVER
October 86-Roveaber 8, 1968 Survey
STATION
River
Name Mileage
TOTAL
PHOSPHORUS
a« p
ma/1
NH as N
mg/1
NO as N
mg/1
ORGANIC
N as N
TOTAL
NITROGEN
mg/1
TOTAL
ORGANIC
CARBON
mg/1
Ca
mg/1
Kg
mg/1
MISSOURI RIVER:
M-27
M-26i/
M-85.5^
M-25
M-8k
M-83
M-21
M-80
M-18
M-17
M-16
M-15
M-lk
M-18
M-10
M- 9
M- 8
M- 7
M- 6
M- 5
M- 3
M- 1
TRIBUTARIES
KR-22
GR-13
C-ll
0- k
G- 2
kko.3
k88.6
kl8.0
39T.k
38k. 9
370.5
365.6
359-3
3k5.k
33k. 5
313-8
293- k
870.0
2kl.2
835.1
221.0
197.2
179-0
168.0
139-0
118.0
98.0
&
367. k
850.0
838.8
130.0
10k. k
0.85
0.88
0.25
0.87
0.31
0.32
0.62
0.32
0.36
0.3k
0.35
0.36
0.3k
0.31
0.38
O.kO
O.kO
0.38
0.38
0.38
0.30
0.30
O.k6
0.16
0.22
0.08
0.11
0.16
< 0.01
0.11
0.12
0.12
0.12
0.19
0.20
0.23
0.2k
0.26
0.28
0.18
0.18
0.10
0.10
0.16
0.16
0.16
O.Ik
0.09
0.10
0.83
0.05
0.09
0.10
0.0k
1.0
l.k
1.0
1.1
1.0
1.1
1.0
1.1
1.1
1.8
1.8
1.2
1.2
1.2
1-3
1-3
1-3
1.2
1.2
0.8
1.0
1.0
1.8
< 0.1
. 0.8
O.k
0.2
0.6
0.5
0.6
0.8
0.6
0.6
0.9
' 0.8
0.7
0.8
0.7
0.8
0.7
0.9
0.9
0.8
0.8
1.7
0.9
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.38
0.6
O.k
O.k
1.8
1-9
1.7
2.0
1.7
1.8
8.1
8.1
2.0
8.2
2.2
2.8
8.0
8.8
8.3
8.8
2.3
3-1
2.3
1.7
1-9
1.9
8.8
0.5
0.9
0.90
0.6k
9
8
9
9
8
9
10
10
11
10
9
10
9
8
10
9
10
9
8
9
8
10
11
8
9
6
5
.
-
-
-
69
78
67
67
68
-
-
-
66
66
Chf
63
66
71
62
6k
56
56
-
60
59
k6
38
-
-
-
-
21
20
18
18
88
-
-
-
»
18
19
20
18
18
20
18
16
17
-
10
12
10
20
WASTE SOURCES:-^
K-19*2/
K-19^
367.20
356.9
12.0
9.75
33.0
26.2
1.2
< 0.1
9-5
6.2
k3.7
38.6
82
k9
-
-
- -
.
I/ Result of one 5-Day Composite for 10/26 - 11/1/68.
Kj Result of one 5-Day Composite for 11/k - 11/8/68.
_3_/ River Mileage refers to point where tributary or
vaste source enters Missouri River.
Samples were collected on tributary or vaste source upstream from confluence.
186
-------
TABLE NO. B-9
Average of Two 5-Day Composite Samples
MISSOURI RIVER
January 20-Fefcruary 2. 19^9 Survey
STATION
River
Nans Mileage
TOTAL
PHOSPHORUS
as P
mg/1
mg/1
N03asN
ORGANIC
N as N
mg/1
TOTAL
NITROGEN
mg/1
TOTAL SPECIFIC
ORGANIC CONDUC.
CARBON |imhn B / CB1
mg/1 at 25' C.
MISSOURI RIVER:
Otvlai
Ft. Dam 811.0 - -
M-5»
M-U8A
M-U7
M-U8 •
M-38
M-35
M-3U
M-38
M-3oi/
M-88
M-87
M-26A
M-23
M-20A
M-18
M-17
M-15
M-lU
M-12
M- QA
M- 7A
M- 5A
732.8
718.3
699.5
686.8
601.3
580.9
559-7
525.1
U88.3
U52.3
UUo.3
U82.5
370.5
358.3
3U5.U
33U.5
293-U
870.0
2U1.8
819.8
17U.8
132.0
M- 1 98.0
TRIBUTARIES:^'
PA-37A
596.5
P-37 59U.8
WASTE SOURCES:^/
SC-Ug
OM-UOAi/
K-1S»2/
K-19i/
729.0
6lU
367.19
356.9
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
6.
0.
.01*
.06
.05
.06
.10
.13
.19
.18
.20
• 30
.20
.22
.2U
.30
.28
• 38
.58
.uo
.36
.UU
.5U
.56
.3U
.U5
• 38
1U.8
16.5
6.90
5.55
8.70
O.lU
0.87
0.37
0.3U
O.UO
O.U8
0.63
0.75
0.75
0.8l
0.78
0.88
0.75
0.87
0.88
0.80
0.9U
0.88
0.78
0.7U
0.60
0.6U
0.31
27.0
O.Ul
59-2
U5.0
20.2
19-5
85.5
o.u
0.6
O.U
o.u
0.6
o.u
0.6
0.6
0.5
0.6
O.U
0.7
0.7
0.6
0.9
0.8
0.8
0.7
0.8
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.8
1.0
0.8
< 0.01
0.03
0.7
0.3
0.07
1.2
0.6
0.6
0.8
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.9
1.2
1.0
1.2
1.6
1.1
1.8
1.6
1.8
1.8
l.U
3-8
0.6
1U
18
5.9
U.6
U.8
1.8
2.2
1.3
'l.U
1.6
1.6
1.8
2.0
8.1
2.2
2.0
2.U
2.U
8.7
8.8
8.7
3.3
8.6
2.8
3.3
3-1
3-8
8.U
31.8
1-9
73.8
57.0
86.8
2U.U
30. U
5
U
U
6
6
6
U
6
6
6
6
7
7
8
8
8
18
9
10
18
13
16
10
82
5
65
61
30
28
31
700
800
790
780
860
790
800
750
750
690
7?0
710
7=0
700
710
710
700
700
700
690
550
U90
5*3
360
990
690
8,880
1,380
1,580
8,360
1,220
C*
mg/1
UO
Ul
uo
uo
UU
U8
U2
UO
uo
38
Ul
Ul
39
Uo
Ul
uo
uo
uo
uo
37
30
85
26
83
U3
86
58
18
38
U2
U5
A
81
23
83
23
25
21*
2U
20
21
19
20
80
20
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
16
1U
15
1U
22
1U
36
12
22-
10
1U
I/ Result of one 5-Day Composite for I/20 - 1/2U/69.
!r "
Result of one 5-Day Composite for 1/87 - 1/31/69.
River Mileage refers to point where tributary or
vaate source enters Missouri River.
Samples were collected on tributary or waste source upstream from confluence.
187
-------
TABLE NO. B-10
Suamary of Soluble Metals
Average of Two 5-Day Composite Samples
H1SSOUHI HIVEK
Octooer 7-16, lyob Survey
STATION
Kiver
name Mileage
MISSOUrU
• avins
Ft. Dam
_, M-;>2
00
00 M-50
M-40
H-nk
M-42
M-3V
M-38
M-36
M-33
M-20
M-27
HIVErt:
811.0
(30.0
730. u
717- ^ '
654.0
626.2
6lOo
OO1.3
591.»
y*°.l
*52.3
Mto.3
Ba Cd Fe
mg/1 mg/1 mj/i
< l.O^/ < 0.00i/ < O.JO^
< 1.0 < 0.08 < 0-3O
< 1.0 < O.02 < 0.30
-
< 1.0 < 0.02 < 0.30
< 1.0 < 0.02 < O.U5
< 1.0 < 0.02 < 0.30
-
< 1.0 < 0.02 < 0.30
< 1.0 0.02 < 0.3O
< 1.0 < 0.02 < 0.03
Mn
mg/1
< 0.05^
< O.05
< 0.0?
-
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
-
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
Cr
mg/1
< O.oji'
< 0.05
< 0.05
-
< 0.05
< O.O5
< 0.05
-
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
As Cu
mg/1 mg/1
< U.01 < O.Oji/
< O.O1 < o.Uj
< 0.01 < 0.05
-
< 0.01 < 0.05
< o.oi < 0.05
< o.oi < 0.05
-
< 0.01 < U.05
< o.oi < 0.05
< 0.01 < 0.05
Po Hi Zu B Na K
mg/1 mg/1 mg/1 mg/1 mg/1 mg/1
< u 05^ < u.u>y < O.O^i/ 0.1'
< 0.05 < 0.10 0.06 0.11 15 7-7
11* 7.5
< 0.05 < 0.10 < 0.05 0.1
Ik 7.6
< 0.05 < 0.1Q - 0.11 13 8.0
< 0.05 < o.io < 0.05 0.11
< 0.05 < 0.10 < 0.05 0.1- lb 8.0
ik 8.7
< 0.05 < o.io < 0.05 0.15
< 0.05 o.io < 0.05 0.13 13 a.6
< 0.05 < o.io < 0.05 o.io
F
mg/1
0.57
0.59
-
0.74
0.66
-
0.6s
O.ou
-
O.|j
-
I/ 5-Day composite for typical Fall veetber period 1Q/7-11/68 (Gavins Point Dam only).
-------
TABLE HO. B-ll
Summary of Soluble Metals
Average of Two 5-Day Composite Samples
, ' MISSOURI RIVER
October PS-November 8, 1968 Survey
00
STATION
River
Name Mileage
MISSOURI
M-*
M-23
-M-21
M-ao
M-18
M-12
M- 7
M- 1
RIVER:
38U.9
370-5
365.6 .
359-3
*5.k
2U1.2
179.0
98.0
Ba
mg/1
< 1.0
< 1.0
< 1.0
< 1.0
< 1.0
< 1.0
< 1.0
< 1.0
Cd
mg/1
< 0.02
< 0.02
< 0.02
'< 0.02
< 0.02
< 0.02
< 0.02
< 0.02
Fe
mg/1
< 0.30
< 0.30
< 0.30
< 0.30
< 0.30
< 0-30
< 0.30
< 0.30
Mn
mg/1
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
Tot.
Cr
mg/1
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
As
mg/1
< 0.01
< 0.01
< 0.01
< 0.01
< 0.01
< 0.01
< 0.01
< 0.01
Cu
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
Fb
mg/1
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
<"o.05
< 0.05
Nl
mg/1
< 0.10
< 0.10
< 0.10
< 0.10
< 0.10
< 0.10
< 0.10
< olio
2a
mg/1
< 0.10
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
<.0.05
< 0.05
B Ha K F
mg/1 mg/1 mg/1 mg/1
0.3^ ---
0.32 12 9.0 0.5
0.31
0.2U ...
0.27 -
0.06 -
0.05 - - . -
0.0? ...
-------
TABLE HO. B-12
Suumary of Soluble Metals
Average of Two 5-Day Composite Samples
MISSOURI RIVER
January 80-February 8, 1969 Survey
STATION
River
Name Mileage
Ba
ng/1
Cd
mg/1
Fe
ng/1
Mn
ng/1
Tot.
Cr
ng/1
As
mg/1
Cu
mg/1
Pb
mg/1
Ni
mg/1
Zn B
mg/1 mg/1
Na K F
mg/1 mg/1 mg/1
MISSOURI RIVER:
0 M-5a*
M-U8A
M-U2
M-38
M-28
M-27
M-23
M-20A
M-18
M-12
M-7A
M-l
732.8
718.3 '
626.2
601.3
!t52.3
MtO.3
370.5
358.3
3"*5>
2U1.2
17U. 8
98.0
< 1.0
< 1.0
< 1.0
< 1.0
< 1.0
< 1.0
< 1.0
< 1.0
< 1.0
< 1.0
< 1.0
1.0
< 0.02
< 0.02
< 0.02
< 0.02
< 0.02
< 0.02
< 0.02
< 0.02
< 0 02
< 0.02
< 0.02
< 0.02
< 0.1
< 0.1
0.1
< 0.1
< 0.1
< 0.2
< 0.2
0.1
0.3
< 0.1
0.2
0.2
O.OU
0.05
0.03
O.OU
o.oU
O.OU
0.06
O.OU
0.07
0.06
0.10
< 0.02
< 0.02
< 0.02
< 0.02
< 0.02
< 0.02
< 0.02
< 0.02
< 0.02
< 0.02.
< 0.02
< 0.02
< 0.02
< 0.01
< 0.01
< 0.02
< 0.02
< 0.01
< 0.01
< 0.01
< 0.01
< 0.01
0.01
< 0.01
< 0.01
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
0.085
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05 •
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05
< 0.05 .
< 0.05
< 0.1
< 0.1
< 0.1
< 0.1
< 0.1
< 0.1
< 0.1
< 0.1
< 0.1
< 0.1
< 0.1
< 0.1
0.03 0-°9
0.07
0.07 o.io
0.08 0.10
0.025 0.1?
0.055
0.110 0.08
0.115
0.105
< 0.02
< 0.02
< 0.02
75 6.0 0.6
-
81 6.6 0.6
70 6.2 0.6
55 7-5 0.6
66 7-6 0.8
.
-
-
.
.
-------
TABLE NO. B-13
Sumnary of Organic and Radioactive Constituents
MISSOURI RIVER
October 7-18, 1968 Survey
STATION ' CYANIDE, jig/1 PHENOL, fig/1 TOT.-2/ORG. CHLOROFORM^/ URAN-,, Ra-2?6-/ ,,
River T/ -, CHLORIIFE EXTRACTS IUM -' THORIUM-^'
Name Mileage Avg.i/ Max. Av,-;.-' Max. jig/1 wr,/l .US/1 P=/l »ig/l
MISSOURI RIVER:
Gavi n s
Pt. Dam 811.0 - - - - 126.0 5-5 -
M-52 736.0 < 4.3 12.2 < 1.5 2.0 - - - 4.3 0.0? < 4
M-48 717-1* 6.2 14.0 < 1.5 2.0 56.5 0.0 - - -
M-42 626.2 < 2.7 5-4 - - 138.2 26.1 ...
_, M-39 610.5 < 5.1 8.4 < 1.5 2.0
to
— ' M-38 601.3 ' < 1.0 < 1.0 < 1.5 2.0 264.3 9.4
M-36 591.2 - ... 2.5 o.07 < 4
M-33 546.7 5.££/ 15.2 < 1.5 2.0
M-28 452.3 4.7 11.2 < 1.5 2.0 32.8 3-7 - - -
M-27 440.3 < 2.7 5.4 < 1.5 2.0
TRIBUTARIES:^/
BS-51 73^.0 - - -- - - 4.3 0.07 < 4
S-45 664.0 . - - - - 3.9 0.07 < 4
B-43 635.1 • ------ U.I o.l9 < 4
P-37 59^-Q - ... . . 6.u 0.12 < 4
WASTE SOURCES:^/
OM-40 611.5 - - 133,5 - - -
I/ Average of 3 to 4 grab samples during typical Fall and wet weather. 5/ Includes a maximum discrete value of 15.?^ig/l.
2/ Average of 2 grab samples during typical Fall weather. y River Mileage refers to point where tributary or
3/ Single grab sample during typical Fall weather. waste source enters Missouri River.
k/ Composite for 8 samples collected both during typical Fall weather Samples were collected on tributary or waste source unatrei
TOT.it/ SOLUBLE^/
-------
TABLE NO. B-lU
Summary of Organic and Radioactive Constituents
MISSOURI RIVER
October 28-November 8, 1968 Survey
STATION
River
Name Mileage
MISSOURI
M-*
M-23
j M-21
3 M-20
M-18
M-14
M-12
M- 7
M- 3
M- 1
RIVER:
36^.9
370.5
365.6
359-3
3"»5.U
270.0
sui.2
179.0
118.0
98.0
CTfANIDE, yg/1 PHENOL, yg/1 TOT.^'oRG. CHLOROFORM^/ URAN-. , Ra-?P6-/ SOLUBLE^/
x, ?/ CHLORINE- EXTRACTS IUM -' Sr-90
Avg.-' Max. Avg.— ' Max. >ig/l mg/1 Jig/1 pc/1 pc/1
< 1.0 < 1.0 < 10 < 10
< 2.1* 6. it < 10 < 10 1*5.9 °-° -
< 1.0 < 1.0 < 10 < 10
< 3.6 7.0 <10<10
< i.o < i.o < 10 < 10 30.6 25.5 -
It. 3 0.07 1.7
< 1.0 < 1.0 1.2 l.U - - -
3.6 5.0 0.6 0.6 -
98.7 3.6 -
< i.o < 1.0 1.7 2.6 - - 3.0 O.Olt 1.5
TRIBUTARIES:-^
KR-22
GR-13
C-ll
0- U
G- 2
367-1*
250.0
238.8
130.0
104.1*
52.1 15.0 - - - .
2.0 0.03 1-5
1.6 0.02 l.U
0.5 < 0.02 1.?
0.5 0.03
I/ Average of U grab samples.
2/ Average of 2 grab samples.
3/ Single grab sample on 11/1/68.
-------
TABLE NO. B-15
Summary of Organic Constituents
MISSOURI RIVER
January 20-February 2, 1969 Survey
STATION
River
Name Mileage
MISSOURI RIVER:
Gavins
Pt. Dam 811.0
M-52A
M-1*8A
M-42
__, M-38
ID
WC M-28
M-27
M-23
M-20A
M-18
M-12
M- 7A
M- 1
732.8
718.3
626.2
601.3
Wt-0.3
370.5
358.3
3U5A
2U1.2
171*. 8
98.0
CYANIDE, «g/l
Avg.i' Max.
