WATER POLLUTION CONTROL RESEARCH SERIES •  18050GWV05/71
  Water Quality  Criteria  Data Book
                 Volume  3
             Effects of Chemicals on Aquatic Life
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY  RESEARCH AND MONITORING

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        WATER POLLUTION CONTROL RESEARCH SERIES
The Water Pollution Control Research Series describes
the results and progress in the control and abatement
of pollution in our Nation's waters.  They provide a
central source of information on the research, develop-
ment, and demonstration activities in the Environmental
Protection Agency, through inhouse research and grants
and contracts with Federal, State, and local agencies,
research institutions, and industrial organizations „

Inquiries pertaining to Water Pollution Control Research
Reports should be directed to the Chief,  Publications
Branch, Research Information Division,  R&M,  Environmental
protection Agency, Washington, B.C. 20^60.

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      Water  Quality Criteria  Data  Book -  Vol.  3

             EFFECTS OF CHEMICALS  ON AQUATIC  LIFE
           Selected Data From the Literature Through 1968
                                by
                   Battelle's Columbus Laboratories
                              for the
             ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
                      Project No. 18050 GWV
                      Contract No. 68-01-0007
                             May 1971
For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 - Price $3.75

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                          EPA Review Notice
This report  has been reviewed  by the Environmental  Protection Agency
and  approved  for  publication. The data are listed  as  reported  in the
literature  without collaboration or evaluation of their validity. Therefore,
these data must and cannot be used indiscriminately for the establishment
of water quality criteria for the aquatic environment. These  data should be
used only as a guideline for the base of action. Approval does not signify
that the contents necessarily  reflect  the  views  and policies of EPA, nor
does mention of trade names  or commercial products constitute endorse-
ment or recommendation for use.

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                                        ABSTRACT
     Original data from more than 500 technical publications concerning the specific effects of
chemicals on  individual species  of aquatic biota were collected  and summarized in uniform
format.  Alphabetical assembly  of the  data  by  chemical  allows rapid access  to considerable
detailed  information.  A  Species  Index facilitates search  for  information  on  the toxicity  of
chemicals to individual aquatic species.

     The  details  of  major procedures in laboratory  bioassay  and field assessment of chemical
toxicity  in  water are discussed.  Freshwater and marine  procedures  are included. A total  of
approximately 1000  references were utilized in preparing this report.

     Recommendations include:

     (1)   Establishment of an information-analysis center on chemical water pollution based
          to some extent on  the report prepared.

     (2)   Preparation  of  a  listing  of chemical  constituents of  effluents  and  continued
          up-dating of this list.

     (3)   Development of a  pattern of bioassays for evaluating the effects of a chemical on
          aquatic  life.  Data  from  these evaluations would  be  used  in  developing
          mathematical models   for  predicting  chemical  toxicity  in  a wide  range  of
          environmental circumstances.

     (4)   Development  of in situ  bioassay  procedures for more realistic  assessment of
          chemical toxicity to aquatic life.
                                             111

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                                 TABLE OF CONTENTS


Section

 I         Introduction                                                                1

 II        Objectives                                                                 4

 III       Literature Search and Bibliographies                                          5

 IV       Fish Bioassay                                                              6

 V        Bioassay of Aquatic Organisms Other Than Fish                              18

 VI       Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) and Related Microbiological
           Procedures                                                               19

 VII       Marine Bioassay                                                           25

 VIII      Field Assessment                                                          26

 IX       Factors Affecting Chemical Toxicity in Water                                 43

 X        Industrial Wastes                                                          55

 XI       Extracted Data - The Effect of Chemicals on Aquatic Biota                   63

 XII       Summary and Conclusions                                                  66

 XIII      Recommendations                                                         69

 XIV      Bibliography                                                              70

 XV       Appendices

                A. Chemicals  and Mixtures of Chemicals                               A-l

                B.  Commercial Chemical Products                                     B-l

                C.  Species Index                                                    C-l

                D. Identification of Commercial Chemicals                             D-l

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                                 LIST OF FIGURES
Figure
  1        Food Web in Western Lake Erie Leading to the Sheepshead Fish
Page




 27
                                         VI

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                                    LIST OF TABLES
Table                                                                                Page

  1        Fish Used in Bioassays, Frequency of Use, and Type of Water
           in Which They Occur                                                        12

  2        Laboratory Methods for Studying the Effect of Chemicals on
           Fish Other Than Bioassay Lethality                                            15

  3        A Partial Listing of References Using Freshwater Aquatic Organisms
           Other Than Fish for Bioassay                                                 18

  4        Toxicity of Various Compounds as Determined by BOD                         23

  5        Collecting Equipment in Common Usage in Limnological Studies
           and the General Purpose  for Which Each is Used                                34

  6        Partial Listing of Organisms Commonly Associated With Pollution                35

  7        Thermal Death Points of Fish Acclimized at the Indicated Tempera-
           tures (Freshwater = F, Marine — Atlantic = A, Pacific = P)                       45

  8        Minimum Oxygen Values at Various Temperatures at Which Fish
           Can Exist Under Laboratory Conditions                                       51

  9        Usual Fisheries Hazards of 30 Common Types of Municipal and
           Industrial Effluents                                                          56

  10        General Comments on Selected Industrial Effluents                             57
                                           Vll

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                                        SECTION I

                                     INTRODUCTION
     The internal and external chemical environment of an organism  determines whether that
organism will survive, grow, and perpetuate itself. Internal chemical balance is mediated by the
genetic  makeup of the organism,  the external chemical  milieu in which it lives,  and all  other
environmental  factors. The effect of chemicals on  living organisms  is an  especially  important
factor in aquatic environs where organisms are in intimate contact with chemicals in solution and
suspension. Water passes into and through the body of an organism primarily via the integument,
membranes, gills,  or  mouth.  Toxic chemicals  in  the  water  may  cause immediate lethality
although in many instances sublethal quantities  of deleterious  chemicals may be accumulated
within the body. In  time, the chemical residues  in  an organism may cause  drastic  effects of
varying  types, also including mortality.  Complicating this situation is the effect of chemicals on
lower animal  forms  which provide part or  all  of the  food  chain leading to higher aquatic
organisms.  Thus, sport  fish may  leave  polluted areas not to avoid chemical pollutants  or to
escape death but rather to seek food, for example, when bottom fauna upon which they feed are
obliterated. Low  dissolved-oxygen  concentrations  in water  caused  by  release  of oxygen-
consuming chemicals can also have equally drastic impact on aquatic organisms.

     This then is the basic problem today in water  pollution and is the primary  subject of this
report.  A  closely related problem, considering  aquatic  biota  as  indicators of chemical  toxic
effect, is the  consideration of whether  or  not such water is  safe for use  by humans. At the
moment fish bioassay appears to be the best method available for determining the toxic effect of
chemicals on aquatic life.

     In a report section  entitled  "Recommendations  for the Use of Bioassays and Application
Factors to Denote Safe  Concentrations of Wastes  in Receiving Streams", the National Technical
Advisory  Committee  (Interim  Report, 1967), has made the following recommendations in part
for the use of bioassays:

     "1. For  the  determination  of acute  toxicities,  flow-through bioassay s  are the first
     choice. Methods  for carrying  out  these  flow-through  tests have been described by
     Surber and Thatcher, 1962; Lemke and Mount, 1963; Henderson and Pickering, 1963;
     Jackson and Brungs, 1966;  Mount  and Warner,  1963;  Mount and Brungs,  1965; and
     Brungs and Mount, 1967. Flow-through bioassays  should be used  for unstable volatile
     or  highly  toxic  wastes and those having an oxygen  demand. They also  must be used
     when several variables such as pH, DO,  CO2 and other factors must be controlled.

     2.  When  flow-through tests are not feasible, tests  of a different type or duration must
     be  used.  The  kinds of  local conditions affecting  the  procedure  might  be  single
     application of pesticides or lack of materials and equipment.

     3.  Acute  static  bioassays with fish for the determination of TLm values  should be
     carried out in accordance with Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and
     Waste Water.  Such tests should be used for the determination of TLm values only for
     persistent, nonvolatile, highly soluble materials of low toxicity which  do not have an
     oxygen demand  as  it is  necessary to  use the  amount  added as  the  concentration to
     which the test organisms are exposed.

     4.  When application factors are used with TLm values to determine safe concentrations
     of  a waste in a receiving water, the bioassay studies to determine TLm values should
                                             1

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    be  made with the most sensitive local species and life stages of economic or ecological
    importance and with dilution water taken from the  receiving  stream above the waste
    outfall. In the absence  of knowledge concerning the most sensitive of the important
    local species or life  stages or due to difficulty in providing them in sufficient numbers,
    other  species whose relative sensitivity is known can be used  or tests may be carried
    out using one species of diatom, one species  of an invertebrate and two species of fish,
    one of  which  should   be  a pan  or  game  fish.  Further,  these  bioassays must be
    performed with environmental  conditions at levels at which the  waste is most toxic.
    Tests should be repeated with one species at  least monthly and when there are changes
    in the character or volume of the waste.

    5.  Concentration of materials with noncumulative toxic effects should not exceed 1/10
    of  the 96-hour TLm value at any time or place. The  24-hour average of the concentra-
    tion should not exceed  1/20 of the TLm value.  For toxicants with cumulative effects,
    the concentrations should not exceed  1/10 and  1/100 for the above respective values."

    The need  for water of better quality by improved  pollution control has  been  chronicled
broadly  with considerable justification in news media,  scientific journals, and government reports.
The result of  this attention has been the establishment of water quality criteria and federal
requirements  for  states,  localities, and consequently industries  to set minimum  water standards
within certain time limits, and to enforce  these standards. The basic Federal  Water Pollution
Control  Act (1956) was provided and later  amended in 1961, by the Water  Quality Act of 1965,
and by  the Clean Water  Restoration Act of 1966.  In the years given, these  amendments were
approved  as  public  laws. Water quality  requirements are becoming more stringent  each  year.
Carpenter (1968) has outlined federal policy and organization in regard  to this problem. In Water
Quality  Criteria (1968),  the  various  problems of  water pollution control are discussed in detail
and recommendations  are made for measures to  improve pollution management. Earlier,  these
and related problems were  discussed in  publications by the National  Research  Council (1966),
the Department  of Health,  Education, and Welfare  (Public Health  Service  Publication  No.
999-WP-25, 1965), ORSANCO (Ohio River  Valley Water Sanitation Commission, 1967), and the
Environmental  Pollution  Panel (1965). Establishment of  water quality criteria in  the  U.S. has
been  recently  considered by the Aquatic  Life Advisory  Committee  (1955,  1956, 1960), the
American Society for Testing Materials (Katz and  Woelke, 1967; Woelke,  1967), Bartsh and
Ingram  (1959,  1966),  Carter (1968), Ettinger and Mount (1967), Okum (1968), Smith (1961),
Tarzwell (1957, 1959, 1962), Weston (1964), and Wilhm and Dorris (1968). The Manufacturing
Chemists Association (1967) listed  the  sources  of  information  on water quality  criteria.  The
number of meetings increases each year  as  announced in such periodicals as Water and Sewage
Works. The problems of  industrial water utilization and effluent management of chemical wastes
are generally discussed by Bower (1965),  Cairns  (1965,  1967), in Public Works (Anonymous,
1968), and in  various texts, as  well as briefly in the section of this report entitled  "Industrial
Wastes". Engdahl  and Croxton (1962)  have discussed  the economics of pollution, a matter
further treated  in such journals as Chemical Week  and Chemical and Engineering News.

    Eutrophication of lakes is a special pollution problem that  is not discussed in this report.
Excellent documents pertaining to eutrophication  are by  Fruh, et  al  (1966) and bibliographies
by the  U.S. Public Health Service (Mackenthun,  1962,  1965).  Similarly, thermal effluents were
not considered as a topic for this report,  due primarily to  the magnitude of research in this field.
Useful,  extensive bibliographies  have been  recently  published, including ones by the American
Society  for Civil  Engineering (1967), Kennedy and Mihurksy (1967), Raney and Menzel (1967),
and Wurtz  and  Renn (1965).

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     Another special problem is pesticide contamination of the environment. This is discussed to
a considerable extent throughout this report, but especially in the section "Field Assessments".
Reviews or general references concerning the effect of pesticides in the environment or other
agricultural problems of this nature include an article in Environmental Sciences and Technology
(Anonymous,  1968); papers by Cottam (1961),  Langer (1964), Moore (1967),  and Robinson
(1967); and periodicals such as  Residue  Reviews (Springer-Verlag New York Inc., Vol 1+,  1962+)
and Pesticides Documentation Bulletin (U.S. Department of Agriculture, Vol 1+, 1965+).

     Other useful reference  sources  on  trends  in  water pollution  control  are  the chemical
industry trade journals, Chemical Week and Chemical and  Engineering News,  and such  publica-
tions  as  the  Conservation Foundation  Letter, and  the Environmental  Health  Letter (Vol 1+,
1961+).

     This  is something of the  background in which this report was prepared in late 1968 and
early  1969.

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                                   SECTION H

                                   OBJECTIVES
The objectives of this program were to:

(1) Collect and summarize in standardized format the available information from the
    scientific literature concerning:

    (a)  The specific effects  of chemicals on individual species of aquatic biota. (This
         study  was  limited  to  studies  of single  chemicals  or simple mixtures  of
         chemicals  and does  not  include  industrial  effluents  that  contain highly
         complex chemical mixtures.)

    (b)  Details  of  the  procedures  and  environmental  factors  important  in  the
         observation or the measurement of these effects.

(2) Review the existing information on aquatic life as it is applicable or related to the
    study  of water pollution.

(3) Review the methodology  used in studying the effects of chemicals on aquatic life.

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                                       SECTION III

                      LITERATURE SEARCH AND BIBLIOGRAPHIES
     Some  3500 papers, mostly from the period 1950 through 1968, were screened and about
2000 obtained for direct examination. Foreign language publications were not included. About
500  contained original data,  from  which extracts  were prepared (Appendices  A and  B).  An
attempt was  made to  be comprehensive for the years  1958 through  1968 with only selected
references  included  preceding  this  period.  Of  these  selected references,  the  majority  were
published after 1950, with only a few being from the older literature.

     The primary  source for identifying the references used in this study  were the literature
reviews published annually by the Water Pollution Control Federation Committee in the Journal
of the  Water Pollution  Control  Federation  (1958-1968),  which proved  to  be  excellent.  The
reference  list was checked against  Chemical Abstracts,  Biological  Abstracts, Water Pollution
Abstracts,  and numerous recent  special subject  bibliographies. Very few additional references
were added to the list from these other sources. Personal visits were made to selected govern-
mental and industrial organizations to secure pertinent data. Information was also  requested from
the  Science   Information  Exchange  (Smithsonian  Institution) and  National Referral  Center
(Library of Congress). Letter requests for publications not commonly  available  were sent to a
number of scientists  in this field.

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                                       SECTION IV

                                     FISH BIOASSAY
     Fish  bioassay of industrial wastes and other potentially toxic  materials has evolved  in  the
past 50  or so years from nonstandardized  procedures by individual  scientists to the present
where standardized assay procedures now are available to researchers in this field. Early work on
fish bioassays  was done in Europe and Asia nearly 60 years ago. Pioneering work in the U.S. on
developing procedures and  methods for bioassay of fish  was conducted  by Shelford, Bilding,
Carpenter, and Ellis.  In  1945, Hart, Doudoroff, and Greenbank in  a book now  out of print
described  a standardized fish bioassay procedure, which Doudoroff,  et al (1951)  recommended as
a standard method  for  use by industry, government  agencies,  and  others.  This  method  with
comparatively  few  modifications,  e.g., continuous  flow exposure  of fish in addition to static
exposure,  has  been widely  used and today is used  more or less  in its original form. The  fish
bioassay  procedure outlined in the  12th edition of Standard Methods (American Public Health
Association, 1967) is basically that described by Doudoroff, et al. Procedures developed by W. E.
Martin of  the Pesticides Regulation Division  and by Burdick (1960) at  the N.Y.  Conservation
Department are quite similar. A prepublication copy of fish bioassay procedures  that is to appear
in the forthcoming 13th edition of  Standard Methods (1971) was  kindly provided by Professor
M. C. Rand. The following discussions are based primarily on this document.
                                      Static Bioassay
     Briefly, the static bioassay procedure can be described as follows:

     (1)  After  determination  of an approximate toxic range of a chemical or effluent,
         appropriate concentrations are prepared on a logarithmic or geometric scale within
         the toxic range.

     (2)  Small  (5.0-7.5  cm)  fish,  which have  been quarantined  10-30 days (min-max) to
         assure no disease problems and acclimatized to the chosen assay water, are placed
         in the chemical or effluent solutions prepared with dissolved oxygen in concentra-
         tions not less than  4 mg/1 (warm  water fish) and  5 mg/1 (cold water fish)  at a
         constant temperature. Temperatures of 25 ± 2 C and 15 ± 2 C are recommended
         for warm water  and  cold water species, respectively.

     (3)  Observation and recording are  made of dead fish which should  be removed at 8,
         24, 48, and 96 hours after the  assay is initiated. Notation of other effects, such as
         intoxication, distress, loss of equilibrium,  and other abnormal behavior, should
         also be-made.

     (4)  Calculation or estimation of a  TLso or  TLm  for various time periods is made by
         interpolation of the  data plotted on semilogarithmic coordinate paper.

     The TLm of a  compound is not considered as representing the concentration of a chemical
or effluent  that is  safe  in fish habitats. It is merely  a  relative  measure of the acute, lethal
toxicity of the material to a certain fish under  controlled  environmental conditions and must be
used with a mathematical application factor to  determine  safe  concentrations of effluents to be

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released. This has been discussed by Doudoroff (1951), Warren and Doudoroff (1958), and the
National Technical Advisory Committee (1967).

     A  further distinction  between LDso, LCso, and ECso is  made in the prepublication copy
of Standard Methods as follows:

     "The  expressions  'lethal  dose'  (LD) and 'lethal  concentration' (LC)  have also  been
     frequently used, the term 'lethal dose' often incorrectly. The expression 'lethal dose' is
     not appropriate  when  designating  a  certain concentration in  an external  medium,
     inasmuch  as a dose, strictly  speaking,  is  a measured quantity administered.  Unlike
     'lethal  dose'  and  'lethal  concentration',  the  term 'tolerance  limit' is universally
     applicable in designating a level of any measurable lethal agent, including high and low
     temperatures, pH, and the like. The  expression 'effective concentration' (EC) applies to
     concentrations  only and is generally  used  in connection with effects other than death."

     The APHA  procedure describes  in excellent detail the selection and preparation of fish and
diluent  water, effluent  samplings  or preparation-dilution of test  substances, use  of aeration,
controls, etc.

     Static,  acute fish  bioassay has  been shown to  be inadequate  for estimating the effect  of
chemicals on fish.  Lack  of reproducibility between  laboratories  is the  rule rather  than  the
exception.  Reasons  for this  include chemical and  microbiological degradation of toxic com-
pounds, volatility of some compounds,  utilization of oxygen  by  microorganisms as well as by
fish, water quality variability, accumulation of fish  metabolic by-products in assay containers,
and uptake of toxicants by the test animals.

     Periodic  (daily or more often)  renewal  of test  solutions is a variation of the static, acute
fish bioassay that can be  utilized to overcome some  of the objections of this type of evaluation.
Continuous test  solution renewal must be  used in  long-term, chronic exposures of fish  to
chemical solutions where  sublethal  effects are to be studied. This  variation is recommended in
the Standard  Method  especially "when there is evidence or expectation of a  rapid  change  of
toxicity of the test solution".

     Also recommended in the procedure is the determination of temperature, DO, and pH of
the samples under evaluation at various times during the  experiment as well as of the chemical
properties  or dissolved  mineral  content of the  diluent  water. To  quote,  "A rather complete
mineral analysis of the water is advisable". Furthermore, chemical analysis for the toxicant under
study is suggested throughout the exposure period. Seldom  is this  type of information reported
in the literature as is shown and discussed in subsequent sections of  this report.

     The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service,  Circular 185 (1964) describes static bioassay procedures
in relation to piscicide studies being carried out by the U.S. Bureau of Sport Fisheries and
Wildlife. Freeman (1953)  discussed use  of standardized  diluent water in static bioassay  of fish
and aquatic invertebrates.  Other authors  have  also discussed or used synthetic or defined water
for bioassays  (Cairns  and Scheier,   1955,  1958,  1963,   1968; Doudoroff, 1956; Dowden and
Bennett,  1965;  Fitzgerald  et  al,   1952;  Trama,  1955;  and  Whitley,  1968).  Handling and
maintenance  of bioassay  fish was described by  Hunn, et al (1968). A number of authors have
discussed mathematical treatment of fish toxicity data including Burdick (1957) and Henderson
and Tarzwell (1957). Excellent general discussions of static fish  bioassays have been published by
Burdick  (1960,  1967), Cairns (1957,  1966),  McCall (1961), Tarzwell (1959), Wuhrmann and
Woker (1959), and Wuhrman (1955).

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     Cope (1961)  suggested standards  for reporting fish toxicity tests which apparently have not
been accepted widely. Essentially his appeal dealt with correct identification, size, and condition
of the test fish; complete  description  of the procedure involved and of chemical, physical, and
biological factors;  volume of water and  number of fish for that volume; etc. Many of these data
are lacking in most of the papers reviewed in the present report.
                                 Continuous Flow Bioassay


     The majority of the  factors discussed  under static bioassay apply to the continuous flow
procedure with  the  added requirement  of automatic intermittent or continual metering  of the
test  substance dissolved or suspended in  diluent water into the test chambers and continuous
flow-through of water.  Problems associated with dissolved oxygen and test chemical content  in
static exposures  can  be  obviated in the continuous flow technique since the water  added contains
these materials in constant concentrations.

     Briefly, a continuous flow system is composed of:

     (1) Diluent water reservoir from which water flows into the

     (2) Constant head diluent  supply  where the water is cooled or heated to the desired
         temperature and then metered  along with

     (3) The effluent or toxicant (added with a chemical pump, Mariotte bottle, etc.) into

     (4) The test container in which fish are exposed, and which

     (5) Overflows  into an appropriate  drain.

     An acclimatizing  tank for test fish can also receive water from the  reservoir and constant
head diluent supply. Water flow is by  gravity and  the recommended  flow rate is equal to a
complete volume change of test containers in 6 hours.

     Data are taken  usually over a 5-day period and  plotted as for  the static bioassay. Five-day
supplies of water and toxicant are required.

     The procedure  as  it is outlined allows ample latitude for assembling the apparatus according
to  individual  requirements.  As  guides,  the work of Jackson and  Brungs (1966), Surber and
Thatcher (1963), Lemke and Mount  (1963), Mount  and Warner (1965),  and  Mount and  Brungs
(1967), and others are referred to. These reports deal in part with information concerning valve
control systems,, chemical  metering pumps, serial dilution apparatus,  and the proportional diluter
as utilized in various types of studies.

     The earliest paper found on continuous flow bioassay was by Merkens (1957), a  British
scientist, who devised an automatically controlled apparatus for monitoring and adjusting temper-
ature, pH, dissolved  oxygen,  and toxicant concentration in the test water added. This system was
ingenious for its time.

     Alabaster  and  Abram (1965) have more recently described British  continuous flow tech-
niques. Flow rate is adjusted to maintain an adequate level of dissolved  oxygen. The apparatus
and treatment of data  are described in considerable detail.

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     Other recent  procedures  or innovations on the  continuous flow  technique  have been
reported by Betts,  et  al (1967), Burke and Ferguson (1968),  Grenier  (1960),  Hendersen and
Pickering (1963), and Solon, et al (1968).
     The  use  of the  continuous  flow procedure  in  chronic exposures  (Mount, 1962,  1968;
Mount and Stephan, 1967), piscicide development  (Parker and Wurth, 1965), residue accumula-
tion (Holden,  1966), tracer studies  (Holden, 1962), spawning (Mount and Stephan,  1967), and
avoidance (Foster, 1967; and Warner et al,  1966) is discussed in other sections of this  report.
     Burdick  (1960,  1967)  and  Jackson and Brungs  (1966)  have thoroughly discussed  the
continuous flow technique and its applicability to  current water pollution problems.  There can
be  no doubt that continuous  flow fish bioassay simulates the field situation more closely than
does static bioassay.
                                       Fish Selection
     The  selection of fish for bioassay  depends  in  part  on the  species of appropriate size
available for study that can be maintained in the laboratory and also on the native fish present
in the receiving water under  study.  Lennon  (1967) has recommended development  of inbred
strains of test fish for standard reference in much the same manner as inbred mouse strains are
used in mammalian toxicology. Cope (1966) has also made similar recommendations.

     Small,  preferably juvenile,  fish  are  generally used so that   sufficient numbers may be
accommodated in  the laboratory.  Mount (1968) has briefly  listed fish species that might be used
as appropriate test organisms. This listing was prepared  at the National Water Quality Labora-
tory,  Duluth, Minnesota.  The fish were selected on the basis of the following criteria:

     (1)  Sport, commercial or forage value
     (2)  Potential for exposure to pollution
     (3)  Geographical distribution and abundance
     (4)  Suitability for laboratory studies
     (5)  Existing  knowledge in regard to toxicity.

     The fish selected were:

          Primary  list — all pollutants
              Threadfin  shad  (Dorosoma petenense)
              Brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis)
              Rainbow trout  (Salmo gairdneri)
              Northern pike (Esox Indus)
              Emerald shiner  (Notropis atherinoides)
              Fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas)
              White sucker (Catostomus commersoni)
              Channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus)
              White bass (Roccus  chrysops)
              Bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus)
                                             9

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              Largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides)
              Yellow perch (Perca flavescens)

         Special list — for selected pollutants
              Coho salmon (Oncorhynchus  kisutch)
              Lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush)
              Mountain  whitefish (Prosopium  williamsoni)
              American  smelt (Osmerus mordax)
              Smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieui)
              Walleye (Stizostedion vitreum)
     The goldfish (Carassius auratus) was the selected equivalent of the "white rat".
     Hunn,  et al (1968) list the bioassay  species  used  by the Bureau of Sport Fisheries  and
Wildlife as follows:

     Rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri)
     Brown  trout (Salmo trutta)
     Brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis)
     Lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush)
     Northern pike  (Esox lucius)
     Goldfish (Carassius auratus)
     Carp (Cyprinus carpio)
     Fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas)
     White sucker (Catostomus commersoni)
     Black bullhead (Ictalurus melas)
     Channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus)
     Green sunfish (Lepomis cyanellus)
     Bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus)
     Smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieui)
     Largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides)
     Yellow perch (Perca flavescens)
     Walleye (Stizostedion vitreum)

     Henderson  and  Pickering  (1963)  state  that many  species  are suitable  for bioassays,
including:

     Guppy (Lebistes reticulatus)
     Mosquito fish (Gambusia affinis)
     Goldfish (Carassius auratus)
     Fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas)
     Bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus)
                                             10

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     On the  basis of research usage as determined by the papers reviewed in the present study,
an even wider variety of fish has been used experimentally. These, along with their frequency of
use and type of water  in  which they  may  be found, are summarized in Table 1. Only those
found in more than one  paper are listed.
                                      Chronic Bioassay
     Evaluation of sublethal  concentrations of various chemicals in long-term  fish exposures is
probably the most reliable  bioassay method for determining safe  levels  at which chemicals may
be released into receiving water. The exposure may be either static in which  periodic solution
renewal is  required or continuous flow in which the concentration of the chemical is maintained
at a  constant  level.  The latter is  by far the  method of choice. Both procedures  have been
discussed in previous sections.
Chronic Static Exposure

     A few recent  papers serve to illustrate the variations that may be employed in conducting
this  type of exposure. The long-term effect of a 2-hour exposure to Dieldrin on the reproduction
of guppies (Lebistes reticulatus) was studied by  Hubble and Reiff (1967) over a  12-month
period. The fish  were placed in a standardized water following the exposure.  No harmful effect
on reproduction was observed.

     Weiss and Gakstatter (1964) studied  the long-term effect of various pesticides on acetyl-
cholinesterase activity  of bluegill,  golden  shiner,  and  goldfish  by  daily replenishing the test
solutions over periods up to  30 days. The pesticides studied  could be detected at concentration
levels down to 0.1  x  10~3 mg/1.

     Test  water containing subacute concentrations of copper or zinc was used  by Grande (1967)
to expose  trout eggs, fry, and fingerlings. The test solutions were renewed during 28-day periods
every second day in experiments with eggs and daily for young trout.

     The  effect  of sublethal concentrations of Dieldrin on  laboratory populations of guppies
(Poecilia reticulata) in  aquaria  was studied by Cairns,  et  al  (1967). Weekly  renewal of test
solutions over a 14-month period was employed.

     Dugan (1967) studied the  combined  effects of sublethal concentrations  of detergents and
pesticides  on goldfish.  The test water  was  cleaned  by filtering periodically  and the chemical
concentrations adjusted  to desired levels. Four-month exposure periods to the surfactants and up
to 51-day  exposure periods to  Dieldrin  were studied. Synthetic water and 100-gal epoxy-coated,
galvanized  water tanks were used.

     In a  study  of the effect of Diquat  on bluegill and bluegill food organisms, Gilderhus (1967)
exposed the animals to the chemical  during a 24-week period with varied frequencies of sublethal
concentrations.

     None  of these authors used the static,  acute fish bioassay procedure outlined in Standard
Methods.
                                             11

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          TABLE 1. FISH USED IN B10ASSAYS, FREQUENCY OF USE, AND TYPE OF WATER
                   IN WHICH THEY OCCUR
                        (Freshwater = F; Marine - Atlantic = A, Pacific = P)
Scientific Name
Abramis brama
Ambloplites rupesnis
Ameiurus nebulosus
Brachydanio rerio
Campostoma anomalum
Carassius auratus*
C. carassius
Catastomus commersoni*
Cyprinodon variegatus
Cyprinus carpio*
Ericymba buccata
Esox lucius
Eucalia inconstans
Fundulus similis
Gambusia af finis*
Gasterosteus aculeatus*
Gobio gobio
Hyborhynchus notatus
Ictalurus melas*
I. natalis*
I. nebulosus*
I. punctatus*
Lagodon rhomboides
Lebistes reticulatus*
Leiostomus xanthurus
Lepomis auritus
L. cyanellus*
L. gibbosus*
L. macrochirus**
L. megffloris
L. microlophus*
Micropterus dolomieui*
M. salmoides*
Mugil cephalus
Notemigonus crysoleucas*
Notropis atherinoides
N. cornutus
N. hudsonius
N. lutrensis
N. stramineus
N. umbratilis
Oncorhyncus kisutch*
O. tshawytscha*
Perca flavescens*
Petromyion marinus*
Phoxinus phoxinus*
Pimeptwles notatus*
P. promelas**
Rhinichthys atratulus
Rurilus rurilus
Salmo gairdneri**
S. salar*
S. trutta*
Salvelinus fontinalis*
S. namaycush
Semotilus atromaculatus*
Sti2ostedion vitreum*
Common Name
Bream
Rock bass
Brown bullhead
Zebrafish
Stoneroller
Goldfish
European carp
White sucker
Longnose killifish
Carp
Silverjaw minnow
Northern pike
Brook stickleback
Striped mullet
Mosquitofish
Threespine stickleback
Gobie
Bluntnose minnow
Black bullhead
Yellow bullhead
Brown bullhead
Channel catfish
Pinfish
Guppy
Spot
Redbreast sunfish
Green sunfish
Pumpkinseed
Bluegill
Longear sunfish
Redear sunfish
Smallmouth bass
Largemouth bass
Striped mullet
Golden shiner
Emerald shiner
Common shiner
Spottail shiner
Red shiner
Sand shiner
Redfin shiner
Coho salmon
Chinook salmon
Yellow perch
Sea lamprey
Red-sided shiner
Bluntnose minnow
Fathead minnow
Blacknose dace
Roach
Rainbow trout
Atlantic salmon
Brown trout
Brook trout
Lake trout
Creek chub
Walleye
Occurrence
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
A
F
F
F
F
A
A-F
A-F-P
F
F
F
F
F
F
A
F
A
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
A
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
P-F
P-F
F
A-F
F
F
F
F
F
A-F-P
A-F
A-F
A-F
F
F
F
All species listed were lound in two or more papers.
 •Found in more than 5 papers.
"The most common!) used species.
                                             12

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Chronic Continuous Flow Exposure

     Brown, et al  (1968), Butler (1965, 1967), Cairns  and Scheier (1963), Cope (1965), Jensen
and  Gaufin  (1966), Mount (1962, 1968), Mount and Stephan (1967), Olsen and Foster (1958),
Raymont  and  Shields (1964),  Surber and  Thatcher  (1963), and  Weiss (1965) have utilized
continuous flow techniques of their own creation for the study of a variety of aquatic organisms
in long-term, continuous flow exposure to  a  variety  of chemicals. Exposure periods  up to 11
months were employed in these studies. The reports cited above  represent less than 5 percent of
the total number of papers from which data were extracted for Appendices A and B.

     Generally,  chemicals  are toxic  at  lower concentrations in continuous flow exposures,
especially long-term  ones,  than in static  exposures. Furthermore,  nonlethal  effects  occur more
readily  in  continuous flow  bioassays. For  example,  Mount (1968)  reported for  this type of
bioassay that the  "safe concentration" was 3-7 percent  of the 96-hour TLm  (static exposure) in
studying the chronic  toxicity of copper to  fathead  minnows. Furthermore, Mount  and Stephan
(1967)  have stated that the  biologically  safe  concentrations for Malathion  and butoxyethanol
ester of 2,4-D  as determined  in a continuous flow, chronic study are  1/45 and 1/9, respectively,
of the 96-hour TLm for each  of these compounds as  determined  in static  bioassay.  However,
Cairns  and  Scheier (1963) found in a study  of the acute and chronic effects of sodium alkyl
benzene  sulfonate on  sunfish  that  results from   the  two  types  of exposure  at equivalent
concentrations  of ABS were quite close although not identical.

     As  further requirements to improve  water  quality  are imposed, the  need for chronic
continuous  flow data concerning  the  effects of sublethal concentrations of potential pollutants
on aquatic biota will increase.
                                      In situ Bioassay
     The  need for standardizing fish bioassay laboratory  procedures has led  to environmental
laboratory conditions unlike those found in streams and  lakes. Factors  such as fluctuating
sunlight, temperature, DO, pH,  pollutant and nutrient concentration, etc., cannot be taken into
account or  compensated  for in the laboratory. In situ evaluation of a chemical solution in the
stream  or body  of  water in which it  is to be  released  is a method of determining  with  an
improved  degree  of accuracy the concentration effects of a discharge  released into that particular
body of water. Exposures to the chemical in question of native species of fish  can be conducted
by means of portable live cars, cages, plastic pools, or raceways. Thus, the fish species of concern
for a given stream  can be studied in conditions approaching their particular complex ecological
situation.

     There is no  standard procedure for this type  of bioassay, but it has been employed to some
extent as briefly discussed  later  in the  section,  "Field  Studies".  Burdick (1967) has recom-
mended this approach and pointed out that automated water quality monitoring equipment now
available can provide  continuous recording of physical and chemical  changes in water conditions
which may allow  correlation  of  bioassay  data  with  ecological  conditions.  Raceways  with
disposable vinyl liners are used in advanced  evaluation  of piscicides as well as  9-10-ft-diameter
vinyl  wading pools  with bottom soils of various types, pond or ground waters, aquatic plants and
invertebrates, fish,  and amphibians, as  required.   Hawskley (1967) speculated  on the advent of
"continuous bioassay" in which effluent  and receiving  water in varied ratios  will be circulated
into  and out of test containers and noted that this almost  of necessity will have to be performed
at the plant site.  Standard method  fish bioassays are  conducted  in this laboratory in conjunction

                                             13

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with  routine  chemical  analyses and  analyses  with an  atomic  absorption  spectrophotometer.
Hawkins stated  that  a  mobile unit for conducting fish  bioassays and  chemical  analyses at the
plant  site  was in the  design  stage in  1964. A mobile bioassay unit was  used in developing
selective larvicides for control of sea  lamprey (Howell and Marquette,  1963). Automatic water
quality  monitors can provide continuous  and depth-profile data acquisition  for  water tempera-
ture,  dissolved oxygen, pH, conductance, dissolved  chlorides, oxidation-reduction potential,  and
turbidity.  These parameters  are  indirect but  excellent physical-chemical  indicators of water
pollution.  In  conjunction with  fish bioassays, they can  provide data suitable for mathematical
modeling and simulation. More than  200 monitors of this type are  now  in operation in the
United  States. The monitor can be housed in a trailer  for portability. Weather data recording for
air  temperature,  solar  radiation,  wind  speed  and  direction,   and  total  precipitation  can be
integrated into the continuous recorder.
                        Fish Responses Other Than Bioassay Lethality
     Methods  for laboratory study  of fish response to chemicals in freshwater environments vary
nearly as much as the number of investigators in this field of research. These range from simple
observations (as suggested in Standard  Methods  and other sources); to sophisticated determina-
tions  of chemical residues,  ACHE  blood content, etc.;  to  the  highly sophisticated  Conditioned
Avoidance  Response Apparatus (CARA).  These methods are identified in Table 2.  One of these
procedures may become a "standard method" for aquatic  laboratory studies, but this does not
appear  likely  to  occur in the near future.  Standard static and  continuous flow  fish  bioassay
methods will  probably remain the principal laboratory tools  for developing toxicity data  with
chronic exposures becoming more  widely used.  Some of the  methods, notably, the avoidance,
life stage, fish tissue culture, and  CARA techniques, may be  very  useful in determining more
precisely the  "safe concentration" levels for chemical effluent release. Texts,  such as those by
Brown (1957) describe physiological methods for  studying fish. Some of these methods would be
highly applicable  to  the study of the effect of chemicals on aquatic life and could form the  basis
for the  development  of new procedures.
                                             14

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           TABLE 2.  LABORATORY METHODS FOR STUDYING THE EFFECT OF CHEMICALS
                     ON FISH OTHER THAN BIOASSAY LETHALITY
           Type
               Comments
        References
Observations of abnormal
 behavior
Autopsy and histology
Avoidance
Growth retardation
Residue analysis
Observations may be made on the following:
 Quiescence, excitability, or irritability
 Surfacing or sounding
 Tetanic or flaccid movement
 Swimming - erratic, convulsive, gyrating,
  inverted on side, etc.
 Changes in pigmentation
 External mucosa — exudate, shedding, etc.
 Integument hemorrhagia
 Rate of respiration - slow, irregular, gulping,
  etc.
 Gill hemorrhaging  or mucous discharge
 Defecating or regurgitating mucous or other
  material
 Sensitivity to stimuli such as light, sound,
  touch, electric probe, etc.
 Moribundity — distended operculum,
  opaque eyes, etc.
 Recovery — complete, or not.

Tissue and organ pathology are studied by
 appropriate methods. Decrease of glycogen
 and RNA, tissue dissociation, necrosis,
 lesions, and secretions may also be noted.
Raceways or similar laboratory structures are
 generally used so that a chemical solution can
 be metered into the bioassay water to estab-
 lish a concentration gradient. Fish have been
 trained to discriminate between very low con-
 centrations of selected chemicals.

Chronic exposure was the most effective tech-
 nique utilized.
Following exposure, organs of the fish are
 removed and analyzed for specific chemical
 content. This technique is used most often
 in studies of pesticide accumulation, and is
 also quite useful in field studies to show
 previous exposure. Whole fish homogenates
 have also been analyzed as well as animal
 feeds and processed sea foods prepared
 from various types of marine fish species.
Brown, et al (1968), Cairns,
 etal( 1967), Cope (1966),
 Fromm and Schiffman
 (1958), Grindley (1946),
 Mount (1962), and Olsen
 and Foster (1958)
Blumenkratz (1956), Cairns
 (1966), Cairns and Scheier
 (1963), Cope (1965), Eng.
 Science, Inc. (1964), Gilderhus
 (1967), Herbert and Shurben
 (1964), Mount (1964), Mount
 and Stephen (1967), Van Valin,
 et al (1968), and Warner, et al
 (1966)

Cairns (1957), Costa (1965),
 Hasler and Wisby (1949),
 and Ishio (1965)
Crandall and Goodnight
 (1962), Olsen and Foster
 (1958), and Royer (1966)

Butler (1965,1967), Cope
 (1965), Eisler (1967),
 Gilderhus (1966,1967),
 Godsil and Johnson (1968),
 Holden (1966), Mahdi
 (1956), Moubry, et al (1968),
 Mount (1962), Mount and
 Stephan (1967), Pagan and
 Hageman (1950), Ullman,
 etal (1961), Weiss (1965),
 and Welch and Spindler
 (1964)
                                                  15

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                                         TABLE 2. (Continued)
           Type
                                               Comments
                                                                                      References
Acetylcholinesterase (ACHE)
 activity of brain
Radiotracers
Effects on various life
  stages offish
Spawning (reproductive
 behavior)
Swimming or cruising speed
 and oxygen consumption
 while swimming
Chemical resistance offish
This method is used primarily in the study of
 organophosphorus pesticides in both labora-
 tory and field studies of freshwater and
 marine types. The utility of this method is
 somewhat limited because of its near
 specificity for organophosphates.

This technique is used primarily in the study of
 pesticides and metal ions where labelling can
 be successfully accomplished.  Tissue and
 organ analyses of radiotracer accumulation
 have been conducted.  Among the radio-
 isotopes used in fish studies are Ca^S, C^,
 P32, and Zn35.  Acetates, chlorides, Bayer
 22408, DDT, Dieldrin, Dimethoate,
 Lindane and Parathion are some of the com-
 pounds studied in this manner. Wet com-
 bustion of tissues and measurement of
 C 14(32 release has also been employed.

Effects of chemicals on sperm, eggs, yearling,
 and adult fish as well as fry are often studied
 to determine the relative resistance of these
 life stages to chemicals. Embryos from
 fertilized eggs have also been studied with the
 finding that fertilized egg membranes provide
 some resistance to the effects of chemicals.
This may be studied in the laboratory by pro-
 viding suitable objects, such as pieces of
 cement-asbestos tile; and proper environ-
 mental conditions, including a controlled
 photoperiod, for this activity.  Spawning in
 several studies was shown to be affected by
 concentrations of chemical much lower than
 those for the TLm (96 hr). A "Laboratory
 Fish Production Index" (LFPI) has been
 proposed and is gaining acceptance.

Specifically designed raceways, cages, or
 "current trays" are required to determine
 rate of speed. Oxygen utilization can be
 determined by means of an oxygen-
 consumption chamber or respirometer. This
 is a useful technique for studying fish larger
 than fry. Current velocity can be controlled
 and is an important factor in studying large
 fish which require sufficient speed for
 oxygen transfer in their gills.

After sublethal exposure, fish acquire specific
 resistance to certain chemicals. This has been
 demonstrated in the laboratory and the field
 most frequently for pesticides and metals.
Butler (1965), Cope (1965),
 Fromm and Schiffman
 (1958), Weiss (1959,1961,
 1964,1965), and Weiss and
 Gakstatter(1964)
Butler (1965), Douglas and
 Irwin (1963), Fujiya (1965),
 Gakstatter and Weiss
 (1967), Holden (1962),
 Joyner (1961), Marchetti
 (1965), Miller, etal (1966),
 and Schmidt and Weidhaas
 (1961)
Cairns and Scheier (1959),
 Cope (1966), Crandall and
 Goodnight (1962), Goodman
 (1951), Grande (1967),
 Hiltibran (1967), Marchetti
 (1965), Mount (1968),
 Piavis (1962), and Skidmore
 (1966)

Cairns, et al (1967), Cohen,
 etal (1961), Gilderhus
 (1967), Holden (1966),
 Hubble and Reiff( 1967),
 Mount (1962, 1968), and
 Mount and Stephan (1967)
Cairns and Scheier (1963),
 Doudoroff and Warren
 (1962), Herbert and Shurben
 (1963), Mount (1962), and
 Ogilvie and Anderson (1965)
                                                                             Boyd and Ferguson (1964),
                                                                              Darsie and Corriden (1959),
                                                                              Fairchild (1955), Ferguson,
                                                                              etal(1954,  1955), and
                                                                              Mount (1968)
                                                  16

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                                         TABLE 2.  (Continued)
           Type
               Comments
         References
Blood studies
Glucose transport
Fish tissue culture
Environmental stress
Thermal acclimatization
Fish taste
Conditioned avoidance
  response apparatus (CARA)
Changes in erythrocyte count, hemoglobin,
 sodium and calcium levels, microhematocrit,
 and hematocrit have been used in a variety of
 studies. The latter has been suggested as a
 measure of the state of health of bioassay
 fish prior to testing.

This is an in vitro type of study using dissected
 fish gut.

Epithelial cells of fathead minnow cultured on
 modified Eagle's MEM medium, were found
 to have a reduced mitotic index at the calcu-
 lated "safe concentration" of zinc. It was
 concluded that one-tenth of the 96-hr TLm
 is probably closer to the safe concentration.

Reduced DO or increased temperature caused
 increased toxicity of various chemicals.

In studies of the effect of DDT on salmon, it
 was found that DDT interferes with the
 normal thermal acclimation mechanism.
 Fish exposed to 10 ppm DDT and acclimated
 to warm water were extremely sensitive to
 cold water. Acclimatization also affected
 chemical toxicity.

The taste of sport fish can be drastically
 changed by chemical pollutants.

Toxicant-induced behavior of fish exposed to
 sublethal concentrations of chemicals was
 studied in raceways by means of photo-
 graphing the fish at various intervals and
 calculating response in terms of relative
 position. A large mirror facilitated photog-
 raphy. At concentration levels 1/2000 of
 the 96-hr TLm value for tetraethyl pyro-
 phosphate (TEPP), aberrant behavior of
 goldfish was noted.  A ratio of 1/25 was
 obtained for Toxaphene.
Cairns and Scheier (1963),
 Cope (1965,1966),
 Gilderhus (1967), Hatch
 (1957), and Hunn, et al
 (1968)
Stokes and Fromm (1965)
Rachlin and Perlmutter
 (1968)
Cairns (1957), Lloyd (1961),
 and Pickering (1968)

Cope (1963, Keenleyside (1958),
 and Greer and Paim (1968)
Hynes (1966) and Rachlin
 and Perlmutter (1968)

Eng. Science, Inc. (1964) and
 Warner, etal( 1966)
                                                   17

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                                        SECTION V

                BIOASSAY OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS OTHER THAN FISH


     Surprisingly  few  aquatic  orgamsms other  than  fish have  been used  as test  organisms in
bioassays.  The  orgamsms  most  commonly  used are  numerous  species  of algae  and  the
crustaceans, Daphnia  magna  and D.  pulex.  Other freshwater  mvertebrates used  in bioassays
include protozoa  (Paramecium and  Tetrahymena),  planaria  (Planaria  and ^>>™*^
(Gammarus), gastropods (Lymnaea and Physa).  stonefly and mayfly naiads andI  caddisfly  and
midge larvae.  Oysters and  shrimp are the  principal test  animals other  than fish in marine
bioassays.  The oyster  (Ostrea) are quite sensitive to low  concentrations of some chemicals as
determined by retarded shell growth. The brown, pink, and white shrimp (Penaeus) are the most
commonly  used  Crustacea  in seawater  bioassays.  Barnacles (Balanus) are  also used. These are
discussed in  the  section,  Marine Bioassay.  Table 3  is  a listing  of  references  using various
organisms other than fish for freshwater bioassay studies.

     Procedures developed  by C.  M. Palmer  and T. E. Maloney  (1955) at  the  Taft Engineering
Center in Cincinnati, Ohio,  and by G.  P. Fitzgerald, et al  (1952, 1958, 1963) are widely used for
laboratory study of freshwater algae.

     There are no generally accepted or  standard procedures for bioassays using  these other types
of organisms, although the  procedures developed by  Bertil  Anderson (1944, 1945, 1948, 1960)
in his studies of D. magna are commonly used.

     In evaluating papers from which data were extracted (Appendices A and B),  it was evident
that a much broader spectrum of species  are studied in the field than under laboratory conditions.


     TABLE 3.  A PARTIAL LISTING OF REFERENCES USING FRESHWATER AQUATIC ORGANISMS
              OTHER THAN FISH FOR BIOASSAY


          Type                                              References

Algae:                              Abram (1967), Alabaster and Swain (1963), Beak (1958), Elson and
  (Chlorella pyrenoidosa,                  Kerswffl (1967),  Ganelin, et al (1964), Holden (1964), Hopkins,
  Microcystis aeruginosa,                  et al (1966), Kallman, et al (1962), Kemp, et al (1966), Khan
  and numerous other species)             (1964), Merkens (1958), Nejedly (1967), Palmer and Maloney
                                      (1955), and Sprague, et al (1965)

Invertebrates:                        Abram (1967), Anderson (1946), Burdick (1965), Cairns, et al (1965),
  (Daphnia magna, D. pulex,              Chadwick (1960), Clarke (1947), Fromm (1965), Gaufin (1961),
  Gammarus pulex, Culex spp,             Gaufin, et al (1961), Henderson, et al (1961), Ingols (1959), Kabler
  etc.)                                (1957), Naylor (1965), Shaw and Grushkin (1967), Sprague (1965),
                                      Tarzwell (1957), Tarzwell and Henderson (1960), Turnbull, et al
                                      (1954), Weiss and Botts (1957), Wilber (1965), Williams (1964),
                                      and Wood (1957)

Vertebrates:                          Cairns, et al (1965), Lackey  (1957), Shaw and Grushkin (1967), and
  (Raiw pipiens, R. catesbieana,           Stroud (1967)
  Bufo valliceps - sperm, eggs,
  tadpoles, and adults)
                                              18

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                                       SECTION VI

                BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND (BOD) AND RELATED
                           MICROBIOLOGICAL PROCEDURES

                               Biochemical Oxygen Demand


    The biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) test is a test which is designed to determine the relative
oxygen  requirement of a municipal and/or industrial effluent. The determination of BOD of an
effluent for the purpose of regulating the rate of discharge into a stream or sewerage system with
minimal adverse effects on the oxygen resources of the receiving  water will be at best an analytical
starting point. BOD has several very limiting criteria which must be adequately understood for this
technique of possible  waste dilution to  be useful. The  procedure  for BOD determinations as de-
scribed  in the 13th Edition of the Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Waste Water
(American Public Health Association, 1967) provides  the basis for  this  discussion. This procedure
has been essentially the same for more than 10 years with comparatively minor changes.

     Although basically a simple bioassay to  execute,  the exceptions and precautions given in the
BOD  procedure make it  somewhat formidable to the uninitiated. Briefly without specific details,
the procedure consists of:

     (1)  Microbial  seeding (if needed)  of appropriate water dilutions of the chemical or
          effluent and initial  determination of the dissolved oxygen (DO) of the sample by
          the  iodometric method,  azide  modification.  Sample dilutions  are prepared  with
          distilled water  saturated  with  dissolved oxygen  and buffered  at  pH 7.2 with  a
          phosphate buffer solution.

     (2)  Incubation of the seeded  samples at 20 C  for 5 days  and in darkness in standard
          BOD bottles which  are water-sealed to exclude oxygen.

     (3)  DO  determination of the diluted samples after the 5-day incubation period. The
          most reliable results are said to be for that  dilution which shows a residual DO of
          at  least  1  mg/1  and  a  depletion  of at least  2  mg/1.  For toxic  chemicals  or
          effluents,  toxic effect is indicated  by lack of oxygen  utilization by the  micro-
          organisms.  When the  lag period for microbial growth  is prolonged, incubation
          periods of up to 20 days  or longer may be employed.

     (4)  When substances  are evaluated that are  oxidizable by  molecular oxygen, then an
          immediate dissolved oxygen demand (IDOD) should be determined and taken into
          consideration when calculating the BOD. The  IDOD is  a  short-term assay in which
          DO is determined 15 minutes after the sample is added to the dilution water.

     Carbon  compounds utilizable  by aerobic  microorganisms,  oxidizable  nitrogen  compounds
utilizable  by  nitrogen  bacteria,  and  certain chemical  reducing compounds (ferrous iron, sulfites,
sulfides, and  aldehydes)  are the three  main  types of chemicals that influence oxygen demand.
The latter can be taken into  consideration by the IDOD determination.  Solubility and volatility
of chemicals  must also be considered. Some organic  wastes  are  not oxidizable and thus are not
amenable  to the BOD  bioassay.  When such wastes  are suspected,  chemical oxygen demand (COD)
and total carbon (TC)  analyses would be conducted for  comparison with BOD  results.

    According to  the procedure:   "In  many  cases, particularly  in  food  processing wastes, a
satisfactory seed may  be obtained by using the supernatant liquor from domestic sewage which
                                           19

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has been  stored  at  20 C  for 24-36  hr",  but it goes  on to state  that  "acclimated" seed and
receiving  water below  a point (2-5 miles) of  effluent discharge  may be  used since "many
industrial  wastes  contain compounds which are  not amenable to oxidation by domestic-sewage
seed". If the concern is with dissolved  oxygen depletion, then an "acclimated" seed would seem
most  appropriate  whether it is acclimated in the laboratory or collected downstream from a
discharge.  If the  concern is with the  toxic  level of  an  effluent, then  both acclimated and
domestic-sewage seed evaluations might be made to establish a type of index for safe discharge.
In the event of evaluation of a new  type  of discharge, seed acclimated in the laboratory to that
particular  discharge undoubtedly would  be  most desirable.

     In regard  to the amount of seed to be added, it is stated that, "Only past  experience can
determine the  actual amount of seed to be added per liter." It would be more precise to add
exact amounts  of seed, e.g., Zintgraff, et al (1968) added 0.5-2.0 mg/1 of seed in their studies.

     The  BOD bioassay suffers as do most  laboratory  procedures from lack  of  correlation
between laboratory results  and  those obtained  in  the field. The  need  for  a  standardized
procedure is recognized, but many factors enter into the behavior of a chemical in the aquatic
environment that  cannot be taken into account  in  the  laboratory.  Some of  these objectionable
features are alluded  to  and briefly discussed in Standard Methods, but others are overlooked and
should be considered in attempting  to apply  the  results of BOD determinations. The  principal
uncontrolled variable  in the  BOD  procedure is  the  nonstandardized microbial inoculum or
acclimated microbial seed as the case may be. Briefly, other factors include:

      (1)  Temperature  and  pH  — seldom  is  the aquatic  environment  at  precisely  one
          temperature or pH.

      (2)  Fluctuating solids  and  dissolved solids  content in  receiving  water —  these  can
         greatly influence the effect of a chemical on aquatic biota.

      (3)  Algae — although  BOD  determinations are conducted in a dark incubator, algae
          can grow  heterotrophically and  utilize oxygen, as do bacteria and other micro-
          organisms. Dead  algal  cells  can  also  affect  BOD. Wisniewski  (1958) has  dis-
          cussed the effect of algae on BOD  determinations and DO  in streams.

      (4)  Protozoa — these are known to be present in  domestic sewage seed, and according
          to Bhatla, et  al (1965) protozoa  are responsible for approximately 30 percent of
          the BOD exerted under normal seeding conditions in 5-day BOD tests.

      (5)  Total aquatic  biomass  — all plants and animals  other  than the ones discussed
          above significantly influence the effect of chemicals on the aquatic environment.

      (6)  Mixed  nutrient  substrates  — these  are  the rule  rather  than the  exception in
          receiving water.

      (7)  Mixed toxicants in sublethal  concentrations already present in receiving water —
          this problem  has received  comparatively  little attention  as judged  by  reports in
          the literature.  Exceptions in non-BOD  studies are  the pesticides  where the effect
          or accumulation  of  mixtures  of these compounds and their  decomposition
          products on and in aquatic biota have been documented. Additive, antagonistic,
          or synergistic effects probably do occur.

      (8)  Photochemical oxidation by ultraviolet  from sunlight.

                                             20

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      (9) Mixing due to currents  — the BOD laboratory  assay is static and therefore no
         mixing occurs.

    (10) Other factors briefly mentioned in various  papers as important in oxygen  deple-
         tion are reduction of  nitrates, anaerobic  microbial alteration of  organic  com-
         pounds, secondary oxygen uptake,  and decomposition of chemical intermediates.

    All of these factors should be recognized by the analyst who should take them into account
when  applying data from BOD determinations.

    BOD can be utilized to advantage by an experienced researcher in determining the oxygen
depletion  potential or the effect  on microorganisms of an effluent containing  toxic chemicals.
Both  are important  considerations in effluent management  for minimal effect  on  receiving
waters.

    On  studying the  various papers concerned with reporting BOD  data, it was  found that  a
wide  variety of methods  for  reporting the data are  utilized.  As examples, Ingols  (1954,  1955,
1956) plotted BOD values to  show oxygen depletion in percent of control  BOD with increasing
concentrations of mercuric chloride, copper,  zinc, etc., in ppm. Oberton and Stack (1957) using
acclimated seed in studying the  BOD of  acrolein,  diethanolamine,  and methyl  vinyl ketone
reported their results as observed  BOD in percentage of theoretical oxygen demand plotted with
days  of  incubation. Randall  (1966) reports the effect  of  acclimated seed on the pesticides,
Malathion and  Parathion, in terms of net oxygen utilization  and time in hours.  In an article
entitled "The BOD of Textile Chemicals, Updated List — 1966", the data presented  on nearly
400 chemicals  and commercial  chemical products are  given as percent of 5-day BOD (Anon.,
1966). In another paper (Anon., 1958), data for mercuric chloride,  sulfuric acid, formaldehyde,
and phenol  are  presented as the median toxic  concentration  in mg/1, i.e., the concentration at
which 50 percent inhibition of oxygen utilization occurred; Zintgraff, et al (1968) reported BOD
data  using acclimated and nonacclimated seed  for potassium  cyanide in molar concentrations
plotted  against  oxygen uptake in ppm or with time in hours.  Rudolfs, et al (1950) reviewed  the
literature  in  1950 on  toxic materials  affecting  sewage treatment processes, streams,  and BOD
determinations  and  made general  statements concerning  this subject but with  scant tabular
material.

    Since such a variety of methods for presenting data are found in the BOD  literature, no
attempt has  been  made to summarize  BOD  results in this report. The reader is referred to  the
various articles  cited  for  information  pertinent  to his own interests, and to the summaries of
chemical data shown in Appendixes A and B.

    Herman (1959)  proposed a toxicity index based on BOD  data.  Depending  on the  BOD
curves obtained (percent available oxygen utilized  plotted against  concentration in mg/1), a series
of "toxigrams"  (Types 1 through  5) were devised, which were:

    Toxigram Type  1  — simple poisons (the  curve drops at toxic concentrations)

    Toxigram Type 2  — no effect (the "curve"  is  flat)

    Toxigram  Type   3   — immediate  dissolved  oxygen  demand  (IDOD)  by  reducing
      substances (the curve rises to 100 percent  oxygen utilization at higher concentrations)

    Toxigram  Type  4 — oxygen demand  at  low  concentrations,  inhibition  of oxygen
      utilization at relatively high concentrations (the curve rises  at low concentrations and
      drops at toxic levels)
                                            21

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     Toxigram Type 5 - same as Type 4 except that at still higher concentrations oxygen
      utilization rose to  100 percent again.  The  author  noted that the rise  in  oxygen
      utilization was due probably to simple chemical oxygen demand.

     By  designating the median toxic  concentration  (TCso) and indicating the appropriate
toxigram type, a convenient index for characterizing that particular chemical was obtained.

     Despite  its disadvantages,  i.e.,  slowness, lack of correlation between the lab and  the
receiving stream, empirical application, and lack of reproducibility  between laboratories, the BOD
bioassay  or some variation of it can be a useful  tool in pollution control. An effort  should be
made by those who depend on BOD determinations to arrive at a common method for reporting
results and possibly to develop a toxigram index similar to that proposed by Herman (1959).

     Data for 33 chemicals from Herman's study are summarized in Table 4. This index approach
has not been widely adopted, but probably should be in view of the confusing data presentations
revealed  in the present critique.  Herman pointed out that  toxic concentrations other than the
median, e.g., TCio, TC25, TC75, etc., can be chosen to suit individual industrial needs  for release
of chemicals.

     Correlations  of  BOD  with other data have also been attempted with varying  success as
follows:

     Chemical data on phenols, heavy metals, etc. (Lloyd and Jordan,  1964)
     Respirometric methods (Vernimmen, et al, 1967; Montgomery,  1967)
     Aquatic biota (Burlington, 1962)
     Coliforms (Burlington, 1962)

     Hynes (1959) has  diagramatically depicted the effect of an organic effluent  on  a river by
plotting  the  BOD  rate from an effluent outfall downstream  and  its relationship to dissolved
oxygen,  salt, suspended solids, concentration of nitrogen (NH4 and NOs) and phosphate (PO4),
and  populations of algae, bacteria, sewage fungi, Cladophora, Protozoa, Tubificidae, Chironomus,
Asellus,  and clean water fauna. These diagrams are quite general and Hynes pointed out that the
detailed relationship of the various parameters  plotted varies  with the type of effluent.
                                Short-Term Oxygen Demand
     The short-term oxygen demand (STOD) bioassay is a variation of BOD which requires time
in the order of minutes or a  few hours to conduct rather than 5 days or longer. The STOD
requires a relatively sophisticated respiration cell with an oxygen electrode, continuous recorder,
and   ancillary  equipment  compared  to  that  required for  BOD  determinations.  However,
endogenous growth rate, effect  of substrate addition,  and oxygen demand  to the point of
substrate  exhaustion can  be determined  within 40  minutes  for some  types of  compounds.
When  oxygen  is  fully  utilized, the  system may be aerated  and further oxygen utilization
followed.  Vernimmen, et al (1967) reviewed previous research  on this subject and described the
equipment,  procedure,  and some results on such chemicals as  sodium acetate, formaldehyde,
methanol,  isopropanol, isobutanol  and phenol.  In this  study  various types of acclimated and
domestic  sewage seed  were  used.  Vernimmen  and  co-workers  suggest establishing a  suitable
correlation factor between STOD and  BOD for  a given waste and predicting BOD by means of a
STOD/BOD ratio in the same manner as  COD  is used in predicting BOD. Although appealing
because of immediate results, the STOD bioassay has not received wide acceptance.
                                            22

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     TABLE 4. TOXICITY OF VARIOUS COMPOUNDS AS DETERMINED BY BOD (Herman, 1959)
Substance Tested
Simple Inorganic Poisons
Ammonium thiocyanate
Boric acid
Cadmium sulfate
Chromic sulfate
Cobalt chloride
Copper sulfate
Mercuric chloride
Potassium cyanide
Sulfuric acid
Inorganic Reducing Agents
under Certain Conditions
Ferrous sulfate
Oxalic acid
Sodium metaarsenite
Sodium nitrite
Sodium oxalate
Inorganic Oxidizing Agents
under Acid Conditions
Potassium dichromate
Sodium arsenate
Organic Acids and Derivatives
Acetanilide
Formic acid
Nitrobenzene
Salicylic acid
Sodium benzoate
Sodium o-benzoyl sulfimide
(soluble saccharin)
Tannic acid
Alcohols, Aldehydes, Ketones,
and Derivatives
Acetaldehyde
Acetone
Formaldehyde
Hexamethylenetetramine
Methanol
Phenols and Cresols
o-cresol
m-dihydroxybenzene
2,4-dinitrophenol
Phenol
Chlorinated Hydrocarbons
Chloroform
Reported As

NH4SCN
H3BO4
Cd++
Cr+3
CoCl2
CuS04
HgCl2
KCN
H2S04


FeS04
H2C204
NaAs02
NaN02
Na2C204


Cr+6
NasAsO4

C6HsNH-COCH3
H-C02H
C6H5N02
C02H-C6H4-OH
C6Hs-CO2Na-H20
CyH403NSNa-H20

(HO)3C6H2-CO


CHs-CHO
CH3-CO-CH3
H-CH:O
(CH2)6N4
CH3OH

CH3-C6H4-OH
C6H4(OH)2
(N02)2C6H3OH
C6H5OH

HCCls
TC5o, mg/1*

5000
1000
142
117
64
21
0.61
15
58


—
43
—
—
—


17
100

—
550
630
110
-
1000

—


230
—
740
—
—

940
—
100
1600

—
Toxigram Type

2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1


3
1
3
3
3


1
2

3
4
4
4
3
2

3


5
3
4
3
3

4
3
1
4

3
*TC5Q = Concentration at which oxygen utilization is reduced 50 percent.
                                          23

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                              Related Microbiological Methods

     Montgomery (1967)  and Ludzack and Ettinger  (1963) thoroughly reviewed respirometnc
methods for the determination of biochemical oxygen demand, including the STOD procedure,
Warburg respirometry,  Barcroft  differential  manometry,  Wilson six-unit recording respirometry,
electrolytic respirometry,  the  Sierp apparatus, the  Nordell  odeometer, the oxyutilometer, and
Sapromat A6 respirometry. Malaney, et al (1959) presented  data on the toxic effects of metallic
ions on sewage  microorganisms using the Warburg procedure.

     Biodegradability  of organic chemicals  in  the  aquatic  environment  is  another  important
factor  related  to biochemical  oxygen demand.  This is of increasing  concern because of the
accumulation of chemicals, especially pesticides and detergents, in the beds of rivers, lakes, and
estuaries. The behavior of organic chemicals in the aquatic environment was reported in a recent
study by Buzzell, et al (1968). At sublethal  concentrations, the BOD,  COD, total organic carbon
(TOC),  and toxicity as determined by microbial and fish bioassay  were  all determined  for a
selected group  of 20 compounds representing a variety of types of chemicals. Bacterial enumera-
tion was used  to indicate bacterial growth in biodegradation units. Theoretical  oxygen demand
(TOD) for each compound was  compared with 5-day and 20-day BOD results. The comparison
showed that  seldom was  TOD reached in the  BOD  determinations.  Graphs showing all of the
data obtained  were plotted.  Each compound had its  own characteristic set of curves for BOD,
COD,  TOD,  etc. A sound basis resulted  from this  study  to  further evaluate BOD  and  other
measures of chemical effect on aquatic organisms. This approach might well be used in the study
of chemical toxicity in the aquatic environment.

     Earlier, Ludjack  and Ettinger  (1963) reviewed methods of estimating  the  biodegradability
and treatability  of organic   water  pollutants and   how various types  of data  from  BOD,
respirometry, etc., procedures can be applied in practice to various contact treatment units.

     Several excellent papers (Beak, 1957;  Dobbins,  1964;  Gannon,  1966; Nejedly,  1967; and
Smith,  et al, 1962) discuss laboratory BOD determination in  relation to  receiving  stream  BOD
and the multiple factors that are involved in calculating or estimating  downstream  dissolved
oxygen drop. In particular, papers by  Dobbins  (1964), Gannon (1966), Goodman and  Dobbins
(1966),  and  Smith, et  al  (1962) would  be  particularly  useful in developing mathematical
modeling or simulation of stream problems associated with dissolved oxygen depletion.

     Other microbiological techniques  for study of various types of water pollution are described
in standard texts too numerous  to mention  here. Bacteria and  other  microorganisms are usually
studied as  indicators of  fecal pollution.  Papers  by Kabler (1957, 1961),  Khan (1964), Bonde
(1966), Morrison and Fair (1966), O'Connell and Thomas  (1965), Cooke  and Bartsch (1959),
Burman (1966), and Bick (1963) describe studies in which  enumerations were made of Escherichia
coli, coliforms,  fecal streptococci,  salmonellae, Aeromonas, Pseudomonas,  Clostridia, microfungi,
actinomycetes,  and  algae. Bick  (1963) extended this  list of organisms to include protozoa and
other aquatic invertebrates in  reviewing Central European  ecological approaches in studying water
pollution. According to  this approach, organisms characteristically occur in various "saprobic
zones" which are used to describe  the degree of pollution. The procedures involved in the papers
cited above are concerned primarily with sewage pollution or  taste and odor problems. Burman
(1966) reviewed the various procedures, media, equipment, etc., in bacteriological examination of
water and  describes a  technique in which Cl4-iabelled  compounds   are incubated, the d4O2
evolved is absorbed on  barium  hydroxide,  and  counts  of radioactivity  are  used to  quantitate
respiration. Since only 4  hours are required for completion,  this technique might be a useful,
more rapid variation of the standard BOD assay.  A similar technique, using Cl4c>2 in the  study
of photosynthetic activity of algae in the field,  is used to determine trophic  levels in various
types of water (Butler,  1965).

                                           24

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                                       SECTION VII

                                   MARINE BIOASSAY
     Any  report  or critique  to  be made  of the methods used in bioassaying  the  effects of
chemical pollutants on marine and estuarine forms can be presented concisely and to the point.
That is, those bioassay techniques in which the flowing-seawater method is not used fall short of
obtaining  accurate  tolerance limits,  etc., for marine and estuarine species in regard to chemical
pollutants. The flowing-seawater technique for both acute and chronic toxicity studies developed
at the Bureau  of Commercial Fisheries at Gulf Breeze,  Florida, as described by Lowe (1964)
comes closely  to  providing  the  necessary  data regarding  chemical toxicants  to marine  and
estuarine forms.

     In this  technique,  the chemical  solution  is  contained  in  a  stock solution  bottle and is
metered  by  means of a  stopcock into  a  slanted  mixing  trough which  contains running fresh
sea water.  The fresh seawater is kept in a holding tank at  a constant level and is siphoned at a
constant rate into the trough. From the trough, the toxicant-containing  water flows by gravity
over baffles into  the chamber containing the test animals. A drain is situated  at one end of the
chamber to allow overflow and maintenance of a constant level of toxicant-containing water. The
author states that this constant-flow system eliminated the need for aeration and that no attempt
was  made to control temperature  and salinity.  A  record  of the latter two values  was  kept
however.

     Data on marine studies are included in Appendixes A and B and may be identified by the
names of the marine species listed in the second (Organism) column. Further identification is
afforded by the Species Index (Appendix C).
     Marine species most frequently used in bioassay include:  :
     Algae
Fish
         Dunaliella euchlora
         Platymonas sp

     Crustacea
         Anemia salina  — brine shrimp
         Callinectes sapidus — blue crab
         Carcinus spp — decapod  crab
         Peneaus aztecus — brown shrimp
         P. duorarium — pink shrimp
         P. setiferus  — white  shrimp

     Molluscs
         Balanus spp — barnacle
         Crassostrea  virginica  — oyster
         Mercenia mercenia — hard clam
         Mya spp —  soft shell clam
         Ostreet spp — oyster

     References  to marine studies  are made throughout the  various sections of this report. It is
of some interest to  note that somewhat  less than  10 percent  of all papers  reviewed  were
concerned with studies on the  effect  of  chemicals on the marine organisms.
     Cyprinodon variegatus — sheepshead minnow
     Fundulus similis — longnose killifish
     Lagodon rhomboides — pinfish
     Leiostomus xanthurus — spot
     Mugil curema — white mullet
     M.  cephalus — striped mullet
     Oncorynchus  kisutch — coho salmon
     Petromyzon marinus — sea lamprey
     Salmo gairdneri — rainbow trout
     S. solar — Atlantic salmon
     S. trutta — brown trout
                                            25

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                                      SECTION VIII

                                   FIELD ASSESSMENT


     Many  ecological parameters  must  be taken  into  consideration  when field  studies  are
conducted.  Even  minor variations in most  environmental  factors such as temperature,  rainfall,
pH,  dissolved oxygen,  and  sunlight can  significantly affect  the toxicity  of  many chemical
compounds. Full  discussion of these factors is presented in texts by Hutchinson (1957, 1967),
Welch (1952), Ruttner (1953), and Odum  (1959). One consideration of major importance is the
food web.  The introduction of toxic substances at  any point in the web  may interfere with the
reproduction  and  well-being of higher animal forms.
                           Study of Residues in Aquatic Animals


     The transfer of food energy from plants (the producers) through various  animal  organisms
(the consumers) with repeated eating and being eaten is referred to as a food chain. The links in
the chain seldom number more  than five and usually many chains  are interconnected with one
another with the resulting pattern being  called a food web. Figure  1 is a simplified diagram of a
food  web in western Lake Erie  leading to the sheepshead. This diagram,  modified from Daiber
(1952) by Kendeigh  (1961)  shows the  producers and  consumers  organized into nutritional  or
trophic levels. The lowest level (P) is composed of the producers that are able to use solar energy
for the manufacture  of  food. At the  second level  (Cj)  are  the primary consumers or grazing
herbivores; at the  third level (€2)  the  secondary  consumers or small-size carnivores; and the
fourth level (€3) the larger carnivores.  It is  possible that additional consumers may be present
(€4). The consumer levels are not sharply defined  because feeding behavior of some  species may
involve  them in  more than one level. Generally,  the farther  removed from the producers  an
organism is, the greater the likelihood it  will  feed on more than one level. Bacteria and fungi act
as transformers (T) or decomposers and break down  dead organic matter into nutrients that may
be utilized by the producers (Ingols,  1959; Odum, 1959; Phillipson,  1966; and Welch,  1952).