< 1.2
1.9
< 2.7
< 1.8
< 1.9
< 1.7
< 1.2
< 1.0
< 3.0
< 1.6
< 1.2
< 1.0
2.0
3-8
7-7
2.6
3.6
3-2
1.6
< 1.0
7-0
2.8
1.6
< 1.0
PHENOL, Jlg/1
Avg.i' Max.
< 1.2
< 1.2
< 1.9
< 1.0
< 2
< 2
< 2.7
5-0
8.7
< 1-3
< 1.2
< 1.2
1.6
1.6
4.0
< 1.0
< 2
< 2
U.O
9.0
16.0
2.2
1.6
1.6
TOT.^/ ORG .
CHLORINE
MS/1
1*6.2
-
2?.?
iiO.l
33-0
73-1
•
U2.1
-
36.1
-
-
7U. 1*
TRIBUTARIES:-^
P-37 59^-8
7?.0
Average of 3 to U grab samples.
Single grab sample.
3/ River Mileage refers to point where tributary or
waste source enters Missouri River.
Samples were collected on tributary or waste source upstream from confluence.
-------
TABLE NO. B-16
Bottom Aeiiociated Animals
Organism ^ ^
Stonefllea
Perlodldar
Acroneurla
Mayflies
Ameletus
Caenls
Heptagenla
Hexagenla
Isonyrhla 4 4
Stenoneraa Q
Trlcorythodes
CaJdlofU>:s
Cheunatopsyche •
Hyinrsychff Q Q
NeureilirsJn Q 4
Pst.«st.i*et!dip«B . 4
Orthocladlus
Polypedllum
Procladlus
Psectrocladlus - 4
Peeudochlroncnus
Tanytarsue
Cranef lies
ErJootera
Blackflles
Simullun
Dams '•11' lies
Airohlagrlon
Argla
Scuds
GwnarUB - Q
Hyalella 4
LJEcyl?dae
Clams
Sow Bugs
Asellun - 4
3ubtcrtal/sq. ft.
Subtotal/kind* 2 U
Snails
Physa - 4
Leeches
Hlrudldae 4
Bloodvorma
Chlronrmua 4 4
SludKevorms
Tublflcidae 4 "»
Subtotal/sq. ft.
Subtotal/kinds 3 3
Grand Total/sq. ft. -
Number of Kinds 9 10
MISSOURI RIVBS
October 1968
Station (River Mile)
717 699 676 655 626
Sensitive Organism*
(j
4 - 4 -
4 4
.....
44-44
Q
4444-
444k-
....
Q
44444
44-44
Q
Q - .
5 7 6 8 U
Intermediate Organisms
4 - - 4
-------
TABLE NO. B-16
(contd)
1
Bottom Associated Animals
MISSOURI RlVffi
October 1968
Station (Biver Mile)
Organise 610
Mayflies
Aoeletui 4
Baetls
Heptagenla
Isonychla
Stenonema 4
Caddlsfllea
Cheumatopsyche 4
Hydropsyche
• Neurecllpsis
Subtotal/sq. ft.
Subtotal Kinds 3
Beetles
Cymbiodyta
Midges
Cardlocladius
Chironomus
Clinotanypus
Crlcotopua 4
Glyptotendlpes
Fentaneura
Folypedllui 4
Procladlui
Psoctroclatiiuc
Spaniotoma 4
Tanytarsus 4
Tanypus
PsectrdanypuE
Craneflles
Erloptera
Limonia
Blackflles
Damselflles
Amphiagrion
Argla
Scuds
Crangonys
Gsffimarus
Hyalella
Sow Bugs
Aaellus
Limpet
Subtotal/sq. ft. k
Subtotal Kinds It
601
-
-
-
4
-
-
-
1
-
4
-
4
4
-
-
U
4
(t
4
4
.
-
.
-
-
-
-
~
-
4
12
9
?91
.
-
-
-
-
-
-
0
4
-
-
-
-
-
-
4
-
-
-
.
.
-
.
-
.
-
.
.
4
.
1
3
381
4
4
y
4
.
4
-
-
5
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
4
4
X
-
.
.
4
.
-
4
4
.
4
-
.
7
7
i6o _2ti
J25
5P7
U88
Sensitive Organisms
-
-
4
.
r
-
-'
1 0
Intermediate
-
-
-
-
-
-
4
4 4
-
-
4
.
.
-
.
-
.
-
4
. .
4 4
.
5 2
5 2
-
-
4
4
-
4
-
3
Q
-
4
-
4
-
-
3
.
-
4
2
-
-
V
2
1,69
4
4
-
4
Q
4
4
-
6
Platte
l*5_2 liltO 1*23 221 38? 595-. 5
4 Q
4 4 4 4
4 4-44 4
4 -
4-4 4
Q - 4 - 4
4 4 Q
*
k 53 U 2 '1*
Organisms
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
4
-
^
4
4
-
-
.
4
.
-
4
-
-
.
£
6
-
-
-
-
-
4
-
4
-
.
-
.
it
-
.
-
.
4
.
.
4
4
9
6
-
-
2
-
-
.
.
4
r
.
Sj
.
_
-
.
-
.
-
4
.
-
_
.5
it
-
4
-
-
4
-
4
4
-
.
4
4
-
.
-
.
-
4
_
4
4
*
9
-
4 ... -
Q - - 2
- - - -
4 Q - - 4
....
q - - -
4 Q
4 q - 4 4 4
4
4
4 c; 4 ' - 4
l) - - 4 Q -
-
4 - - -
-
Q
- - - y
Q - -
-
- - - -
Q ....
.
— 00—0 -
8 f
8 8219 It
Tolerant Organisms
Snails
Physa
Leeches
Hlrudidae 4
Bloodworms
Chironomus
Sludgeworms
Tubiflcldae 4
Subtotal/sq. ft.
Subtotal/kinds 2
Grand Total/sq . ft .
Number of Kinds 9
4
4
-
190
190
3
19k
13
4
-
-
100
100
2
100
5
4
4
4
4
-
I*
-
16
4
-
-
200 180
iOO ISO
2 1
00 180
8 3
-
4
-
320
3X
2
3'0
11
-
-
4
120
120
2
1*
11
-
-
-
90
90
l
9U
7
-
Q
8
580
588
3
S8d
18
4 - Q Q -
« - - Q
Q .
4 4 10 - 50 a.
1 10 50
2 1321 C
• u .10 - 5i'
I1* 1U 8 7 12 10
Organisms collected qualitatively-
195
-------
(c-inl.fl)
MISSOURI RIVER
Orpinliu. 170
itrm..
C • 1 U
Q
U
StenoneaR Q
Ceddisflles
Hydropnyche Q
Subtot«l/Bq. ft. li
Subt.ntAl/Klnda 7
Be«tleB
Ka
Midges
CricotmniB
Pw 1 t h
POlY^ll« 2
8 c.r°w,R u*
t^na
~" Q
inyta, s 4
Phantom Mldees
ChaobcriiB k
Mosquitoes
Anoph.l.s y
Mothfll*»R
Danselflles
\ •. r on
,r, T"
Scuds
•
Slsr
Bltina Nldzea
Clanfl
Sphw^rlim
Subtotal/sq. ft. 1
Snail B
. Klrudldae
Gludpfwortto _q-
Ttttlficld%*» *y^
Subtotnl/sq. ft. 590
Sub total /Kind 8 1
Omnd, tot*l/aq. ff. fOfi
Grnnrt, total -
HiwnK-r of kinds 16
Kansas Blue Grand
r,tnti"n (River Mil*-} River River Rlvtr
355 356 3^5 }& 311 221 270 238 2,35 221 157 179 162 139 iafl 98 367-. 5 358-.1 250-.5
Sensitive Ormnlsus
9 9 - 9 9 9 - * ^ - 9. - 9
9--a 9-
200000311212211 50 o a
Intermediate OrRanlsms
-
4 «-Q --
•
^
Q ]•?«• 11?^ . 5
85 6 77I> 10 67659822 11 5 0 9
OMff«
Hirer
130-.5
-
-
38
-
-
2
-
k
8
3
k
6
3
13
3
1,9
7
r.» iv <•>"•.'-
Hirer
10k-. S
~
-
-
24
"
-
li
-
-
bh
60
ko
to
1
6
Q - Organlou collected, qualitatively.
196
-------
TABLE NO. B-17
Suspended Algae
MISSOURI RIVER
OCTOBER-NOVEMBER, 1968
STATION
M-52
M-50
Vi-kB
M-Vf
M-46
M-4U
M-42
M-Ul
M-39
M-38
M-36
M-35
M-34
M-33
M-3?
M-31
M-30
'M-29
M-88
M-27
River
Mile
736.0
730.0
717.4
699.5
676.5
654.6
626.2
618.3
610.5
601.3
591-2
580.9
559-7
5U6.7
525.1
507 .-5
488.3
^69.0
^5*. 3
Uo.3
Nxunber/
ml
87f
728
339
7^9
687
893
966
996
^53
817
9^7
1,6^
5,995
3,791
?,58U
3,0l*6
1,769
1,905
1,366
2, ll+l*
197
Cell Vol.
(ppm)
0.8U
1.3U
1.01
1.24
0.93
'. 1.54
1.85
2.23
0.65
5.W
1.92
2.17
5.8?
3-53
2.51
2.93
2.63
3-51
1.85
U.65
-------
TABLE NO. B-17
(contd.)
1
Suspended Algae
MISSOURI RIVER
OCTOBER-NOVEMBER, 1968
STATION
M-26
M-25
M-24
M-23
M-21
M-20
M-18
M-l?
M-16
M-15
M-14
M-12
M-10
M- 9
M- 8
M- 7
M- 6
M- 5
M- 3
M- 1
River
Mile
422.6
397.4
384.9
370.5
365.6
359-3 .
345.4
334.5
313.2
293.4
270.0
241.2
235.1
221.0
197.2
179.0
162.0
139-0
118.0
98.0
Number/
ml
. 2,178
1,584
1,863
1,749
1,798
1,699
1,600
1,727
2,013
1,617
782
765
603
471
605
815
1,016
895
1,593
826
Cell Vol.
(ppm)
3.21
2.85
5.34
3.83
2.67
4.48
1.67
2.84
1.37
2.32
0.59
0.73
0.58
0.64
0.90
0.86
1.30
0.87
1.5*
0.85
196
-------
TABLE NO. B-l?
(contd.)
Suspended Algae
MISSOURI RIVER
OCTOBER-NOVEMBER, 1968
STATION River Number/ Cell Vol.
Mile ml (ppm)
TRIBUTARY STREAMS
BIG SIOUX RIVER
BS-51 73^.0 11,653 11.75
SOLDIER RIVER
S-^5 66k.0 6kk 0.61
BOYER RIVER
B-43 635.1 .961 0.88
PLATTE RIVER
P-37 59^.8 9,236 13.04
KANSAS RIVER
Kr-22 367.U 1,815 0.86
GRAND RIVER
GR-13 250.0 10,6U9 6.0k
CHARITON RIVER
C-ll 238.8 2,986 U.76
OSAGE RIVER
0- k 130.0 9^3 1.16
GASCONADE RIVER
G- 2 10^.k 851 1.26
199
-------
APPENDIX B-3
DETERMINATION OF BOD EXERTION RATES
200
-------
C-l
APPENDIX B-3
DETERMINATION OF BOD EXERTION RATES
MISSOURI RIVER '
The biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) test is an empirical
bioassay-type procedure which measures the oxygen consumed by
microbiological organisms during the assimilation of the organic
matter present. The BOD can exert a significant influence on
water quality by depleting the dissolved oxygen concentration to
levels that can damage beneficial water uses. Although no known
damages to beneficial water uses because of the BOD depleting the
D.O. were known to occur in the Missouri River during these surveys,
low dissolved oxygen concentrations did occur during the pettk run-
off period of October 1? and 18, 1968. The minimum observed D.O.
was k.lj mg/1 at Station M-28, near the St. Joseph, Missouri water
intake. The corresponding BODc was 8 mg/1. During the January,
1969 survey, the effects of an ice cover significantly reduced
reaeration, and D.O.'s were reduced by BOD exertion.
There is only a remote possibility that D.O. could be sup-
pressed to levels that would damage aquatic life in the Missouri
River. Such an occurrence would likely occur during heavy run-
off from large areas of the watershed, including scouring of organ-
ic bottom deposits and hydraulic overflows containing sewage and
packinghouse wastes. The Missouri River downstream from Omaha is
the reach where the probability is greatest for such an occurrence;
the organic loads are greatest, the watershed most subject to erosion,
and the climate most appropriate.
The following limited objectives required a more detailed
analysis of the BOD data:
1. To calculate BOD's at exactly 2.0 and ^.0
days from nominal values of observed BOD,
which were incubated at various times near
2.0 and 5.0 days. All average BOD concen-
trations at Missouri River stations were
found to be within + 0.1 mg/1 of the calcu-
lated "exact" results.
201
-------
C-?
2. To determine BOD exertion rate constant s ( k.. ).
3. To discuss the BOD results obtained during this
survey which may be helpful in future water qual-
ity surveys of the Missouri River.
The primary assumptions for the BOD calculations made were
that the kinetics of the BOD reactions observed at all stations were
"first-order," and that nitrification (second stage BOD) was not an
effect within the 5-day time of incubation. These assumptions were
generally confirmed by the 20-day BOD results determined at selected
stations.
For each daily sample, the k^'s were computed using the nom-
inal BOD2 and BODc, concentrations and exact incubation times to the
nearest 0.001 day. Because of the low precision in the BOD test at
low concentrations, the standard deviation about the mean of the daily
k]_' s at a station commonly equalled one-half the calculated k]_, and
occasionally exceeded k^_. The mean of a set of individual k-^'s at a
station had little meaning when the variability of the individual
samples was great. A more meaningful statistical method was used:
the daily BODg1 s and BOD^'s and incubation times at each station were
averaged for each of the survey periods and using first order kinetics,
a value of k^ was determined. This procedure yielded more' significant
results.
The reaction rates (kj) determined for each station were graphed
versus time-of -water travel for the autumn survey (Figure C-l and C-2)
and versus river mile for the winter survey (Figure C-3). Trend lines
drawn through the graphed points indicate that the rate of BOD satis-
faction decreases downstream from the major waste discharges. This
effect occurs because the less readily biodegradable compounds remain
as the microbiological assimilation and oxidation progresses and thus,
dissolved oxygen is consumed at a reduced rate.
At stations where flows were available or could be accurately
calculated, the BODc loads (as pounds per day) were computed for the
fall navigational period (Figure C-^). Flows are plotted and connected
so that the build-up of BOD loads could be shown with respect to river
discharge.
Because of hazards to small boats on the Missouri River during
high runoff periods, only one sample was obtained for many stations in
the period of rain-affected runoff, October 17 and 18, 1968. The ^
for individual samples and the k-j_ from the average of two samples
ranged from 0.02 to O.l6 per day during this period. Organic materials
ranged from the highly inert to the highly, biodegradable such as sew-
age. Results from the analysis, including kj_, 600,, and BODc load for
tributaries and waste sources studied, are in Table C-l. The BOD load
analysis shows the relative importance of the various waste sources and
tributaries contributing oxidizable organic pollution.
2021
-------
TABLE HO. C-l
Summary of BOD Characteristics for Tributaries and Wa;te Sources
MISSOURI RIVER
Autunn and Rain-affected Period, 1968 and Winter, 1969 Surveys
STATION
NAME
SAMPLING
FERIOO
AUTUMN, 1968
R oase lo
per Day
BODL
"8/1
Bl°bs Based on estimated average flov of 150 cfs.
—' Based on estimated average flow of 50 cfs.
-------
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FIGURE C-l
Ki
VERSUS
TIME OF WATER TRAVEL
MISSOURI RIVER
S'OUX CITY, IA. - ST. JOSEPH, MO.
OCT. - NOV., 1968
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
TIME OF WATER TRAVEL, HOURS
(FROM USGS.GAGE, MILE 731.8)
-------
PO
o
UJ
CD
•i
0.
V)
d
i.o ,5
i
0.7 -T
0.5
0.4
O.3
0.2 -
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0.05
0.01
0.001
O
en
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UJ
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z
o
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i
®
LEGEND
• RESULTS OF TEN SAMPLES
O RESULTS OF FIVE SAMPLES
® RESULTS AFFECTED BY NITRIFICATION
FIGURE C-2
Ki
VERSUS
TIME OF WATER TRAVEL
MISSOURI RIVER
ST. JOSEPH. MO. - HERMANN, MO.
OCT.- NOV., 1968
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
I
90
IOO
110
I
120
TIME OF WATER TRAVEL, HOURS
(FROM USGS GAGE. MILE 4479)
-------
1.0
O.T
O.S
O.4
o.a
o.t
8 ai°
as
0.07
O.OB
aoi
aoo*
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££
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t6 6
II 1
S 1
II
i i
1 8 i
FIGURE C*3
Ki
VERSUS
RIVER MILE
MISSOURI RIVER
SIOUX CITY. IA.- HERMANN, MO.
JANUARY. 1969
TOO
800 400
RIVER MILE
-------
LI
* "& „*
ro fc - a8
O 2 uj
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1 1
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ii i i n i
r
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, T
TOO 6OO SOO 400 SOO ZOO IOO 0
RIVER MILE
LEGEND FIGURE C-4
iDA1LYOISCHARSE MEAN 5-DAYB.O.D. LOAD AND DISCHARGE
N S-DAY BJO.O. LOAD VCKv>UO
RIVER MILE
MISSOURI RIVER
SIOUX CITY. IA. -HERMANN. MO.