     Food  webs are studied in a variety  of ways including direct observation which is probably
the least  reliable.  Stomach analysis of higher animal forms has been  widely used for a great  many
years and has provided some useful information. When using this method, a major problem arises
when plant juices and soft  tissues  must be  considered because  these are rapidly digested and
practically  impossible to identify. Precipitin  tests  have recently been  used. An extract  is  made
from  a  prey organism and this  is injected into a  rabbit which produces antibodies against this
foreign protein.  An extract is then  made  from a predator species and  mixed  with  the rabbit
antibodies. If this predator organism has been  feeding on the prey organism, a white precipitate
of antigen  and  antibody  will  be  formed.  In recent  years, radioactive isotopes  have also proven to
be a  most valuable  tool in the  study of the transfer of energy  through trophic levels  (Fujiya,
1965; Gakstatter and  Weiss, 1967; and Miller, et al,  1966).

     Meeks (1968)  studied food  chain organisms and how  chemical  contaminants can accumulate
in the various trophic levels.  A  marsh adjacent to  Lake Erie was treated with 3.9 millicuries of
chlorine-36, ring-labeled DDT at a rate of  0.2  Ib of technical DDT per  acre. Radiolabeled DDT
residues were traced until 1 5 months after the application. In his discussion  of the work, Meeks
stated that  plankton  and larger organisms rapidly removed the DDT  from the water. Producer
organisms contained their maximum residues between 1-3 days and most  invertebrates contained
their  maximum  residues  several  days later. These residues  could  have come  directly from the

                                            26

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          Deep bottom
   Open water
••••• Sheepshead •••••
Shallow  bottom
                                                                 • Greenside darter---*,

                                                                                   V
                                                                 	Fantail darter	«J
                                                                    •Log perch c
                                                                 	 Crayfish	


                                                                 	Beetle larvae-
                                                                •	Gammarus	


                                                                •• Baetinine mayflies-


                                                                	Ephemera	


                                                                •	Caddisflies	
                                                                	Midge flies	




                                                                Aquatic angiosperms-


                                                                Attached  thallophytes<
                                                                     •Detritus-
FIGURE 1.  FOOD WEB IN WESTERN LAKE ERIE LEADING TO THE SHEEPSHEAD FISH


            Species are separated into their different trophic levels (as modified from Daiber,
            1952, by Kendeigh, 1961).
                                            27

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water or could have been picked up through the food web. There are several factors that indicate
that the food web is the most important contributor. Herbivorous snails, at the second trophic level,
contained their maximum levels at the same time as most primary producers.  Odonata naiads and
backswimmers,  both carnivorous  invertebrates  occupying the  third trophic  level,  reached their
peak accumulation at 1 week.  The red leech was probably the invertebrate closest to a secondary
carnivore, fourth trophic level, and it had  the  latest and highest DDT levels  of any invertebrate.
Most vertebrates attained their maximum DDT residues after the invertebrates had their highest
levels.

     The DDT  applied in this  project would equal 0.07 ppm in water if all of the DDT had been
available at  the same time.  Meeks used this figure  as a base level for determining magnitudes of
accumulation and recorded  a sample of Cladophora collected at 3 days which exceeded this level
by  a factor of 3125.  For a  tadpole  at  4 hours and  a northern water snake  at  13 months
accumulation was over 500 times this  base level. Concentrations ranging from 200 to 500 times
occurred in  some duckweed and  bladderwort samples  during the first  week  as it  did in samples
of carp and tadpole tissues. Most plant and  invertebrate species exceeded  the 0.07  ppm by a
factor  of 50  during the  first week and  throughout the project,  vertebrate tissue  often con-
centrated DDT  more than  50 times the base level.

     Miller,  et al (1966) noted that molluscs characteristically  accumulate pesticidal compounds
at levels far above  those  present in the surrounding  water. In  laboratory experiments, Butler
(1966) showed that  oysters exposed to one ppb of DDT in flowing seawater may  store 25 ppm
in its tissues within  10 days. Terriere, et alj(1966) reported concentration factors from water to
plant of 500, water  to aquatic animals other than fish of  1,000 to 2,000, and for rainbow trout,
10,000  to 20,000. Odum, et al (1969) found that suspended particulate organic matter may be a
reservoir of DDT and some particles may  contain  residues thousands  of times greater than the
concentration occurring in the water. Fiddler crabs and other organisms that utilize  plant detritus
for food concentrate the pesticide in their tissues.

     Nicholson  (1967) stated that any DDT which is not excreted  or metabolized can accumu-
late in tissues to some degree.  It may then be passed on to the next higher trophic level by way
of the  food chain.   Pesticides have been  detected  in  aquatic  animal  tissues  far removed  from
where the chemicals were actually used. Sladen,  et al  (1966) cited  examples of Adelie penguins
and a crabeater  seal  whose tissues contained DDT residues. These species reportedly do not leave
the Antarctic ice pack. The pathway to these  animals is  probably the marine crustaceans  upon
which they feed.

     Cade,  et  al (1968) reported  finding  high  levels of pesticides in  the  eggs  and tissues of
fish-eating peregrine falcons of  the Yukon area of Alaska,  and  Enderson  and  Berge  (1968)
reported similar findings in peregrines in northern Canada.

     Hunt and  Bischoff (1960) believed that ODD residues in fish caused the deaths of grebes in
Clear Lake,  California. Investigations showed the following ODD  concentrations in  samples taken
13  months  after application of  the ODD: in  plankton,  10 mg/kg; in fat from  plankton-eating
fish, 902 mg/kg; in fat from carnivorous  fish, 2690 mg/kg;  and  in  fat  from fish-eating birds,
2134 mg/kg (Nicholson,  1967). It is believed that grebes  are unable to tolerate as high a  level of
DDD as some species of fish.

     Fay and Youatt (1967) concluded that various pesticide residues found  in tissues of aquatic
birds in  Lake Michigan did not  appear to be  an important factor in bird die-offs in this lake.
Studies  by Keith (1966), however, suggest that unusual  mortality  of aquatic birds in California
was  due to  pesticide poisoning. Pesticides  have also been  linked with the declining  population of
fish-eating ospreys in Connecticut (Ames, 1966).

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     Within a given species there may  be strains  or populations in existence  which are resistant
to,  or have  a greater  tolerance  for,  a  particular chemical  and,  therefore,  will  survive under
conditions that would  normally  prove fatal for  this species.  Populations of yellow  bullhead,
golden  shiner, green  sunfish,  and  bluegill  have been found that  were resistant to Endrin
(Ferguson  and  Bingham,  1966),  while some mosquito  fish (Ferguson and  Bingham, 1966;
Ferguson, et al, 1966; and Toohey, et al, 1965), and  black  bullhead (Ferguson,  1967) have been
found resistant to  DDT. The resistance  of fish  to these  chemicals  appears  to  be genetic, i.e.,
passed on from one generation to the  next. This  resistance, however, may be  lost unless the fish
are kept in continual contact with the chemical.  While  these populations are now geographically
limited, the  possibility  exists that eventually they could  become  widespread. Ferguson (1967)
concluded that although  selection  of a resistant fishery  may  permit  fish  exposed   to toxic
chemicals to survive, it may ultimately produce a biological product dangerous to consumers of
all sort, including man himself.

     In recent years,  numerous  investigations have  been carried  out on the  accumulation of
chemicals in both vertebrates and invertebrates. Emphasis has been placed primarily on  pesticides
(see Appendix B).
                                     Field Methodology
     Field assessment  studies may  be  divided  into  two general types  although  a clear-cut
distinction is not  always possible. The first type consists of field observations  made  on the
effects of chemicals on aquatic life with little prior manipulation or study of the environment by
the investigator.  In many cases, the exact concentration of the chemical is unknown and may
not be fully identified but may  be simply referred to as a pesticide, an  eradicant, an industrial
pollutant,  an organic pollutant, etc.  These  studies are  usually  made  when  a body of water
becomes polluted from a pesticide-spraying operation,  effluents from an  industrial site, or from
the application of chemicals directly into the  body of water.

     The  effects  of these chemicals are often expressed as a reduction in numbers of a particular
species or the total absence of a species or population. Dead  organisms are sometimes identified
and  counted, as  in fish kills, or estimations made of percent mortality of a  given population.
Effects  may sometimes be expressed  by noting the  presence of particular organisms,  usually
considered to  be  undesirable,  such  as Sphaerotilus,  Chironomus, and tubificids.  Sometimes
pre-pollution studies have  been made or comparisons made between similar bodies of water. This
type  of approach has been widely used in assessing the effect of thermal  pollution on  aquatic
life.

     The  second  type of  field assessment  consists of actual  toxicity studies  of the  effects of
known  chemical  concentrations  on  particular organisms.  The studies are  sometimes made in
conjunction  with laboratory toxicity tests and implies some prior manipulation of the environ-
ment.  Results  are  usually expressed  in lethal  concentrations  of the chemical  studied.  Field
assessments of  this type are conducted in various  sizes and types of water bodies. The smallest
are simple pools  or channels,  such as man-made troughs or tanks. Ponds, man-made or natural,
are widely used  for this type of  assessment. Lakes and reservoirs  are also used but allow the
minimum  control in a lentic environment due  to  size.  Streams  are used, but less  than lentic
bodies of  water.  The following discussion deals  with the methods used in these toxicity  studies.

     Chemicals are  applied to  bodies  of water for  the purpose of  assessing their  effects on
aquatic  organisms in several  different ways.  A uniform distribution is  of primary concern and,
therefore,  the size and depth of the body of water  will be a major factor in determining which
                                             29

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method to use.  Cloth bags containing  chemicals  may be  submerged at various depths and the
chemicals allowed to  diffuse out into  the water or the bags may be  towed from a boat. A
common method is  to pour or  drip chemicals from the stern of a power boat into the wake
caused by the motor. Power sprayers are used from boats in smaller bodies of water or from the
shore. In the largest bodies of water, airplanes or helicopters are used.

     Gjullin,  et  al (1949) studied the  effects  of  DDT on trout,  blackfly, and caddisfly larvae
from Alaskan streams  using 6-ft-long galvanized metal troughs set up adjacent to a stream. Water
from the stream was pumped into the troughs and DDT was administered by a  1-gallon aspirator
bottle calibrated with  a  stopcock to deliver the  desired concentration per minute. Darsie  and
Corriden (1959) used  bushel-sized galvanized tubs placed at various points along a stream filled
with  stream  water at  that  point. Fish  from the  stream  were placed in the tubs and the entire
area  was  sprayed with  Malathion by  plane.  Control tubs  were covered during  spraying  and
mortality of fish in  all tubs was recorded after 4 hours. A similar method using aquaria was  used
by Schouwenberg and Jackson (1966).  Snow (1963) treated pails of water from a stream  with
Simazine  and then  bass fry were placed  in the  pails  and mortality  recorded over a 96-hour
period.  Field studies were conducted on the toxicity of Lindane using 60 large  fish tanks (1.5 m
x  1.5 m x 30 cm)  made from corrugated  metal sheets.  Each contained  50 fish and a different
concentration of Lindane was used in each tank  (Kok and Pathak, 1966). Gannon, et al (1966)
used  an experimental  outdoor channel  640 feet long for water pollution studies. The channel
consisted of 4-feet-long aluminum units  that supported a waterproof plastic liner.

     Attempts to approach more natural conditions  in  man-made devices  have  been made by
other investigators. Applegate, et al (1961) and Howell, et al (1964) used running water raceways
with  an artificial stream bed constructed  of materials  from  local streams, to test sea lamprey
larvicides. These raceways were 6 feet  wide  and  over  60 feet long. Productivity  studies using
artificial streams, supplied  with  water  from  an underground spring, were reported by Haydu
(1968). The  streams were 4 feet wide and ranged up to 700  feet long. Yeo (1967) used plastic
pools (4 feet square by  2 feet deep) with  a 2-inch layer of clay on the  bottom.  The pools held
180 gallons of water  and aquatic plants,  clams, and fish were added. A liter of  natural pond
water  was added  to  introduce naturally-occurring  microorganisms. These pools were used to
study the influence  of water hardness  on  dissipation and  toxicity of Diquat.  Parka and Worth
(1965)  also used plastic pools (6 feet in diameter and 15 inches deep)  to study the  effects of
Trifluralin on fish. These pools were placed in form-fitting holes at the lowest point of a sloping
field to form a catch  basin.  The pools  were stocked  with  fish and the field was sprayed with a
known quantity of Trifluralin.  Over the next three days  a sprinkler system soaked the  field  with
ten inches of water which resulted in Trifluralin being carried into the basin in runoff water.

     A more direct  method, and one commonly used is to take qualitative and quantitative data
on biota,  apply the  chemical to the body of water, and resample the populations.  A control
body of water may  or may not be used. Numerous researchers have used this general approach
with  varied  modifications (Eipper,  1959;   Hoffman  and Drooz,  1953;  Hilsenhoff, 1966;  and
Surber,  1943).

     Some investigators desire more control  over the organisms being  used in  field assessments,
and various  methods are used to contain them. Live boxes or screened cages are commonly used.
Patterson  and Von  Windeguth  (1964)  confined  fish in live boxes and placed these in three
shallow ponds that were sprayed with Baytex. Additional live  boxes were placed in three control
ponds and mortality was recorded after 24 hours. Mulla, et al (1963) and Wollitz (1963) did
similar work in ponds using fish and  frogs.  The same  technique has  also been used in lakes
(Jackson,  1960;  Johnson, 1966; and Kallman,  et al, 1962) and streams  (Davis, 1954;  Elson and
Kerswill,  1967; Graham  and   Scott,  1958;  Kerswill,  1967;  Kerswill  and  Edwards,   1967;
Schoenthal,  1963; and  Schouwenberg and Jackson, 1966).
                                            30

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     Another method  used to restrict the movement of organisms is  to  enclose sections of the
body of water. Harp  and Campbell (1964) studied benthos in a  farm pond by using plastic
enclosures that divided the pond into sections measuring 12 by  18 feet. Different concentrations
of Silvex were  used in each section. Walker (1964) studied the effects  of  Dichlobenil  on fish and
aquatic plants in enclosures and open plots in selected farm ponds.  Copeland and Woods (1969)
also  studied herbicidal effects on aquatic plants and used plots staked out in shallow areas of a
lake. The plots were screened in with chicken wire to  prevent  plants from drifting away. Bonn
and  Holbert  (1961) blocked off entire coves in a Texas lake with  one-inch  mesh nylon net to
prevent movement  of fish into and out  of the cove. The coves were then treated with rotenone
products.

     A unique  method to assess industrial pollution in a stream was  used by Tatum (1966). A
sampler, similar to  the one designed by  Hester  and Dendy  (1962) consisting  of masonite plates,
was  placed in  a  fertilized  pond  for  about  one month to  accumulate a dense growth of
chironomid larvae  (Diptera). These samplers  were then placed in a river at  stations above and
below  the outfall of an industrial site. Counts of larvae were made on each sampler after 1  week
and  comparisons were made between the average number  of organisms on the samplers at
stations above  the  outfall and on  the samplers below the outfall.  Williams  and Mount (1965)
measured the effect of zinc on periphytic communities by using a glass slide method. Periphyton
populations were monitored  by allowing periphyton to accumulate  on glass slides submerged in
running water canals for  2-week periods. One canal was used as a control and three other canals
were treated with different concentrations of zinc.

     The effects of chemicals sprayed into streams  have been studied by monitoring the rate of
downstream drifting of aquatic insects  (Binns,  1967;  Burdick,  et al,  1960; Coutant,  1964; and
Reed,  1966).  Insects were continuously collected by Surber .square-foot bottom samplers  both
before and after  spraying and also  in control streams.  In another assessment,  the effects of  DDT
sprayed in a stream were studied by determining the abundance of aquatic insects (Reed, 1966).
An index was  developed for those benthic insects found attached on rocks  measuring  approxi-
mately 15.2 centimeters  in  diameter.  Butler  (1965)  studied the  toxicity of pesticides by
measuring  primary productivity. By mixing known amounts of Cl4 with two suspensions of
phytoplankton,  one of which contains a  known concentration of pesticide, it is  possible to
measure the interference  of  the  pesticide with growth in  a given period of time. Decreased
carbon fixation provides  an index  of productivity, from which  the  relative toxicities of various
pesticides may be  compared. Other field  methods used to  detect  the  effects of chemicals on
aquatic life include the use of other more specific radioactive  tracers, the measurement of the
effects of chemicals on the biochemical  oxygen demand (BOD), and the fish brain cholinesterase
inactivation technique. All of these  methods have been discussed previously.
                                    Sampling Equipment
     Quantitative population  samples taken to  determine the  effects  of external  factors are
difficult  to  obtain. The effects of the external factors must be great  enough  to  override the
natural  changing of the  population  brought  about by  migration, temperature, availability of
dissolved oxygen, food supply, etc. Studies that require collecting organisms for evaluation also
face the problem of valid sampling techniques because by definition a sample must be representa-
tive. Dimond (1967) stated that sampling procedures for stream insects are crude, and so much
variation in  the data results from their use that only major shifts in population size and structure
can be detected. Lauer, et al  (1966)  said it was difficult to collect water samples that are truly
representative of the concentration of the  toxic  agent to which the organism has been exposed.

                                            31

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 Ricker (1968)  in  reference to  collecting  fish for  productivity studies said that four truisms
 emerge: (1)  most collecting methods are selective, with respect to species and size of individuals;
 (2)  soundness of collecting procedures  has too often been  assumed and  has  too seldom been
 evaluated  experimentally;  (3) vast opportunities  remain for  discovering  and  developing  new
 methods; (4) there is no substitute for operation experience on the part of the collector.

     Several   books  provide  valuable  information  on  equipment  and collecting  procedures.
 Standard  Methods  for  the Examination of Water and  Wastewater (American  Public  Health
 Association,  1967), Limnological Methods  (Welch,  1948), and  Ecological  Methods (Southwood,
 1966) provide detailed information on the  physical and chemical examination of water, informa-
 tion on equipment and methods  for collecting biological material, and information on population
 sampling  in  freshwater habitats.  Books by Ricker (1968)  and Bennett (1962) give techniques for
 collecting  and examining fish.  The brief discussion that follows concerns only the most common
 methods used in the studies previously considered.

     Though  a  wide variety of  devices  exist for sampling stream and  lake  bottoms,  the three
 most  widely used  are  the Ekman and Peterson  dredges for  lake  bottoms,   and the  Surber
 square-foot  sampler  for shallow streams.  Dredges take  relatively shallow  samples which  are
 usually disturbed before they  reach the surface and, therefore,  the devices are  not suitable  for
 use  in stratification studies. After the  material is  brought  to  the surface it is washed  through a
 No. 30 mesh screen and the organisms sorted out. The screen collects only macroscopic bottom
 fauna. The Ekman dredge relies  on its own weight to sink, has a rather weak spring to close the
 jaws and is,  therefore, limited to  use on bottoms  which  are soft  and consist of finely divided
 mud.  Large  bivalves, sticks, or small rocks  interfere with the closing  of the jaws. The Peterson
 dredge is  heavier,  has additional attached  weights, and can  be used in sand  and  gravel. This
 dredge is sufficiently heavy, however,  that it must be raised by a  hoist. The Surber square-foot
 sampler is by far the  most widely  used stream sampler and is especially suitable  for sampling on
 rocky  bottoms  which  are  shallow  and  possess current  enough to  hold  the  net  in an open
 position. It has limited use in water deeper than three feet and again only macroscopic organisms
 are  collected (Libby,  1964; Mackenthun,  1966; Mackenthun  and Ingram,  1967; Southwood
 1966;  and  Welch, 1948).

     Benthic   and periphytic  organisms  are also  collected by emplacement  of a removable
 substrate.  According to Southwood (1966), this is one of the most accurate collection  methods.
 Collecting  devices  of  this type  are in various  forms including building bricks  (Elvins,  1962),
 asbestos-cement plates (Southwood, 1966),  Plexiglas substrata (King and Ball, 1967), glass slides
 (Welch, 1948), and wire boxes containing rocks and sticks  (Bull, 1968;  Mason, et al, 1967; and
 Scott,  1958). N. W.  Britt (1955)  used  concrete  blocks on  a rubble and gravel bottom  to collect
 mayfly naiads. Unattended concrete block  and  Hester-Dendy multiple plate samplers are  some-
 times  disturbed  by anglers. This  can  be a  problem  when  collecting devices  must be  left
 unattended in areas  where large numbers of people use the water  for recreational purposes. An
 additional  problem  encountered  using this type  of sampler  especially in deep water, is that
 organisms not firmly attached may be lost when  the sampler is raised.

     The Kemmerer water sampler  is probably  the most widely used  water  collecting device and
 is also  suitable for quantitative plankton samples.  An advantage  that  the Kemmerer  sampler has
 over the Juday plankton  trap is that nannoplankton as well  as net plankton  is  collected  A
possible disadvantage of the Kemmerer  is that  motile zooplankters  may tend  to avoid it. The
Juday  plankton  trap  is a commonly used quantitative sampler which collects and removes the
plankton in one  operation. When the  trap  is brought to  the surface, the  water drains out and
concentrates  the  plankters  in  a  small  net  container. This  collects  only net plankton  as  the
nannoplankton are so small they  pass through the  bolting cloth filter. The Juday trap is bulky,

                                            32

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awkward to handle, and usually must be raised  with a hoist.  Qualitative plankton samples may
also  be collected with a bolting cloth tow  net or with a plankton pump (Southwood, 1966; and
Welch, 1948).

     Ricker (1968) states that the use of electricity for capturing fish is one of the least selective
of all  active fishing methods.  Too strong  an electrical current, prolonged exposure, or contact
with the electrodes, however,  can kill fish,  or  cause  damage that  later proves fatal, and is of
potential danger to the operators. Electrofishing can be done in both lakes and streams but water
resistivity,  variations in  fish size,  shape, or  species, temperature, and  fish mortality factors all
have a bearing on the effectiveness of the shocker (Patten and Gillespie, 1966). Seining is the
most common way to collect fish but is limited to shallow waters and bottoms that have few
large boulders and few aquatic  plants.  Hoop  and fyke nets are commonly used and according to
Ricker  (1968) can be both strongly selective and differently  efficient in collecting  fish species.
For  example, a net set parallel to the shoreline  can be either more or less efficient than one
perpendicular to  it, depending on the species. Gill and trammel nets tend to be more efficient in
capturing fishes adorned with external roughnesses, teeth, etc.  Since these nets are stationary and
depend on the fish  moving  to them,  the  fishing  success may depend on abrupt changes in
barometric  pressure,  wind-driven currents, water-level  fluctuations,  turbidity,  and  transmitted
light. In very large bodies of water,  purse  seining  and trawling are the most practical collection
methods.

     Table 5 shows the most commonly used  items of collecting equipment, exclusive of dip nets
and  simple seines, with the general purpose for  each item indicated. Of course, the quantitative
samples may  also be  used to collect qualitative samples.  The  various traps  and nets used for
collecting fish result in acquiring qualitative information only. For fish population studies, some
form of the capture-mark-recapture method  must  be  used. There are many kinds of collecting
devices in  use though  no single  one is suitable for all types of habitats; a fact which complicates
attempts to make comparative determinations (Anderson, 1962).
                                     Indicator Organisms
     Thieneman  (Patrick,  1965)  was the  first  to  emphasize  the  fact  that  certain groups  or
associations of species  were characteristic of a given type of environment. This does not mean
however, that individual species are necessarily reliable indicators of environmental conditions in
a particular area. Various researchers (Beak,  1965;  Beck, 1957; Brinkhurst,  1966; Gaufin and
Tarzwell,  1956; Lackey, 1957; Lackey, 1961; Mackay, 1969,  Olson, 1957; Palmer, 1959; Palmer,
1963;  Patrick, 1957; and Patrick, et al,  1967) have concluded that few individual species  as
indicators of pollution  exist, but  when a number of kinds of organisms are used in conjunction
with chemical, physical, and bacteriological methods, the combination may be  a reliable index.
Table 6 is  a list  of organisms that have been associated  with  pollution  of various types. When
considering  this  table,  it  must  be borne  in  mind  that a  number  of ecological factors may
influence  the presence  or absence of an  organism and, therefore, changes in  distribution and
abundance of a species may not be related to pollution  (Paine and Gaufin, 1956; Patrick, 1965;
Lackey,  1957).  Lackey  (1957)  pointed   out  that  a cause  and effect relationship does not
necessarily exist  simply because  of abundance of  an organism  and occurrence  of a defined
pollutant.

     Beak (1965) proposed a biotic index  of water  pollution based  on presence and density  of
certain macrobenthic organisms. There were six  stages in the index from normal  fauna to total
absence of fauna corresponding to increasing degrees of pollution. In most cases organisms were

                                             33

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       TABLE 5  COLLECTING EQUIPMENT IN COMMON USAGE IN LIMNOLOGICAL STUDIES
                 AND THE GENERAL PURPOSE FOR WHICH EACH IS USED
                    (Bennett, 1962; Ricker, 1968; Southwood, 1966; and Welch, 1948)
       Equipment
                                                                  General Purpose
Ooze sucker
Ekman dredge
Peterson dredge
Triangle bottom dredge
Wilding square-foot sampler
Dendy inverting sampler
Surber square-foot sampler
Hess circular sampler
Hollow square-foot-sampler
Wisconsin trap
Kemmerer water sampler
Birge cone net
Wisconsin plankton net
Closing net
Juday plankton trap
Clarke-Bumpus sampler
Hoop and Fyke traps
Gill and tangle nets
Sunken trap nets
Electric shocker
Purse seine
Trawl
 Benthos
 Microfauna (qualitative) in uppermost layers
 Macrofauna (qualitative) on soft bottoms
 Macrofauna (quantitative) on hard bottoms
 Macrofauna (quantitative) on smooth bottoms
 Macrofauna (quantitative) on soft or hard bottoms
 Macrofauna (quantitative) shallow moving streams
 Macrofauna (quantitative) shallow moving streams
 Macrofauna (quantitative) shallow moving streams

Periphyton
 Macrofauna (qualitative) from hard objects having large areas
 Macrofauna (qualitative) from plants in shallow water

 Plankton
 Net and nannoplankton (quantitative)
 Net plankton (quantitative)
 Net plankton (quantitative)
 Net plankton (quantitative) from deep water verticle tows
 Net plankton (quantitative)
 Net plankton primarily deep water

   Fish

 Quiet shallow waters
 Pelagic fish, various depths
 Lower depths in relatively shallow waters
 Shallow streams and lakes
 Open water surface seining in large bodies of water
 Bottom, surface, or midwater depths in large bodies of water
                                                  34

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       TABLE 6. PARTIAL LISTING OF ORGANISMS COMMONLY ASSOCIATED WITH POLLUTION
         Organism
       Type of Pollution
           References
Insects
Chironomus riparius

C. plumosus
Culex pipiens
C. tentans
Eristalis bastardi
E. tenax
Glyptotendipes spp

Oligochaetes
Limnodrilus spp

Tubifex spp
Fungi
Fusarium aquaeductum
Geotrichum candidum
Leptomities lacteus
Penicillium lUacinum
P. ochrochloron

Bacteria
Aerobacter aerogenes
A. cloacae
Escherichia coli
Sphaerotilus natans

Streptococcus durans
S. faecalis
S. liquefaciens
S. zymogenes

Bryozoa
Ctenostomata sp

Protozoa
Bodo caudatus
Caenomorpha medusula
Chaenea spp
Colpoda spp
Colpidium spp
Dimastigamoeba gruberi
Diplophrys archeri
Organic
Organic
Organic
   51
   ))
   ,,

Copper



Fecal pollution
      ,,
      ))

Organic

Fecal pollution
Organic
Organic
Gaufin, 1957; Learner and Edwards,
 1966; Paine and Gaufin, 1956
Ingram, 1957
Gaufin, 1957; Ingram, 1957; Paine
 and Gaufin, 1956; and Gaufin, 1958
Gaufin and Tarzwell, 1952
Gaufin, 1957; Gaufin and Tarzwell,
 1952; and Paine and Gaufin, 1956;
 Gaufin, 1958
Ingram, 1957
Paine and Gaufin, 1956
Brinkhurst, 1966; Gaufin, 1957;
 1958; and Shrivastava, 1962
Brinkhurst, 1966; Gaufin, 1957,
 1958; and Gaufin and Tarzwell,
 1952
Cooke, 1957
Kabler, 1957, 1961
Kabler, 1961
Kabler, 1957, 1961
Curtis, 1969; Herbert and Richards,
 1963; and Patrick, 1968
Kabler, 1961
Lackey, 1961
Lackey, 1957
Lackey, 1961

Lackey, 1957
                                                 35

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                                        TABLE 6. (Continued)
         Organism
       Type of Pollution
                                                                                  References
Protozoa (Continued)
Enchelyomorpha vermicularis
Glaucoma pyriformis
G. schintillans
Hexamitus spp
H. crassus
H. inflatus
Loxodes vorax
Mastigamoeba spp
Mastigella spp
Metopus spp
M. sigmoides
Opercularia spp
Paramecium putrinum
Pelomyxa palustris
Polytoma uvella
Poteriodendron petiolatum
Saprodinium putrinum
Spirostomum spp
Strombidium spp
Tetramttus spp
T. pyriformis
Tillina magna
Trachelocerca coluber
Trepomonas spp
Trigonomonas compressa
Trimyema compressa
Uahlkampfia guttalu
U. Umax
Urocentrum turbo
Uroleptus spp
Urophagus rostratus
Urotricha spp
Urozona butschlii
Organic
Lackey,
Lackey,
Lackey,
Lackey,
Lackey,
1957
1961
1957
1961
1957
                                     Lackey, 1961
                                     Lackey, 1957
                                     Lackey,
                                     Lackey,
                                     Lackey,
                                     Lackey,
        1961
        1957
        1961
        1957
                                     Lackey, 1961
                                     Lackey,
                                     Lackey,
                                     Lackey,
        1957
        1957,1961
        1961
                                     Lackey, 1957, 1961
                                     Lackey, 1957
                                     Lackey,
                                     Lackey,
                                     Lackey,
                                     Lackey,
        1957,1961
        1961
        1957
        1961
Achanthes affinis
A. minutissima
Achnanthidium brevipes
  var intermedia
Actinastrum hantzschii
Actinella spp
Agrnenellum quadriduplicatum
Amphora coffeiformis
A. ovalis
Anabaena constricta
Anacystis spp
A. montana
Anomoeoneis serians var.
  brachipira
Arthrospira jinneri
Hydrogen sulfide
Calcium carbonate
Salt brine
 (principally NaCl)
       •>•>
High acidity
Organic
Salt brine (principally NaCl)
Paper mill wastes, salt brine, oil
Organic
Salt brine (principally NaCl)
Organic
Iron

Organic
Palmer, 1959
Patrick, 1965
Palmer, 1959
Palmer, 1959, and Patrick, 1957
Palmer, 1959
                                                  36

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                                           TABLE 6. (Continued)
         Organism
        Type of Pollution
            References
Algae (Continued)
Astasia spp
Asterionella formosa
Caloneis amphisbaena
Calothrix spp
C. braunii
Camphlodiscus spp
Carteria multifilis
Ceratoneis arcus
Chaetomorpha spp
Chlamydobotrys spp
Chlamydomonas spp
C. ehrenbergii
C. reinhardi
Chlorella pyrenoidosa
C. vulgaris
C. variegata
Chlorobrachis spp
C. gracillina
Chlorococcum botryoides
C. humicola
Chlorogonium euchlorum
Chromulina spp
C. ovalis
Closterium acerosum
Coccachloris elabens
  (Aphanothece halophytica)
Cocconeis diminuta
C. pediculus
C. placentula
Cryptoglena pigra
Cryptomonas erosa
Cyclotella kiitzingiana
C. meneghiniana
Cymatopleura solea
Cymbella lacustris
C. naviculiformis
C. ventricosa

Diatoma elongatum
D. vulgare
Diploneis elliptica
Dunaliella salina
Enteromorpha intestinalis
E, prolifeia
Entophy salts deusta
  (Aphanocapsa littoralis)
Euglena spp
E. acus
E. adhaerens
E. agilis
Organic
Copper
Paper mill wastes, hydrogen sulfide
Salt brine (principally NaCl)
Copper
Hydrogen sulfide
Organic
Phenolic wastes
Salt brine (principally NaCl)
Distillery wastes
High acidity
Salt brine
Organic
Iron
Organic
Distillery wastes
Copper
Organic
Distillery wastes, organic
Iron
High acidity
Chromium
Salt brine (principally NaCl)

Paper mill wastes
       5)
Phenolic wastes
Organic
High acidity
Phenolic wastes
Hydrogen sulfide, salt brine
Phenolic wastes, paper mill wastes
Salt brine (principally NaCl)
Copper, phenolic wastes
Salt brine, paper mill wastes, copper,
 hydrogen sulfide
Salt brine (principally NaCl)
Phenolic wastes, paper mill
Wastes, oil
Salt brine (principally NaCl)
Lackey, 1957
Palmer, 1959
Lackey, 1957
Palmer, 1959
Chromium
High acidity
Organic
                                                     37

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                                          TABLE 6. (Continued)
         Organism
        Type of Pollution
                                                                                    References
Algae (Continued)
E. deses
E. gracilis
E. hiemalis
E. mutabilis

E. oxguris
E. polymorpha
E. sociabilis
E. stellata
E. tatrica
E. viridis
Eunotia spp
E. exigua
E. lunaris
E. trinacria
Fragilaria virescens
Frustulia rhomboides var
  saxonica
Gomphonema spp
G. acuminatum
G. herculaneum
G. olivacuum
G. parvulum
Gyrosigma attenuatum
Hantzschia amphioxys
H. elongata
Lepocinclis ovum
L. text a
Lyngbya astuarii
L. digueti
Melosira  arenaria
M. varians
Meridian circulars
Microcoleus chthonoplastic
Navicula  anglica
N. atomus
N. cincta var heufleri
N. cryptocephala

N. gregaria
N. linearis
N. longirostris
N. minima
N. minuscula
N. palea
A', pygmaea
j\. radiosa
j\. salinamm
A', subtilissima
N. viridis
Organic
   11
High acidity
Organic, chromium
Organic
Chromium
Chromium, high acidity
High acidity
Chromium, high acidity, organic
Iron, high acidity
High acidity
Phenolic wastes
Salt brine (principally NaCl)
Iron
Paper mill wastes, oil
Calcium
Phenolic wastes, organic
Salt brine (principally NaCl)
Hydrogen  sulfide, organic
Salt brine (principally NaCl)
High acidity, organic
Organic
Salt brine (principally NaCl)
Organic
Salt brine (principally NaCl)
Oil, organic
Salt brine (principally NaCl)
Chromium
Salt brine (principally NaCl)
Salt brine, organic, phenolic wastes,
 paper mill wastes
Salt brine (principally NaCl)
Chromium
Salt brine (principally NaCl)
Hydrogen sulfide
Salt brine (principally NaCl)
Chromium, organic
Salt brine (principally NaCl)
Paper mill wastes, oil
Salt brine (principally NaCl)
High acidity, salt brine
High acidity, copper
Palmer, 1959
Lackey, 1957; Palmer, 1959; and
 Sundaresan, et al, 1965
Palmer, 1959
Lackey, 1959, and Palmer, 1959
Palmer, 1959
Lackey, 1959, and Palmer, 1959
Palmer, 1959, and Patrick, 1957
Lackey, 1957, and Palmer, 1959
Palmer, 1959
Patrick, 1965
Palmer, 1959
Lackey, 1957, and Palmer, 1959
Palmer, 1959
Palmer, 1959, and Patrick, 1957
Palmer, 1959
      •>•>

Lackey, 1957, and Palmer, 1959
                                                    38

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                                          TABLE 6. (Continued)
         Organism
       Type of Pollution
            Reference
Algae (Continued)
Neidium bisulcatum
Nitzschia acicularis
N. apiculata
N. epithemaides
N. frustulum
N. ignorata
N. palea

N. trybliowella var debilis
Ochromonas spp
Oscillatoria spp
0. chalybea
0. chlorina
O. formosa
O. lauterbornii
0. limosa
O. princeps
O. putrida
0. tenuis
Pandorina spp
P. momm
Pediastrum spp
P. simples
Penium cucurbitinum
Phacus parvulus
P. pyrum
Phormidium autumnale
P. tenue
P. uncinatum
Pinnularia spp
P. borealis
P. subcapitata var helseana
Platymonas spp
Polytoma citri
P. uvella
Pyrobotrys gracilis
P. stellata
Scenedesmus spp
S. bijugatus
S. obliquus
S. quadricauda
Spirogyra communis
Spirulina subsalsa
Spondylomorum spp
Stauroneis anceps
S. phoenicentem
Stenopterobia intermedia
Stephanaptera gracilis
Stichococcus bacillaris
Copper
Organic
Salt brine (principally NaCl)
Hydrogen sulfide
Phenolic wastes, hydrogen sulfide,
 salt brine
Hydrogen sulfide
High acidity
Paper mill wastes, salt brine
Organic
Paper mill wastes
Organic
Paper mill wastes
Salt brine (principally NaCl)
High acidity
Organic
Salt brine (principally NaCl)
Organic
High acidity, iron, salt brine
Phenolic wastes
Iron
Organic
Paper mill wastes
Salt brine (principally NaCl)
Copper
Organic
   55

Salt brine (principally NaCl)
Paper mill wastes
High acidity
Iron
 55

Salt brine (principally NaCl)
Organic
Palmer, 1959
Lackey, 1957, and Palmer, 1959
Palmer, 1959
Lackey, 1957, and Palmer, 1959
Palmer, 1959
Lackey, 1957
Lackey, 1957, and Palmer, 1959
Palmer, 1959
Lackey, 1957
     5)


Lackey, 1957, and Palmer, 1959
              ))

Palmer, 1959
Lackey, 1957, and Palmer, 1959
Palmer, 1959
                                                    39

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                                          TABLE 6.  (Continued)
         Organism
        Type of Pollution
            References
Algae (Continued)
Stigeoclonium tenue
Surinella delicatissima
S. linearis
S. ovata

S. ovata var salina

Symploca erecta
Synedra acus
S. affinis
S. pulchella
S. ulna
Tabellaria flocculasa
Tetraedron muticum
Tetraspora spp
Trachelomonas spp
T. hispida
Trichodesmium spp
Ulothrix spp
U. zonata
Vanheurckia rhomboides var
  crassenervia
Xanthidium antilopaeum
Organic
Iron
Curtis, 1969, and Palmer, 1959
Palmer, 1959
Paper mill wastes, phenolic wastes,
 organic
Paper mill wastes, phenolic wastes,
 hydrogen sulfide, organic
Copper
Oil, salt brine
Salt brine (principally NaCl)
Paper mill wastes, salt brine
Paper mill wastes, phenolic wastes, oil    Palmer, 1959
High acidity
Organic
Chromium
Salt brine (principally NaCl)
Iron
Salt brine (principally NaCl)
Salt brine, paper mill wastes
High acidity
Palmer, 1959, and Patrick, 1957
Lackey, 1957, and Palmer, 1959
                                      Palmer, 1959
                                                    40

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identified only to  Family  and  were grouped  according  to  feeding type  and sensitivity  to
pollution.

     In using groups  of aquatic organisms as indicators of pollution, the absence or reduction in
numbers of "clean-water" species  may  be as important, if not  more so, than the presence of
known  pollutional forms  (Anderson, 1962;  Fremling,  1964; Gaufin, 1958,  1965; Gaufin and
Tarzwell, 1952; and  Leonard,  1965). Aquatic organisms usually considered to be "clean-water"
organisms include mayflies, stoneflies, caddisflies, molluscs of the family Unionidae, and beetles
of the  family  Elmidae. The absence  of these organisms  and the  presence  of physid snails,
tubificids, Eristdis tenax,  and Chironomus  pipiens  would indicate water highly degraded by
organic  wastes (Hinshaw,  1967;  Ingram, 1957;  Paine and  Gaufin, 1956; and Young, 1961).
Palmer  (1959)  lists over 40  species of algae that  he considers  "clean-water" forms. He also said
that blue-green algae and flagellates are the  algal  groups most  frequently encountered in  the
portion of a stream containing organic pollution. Palmer  (1963)  has compiled a listing  of more
than 600 species  that are said to be tolerant of pollution.

     The presence of large number of tubificids usually indicates a high concentration of organic
matter.  These worms  can  live in water low  enough  in oxygen that most other fauna will not
survive  (Brinkhurst,  1966, and  Curry,  1965). King and Ball (1964) used wet  weight ratios of
tubificids to aquatic insects  to indicate changes in water quality. Their results indicated that this
technique may  be useful in  measuring organic pollution. Among the mayflies, there seems to be
an order of sensitivity to organic  waste and as pollution  increases sensitivity declines in the
following order:  Rhithrogena,  Heptagenia, Ecdyonurus, Ephemerella, and Baetis. An  amphipod,
Gammarus pulex,  lives quite well  even in badly polluted  water as long as the oxygen content is
not greatly  lowered (Hynes, 1959). Ingram (1957)  in discussing clams and snails, said that not
enough is known  about molluscan ecology to  name any species a pollution indicator and though
species such as Psidium idanoensis, Physa Integra, P. heterosteopha,  and  Musculium transversum
are found associated with organic waste, they are  also found  in areas unpolluted by domestic
sewage or putrescible industrial waste.

     Coliform bacteria are constantly present in alimentary discharges, are comparatively easy to
enumerate, have long been considered indicative of  fecal pollution (Gilderhus,  1966; and Kabler,
1957,  1961).  Owing  to special  nutritional  requirements  a  few  species of  fungi  have  been
associated with certain types of pollution (Servizi, et  al, 1966). Generally, however, there has
been little correlation found between pollution and  populations  of aquatic fungi (Cooke and
Bartsch,  1959).

     Brinkhurst (1966) said  that fish are not particularly  easy  to use as indicators because they
are relatively difficult to sample,  and their mobility  makes it possible for them to avoid those
parts of the environment which become intolerable for short periods of time.  Katz and Gaufin
(1953)  studied the effects of organic pollution on fish distribution  in a small  Ohio stream.  No
species of fish  were regarded as indicators of  pollution although  several  were  relatively  tolerant
of unfavorable  conditions.  They concluded that the number of species present and their relative
abundance   are  the  most  important  considerations  when pollutional conditions  are being
evaluated.

     Williams (1964)  concluded that the  search for  biota  or communities of biota which might
be useful as indicators of water quality has been hampered by the lack of information on  the
environmental  requirements  of the various  species  and their resistance to  specific chemical
substances.
                                            41

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                                     Concluding Remarks
                                     (Field Assessment)
     The value of field  studies lies in the fact that more natural  conditions are approached in
the field than in  the  laboratory. This is important because  the  reaction  of  an organism  to  a
chemical in the laboratory is not necessarily the  same as it would be in nature.  A price is  paid
for these natural conditions, however, because it  is impossible to control or even to ascertain all
of the  variables  in  a field  study.  To  complicate this  further, in most field work  there  is  a
conspicuous lack of detailed water-quality data taken in support of the field observations. In this
report, for example, approximately  220 papers dealing with field projects were carefully studied
and  evaluated. Of these, only about  50 contained definitive water quality information.  It  has
long been recognized that the toxicity of a compound may depend on a number of interrelated
factors, including temperature, pH, water hardness, dissolved oxygen content, and exposure time.
For  example, Cairns (1957)  showed that  considerable increases in toxicity may result during
periods of  low dissolved oxygen  content, and  that this may occur even when the oxygen supply
is  not  low  enough to be directly harmful to the  organism. Burdick (1967)  states that toxicants
react with  detritus, and organic or inorganic materials in the water or bottom sediments and  that
bacterial decomposition   may  alter  chemicals  to substances  of  greater  or  less toxicity.  He
concluded that even light penetration may have an effect. Only rarely are all or even  a majority
of these factors taken into consideration in  conducting field studies  of water pollution.
                                            42

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                                       SECTION IX

                 FACTORS AFFECTING  CHEMICAL TOXICITY IN WATER
     Depending on the nature of a chemical, environmental factors influencing water quality may
also affect the inherent toxicity of that compound to aquatic biota.  Similarly, water quality
itself can affect chemical toxicity. For these reasons, chemical-physical characterization of water
is important  whether it is used in a bioassay or studied in the field. Experimentation may have
little  significance without  minimal characterization, that is, measurement of water temperature,
pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), conductivity, oxidation-reduction potential, dissolved chlorides, and
turbidity. Furthermore, when potentially toxic ions, e.g., heavy metals or halogens, are known or
suspected to be present, analysis for  these should be made. Without such data  for an aquatic
experiment, the toxicity of a chemical  to an aquatic organism means only that for the conditions
of  that experiment  is the chemical toxic at the concentration level reported,  i.e.,  the  toxicity
data cannot be extended to any other type of water.

     As pointed out previously in other sections of this report, this type of water characteriza-
tion data was seldom given in the publications reviewed. Use of an unspecified, "standard water"
throughout a bioassay study helps very little when an  attempt is made to  extrapolate from the
study and predict how a chemical may behave in  an entirely different water. If there is to be a
serious attempt to employ multivariate analysis or mathematical modeling in predictive studies of
chemical pollution problems, then the suggested type of water data must be taken, or completely
standardized  experimental conditions including chemically defined water must be employed. The
following discussions  concern the  more important water-quality  factors  that may affect the
toxicity of a chemical  in aquatic environments.
                                        Temperature
     The biological significance of temperature  in the aquatic environment has been recognized
for many years. It was once said that a limnologist could obtain more information about a body
of water with a thermometer than any other single instrument. Reid (1962) believes "from the
broad and  basically ecological  point of view,  the thermal properties  of water and the attending
relationships  are doubtless the  most important factors in maintaining the  fitness  of water as an
environment."  In several  limnology  texts  (Reid,  1961,  Ruttner,  1953,  and  Welch, 1952),
accounts are  given of thermal stratification, thermoclines, heat budgets, general thermal dynamics
of water bodies, and the effects these factors have  on aquatic  life. Hutchinson (1957)  gives an
in-depth account of the thermal  properties of lakes. In recent years as the use of streams  and
lakes by industry has  increased, more  investigators have  been concerned  with  the effects of
increased   temperatures  on  aquatic organisms.  There  are  several very recent, extensive
bibliographies (over  1500  references) available on heated effluents and  their effects on aquatic
life (American  Society of  Civil Engineers, 1967; Kennedy and Mihursky,  1967; and Raney  and
Menzel, 1967). A reference  manual  on  thermal effects on aquatic  organisms was  prepared by
Wurtz and  Renn (1965).

     A great  deal of attention has been placed on thermal effects on fish. Fish, like most aquatic
organisms,  are poikilotherms and therefore lack the means  of maintaining an independent body
temperature.  Needless to say,  water  temperature is  a critical factor  in the life  of a fish and in
fish  production. Each species has a thermal zone in which it can  function in a normal manner
with a higher and lower zone  in which it can survive for certain  lengths of time. The degree of

                                            43

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success the fish will have  in these less than optimal zones will depend on a multitude of factors
including the health of the fish, stage  of development,  sex, diet, season of the year, and various
water quality  parameters  (Alabaster, 1967; Alabaster and Welcomme, 1962; Brett, 1956;  Hoar,
1956; Huet, 1965; Mihursky and Kennedy,  1967; Tarzwell, 1957; and Tyler, 1966).

     A major  factor affecting the ability of an organism  to  adapt  to a new temperature is the
previous temperature to which it has been exposed.  Prosser and Brown (1961) define acclimation
as the compensation by animals to persistent  change in temperature, usually in the laboratory.
Though not all authors make the  distinction between  acclimation  and acclimatization, Prosser
and  Brown  refer  to acclimatization as compensations under  field conditions which come about
more slowly.  Upper lethal temperatures tend  to  be closer to the acclimation temperature  than
lower lethal temperatures (Colton, 1959). Upper or lower lethal temperatures obviously  have
more meaning when the  acclimation temperature is  indicated.  Table 7 lists the  thermal  death
points of a number of  species  of freshwater and marine fish  in  relation  to  the  acclimation
temperatures. The table is  a summary of work  conducted by Brett (1956) and Jones (1964).

     Laboratory studies conducted on  thermal death  points of various organisms may be of two
basic types. These  are acute or shock tests  in  which large temperature  increases  are usually
completed in a few  hours, and the chronic tests in which temperature increase is only a degree
or two a day  and the  overall  test lasts several months.  Shock tests  are of value in studying fish
movements or when thermal  loading is confined  to  a  limited area. In these situations fish are
likely to move rapidly from one  temperature zone to another. Chronic tests  are designed to
approximate a condition  of gradual exposure over considerable periods of time (Cairns,  1955,
1956).

     Generally, fish  of temperate regions are able to tolerate temperatures from  0  C to 30 C but
resistance  to the  highest  and lowest temperature varies with  different species. Salmonids and
other cold  water  fishes do not tolerate higher  temperatures while warm water forms, such as the
cyprinids, tolerate  higher  temperatures quite well. Marine  species may  be more sensitive to
temperature change  than freshwater  species and immatures of both types are  more sensitive than
adults. In general, all abrupt changes in temperature can be harmful even if  the changes are  short
lived.

     Temperature may affect the fish directly or  it may have an indirect effect. A change may
be within the  toleration limits of a fish but may alter the environment to the point  where it is
more suitable for another  species (Tarzwell, 1957). This may come  about  in a number of ways
including a reduction or an increase in food supply, interference with the  spawning process, or
alteration of the  dissolved oxygen content  of  the water. Though other factors are also involved,
fish  only spawn  when the water reaches a suitable  temperature and this varies  with different
species. Water  temperature may affect  growth. For example, carp growth is  very good  between
20 C and 28 C, average between 13 C  and  20  C, poor between 15 C and 13  C, and non-existent
below 5 C (Alabaster, 1967; Colton, 1959; Fry, 1960; Huet,  1965; and Swift, 1965).

     Though the  physiological effects  of heat on an organism are  discussed in some detail by
Brown (1957)  and Prosser and Brown  (1961),  the actual cause of death by  either heat or cold is
not well  understood. Various  theories have been  put forth concerning the  mechanism  of heat
death including coagulation of protoplasm, inactivation  of enzyme  systems, lack of oxygen due
to inactivation of the  respiratory  center,  and the release  of toxic  materials  from heat affected
cells  (Brett,  1956;  Brown, 1961; Cairns,  1955;  and  Jones,  1964). Though the exact causes of
death at  high  temperatures may not be clear,  most investigators agree that multiple  factors are
involved.
                                            44

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TABLE 7. THERMAL DEATH POINTS OF FISH ACCLIMIZED AT THE INDICATED TEMPERATURES
        (FRESHWATER = F, MARINE - ATLANTIC = A, PACIFIC = P)
                           (Brett, 1956; and Jones, 1964)
Fish
Atlantic salmon
Atlantic salmon (grilse)
Atlantic salmon (parr)
Blacknose dace
Blacknose dace
Bluegill
Bluegill
Bluegill
Bluntnose minnow
Brook stickleback
Brook trout
Brook trout
Brook trout
Brook trout
Brook trout
Brown bullhead
Brown bullhead
Brown bullhead
Brown trout
Brown trout (fry)
Brown trout (fry)
Brown trout (yearling)
Brown trout (parr)
Carp
Chinook salmon (fry)
Chinook salmon (fry)
Chum salmon (fry)
Chum salmon (fry)
Coho salmon (fry)
Coho salmon (fry)
Common shiner
Common shiner
Creek chub
Creek chub
Creek chub
Emerald shiner
Emerald shiner
Emerald shiner
Fathead minnow
Fathead minnow
Fathead minnow
Gizzard shad
Gizzard shad
Acclimation
Temperature, C
_
—
-
10
20
15
20
30
25
25-26
5
10
15
20
25
15
20
30
26
5-6
20
—
-
20
15
20
15
20
15
20
15
30
10
15
25
10
15
25
10
20
30
25
30
Thermal Death-
Point, C
29.5-30.5
32.5-33.8
29.8
28.8
29.3
30.7
31.5
33.8
33.3
30.6
23.7
24.4
25
25.3
25.3
31.8
33.4
36.5
26
22.5
23
25.9
29
31-34
25
25.1
23.1
23.7
24.3
25
30.3
31.0
27.3
29.3
30.3
26.7
28.9
30.7
28.2
31.7
33.2
34.3
35.9
Occurrence
A-F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
A-F
A-F
A-F
A-F
A-F
F
F
F
A-F
F
F
A-F
A-F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
A-F
A-F
                                     45

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TABLE 7. (Continued)
Fish
Golden shiner
Golden shiner
Golden shiner
Goldfish
Goldfish
Goldfish
Guppy
Largemouth bass
Largemouth bass
Largemouth bass
Mosquito fish
Mosquito fish
Mosquito fish
Opaleye
Opaleye
Perch
Perch
Perch
Perch
Pink salmon (fry)
Pink salmon (fry)
Pink salmon (fry)
Pumpkinseed
Rainbow trout
Rainbow trout (Kamloops var)
Roach
Roach
Roach
Sockeye salmon (fry)
Sockeye salmon (fry)
Sockeye salmon (fry)
Tench
White sucker
Yellow Perch
Acclimation
Temperature, C
15
25
30
10
20
30
30
20
25
30
15
20
30
20
30
—
10
15
25
5
10
20
25-26
—
11
20
25
30
5
10
20
-
25
15
Thermal Death-
Point, C
30.5
33.2
34.7
30.8
34.8
38.6
34
32.5
34.5
36.4
35.4
37.3
37.3
31.4
31.4
23-25
25.0
27.7
29.7
21.3
22.5
23.9
34.5
28
24
29.5
30.5
31.5
22.9
23.4
24.8
29-30
29.3
27.7
Occurrence
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
A-F
A-F
A-F
P
P
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
A-F-P
P-F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
        46

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     When the temperature goes beyond the thermal  zone optimal for the  organism, evidence
indicates the general resistance to other adverse conditions is reduced. Hynes (1959) stated that
several workers have shown that a rise of 10 C may halve the survival time of test animals. It has
been  reported that an  increase  in temperature  caused an  increase in toxicity  in  fluorides
(Angelovic,  et al,  1961),  cyanide  (Cairns  and Scheier, 1963),  sodium  pentachlorophenate
(Crandall  and Goodnight, 1959), phenol (Brown, et  al, 1967), various pesticides (Mahdi, 1966,
and  Macek, et al,  1969), as well as a  possible reduction in resistance to disease (Cairns, 1955,
and  Turnbull, et al, 1954). It has also been reported that anesthesia with alcohol  was induced
more rapidly in fish when the temperature was increased. Though it may not appreciably affect
the toxic threshold, an increase in temperature may affect the length of time required for a given
concentration to  kill an organism. Hester (1959)  found that if 40 F tests  were continued beyond
3 days, the kill of fish by the end  of the twenty-first day was approximately the same as 70 F
tests  conducted for 3 days. When  all  tests were run  at  3  days,  however,  more rotenone  was
required to kill fish at 40 F than at 70 F.  Similar findings were reported by Lloyd (1965)  and
Cairns and Scheier (1957). The rate of uptake of chemicals by aquatic organisms increases with
an  increase in temperature  (Das and  Needham, 1961).  This  occurs  probably  because of the
increase in metabolic rate  which accompanies the increase in temperature.

     An interesting  example  of the effects of temperature on fish behavior was  reported  by
Loeb,  et al (1966). Brown bullheads (Ictalurus nebulosus) were killed  when exposed to  50 ppb
of 4-iodo-3-salicylanilide at temperatures of 5 C or  21 C. When bottom sediments  were added,
the bullheads would bury themselves in the sediment at 5 C and thus escape the toxic chemical.
At 21 C, however, the  fish would not bury themselves and were killed by  the chemical.

     Results  of field studies conducted to determine the effects  of increased  temperatures  on
aquatic life are usually recorded as  a reduction in numbers of individual  organisms,  reduction in
species  (with or without  reduction in numbers of individuals),  or  the presence  of  indicator
organisms (Geen  and Andres,  1961; Mann,  1965; Trembley, 1960; and Wurtz and Dolan, 1961).
Various types of organisms are useful  in these studies.  Trembley (1965) conducted a  five year
study of heated discharges in a Pennsylvania river and outlined  the  types of useful organisms  and
made some brief remarks about each group. The numbers of species of periphyton tended to be
reduced in high  temperatures but individual species  were often present in great numbers. Most
aquatic invertebrates tended  to increase during winter months and  undergo reduction in  the
summer. Insect larvae of the family Tendipedidae were the most tolerant  invertebrates in the
heated water  areas.  A rooted aquatic plant, Potomogeton, was found  growing well in  tempera-
tures ranging from  35 C to  37 C.  Certain species of blue-green algae, primarily Oscillatoria, were
found to  be  the  most heat-tolerant  and were observed growing well in temperatures up to 45 C.
During the summer, fish left the heated-water zone and were apparently attracted to the heated
water areas during the winter months.  Plankters drifted  with  the current and  because of  this
were not considered suitable organisms to work with in lotic environments.

     The Aquatic Life Advisory Committee (1956) in discussing water quality requirements for
freshwater fish concluded that "any  change in the temperature of  the aquatic habitat will affect
the animals and plants living in it, even though the change remains within their ranges of thermal
tolerance. Because  there is  a relationship between temperature and the solubility, dissociation
and stability of the substances dissolved or suspended in water,  a change in temperature  will have
an  indirect effect  upon  aquatic organisms, entirely  apart  from any  direct  effect,  through
alteration of the  physical  and chemical characteristics of their environment. Since body tempera-
ture of a  fish or  lower  aquatic organism  is very  close to  that  of the water,  a change in
temperature will  have direct effect by action upon the metabolic rate, growth, reproduction and
other vital processes. It should be pointed out further that, as  a consequence of the temperature
effect upon one species,  a change in temperature might alter the biotic environment of another

                                            47

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species, thereby affecting the latter  indirectly through an increase or decrease in food or shelter.
The  complexity of the problem is increased by the fact that the nature and magnitude of the
effects upon aquatic  organisms are  related, not only to the temperature itself, but  also to the
rate  at which it is  changed and to the duration  of the altered level".
                                            pH


     The most frequently used index of hydrogen ion activity is pH. The pH of natural waters
may range from extremes of 1.7, found in an African lake, to  12.0 recorded from some Japanese
lakes. Normally however, surface water pH is  between 6.0 and 9.0. Factors influencing pH in
unpolluted  bodies  of water are  currents,  which  serve to  keep  the  waters mixed; biological
processes such as photosynthesis and respiration; and the composition of the rocks and sediments
of  the  substrate (Jordan and Lloyd, 1964;  National Technical Advisory Committee,  1968; and
Reid, 1961). Hutchinson  (1957)  states  that  in practically  every case where the water is neither
very  acid  nor  very  alkaline,  it  may  be   assumed  that  the  pH  is regulated by the carbon
dioxide-bicarbonate-carbonate system.

     Determination of pH  is  not  a  measure of total acidity or alkalinity in  water.  Many
compounds may be in water in unionized portions of weakly ionizing acids such as phosphoric,
carbonic,  fatty  acids,  protein compounds, or as hydrolyzing  salts such as ferrous  or aluminum
sulfate.  The latter are referred  to as  acid buffers. When acidity is measured by titration using a
dye like methyl orange with an end-point at pH 4.5, the  value is termed  "free acidity". If the
titration is  carried  by alkali addition to  the end point of phenolphthalein at a pH of 8.3, the
value is called "total  acidity" and will include the weak acids,  acid salts, and with sufficient time
for reaction between alkali additions,  some acidity due to slowly hydrolyzable compounds.

     Alkalinity is usually imparted by the bicarbonate, carbonate, and hydroxide components of
a  natural or treated  water supply.  These ions are the so-called alkali buffers.  In determining
alkalinity, if the solution is  titrated to  the phenolphthalein  end point  of 8.3, the alkali fraction
measured  is that contributed by  the  hydroxide and half of the carbonate. Indicators responding
in the pH  range of 4-5 are used  to measure  the "total alkalinity" contributed by the hydroxide,
carbonate,  and bicarbonate.

     Alkaline  buffering capacity  of water in some limestone areas, for example,  may partially
neutralize  acidic components  of  an effluent.  Where  carbon  dioxide  content is high,  alkali
components of  a waste  effluent may be  partially neutralized.  Total acidity and  alkalinity are
features of water quality that  are often  overlooked in considering effluent release, and also in
conducting bioassay or field studies of chemical  toxicity.

     When pH is the  only factor considered, the toleration  limit of most  organisms  falls in the
range of 5.0 to 9.0  (Jones, 1964; Doudoroff  and Katz,  1950; and Hynes,  1966). Fry (1960)
concluded  that  the general  range for good  fish production was 6.7 to  8.6.  McKse and  Wolf
(1963)  state that of waters which support a good fish fauna, only 5 percent have a  pH of less
than  6.7 and only  5  percent have  a pH over  8.3.  The permissible  range for fish depends on
several  factors  including temperature,  age,  dissolved  oxygen, prior  acclimatization, and the
content of various anions and cations.

     The  exact  cause of death of fish in low or high pH waters is unclear though Tarzwell
(1957)  has stated that an unsuitable  pH may interfere with oxygen uptake. It has been reported
(Jones,  1964, and Aquatic Life Com.,  1955) that  fish are  killed in acid waters by precipitation
and  coagulation of  the mucous on the gills and  by coagulation of the gill membranes  themselves
                                             48

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     The pH of water may have considerable influence on the toxicity of certain chemicals. The
pH value will determine the degree of dissociation of weak acids and bases, some of which may
be  more toxic in molecular than ionic form (McKee and Wolf, 1963; Hynes,  1966; and Cairns
and Scheier, 1963). Highly dissociated inorganic  acids do not appear to be toxic at pH values
above 5.0 and highly dissociated inorganic alkalies do not appear to be toxic below 9.0 (Aquatic
life Com.,  1955).

     The effect  of pH on the toxicity of specific compounds has been reported. An increase in
toxicity brought about by a  decrease in pH was reported for pentachlorophenol  and  sodium
pentachlorophenate  (Goodnight,  1942,  and  Crandall and Goodnight,  1959),  nickel  cyanide
(McKee and Wolfe,  1963), and sodium sulfide (McKee  and Wolfe,  1963, and Tarzwell, 1957).
Within certain ranges, pH may have little or no effect on toxicity. Henderson, et al (1958, 1959)
reported no differences in toxicity  for several chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides when the pH
was varied  from 7.4  to  8.2.  Loeb, et al (1965)  conducted  studies  on  ergot  derivatives on
surfacing behavior of fish, and found no  change in response when pH was changed from 6.3 to
7.2. Marking and Hogan (1967)  found little difference in  toxicity of Bayer 73 to fish in a pH
range between 6.4  to 8.0. At a higher pH (10.0)  and  a lower pH (5.0), the toxicity of this
compound was  reduced.  Mount (1966) in  a flow-through study showed  that zinc was always
more toxic at  a high  pH than  at a  low pH, and  further  that  water hardness was  also an
important factor.
                                     Dissolved Oxygen
     The  amount  of dissolved  oxygen  (DO)  present is one of the most significant chemical
parameters in the  study  of surface waters. The amount of oxygen that can be dissolved in water
at any one time is dependent upon (1)  water temperature,  (2) partial pressure of the oxygen in
the atmosphere in contact with the water, and (3) salinity.

     Photosynthesis in algae and higher aquatic plants is one source of DO in natural waters. The
rate of photosynthesis depends on many factors but the major one is light. The depth that light
penetrates the water (euphotic zone) is determined by turbidity, color, and the absorptive effect
of the water itself. Another  important source  of oxygen is the atmosphere. Factors which will
influence  the rate at which oxygen will  dissolve into the water from the atmosphere include (1)
wave action, or other surface  disturbances,  (2)  the  difference in  partial  pressure  between  the
atmosphere and the water,  and (3) the moisture content of the atmosphere.

     There may be  considerable diurnal  and seasonal fluctuations in DO  in a stream  or  lake
primarily  due to changes in water temperature and photosynthetic rates. Water temperatures vary
from one season to another and deep lake water may vary  considerably from the surface to the
bottom,  e.g.,  during  thermocline formation. Though photosynthesis  does not occur at night,
aquatic plant respiration continues and oxygen is utilized. The amount of oxygen that is used in
aerobic biochemical  action in the  decomposition of organic matter (BOD) also causes extreme
fluctuations in DO available for aquatic organisms.

     Oxygen requirements of fish  and other aquatic organisms vary  with the species and  are
affected  by age,  degree of  activity,  size, prior acclimatization,  and  health  of the  organism.
Environmental  factors influencing DO  requirements or interfering  with oxygen uptake  are
temperature,  pH,  carbon dioxide,  and dissolved solids. Temperature  appears  to  be the major
factor because as the temperature increases, the metabolic rate of cold-blooded animals increases
along with oxygen uptake. At  the same time, the solubility of  oxygen  in water  decreases as

                                            49

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temperature  increases.  This is discussed in excellent  detail with  a tabulation of  the  water
solubility of oxygen in Standard Methods (American Public Health Association, 1967).

     Jones (1964)  summarized  the work  of  various  investigators  (Table 8) who  conducted
laboratory studies on DO requirements of fish at various temperatures.  Jones pointed out that
these figures  were  somewhat  low  compared with observations  made  in  the field  at  similar
temperatures.  It  follows,  however,  that while fish may survive  short  periods of  stress  under
laboratory conditions,  this  does not  mean they will be  able  to  survive  indefinitely, feed,
reproduce, grow,  and compete with other organisms.

     Doudoroff and  Warren (1962) found  that  sublethal  adverse  effects of low  DO on  fish
included reduction in swimming speed  and loss of weight. The gross efficiency of food conver-
sion was not greatly reduced in  fish  maintained  on  an unrestricted diet until the DO level
dropped below 4 ppm. The reduction  in growth  rate was attributed  to  loss of appetite. It  was
also found that sac fry hatched from eggs in waters with a low DO content were small  and weak.

     A  low level of DO may in itself be a lethal factor for various aquatic organisms and may
also cause an  increased toxicity in a variety of chemicals. Several investigators have reported an
increase  in the toxicity of chemicals due to decreased DO including various petroleum products
(Tagatz,   1961),  unionized  ammonia  (Downing  and  Merkens,  1955),  potassium dichromate
(Cairns,  1965), potassium  cyanide (Downing, 1954; and Cairns, 1965) zinc, lead and copper salts
(Reiff, 1964), and various other inorganic salts (McKee and Wolf,  1963).
                               Suspended Solids and Turbidity
     Turbidity  may be defined as the degree of opaqueness produced  in  water by  suspended
particulate matter.  In  much of the literature, turbidity and suspended solids (or suspensoids) are
used as synonyms.  The particle size, shape, and refractive index have more influence  on turbidity
than weight composition  (American Public  Health Association, 1967). The  interplay of light on
the suspended material along  with the reflection from the sky or bottom are also responsible for
the apparent color of the water. This is distinguished from true  color  which is derived from
substances in solution or in the colloidal state.

     Turbidity  is measured in Jackson turbidity units  (JTU) which is  the distance  through  a
column of water at which the image of a standard flame from a candle is no longer visible. The
standard unit is that condition produced  by 1 ppm Fullers earth in distilled water. Turbidity has
a  profound  effect on natural  light penetration which can be determined by  the use of  a
photronic cell or a Secchi disk. The measure of natural  light  penetration,  however, is not a good
measure  of turbidity  because other factors affect light penetration including intensity, cloud
cover, water disturbance, and direction of the sunlight.

     Suspended  solids  that  occur  naturally in  water  bodies  include  plankton,  organic and
inorganic  detritus, and silt. These suspended solids are augmented  by a multitude of materials in
discharges  from  population centers, agricultural,  and industrial  sites.  McKee and Wolfe (1963)
note that  differentiation between suspended and  settieable solids are often not clear because the
terms are  sometimes confused in the literature. Until settled to the bottom,  all settieable solids
are suspended solids and the  rate  of settling is  dependent on quiescence, temperature, density,
flocculation, and otlier factors.
                                             50

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TABLE 8. MINIMUM OXYGEN VALUES AT VARIOUS TEMPERATURES AT
        WHICH FISH CAN EXIST UNDER LABORATORY CONDITIONS
                       (Jones, 1964)
Fish
Bleak
Blunt-nosed minnow
Brook trout
Brook trout
Brook trout
Brook trout
Brook trout
Brook trout
Brook trout
Brown bullhead
Brown trout
Brown trout
Brown trout
Brown trout
Brown trout
Brown trout
Brown trout
Carp
Carp (mirror)
Coho salmon
Coho salmon
Coho salmon
Dace
Eel
Goldfish
Goldfish
Goldfish
Perch
Rainbow trout
Rainbow trout
Rainbow trout
Rainbow trout
Roach
Salmon parr
Smallmouth bass
Steel-colored shiner
3-spined stickleback
Tench
Yellow perch
Yellow perch
Oxygen, ppm
0.68-1.44
2.25
2.0
2.2
2.5
1.52
2.4
2.5
1.35-2.35
0.3
1.13
1.16
2.13
2.8
1.28-1.6
1.64-2.48
2.9
1.1
0.59-2.5
1.3
1.4
2.0
0.57-1.1
1.0
0.5
0.6
0.7
1.1-1.3
2.4-3.7
2.5
0.83-1.42
1.05-2.06
0.67-0.69
2.0-2.2
0.63-0.98
2.25
0.25-0.50
0.35-0.52
2.25
0.37-0.88
Temperature, C
16
20-26
10
15
20
3.5
23
19-20
15.6
30
6.4
9.5-10
18
24
9.4
17.2
-
30
16
16
20
24
16
17
10
20
30
16
16
19-20
11.1
18.5
16
8
15-16
20-26
-
16
20-26
15.5
                           51

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     Cairns  (1967)  described  the  adverse effects of  suspended  solids on  aquatic  biota and
acknowledged that  the  effects would  vary with the species and  stage of development. A brief
summary of this discussion follows:

     (1)  Reduction of  light penetration - This may restrict the  growth of photosynthetic
         forms  and, as they are the  base of the food  web, this could have widespread
         effects on all other organisms.

     (2)  Mechanical or abrasive  action -  This is of particular importance to gill-breathing
         organisms, such  as  fish and mussels,  because  gill impairment not only effects
         respiration and excretion but may have other widespread metabolic effects.

     (3)  Blanketing action  or  sedimentation  -  This  has  a  deleterious effect on fish
         spawning  sites and in  fact  may  make large areas useless for  spawning. Benthic
         organisms which are a valuable food source for fish may  be eradicated.

     (4)  Availability as a  surface for growth of fungi  and bacteria - The presence of
         particulate matter may  enable the  environment  to support substantially increased
         populations of microorganisms.

     (5)  Adsorption and/or absorption of various  chemicals —  This may lead to  a buildup
         of toxic substances in a limited area with a possibility of sudden release.

     (6)  Reduction of  temperature   fluctuations  — Probably  of  little importance  since
         particulate concentration would have to be extremely high.

     Reduced light  penetration  will  greatly influence  productivity.  Little   plant  or benthic
productivity can be  expected when the turbidity exceeds 200 JTU (National  Technical Advisory
Committee,  1968).  Buck (Tarzwell, 1957)  reported the average volume  of net plankton in clear
ponds  was eight times greater than  from  turbid ponds.  Buck  also stated  (Fry,  1960)  that
virtually  no  light is transmitted beyond three inches when suspended solids reach 150 ppm. Most
predacious fish feed by sight and in turbid waters have difficulty  competing  with such bottom-
feeder  fish as carp, buffalo, and carpsuckers.

     Heavier  particles of suspended material  will settle out and may in  this way  reduce benthic
production.   Generally,  benthic  productivity  increases  with a  change from  fine  to  coarse
substrates. Only small amounts of sand and  silt shifting in and around  the gravel will eliminate
much of an area suitable  for aquatic insects and other benthic organisms (Aquatic Life Advisory
Committee,  1956).  Spawning sites for fish are greatly altered by  silting, and  fish eggs may not
receive enough oxygen  when covered  with fine sediments. A covering  of silt may also prevent
metabolites from being washed away (Trama  and Benoit, 1960).

     Reviewing  data from  other  investigations,  Tarzwell (1957)  stated  that  in  order  for
suspended solids to be  directly  harmful  to fish  the  material  must be present in very large
amounts. Herbert and Merkens (1961)  exposed  trout to suspensions of  kaolin and diatomaceous
earth at  concentrations  of 270 ppm, and substantial numbers of the fish died. Concentrations of
90-100 ppm  were  less harmful and concentrations of 30 ppm had no observable effect.  Wallen
(Aquatic  Life Advisory  Committee,  1956)  reported that  fish lived  for at  least short  periods
(approximately a week) in silt concentrations of  100,000 ppm.  The fish died  in a few hours
when exposed to concentrations of 175,000 to 225,000 ppm.
                                             52

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     MacLeod and Smith (1966) found that the rate of metabolism  and swimming  endurance
were  reduced in minnows  exposed  to  sublethal concentrations (100-800 ppm)  of  suspended
wood  fibers.  Herbert and  Richards (1963)  reported  reduced  growth in trout  kept  in  pulp
suspensions of 50 and 100 ppm for 40 weeks, but concluded that streams containing  concentra-
tions  of these  suspended solids as  high  as  200 ppm and  sometimes higher  may  support a
"reasonable" fish population.  They also stated that  a fishery is likely to be seriously harmed if
the average concentration is greater than 600 ppm.

     Herbert, et al (1961) reported a reduction in  numbers of trout  in a stream  polluted with
suspended solids (1000 ppm)  which was the only polluting material in the stream.  He attributed
trout reduction  to effects on  spawning sites,  reduction  in  available food organisms, and some
harmful effects directly to the fish.

     Smith, et al (1963, 1965, 1966) and Kramer and  Smith (1966) have  conducted  a series of
studies on the effects of suspended material from industrial sites.  They stated that fish  in streams
receiving woodfiber wastes may suffer deleterious effects from exposure to sublethal  concentra-
tions of suspended fibers. They further concluded  that the effects of suspended  fibers on  fish
mortality would  depend  on  the species of fish, type  of wood  fiber, processing  method, DO,
concentration, and to a lesser degree,  temperature.

     When high concentrations of suspended solids  are present,  death  of fish  may  be  due to
clogging  of the gills (Brown,   1957;  Thompson, 1963;  and McKee  and Wolfe,  1935).  Large
populations of planktonic organisms  such  as diatoms and protozoans  may produce irritation of
fish gills, a condition referred to as sestonosis (Fry, 1960).

     There is little information on the effect of turbidity on the toxicity  of chemicals. Though
the effects of the turbidity are not known, many investigators acknowledge its importance and it
is often measured in  both laboratory and  field  studies (see Appendices A and B). Wallen, et al
(1957) conducted toxicity studies on a variety of chemicals and carefully measured the turbidity
both before and after the tests. They  concluded their  paper by  stating  that  it  would  be
important  to determine if variations in  turbidity   would significantly affect  the toxicity  of
chemicals,  especially  those  that  react to  reduce  turbidity.  Schoenthal (1963) found  that
mortality in  trout exposed to  DDT was  reduced when turbidity and alkalinity  were increased.
This may have been due to adsorption of the DDT  by the sediment. Brungs and  Bailey (1966)
have shown that Endrin toxicity to fish is not greatly reduced unless a highly absorptive material
such as activated carbon is present.
                                       Other Factors
     Among other water quality  factors affecting  chemical toxicity  in the aquatic environment,
water hardness and CO2 content are probably the most important.

     Hardness of water is chiefly attributed  to calcium  and magnesium ions. Water containing
more than 40 ppm total hardness is generally considered hard water while less than this amount
indicates soft  water. Hardness in natural water can also  be correlated with dissolved solids, and
sometimes with alkalinity. Increased toxicity of the following  chemicals has been reported for
hard water: antimony  potassium  tartrate (Tarzwell and Henderson,  1960), Dipterex (Henderson
and  Pickering,  1968),  and Fermate (Pickering and Henderson,  1966).  Soft  water increased the
toxicity  of the following chemicals: Sarin (Pickering and  Henderson,   1959), copper  and zinc
(Sprague  and  Ramsay,   1965),  fifteen metal  compounds  (Tarzwell  and  Henderson,  1960),

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 hexavalent chromium (Trama and Benoit, 1960), methyl methacrylate, styrene and vinyl acetate
 (Pickering and Henderson,  1966),  zinc  (Mount,  1966,  and Cairns and Scheier,  1958), Cumate
 (Pickering and Henderson, 1966), and copper sulfate (McKee and  Wolfe,  1963).  Water hardness
 had little or no  effect  on the toxicity of the  following chemicals: antimony  trioxide (Tarzwell
 and Henderson,  1960), ten  organic phosphorus compounds  (Henderson and Pickering, 1958,
 1959),   twelve   petrochemicals  (Pickering  and  Henderson,   1966),  eight  organic cyanides
 (Henderson,  et  al,  1961),   cyanide  (Cairns  and  Scheier,  1963), and ten  phosphorus  and
 chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides (Pickering and  Henderson, 1966).

     Dissolved  carbon  dioxide  is important in  the  aquatic  environment, especially to plants.
 Although a product of respiration,  the amount of CO2 in the body of many animals determines
 respiration  rate.   Its primary role  in photosynthesis  has long  been  known  along with its
 importance in  the carbon-dioxide-bicarbonate  system  that  determines  the pH of many  natural
 bodies of water.  Carbon dioxide can also affect the toxicity of chemicals  in water. At concentra-
 tions below 30 ppm, carbon  dioxide is generally  not toxic to fish. Above this level, it may be
 limiting  in various  ways, or lethal at high concentrations depending on the fish species involved.
 The effect of carbon dioxide  on aquatic organisms is closely associated with DO and is mediated
 largely by ambient water temperature. The significance of carbon  dioxide in aquatic environs is
 discussed fully by Brown, 1957; Doudoroff and Warren, 1962; Fry, 1960; Tarzwell,  1957; and in
 Water  Quality Criteria,  1968.  No information was found on carbon dioxide enhancement of the
 toxicity  of chemicals, but when  carbon  dioxide is present in amounts sufficient to alter pH, this
 is a distinct possibility.

     Natural  environmental  factors  that  may affect chemical toxicity  directly or indirectly by
 contributing to water quality changes are:

     (1)   Air temperature - contributes to water temperature

     (2)   Solar irradiation and  cloud  cover  — affects surface evaporation rate and  water
          temperature as well  as varying incident ultraviolet which may photooxidize chemi-
          cals in water

     (3)   Precipitation - diluting factor

     (4)   Wind speed and  direction - affects  atmospheric C>2 uptake of water by surface
          roiling and also causes varied rates of  mixing

     (5)   Solids and rock substrata  -  provide dissolved chemicals  that  primarily constitute
          the chemical make-up of water

     (6)   Plant and animal detritus  present in a body  of water and from drainage  areas  -
          provide  suspended and dissolved solids and nutrients.

     Another important part of the  environment that may affect chemical toxicity but not  one
created by nature, is the extremely  wide  diversity  of water pollutants added to natural waters by
man.  Synergistic  or antagonistic effects  can and do  occur in dilute chemical concentrations.
Mixed pollutants are discussed  briefly in the section Industrial Wastes.
                                             54

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                                        SECTION X

                                  INDUSTRIAL WASTES
     The problem of maintaining desirable water quality increases with advancing technological
development. One of the  most serious  water quality problems facing industry with respect to
effluent discharges is the effect of toxic wastes on  aquatic life. The many substances carried in
solution  and  suspension  determine whether water  will  be  suitable  for supporting  aquatic
organisms.  Chemical contents of some wastes may be  freely soluble or miscible in water, such as
acids, alkalies, organic  solvents, etc.; or  nonsoluble,  such as slurries from mining operations, soil
washings,  or wood pulp fibers. Adverse effects  may  be direct and immediate or they  may be
chronic and deleteriously  affect  the environment  only  gradually over a long period  of  time.
Mixed, the wastes may be synergistic or they may  reduce the damaging effects each would have
individually (Garrett, 1957; Keup, et  al,  1967; and Neel,  1963).

     Complex wastes such  as pulp mill effluents,  wastes  from oil refineries, and chemical plants
are neither constant in content nor in  concentration  and  this further  complicates  tests to
determine their toxicities. Not only will  a waste vary in toxicological and chemical characteristics
from day  to day, but also  within  any given day variations will occur due to process changes, raw
materials,  and end products. These wastes contain many known but often many unknown  toxic
substances (Clemens and  Clough, 1965;  Keup,  et  al,  1967; and National Technical Advisory
Committee, 1968).  Ellis in 1937 summarized the hazards of 30 common types of municipal and
industrial  effluents.  This list was  republished 30 years later by Keup, et al (1967) as shown in
Table 9.  No updating   of  this  data  summary or anything  similar to it was  found. For  these
reasons, less emphasis was  placed  in  the  present  study  on  acquiring mixed effluent  data.
However,  during  the course of literature  acquisition, considerable information on this subject
area was obtained. These are briefly abstracted in Table 10.  Although merely a  token  selection of
papers on this subject, the abstracts serve to show the wide diversity of problems associated with
industrial  waste effluents.

     For research to be effective, the scientist must know the materials he works with. McKee
and Wolfe (1963) in their summaries of  potential  chemical  pollutants discuss 39  chemicals as
originating from textile wastes, while another (Anon., 1966) listed 386 compounds.  This type of
situation probably exists for most other industries.  In all likelihood, even the latter listing is not
complete  since some process changes have undoubtedly  been  made since  1966. One of the first
orders  of  business should be the establishment of listing of effluent components from industrial
plants. These listings should be continually updated.
                                              55

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TABLE 9.  USUAL FISHERIES HAZARDS OF 30 COMMON TYPES OF MUNICIPAL AND INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENTS(a) (ELLIS,  1937.  FROM KFUP. ET AL.  UUV7)
Changes in Water Affecting Fish
Hydrogen-Ion Concentration Increase in
Types of Wastes
Decrease in
Dissolved Oxygen
Increase in
Acidity
Increase in Specific
Alkalinity Conductance
Increase in
Turbidity
Increase in
Ammonia
Bottom Pollution Specilic Toxic
Blanket Action on Fishes
Mineral Wastes, Little Bacterial Action
I-rosion silt
Limestone sawmills
Asbestos works
Mine flotation
Coal- and iron-mine drains
(.rude oil
Salt water from oil wells
None


Possible


None
None


Possible
Critical
None

None
Possible


None

Possible
None
Moderate



None
Critical
Critical



None


None






Critical None

Possible
Possible to critical
Possible Possible
Possible to critical Possible to critical
None
Organic, Bacterial Action
Municipal sewage
Dairy industries
Packing plants
Canning factories
Breweries and distilleries
Beet sugar, pulp wastes
Paper pulp
Sawdust

Coal -gas wastes
Spent lubricants
Metal refineries
Laundries and wool washings
Steffens house waste
Sulphite pulp
Strawbound waste
Chemical works (1)
Chemical works (2)
Tanneries
Hye works
Bittern liquors
Tin-plate and wire mills
Starch factories
Cloth sizing
Critical





Possible to critical


Possible

None
Moderate

Moderate to critical

None
Possible
Moderate
Possible
None
None to possible
Possible to critical

Possible
Critical
Moderate
Critical
None to moderate
Critical
Possible


Possible


None

Possible
None

Critical
Possible to critical
None to moderate
Critical


Possible to critical
Possible
None

Possible
None to moderate
None
Possible

Chemical
Possible
None
Possible
Moderate to critical
Critical
Moderate to critical
Critical

None
Possible to critical
None to moderate
None



Possible
Moderate




Possible

Processes
Moderate
Possible

Moderate
Critical
Moderate





Critical
Moderate

Possible
Possible
Moderate


Possible




None

Possible
Moderate


1
Possible
None
Possible
None

None to possible
Possible
Moderate
Critical
Moderate
Critical

Possible




Critical
None
Possible
Moderate to critical
None
Possible


None
Possible to critical
None


Possible

Possible to critical Possible to critical
Possible
Critical
Possible to critical

Possible to critical
Critical Possible


Critical Critical
Possible to critical
Possible to critical Critical
Possible Possible
Critical
Possible to critical

None

Critical
Possible
None Possible to critical
Possible to critical

Possible
(a)  Increases in both acidity and alkalinity are noted in some cases,  due to the fact that two or more kinds of effluents are mixed,
    in the stream after the effluent is added.
                                                                                                      with one predominating at times, and to changes which take place

-------
             TABLE 10.  GENERAL COMMENTS ON SELECTED INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENTS
   Type of Waste
                        Remarks
  Reference
General
   Industrial wastes
   Organic wastes
   Unspecified chemical
    waste
   Industrial wastes
   Organic wastes
   Industrial wastes
   Organic wastes from
    industrial sites

   Industrial wastes
   Industrial wastes
   Various polluting
    agents in rivers
A discussion of methods for studying toxicities of industrial wastes.


Bottom communities found in streams show characteristics reac-
 tions to pollution, i.e., grossly polluted streams contain tubificid
 and chironomids, etc. Various streams in New Zealand were
 surveyed.

A complex chemical waste containing such toxicants as fluorides,
 arsenic, copper, zinc, tin, lead, and S02 was shown to lower pH
 and cause fish kill at a loading of about 0.5% of the waste in sea-
 water at pH 5.5 and lower. Maximum toxicity occurred when
 superphosphate was being produced.

Fifty percent reduction in photosynthesis in kelp resulted from
 exposures to the following chemicals in four days:
      Inorganic
         Mercury                     0.05 ppm
         Copper                     0.1 ppm
         Nickel                      2.0 ppm
         Chromium                  5.0 ppm
         Chlorine                     5.10 ppm
         Zinc                         10.0 ppm
      Organic
         Sodium pentachlorophenate    0.3 ppm
         Zephiran chloride             1.0 ppm
         Sodium dodecyl sulfate        5-10 ppm
         Cresols                      5-10 ppm
         Phenol                       10.0 ppm
         Emulsified fuel oils            10-100 ppm

Evaluation was made of the various approaches to the problems of
 organic  pollution in tidal estuaries.

A summary of the ways in which industrial wastes may affect
 aquatic  life.

Stream had DO depletion for about a 45-mile stretch with heavy
 loss of fish and plankton organisms.

Methods  of studying industrial wastes are described.
An attempt is made to estimate future industrial discharges into
 the Eems Estuary, The Netherlands.

A summary of problems arising from suspended solids, toxic
 materials and nutrients from sewage pollution.
Heukelekian
 (1948)

Hirsch
 (1958)
Chanin and
 Dempster
 (1958)
Clendenning
 and North
 (1960)
Pyatt
 (1964)

Neel
 (1963)

George, et al
 (1966)

Jackson and
 B rungs
 (1966)

Eggink
 (1967)

Patrick
 (1968)
                                                  57

-------
                                        TABLE 10. (Continued)
   Type of Waste
                                                  Remarks
                                                                                     Reference
Petroleum
   Refinery wastes from:
    Fractionation area
    Cracking area
    Lube oil treating area
    Paraffin treating area
    Acid plant area
    Naphtha treating area
    Fluid catalyst unit
    Sulfuric acid alkylation
     unit
    Combination unit
    Distillate tank drawoff

   Oil field brine water
   Oil field brine water



   Oil field brine water


   Petroleum products:
    Gasoline
    Diesel fuel oil
    Bunker oil


   Refinery effluent
   Refinery effluent
    (hydrogen sulfide
    and phenolics)


   Petroleum oil
                    Effects on bluegill, 24-hr TLm, % vol were:                          Turnbull, et al
                         Nontoxic:                                                   (1954>
                            31.0
                         Nontoxic:
                            37.0
                             3.1
                            75.0
                             3.1
                             0.4
                            29.0
                            12.0


                    Average number of aquatic species found in a stream with varying      Clemens and
                     chloride concentrations was:                                       Finnell
                           4-13,000-20,000 ppm                                     (1957)
                           6 - 10,000-13,000 ppm
                           7-  8,000-10,000 ppm
                           8 -  4,000- 8,000 ppm
                          10-  1,000- 4,000 ppm
                          13-  1,000 ppm

                    The 24-hr TLm of fish at various concentrations of chlorides showed   Wood
                     a marked reduction in deaths as the concentration neared 7,000 ppm.  (1957)
                     One test at 7,000 ppm for 192 hr showed 90% survival.

                    Fundulus and Lagodon may survive  salinities up to 2.7%. Leistomus    Cole, et al
                     did well above 2.0%.                                              (1958)

                    Effects on American shad, 48-hr TL^ (mg/1), were:                   Tagatz
                            91                                                       (1961)
                           167
                         2417
                    Lethality increase was  accompanied  by low DO.

                    Based on 24-hr TLm, Lebistes reticulatus was most resistant fish of    Bunting and
                     several tested.                                                    Irwing
                                                                                     (1965)

                    No correlation between sulfide concentration and lethal dosage to      Clemens and
                     fish was found.  For phenolics, the  LDso for goldfish was 33.1%,      Clough
                     LX>50 for red shiners  was 18.8%, and LDso forDaphnia was          (1965)
                     19.0% lower than that for red shiners.

                    Pollution resulted from an underground storage tank leak. At the      McCauley
                     beginning, the concentration in the water was 221.3 ppm and         (1966)
                     after  one year, 1.4 ppm.  Toxic effect was pronounced on micro-
                     fauna in sediments.
Note:
Further references on this general subject area includes papers by Copeland and Dorris (1964), Douglas, et al
(1960, 1962, 1963), Gould and Irwm (1965), Johnson (1968), Smith (1968), Tubb and Dorris (1965), Ward
and Irwin (1961), and Zobell (1964).
                                                   58

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                                        TABLE 10. (Continued)
   Type of Waste
                        Remarks
Reference
Pulp and Paper
   Sulfite waste liquor


   Sulfite waste


   Kraft mill effluent



   Sulphate waste liquor



   Kraft mill effluent
   Paper mill effluent
    (chlorine)


   Paper mill effluent
   Sulphite waste liquor




   Kraft mill effluent



   Kraft mill effluent


   Paper mill effluent
   Sulfite waste
   Pulp mill waste
Decrease in feeding rate in oysters was observed.
Marked avoidance by juvenile chinook salmon was observed with
 little or no avoidance by juvenile coho salmon.

A 100% survival of young salmon was recorded in seawater with
 effluent concentration under 4.8% with adequate oxygen.


Reduced DO in river water to  1.0 mg per liter was recorded.
 Prawns  and Apocryptes lanceolatus died in 3 minutes or less
 when exposed to the waste liquor.

Live car bioassays showed wastes were lethal to game fish during
 periods of high water temperature.  In mid-July, pollution-
 sensitive bottom fauna decreased from 54 to 17%.

A 13-hr TLm of 32% concentration of the effluent was obtained
 for Salmo salar.
Silver salmon did not avoid sulfite liquor or kraft wastes in low
  enough concentrations to be "safe". Toxicity data are too
  numerous to summarize here.

In fluviarum experiments, avoidance reactions were exhibited
  by Phoxinus phoxinus, Leuciscus rutilus, L. idbarus, Perca
 fluviatilis, Coregonus nasus, Salmo salar, and Gasterosteus
  aculeatus.

A significant decrease in Sphaerotilus natans growth was accom-
  plished by the intermittent discharge of the waste using a five-
  or six-day holding period with a one- or two-day release.

Induced spawning in mussels Mytilus edulis andM califomianus
  was observed.

Maximum survival of walleye eggs above mill:
   On bottom 1.2%; off bottom 49.1%
Maximum survival of walleye eggs below mill:
   On bottom 1.2%; off bottom 3.5%.
The principal cause of mortality below the mill was Sphaerotilus
  natans.

Regeneration studies of bisected planaria indicated:
   At 550 ppm — no regeneration occurred
   At  50 ppm - regeneration was 75% of control.

Histological examination of three species of fish showed decrease
  in RNA, glycogen in liver, necrosis in kidney, and accelerated
  secretion of mucus in gills.  In bivalve livers, decrease in RNA
  and glycogen occurred, and nuclei disappeared in kidney cells.
Galtsoff, et al
 (1947)

Jones, et al
 (1956)

Alderdice
 and Brett
 (1957)

Chowdhury
 (1957)


Spindler and
 Whitney
 (1960)

Betts  and
 Wilson
 (1966)

Holland, et al
 (1960)


Hoeglund
 (1961)
McKeown
 (1962)


Breese, et al
 (1963)

Smith and
 Kramer
 (1963)
Eng. Science,
  Inc.
  (1964)

Fujiya
  (1965)
                                                    59

-------
                                        TABLE 10. (Continued)
   Type of Waste
                                                  Remarks
                                                                                            Reference
Pulp and Paper (Continued)
   Sulfite wastes
   Neutralized kraft
    process effluents:
     Brown stock screen-
       ing and deckering
     Recausticizing
     Bleach plant
       acid sewer
     Bleach plant
       caustic sewer
     Neutralized whole
       effluent
     Unneutralized whole
       effluent

   Neutralized kraft pulp
    bleach waste

   Kraft effluent
Sewage
   Sewage
   Sewage



   Sewage



   Sewage


   Sewage
   Sewage
It was not clearly demonstrated that sulfite waste in the area
 studied was the only cause of deaths of oysters, but it was con-
 cluded that the amounts were sufficient to cause stresses which
 may have long-term adverse effects.

Effects on guppies were:  96-hr TLm, % vol of effluent -
     51.3

     92.5
     29.5

     41.1

     52.5

      9.2
Reduced growth in sockeye and pink salmon alevins was found in
 concentration of 1/10 to 1/20 the average 96-hr TLm.

A 75% concentration was required to kill 100% of Salmo salar in
 less than lOhr.
This is a summary of the problems of toxic materials and nutrients
 from sewage pollution.

A 10% concentration caused reduction on photosynthetic capacity
 of kelp. A concentration of 1% gave no such indication.
Flagellates, protozoa, diatoms, and filamentous green algae showed
 highest sensitivity to pollution while rotifers, Sarcodina, and
 Volvocales were most tolerant.

A resume of sewage pollution of streams and beaches on Oahu.
Low surface productivity at point of discharge was observed.
 Increase in productivity downstream in about 6 hr was recorded
 with maximum values in about 10 hi.  This was followed by a
 decrease toward normal levels.
In samples of surface water from marine stations, the numbers of
 Escherichia coli depended primarily on the amount of sewage
 and direction of flow.  Results varied enormously.
Woelke
 (1965)
Howard and
 Walden
 (1965)
Servizi, et al
 (1966)

Betts, et al
 (1967)


Lackey
 (1958)

Clendenning
 and North
 (1960)

Farmer
 (1960)
Lam
 (1964)

Calif. State
 Water
 Quality
 Control
 Board
 (1965)

Bonde
 (1967)
                                                   60

-------
                                       TABLE 10. (Continued)
   Type of Waste
                       Remarks
 Reference
Suspended Solids
   Suspended mineral
    solids
   China-clay
    suspended waste


   Suspended solids
   Pulpwood fibers
   Suspended conifer
    groundwood


   Suspended
    groundwood
   Conifer ground-
    wood fiber

   Suspended wood
    fibers
   Paper fiber sludge


Miscellaneous
   Unspecified chem-
    ical waste
   Electroplating
    wastes
Concentrations of 90 to 810 ppm made trout more susceptible to
 other adverse factors in the environment.
Concentrations of 1000 ppm reduced abundance of brown trout
 in an otherwise unpolluted stream.  Suspensions of 60 ppm had
 no observable adverse effects.

Laboratory experiments did not indicate that suspensions of
 30 ppm kaolin and diatomaceous earth and suspensions of 50 ppm
 wood fiber and coal-washery wastes make well-grown trout more
 susceptible to disease.

Significant changes occurred in blood of fathead minnows exposed
 to wood fibers.  Increased hematocrit was highest for conifer
 groundwood, followed by aspen groundwood, kraft conifer, and
 sulfite conifer.

Survival of walleye fingerlings decreased when DO was reduced.
Rainbow and brown trout eggs survived in suspensions of 60,125,
 and 200 ppm conifer groundwood. Trout alevins survival rate
 decreased to a minimum of 0 in 250 ppm. The growth rate of
 survivors was reduced.

Fathead minnows which were held for 96 hr in 0 to 2000 ppm
 of aspen groundwood showed no effects to this exposure.  A
 similar series run in conifer groundwood showed increased
 mortality at 738 and 2000 ppm.

Reduced growth was recorded for walleye fingerlings held in con-
 centrations of 50 to  150 ppm.

Walleye eggs survived  at concentrations of 250 ppm.
Low DO, high CO2, and presence of dissolved sulfides in streams
 were recorded.
A complex chemical waste containing such toxicants as fluorides,
  arsenic, copper, zinc, tin, lead, and S02 was shown to lower pH
  and cause fish kill at a loading of about 0.5% of the waste in
  seawater  at pH 5.5 and lower. Maximum toxicity occurred
  when superphosphate was being produced.

A midgefly, Cricotopus bicinctus, survived and matured in con-
  centrations of chromium as great as 25 ppm, in copper at 2.2
  ppm, and in cyanides at 3.2 ppm.
Herbert and
 Merkens
 (1961)

Herbert, et al
 (1961)


Herbert and
 Richards
 (1963)


Smith, et al
 (1965)
Smith and
 Kramer
 (1965)

Smith and
 Kramer
 (1965)
Smith, et al
 (1966)

Kramer and
 Smith
 (1966)

Colby, et al
 (1967)


Chanin and
 Dempster
 (1958)
Surber
 (1959)
                                                  61

-------
                                        TABLE 10. (Continued)
   Type of Waste
                                                   Remarks
                                                                                             Reference
Miscellaneous (Continued)
   Spent still liquors from
    coal distillation

   Smelter wastes
   Acid mine drainage
   Alkaline water
   Lurgi process wastes
    (bituminous coal)
   Uranium mill wastes
   Coal washer wastes


   Uranium mine



   Landfill pollution


   Sulfuric acid water



   Photographic wastes
Indications are that the toxicity of spent still liquors from the dis-
 tillation of coal is mainly due to ammonia and monohydric phenols.

Near the smelter, the aquatic flora and productivity was greatly
 reduced. Leptodictyum riparium and Eleocharis acicularis v.
 submersa appeared to be the most tolerant organisms.

Twenty states have streams affected by acid mine drainage.
 Pennsylvania has 2,906 miles of streams polluted with acid mine
 drainage, Virginia has 1,150, and Kentucky has 590.  The remain-
 ing states have less than 300 each.

The pH of water passing through asbestos-cement pipeline was
 increased to 9.5 with no immediate lethal effect on salmonids.

Treatment of effluent reduced permanganate value to less than
 50 ppm and BOD to less than 25 ppm.  The residual organic
 matter had little direct toxic effect on fish.

The radioactive element in this study was radium; the nonradio-
 active materials included sulfates, nitrates, chlorides, manganese,
 iron, lead, arsenic, and various organics. These wastes were im-
 portant in limiting aquatic biota below uranium mills.  Changes
 in composition of the wastes and water flow make it difficult to
 calculate the radioactive and nonradioactive components of the
 mill wastes.

As long as the coal washer wastes were intermittent, there was
 little effect on biological productivity.

The  effluent did not appear to have  any adverse effect on plankton,
 periphyton, benthos, and fish species other than trout (reduced
 numbers).

Groundwater was polluted with CO2 from decomposing refuse
 in a landfill.

Considerable reduction in survival percentage was found in
 herring eggs and embryos at dilutions of 1:32,000.
Common chemicals found in these wastes are potassium ferri-
  cyanide, sodium ferricyanide, boron, chromium, and sodium
  thiosulfate. Release of this type of waste into streams and the
  Los Angeles sewage system is discussed.
Herbert
 (1962)

Gorham and
 Gordon
 (1963)

Kinney
 (1964)
Sprague
 (1964)

Cooke and
 Graham
 (1965)

Sigler, et al
 (1966)
Charles
 (1966)

Mitchum
 and Moore
 (1967)

Bishop, et al
 (1967)

Kinne and
 Rosenthal
 (1967)

Hennessey and
 Rosenberg
 (1968)
                                                    62

-------
                                       SECTION XI

                          EXTRACTED DATA - THE EFFECT OF
                             CHEMICALS ON AQUATIC BIOTA
     Extracted information from originally published data  are  divided in two sections, both
alphabetically arranged by chemical name. One section (Appendix A) concerns listing by chemi-
cal name, and the other a similar listing by commercial  designation (Appendix B). In all cases,
the chemical names and names (common or scientific) of organisms designated by the authors
were  used in this compilation.  None of the  nomenclature was  changed or corrected  in any
manner, e.g., when authors used the common  name  of a fish, this and this alone was used. The
abbreviations and other  designations are discussed later  in this  report section and described in
footnotes to  the  Appendices.  In  using  the  data compilations,  care  should be  exercised in
searching varied alternative names  for a given compound.

     Since many  papers  contained large  amounts of data, the most significant toxicity level was
chosen for inclusion in this compilation.  In most cases, data presented at 96-hr TLm (designated
T4: T = TLm or TLso, and 4 =  four days or  96 hours) were selected when available. With few
exceptions, the T value at 4 days was lower than the values for  1  or 2 days. The T4 value is
generally accepted as a realistic indication of toxic effect and the best one to use (lacking data
from  chronic studies) in estimating safe  levels  for effluent release. Tl or T2  data were usually
not included unless these were the only data given. A and C following these designations indicate
acute or chronic bioassays, respectively.  Since the data  are  presented  as  brief summaries, the
reader is  referred  to  the original report for additional information. When  ECso,  LC5Q,  and
LDSO*> were known or described  as being concerned  with lethal effects, these abbreviations were
judged to  be essentially the same as TLm or TLso and designated as  such (T) in the data
extracts for consistency. We  acknowledge that this is not standard practice, and that  there are
important differences in  these designations.

     The  conditions noted by the researchers  are designated by  lower case  letters.  When the
conditions were  controlled,  these letters were underlined.  In some cases, the authors  briefly
referred  to  previous papers  as   a  simple means for describing  experimental conditions. No
underlines  were  made   in  these  instances,  although  in  all likelihood  some conditions  were
controlled.

     Comments, in general, are brief, with the  expectation that interested readers would consult
the original article for further information.

     Since the chemical  nature of most industrial effluents is very  complex and seldom analyzed
or reported, there is little information on the effect of mixed effluents or mixtures of chemicals
in the data presented. For this reason, this document must be described merely as pertaining to
the effect of single  chemicals or simple mixtures of chemicals  on aquatic life.

     There was  no  attempt to extract  data from various reviews available,  since these  rarely
contained descriptive  information  concerning experimental conditions. Among others, the  reader
is referred to:
*EC5o= median effective concentration, LCso = median lethal concentration, and LDso = median lethal dosage.


                                             63

-------
    American Public Health Assoc. (1960)
    Anon.(1968)
    Aquatic Life Advisory Committee (1955,
      I960,  1967)
    Averett  and Brinck (1960)
    Beak (1958)
    Bick(1963)
    Breidenback,  et al (1967)
    Breidenback and Lichtenberg (1963)
    Brown (1961)
    Burdick (1965)
    Butcher (1959)
    Butler (1966)
    Buzzell, et  al (1968)
    Byrd (1960)
    Carter (1962)
    Cope (1963, 1965)
    Cope and Springer (1958)
    Cottam  (1961)
    Delaporte (1958)
    Dewey (1958)
    Doudoroff  (1951)
    Doudoroff  and Katz (1950,  1953)
    Faust and Aly (1964)
    Ferguson (1967)
    Ferguson, et al (1966)
    Fromm  (1965)
    Fruh, et al  (1966)
    Ganelin, et al (1964)
    George (1959)
    Graham (1960)
    Hawkes (1963)
    Henderson  and Tarzwell (1957)
    Hirsch (1958)
    Hoffman (1960)
    Holden  (1964, 1965)
    Hughes  and Davis (1967)
    Hunt (1965)
    Hynes(1966)
Ingram and Towne (1960)
Jackson (1966)
Johnson (1968)
Johnson, et al  (1967)
Jones(1964)
Kerswill, et al (1960)
Keup, et al (1966,  1967)
King (1968)
Langer (1964)
Lawrence (1962)
Lloyd (1964, 1965)
MacMullen(1968)
Mackenthum and Ingram (1962,  1964)
Malina(1964)
McKee and Wolfe (1963)
McFarland (1959)
Moore (1967)
National Technical Advisory Committee
 (1968)
Neel (1963)
Newsom (1967)
Nicholson (1959, 1967)
Nicholson, et al (1964)
Patrick (1968)
Powers (1918)
Reymonds (1962)
Rudolphs, et al (1950)
Ryckman, et al (1966)
Schoettger (1967)
Skidmore (1964)
Snow (1958)
Spiller (1961)
Sproul and  Ryckman (1963)
Surber and Taft (1965)
Tarzwell (1959, 1962)
Water Pollution Control Federation
 Research Committee (1958-1968)
Weaver, et al (1965)
Webb (1961)
Wilson (1968)
    Doudoroff  (1951)  states that certain references with literature summaries are particularly
helpful in providing pertinent information published before 1954  on water  pollutants toxic to
fish. These references are:

    Redeke,  H. C, "Report on the Pollution of Rivers  and Its Relation  to  Fisheries",
      Rapp. Conseil  Permanent Intern. Exploration Mer, 43, 1 (1927).

    Steinmann,  P.,  "Toxikologie der Fische",  Handbuch Binnenfischerei  Mitteleuropas
      (Germany), 6,  289 (1928).
                                          64

-------
    Heifer,  H.,   "Giftwirkungen  auf  Fishe;  ihre  Ermittelung  der  Versuche und  die
      Bewertung der Ergebnisse", Kleine Mitt. Mitglied. Ver Wasser-Boden-u. Lufthyg.,  12,
      32 (1936).

    Cole,  A.  E.,  "The Effects of Pollutional Wastes  on Fish Life", in a  Symposium on
      Hydrobiology, University of Wisconsin Press, Madison, Wisconsin, 241  (1941).

    Southgate, B. A., "Treatment and Disposal of Industrial Waste Water", Department of
      Scientific and Industrial Research,  London, England, 23 (1948).

    Harnisch, O., "Hydrophysiologie der Tiere", in "Die Binnengewasser", Vol. 19, Ed. A.
      Thienemann, Schweizerbart'sche, Erwin  Nagele, Stuttgart, Germany (1951).

    "Water  Quality  Criteria", California  Water Pollution Control  Board, Pub.  No. 3,
      Sacramento,  California (1952). (Also,  Addendum No.  1,  1954,  and Pub.  No. 3,
      1963).

    Not to demean past contributions  from  ecological investigators, but rather to  suggest how
the data they develop in the  future can be made more valuable for engineering application,  it
may be stated that problems of interpretation encountered in this review would be minimized or
eliminated  by the following:

    • Positive identity of chemicals under test

    • Precise description of test organisms

    • Use of standard test  methods,  where  applicable, or  full details of procedure if
       standard methods are not used

    • Closer definition and control of test conditions.

    Apparent differences in results among investigators of the same chemical on the same  fish
species may have  resulted from different  methods  of handling  specimens  prior to  and during
tests,  different stages in the life cycle of  specimens, variations in physical and chemical properties
of the water, excursions in time-temperature pattern of exposures to the chemical, and different
methods of evaluating effects.

    We  believe the manner in which this  report is compiled will serve the industrial community
and others as  well. Since  each  reader will undoubtedly have a specific applied situation for using
the data, there was no attempt to summarize in narrative form  the  data for each compound. The
compilation gives pertinent data for each chemical for which information was  found, tempered
by the comments on bioassay or field conditions, as well as providing a bibliography  of the more
recent information available in  the  literature through 1968.  Additionally, a  Species Index  is
presented  in  Appendix C  and  the chemical  nature  of commercial  chemicals is  given  when
available in Appendix D.

    In  handling large numbers of references, an occasional document may be overlooked  and
not included.  The  authors would  sincerely appreciate being informed by  the readers  of  such
omissions for the principal time period covered (1958-1968). An  updating effort of this report  is
now under consideration and will likely be  completed by early  1972.
                                              65

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                                        SECTION XII

                              SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
     Fish,  representing  one of the highest trophic levels in the aquatic environment, are the
 animals  of choice  in  studying the  toxicity  of chemical  effluents  in  natural  waters.  Their
 importance is further emphasized since  man may be the  next  highest trophic level where edible
 fish are  concerned.  Furthermore, considering fish as indicator organisms, their presence probably
 indicates that the water in which they survive is suitable for consumption or other uses by man,
 except in  some situations,  for example, where  a  cumulatively  toxic material is present in small
 amounts and the fish develop resistance to that  material.

     With  the  magnitude of pollution problems  today,  standard fish bioassay procedures (par-
 ticularly, flow-through) are adequate for the task at hand. This is especially true  for evaluation
 of  chemicals that are acutely or immediately toxic although these procedures can also be used in
 studying the chronic toxicity of chemicals at sublethal levels. These standard procedures must be
 employed  in  conjunction  with other  evaluations,  especially specific residue analyses,  when a
 chemical or ion causes  a drastic problem such  as a large-scale  fish kill. The chronic continuous
 flow exposure  of fish is preferable for determining more  precisely acceptable  concentrations for
 chemical release. TLm  data should be  a baseline for comparison of data  from either type of
 evaluation.  Adequate reporting of  data and experimental conditions, especially  water quality
 data, would greatly enhance the value of published information.

     For field investigation  of chemical  toxicity in  the aquatic environment, the in situ bioassay
 is  desirable. Exposure of native  fish or highly sensitive  fish from  other sources  would give a
 better  representation of the toxicity  of a  given  chemical in a given situation. This should be
 supplemented  with  chemical  analysis of the  effluent in question as well  as  a  recording of
 receiving water quality  data. In situ evaluation  of water from above and immediately  below an
 effluent  addition  could provide an  elegant proof of lack  of complicity  in a fish  kill by a
 manufacturer.

     With  the  present  situation  of gross pollution in many localities, study of fish  responses
other than lethality are of little direct utility  except in  cases where  a chemical has long-term,
sublethal effects, such as DDT and other chlorinated  hydrocarbons. All such procedures would
be  best employed in conjunction with standard  bioassays so that appropriate comparisons can be
made. These procedures include:

     (1) Observations of abnormal behavior
     (2) Autopsy and histology
     (3) Avoidance
     (4) Growth retardation
     (5) Radiotracers
     (6) Effects on various life stages
     (7) Spawning
     (8) Swimming or cruising speed and oxygen consumption
     (9) Blood studies
    (10) Glucose transport
    (11) Environment stress
    (12) Thermal acclimitization
    (13) Fish  taste
    (14) Conditioned avoidance response.

                                              66

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     ror a careful limnological  approach in bioassay studies,  several researchers have suggested
toxicity evaluations of aquatic organisms representing at  least three trophic levels of the food
web.  Fish  would, of course, be  one level.  Another  could be  bioassay  using D.  magna and  the
techniques described by Anderson (1944-1946, 1948,  1960). The third type of bioassay could be
with algae, using the technique of Palmer and Maloney (1955) or of Fitzgerald and Faust (1963).
BOD  determination by the standard method (American Public Health Association, 1967) could
be another bioassay procedure.  More rapid, alternative methods (e.g., STOD) are also available
for estimating BOD. BOD  data alone  can  provide  a  useful  index of toxicity or  of oxygen
depletion in receiving water.

     Marine  bioassay  utilizing  various  organisms primarily including fish, oyster,  clams,  and
shrimp in a flow-through type of system lags considerably  behind reports of freshwater bioassays
in the amounts of data reported. The  procedure is  practical  but  could be improved upon by
maintenance  of water temperature, DO,  and other water factors. The sensitivity of shell regrowth
in bioassay and  field studies of oyster  (Crassostrea Virginia), clam  (Mercenaria mercenaria), and
related  marine  mollusks  to low concentrations of pesticides  suggests  that  a bioassay  using  a
freshwater mollusc should be developed.

     Reports  on  field  studies of pollution problems include  some of the classic examples  of
disruption  of the  aquatic environment by polluting effluents and pesticide applications. Although
the results of such research are irrefutable in most instances, improvement is needed in recording
and  reporting correlative  data,  e.g.,  water quality,  weather,  and  other environmental  factors.
Collecting devices are generally adequate for their designed purposes if used by experienced field
scientists, but some mechanical  changes  could improve collection and ease of manipulation in  the
field.

     Evaluation in the  field in a given pollution situation can yield more realistic results than
evaluation  by laboratory bioassay.  Consider,  for example, change  in chemical  toxicity due  to
seasonal temperature change.  This is the reason in situ bioassay (using live cars or wire cages and
plastic pools  or raceways with  suitable bioassay species  in conjunction with  automatic water
quality  monitoring) appears to be the  method  of choice  for an individual industry to evaluate
the effect of its particular effluent(s) on a given waterway.

     The complex, highly interrelated factors in the  aquatic  environment may  have  profound
effect on the toxicity  of a chemical. Of these, the  most important are temperature, dissolved
oxygen, pH, turbidity (suspended solids), and water hardness. Their importance in aquatic studies
and their effect on chemical toxicity were discussed in some detail.

     In  addition  to  conclusions and  comments  made throughout this report,  the  following
remarks are made in direct response to the objectives outlined earlier in this report:

     (1)  Collect and summarize in standardized format the available information from the
         scientific literature. The extracted data presented in Appendices  A and B show
         that there is a considerable lack of adequate reporting of experimental conditions
         concerning the  effect of chemicals on aquatic life. The complexity of factors in
         both laboratory  and field  studies  in  aquatic biology is such that  control  or
         description  of  them  is most difficult.  The specific effects of  chemicals on
         individual species of aquatic biota are voluminously  shown in  Appendices A and
         B in a standardized format. A Species Index  (Appendix C) facilitates  assembling
         all  data  for  any  given species.  Procedural  details  and  environmental factors
         important in  the observation or  measurement of these  effects are discussed  in
         appropriate sections of this  report.  Except for standard fish bioassays (static,

                                              67

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     continuous flow, and chronic exposures) and BOD, the wide variety of procedures
     utilized for these studies were  not discussed  in  detail.  References are cited to
     allow the  individual reader to obtain these procedures when needed.

(2)  Review the existing information on  aquatic life as  it is applicable or related to the
     study of water pollution. The existing, more recent information on aquatic life as
     it is applicable or related  to the study of water pollution was reviewed. Discussion
     of test species, lack  of species variety identification, short-comings of procedural
     details in  reporting bioassay and field results, etc., is  presented in various report
     sections.

(3)  Review the methodology  used in studying the effects of chemicals on aquatic life.
     Similarly,  a review of the more important  aspects of aquatic life methodology is
     presented. Briefly, except for the standardized bioassays, experimental procedures
     vary almost directly and specifically  with the number of researchers reporting data
     in the literature.

We believe the  requirements described in  the objectives for this study were fulfilled.
                                        68

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                                       SECTION XIII

                                   RECOMMENDATIONS
    We recommend:

    (1) Establishment of a chemical pollution effect information-analysis center as a means of
continuously updating the  information summarized here. This report has shown the large volume
of information available  on the effects  of chemicals  on aquatic life. The amount of information
is unwieldy and  difficult to work with.  A  computerized information-analysis center would be
capable of quickly identifying all pertinent  data and would allow rapid preparation of reports
summarizing  data on  any chemical or group  of chemicals  in given situations  for various aquatic
biota. Establishment of a prototype information  center on analytical methodology related to the
aquatic environment  is now in progress at Battelle's Columbus Laboratories. Bioassay  data not
now published  but  held  by  individual  manufacturers could  be anonymously submitted for
inclusion  into  the  information pool. Only  data  obtained by a standard procedure or a  well-
described  one would  be  included at the discretion of EPA and center personnel. We believe the
data base  would be greatly expanded in this manner. The information content of this prototype
center  is  to  be continually updated  so that  it would always be current  as well  as immediately
responsive as required.

    As data are accumulated, the chances  for  predicting potential  problems by mathematical
modeling  and simulation of the effect of chemicals on aquatic life will be improved. This report
should provide a sound base for pursuing this approach.

     (2) Preparation of listings of chemical constituents present  in effluents by cooperative input
from the  chemical industry. Data inputs could be submitted anonymously. The listings should be
continuously updated and made easily available to anyone who requests updated copies.

     (3) Development of  a standard  pattern of laboratory evaluations, not  limited to  but
primarily  based on fish bioassay, for  estimating more  accurately the effect of chemicals  on
aquatic life.  Data from  such  evaluations could  then be used in mathematical modeling studies
which  would be  used  for  predicting  chemical toxicity under widely varied environmental
conditions.

     (4) Development of in situ field  bioassay procedures for  more realistic results than those
obtained from laboratory bioassays.

    We suggest that  researchers publishing in this field be encouraged to positively identify the
chemicals  evaluated; to precisely describe test organisms; to use  standard methods, if possible, or
to fully describe experimental procedures; and to more closely  define and control experimental
conditions. This improved  reporting  would  greatly enhance the utility of the  data, and allow
more  precise  development  of  multivariate analyses  and mathematical  modeling for  predictive
assessments of chemical pollution problems.
                                            69

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                                                 SECTION XIV

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Brinkhurst,  R. O.  (1966).  Detection  and assessment of
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Walker, C. R.  and R. A. Schoettger. (1967). Method for
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Walker, C. R. and R. A. Schoettger. (1967). Residues of
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Walker, C. R., P. J. Starkey, and L. L.  Marking. (1966).
Relation of chemical structure  to fish toxicity  in  nitro-
salicylanilides and related compounds. In: Investigations in
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Wallen, I.  E., W. C. Greer, and R. Lasater. (1957). Toxicity
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Ward, C. M. and W. M. Irwin. (1961). The relative resistance
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Ware, G. W., M. K. Dee, and W. P. Cahill. (1968). Water
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Warner, K. and 0. C. Fenderson. (1962). Effects of DDT
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Warner, R. E., K. K. Peterson, and L. Borgman. (1966).
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Wamick, D. C. (1966). Gro\vth rates of yellow perch in two
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P-

Warren, C. E. and P. Doudoroff. (1958).  The development
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Warren, J. W. (1963). Toxicity tests  of erythromycin
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                                                       98

-------
Water Pollution Control Federation Research Committee.
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Water Pollution Control Federation Research Committee.
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Water Pollution Control Federation Research Committee.
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Water Pollution Control Federation Research Committee.
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Water Pollution Control Federation Research Committee.
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Water Pollution Control Federation Research Committee.
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Weiss,  C.  M.  (1959). Response  of fish to  sublethal
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Weiss, C. M. and J. L. Botts. (1957). The response of some
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Weiss, C. M. and J. H. Gakstatter. (1964). Detection of
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Welch, E. B. and J.  C. Spindler. (1964). DDT persistence
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Welch, P. S. (1952). Limnology, 2nd ed. N.Y., McGraw-Hill
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                                                        99

-------
Weston, R. F. (1964). The value and use of water quality
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Whitley, L. S. (1968). The resistance of tubificid worms to
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Whitten, B. K. and C. J. Goodnight. (1966).  Toxicity of
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Wilber,  C. G. (1965). A mathematical description of the
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Wilber,  C. G. (1965). The  biology  of water toxicants in
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Wilhm,  J. L. and T. C. Dorris. (1968). Biological parameters
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Willford,  W.  A. (1966). Toxicity of 22 therapeutic com-
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Willford,  W.  A.  (1967). Toxicity of dimethyl  sulfoxide
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U.S. Fish  Wildl. Serv., Bur. Sport Fish. Wild!., Resour. Publ.
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Williams,  L.  G.   (1964). Possible  relationships  between
plankton  diatom  species  numbers and  water-quality esti-
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Williams,  L. G. and D. I. Mount. (1965). Influence of zinc
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Wilson, B.  R.  (ed.). (1968).  Environmental problems;
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Wisniewski, T. F. (1958). Algae and  the effect on D.O. and
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Woelke, C. E. (1965). Bioassays  of  pulp mill  wastes with
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Woelke, C. E. (1967). Measurement of water quality with
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Wollitz, R. E. (1963). Effects  of certain commercial fish
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Woodwell, G. M., C. F. Wurster, and P. A. Isaacson. (1967),
DDT residues in an east coast estuary: A case of biological
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Wuhrmann,  K.  (1959). Concerning some principles of the
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Wuhrmann, K. and H. Woker. (1955). Influence of tempera-
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Int. Ver. Theor. Angew. Limnol. Verh. 12: 795-801.

Wurster,  C. F.  (1968).  DDT reduces photosynthesis by
marine phytoplankton. Science 159:  1474-1475.

Wurtz, C. B. (1962). Zinc effects on fresh-water mollusks.
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Wurtz, C. B. and C. H. Bridges. (1961). Preliminary results
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51-56.

Wurtz, C. B. and T. Dolan. (1961). A biological method
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Young, F. N. (1961). Effects of pollution on natural asso-
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Purdue Univ. 45(2): 373-380.

Zintgraff, G. D.,  C.  H. Ward  and  A.W.  Busch. (1968).
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Presented in part at the Annual Meeting of the Society for
Industrial Microbiology held at the  Ohio State University,
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ZoBell, C. E. (1964). The occurrence, effects, and fate of
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                                                        100

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                SECTION XV

                APPENDICES


A. EXTRACTED DATA FROM ORIGINAL PAPERS -
  CHEMICALS AND MIXTURES OF CHEMICALS

B. EXTRACTED DATA FROM ORIGINAL PAPERS -
  COMMERCIAL CHEMICAL PRODUCTS

C. SPECIES INDEX FOR APPENDICES A AND B

D. IDENTIFICATION OF COMMERCIAL CHEMICALS

-------
Note: Both scientific and common names should
      be checked for complete retrieval of infor-
      mation for a given organism.

-------
             APPENDIX A
EXTRACTED DATA FROM ORIGINAL PAPERS -
 CHEMICALS AND MIXTURES OF CHEMICALS

-------
Note: Names of chemicals and organisms are as given by the various authors.  Readers should search for alternate, common, and/or scientific names of both
      chemical and aquatic species; and refer to report section on Extracted Data for further discussion of this appendix.
Footnotes for Appendices A and B:
(1) Letters represent:
        B = bioassay, used in combination with S = static, CF = continuous flow, A = acute, and CH = chronic.
        L = laboratory bioassay.
     BOD = biochemical oxygen demand.
        F = field study, used in combination with R = river, stream, creek, etc., L = lake or pond, M = marine, E = estuarine, and O = other
            (port facility, flooded area, etc.).
(2) Field location is indicated by abbreviation of the state or country.
(3) The number indicates ppm (mg/1), unless otherwise indicated by appropriate designations or (0). The letters within parentheses following indicate
    T = TLm, K = kill, SB = sublethal effects, NTE = no toxic effect, or 0 = other.  The number following these indicates the time in days at which
    observations were made.  ECso, LC5Q, and similar designations for 50 percent lethality were all considered as TLm and designated as such. The
    numbers within parentheses following these designations indicate the time in days when the effect was observed.
(4) The following indicate (when underlined the variable was controlled):
        a = water temperature
        b = ambient air temperature
        c = PH
        d = alkalinity (total, phenolphthalein or caustic)
        e = dissolved oxygen
        f = hardness (total, carbonate, Mg, or CaO)
        g = turbidity
        h = oxidation-reduction potential
        i = chloride as Cl
        j = BOD, 5 day; (J) = BOD, short-term
        k = COD
        1 = nitrogen (as NO2 or NOs)
       m = ammonia nitrogen as NH3
        n = phosphate (total, ortho-, or poly)
        o = solids (total, fixed, volatile, or suspended)
        p = C02

-------
CHEMICALS
>
2
Q

X
H
3D
m
en
O
Tl
O
I
m

O
r-








3>
KJ


















Chemical
Acetaldehyde


Acetaldehyde

Acetaldehyde





Acetaldehyde


Acetaldehyde





Acetaldehyde (al-
acetone (bl-
copper (c)-
acetic acid (d)
mixture
Acetamide


Acetanilide





Acetic
acid





Organism
Lagodon
rhomboides

Lagodon
rhomboides
Sewage
organisms




Lepomis
macrochirus

Nitzschia
linearis
Lepomis
macrochirus


Lepomis
macrochirus



Gambusia
affinis

Sewage
organisms




Daphnia
magna





Bioassay
or Field
BSA


BSA

BOD





BSA


BSA





BSA




BSA


BOD





BSA






Toxicity,
Active
Field Ingredient,
Location (2) ppm'3)
70.0 (T1 A)


70.0 (T1 A)

230 (TC5Q)





53.0 (T4A)


236.6-
249.1 (T5A)
53.0 (T4A)



(a) 5.2 (T4A)
(b) 5.2 (T4A)
(c) 1.04 (T4A)
(d) 26.0 (T4A)

26,300 (T2A)


(NTE)





150(0)






Experimental
Variables
Controlled
or Noted'4' Comments
a Aerated sea water was used.


— Experiments were conducted in aerated salt water.

a The purpose of this paper was to devise a toxicity index for
industrial wastes. Results are recorded as the toxic con-
centration producing 50 percent inhibition (TCsfj) of oxy-
gen utilization as compared to controls. Five toxigrams
depicting the effect of the chemicals on BOD were devised
and each chemical classified.
a c d e All fish were acclimatized for 2 weeks in a synthetic dilution
water.

ace The purpose of this experiment was to determine whether
there was a constant relationship between the responses of
these organisms. From the data presented, there was no
apparent relationship of this type. Therefore the authors
advise that bioassays on at least 3 components of the food
web be made in any situation.
a c d e All fish were acclimatized for 2 weeks in a synthetic
dilution water.



a c d e g The effect of turbidity on the toxicity of the chemicals was
studied. Test water was from a farm pond with "high"
turbidity. Additional data are presented.
— The purpose of this paper was to devise a toxicity index for
industrial wastes. Results are recorded as the toxic con-
centration producing 50 percent inhibition (TCsg) of oxy-
gen utilization as compared to controls. Five toxigrams
depicting the effect of the chemicals on BOD were devised
and each chemical classified.
a e This paper deals with the toxicity thresholds of various sub-
stances found in industrial wastes as determined by the use
of D. magna, Centrifuged Lake Erie water was used as a
diluent in the bioassay. Threshold concentration was
defined as the highest concentration which would just fail
to immobilize the animals under prolonged (theoretically
infinite) exposure.
Reference
(Year)
Daugherty and
Garrett
(1951)
Garrett
(1957)
Hermann
(1959)




Cairns and
Scheier
(1968)
Patrick, et al
(1968)




Cairns and
Scheier
(1968)


Wallen, et al
(1957)

Hermann
(1959)




Anderson
(1944)

























>
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m
z
__
X
>
















-------
    Acetic
     acid
    Acetic
     acid
    Acetic
     acid

    Acetic
     acid

    Acetic
     acid

    Acetic
     acid
g
I
O
s
Acetic
 acid

Acetic
 acid
m
O)
Acetic acid (a)-
 acetaldehyde (b)-
 acetone (cl-
 copper (d)-
 mixture
Semotilus             BSA
 atromaculatus
Cylindrospermum      L
 lichen/forme (CD
Microcystis
 aeruginosa (Ma)
Scenedesmus
 obliquus (So)
Chlorella
 variegata (Cv)
Gomphonema
 parvulum (Gp)
Nitzschia
 palea (Np)

Gambusia             BSA
 affinis

Ictalurus              BSA
 punctatus

Channel               BSA
 catfish
 (fingerlings)
Cu/ex sp              BSA
 (larvae)
Daphnia
 magna
Lepomis
 macrochirus
Lepomis              BSA
 macrochirus

Nitzschia             BSA
 linearis
Lepomis
 macrochirus
                      Lepomis              BSA
                       macrochirus
                                                                       100 to 200 (CR)
                                                                       2.0(0)
251 (T2A)
388 (T2A)
629 (K2)

446 (K1A)
1500 (T1A)

47 (T1A)

100 (T1A)

75 (T4A)


74 (T5A)

75 (T4A)
                                                 (a) 26.0 (T4A)
                                                 (b) 5.2 (T4A)
                                                 (c) 5.2 (T4A)
                                                 (d) 1.04 (T4A)
                                    Test water used was freshly aerated Detroit River water. A
                                     typical water analysis is given. Toxicity is expressed as the
                                     "critical  range" (CR), which was defined as that concentra-
                                     tion in ppm below which the 4 test fish lived for 24 hr
                                     and above which all test fish died. Additional data are
                                     presented.
                                    Observations were made on the 3rd, 7th, 14th, and  21st days
                                     to give the following (T=toxic, NT=nontoxic, PT= partially
                                     toxic with number of days in parentheses. No number
                                     indicates observation is for entire test period of 21 days):
                                        Cl  -NT
                                        Ma -NT
                                        So -NT
                                        Cv -NT
                                        Gp-NT
                                        Np-NT
                                                                                            a c d e g        The effect of turbidity on the toxicity of the chemicals was
                                                                                            ~~               studied. Test water was from a farm pond with "high"
                                                                                                            turbidity.  Additional data are presented.
                                                                                             a c f i         The experiment was conducted at 77 C.
                                                                                                           Tap water was used. Considerable additional data are
                                                                                                            presented.

                                                                                                           "Standard reference water" was described and used as well
                                                                                                            as lake water. Varied results were obtained when evalua-
                                                                                                            tions were made in various types of water.
                                                                                             a c d e        All fish were acclimatized for 2 weeks in a synthetic
                                                                                                            dilution water.
                                                                                             ace          The purpose of this experiment was to determine whether
                                                                                                            there was a constant relationship between the responses of
                                                                                                            these organisms.  From the data presented, there was no
                                                                                                            apparent relationship of this type. Therefore the authors
                                                                                                            advise that bioassays on at least 3 components of the food
                                                                                                            web be made in any situation.
                                                                                             a c d e         All fish were acclimatized for 2 weeks in a synthetic
                                                                                                            dilution water.
                                                                                                                                                                  Gillette, et al
                                                                                                                                                                   (1952)
                                                                                                                                                                  Palmer and
                                                                                                                                                                   Maloney
                                                                                                                                                                   (1955)
                                                                                                                                                                 Wallen, et al
                                                                                                                                                                   (1957)

                                                                                                                                                                 Clemens and
                                                                                                                                                                   Sneed
                                                                                                                                                                   (1958)
                                                                                                                                                                 Clemens and
                                                                                                                                                                   Sneed
                                                                                                                                                                   (1959)
                                                                                                                                                                 Dowden and
                                                                                                                                                                   Bennett
                                                                                                                                                                   (1965)
                                                                                                                                                                  Cairns and
                                                                                                                                                                   Scheier
                                                                                                                                                                   (1968)
                                                                                                                                                                  Patrick, et al
                                                                                                                                                                   (1968)
                                                                                              Cairns and
                                                                                               Scheier
                                                                                               (1968)
                                                                                                                                                                                  m
                                                                                                                                                                                  z
                                                                                                                                                                                  O

-------
CHEMICALS
>
0
S
X
-i
3D
m
O
-n
O
m
3
o
r









^
























Chemical
Acetone






Acetone


Acetone





Acetone


Acetone


Acetone





Acetone (al-
copper (bl-
acetic acid (c)-
acetaldehyde (d)-
mixture
Acetonitrile





2-acetylamino-
fluorene (AAF)






Organism
Daphnia
magna





Gambusia
af finis

Sewage
organisms




Daphnia
magna

Lepomis
macrochirus

Nitzschia
linearis

Lepomis
macrochirus

Lepomis
macrochirus



Pimephales
promelas
Lepomis
macrochirus
Lebistes
reticulatus
Zebrafish







Toxicity, Experimental
Bioassay Active Variables
or Field Field Ingredient, Controlled
Study'1' Location'2) ppm'3) or Noted'4'
BSA - 9280(0) ae






BSA - 1 3,000 (T2A) acdeg


BOD - (NTE) a





BSA - 10(T2A) ac


BSA - 8300 (T4A) a c d e


BSA - 1 1 ,493 to ace
11,727
(T5A)
8,300 (T4A)


BSA - (a) 5.2 (T4A) a c d e
(b) 1.04 (T4A)
(c) 26.0 (T4A)
(d) 5.2 (T4A)

BSA - (H+S) 1000 (T4A) cdef

(S) 1850IT4A)

(S) 1650 (T4A)

BSA - (0)







Comments
This paper deals with the toxicity thresholds of various sub-
stances found in industrial wastes as determined by the
use of D. magna. Centrifuged Lake Erie water was used as
a diluent in the bioassay. Threshold concentration was
defined as the highest concentration which would just fail
to immobilize the animals under prolonged (theoretically
infinite) exposure.
The effect of turbidity on the toxicity of the chemicals was
studied. Test water was from a farm pond with "high"
turbidity. Additional data are presented.
The purpose of this paper was to devise a toxicity index for
industrial wastes. Results are recorded as the toxic concen-
tration producing 50 percent inhibition (TCsfj) of oxygen
utilization as compared to controls. Five toxigrams depict-
ing the effect of the chemicals on BOD were devised and
each chemical classified.
"Standard reference water" was described and used as well
as lake water. Varied results were obtained when evalua-
tions were made in various types of water.
All fish were acclimatized for 2 weeks in a synthetic
dilution water.

The purpose of this experiment was to determine whether
there was a constant relationship between the responses
of these organisms. From the data presented, there was
no apparent relationship of this type. Therefore the authors
advise that bioassays on at least 3 components of the food
web be made in any situation.
All fish were acclimatized for 2 weeks in a synthetic
dilution water.



(H) Value in hard water
(S) Value in soft water


The chemical caused no change in flavor of the cooked
bluegill.
The results of this investigation show that definite changes in
the concentration of RNA and glycogen accompany the cell-
ular disorganization in abnormal embryos induced by AAF.
In embryos treated with AAF, there was a consistent decrease
of RNA content of the liver, nervous tissue, sense organs, and
the mucosal lining of the digestive tract. In general, this only
occurred when concentrations of the chemical exceeded
O.O3 percent.
Reference
(Year)
Anderson
(1944)





Wallen, et al
(1957)

Hermann
(1959)




Dowden and
Bennett
(1965)
Cairns and
Scheier
(1968)
Patrick, et al
(1968)




Cairns and
Scheier
(1968)


Henderson, et al
(1960)




Hisaoka
(1958)


























^
•o
m
g


^






















-------
    Acetyl phenyl-
     hydrazine

    Acrolein
    Acrolein

    Acrolein


    Acrolein



    Acrolein
    Acrolein

    Acrylaldehyde
     (acrolein)
O
m
5
_l  Acrylonitrile
C
30
m
O  Acrylonitrile
-n
O
m
§
o

£
Microcystis
 aeruginosa

Sewage
 microorganisms
Oyster

Fundulus
 similis
 (juvenile)
Penaeus
 aztecus

Crassostrea
 virginica
Penaeus
 aztecus
Fundulus
 similis
Phytoplankton
Salmon
                      Potamogeton
                       modosus
                      Potamogeton
                       pectinatus
                      Elodea
                       canadensis
                      Lagodon
                       rhomboides
                      Lepomis
                       macrochirus
                      Pomoxis
                       annularis
BOD



BCF

BSA
                                           BCFA&
                                             BSA
                      BSA

                      BSA
                      BSA
                                            BSA & CH
100 (K)


1.5(0)



0.055 (O)

0.24 (O)



0.19(0)



0.05 (O)

0.1 (O)

0.24 (T2CFA)
                           0.08 (T2A)
                                                 100(0)

                                                 100 (0)

                                                 100 (K4wk)

                                                 24.5(T1A)
                                                 0.05-0.1
                                                  (100%KS)
                                                 0.1-1.0
                                                  (100%KCH)
                                                 6.0-10.0
                                                  (100%KCH)
                                                                                              a, etc         The chemical was tested on a 5-day algae culture, 1 x 106
                                                                                              ~~             to 2 x 106 cells/ml, 75-ml total volume. Chu No. 10
                                                                                                            medium was used.
                                                                                                —          The chemical was studied as to how low levels (ppm) may
                                                                                                            affect BOD in domestic sewage. The chemical was toxic
                                                                                                            to sewage microorganisms at the level stated. To acclimated
                                                                                                            organisms the toxicity was 1 8 ppm.
                                                                                                a           The value reported is a 96-hr ECgrj (decreased shell growth).

                                                                                                a           Water temperature was 21 C. The figure reported is a
                                                                                                            48-hr EC50.
                                                                                                           Toxicant chemicals were evaluated in seawater at tempera
                                                                                                            tures averaging about 28 C.  The values are for 24-hr
                                                                                                            or enough to cause loss of equilibrium or mortality.

                                                                                                           Seawater was pumped continuously into test aquaria.
                                                                                                            Salinity, temperature, and plankton fluctuated with tide,
                                                                                                            and ambient weather conditions.  Some bioassays with
                                                                                                            fish were static. Toxicity was reported for the following:
                                                                                                              Oyster -        96-hr ECgrj — Cone, which decreased
                                                                                                                             shell growth.
                                                                                                              Shrimp —       48-hr ECgrj — Cone, which killed or
                                                                                                                             paralyzed 50% of test animals.
                                                                                                              Fish —          48-hr ECgg — Cone, which killed
                                                                                                                             50%.
                                                                                                              Phytoplankton — Percent decrease of CO2 fixation to a
                                                                                                                             4-hr exposure at 1 .0 ppm chemical
                                                                                                                             concentration.
                                                                                                           Data are given as
                                                                Experiments were conducted in standing water.  Results
                                                                 were rated on a scale of 0 to 10, 0 standing for no toxic
                                                                 effect and 10 signifying a complete kill.  Evaluation was
                                                                 based on visual observation of the plant response at
                                                                 weekly intervals for 4 weeks.
                                                                Injury rating of 8.3.

                                                                Injury rating of 9.6.
                                                                Aerated seawater was used.
                                                               Additional data are presented for less than 24 hr.
Fitzgerald, et al
 (1952)

Oberton and
 Stack
 (1957)

Butler
 (1965)
Butler
 (1965)
                                                                                                                         Butler
                                                                                                                           (1965)

                                                                                                                         Butler
                                                                                                                           (1965)
                                                                                              Bohmont
                                                                                               (1967)
                                                                                              Frank, et al
                                                                                               (1961)
                                                                                                                                                                                     •o
                                                                                                                                                                                     m
                                                                                                                                                                                     D
                                                                                                                                                                                     X
                                                                                              Daugherty and
                                                                                               Garrett
                                                                                               (1951)
                                                                                              Renn
                                                                                               (1955)

-------
n
i
m
S
0
P Chemical
> Acrylonitrile
Z
O
S Acrylonitrile
X
C
3D
m

0
o Adipicacid
I
m
S

5
r- Adiponitrile





Alkyl aryl
bromide

!**
ON







Alkyl-dimethyl-
ammonium
chlorides









Alkyl
sulfate

Bioassay
or Field
Organism Study 11)
Lagodon BSA
rhomboides
Pimephales BSA
promelas
Lepomis
macrochirus
Lebistes
reticulatus
Lepomis BSA
macrochirus



Pimephales BSA
promelas
Lepomis
macrochirus
Lebistes
reticulatus
Cylindrospermum L
licheniforme (Cl)
Microcystis
aeruginosa (Ma)
Scenedesmus
obliquus (Sol
Chlorella
variegata (Cv)
Gomphonema
parvulum (Gp)
Nitzschia
palea (Np)
Cylindrospermum \_
licheniforme (Cl)
Gleocapsa
sp(G)
Scenedesmus
obliquus (So)
Chlorella
variegata (Cv)
Gomphonema
parvulum (Gp)
Nitzchia
palea (Np)
Pimephales BSA
promelas
(juveniles)
Toxicity, Experimental
Active Variables
Field Ingredient, Controlled
Location^2) ppm<3) or Noted<4)
24.5(T1A)

(S) 18.1 (T4A) cdef
(H) 14.3 (T4A)
(S) 11.8 (T4A)

(S) 33.5 (T4A)

330 (T1A) a c




(S)1250(T4A) cdef
(H)820 (T4A)
(S) 720 (T4A)

(S) 775 (T4A)

2.0 (O) a_











2.0 (0) a_











- (5)5.1-5.9 acdf
(T1^A)
(H) 5.9-6.1
Comments
Experiments were conducted in aerated salt water.

(H) Value in hard water
(S) Value in soft water
The chemical did not change the flavor of the cooked
bluegill.


"Standard reference water" was described and used as
well as lake water. Varied results were obtained
when evaluations were made in various types of
water.

(H) Value in hardwater
(S) Value in softwater


The chemical produced no change in the flavor of the
cooked bluegill.
Observations were made on the 3rd, 7th, 14th, and 21st
days to give the following (T = toxic, NT = nontoxic,
PT = partially toxic with number of days in parentheses.
No number indicates observation is for entire test period
of 21 days):
Cl -NT
Ma -T
So - NT
Cv -NT
Gp- NT
Np-NT

Observations were made on the 3rd, 7th, 14th, and 21st
days to give the following (T = toxic, NT = nontoxic.
PT = partially toxic with number of days in parentheses.
No number indicates observation is for entire test period
of 21 days) :
Cl -PT(7)
G -NT
So - PT (7)
Cv - PT (3)
Gp- NT
Np - PT (3)

Syndets and soaps were of nearly equal toxicity in soft
water (S) but syndets were approximately 40X more
toxic than soap in hard water (H). The surfactant
Reference
(Year)
Garrett
(1957)
Henderson, et al
(1960)




Dowden and
Bennett
(1965)


Henderson, et al
(1960)




Palmer and
Maloney
(1955)









Palmer and
Maloney
(1955)









Henderson,
et al
(1959)
                                                                                                                                                                                     •o
                                                                                                                                                                                     m
                                                                                                                                                                                     Z
                                                                                                                                                                                     O
                                                                     (T1-4A)
                                                                                                          rather than the builder contained the toxicant.
Alkyl benzene sullste — See ABS in Appendix B.