OCT. - NOV., 1968
-------
APPENDIX B-4
TIME-OF-WATER TRAVEL IN THE MISSOURI RIVER
208
-------
D-l
APPENDIX B-4
TIME-OF-WATER TRAVEL IN THE MISSOURI RIVER
The purpose of this analysis was to determine the tirae-of-
wa'ter travel that occurred during the autumn of 1968 for the
reach from Sioux City, Iowa to Hermann, Missouri. The time-of-
water travel of solutes in the Missouri River has been computed
for various flow rates in the reach from Yankton, South Dakota,
to St. Louis, Missouri. The variations in the main stem flow
that occur over this reach require that time-of-water travel be
computed separately for several sub-reaches. The reference gage
for each sub-reach is the one that measures inflow. For this
analysis reference gages considered were the following:
Sioux City, Iowa; Omaha and Nebraska City, Nebraska; St. Joseph,
Kansas City, Waverly, Boonville, Jefferson City, and Hermann,
Missouri - the upstream gage being the reference gage for each
reach.
*
The computed U. S. Geological Survey times-of-travel were
cumulatively summed for each station downstream, beginning with
time equal 0 hours at the Sioux City gage. Flows used were 30,000,
U0,000, and 50,000 cubic feet per second (cfs). The results were
graphed (Figure D-l) versus the Missouri River mileage of the
station. These three flow rates encompass the range of flows that
occurred in the reach when studied in 1968.
For each sub-reach, the mean discharge (Table D<-1) at the
reference gage was calculated by linear interpolation and plotted
between computed discharges. The flow line was constructed by con-
necting points within a sub-reach. An example of this procedure
is presented for the sub-reach from Boonville to Jefferson City,
Missouri.' Mean discharge at the Boonville reference gage for the
period of study from October 28, to November 8, 1968 was k&,500
cfs. Computed times-of water travel downstream from Sioux City,
Iowa, in the sub-reach at bracketing flows were:
Bowie, J. E., and Petri, L. R., 1969, Travel of Solutes in the
Lower Missouri River, U. S. Geological Survey Hydrol.'Inv.
Atlas BA-332.
209
-------
D-?
a) Boonville:
17U.9 Hours (U0,000 cfs)
161.6 Hours (50,000 cfs)
b) Easely:
18U.8 Hours (U0,000 cfs)
171.1 Hours (50,000 cfs)
c) Jefferson City:
.19^.9 Hours (1*0,000 cfs)
180.3 Hours (50,000 cfs)
Interpolating for a flow equal to kQ,500 cfs gave a time-
of-water travel from Sioux City of: 163.6 hours at Boonville,
173.2 hours at Easely, and 182.5 hours at Jefferson City. Plotting
these times versus the respective Missouri River mile and connect-
ing with a straight line gave the flow line for the sub-reach. The
cumulative travel times at the head and tail of each sub-reach were
recorded so that the time-of-water travel could be adjusted for a
change of flow in each adjacent sub-reach. In the Waverly. to Boon-
ville sub-reach, for instance, the time-of-water travel at the tail
of the flow line at Boonville was 169.8 hours. This value will be
needed to adjust the cumulative time-of-water travel downstream from
Sioux City for variations in discharge.
To use the constructed flow lines for the various sub-reaches
considered, the graph is entered from the abscissa at each respective
station mileage for which the time-of-water travel is to be determined.
Pivoting at the interpolated flow line and reading the ordinate gives
a nominal time-of-water travel with respect to the Sioux City gage.
This value must be corrected because the flow line from sub-reach to
sub-reach is discontinuous due to changes in the discharge. In mak-
ing this correction, use the two values of nominal time-of-water
travel at the point of discontinuity - the reference gage. For ex-
ample, the upstream sub-reach from Waverly to Boonville flow line
had a nominal time of-water travel of 169.8 hours at Boonville. The
adjacent downstream sub-reach from Boonville to Jefferson City had
a nominal time-of-water travel of 163.6 hours. To make the time-
of -water travel continuous, the 6.2 hours must be added to the down-
stream sub-reach. In this example the correction is additive be-
cause the downstream sub-reach discharge exceeded the upstream one.
When the mean discharge at the downstream gage is less, the correction
is negative. To determine the time-of-water travel from some initial
210
-------
12
o
o
x
ro w
O 120
LEGEND
ACCUMULATED, U.S.G.S. COMPUTED DISCHARGE
MEAN DISCHARGE AT REFERENCE GAGE DURING
STUDY PERIOD, le. A 'FLO* LINE'
i i i I i •
FIGURE 0-1
TIME OF WATER TRAVEL
AT INDICATED DISCHARGE
VERSUS RIVER MILE
MISSOURI RIVER
SIOUX CITY. IA. - HERMANN, MO.
L
' 1-1 ' '
RIVER MILE
-------
140
TOO
6OO
SCO
4 CO
RIVER MILE
300
2OO
FIGURE D-2
ACCUMULATED TIME OF WATER TRAVEL
VERSUS
RIVER MILE
MISSOURI RIVER
SIOUX CITY. IA. - HERMANN. MO.
OCT.- NOV.. 1968
-------
TABLE NO. D-l
Time-of -Water Travel
MISSOURI RIVEi
Fall, 1968 Navigation Season Surveys
STATION
River
Name Mileage Reference Gage
Nominal
Trav. Time
belou
Sioux City
Hours
Correction
account of
Bef.
GageChange
Hours
Cumu-
lative
Correc-
tion
Hours
Corrected
Trav. Time
below
Sioux City
Hours
Corrected
Trav. Tine
below
St. Joseph
Hours
MISSOURI RIVEi:
M-52 736.0 -1.6i/ -l.fii/
M-50
M-48
M-47
M-46
M-44
. M-42
M-41
M-39
M-38
M-36
M-35
M-34
M-33
M-32
M-31
M-30
M-29
M-28
M-27
M-26
M-25.5
M-25
M-24
M-23
M-a
M-20
M-18
M-17
M-16
M-15
M-14
M-12
M-10
M- 9
M- 8
M- 7
H- 6
M- 5
M- 3
M- 1
731.0 Sioux City, Iowa
730.0
717.4
699.5
676.5
654.6
626.2
618.3
615.8 Omha, Nebraska
610.5
601.3
591.2
580.9
561.8 Nebraska City, Nebraska
559-7
546.7
525.1
507.5
488.3
469.0
452.3
447.9 St. Joseph, Missouri
440.3
422.6
418.0
397-14
384.9
370.5
365.7 Kansas city, Missouri
365.6
359.3
345.4
334.5
313.2
293.4
293.4 tfaverly, Missouri
270.0
241.2
235.1
221.0
197.2
196.6 Eoonvllle, Missouri
179-0
162.0
143-9 Jeffersnn >]ity, Missouri
139.0
118.0
98.0
0.0
0.5
5.2
11.3
18.8
25.2
34.7
37.3
39.0
41.3
43.9
47.0
52.0
55-9
62.9
68.8
75.3
82.1
88.0
89.5
89.0
94.4
96.0
103.0
107.1
111.9
106.9
109.1
113.6
117.6
125.0
131.9
141. 4
152.3
15''. 7
159-9
169.3
169.4
175.4
181.3
139.2
177-2
0
0
0
0 '
0
0
0
+0.3
+0.3
+0.3
+0.3
+1-5
+1-5
+1.5
+1.5
+1.5
+1.5
+1.5
+1.5
+2.8
+2.8
+2.8
+2.8
+2.8
+2.8
+6.4
+6.4
+6.U
+6.4
+6.4
+6.4
-0.9
-0.9
-0.9
-0.9
-0.9
+6.?
+6.P
+2.f
+2.2
+2.2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
+0.3
+0.3
+0.3
*0,3
+1.8
+1.8
+1.8
+1.8
+1.8
+1.8
+1.8
+1.8
+4.6
+4.6
+4.6
+4.6
+4.6
+4.6
+11.0
+11.0
+11.0
+11.0
+11.0
+11.0
+10.1
+10.1
+10.1
+10.1
+10.1
+16.3
+16.3
+18.5
+13.5
+18.5
0.0
0.5
5.2
11.3
18.8
25.2
34.7
37-3
39-3
41.6
44.2
47.3
53.8
57.7
64.7
70.6
77.1
83.9
89.8
91.3
93.6
99.0
100.6
107.6
111.7
116.5
117.9
120.1
134.8
1J6.6
136.0
142.9
151.5
162.4
164.8
170.0
179-4
185.7
191-7
199.8
207.7
215.7
0.0
2.3
7.7
9-3
16.3
20.4
25.2
26.6
28.8
33-5
37.3
44.7
51.6
60.2
71.1
73-5
78.7
88.1
94.4
100.4
108.5
116.4
124.4
\J Hefiatlve sign denotes u|>strccn I'rom reference |
213
-------
STATION
Haw-
Big Sioux River
Sioux City
Soldier River
Boyer River
NORMAL FALL -
TRIBUTARIES,
TABLE NO. D-l
(contd)
Tlne-of -Water Travel
MISSOURI RIVER
Oct. 7-16, and Oct. P8-Nov. 8, 1968
MUNICIPALITIES AND WASTE SOURCES
Nominal
Trav. Time
belov
River Sioux City
Mileage Reference Gage Hours
73U.O
731.8 Sioux City, lova
729.0
661*. 0
635-1
Ootbrn-Councll Bluffs - Metro. Area
Upper Boundary 62U.O
Council Bluffs
So. Omaha - Monroe
St. Severs
61^.8 Omaha, Nebraska
61U.O
611.5
-0.8
0.0
+0.7
28.5
31.6
35. U
38.1
38.8
Omaha-Council Bluffs
Metro. Area - Lover
Boundary 601.0 1*1.3
Papillion Creek
Platte River
Nebraska City
St. Joseph Water
Co. Intake
St. Joseph
Atchison
Leave nvorth
Kansas City, Kansas
Mo. Metro. Area -
Upper Boundary
Kansas River
Kansas City, Kans.
Blue River - Kansas
City Metro. Area -
Lover Boundary
Lexington
Grand River
Charlton River
Glasgow
Boonvllle
Jefferson City
Osage River
Gasconade River
596.6
594-8
568.0
Nebraska City,
561.8 Nebraska
1*52.3
1*1*7.9 St. Joseph, Mo.
1*1*7.0
1*88.5
396.0
369.0
367.1*
367.8
365.7 Kansas City, Mo.
356.9
316
293.1* Waverly, Mo.
250.0
838.8
826.0
196.6
196.6 Boonville, Mo.
11*5-0
130.0
lOU.I*
48.7
U3.0
53.0
88.0
87.0
9U.U
103.3
118.3
118.9
113.0
109.9
12U.O
11*9.0
153-1
158.0
169.8
181.9
18U.9
19U.3
Correction Cumu- Corrected
account of latlve Trav. Time
Kef. Correc- belov g/
OageChange tlon Sioux City—'
Hours Hours Hours
o o -o.si/
0 0 0.0
0 0 +0.7
0 0 82. 5
0 o 31.6
0 0 35. U
+0.3 +0-3 38. U
+0.3 +0.3 39-1
+0-3 +0.3 Ul.6
+0.3 +0.3 U3.o
+0.3 +0.3 U3.3
+0.3 +0.3 53-3
+1.5 +1.8 89.8
91.3
+8.8 +U.6 91.6
+2.8 +4.6 99.0
+2.8 +U.6 107.9
+8.8 +4.6 116.9
+?.8 +4.6 117.5
+2.8 +4.6 117. 6
+6.U +11.0 180-9
+6.U +11.0 135-0
-0.9 +10.1 159.1
-0.9 +10.1 163.8
-0.9 +10.1 168.1
-0.9 +10.1 179-9
+6.8 +16.3 198.2
+2.2 +18-5 P03.1*
+2.2 +18.5 . 818.8
Corrected
Tr«T. Time
belov ,
St. Joseph*'
Hours
0.0
0.3
7-7
16.6
25.6
86.8
?6.3
89.6
U3-7
. 67.8
71-9
76.8
88.6
106.9
112.1
121.5
I/ Negative sign denotes upstream from reference gage.
2/ October 7-16 study period pertains to reach from Sioux City to St. Joseph - [liver Mile 1*1*7.9.
3/ October 28-November 8, 1968 study period pertains to reach from St. Joseph to Hermann, Missouri - River Mile 98.0.
214:
-------
D-3
point on the Missouri River, the above procedure must begin at that
point and proceed downstream. The corrections for discontinuity in
flow are cumulative from sub-reach to sub-reach in downstream order.
The corrected time-of-water travel downstream from Sioux City
to St. Joseph is a mean for the study period from October 7-l6, 19^8;
from St. Joseph to Hermann, is for the period from October 28 -
November 8, 1968. In addition to the discontinuities mentioned, one
further break in the data is caused by the change in study periods at
St. Joseph. Flow at the St. Joseph gage in the October 7-16, 1968
survey period averaged 36,600 cfs, in the October 28 - November 8 sur-
vey period the flow averaged 38,800 cfs.
Table D-l presents the nominal and corrected travel times arid
the correction, factors used in this analysis. Fi.jure D-2 shows the
time-of-water travel downstream from Sioux City, Iowa, and St. Jos-
eph, Missouri, for the respective periods of study.
As a precaution before using these data, the qualifications
cited in the basic data reference should be examined:
"The data in this report are for a full conserva-
tive soluble contaminant. Contaminants that do not fall
into this category such as, low-density oily wastes, might
move at rates considerably different from those of a con-
servative soluble contaminant.
"A contaminant may be introduced into the river in
many ways. It might be introduced suddenly or gradually,
or it might be introduced along the bank or near midstream.
The mode of introduction can affect significantly both the
travel time and the maximum concentrations attained."
215
*
Ibid.
-------
APPENDIX C
DATA FROM PERIPHYTON STUDY
-------
TABLE 1
STATION DESCRIPTIONS BY MISSOURI RIVER MILE
River Mile Description
737.5 Missouri River - 3.5 miles upstream from Big Sioux
River confluence.
734-0.5 Big Sioux River 0.5 miles upstream from confluence.
732.1 Missouri River 1.9 miles downstream from Big Sioux
River confluence, Iowa side of river.
731-0.1 Floyd River near 1-29 bridge.
729 Downstream 0.1 mile from Sioux City Sewage Treatment
Plant effluent, Iowa side of river.
727.9 Missouri River, Sioux City Pipe Line crossing
Northern Natural Gas Co., Nebraska side.
723.2 Missouri River, 2.3 miles downstream from Dakota
City, Nebraska side of river.
717.7 Missouri River 0.5 miles upstream from Iowa Power
and Light cable crossing, Nebraska side of river.
699.0 Missouri River 0.5 miles downstream from Lighthouse
Marina, Nebraska side of river.
664.6 Missouri River 0.6 miles upstream from Soldier River
confluence, Iowa side of river.
664-0.5 Soldier River approximately 0.5 miles upstream from
confluence with Missouri.
627.6 Missouri River 1.4 miles upstream from Omaha
Waterworks intake, Iowa side of river.
625.6 Missouri 0.6 miles downstream from Omaha Waterworks
intake, Iowa side of river.
613.5 Missouri River 0.5 miles downstream from Council Bluffs
Sewage Treatment Plant effluent, Iowa side of river.
608.1 Missouri River 2.4 miles downstream from Omaha STP
outfall, Nebraska side.
595-0.5 Platte River 0.5 miles upstream from confluence with
Missouri.
216
-------
TABLE 1 (Cont.)
River Mile ' Description '
289.8 Missouri River, 3.6 miles downstream from Waverly,
Missouri, right bank.
257,6 Missouri River 5 miles downstream from U. S. Highway
41 bridge, right bank.
239-0.1 Charlton River 0.1 miles upstream from confluence
with the Missouri.
178.3* Missouri River 35.3 miles upstream from Jefferson
City, Missouri, left bank of rivef.
130-1.0 Osage River 1 mile upstream from confluence with
Missouri, left bank.
104-0.1 Gasconade River near railroad bridge 0.1 mile upstream
from confluence with Missouri, left bank.
217
-------
TABLE 1 (Cont.)
River Mile Description
591.8 Missouri River 0.6 miles upstream from Plattsmouth,
Nebraska, Nebraska side.
580 Missouri 0.9 miles downstream from Shennandoah Boat
Club Ramp, Nebraska side.
560 Missouri River 2 miles downstream from Nebraska City,
Nebraska side.
523.7' Missouri River 4.1 miles downstream from Little Nemaha
River confluence, Missouri side of river.
485.6 Missouri River 2.4 miles downstream from White Cloud,
Kansas, Kansas side.
451.6 Missouri River 0.7 miles downstream from St. Joseph,
Missouri Waterworks intake, Missouri side of river.
417.4 Missouri River approx. 4.6 miles downstream from
Atchison, Kansas, Kansas side.
367.5-0.2 Kansas River near 4th bridge, upstream from confluence
with Missouri.
362.9 Missouri River approx. 0.7 miles upstream from
Chouteau Bridge, right bank.*
358-0.1 Big Blue River 0.1 miles upstream from the confluence
with the Missouri.
357-0.1 Big Blue River (Old Channel) 0.1 miles upstream from
confluence with the Missouri.
356.2 Missouri River downstream 1.8 miles from confluence
with Big Blue River, right bank of river.
356.1 Missouri River downstream 1.9 miles from confluence
with Big Blue River, right bank.
347.4 Missouri River 2 miles upstream from N. W. Electric
Power Plant, right bank.
326.8 Missouri River 3 miles downstream from Napoleon,
Missouri, right bank.
Convention for right or left is looking downstream with
the direction of water flow.