-------
    Aluminum
     ammonium
     sulfate
    Aluminum
     chloride


    Aluminum
     chloride


    Aluminum
     nitrate
    Aluminum
     potassium
     sulfate
Daphnia
 magna
BSA
                            190 (O)
    Aluminum
     sulfate
_  Aluminum
S   sulfate
3D
O
•n
O
m
Gambusia
 affinis


Daphnia
 magna


Gasterosteus
 aculeatus
Daphnia
 magna
BSA
BSA
BSA
                            135IT2A)
                                                                        <6.7 (S)
                                                                        0.07 (K10)
BSA
                            206 (O)
Daphnia
 magna
                      BSA
                            136(0)
                       Micropterus
                        salmoides
                       Lepomis
                        machrochirus
                       Goldfish
                      BSA
                            100(0)

                            100 (O)

                            100(0)
  a e           This paper deals with the toxicity thresholds of various         Anderson
                substances found in industrial wastes as determined by          (1944)
                the use of D. magna. Centrifuged Lake Erie water was
                used as a diluent in the bioassay. Threshold concentration
                was defined as the highest concentration which would
                just fail to immobilize the animals under prolonged
                (theoretically infinite) exposure.

a c d e g       The effect of turbidity on the toxicity of the chemicals         Wallen, et al
                was studied. Test water was from a farm pond with             (1957)
                "high" turbidity. Additional data are presented.
   a_           Lake Erie water was used as diluent. Toxicity given as          Anderson
                threshold concentration producing immobilization              (1948)
                for exposure periods of 64 hr.

   —           Solutions were made up in  tap water. 3.0 to 5.0 cm           Jones
                stickleback fish were used as experimental animals.              (1939)
                This paper points out that there is a  marked
                relationship between the toxicity of the metals and
                their solution pressures. Those with low solution
                pressures were the most toxic.

  a_ e           This paper deals with the toxicity thresholds of various        Anderson
                substances found in industrial wastes as determined             (1944)
                by the use of D. magna. Centrifuged Lake Erie
                water was used as a diluent in the bioassay.
                Threshold concentration was defined as the  highest
                concentration which would just fail to immobilize
                the animals under prolonged (theoretically infinite)
                exposure.

  a_ e           This paper deals with the toxicity thresholds of various         Anderson
                substances found in industrial wastes as determined             (1944)
                by the use of D. magna.  Centrifuged Lake Erie
                water was used as a diluent in the bioassay.  Threshold
                concentration was defined as the highest concentration
                which  would just fail to immobilize the animals under
                prolonged (theoretically infinite) exposure.

£ c f p i        The disposal of cannery wastes frequently involves the          Sanborn
                use of  chemicals for treatment purposes. Ferrous               (1945)
                sulphate, alum, and lime are used in  chemical
                coagulation ; sodium carbonate for acidity control in
                biological filters; and sodium nitrate in lagoons for
                odor control.  Lye (sodium hydroxide) peeling of
                certain fruits and vegetables is not uncommon.
                These chemicals, in whole or part, are discharged
                in most cases to a stream.  The concentrations
                listed permitted all fish to survive indefinitely.
                                                                                                                                             I
                                                                                                                                             m
                                                                                                                                             O

-------
CHEMICALS
2
O
£
X
H
3)
m
C/)
O
•n
O
I
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2
g
£i







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oo



















Chemical
Aluminum
sulfate







Aluminum
sulfate

p-aminodi-
ethylaniline
HCI
p-aminodi-
methylaniline
p-aminodi-
methylaniline
HCI
T?-(3-amino-
propyl)
rosinamine
D diacetate
(28 percent
active)






p-aminophenol





4-amino-m
toluene-
sulfonic
acid
Bioassay
or Field
Organism Study C"
Sewage BOD
organisms







Gambusia BSA
aff/nis

Microcystis L
aeruginosa

Microcystis L
aeruginosa
Microcystis L
aeruginosa

Cylindrospermum L
licheniforme (CD
Microcystis
aeruginosa (Mai
Scenedesmus
obliquus (So)
Chlorella
variegata (Cv)
Gomphonema
parvulum (Gp)
Nitzschia
palea (Np)
Daphnia BSA
magna




Gambusia BSA
affinis


Toxicity,
Active
Field Ingredient,
Location'?) ppm(3)
18.0 (0)








240 (T2A)


100 (K)


100 (K)

100 (K)


2.0 (O)











2 (K2A)





- 410(T2A)



Experimental
Variables
Controlled
or Noted'4' Comments
— Various metal salts were studied in relation to how they
affected the BOD of both raw and treated sewage as
well as how they affected the processing of sewage
in the treatment plant. BOD was used as the
parameter to measure the effect of the chemical.
The chemical concentration cited is the ppm required
to reduce the BOD values by 50%. This chemical
was tested in an unbuffered system.

a c d e g The effect of turbidity on the toxicity on the chemicals
was studied. Test water was from a farm pond with
"high" turbidity. Additional data are presented.
a , etc The chemical was tested on a 5-day algae culture.
1 x 1Q6 to 2 x 10^ cells/ml, 75 ml total volume.
Chu No. 10 medium was used.
a , etc Comment same as above.

a , etc Comment same as above.


a Observations were made on the 3rd, 7th, 14th, and 21st
days to give the following (T = toxic, NT = nontoxic,
PT = partially toxic with number of days in parentheses.
No number indicates observation is for entire test period
of 21 days):
Cl -T(14)
Ma-T
So - PT
Cv -T(14)
Gp-T
Np-T

a An attempt was made to correlate the biological
action with the chemical reactivity of selected
chemical substances. Results indicated a considerable
correlation between the aquarium fish toxicity and
antiautocatalytic potency of the chemicals in marked
contrast to their toxicity on systemic administration.
a c d e g The effect of turbidity on the toxicity of the chemicals
was studied. Test water was from a farm pond with
"high" turbidity. Additional data are presented.

Reference
(Year)
Sheets
(1957)







Wallen, et al
(1957)

Fitzgerald, et al
(1952)

Fitzgerald, et al
(1952)
Fitzgerald, et al
(1952)

Palmer and
Maloney
(1955)









Sollman
(1949)




Wallen, et al
(1957)






















^
TJ
m
Z
O
X


















-------
    Ammonia
                       Trout
                                            BSA
                                                                        (O)
    Ammonia

    Ammonia
      (unionized)
    Ammonia
    Ammonia
    Ammonia
 m
    Ammonia
X
C
•3)
m
o
m
2
9
Pimepha/es
 promelas

Salmo
 gairdnerii
                      Salmo
                        gairdnerii
                       Gambusia
                        affinis
BSA


BSA
(H) 8.2 (T4A)
(S) 5.9 (T4A)

0.4 (T1A)
 cdef


a b c d e
                      BSA
                                                 100-200 (O)
                                                                       a c e p
                      BSA
                                                 (O)
                                                 a cd i
                       Green
                        sunfish
Abramis
 brama
Perca
 fluviatillis
Flu til is
 ru tilis
Scardinius
 erythrophthalmus
Salmo
 gairdnerii
                      BSA
                           (O)
                                            BCF
                           0.41 (T7CF)

                           0.29 (T7CF)

                           0.35 (T5CF)

                           0.36 (T6CF)

                           0.41 (T2CF)
                                                                                             a cd e f
No quantitative data are reported. 30 ppm of
 nitrogen was added as ammonium chloride.
 Carbon dioxide in concentrations up to 30 ppm
 reduced the toxicity of the ammonia by lowering
 the pH of the water.  Concentrations of 60 ppm of
 CO2 were toxic but not lethal when the
 concentration of dissolved oxygen was low. A
 concentration of 240 ppm of CO2 was lethal to
 trout in little more than one hour.
(H) Value in hardwater
(S) Value in softwater

Toxicity of ammonia or of ammonium salts was
 increased by a rise in  pH  value from 7.0 to 8.2.
 Toxicity of such solutions to fish apparently
 depended upon the concentration of the un-
 ionized ammonia molecule present.  Variation
 was attributed to the  increase in the concen-
 tration of free carbon dioxide at the gill surfaces.
The major factor determining the toxicity of ammonia
 is the pH of the water. Temperature, dissolved  oxygen,
 and bicarbonate alkalinity are also important.  Only
 unionized ammonia was toxic to fish.
At a pH of 7.0 the threshold value for ammonia ranges
 between 100 and 200 ppm (as N), depending on the
 bicarbonate hardness.
The pH value and temperature had a marked effect
 upon the toxicity of ammonia solutions. As the
 pH was raised, the toxicity increased markedly.
 The concentration of  unionized ammonia present
 in each test was calculated using the mean temper-
 ature and the pH value.  The absence of toxic action
 by tests at a total ammonia concentration equivalent
 to 120 mg/IN.
Ammonia or ammonium hydroxide was found to repel
 fish at 8.5,  10, and 20 mg/l. At 1.7 mg/l no repellency
 was noted.  In concentrations of 10 and 22 mg/l,
 ammonia killed the fish in repellent studies before they
 had the opportunity to move out of the area containing
 the substance.

The T at LC5Q values are asymptotic values of undissociated
 ammonia (mgN/l).  Additional data are presented.
                                                                                                                                               Herbert
                                                                                                                                                (1955)
Henderson, et al
 (1960)
Lloyd and
 Herbert
 (1960)
                                                                                                                          Lloyd
                                                                                                                           (1961)
                                                                                                                          Hemens
                                                                                                                           (1966)
                                                                                                                                               Summerfelt
                                                                                                                                                and Lewis
                                                                                                                                                (1967)
                                                                                                                                                                      Ball
                                                                                                                                                                       (1967)

-------
CHEMICALS
Z
0
5
X
C
3)
m

O
Tl
O
m
3
o
£








^>
,* .
0




















Chemical
Ammonia







Ammonia




Ammonia
(unionized)




Ammonia
(unionized)






Ammonia plus
carbon
dioxide


Ammonium
acetate

Ammonium
borofluoride





Ammonium
carbonate

Organism
Salmo
gairdneri






Salmo
gairdneri



Salmo
gairdnerii




Salmo
gairdnerii
Perca
fluviatilis
Rutilus
rutilus
Gobio
gobio
Rainbow
trout



Gambusia
af finis

Sewage
organisms





Gambusia
affinis

Toxicity, Experimental
Bioassay Active Variables
or Field Field Ingredient, Controlled
Study!"1' Location(2) ppm*3) or Noted<4' Comments
BSA — (O) a c 1 m After 24-hr exposure the mean blood levels for total ammonia
showed a direct linear correlation with ambient ammonia
and ranged from 38 to 70 g/ml. Fish exposed to 0-1 g/ml
nonionic ammonia had mean blood levels which ranged
from 0.6 to 1 .3 g/ml. Ammonia in concentrations up to
10 g NH3/ml was found to have no significant effect on the
ability of hemoglobin to combine with oxygen in vitro.

BSA - 34-47 (T2A) acdefo The concentration killing a half batch of fish in 2 days pro-
vides a reasonable estimate of the threshold concentra-
tion. The lethality of this chemical depends upon all the
experimental variables listed and the concentration of
undissociated ammonia which is present.
FR Stevenage (O) acelm Survival of rainbow trout in concentrations of unionized
Herts. ammonia in the range of 0.86-1 .96 ppm of nitrogen in-
creased as the concentration of dissolved oxygen was
raised from 1 .5 to 8.5 ppm. The effect of dissolved oxy-
gen in increasing survival time was greater in the lower
concentrations of unionized ammonia.
BSA — (O) a c e o p The resistance to rapidly lethal concentrations of un-
ionized ammonia ranging from about 2.0 to 8.8 ppm
nitrogen was determined in tensions of dissolved oxygen
53.4 and 96.7% of air saturation value at 1 5.2 C.
Period of survival decreased with rise in concentration of
unionized ammonia. The effect of oxygen tension on
period of survival was greatest in the lowest concentra-
tions of unionized ammonia.
BSA — (O) a e m n The reduction of toxicity of ammonia solutions by the
addition of carbon dioxide, was due to lowering the
pH of the solution. 60-240 ppm CO2 in solution was
toxic within 1 2 hr. 30 ppm ammonia nitrogen was
toxic, but up to 30 ppm CO2 increased fish survival time.
BSA - 238 (T2A) a c d e g The effect of turbidity on the toxicity of the chemicals
was studied. Test water was from a farm pond with
"high" turbidity. Additional data are presented.
BOD — 87.0(0) — Various metal salts were studied in relation to how they
affected the BOD of both raw and treated sewage as well
as how they affected the processing of sewage in the
treatment plant. BOD was used as the parameter to mea-
sure the effect of the chemical. The chemical concentra-
tion cited is the ppm required to reduce the BOD values
by 50%. This chemical was tested in an unbuffered system.
BSA — 238 (T2A) a c d e g The effect of turbidity on the toxicity of the chemicals was
studied. Test water was from a farm pond with "high"
turbidity. Additional data are presented.
Reference
(Year)
Fromm and
Gillette
(1968)





Brown
(1968)



Downing and
Merkens
(1955)



Markens and
Downing
(1957)





Alabaster and
Herbert
(1954)


Wallen.et al
(1957)

Sheets
(1957)





Wallen, et al
(1957)






















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X
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-------
    Ammonium
     chloride
    Ammonium
     chloride
    Ammonium
     chloride
    Ammonium
     chloride


    Ammonium
     chloride
    Ammonium
     chloride
o
m
D
2
C
3D

w  Ammonium
°   chloride
O
m  Ammonium
M   chloride
Carass/us
 carass/us
Daphnia
 magna
BSA
BSA
Salmo
 gairdnerii
BSA
Daphnia
 magna

Lepomis
 macrochirus
                       Daphnia
                        magna
                                            BSA
BCFA
                                            BSA
Gambusia
 affinis

Lepomis
 macrochirus
                                            BSA
                                            BSA
                                                                        (O)
                                                                        <134(O)
                                                   a e
                                                                        (O) Tap water
                                                                        1000 ppm —
                                                                         27.3 min
                                                                        1000 ppm —
                                                                         52.5 min
                                                                        50 ppm —
                                                                         >1000 min
                                                                        Distilled water
                                                                        3000 ppm —
                                                                         292 min
                                                                        1000 ppm —
                                                                         725 min
                                                                        100 ppm >
                                                                         4320 min

                                                                        91 (S)
                                                                        6.0 (T4A)
                                                  a c e f
                                                  a ce f
                                                 246,6 (O)
                                                                        510 (T2A)
                                                 7.7 (T4A)
                                                                       a cd e g
                                                                                             a cd e i
This old, lengthy paper discusses toxicity of many chem-
 icals, possible mechanism of action of some, the effect of
 temperature, effect of dissolved oxygen, the efficiency of
 the goldfish as a test animal, compares this work with
 earlier work, and lists an extensive bibliography.
In 0.224N solution, fish survived 99 minutes.
This paper deals with the toxicity thresholds of various
 substances found in industrial wastes as determined by the
 use of D. magna. Centrifuged Lake Erie water was used as
 a diluent in the bioassay. Threshold concentration was de-
 fined as the highest concentration which would just fail to
 immobilize the animals under prolonged (theoretically
 infinite) exposure.
Tap or distilled water used as diluent.  Toxicity defined as
 the average time when the fish lost equilibrium when
 exposed to  the test chemical  (ppm ammonia).
Lake Erie water was used as diluent.  Toxicity given as
 threshold concentration producing immobilization for
 exposure periods of 64 hr.
Test water was composed of distilled water with CP grade
 chemicals and was aerated throughout the 96-hour
 exposure period.
Toxicity was dependent upon the concentration of un-
 dissociated NH4OH which is dependent upon pH.  The
 initial pH was 9.0 and after four days it was 7.5.
The primary aim of this study was to determine the effects
 of lowered dissolved oxygen concentration upon an
 aquatic invertebrate when exposed to solutions of in-
 organic salts known to be present in various industrial
 effluents.  Analysis of data conclusively shows the
 D. magna tested under lowered oxygen tension exhibited
 lower threshold values for the chemicals studied than
 when tested  at atmospheric dissolved oxygen.
The effect of  turbidity on the toxicity of the chemicals
 was studied. Test water was from a farm pond  with
 "high" turbidity. Additional data are presented.
A "control" was prepared by adding required chemicals
 to distilled water, and this was constantly aerated. Data
 reported are for larger fish, 14.24 cm in length. Data
 for smaller fish are  also in the report.
                                                                                                                          Powers
                                                                                                                            (1918)
                                                                                                                                                Anderson
                                                                                                                                                 (1944)
                                                                                                                                                Grindley
                                                                                                                                                 (1946)
                                                                                                                                                Anderson
                                                                                                                                                 (1948)

                                                                                                                                                Cairns and
                                                                                                                                                 Scheier
                                                                                                                                                 (1955)
                                                                                                                           Fairchild
                                                                                                                            (1955)
                                                                                                                          Wallen,et al
                                                                                                                            (1957)

                                                                                                                          Cairns and
                                                                                                                            Scheier
                                                                                                                            (1959)

-------
CHEMICALS
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Chemical
Ammonium
chloride
(as N)
Ammonium
chloride
(as N)

Ammonium
chloride








Ammonium
chromate

Ammonium
dichromate
Ammonium
hydroxide





Ammonium
hydroxide

Ammonium
hydroxide
(as ammonia)



Ammonium
hydroxide

Ammonium
hydroxide


Organism
Rainbow trout


Salmo
gairdnerii


Carassius
carassius

Daphnia
magna
Lepomis
macrochirus
Lymnaea sp
(eggs)

Gambusia
affinis

Gambusia
affinis
Daphnia
magna





Gasterosteus
aculeatus

Semotilus
atromaculatus




Gambusia
affinis

Fish



Toxicity, Experimental
Bioassay Active Variables
or Field Field Ingredient, Controlled
Study'1) Location'2) ppm'3) or Noted'4)
BSA - (O) acd


BSA - 24.6 (T2A) a c d f



BSA - 202 (T1 A) ac
161 (T2A)
50 (T4A)
139 (T4A)

725 (T1-4A)

241 (T1A)
173 (T2A)
70 (T4A)
BSA - 270 (T2A) a c d e g


BSA - 212IT2A) acd eg

BSA - <8.75 (O) a e






BSA - (O) ce


BSA - 5to15(CR) ae





BSA - 37 (T2A) a c d e g


BSA - 4.3 x 10'5 M (K) ac



Comments
The 48-hour LD$Q of ammonium chloride (as N) as interpo-
lated from three graphs may be 30, 24, or 12 ppm. The
effect of dissolved oxygen is also discussed.
A mathematical equation was derived to explain the com-
bined toxicities of this salt and zinc sulfate.


"Standard reference water" was described and used as well
as lake water. Varied results were obtained when evalua-
tions were made in various types of water.







The effect of turbidity on the toxicity of the chemicals was
studied. Test water was from a farm pond with "high"
turbidity. Additional data are presented.
Comment same as above.

This paper deals with the toxicity thresholds of various
substances found in industrial wastes as determined by the
use of D. magna. Centrifuged Lake Erie water was used as
a diluent in the bioassay. Threshold concentration was
defined as the highest concentration which would just fail
to immobilize the animals under prolonged (theoretically
infinite) exposure.
Tap water was used to make up the solutions. The fish
avoided concentrations of 0.04 and 0.01 N, but seemed
attracted to concentrations of 0.001 and 0.0001 N.
Test water used was freshly aerated Detroit River water.
A typical water analysis is given. Toxicity is expressed as
the "critical range" (CR), which was defined as that con-
centration in ppm below which the 4 test fish lived for
24 hr and above which all test fish died. Additional
data are presented.
The effect of turbidity on the toxicity of the chemicals was
studied. Test water was from a farm pond with "high"
turbidity. Additional data are presented.
Avoidance behavior of test fish to toxic chemicals is given.
Toxicity is given as the lowest lethal concentration (molar).
Ratios of avoidance and lowest lethal concentration are
presented and discussed.
Reference
(Year)
Herbert
(1961)

Herbert and
Shurben
(1964)

Dowden and
Bennett
(1965)







Wallen, et al
(1957)

Wallen, et al
(1957)
Anderson
(1944)





Jones
(1948)

Gillette, et al
(1952)




Wallen, et al
(1957)

Ishio
(1965)























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-------
    Ammonium
     hydroxide

    Ammonium
     nitrate
    Ammonium
     salt
    Ammonium
     salts
Ammonium
 sulfate
    Ammonium
2   sulfate
m
5

2
z
o
g  Ammonium
JJ   sulfate

C
3
m
w
O
-n
Daphnia
 magna

Caress/us
 carassius
Nitzschia
 linearis
Physa
 heterostropha
Lepomis
 macrochirus
Salmo
 gairdnerii
                                            BSA
                                            BSA
                                            BSA
                                            BSA
Daphna
 magna
                                            BSA
                      Daphnia
                       magna
                                            BSA
                      Salmo
                       gairdnerii
                                            BSA
                                                                    60 (T1A)
                                                                    32 (T2A)
                                                                    20 (T4A)
                                                                    (O)
                                                                    420 (T5A)

                                                                    90.0 (T4A)

                                                                    3.4 (T4A)

                                                                    (0)
                                                 <106(O)
                                                 288.5 (O)
                                                  (O) Tap water
                                                  1000 ppm —
                                                  29.8 min
                                                  Distilled water
                                                  3000 ppm —
                                                  318 min
                                                  1000 ppm —
                                                  847 min
                                                  100 ppm
                                                  >5760 min
                                                                                              a c e f
"Standard reference water" was described and used as well      Dowden and
 as lake water.  Varied results were obtained when evalua-        Bennett
 tions were made in various types of water.                     (1965)
This old, lengthy paper discusses toxicity of many chem-        Powers
 icals, possible mechanism of action of some, the effect of       (1918)
 temperature, effect of dissolved oxygen, the efficiency of
 the goldfish as a test animal, compares this work with
 earlier work, and lists an extensive bibliography.
In 0.213N solution, fish survived 78 minutes.
The purpose of this experiment was to determine whether       Patrick, et al
 there was a constant relationship between the responses         (1968)
 of these organisms. From the data presented, there was
 no apparent relationship of this type. Therefore the
 authors advise  that bioassays on at least 3 components of
 the food web be made in any situation.
This is a study of the effect of varying dissolved oxygen         Lloyd
 concentrations on the toxicity of selected chemicals.            (1961)
The toxicity of heavy metals, ammonia, and monohydric
 phenols increased  as the dissolved oxygen in water was
 reduced. The most obvious reaction of fish to increase
 the volume of water passed over the gills, and this may
 increase the amount of  poison reaching the surface of
 the gill epithelium.
The concentration of the chemical in the water was not
 specified.
This paper deals with the toxicity thresholds of various          Anderson
 substances found in industrial wastes as determined by          (1944)
 the use of D. magna.  Centrifuged Lake Erie water was
 used as a diluent in the  bioassay. Threshold concentra-
 tion was defined as the  highest concentration which
 would just fail  to immobilize the animals under prolonged
 (theoretically infinite) exposure.
The primary aim of this study was to determine the effects      Fairchild
 of lowered dissolved oxygen concentration upon an             (1955)
 aquatic invertebrate when exposed to solutions of inor-
 ganic salts known  to be present in various industrial
 effluents. Analysis of data conclusively shows the
 D. magna tested under lowered oxygen tension exhibited
 lower threshold values for the chemicals studied than
 when tested at atmospheric dissolved oxygen.
Tap or distilled water used as diluent. Toxicity defined as       Grindley
 the avg. time when the fish lost equilibrium when ex-            (1946)
 posed to the test chemical (ppm ammonia).
                                                                                                                                                                                       m
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-------
CHEMICALS
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1
-f^






















Chemical
Ammonium
sulfate

Ammonium
sulfate


Ammonium
sulphate



Ammonium
sulfide

Ammonium
sulfite
Ammonium
sulfite

Ammonium
thiocyanate

Amyl acetate





N-amyl-acetate


n-amyl alcohol





t-amyl alcohol

Aniline






Organism
Gambusia
affinis

Daphnia
magna


Biomorpholaria
a. alexandrina
Bulinus
truncatus

Gambusia
affinis

Gambusia
affinis
Daphnia
magna

Gambusia
affinis

Semotilus
atromaculatus




Gambusia
affinis

Semoti/us
atromaculatus




Semoti/us
atromaculatus
Daphnia
magna





Toxicity, Experimental
Bioassay Active Variables
or Field Field Ingredient, Controlled
Study'1' Location'2' ppm'3' or Noted'4'
BSA - 1 ,400 (T2A) a c d e g


BSA - 423 (T1 A) ac
433 (T2A)
292 (T4A)

BSA - 800 (K1 A) a

300 (K1A)


BSA - 248 (T2A) a c d e g


BSA - 240 (T2A) a c d e g

BSA - 299 (T1 A) ac
273 (T2A)
203 (T4A)
BSA - 420 (T2A) a c d e g


BSA - 50to120(CR) ae





BSA - 65 (T2A) acdeg


BSA - 350 to 500 (CR) a e





BSA — 1 ,300 to 2,000 a e
(CR)
BSA - 279 (O) a c






Comments
The effect of turbidity on the toxicity of the chemicals was
studied. Test water was from a farm pond with "high"
turbidity. Additional data are presented.
"Standard reference water" was described and used as well
as lake water. Varied results were obtained when evalua-
tions were made in various types of water.

The degree of tolerance for vector snails of biharziasis chem-
icals is somewhat dependent upon temperature. The tem-
perature at which (K1 A) occurred was 28 C.


The effect of turbidity on the toxicity of the chemicals was
studied. Test water was from a farm pond with "high"
turbidity. Additional data are presented.
Comment same as above.

"Standard reference water" was described and used as well
as lake water. Varied results were obtained when evalua-
tions were made in various types of water.
The effect of turbidity on the toxicity of the chemicals was
studied. Test water was from a farm pond with "high"
turbidity. Additional data are presented.
Test water used was freshly aerated Detroit River water.
A typical water analysis is given. Toxicity is expressed as
the "critical range" (CR), which was defined as that con-
centration in ppm below which the 4 test fish lived for
24 hr and above which all test fish died. Additional data
are presented.
The effect of turbidity on the toxicity of the chemicals was
studied. Test water was from a farm pond with "high"
turbidity. Additional data are presented.
Test water used was freshly aerated Detroit River water.
A typical water analysis is given. Toxicity is expressed as
the "critical range" (CR), which was defined as that con-
centration in ppm below which the 4 test fish lived for
24 hr and above which all test fish died. Additional data
are presented.
Comment same as above.

This paper deals with the toxicity thresholds of various sub-
stances found in industrial wastes as determined by the
use of D. magna. Centrifuged Lake Erie water was used
as a diluent in the bioassay. Threshold concentration was
defined as the highest concentration which would just
fail to immobilize the animals under prolonged (theoreti-
cally infinite) exposure.
Reference
(Year)
Wallen, et al
(1957)

Dowden and
Bennett
(1965)

Gohar and
EI-Gindy
(1961)


Wallen, et al
(1957)

Wallen, et al
(1957)
Dowden and
Bennett
(1965)
Wallen, et al
(1957)

Gillette, et al
(1952)




Wallen, et al
(1957)

Gillette, et al
(1952)




Gillette, et al
(1952)
Anderson
(1944)


























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-------
    Aniline
    Aniline
     hydrochloride
°  Barium
3   chloride
c
3)
in
O  Barium
jrj   chloride
Microcystis
 aeruginosa

Daphnia
 magna
BSA
Antimony
potassium
tartrate
Antimony
trichloride
Antimony
trichloride
Antimony
trioxide
, Arsenite
*
i
Barium
carbonate
Barium
;» chloride
Pimephales
promelas
Daphnia
magna
Pimephales
promelas
Pimephales
promelas
Lepomis
macrochirus
(eggs)
L. cyanellus
(eggs)
Micropterus
dolomieui
(eggs)
Gambusia
affinis
Carassius
carassius
                                            BSA
                                            BSA
                                            BSA
                                            BSA
                                             BSA
                                             BSA
Daphnia
 magna
                      BSA
                                                                        50 (K)
5.5 (K2)
                                                  12 (T4A) H
                                                  20 (T4A) S

                                                  37 (S)
                                                  17 (T4A) H
                                                  9  (T4A) S

                                                  >80 (T4A) H
                                                  >80 (T4A) S

                                                  15/7 (O),
                                                  8 (NTE)

                                                  15 (NTE),
                                                  8 (NTE)
                                                  15/6(O),
                                                  8 (NTE)

                                                  10,000 (T2A)
                                                                        (O)
                                                  <83 (O)
Daphnia
 magna
                                             BSA
                                                                        29(0)
  a            The chemical was tested on a 5-day algae culture, 1x10^
  ~~             to 2 x TO*3 cells/ml, 75 ml total volume.  Chu No. 10
                medium was used.
  a            An attempt was made to correlate the biological action with
                the chemical reactivity of selected chemical substances.
                Results indicated a considerable correlation between the
                aquarium fish  toxicity and antiautocatalytic potency of
                the chemicals  in marked contrast to their toxicity on
                systemic administration.
a c d f          Both hard (H) and soft (S) water were used.
                                                    a            Lake Erie water was used as diluent. Toxicity given as
                                                                  threshold concentration producing immobilization for
                                                                  exposure periods of 64 hr.
                                                  a c d f          Both hard (H) and soft (S) water were used.
                                                                                              acdf         Comment same as above.
                                                    —           Fertilized fish eggs of indicated species were placed in
                                                                  1 liter of test solution and allowed to hatch. Toxicity
                                                                  data are presented as concentration in ppm/number of
                                                                  days survival.  Maximum length of test was 8 days. No
                                                                  food was added. Small bluegill were tested to find the
                                                                  highest  concentration of chemical which did not cause
                                                                  death in 12 days (O).

                                                 a_C d e g        The effect of turbidity  on the toxicity of the chemicals
                                                                  was studied. Test water was from a farm pond with
                                                                  "high" turbidity. Additional data are presented.

                                                    a            This old, lengthy paper discusses toxicity of many chemicals,
                                                    ~~            possible mechanism of action of some, the effect of tem-
                                                                  perature, effect of dissolved oxygen, the efficiency of the
                                                                  goldfish as a test animal, compares this work with earlier
                                                                  work, and lists an extensive bibliography.
                                                                 In 0.172N solution, fish survived 169 minutes.
                                                   a c           This paper deals with the toxicity thresholds of various
                                                                  substances found in industrial wastes determined by the
                                                                  use of D. magna.  Centrif uged Lake Erie water was used
                                                                  as a diluent in  the bioassay.  Threshold concentration was
                                                                  defined as the  highest concentration which would just fail
                                                                  to immobilize  the animals under prolonged (theoretically
                                                                  infinite) exposure.

                                                    a_           Lake Erie water was used as diluent. Toxicity given as
                                                                  threshold concentration producing immobilization for
                                                                  exposure periods of 64 hr.
Fitzgerald, et al
 (1952)

Sollman
 (1949)
                                                                                               Tarzwell and
                                                                                                 Henderson
                                                                                                 (1960)
                                                                                               Anderson
                                                                                                 (1948)

                                                                                               Tarzwell and
                                                                                                 Henderson
                                                                                                 (1960)
                                                                                               Tarzwell and
                                                                                                 Henderson
                                                                                                 (1960)
                                                                                               Hiltibran
                                                                                                 (1967)
                                                                                                                                                                                        m
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                                                                                                                                                                       Wallen.et al
                                                                                                                                                                        (1957)
                                                                                                                                                                       Powers
                                                                                                                                                                         (1918)
                                                                                               Anderson
                                                                                                 (1944)
                                                                                               Anderson
                                                                                                 (1948)

-------
CHEMICALS
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£
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Chemical
Barium
chloride

Barium
chloride

Barium
nitrate



Benzanilide











Benzene


Benzene







Benzidine


Benzoic
acid
Benzoic
acid





Organism
Gambusia
af finis

Rana sp
(eggs)

Gasterosteus
aculeatus



Salmo
gairdnerii
Carassius

auratus







Gambusia
af finis

Pimephales
promelas
Lepomis
macrochirus
Carassius
auratus
Lebistes
reticulatus
Microcystis
aeruginosa

Carassius
auratus
Daphnia
magna





Toxicity,
Bioassay Active
or Field Field Ingredient,
Study!1) Location'2) ppm<3)
BSA - 3,200 (T2A)


BSA - 24,430 K


BSA - 400 (K10)




BSA - (O)











BSA - 395 (T2A)


BSA - 31 (T4A)

22 (T4A)

32 (T4A)



L 50 (K)


BSA - 0.165(K)

BSA - 146(0)






Experimental
Variables
Controlled
or Noted!4' Comments
a c d e g The effect of turbidity on the toxicity of the chemicals was
studied. Test water was from a farm pond with "high"
turbidity. Additional data are presented.
a c "Standard reference water" was described and used as well
~~ as lake water. Varied results were obtained when evaluations
were made in various types of water.
— Solutions were made up in tap water. 3.0 to 5.0 cm stickle-
back fish were used as experimental animals. This paper
points out that there is a marked relationship between the
toxicity of the metals and their solution pressures. Those
with low solution pressures were the most toxic.
a This paper deals with the relations between chemical struc-
~ tures of salicylanilides and benzanilides and their toxicity
to rainbow trout and goldfish. The chemical structure of
salicylanilides and benzanilides was related to toxicity
and selectivity to rainbow trout and goldfish. Salicylanilides
were more toxic than benzanilides to the fishes. The ortho
hydroxy substitution of salicylanilide accelerated biological
activity against fish. Meta nitro substitution on the
salicylanilides and benzanilides increased toxicity to fish.
Similar findings are reported for halogens and their rela-
tive position(s) in the molecule. At 10 ppm, there was no
toxicity to goldfish or trout.
a c d e g The effect of turbidity on the toxicity of the chemicals
~~ was studied. Test water was from a farm pond with
"high" turbidity. Additional data are presented.
a c d e f Most fish survived at test concentrations of about one
~~ half , or slightly more, of the TLm value. No attempt
was made to estimate 100 percent survival.





a, etc The chemical was tested on a 5-day algae culture, 1x10^
~ to 2 x 10^ cells/ml, 75 ml total volume. Chu No. 10
medium was used.
a Goldfish weighed between 2 and 4 g. Temperature was
~ maintained at 27.0 ±0.2 C.
a c This paper deals with the toxicity thresholds of various
substances found in industrial wastes determined by the
use of D. magna. Centrifuged Lake Erie water was used as
diluent in the bioassay. Threshold concentration was de-
fined as the highest concentration which would just fail to
immobilize the animals under prolonged (theoretically
infinite) exposure.
Reference
(Year)
Wallen, et al
(1957)

Dowden and
Bennett
(1965)
Jones
(1939)



Walker, et al
(1966)










Wallen, et al
(1957)

Pickering and
Henderson
(1966)





Fitzgerald, et al
(1952)

Gersdorff
(1943)
Anderson
(1944)





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-------
D
2
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30
m
CO
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o
     Benzole
     acid

     Benzonitrile
     2-benzoyl-1,3-
      dichloropropane
    3-ben zy 1-5,5-
     dimethyl-2-
     imidazolinethione

    bis-benzyl
     ethylene
     diamine
     diacetate
                   Gambusia             BSA
                    affinis

                   Pimephales            BSA
                    promelas
                   Lepomis
                    macrochirus
                   Lebistes
                    reticu/atus
                   Cylindrospermum      L
                    licheniforme (CD
                   Microcystis
                    aeruginosa (Ma)
                   Scenedesmus
                    obliquus (So)
                   Chlorella
                    variegata (Cv)
                   Gomphonema
                    parvu/um (Gp)
                   Nitzschia
                    palea (Np)
                   Microcystis            L
                    aeruginosa


                   Semotilus             BSA
                    atromaculatus
    Beryllium
     chloride
9
m
2  Beryllium
O   nitrate
    Beryllium
     sulfate
Beryllium
 sulfate plus
 sodium
 tartrate
 Pimephales            BSA
 promelas


Pimephales            BSA
 promelas

Pimephales            BSA
 promelas
Lepomis
 macrochirus
 Goldfish              BSA
 Minnow
 Snails
 Water
 plants
                                                 225 (T2A)


                                                 (S) 135.0 (T4A)
                                                 (H) 78.0 (T4A)
                                                 (S) 78.0 (T4A)

                                                 (S) 400.0 (T4A)

                                                 2.0 (O)
a c d e g       The effect of turbidity on the toxicity of the chemicals         Wallen, et al
~               was studied. Test water was from a farm pond with "high"     (1957)
                turbidity. Additional data are presented.
 cdef         (H) Value in softwater                                      Henderson, et al
               (S) Value in softwater                                       (1960)
                                                 10.0 (K)
                                                 5 to 20 (CR)
                                                                   (H)15(T4A)
                                                                   (S)0.15 (T4A)

                                                                   (H) 20 (T4A)
                                                                   (S)0.15 (T4A)

                                                                   (H)11 (T4A)
                                                                   (S) 0.2 (T4A)
                                                                   (H)12(T4A)
                                                                   (S) 1.3 (T4A)
                                                                   (O)
               The chemical did not change the flavor of the cooked
                bluegill.
               Observations were made on the 3rd, 7th, 14th, and 21st days
                to give the following (T = toxic, NT = nontoxic, PT = partially
                toxic with number of days in parentheses.  No number indi-
                cates observation is for entire test period of 21 days):
                 Cl  -T (7),PT (21)
                 Ma-T
                 So  - PT (7)
                 Cv  -T
                 Gp-T
                 Np-T
a, etc          The chemical was tested on a 5-day algae culture, 1 x 10^
~               to 2 x 106 cells/ml, 75 ml total volume.  Chu No. 10
                medium was used.
  a e           Test water used was freshly aerated Detroit River water.
  "~             A typical water analysis is given.  Toxicity is expressed as
                the "critical range" (CR), which was defined as that con-
                centration in ppm below which the 4 test fish lived for 24 hr
                and above which all test fish died. Additional data are
                presented.
 a c d f         Both hard (H) and soft (S) water were used.
 a c d f         Comment same as above.
 a c d f         Comment same as above.
               After 10 days of incremental additions of the chemicals to
                the aquarium, the final concentrations were: beryllium —
                28.5 ppm; sulfate — 302 ppm; sodium tartrate — 664 ppm.
                No toxic effect to the animals or plants was observed after
                10 days of exposure.
Palmer and
 Maloney
 (1955)
Fitzgerald, et al
 (1952)
Gillette, et al
 (1952)
Tarzwell and
 Henderson
 (1960)
Tarzwell and
 Henderson
 (1960)
Tarzwell and
 Henderson
 (1960)
Pomelee
 (1953)
                                                                                                                                                               m

-------
CHEMICALS
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Chemical
Boric acid






Boric acid


Boric acid





Bromine








3'-bromo-3,
5-dinitro-
benzanilide










4'-bromo-3,
5-dinitrobenz-
anilide


4'-bromo-2-
nitrobenz-
anilide

Organism
Sewage
organisms





Gambusia
af finis

Sewage
organisms




Chlore/la
pyreno/dosa







Salmo
gairdnerii

Carassius
auratus








Salmo
gairdnerii

Carassius
auratus
Salmo
gairdnerii
Carassius
auratus
Toxicity, Experimental
Bioassay Active Variables
or Field Field Ingredient, Controlled
Study<1' Location^) ppm'3) or NotedW Comments
BOD — 480(0) - Various metal salts were studied in relation to how they
affected the BOD of both raw and treated sewage as well
as how they affected the processing of sewage in the
treatment plant. BOD was used as the parameter to mea-
sure the effect of the chemical. The chemical concentra-
tion cited is the ppm required to reduce the BOD values
by 50%. This chemical was tested in an unbuffered system.
BSA — 10,500 (T2A) acdeg The effect of turbidity on the toxicity of the chemicals was
~ studied. Test water was from a farm pond with "high"
turbidity. Additional data are presented.
BOD — >1000 (TCgrj) a The purpose of this paper was to devise a toxicity index for
industrial wastes. Results are recorded as the toxic con-
centration producing 50 percent inhibition (TC5g) of oxy-
gen utilization as compared to controls. Five toxigrams
depicting the effect of the chemicals on BOD were devised
and each chemical classified.
BSA - 0.18(0) At 0.18 ppm, 2,100 cells/mm3 remained at the end of 4 days
as compared with a count of 2,383 cells/mm3 in control.
0.42 (O) At 0.42 ppm, 270 cells/mm3 remained at the end of 4 days
as compared with 2,383 cells/mm3 in controls.
Bromine showed no inhibitory effect in the first 48 hr.
Experiments were carried out in seven-liter containers of
tap water.
By maintaining a constant level of 0.2 ppm of bromine, it
would be possible to kill algae in water.
BSA — (O) a This paper deals with the relations between chemical struc-
tures of salicylanilides and benzanilides and their toxicity
to rainbow trout and goldfish. The chemical structure of
salicylanilides and benzanilides was related to toxicity and
selectivity to rainbow trout and goldfish. Salicylanilides
were more toxic than benzanilides to the fishes. The ortho
hydroxy substitution of salicylanilide accelerated biolog-
ical activity against fish. Meta nitro substitution on the
salicylanilides and benzanilides increased toxicity to fish.
Similar findings are reported for halogens and their relative
position(s) in the molecule. At 1.0 ppm, this chemical was
toxic to 4 out of 10 trout; but at the concentrations (.1 ,
1.0, 10.0) there was no toxicity to goldfish.
BSA — (O) a Comment same as above except that at 10 ppm the chem-
ical was not toxic to trout or goldfish.

(0)

BSA — 10 (K2) a Comment same as above except that at 10.0 ppm, this chem-
ical was toxic to 2 out of 10 goldfish in 48 hours.
(0)

Reference
(Year)
Sheets
(1957)





Wallen, et al
(1957)

Hermann
(1959)




Kott, et al
(1966)







Walker, et al
(1966)











Walker, et al
(1966)



Walker, et al
(1966)


TJ
TJ
m
Z
D

-------





















>•
— t
•o






o
X
m

5
K
z
o
5
^
c
30
m
in
O
Tl
o
X
m
2
£
£
2*-bromo-3-
nitrosalicyl-
anilide


3'-bromo-3-
nitrosalicyl-
anilide


4'-bromo-3-
nitrosalicyl-
aniline


4'-bromo-5-
nitrosalicyl-
anilide

3-bromo-4-
nitrophenol
(free phenol)



2-bromo-4-
nitro phenol
(free phenol)



2-bromo-4-
nitrophenol
(Na salt)

2-bromo-4-
nitrophenol

3-bromo-4-
nitrophenol









Sea lamprey
(larva)
Salmo
gairdneri
(fingerling)
Sea lamprey
(larva)
Salmo
gairdneri
(fingerling)
Sea lamprey
(larva)
Salmo
gairdneri
(fingerling)
Sea lamprey
(larva)
Salmo gairdneri
(fingerling)
Petromyzon
marinus
Lepomis
macrochirus
Salmo
gairdnerii
Petromyzon
marinus
Salmo
gairdnerii
S. trutta

Petromyzon
marinus
Salmo
gairdnerii
Petromyzon
marinus
(larvae)
Petromyzon
marinus
(embryos and
prolarvae)
(larvae)






BSA




BSA




BSA




BSA



BSA

BSA

BSA

BSA

BSA

BSA

BSA

BSA

BSA


BSA










1.0 (K)





0.3 (K)


(O)



0.3 (K)


(O)



0.5 (K)


(O)


5 (K 100%)


15 (K 10%)


11 (K 10%)


5(K 100%)


13 (K 10%)


11 (K 10%)

7 (K 100%)


15 (K 10%)


10 (K14)
10 (K5-18)

10(K2-4hr)
See
 Applegate,
                                   This paper deals with the comparative toxicity of halonitro-     Starkey and
                                    salicylanilides to sea lamprey and fingerling rainbow trout      Howell
                                    as a function of substituent loci.                            (1966)
                      Ditto
                                   Comment same as above.


                                   1.0 ppm killed 25%.



                                   Comment same as above.


                                   1.0 ppm killed 25%.



                                   Comment same as above.


                                   1.5 ppm killed 25%.


                                   Mortality occurred in approximately 24 hr. This was a
                                    study on controlling sea lamprey larvae.
                                   Comment same as above.
                                   Comment same as above.
                                   Additional data are presented.
                                   Comment same as above.
                                                                         Starkey and
                                                                           Howell
                                                                           (1966)
                                                                         Starkey and
                                                                          Howell
                                                                          (1966)
                                                                         Starkey and
                                                                          Howell
                                                                          (1966)
                                                                         Ball
                                                                          (1966)
                                                                                           Ball
                                                                                            (1966)
                                                                                           Ball
                                                                                            (1966)
                                                                         Piavis
                                                                          (1962)

                                                                         Piavis
                                                                          (1962)
                                                                                                          m
                                                                                                          O

-------
CHEMICALS
2
O
s
X
c
3)
m
0
•n
O
m
S
o
>
£







>£*
0





















Chemical
4'-bromo-3-
nitro-o-sali-
cylotoluidide







3'-bromo-3-
nitrosalicyl-
anilide

4'-bromo-3-
nitrosalicyl-
anilide

2-butanone


n-butyl
alcohol




t-butyl
alcohol
Butyric
acid


Cadmium









Organism
Sa/mo
gairdnerii
Carassius
auratus






Sa/mo
gairdnerii
Carassius
auratus
Salmo
gairdnerii
Carassius
auratus
Gambusia
affinis

Semotilus
atromaculatus




Semotilus
atromaculatus
Daphnia
magna
Lepomis
macrochirus
Lebistes
reticulatus
Bufo
valliceps
(tadpoles)
Daphnia
magna



Toxicity,
Bioassay Active
or Field Field Ingredient,
Study'1) Location'?) ppm'3)
BSA - 1.0(K3hr)

1.0 (K2)
10.0 (K 3 hr)






BSA - 1.0(K3hr)

1.0 (K2)
10.0 (K 3hr)
BSA - 1.0(K3hr)

1.0 (K2)
10.0 (K 3hr)
BSA - 5,600 (T2A)


BSA - 1 ,000 to
1,400 (CR)




BSAq - 3,000 to
6,000 (CR)
BSA - 61 (T2A)

200 (T1A)

BSA - 1.0 (K)

1.0 (K)


0.01 (K)




Experimental
Variables
Controlled
or Noted'4) Comments
a This paper deals with the relations between chemical struc-
tures of salicylanilides and benzanilides and their toxicity to
rainbow trout and goldfish. The chemical structure of
salicylanilides and benzanilides was related to toxicity and
selectivity to rainbow trout and goldfish. Salicylanilides
were more toxic than benzanilides to the fishes. The ortho
hydroxy substitution of salicylanilide accelerated biological
activity against fish. Meta nitro substitution on the sali-
cylanilides and benzanilides increased toxicity to fish. Sim-
ilar findings are reported for halogens and their relative
position(s) in the molecule.
a Comment same as above.
—


a Comment same as above.
~


a c d e g The effect of turbidity on the toxicity of the chemicals was
~ studied. Test water was from a farm pond with "high"
turbidity. Additional data are presented.
a e Test water used was freshly aerated Detroit River water.
~~ A typical water analysis is given. Toxicity is expressed as
the "critical range" (CR), which was defined as that con-
centration in ppm below which the 4 test fish lived for
24 hr and above which all test fish died. Additional data
are presented.
a e Comment same as above.

a c "Standard reference water" was described and used as well
as lake water. Varied results were obtained when evalua-
tions were made in various types of water.

ace It is assumed in this experiment that the cations considered
are toxic because they combine with an essential sulfhydryl
group attached to a key enzyme. This treatment indicates
that the metals which form the most insoluble sulfides are
the most toxic. The log of the concentration of the metal
ion is plotted against the log of the solubility product con-
stant of the metal sulfide — a treatment that does not lend
itself to tabulation. The cation toxicity cited is only an
approximate concentration interpolated from a graph.
Time of death was not specified.
Reference
(Year)
Walker, et al
(1966)








Walker, et al
(1966)


Walker, et al
(1966)


Wallen, et al
(1957)

Gillette, et al
(1952)




Gillette, et al
(1952)
Dowden and
Bennett
(1965)

Shaw and
Grushkin
(1967)

























^
TJ
m
Z
O
X
^




















-------
    Cadmium
    Cadmium
    Cadmium
    Cadmium
    Cadmium
     chloride
    Cadmium
     chloride

    Cadmium
     chloride

s
ni  Cadmium
?   chloride
O
>
W  Cadmium
>   chloride
X

3D
m

O  Cadmium
_   cyanide
X   complex
m
S
                      Salmo
                       gairdnerii
                      Lepomis
                       macrochirus
                      Ictalurus
                       nebulosus
Salmo
 gairdnerii


Salmo
 gairdnerii


Carassius
 carassius
                      BCFA
                                                 (O)
                      BSCFCH
                                           BCFA
                                           BCFA
BSA
Daphnia
 magna


Pimephales
 promelas


Limnaea
 palustris
 (eggs)

Pimephales
 promelas
Lepomis
 macrochirus
Lebistes
 reticulatus
Green
 sunfish

Lepomis
 macrochirus
 (juveniles)
BSA
BSA
BSA
BSA
                                           BSA
                                                 0.1-100.0
                           0.008-
                            0.01 (T7A)
                           30mg(T1A)
                           30(T1A)
                           (O)
<0.0026 (S)
5 (T4A) H
0.9 (T4A) S
   •\
6x10-6m
 (K1)


(S) 1.05(T4A)
(H) 72.6 (T4A)
(S) 1.94(T4A)

(S) 1.27(T4A)

(S) 2.84 (T4A)
(H) 66.0 (T4A)

0.64 (O)
                                                                                               —           A small, cone-shaped, cadmium-plated metal screen was used
                                                                                                            to cover a 2-inch pipe outlet.  Recirculating 2,500 gallons of
                                                                                                            water through the screen at the rate of 50 gallons per min-
                                                                                                            ute killed 16-per-pound rainbow trout  in 24 hours. Rainbow
                                                                                                            trout placed in a 15-gallon tub of water, with recirculation
                                                                                                            through the cadmium screen were dead within 10 hours.
                                                                                            a c d e f        Fish were exposed to 8, 16, and 20 ppm of cadmium for
                                                                                                            varying periods of time (up to 90 days). In living fish the
                                                                                                            accumulation of cadmium never exceeded 130 /Jg/g of gill
                                                                                                            tissue, based on dry weight. In fish that died of poisoning,
                                                                                                            the accumulation of cadmium was a maximum of 634/Jg/g
                                                                                                            of gill tissue. The authors state that high cadmium content
                                                                                                            (3-400 fJglg) in the liver of a fish would indicate a past
                                                                                                            history of exposure.
                                                                                             a b f          The data show that even at high concentrations, the toxic
                                                                                                            effect to the fish was very slow. Experiments were con-
                                                                                                            ducted in hard water.
                                                                                             a b f          A 7-day TLm may be between 0.008 and 0.01 ppm.  Despite
                                                                                                            this high toxicity, the response of the fish to the poison
                                                                                                            was initially very slow, even at high concentrations.

                                                                                               £           This old, lengthy paper discusses toxicity of many chemi-
                                                                                                            cals, possible mechanism of action of some, the effect of
                                                                                                            temperature, effect of dissolved oxygen, the efficiency
                                                                                                            of the goldfish as a test animal, compares this work with
                                                                                                            earlier work, and lists an extensive bibliography.
                                                                                                           In a 0.157N solution, fish survived 70 minutes; in a solu-
                                                                                                            tion of 0.000000037N, they survived 442 minutes.
                                                                                               £           Lake Erie water was used as diluent.  Toxicity given as
                                                                                                            threshold concentration producing immobilization for
                                                                                                            exposure periods of 64 hr.
                                                                                            a c d f         Both hard (H) and soft (S) water were used.
                                                                                             £C           Toxicity is given in molar concentrations for maximum
                                                                                                            direct mortality (kill) in 4 hours.


                                                                                             c d e f         (S) Soft water
                                                                                                           (H) Hard water
                                                                                                           Values are expressed as mg/l of metal.
                                                a_c d f £       For the concentration given, the median resistance time
                                                                was 134 minutes.
                                                                                                                         Roberts
                                                                                                                          (1963)
                                                                                                                                              Mount and
                                                                                                                                               Stephan
                                                                                                                                               (1967)
                                                                                              Ball
                                                                                               (1967)

                                                                                              Velsen and
                                                                                               Alderdice
                                                                                               (1967)

                                                                                              Powers
                                                                                               (1918)
                                                                                                                                         I
                                                                                                                                         m
                                                                                                                                         O
                                                                                                                                         X
Anderson
 (1948)


Tarzwell and
 Henderson
 (1960)
Morrill
 (1963)


Pickering and
 Henderson
 (1965)
                                                                                                                                                                    Doudoroff,
                                                                                                                                                                     etal
                                                                                                                                                                     (1966)

-------
CHEMICALS
2
0
s
X
-1
c
3D
m
in
0
•71
O

m
S
o
P
to







j>
K)
to



















Chemical
Cadmium cya-
nide complex.
sodium cya-
nide (439 ppm
CN), and cad-
mium sulfate
(528 ppm Cd)
Cadmium
nitrate



Cadmium
sulfate




Caffeine





Calcium
c Tbonate

Calcium
chloride




Calcium
chloride





Calcium
chloride

Organism
Pimephales
promelas





Gasterosteus
aculeatus



Sewage
organisms




Carassius
carassius




Gambusia
affinis

Carassius
carassius




Daphnia
magna





Daphnia
magna

Toxicity, Experimental
Bioassay Active Variables
or Field Field Ingredient, Controlled
Studyd) Location<2) ppm(3) or Noted**) Comments
BSA — 0.17 (T4A) ac Synthetic soft water was used. Toxicity data given as number
~~ of test fish surviving after exposure at 24, 48, and 96 hr.
TLm values were estimated by straight-line graphical inter-
polation and given in ppm CN".



BSA — 0.2 (K10) — Solutions were made up in tap water. 3.0 to 5.0 cm stickle-
back fish were used as experimental animals. This paper
points out that there is a marked relationship between the
toxicity of the metals and their solution pressures. Those
with low solution pressures were the most toxic.
BOD — 142 (TCsfj) a The purpose of this paper was to devise a toxicity index for
~~ industrial wastes. Results are recorded as the toxic concen-
tration producing 50 percent inhibition (TCsfj) of oxygen
utilization as compared to controls. Five toxigrams de-
picting the effect of the chemicals on BOD were devised
and each chemical classified.
BSA — (O) a This old, lengthy paper discusses toxicity of many chemicals,
~~ possible mechanism of action of some, the effect of tem-
perature, effect of dissolved oxygen, the efficiency of the
goldfish as a test animal, compares this work with earlier
work, and lists an extensive bibliography.
In a concentration of 0.285 g/liter, fish survived 94 minutes.
BSA - 56,000 (T2A) a c d e g The effect of turbidity on the toxicity on the chemicals
was studied. Test water was from a farm pond with "high"
turbidity. Additional data are presented.
BSA — (O) a This old, lengthy paper discusses toxicity of many chemicals.
possible mechanism of action of some, the effect of tem-
perature, effect of dissolved oxygen, the efficiency of the
goldfish as a test animal, compares this work with earlier
work, and lists an extensive bibliography.
In 0.249N solution, fish survived 174 minutes.
BSA — 1332(0) ac This paper deals with the toxicity thresholds of various sub-
stances found in industrial wastes as determined by the
use of D. magna. Centrifuged Lake Erie water was used as
diluent in the bioassay. Threshold concentration was de-
fined as the highest concentration which would just fail to
immobilize the animals under prolonged (theoretically
infinite) exposure.
BSA — 920 (S) a Lake Erie water was used as diluent. Toxicity given as
threshold concentration producing immobilization for
exposure periods of 64 hr.
Reference
(Year)
Doudoroff,
et al
(1956)




Jones
(1939)



Hermann
(1959)




Powers
(1918)




Wallen, et al
(1957)

Powers
(1918)




Anderson
(1944)





Anderson
(1948)





















^
TJ
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z
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X
^


















-------
to
OJ
      Calcium
       chloride
      Calcium
       chloride
      Calcium
       chloride
      Calcium
       chloride

      Calcium
       chloride
      Calcium
       chloride
  m
  2
  O
      Calcium
       chloride
Lepomis
 macrochirus
Lepomis
 macrochirus
Daphnia
 magna
BSA
BCFA
BSA
Gambusia
 affinis

Lepomis
 macrochirus
Daphnia
 magna
Lepomis
 macrochirus
Lymnaea sp
 (eggs)

Nitzschia
 linearis
Lepomis
 macrochirus
BSA
BSA
BSA
BSA
                            10,650 (T4A)
9,500 (T4A)
 small
11,300 (T4f)
 large
3,972 (O)
                            13,400 (T2A)
                            11,300 (T4A)
3,526 (T1 A)
3,005 (T2A)
8,350 (T1 A)

4,485 (T1A)
3,094 (T2A)
2,373 (T3A)
3,130 (T5A)

10,650 (T4A)
 a d e f         This paper reports the LDgg in 96 hours for 8 common in-     Trama
                organic salts. A synthetic dilution water of controlled          (1954)
                hardness was prepared for use in the experiments. Among
                other variables, specific conductivity, as mhos at 20 C,
                was measured. If this salt is toxic to fish, this experiment
                did not demonstrate it.
 a c e f         Test water was composed of distilled water with CP grade      Cairns and
                chemicals and was aerated throughout the 96-hour ex-          Scheier
                posure period.                                              (1955)

  a c           The primary aim of this study was to determine the effects     Fairchild
                of lowered dissolved oxygen concentration upon an             (1955)
                aquatic invertebrate when exposed to solutions of inor-
                ganic salts known to be present in various industrial
                effluents.  Analysis of data conclusively shows the
                D. magna tested under lowered  oxygen tension exhibited
                lower threshold values for the chemicals studied than
                when tested at atmospheric dissolved oxygen.
£ c d e g        The effect of turbidity on the toxicity on the chemicals        Wallen, et al
                was studied. Test water was from a farm  pond with "high"      (1957)
                turbidity.  Additional data are presented.

£5^-£_L        ^ "control" was prepared by adding required chemicals to      Cairns and
                distilled water, and this was constantly aerated.  Data           Scheier
                reported are for larger fish, app 14.24 cm  in length. Data        (1959)
                for smaller fish are also in the report.
  £C           "Standard reference water" was described and used as well      Dowden and
                as lake water. Varied results were obtained when evalua-        Bennett
                tions were made in various types of water.                     (1965)
                                                                The purpose of this experiment was to determine whether       Patrick, et al
                                                                 there was a constant relationship between the responses         (1968)
                                                                 of these organisms. From the data presented, there was
                                                                 no apparent relationship of this type. Therefore the
                                                                 authors advise that bioassays on at least 3 components of
                                                                 the food web be made in any situation.
I
m
a
x
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  3]
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-------
0
m
S
o
P Chemical
^ Calcium
O hydroxide
S
X
H
X
m
w
O
•n
O
m
2
5 Calcium
J* hydroxide
E>
Calcium
hydroxide




Calcium
^ hypochlorite
"i
to
.p..








Calcium
hypochlorite














Bioassay
or Field
Organism Study C"
Micropterus BSA
salmoides
Lepomis
machrochirus
Goldfish







Gambusia BSA
affinis

Biomorpholaria BSA
alexandrina
Bulinus
truncatus
Lymnaea
caillaudi
Cylindrospermum L
lichen/forme (CD
Microcystis
aeruginosa (Ma)
Scenedesmus
obliquus (So)
Chlorella
variegata (Cv)
Gomphonema
parvulum (Gp)
Nitzschia
palea (Np)
Blue-green algae L
Cylindrospermum
Anabaena
Anacystis
Calothrix
Nostoc
Oscillatoria
Plectonema
Green algae
Ankistrodesmus
Chlorella
Closterium
Oocystis
Scenedesmus
Stigeoclonium
Zygnema
Toxicity,
Active
Field Ingredient,
Location (2) ppm(3)
100 (O)

100 (O)

100 (O)







220 (T2A)


300 (K1)

300 (K1)

300 (K1)

2.0 (O)











2.0 (0)















Experimental
Variables
Controlled Reference
or Noted*4* Comments (Year)
acfpi The disposal of cannery wastes frequently involves the use Sanborn
~~ of chemicals for treatment purposes. Ferrous sulphate, (1945)
alum, and lime are used in chemical coagulation; sodium
carbonate for acidity control in biological filters; and
sodium nitrate in lagoons for odor control. Lye (sodium
hydroxide) peeling of certain fruits and vegetables is not
uncommon. These chemicals, in whole or part, are dis-
charged in most cases to a stream.
The concentration listed permitted large mouth bass to sur-
vive 3 to 5 hours, bluegills to survive 2 to 4.5 hours, and
goldfish to survive 3 to 3.5 hours.

a c d e g The effect of turbidity on the toxicity of the chemicals was Wallen, et al
~ studied. Test water was from a farm pond with "high" (1957)
turbidity. Additional data are presented.
a The degree of tolerance for vector snails of bilharziasis to Gohar and
various chemicals is somewhat dependent upon tempera- EI-Gindy
ture. The temperature at which (K1) occurred was 28 C. (1961)



a Observations were made on the 3rd, 7th, 14th, and 21st days Palmer and
~~ to give the following (T = toxic, NT = nontoxic, PT = partially Maloney
toxic with number of days in parentheses. No number indi- (1955)
cates observation is for entire test period of 21 days):
Cl -T(3)
Ma - T (3)
So -T(3),PT(7)
Cv - T (3)
Gp-T(3)
Np - T (3)


— Ca(OCI)2 was toxic or partially toxic to all of the algae Kemp, et al
species at the indicated concentration for 28 days. (1966)



































^
^0
m
Z
g
x

^






















-------
;>
to
     Calcium
       nitrate
      Calcium
       nitrate
     Calcium
       nitrate
     Calcium
      nitrate
     Calcium
      sulfate
     Calcium
      sulfate

     Calcium
      sulphate
H  Calcium

-------
n
I
m
S
o
£ Chemical
M
> Calcium
O sulphate
S
X
-t
c.
n
m
w Capric
0 ac.d
O
m
§
^ Caproic
r acid
w
Caprylic
acid

Carbon
chloroform
extract (CCE)


>
K)
ON




Carbon
chloroform
extract (CCE)/
carbon alcohol
extract (CAE)
1/1.48




Carbon
chloroform
extract (CCE)/
carbon alcohol
extract (CAE)
1/1.56
Organism
Nitischia
linearis
Lepomis
macrochirus



Lepomis
macrochirus



Lepomis
macrochirus

Lepomis
macrochirus

Trout



Golden
Shiner


Sunfish



Trout



Red
Shiner
Sunfish



Trout



Red
Shiner
Toxicity, Experimental
Bioassay Active Variables
or Field Field Ingredient, Controlled
Studyd) Location^2) ppm<3> or Noted^
BSA - 3,200 (T5A) ace

2,980 (T4A)




BSA - (O)




BSA - 150-200IT1A) ac


BSA - (O)


BSA - 36(T1A) acdefim
32 (T2A)
28 (T4A)
24 (T5A)
59 (T1A)
52 (T2A)
39 (T4A)
33 (T5A)
56(T1A)
49 (T2A)
45 (T4A)
39 (T5A)
BSA - 130 (T1 A) acdefim
125IT2A)
95 (T4A)
82 (T5A)
No effect up
to 305 (T5A)
166 (T1A)
144IT2A)
1 1 5 (T4A)
103(T5A)
BSA - 138 (T1A) acdefim
130 (T2A)
96 (T4A)
92 (T5A)
No effect up
to 24O (T5A)
Comments
The purpose of this experiment was to determine whether
there was a constant relationship between the responses of
these organisms. From the data presented, there was no
apparent relationship of this type. Therefore the authors
advise that bioassays on at least 3 components of the food
web be made in any situation.

"Standard reference water" was described and used as well
as lake water. Varied results were obtained when evaluations
were made in various types of water.
Chemical is only slightly soluble in water. No toxicity data
were obtained.
"Standard reference water" was described and used as well
as lake water. Varied results were obtained when evaluations
were made in various types of water.
Comment same as above except that compound was very
insoluble in water. No toxicity data were obtained.

The objects of this investigation were the recovery of or-
ganic micropollutantsfrom subsurface and surface
Missouri waters, characterization and identification of these
substances, and evaluation of their toxic effects, both
acute and long-term, in order to develop methods for their
destruction or removal.






Comment same as above.









Comment same as above.





Reference
(Year)
Patrick, et al
(1968)





Dowden and
Bennett
(1965)


Dowden and
Bennett
(1965)
Dowden and
Bennett
(1965)
Smith and
Grigoropoulos
(1968)









Smith and
Grigoropoulos
(1968)







Smith and
Grigoropoulos
(1968)
























5
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m
z
o
X





















-------
    Carbon
     dioxide
Trout
                      BSA
                                                 (O)
    Carbon
     dioxide
     plus
    Carbon
     disulfide
    Carbonic
     acid
m
w
m
Rainbow
 trout
Gambusia
 affinis
Fish
BSA
BSA
                      BSA

*l
to
— 3








S
m
2
O
£
>
z
O
5
X
Cetyldimethyl
ammonium
bromide plus
alkylate ether
alcohol







Cetylpyridinum-
bromide

Cetyltrimethyl-
ammonium
bromide

Chlorauric
acid
Cylindrospermum
lichen/forme (Cl)
Gleocapsa
sp(G)
Scenedesmus
obliquus (So)
Chlorella
variegata (Cv)
Gomphonema
parvulum (Gp)
Nitzschia
palea (Np)
Mlcrocystis
aeruginosa

Microcystis
aeruginosa


Gasterosteus
aculeatus
(O)
135 (T2A)
                           6.5 x 10'4M
                             (K)
                                                                       2.0 (O)
                                                 a cd eg
    Chloride plus
     fluoride
Rainbow
 trout
                                            BSA
                                            BSA
                                                                       2.0 (K)
                                                                       2.0 (K)
                                                                       0.4 (K10)
                                                                       (O)
                                                                                             a, etc
                                                                                             a, etc
No quantitative data are reported. 30 ppm of nitrogen was     Herbert
 added as ammonium chloride. Carbon dioxide in concen-      (1955)
 trations up to 30 ppm reduced the toxicity of the ammonia
 by lowering the pH of the water. Concentrations of
 60 ppm of CC-2 were toxic but not lethal when the concen-
 tration of dissolved oxygen was low. A concentration of
 240 ppm of CO2 was lethal to trout in little more than
 one hour.
The reduction of toxicity of ammonia solutions by the addi-    Alabaster and
 tion of carbon dioxide was due to lowering the pH of the      Herbert
 solution.  60-240 ppm CC"2 in solution was toxic within        (1954)
 12 hr.  30 ppm ammonia nitrogen was toxic, but up to
 30 ppm CO2 increased fish survival time.

The effect of turbidity on the toxicity of the chemicals was     Wallen, et al
 studied. Test water was from a farm pond with "high"         (1957)
 turbidity.  Additional data are presented.

Avoidance behavior of test fish to toxic chemicals is given.      Ishio
 Toxicity is given as the lowest lethal concentration (molar).     (1965)
 Ratios of avoidance and lowest lethal concentration  are
 presented  and discussed.

Observations were made on the 3rd, 7th, 14th, and 21st days    Palmer and
 to give the following (T = toxic, NT  = nontoxic, PT = par-      Maloney
 tially toxic with number of days in parentheses.  No num-      (1955)
 ber indicates observation is for entire test period of
 21 days):
   Cl  -NT
   G  -NT
   So -NT
   Cv -NT
   Gp-NT
   Np-NT

The chemical was tested on a 5-day algae culture, 1 x 106       Fitzgerald, et al
 to 2 x 106 cells/ml, 75ml  total volume.  Chu No. 10           (1952)
 medium was used.

Comment same as above.                                    Fitzgerald, et al
                                                           (1952)

Solutions were made up in tap water.  3.0 to 5.0 cm stickle-     Jones
 back fish were used as experimental  animals.  This paper        (1939)
 points out that there is a marked relationship between the
 toxicity of the metals and their solution pressures. Those
 with low solution pressures were the most toxic.