218
-------
TABLE 2
MD
NUMBERS OF ATTACHED ORGANISMS/SQ. IN. ON
MISSOURI RIVER, SEPTEMBER 7 -
River Mile
MAIN STEM
737.5
732.1
729
727.9
723.2
717.7
699
664.6
627.6
625.6
613.5
608.1
591.8
580.0
Greens
150,000
44,000
200 ,000
100,000
325 ,000
275,000
200 ,000
100,000
75,000
675,000
75,000
50 ,000
1 ,000 ,000
1,550,000
Blue-
Greens
325,000
162,000
950,000
1 75 .000
175.000
275,000
825 ,000
-
250,000
500 ,000
50,000
50,000
100,000
1 50 ,000
Centric
Flagellates Diatoms
150,000
9,000
-
75,000
50 ,000
2,300,000
100,000
100,000
1,250,000
50 ,000
75,000
600,000
4,775,000
475,000 - 125,000
Non-
Colonial
Diatoms
2.275,000
602,000
2,450,000
3,550,000
1,975,000
3,525,000
5,825,000
5,875,000
3,600,000
3,425,000
3,400,000
1,400,000
13,825,000
2,425,000
VERTICALLY EXPOSED SLIDES
OCTOBER 7, 1969
Sheathed
Diatoms Protozoa Fungi Nematodes
150,000 ...
-
.
.
50,000 ...
1,825,000
125,000
6,550,000
8,825,000 100,000
.
525,000 ...
100,000 - 25,000
25,000 50,000
550,000
Misc. Total
3,050,000
817,000
3,600.000
3,900,000
2,525,000
8,200,000
7,075,000
- 12,625,000
- 14,100,000
4,650,000
*Z 4,125,000
2,225,000
- 19,775,000
*Z 5,275,000
-------
TABLE 2 (Cont.)
River Mile
560.0
523.7
485.6
451.6
417.4
362.9
ro 356.2
PO
0 356.1
347.4-
326.8
289.8
257.6
228.4
178.3
Greens
-
100,000
25,000
50 ,000
50 .000
18,000
22,000
173,000
238,000
173,000
1 30 ,000
541 ,000
368,000
1 30 ,000
Blue-
Greens
100,000
-
25 ,000
-
25 ,000
900
105,000
2,554,000
-
346 ,000
43,000
22,000
22 ,000
87,000
Flagellates
50,000
-
-
350 ,000
75,000
17,000
129,000
-
87 ,000
-
- .
-
-
Centric
Diatoms
275,000
650,000
200,000
25,000
75,000
4,000
1 1 ,000
151,000
43,000
216,000
216,000
43,000
130,000
22,000
Non-
Colonial
Diatoms
6,000,000
9,500,000
8,225,000
4,975,000
1,475,000
92,000
76 ,000
1 30 ,000
909,000
390 ,000
1,385,000
2,446,000
2,445,000
110,000
Sheathed
Diatoms Protozoa Fungi Nematodes
5,225,000
6,675,000 75,000
7,050,000
50,000 ...
325,000
60,000 900
346,000 11,000
3,874,000 108,000
1,580,000
77,318,000
2,337.000 ...
1,904,000
606,000
158,000 - 22,000
Misc. Total
*Z 11,650,000
- 17,000,000
- 15,525,000
5,450,000
2,025,000
192,800
571 ,000
7,119,000
2,770.000
- 78,530,000
4,111,000
4,956,000
- • 3,571,000
529,000
*Z - Zoogloea S£. present
-------
TABLE 2 (Cont.)
i Blue- Centric Colonial Sheathed
River Mile Greens Greens Flagellates Diatoms Diatoms Diatoms Protozoa Fungi Nernatpdes Misc. Total
TRIBUTARIES
734 B1g
Sioux
731 Floyd
664
Soldier
505
ro
-• 367.5
Kansas
358 Big
Blue
357 Big
Blue
(Old
Channel)
239
Chariton
130
Os age
104
75,000
425,000
400
5,000
14,000
2,000
10,000
43,000
25.000
-
250.000
900
2,000
53,000
12,000
3,000
3.000
86,000
100,000
200,000 575,000 - ...
625.000 1,000,000 12,075,000 625,000 ...
1,300 - 13,000 8,000 - - 400
400 - 32,000 - 900
16,000 14,000 209,900 46,000 31.000 900 1,300
500 3,000 - ...
3,000 ....
900 - 65,000 - - 1,700
29.000 72,000 1,529,000 836,000 29,000 29,000
100,000 1,025,000 - ...
850,000
- 15,000,000
24,000
40,300
386,000
17,500
6,000
80,600
2,624,000
1,250,000
Gasconade
-------
TABLE 3
AMOUNTS OF CHLOROPHYLL a_ AND ORGANIC CARBON IN THE ORGANISMS
ATTACHED TO VERTICALLY SUSPENDED ARTIFICAL SUBSTRATES IN THE
MISSOURI RIVER, SIOUX CITY, IOWA, TO HERMANN, MISSOURI
River Mile
MAIN STEM
737.5
732.1
729
727.9
723.2
717.7
699
664.6
625.6
608.1
591.8
580.0
560.0
523.7
485.6
451.6
417.4
362.9
356.2
Chlorophyll a^
yq/sq. in.
3.1
.9
14.4
3.1
2.3
27.7
44.0
24.6
40.8
6.2
21.8
21.1
39.5
22.8
7.8
<.9
<-.9
4.6
2.7
Organic Carbon
mg/sq. in.
7.7
2.6
3.0
1.8
• 5.5
7.6
6.7
6.5
2.7
13.7
1.8
10.3
3.2
4.6
2.8
1.7
2.9
3.2
0.9
222
-------
TABLE 3 (Cont.)
River Mile*
356.1
347.4
327.0
326.8
289.8
257.6
228.4
178.3
TRIBUTARIES
734 Big Sioux River
731 Floyd River
664 Soldier River
595 Platte River
367.5 Kansas River
358 Big Blue River
357 Big Blue River -
Old Channel
239 Chariton River
130 Osage River
104 Gasconade River
Chlorophyll a^
yg/sq. in.
3.4
6.8
13.4
15.7
7.8
15.7
9.1
2.8
2.4
2.1
2.7
2.1
3.4
<.9
1.9
1.0
11.9
15.9
Organic Carbon
mg/sq. in.
10.2
3.2
5.0
12.6
9.8
7.2
7.1
3.3
3.4
11.0
4.6
2.5
2.8
5.0
6.4
2.0
3.7
2.7
*River mile of Missouri River at the
tributary confluence.
22"3
-------
TABLE 4
NUMBER OF ORGANISMS AND DRY WEIGHT
COLLECTED ON
Numbers
River
737.
732.
729-
727.
723.
717.
699
664.
657.
627.
627.
625.
613.
608.
OF MATERIALS
VERTICALLY AND HORIZONTALLY
of
Mile Vertical SI
5
1
9
2
7
6
9
6
4
6
5
1
3
3
3
2
8
7
12
1
14
4
4
4
2
,050
817
,600
,900
,525
,200
,075
,625
,125
,100
,825
,650
,125
,225
,000
,000
,000
,000
,000
,000
,000
,000
,000
,000
,000
,000
,000
,000
Organisms/sq.
ide Hdriz.
1
3
2
1
3
3
4
17
7
1
4
3
in.
Slide
,100,000
679
,250
,475
,700
,500
,175
,800
425
,450
,875
,475
,125
,075
,000
,000
,000
,000
,000
,000
,000
,000
,000
,000
,000
,000
,000
Dry
ORIENTED
SUBSTRATES
Weight of Samp!
Vertical Sli
3
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
6
.6087
.4642
.1366
.1773
.1656
,2132
,4752
.3128
--
--
.0468
.2533
—
.0893
e in Gram;
de Horiz. Slide
10
5
0
4
0
4
4
1
0
1
7
.4616
.2474
.4096
.9300
.2764
.4110
.3280
.0303
--
--
.6276
.5492
—
.2959
224
-------
APPENDIX D
REPORT ON FISH FLESH TAINTING INVESTIGATION
-------
THE EFFECTS OF WASTE WATER DISCHARGES
ON THE FLAVOR OF FISHES IN THE MISSOURI
RIVER , OCTOBER , 1969 .
United States Department of the Interior
Federal Water Quality Administration
National Field Investigations Center
1970
225
-------
EFFECTS OF WASTE WATER DISCHARGES OH THE
FLAVOR OF FISHES IN THE MISSOURI RIVER
(SIOUX CITY, IOWA, TO WAVERLY, MISSOURI)
OCTOBER 1969
Kelson A. Thomas
and
Delbert B. Hicks
A St\Jdy Report for Distribution by the
Director, Missouri Basin Region, FWQA
Prepared by
Water Sciences Section
Rational Field Investigations Center
Federal Water Quality Administration
United States Department of the Interior
Cincinnati, Ohio
1970
226
-------
. SUMMARY
1. An investigation of effects of pollutants on fish flavor
was conducted on the Missouri River from Sioux City,
Iowa, downstream to Waverly, Missouri. Test channel
catfish were placed upstream and downstream from all
known significant waste discharges in this reach. After
four days exposure, they were removed, dressed, quick
frozen, and submitted to a food-flavor test panel.
2. Fish held in the Missouri River in a one mile reach
downstream from slaughterhouses and industrial waste
discharges at Sioux City, Iowa, had an unacceptable
flavor. Pieces of meat scraps and fet littered the
water surface and collected on the baskets containing
the fish.
3. Downstream from the Council Bluffs and Twin Cities sewage
discharges, caged fish acquired an unacceptable flavor.
k. Downstream from the Omaha sewage treatment plant dis-
charge, fish acquired the most unacceptable flavor of
any tested in the study. Wastes from the Omaha sewage
treatment plant caused an unacceptable flavor in fish
for 2.5 miles of river along the Kebre.ska shore.
227
-------
The discharge of inadequately treated wastes from the
Omaha sewage treatment plant produced slimes in the
river that collected on the cages, another indication
of the severity of pollution in this area.
5. Test fish placed in the Missouri River downstream from
the confluence of the Platte River to Kansas City, •
Kansas, had an acceptable flavor.
6. Wastes in runoff from the Fairfax dump at Kansas City,
Kansas, caused fish to have an unacceptable flavor.
T. Fish placed in the Kansas River acquired an unacceptable
flavor.
8. Wastes in the Kansas River and from the Kansas City,
Kansas, and Kansas City, Missouri, sewage treatment
plants discharge.combined to cause an unacceptable
flavor in caged fish in 2.5 miles along the south, shore
of the Missouri River.
9. Slime growths stimulated by wastes from Com Products
Company plant covered baskets placed 1000 feet downstream
from the outfall and suffocated the test fish.
10. Fish placed along the north shore of the river downstream
from the North Kansas City, Missouri, sewage treatment
plant (Rock Creek) acquired an unacceptable flavor.
228
-------
11. Fish placed in the Big Blue River and immediately down-
stream from its confluence with the Missouri River died
within 2*4- hours indicating that these waters were toxic.
Fish placed farther downstream in the Missouri River (one-
half mile) possessed an unacceptable flavor.
12. The Old Blue River and Sugar Creek waters were toxic to
fish. Caustic wastes in Sugar Creek dissolved the meat
leaving only skin and bones in the basket. Fish in the
Missouri River downstream from Sugar Creek acquired even
more of an unacceptable flavor than fish at the next up-
stream station.
IJ. Wastes discharged to the Missouri River and its tribu-
taries from the Kansas City area not only caused an un-
*•
acceptable flavor in test fish for 22 miles, but were
toxic to fish.
Ik. Of the Mj-0 mile reach of the Missouri River studied,
unacceptable flavors were found in fish placed at
locations bracketing a total of 26 miles of river, all
of which were confined to metropolitan areas.
229
-------
VIOLATIONS
1. The State of Iowa general standard that surface waters
be "Free from materials attributable to municipal,
industrial or other discharges producing color, odor,
or other conditions in such degree to be detrimental
'to legitimate uses of water" was violated by the dis-
charge of industrial wastewater at Sioux City, Iowa,
and the sewage discharges from Council Bluffs and Twin
cities, Iowa.
2. The State of Nebraska standard "Concentrations of sub-
stances shall be less than that amount which is or may
become injurious to the designated uses" was violated by
the wastewater discharge from the Omaha sewage treatment
plant .
J. The State of Kansas standard "Taste and odor producing.
substances from man-made sources shall be linited to con-
centrations in rivers that will not interfere with . . .
or impart unpalatable flavors to fish ... " was violated
by wastes in the runoff from the Fairfax durcp at Kansas
City, Kansas, and wastewater discharges to the Kansas River.
230
-------
The State of Missouri standard "Taste and odor producing
substances from man-made sources shall be limited to
concentrations in rivers that will not interfere with ...
or impart unpalatable flavors to fish ... " was violated
by the discharge of wastewater to the Kansas River and
from the Kansas City, Kansas, and "Kansas City, Missouri,
.sewage treatment plant discharges. The standard also was
violated by the wastewater from the Uorth Kansas City,
Missouri, sewage treatment plant (Rock Creek), the South
Kansas City, Missouri, sewage treatment plant (Big Blue
River), and industrial wastewater carried by Sugar Creek
to the Missouri River.
231
-------
EFFECTS OF WASTE WATER DISCHARGES ON THE
FLAVOR OF FISHES IN THE MISSOURI RIVER
(SIOUX CITY, IOWA, TO WAVERLY, MISSOURI)
OCTOBER 1969
At the request of the Regional Director of the Missouri
Basin Region, FWPCA, to investigate waste discharges that may
effect an unacceptable flavor in fish in the Missouri River
from Sioux City, Iowa, to downstream from Kansas City, Kansas,
the National Field Investigations Center conducted fish flesh
tainting studies from September 29 to October 18, 1969. The
study reach extended from Sioux City, Iowa [River Mile (R.M.)
755] to Waverly, Missouri (R.M. 295) (Figure l).
Fishermen have captured fish which possessed unaccept-
*•
able flavors from the Missouri River. Because of this, sports
fishermen have sought new uncontaminated fishing waters where
their catch will be edible. Commercial fishermen have lost
dressed fish markets because of consumer rejection of fish
with unacceptable flavors and must sell their catches at
reduced prices as live fishes for stocking ponds where with
time the flavor will improve.
The study was directed to the identification of waste
discharges that cause unacceptable flavor in channel catfish
232
-------
(Ictalurus punctatus Rafinesque) • This fish is one of the most
important commercial and game fish in the Missouri River.
The commercia.1 fishery on the Missouri River is a valuable
resource. In 1966, 4.5 million pounds of fish valued at $315,000
were harvested from the Missouri River. In the states of Iowa,
Kansas, Missouri and Nebraska, there were 292 Missouri River
commercial fishermen. However, the vast majority of people who
fish'on the Missouri River are sports fishermen. It should be
recognized that the Missouri River has both an important sport
and commercial fishery and these should be protected and Improved.
States bordering the Missouri River have endeavored to
protect the Missouri River fishery resources by Water Quality
Standards. The State of Nebraska Standards for taste and odor
producing substances, .state, "Concentrations of substances shall
be less than that amount which is or may become injurious to the
designated uses."
Water Quality Standards for the State of Missouri state,
"Taste and odor producing substances discharged shall be limited
to concentrations in the stream that will not interfere with...
or impart unpalatable flavor to food fish,..." Water Quality
Standards for the State of Kansas state for the Kansas and Missouri
rivers that, "Taste and odor producing substances from man-made
233
-------
8
sources shall be limited to concentrations in rivers that will
not interfere with...or impart unpalatable flavor to fish,..."
The State of Iowa Standards include the general criteria which
provide that surface waters be "Free from materials attributable
to municipal, industrial or other discharges producing color,
odor or other conditions in such degree as to be detrimental to
legitimate uses of water."
234
-------
METHOD
The method employed on the Missouri River to identify
waste sources producing an unacceptable flavor in catfish was
to place untainted catfish in cages located upstream and down-
stream from suspected waste sources. This procedure has been
found to successfully relate the unacceptable flavor produced
in native fish to particular waste sources.
To ensure uniform taste quality before exposure, all
fish were held in 62 F well water for a period of 10 days.
After this period, some fish were cleaned and frozen on dry
ice as reference fish. After the fish were transferred to the
test sites, four fish each were placed in fish cages and
suspended approximately two feet beneath the water's surface.
Fish were exposed to waters for 96 hours.
The Missouri River was divided into four test reaches:
(l) The Sioux City reach (mile 735 to 691) encompassed
16 test sites.
(2) The Omaha reach (river mile 620 to 562) included
21 test sites.
(j) The Gt. Joseph reach (river mile ^52.^ to 391)
had 11 sites.
235
-------
10
The Kansas City reach (river mile 378 to 295)
had 25 test sites.
After exposure, the fish were dressed and frozen on dry
ice. The control and exposed samples vere shipped to the
Department of Food Science and Technology, Oregon State
University, Corvallis, Oregon, vhere samples vere stored at 0° F
until testing. For testing, frozen catfish were washed, wrapped
in aluminum foil, placed on slotted, broiler-type pans, and
cooked in a gas oven at ^00 F for 23 to l»-5 minutes depending
on the size of the fish. Each sample was boned and the flesh
flaked and mixed to insure a uniform sample. Samples were
served in coded cups to Judges seated in individual test booths.
Known and coded references or control samples were included in
each test. The judges scored the flavor and desirability of
each sample on a seven point scale ranging from 1, no unnatural
flavor or very desirable, to 1, very extreme unacceptable flavor
or very undesirable. Fish flesh having scores of 5.0 or higher
were considered to have an acceptable flavor.
236
-------
11
RESUUTS
Fish placed upstream from Sioux City had an acceptable
flavor. Test fish from the Big Sioux River also exceeded the
acceptable value (5«0). Numerous fishermen observed in these
areas attest to the popularity of these areas as fishing sites.
Numerous slaughterhouses in Sioux City discharged their vaste
water into the Missouri River between river mile 752 and 731•
Fish held in cages at river mile 731.5> 731«0 and 730.5 acquired an
unacceptable flavor (Figure 2). Pieces of meat and fat collected
on the baskets and could be seen floating in the water for several
more miles downstream. Fish held at river mile 730.5 downstream
from the slaughterhouses and other industries in Sioux City re-
ceived the lowest flavor score of fish tested in this area (Table l).
Wastes discharged into the river at Sioux City caused an unaccept-
able flavor in caged fish in at least one mile of the Missouri River
bordering Iowa.