When trout were exposed to 30 ppm CI" for 48 hours and       Neuhold and
 then challenged with fluoride, the LC^Q of the fluoride was     Sigler
 6 ppm.  No exposure to CI" resulted  in an LCgo of             (1962)
 22 ppm Fl'.
                                                                                                                                                                                      m
                                                                                                                                                                                      O

-------
n
I
m
2
o
£ Chemical
V)
^ Chlorinated
O benzene
S
X
H
3)
m
en
O
Tl
O
m
S
> Chlorinated
[o camphene
(60 percent)









to
00 Chlorine
(from mono-
and di-
chloramines)

Chlorine




Chlorine








Toxicity,
Bioassay Active
or Field Field Ingredient,
Organism Study 'D Location^) ppm(3)
Cylindrospermum L — 2.0 (O)
lichen/forme ICII
Microcystis
aeruginosa (Ma)
Scenedesmus
obliquus (So)
Chlorella
varihgata (Cv)
Gomphoiiema
parvulum {^p)
Nitzschia
palea (Np)
Cylindrospermum L — 2.0 (O)
lichen/forme (CD
Microcystis
aeruginosa (Ma)
Scenedesmus
obliquus (So)
Chlorella
variegata (Cv)
Gomphonema
parvulum (Gp)
Nitzschia
palea (Np)
Salmo BCFA - 0.08 (T7A)
gairdnerii



Naisspp BSA - 1.0 (K)




Chlorella BSA - 0.18(0)
pyrenoidosa
0.42 (O)







Experimental
Variables
Controlled
or Noted W Comments
a Observations were made on the 3rd, 7th, 14th, and 21st days
~~ to give the following (T = toxic, NT = nontoxic, PT = par-
tially toxic with number of days in parentheses. No num-
ber indicates observation is for entire test period of
21 days):
Cl -T
Ma -T
So -T (3),PT (21)
Cv -T
Gp-T
Np-T

a Comment same as above except that:
Cl - PT
Ma-T (14), PT (21)
So -PT (14), NT
Cv -PT
Gp-T (3)
Np-PT (7)





ace The purpose of this paper was to investigate the toxicity of
chlorine to the rainbow trout in solutions containing
ammonia. The toxicity of residual chlorine was dependent
upon the relative proportions of free chlorine and
chloramines.
a f All tests were conducted in hard water. At 1 .0 ppm of chlo-
rine, 95% of the worms were killed after 35 minutes. There
was considerable variation in chlorine tolerance below
2 ppm and contact times from 1-3 hours may be necessary
for a complete kill.
a c i At 0.18 ppm, 1,900 cells/mm^ remained at the end of 4 days
as compared with a count of 2,383 cells/mm^ in controls.
At 0.42 ppm, 500 cells/mm^ remained at the end of 4 days
as compared with a count of 2,383 cells/mm^ in controls.
Chlorine showed an inhibitory effect in 48 hr.
Experiments were carried out in seven-liter containers of
tap water.
By using 0.2 ppm of free chlorine, one might expect not to
reduce the numbers of algae appreciably but to keep the
population constant.
Reference
(Year)
Palmer and
Maloney
(1955)









Palmer and
Maloney
(1955)









Merkens
(1958)



Learner and
Edwards
(1963)


Kott, et al
(1966)




























>
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O
X
>

















-------
30
m
w
o
    3'-chloro-5-
     acetamidosali-
     cylanilide
    p-chlorobenz-
     anilide
    Chlorobenzene
Chlorobenzilate

Chlorobenzilate
4'-chloro-2,5-
 dihydroxy
 diphenyl
 sulphone
S  4 chlorohexyl-
fi   2,6-dinitro-
>   phenol, tech.
E>
Sal mo
 gairdnerii
Carassius
 auratus
                                         BSA
Salmo
 gairdnerii
Carassius
 auratus
Pimephales
 promelas
Lepomis
 macrochirus
Carassius
 auratus
Lebistes
 reticulatus
Daphnia
 magna
Simocephalus
 serrulatus
Daphnia
 pulex
                                         BSA
                                             BSA
                                              BSA

                                              BSA

O
m
O
^
z
o
4'-chloro-5-
bromo-3-
nitrosalicyl-
anilide



Salmo
gairdnerii
Carassius
auratus



                                              BSA
                       Daphnia
                        magna
                       Lymnaeid
                        snails
                                              BSA
                       BSA
                                                                      10.0 (K 3 hr)

                                                                      10.0 (K2)
                                                                      (O)

                                                                      (O)

                                                                      29 (T4A)

                                                                      20 (T4A)

                                                                      45 (T4A)

                                                                      44 (T4A)

                                                                      1.4(0)

                                                                      0.550 (SB)

                                                                      0.870 (SB)
                                                   0.1 (K2)
                                                   1.0 (K 3 hr)
                                                   1.0 (K2)
                                                   10.0 (K3hr)
                                                                                                 a c d
                                                   28.9 (K2A)
                                                                      (0)
 This paper deals with the relations between chemical struc-
  tures of salicylanilides and benzanilides and their toxicity to
  rainbow trout and goldfish. The chemical structure of
  salicylanilides and benzanilides was related to toxicity and
  selectivity to rainbow trout and goldfish.  Salicylanilides
  were more toxic than benzanilides to the fishes. The ortho
  hydroxy substitution of salicylanilide accelerated biological
  activity against fish.  Meta nitro substitution on the salicyl-
  anilides and benzanilides increased toxicity to fish. Similar
  findings are reported for halogens and their relative
  position(s) in the  molecule.
 Comment same as above except that at 10 ppm this chemi-
  cal was not toxic to trout or goldfish.
 Most fish survived at test concentrations of about one half,
  or slightly more, of the TLm value. No attempt was made
  to estimate 100 percent survival.
                                                                                                                                                                            Walker, et al
                                                                                                                                                                             (1966)
.The indicated concentration immobilized Daphnia in
  50 hours.
 Concentration reported is for immobilization.
 Time for immobilization was 48 hr.
 Data cited are for 60 F, but assays were performed at varied
  temperatures.
 "Water Chemistry" (Unspecified) was "controlled" during
  the assay period.
 This paper deals with the relations between chemical struc-
  tures of salicylanilides and benzanilides and their toxicity
  to rainbow trout and  goldfish.  The chemical structure of
  salicylanilides and benzanilides was related to toxicity and
  selectivity  to rainbow trout and goldfish.  Salicylanilides
  were more toxic than benzanilides to the fishes.  The ortho
  hydroxy substitution of salicylanilide accelerated biologi-
  cal activity against fish. Meta nitro substitution on the
  salicylanilides and benzanilides increased toxicity to fish.
  Similar findings are reported for halogens and their relative
  position(s) in the molecule.
 An attempt was made to correlate the biological action with
  the chemical reactivity of selected  chemical substances.
  Results indicated a considerable correlation between the
  aquarium fish toxicity and antiautocatalytic potency of
  the chemicals in marked contrast to their toxicity on
  systemic administration.
 Each test container, 500-ml beaker, was filled with ditch
  water. 100% mortality occurred in concentrations of
  1:400,000 and greater.
                                                                                                                                                                           Walker, et al
                                                                                                                                                                             (1966)
                                                                                                                                                                           Pickering and
                                                                                                                                                                             Henderson
                                                                                                                                                                             (1966)
                                                                                                                                                                           Anderson
                                                                                                                                                                             (1960)
                                                                                                                                                                           Sanders and
                                                                                                                                                                             Cope
                                                                                                                                                                             (1966)
                                                                                                                                                                           Walker, et al
                                                                                                                                                                            (1966)
o
X
                                                                                                                                                    Sollman
                                                                                                                                                    (1949)
                                                                                                                                                    Batte, et al
                                                                                                                                                     (1951)

-------
o
I
m
P
r- Chemical
^ 2'-chloro-5'-
O methyl-3-nitro-
2 salicylanilide
X
C
m 2'-chloro-3-
w nitrosalicyl-
^ anilide
O
I
m
§ 2'-chloro-5-
0 nitrosalicyl-
p anilide


3'-chloro-3-
nitrosalicyl-
anilide


3'-chloro-5-
-^ nitrosalicyl-
' anilide
O

4'-chloro-3-
nitrosalicyl-
anilide


4'-chloro-5-
nitrosalicyl-
anilide


m-chlorophenol



o-chlorophenol




Organism
Sea lamprey
(larva)
Salmo
gairdneri
(fingerling)
Sea lamprey
(larva)
Salmo
gairdneri
(fingerling)
Sea lamprey
(larva)
Salmo
gairdneri
(fingerling)
Sea lamprey
(larva)
Salmo
gairdneri
(fingerling)
Sea lamprey
(larva)
Salmo
gairdneri
(fingerling)
Sea lamprey
(larva)
Salmo
gairdneri
(fingerling)
Sea lamprey
(larva)
Salmo
gairdneri
(fingerling)
Carassius
auratus


Carassius
auratus



Toxicity,
Bioassay Active
or Field Field Ingredient,
Study*1) Location<2) ppmO)
BSA - 0.7 (LD10rj)

1.0 (LD25)


BSA - 3.0 (K)

(0)


BSA - 0.9 (K)

(0)


BSA - 0.3 (K)

(0)


BSA - 15.0IK)

(0)


BSA - 0.3 (K)

(0)


BSA - 0.5 (K)

(0)


BSA - 70.5 to 219
(K8hr)
61.7 (O)
20.6 (O)
BSA - 142 to 311
(K8hr)
104 (O)
82.8 (O)
10.0 (O)
Experimental
Variables
Controlled
or Noted (4) Comments
See This paper deals with the comparative toxicity of halonitro-
Applegate, salicylanilides to sea lamprey and fingerling rainbow trout
et al as a function of substituent loci.
(1957-1958)

Ditto Comment same as above.

70 ppm killed 25%.


' Comment same as above.

3.0 ppm killed 25%.


' Comment same as above.

0.9 ppm killed 25%.


Comment same as above.

15.0 ppm killed 25%.


" Comment same as above.

0.7 ppm killed 25%.


" Comment same as above.

1.0 ppm killed 25%.


a Temperature in test containers was maintained at 27 ± 0.2 C.
~~ Goldfish tested weighed between 2 and 4 g.
m-chlorophenol, 61.7 mg per liter, killed 93% of the fish
in 8 hr; 20.6 mg per liter killed 62% in 8 hr.
a Comment same as above except that o-chlorophenol,
~ 104 mg per liter, killed 83% of the fish in 8 hr; 82.8 mg
per liter killed 64% in 8 hr; and 10.0 mg per liter
killed 20% in 8 hr.

Reference
(Year)
Starkey and
Howell
(1966)


Starkey and
Howell
(1966)


Starkey and
Howell
(1966)


Starkey and
Howell
(1966)


Starkey and
Howell
(1966)


Starkey and
Howell
(1966)


Starkey and
Howell
(1966)


Gersdorff and
Smith
(1940)

Gersdorff and
Smith
(1940)






















>
•o
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X
>



















-------
p-chlorophenol
4'-chloro-2',
 5'-dimethoxy-
 3-nitrosali-
 cylanilide
Carassius
 auratus
Salmo
 gairdnerii
Carassius
 auratus





>
O
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O
m
5
g
J*
>
Z
O
2
*
c
3D
m
CO
O
T*
O
X
m
2
5'-chloro-3,
5-dinitro-2-
benzanilide

2'-chloro-3,
5-dinitro-
benzanilide

3'-chloro-3,
5-dinitro-
benzanilide

3'-chloro-3,5-
dinitro-o-
benzotoluidide

S'-chloro-3,
5-dinitro-p-
benzotoluidide

5'-chloro-3,
5-dinitro-3-
benzotoluidide

2'-chloro-3',
4'-dinitro-
salicylanilide

Chloroform



Salmo
gairdnerii
Carassius
auratus
Salmo
gairdnerii
Carassius
auratus
Salmo
gairdnerii
Carassius
auratus
Salmo
gairdnerii
Carassius
auratus
Salmo
gairdnerii
Carassius
auratus
Salmo
gairdnerii
Carassius
auratus
Salmo
gairdnerii
Carassius
auratus
Pygosteus
pungitius


                                         BSA
BSA
                                         BSA
                                         BSA
                                         BSA
                                         BSA
                                         BSA
                                         BSA
                                         BSA
                                         BCF
54.3 to 190
 (KShr)
47.5 (O)
12.7 (O)
6.3 (O)
1.0 (KShr)

1.0 (K2)
10.0 (KShr)
                                                  (O)

                                                  (O)

                                                  (O)

                                                  (O)

                                                  (O)

                                                  (O)

                                                  10.0 (K 3 hr)

                                                  (O)

                                                  (O)

                                                  (O)

                                                  10.0 (K 3 hr)
                                                   (KSmin.)
                                                  (O)

                                                  1.0 (KShr)

                                                  1.0 K (K2)
                                                  10.0 (KShr)
                                                  (O)
                                                                                                         Comment same as above except that p-chlorophenol, 47.5 mg   Gersdorff and
                                                                                                          per liter, killed 85% of the fish in 8 hr; 12.7 mg per liter        Smith
                                                                                                          killed 75% in 8 hr; and 6.3 mg per liter killed 54% in 8 hr.       (1940)
                                                                This paper deals with the relations between chemical struc-      Walker, et al
                                                                  tures of salicylanilides and benzanilides and their toxicity to    (1966)
                                                                  rainbow trout and goldfish. The chemical structure of sali-
                                                                  cylanilides and benzanilides was related to toxicity and
                                                                  selectivity to rainbow trout and goldfish. Salicylanilides
                                                                  were more toxic than benzanilides to the fishes. The ortho
                                                                  hydroxy substitution of salicylanilide accelerated biological
                                                                  activity against fish.  Meta nitro substitution on the salicyl-
                                                                  anilides and benzanilides increased toxicity to fish.  Similar
                                                                  findings are reported for halogens and their relative
                                                                  position(s) in the molecule.
                                                                Comment same as above except that at 10 ppm the chemical    Walker, et al
                                                                  was not toxic to trout.  At 1.0 ppm, 1 out of  10 goldfish        (1966)
                                                                  died. This may not be valid since at 10 ppm,  no fish were
                                                                  killed.
                                                                Comment same as above except that at 10 ppm this chemical    Walker, et al
                                                                  was not toxic to trout or goldfish.                             (1966)
                                                                Comment same as above except that at 10.0 ppm the chem-    Walker, et al
                                                                 ical was toxic to 7 out of 10 trout in 48 hours. No goldfish      (1966)
                                                                 were killed at this and lower concentrations.

                                                                Comment same as above except that at 10 ppm the chemical    Walker, et al
                                                                 was not toxic to goldfish. Precipitation occurred at 10 ppm.     (1966)
                                                                Comment same as above except that at 10.0 ppm the chem-    Walker, et al
                                                                 ical was toxic to 2 out of 10 trout in 48 hours. The chem-      (1966)
                                                                 ical was not toxic to goldfish at 10.0 ppm.

                                                                Comments same as above except that at 10 ppm the chem-     Walker, et al
                                                                 ical was not toxic to goldfish.                                (1966)
                                                                                                         Comment same as above except data cited.                    Walker, et al
                                                                                                                                                                    (1966)
                                                                                                         A 1/2000 solution anaesthetized or killed very rapidly.         Jones
                                                                                                          1/5000 and 1/10000 induced an avoidance reaction in          (1947)
                                                                                                          the fish.
                                                                                                                                                                                    m

-------
CHEMICALS
2
O
3
X
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c
3)
m
01
0
o
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s
o

EJ








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\






















Chemical
Chloroform






3'-chloro-
3-hydroxy-
benzanilide









4'-chloro-3-
hydroxybenz-
anilide

2'-chloro-2-
nitrobenz-
anilide

3'-chloro-2-
nitrobenz-
anilide

2'-chloro-3-
nitrobenz-
anilide

2'-chloro-4-
nitrobenz-
anilide

3'-chloro-3-
nitrobenz-
anilide

3'-chloro-4-
nitrobenz-
anilide

Organism
Sewage
organisms





Salmo
gairdnerii
Carassius
auratus








Salmo
gairdnerii
Carassius
auratus
Salmo
gairdnerii
Carassius
auratus
Salmo
gairdnerii
Carassius
auratus
Salmo
gairdnerii
Carassius
auratus
Salmo
gairdnerii
Carassius
auratus
Salmo
gairdnerii
Carassius
auratus
Salmo
gairdneri
Carassius
auratus
Toxicity,
Bioassay Active
or Field Field Ingredient,
Studyd) Location<2) ppm(3)
BOD - (NTE)






BSA - 10.0 (K2)

(0)









BSA - 10.0 (K2)

(0)

BSA - (O)

(0)

BSA - 10.0 (K2)

(O)

BSA - 10.0 (K2)

(0)

BSA - (O)

(0)

BSA - 10.0 (K 3 hr)

10.0 (K2)

BSA - (O)

(0)

Experimental
Variables
Controlled
or NotedW Comments
a The purpose of this paper was to devise a toxicity index for
~ industrial wastes. Results are recorded as the toxic concen-
tration producing 50 percent inhibition (TCsfj) of oxygen
utilization as compared to controls. Five toxigrams de-
picting the effect of the chemicals on BOD were devised
and each chemical classified.

a This paper deals with the relations between chemical struc-
~ tures of salicylanilides and benzanilides and their toxicity
to rainbow trout and goldfish. The chemical structure of
salicylanilides and benzanilides was related to toxicity and
selectivity to rainbow trout and goldfish. Salicylanilides
were more toxic than benzanilides to the fishes. The ortho
hydroxy substitution of salicylanilide accelerated biological
activity against fish. Meta nitro substitution on the salicyl-
anilides and benzanilides increased toxicity to fish. Similar
findings are reported for halogens and their relative
position(s) in the molecule. At 10.0 ppm, the chemical
was toxic to 7 out of 10 goldfish at 48 hours.
a Comment same as above except that at 10.0 ppm the chem-
ical was toxic to 2 out of 10 goldfish in 48 hours.


a Comment same as above except that this chemical was not
toxic to trout or goldfish at 10 ppm.


a Comment same as above except that at 10.0 ppm the chem-
~ ical was toxic to 6 out of 10 goldfish at 48 hours.


a Comment same as above except that at 10 ppm the chem-
ical was toxic to 1 out of 10 fish in 48 hours.


a Comment same as above except that at 1 0 ppm this chem-
ical was not toxic to trout or goldfish.


a Comment same as above except data cited.



a Comment same as above except that no fish were killed at
1 0 ppm.


Reference
(Year)
Hermann
(1959)





Walker, et al
(1966)










Walker, et al
(1966)


Walker, et al
(1966)


Walker, et al



Walker, et al
(1966)


Walker, et al
(1966)


Walker, et al
(1966)


Walker, et al
(1966)
























^
•o
m
g
x

^




















-------
OJ
2
O
•33
m
w
3
4'-chloro-2-
 nitrobenz-
 anilide

5'-chloro-4-
 nitrobenz-
 anilide

3'-chloro-3-
 nitro-p-benzo-
 toluidide

5'-chloro-2-
 nitrophenol
 (free phenol)
Chloronitro-
 propane
5'-chloro-3-
 nitro-o-sali-
 sylanilide
      2'-chloro-5-
       nitrosalicyl-
       anilide

      3'-chloro-3-
       nitrosalicyl-
       anilide

      4'-chloro-3-
       nitrosalicyl-
       anilide
Salmo
 gairdnerii
Carassius
 auratus
Salmo
 gairdnerii
Carassius
 auratus
Salmo
 gairdnerii
Carassius
 auratus
Petromyzon
 marinus
Salmo
 gairdnerii
S.  trutta
Protococcus sp
Chlorella sp
Dunaliella
 euchlora
Phaeodactylum
 tricornutum
Monochrysis
 lutheri
Salmo
 gairdnerii
Carassius
 auratus
BSA



BSA



BSA




BSA

BSA

BSA
BSA
                                               BSA
Salmo
 gairdnerii
Carassius
 auratus
Salmo
 gairdnerii
Carassius
 auratus
Salmo
 gairdnerii
Carassius
 auratus
                                             BSA
                                             BSA
                                             BSA
                                                                         10.0 (K2)

                                                                         10.0 (K2)

                                                                         10.0 (K2)

                                                                         (O)

                                                                         (O)

                                                                         (O)

                                                                         3(K 100%)

                                                                         5(K10%)

                                                                         5(K 10%)
                                                                         80 (K)
                                                                         80 (K)
                                                                         80 (K)

                                                                         80 (K)

                                                                         80 (K)

                                                                         1.0 (K3A)

                                                                         10.0IK3A)
                                                                     10.0 (K 3 hr)

                                                                     10.0(K3hr)

                                                                     1.0 (K2)
                                                                     10.0(K3hrs)
                                                                     10.0 (K 3 hrs)
                                                                     1.0(K2)
                                                                     1.0(K3hr)

                                                                     0.1 (K2)
                                                                     1.0(K3hr)
                                                                                                                Comment same as above except data cited.
                                                                                                                Comment same as above except that at 10.0 ppm the chem-
                                                                                                                 ical was toxic to 6 out of 10 goldfish in 48 hours.
                                                                                                                Comment same as above except that chemical precipitated
                                                                                                                 at 10 ppm, and the chemical was not toxic to trout.  At
                                                                                                                 0.1 ppm the chemical was toxic to 1 out of 10 goldfish.

                                                                                                                Mortality occurred in approximately 24 hr.  This was a
                                                                                                                 study on controlling sea lamprey larvae.
                                                                                                                This paper concerns the growth of pure cultures of marine
                                                                                                                 plankton in the presence of toxicants. Results were ex-
                                                                                                                 pressed as the ratio of optical density of growth in the
                                                                                                                 presence of toxicants to optical density in the basal
                                                                                                                 medium with no added toxicants.
                                                                 This paper deals with the relations between chemical struc-
                                                                  tures of salicylanilides and benzanilides and their toxicity
                                                                  to rainbow trout and goldfish. The chemical structure of
                                                                  salicylanilides and benzanilides was related to toxicity and
                                                                  selectivity to rainbow trout and goldfish. Salicylanilides
                                                                  were more toxic than benzanilides to the fishes. The ortho
                                                                  hydroxy substitution of salicylanilide accelerated biological
                                                                  activity against fish.  Meta nitro substitution on the salicyl-
                                                                  anilides and benzanilides increased toxicity to fish.  Similar
                                                                  findings are reported for halogen and their relative
                                                                  position(s) in the molecule.
                                                                 Comment same as above.
                                                                                                              Comment same as above.
                                                                 Comment same as above.
                                                                                                                                                   Walker, et al
                                                                                                                                                    (1966)
                                                                                                                                                   Walker, et al
                                                                                                                                                    (1966)
                                                                                                                                                   Walker, et al
                                                                                                                                                    (1966)
                                                                                                                                                   Ball
                                                                                                                                                    (1966)
                                                                                                                                                   Ukeles
                                                                                                                                                    (1962)
                                                                                                                                                                           Walker, et al
                                                                                                                                                                           (1966)
                                                                                                                                                                   I
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                                                                                                                                                                   O
                                                                                                                                                                   X
                                                                                                                                                                          Walker, et al
                                                                                                                                                                           (1966)
                                                                                                                                                                         Walker, et al
                                                                                                                                                                           (1966)
                                                                                                                                                                         Walker, et al
                                                                                                                                                                           (1966)

-------
o
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£ Chemical
to .. ., .
^ 4'-chloro-5-
O nitrosalicyl-
2 anilide
X
H
c
3
m
O
-n
0
m
2
O 3'-chloro-2-
J* nitro-o-benz-
w otoluidide

3'-chloro-3-
nitro-o-
salicylotolu-
idide
6'-chloro-3-
nitro-o-sahcy-
5> lotoluidide
OJ
4'-chloro-3-
nitro-o-salicyl-
otoluidide

2'-chloro-3-
nitro-p-sa-
licylotoluidide

Chlorophenol
(meta)


o-chloro-
phenol

o-chloro-
phenol





Bioassay
or Field
Organism Study 'D
Salmo BSA
gairdnerii
Carassius
auratus








Salmo BSA
gairdnerii
Carassius
auratus
Salmo BSA
gairdnerii
Carassius
auratus
Salmo BSA
gairdnerii
Carassius
auratus
Salmo BSA
gairdnerii
Carassius
auratus
Salmo BSA
gairdnerii
Carassius
auratus
Minnows BSA



Lepomis BSA
macrochirus

Pimephales BSA
promelas
Lepomis
macrochirus
Carassius auratus
Lebistes
reticulatus
Toxicity,
Active
Field Ingredient,
Location'2) ppm '3)
1.0 (K2)

1.0 (K2)
10.0 (K 3 hr)








(0)

(0)

1.0 (K2)
10.0 (K 3hr)
10.0 (K2)

10.0 (K2)

(0)

1.0(K3hr)

10.0 (K 3 hr)

1.0(K3hr)

1.0 (K3hr)

18.0 (T1A)



8.1 (T2A)


12IT4A)

10 (T4A)

14 (T4A)
23 (T4A)

Experimental
Variables
Controlled
or Noted^) Comments
a This paper deals with the relations between chemical struc-
~ tures of salicylanilides and benzanilides and their toxicity
to rainbow trout and goldfish. The chemical structure of
salicylanilides and benzanilides was related to toxicity and
selectivity to rainbow trout and goldfish. Salicylanilides
were more toxic than benzanilides to the fishes. The ortho
hydroxy substitution of salicylanilide accelerated biological
activity against fish. Meta nitro substitution on the salicyl-
anilides and benzanilides increased toxicity to fish. Similar
findings are reported for halogens and their relative
position(s) in the molecule.

a Comment same as above except that this chemical was not
~ toxic to trout or goldfish at 10 ppm.


a Comment same as above except data cited.



a Comment same as above except that this chemical was not
toxic to goldfish at 10 ppm.


a Comment same as above except data cited.



a Comment same as above.



e In the halophenols, the ortho was less toxic than the meta
or para. All of the monohalophenols were less toxic than
the 2,4,6-trihalophenols. Some data on biodegradability of
halophenols were presented.
a c d e f g i o Assays are completely described and autopsy data are
reported.

a c d Most fish survived at test concentrations of about one half
or slightly more of the TLm value. No attempt was made
to estimate 100 percent survival.




Reference
(Year)
Walker, et al
(1966)










Walker, et al
(1966)


Walker, et al
(1966)


Walker, et al
(1966)


Walker, et al
(1966)


Walker, et al
(1966)


Ingols and
Gaffney
(1965)

Lammering and
Burbank
(1961)
Pickering and
Henderson
(1966)

























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-------
    Chlorophenol
     (ortho)
    p-chlorophenol
    Chlorophenol
     (para)
3-(p-chloro-
 phenol)-1,1-
 dimethyl-
 urea
Bis (p-chloro-
 phenoxy)
 methane

P-chloro-
 phenyl-p-
 chloroben-
 zenesulfamate
m
2
O
O  3-chloro-
2   propene

|
•X
m
OT
o
m
S
                  Minnows              BSA
                  Hyborhynchus         BSA
                   notatus
                  Minnows              BSA
Cylindrospermum      L
 lichen/forme (Cl)
Microcystis
 aeruginosa (Ma)
Scenedesmus
 obliquus (So)
Chlorella
 variegata (Cv)
Gomphonema
 parvulum (Gp)
Nitzschia
 palea (Np)
Bluegill               BSA
Cylindrospermum      L
 lichen/forme (Cl)
Microcystis
 aeruginosa (Ma)
Scenedesmus
 obliquus (So)
Chlorella
 variegata (Cv)
Gomphonema
 parvulum (Gp)
Nitzschia
 palea (Np)
Pimephales            BSA
 promelas
Lepomis
 macrochirus
Carassius
 auratus
Lebistes
 reticulatus
                                                                   58 (T1A)
                                                                   (O)
                                                                   14 (T1A)
                                                                       2.0 (O)
                                                                       (0)
                                                                       2.0 (O)
                                                                       24 (T4A)

                                                                       42 (T4A)

                                                                       22 (T4A)

                                                                       48 (T4A)
                                                                                          *c d
                                                                                                           In the halophenols, the ortho was less toxic than the meta       Ingols and
                                                                                                            or para. All of the monohalophenols were less toxic than       Gaffney
                                                                                                            the 2,4,6-trihalophenols. Some data on biodegradability        (1965)
                                                                                                            of halophenols were presented.
                                                                                                           Fish in aquaria were trained to detect and distinguish between   Hasler and
                                                                                                            phenol and p-chlorophenol at levels as low as 0.0005 ppm.      Wisby
                                                                                                            The fish could also distinguish o-chlorophenol from the two     (1949)
                                                                                                            other compounds. The training method is described.
                                                                                                           In the halophenols, the ortho was less toxic than the meta       Ingols and
                                                                                                            or para. All of the monohalophenols were less toxic than       Gaffney
                                                                                                            the 2,4,6-trihalophenols. Some data on biodegradability        (1965)
                                                                                                            of halophenols were presented.
                                                                                                           Observations were made on the  3rd, 7th, 14th, and 21st days    Palmer and
                                                                                                            to give the following (T = toxic, NT = nontoxic, PT = partially   Maloney
                                                                                                            toxic with number of days in parentheses. No number indi-     (1955)
                                                                                                            cates observation is for entire test period of 21 days):
                                                                                                              Cl -PT (7),T (21)
                                                                                                              Ma-T
                                                                                                              So -T (7),PT (21)
                                                                                                              Cv -T (3),PT (14)
                                                                                                              Gp-T
                                                                                                              Np-T
                                                                                                       No mortality occurred at 0.05 ppm and very low mortality     Linduska and
                                                                                                        at 0.10 ppm. All fish died when the concentration was         Surber
                                                                                                        0.2 ppm.                                                 (1948)
                                                                                                       Observations were made on the 3rd, 7th, 14th, and 21st days    Palmer and
                                                                                                        to give the following (T = toxic, NT = nontoxic, PT = partially  Maloney
                                                                                                        toxic with number of days in parentheses. No number indi-     (1955)
                                                                                                        cates observation is for entire test period of 21  days):
                                                                                                         Cl - PT (3)
                                                                                                         Ma-PT(14)
                                                                                                         So - PT (7)
                                                                                                         Cv -NT
                                                                                                         Gp - PT (7)
                                                                                                         Np-T (3)
                                                                                                       Most fish survived at test concentrations of about one half,     Pickering and
                                                                                                        or slightly more, of the TLm value. No attempt was made       Henderson
                                                                                                        to estimate 100 percent survival.                              (1966)
                                                                                                                                                                                     •o
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CHEMICALS
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£








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Chemical
4, chJoro-o-
toloxy-
acetic
acid








Chromic
acid





Chromic
chloride

Chromic
sulfate
Chromic
sulfate

Chromic
sulfate




Chromic
sulfate

Chromic
sulfate plus
sodium di-
chromate
Chromium,
hexavalent


Bioassay
or Field
Organism Study (D
Cylindrospermum L
lichen/forme (Cl)
Microcystis
aeruginosa (Ma)
Scenedesmus
obliquus (So)
Chlorella
variegata (Cv)
Gomphonema
parvulum (Gp)
Nitzschia
palea (Np)
Daphnia BSA
magna





Daphnia BSA
magna

BOD L

Sewage BOD
organisms

Sewage BOD
organisms




Daphnia BSA
magna

Lymnaea sp BSA
(eggs)


Bluegill, F
pumpkinseed
sunfish, and
orangespots
Toxicity,
Active
Field Ingredient,
Location'2' ppm'3)
2.0 (0)











O.6 (0)






«3.6 (S)


1.0(0)

- (O)


117ITC50)





0.1 (T1A)
0.03 (T2A)

0.2 (T1A)



Wood- (O)
stock.
III.

Experimental
Variables
Controlled
or Noted'4' Comments
a Observations were made on the 3rd, 7th, 14th, and 21st days
~~ to give the following (T = toxic, NT = nontoxic, PT = partially
toxic with number of days in parentheses. No number indi-
cates observation is for entire test period of 21 days):
Cl -T(3)
Ma -NT
So -NT
Cv -NT
Gp-T(3)
Np - T (3)


a c This paper deals with the toxicity thresholds of various sub-
~ stances found in industrial wastes determined by the use
of D. magna. Centrifuged Lake Erie water was used as a
diluent in the bioassay. Threshold concentration was defined
as the highest concentration which would just fail to im-
mobilize the animals under prolonged (theoretically infinite)
exposure.
a Lake Erie water was used as diluent. Toxicity given as
~ threshold concentration producing immobilization for
exposure periods of 64 hr.
j "Toxicity" is expressed as 10 percent reduction in oxygen
utilization.
— Chromate ion is less toxic than chromic. 1 .0 ppm produced
a 10% oxygen depletion as compared to a control, and
10 ppm produced a 30% depletion.
a The purpose of this paper was to devise a toxicity index for
~ industrial wastes. Results are recorded as the toxic con-
centration producing 50 percent inhibition (TCsg) of
oxygen utilization as compared to controls. Five toxigrams
depicting the effect of the chemicals on BOD were devised
and each chemical classified.
a c "Standard reference water" was described and used as well
as lake water. Varied results were obtained when evaluations
were made in various types of water.
a c Comment same as above.



c At chromium concentrations above 50 ppm, the range of
survival was such that no general curve could be applied
to the data plotted on the chart.

Reference
(Year)
Palmer and
Maloney
(1955)









Anderson
(1944)





Anderson
(1948)

Ingols
(1955)
Ingols
(1954)

Hermann
(1959)




Dowden and
Bennett
(1965)
Dowden and
Bennett
(1965)

Klassen, et al
(1948)























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-------
    Chromium
    Chromium
     (hexavalent)
Chromium
 (hexavalent)

Chromium (as
 chromate)
    Chromium
    Chromium
Chlorococcum
 variegatus
C. humicola
Scenedesmus
 obliquus
Lepocinclis
 steinii
Sal mo
 gairdnerii
Lepomis
 macrochirus
                      Salmo
                       gairdnerii
                      Salmo
                       gairdnerii
                       Rainbow
                        trout
                                            BSA
                      BSCH
                                                 6.4-16.0 (O)

                                                 3.2-6.4 (O)
                                                 3.2-6.4 (O)

                                                 0.32-1.6(0)

                                                 2.5 (O)
                                            FR
                                                                       110IT4A)
                                                 5(K15)*
                                                 10 (K15)**
                                                 12.5 (K15)*
                                                 * 40% kill
                                                 **80% kill
                                                 2.5 (O)
                                     Scotland     20 (NTE)
                                                                      a c d f q
                                                                                            a c e f I m
              Chromium as dichromate was evaluated in two different        Hervey
               tests. The concentrations reported are a range which           (1949)
               completely inhibited growth for 56 days. Concentra-
               tions as low as 0.0001  to 0.032 ppm stimulated growth
               up to 33 days of C. humicola, S. obliquus, and  L. steinii.
               Data for a flagellate and two diatoms are also presented.

              For accumulation studies, fish were exposed for periods up     Knoll and
               to 24 days.  For elimination studies, fish were exposed for      Fromm
               12 days, then placed in fresh water from 5 to 25. Chro-        (1960)
               mium in the blood never exceeded the concentration of
               the surrounding water. All other tissues except muscle
               accumulated concentrations in excess of that in the water.
               Chromium was eliminated rapidly from blood,  liver,
               stomach, pyloric caeca, and posterior gut.  The spleen lost
               little of its chromium even after being in fresh water for
               25 days. The kidney lost about 50% of its chromium in
               25 days of fresh water exposure.
              Soft water was used.  Alkalinity and hardness significantly      Trama and
               reduced the toxicity of hexavalent chromium.                 Benoit
                                                                         (1960)
              This study is concerned with the measurement of chromium     Fromm and
               in trout before and after exposure. Chromium  uptake is        Stokes
               passive, and  the amount accumulated is dependent on the       (1962)
               concentration in water and duration of exposure.
              Trout were exposed to 2.5 ppm of chromium as chromate      Stokes and
               in tap water for one week.  The in vitro glucose transport       Fromm
               by gut segments from these animals was compared to that      (1965)
               of segments from untreated fish. The values from the
               treated animals was 40 percent lower than the controls.
              This work represents an extension of laboratory studies of      Herbert, et al
               the toxicity of complex effluents to investigations of           (1965)
=  Chromium
O
O
30
m
O
m
o
Mixture:
 Chromium (a)-
 naphthenic acids
 (b)-cyanide (c)
 	Mixture

Chromium
 chloride
Gasterosteus
 aculeatus
Lepomis
 macrochirus
                      Sewage
                        organisms
                                            BSA
                                            BSA
                                            BOD
                                                 1.0(0)
                                                 (a) 0.019 (T4A)
                                                 (b) 4.74 (T4A)
                                                 (c) 0.26 (T4A)
                                                                       0.18(0)
ji^e          This is a discussion of a bioassay method using stickleback
               fish and spectrophotometric determinations of the chem-
               icals evaluated.  The number listed is said to be the
               "toxic limit" for the fish.

a c d e         All fish were acclimatized for 2 weeks in a synthetic dilu-
               tion water.
                                                                                     Various metal salts were studied in relation to how they af-
                                                                                      fected the BOD of both raw and treated sewage as well as
                                                                                      how they affected the processing of sewage in the treatment
                                                                                      plant. BOD was used as the parameter to measure the effect
                                                                                      of the chemical. The chemical concentration cited is the
                                                                                      ppm required to reduce the BOD values by 50%. This chem-
                                                                                      ical was tested in an unbuffered system.
                                                                                                                                               Hawksley
                                                                                                                                                (1967)
                                                                                                                                                                     Cairns and
                                                                                                                                                                      Scheier
                                                                                                                                                                      (1968)
                                                                                                                                               Sheets
                                                                                                                                                (1957)

-------
CHEMICALS
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Chemical
Chromium
chromate

Chromium
dichromate

Chromium
oxide




Chromium
potassium
sulfate





Chromium
sulfate



Citric
acid





Citric
acid




Cobalt









Organism
Lepomis
macrochirus

Lepomis
macrochirus

Sewage
organisms




Pimephales
promelas
Lepomis
macrochirus
Carassius
auratus
Lebistes
reticulatus
Gasterosteus
aculeatus



Daphnia
magna





Biomorpholaria
a. alexandrina
Bulinus
truncatus
L ymnaea
caillaudi
Lebistes
reticulatus
Bufo
valliceps
(tadpoles)
Daphnia
magna



Toxicity, Experimental
Bioassay Active Variables
or Field Field Ingredient, Controlled
Study<1' Location<2) ppm'3) or Noted'4'
BSA - 170 (T4A) acdfq


BSA - 113IT4A) acde


BOD - 4.0 (O)





BSA - (S) 5.07 (T4A) cdef
(H) 67.4 (T4A)
(S) 7.46 (T4A)
(H) 71.9 (T4A)
(S) 4.10 (T4A)

(S) 3.33 (T4A)

BSA - 1.2 (K10)




BSA - 153 (O) ac






BSA - 1200(K1A) a

1000 (K1A)

800 (K1A)

L - 100.0 (K) ace

100.0 (K)


50.0 (K)




Comments
Soft water was used. Alkalinity and hardness significantly
reduced the toxicity of this form of chromium.

All fish were acclimatized for 2 weeks in a synthetic dilution
water.

The purpose of this experiment was to determine whether
there was a constant relationship between the responses
of these organisms. From the data presented, there was no
apparent relationship of this type. Therefore the authors
advise that bioassays on at least 3 components of the food
web be made in any situation.
(S) Soft water
(H) Hard water
Values are expressed as mg/l of chromium.





Solutions were made up in tap water. 3.0 to 5.0 cm stickle-
back fish were used as experimental animals. This paper
points out that there is a marked relationship between the
toxicity of the metals and their solution pressures. Those
with low solution pressures were the most toxic.
This paper deals with the toxicity thresholds of various sub-
stances found in industrial wastes as determined by the use
of D. magna. Centrifuged Lake Erie water was used as a
diluent in the bioassay. Threshold concentration was de-
fined as the highest concentration which would just fail to
immobilize the animals under prolonged (theoretically
infinite) exposure.
The degree of tolerance for vector snails of biharziasis chem-
icals is somewhat dependent upon temperature. The tem-
perature at which (K1 A) occurred was 27 C for Bulinus and
Biornphalaria and 28 C for Lymnaea.


It is assumed in this experiment that the cations considered
are toxic because they combine with an essential sulfhydryl
group attached to a key enzyme. This treatment indicates
that the metals which form the most insoluble sulf ides are
the most toxic. The log of the concentration of the metal
ion is plotted against the log of the solubility product con-
stant of the metal sulfide — a treatment that does not lend
itself to tabulation. The cation toxicity cited is only an ap-
proximate concentration interpolated from a graph. Time
of death was not cpecified.
Reference
(Year)
Trama and
Benoit
(1960)
Cairns and
Scheier
(1968)
Sheets
(1957)




Pickering and
Henderson
(1965)





Jones
(1939)



Anderson
(1944)





Gohar and
EI-Gindy
(1961)



Shaw and
Grushkin
(1967)







TJ
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 Tl
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     Cobalt
      chloride

     Cobalt
      chloride
     Cobalt
      chloride

     Cobaltous
      chloride
     Cobalt
      nitrate
     Copper
     Cu
Copper ion
 (copper
 chloride and
 copper
 sulfate
                   Daphnia
                    magna

                   Sewage
                    organisms
                  Limnaea
                    palustris
                      BSA
                      BOD
                   Daphnia
                    magna
                      BSA
                      BSA
                            <3.1 (S)


                            64.0 (TC50)





                            4x 10-5 M (K1)



                            <26 (O)
                                                                         a c
                   Gasterosteus
                    aculeatus
                   Carassius
                    carassius
                      BSA
                      BSA
                            10(K10)
                            (O)
     Copper
Nemacheilus
 barbatulus

Lepomis
 macrochirus
                   Sewage
                    organisms
BCH
BCH


BSA
                      BOD
                                                        England
                                                        England
0.28 (K)
0.20-0.30 (K)

0.74 (T4A)
0.94 (T2A)
                            (O)
                                                                                                a c d e
Lake Erie water was used as diluent.  Toxicity given as          Anderson
 threshold concentration producing immobilization for          (1948)
 exposure periods of 64 hr.
The purpose of this paper was to devise a toxicity index for     Hermann
 industrial wastes.  Results are recorded as the toxic concen-     (1959)
 tration producing 50 percent inhibition (TCgo) of oxygen
 utilization as compared to controls.  Five toxigrams depict-
 ing the effect of the chemicals on BOD were devised and
 each chemical classified.
Toxicity is given in molar concentrations for maximum direct   Morrill
 mortality (kill)  in 4 hours.                                   (1963)

This paper deals with the toxicity thresholds of various sub-     Anderson
 stances found in industrial wastes as determined by the use      (1944)
 of D. magna. Centrifuged  Lake Erie water was used as a
 diluent in the bioassay. Threshold concentration was defined
 as the highest concentration which would just fail to im-
 mobilize the animals under prolonged (theoretically infinite)
 exposure.
Solutions were made up in tap water.  3.0 to 5.0 cm stickle-     Jones
 back fish were used as experimental animals.  This paper         (1939)
 points out that there is a marked relationship between the
 toxicity of the metals and their solution pressures.  Those
 with low solution pressures were the most toxic.
This old, lengthy paper discusses toxicity of many chemicals.    Powers
 possible mechanism of action of some, the effect of tern-        (1918)
 perature, effect of dissolved oxygen, the efficiency of the
 goldfish as a test animal, compares this work with earlier
 work, and lists an extensive bibliography.
In water distilled from a copper still with block-tin leads, the
 fish survived 352 to 597 minutes — perhaps the effect of
 copper.

Fresh water input was through Cu pipes into an aquarium.       Mackereth and
 All fish died within 24 hours at concentrations of 0.20 ppm     Smyly
 and above.                                                  (1951)

Modified Chu 14 diluent made of distilled water was used        Trama
 with aeration toxicity of copper ion was found to be de-         (1954)
 pendent upon pH. Below pH 5.3, all copper is in solution,
 above this the copper precipitates and is less toxic.

Copper was more toxic than zinc in all concentrations from     Ingols
 0.1 to 10.0 ppm.  The presence of the element could result      (1956)
 in errors in  BOD tests. At  1.0 ppm the oxygen demand in
 percent of the control was 65%.
                                                                                                                                                                                    m
                                                                                                                                                                                    O

-------
0
m
S
o
P Chemical
2 Copper
O
S
X
-1
!j Copper
m
e/)
O
-n
O
m
5 Copper
O
r-



Copper

Copper


T
O Copper










Copper


Organism
Chlorella
vulgar is



Nereis sp

Carcinus
maenas
Leander
squi/la
Salmo
salar




Rainbow
trout
Gasterosteus
aculeatus


Orconectes
rusticus









Lebistes
reticulatus
Bufo
Toxicity,
Bioassay Active
or Field Field Ingredient,
Study (1) Location)2) ppm<3)
L - (0)




BSA - 1.5(K2-3)
0.5 (K4)
(0)

(0)

BCFA - 0.034 (T1A)





FR Scotland 0.8 (T2)

BSA - 0.02 (0)



BCFA -
3.0 (T4A)
1.0 (T1A)
1.0(K6)(T6A)
1.0(T6)(T6A)






BSA - 1.0(K)

0.1 (K)
Experimental
Variables
Controlled
or Noted(4) Comments
ace This was a respiration study using a shake culture technique.
~~ 10~1 M copper sulfate was not inhibitory for 7-20 hours.
Concentrations of 10'3 M copper sulfate were toxic to un-
shaken cultures.

a The threshold of copper for Nereis worms was about 0.1 ppm.

The copper toxicity threshold for the shore crab was 1-2 ppm.

The copper toxicity threshold for prawns was below 0.5 ppm.

act The laboratory water in which the experiment was performed
~ contained 3 /Jg/liter of zinc, as judged by analyses over sev-
eral years, and 2 jug/liter of copper. Lethal concentrations
of mixtures activities or three times as fast as the metals
singly, a somewhat greater potentiation than was found in
the previous tests with salmon.
a c e f I m This work represents an extension of laboratory studies of
the toxicity of complex effluents to investigations of rivers.
ace This is a discussion of a bioassay method using stickleback
fish and spectrophotometric determinations of the chemi-
cals evaluated. The number listed is said to be the "toxic
limit" for the fish.
a c e f All experiments were conducted at 20 C.
~ ~ Crayfish in the intermolt adult stage.
Adult crayfish.
Juvenile crayfish.
Recently hatched young which remained clinging to pleopods
of the female during the first molt.
An acute toxicity threshold existed between 0.6 and
0.125 mg/l for newly hatched young. At a concentration
of 1 mg/l, 50% mortality among newly hatched young was
reached with an exposure time of 1/50th required for
adults.
ace It is assumed in this experiment that the cations considered
are toxic because they combine with an essential sulfhydryl
group attached to a key enzyme. This treatment indicates
Reference
(Year)
Hassall
(1962)



Raymont and
Shields
(1964)



Sprague
(1965)




Herbert, et al
(1965)
Hawksley
(1967)


Hubschman
(1967)









Shaw and
Grushkin
(1967)
                                                                                                                                                                     •o
                                                                                                                                                                     m
                                                                                                                                                                     z
                                                                                                                                                                     o
 valliceps
 (tadpoles)
Daphnia
 magna
0.1  (K)
that the metals which form the most insoluble sulfides are the
most toxic.  The log of the concentration of the metal ion is
plotted against the log of the solubility product constant of
the metal sulf ide — a treatment that does not lend itself to
tabulation. The cation toxicity cited is only an approximate
concentration  interpolated from a graph. Time of death was
not specified.

-------
    Copper
    Copper
    Copper
X

X
m
v>
    Copper (a)-
     acetic acid (b)-
     acetaldehyde
     (c)-acetone
     (d) mixture
    Copper para-
     amino
     benzoate

    Copper
     carbonate
     (basic)

    Copper
     citrate
    Copper
     cyanide
     complex

    Copper
     cyanide
     complex
    Sodium
     cyanide
     (533 ppm CN-)
     and
    Cupric sulfate
     (427 ppm Cu)
    Copper
     disodium
     versenate
                      Pimephales
                       promelas
                      Salmo
                       gairdnerii
                      Lepomis
                       macrochirus

                      Lepomis
                       macrochirus
                      Balanus
                       eberneus

                      Balanus
                       balanoides
                      Balanus
                       eberneus
                      Balanus
                       balanoides
                      Balanus
                       eberneus
                      Lepomis
                       macrochirus
                       (juveniles)
                      Pimephales
                       promelas
                                            BCFCH
                                                                       0.43 (T4A)
                     BSA
                     BSA
                     BSA
                     BSA
                     BSA
                      BSA
                     BSA
                     BSA
                                                 0.4 to
                                                  0.5 (T2A)
                                                 1.25(T4A)
(a) 1.04 (T4A)
(b) 26.0 (T4A)
(c) 5.2 (T4A)
(d) 5.2 (T4A)

0.9 (O)
0.41 (0)

0.28 (O)

0.60 (O)

0.55 (O)

4.0 (O)


1.5 (T4) CN-


1.2(T4) Cu
Channel
 catfish
 (fingerlings)
                     BSA
1881
 (K25hr A)
                      a c d e f       The paper discusses growth rate, number of spawnings, num-
                                     ber of eggs produced and hatchability of eggs in water con-
                                     taining 4.4 to 95 ppm copper. Results indicated that the
                                     sublethal concentrations of copper affecting growth and
                                     reproduction lies between 3 and 7 percent of the 96-hr
                                     median tolerance  limit.
                      a c d e f       The concentration  killing a half batch of fish in 2 days pro-
                                     vides a reasonable estimate of the threshold concentration.
                                     The lethality of this chemical depends upon the total
                                     hardness and dissolved oxygen concentration.
                      a c d e        All fish were acclimatized for 2 weeks in a synthetic dilution
                                     water.
                                                                       a c d e         Comment same as above.
The concentration listed was lethal to 90% of adult barnacles
 in 2 days.

The concentration listed was lethal to 90% of adult barnacles
 in 2 days.
                                                                                     Comment same as above.
                                                                      £ c d f p        For the concentration given, the median resistance time was
                                                                      ~    ~~         226 minutes.
                                                                                     Synthetic soft water was used.  Toxicity data given as number
                                                                                      of test fish surviving after exposure at 24, 48, and 96 hr.
                                                                                      TLm values were estimated by straight-line graphical inter-
                                                                                      polation and given in ppm CN".
Tap water was used. Considerable additional data are
 presented.
                                                                                                                                               Mount
                                                                                                                                                (1968)
                                                                                                                                                                     Brown
                                                                                                                                                                      (1968)
                                                          Cairns and
                                                           Scheier
                                                           (1968)
                                                          Cairns and
                                                           Scheier
                                                           (1968)
Clarke
 (1947)

Clarke
 (1947)
                                                                                                                                              Clarke
                                                                                                                                                (1947)
                                                          Doudoroff, et al
                                                           (1966)

                                                          Doudoroff, et al
                                                           (1956)
                                                                                                                                                               m
                                                                                                                                                               O
Clemens and
 Sneed
 (1959)
5

-------
Jf-


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o
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5
o
i Chemical
in
5 Copper
O naphthenate
S
X
H
C
33
m
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m
3
0
•£ Copper
w nitrate


Copper
salicylate
Copper
salts


h
j





Copper salt
plus citrate










Copper
sodium
citrate



Toxicity,
Bioassay Active
or Field Field Ingredient,
Organism Study ^' Location^) ppmJ3)
Cylindrospermum L — 2.0 (O)
lichen/forme (CD
Microcystis
aeruginosa (Ma)
Scenedesmus
obliquus (So)
Chlorella
variegata (Cv)
Gomphonema
parvulum (Gp)
Nitzschia
palea (Np)
Gasterosteus BSA - 1.0IT6.5A)
aculeatus


Balanus BSA - 0.90 (0)
eberneus
Salmo BSA - (0)
gairdnerii








Cylindrospermum L — 2.0 (0)
licheniforme (Cl)
Microcystis
aeruginosa (Ma)
Scenedesmus
obliquus (So)
Chlorella
variegata (Cv)
Gomphonema
parvulum (Gp)
Nitzschia
palea (Np)
Artemia BSA - 0.005 (O)
salina
Acartia 0.01 (O)
clausi
Elminus 0.002 (O)
modestus
Experimental
Variables
Controlled
or Noted(4) Comments
a Observations were made on the 3rd, 7th, 14th. and 21st days
~ to give the following (T = toxic, NT = nontoxic, PT = par-
tially toxic with number of days in parentheses. No number
indicates observation is for entire test period of 21 days) :
Cl - PT (7)
Ma - T (3)
So - PT (3)
Cv - PT (3)
Gp-T (7),PT (14)
Np-NT


a c Death of the fish resulted from an interaction between the
metallic ion and the mucus secreted by the gills. Coagulated
mucus formed on the gill membranes and impaired respira-
tion to such a degree that the fish asphyxiated.
The concentration listed was lethal to 90% of adult barnacles
in 2 days.
a e This is a study of the effect of varying dissolved oxygen con-
centration on the toxicity of selected chemicals.
The toxicity of heavy metals, ammonia, and monohydric
phenols increased as the dissolved oxygen in water was
reduced. The most obvious reaction of fish to lowered oxy-
gen content is to increase the volume of water passed over
the gills, and this may increase the amount of poison reach-
ing the surface of the gill epithelium.
The concentration of the chemical in the water was not
specified.
a Observations were made on the 3rd, 7th, 14th, and 21st days
to give the following (T = toxic, NT = nontoxic, PT = par-
tially toxic with number of days in parentheses. No number
indicates observation is for entire test period of 21 days):
Cl - T (3)
Ma-T (3)
So - PT (7)
Cv - T (3)
Gp'- T (3)
Np-T(3)


a c All tests were conducted in seawater.
Toxicity values reported are relative to that of mercuric
chloride expressed as unity.
Mechanism of action is discussed, as well as synergistic action
of two poisons administered simultaneously.

Reference
(Year)
Palmer and
Maloney
(1955)









Jones
(1938)


Clarke
(1947)
Lloyd
(1961)








Palmer and
Maloney
(1955)









Corner and
Sparrow
(1956)



m

2
X
>

-------
    Copper
     tartrate
    Copper
     and zinc
    Copper
     and zinc
    Copper
     chloride
    Copper
     chloride
     (tech)
    Copper
     chloride
    Copper
     sulfate
Balanus
 balanoides
Atlantic
 salmon
Salmo
 salar
Carassius
 carass/us
Bluegill
Nitzschia
 linearis
Lepomis
 macrochirus
Algae
 zooplankton
BSA

FR
               Canada
0.58 (O)

(O)
BSA
                            0.048 Cu (O)
                            0.600 Zn
                                            BSA
                            (O)
BSA?
                      BSA
                Lakes in
                Wise.
                            0.980 (T4A)
                            0.795-0.815
                             (T5A)
                            1.25(T4A)
(O)
a e g I n
The concentration listed was lethal to 90% of adult barnacles    Clarke
 in 2 days.                                                  (1947)
"Toxicity index" for copper and zinc combined was de-         Sprague
 scribed in connection with disturbed salmon migration.         (1964)
 Toxicity index > 1.0 indicates lethality to "young salmon
 after long exposure".  A toxicity index of 0.15 or 15% of
 lethal concentration of copper and zinc seemed to be the
 maximum safe level for salmon migration.
The values given are for an ILL (incipient lethal level) and in     Sigler, et al
 this instance only in water of 20 mg/liter of hardness.           (1966)
 Concentrations above this are lethal in about one day. These
 values were determined by bioassay. Salmon parr in the
 laboratory avoided less than one tenth of incipient lethal
 levels.  Avoidance thresholds were 0.09 ILL of zinc, 0.05 ILL
 of copper and 0.02 ILL of equitoxic mixtures. In equitoxic
 mixtures of these compounds, the ILL was additive.
This old, lengthy paper discusses toxicity of many chemicals.    Powers
 possible mechanism of action of some, the effect of temper-     (1918)
 ature, effect of dissolved oxygen, the efficiency of the gold-
 fish as a test animal, compares this work with earlier work,
 and lists an extensive bibliography.
In a concentration of 0.66N, fish survived 78 minutes; at a
 concentration of 0.0000011N, fish survived 300 minutes —
 truly a very wide variation.
This is an estimated LCgg value at temperatures from 55        Cope
 to 75 F.                                                    (1965)

The purpose of this experiment was to determine whether       Patrick, et al
 there was a constant relationship between  the responses         (1968)
 of these organisms.  From the data presented, there was no
 apparent relationship of this type.  Therefore the authors
 advise that bioassays on at least 3 components of the food
 web be made in any situation.
Copper sulfate was applied when deemed necessary to control    Domogalla
 algae (0.50 pounds of copper sulfate per million gallons of       (1935)
 water).  Applications of copper sulfate were made as re-
 quired over an eleven-year period. Zooplankton was not
 effected by these applications. The spray applied for control
 of algae also kept fish fungal diseases under control.
•33
m
O
m
5
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u,

-------
CHEMICALS
>
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tn
o
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£
K








»
^
^

















Chemical
Copper
sulfate














Copper
sulfate














Copper
sulfate


Copper
sulfate

Copper
sulfate
(anhydrous)
Organism
Morons
americana
Perca
flavescens
All fish
Mesocyclops
obsoletus
Macrobdella
decora
Nymphaea
Juncus
Pontederia
Scirpus
Eriocaulon
Potamogeton
Algae
Morone
americana
Perca
flavescens
All fish
Mesocyclops
obsoletus
Macrobdella
decora
Nymphaea
Juncus
Pontederia
Scirpus
Eriocaulon
Potamogeton
Algae
Smallmouth
black bass
Chara sp

Pygosteus
pungitius

Lymnaeid
snails

Toxicity,
Bioassay Active
or Field Field Ingredient,
StudyCH Location (2) ppm(3)
FL 4 lakes, 1 (K)
Nova
Scotia 1 (K)

3 (K)
3 (SB)

3 (SB)

3 (NTE)
3 (NTE)
3 (NTE)
3 (NTE)
3 (NTE)
3 (NTE)
3 (NTE)
FL 4 lakes, 1 (K)
Nova
Scotia 1 (K)

3(K)
3 (SB)

3 (SB)

3 (NTE)
3 (NTE)
3 (NTE)
3 (NTE)
3 (NTE)
3 (NTE)
3(K)
FL Leetown, 2.0 (O)
Va.


BCF - (O)


BSA - 1.0 (K1A)


Experimental
Variables
Controlled
or Noted'4) Comments
a c d f The work was undertaken to test the feasibility of utilizing
poisons as a direct means of studying the production of
fish in streams and lakes. Caution must be used to prevent
irreparable damage by indiscriminate poisoning.












a c d f Comment same as above.















d Treatment of a series of ponds resulted in control of Chara
spp but no or slight fish kill due to copper sulfate. Some
kill occurred because of suffocation caused by decaying
vegetation.
a c Fish were exposed to 0.1 , 0.04, and 0.01 N copper sulfate.
~~ pH of the solutions was 5.0, 5.4, and 5.8. Survival times
were 55, 62, and 75 minutes, respectively.
- Each test container (500-ml beaker) was filled with ditch
water.

Reference
(Year)
Smith
(1939)














Smith
(1939)














Surber and
Everhart
(1950)

Jones
(1947)

Batte, et al
(1951)






















>
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X

















-------
    Copper
     sulfate
2
O
O
5
    Copper
     sulfate
    Copper
     sulfate
    Copper
     sulfate
    Copper sulfate
     (with stabi-
     lizing agent)
    Copper
     sulfate
C
30
m
CO
o  Copper
""   sulfate
O
 Tendipes
 plumosus
Pisidium
 idahoense
 and other
 bottom-
 dwelling
 organisms
FL&
 BSA
               Wise.
(O)
BOD

Microcystis
 aeruginosa


Cylindrospermum
 lichen/forme (CD
Microcystis
 aeruginosa (Ma)
Scenedesmus
 obliquus (So)
Chlorella
 variegata (Cv)
Gomphonema
 parvulum (Gpi
Nitzschia
 palea (Np)
Cylindrospermum
 licheniforme (CD
Microcystis
 aeruginosa (Ma)
Scenedesmus
 obliquus (So)
Chlorella
 variegata (Cv)
Gomphonema
 parvulum (Gp)
Nitzschia
 palea (Np)
Pimephales
 promelas

Sewage
 organisms
                           1.0(0)

                           100 (K)


                           2.0 (O)
                           2.0 (O)
                                            BSA
BOD
                                                                       0.18 (T4A)
                           0.4 (O)
The bottom muds of Lake Morona contained up to 480 milli-   Mackenthun
 grams of copper per kilogram of mud on a dry-weight basis.     and Cooley
 Lakes Nagawicka and Pewaukee contain up to 22 and 55,       (1952)
 respectively. All contained thriving populations of aquatic
 organisms despite years of CuSO4 application for algal con-
 trol. From laboratory bioassays of muds containing CuSO4,
 it was concluded that 9,000 parts per million copper on a
 dry-weight basis precipitated and accumulated in bottom
 muds was  toxic to bottom organisms.  From the results of
 these studies, it is indicated that differences occurring in the
 population density of bottom organisms in the four lakes
 studied are due to ecological variables within these separate
 bodies of water.
"Toxicity"  is expressed as 39 percent reduction in oxygen      Ingols
 utilization.                                                (1955)
The chemical was tested on a 5-day algae culture, 1 x 106 to    Fitzgerald, et al
 2 x 106 cells/ml, 75 ml total volume. Chu No. 10 medium      (1952)
 was used.
Observations were made on the 3rd, 7th, 14th, and 21st days    Palmer and
 to give the following (T = toxic, NT = nontoxic, PT = partially   Maloney
 toxic with number of days in parentheses. No number indi-     (1955)
 cates observation is for entire test period of 21 days):
  Cl  -PT  (7),T (14)
  Ma - T (3)
  So  - PT  (7)
  Cv  - T (3)
  Gp - T (3)
  Np-T(3)
                                                                Comment same as above except that
                                                                  Cl  - T (3)
                                                                  Ma - T (3)
                                                                  So - PT (3)
                                                                  Cv - T (3)
                                                                  Gp-T(3)
                                                                  Np-T(3)
                                                                                              Palmer and
                                                                                               Maloney
                                                                                               (1955)
                     a c d e f        Toxicity to 30 species of algae is also presented.  CuSO4
                                     was algicidal in the range 0.5 to 2.0 ppm.


                        —           This is part of a report listing 27 anions and their toxicities
                                     on a planarian. Mode of action of the anions is discussed.
                                     Water distilled in glass was used to prepare the solutions.
                                     The pH of this solution was 7.0.  Solutions were renewed
                                     every 12 hours.
                                                          Palmer and
                                                           Maloney
                                                           (1956)
                                                          Sheets
                                                           (1957)
                                                                                                                                                                                      m
                                                                                                                                                                                      O
                                                                                                                                                                                      X

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CHEMICALS
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Chemical
Copper
sulfate

Copper
sulphate




Copper
sulfate







Copper
sulfate




Copper
sulfate


Copper
sulfate






Copper
sulfate

Copper
sulfate

Organism
Gambusia
a1 'finis

Salmo
gairdneri
(fry)



Salvelinus
fontinalis x
Salmo trutta
Notemigonus
crysoleucas
Micropterus
salmoides
Lepomis
macrochirus
Sewage
organisms




Pimephales
promelas
Lepomis
macrochirus
Limnodrilus
hoffmeisteri
Cyraulus
circumstria tus
Physa
heterostropha
Tendipes
decorus
Rana
pipiens

Physa
heterostropha

Toxicity, Experimental
Bioassay Active Variables
or Field Field Ingredient, Controlled
Study<1> Location<2) ppm(3) or Noted<4>
BSA - 84 (T2A) acdeg


BSA - 3.8 (T1A) acefip
10(0)




FPA N.Y. 1.0(323) acd


1.0 (K)

1.0 (S23)

1.0 (S23)

BOD - 21 (TC50) a





BSA - (H)1.4(T4A) acdf
(S) 0.05 (T4A)
(H) 10 (T4A)
(S) 0.2 (T4A)
BSA — 0.40 (T4A) a c d i

0.425 (T4A)

0.27 (T4A)

1.0 (K60%)
0.032 (K 40%)
BSCH - 16 (K) ac


BSA - 0.56 (T1 A) acf


Comments
The effect of turbidity on the toxicity of the chemicals
was studied. Test water was from a farm pond with "high"
turbidity. Additional data are presented.
Five hatchery troughs were employed with 6 Imperial
gallons (27.276 liters) of hatchery water. The water
used in the experiments was reportedly typical of
Inyanga Rhodesia trout streams and dams. Concentra-
tions of 10 ppm of copper sulphate caused 90-100%
mortality.
Conventional farm ponds were used having an average surface
area of 0.3 acre and a maximum depth of 7-9 ft. Toxicity
(in ppm) to fish as maximum safe concentration (S) for
23 days was determined. Concentration of 0.5 ppm was
required to control algae.




The purpose of this paper was to devise a toxicity index for
industrial wastes. Results are recorded as the toxic con-
centration producing 50 percent inhibition (TC5Q) of oxygen
utilization as compared to controls. Five toxigrams de-
picting the effect of the chemicals on BOD were devised
and each chemical classified.
Both hard (H) and soft (S) water were used.



Hard water only was used in this study for all but T. decorus
which was also studied in soft water.






CuSO4 was toxic to this frog at various temperatures in
concentrations >0.001 5 percent.

These tests were conducted in hard and soft water. Data
indicated small if any differences in toxicity of copper
sulfate due to water hardness.
Reference
(Year)
Wallen, et al
(1957)

Turnbull-Kemp
(1958)




Eipper
(1959)







Hermann
(1959)




Tarzwell and
Henderson
(1960)

Wurtz and
Bridges
(1961)





Kaplan and
Yoh
(1961)
Wurtz
(1962)





















>
£
TJ
m
5J5
0
X


















-------
    Copper
     sulfate
    Copper
      sulfate
    Copper
      sulfate

    Copper
      sulfate
      (Algeeclear)
      (Cuprose)
    Copper
     sulfate
    Copper
     (copper
     sulfate)
O
X  Copper
  !   sulfate
    Copper
     sulfate
•33
m
w  Copper
O   sulfate

S
m
Microcystis sp
Zooplankters
 Copepods
 Cladocerans
 Rotifers
 Chaoboridae
 Ostracods
 etc.
Nais spp
Chlorella
 pyrenoidosa

Microcystis
 aeroginosa
Chlorella
 pyrenoidosa
Anabaena
 circinalis
Gloeotrichia
 echinulata
Phormodinium
 inundatum
Gammarus
 lacustris
Salmo
 salar
Salmo
 salar

Pimephales
 promelas
Lepomis
 macrochirus
Carassius
 auratus
Lebistes
 reticulatus
Carp
Tench
Ephemeropterae
 larvae
Trichopterae
 larvae
                      FL
              Auburn,
               Ala.
0.5-0.8 (O)
BSA
BSA
                                             BCF
                      BSA
                                             BSA
FR
               France
                            1.0 (K)



                            20 (AS1)


                            (O)
                                                                         af
                            1.5 (T4A)
                            0.048 (O)
(O)


(S) 0.025 (T4A)
(H) 1.76(T4A)
(S) 0.66 (T4A)

(S) 0.036 (T4A)

(S) 0.036 (T4A)

0.1 (75% K6)
0.2 (75% K6)
0.2 (100%K)
                                                  a c d e f
                                                                        a c d e f
                                                                                               cdef
In a series of ponds, CuSC>4 at the indicated concentration      Crance
 range reduced the growth of Microcystis spp by as much        (1963)
 as 95 percent in 5-20 days.  This reduction lasted for as
 long as 30 days in some cases. According to the authors,
 generally there was an inverse relation between  the
 abundance of Micrycystis and the number of zooplankters.
Around pH 7.0, copper was more toxic in soft than in hard      Learner and
 water. At 1.00 ppm the average median survival time for       Edwards
 the worms was reduced from 70 to 35 minutes. It is inter-      (1963)
 esting that copper is less toxic at a pH of 4.0 than at 7.0.
Describes a bioassay method to differentiate between an algi-    Fitzgerald and
 cide (AC) and an algistat (AS). The treated culture was sub-     Faust
 cultured as time progressed. Allen's medium was used.         (1963)
Different sources of copper appeared to be equally effective     Fitzgerald and
 as toxic agents for algae. The  medium in which toxicity tests    Faust
 are carried out had a great influence on the toxicity  of cop-     (1963)
 per. It was pointed out that in copper compounds, the range
 in toxic action can vary from algicidal activity at concentra-
 tions of 0.05 to 0.4 ppm of CuSC>4, or algistatic activity at
 2 to 24 ppm of CuSO4 with certain algae, to situations in
 which the growth of algae  is only slightly inhibited by a con-
 centration of copper sulfate as high as 30 ppm.

Emulsible concentrates were prepared from technical  grade      Nebeker and
 insecticides with acetone as the solvent.                        Gaufin
Symptoms prior to death were observed and recorded on        (1964)
 graphs.
The experiments were carried out in soft water.  Values are      Sprague
 reported as micrograms of  metal and toxicity as LTso-  In       (1964)
 solutions containing copper and zinc, fish died twice as
 fast as would occur if the two  metals were simply additive
 in their lethal action.
The ECso or the effective concentration that elicited  as         Sprague
 avoidance reaction  in the fish was 0.052 x the ILL              (1965)
 (incipient lethal level), or 0.052 x 44 jUg/L, or 2.28 /Ug/L.
(S)  Soft water                                              Pickering and
(H) Hard water                                              Henderson
Values are expressed as mg/l of  metal.                          (1965)
                                                                 Field studies conducted.  Two streams were studied; one        Vivier and
                                                                  was used for testing, the other for control. Trichopterae        Nisbet
                                                                  were not affected, i.e., they were active even at concentra-       (1965)
                                                                  tions of 0.30 ppm.

-------
CHEMICALS
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Chemical
Copper
sulfate





Copper
sulfate
(tech)
Copper
sulfate























Copper
sulfate


Copper
sulfate






Toxicity,
Bioassay Active
or Field Field Ingredient,
Organism Study'1' Location (2) ppm (3)
Helix BSA - 0.01-0.1 (O)
pomatia





Bluegill BSA - 2.8 (T4A)


Blue-green algae L - 2.0-4.0 (0)
Cylindrospermum
Anabaena
Anacystis
Calothrix
Nostoc
Oscillator/a
Plectonema
Green algae
Ankistrodesmus
Chlorella
Closterium
Oocystis
Green algae
Scenedesmus
Stigeoclonium
Zygnema
Green flagellate and
yellow algae
Chlamydomonas
Pandorina
Tribonema
Gomphonema
Navicula
Nitzchia
Salmo BSA - 0.150(T2A)
gairdneri
Lepomis 2.800 (T2A)
macrochirus
Lepomis FL Various 13-140 (K)
macrochirus lakes.
Michigan





Experimental
Variables
Controlled Reference
or Noted*4' Comments (Year)
c This paper was concerned with the effect of the chemical on de Calventi
mucous secretion in the snail. (1965)
Snails exposed to the indicated copper sulfate solutions
showed severe signs of toxicity. There was an increase in
mucous secretion and the animals did not respond to
tactile stimuli.

a This is an estimated LC5Q value at temperatures from Cope
55 to 75 F (1965)

— CuSC>4 was generally toxic or partially toxic to blue- Kemp, et al
green algae for 28 days at the indicated concentrations. (1966)
At 2.0 ppm, it was similarly toxic to the green algae.
green flagellates, and yellow algae.





















a This paper reports acute toxicity of a number of compounds. Cope
and discusses sub-acute mortality as well. Effects on repro- (1966)
duction and behavior are also discussed. Data presented as
EC50-
a d For controlling bluegill reproduction, copper sulfate crystals Beyerle and
were directed toward nests where eggs and fry were the Williams
primary target. The estimated copper sulfate concentrations (1967)
were estimated to be 13-140 ppm. All eggs and fry were
dead in some 200 samplings. Fish other than bluegill fry
apparently were not killed by this copper sulfate treatment.
Treatment throughout the 3-month spawning period was
required for significant reduction of the bluegill population.
•o
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-------
I
      Copper
       sulfate
       (as Cu)
      Copper sulfate
       plus
       zinc sulfate
       (various
       ratios)

      Cresol
      Cresol
      Cresol
Ortho-
 cresol
      O-cresol
  m  O-cresol
  £>  O-cresol
  3D
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  tn
  O  p-cresol
  TI
  O
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  2
  9
                   Salmo
                    salar
                   S. trutta
                   S. Salmo
                    gairdnerii

                   Salmo
                    gairdnerii
                        Lepomis
                         macrochirus
                   Gambusia
                   affinis

                   Lepomis
                   macrochirus
Phoxinus
 phoxinus
                        Sewage
                         organisms
                   Channel
                    catfish
                    (fingerlings)

                   Pimephales
                    promelas
                   Lepomis
                    macrochirus
                   Carassius
                    auratus
                   Lebistes
                    reticulatus
                   Fish
                      BSCH
                                                  0.06 (K)
                                                                         cf
                      BSA
                                        BCFA
                                              BSA
                                              BSA
                                              BCFA
                                        BOD
                                              BSA
                      BSA
                                        BSA
                                                  (O)
                                                  13.6 (T4A) small
                                                  10.9 (T4A) med.
                                                  10 (T4A) large
                                                  24 (T2A)
                                                                          10.0 (T4A)
                                                                         0.04% (K 13min)
                                                                        a e p
                                                                                          a c e f
                                                                                               a c d e g
                                                                       a cd e i
                                                 940 (TC50)
66.8
 (K 69 hr A)

13 (T4A)

24 (T4A)

23 (T4A)

29 (T4A)

5.1 x 10-5 M (K)
                                                                       a c d e f
                                     The reported figure is a reported lethal concentrate as found    Grande
                                      in polluted lakes and streams in Norway.  Organic matter        (1967)
                                      apparently has a masking effect that reduces toxicity. 50%
                                      of rainbow trout eggs survived to hatch in 0.05 ppm of Cu.
                                      Rainbow trout and Atlantic salmon acted similarly to the
                                      chemical.  Brown trout were slightly more resistant.
                                     Both hard and soft water were used. Median period of sur-      Lloyd
                                      vival in hard water was 3 days — 3.5 ppm Zn, and 1.1 ppm Cu;   (1961)
                                      in soft water — 7 days, 0.56 ppm Zn and 0.044 ppm Cu.
Test water was composed of distilled water with CP grade
 chemicals and was aerated throughout the 96-hour
 exposure period.
The effect of turbidity on the toxicity of the chemicals
 was studied.  Test water was from a farm pond with "high"
 turbidity. Additional data are presented.
A "control" was prepared by adding required chemicals to
 distilled water, and this was constantly aerated.  Data
 reported are for larger fish, app 14.24 cm in length.  Data
 for smaller fish  are also in the report.
Tap water used as a diluent. The apparatus used was a 34 mm
 diameter tube fitted to permit sharp vertical separation of
 water and test solution. With this system, avoidance data
 could be obtained. Toxicity is given as average survival
 time of replicates. Fish avoided concentrations of 0.03 to
 0.04%.
The purpose of this paper was to devise a toxicity index for
 industrial wastes. Results are recorded as the toxic concen-
 tration producing 50 percent inhibition (TCsfj) of oxygen
 utilization as compared to controls.  Five toxigrams depict-
 ing the effect of the chemicals on BOD were devised and
 each chemical classified.
Tap water was used. Considerable  additional data are
 presented.