No unacceptable flavor occurred in test fish placed along
either side of the river frcm Dakota City, Nebraska, downstream
to river mile 628.0 near Ctnaha, Nebraska. Test fish between river
miles 628 and 62U.6 retained near acceptable flavors (Figure 3).
At river mile 622 (Iowa shore), the fish scored ^.3 indicating an
237
-------
12
unacceptable flavor. At river mile 617, the test fish had a
flavor score of 4.9 indicating a near acceptable flavor.
Along the Iowa side of the Missouri River, caged fish
had acceptable flavors downstream to river mile 6l4.0 where
the Council Bluffs and Twin Cities sewers discharged to the
river and caused an unacceptable flavor in caged fish at.
, river mile 612. Directly across the river on the Nebraska
bank, the caged fish were rated with an acceptable flavor
score of 5.2 (Figure 3). At river mile 611 (800 ft. down-
stream from the Omaha sewage treatment discharge), caged fish
acquired the most unacceptable flavor (rating of 2.6) of any
of the fish tested in 440 miles of the Missouri RJ,ver studied.
The discharge of inadequately treated wastes from the Omaha
sewage treatment plant also sufficiently enriched the Missouri
River to support sldme growths that covered the cages. Slime
growths indicate organic pollution which degraded the environment.
Flavor of caged fish was still severely degrade 900 feet down-
stream from the slaughterhouse discharges which entered the river
approximately one-half mile downstream from the Omaha sewage
treatment plant outfall. Caged catfish from both sides of the
Missouri River at river mile 608 were rated with acceptable
flavor scores (Figure ?)•
238
-------
13
Wastes from the Omaha savage treatment plant degraded the.
flavor of fish in 2.5 miles of river alone the Nebraska shore.
Wastes from the Council Bluffs and Twin Cities sewage discharges
degraded the flavor in caged fish to make them unacceptable in
2.5 miles of river along the Iowa shore.
The flavor of caged catfish was acceptable from river
mile 608 to upstream from Kansas City, Kansas, at river mile
378 (Figure U). Along the Kansas side of the Missouri River
two miles downstream from the Fairfax dump (river mile 372),
caged fish had an unacceptable flavor (rating of 3-6). At"
river mile 367.8, approximately .3 mile upstream from the
Kansas River confluence, fish flavor was acceptable indicating
dilution of the compounds from the Fairfax dump.
Test fish from the Kansas River (river mile 367.5-0.5)
had an unacceptable flavor rating of 2.9. Downstream from river
mile 367.5, along the south shore of the Missouri River, the
combined effects of the Kansas River and waste water discharged
from a Kansas City, Kansas, and a Kansas City, Missouri, sewage
treatment plant caused an unacceptable flavor in fish held at
river mile 366.6 and 36^.2 (Figure U). Fish placed across the
river (north shore) at river mile 365.6, 36^.0, and 363.0 did not
acquire an unacceptable flavor. However, fish placed in baskets
239
-------
1000 feet downstream from the Corn Products Company waste discharge
(river mile 365* Missouri's north shore) died because of suffocation
caused "by dense slime growths covering the baskets. These growths
did not occur upstream from Corn Products indicating the Corn
Products Company was discharging inadequately treated wastes. The
growths also covered the rocks of the jettys thus reducing habitat
for fish food organisms in at least one mile of the river.
Test fish along the north bank of the river approximately
UOO feet downstream from Rock Creek confluence at river mile J62.6 .
had an unacceptable flavor rating of J.8. Rock Creek receives
wastes from the North Kansas City, Missouri, sewage treatment
plant.'
Degradation of fish flavor was found along the south bank
at river mile 358-2 where fish acquired an unacceptable flavor
rating of 4.2. Immediately upstream from this station, either a
power or an industrial complex discharged their waste waters to
the river.
Test fish in the Big Blue River died within four hours
of planting and those fish placed in the Missouri River 200 feet
downstream from the Big Blue River confluence died within 2k hours.
One-half mile downstream at river mile 357-5, the caged fish
acquired an unacceptable,flavor rating of 3-0- The Old Blue
River was also toxic; however, the unacceptable flavor of fish
240
-------
15
in this reach of the Missouri River masked any further degra-
dation caused by the Old Blue River. Wastes in Sugar Creek,
river mile 356.7 - < 0.1, not only, were toxic but also caustic
which resulted in fish flesh being dissolved off the bones.
After 96 hours, only skin and bones remained in the cages set
in Sugar Creek. Approximately 200 feet downstream from the
Sugar Creek confluence, the test fish were given even a lower
flavor score (3.2) than had been given to the test fish down-
stream from the Old Blue River at river mile 356-9 (Table l).
Fish placed in baskets three miles downstream still had an un-
acceptable flavor as a result of wastes from the Big Blue and
Old Blue rivers and Sugar Creek. Fish with acceptable flavors
were recovered from the station at river mile 3^5* The fish
downstream from the Little Blue River had only a slight un-
acceptable flavor (^.9)« Fifty miles downstream at Uaverly,
Missouri, the fish scored 5.5 indicating acceptable flavor.
Wastes discharged to the Missouri River from the Kansas
City, Kansas, l.'orth Kansas City and Kansas City, Missouri, ar.d
the Kansas River areas caused unacceptable flavors in fish for
22 miles. Wastes carried in Sugar Creek, the Big Blue and Old
Blue rivers were toxic to test fish.
241
-------
Table 1
Off-Flavor and Desirability Scores of
Caged Catfish, Missouri River,
Missouri
River
Mile
73U.6
73U.O-2
0.5
732-0
731-5
731-0
730.5
729.5
729.0
728.1
Bank1
R + L
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
Location
Control
Upstream from Sioux City
Big Sioux River
- Upstream from Old Floyd River
. SLAUGHTERHOUSE WASTE DISCHARGES
Upstream from New Floyd River
SLAUGHTERHOUSE WASTE DISCHARGES
Downstream from New Floyd River
SLAUGHTERHOUSE WASTE DISCHARGES
Downstream from New Floyd River-
Upstream from. Sioux City Sewage
Discharge
SIOUX CITY SEWAGE DISCHARGE
Downstream from Sioux City Sewage
Discharge
Downstream from Sioux City Sewage
Discharge
Flavor
Score
5.9
5.1
5.5
5-1
U.7
U.8
U.3
5.0
5.0
5.0
Desirability
Score
5-3
K Ij.
\t *7
U.U
3-9
3-9
3.3
3.8
U.O
U.I
"Tjboking upstream.
Miles upstream in tributary.
242
-------
Missouri
River
Mile
728.0
726.2
725.2
723.5
717.5
691.0
628.0
625.0
624.6
622.0
617.0
Bank1
L
L
L
L
L
L
R
L
R -f L
L
L
R
R
Location
Upstream from slaughterhouse waste
Discharge
SLAUGHTERHOUSE WASTE DISCHARGES
Dovnstrecm from Slaughterhouse
Waste Discharges, Dakota City,
Nebraska
DAKOTA CITY, NEBRASKA, SEWAGE
DISCHARGE
Dovnstream fron Dc.kota City Sew?ge
Dis charge
Downstream from Dakota City Sewage
Discharge
Downstream from Metropolitan
Utilities District and Iowa
Power and Light Co. Discharge
Decatur, Nebraska
Upstream from Onaha, Nebraska
Downstream fron Metropolitan
Utilities District Power Discharge
Upstream from Portland Cement
Downstream from Omaha Storu Sewer
Upstream from national Co-op
Flavor
Score
5.2
5.1
5.6
5-3
5-3
5-0
5.1
4.9
k.Q
^.3
Desirability
Score
lf.0
t-5
t.7
•V.7
U.5
^.3
k.6
l'r.6
»t.lu
u.o
Refinery 4.9 5.5
6l6.4 L Omaha Municipal Dock and
Cargill, Inc. 4.7 4.4
6l6.2 L Dovnstreaci from Ditch from Rail-
road Yards 5«4 4.8
243
-------
Missouri
River , Flavor Desirability
Mile Bank Location Score Score
615.0 R Upstream from Council Bluffs Sewage
.Discharge 5.1 U.2
6lU.8 L Downstream from Quaker Oats Waste
Discharge U.9 U.I
COUNCIL BLUFFS SEWAGE DISCHARGE
6lU.O R Downstream from Council Bluffs
Sewage Discharge 5.0 U.U
•R TWIN CITIES SEWAGE DISCHARGE
612.1 R' Downstream from Council Bluffs and
Twin Cities Sewage Discharge U.2 3.U
612.1 L Upstream from Omaha Sewage
Discharge 5.2 5.6
L OMAHA SEWAGE DISCHARGE
611.0 L Downstream from Omaha Sewage
Discharge 2.6 1.6
L SLAUGHTERHOUSE WASTE DISCHARGE
610.0 L Downstream from Omaha Sewage dis-
charge and Slaughterhouse
Waste Discharges 3.8 2.8
608.0 L Downstream from Omaha Sewage
Discharges 5.U U.6
608.0 R Downstream from Council Bluffs
Sewage Discharges 6.0 5-U
602.0 L Upstream from Bellevue, Nebraska 5.U U.7
599-0 L Downstream from Bellevue Sewage
Discharges 5«1 U.I
5.91.
Plattsmouth, Nebraska 5-5 U.8
244
-------
Missouri
River
Mile
562.0
^A
W9.o
^7.0
Bank1
L
R
R
R
Location
Nebraska City, Nebraska
Upstream from St. Joseph, Missouri
Water" Intake
Downstream from a St. Joseph,
Missouri, Storm Drain
Upstream from St. Joseph Sewage
Discharge
Flavor
Score
5.3
5.6
5.7
5.6'
Desirability
Score
U.6
5-1
5.2
M
UU6.0
IM.O
R
R
R
'i&o.o
kzk.o
U21.0
398.0
395.0
391.0
378.0
370. U
370.0
368.1
367.8
R
L
L
L
L
R
L
L
R
L
' L
L
ST. JOSEPH MUNICIPAL STP
Downstream from St. Joseph Sewage
Discharge 5.8
SOUTH ST. JOSEPH INDUSTRIAL SEWER
DISTRICT STP OUTFALL
Downstream from St. Joseph, Missouri
Industrial Waste Discharge
Downstream from 3t. Joseph, Missouri
Upstream from Atchison, Kansas
Downstream from Xtchison, Kansas
Upstream from Leavenworth, Kansas 5-8
Downstream from ^avenworth, Kansas 5«^
Downstream from Platte River Con-
fluence 5.9
Upstream from Kansas City, Kansas 5«1
DRAINAGE FROM FAIRFAX DUMP
Kansas City, Missouri", Water Intake 5-5
Downstream from 7airfax Dump 3»6
Kaw Valley Drainage District .
Upstream from Kansas River 5«5
5-V k.Q
5.6 5.3
5.9 5.A
Fish cage lost
5-3
5.0
5-0
U.7
2.3
245
-------
U, :...-V. i
Rivor , Flavor J>.-;:i.-.?bjl:i i..v
V.ilo Brail; Location J* .-oro
565.6 R Upstream fron Corn Products
Waste Discharge
R CORK PRODUCTS WASTE DISC1LASGKG
L Dovnstreain from irnnoua River .-jiv.l
Kpzisas City, Mo., and Ifer.sas City,
Kansas, Seva^e Discharces
't.6
367.5- L Kansas River 2.9 1.7
0.5
L KAIISAS CITY, KAM3AS, AND 1CAT:3AS CITY,
MISSOURI, SEWAGE DISCHARGES
366.6 L Dovmstreic'. from ;Ccnr:r.s River confluence and
Dovristrea;ri frcr.i Kansas City, i-io.,
and Kansas City, Kansas, Scvac^
3.9 2.7
J-6^.0 R Dowastrccxi fvar. Corn Products
V/astc Discharco 5.5 ^ . -^
363.0 R Upstream froci Hock Cr. ^.3 ' h.6
I.'ORTIi liMiSAS CITY, rjnGGl.TRI, SSWAG3 '
DISCliARGEG
362-0 R Dcn.-nstrcari fran Rock Cr. J.-.3 2.6
35-3.2 L Upa trean fra:i Die Blue River •'; .2 3-^
353.0- L Big Blue River Toxic, ?ich Died
0.5
L SCAl.'S/iS CITY, I-'dliSOUlU , nElWiGK
DISCHARGE :
357.9 I, Do\r>.stre:j-i fro:a 3i£ Blue River Toxic, ?ii;h DioO
357-5 L Dcnmstrecsn frori Bic Slue River 3.0 1.9
246
-------
Rivor
Mil"
357.2
35J.O
357.0-
< 0.1
356.9
356-7-
<0.1
356.6
35^.2
3^5.0
339-5
--95. 0
Sank Location
L Downstream from 3i£ Blue River
L Upstream from Old Blue River
L Old Blue River
L Dovr.istrean from Old Blue River
L Sugar Cr.
L Dovnjtrear! froin Sueur Cr.
L Downstream from Cement City,
Missouri
R Dov.Tistreiun TroM Missouri City
Electric Power Discharge
I, Downstream from Little Blue River
L Waverly, Missouri
iv.La.vor
3corc
3-5
3-0
Dec irub
Score
ility
1.7
3-5 2.1
Toxic to .3 of k
test fish
3.6 , 2.7
Toxic, Caustic
Dissolved Meat
3-2
t.2
e.3
3.1
5-5
247
-------
MINN'.
IA."
Sioux City
Council Bltiffs
R.M. 616
PLATTE R.
R.M. 449
St. Joseph
R.M. 366
KANSAS R.
"* I I
Kansas City
-N-
50 100
SCALE (mi)
RIVER MILE (R.M.)
/ Waverly
R.M. 295
BIG BLUE R.
Unacceptable Flavor
FIGURE I. FISH FLAVOR STUDY AREA AND REACHES
OF UNACCEPTABLE FISH FLAVOR , MISSOURI
RIVER , 1969 . 248
-------
5.5-
0)
L.
o
o
5.0-
o
a:
X
3
CO
irt
«-
i-
•5 5
£ -o
Q >
* o
'" ° iT~
in £ U.
Ql "o ?
^,10*
I1!
trt O
rin
o
JC
u
Q
CL
l-
tn
O
x
jo
U)
-------
(A
•-a OQ o o jsg
*i j= jc o»2
So. -?Q_ o o 30
6-
a>
i_
o
ro
in
O
5-
s4-
>
^
Lu
3-^
O(/> h-tO OOtrtQ
>ir/
/
/ *•
.^SfSSsa^*,,,^,^,
.^ai^^j,,—^^^^^^^^
:^jfcB::::::^y::*::::::::::B::::::i:::::::::p[[[
i^i! .:^.!t:;*? i i*.^ !*.\rt xmiiiiii'iiit !>i>M^;::!iiii!!'^m*ii*!*tim!!"ti" t! 11;;;:;;; "i','.''.'.',''',',
::::::::::::
ACCEPTABLE
>—-• Sta., Iowa Shore j
i A Sta., Nebraska Shorei
630
620
j
610
River Miles
600
590
-------
a*
w
w o
po.
en.
o
o
o
(f)
... \
r
—
M
iiiiii Folrfox Dump
iiiiii • Kansas Shore
iiii? u. karvCity,Kan.aMa
ii*> |^< — - Discharge a Kan.
ijiiji I Confluence,SaShor
iiiiii 9
*
::::::::;•,:::::
^'
%
'.'.*4
>::
jiii
t::i:
;;
F:::
'" A
:"D
*
u .
o o
caz
.J
V...
Ii li ill
^
i
il:j:
f = =
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0
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m
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\
i
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"£
6 ^
}«
a, 0
co a
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y* /j
* ^
5 £
jr^ £
i!!ilii!l:!iii!!iiy!i!i!
cc
a>
— u
m o
.t: o
,- r
^"^ ; i ;; ; ; &»•••' 'i ; i ;;:;•::
; ; ;; ;v,« ™ " ; ; ; ;• ;;; ii
_««*r* : : :: : : : :: : : ::::::::::
"•• : : :: : : : :: : :::::::::::
:::::::::::::::::::::::: ::::::::: ::::•;: : :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
M/^VT A^^CTDTADI CT
NU 1 AQxCtrlADLL
© -O Sta., Mo. No.Shore
A. ^ Sta,, Mo. a Kon.
So. Shore
: • : :: : ::::::
: : :: : :::::;
i i, 1 JIM i i M iijH i
-
>*
~
v. 4
^
LL
380
370
360
River Miles
350
340
FIGURE 4. FLAVOR OF CAGED CHANNEL CATFISH, MISSOURI RIVER,
NEAR KANSAS Cl TY, MISSOURI 9 KANSAS, 1969.
-------
APPENDIX E
REPORT ON FECAL STEROL INVESTIGATION
-------
MISSOURI RIVER BASIN STEROL ASSAY PROJECT REPORT
COPROSTANOL, A POSITIVE MARKER OF DOMESTIC AND RUN-OFF POLLUTION
Sterol Assay of Wastewater Plant Effluents and Surface Waters of
the Lower Main Stem Missouri
Henry H. Tabak and Robert L. Bunch
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
Federal Water Quality Administration
Advanced Waste Treatment Research Laboratory
Cincinnati, Ohio
May 25, 1970
252
-------
COPROSTANOL, A POSITIVE MARKER OF DOMESTIC AND RUN-OFF POLLUTION
Sterol Assay of Wastewater Plant Effluents and Surface Waters of
the Lower Main Stem Missouri
Henry H. Tabak and Robert L. Bunch
The specific proof of pollution of natural waters from various
sources requires isolation and identification of the specific organic
pollutants in these waters. Although contamination of waters by domestic
sewage is commonly concluded on the basis of standard coliform organism
counts, the use of a specific fecal organic compound that can be cor-
related quantitatively with this major source of pollution is more
desirable. Steroids offer such a class of compounds, since certain
steroids are characteristic of wastes from human beings and higher
animals.
Coprostanol (coprostan-3-^-ol, 5 ^B-cholestan-3 ^-ol) is one of
the principal sterols in feces of human beings and higher animals, and
feces are said to be the only source of this compound. The finding of
coprostanol in water would therefore indicate excreta from either domestic
wastes or run-off from pastures or barnyards. The merits of using this
major human fecal sterol as a positive marker of domestic pollution has
been recently emphasized (Murtaugh and Bunch, 1967; and Smith and Gouron,
1969). It was shown by the first authors that these compounds are removed
by adequate secondary sewage treatment.
253
-------
- 2 -
This study was undertaken to estimate the extent of human and
warm-blooded animal fecal pollution and to pinpoint the main sources of
this pollution in the Missouri River. The survey covered 28 sampling
stations in the Sioux City, Omaha, St. Joseph and Kansas City area. The
sampling stations and their river mileage (RM) are described in appendix I.
Each location was sampled four different times at approximately two-week
intervals. The samples were iced and flown to this laboratory. They
were about one day old when analyzed.
The analytical method used for the estimation of the coprostanol
in the river waters and in the wastewaters was based on the methodology
which was previously developed in this laboratory (Murtaugh and Bunch,
1967), and proven effective for the recovery of sterols from wastewater
as well as from a stream in the Cincinnati area. There was one major
change in that a new packing was used for the gas-liquid chromatography
column which permitted the free sterols to be run. This eliminated the
need for making the trimethylsily1 ether derivatives. The procedure con-
sisted of hexane extraction, mild alkali-alcohol hydrolysis of esters and
conjugates to free sterols, cleanup by thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and
quantitative measurement by gas-liquid chromatography (GLC). The procedure
used is fully described in appendix II.
Simultaneously with the assay for the fecal sterol the number of
fecal coliforms were determined utilizing the membrane filter technology.
Results and Discussion
The examination of sewage effluents and surface waters in the
Sioux City, Omaha, St. Joseph and Kansas City areas of the lower main stem
254
-------
- 3 -
Missouri revealed the presence of coprostanol. The chromatographic
analyses of all samples from the sampling points show significant vari-
ations in the amount of the specific indicator of domestic pollution,
coprostanol, as the degree of sewage pollution of the watercourse varied.
The sewage treatment plant (STP) effluents along the Missouri River
within the above four sampling areas were shown to have significantly
higher concentration of the fecal sterol than the surface water samples
taken at points just before the plant sewage effluent discharge area or
further down the river away from the treatment plants. The decrease in
concentration of coprostanol was demonstrated adequately by analysis of
water samples taken further away along the river from the location of
treatment plant outfalls.
Table 1 summarizes the analytical data on the concentration of
coprostanol in effluent and surface water samples from the 28 sampling
points. The treated sewage effluent samples from the Sioux City treatment
plant (SC-49) contained a concentration of coprostanol in the range of
636 to 794 ^g per liter. The STP effluents of the Omaha area at sampling
points CB-40 B and OM-40 A gave values in the range of 743 to 864 and
250 to 362 |jg per liter respectively. The range values of coprostanol
concentration in samples of sewage effluent from sampling points SJ-15,
SJ-18, A-25.5 and L-24.5 of the St. Joseph area were, respectively, 391
to 484, 465 to 573, 365 to 498 and 424 to 535 (ig per liter. Kansas City
area samples of STP effluent from M-103, M-104, and M-19 sampling points
contained concentrations of fecal sterol-in the range from 496 to 587,
259 to 319, and 328 to 419 ng per liter, respectively. The surface river
255
-------
- 4 -
water samples contained substantially lower concentrations of coprostanol,
particularly at points further away from the treatment plant outfalls.
These conclusions are further substantiated by the microbiological
data compiled for the same samples which were subjected to sterol analysis.
A resume on the enumeration of fecal coliforms in the treated sewage
effluents and surface river samples from the Missouri River is given in
Table 2. The treated sewage effluents demonstrate the number of fecal
coliforms in the millions per 100 ml of sample, while surface river samples
further away from the plant sewage outfall show a progressively lower
density of fecal coliforms. Since the same trend was determined for the
concentration of coprostanol in the effluent and surface river samples,
there seems to be a definite and significant correlation between the
concentration of the fecal sterol and the degree of fecal pollution. This
is graphically shown in Figure 1 which is a profile of the average density
of fecal coliforms and average concentration of coprostanol for the 28
sampling stations.
On an average a hog, a cow or a human being would be expected to
excrete 800 to 1,000 mg of coprostanol per day. If this is diluted with
100 gallons of wastewater, the expected concentration would be 210 to 250
lag per liter in raw wastewater. The results as compiled in Table 1 show
that all treatment plant effluents exceeded this amount. The river samples
are very high considering the dilution the wastevater would receive upon
entering the river. The Missouri River samples were more than 10-fold
greater in coprostanol than below an outfall of a poorly run secondary
treatment plant in the Cincinnati area (Murtaugh and Bunch. 1967).
256
-------
- 5 -
Summary
Sewage treatment plant effluents and surface river water samples
from 28 sampling stations on the lower main stem Missouri were analyzed
for the presence of the fecal sterol, coprostanol.
Data compiled on the amounts of coprostanol in the treatment plant
effluents and surface waters indicate conclusively that the Missouri River
is polluted with fecal matter.
Significant variations in the amount of coprostanol in the effluents
and surface waters at sampling points further away from sewage effluent
outfalls were clearly demonstrated and these show a correlation to the
density of fecal coliforms at the same locations.
The analytical data definitely demonstrate the potential for using
the analysis for sterol content to measure fecal pollution and the merit
for using coprostanol as a positive marker of fecal pollution. The specific
nature of coprostanol and its occurrence in surface waters polluted by
domestic and run-off sewage leave little doubt that the presence of this
fecal sterol connotes fecal pollution and that it ought to be used as an
index of pollution in addition to the standard method for enumeration of
fecal coliforms.
Acknowledgements ,
The authors wish to acknowledge the excellent assistance of the
personnel of the Missouri Basin Region of FWQA for the laborious task of
furnishing all the samples for this study. The authors express their
257
-------
- 6 -
sincere appreciation to Mr. Robert N. Bloomhuff for his enthusiasm and
extremely capable assistance throughout the development of this study
and for the photographic work on thin-layer chromatographs. The authors
also wish to express their thanks to Mr. Cecil W. Chambers and Mr. Albert
D. Venosa for supplying microbiological data of this study.
References
Murtaugh, J. and Bunch, R. L. 1967. Sterols as a measure of fecal
pollution. J. Water Poll. Cont. Fed., .39:3, 404-409.
Smith, L. L. and Gouron, R. E. 1969. Sterol metabolism - VI. Detection
of 5 B-cholestan-3 B-ol in polluted waters. Water Research,
Pergamon Press, Vol. 3, pp. 141-148. Printed in Great Britain.
258
-------
TABLE 1. Quantitative Analysis of Coprostanol in Waste
Treatment Plant Effluent and Siurface Water
Samples Taken from Sampling Podnts of the Lower
Main Stem Missouri
Sampling
Area
Sioux City
Area
Omaha Area
St. Joseph
Area
Sampling
Point
M-52
SC-49
M-48
B-43
M-42
M-42
CB-40 B
OM-40-A
M-38
M-205
P-37
M-34
M-28
M-28
SJ-15
' SJ-18
M-27
A-25.5
L 24.5
M-23
River
Mileage
736.0
729.0
717.4
631.1
626.2
626.2
614.0
611.5
601.7
596.6
594.8
559.7
452.3
452.3
446.4
445.6
440.3
421.0
395.6
370.5
Concentration of Coprosll'.anol in
1-20-70
4
636
98
64
21
1-27-70
9
743
250
73
177
17
60
31
2-4-70
37
391
573
56
365
424
63
Date of
3-4-70
6
723
105
66
16
2-23-70
20
.864
300
71
200
21
73
34
4-7-70
31
418
465
49
451
519
46
Sampling
3-17-70
10
684
93
60
23
3-10-70
26
766
362
76
295
13
76
31
4-21-70
35
484
503
48
498
486
54
lag/liter
3-24-70
3
793
109
57
20
3-31-70
28
815
335
67
166
15
72
37
5-5-70
28
452
493
43
389
535
60
Mean
6
709
101
62
20
21
797
312
72
210
16
70
33
33
436
508
49
424
491
56
259
-------
TABLE 1. (Continued)
Sampling
Area
Kansas
City Area
Sampling
Point
M-23
K-22
M-103
M,- 104
M-107 B
M-19
M-18
M-.15
River
Mileage
370.5
367.4
367.20
367.19
358.0
358.0
345.4
293.0
Concentration of Coprostanol in p.g/liter
2-11-70
80
78
522
259
92
328
86
66
Date of
4-14-70
68
70
496
319
110
419
75
79
Sampling
4-28-70 5-13-70
98
83
587
298
92
396
98
58
Mean
82
77
535
290
95
381
87
70
260
-------
TABLE 2. Enumeration of Fecal Coliforms in Wastte Treatment Plant
Effluent and Surface Water Samples Taken from Sampling
Points at the Lower Main Stem Missouri.
Sampling
Area
Sioux City
Area
Omaha Area
St. Joseph
Area
Sampling
Point
M-52
SC-49
M-48
B-43
M-42
•
M-42
CB-40 B
OM-40 A
M-38
M-205
P-37
M-34
M-28
, M-28
SJ-15
SJ-18
M-27
. A-25.5
L-24.5
M-23
River
Mileage
736.0
729.0
717.4
635.1
626.2
. 626.2
614.0
611.5
601.7 .
596.6
594.8
559.7
452.3
452.3
446.4
445.6
440.3
421.0
375.6
370.5
Number of Fecal Coliforms per 100
Date of
1-20-70 3-4-70
360
26 x-106-
1.4 x 104
1.0 x 104
• •
1-27-70 2-23-70
1,200
.2.9 x 106
1.0 x 106
. . --- 3,000
3.1 x 105
340
1,800
2,400
2-4-70 4-7-70
1,600 1,400
1.6 x 106 6.8 x 106
1.4 x 106 4.2 x 106
5,200 1,800
0.97 x 106 5.0 x 106
4.4 x 106 5.8 x 106
6,200 2,400
Sampling
3'.- 17-70
8
m x io6
0,8 x IO4
380
930
3-10-70
,. 800
1.7 x 10
0.8 x IO6
3,000 .
4.1 x IO5
540
3,700
1,800
4-21-70
2,600
0.7 x IO6
22 x 10
3,700
0.27 x IO6
1.9 x IO6
3,000
ml of Sample
3-24-70
44
12 x IO6
1.6 x IO4
- 705
600
3-31-70
1,000
4.0 x IO6
4.0 x IO6
6,700
4.1 x IO5
730
5,800
1,900
5-5-70
560
7.8 x IO6
17 x IO6
450
4.9 x IO6
11 x IO6
1,000
Mean
140
19 x IO6
1.3 x IO4
3,500
770
1,000 .
2.9 x IO6
1.9 x 10
4,200
3.8 x IO5
540
3,800
2 , 100
1,800
4.2 x IO6
11 x IO6
2,800
2.8 x IO6
5.7 x IO6
3,150
261
-------
TABLE 2. (Continued)
Sampling
Area
Kansas
City Area
Sampling
Point
M-23
K-22
M-103
M-104
M-107 B
M-19
M-18
M-15
I
River
Mileage
370.5
367.4
367.20
367.19
358.0
358.0
345.4
293.0
slumber of Fecal Coliforms per 100
2-11-70
880
6,200
20 x 106
1.3 .x 106
80
1.9 x 106
1,600
770
Date oi
4-14-70
2,100
1,300
13 x 106
0.3 x 106
500
2.6 x 106
1,600
1,800
Sampling
4-28-70
700
7,400
5.9 x 106
0.4 x 106
400
2.2 x 106
2,100
1,600
ml of Sample
5-13-70
18,500
1,800
13 x 106
1.6 x 106
32,000
4.1 x 106
19,000
11,800
i
Mean
5,500
4,200
13 x 106
0.9 x 10
8,300
2.7 x 106
6,100
4,000
262
:t
-------
FIGURE I
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CONCENTRATION OF COPROSTAK 3-.B 01
AND NUMBER OF FECAL COLIFORMS
107
106
K
10D
104
103
102
-
-
.
— T
«x t
ir> •
3E «
i
'
T* CO
*»
SIOUX CITY
«*» CM
AREA
no «
«•» 5
.'
•
T
• ;
OMAHA AREA
S> V*
i
i' i i
* CM CM '
•« — '
ST. JOSEPH AREA
263
' —
—
—
—
-
*• x a S * *
KANSAS CITY AREA
1,200
1,100
1,000
900
800
700
600
500 =
400
300
200
100
-------
APPENDIX I
SAMPLES; LOCATIONS - LOWER MAIN STEM. MISSOURI
Sioux City Area
1. M-52 Missouri River at RM-736 above the mouth of the Big
Sioux River
2. SC-49 Sioux City STP Effluent
3. M-l*8 Sioux City mixing zone station - Missouri River at RM 717
k. M-42 Missouri River at RM 626.2, Omaha Waterworks Intake
5. B-l«-3 Boyer River at 1-29 Highway Bridge above Qraha
Omaha Area
1. M-^2 Misr.ouri River at RM-626,2, Omaha Waterworks Intake
2. CM-UOA Omalm-M? ssouri River STP Effluent
3. CB-liOB Council Bluffs STP Effluent
1*. M-205 Papillion Creek at CRB 1 mile below US-73
5. M-38 Missouri River at Bellevue RM-601.6, Omaha area mixing
station
6. M-3^ Missouri River at Nebraska City RM-559.T
7. M-28 Missouri River at St. Joseph Waterworks Intake RM-^52.3
8. P-37 Platte River at US-73 Bria^e Junction at R
St. Joseph Area
1. M-28 Missouri River at St. Joseph Waterworks Intake RM-^52.3
2. SJ-15 St. Joseph Municipal STP effluent
3. SJ-18 South St. Joseph Industrial STP effluent
4. M-27 Missouri River at St. Joseph area mixing station R
264
-------
APPENDIX I (continued)
5. A-25.5 Atchison STP effluent
6. L-2^.5 Leavenworth STP effluent
7. M-23 Missouri River at Kansas City Waterworks Intake KM-370.5
Kansas City Area
1. M-23 Missouri River at Kansas .City Waterworks Intake RM-370.5
2. K-22 Kansas River at Central Avenue Bridge in Kansas City, Kansas
3. M-103 Kansas City, Kansas STP Effluent Westside
k. M-1C4 Kansas City, Missouri STP Effluent
V
5. M-19 Kansas City, Missouri-Blue River STP Effluent
6. M-1C7B Big Blue River at Mouth EM-358.0
7. M-18 Missouri River at Missouri City Power Plant Mixing Zone
8. M-15 Missouri River at Waverly RM-293.0
265
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APPENDIX II
METHODOLOGY
Analysis of Cholesterol and Coprostanol
in Rivers and Wastex/aters
I. Hexane extraction of sterols and sterol conjugates.
1. To 1 liter camples add 20 ml of cone. EC1 and 20 ml of 20$ Nad
aqueous solution. Mix thoroughly.
2. Extract three times with 1/5 volumes of prepurified hexane. Ex-
traction is performed in 2 liter capacity separatory funnels on a
. reciprocal shaker.
3. The pooled hexane fractions are then passed through a column of
sodium sulfatc to eliminate the water content.
k. The hexane is evaporated in a flash evaporator under vacuum to near
dryness.
II. Mild alla-ili~etb.sjri.ol hydrolysis of hexane extracted sterols.
1. The near dry residue is transferred to small digestion flasks.
2. Add 3 D^- of 25$ KOII aqueous solution and nix the contents thoroughly.
3. Add 7 Hi ol 95^ ethyl alcohol and mix the contents thoroughly.
4. Add a few boiling chips to each of the digestion flasks and place
them on a hot plate, connect them to the condensers and hydrolyze
the contents for 2 hours.
5. After hydrolysis, cool the flasks immediately in an ice bath.
III. Hexane extraction of hydrolysates.
1. To the chilled contents in digestion flasks add 10 ml of distilled
water.
2. Transfer the contents to 125 nil capacity separatory funnels.
3. Rinse the digestion flasks thoroughly with kd ral of prepurified hexane
and pour the solvent into the separatory funnels.
k. Extract on reciprocal shaker.
5. Repeat extraction with second kO ml volume of hexane.
6. The pooled two hexane fractions are rinsed with 10 ml of 2$ aqueous
NaCl solution, shaken thoroughly, and allowed to stand for 10 minutes.
T. The NaCl layer is drained off and the hexane layer is transferred to
evaporation flasks and evaporated in a flash evaporator to almost
dryness.
266
-------
APPENDIX II (continued)
IV. Transfer of hydrolyzed extract to small storage tubes.
1. The near dry residue in evaporation flasks is rinsed 3 tines with
2 ml volumes of absolute ethaiiol, each rinsing facilitated by 10-
minute shaking on a reciprocal or rotary shaker.
2. The rinsings are placed into small tubes and the contents are eva-
porated to drynees under forced prepurified air on a specially
designed stes.m bath.
3. Follov the rinsing of the evaporation flasks with two additional
acetone rinsings using 2 ml of acetone for each rinse.
4. Acetone rinsings are evaporated in the tubes, using above method.
V. Preliminary thin layer chromatography of the sterol extracts.
1. 20 by 20 cm glass plates are coated with 0.25 ram layer of Silica
Gel G (E. Merck, Darmstadt) and activate for one hour at 110 C.
2. The prepared plates are stored in a vacuum.desiccator until used.
3. Standard so3.utions of the sterols in acetone are prepared as 0.1$
solutions, and the reference standards are spotted by means of
Hamilton syringes on the Silica Gel G plates, using 5 ug/5 ul twice
per each spot.
k. To the Lydrcli'iiea couples of extracted Fterols in. prarll. tuber; arc
added 0.5 nil volumes of warm acetone. The contents are dissolved
in acetone and 10 ul volumes of each of the extract camples are
spotted on the same plate next to the reference standards.