Most fish survived at  test concentrations of about  one half,
 or slightly  more, of the TLm value.  No attempt was made
 to estimate 100 percent survival.
                                                                                                        Avoidance behavior of test fish to toxic chemicals is given.
                                                                                                         Toxicity is given as the lowest lethal concentration (molar).
                                                                                                         Ratios of avoidance and lowest lethal concentration are
                                                                                                         presented and discussed.
                                                                                               Cairns and
                                                                                                Scheier
                                                                                                (1955)
                                                                                               Wallen, et al
                                                                                                (1957)

                                                                                               Cairns and
                                                                                                Scheier
                                                                                                (1959)

                                                                                               Jones
                                                                                                (1951)
                                                                                                                                                                   Hermann
                                                                                                                                                                    (1959)
Clemens and
 Sneed
 (1959)
Pickering and
 Henderson
 (1966)
                                                                                                                                                                                   m
                                                                                                                                                                                   O
                                                                                                                                                                                   X
                                                                                                                                                Ishio
                                                                                                                                                  (1965)

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to
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m Crystal violet
CO
O
-n
I Cumene
2 hydroperoxide
=
O
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Cupric
•^ ammonium
<~n chloride
O
Cupric
chloride





Cupric
chloride

Cupric
citrate

Cupric
oxide

Cupric
sulfate





Bioassay
or Field
Organism Study'1'
Simocephalus BSA
serrulatus
Daphnia
pulex

Microcystis L
aeruginosa

Cylindrospermum L
lichen/forme (CD
Microcystis
aeruginosa (Ma)
Scenedesmus
obliquus (So)
Chlorella
variegata (Cv)
Gomphonema
parvulum (Gp)
Nitzschia
palea (Np)
Daphnia BSA
magna


Daphnia BSA
magna





Daphnia BSA
magna

Mytilus BSA
edulis

Gambusia BSA
affinis

Daphnia BSA
magna





Toxicity,
Active
Field Ingredient,
Location'2' ppm<3)
10.0 (SB)

5.0 (SB)


100 (K)


2.0 (O)











0.039 (S)



0.08 (0)






0.027 (S)


0.55 (O)


56,000 (T2A)


0.1 (O)






Experimental
Variables
Controlled
or Noted'4' Comments
— Concentration reported is for immobilization.
Time for immobilization was 48 hr.
Data cited are for 60 F, but assays were performed at
varied temperatures. "Water Chemistry" (Unspecified)
was "controlled" during the assay period.
a, etc The chemical was tested on a 5-day algae culture, 1 x 10^
~~ to 2 x 10*> cells/ml, 75 ml total volume. Chu No. 10
medium was used.
a Observations were made on the 3rd, 7th, 14th, and 21st
~ days to give the following (T=toxic, NT=nontoxic, PT=
partially toxic with number of days in parentheses. No
number indicates observation is for entire test period of
21 days):
Cl - PT (7)
Ma-T (7)
So -NT
Cv - PT (7)
Gp - PT (7)
Np - T (7)

a Lake Erie water was used as diluent. Toxicity given as
~~ threshold concentration producing immobilization for
exposure periods of 64 hr.

a c This paper deals with the toxicity thresholds of various
substances found in industrial wastes as determined by
the use of D. magna. Centrifuged Lake Erie water was
used as a diluent in the bioassay. Threshold concentration
was defined as the highest concentration which would just
fail to immobilize the animals under prolonged (theoreti-
cally infinite) exposure.
a Lake Erie water was used as diluent. Toxicity given as
~ threshold concentration producing immobilization for
exposure periods of 64 hr.
— When the mussels were placed in the test solution for one
day, and then in fresh sea water, they died in 2, 3, and-
4 days.
a c d e g The effect of turbidity on the toxicity of the chemicals was
studied. Test water was from a farm pond with "high"
turbidity. Additional data are presented.
a c This paper deals with the toxicity thresholds of various
~~ substances found in industrial wastes as determined by the
use of D. magna. Centrifuged Lake Erie water was used
as a diluent in the bioassay. Threshold concentration was
defined as the highest concentration which would just fail
to immobilize the animals under prolonged (theoretically
infinite) exposure.
Reference
(Year)
Sanders and
Cope
(1966)


Fitzgerald, et al
(1952)

Palmer and
Maloney
(1955)









Anderson
(1948)


Anderson
(1944)





Anderson
(1948)

Clarke
(1947)

Wallen, et al
(1957)

Anderson
(1944)





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-------
    Cyanide
   Cyanide
   Cyanide
   Cyanide
   Cyanide
O
m
£
£
>
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in Cyanide
tn
O
                      Mayorella
                       palestinensis
                       (soil amoeba)
                                            BSA
                                                 (O)
Lepomis
 auritus
L. macrochirus
                      Micropterus
                       salmoides
                      Pomoxis
                       annularis
Brown trout

Small mouth bass
BSA & CF
BSA
BCF
BCF
Lepomis
 macrochirus
Physa
 heterostropha
Lepomis
 macrochirus
Lebistes
 reticulatus
                                            BSA
                                            BSA
                                            BSA
                                                                       0.06 (T1SA)

                                                                       0.01-0.06
                                                                        (T<1SA)
                                                                       0.05-0.06
                                                                        (T<1CFA)
                                                                       0.06 (T<11SA)

                                                                       0.05-0.07
                                                                        (T<1SA)
                                                                       0.02-0.04
                                                                        (T<1CFA)
                                                                       0.31-0.96 (O)
                                                                       0.32-1.06(0)
                                                                       0.175-1.98(0)
                           0.18(T4A)


                           0.432 (T4A)

                           0.18 (T4A)




                           (O)
               The experiments were carried out in Warburg manometers      Reich
                at 27 C for 4 hr at a pH of 8.0.                               (1955)
               Cyanide in concentrations up to 5 x 10'3 M were shown
                to have lethal effects on the organism.
               Results were compared with controls and expressed in per-
                cent of respiration.
               Compared with normal respiration, nonlethal concentrations
                of cyanide increased the respiration of the organism in
                glucose-containing solutions.
               It was concluded that the respiration of the organism depends
                on at least three enzyme systems, which may be distinguished
                by their behavior toward cyanide.

               Additional data for less than 24 hr are given and also for the     Renn
                disappearance and breakdown of cyanide  in anaerobic soil      (1955)
                systems.
£ c d e         The pH of the water varied from 7.5-8.28 in the test solu-       Burdick, et al
~   ~~          tions. Dissolved oxygen was controlled by aeration.  In the     (1958)
                report, time of death is plotted against cyanide concentra-
                tion. In a continuous flow apparatus, a range of concentrations
                from 0.32 to 1.06 ppm killed in 17-48 minutes and 4.2 to
                15.2 minutes, respectively.  In a static test, 0.31  to 0.96 ppm
                killed in 33-230 and 6.0-18.7 minutes, respectively.  These data
                are for  brown trout.  For small mouth bass, in a continuous
                flow apparatus, concentrations of 1.98 ppm down to 0.175 ppm
                killed in 6-10 and 213-477 minutes respectively. The effect of
                dissolved oxygen is discussed.
a c d e         All fish were acclimatized for 2 weeks in a synthetic dilution    Cairns and
                water.                                                     Scheier
                                                                          (1968)
 ace          The purpose of this experiment was to determine whether       Patrick, et al
                there was a constant relationship between the lesponses of      (1968)
                these organisms.  From the data presented, there was no
                apparent relationship of this type. Therefore the authors
                advise that bioassays on at least 3 components of the food
                web be made in any situation.

a c f n o        A series  of equations was devised to describe the toxicity of a    Chen and
                system containing two toxicants — zinc - zinc and cyanide.      Selleck
                Concentrations of cyanide, 0.42 ppm, 0.28 ppm, and           (1968)
                0.26 ppm, killed 50 percent of the animals in 20, 30, and
                43 hours, respectively. Toxicity of the two-component
                system was then determined using varying ratios of the two
                components.
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-------
CHEMICALS
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Chemical
Cyanide



Cyanide (al-
chromium (b)-
naphthenic acids
mixture
Cyanide (a)-
zinc (b)-
mixture

Cychohexane


Cyclohexane







1, cyano-1,3-
butadiene

1, cyano-1,3-
butadiene
Cymeme
thiocyanate

2,4-diamino-
phenol dihydro-
chloride
2,4-diamino-
phenol hydro-
chloride



Oiamylamine





Organism
Fish
(unidentified)


Lepomis
macrochirus
(c)

Lepomis
macrochirus


Gambusia
affinis

Pimephales
promelas
Lepomis
macrochirus
Carassius
auratus
Lebistes
reticulatus
Lagodon
rhomboides

Lagodon
rhomboides
Green
sunfish

Microcystis
aeruginosa

Daphnia
magna




Semotilus
atromaculatus




Toxicity, Experimental
Bioassay Active Variables
or Field Field Ingredient, Controlled
Study'1) Location'2) ppm'3) or Noted'4)
FR Dunreith, 0.05-0.1 (K)
Indiana


BSA - (a) 0.026 (T4A) a c d e
(b) 0.019 (T4A)
(c) 4.74 (T4A)

BSA - (a) 0.26 (T4A) a c d e
(b) 3.90 (T4A)


BSA - 1 5,500 (T2A) _acdeg


BSA - 30 (T4A) a c d e f

31 (T4A)

33 (T4A)

48 (T4A)

BSA - 71.5IT1A) a


BSA - 71.5IT1A)

BSA - (O)


L - 100 (K) a, etc


BSA - 80 (K2) a





BSA - 5 to 20 (CR) a e





Comments
Tests for cyanide pollution were made following a train-
car collision. Five tank cars carrying acetone cyanohydrin.
vinyl chloride, ethylene oxide, and methyl methacrylate
were involved.
All fish were acclimatized for 2 weeks in a synthetic
dilution water.


Comment same as above.



The effect of turbidity on the toxicity of the chemicals
was studied. Test water was from a farm pond with
"high" turbidity. Additional data are presented.
Most fish survived at test concentrations of about one
half, or slightly more, of the TLm value. No attempt was
made to estimate 100 percent survival.





Aerated seawater was used.


Experiments were conducted in aerated salt water.

Fish were moderately repelled at concentrations of
20 mg/l but the response to 10 mg/l was indifferent. The
chemical has apparent high toxicity.
The chemical was tested on a 5-day algae culture, 1 x 10^ to
2 x 106 cells/ml, 75 ml total volume. Chu No. 10 medium
was used.
An attempt was made to correlate the biological action
with the chemical reactivity of selected chemical sub-
stances. Results indicated a considerable correlation
between the aquarium fish toxicity and antiautocatalytic
potency of the chemicals in marked contrast to their
toxicity on systemic administration.
Test water used was freshly aerated Detroit River water. A
typical water analysis is given. Toxicity is expressed as the
"critical range" (CR), which was defined as that concentra-
tion in ppm below which the 4 test fish lived for 24 hr
and above which all test fish died. Additional data are
presented.
Reference
(Year)
Moore and
Kin
(1969)

Cairns and
Scheier
(1968)

Cairns and
Scheier
(1968)

Wallen, et al
(1957)

Pickering and
Henderson
(1966)





Daugherty and
Garrett
(1951)
Garrett
(1957)
Summerfelt and
Lewis
(1967)
Fitzgerald, et al
(1952)

Sollman
(1949)




Gillette, et al
(1952)

























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-------
2',5'-dibromo-
 3-nitrosalicyl-
 anilide
Salmo
 gairdnerii
Carassius
 auratus
BSA
                            1.0 (K2)
                            10.0 (K 3 hr)
                            10.0 (K 3hr)










£
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3,5-dinitro-
2',3'-benz-
oxylidide

4',5-dibromo-
3-nitrosalicyl-
anilide

Di-sec-
butylamine

Di-n-
butylamine
1,3-dibutyl-
thiourea
Orthodichloro-
benzene






2,6-dcchloro-
benzine
acid (tech)
2,4-dichloro-
benzyl-
nicotinium
chloride
1,2-dichloro-
ethane

3,6-dichloro-
2,5-dimethoxy-
benzoquinone
Salmo
gairdnerii
Carassius
auratus
Salmo
gairdnerii
Carassius
auratus
Semotilus
atromaculatus

Semotilus
atromaculatus
Semotilus
atromaculatus
Protococcus sp
Chlorella sp
Dunaliella
euchlora
Phaeodactylum
tricornutum
Monochrysis
lutheri
Rainbow
trout
Bluegill
Microcystis
aeruginosa


Lagodon
rhomboides

Microcystis
aeruginosa

                                        BSA




                                        BSA



                                        BSA




                                        BSA

                                        BSA

                                        BSA
                                        BSA
                                        BSA
                                                  (O)

                                                  (O)

                                                  1.0 (K2)
                                                  10.0 (K 3hr)


                                                  15to40(CR)
                                                  20 to 60 (CR)

                                                  30 to 100 (CR)

                                                  13 (NG)
                                                  13 (NG)
                                                  13 (NG)

                                                  13 (NG)

                                                  13 (NG)

                                                  140 (T4A)

                                                  120(T4A)
                                                  5.0 (K)




                                                  150-175(0)


                                                  75 (K)
This paper deals with the relations between chemical struc-
 tures of salicylanilides and benzanilides and their toxicity to
 rainbow trout and goldfish. The chemical structure of
 salicylanilides and benzanilides was related to toxicity and
 selectivity to rainbow trout and goldfish.  Salicylanilides
 were more toxic than benzanilides to the fishes. The ortho
 hydroxy substitution of salicylanilide accelerated biological
 activity against fish.  Meta nitro substitution on the sali-
 cylanilides and benzanilides increased toxicity to fish.
 Similar findings are reported for halogens and their relative
 position(s) in the  molecule.
Comment same as above except that at 10.0 ppm the
 chemical was toxic to 1 out of 10 trout in 48 hr. At  10 ppm
 the chemical was not toxic to  goldfish.

Comment same as above except data cited.
Test water used was freshly aerated Detroit River water. A
 typical water analysis is given. Toxicity is expressed as the
 "critical range" (CR), which was defined as that concentra-
 tion in ppm below which the 4 test fish lived for 24 hr and
 above which all test fish  died. Additional data are presented.
Comment same as above.

Comment same as above.

This paper concerns the growth of pure cultures of marine
 plankton in the presence of toxicants. Results were
 expressed as the ratio of optical  density of growth in the
 presence of toxicants to  optical  density in the basal
 medium with no added toxicants.  NG=no growth, but
 the organisms were viable.
                                                           Walker, et al
                                                             (1966)
This is an estimated
 55 to 75 F.
                                                                                           ue at temperatures from
                                                   a, etc          The chemical was tested on a 5-day algae culture, 1 x 10§ to
                                                                  2 x 106 cells/ml, 75 ml total volume. Chu No. 10 medium
                                                                  was used.


                                                    -           Experiments were conducted in aerated salt water.  Toxicity
                                                                  range given as the concentrations which produced <1/2
                                                                  deaths and >112 deaths.

                                                  £, etc          The chemical was tested on a 5-day-old algae culture,
                                                                  1 x 106 to 2 x 106 cells/ml, 75 ml total volume.  Chu No. 10
                                                                  medium was used.
                                                                                                                            Walker, et al
                                                                                                                             (1966)
                                                                                                                            Walker, et al
                                                                                                                             (1966)
                                                                                                                            Gillette, et al
                                                                                                                             (1952)
                                                                                                                            Gillette, et al
                                                                                                                             (1952)
                                                                                                                            Gillette, et al
                                                                                                                             (1952)
                                                                                                                            Ukeles
                                                                                                                             (1962)
                                                                            z
                                                                            O
                                                                                                                                                                    Cope
                                                                                                                                                                      (1965)
                                                                                                                                                                    Fitzgerald, et al
                                                                                                                                                                      (1952)
                                                                                                                                                                    Garrett
                                                                                                                                                                      (1 957)
                                                                                                                                                                    Fitzgerald, et al
                                                                                                                                                                      (1952)

-------
i Toxicity,
™ Bioassay Active
5 or Field Field Ingredient,
P Chemical Organism Study*D Location*?) ppm*3)
> 1,1-dichloro- Lagodon BSA - 250-275 (O)
O ethane rhomboides
S
^ 1,4-dichloro- Green BSA - 6.5 (T1A)
C 2-nitro- sunfish 4.5 (T2A)
m benzene
(/)
O
-n
O 4,4-dichloro- Cylindrospermum L - 2.0 (O)
m alpha- lichen/forme (CD
5 methyl- Microcystis
Q benzhydrol aeruginosa (Mai
r~ Scenedesmus
obliquus (Sot
Chlorella
variegata (Cv)
Gomphonema
parvulum (Gpl
Nitzschia
palea (Np)
^ 2,3-dichloro- Fish: BSA - (0)
i naphtho- Pomoxis
f± quinone nigromaculatus
Notropis
antherinoides
Hyborhynchus
notatus
Ambloplites
rupestris
Hum
salmoides
Water Plants:
Ceratophyllum
Myrophyllum
Elodea
Invertebrates:
Snails
Daphnia
Rotifers
Experimental
Variables
Controlled Reference
or Noted*4) Comments (Year)
— Experiments were conducted in aerated salt water. Toxicity Garrett
range given as the concentrations which produced <1/2 (1957)
deaths and >1 12 deaths.
a e p The main purpose of this experiment was to determine the Summerfelt and
repellent characteristics of certain chemicals. Experiments Lewis
were conducted in a wooden trough. (1967)
The toxic action of this chemical appeared to involve
suffocation.
a Observations were made on the 3rd, 7th, 14th, and 21st days Palmer and
~~ to give the following (T = toxic, NT = nontoxic, PT = partially Maloney
toxic with number of days in parentheses. No number (1955)
indicates observation is for entire test period of 21 days):
Cl - PT (3)
Ma- NT
So -NT
Cv - NT
Gp-PT(14)
Np-NT


e Aerated spring water was used as the test medium. No effect Fitzgerald, et al
~ was observed on fish after 2 days of exposure, even with (1952)
excess solid dispersed in water. No effect was observed on
higher aquatic plants and green algae. At concentrations in
excess of saturation level (100 mg/l), no toxic effect was
observed. At algicidal concentrations, no toxic effect was
noted on any of the species studied.
































^
*o
m
Z
g


^













-------
    2,3-dichloro-
      napthoqui-
      none
      2,3-dichloro-
       naphtho-
       quinone

      2,5-dichloro-
       4-nitrophenol


      2,5-dichloro-
       4-nitrophenol
       (Na salt)

I>    2,5-dichloro-
     (free phenol)
    3',4'-dichloro-
     3-nitrosalicyl-
     anilide
 O
 m
 S
£  Dichloro-
O   phenoxy-
2   butyric
X   acid
c
3D
m
v>
O
•n
O
m
Cylindrospermum
 lichen/forme (Cl)
Microcystis
 aeruginosa  (Ma)
Scenedesmus
 obliquus (So)
Chlorella
 variegata (Cv)
Gomphonema
 parvulum (Gp)
Nitzschia
 palea (Np)

Pimephales
 promelas

Petromyzon
 marinus
 (larvae)
Petromyzon
 marinus
Salmo
 trutta
Petromyzon
 marinus
Salmo
 gairdnerii
S. trutta
Salmo
 gairdnerii
Carassius
 auratus
                            2.0 (O)
BSA


BSA



BSA

BSA

BSA

BSA

BSA
BSA
0.15(T4A)


10 (K<1)



5(K100%)

17 (K 10%)

3(K100%)

13 (K 10%)

7 (K 10%)
1.0(K3hr)

1.0 (K2)
10.0 (K3hr)
                                                                                               acdef
Pteronarcys sp
  (nymphs)
BSA
15.0IT4A)
                                     Observations were made on the 3rd, 7th, 14th, and 21st days    Palmer and
                                      to give the following (T = toxic, NT = nontoxic, PT = partially    Maloney
                                      toxic with number of days in parentheses. No number          (1955)
                                      indicates observation is for entire test period of 21 days):
                                        Cl -PT(7)
                                        Ma-T
                                        So -NT
                                        Cv - PT (7)
                                        Gp-T(7), PT(14)
                                        Np-T
Toxicity to 30 species of algae also presented.  2,3 DNQ
 was algicidal in the range 0.5 to 2.5 ppm.

Additional data are presented.
                                                                                                              Mortality occurred in approximately 24 hr. This was a
                                                                                                               study on controlling sea lamprey larvae.
                                                                                                              Comment same as above.
Maloney and
 Palmer
 (1956)
Piavis
 (1962)

Ball
 (1966)
                                                                                                                                                                         Ball
                                                                                                                                                                          (1966)
                                                                            m
                                                                            O
This paper deals with the relations between chemical struc-      Walker, et al
 tures of salicylanilides and benzanilides and their toxicity       (1966)
 to rainbow trout and goldfish.  The chemical structure of
 salicylanilides and benzanilides was related to toxicity and
 selectivity to rainbow trout and goldfish.  Salicylanilides
 were more toxic than benzanilides to the fishes. The ortho
 hydroxy substitution of salicylanilide accelerated biological
 activity against fish.  Meta nitro substitution on the salicyl-
 anilides and benzanilides increased toxicity to fish. Similar
 findings are reported for halogens and their relative posi-
 tion (s) in the molecule.
Experiments were all conducted at 60 F in 1964. The values    Cope
 were listed as LC^rj.                                         (1965)
9
U,

-------
CHEMICALS
>
O
s
*
-1
3
m
en
O

o
X
m
S
2
In







»
i
*N



















Chemical
Di (p-chloro-
phenyl)
methyl
carbinol








Diethanol-
amine

Diethanol-
amine



Diethylamine




Diethylamino-
hydrochloride
2',5'-diethyl-
3,5-dinitro-
benzanilide










Diethylene
glycol

Bioassay
or Field
Organism Study (D
Cylindrospermum L
licheniforme (CD
Microcystis
aeruginosa (Ma)
Scenedesmus
obliquus (So)
Chlorella
variegata (Cv)
Gomphonema
parvulum (Gp)
Nitzschia
palea (Np)
Gambusia BSA
af finis

Sewage BOD
microorganisms



Semotilus BSA
atromaculatus



Semotilus BSA
atromaculatus
Salmo BSA
gairdnerii
Carassius
auratus









Gambusia BSA
affinis

Toxicity, Experimental
Active Variables
Field Ingredient, Controlled
Location <2) ppm(3) or Noted^ Comments
— 2.0 (O) a Observations were made on the 3rd, 7th, 14th, and 21st days
~~ to give the following (T = toxic, NT= non toxic, PT = partially
toxic with number of days in parentheses. No number
indicates observation is for entire test period of 21 days) :
Cl -PT(7)
Ma -NT
So - T (3)
Cv - T (3)
Gp - T (3)
Np - T (3)


— 1,550 (T2A) acdeg The effect of turbidity on the toxicity of the chemicals was
~ studied. Test water was from a farm pond with "high"
turbidity. Additional data are presented.
— (O) — The chemical was studied as to how low levels (ppm) may
affect the BOD in domestic sewage. This compound was
not toxic to sewage organisms, but responded readily to
acclimated seed and contributed to the biochemical oxy-
gen demand.
— 70 to 100 (CR) ae Test water used was freshly aerated Detroit River water. A
~ typical water analysis is given. Toxicity is expressed as the
"critical range" (CR), which was defined as that concentra-
tion in ppm below which the 4 test fish lived for 24 hr and
above which all test fish died. Additional data are presented.
— 4,000 to 6,000 a e Comment same as above.
(CR)
— (O) a This paper deals with the relations between chemical struc-
tures of salicylanilides and benzanilides and their toxicity
(0) to rainbow trout and goldfish. The chemical structure of
salicylanilides and benzanilides was related to toxicity and
selectivity to rainbow trout and goldfish. Salicylanilides
were more toxic than benzanilides to the fishes. The ortho
hydroxy substitution of salicylanilide accelerated biological
activity against fish. Meta nitro substitution on the salicyl-
anilides and benzanilides increased toxicity to fish. Similar
findings are reported for halogens and their relative posi-
tion(s) in the molecule. At 10 ppm the chemical was not
toxic to trout. At 10.0 ppm, the chemical was toxic to
1 out of 10 goldfish in 48 hours.
- 32,000 (T2A) acdeg The effect of turbidity on the toxicity of the chemicals was
studied. Test water was from a farm pond with "high"
turbidity. Additional data are presented.
Reference
(Year)
Palmer and
Maloney
(1955)









Wallen, et al
(1957)

Oberton and
Stack
(1957)


Gillette, et al
(1952).



Gillette, et al
(1952)
Walker, et al
(1966)











Wallen, et al
(1957)





















^
^0
m

O
X



















-------
Diethyl-
 ethanol-
 amine
Diethyl
 nitrosoamine
1,3-diethyl-
 thiourea
Diglycolic
 acid
m-dihydroxy-
 benzene
Di-isobutyl-
Semotilus
 atromaculatus
Semotilus
 atromaculatus
Semotilus
 atromaculatus
Lepomis
 macrochirus

Sewage
 organisms
Semotilus
 atromaculatus
BSA




BSA

BSA

BSA


BOD
80 to 120 (CR)




900-1,100 (CR)

100to300(CR)

105 (T1A)


(NTE)
BSA
*•
on








O

m
s

>
en
^
z
O
5
x
H
c
3
m
CO
O
•n
O
I
m
S


Di-isopropyl-
amine
Dimethyl-
amine
Dimethylamino-
benzaldehyde










0,0-dimethyl
dithiophos-
phate (47.7 per-
cent)

4,5-dimentyl-
2-mercapto-
thiazole





Semotilus
atromaculatus
Semotilus
atromaculatus
Cylindrospermum
lichen/forme (Cl)
Microcystis
aeruginosa (Ma)
Scenedesmus
obliquus (So)
Chlorella
variegata (Cv)
Gomphonema
parvulum (Gp)
Nitzschia
palea (Np)
Lymnaeid
snails



Daphnia
magna






BSA

BSA

L











BSA




BSA





                            20 to 40 (CR)




                            40 to 60 (CR)

                            30 to 50 (CR)

                            2.0 (O)
                                                                    (O)
                                                                    56 (K2)
              Test water used was freshly aerated Detroit River water.  A
               typical water analysis is given. Toxicity is expressed as the
               "critical range" (CR), which was defined as that concentra-
               tion in ppm below which the 4 test fish lived for 24 hr and
               above which all test fish died. Additional data are presented.
              Comment same as above.
 a e           Comment same as above.

a b e          This report is a simple and straightforward determination of
               a median tolerable limit for a selected group of herbicides.

 a            The purpose of this paper was to devise a toxicity index for
 ~             industrial wastes. Results are recorded as the toxic con-
               centration producing 50 percent inhibition  (TCsg) of oxy-
               gen utilization as compared to controls. Five toxigrams
               depicting the effect of the chemicals on BOD were devised
               and each chemical classified.
 a e            Test water used was freshly aerated Detroit River water. A
~              typical water analysis is given. Toxicity is expressed as the
               "critical range"  (CR), which was defined as that concentra-
               tion in ppm below which the 4 test fish lived for 24 hr and
               above which all  test fish died.  Additional data are presented.
 a e            Comment same as above.
                                                                                                         Comment same as above.

                                                                                                         Observations were made on the 3rd, 7th, 14th, and 21st days
                                                                                                          to give the following (T = toxic, NT = nontoxic, PT = partially
                                                                                                          toxic with number of days in parentheses. No number
                                                                                                          indicates observation is for entire test period of 21 days):
                                                                                                            Cl  -NT
                                                                                                            Ma-NT
                                                                                                            So -NT
                                                                                                            Cv -NT
                                                                                                            Gp-NT
                                                                                                            Np-NT
                                                                                       Each test container, 500-ml beaker, was filled with ditch
                                                                                        water.  Less than 100% mortality occurred in concentra-
                                                                                        tions of 1:100,000.

                                                                                       An attempt was made to correlate the biological action with
                                                                                        the chemical reactivity of selected chemical substances.
                                                                                        Results indicated a considerable correlation between the
                                                                                        aquarium fish toxicity and antiautocatalytic potency of the
                                                                                        chemicals in  marked contrast to their toxicity on systemic
                                                                                        administration.
Gillette, et al
 (1952)
Gillette, et al
 (1952)
Gillette, et al
 (1952)
Hughes and
 Davis
 (1967)
Hermann
 (1959)
                                                                                                Gillette, et al
                                                                                                 (1952)
                                                                                                                                                  Gillette, et al
                                                                                                                                                   (1952)
                                                                                                                                                  Gillette, et al
                                                                                                                                                   (1952)
                                                                                                                                                  Palmer and
                                                                                                                                                   Maloney
                                                                                                                                                   (1955)
                                                                                                                                                                                     m
                                                                                                                                                                                     0
                                                                                                                                                                                     X
                                                                                                                                                                    Batte, et al
                                                                                                                                                                     (1951)
                                                                                                                                                                    Sollman
                                                                                                                                                                     (1949)

-------
CHEMICALS
>
O
3
X
H
(3
3J
m
o
o
I
tT\
3
o
r
CO







.J,.
tyi
00


















Chemical
2',3'-dimethyl-
3-nitrosalicyl-
anilide



2',4'-dimethyl-
3-nitrosalicyl-
anilide



2',5'-dimethyl-
3-nitrosalicyl-
anilide



2',6'-dimethyl-
3-nitrosalicyl-
anilide



Dimethyl
sulphoxide


Dimethyl
su If oxide












Organism
Sea
lamprey
(larva)
Salmo
gairdneri
(fingerling)
Sea
lamprey
(larva)
Salmo
gairdneri
(fingerling)
Sea
lamprey
(larva)
Salmo
gairdneri
(fingerling)
Sea
lamprey
(larva)
Salmo
gairdneri
(fingerling)
Carassius
auratus


Hemigrammus
erythrozonus
Paracheinodon
innesi
Xiphophorus
maculatus
Pescilia
latipinna
Poecilia
reticulata
Brachydanio
rerio
Corydoras
paleatus
Toxicity,
Bioassay Active
or Field Field Ingredient,
StudyCI) Location(2) ppm*3)
BSA - 3.0(LD100>


5.0 (LD25)


BSA - 3.0 (LD-|00>


7.0 (LD25)


BSA - 1.0(LD100>


0.7 (LD25)


BSA - >10.0(LDioo>


>10.0(LD25)


BSA - (0)



BSA - (O)













Experimental
Variables
Controlled
or Noted<4)
See
Applegate,
et al
(1957-1958)


See
Applegate,
et al
(1957-1958)


See
Applegate,
et al
(1957-1958)


See
Applegate,
et al
(1957-1958)


af



ace













Comments
This paper deals with the comparative toxicity of halonitro-
salicylanilides to sea lamprey and fingerling rainbow trout
as a function of substituent loci.



Comment same as above.





Comment same as above.





Comment same as above.





At 32 ppt DMSO, five goldfish survived for 10 days without
exhibiting signs of respiratory stress or symptoms of toxic
reaction. In a similar concentration of acetone the median
period of survival was about 90 minutes.
According to the authors, the LD5Q concentration in 0-5 days
was found to be 1 .9% for P. innesi, H. erythrozonus.
P. reticulata, P. latipinna, and X. maculatus. B. rerio and
C. poleatus tolerated higher concentrations of DMSO for
longer periods of time.









Reference
(Year)
Starkey and
Howell
(1966)



Starkey and
Howell
(1966)



Starkey and
Howell
(1966)



Starkey and
Howell
(1966)



Ball
(1966)


Rabinowitz and
Myerson
(1966)































^
•o
"O
m
z
2
x


















-------
    Dimethyl
     su If oxide
    Dimethyl
     su If oxide
    1,3-dimethyl-
     urea
    3,5-dinitro-
     benzanilide
O
m
I
O
s
X  m-dinitro-
^   benzene
3)   (tech)
m
M  m-dinitro-
£fj   benzene
O
m
Salmo
 gairdneri
Salvellnus
 fontinales
S. namaycush

Cyprinus
 carpio
Ictalurus
 me/as
I. punctatus

Lepomis
 cyanellus
L. macrochirus

Perca
 flavescens

Oncorhynchus
 tshawytscha
O. nerka
O. kisutch
Salmo
 gairdneri
Semotilus
 atromacu/atus
Salmo
 gairdnerii
Carassius
 auratus
                      BSA
BSA
BSA
                      BSA
Lymnaeid
  snails

Microcystis
  aeruginosa
                      BSA
53,000
32,300
54,500
36,500
47,800
37,300
44,000
41,700
42,500
36,500
39,000
32,500
65,000
43,000
72,000
33,500
65,000
37,000
12 (L)
                                   (T1A)
                                   (T3A)
                                   (T1A)
                                   (T3A)
                                   (T1A)
                                   (T3A)
                                   (T1A)
                                   (T3A)
                                   (T1A)
                                   (T3A)
                                   (T1A)
                                   (T3A)
                                   (T1A)
                                   (T2A)
                                   (T1A)
                                   (T2A)
                                   (T1A)
                                   (T2A)
Water quality had little effect on toxicity of DMSO but
 increased temperature increased the toxicity to rainbow
 trout.
Willford
 (1967)
                            7,000 to 15,000
                             
-------
CHEMICALS
z
0
s
X
c
3)
m
en
0
Tl
O
m
2
o
EJ







i
ON





















Chemical
3.5-dinitro-2',3'-
benzoxylidide











3,5-dinitro-o-
benzotoluidide


Dinitro-o-sec-
butylphenol
(tech)
Dinitro-o-sec-
butylphenol










2,6-dinitro-4-
chlorophenol
(tech)
Dinitrocresol
(tech)

3,5-dinitro-o-
cresol
(tech)
4,6-dinitro-o-
cresol acetate
(tech)
Bioassay
or Field
Organism Study'D
Salmo BSA
gairdnerii
Carassius
auratus









Salmo BSA
gairdnerii
Carassius
auratus
Lymnaeid BSA
snails

Cylindrospermum L
lichen/forme (CD
Microcystis
aeruginosa (Ma)
Scenedesmus
obliquus (So)
Chlorella
variegata (Cy)
Gomphonema
parvulum fGp)
Nitzschia
palea (Np)
Lymnaeid BSA
snails

Pteronarcys BSA
californica
(naiads)
Lymnaeid BSA
snails

Lymnaeid BSA
snails

Toxicity, Experimental
Active Variables
Field Ingredient, Controlled
Location'2) ppm(3) or Noted'4) Comments
— (O) a This paper deals with the relations between chemical struc-
tures of salicylanilides and benzanilides and their toxicity
(O) to rainbow trout and goldfish. The chemical structure of
salicylanilides and benzanilides was related to toxicity and
selectivity to rainbow trout and goldfish. Salicylanilides
were more toxic than benzanilides to the fishes. The ortho
hydroxy substitution of salicylanilide accelerated biological
activity against fish. Meta nitro substitution on the sali-
cylanilides and benzanilides increased toxicity to fish.
Similar findings are reported for halogens and their relative
position(s) in the molecule. At 10.0 ppm, the chemical was
toxic to 1 out of 10 trout in 48 hours. At 10 ppm the
chemical was not toxic to goldfish.
— 10.1 (K2) a Comment same as above except at 10.0 ppm, the chemical
~~ was toxic to 8 out of 10 goldfish at 48 hours.
(0)

— (O) — Comment same as above except 100% mortality occurred at
1 :200,000 and greater.

— 2.0 (O) a Observations were made on the 3rd, 7th, 14th, and 21st days
to give the following (T = toxic, NT = nontoxic, PT = partially
toxic with number of days in parentheses. No number
indicates observation is for entire test period of 21 days):
Cl -NT
Ma - NT
So - NT
Cv -NT
Gp-NT
Np-NT


— (0) — Each test container (500-ml beaker) was filled with ditch
water. Less than 100% mortality occurred in concentrations
of 1:100,000.
- 0.00032 (T4A) acdef Data reported as LC5Q at 15.5 C in 4 days.


— (CO — Each test container (500-ml beaker) was filled with ditch
water. Less than 100% mortality occurred in concentrations
of 1:100,000.
— (O) — Comment same as above.


Reference
(Year)
Walker, et al
(1966)











Walker, et al
(1966)


Batte, et al
(1951)

Palmer and
Maloney
(1955)









Batte, et al
(1951)

Sanders and
Cope
(1968)
Bane, et al
(1951)

Batte, et al
(1951)





















^
^
m
Z
g
x




















-------
    4,6-dinitro-o-
     cresol methyl
     ether (tech)
    Dinitro-o-cyclo-
     hexylphenol
     (38 percent)
    Dinitro-o-cyclo-
     hexylphenol, di-
     cyclohexylamine
     salt (tech)
    Dinitro-o-cyclo-
     hexylphenol
    Dinitro-o-cyclo-
     hexylphenol,
     dicyclohexyl-
     amine salt
     (20 percent)

    2,4-dinitro-
     phenol
Lymnaeid
 snails
Lymnaeid
 snails

Lymnaeid
 snails
Lymnaeid
 snails
Lymnaeid
 snails
Sewage
 organisms
BSA



BSA



BSA




BSA


BSA





BOD
IN







O
m
S

>
CO
z
o
2
X
c

m
CO
O
-n
O
m
2
2,4-dinitro-
phenol (tech)
2,4-dinitro-
phenolhydrazine
(tech)
2,4-dinitro-
phenol.
sodium salt
(tech)
2,4-dinitro-
phenyl-
hydrazine
2,4-dinitro-
phenyl-
hydrazine









Lymnaeid
snails
Lymnaeid
snails

Lymnaeid
snails


Microcystis
aeruginosa

Cylindrospermum
licheniforme (CD
Microcystis
aeruginosa (Ma)
Scenedesmus
obliquus (Sol
Chlorella
variegata (Cv)
Comphonema
parvulum (Gp)
Nitzschia
palea (Np)
                                             BSA
                                             BSA
                                             BSA
(O)


(O)


(O)




1.0 (K1)


(O)





100(TC50)





(O)


(O)


(0)



100 (K)


2.0(0)
                                                                                              a, etc.
                                                                                      Comment same as above.
Comment same as above except 100% mortality occurred
 in concentrations of 1:400,000 and greater.

Comment same as above except 100% mortality occurred
 in concentrations of 1:200,000 and greater.
Each test container (500-ml beaker) was filled with ditch
 water.
Comment same as above except 100% mortality occurred
 in concentrations of 1:400,000 and greater.
                                                                The purpose of this paper was to devise a toxicity index for
                                                                 industrial wastes.  Results are recorded as the toxic con-
                                                                 centration producing 50 percent inhibition (TC5fj) of
                                                                 oxygen utilization as compared to controls.  Five toxi-
                                                                 grams depicting the effect of the chemicals on BOD were
                                                                 devised and each chemical classified.
                                                                Each test container (500-ml beaker) was filled with ditch
                                                                 water.  Less than 100% mortality occurred in concentrations
                                                                 of 1:100,000.
                                                                Comment same as above.
                                                                                                             Comment same as above.
                                                                                      The chemical was tested on a 5-day algae culture, 1 x 10^
                                                                                       to 2 x 106 cells/ml, 75 ml total volume.  Chu No. 10
                                                                                       medium was used.

                                                                                      Observations were made on the 3rd, 7th, 14th, and 21st days
                                                                                       to give the following (T = toxic, NT = nontoxic, PT =
                                                                                       partially toxic with number of days in parentheses.  No
                                                                                       number indicates observation is for entire test period of
                                                                                       21 days):
                                                                                        Cl  -NT
                                                                                        Ma -NT
                                                                                        So - NT PT (7)
                                                                                        Cv -NT
                                                                                        Gp -NT
                                                                                        Np -NT
                                                          Batte, et al
                                                            (1951)
Batte, et al
 (1951)

Batte, et al
 (1951)
Batte, et al
 (1951)
Batte, et al
 (1951)
                                                          Hermann
                                                           (1959)
                                                                                                                                                Batte, et al
                                                                                                                                                  (1951)

                                                                                                                                                Batte, et al
                                                                                                                                                  (1951)

                                                                                                                                                Batte, et al
                                                                                                                                                  (1951)
                                                                                                                                                                       Fitzgerald,
                                                                                                                                                                        et al
                                                                                                                                                                        (1952)
                                                                                                                                                                       Palmer and
                                                                                                                                                                        Maloney
                                                                                                                                                                        (1955)
                                                                                                                                                                                       m
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-------
CHEMICALS
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ON
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Chemical
2',3-dimtro-m-
salicylanilide











2',3-dinitro-p-
salicylotoluidide


3,5-dinitro-o-
salicylotoluidide


2,4-dinitro-
thymol (tech)

2,4-dinitro-
toluene (tech)
Di-n-propylamine





Disodium copper
salt of ethylene
diamine-tetra
acetic acid








Bioassay
or Field
Organism Study'1 )
Salmo BSA
gairdnerii
Carassius
auratus









Salmo BSA
gairdnerii
Carassius
auratus
Salmo BSA
gairdnerii
Carassius
auratus
Lymnaeid BSA
snails

Lymnaeid BSA
snails
Semotilus BSA
atromaculatus




Cylindrospermum L
lichen/forme (CD
Microcystis
aeruginosa (Ma)
Scenedesmus
obliquus (So)
Chlorella
variegata (Cv)
Gomphonema
parvulum (Gp)
Nitzschia
palea (Np)
Toxicity,
Active
Field Ingredient,
Location'2) ppm (3)
1.0 (K2)
10.0 (K 3 hr)
(0)










1.0 (K2)
10.0 (K 3hr)
10.0 (K 2)

10.0 (K 3 hr)

(0)

(0)


(0)

20 to 60 (CR)





2.0 (0)











Experimental
Variables
Controlled
or Noted'4) Comments
a This paper deals with the relations between chemical struct
~~ tures of salicylanilides and benzanilides and their toxicity
to rainbow trout and goldfish. The chemical structure of
salicylanilides and benzanilides was related to toxicity and
selectivity to rainbow trout and goldfish. Salicylanilides
were more toxic than benzanilides to the fishes. The ortho
hydroxy substitution of salicylanilide accelerated biological
activity against fish. Meta nitro substitution on the salicyl-
anilides and benzanilides increased toxicity to fish. Similar
findings are reported for halogens and their relative
position(s) in the molecule. At 10.0 ppm, the chemical
was not toxic to goldfish.

a Comment same as above except data cited.



a Comment same as above except that at 10.0 ppm, the chem-
~ ical was toxic to 9 out of 10 goldfish at 48 hr.


— Each test container (500-ml beaker) was filled with ditch
water. 100% mortality occurred in concentrations of
1 : 400,000 and greater.
— Comment same as above except less than 100% mortality
occurred in concentrations of 1:100,000.
a e Test water was freshly aerated Detroit River water. A
typical water analysis is given. Toxicity is expressed as
the "critical range" (CR), which was defined as that
concentration in ppm below which the 4 test fish lived
for 24 hr and above which all test fish died. Additional
data are presented.
a Observations were made on the 3rd, 7th, 14th, and 21st days
to give the following (T = toxic, NT = nontoxic, PT =
partially toxic with number of days in parentheses. No
number indicates observation is for entire test period of
21 days):
Cl -NT
Ma -PT (14)
So -NT
Cv -NT
Gp - NT
NP - NT

Reference
(Year)
Walker, et al
(1966)











Walker, et al
(1966)


Walker, et al
(1966)


Batte, et al
(1951)

Batte, et al
(1951)
Gillette, et al
(1952)




Palmer and
Maloney
(1955)































TJ
TJ
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X
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-------
fc
co
  X
  m
  2
  3J
  m
  CO
  O
  -n
  O
  m
  2
      Disodium
       octoborate
       tetrahydrate

      Dodecylaceta-
        mido-dimethyl
        benzyl
        ammonium
        chloride
Disodium          Cylindrospermum      L
 ethylene           lichen/forme (Cl)
 bisdithio-         Microcystis
 carbamate         aeruginosa (Ma)
                   Scenedesmus
                    obliquus (So)
                   Chlorella
                    variegata (Cv)
                   Gomphonema
                    parvulum (Gp)
                   Nitzschia
                    palea (Np)
                   Salmo                 BSA
                    gairdnerii

                   Cyclindrospermum     L
                    lichen/forme (Cl)
                   Gleocapsa
                    sp (GP)
                   Scenedesmus
                    obliquus (So)
                   Chlorella
                    variegata (Cv)
                   Gomphonema
                    parvulum (Gp)
                   Nitzschia
                    palea (Np)
Ethanol            Lesbistes              BSA
                    reticulatus
                   Carassius
                    auratus


Ethyl alcohol       Carassius              BSA
                    Carassius
Ethyl alcohol       Daphnia               BSA
                    magna
Ethyl alcohol       Pygosteus             BCF
                    pungitius
                                                                          2.0 (O)
                                                                    4200 (T1A)
                                                                    2750 (T2A)


                                                                    2.0 (O)
                                                                          (O)
                                                                          (O)
                                                                          18,400 (O)
(O)
                                                                                                         Comment same as above except that:
                                                                                                            Cl  -NT
                                                                                                            Ma -PT (14)
                                                                                                            So -NT
                                                                                                            Cv - T (3)
                                                                                                            Gp-T(3)
                                                                                                            Np -T(3)
                                                                                               Palmer and
                                                                                                Maloney
                                                                                                (1955)
Most of the weed-killer formulations in this study consisted     Alabaster
 of more than one substance, i.e., oils, emulsifiers, stabilizers,     (1956)
 and other adjuvants.
Observations were made on the 3rd, 7th, 14th, and 21st days    Palmer and
 to give the following  (T = toxic, NT = nontoxic, PT =           Maloney
 partially toxic with number of days in parentheses. No         (1955)
 number indicates observation is for entire test period of
 21 days):
  Cl  - PT (7)
  G  -T(3), PT(14)
  So  -T
  Cv  -T
  Gp -T
  Np -T

The uptake of ethanol from buffered solution by guppies        Hayton
 has been studied.  There was an apparent increase in the         and Hall
 rate of absorption with  increasing pH.  Experiments with        (1968)
 goldfish failed to show an increase in absorption rate as
 the pH was increased.

This old, lengthy paper discusses toxicity of many chemicals.    Powers
 possible mechanism of action of some, the effect of tempera-    (1918)
 ture, effect of dissolved oxygen, the efficiency of the gold-
 fish as a test animal, compares this work with earlier work,
 and lists an extensive bibliography.
In a concentration of 16 cc per liter, fish survived 98 minutes.
This paper deals with the toxicity thresholds of various sub-     Anderson
 stances found in industrial wastes as determined by the use of   (1944)
 D. magna. Centrifuged  Lake Erie water was used as a diluent
 in the bioassay. Threshold concentration was defined as the
 highest concentration which would just fail to immobilize
 the animals under prolonged (theoretically infinite) exposure.
A concentration of 4 percent ethyl alcohol immediately intox-   Jones
 icated the fish, which recovered when placed  in fresh water.     (1949)
 A  1 percent solution  caused the fish to exhibit an avoidance
 reaction.
                                                                                                                                                                                     D
                                                                                                                                                                                     X

-------
o
I
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i Chemical
^ Ethyl alcohol
O
S
X
H
C
30
00 Ethyl benzene
O
O
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Cj
Ethyldietha-
nolamine




Ethylene
diamine
Ethylene
thiourea

2,ethy 1-1,3-
hexanediol

1-(2-ethyl-
hexyl)-2-
undecyl-
1 ,4,5,6-
tetrahydro-
pyrimidine
Ethylmercuric
chloride




Organism
Semotilus
atromaculatus




Pimephales
promelas
Lepomis
macrochirus
Carassius
a u rat us
Lebistes
reticulatus
Semotilus
atromaculatus




Semotilus
atromaculatus
Semotilus
atromaculatus

Channel
catfish
(fingerlings)
Microcystis
aeruginosa




Artemia
salina
Acartia
clausi
Elminius
modestus
Toxicity, Experimental
Bioassay Active Variables
or Field Field Ingredient, Controlled
Study'D Location<2) ppm(3) or Noted^)
BSA - 7,000 to a e
9,000 (CR)




BSA - 40 (T4A) acdef

29 (T4A)

73 (T4A)

78 (T4A)

BSA - 160 to 200 (CR) ae





BSA - 30 to 60 (CR) ae

BSA - 6,000 to a e
8,000 (CR)

BSA - 624(K25hrA) a


L - 2.0 (K) a, etc





BSA - 24.0 (O) a c

2.0 (0)


4.4 (O)
Comments
Test water used was freshly aerated Detroit River water. A
typical water analysis is given. Toxicity is expressed as the
"critical range" (CR), which was defined as that concen-
tration in ppm below which the 4 test fish lived for 24 hrs.
and above which all test fish died. Additional data are
presented.
Most fish survived at test concentrations of about one half.
or slightly more, of the TLm value. No attempt was made
to estimate 100 percent survival.





Test water used was freshly aerated Detroit River water. A
typical water analysis is given. Toxicity is expressed as the
"critical range" (CR), which was defined as that concen-
tration in ppm below which the 4 test fish lived for 24 hr
and above which all test fish died. Additional data are
presented.
Comment same as above.

Comment same as above.


Tap water was used. Considerable additional data are
presented.

The chemical was tested on a 5-day algae culture, 1x10^
to 2 x 106 cells/ml, 75 ml total volume. Chu No. 10
medium was used.



All tests were conducted in seawater.

Toxicity values reported are relative to that of mercuric
chloride expressed as unity.

Mechanism of action is discussed, as well as synergistic
Reference
(Year)
Gillette, et al
(1952)




Pickering and
Henderson
(1966)





Gillette, et al
(1952)




Gillette, et al
(1952)
Gillette, et al
(1952)

Clemens and
Sneed
(1959)
Fitzgerald, et al
(1952)




Corner and
Sparrow
(1956)























^
TJ
TJ
m
Z
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x















action of two poisons administered simultaneously.

-------
    2'-ethyl-3-nitro-
     salicylanilide
    O-ethyl-s-
     pentachloro-
     phenyl
     thiocarbamate
    Ferric chloride
    Ferric chloride
o
m
£
X
•33
m
en
    Ferric chloride
    Ferric chloride
    Ferric chloride
    Ferric chloride
Ferric sulfate
Salmo
 gairdnerii
Carassius
 a u rat us
                                         BSA
                                                                     (O)
Petromyzoh
 marinus
 (larvae)

Carassius
 carassius
                       Daphnia
                        magna
Daphnia
 magna

Gambusia
 affinis

Biomorpholaria
 alexandrina
Bulinus
 truncatus
Daphnia
 magna

Gambusia
 affinis
                                         BSA
                                             BSA
10 (K<1)
                                                                         (O)
                       BSA
                                                                     130 (O)
                                             BSA
                                             BSA
                                             BSA
                                             BSA
                                             BSA
                                                                     74 (T2A)



                                                                     200 (K1)

                                                                     200 (K1)

                                                                     36(71 A)
                                                                     21 (T2A)
                                                                     15(T4A)
                                                                     133IT2A)
                                                                                               a c d e g
                                                                                               a c d eg
This paper deals with the relations between chemical struc-      Walker, et al
 tures of salicylanilides and benzanilides and their toxicity       (1966)
 to rainbow trout and goldfish. The chemical structure of
 salicylanilides and benzanilides was related to toxicity and
 selectivity to rainbow trout and goldfish.  Salicylanilides
 were more toxic than benzanilides to the fishes. The ortho
 hydroxy substitution of salicylanilide accelerated biological
 activity against fish.  Meta nitro substitution on the salicyl-
 anilides and benzanilides increased toxicity to fish. Similar
 findings are reported for halogens and their relative position(s)
 in the molecule.  No affect occurred for rainbow trout or
 goldfish at 0.1 and 1.0 ppm.
Additional data are presented.                                 Piavis
                                                             (1962)
                                     This old, lengthy paper discusses toxicity of many chemicals,    Powers
                                       possible mechanism of action of some, the effect of tern-       (1918)
                                       perature, effect of dissolved oxygen, the efficiency of the
                                       goldfish as a test animal, compared this work with earlier
                                       work, and  lists an extensive bibliography.
                                     In a concentration of 0.284N, fish survived  29 minutes; in a
                                       concentration of 0.0000166N, they survived 1200 minutes.
                                     This paper deals with the toxicity thresholds of various sub-     Anderson
                                       stances found in industrial wastes as determined by the use of   (1944)
                                       D. magna.  Centrifuged Lake Erie water was used as a diluent
                                       in the bioassay. Threshold concentration was defined as the
                                       highest concentration which would just fail to immobilize
                                       the animals under prolonged (theoretically infinite) exposure.
                                     Lake Erie water was used as diluent.  Toxicity given as          Anderson
                                       threshold concentration producing immobilization for          (1944)
                                       exposure periods of 64 hr.

                                     The effect of turbidity on the toxicity of the chemicals was     Wallen, et al
                                       studied. Test water was from a farm pond with "high"         (1957)
                                       turbidity.  Additional data  are presented.
                                     The degree of tolerance for vector snails of bilharziasis to        Gohar and
                                       various chemicals is somewhat dependent upon tempera-        EI-Gindy
                                       ture.  The temperature at which (K1) occurred  was 26  C.       (1961)

                                     "Standard reference water" was described and used as well      Dowden and
                                       as lake water. Varied results were obtained when evalua-       Bennett
                                       tions were  made in various types of water.                     (1965)
                                     The effect of turbidity on the toxicity of the chemicals was     Wallen, et al
                                       studied. Test water was from a farm pond with "high"         (1957)
                                       turbidity.   Additional data are presented.
                                                                             I
                                                                             m
                                                                             D
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-------
CHEMICAL!
WJ
0
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X
H
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3D
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Tl
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5
O
r;
i/i







ON
ON




















Chemical
Ferrocyanide
complex
Sodium
cyanide
(482 ppmCN-)
and
Ferrous sulfate
(193 ppm Fe++)
Ferrous
chloride

Ferrous
disodium
versenate
Ferrous oxide


Ferrous sulfate






Ferrous sulfate









Ferrous sulfate





Ferrous sulphate


Organism
Pimephales
promelas






Daphnia
magna

Channel
catfish
(fingerlings)
Gambusia
affinis

Daphnia
magna





Micropterus
salmoides
Lepomis
machrochirus
Goldfish





Sewage
organisms




Biomorph olaria
alexandrina
Bulinus
Toxicity, Experimental
Bioassay Active Variables
or Field Field Ingredient, Controlled
Studydl Location(2) ppm(3) or Noted<4)
BSA - 10(K<48hr) ac







BSA - <38(S) a


BSA - >500 a
(K25hrA) ~~

BSA - 1 0,000 (T2A) acdeg
~

BSA - <152(O) ac






BSA - 100 (O) acfpi

100 (O)

100 (O)





BOD - (NTE) a





BSA - 900 (K1) a

900 (K1)
Comments
Synthetic soft water was used. Toxicity data given as
number of test fish surviving after exposure at 24, 48,
and 96 hr.





Lake Erie water was used as diluent. Toxicity given as
threshold concentration producing immobilization for
exposure periods of 64 hr.
Tap water was used. Considerable additional data are
presented.

The effect of turbidity on the toxicity of the chemicals
was studied. Test water was from a farm pond with
"high" turbidity. Additional data are presented.
This paper deals with the toxicity thresholds of various
substances found in industrial wastes as determined by the
use of D. magna. Centrifuged Lake Erie water was used
as a diluent in the bioassay. Threshold concentration
was defined as the highest concentration which would
just fail to immobilize the animals under prolonged
(theoretically infinite) exposure.
The disposal of cannery wastes frequently involves the use
of chemicals for treatment purposes. Ferrous sulphate,
alum, and lime are used in chemical coagulation; sodium
carbonate for acidity control in biological filters; and
sodium nitrate in lagoons for odor control. Lye (sodium
hydroxide) peeling of certain fruits and vegetables is not
uncommon. These chemicals, in whole or part, are dis-
charged in most cases to a stream.
The concentrations listed permitted large mouth bass to
survive 2.5 to 3.5 days, and goldfish to survive indefinitely.
The purpose of this paper was to devise a toxicity index
for industrial wastes. Results are recorded as the toxic
concentration producing 50 percent inhibition (TCsfj)
of oxygen utilization as compared to controls. Five
toxigrams depicting the effect of the chemicals on BOD
were devised and each chemical classified.
The degree of tolerance for vector snails of bilharziasis to
various chemicals is somewhat dependent upon tempera-
ture. The temperature at which (K1 ) occurred was 27 C.
Reference
(Year)
Doudoroff, et al
(1956)






Anderson
(1948)

Clemens
and Sneed
(1959)
Wallen, et al
(1957)

Anderson
(1944)





Sanborn
(1945)








Hermann
(1959)




Gohar and
EI-Gindy
(1961)



















^
^
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X


















truncatus

-------
I
      Ferrous sulfide


      Ferrous sulfite

      Fluoride
      Fluoride
      2'-fluoro-3',5'-
       dinitrobenz-
       anilide
Gambusia
 affinis

Gambusia
 affinis
Salmo
 gairdnerii
Chlorella
 pyrenoidosa
Salmo
 gairdnerii
Carassius
 auratus
BSA


BSA

BSA





O
m
S
O
£/)
1
O
s

H
C
3)
m
O
Tl
5
m
2
o
3'-fluoro-5-
nitrosalicyl-
anilide

3'-fluoro-3-
nitrosalicyl-
anilide



2'-fluoro-3-
nitrosalicyl-
anilide



4'-fluoro-3-
nitrosalicyl-
anilide



Salmo
gairdnerii
Carassius
auratus
Sea
lamprey
(larva)
Salmo
gairdneri
(fingerling)
Sea
lamprey
(larva)
Salmo
gairdneri
(fingerling)
Sea
lamprey
(larva)
Salmo
gairdneri
(fingerling)
BSA
                                              BSA
                                              BSA
                                              BSA
                                              BSA
10,000 (T2A)
350 (T2A)

(H) 250 (K21)
(H) 150(90% K21)
(H) 100(NTE21)
(S)253(K21)
(S) 113(K21)
(S)75(NTE21)
(O)
ja c d eg



£cd eg


  ad
                            10 (K2)

                            10 (K2)
                                                  1.0 (K2)
                                                  10.0 (K 3 hr)
                                                  10.0 (K2)

                                                  0.5 (K)


                                                  (O)


                                                  1.0 K
                                                                          1.0 (K)
                                                                                            See
                                                                                             Applegate,
                                                                                             et al
                                                                                             (1957-1958)
                                                                                            See
                                                                                             Applegate,
                                                                                             et al
                                                                                             (1957-1958)
                                                                    See
                                                                     Applegate,
                                                                     et al
                                                                     (1957-1958)
The effect of turbidity on the toxicity of the chemicals
 was studied. Test water was from a farm pond with
 "high" turbidity.  Additional data are presented.
Comment same as above.

Aerated lake and well water were used as diluents.
 Toxicity data are given as percentage killed at various
 concentrations of fluoride in both hard (320 ppm)
 and soft water (45 ppm). Threshold for 50% mortality
 was 8.5 ppm F in  504 hr (21 days).

Fluoride caused growth inhibition in cultures of Chlorella
 pyrenoidosa.  This antimetabolite had its greatest effect
 at concentrations  greater than 10"3  M. No proportionality
 could be established between the concentrations of fluoride
 and the percentages of inhibition occurring at these
 concentrations.
This paper deals with the relations between chemical struc-
 tures of salicylanilides and benzanilides and their toxicity
 to rainbow trout and goldfish. The  chemical structure of
 salicylanilides and benzanilides was  related to toxicity and
 selectivity to rainbow trout and goldfish. Salicylanilides
 were more toxic than benzanilides to the fishes.  The ortho
 hydroxy substitution of salicylanilide  accelerated biological
 activity against fish. Meta nitro substitution on the sali-
 cylanilides and benzanilides increased  toxicity to fish.
 Similar findings are reported for halogens and their relative
 position(s) in the molecule.
Comment same as above.
                                                                 This paper deals with the comparative toxicity of halonitro-
                                                                  salicylanilides to sea lamprey and fingerling rainbow trout
                                                                  as a function of substituent loci.
                                                                 0.9 ppm killed 25%.
                                                                                       Comment same as above.
                                                                                                               3.0 ppm killed 25%.
                                                                                                               Comment same as above.
                                                                                                               3.0 ppm killed 25%.
Wallen, et al
 (1957)

Wallen, et al
 (1957)
Herbert and
 Shurben
 (1964)
                                                                                                                                                                          Smith and
                                                                                                                                                                           Woodson
                                                                                                                                                                           (1965)
                                                                                                Walker, et al
                                                                                                 (1966)
                                                                                                                                                                                          O
                                                                                                                                                                                          X
                                                                                                                                                                          Walker, et al
                                                                                                                                                                           (1966)
                                                                                               Starkey and
                                                                                                 Howell
                                                                                                 (1966)
                                                                                                                                                 Starkey and
                                                                                                                                                   Howell
                                                                                                                                                   (1966)
                                                                                                                                                                         Starkey and
                                                                                                                                                                           Howell
                                                                                                                                                                           (1966)

-------
o
I
m
O
f£ Chemical Organism
^ 4-fluoro-5- Sea
U nitrosahcyl- lamprey
2 anilide (larva)
X
C Fluosilicic Sewage
^ acid organisms
c/)
O
Tt
O
I
i
Q Formaldehyde Pygosteus
r~ (40% soln) pungitius
Formaldehyde Sewage
organisms




Formaldehyde Daphnia
j> magna
O\
Formaldehyde Sa/mo
gairdneri
Sa/mo
trutta
Satvelinus
fontinalis
Salvelinus
namaycush
Ictalurus
punctatus
Lepomis
macrochirus
Formalin Ictalurus
punctatus

Formalin Channel
(by volume) catfish
(fingerlings)
Formalin Tadpoles
Various fish





Toxicity,
Bioassay Active
or Field Field Ingredient,
Study!1' Location'?) ppm'3'
BSA - 3.0 (K)



BOD - 2.6 (O)






BCF - (O)

BOD - 740 (TC50)





BSA - 100
1000 (T1A)

BSA - 168(T2A)

185 (T2A)

157 (T2A)

167 (T2A)

96 (T2A)

140 (T2A)

BSA - 126(K2A)
87 (T2A)

BSA - 87
(K 25 hr A)

FL III. 25-30 (K)






Experimental
Variables
Controlled
or Noted'4' Comments
See This paper deals with the comparative toxicity of halonitro-
Applegate, salicylanilides to sea lamprey and f ingerling rainbow trout
et al as a function of substituent loci.
(1957-1958)
— Various metal salts were studied in relation to how they
affected the BOD of both raw and treated sewage as well as
how they affected the processing of sewage in the treatment
plant. BOD was used as the parameter to measure the effect
of the chemical. The chemical concentration cited is the
ppm required to reduce the BOD values by 50%. This chem-
ical was tested in an unbuffered system.
a Concentrations of 0.1 to 0.4 percent (v/v) caused the fish to
show a negative reaction and appear to be irritated.
a The purpose of this paper was to devise a toxicity index for
industrial wastes. Results are recorded as the toxic concen-
tration producing 50 percent inhibition (TCsfj) of oxygen
utilization as compared to controls. Five toxigrams depict-
ing the effect of the chemicals on BOD were devised and
each chemical classified.
a c "Standard reference water" was described and used as well as
lake water. Varied results were obtained when evaluations
were made in various types of water.
a f Variance and the 95-percent confidence interval (C.I.) were
also determined.










a c f i The experiment was conducted at 77 C.


a Tap water was used. Considerable additional data are
presented.

a c After preliminary tests in aquaria, nine pond treatments were
made in six different ponds ranging in size from 0.03 to
0.5 acre. Formalin treatments caused oxygen depletion.
which, in turn, resulted in a fish kill. The ponds were treated
with formalin at 25 to 30 ppm. The authors recommend that
when fish are present, not more than 3O ppm should be used
to kill tadpoles in ponds.
Reference
(Year)
Starkey and
Howell
(1966)

Sheets
(1957)





Jones
(1947)
Hermann
(1959)




Dowden and
Bennett
(1965)
Willford
(1966)










Clemens and
Sneed
(1958)
Clemens and
Sneed
(1959)
Helms
(1967)

























>
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m
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-------
      Formalin
I
vo
      Formic
       acid
      Formic
       acid

      Furfural
      Glutaric
  O    acid
  m
  _   Heptane
  >   Hexamethylene-
       tetramine
Rana
 catesbeiana
R. pipiens

Bufo sp

Notemigonus
 crysoleucas

Cyprinus
 carpio
Ictalurus
 me/as

Large mouth
 bass
Lepomis
 macrochirus
L. cyanel/us
Tilapia sp
Sewage
 organisms
Lepomis
 macrochirus

Gambusia
 affinis

Lepomis
 macrochirus

Gambusia
 affinis

Sewage
 organisms
                                              BSA
c
•33
m
w Hydrochloric
O acid
Tl
O
I
m
2



Carassius
carassius





BOD
BSA
                                              BSA
BSA
BSA
                                              BOD
                                              BSA
80 (K),
 53 (L1)
30 (K),
 22 (L1)
50 (K),
 45 (L3)
87 (L1),
 67 (L2),
 62 (L3)
70 (L3)

70+(L1),
 49 (L2),
 45 (L3)
100(L3)

100+ (L2),
 80 (L3)
90 (L3)
100(L3)

550 (TC5o>
                            175 (T1A)
                                                                         24 (T2A)
                           330 (T1 A)
4,924 (T2A)
                            (NTE)
                                                                                                              Data are reported as LDso, although TLm or LCgrj might have
                                                                                                               been more appropriate. The (K) represents minimum con-
                                                                                                               centration for 100 percent kill.
                                                                                                                          Helms
                                                                                                                           (1967)
                                                                         (0)
  o
  >
  u,
   a           The purpose of this paper was to devise a toxicity index for
   ~            industrial wastes.  Results are recorded as the toxic concen-
                tration producing 50 percent inhibition (TCgg) of oxygen
                utilization as compared to controls. Five toxigrams depict-
                ing the effect of the chemicals on BOD were devised and
                each chemical classified.
  £C           "Standard reference water" was described and used as well as
                lake water. Varied results were obtained when evaluations
                were made in various types of water.
£ c d e g        The effect of turbidity on the toxicity of the chemicals was
                studied. Test water was from a farm pond with "high"
                turbidity.  Additional data are presented.
  £C           "Standard reference water" was described and used as well as
                lake water. Varied results were obtained when evaluations
                were made in various types of water.
a c d e g        The effect of turbidity on the toxicity of the chemicals was
                studied. Test water was from a farm pond with "high"
                turbidity.  Additional data are presented.

   £           The purpose of this paper was to devise a toxicity index for
                industrial wastes.  Results are recorded as the toxic concen-
                tration producing 50 percent inhibition (TC5fj) of oxygen
                utilization as compared to controls. Five toxigrams depict-
                ing the effect of the chemicals on BOD were devised and
                each chemical classified.
   a           This old, lengthy paper discusses toxicity of many chemicals,
                possible mechanism of action of some, the effect of tem-
                perature, effect of dissolved oxygen, the efficiency of the
                goldfish as a test animal, compares this work with earlier
                work, and lists an extensive bibliography.
               In 0.0000313N solution, fish survived 1200 minutes.
                                                                                                                          Hermann
                                                                                                                           (1959)
Dowden and
 Bennett
 (1965)
Wallen, et al
 (1957)

Dowden and
 Bennett
 (1965)
Wallen, et al
 (1957)

Hermann
 (1959)
                                                                                                                                                                        Powers
                                                                                                                                                                         (1918)
                                                                                                               fc
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CHEMICALS
>
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i/j








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— i
0



















Chemical
Hydrochloric
acid





Hydrochloric
acid



Hydrochloric
acid




Hydrochloric
acid


Hydrochloric
acid


Hydrocyanic
acid

Hydrogen
cyanide
Hydrogen
cyanide


HCN


Hydrogen
cyanide




Organism
Daphnia
magna





Semotilus
atromaculatus



Lepomis
macrochirus




Gambusia
a f fin is


Lepomis
macrochirus


Lagodon
rhomboides

Lagodon
rhomboides
Fish



Lepomis
macrochirus
(juveniles)
Salmo
gairdnerii




Bioassay
or Field
Study*1'
BSA






BSA




BCFA





BSA



BSA



BSA


BSA

BSA



BSA


BSA





Toxicity, Experimental
Active Variables
Field Ingredient, Controlled
Location*2' ppm*3) or Noted*4'
62 (O) a c






- 60 to 80 (CR) ae




(O) acef





282 (T2A) a c d e g



3.5(pH,T4A) acdei



0.069 (T1 A) a


0.069 (T1 A)

- 7.7 x 10'6 M ac
(K)


0.16 (T3A) acdfp


- 0.07 (T2A) a c d e f o





Comments
This paper deals with the toxicity thresholds of various sub-
stances found in industrial wates as determined by the use
of D. magna. Centrifuged Lake Erie water was used as a
diluent in the bioassay. Threshold concentration was de-
fined as the highest concentration which would just fail to
immobilize the animals under prolonged (theoretically
infinite) exposure.
Test water used was freshly aerated Detroit River water. A
typical water analysis is given. Toxicity is expressed as the
"critical range" (CR), which was defined as that concentra-
tion in ppm below which the 4 test fish lived for 24 hr and
above which all test fish died. Additional data are presented.
Test water was composed of distilled water with CP grade
chemicals and was aerated throughout the 96-hour exposure
period.
Toxicity was dependent upon pH. At pH 3.90 to 4.05,
10 percent of the fish died after 2 days. At pH 3.65,
50 percent survived after 3 days.
The effect of turbidity on the toxicity of the chemicals was
studied. Test water was from a farm pond with "high"
turbidity. Additional data are presented.

A "control" was prepared by adding required chemicals to
distilled water, and this was constantly aerated. Data re-
ported are for larger fish, app 14.24 cm in length. Data
for smaller fish are also in the report.
Aerated sea water was used.


Experiments were conducted in aerated salt water.

Avoidance behavior of test fish to toxic chemicals is given.
Toxicitv is given as the lowest lethal concentration (molar).
Ratios of avoidance and lowest lethal concentration are
presented and discussed.
The solutions were prepared with NaCN, but the data given
are calculated as free HCN.

The concentration killing a half batch of fish in 2 days pro-
vides a reasonable estimate of the threshold concentration.
The toxicity of cyanide is related to the concentration of
molecular hydrogen cyanide, and not of the cyanide ion
(CN~). The lower the pH value the greater the proportion
of molecular HCN.
Reference
(Year)
Anderson
(1944)





Gillette, et al
(1952)



Cairns and
Scheier
(1955)



Wallen, et al
(1957)


Cairns and
Scheier
(1959)

Daugherty and
Garrett
(1951)
Garrett
(1957)
Ishio
(1965)


Doudoroff, et al
(1966)

Brown
(1968)
























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-------
    H ion
    Hydrogen
     sulphide
    Hydrogen
     sulfide
    Hydrogen
     sulfide
     (undissociated)

    Hydrogen
     sulfide
c
3D
m
CO
O
    Hydrogen
     sulfide
O
    Hydroquinone
    Hydroquinone
                      Fish
Oncorhyncus
 tshawytscha
Oncorhyncus
 kisutch
Sal mo clarkii
 clarkii
Bull/a
 (Gastropoda)
                      Fish
Ictalurus
 punctatus
                                            BSA
BSA
                                            BSA
                                            BSA
FL
                                                  1.0 x 10-5 M
                                                   (K)
1.0 (K5)
1.2(K5)
1.0 (K5)
                            (O)
                                                  1.9 x ID'5 M
                                                   (K)
               Texas
Ictalurus
 punctatus
Lepomis
 macrochirus
                      BSA
                            (O)
    Hydroquinone
     diacetate
Microcystis
 aeruginosa

Daphnia
 magna
Microcystis
 aeruginosa
                                            BSA
                                                                        100 (K)
                                                                        0.287 (K2)
                                                                        100 (K)
 a c           Avoidance behavior of test fish to toxic chemicals is given.      Ishio
 ~             Toxicity is given as the lowest lethal concentration (molar).     (1965)
               Ratios of avoidance and  lowest lethal  concentration are
               presented  and discussed.