5. The drying of the spots is facilitated by the use of infrared lamp.
6. The chromatoplates are developed with a mixture of chloroform and
ether in the ratio of 9:1. They are then air dried for 15 minutes
and heat dried (110 C) for additional 5 minutes.
7- The chromatoplates are sprayed with a 10$ solution of phosphomolybdic
acid in 95$ ethanol.
8. After heating at 100 C for 15 minutes, the sterols appear as dark
spots (violet-blue-indigo) on a yellow background.
9. The Rf values of the standard references are compared with those of
the sterol extracts.
VI. Preparative thin layer chroraatography for GC chromatography analysis.
1. Reference standards of sterols are spotted on the plate using the
same concentrations per spot as above.
2. 0.1 ml volumes of the hydrolyzed samples of extracted sterols in
acetone are streaked on the came plates with the standards on the
right half portions of each plate.
3. After drying,the chromatoplates are developed with a mixture of
CECl^-ether in the ratio of 9:1* air dried and heat dried.
267
-------
APPENDIX II (continued)
4. The sterols are located by covering that portion of the plate con-
taining the unknown samples with aluminum foil and spraying the
reference standards with 10-ya solution of phosphcmolybdic acid in
95$ ethanol.
5. The standard reference spots are visualized after heating at 100 C
for 15 minutes.
6. Areas for unknown samples corresponding to locations of reference
standards are removed with a micro spatula, placed in prevashsd
medicine droppers plugged with prewauhed glass wool and eluted into
micro thistle tuses with 5 nil of acetone.
T« The eluted sterols are concentrated in the thistle tubes to the top
level of the thistle on a steam bath with the aid of a gentle stream
. of clean, dry air.
VII. Gas-liquid chro:aator;raphy of the silica Gel g eluted stgrols_.
1. Quantitative determinations are made with an Aerograph gas cliroma-
tograph and using a flame ionization detector.
2. A stainless steel column 1/8 in x 6 ft is packed with 60-80 mesh
chromacorb Q coated with fluoroalkyl silicons polymer QF-1 (3$ by
weight) and coluan temperature is maintained at 235 C.
3- Eelius: is used as carrier gas, helium pressure adjusted to 25 psi,
and the carrier gas flow rate maintained at 413 ml per minute.
4. Hydrogen flow rate to the flame ionization detector is kept at
25 ml/rain, and the source of hydrogen is a hydrogen generator.
5- The air flow to the ionization detector is maintained at 200 ml/min.
6. The temperatures of the injector and detector are kept at 240 C.
T. 5 ug/5 ul concentrations of reference standards are injected and
standard reference peaks determined for the concentrations of each
of the standard sterols injected.
8. The retention time of each of the respective sterol standards is
determined for the above set of column and detector conditions used.
9» Quantitative determinations of the unknown eterol extracts are based
on peak height compared to a standard curve prepared from known re-
ference standards. Qualitative determinations of unknowns are based
on the retention time as compared with that of standards.
10. Internal standards are employed in the analysis of each of the separ-
ated (TI£) unknown sterol fractions to definitely categorize the
unknown sample.
268
-------
APPENDIX F
REPORT ON VIRUS ISOLATION INVESTIGATION
-------
THE VIRUS HAZARD ON TIE MISSOURI RIVER
Gerald Berg, Daniel R. Dahling, Donald Be man, and Carl Walter
A single infectious virus excreted by a human is capable of
infecting other humans who consuns that virus (Table l)(l). The
presence of a single such virus in water that people consume, there-
fore, constitutes a clearcut hazard to health and well-being.
Fecal coliforms always occur in the gastrointestinal tracts of
warm blooded animals. Certain viruses and pathogenic bacteria may or
nay not be present at the sane tine. Fecal coliforns serve as indicators
that viruses or pathogenic bacteria may be present. Thus, evidence of
fecal colifoms in water is only an indication that hazardous agents
may be present. Evidence constituted by nany other biological and
chemical indicators of pollution is often equivocal too, because in
themselves, these indicators usually cannot be shown to be injurious
to health. Whan no one line of evidence is conclusive, multiple lines
of such evidence must be relied upon to support enforcement actions on
the premise that the sum of the many such lines of evidence will stand
stronger than any one line could stand alone.
Viruses are a different matter. Sach virus is capable of
producing infection. Each virus is_ thereby a dangerous pollutant.
Thus, the detection of a single virus particle is_ the detection of
a dangerous pollutant.
The detection of a virus in a sewage effluent ejected into a.
waterway constitutes a clear and present danger to health in the area
of the outfall, immediately downstream of the outfall, and in communities
269 '
-------
- 2 -
well downstream when that virus will survive in the stream long enough
to reach the downstream, communities. Even when downstream transmission
is not in evidence, the presence of viruses in an effluent and in a
receiving water a short distance downstream of the outfall from which
the effluent is discharged is a hazard, constitutes an adulteration
of stream quality in that area, and thereby in itself demands remedial
action.
MATERIALS At ID METHODS
Collection of samples. All samples were collected by Region
personnel. Raw influent and effluent samples were collected in
cubitainers from primary treatment plants along the Missouri River
and couriered to Cincinnati by air or transported by truck when river
water samples were also taken. Samples were kept cold during transport.
Most sewage and effluent samples were processed immediately
upon reaching the laboratory, but some were stored at -TO C before
processing.
Large samples of water were collected in 55-gallon plastic- (
lined drums from selected locations on the Missouri River and trucked
overnight to Cincinnati. In seme instances, field filtrations were
achieved with the equipment described below and the filter sandwiches
were returned to Cincinnati, along with the silt collected on the pre-
filters, for processing.
Recovery of viruses from se:.ti~3 and treatment plant effluents.
Each two-liter sample of sewage or treatment plant effluent was filtered
through a Millipore AP 20 fiberglass prefilter and an M? 0.^5 n membrane
270
-------
- 3 -
filter. Prefilters and filters were pretreatel with 0.1;j Tween-80 to
o
prevent virus adsorption to the filters and then rinsed with distilled
water prior to contact with the sanples. Ten ml of an Al(CIl), gel,
prepared in Mcllvaine's buffer' by procedures described elsewhere (2),
was added to each filtered sample and each suspension was stirred with
a magnetic stirrer for an hour. The Al(CH)2 precipitates, to which
virus had adsorbed, were collected by filtration on 1-C? 0.^-5 M membranes
and removed with a spatula. The nenbranes were washed with 10 nl of a
cell gra/th medium, and the washings were added to the corresponding
Al(OH)o precipitates. The suspensions of medium and Al(OH)o were
diluted 1:5 ar*3. inoculated onto cell cultures, 1 nl per culture, for
assay by the plaque technIc.
Five grams of fraction 5 bovine albumin and ICO ml of 1$ aqueous
protamine sulfate were added to each sample from which the Al(OH)o had
been filtered and the suspensions were stirred for 30 minutes with a
magnetic stirrer. The precipitates that formed were then collected on
Tween-80-treated Millipcre A? 20 fiberglass prefilters, and 1 ml of
1 M Had was filtered through each pad to dissolve the precipitates
and elute the viruses. Bach pad was subsequently washed with 6 ml of
distilled water which were added to the corresponding dissolved pre-
cipitate, and the total volur.es were inoculated c.::to cell cultures,
1 ml per culture, for assay by the plaque technic (3)«
In some tests, the Ai(OK), and prctamine sulfate procedures
were applied to separate samples of effluent, because at the time the
*-
liK and sufficient citric
acid to bring the pH to 6.
271
-------
studies were done, it was believed that the Al(OH), procedure would
recover only small viruses and the protamine sulfate procedure would
recover only large viruses. Subsequently, it was sho'.m that the Al(OH)o
procedure does recover some large viruses, and the protamins sulfate
procedure does recover sone snail viruses. Thus, the results from the
Al(OH)o procedure and those from the protamine sulfate procedure overlap
somewhat and are not additive when separate effluent samples were used
for each. Unless otherwise indicated in the table footnote, however,
the two procedures were applied in tandem on the sane sample, and the
total number of viruses recovered reflect the minimum present in the
sample. In any event, neither procedure is quantitative. The total
amount of viruses in an effluent nust exceed by sons considerable
amount the quantity of viruses detected.
Recovery of viruses from river water. Fifty or 100 gallons of
river water were filtered through a 293 nn Tween-30-treated Millipore
AP 20 prefilter and then through two 1^3 nn Tveen-80-treated A? 20
prefilters between which were sandwiched 1.8 gm of washed J-'onsanto
PE 60 poly electrolyte (k). The filter pais were supported in Millipore
filter holders of appropriate size connected in tandem. The 293 mm
filter clogged frequently with silt and was replaced as necessary.
The silt was collected with a spatula and the virus eluted from it
with 3/i beef extract by a method designed in this laboratory (6).
Viruses were eluted from the polyelsctrolyte by circulating 60 nl of
0«5/£ pancreatin through the sandwich three times, and then circulating
60 ml of pH 9 borate buffer containing 10;' fetal calf serci through the
sandwich three times. The borate buffer consisted of 0.05 ••'> H30o,
272
-------
- 5 -
0.05 M KC1, and sufficient NaOH to bring the pH to 9. Each eluate was
collected separately, filtered through an MF 0.^5 \L membrane filter to
renove bacteria and fungi, and inoculated onto cell cultures, 1 ml per
culture for assay of viruses.
Cell cultures. All viruses were isolated by the plaque technic
in primary cell cultures prepared from rhesus monkey kidney cells.
Identification of viruses. Viruses are being identified under
contract with Dr. S. S. Kalter, Southwest Foundation for Research and
Education, San Antonio, Texas.
RESULTS AI-ID DISCU33IOIT
Our first important effort to demonstrate virus pollution of a
major stream, was undertaken in the late summer of 19'39 along the
iliiiscuri lilvcr. Repeated efforts to demonstrate, with standard pollu-
tion indicators [such as depressed dissolved oxygen levels (DO) and
5-day 20 C biochemical oxygen demands (BCD)] deleterious alteration
of the stream by communities that discharged primary effluents into
it had been essentially unsuccessful. The likelihood of recovering
viruses, from a stream when other indicators of pollution could not be
demonstrated seemed remote: Viruses usually do not reach levels much
beyond several thousand plaque-forming units (PFU)* per gallon of
sewage, they do net multiply in the effluent or in the stream, and
they slowly die off as time progresses. Moreover, once diluted in the
stream they become difficult to detect because good quantitative con-
centration methods have not yet been developed. There did exist, how-
ever, the advantage that dercr.straticr. £f even one virus particle of
#•
Plaque-forming units are infectious units.
/
273
-------
- 6 -
human origin ±s_ bor.afide evidence of dangerous pollution, vhereas
small chan-res in pollution indicator values below cut falls are
difficult to interpret.
Thus, our initial efforts were directed at detecting viruses
in effluents discharged into the river. Six tines during the months
of September and October 19o9> samples were talien fron sewage treatment
plants along stretches of the waterway. Most samples were priraary
effluent, but seme raw sewage and river water sanples were also taken.
Viruses, often several hundred per gal Ion, were consistently recovered
fron nunicipal treatment plant primary,' effluents, and from raw sewage
(Tables 2-7). Stock yard effluents also yielded hundreds of viruses
when tested in calf kidney cells, indicative that animal viruses in
large nvrab3rs are continuously discharged into the waterway. In it-
self, all of this was bcnafide evidence that the Missouri River was
being polluted with infectious agents.
To determine how far downstream these infectious agents consti-
tuted a hazard presented a more complex problem, because dilution of
the viruses in the stream necessitates a concentration of small numbers
of viruses from very large volumes of water. lib established methods
were" available for such studies. As an alternative, viruses of the
types present in sewage effluents (enteroviruses and reoviruses) were
seeded into Missouri River water and into the effluents as well, and
24-hour viral survivals (long enough to reach major downstream water
supplies) were determined. Table 8 shows that large numbers of viruses
survived in the Missouri River water, in the sewage, and in the effluents
274
-------
- 7 -
after 2^ hours. The reovirus, reportedly capable of producing cancers
in certain animals -.-.•hen inoculated in very small amounts (5), appeared
to increase in numbers in the river water, perhaps the result of clumps
brealdLng up. It was clear, in any event, that viruses ejected into
waterways with domestic sewage could reach -.rater intakes r.any miles
downstream.
The detection of viruses at water intur.es dov/nstreani of a
pollution source can dericnstrate that the hazard perpetrated in the
area of an outfall by the discharge of viruses into that area has
extended itself to the downstream ccmunity. Good quantitative
technics for detecting s:?.all amour.ts of viriises in large volumes of
water were not available, but a technic under development, capable of
detecting a portion of the viruses present, gave sone promise of
sufficient sensitivity. This was the polyelectrolyte method. In
this method (see Materials and Methods), large volvvv.es of water are
filtered through a Mcnsanto compound designated FS oO which adsorbs
sone viruses. Adsorbed viruses subsequently can be eluted and quan-
tified. Thus, an effort was r.ade to recover viinases frcn large volumes
of river water. An attempt was nade also to recover viruses from the
silt that collected on fiberglass prefliters used to remove suspended
material before the -.rater passed through the polyelectrolyte. A
number of attempts were :r.ade to detect viruses upstrc-on and downstrean
from outfalls and at seme T.ratcr intakes. Tr.zsz studies are summarized
in Table 9.
A 50-gallon vat or G-.rr.pl e taken at Missouri City yielded five
viruses, and a sample of similar size taken at 33llevj.o yielded four
275 '
-------
- 8 -
viruses. Six more viruses were recovered frcm the silt in the 'water
sample. At Sioux City, four viruses were recovered from a 50-gallon
water sample and its silt five miles below the sewage outfalls, but
none were recovered from samples taken above the outfalls. 'Forty-
eight viruses per liter of sample were recovered from Sioux City
primary effluent sampled on the sane day.
A mid-winter study at St. Joseph yielded interesting results.
One virus was recovered from 50 gallons of water taken at Palemo
landing, about 10 rales below St. Joseph's sewage treatment outfalls,
but 19 viruses were recovered from a sample of similar size taken at
the water intake above the outfalls. This ±s_ equal to 360,000 viruses
per million gallons of water. Recovery of viruses from water intakes
during the winter, especially, when transmission of enteric viruses is
at a relatively low point, underscores the hazard perpetrated upon down-
stream coronunities by upstream communities that diecharge viruses in
their effluents. St. Joseph primary effluents also yielded considerable .
quantities of viruses (Table 9)- This study was repeated in the spring
at which time viruses were again recovered from tho water intake, and
at Palermo landing also.
All viruses identified thus far are pclicviruses and echoviruses,
are of human origin, and are capable of infecting humans who consume them.
Since trucking multiple pO-gallon camples to Cincinnati, especially
during the winter months, was difficult, a comparative study was set up '
at the time of the spring sampling at St. Joseph to determine whether
276
-------
- 9 -..
filtrations through the polyelectrolyte co-old "bo done in the field
and virus elution and isolation subsequent to return of the filters
to the Cincinnati laboratory. The results of this study show that
the same amount of viruses "ere recovered "hen filtraticns were done
in the field as when they were done In the laboratory on trucked- in
samples (Table 10). Subsequent studies in our laboratory shoved that
storage of the filters at k C .for several days before and after water
was filtered through then did not reduce virus recoveries (Table 11),
and thus added support to the feasibility of a field filtration technic.
The results in Table 11 also demonstrate the inefficiency of the technic
as a quantitative method for virus recovery.
Although technical problens occurred in the field that nade it
impossible to filter nuch nore than half of the 50 gallons that were
filtered in the laboratory, these problems were minor and should be
easy to res.olve.
A single viable virus excreted by a human is capable of infecting
other hucans who consume it, ana. thus constitutes a hazard to health and
well-being. Thus, each virus i.s_ a -dangerous pollutant . Viruses have
"been detected along the Missouri River in effluents, midstream, and at
water intakes, demonstrating a clearcut hazard perpetrated upon dcvn-
stream communities by those upstream. The methods used to demonstrate
the virus pollution -rare capable of detecting only a portion of the
viruses present. Thus, many more viruses were present than we were
able to detect. There is_ clearly an_ urgent need for developing better
reethodolo.gy for detecting email numbers of viruses in lar~e volur.es of
I.TD •*•«•>*
^s-£- _ 277'
-------
- 10 -
References
1. Berg, G. "An Integrated Approach to the Problem of Viruses in
V.'ater." To be published, in the Proceedings of the National
Specialty Conference on Disinfection, University of Massachusetts
(1970).
2. Wallis, C., and Melnich, J. L. In Transr.ission of Viruses by the
Water Route, edited by G. Berg. p. 129 ,
3. England, B. Protardne Sulfate Precipitation of Reovirus and
Adenovirus for their Assay in Sewage and Effluents. Presented
at the 70th Annual Meeting of the American Society for Microbiology,
26 April - 1 May 1970.
h. Wallis, C., Grinstein, 3., Melnick, J. L., and Fields, J. E.
Applied Miarobiol. 18:1007 (1969).
5. Keast, D., Stanley, K. F., and Fnillips, P. A. Proc. Soc. 3xx>er.
Biol. Med. 128:1033 (1968).
6. Berg, G., and Efehling, D. R. Unpublished data.
278
-------
Table 1. Minimal Infective Dose of Viruses for Man
ro
Virus
Toliovirus 1 (SM)
Poliovirus 3 (Fox)
Measles
_ #
Dose
2 PFU
50
T TV1!")
50
Route of
inoculation
Oral
(celatin capsule)
Gava^e
Intrants al
No. infected
Ho. inoculated
2/3
3/10
8/35
% infected
6?