£ d e          This chemical is one of a number that may be found in         Haydu, et al
               Kraft mill waste effluents. Data are expressed as minimum     (1952)
               lethal concentration for  5 days.
                         —           No quantitative data are reported.  H2& was bubbled through    Brown
                                      sea water. When animals of this species were exposed to the     (1964)
                                      H2S solution more than half an hour, they were killed.
                                      Animals removed after 15 minutes, then placed in fresh
                                      aerated sea water, recovered.
                        ac           Avoidance behavior of test fish to toxic chemicals is given.       Ishio
                       ~             Toxicity is given as the lowest lethal concentration (molar).     (1965)
                                      Ratios of avoidance and lowest lethal concentration are
                                      presented and discussed.
                       a c g          One hundred cat fish were placed in a pen in one lake and in     Bonn and
                                      less than 48 hours, all the test fish fry were dead.  Tests         Follis
                                      showed that total hydrogen sulfide to be 0.96 ppm and a        (1967)
                                      pH of less than 6.0. This gave an  unionized H2S concentra-
                                      tion of at least 0.797  ppm, which was lethal to the catfish.
                                     Based on the results of extensive tests, it was evident that the
                                      production of unionized H2$ was seasonal, and often very
                                      erratic.
                        a c           The quantity of total sulf ides necessary to produce a TLm of    Bonn and
                                      the test catfish varied from 1.82 to approximately 7.0 ppm,     Follis
                                      depending upon the pH of the water. Most of the catfish        (1967)
                                      fry died in approximately 10 minutes at the concentration
                                      range given above.
                                     At a pH of 7.0 the TLm of unionized hydrogen sulfide was
                                      found to be 1.0 ppm for fingerling channel catfish, 1.3 for
                                      advanced fingerlings and 1.4 for adult catfish. The finger-
                                      lings died in approximately 20 minutes while the TLm for
                                      advanced fingerlings and adults was attained after about
                                      45 minutes.
                                     No TLm was reached for bluegill in the fingerling tests.

                       a_, etc         The chemical was tested on a 5-day algae culture, 1 x 106       Fitzgerald, et al
                                      to 2 x 106 cells/ml, 75ml total volume.  Chu No. 10 medium    (1952)
                                      was used.

                         £           An attempt was made to correlate the biological action with     Sollman
                                      the chemical reactivity of selected chemical substances.         (1949)
                                      Results indicated a considerable correlation between the
                                      aquarium fish toxicity and antiautocatalytic potency of the
                                      chemicals in marked contrast to their toxicity on systemic
                                      administration.

                       £, etc         The chemical was tested on a 5-day algae culture, 1 x 106       Fitzgerald, et al
                                      to  2 x 106 cells/ml, 75 ml total volume.  Chu No. 10 medium    (1952)
                                      was used.
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Chemical
Hydroqumone
monobenzyl
ether



Hydroquinone
monomethyl
ether

Hydroxyl
ion


Hydroxyl
ion






















Hydroxyl-
amine-
HCI
Hydroxyl-
ammonium
benzoate
Hydroxyl-
ammonium
chloride
Bioassay
or Field
Organism Study (1)
Daphnia BSA
magna




Daphnia BSA
magna


Fish BSA



Moroco L
steindachnerii
Pungtungia
herzi
Acheilognathous
limbata
Cyprinus
carpio
Zaccho
platypus
Sarcocheilichthys
variegratus
Lebistes
reticulatus
Carassius
auratus (wild)
Carassius
auratus
Gnathepogon
gracilis
Pimephalus
promelas
Lepomis
macrochirus
Microcystis L
aeruginosa

Microcystis L
aeruginosa

Microcystis L
aeruginosa

Toxicity, Experimental
Active Variables
Field Ingredient, Controlled
Location*2) ppm(3) or Noted^)
2.5 (K2) a





200 (K2) a



1.0 x ID'5 M a c
(K)


1 1.23 to 9. 74 (O)

10.62 to 9. 16 (O)

10.12 to 9.03 (O)

10.13 to 8.62 (O)

10.12 to 8.62 (O)

9.63 to 8.71 (O)

9.38 to 8.44 (O)

10.38 to 8.24 (O)

10.25 to 7.38 (O)

10.38 to 7.40 (0)

9.56 to 9.05 (O)

9.62 to 8.76 (O)

50 (K) a, etc


100 (K) a, etc


- 100 (K) a, etc


Comments
An attempt was made to correlate the biological action with
the chemical reactivity of selected chemical substances.
Results indicated a considerable correlation between the
aquarium fish toxicity and antiautocatalytic potency of
the chemicals in marked contrast to their toxicity on
systemic administration.
Comment same as above.



Avoidance behavior of test fish to toxic chemicals is given.
Toxicity is given as the lowest lethal concentration (molar).
Ratios of avoidance and lowest lethal concentration are
presented and discussed.
The values given are the pH range avoided by the fish.























The chemical was tested on a 5-day algae culture, 1x10^
to 2 x 106 cells/ml, 75 ml total volume. Chu No. 10 medium
was used.
Comment same as above.


Comment same as above.


Reference
(Year)
Sollman
(1949)




Sollman
(1949)


Ishio
(1965)


Ishio
(1965)






















Fitzgerald, et al
(1952)

Fitzgerald, et al
(1952)

Fitzgerald, et al
(1952)






















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-------
Hydroxyl-
ammonium
phosphate
Hydroxyl-
ammonium
sulfate
2'-hydroxy-
phenazine-1-
carboxylic
acid


o-hydroxybenzoic
acid
Microcystis
aeruginosa

Microcystis
aeruginosa

Microcystis
aeruginosa
Anabaena
flos-aquae
Notemogonous
crysoleucas
Carassius
a u rat us
L


L


L

L



B£

p-hydroxybenzoic  Carassius
 acid              auratus
m-hydroxybenzoic Carassius
 acid              auratus
p-hydroxyphenyl-
 glycine
Daphnia
 magna
BSA

BSA

BSA
100 (K)


100 (K)



0.1 (O)

1.0(0)



0.254 (K)

0.0230 (K)

0.0363 (K)

20 (K2)
                                                                                          a, etc         Comment same as above.
                                                                                          a, etc         Comment same as above.
;>
U>
8-hydroxy-
quinoline
Imidazoline

lodoacetic
acid
O
m
S
O
j£
w
2
a
5
x
c
3]
m
C/l
O
O
I
m
5
$


Microcystis L
aeruginosa
Microcystis L
aeruginosa
Cylindrospermum L
lichen/forme (CD
Microcystis
aeruginosa (Ma)
Scenedesmus
obliquus (So)
Chlorel/a
variegata (Cv)
Gomphonema
parvulum (Gp)
Nitzschia
pa/ea (Np)










                                                                   100 (K)


                                                                   2.0 (K)

                                                                   2.0 (O)
                                                                                                        Concentrations noted are for complete inhibition of
                                                                                                         M. aeruginosa and A. flos-aquae.  No harmful effects to
                                                                                                         N. crysoleucas were noted at the concentrations evaluated.
                                                                                     Goldfish weighed between 2 and 4 g.
                                                                                     Temperature was maintained at 27.0 ± 0.2 C.
                                                                                     Comment same as above.
  a           Comment same as above.

  a           An attempt was made to correlate the biological action with
               the chemical reactivity of selected chemical substances.
               Results indicated a considerable correlation between the
               aquarium fish toxicity and antiautocatalytic potency of
               the chemicals in marked contrast to their toxicity on
               systemic administration.
  a           The chemical was tested on a 5-day algae culture, 1 x 10"
               to 2 x 106 cells/ml, 75 ml total volume. Chu No. 10 medium
               was used.
a, etc         Comment same as above.

 j3           Observations were made on the 3rd, 7th, 14th, and 21st days
               to give the following (T = toxic, NT = nontoxic, PT = par-
               tially toxic with number of days in parentheses.  No number
               indicates observation is for entire test period of 21 days):
                Cl - PT (7)
                Ma - T (3)
                So - T (3)
                Cv -NT
                Gp-PT (14)
                Np-NT
                                                                                                                                                Fitzgerald, et al
                                                                                                                                                 (1952)

                                                                                                                                                Fitzgerald, et al
                                                                                                                                                 (1952)
                                                                                                                                                Toohey, et al
                                                                                                                                                 (1965)
Gersdorff
 (1943)
Gersdorff
 (1943)
Gersdorff
 (1943)
So 11 man
 (1949)
                                                                                                                                                Fitzgerald, et al
                                                                                                                                                 (1952)
                                                                                                                                                Fitzgerald, et al
                                                                                                                                                 (1952)
                                                                                                                                                Palmer and
                                                                                                                                                 Maloney
                                                                                                                                                 (1955)

-------
CHEMICALS
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Chemical
4'-iodo-3,5-
dinitrobenz-
anilide










2'-iodo-3-
nitrosalicyl-
anilide



2'-iodo-3-
nitrosalicyl-
anilide








3'-iodo-3-
nitrosalicyl-
anilide

3'-iodo-3-
nitrosalicyl-
anilide



4'-iodi-nitro-
salicylanilide


Organism
Salmo
gairdnerii
Carassius
auratus









Sea
lamprey
(larva)
Salmo
gairdneri
(fingerling)
Salmo
gairdnerii
Carassius
auratus







Salmo
gairdnerii
Carassius
auratus
Sea
lamprey
(larva)
Salmo
gairdneri
(fingerling)
Ictalurus
nebulosus


Toxicity,
Bioassay Active
or Field Field Ingredient,
StudyC" Location<2) ppm(3)
BSA - (O)

(0)










BSA - 1.0 (K)


(O)


BSA - 10.0 (K 3 hr)
1.0 (K23hr)









BSA - 1.0(K3hr)

1.0 (K2)
10.0 (K3hr)
BSA - 0.3 (K)


(0)


BSA - 0.005 (K)
0.0025 (SB)
at 47 and
71 F
Experimental
Variables
Controlled
or NotedW) Comments
a This paper deals with the relations between chemical struc-
~ tures of salicylanilides and benzanilides and their toxicity
to rainbow trout and goldfish. The chemical structure of
salicylanilides and benzanilides was related to toxicity and
selectivity to rainbow trout and goldfish. Salicylanilides
were more toxic than benzanilides to the fishes. The ortho
hydroxy substitution of salicylanilide accelerated biological
activity against fish. Meta nitro substitution on the salicyl-
anilides and benzanilides increased toxicity to fish. Similar
findings are reported for halogens and their relative posi-
tion(s) in the molecule. Precipitation occurred at 10 ppm.
At 10 ppm the chemical was not toxic to trout or goldfish.

See This paper deals with the comparative toxicity of halonitro-
Applegate, salicylanilides to sea lamprey and fingerling rainbow trout
et al as a function of substituent loci.
(1957-1958)


a This paper deals with the relations between chemical struc-
~ tures of salicylanilides and benzanilides and their toxicity
to rainbow trout and goldfish. The chemical structure of
salicylanilides and benzanilides was related to toxicity and
selectivity to rainbow trout and goldfish. Salicylanilides
were more toxic than benzanilides to the fishes. The ortho
hydroxy substitution of salicylanilide accelerated biological
activity against fish. Meta nitro substitution on the salicyl-
anilides and benzanilides increased toxicity to fish. Similar
findings are reported for halogens and their relative posi-
tion (s) in the molecule.
a Comment same as above.



See This paper deals with the comparative toxicity of halonitro-
Applegate, salicylanilides to sea lamprey and fingerling rainbow trout
et al as a function of substituent loci.
(1957-1958)


a c g The chemical was dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide for test-
ting. Non-aerated, turbid and non-turbid test waters at
47 and 71 F were used. Lodging of the fish in sediment
increased survival.
Reference
(Year)
Walker, et al
(1966)











Starkey and
Howell
(1966)



Walker, et al
(1966)









Walker, et al
(1966)


Starkey and
Howell
(1966)



Loeb and
Starkey
(1966)

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    4'-iodo-3-
     nitrosalicyl-
     anilide
    4'-iodo-3-
     nitrosalicyl-
     anilide
    o-iodophenol
S  p-iodophenol
O
O
S  Iron

C
m

O
-n
O
m
2
Sea
 lamprey
 (larva)
Salmo
 gairdneri
 (fingerling)
Salmo
 gairdnerii
Carassius
 auratus
                                             BSA
4'-iodo-5-
nitrosalicyl-
anilide
4'-iodo-5-
nitrosalicyl-
anilide



m-iodophenol

Salmo
gairdnerii

Sea
lamprey
(larva)
Salmo
gairdneri
(fingerling)
Carassius
auratus
Carassius
 auratus
Carassius
 auratus
                       Daphnia
                        magna
                                             BSA
                                             BSA
                                             BSA
                                             BSA
                                             BSA
                      BSA
0.3 (K)


(O)



1.0(K3hr)

1.0 (K3hr)
                                                  1.0 (K2)
                                                  10.0(K3hr)

                                                  0.5 (K)


                                                  (O)
51.7 to 155.0
 (K 8 hr)
38.8 (O)
10.3 (O)

45.8 to 91.6
 (K 8 hr)
36.6 (O)
26.2 (O)

12.5 to 100
 (K8hr)
11.8 (O)
10.0(O)
7.5 (O)

100 (K)
                                                                                           See                This paper deals with the comparative toxicity of halonitro-     Star key and
                                                                                             Applegate,         salicylanilides to sea lamprey and fingerling rainbow trout      Howell
                                                                                             et al               as a function of substituent loci.                              (1966)
                                                                                             (1957-1958)      0.7 ppm killed 25%.
                                                                                                 £           This paper deals with the relations between chemical struc-      Walker, et al
                                                                                                               tures of salicylanilides and benzanilides and their toxicity        (1966)
                                                                                                               to rainbow trout and goldfish.  The chemical structure of
                                                                                                               salicylanilides and benzanilides was related to toxicity and
                                                                                                               selectivity to rainbow trout and goldfish.  Salicylanilides
                                                                                                               were more toxic than benzanilides to the fishes.  The ortho
                                                                                                               hydroxy substitution of salicylanilide accelerated biological
                                                                                                               activity against fish.  Meta nitro substitution on the salicyl-
                                                                                                               anilides and benzanilides increased toxicity to fish. Similar
                                                                                                               findings are reported for halogens and their relative posi-
                                                                                                               tion(s) in the molecule.
                                                                                                  a           Comment same  as above.                                    Walker, et al
                                                                                                                                                                           (1966)

                                                                                           See                This paper deals with the comparative toxicity of halonitro-     Starkey and
                                                                                             Applegate,         salicylanilides to sea lamprey and fingerling rainbow trout        Howell
                                                                                             et al               as a function of substituent loci.                              (1966)
                                                                                             (1957-1958)      1.0 ppm killed 25%.
Temperature in test containers was maintained at 27 ± 0.2 C.    Gersdorff and
 Goldfish tested weighed between 2 and 4 g.                    Smith
m-iodophenol, 38.8 ppm, killed 75% of the fish in 8 hr;          (1940)
 10.3 ppm  killed 33% in 8 hr.
Comment same as above except that o-iodophenol, 36.6        Gersdorff and
 ppm, killed 83% of the fish in 8 hr; 26.2 ppm killed 8%         Smith
 in 8 hr.                                                    (1940)

Comment same as above except that p-iodophenol, 11.8        Gersdorff and
 ppm, killed 92% of the fish in 8 hr; 10.0 ppm killed 77%       Smith
 in 8 hr; and 7.5 ppm killed 46% in 8 hr.                       (1940)
                                                                                       It is assumed in this experiment that the cations considered     Shaw and
                                                                                         are toxic because they combine with an essential sulfhydryl      Grushkin
                                                                                         group attached to a key enzyme. This treatment indicates       (1967)
                                                                                         that the metals which form the most insoluble sulfides are
                                                                                         the most toxic. The log of the concentration of the metal
                                                                                         ion is plotted against the log of the solubility product con-
                                                                                         stant of the metal sulfide — a treatment that does not lend
                                                                                         itself to tabulation. The cation toxicity cited is only an
                                                                                         approximate concentration interpolated from a graph.
                                                                                         Time of death was not specified.
                                                                                                                                                                                          m
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CHEMICALS
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Chemical
Iso-amyl
alcohol





Isoamyl
alcohols.
mixed
primary


Isobornyl
thiocyano-
acetate
















Isobornyl
thiocyano-
acetate












Toxicity,
Bioassay Active
or Field Field Ingredient,
Organism Study (D Location^) ppm(3)
Daphnia BSA - 881 (O)
magna





Semotilus BSA — 400 to 600
atromaculatus (CR)




Green FL III. (O)
sunfish
Large mouth
bass
Black
bullhead
Golden
shiner
Mosquito
fish
Tadpoles
Crayfish
Bluegill
Channel
catfish
Redear
sunfish
White
crappie
BSA



Green 0.6 (O)
sunfish
Rainbow <0.7 (0)
trout
Golden 1.5(0)
shiner
Channel 1.5 (O)
catfish
Black >1.5(0)
bullhead
Bluegill 0.4 (O)
Experimental
Variables
Controlled Reference
or Noted(4) Comments (Year)
a c This paper deals with the toxicity thresholds of various sub- Anderson
stances found in industrial wastes as determined by the use (1944)
of D. magna. Centrifuged Lake Erie water was used as a
diluent in the bioassay. Threshold concentration was de-
fined as the highest concentration which would just fail to
immobilize the animals under prolonged (theoretically
infinite) exposure.
a e Test water used was freshly aerated Detroit River water. A Gillette, et al
~~ typical water analysis is given. Toxicity is expressed as the (1952)
"critical range" (CR), which was defined as that concen-
tration in ppm below which the 4 test fish lived for 24 hr
and above which all test fish died. Additional data are
presented.
a Ponds were treated with concentrations of 0.7, 0.8, and Lewis
1.5 ppm of the chemical. The ponds were drained or (1968)
poisoned after the removal of isobornyl thiocyanoacetate-
affected fish were removed. This was done to determine
the numbers of each species that had survived.
Water temperature in the ponds ranged from 50 to 87 F.
Pond sizes ranged from 0.1 to 455 acres.
Results were quite similar to the results obtained in bio-
assay studies.
Centrarchids were selectively killed in the presence of
ictalurids and cyprinids.








a Twenty liter-glass aquaria were employed for the experi- Lewis
~~ ments. Temperature was maintained at 20 to 23 C. (1968)
Results are recorded as 24-hr lethal minimum dose of the
chemical.
24-hr lethal minimum dose at 20 to 23 C.

24-hr lethal minimum dose at 1 1 C.

24-hr lethal minimum dose at 20 to 23 C.

24-hr lethal minimum dose at 20 to 23 C.

24-hr lethal minimum dose at 20 to 23 C.

24-hr lethal minimum dose at 2O to 23 C.





















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     Isobutyl
     alcohol
Carassius
 carassius
BSA
                            (O)
2
5
    Isoprene
    p-isopropoxy
     diphenyl
p-isopropoxy
 diphenylamine
^\    Isopropyl
^j     alcohol
Pimephales
 promelas
Lepomis
 macrochirus
Carassius
 auratus
Lebistes
 reticulatus
Daphnia
 magna
Daphnia
 magna

Semotilus
 atromaculatus
BSA
                                             BSA
                                                                    75 (T4A)

                                                                    39 (T4A)

                                                                    180IT4A)

                                                                    140 (T4A)

                                                                    5.7 (K2)
                                                  a cd e f
BSA

BSA




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1-isopropyl-2-
(8,11-hepta-
decadienyl)-
4,4-dimethyl-
2-imidazoline

1-isopropyl-
2-(S-hepta-
decenyl)-
4,4-dimethyl-
2-imidazoline

1-isopropyl-
2-nonyl-4,
4-dimethyl-
2-imidazoline
1-isopropyl-
2-undecyl-
4,4-dimethyl-
2-imidazoline
Microcystis
aeruginosa




Microcystis
aeruginosa




Microcystis
aeruginosa


Microcystis
aeruginosa


                                                                        5.7 (K2)


                                                                        900 to 1,100
                                                                          (CR)
                                                                        2.0 (K)
                                                                         1.0 (K)
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D






Laurylisoquino-
linium
bromide









Bioassay
or Field
Organism Study 'D
Daphnia BSA
magna





Lagadon BSA
rhomboides

Lagadon BSA
rhomeboides
Lepomis BSA
auritus & CF
/_epo/T7/s
macrochirus


Pomoxis
annularis


Pimephales BSA
prome/as
Lepomis
macrochirus
Lebistes
reticulatus
Pimephalus
promelas
Cylindrospermum L
licheniforme (CD
Microcystis
aeruginosa (Ma)
Scenedesmus
obliquus (So)
Chlorella
variegata (Cv)
Gomphonema
parvulum (Gp)
Nitzschia
palea (Np)
Toxicity, Experimental
Active Variables
Field Ingredient, Controlled
Location'2) ppm'3) or NotedW)
243 (O) a c






0.215 (T1A) a


0.215 (T1A)

0.06-0.1 a
(100% KCF)
0.03-0.1
(100% KS)
0.055-0.07
(100% KF)
0.075
(100% KS)
0.065-0.07
(100%KS)
(S) 0.90 (T4A) c d e f

(S) 0.90 (T4A)

(S) 1.37 (T4A)

(H) 0.90 (T4A)

2.0 (0) a











Comments
This paper deals with the toxicity thresholds of various sub-
stances found in industrial wastes as determined by the use
of D. magna. Centrif uged Lake Erie water was used as a
diluent in the bioassay. Threshold concentration was de-
fined as the highest concentration which would just fail to
immobilize the animals under prolonged (theoretically
infinite) exposure.
Aerated seawater was used.


Experiments were conducted in aerated salt water.

Additional data are presented for less than 24 hr.









(H) Value for hard water.
(S) Value for soft water.




The chemical did not change the flavor of the cooked bluegill.

Observations were made on the 3rd, 7th, 14th, and 21st days
to give the following (T = toxic, NT = nontoxic, PT = par-
tially toxic with number of days in parentheses. No number
indicates observation is for entire test period of 21 day's):
Cl -T(3)PT(7)
Ma -PT (14)
So - T (3)
Cv - PT (7)
Gp - PT (7)
Np-PT (7)


Reference
(Year)
Anderson
(1944)





Daugherty and
Garrett
(1951)
Garrett
(1957)
Renn
(1955)








Henderson, et al
(1960)






Palmer and
Maloney
(1955)





























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    Lead
    Lead
    Lead
     acetate
      Lead
       chloride

      Lead
J>     chloride

      Lead
       chloride
    Lead
     nitrate
Z  Lead
°   nitrate
c
30
m
CO
O
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Lead
 nitrate

Lead
 nitrate
                      Lebistes
                       reticulatus
                      Bufo
                       valliceps
                       (tadpoles)
                      Daphnia
                       magna
                   Gasterosteus
                    aculeatus
                   Pimephales
                    promelas
                   Lepomis
                    macrochirus
                   Daphnia
                    magna


                   Pimephales
                    promelas

                   Pimephales
                    promelas
                   Lepomis
                    macrochirus
                   Carassius
                    auratus
                   Lebistes
                    reticulatus
                   Gasterosteus
                    aculeatus
                   Gasterosteus
                    aculeatus
                   Phoxinus
                    phoxinus
Gambusia
 affinis

Lebistes
 reticulatus
                                            BSA
                                            BSA
                                            BSA
                                            BSA
                                            BSA
                                            BSA
                                            BSA
                                            BSA
                                            BSA
                                            BSCH
                                                                    1.0 (K)

                                                                    100.0 (K)


                                                                    10.0 (K)
                                                                       0.1 (O)
                                                  (S) 7.48 (T4A)
                                                                        1.25 (S)
                                                  (H) >75 (T4A)
                                                  (S) 2.4 (T4A)

                                                  (S) 5.58 (T4A)
                                                  (H) 482.0 (T4A)
                                                  (S) 23.8 (T4A)
                                                  (H) 442.0 (T4A)
                                                  (S) 31.5 (T4A)

                                                  (S) 20.6 (T4A)

                                                  0.3 (TL4-3/4A)
cdef
                                                                                              acdf
                                                                                              cdef
                                                                    (O)
                                                                    240 (T2A)
                                                                        2.0 (27% K90)
                                                                                             a cd e g
a cd e
It is assumed in this experiment that the cations considered
 are toxic because they combine with an essential sulfhydryl
 group attached to a key enzyme.  This treatment indicates
 that the metals which form the most insoluble sulfides are
 the most toxic.  The log of the concentration of the metal
 ion is plotted against the log of the solubility product con-
 stant of the metal sulfide — a treatment that does not lend
 itself to tabulation.  The cation toxicity cited  is only an
 approximate concentration interpolated from  a graph.
 Time of death was not specified.
This is a discussion of a bioassay method using stickleback
 fish and spectrophotometric determinations of the chem-
 icals evaluated.  The number listed is said to be the "toxic
 limit" for the fish.
(S) Soft water.
Values are expressed as mg/l of lead.
              Lake Erie water was used as diluent.  Toxicity given as
               threshold concentration producing immobilization for
               exposure periods of 64 hr.
              Both hard (H) and soft (S)  water were used.
              (S) Soft water.
              (H) Hard water.
              Values are expressed as mg/l of metal.
                                                                                                                                                Shaw and
                                                                                                                                                 Grushkin
                                                                                                                                                 (1967)
Death of the fish resulted from an interaction between the
 metallic ion and the mucus secreted by the gills. Coagu-
 lated mucus formed on the gill membranes and impaired
 respiration to such a degree that the fish asphyxiated.
The addition of 50 mg/l of calcium chloride to the tank
 protected against the toxic effect of this metal salt.
Tap water was used to make up the solutions. The animals
 were attracted to a solution 0.04N - a positive reaction, they
 tended to swim into it. They tended to show avoidance
 reactions at concentrations of 0.004N down to 0.00002N.
 The minnow detected and avoided a 0.000004N solution.
 P. phoxinus minnows were much more sensitive to this
 chemical than G. aculeatus.

The effect of turbidity on the toxicity of the chemicals was
 studied. Test water was from a farm pond with "high"
 turbidity. Additional data are presented.

Sublethal effects found were retarded growth, increased
 mortality, and delayed sexual maturity.
                                                                                                                                                Hawksley
                                                                                                                                                  (1967)
Pickering and
 Henderson
 (1965)


Anderson
 (1948)

Tarzwell and
 Henderson
 (1960)
Pickering and
 Henderson
 (1965)
                                                                           m
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                                                                        Jones
                                                                          (1938)
                                                                                                                                                Jones
                                                                                                                                                  (1948)
Wallen, et al
 (1957)


Crandall and
 Goodnight
 (1962)

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5 Lead Tubificid
O nitrate worms
S
X
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C Lead Gambusia
m oxide affinis
0
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^ salts gairdnerii
m
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Lithium Carassius
chloride carassius


•j>
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Lithium Daphnia
chloride magna

D-lysergic Notemigonis
acid crysoleucas
Cyprinus
carp/o
Csrasm/s
aurafus
Rhinichthys
atratulus
Semotilus
atromaculatus
Notropis
comutus
Lepomis
gibbosus
Lebistes
reticulatus
Perca
flavescens
Catostomus
commersoni
Ameiurus
nabulosus
Toxicity, Experimental
Bioassay Active Variables
or Field Field Ingredient, Controlled
Study'1) Location (2) ppm(3) or Noted'4) Comments
BSA — 49.0 (T1 A) ac Knop's solution was used. TLm levels for various pHs were
27.5 (T1 A) determined for the tubificids and were found to be 5.8 to
9.7. Lead nitrate was more toxic at pH extremes of 6.5
and 8.5 than at 7.5.

BSA — 56,000 (T2A) acdeg The effect of turbidity on the toxicity on the chemicals was
studied. Test water was from a farm pond with "high"
turbidity. Additional data are presented.
BSA — (O) ae This is a study of the effect of varying dissolved oxygen con-
centrations on the toxicity of selected chemicals.
The toxicity of heavy metals, ammonia, and monohydric
phenols increased as the dissolved oxygen in water was
reduced. The most obvious reaction of fish to lowered
oxygen content is to increase the volume of water passed
over the gills, and this may increase the amount of poison
reaching the surface of the gill epithelium.
The concentration of the chemical in the water was not
specified.
BSA — (O) a This old, lengthy paper discusses toxicity of many chemicals,
~~ possible mechanism of action of some, the effect of tem-
perature, effect of dissolved oxygen, the efficiency of the
goldfish as a test animal, compares this work with earlier
work, and lists an extensive bibliography.
In 0.1 66N solution, fish survived 234 minutes.
BSA — <7.2 (S) a Lake Erie water was used as diluent. Toxicity given as
~ threshold concentration producing immobilization for
exposure periods of 64 hr.
BSA — (0) a Lysergic acid and 45 of its derivatives were tested on a wide
variety of aquatic animals. Various concentrations of the
chemicals were used, from 0.5 to as high as 12.0 ppm. In
nearly all cases, the chemical caused involuntary surfacing
of the fish with no mortality at the above concentrations.

















Reference
(Year)
Whitley
(1968)



Wallen, et al
(1957)

Lloyd
(1961)








Powers
(1918)




Anderson
(1948)

Loeb, et al
(1965)




















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    Magnesium
     chloride
    Magnesium
     chloride
      Magnesium
       chloride

      Magnesium
       chloride

oo
^-    Magnesium
       nitrate
    Magnesium
     nitrate

O
m
?  Magnesium
 j   nitrate
    Magnesium
     sulfate
C  Magnesium
•{>   sulfate
to
O  Magnesium
j£   sulfate
§
O
Sal mo
 trutta
Cottus
 cognatus
Boleosoma
 nigrum
Rana
 pipiens
Carassius
 carassius
Daphnia
 magna

Gambusia
 affinis

Daphnia
 magna

Carassius
 carassius
Casterosteus
 aculeatus
Biomorpholaria
 a. alexandrina
Gambusia
 affinis

Biomorpholaria
 a. alexandrina
Bulinus
 truncatus
Daphnia
 magna
Lepomis
 macrochirus
Lymnaea sp
 (eggs)
BSA
(O)
                                            BSA
                                            BSA
                                            BSA
                                            BSA
                            740 (O)
                            17,750 (T2A)
                            3,391 (T1A)
                            3,489 (T4A)

                            (O)
BSA
BSA
                                            BSA
                                            BSA
                                            BSA
300 (K10)





(O)



15,500 (T2A)



(0)

4000 (K1A)

3,803 (T4A)

19,000 (T1A)

10,530 (T1A)
   a           This old, lengthy paper discusses toxicity of many chemicals,    Powers
   ~~            possible mechanism of action of some, the effect of tem-        (1918)
                perature, effect of dissolved oxygen, the efficiency of the
                goldfish as a test animal, compares this work with earlier
                work, and lists an extensive bibliography.
               In 0.313N solution, fish survived 88 minutes.
   a           Lake Erie water was used as diluent.  Toxicity given as          Anderson
   ~~            threshold concentration producing immobilization for          (1948)
                exposure periods of 64 hr.
a c d e g        The effect of turbidity on the toxicity of the chemicals was      Wallen, et al
                studied. Test water was from a farm pond with "high"          (1957)
                turbidity.  Additional data are presented.
  a c           "Standard reference water" was described and used as well      Dowden and
  ~~             as lake water. Varied results were obtained when evalu-         Bennett
                ations were made in various types of water.                    (1965)
   a           This old, lengthy paper discusses toxicity of many chemi-       Powers
   ~~            cals, possible mechanism of action of some, the effect of        (1918)
                temperature, effect of dissolved oxygen, the efficiency of
                the goldfish as a test animal, compares this work with
                earlier work, and lists an extensive bibliography.
               In 0.229N solution, fish survived 107 minutes.
   —           Solutions were made up in tap water 3.0 to 5.0 cm stickle-      Jones
                back fish were used as experimental animals. This paper        (1939)
                points out that there is a marked relationship between the
                toxicity of the metals and their solution pressures. Those
                with low solution pressures were the most toxic,

   a           The degree of tolerance for vector snails of biharziasis           Gohar and
                chemicals is somewhat dependent upon temperature.            EI-Gindy
                B. a. alexandrina tolerated a 24-hour exposure to 6200 ppm     (1961)
                at 20 C.
a c d e g        The effect of turbidity on the toxicity of the chemicals         Wallen, et al
                was studied. Test water was from a farm pond with "high"      (1957)
                turbidity.  Additional data are presented.

   a           The degree of tolerance for vector snails of biharziasis           Gohar and
                chemicals is somewhat dependent upon temperature.            EI-Gindy
                The temperature at which (K1A) occurred was 26 C for         (1961)
                Bulinus. The tolerance for Biomorpholaria was 6200 ppm.

  £C           "Standard reference  water" was described and used as well       Dowden and
                as lake water. Varied results were obtained when evalu-         Bennett
                ations were made in various types of water.                     (1965)
                                                                                                                *
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Chemical
Malachite
green

Malachite
green

Malachite
green
(oxalate salt)
Malachite
green




Malachite
green










Malachite
green






Malachite
green



Maleic
anhydride

Maleic
hydrazide

Organism
Ictalurus
punctatus

Microcystis
aeruginosa

Channel
catfish
(fingerlings)
Micropterus
salmoides
(fry)
Lepomis
macrochirus
(fry)
Salmo
gairdnerii
Salmo
trutta
Salvelinus
f on final is
Salvelinus
namaycush
Ictalurus
punctatus
Lepomis
macrochirus
Salmo
gairdnerii
Rasbora
heteromorpha




Salmo
gairdnerii
Rasbora
heteromorpha

Gambusia
affinis

Salmo
gairdnerii

Toxicity,
Bioassay Active
or Field Field Ingredient,
StudyCl) Location<2) ppm(3)
BSA - 0.19 (K2)
0.14 (T2A)

L - 100 (K)


BSA - 0.14 (K1A)


BSA - 0.025 (SB3)


0.001 (SB3)


BSA - 0.39 (T2A)

0.34 (T2A)

0.26 (T2A)

0.40 (T2A)

0.20 (T2A)

0.11 (T2A)

BCFA - 0.04
(threshold)






BSA - (0)

(0)


BSA - 240 (T2A)


BSA - 85(T1A)
56 (T2A)

Experimental
Variables
Controlled
or NotedW) Comments
a c f i The experiment was conducted at 77 C.


a, etc The chemical was tested on a 5-day algae culture, 1x10°
~~ to 2 x 106 cells/ml, 75 ml total volume. Chu No. 10
medium was used.
a Tap water was used. Considerable additional data are
~ presented.

a c d e f p At least 90 percent of the fry survived for a period of
72 hours at the concentration listed.




f Variance and the 95-percent confidence interval (C.I.) were
also determined.










a d e Aerated hard water was used. Threshold concentrations
were examined by 4 methods.
1. Long term — survival related to concentration.
2. Short term — percentage kill in narrow range of
concentrations.
3. Comparison of survival times.
4. Extrapolation of short-term results by plotting
velocity of death against log of concentration.
f This report derives a mathematical equation for determining
a threshold concentration for a toxicant. A concentration
of 0.048 ppm of the compound will kill 50% of trout in
about 18 days. 0.122 ppm was lethal to 50% in two and
a half days.
a c d e g The effect of turbidity on the toxicity of the chemicals was
studied. Test water was from a farm pond with "high"
turbidity. Additional data are presented.
a e Most of the weed-killer formulations in this study consisted
of more than one substance, i.e., oils, emulsif iers, stabilizers.
and other adjuvants.
Reference
(Year)
Clemens and
Sneed
(1958)
Fitzgerald, et al
(1952)

Clemens and
Sneed
(1959)
Jones
(1965)




Willford
(1966)










Abram
(1967)











Wallen, et al
(1957)

Alabaster
(1956)

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      Malonic
       acid
      Manganese
OJ
Manganese
 chloride

Manganese
 chloride

Manganese
 disodium
 versenate
Manganese
 nitrate
Lepomis
 macrochirus

Lebistes
 reticulatus
Bufo
 valliceps
 (tadpoles)
Daphnia
 magna
Daphnia
 magna

Limnaea
 palustris
 (eggs)
Channel
 catfish
 (fingerlings)
Gasterosteus
 acu/eatus
                      BSA
                                              BSA
                                              BSA
                                              BSA
                                              BSA


CHEMICALS
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Mercuric
acetate


Mercuric
chloride

Mercuric
chloride
Mercuric
chloride
Cylindrospermum
lichen/forme (Cl)
Microcystis
aeruginosa (Ma)
Scenedesmus
obliquus (So)
Chlorella
variegata (Cv)
Gomphonema
parvulum (Gp)
Nitzschia
pa/ea (Np)
Gasterosteus
acu/eatus

Balanus
balanoides
Pygosteus
pungitius
                                                  150 (T1A)


                                                  10,000 (K)

                                                  10,000 (K)


                                                  1,000 (K)
                                                                          50(0)
                                                  5x TO'5 M
                                                   (K1)

                                                  >500 (K1A)
                                                                          40(K10)
                                                                          2.0 (O)
                      BSA





                      BSA

                      BCF
                                                                          0.008 (K10)





                                                                          1.0(0)

                                                                          (O)
"Standard reference water" was described and used as well      Dowden and
 as lake water.  Varied results were obtained when evalu-         Bennett
 ations were made in various types of water.                    (1965)
It is assumed in this experiment that the cations considered      Shaw and
 are toxic because they combine with an essential sulfhydryl     Grushkin
 group attached to a key enzyme. This treatment indicates      (1967)
 that the metals which form  the most insoluble sulfides are
 the most toxic. The log of the concentration of the metal
 ion is plotted against the log of the solubility product con-
 stant of the metal sulf ide  — a treatment that does not lend
 itself to tabulation. The cation toxicity cited is only an
 approximate concentration  interpolated from a graph.
 Time of death was not specified.
Lake Erie water was used as diluent. Toxicity given as          Anderson
 threshold concentration producing immobilization for          (1948)
 exposure periods of 64 hr.
Toxicity is given in molar concentrations for maximum direct   Morrill
 mortality (kill) in 4 hours.                                   (1963)

Tap water was used.  Considerable additional data are           Clemens and
 presented.                                                  Sneed
                                                            (1959)
Solutions were made up in  tap water. 3.0 to 5.0 cm stickle-     Jones
 back fish were used as experimental animals. This paper        (1939)
 points out that there is a marked  relationship between the
 toxicity of the metals and their solution pressures. Those
 with low solution pressures were the most toxic.
Observations were made on the 3rd, 7th,  14th, and 21st days    Palmer and
 to give the following (T =  toxic, NT = nontoxic, PT = par-       Maloney
 tially toxic with number of days in parentheses. No number    (1955)
 indicates observation is for entire test period of 21 days):
  Cl  -T (3)
  Ma-T (3)
  So  - T (3)
  Cv  - T (3)
  Gp-T(3)
  Np-T(3)
                                                                                      Solutions were made up in tap water. 3.0 to 5.0 cm stickle-     Jones
                                                                                        back fish were used as experimental animals.  This paper        (1939)
                                                                                        points out that there is a marked relationship between the
                                                                                        toxicity of the metals and their solution pressures. Those
                                                                                        with low solution pressures were the most toxic.
                                                                                      The concentration listed was lethal to 90% of adult barnacles    Clarke
                                                                                        in 2 days.                                                  (1947)
                                                                                      The fish were immersed in solutions  of 0.003, 0.002, 0.0003,    Jones
                                                                                        and 0.00004N mercuric chloride. Survival times in these        (1947)
                                                                                        solutions were respectively, 14, 22, 31, and 100 minutes.
                                                                                                                                                                  I
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Chemical
Mercuric
chloride

Mercuric
chloride

Mercuric
chloride



Mercuric
chloride




Mercuric
iodide




Mercury









Mercury


Mercury
compounds









Organism
Daphnia
magna

BOD


Sewage
organisms



Sewage
organisms




Anemia
salina
Acartia
clausi
Elminius
modestus
Lebistes
reticulatus
Bufo
valliceps
(tadpoles)
Daphnia
magna



Maia
squinado

Esox
leucius









Toxicity,
Bioassay Active
or Field Field Ingredient,
Study*1) Location(2) ppm(3)
BSA - <0.006 (O)


L - 1.0 (O)


BOD - (O)




BOD - 0.61 (TC50)





BSA - 31.0IO)

1.7 (0)

2.6 (O)

BSA - 0.01 (K)

0.1 (K)


0.1 (K)




BSA - 10 (SB 28)


FL Denmark (O)










Experimental
Variables
Controlled
or Noted**) Comments
a Lake Erie water was used as diluent. Toxicity given as
threshold concentration producing immobilization for
exposure periods of 64 hr.
j "Toxicity is expressed as 80 percent reduction in oxygen
utilization.

— There was a slow increase in toxicity of mercury from 0.02
to 0.2 ppm. Beyond this there was a sharp rise in the
toxicity until at approximately 2.0 ppm there was com-
plete bacteriostasis or an absence of BOD at this
concentration.
a The purpose of this paper was to devise a toxicity index
~ for industrial wastes. Results are recorded as the toxic con-
centration producing 50 percent inhibition (TCsfj) of oxy-
gen utilization as compared to controls. Five toxigrams
depicting the effect of the chemicals on BOD were devised
and each chemical classified.
a c All tests were conducted in seawater.
Toxicity values reported are relative to that of mercuric
chloride expressed as unity.
Mechanism of action is discussed, as well as synergistic action
of two poisons administered simultaneously.

ace It is assumed in this experiment that the cations considered
are toxic because they combine with an essential sulfhydryl
group attached to a key enzyme. This treatment indicates
that the metals which form the most insoluble sulf ides are
the most toxic. The log of the concentration of the metal
ion is plotted against the log of the solubility product con-
stant of the metal sulfide — a treatment that does not lend
itself to tabulation. The cation toxicity cited is only an
approximate concentration interpolated from a graph.
Time of death was not specified.
— Results showed that the highest mercury concentrations oc-
curred in the gills and internal organs. Concentrations
were minute in the blood and there was none in the urine.
— Mercury may become a water contaminant from seed dress-
ings in agriculture, fungicides in pulp and paper mills, and
from the chlorine alkali industry. Pike was chosen as an
indicator organism, and many analyses were given for mer-
cury content of pike. In water with a mercury content of
0.07 ppb, pike were found with a concentration of 3000
times that concentration. Analyses were reported of pike
containing from 60 to 2500 ppb. One value as high as
8000 ppb was reported.
There are many organisms capable of accumulating mercury
from water.
Reference
(Year)
Anderson
(1948)

Ingols
(1955)

Ingols
(1954)



Hermann
(1959)




Corner and
Sparrow
(1956)



Shaw and
Grushkin
(1967)







Corner
(1959)

Johnels, et al
(1967)






























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    Methanol
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    2'-methoxy-5'-
     chloro-3-nitro-
     salicylanilide
    Methyl
     alcohol
    Methyl
     alcohol
    Methyl
     alcohol
    Methylamine
2   HCI
m
§
O  p-methylamino-
>   phenol
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O
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X  2'-methyl-3'-
^   chloro-3-nitro-
3)   salicylanilide
m
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2
                       Sewage
                        organisms
                        Sea
                         lamprey
                         (larva)
                        Salmo
                         gairdneri
                         (fingerling)

                        Carassius
                         carassius
                                              BOD
BSA
BSA
(NTE)






0.7 (LD100)


1.0(LD25)



(O)
                                              See
                                                Applegate,
                                                et al
                                                (1957-1958)
                        Daphnia
                         magna
BSA
                            32,000 (O)
                        Semotilus
                         atromaculatus
                        Microcystis
                         aeruginosa


                        Daphnia
                         magna
                        Sea
                         lamprey
                         (larva)
                        Salmo
                         gairdneri
                         (fingerling)
BSA
BSA
                            8,000 to
                             17,000 (CR)
                            100 (K)
0.5 (K2)
                                              BSA
                            0.7 (LD100)


                            1.0(LD25)
                  See
                    Applegate,
                    et al
                    (1957-1958)
The purpose of this paper was to devise a toxicity index for     Hermann
  industrial wastes. Results are recorded as the toxic concen-      (1959)
  tration producing 50 percent inhibition (TCsfj) of oxygen
  utilization as compared to controls. Five toxigrams depict-
  ing the effect of the chemicals on BOD were devised and
  each chemical classified.
This paper deals with the comparative toxicity of halonitro-     Starkey and
  salicylanilides to sea lamprey and fingerling rainbow trout       Howell
  as a function of  substituent loci.                               (1966)
This old, lengthy paper discusses toxicity of many chemicals.   Powers
 possible mechanism of action of some, the effect of tern-        (1918)
 perature, effect of dissolved oxygen, the efficiency of the
 goldfish as a test animal, compares this work with earlier
 work, and lists an extensive bibliography.
In a concentration of 25 cc per liter, fish survived 206
 minutes.
This paper deals with the toxicity thresholds of various sub-     Anderson
 stances found in industrial wastes as determined by the use      (1944)
 of D. magna. Centrifuged Lake Erie water was used as a
 diluent in the bioassay. Threshold concentration was de-
 fined as the highest concentration  which would just fail to
 immobilize the animals under prolonged (theoretically
 infinite) exposure.
Test water used was freshly aerated Detroit River water. A      Gillette, et al
 typical water analysis is given.  Toxicity is expressed as the       (1952)
 "critical range" (CR), which was defined as that concen-
 tration in ppm below which the 4 test fish lived for 24 hr
 and above which all test fish died.  Additional data are
 presented.
The chemical was tested on a 5-day algae culture, 1 x 106 to    Fitzgerald, et al
 2 x 106 cells/ml, 75 ml total volume.  Chu  No. 10 medium       (1952)
 was used.
An attempt was made to correlate the biological action with     Sollman
 the chemical reactivity of selected  chemical substances.          (1949)
 Results indicated a considerable correlation between the
 aquarium fish toxicity and antiautocatalytic potency of
 the chemicals in marked contrast to their toxicity on
 systemic administration.

This paper deals with the comparative toxicity of halonitro-     Starkey and
 salicylanilides to sea lamprey and fingerling rainbow trout        Howell
 as a function of substituent loci.                               (1966)
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Chemical
2'-methyl-4'-
chloro-3-mtro-
5alicylanilide




2'-methyl-5'-
chloro-3-nitro-
sahcylanilide



Methyldodecyl-
benzyl trimethyl
ammonium
chloride








Methyl dodecyl
benzyl trimethyl
ammonium
chloride plus
tridecyl methyl
hydroxy ethyl
imidazolinium
chloride




1,T-methylenedi-
2-naphthol
[bis(2-hydroxy-
naphthyl)
methane]





Toxicity,
Bioassay Active
or Field Field Ingredient,
Organism Study'D Location(2) ppm(3)
Sea BSA - 0.5 (LD10o>
lamprey
(larva)
Salmo 0.7 (LD25)
gairdneri
(fingerling)

Sea BSA - 0.5 (LD-|0o)
lamprey
(larva)
Salmo 0.9 (LD25)
gairdneri
(fingerling)
Cylindrospermum L — 2.0 (O)
licheniforme (CD
Gleocapsa
sp(G)
Scenedesmus
obliquus (So)
Chlorella
variegata (Cv)
Gomphonema
parvulum (Gp)
Nitzschia
palea (Np)
Cylindrospermum L — 2.0 (0)
licheniforme (Cl)
Microcystis
aeruginosa (Ma)
Scenedesmus
obliquus (So)
Chlorella
variegata (Cv)
Gomphonema
parvulum (Gp)
Nitzschia
palea (Np)
Ptychocheilus FR Idaho (O)
oregonensis








Experimental
Variables
Controlled
or Noted!4) Comments
See This paper deals with the comparative toxicity of halonitro-
Applegate, salicylanilides to sea lamprey and fingerling rainbow trout
et al as a function of substituent loci.
(1957-1958)



See Comment same as above.
Applegate,
et al
(1957-1958)


a Observations were made on the 3rd, 7th, 14th, and 21st days
to give the following (T = toxic, NT = nontoxic, PT = par-
tially toxic with number of days in parentheses. No number
indicates observation is for entire test period of 21 days):
Cl -T (3),PT (7)
G - PT (3)
So -T (14)
Cv - PT (7)
Gp-T (14)
Np-T (14)


a Comment same as above except that:
~ Cl - NT
Ma - NT
So -PT (14)
Cv -PT (14)
Gp-NT
Np - NT





a The creek was treated with 0.75 Ib of chemical. Surface tem-
perature remained at 61 F during the 3-hr treatment. The
inlet of the stream was treated with 0.05 ppm for 2 hr
after the lagoon was treated.
Four and one-half hours after the start of the treatment, four
northern squawf ish were found dead. The next morning
numerous dead squawf ish were observed on the bottom of
the lagoon.
No live squawf ish were seen and no dead fish of any other
species were observed.
Reference
(Year)
Starkey and
Howell
(1966)




Starkey and
Howell
(1966)



Palmer and
Maloney
(1955)









Palmer and
Maloney
(1955)









MacPhee and
Ruelle
(1968)







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      1,1'-methylenedi-
      2-naphthol
      [bis(2-hydroxy-
      naphthyl)
      methane]
                      BSA
Ptychocheilus
 oregonensis
Onchorhynchus
 tshawytscha
Onchorhynchus
 kisutch
Sal mo
 gairdneri
      Methylene blue — see Appendix B
Methyl
 mercaptan
Methyl
 mercury
 chloride
Onchorlynchus
 tshawytscha
Oncorhyncus
 kisutch
Sal mo clarkii
 clarkii
Venus
 japonica
Hurmomya
 mutabilis
                                             BSA
                                                            Japan
                                                                   0.006 (K4A)

                                                                   0.008 (K4A)

                                                                   0.010(K4A)

                                                                   0.015 (K4A)
                                                 0.9 (K5)

                                                 1.75 (K5)

                                                 1.2IK5)

                                                 (0)




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Methyl
mercury
dicyandiamide
Methyl
methacrylate






2-methyl-
naphtho-
quinone









Procambarus
clarkii
(juvenile)
Pimephales
promelas
Lepomis
macrochirus
Carassius
auratus
Lebistes
reticulatus
Pomoxis
nigromaculatus
Notropis
atherinoides
atherinoides
Hyborhynchus
notatus
Ambloplites
rupestris
rupestris
Hum
salmoides
                                             BSA
                                             BSA
                                             BSA
                                                 0.083 (T5A)



                                                 150IT4A)

                                                 250(T4A)

                                                 240 (T4A)

                                                 420(T4A)

                                                 0.3 to 0.6
                                                  (K1-2)
                                                                                          a e           Experiments were conducted in vessels containing 10 liters
                                                                                          ~~             of water.
                                                                                                       Temperature was held at 65 F.

                                                                                                       Temperature was held at 60 F.

                                                                                                       Temperature was held at 55 F.

                                                                                                       Temperature was held at 50 F.

                                                                                                       This chemical had no toxic effect upon Chinook salmon,
                                                                                                        Coho salmon or steelhead trout at the temperature and
                                                                                                        concentration indicated for squawfish.
                                                                                         a_d e          This chemical is one of a number that may be found in Kraft
                                                                                                        mill waste effluents. Data are expressed as minimum lethal
                                                                                                        concentration for 5 days.
                                                                                           —           Human beings, cats, and waterfowl eating shellfish from
                                                                                                        Minamata Bay all succumbed to a strange poisoning. At
                                                                                                        autopsy, clinicopathological changes similar to those
                                                                                                        induced in mercury poisoning, were found in the
                                                                                                        cerebellum, and the cerebral cortices. The shellfish were
                                                                                                        examined chemically and were found to contain as much
                                                                                                        as 85 mg/kg. The mercury compound was identified and
                                                                                                        found in the effluent waste from a chemical plant making
                                                                                                        acetyldehyde. A  treatment was found to eliminate the
                                                                                                        pollutant.
                                                                                         a c d o         The pesticides studied in this report are widely used in rice
                                                                                                        culture in Louisiana and are toxic to crawfish.

                                                                                       ji c d e f        Most fish survived at test concentrations of about one half,
                                                                                                        or slightly more, of the TLm value. No attempt was made
                                                                                                        to estimate  100 percent survival.
                                                                                                            Aerated spring water was used as the test medium. Effective
                                                                                                             algicidal concentrations were also toxic to fish.
                                                                                                                                               McPhee and
                                                                                                                                                Ruelle
                                                                                                                                                (1968)
                                                                                                                                                                      Haydu, et al
                                                                                                                                                                       (1952)
                                                                                                                                               Irukayama
                                                                                                                                                (1966)
                                                                                                                                                                                      o
                                                                                                                                                                                      X
                                                                                                                                                                Hendrick and
                                                                                                                                                                 Everett
                                                                                                                                                                 (1965)
                                                                                                                                                                Pickering and
                                                                                                                                                                 Henderson
                                                                                                                                                                 (1966)
                                                                                                                                                                Fitzgerald, et al
                                                                                                                                                                 (1952)

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Chemical
5'-methyl-o-
salicylanisidide










Methyl vinyl
ketone

Molybdic
anhydride

Monoamyl-
amine




Mono-n-
butylamine
Monoethyl-
ethanolamine
Mono-
isobutylamine
Mono-iso-
propylamine
Mono-
methylamine
Mono-n-
propylamine
Mono-sec-
butylamine
Naphthenic
acid
Organism
Sa/mo
gairdnerii
Carassius
a u rat us








Sewage
microorganisms

Pimephales
promelas

Semotilus
atromaculatus




Semotilus
atromaculatus
Semotilus
a tro macula tus
Semotilus
atromaculatus
Semotilus
atromaculatus
Semotilus
atromaculatus
Semotilus
a tro macula tus
Semotilus
atromaculatus
Lepomis
macrochirus
Bioassay
or Field
Study (1)
BSA











BOD


BSA


BSA





BSA

BSA

BSA

BSA

BSA

BSA

BSA

BSA

Toxicity, Experimental
Active Variables
Field Ingredient, Controlled
Location^) ppm<3) or Noted'4*
10 (K2) a

10 (K2)









1.5(O)


(H)370(T4A) acdf
(S) 70 (T4A)

30 to 50 (CR) ae





- 3(3 to 70 (CR) a e

40 to 70 (CR) a e

20 to 60 (CR) ae

40 to 80 (CR) ae

10 to 30 (CR) ae

40 to 60 (CR) ae

20 to 60 (CR) a e

5.6 (T4A) ace

Comments
This paper deals with the relations between chemical struc-
tures of salicylanilides and benzanilides and their toxicity
to rainbow trout and goldfish. The chemical structure of
salicylanilides and benzanilides was related to toxicity and
selectivity to rainbow trout and goldfish. Salicylanilides
were more toxic than benzanilides to the fishes. The ortho
hydroxy substitution of salicylanilide accelerated biological
activity against fish. Meta nitro substitution on the
salicylanilides and benzanilides increased toxicity to fish.
Similar findings are reported for halogens and their relative
position(s) in the molecule.

The chemical was studied as to how low levels (ppm) may
affect BOD in domestic sewage. The chemical was toxic
at the level stated.
Both hard (H) and soft (S) water were used.


Test water used was freshly aerated Detroit River water.
A typical water analysis is given. Toxicity is expressed as
the "critical range" (CR), which was defined as that con-
centration in ppm below which the 4 test fish lived for
24 hr and above which all test fish died. Additional data
are presented.
Comment same as above.

Comment same as above.

Comment same as above.

Comment same as above.

Comment same as above.

Comment same as above.

Comment same as above.

Increase in temperature seemed to increase toxicity of this
chemical. Low dissolved oxygen reduced toxicity of some
Reference
(Year)
Walker, et al
(1966)










Oberton and
Stack
(1957)
Tarzwell and
Henderson
(1960)
Gillette, et al
(1952)




Gillette, et al
(1952)
Gillette, et al
(1952)
Gillette, et al
(1952)
Gillette, et al
(1952)
Gillette, et al
(1952)
Gillette, et al
(1952)
Gillette, et al
(1952)
Cairns
(1957)





















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chemicals in this study.  Toxicity values may be 20%
higher in hard versus soft water.

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Naphthenic
 acid
Naphthenic
 acid
Naphthenic
 acid
Naphthenic
 acids
     Naphthenic
      acids
    Naphthenic
     acids

    Naphthenic
     acid (a) -
     cyanide  (b) -
     chromium (c)
     mixture
5  Naphthalene
Q  a-naphthol
S
25
C  b-naphthol
OJ
m
J?  1,4-naphtho-
-n  quinone
O
m
S
9
Lepomis
 macrochirus
Physa
 heterostropha

Lepomis
 macrochirus
Physa
 heterostropha
Nitzschia
 linearis
Physa
 heterostropha
Lepomis
 macrochirus
Lepomis
 macrochirus
Physa
 heterostropha
Brachydanio
 rerio
 (adults)
 (eggs)
Lepomis
 macrochirus
Lepomis
 macrochirus

Lepomis
 macrochirus
Cambusia
 affinis

Microcystis
 aeruginosa

Microcystis
 aeruginosa
Microcystis
 aeruginosa
                                             BSA
                                             BSA
                                             BSA
                                             BSA
                                       BSA
                     BSA
                      BSA
                     BSA
                                                                       (N) 5.6 (T4A)
                                                                       (L) 2.0 (T4A)
                                                                       (N) 6.6-7.5
                                                                        (T4A) N
                                                                       (L) 2.0 (T4A) L
                                                                       5.6 (T4A)
                                                                       2.0 (T4A)
                                                                       6.6-7.5 (T4A)
                                                                       2.0 (T4A)
                                                                       43.1 (T5A)

                                                                       6.6-7.5 (T4A)

                                                                       5.6 (T4A)

                                                                       5.79 (T4A)

                                                                       6.60 (T1A)
                                                                                                            Modified Chu No. 14 test medium was used. Toxicity is given  Cairns and
                                                                                                             both for "normal" 02 (5-9 ppm), (N), and with "low" C>2      Scheier
                                                                                                             (2 ppm DO), (L). High and low threshold concentration and   (1958)
                                                                                                             concentration percent of survival are also presented.
                                                                   16.3 (T2A)
                                                                   3.5 (T2A)
                                                                   5.6 (T2A)

                                                                   5.6 (T4A)
                                                                   (a) 4.74 (T4A)
                                                                   (b) .026 (T4A)
                                                                   (c) 0.019 (T4A)
                                                                   165(T2A)


                                                                   100 (K)


                                                                   100 (K)

                                                                   100 (K)
                                                                        a e           Normal oxygen content in water.
                                                                                     Low oxygen content in water.
                                                                                     Normal oxygen content in water.
                                                                                     Low oxygen content in water.
                                                                       ace          The purpose of this experiment was to determine whether
                                                                                      there was a constant relationship between the responses of
                                                                                      these organisms. From the data presented, there was no
                                                                                      apparent relationship of this type. Therefore the authors
                                                                                      advise that bioassays on at least 3 components of the food
                                                                                      web be made in any situation.

                                                                      ££^L         "*"n's cnerr|ical is a mixture of compounds with a general
                                                                                      formula of CnH2N-C>2, CnH2N-4C>2, or CnH2N-6C>2,
                                                                                      which are widely used in insecticidal formulations. The
                                                                                      experiments were conducted in a synthetic dilution water
                                                                                      of controlled chemical composition. In hard water, the
                                                                                      chemical was somewhat less toxic.
                                                                      a.£.fL5JL        The test dilutions were  made up from distilled water and ACS
                                                                                      grade chemicals. Temperature was held at 24 C and the
                                                                                      solution was aerated to maintain a dissolved oxygen content
                                                                                      of 5-9 ppm.
                                                                      a c d e         All fish were acclimatized for 2 weeks in a synthetic dilution
                                                                                      water.

                                                                      a c d e         Comment same as above.
                                                                      a c d e g       The effect of turbidity on the toxicity of the chemicals was
                                                                                     studied. Test water was from a farm pond with "high"
                                                                                     turbidity. Additional data are presented.
                                                                         a_          The chemical was tested on a 5-day algae culture. 1 x 10^ to
                                                                                     2 x 106 cells/ml, 75 ml total volume. CHU No. 10 medium
                                                                                     was used.
                                                                         a          Comment same as above.

                                                                      a, etc         Comment same as above.
                                                                                                                                                                      Cairns
                                                                                                                                                                       (1965)
                                                                                                                                                                     Patrick, et al
                                                                                                                                                                       (1968)
                                                                                                                                                                     Cairns and
                                                                                                                                                                      Scheier
                                                                                                                                                                      (1962)
                                                                                                                                                                Cairns, et al
                                                                                                                                                                 (1965)
                                                                                                                                                                     Cairns and
                                                                                                                                                                      Scheier
                                                                                                                                                                      (1968)
                                                                                                                                                                     Cairns and
                                                                                                                                                                      Scheier
                                                                                                                                                                      (1968)
                                                                                                                                                                     Wallen, et al
                                                                                                                                                                      (1957)
                                                                                                                                                                     Fitzgerald, et al
                                                                                                                                                                      (1952)
                                                                                                                                                                     Fitzgerald, et al
                                                                                                                                                                      (1952)
                                                                                                                                                                     Fitzgerald, et al
                                                                                                                                                                      (1952)
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b-naphtha-
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Nickel

Nickel









Bioassay
or Field
Organism Study '1'
Pomoxis BSA
n/gromaculatus
Notropis
atherinoides
Hyborhynchus
notatus
Ambloplites
rupestris
Huro
salmoides
Cylindrospermum L
lichen/forme (Cl)
Microcystis
aeruginosa (Ma)
Scenedesmus
obliquus (So)
Chi ore! la
variegata (Cv)
Gomphonema
parvulum (Gp)
Nitzschia
palea (Np)
Cylindrospermum L
licheniforme (Cl)
Microcystis
aeruginosa (Ma)
Scenedesmus
obliquus (So)
Chlorella
variegata (Cv)
Gomphonema
parvulum (Gp)
Nitzschia
palea (Np)
Rainbow FR
trout
Lebistes L
reticulatus
Bufo
valliceps
(tadpoles)
Daphnia
magna



Toxicity,
Active
Field Ingredient,
Location^) ppm<3)
0.3 to 0.6
(K1-2)








2.0(0)











2.0 (O)











Scotland 25 (T2)

10 (K)

100 (K)


10 (K)




Experimental
Variables
Controlled
or NotedW Comments
e Aerated spring water was used as the test medium. Effective
algicidal concentrations were also toxic to fish.








a Observations were made on the 3rd, 7th, 14th, and 21st
days to give the following (T = toxic, NT = nontoxic.
PT = partially toxic with number of days in parentheses.
No number indicates observation is for entire test period
of 21 days):
Cl -PT (7)
Ma -T
So -T (7)
Cv -T (7),PT (21)
Gp-T (7),PT (21)
Np -T (3),PT (7)

a Comment same as above except that
Cl -PT
Ma -NT
So -PT
Cv -PT (7)
Gp-T(7),PT(21)
Np-T (3),PT (7)





a c e f I m This work represents an extension of laboratory studies of
the toxicity of complex effluents to investigations of rivers.
ace It is assumed in this experiment that the cations considered
are toxic because they combine with an essential sulfhydryl
group attached to a key enzyme. This treatment indicates
that the metals which form the most insoluble sulfides are
the most toxic. The log of the concentration of the metal
ion is plotted against the log of the solubility product
constant of the metal sulfide — a treatment that does not
lend itself to tabulation. The cation toxicity cited is only
an approximate concentration interpolated from a graph.
Time of death was not specified.
Reference
(Year)
Fitzgerald, et al
(1952)








Palmer and
Maloney
(1955)









Palmer and
Maloney
(1955)









Herbert, et al
(1965)
Shaw and
Grushkin
(1967)




























^
TJ
m


X
^




















-------
    Nickel
     ammonium
     sulfate
    Nickel
     chloride

    Nickel
     chloride
Nickelous
 chloride

NickeJ
 chloride

Nickel
 chloride
S
O
O
S
X
Nickel-
 cyanide
 complex

Nickel cyanide
 complex
 [sodium
 cyanide
 (600 ppm CN-)
 plus nickelous
 sulfate
 (355 ppm NO]
ni  Nickel-
_   ferrocyanide
-n   complex
O
m
2
o
 Sewage
  organisms
Daphnia
 magna

Sewage
 organisms
                      BOD
                                                                       134(0)
                                            BSA
                                            BOD
Pimephales
 promelas


LJmnaea
 paJustris
 (eggs)

Pimephales
 promelas
Lepomis
 macrochirus
Carassius
 auratus
Lebistes
 reticulatus
Lepomis
 macrochirus
 (juvenile)


Pimephales
 promelas
                                            BSA
                                            BSA
                                            BSA
                                            BSA
                                            BSA
                  Pimephales
                   promelas
                                            BSA
                                                                   <0.7 (O)
                                                                       38(0)
                                                 (H) 24 (T4A)
                                                 (S) 4 (T4A)

                                                 8x 10-6M
                                                                                             acdf
                                                 (S) 5.18(T4A)
                                                 (H) 42.4 (T4A)
                                                 (S) 5.18 (T4A)
                                                 (H) 39.6 (T4A)
                                                 (S) 9.82 (T4A)

                                                 (S) 4.45 (T4A)

                                                 (O)
                                                 0.95 (T4A)
                                                                                             c d e f
                                                                                            a c d f p
                                                                                             a cd
                                                 1.0 ppm CN"
                                                 0.8 ppm Cu
                                                 0.4 ppm Fe
                                                  (non-toxic
                                                  after 4 days)
Various metal salts were studied in relation to how they
 affected the BOD of both raw and treated sewage as well
 as how they affected the processing of sewage in the treat-
 ment plant. BOD was used as the parameter to measure the
 effect of the chemical. The chemical concentration cited is
 the ppm required to reduce the BOD values by 50%. This
 chemical was tested  in an unbuffered system.
Lake Erie water was used as  diluent. Toxicity given as
 threshold concentration producing immobilization for
 exposure periods of  64 hr.
Various metal salts were studied in relation to how they
 affected the BOD of both raw and treated sewage as well
 as how they affected the processing of sewage in the treat-
 ment plant. BOD was used as the parameter to measure the
 effect of the chemical. The chemical concentration cited is
 the ppm required to reduce the BOD values by 50%. This
 chemical was tested  in an unbuffered system.
Both hard (H) and soft (S) water were used.
                                                                                                           Toxicity is given in molar concentrations for maximum
                                                                                                            direct mortality (kill) in 4 hours.

                                                                                                           (S) Soft water
                                                                                                           (H) Hard water
                                                                                                           Values are expressed as mg/l of metal.
                                                                                                                                                                 Sheets
                                                                                                                                                                  (1957)
                                                                                                                                                                 Anderson
                                                                                                                                                                   (1948)

                                                                                                                                                                 Sheets
                                                                                                                                                                   (1957)
                                                                                                                                                                 Tarzwell and
                                                                                                                                                                  Henderson
                                                                                                                                                                  (1960)

                                                                                                                                                                 Morrill
                                                                                                                                                                  (1963)

                                                                                                                                                                 Pickering and
                                                                                                                                                                  Henderson
                                                                                                                                                                  (1965)
                                                                                                           In solution with a calculated CN content of 100 to 500 ppm,    Doudoroff, et a\
                                                                                                            the median resistance time was 143 to 540 min.  There         (1966)
                                                                                                            was no apparent correlation between median resistance time
                                                                                                            and concentration.
                                                                                                           Synthetic soft water was used. Toxicity data given as number   Doudoroff, et al
                                                                                                            of test fish surviving after exposure at 24, 48, and 96 hr. TLm   (1956)
                                                                                                            values were estimated by straight-line graphical interpolation
                                                                                                            and given in ppm CN". Additional toxicity data in which total
                                                                                                            alkalinity was varied, 730 (T-4) with 192 ppm CaCOs
                                                                                                            alkalinity.
                                                                                                           Synthetic soft water was used. Toxicity data given as number   Doudoroff, et al
                                                                                                            of test fish surviving.                                        (1956)

-------
CHEMICALS
2j
D
S
X
-I
c
m

O
o

m
S
O
r;
to








>
3
\
























Chemical
Nickel
nitrate



Nickel
nitrate





Nickel
sulfate
Nickel
sulfate










Nitric
acid





Nitric
acid

3-nitro-4
acetoxybenzoic
acid









Bioassay
or Field
Organism Study^)
Gasterosteus BSA
aculeatus



Sewage BOD
organisms





Sewage BOD
organisms
Salmo BSA
gairdneri
Salmo
trutta
Salvelinus
fontina/is
Salvelinus
namaycush
Ictalurus
punctatus
Lepomis
macrochirus
Daphnia BSA
magna





Gambusia BSA
affinis

Cylindorspermum L
lichen/forme (CD
Microcystis
aeruginosa (Ma)
Scenedesmus
obliquus /So)
Chlorella
variegate (Cv)
Gomphonema
parvulum (Opt
Nitzschia
pa/ea (Nf>)
Toxicity,
Active
Field Ingredient,
Location(2) ppm(3)
0.8 (K10)




64 (0)






16 (O)

160(T2A)

270 (T2A)

242 (T2A)

75 (T2A)

165 (T2A)

495 (T2A)

107 (O)






75 (T2A)


2.0 (0)











Experimental
Variables
Controlled
or NotedW) Comments
— Solutions were made up in tap water. 3.0 to 5.0 cm stickle-
back fish were used as experimental animals. This paper
points out that there is a marked relationship between the
toxicity of the metals and their solution pressures. Those
with low solution pressures were the most toxic.
— Various metal salts were studied in relation to how they
affected the BOD of both raw and treated sewage as well
as how they affected the processing of sewage in the treat-
ment plant. BOD was used as the parameter to measure
the effect of the chemical. The chemical concentration
cited is the ppm required to reduce the BOD values by
50%. This chemical was tested in an unbuffered system.
— Comment same as above.

a f Variance and the 95-percent confidence interval (C.I.) were
also determined.










a c This paper deals with the toxicity thresholds of various
substances found in industrial wastes as determined
by the use of D. magna. Centrifuged Lake Erie water was
used as a diluent in the bioassay. Threshold concentration
was defined as the highest concentration which would just
fail to immobilize the animals under prolonged (theoretically
infinite) exposures.
a c d e g The effect of turbidity on the toxicity of the chemicals was
studied. Test water was from a farm pond with "high"
turbidity. Additional data are presented.
a Observations were made on the 3rd, 7th, 14th, and 21st
days to give the following (T = toxic, NT = nontoxic.
PT = partially toxic with number of days in parentheses.
No number indicates observation is for entire test period
of 21 days):
Cl -NT
Ma - NT
So - NT
Cv -NT
Gp - NT
Np — NT

Reference
(Year)
Jones
(1939)



Sheets
(1957)





Sheets
(1957)
Willford
(1966)










Anderson
(1944)





Wallen, et al
(1957)

Palmer and
Maloney
(1955)





























^
T3
•o
m
z
g
x

^






















-------
    3-nitrobenz-
     anilide
c
30
m
O
m
     Nitrobenzene
     3-nitro-4-
      methoxy-
      benzoic
      acid
    4'-nitro-o-
     salicylanisidide
O
m
§
O
o-nitro-
 phenol

p-nitrophenyl-
 hydrazine
 hydrochloride
p-nitrophenyl-
 hydrazine
Salmo
 gairdnerii
Carassius
 auratus
BSA
                             10 (K2)

                             10 (K2)
Sewage
 organisms
Cylin drospermum
 lichen/forme fCt)
Microcystis
 aeruginosa (Ma)
Scenedesmus
 obliquus (So)
Chlorella
 variegata (Cv)
Gomphonema
 parvulum (Gpi
Nitzschia
 palea (Np)
Salmo
 gairdnerii
Carassius
 auratus
                                              BOD
                                                                          630 (TC50)
                            2.0 (0)
BSA
                             10 (K 3 hr)

                             10 (K2)
Lepomis
 macmchirus

Microcystis
 aeruginosa

Microcystis
 aeruginosa
                                              BSA
                                                                          46.3-51.6
                                                                           (T2A)

                                                                          50 (K)
                                                                          100 (K)
                                                 a cd e f g i o
                                                                                                  a, etc
                                                                                                  a, etc
This paper deals with the relations between chemical struc-
 tures of salicylanilides and benzanilides and their toxicity
 to rainbow trout and goldfish. The chemical structure of
 salicylanilides and benzanilides was related to toxicity and
 selectivity to rainbow trout and goldfish.  Salicylanilides
 were more toxic than benzanilides to the fishes.  The ortho
 hydroxy substitution of salicylanilide accelerated biological
 activity against fish. Meta nitro substitution on the
 salicylanilides and benzanilides increased toxicity to fish.
 Similar findings are reported for halogens and their rela-
 tive position(s) in the molecule.
The purpose of this paper was to devise a toxicity index for
 industrial wastes.  Results are recorded as the toxic con-
 centration producing 50 percent inhibition (TCsfj) of
 oxygen utilization as compared to  controls.  Five toxi-
 grams depicting the effect of the chemicals on BOD were
 devised and  each chemical classified.
Observations  were made on the 3rd, 7th, 14th, and 21st
 days to give the following (T = toxic, NT = nontoxic,
 PT = partially toxic with number of days in parentheses.
 No number  indicates observation is for entire test period
 of 21 days):
   Cl  - NT
   Ma - PT (3)
   So - PT (7)
   Cv - PT (3)
   Gp-T(3)
   Np - NT

This paper deals with the relations between chemical struc-
 tures of salicylanilides and benzanilides and their toxicity
 to rainbow trout and goldfish. The chemical structure of
 salicylanilides and benzanilides was related to toxicity and
 selectivity to rainbow trout and goldfish.  Salicylanilides
 were more toxic than benzanilides  to the fishes. The ortho
 hydroxy substitution of salicylanilide accelerated biological
 activity against fish. Meta nitro substitution on the
 salicylanilides and benzanilides increased toxicity to fish.
 Similar findings are reported for  halogens and their rela-
 tive position(s) in the molecule.
Assays are completely described and autopsy data are
 reported.