30
2k
Given in plaque-forminc units (PFU) or that amount of virus that will infect
of the tissue cultures inoculated (TCDcQ).
-------
Table 2. Recovery of Viruses from Missouri River Effluents
(Samples of 9/19/69)
PO
00
o
Sample
A-25.5
L-2',5
SJ-15
SJ-18
Site of sampling
Place River miles
Atchison sewage ^21.0
treatment plant
Lcavcmrorth sewage 395«6
treatment plant
St. Joseph sewage kk6.k
treatment plaint
South St. Joseph Wj.6
industrial sower
district (stock
yard)
Type of
effluent
Primary
Primary
Primary
Primary
Laboratory
recovery
method
Al(OH)3
A1(OII)3
Al(OH),
A1(OII)3"X"
Protaminc culfatc'54'
A1(OII)3
Protamine sulfate
Virus
recovered
(PFU/liter)
9-5
8
2.5
10
0
k
Tested in calf kidney cells.
-------
Table 3- Recovery of Viruses from Missouri River Effluents
(Samples of 9/2^/69)
ro
c»
Sample
A-25.5
*
L-24.5
SJ-15
SJ-18
Site of sampling
Place River miles
Atchison sewage 421.0
treatment plant
Leavenworth sewage 395-6
treatment plant
St. Joseph sewage hk6.k
treatment plant
South St. Joseph 4U5.6
industrial sewer
district (stock
yard)
Type of
effluent
Primary
Primary
Primary
Pi.juary
,
Laboratory
recovery
method
A1(OH)3
Protamine sulfate
A1(OH)3
Protamine sulfate
A1(OH)3
Protamine sulfate
A1(OH)3*
Protamine sulfate
A1(OH)3
Protamine sulfate
Virus
recovered
(PFU/liter)
128.5
274
50
9
53
20.5
45.5
53
85
15
Tested in calf kidney cells,
-------
Table h. Recovery of Viruses from Missouri River Effluents
(Samples of 9/26/69)
no
oo
ro
Sample
M-19
M-1C4
M-106
M-108
M-102
M-103
Site of sampling
Place . River miles
Big Blue River
scwa.ce treatment
plant .
Kansas City, Mo. 367.19
veotcidc sewage
truatmont plant
Rock Creek below 362.7
North Kansas City
sewage treatment
plant
Rock Creek at 356.9
Independence, Mo.
raw sevra.ce by-pass
line
Kuw Valley District 367.61
outfall
Kansas City, Kansas 367. 2L
sewuce treatment
plant
Type of
effluent
Primary
Primary
Primary
Raw
sewage
Primary
Primary
Laboratory
recovery
method"1"
A1(OH)3
Protamine sulfate
Al(OH)3
Protamine culfate
A1(OII)3
Protamine sulfate
Al(OH),
Protamine sulfate
A1(OH)3
Protamine sulfate
A1(OH)3
Protamine oulfute
Virus
recovered
(PFU/liter)
96
18
71
0.5
2.5
0.5
85
9
61
2
73
2.5
Separate samples used for tests with Al(OH),, and protamine sulfate,
-------
Table 5« Recovery of Viruses from Missouri River Effluents
(Samples of 10/1/69)
ro
CD-
CO
Simple
M-19
M-102
M-103
M-1C4
M-106
M-108
Site of sampling
Place River miles
Big Blue River .
sewage .treatment
plant
Kaw Valley District 367. 6L
outfall
Kansas City, Kansas 367. 2L
sewage treatment
plant
Kansas City, Mo. 367.19
westside sewage
treatment plant
Rock Creek below 362.7
north Kansas City
sewage treatment
plant
Rock Creek at 356.9
Independence, Mo.
raw sewage by-pass
line
Type of
effluent
Primary
Primary
.Primary
Primary
Primary
•
Raw
sewage
Laboratory
reccrvery
method
Al(OH),
- 0
Protamine sulfate
Al(OII),
J
Protamine sulfate
Al(OH)
o
Protamine sulfate
Al(OH),
j.
Protamine sulfate
A1(OIIU
•J
Protamine sulfate
Al(OH)-
j
Protamine sulfate
Virus
recovered
(PFU/liter)
109
0
0
1
1U6
56
92
6
1.5
0
16
0.5
-------
Table 6. Recovery of Viruses from Missouri River Effluents
(Samples of 10/16/69)
ro
CO
Sample
QM-40A
M-211
M-212
Site of sampling
Place River miles
Omaha -yd s s our i 6ll . 5
River sewage
treatment plant
x'rom Monroe Street
by-pass
Pacific Fruit 611.5R
Express outfall
Quaker Oats Co. 615. 2L
Type of
effluent
Raw sewage
Train car wash
raw discharge
Raw process
waste
outfall
Laboratory
recovery
method*
A1(OH)3
Protamine sulfate
Al(OH)3
Protamine sulfate
Al(OH)3
Protamine culfate
Virus
recovered
(PFU/liter)
19
222
0
0
0
0
Separate samples used for tests with Al(OH)3 and protamine sulfate.
-------
Table J. Recovery of Viruso;.-. from Missouri River Effluents
(Samples of 10/2^/69)
ro
oo
CTV
Sample
M-38
M-203
M-211
M-212
OM-llOA
TC-210
CB-40B
OM-208
Site of sampling
Place River miles
Bellevuo, 0.1 miles
above S-;ate Highway
370 bridge
Om;iha-F.;ipillion Creek
sewage treatment plant
Pacific Fruit 611.5R
Express
Quaker Oats Co. 615. 2L
Omaha -Missouri 6ll.5L
River sewage treat-
ment pltint
Twin Cities Plaza 613. 6R
raw sew;ige discharge
Council Bluffs 6l!+.OR
sewage treatment
plant
Monroe Street by- 6ll.4L
pass of raw wastes
f -~r ff
to Missouri River
Type of
effluent
River water
2/3 secondary
1/3 primary
Train car wash
raw discharge
Raw process
waste outfall
Primary
Raw
sewage
Primary
Raw packing
waste
Laboratory
recovery
method
Al(OII) *
#
Protaminc oulfate
Al(OH)/
Protamine sulfate
A1(OII)3*
Protuminc sulfate
Al(0!l)o>!
•^
Protaminu sulfate*
A1(OII)3*
Protaminc sulfate
Al(OH) *
•J
Protamine sulfate
A1(OIIU*
*
Protamine sulfate
Al(OIiJ3
Protamine sulfate
Al(OH)o+
Frotamine sulfate
Virus
recovered
(PFU/liter)
0
0
in
1.5
0
0
0
0
20
26
5
7
135
286
95
201
0
0.5
Separate samples used for tests with Al(OIi)o and protamine sulfate,
Tested in calf kidney cells.
-------
Table 0. Survival of Viruses in Missouri River Water and in Sewage Effluent
Date r,; rapier
wore
collected
10/7/09
10/29/69
ro
on
11/9/69.
11/17/69
Site of sampling
Place/River miles
River
water 35^.^
Big Blue
River sewage
treatment plant
River
water 601.3
Pupillion
Creek 596.6
River
vatcr • WiO.3
S . St.
Joseph
ind. kk5.6
sewer
dist.
River
water 718.3
M-U8
Sioux
City 729. OR
SC-^9
Type of
sample
Water
Primry
effluent
Water
2/3 secondary
1/3 primary
Water
Primary
effluent
Water
Primary
effluent
Poliovirus 1
Hours
0
/• k**
9.6 x HT
11.3 x 10*
1.1 x IO5
1.22 x IO5
1.W x 105
1.3^ x 105
3J2 x IO5
1.89 x 105
2k
7.1 x 10^(7^)'^"'
6.0 x 104(53)
6.8 x 10^(61)
k.k x lO'^o)
3.2 x 10^(22)
1.22x 10^(91)
5.8 x 104(19)
8A x 10H(^)
Echovirus 7
H(
0
9.5 x 101"- •
8.8 x 101;
8.7 x 10 *"
7.6 x 10^
iM x io5
1.2 x 105
1.6 x io5
1.3^ x IO5
JUTS
2k
k.J x 10^(50)
13.2 x lo^Ci^o)
8.0 x 1(A(92)
1.0k x IO5 (136)
7.8 x 10^(5'0
9.5 x 10lK(79)
5.6 x 10^(35)
6.8 x 10^(51)
Reovirus 1
II
0
1.6 x io3
2.k x IO3
1.21 x IO3
9. If x IO2
3.2 x 10J
5.2 x 10
1.25 x 10
i.k x 10
ours
2k
1.07 x 10^(167)
2.06 x io3(86)
1.65 x 103(ljj)
2.23 x 103(233)
2.15 x 10 (672)
3.39 x 103(65)
L
5.1 x 10 (Uc3)
1.52 x 10^(10?)
•X-K-*
Samples were stored at room temperature (23-26 C).
PFU per ml.
Percent surviving given in parenthesis.
-------
Table 9. Recovery of Viruses from Missouri River Water and Silt
D'.tc of
r.omplitic
10/8/69
10/30/69
12/11/69
1/22/70
4/23/70
Site of samplinc
Place RLvor miles
Missouri City 354.4
Power Plant Dock
I'car Omaha
liellevue Power 601.3
Plant
Thackor Marina in
Sioux City (above 732. 7L
all sc'.:are outfalls)
Sioux City
Sioux City (5
miles bc-lov; all 717-0
cew:i;;>- outfalls)
St. Joseph Water
Works intake lino 452.3
(above scwace
outfalls )
St. Joseph Municipal
St. Joseph Municipal
(meat packing plant)
Palermo Landinc 440.3
St. Joseph 'Water
Works intake 452.3
Ol'.tfull:; )
St. Joseph Municipal
scv.'a^c treatment
plant
S t . Joseph Industrial
se'.;ar/,c treatment
plant (meat packlnc
plant)
Palermo Landinc 440.3
Type
of
sample
Water
Silt
Water
Silt
Water
Silt
Primary
effluent
Water
Silt
Water
Silt
Primary
effluent
Primary
effluent
Water
Gilt
'Water
Silt
Primary
effluent
Primary
effluent
Water
Size
of
sample
50 cal
from 8.33 Gal**
50 cal
fro:.: 50 cal**
50 cal
fror: 50 cal**
2 liters
50 cal
**
from 50 cal
50 Gal
from 50 cal**
2 liters
2 liters
50 Gal
from 50 cal
50 cal
,if»
from 50 cal
2 liters
2 liters
50 cal
.**
ircm 50 ca-i-
Virus
Lab recovery recovered Virus typos
procedure (PFU/soraplo ) recovered
Polyelectrolyte
Beef extract
Polyelectrolyte
Beef extract
Polyelectrolyte
Beef extract
A1(0!I)3
Protamine sulfate
Polyelectrolyte
Beef extract
Polyelectrolyte
Beef extract
Al(0!03
Protanine sulfate
Al(0:!)3
Protar.iir.e suJ.fate
Polyclec trolyte
Beef extract
Polyelectrolyte
Eeef extract
A1(01I)3
Protamiac sulfate
A1(0!I)3
Protamine sulfate
Polyelectrolyte
Beef extract
5 E8, E8, El, El,
E7
0
4 P2, ^7, P2,
6 El, PI, E7, P3
0
0
. 82 Kot yet tyn-.-d
14 Kot yet tyi>.-l
1 riot yet typ-jd
3 I'3, r-3
19 P3, F2, rc, r=,
27, H33, io3
0
33 ::ot yet VT^-I
5 i'ot yet typji
134 Jiot yet t;.To:i
0
1 E33
0
3 Kot yet tyre-1
0
222 I'ot yet tyred
66 Hot yet tyro.i
10 Kot yet tyr-.-i
0
3 Kot yet typed
0
Kot all viruses recovered have been typed as yet.
Silt taken from profliters used in filtration of 50-c-llon samples. Sometimes silt from volumes less
the 50 c-H°:is filtered were used.
than
287
-------
Table 10. Comparison of Field Filtration and Laboratory Filtration of Water Samples on Efficiency
of Recovery of Viruses from Missouri River Water at St. Joseph
00
Site of sampling
Place River miles
Waterworks U52.3
Intake
'
Palermo W-0 . 3
Landing
Type of
sample
Water
Silt
Water
Silt
Size of
sample
50 gal
31 gal
Silt from
50 gal*
Silt from
31 gal*
50 gal
21 gal
Silt fron
50 gal*
Silt from
21 gal*
Site of
filtration
Laboratory
Field
Laboratory
Field
Laboratory
Field
Laboratory
Field
•
Virus
recovered
(PFU/sample)
3
1
0
1
3
l
0
2
Virus
types x^
recovered
El
ET
ET
ET
•JBf-
Silt taken from prcfilters used in filtration of corresponding water samples.
Not all viruses recovered have been typed as yet»
-------
Table 11. Recovery of Viruses from Freshly Prepared and' Stored Polyelectrolyte PE 60
00
Virus
Poliovirus 1
Echovlrus 7
Keovirus 1
Iteovirus 1
*
Control
T5*
79
105
84
Freshly prepared PE 60
38* (51*)
-24 (3(#) ..
33 (3l£)
14 (17*)
Stored PE 60
45* (53*)
20 (25*)
9 (8*)
12 (11$)
Storage (days at 4 C)
Before
test
2
2
2
2
After
test
3
5
5
2.5
Plaque-forming units.
-------
APPENDIX G
INDUSTRIAL WASTE SURVEY SUMMARY DATA
-------
SIOUX CITY. IOWA
SIC
Group
20
26
27
28
32
33
34
36
Group
Name
Food Products
Paper Products
Pri nti ng/Publ i sh i ng
Chemicals & Allied
Stone-Clay Products
Primary Metals
Fabricated Metals
Electrical /Equipment
Number
of
Companies
38
1
4
5
4
1
7
4
With
Significant
In-Plant
Treatment
'9
0
0
1
0
0
3
0
Discharge
to
Municipal
Sewers
36
1
4
1
- 4
1
5
4
General
Character
of
Wastes
Food Scrap
Cooling Water
Photo Engrav-
ing-Acids
Process
Chemi cal s
Wash Waters
Plating
Plating
Dilute Acids
Supplies
50
Wholesale Trade
10
10
Wash Water
290
-------
COUNCIL BLUFFS. IOWA
SIC
Group
20
27
28
33
34
36
37
42
50
Group
Name
Food Products
Printing/Publishing
Chemicals & Allied
Primary Metals
Fabricated Metals
Electrical /Equipment
Supplies
Transportation
Equipment
Motor Freight
Transportation
Wholesale Trade
Number
of
Companies
5
2
4
2
1
3
2
5'
11
With Discharge General
Significant to Character
In-Plant Municipal of
Treatment Sewers Wastes
'1
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
5
2
4
2
- 1
3
2
3
9
Food Scrap
Photo Engrav
ing-Acids
Process
Chemicals
Plating
Plating
Dilute Acids
Steamed Wash
Waters
Wash Water
Wash Water
291
-------
OMAHA, NEBRASKA
SIC
Group
07
20
27
28
29
33
34
35
36
37
42
50
73
75
Number
Group of
Name Companies
Agricultural Services
Food Products
Printing/Publishing
Chemicals & Allied
Petroleum Refining
Primary Metals
Fabricated Metals
Manufacturing
Electrical /Equipment
Supplies
Transportation
Equipment
Motor Freight
Transportation
Wholesale Trade
Miscellaneous Business
Auto Repair
2
78
2
18
2
2
8
6
2
2
9
32
4
5
With Discharge General
Significant to Character
In-Plant Municipal of
Treatment Sewers Wastes
0
2
0
2
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
2
0
0 .
1
78
2
15
2
0
8
6
2
2
9
29
4
1
Feedlot Runoff
Food Scrap
Photo Engrav-
ing-Acids
Process
Chemicals
Petroleum
Plating
Plating
Plating
Dilute Acids
Steamed Wash
Waters
Wash Water
Wash Water
Wash Water
Plating
292
-------
NORTH KANSAS CITY, MISSOURI
SIC
Group
20
26
27
28
29
33
34
36
Group
Name
Food Products
Paper Products
Printing/Publishing
Chemicals & Allied
Petroleum Refining
Primary Metals
Fabricated Metals
Electrical /Equipment
Number
of
Companies
3
2
3
11
4
2
2
2
With
Significant
In-Plant
Treatment
•0
0
0
3
1
1
0
1
Discharge
to
Municipal
Sewers
3
2
3
8
. 4
2
2
2
General
Character
of
Wastes
Food Scrap
Cooling Water
Photo Engrav-
ing-Acids
Process
Chemi cal s
Petroleum
Plating
Plating
Dilute Acids
Supplies
37 Transportation
Equipment
Steamed Wash
Waters
293
-------
KANSAS CITY. MISSOURI
SIC
Group
20
26
27
28
29
31
33
34
36
45
50
78
Group
Name
Food Products
Paper Products
Printing/Publishing
Chemicals and Allied
Petroleum Refining
Leather Products
Primary Metals
Fabricated Metals
Electrical/Equipment
Supplies
Air Transportation
Wholesale Trade
Motion Pictures
Number
of
Companies
12
2
5
23
5
2
7
15
4
1
3
1
With
Significant
In-Plant
Treatment
1
0
0
2
1
2
1
3
2
1
0
1
Discharge
to
Municipal
Sewers
11
2
5
20
5
2
6
13
4
0
3
1
General
Character
of
Wastes
Food Scrap
Cooling Water
Photo Engrav-
ing-Acids
Process
Chemi cal s
Petroleum
Hide
By-Products
Plating
Plating
Dilute Acids
Plating/
Petroleum
Wash Water
Film
Processing
294
-------
APPENDIX H
BASIC DATA
-------
The data upon which this report is based 'ias been placed in the
EPA STORE! System for storage and easy retrieval. Arrangements to
obtain copies of these data can be made by contacting the Environmental
Protection Agency, Office of Water Quality, 911 Walnut, Kansas City,
Missouri 64106.
295
------- |