The chemical was tested on a 5-day algae culture, 1 x 10^ to
 2 x 10^ cells/ml, 75 ml total volume. Chu No. 10 medium
 was used.
Comment same as above.
Walker, et al
  (1966)
                                                                                                                               Hermann
                                                                                                                                (1959)
Palmer and
 Maloney
 (1955)
                                                                                                                                                                                             I
                                                                                                                                                                                             m
                                                                                                                                                                                             O
Walker, et al
 (1966)
Lammering and
 Burbank
 (1961)

Fitzgerald, et al
 (1952)


Fitzgerald, et al
 (1952)

-------
COMMERCE
>•
0
i
m
S
O
-o

O
O
c
0
H








^
^C
-fc.












Chemical
2' nitro-p-
solicylanilide










3-nitro-2',6'-
sahcyloxylidide


3-nitrosah-
cylanilide


3-nitro-2'.3-
salicyloxylidide


3-nitro-2',5-
salicyloxyl-
idide

3-nitro-2',4'-
salicyloxyl-
idide

Organism
Salmo
gairdnerii
Carassius
auratus








Salmo
gairdnerii
Carassius
auratus
Salmo
gairdnerii
Carassius
auratus
Salmo
gairdnerii
Carassius
auratus
Salmo
gairdnerii
Carassius
auratus
Salmo
gairdnerii
Carassius
auratus
Toxicity,
Bioassay Active
or Field Field Ingredient,
Studyd) Location<2) ppm(3)
BSA - 10(K3hr)

10 (K 3hr)









BSA - 10 (K2)

10 (K2)

BSA - 10 (K2A)

10 (K2A)

BSA - 1.0 (K2A)

10.0 (K2A)

BSA - 10.0 (K 3 hr)

10.0 (K2)

BSA - 1.0 (K2)

10.0 (K 3 hr)

Experimental
Variables
Controlled
or NotedW Comments
a This paper deals with the relations between chemical
structures of salicylanilides and benzanilides and
their toxicity to rainbow trout and goldfish. The
chemical structure of salicylanilides and benzanilides
was related to toxicity and selectivity to rainbow
trout and goldfish. Salicylanilides were more toxic
than benzanilides to the fishes. The ortho hydroxy
substitution of salicylanilide accelerated biological
activity against fish. Meta nitro substitution on the
salicylanilides and benzanilides increased toxicity to
fish. Similar findings are reported for halogens and
their relative position (s) in the molecule.
a Comment same as above.



a Comment same as above.



a Comment same as above.



a Comment same as above.



a Comment same as above.



Reference
(Year)
Walker, et al
(1966)










Walker, et al
(1966)


Walker, et al
(1966)


Walker, et al
(1966)


Walker, et al
(1966)


Walker, et al
(1966)


1
m
Z
O

-------
Nonyl
phenol
ethoxylate










p-octyl
diphenylamine
Salmo
gairdnerii
(12 days
after
hatching)
(25 days
after
hatching.
fry)
(210 days
after
hatching,
fingerling)
Daphnia
magna
                                         BCFA
Oxydipro-
 pionitrile
Pimephales
 promelas
Lepomis
 macrochirus
Lebistes
 reticulatus
                                         BSA
                                              BSA
                                                  13.5 (K)
                                                   3hr
                                                  5.2 (K)
                                                   6hr

                                                  4.4 (K)
                                                   3hr
                                                  2.3 (K)
                                                   6hr
                                                  8.0 (K)
                                                   3hr
                                                  5.2 (K)
                                                   6hr

                                                  >40 (K2)
                                                                                          a cd e i
                                                                          (H) 3600 (T4A)
                                                                          (S) 3900 (T4A)
                                                                          (S) 4200 (T4A)

                                                                          (S) 4450 (T4A)
cdef
                                                                                                              Successive developmental stages of the organism showed
                                                                                                                marked differences in resistance to the chemical.
                                                                                                                Changes in resistance could not be correlated with
                                                                                                                changes  in respiratory activity of the fish but rather
                                                                                                                with their water metabolism.
An attempt was made to correlate the biological action
 with the chemical reactivity of selected chemical sub-
 stances. Results indicated a considerable correlation
 between the aquarium fish toxicity and antiautocatalytic
 potency of the chemicals in marked contrast to their
 toxicity on systemic administration.

(H) Value in hardwater
(S) Value in softwater
The chemical produced no change in flavor of the  cooked
 bluegill.
                                                                          Marchetti
                                                                           (1965)
                                                                                                                                                                     Sollman
                                                                                                                                                                      (1949)
Henderson,
 et al
 (1960)
I
m
Z
O
X
Oxalic
 acid
8
2   Oxalic
3    acid
O
>
O
m
5
jj   Pentachloro-
r"    phenol
TJ
O
o
Daphnia
 magna
                      BSA
                                                                         95 (O)
                   Sewage
                    organisms
                                         BOD
                   Green
                    sunfish
                                         BSA
                                                  43 (TC50)
                                                  (O)
               This paper deals with the toxicity thresholds of various          Anderson
                substances found in industrial wastes as determined by          (1944)
                the use of D. magna.  Centrifuged Lake Erie water was
                used as a diluent in the bioassay. Threshold concentra-
                tion was defined as the highest concentration which
                would just fail to immobilize the animals under prolonged
                (theoretically infinite) exposure.

               The purpose of this paper was to devise a toxicity index         Hermann
                for industrial wastes.  Results are recorded as the toxic          (1959)
                concentration producing 50 percent inhibition  (TCsfj)
                of oxygen utilization  as compared to controls.  Five
                toxigrams depicting the effect of the chemicals on BOD
                were devised and each chemical classified.

               Pentachlorophenol was repellent to the green sunfish at         Summerfelt
                20 mg/l but the fish were indifferent in response to             and Lewis
                5.0mg/l.                                                   (1967)


-------
£
ON
o
I
m
S
o
•£ Chemical
C/7 • — • 	
> PH
O
s
H pH
C
3J
m
O
Tl
O
X
m
S
o
•£
to


Phenanthra-
quinone










o-phenanthro-
line

Phenazine-1-
carboxylic
acid

Phenol





Phenol



Bioassay
or Field
Organism Study (1)
Gasterosteus BSA
aculeatus

Salmo BSA
gairdnerii











Pomoxis BSA
nigromacu/atus
Notropis
atherinoides
atherinoides
Hyborhynchus
no tat us
Ambloplites
rupestris
rupestris
Huro
salmoides
Microcystis L
aeruginosa

Anabaena L
f/os-aquae
Notemigonous
crysoleucas
Carassius BSA
carassius




Carassius BSA
auratus


Toxicity, Experimental
Active Variables
Field Ingredient, Controlled
Location*2) ppm (3) or Noted'4) Comments
— (O) c e Tap water was used to make up the solutions. The fish
avoided water more acid than a pH of 5.6 or one
more alkaline than 1 1 .4.
— (O) abcdefp The pH value at which acid solutions proved lethal to rainbow
trout within 1 day was unaffected by the pH value to which
the fish had been acclimatized (pH 6.5-8.4). Fifty percent
of a population of yearling rainbow trout were killed in
about 1 day at a pH value of 3.6 when little free CC>2 was
present; where in the presence of 50 ppm free CC>2, a pH
value of 5.6 killed 50 percent of a population of fingerling
trout in 15 days. In water of low free CC>2 content, the
relation between pH value and log median period of survival
was linear for survival times between about 3 hr and 15 days.
Exposure to pH values below 5.0 for about 3 months might
be harmful to rainbow trout when little free CC>2 is present
in the water.
— (O) e Aerated spring water was used as the test medium. No effect
was observed on fish after 2 days of exposure, even with
excess solid dispersed in water. At algicidal concentrations,
this compound was not toxic to the fish studied.








— 100 (K) a, etc The chemical was tested on a 5-day algae culture, 1 x 10*> to
~~ 2 x 106 cells/ml, 75 ml total volume. Chu No. 10 medium
was used.
— 100 (O) — Value given is concentration for complete inhibition of
A. flos-aquae. No harmful effect to N. crysoleucas was
0.1 to 10.0 (0) noted at the concentrations evaluated.

— (O) a This old, lengthy paper discusses toxicity of many chemicals.
possible mechanism of action of some, the effect of tempera-
ture, effect of dissolved oxygen, the efficiency of the gold-
fish as a test animal, compares this work with earlier work.
and lists an extensive bibliography.
In a concentration of 0.259 g/liter, fish survived 104 minutes.
— 125 to 372 a Temperature in test containers was maintained at 27 ± .2 C.
(K 8 hr) ~~ Goldfish tested weighed between 2 and 4 g.
83.2 (O) Phenol, 83.2 ppm (mg per liter), killed 86% of the fish in
41.6 (O) 8 hr; 41.6 (mg per liter) killed 67% in 8 hr.
Reference
(Year)
Jones
(1948)

Lloyd and
Jordan
(1964)










Fitzgerald, et al
(1952)










Fitzgerald, et al
(1952)

Toohey, et al
(1965)


Powers
(1918)




Gersdorff and
Smith
(1940)

•o
m
Z
O

-------
    Phenol
   Phenol


   Phenol
   Phenol
    Phenol
    Phenol
    Phenol
2
o
o
s
3D
m
    Phenol
    Phenol
o
I  Phenol
•m
§
o
                       Anopheles
                        quadrimacula tus
                       Goldfish
                       Shiner
                        minnows
                      Carassius
                       auratus

                      Daphnia
                       magna
                                            BSA
                                                                        (O)
BSA

BSA
0.103 (K)


94 (O)
                      Hyborhynchus
                       n ota tus
                      Daphnia
                       magna
                      Phoxinus
                       phoxinus
                      Semotilus
                        atromaculatus
                       Lepomis
                        macrochirus
                       Lepomis
                        macrochirus
                       Cambusia
                        affinis
                                            BSA
                                            BSA
                            28.9 (K2)
                                             BCFA
                                            BSA
                            0.04% (K 4 min)
                            0.01% (K 8 min)
                            0.004%
                             (K 24 min)
                            0.0004%
                             (K 40-50 hr)
                            10 to 20 (CR)
                                            BSA
                                            BCFA
                                            BSA
                            20.5 (T4A)
                            19.3 (T2A)

                            11.5 (T4A)
                                                                        56 (T2A)
   —           Under the conditions of this experiment, this chemical          Knowles, et al
                (diluted 1 to 30) applied at rates of 10 to 95 gallons per         (1941)
                acre was less effective than kerosene in controlling
                mosquitos. In the laboratory, at the rate of 50 gallon
                per acre, 100 percent of fish were killed but only 16 per-
                cent of the larvae.  Phenol did not appear to be a desirable
                larvacide for general mosquito control.
   a           Goldfish weighed between  2 and 4 g. Temperature was         Gersdorff
                maintained at 27.0 ± 0.2 C.                                  (1943)
  a c           This paper deals with the toxicity thresholds of various         Anderson
  ~~             substances found in industrial wastes as determined by          (1944)
                the use of D. magna.  Centrifuged Lake Erie water was
                used as a diluent in the  bioassay.  Threshold concentration
                was defined as the highest concentration which would just
                fail to immobilize the animals under prolonged (theoretically
                infinite) exposure.
   —           Fish in aquaria were trained to detect and distinguish between   Hasler and
                phenol and p-chlorophenol at levels as low as 0.0005 ppm.      Wisby
                The fish could also distinguish o-chlorophenol from the two     (1949)
                other compounds.  The training method is described.
   a           An attempt was made to correlate the biological action with     Sollman
                the chemical reactivity of selected chemical substances.          (1949)
                Results indicated a considerable correlation between the
                aquarium fish toxicity and antiautocatalytic potency of
                the chemicals in marked contrast to their toxicity on
                systemic administration.
  ja c           Tap water was used as diluent. The apparatus used was a        Jones
                34 mm diameter tube fitted to permit sharp vertical            (1951)
                separation of water and test solutions.  With this system,
                avoidance data could be obtained.  Toxicity is given as
                average survival time of replicates.  Fish did not avoid
                phenol in the <0.04% range.
  ^e           Test water used was freshly aerated Detroit River water. A      Gillette, et al
                typical water analysis is given. Toxicity is expressed as          (1952)
                the "critical range" (CR), which was defined as that
                concentration in ppm below which the 4 test fish lived
                for 24 hr and above which all test fish died. Additional
                data are presented.

£ c d e         Chu No. 14 modified medium was used as dilution water.        Trama
                The fish were transferred each 24 hours into new test           (1955)
                solutions because of phenol loss due to aeration.
a c e f         Test water was composed of distilled water with CP grade        Cairns and
                chemicals and was aerated throughout the 96-hour              Scheier
                exposure period.                                            (1955)
               The phenol concentration was kept constant during the
                test period.

a  c d e g        The effect of turbidity on the toxicity of the chemicals          Wallen, et al
                was studied. Test water was from a farm  pond with "high"      (1957)
                turbidity. Additional data are presented.
                                                                                                                                                                                        m
                                                                                                                                                                                        O
                                                                                                                                                                                        X

-------
r>
i
m
n
P Chemical
^ Phenol
O
§
X
H
C
33
m
w Phenol
O
Tl
0
m Phenol
5
o
(/i
Phenol


Phenols
(monohydric)




3
•j



Phenol
Organism
Sewage
organisms




Channel
catfish
(fingerlings)
Lepomis
macrochirus


Lepomis
macrochirus

Salmo
gairdnerii








Hydropsyche
Toxicity,
Bioassay Active
or Field Field Ingredient,
Study(l) Location '2) ppm '3)
BOD - 1600 (TC5fj)





BSA - 16.7
(K 48 hr A)

BSA - 11.5IT4A)



BSA - 22.2 (T2A)


BSA - (O)









BSA - 30.0 (T2A)
Experimental
Variables
Controlled
or Noted'4* Comments
a The purpose of this paper was to devise a toxicity index for
~ industrial wastes. Results are recorded as the toxic con-
centration producing 50 percent inhibition (TC50) of
oxygen utilization as compared to controls. Five toxi-
grams depicting the effect of the chemicals on BOD were
devised and each chemical classified.
a Tap water was used. Considerable additional data are
~ presented.

a c d e i A "control" was prepared by adding required chemicals to
distilled water, and this was constantly aerated. Data
reported are for larger fish, app 14.24 cm in length. Data
for smaller fish are also in the report.
a c d e f g i o Assays are completely described, and autopsy data are
reported.

a e This is a study of the effect of varying dissolved oxygen
concentrations on the toxicity of selected chemicals.
The toxicity of heavy metals, ammonia, and monohydric
phenols increased as the dissolved oxygen in water was
reduced. The most obvious reaction of fish to lowered
oxygen content is to increase the volume of water passed
over the gills, and this may increase the amount of poison
reaching the surface of the gill epithelium.
The concentration of the chemical in the water was not
specified.
a Soft water used as diluent water.
Reference
(Year)
Hermann
(1959)




Clemens and
Sneed
(1959)
Cairns and
Scheier
(1969)

Lammering and
Burbank
(1961)
Lloyd
(1961)








Roback




















^
•o
m
z
o
X
•J.,

Phenol
Phenol
Stenonema
Protococcus sp
Chlorella sp
Dunaliella
 euchlora
Phaeodactylum
 tricornutum
Monochrysis
 lutheri
"Aquatic
 flora and
 fauna"
                            14.5 (T2A)
BSA             -          500 (K)
                            500 (K)
                            500 (K)

                            100(NG)

                            100(NG)

FR          Luxembourg     5.0-10.0(0)
This paper concerns the growth of pure cultures of marine
 plankton in the presence of toxicants. Results were
 expressed as the ratio of optical density of growth in the
 presence of toxicants to optical density in the basal  medium
 with no added toxicants. NG = no growth, but the organisms
 were viable.
Destruction of all flora and fauna of the river occurred in
 highly polluted zone (10 ppm), slight affects occurred at
 3.0-10 ppm, and practically no damage occurred at con-
 centrations below 3.0 ppm.
 (1965)
Ukeles
 (1962)
                                                                                                                                                                  Krombach and
                                                                                                                                                                   Barthel
                                                                                                                                                                   (1963)

-------
      Phenol
                        Rasbora               BSA
                         heteromorpha
                                                 6.0 (O)
      Phenol
      Phenol
>
MD
      Phenol
  O
  m   Phenols
  2
      Phenol
  O
  m
  CO
  O   Phenol
Fish
                        Fish
                                              BSA
                                              FR
            1.4x10-4M (K)         ac
                                                             Ohio        .016 (O)
                        Carassius
                         auratus
Rainbow
 trout

Daphnia
 magna (young)
Daphnia
 magna (adult)
Lepomis
 macrochirus
Mollienesia
 latopinna
Pimephales
 promelas
Lepomis
 macrochirus
Carassius
 auratus
Lebistes
 reticulatus
                      BCSA
                                                 (O)
                      FR
                                              BSA
                                              BSA
Scotland    4.4 (T2)
            17 (T1A)
            7 (T2A)
            61 (T1A)
            21 (T2A)
            63 (T1A)
            22 (T2A)
            29 (T4A)

            26 (T4A)

            46 (T4A)

            44 (T4A)
a c e f I m
                                                                                               a c d e f
For many toxins the rate of mortality is found to be a linear    Abram
 function of the logarithm of the concentration of the poison;    (1964)
 whereas the comparable relation between the logarithms of
 the survival time and the concentration is nonlinear. The
 linear function can be exploited to provide comparatively
 simple methods of estimating long-term survival concentra-
 tions.  An application of this is suggested for defining realistic
 standards of toxicity. At the concentration listed, there
 was a 30 percent mortality in about 2 weeks.
Avoidance behavior of test fish to toxic chemicals is given.      Ishio
 Toxicity is given as the lowest lethal concentration (molar).      (1965)
 Ratios of avoidance  and lowest lethal concentrations are
 presented  and discussed.
Following shut-down of steel mills due to a strike, phenols      Krumholz and
 were 3.0 ppb in the Ohio  River during the shut-down as         Minckley
 compared to  16.0 ppb after the mills resumed operation.        (1964)
 Threshold odor intensity and dissolved-iron content were
 2 to 8X greater after start-up of the mills than during the
 shut-down period. Appearance or increased abundance of
 such "clean-water fish" as big-eye chub, common sucker,
 stoneroller, creek chub, sand shiner, mimic shiner, common
 shiner, and bluntnose minnow occurred while mills were
 shut down. Additionally, small minnows increased 20X
 during this period. The authors note that these facts are
 indicative of a marked betterment of the environment.
 Further, they suggest that the faunal monotony of the
 upper Ohio River is more  closely related to industrial than
 to domestic discharges.

A 5% solution of phenol in water was injected in the           Boni
 muscular masses of the fish tails at various levels. The           (1965)
 WILD (minimal lethal dose) of phenol was found to be
 230 mg/kg.
Goldfish are unable to conjugate phenol, while showing a
 high efficiency in excreting the drug unchanged.
This  work represents an extension of laboratory studies         Herbert, et al
 of the toxicity of complex effluents to investigations            (1965)
 of rivers.

"Standard reference water" was described and used  as          Oowden and
 well as lake water. Varied results were obtained when           Bennett
 evaluations were made in various types of water.                (1965)
               Most fish survived at test concentrations of about one half,     Pickering and
                or slightly more, of the TLm value. No attempt was made       Henderson
                to estimate 100 percent survival.                              (1966)

-------
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O
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O
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w

Phenol




>
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O
O




Phenol



Phenylhydra-
zine hydro-
chloride
4'-phenylazo-
3-nitrosali-
cylanilide








Organism
Salmo
gairdnerii

Salmo
gairdnerii
Salmo
salar

Salmo
gairdnerii






Nitzschia
linearis
Physa
heterostropha
Lepomis
macrochirus
Salmo
gairdnerii





Salmo
gairdnerii


Microcystis
aeruginosa

Salmo
gairdnerii
Carassius
auratus







Toxicity,
Bioassay Active
or Field Field Ingredient,
Studyd) Location'2) ppm'3)
BSA - 1.5IT2A)


BSA - 5.2 (T2)




BSA - (O)







BSA - 258 (T5A)

94.0 (T4A)

13.5 (T4A)

BCFA - 7.5 (T2A)






BSA - 4.58 to 5.8
(T2A)


L - 100 (K)


BSA - 0.1 (K2A)
1.0 (K3hr)
1.0 (K2A)
10.0 (K2A)







Experimental
Variables
Controlled
or Noted(4) Comments
a c d e f Test solution used in this study was sea water collected from
~ ~~ the North Sea, then diluted with distilled water. Sensitivity
of fish to poisoning by phenol increased as salinity increased.
a c d e f Fish were acclimatized to 14 days in salt water.




a c d e f p Fish were acclimatized to the temperature of the test water
over a period of 24-36 hr and then held at the test temper-
ature without being fed for 24 hr before testing. Results
showed that the resistance to poisoning by phenol increases
with increase in temperature up to at least 18 C, at which
the L2 is almost twice that at 6 C. A similar relationship
exists with gas-liquor phenols. The response of test popula-
tions showed the least viability at 12 C.
ace The purpose of this experiment was to determine whether
there was a constant relationship between the responses of
these organisms. From the data presented, there was no
apparent relationship of this type. Therefore the authors
advise that bioassays on at least 3 components of the food
web be made in any situation.
acdef Phenol rapidly damaged the gills of trout. Experiments were
conducted at levels above and below the \-C$rj and for
varying periods of time. Even at the level which killed only
20% of the fish in 48 hours, sufficient damage was done
within one week to impair survival of the individual and
affect reproduction. (This concentration was not specified,
but was probably 6.5 ppm.)
a c d e f o The concentration killing a half batch of fish in 2 days
provides a reasonable estimate of the threshold concen-
tration. The lethality of this chemical depends upon the
temperature and concentration of dissolved oxygen.
a, etc The chemical was tested on a 5-day algae culture, 1 x 10^ to
~ 2 x 106 cells/ml, 75 ml total volume. Chu No. 10 medium
was used.
a This paper deals with the relations between chemical struc-
~~ tures of salicylanilides and benzanilides and their toxicity
to rainbow trout and goldfish. The chemical structure of
salicylanilides and benzanilides was related to toxicity and
selectivity to rainbow trout and goldfish. Salicylanilides
were more toxic than benzanilides to the fishes. The ortho
hydroxy substitution of salicylanilide accelerated biological
activity against fish. Meta nitro substitution on the
salicylanilides and benzanilides increased toxicity to fish.
Similar findings are reported for halogens and their rela-
tive position(s) in the molecule.
Reference
(Year)
Brown, et al
(1967)

Brown, et al
(1967)



Brown, et al
(1967)






Patrick, et al
(1968)




Mitrovic, et al
(1968)





Brown
(1968)


Fitzgerald, et al
(1952)

Walker, et al
(1966)






























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-------
     p-phenylene-
      diamine
     Phenylmercuric
      acetate
      (10%soln.)
     Phenylmercuric
      acetate

     Phenylmercuric
      hydroxide
>
o
     Phenylmercuric
       nitrate
£
£
Daphnia
 magna
Ictalurus
 punctatus

Channel
 catfish
 (fingerlings)
Cylindrospermum
 licheniforme (CD
Microcystis
 aeruginosa  (Ma)
Scenedesmus
 obliquus (So)
Chlorella
 variegate (Cv)
Gomphonema
 parvulum (Gp)
Nitzschia
 palea (Np)
Cylindrospermum
 licheniforme (Cl)
Microcystis
 aeruginosa  (Ma)
Scenedesmus
 obliquus (So)
Chlorella
 variegata (Cv)
Gomphonema
 parvulum (Gp)
Nitzschia
 palea (Np)
BSA
     n-phenyl-naphthyl-  Daphnia
      amine             magna
     Phenylthiourea
z
o
2
X

33
m


Microcystis
 aeruginosa

Daphnia
 magna
BSA
BSA
                            5.74 (K2)
                                                                        2.30 (K2)
                                                                        1.46(T2A)

                                                                        4.1 (K1A)
                            2.0 (O)
                            2.0 (O)
                                                                                                 a            An attempt was made to correlate the biological action
                                                                                                              with the chemical reactivity of selected chemical substances.
                                                                                                              Results indicated a considerable correlation between the
                                                                                                              aquarium fish toxicity and antiautocatalytic potency of
                                                                                                              the chemicals in marked contrast to their toxicity on
                                                                                                              systemic administration.
                                                                                              a c f i          The experiment was conducted at 68 C.
                                                                                                             Tap water was used.  Considerable additional data are
                                                                                                              presented.

                                                                                                             Observations were made on the 3rd, 7th, 14th, and 21st
                                                                                                              days to give the following (T = toxic, NT = nontoxic,
                                                                                                              PT = partially toxic with number of days in parentheses.
                                                                                                              No number indicates observation is for entire test period
                                                                                                              of 21 days):
                                                                                                               Cl -T (3)
                                                                                                               Ma-T (3)
                                                                                                               So - T (3)
                                                                                                               Cv - T (3)
                                                                                                               Gp-T(3)
                                                                                                               Np-T(3)


                                                                                                             Comment same as above, including data cited.
                      BSA
                            4.4 (K2)
                                              BSA
                                                                         50 (K)
                                                                         630 (K2)
                                                                An attempt was made to correlate the biological action
                                                                 with the chemical reactivity of selected chemical substances.
                                                                 Results indicated a considerable correlation between the
                                                                 aquarium fish toxicity and antiautocatalytic potency of
                                                                 the chemicals in marked contrast to their toxicity on
                                                                 systemic administration.
                                                                The chemical was tested on a 5-day algae culture, 1 x 10^ to
                                                                 2 x 106 cells/ml, 75 ml total volume. Chu No. 10 medium
                                                                 was used.
                                                                An attempt was made to correlate the biological action
                                                                 with the chemical reactivity of selected chemical substances.
                                                                 Results indicated a considerable correlation between the
                                                                 aquarium fish toxicity and antiautocatalytic potency of
                                                                 the chemicals in marked contrast to their toxicity on
                                                                 systemic administration.
                                                                                                                           Sollman
                                                                                                                            (1949)
Clemens and
 Sneed
 (1958)
Clemens and
 Sneed
 (1959)
Palmer and
 Maloney
 (1955)
                                                                                                                                                                       Palmer and
                                                                                                                                                                        Maloney
                                                                                                                                                                        (1955)
                I
                m
                O
                X
                                                                                                                                                Sollman
                                                                                                                                                  (1949)
                                                                                                                                                                       Fitzgerald, et al
                                                                                                                                                                        (1952)
                                                                                                                                                                        Sollman
                                                                                                                                                                         (1949)

-------
n
I
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£
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X
~^
c
3D
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in
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Chemical
Phosphoric
acid

Phosphorus


o-phthalic
anhydride


Picric
acid











Polyethylene
glycol




Polyoxy-
ethylene
ester

Potassium
azide





Potassium
azide

Potassium
chloride




Bioassay
or Field
Organism Study'1'
Gambusia BSA
affinis

Lepomis BSA
macrochirus

Pimephales BSA
prome/as


Cylindrospermum L
lichen/forme (CI)
Microcystis
aeruginosa (Mai
Scenedesmus
obliquus (So)
Chlorella
variegata (Cvl
Gomphonema
parvulum (Gp)
Nitzschia
palea INp)

Sewage BOD
microorganisms




Pimephales BSA
promelas
(juveniles)

Procambarus BSA
clarki
Lepomis
macrochirus



Pteronarcys BSA
californica
(naiads)
Carassius BSA
carassius




Toxicity,
Active
Field Ingredient,
Location (2) ppm(3)
138IT2A)


0.105(T2A)
0.053 (T3A)
0.025 (T7A)
>56 (T4A)



2.0 (0)












(0)





(S) 37-42
(T1-4A)
(H) 38-56
(T1-4A)
1 (K1)*
2 (K1)**
<1.5 (T1A)*
<1.8 (T1A)**
'Technical
formulation
**Granular
0.008 (T4A)


(0)





Experimental
Variables
Controlled
or Noted'4' Comments
a c d e g The effect of turbidity on the toxicity of the chemicals
was studied. Test water was from a farm pond with "high"
turbidity. Additional data are presented.
a c d e f Colloidal phosphorus compounds were removed by filtra-
lf h i j k tion, so that the effect of elemental phosphate toxicity
n o was studied.
a c d e f o-phthalic anhydride is very slightly soluble in water.



a Observations were made on the 3rd, 7th, 14th, and 21st
~ days to give the following (T = toxic, NT = nontoxic.
PT = partially toxic with number of days in parentheses.
No number indicates observation is for entire test period
of 21 days):
CI - NT
Ma -NT
So - NT
Cv -NT
Gp-NT
Np - NT


— The chemical was studied as to how low levels (ppm) may
affect BOD in domestic sewage. This compound was not
toxic to sewage microorganisms. No concentration of the
chemical was given. Apparently this glycol is bio-
chemically inert because it did not respond even to
acclimated seed.
a c d f Syndets and soaps were of nearly equal toxicity in soft
water (S) but syndets were approximately 40X more
toxic than soap in hard water (H).

a In general, when mud was added to the tank the toxicity of
the chemical decreased.





a c d e f Data reported as LCsg at 1 5.5 C in 4 days.


a This old, lengthy paper discusses toxicity of many chemicals,
~ possible mechanism of action of some, the effect of tem-
perature, effect of dissolved oxygen, the efficiency of the
goldfish as a test animal, compares this work with earlier
work, and lists an extensive bibliography.
In O.214N solution, fish survived 60 minutes.
Reference
(Year)
Wallen, et al
(1957)

Isom
(1960)

Pickering and
Henderson
(1966)

Palmer and
Maloney
(1955)










Oberton and
Stack
(1957)



Henderson, et al
(1959)


Hughes
(1966)





Sanders and
Cope
(1968)
Powers
(1918)

























>
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-------
      Potassium
       chloride
      Potassium
       chloride

      Potassium
       chloride
      Potassium
       chloride

      Potassium
       chloride
i—"    Potassium
C5     chloride
      Potassium
       chloride
  m   Potassium
  ?    chromate
  —   Potassium
  H    chromate
  C
  3)
  m
O
-n
s
m
S
Daphnia
 magna
Daphnia
 magna

Lepomis
 macrochirus
Gambusia
 affinis


Biomorph olaria
 a. alexandrina
Bui in us
 truncatus
Daphnia
 magna
Lepomis
 macrochirus
Lymnaea sp
Nitzschia
 linearis
Lepomis
 macrochirus
Physa
 heterostropha
Salmo
 gairdnerii
BSA
                            373 (O)
BSA
BSA
                                              BSA
BSA
BSA
BSA
                                              BSA
      Potassium
       chromate
Lepomis
 macrochirus
Gambusia
 affinis
                                              BCFA
                                              BSA
                           432 (O)
                           2,010 (T4A)
4,200 (T2A)



1800 (K1A)

1200 (K1A)


679 (T1A)

5,500 (T1A)

1,941  (T1A)

1,337 (T5A)

940 (T4A)

2,010 (T4A)

(O)
2000 ppm
 (42.0 min)
1000 ppm
 (79 min)
20 ppm
 (3580 min)
450 (T4A)
 small
630 (B4A)
 medium
5.50 (T4A)
 large
480 (T2A)
                                                                                               ac           This paper deals with the toxicity thresholds of various         Anderson
                                                                                               ~~             substances found in industrial wastes as determined by         (1944)
                                                                                                             the use of D. magna.  Centrifuged Lake Erie water was
                                                                                                             used as a diluent in the bioassay. Threshold concentration
                                                                                                             was defined as the highest concentration which would just
                                                                                                             fail to immobilize the animals under prolonged (theoretically
                                                                                                             infinite) exposure.
                                                                                                a           Lake Erie water was used as diluent. Toxicity given as          Anderson
                                                                                                ~~            threshold concentration producing immobilization for         (1948)
                                                                                                             exposure periods of 64 hr.
                                                                                              a d e f         This paper reports the LD5Q in 96 hours for 8 common        Trama
                                                                                                             inorganic salts. A synthetic dilution water of controlled        (1954)
                                                                                                             hardness was prepared for use in the experiments. Among
                                                                                                             other variables, specific conductivity, as mhos at 20 C, was
                                                                                                             measured.
                                                                                             a c d e f        The effect of turbidity on the toxicity of the chemicals was     Wallen, et al
                                                                                                             studied. Test water was from a farm pond with "high"         (1957)
                                                                                                             turbidity. Additional data are presented.
                                                                                                a           The degree of tolerance for vector snails of biharziasis           Gohar and
                                                                                                             chemicals is somewhat dependent upon temperature.           EI-Gindy
                                                                                                             The temperature at which (K1A) occurred was 26 C.            (1961)

                                                                                               a c           "Standard reference water" was described and used as well      Dowden and
                                                                                                             as lake water.  Varied results were obtained when evaluations    Bennett
                                                                                                             were made in various types of water.                          (1965)
                                                  ace           The purpose of this experiment was to determine whether       Patrick, et al
                                                                 there was a constant relationship between the responses         (1968)
                                                                 of these organisms. From the data presented, there was
                                                                 no apparent relationship of this type. Therefore the
                                                                 authors advise that bioassays on at least 3 components of
                                                                 the food web be made in  any situation.
                                                  acef         Tap or distilled water used as diluent. Toxicity defined as the   Grindley
                                                 ~~  ~            avg. time when the fish lost equilibrium when exposed to        (1946)
                                                                 the test chemical (ppm Cr).
                                                 acef         Test water was composed of distilled water with CP grade       Cairns and
                                                                 chemicals and was aerated throughout the 96-hour             Scheier
                                                                 exposure period.                                           (1955)
                                                                Beginning pH was 7.9 to 8.6, pH after four days was 7.0
                                                                 to 7.94.


                                                 a c d e g        The effect of turbidity on the toxicity on the chemicals was     Wallen, et al
                                                                 studied. Test water was from a farm pond with "high"          (1957)
                                                                 turbidity. Additional data are presented.
                                                                                                                                          m
                                                                                                                                          O
                                                                                                                                          X

-------
CHEMICALS
2
0
S
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H
3)
m
O
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Chemical
Potassium
chromate





Potassium
chromate



Potassium
chromate


Potassium
chromate

Potassium
chromate

Potassium
chromate




Potassium
cuprocyanide

Potassium
cyanide
(asCN)
Potassium
cyanide

Potassium
cyanide



Organism
Sewage
organisms





Micropterus
salmoides



Lepomis
macrochirus


Salmo
gairdnerii

Pimephales
promelas

Nitzschia
linearis
Physa
heterostropha
Lepomis
macrochirus
Rhinichthys
a tratul us

Rainbow
trout
(yearling)
Microcystis
aeruginosa

Rainbow
trout
(yearling)


Toxicity, Experimental
Bioassay Active Variables
or Field Field Ingredient, Controlled
Study'D Location(2) ppm(3) or Noted (4 >
BOD - 10.5(0)






BSA - 195 (T2A) acde
_



BSA - 550 (T4A) a c d e i



BSA - 100 (T1) acdg


BSA - (S) 45.6 (T4A) c d e f


BSA - 7.8 (T5A) ace

16.8 (T4A)

168.8 (T4A)

BCFA — 0.38, 0.47 and ace
0.71 (T1A)

BCFA - 0.14 (K-160 min) ace


L - 90 (K) a


BSA - 0.105-0.155(0) ace




Comments
Various metal salts were studied in relation to how they
affected the BOD of both raw and treated sewage as well
as how they affected the processing of sewage in the treat-
ment plant. BOD was used as the parameter to measure
the effect of the chemical. The chemical concentration
cited is the ppm required to reduce the BOD values by 50%.
This chemical was tested in an unbuffered system.
The mechanism for poisoning is discussed. Exposure to
chromium caused severe pathological change in the
intestine immediately posterior to the pyloric caeca that
in all probability completely destroyed its digestive
function.
A "control" was prepared by adding required chemicals to
distilled water, and this was constantly aerated. Data
reported are for larger fish, app 14-24 cm in length. Data
for smaller fish are also in the report.
Trout exposed to 20 ppm chromium had a mean hematocrit
of 43.8, as compared to unexposed trout of 31.8. Addi-
tional data are presented.
(S) Soft water
Values are expressed as mg/l of chromium.

The purpose of this experiment was to determine whether
there was a constant relationship between the responses of
these organisms. From the data presented, there was no
apparent relationship of this type. Therefore the authors
advise that bioassays on at least 3 components of the food
web be made in any situation.
The three values given are for cyanide to copper ratios of
4.0, 3.7, and 3.0, respectively.

Toxicity was determined in terms of survival time.
Acclimatization of fish to test conditions and fish size
was studied.
The chemical was tested on a 5-day algae culture, 1 x 10^ to
2 x 10^ cells/ml, 75 ml total volume. Chu No. 10 medium
was used.
Tap water was used as diluent. Study related oxygen con-
centration effect to cyanide toxicity. As an example.
control fish in 1.11 ppm 62 were affected in 18 min; at
0.105 ppm CN~, fish survived only 3.3 min at 10% 02
concentration.
Reference
(Year)
Sheets
(1957)





Fromm and
Schiffman
(1958)


Cairns and
Scheier
(1959)

Schiffman and
Fromm
(1959)
Pickering and
Henderson
(1965)
Patrick, et al
(1968)




Lipschuetz and
Cooper
(1955)
Herbert and
Merkens
(1952)
Fitzgerald, et al
(1952)

Downing
(1954)























-g
•o
m
g


^

















-------
£
o
Potassium
 cyanide
Potassium
 cyanide

Potassium
 cyanide
Potassium
 cyanide


Potassium
 cyanide
Potassium
 cyanide
Potassium
 cyanide
2  Potassium
m   cyanide
1   (as CN")
O
O
2  Potassium
rj   cyanide

C
3
m
w  Potassium
O   cyanide
Tl
r>
m
Salmo
 gairdnerii
Rhinichthys
 atratulus
 meleagris
Lepomis
 macrochirus
Gambusia
 affinis


Lepomis
 macrochirus
Lepomis
 macrochirus
                  Physa
                   heterostropha
Sewage
 organisms
                  Brachydanio
                   rerio
                   (adults)
                   (eggs)
                  Lepomis
                   macrochirus

                  Lepomis
                   macrochirus
                  Physa
                   heterostropha
                  Lepomis
                   macrochirus
                                              BCFA
                                              BCFA
                                              BCFA
                                        BSA
                                              BSA
                                              BSA
                                              BOD
                                        BSA
                      BSA
                      BSA
                                                                         (O)
                                                                       0.22 (T1A)
                                                                         0.55 (T46) small        a c e f
                                                                         0.45 (T46) medium
                                                                         0.57 (T46) large
                                                                         1.6 (T2A)
                                                                         0.45 (T4A)
                                                                       (N) 0.45
                                                                        (T4A)
                                                                       (L) 0.12
                                                                        (T4A)
                                                                       (N) 1.08
                                                                        (T4A)
                                                                       (L) 0.48
                                                                        (T4A)

                                                                       15 (TC50)
                                                 0.49 (T2A)
                                                 117 (T2A)
                                                 0.16(T2A)
                                                                         0.45 (T4A)
                                                                         0.12 (T4A)
                                                                         1.08(T4A)
                                                                         0.48 (T4A)
                                                                         0.57 (T4A)
                                                                                             a cd e g
                                                                      a cd ef
                                                                      a c d e i
                                                                                                            Time-survival curves are plotted for seven concentrations        Herbert and
                                                                                                             of cyanide, from 0.14 to 10 ppm. At 10 ppm, all fish          Downing
                                                                                                             died in less than 3 minutes. At 0.14 ppm all fish died in        (1955)
                                                                                                             165 minutes.
                                                                                                            This report contains a comparison of the toxicities of KCN      Lipschuetz and
                                                                                                             and potassium cuprocyanide of three different composi-        Cooper
                                                                                                             tions. Four-hour median tolerance limits are also given.         (1955)
                                                                                                            Test water was composed of distilled water with CP grade       Cairns and
                                                                                                             chemicals and was aerated throughout the 96-hour             Scheier
                                                                                                             exposure period.                                           (1955)
                                                                                                            The cyanide ion concentration was controlled.
                                                                                                            The effect of turbidity on the toxicity of the chemicals was     Wallen, et al
                                                                                                             studied. Test water was from a farm pond with "high"         (1957)
                                                                                                             turbidity. Additional data are presented.

                                                                                                            Increase in temperature seemed to increase toxicity of this      Cairns
                                                                                                             chemical.  Low dissolved oxygen reduced toxicity of some      (1957)
                                                                                                             chemicals in this study. Toxicity values may be 20%
                                                                                                             higher in hard versus soft water.
                                                                                                            Modified Chu No. 14 test medium was used. Toxicity is given   Cairns and
                                                                                                             both for "normal" 02 (5-9 ppm), (N), and with "low" 02      Scheier
                                                                                                             (2 ppm DO), (L).  High and low threshold concentration        (1958)
                                                                                                             and concentration percent of survival are also presented.
                                                                                                             The purpose of this paper was to devise a toxicity index for     Hermann
                                                                                                              industrial wastes.  Results are recorded as the toxic con-         (1959)
                                                                                                              centration producing 50 percent inhibition (TCsfj) of
                                                                                                              oxygen utilization as compared to controls. Five toxi-
                                                                                                              grams depicting the effect of the chemicals on BOD were
                                                                                                              devised and each chemical classified.
                                                                                                             The test dilutions were made up from distilled water and       Cairns, et al
                                                                                                              ACS grade chemicals. Temperature was held at 24 C and        (1965)
                                                                                                              the solution was aerated to maintain a dissolved oxygen
                                                                                                              content of 5-9 ppm.
                                                                                                           Normal oxygen content in water.                            Cairns
                                                                                                           Low oxygen content in water.                                 (1965)
                                                                                                           Normal oxygen content in water
                                                                                                           Low oxygen content in water.

                                                                                                           A "control" was prepared by adding required chemicals to      Cairns and
                                                                                                             distilled water, and this was constantly aerated.  Data           Scheier
                                                                                                             reported are for larger fish, app 14-24 cm in length. Data        (1959)
                                                                                                             for smaller fish are also in the report.
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CHEMICALS
Z
O
S
X
H
C
33
m
en
O
-n
O
I
m

n
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[o







•jf.
j_
O
CN









Chemical
Potassium
cyanide



Potassium
cyanide







Potassium
cyanide




Potassium
cyanide
as (CM")
Potassium
dichromate





Potassium
dichromate

Organism
Lepomis
macrochirus



Rasbora
heteromorpha







Daphnia
magna

Lymnaea sp
(eggs)

Hydropsyche
Stenonema

Daphnia
magna





Salmo
gairdnerii

Toxicity,
Bioassay Active
or Field Field Ingredient,
Studyd) Location(2) ppm<3)
BSA - 0.43 (T4A)




BSA - 0.072 (O)








BSA - 2IT1A)
0.7 (T3A)
0.4 (T4A)
796 (T1A)
147 (T3A)
130 (T4A)
BSA - 2.0 (T2A)
0.5 (T2A)

BSA - <0.6 (O)






BSA - 2000 ppm -
23.8 min
1000 ppm —
Experimental
Variables
Controlled
or Noted'4) Comments
a c d e f The experiments were conducted in a water of controlled
chemical composition.
The TLm concentration of KCN was slightly affected bv
increased temperature (more toxic at 30 C than at 18 C),
but not by water hardness.
— For many toxins the rate of mortality is found to be a linear
function of the logarithm of the concentration of the poison;
whereas the comparable relation between the logarithms of
the survival time and the concentration is nonlinear. The
linear function can be exploited to provide comparatively
simple methods of estimating long-term survival concentra-
tions. An application of this is suggested for defining
realistic standards of toxicity. At the concentration re-
ported, there was a 20 percent mortality in 7 days.
a c "Standard reference water" was described and used as well as
lake water. Varied results were obtained when evaluations
were made in various types of water.



a Soft water used as diluent water.


a c This paper deals with the toxicity thresholds of various
~~ substances found in industrial wastes as determined by
the use of D. magna. Centrifuged Lake Erie water was
used as a diluent in the bioassay. Threshold concentra-
tion was defined as the highest concentration which would
just fail to immobilize the animals under prolonged
(theoretically infinite) exposure.
a c e f Tap or distilled water used as diluent. Toxicity defined as
the avg time when the fish lost equilibrium when exposed
to the test chemical (ppm Cr).
Reference
(Year)
Cairns and
Scheier
(1963)


Abram
(1964)







Dowden and
Bennett
(1965)



Roback
(1965)

Anderson
(1944)





Grindley
(1946)

Potassium
 dichromate
Potassium
 dichromate
Lepomis
 macrochirus
Gambusia
 affinis
                                       BCFA
                                       BSA
                                                                    54.6 min
                                                                  200 ppm -
                                                                    188 min
                                                                  20 ppm —
                                                                    4342 min
                                                                  320 (T4A)
                                                                  320 (T2A)
 a c e f         Test water was composed of distilled water with CP grade      Cairns and
                chemicals and was aerated throughout the 96-hour             Scheier
                exposure period.                                           (1958)
               The pH of the test water was about 6.2, which was determined
                by the concentration of the test chemical.
ac d e g        The effect of turbidity on the toxicity of the chemicals was     Wallen, at al
                studied. Test water was from a farm pond with "high"         (1957)
                turbidity. Additional data are presented.
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Potassium
 dichromate
Potassium
 dichromate
Potassium
 dichromate
Potassium
 dichromate
Potassium
 dichromate
    Potassium
     dichromate
    Potassium
     dichromate
    Potassium
     dichromate
•J  Potassium
m
2   dichromate
O

c
z
°  Potassium
^   dichromate

C
3D
m
en
O
£
o
Lepomis
 macrochirus
Lepomis
 macrochirus
Lepomis
 macrochirus
Lepomis
 macrochirus
Sewage
 organisms
Hydropsyche
Stenonema
Lepomis
 macrochirus
Carassius
 carassius
Daphnia
 magna
Lepomis
 macrochirus

Brachydanio
 rerio
 (adults)
 (eggs)
Lepomis
 macrochirus

Pimephales
 promelas
Lepomis
 macrochirus
Carassius
 auratus
Lebistes
 reticulatus
BSA
BSA
BSA
BSA
BOD
                                        BSA

                                        BSA

                                        BSA
                                        BSA
                                        BSA
                           320 (T4A)
                                                                       (N) 320
                                                                        (T4A)
                                                                       (L) 320
                                                                        (T4A)
                                                                       320-384
                                                                        (T4A)
                                                                       320 (T4A)
                           17.0(TC50)
                                                 28.0 (T2A)
                                                 3.5 (T2A)
                                                 320(T4A)
                                                 320(T4A)
                                                 705 (T1A)

                                                 0.4 (T4A)

                                                 739 (T1A)
                                                 180(T2A)
                                                 1500 (T2A)
                                                 440 (T2A)


                                                 (S) 17.6(T4A)
                                                 (H) 27.3 (T4A)
                                                 (S) 118.0 (T4A)
                                                 (H) 133.0 (T4A)
                                                 (S) 37.5 (T4A)

                                                 (S) 30.0 (T4A)
 ^jc e         Increase in temperature seemed to increase toxicity of this      Cairns
                chemical.  Low dissolved oxygen reduced toxicity of some      (1957)
                chemicals in this study.  Toxicity values may be 20% higher
                in hard versus soft water.
  ji£          Modified Chu No. 14 test medium was used.  Toxicity is given   Cairns and
   ~           both for "normal" 02 (5-9 ppm), (N), and with "low" O2      Scheier
                (2 ppm  DO), (L).  High  and low threshold concentration        (1958)
                and concentration percent of survival are also presented.
^ c d e f        The concentration of <2Cr2O7 which resulted in 50 percent    Cairns and
                kill in 96 hours was 320 ppm in soft water at both 18  and      Scheier
                30 C, 382 ppm in hard water at 18 C, and 369 ppm in          (1959)
                hard water at 30 C.
£c cl e i        A "control" was prepared by adding required chemicals to      Cairns and
~~               distilled water, and this  was constantly aerated. Data           Scheier
                reported are for larger fish, app 14-24 cm in  length.  Data       (1959)
                for smaller fish are also in the report.
   £           The purpose of this paper was to devise a toxicity index for     Hermann
   ~            industrial wastes. Results are recorded as the toxic concen-     (1959)
                tration producing 50 percent inhibition (TCsfj) of oxygen
                utilization as compared to controls.  Five toxigrams depicting
                the effect of the chemicals on BOD were devised and each
                chemical classified.
   a           Soft water used  as diluent water.                              Roback
                                                                          (1965)
  a e          Normal oxygen content of water.                             Cairns
               Low oxygen content of water.                                 (1965)
  a c          "Standard reference water" was described and used as well as    Dowden and
                lake water.  Varied results were obtained when evaluations      Bennett
                were made in various types of water.                          (1965)
                                                                                        — -- — L        The test dilutions were made up from distilled water and ACS   Cairns, et al
                                                                                                        grade chemicals. Temperature was held at 24 C and the solu-    (1965)
                                                                                                        tion was aerated to maintain a dissolved oxygen content
                                                                                                        of 5-9 ppm.
                                                 c d e f         (S) Soft water                                             Pickering and
                                                               (H)  Hard water                                              Henderson
                                                               Values are expressed as mg/l of chromium.                      (1965)
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CHEMICALS
2
D
3
X
H
33
m
in
O
Tl
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3
£











>
)


















Chemical
Potassium
dichromate




Potassium
ferricyanide


Potassium
hydroxide

Potassium
hydroxide




Potassium
nitrate




Potassium
nitrate



Potassium
nitrate



Potassium
nitrate

Potassium
nitrate


Organism
Nitzschia
linearis
Physa
heterostropha
Lepomis
macrochirus
Daphnia
magna


Gambusia
af finis

Biomorpholaria
a. alexandrina
Bulinus
truncatus
L ymnaea
caillaudi
Carassius
carassius




Gasterosteus
aculeatus



Lepomis
macrochirus



Gambusia
af finis

Biomorpholaria
a. alexandrina
Bulinus
truncatus
Toxicity,
Bioassay Active
or Field Field Ingredient,
Study'1' Location'2) ppm'3)
BSA - 0.208 (T4A)

17.3 (T4A)

113.0 (T4A)

BSA - 905 (T1A)
549 (T2A)
0.6 (T3A)
0.1 (T4A)
BSA - 80 (T2A)


BSA - 500 (K1A)

300 (K1A)

150 (K1A)

BSA - (0)





BSA - 50IK10)




BSA - 3,000 (T4A)




BSA - 224 (T2A)


BSA - 2600 (K1 A)

1800 (K1A)

Experimental
Variables
Controlled
or Noted'4) Comments
ace The purpose of this experiment was to determine whether
there was a constant relationship between the responses
of these organisms. From the data presented, there was no
apparent relationship of this type. Therefore the authors
advise that bioassays on at least 3 components of the food
web be made in any situation.
a c "Standard reference water" was described and used as well
as lake water. Varied results were obtained when evaluations
were made in various types of water.

a c d e g The effect of turbidity on the toxicity of the chemicals was
studied. Test water was from a farm pond with "high"
turbidity. Additional data are presented.
a The degree of tolerance for vector snails of biharziasis to
chemicals is somewhat dependent upon temperature.
The temperature at which (K1 A) occurred was 27 C.



a This old, lengthy paper discusses toxicity of many chemicals,
possible mechanism of action of some, the effect of temper-
ature, effect of dissolved oxygen, the efficiency of the
goldfish as a test animal, compares this work with earlier
work, and lists an extensive bibliography.
In 0.00002N solution, fish survived 2135 minutes.
— Solutions were made up in tap water. 3.0 to 5.0 cm stickle-
back fish were used as experimental animals. This paper
points out that there is a marked relationship between the
toxicity of the metals and their solution pressures. Those
with low solution pressures were the most toxic.
a d e f This paper reports the LD5Q in 96 hours for 8 common
inorganic salts. A synthetic dilution water of controlled
hardness was prepared for use in the experiments. Among
other variables, specific conductivity, as mhos at 20 C,
was measured.
a c d e g The effect of turbidity on the toxicity of the chemicals was
studied. Test water was from a farm pond with "high"
turbidity. Additional data are presented.
a The degree of tolerance for vector snails of biharziasis to
chemicals is somewhat dependent upon temperature.
The temperature at which (K1 A) occurred was 28 C
for Bulinus and 25 C for Biomorpholaria.
Reference
(Year)
Patrick, et al
(1968)




Dowden and
Bennett
(1965)

Wallen, et al
(1957)

Gohar and
EI-Gindy
(1961)



Powers
(1918)




Jones
(1939)



Trama
(1954)



Wallen, et al
(1957)

Gohar and
EI-Gindy
(1961)

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    Potassium
     nitrate
    Potassium
     permangante
      Potassium
       permanganate

      Potassium
       permanganate

      Potassium
       permanganate
O    Potassium
       permanganate
s
m
C
31
m
w
o
Potassium
 phosphate
Daphnia
 magna
Lepomis
 macrochirus
Lymnaea sp
 (eggs)
Daphnia
 magna
                                        BSA
                                        BSA
                                                                         900 (T4A)

                                                                         5,500 (T1A)

                                                                         1,941 (T1A)

                                                                         0.63 (O)
Gambusia             BSA
 affinis

Channel               BSA
 catfish
 (fingerlings)

Lepomis               BSA
 macrochirus
Semotilus
 atromaculatus
Blue-green algae        L
 Cylindrospermum
 Anabaena
 Anacystis
 Calothrix
 Nostoc
 Oscillatoria
 Plectonema
Green algae
 Ankistrodesmus
 Chlorella
 Closterium
 Oocystis
Green algae
 Scenedesmus
 Stigeoclonium
 Zygnema
Green flagellate and
 yellow algae
 Chalmydomonas
 Pandorina
 Tribonema
 Gomphonema
 Navicula
 Nitzchia
                                                                        12 (T2A)


                                                                        <3.2 (K1A)


                                                                        4.2(T1,2,4A)

                                                                        3.7 (T4A)

                                                                        4.0-8.0 (0)
                                                                       a c d e g
                        Gambusia
                         affinis
                      BSA
                                                                       750 (T2A)
                                                                      a cd e g
                                                                                                        "Standard reference water" was described and used as well      Dowden and
                                                                                                         as lake water.  Varied results were obtained when evaluations    Bennett
                                                                                                         were made in various types of water.                          (1965)
                                                                                                        This paper deals with the toxicity thresholds of various          Anderson
                                                                                                         substances found in industrial wastes as determined by the      (1944)
                                                                                                         use of D. magna. Centrifuged Lake Erie water was used as
                                                                                                         a diluent in the bioassay.  Threshold concentration was
                                                                                                         defined as the highest concentration which would just fail
                                                                                                         to immobilize the animals under prolonged (theoretically
                                                                                                         infinite) exposure.
                                                                                                        The effect of turbidity on the toxicity of the chemicals was     Wallen, et al
                                                                                                         studied. Test water was from a farm pond with "high"          (1957)
                                                                                                         turbidity. Additional data are presented.
                                                                                                        Tap water was used.  Considerable additional data  are           Clemens and
                                                                                                         presented.                                                  Sneed
                                                                                                                                                                    (1959)
                                                                                                        The values given are for a laboratory study. However, when     Kemp, et al
                                                                                                         concentrations as high as 32 ppm were applied in  a pond,        (1966)
                                                                                                         no fish deaths occurred.

                                                                                                        KMnC>4 was toxic or  partially toxic at the indicated concentra-   Kemp, et al
                                                                                                         tions to blue-green and green algae. A concentration of         (1966)
                                                                                                         8.0 ppm was usually required to control green, flagellate,
                                                                                                         and yellow algae.
                                                                                                                                                                1
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                                                                                                            The effect of turbidity on the toxicity of the chemicals was     Wallen, et al
                                                                                                             studied. Test water was from a farm pond with "high"         (1957)
                                                                                                             turbidity.  Additional data are presented.

-------
CHEMICALS
>
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X
H
C
JJ
m
en
O
-n
O
I
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Chemical
Potassium
sulfate



Potassium
tellurite



Propion-
hydroxamic
acid
Propionic
acid




n-propyl
alcohol




Propylene
phenoxetol








n-propyl-N,N-
di-n-propyl
thiol-carbamate








Organism
Lepomis
macrochirus



Carassius
auratus



Microcystis
aeruginosa

Culex sp
(larvae)
Daphnia
magna
Lepomis
macrochirus
Semotilus
atromacu/atus




P/euronectes
platessa













Elodea
canadensis
Potamogeton
nodosus
Potamogeton
pectinatus
Toxicity, Experimental
Bioassay Active Variables
or Field Field Ingredient, Controlled
Study'1) Location'2) ppm'3) or Noted'4)
BSA - 3,550 (T4A) a d e f




BSA - (O) ac




L - 100 (K) a, etc
~

BSA - 1000(T2A) ac

50 (T2A)

188 (T1A)

BSA - 200 to 500 (CR) ae





BSA - (0) a









BSA - a




5(0)
100 (O)
5(O)
100 (O)
5 (0)
10O (O)
Comments
This paper reports the LDso in 96 hours for 8 common
inorganic salts. A synthetic dilution water of controlled
hardness was prepared for use in the experiments. Among
other variables, specific conductivity, as mhos at 20 C,
was measured.
A 0.5% solution in water prolonged the mortality of sperm
for at least 5 minutes in all samples tested. A 0.5% solution
in frog Ringer's produced similar mortility patterns but
average activity was lower after 10 minutes than in water
solution.
The chemical was tested on a 5-day algae culture, 1 x 10° to
2 x 1Q6 cells/ml, 75 ml total volume. Chu No. 10 medium
was used.
"Standard reference water" was described and used as well
as lake water. Varied results were obtained when evaluations
were made in various types of water.



Test water used was freshly aerated Detroit River water. A
typical water analysis is given. Toxicity is expressed as the
"critical range" (CR), which was defined as that concen-
tration in ppm below which the 4 test fish lived for 24 hrs.
and above which all test fish died. Additional data are
presented.
Fish were tested at 6.5 C in aquariums of 3-liter capacity. At
0.05% solution, the fish were able to survive if removed to
fresh water within 1 hour after exposure.
At 15 C and 0.005% solution, the fish took 2 hours to become
completely anesthetized and were unable to recover after
3 hours of exposure.
At 15 C and 0.025% solution, the fish were not able to sur-
vive if not removed within 1 hour. The chemical can be
used as an anesthetic for periods of up to 1 hour when a
solution of 0.01-0.025% is used.
Experiments were conducted in standing water. Results were
rated on a scale of 0 to 10, 0 standing for no toxic effect
and 10 signifying a complete kill. Evaluation was based on
visual observation of the plant response at weekly intervals
for 4 weeks.
No toxic effect.
Injury rating of 9.4.
No toxic effect.
Injury rating of 7.4
No toxic effect.
Injury rating of 8.3
Reference
(Year)
Trama
(1954)



Fribourgh
(1965)



Fitzgerald, et al
(1952)

Dowden and
Bennett
(1965)



Gillette, et al
(1952)




Bagenal
(1963)








Frank, et al
(1961)









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    Pyridine
                       Carass/us
                        carassius
                                             BSA
                                                                        (O)
    Pyridine
    Pyridine
    Pyridyl-
     mercuric
     acetate


    Pyridyl-
     mercuric
     acetate
     (tech.)
    Pyridyl-
     mercuric
     acetate
     (80%
     active)

    Pyridyl-
     mercuric
     acetate
O
m
5
5
o
c
j3  Pyridyl-
w   mercuric
O   acetate
O  Pyrocatechol
m
2
O
                      Gambusia
                       affinis

                      Daphnia
                       magna

                      Rainbow
                       trout
                      Salmo
                       gairdnerii
                      BSA
                      BSA
                      FL
                      BSA
                                     Wash.
                      Ictalurus
                       punctatus
Channel
 catfish
 (fingerlings)
                      BSA
BSA
                      Channel
                        catfish
                        (fingerlings)

                      Daphnia
                        magna
                                            BSA
                                            BSA
                                                  1,350 (T2A)
                            2,114(T1A)
                            944 (T2A)

                            2.0 (O)
                            10 (K 17%-
                             1 hr) 47 F
                            10 (K50%-
                             1 hr) 56 F
                            5 (K 1-1/2%-
                             1 hr) 47 F
                            5 (K 18%-
                             1 hr) 56 F
                            2.5 (K 0% -
                             1 hr) 47 F
                            2.5 (K 1%-
                             1 hr) 56 F

                            5.0 (K2)
                            3.8 (T2A)
                            4.12 (T2A)
                            2.81
                            0.49
                            2.81 (T3A)
                            1.81
                            <37
                            2.43 (T4A)
                            <37
                            <37
                            3.8 (K1A)
                                                 14 (K2)
                                                                                              a c d e g
                                                                        a c f i
This old, lengthy paper discusses toxicity of many chemicals,
 possible mechanism of action of some, the effect of temper-
 ature, effect of dissolved oxygen, the efficiency of the gold-
 fish as a test animal, compares this work with earlier work,
 and lists an extensive bibliography.
In a concentration of 3.187 cc per liter, fish survived 180
 minutes.
The effect of turbidity on the toxicity of the chemicals was
 studied. Test water was from a farm pond with "high"
 turbidity. Additional data are presented.
"Standard reference water" was described and used as well
 as lake water.  Varied results were obtained when  evaluations
 were made in various types of water.
After the first treatment with the chemical the ponds were
 partially emptied, flushed, and refilled.  After a second
 treatment, one pond showed a "catastrophic mortality".
 The authors were unable to explain this unusual phenomenon.
Temp concentration data presented on groups of 200
 fingerlings. Brook and Brown trout not affected by the
 test cone,  of 10, 5, and 2.5 ppm at either 47 F or  56 F
 for 1 hr.
                                                                                                                                                                        Powers
                                                                                                                                                                         (1918)
                                                                                      The experiment was conducted at 75 C.
The toxicity of this compound increased as the temperature
 was increased. In the data shown, the values for each T
 level is for temperatures of 10, 16.5 and 24 centigrade.
 These values were selected from a table presenting con-
 centrations for T levels from one to 153 hours.  Fish of
 different ages were also studied.
                                                                Tap water was used.  Considerable additional data are
                                                                  presented.

                                                                An attempt was made to correlate the biological action with
                                                                  the chemical reactivity of selected chemical substances.
                                                                  Results indicated a considerable correlation between the
                                                                  aquarium fish toxicity and antiautocatalytic potency of
                                                                  the chemicals  in marked contrast to their toxicity on
                                                                  systemic administration.
                                                                                                                                                                        Wallen, et al
                                                                                                                                                                          (1957)

                                                                                                                                                                        Dowden and
                                                                                                                                                                          Bennett
                                                                                                                                                                          (1965)
                                                                                                                                                                        Foster and
                                                                                                                                                                          Olson
                                                                                                                                                                          (1951)

                                                                                                                                                                        Rodgers, et al
                                                                                                                                                                          (1951)
                                                           Clemens and
                                                            Sneed
                                                            (1958)
                                                                                                                                                                        Clemens and
                                                                                                                                                                         Sneed
                                                                                                                                                                         (1959)
                                                           Clemens and
                                                            Sneed
                                                            (1959)

                                                           Sollman
                                                            (1949)

-------
o
g Bioassay
n or Field
P Chemical Organism Study JD
^ Pyrogallol Daphnia BSA
O magna
S

-H
C
30
m
w Quinacrine Salmo BSA
O hydro- gairdneri
— chloride Salmo
I frufra
g Salvelinus
^ fontinalis
> Salvelinus
E) namaycush
Ictalurus
punctatus
Lepomis
macrochirus
Quinine Channel BSA
sulphate catfish
(fingerlings)
J> Quinhydrone Microcystis L
>L- aeruginosa
K>
Quinone Microcystis L
aerogr//7osa
Resorcinol Daphnia BSA
majna




Salicylaldehyde Cylindrospermum L
licheniforme (CD
Microcystis
aeruginosa (Ma)
Scenedesmus
obliquus (Sol
Chlcrella
variegata (Cv)
Gomphonema
parvulum (Gpl
Nitzschia
palea (Np)
Toxicity,
Active
Field Ingredient,
Location(2) ppm'3)
18 (K2)






17.2IT2A)

230 (T2A)

230 (T2A)

21.0 (T2A)

70.0 (T2A)

79.0 (T2A)

42IK1A)


100 (K)

100 (K)

56.4 (K2)





2.0 (0)











Experimental
Variables
Controlled
or Noted (4) Comments
a An attempt was made to correlate the biological action with
the chemical reactivity of selected chemical substances.
Results indicated a considerable correlation between the
aquarium fish toxicity and antiautocatalytic potency of
the chemicals in marked contrast to their toxicity on
systemic administration.

a f Variance and the 95-percent confidence interval (C.I.) were
~~ also determined.










a Tap water was used. Considerable additional data are
presented.

a, etc The chemical was tested on a 5-day algae culture, 1 x 10^ to
~~ 2 x 106 cells/ml, 75 ml total volume. Chu No. 10 medium
was used.
a, etc Comment same as above.

a An attempt was made to correlate the biological action with
the chemical reactivity of selected chemical substances.
Results indicated a considerable correlation between the
aquarium fish toxicity and antiautocatalytic potency of
the chemicals in marked contrast to their toxicity on
systemic administration.
a Observations were made on the 3rd, 7th, 14th, and 21st
~~ days to give the following (T = toxic, NT = nontoxic.
PT = partially toxic with number of days in parentheses.
No number indicates observation is for entire test period
of 21 days):
Cl - PT (3)
Ma - PT (3)
So - PT (3)
Cv - PT (3)
Gp-T(3), PT(21)
Np-T (3),PT (21)

Reference
(Year)
Sollman
(1949)





Willford
(1966)










Clemens and
Sneed
(1959)
Fitzgerald, et al
(1952)

Fitzgerald, et al
(1952)
Sollman
(1949)




Palmer and
Maloney
(1955)































TJ
•o
m
2
a
x




















-------
     Salicylic
      acid
    Selenium
Silver,
 colloidal
Silver, colloidal,
 (33 percent
 silver nitrate)
2
O
o
2
X
c
30
m
en
Sewage
 organisms
Black
 bullhead
Bluegill
Channel
 catfish
Large mouth
 bass
Rainbow
 trout
White
 crappie
Yellow
 walleye
Cylindrospermum
 lichen/forme (CD
Microcystis
 aeruginosa (Ma)
Scenedesmus
 obliquus (So)
Chlorella
 variegata (Cv)
Gomphonema
 parvulum (Gp)
Nitzschia
 palea (Np)
Cylindrospermum
 lichen/forme (CD
Microcystis
 aeruginosa (Ma)
Scenedesmus
 obliquus (So)
Chlorella
 variegata (Cv)
Gomphonema
 parvulum (Gp)
Nitzschia
 palea (Np)
                                         BOD
                                                                    110(TC50)
                                             FL
                                                            Sweitzer
                                                             Lake,
                                                             Colo.
                                                                        2.0 (O)
                                                                        2.0 (0)
The purpose of this paper was to devise a toxicity index for     Hermann
 industrial wastes.  Results are recorded as the toxic con-         (1959)
 centration producing 50 percent inhibition (TCgo) of oxy-
 gen utilization as compared to controls. Five toxigrams
 depicting the effect of the chemicals on BOD were devised
 and each chemical classified.
It was tentatively concluded on the basis of the available       Barnhart
 data that fish kill probably resulted from the toxic effects       (1958)
 of selenium, possibly acting in synergism with other ions
 such as uranium or zinc. Arsenic was also found in the
 lake. Samples of flora and fauna of the lake were
 analyzed and found to contain greater than 300 ppm
 selenium.  It was believed that selenium is passed up the
 food chain to the fish which accumulated the element in
 lethal concentrations.
                                                                                      Observations were made on the 3rd, 7th, 14th, and 21st        Palmer and
                                                                                       days to give the following (T = toxic, NT = nontoxic,           Maloney
                                                                                       PT = partially toxic with  number of days in parentheses.        (1955)
                                                                                       No number indicates observation is for entire test period
                                                                                       of 21 days):
                                                                                        Cl - PT (3)
                                                                                        Ma-PT (14)
                                                                                        So -NT
                                                                                        Cv -NT
                                                                                        Gp-NT
                                                                                        Np-NT

                                                                                      Comment same as above except that:                          Palmer and
                                                                                        Cl - T (3)                                                Maloney
                                                                                        Ma-T(3)                                                (1955)
                                                                                        So - T (3)
                                                                                        Cv - T (3)
                                                                                        Gp-T(3)
                                                                                        Np-T(3)
                                                                                                                                                                                       I
                                                                                                                                                                                       m
                                                                                                                                                                                       O
                                                                                                                                                                                       X
O

-------
CHEMICALS
2
O
£
X
-1
C
3J
m
in
O
-n
O
m
S
O
£
to






*•


X





















Chemical
Silver









Silver-
cynaide
complex
Silver
nitrate



Silver
nitrate

Silver
nitrate



Silver
sulfate
Sodium
acetate



Sodium
acetate



Sodium
acetate


Sodium
aluminate

Organism
Lebistes
reticulatus
Bufo
val/iceps
(tadpoles)
Daphnia
magna



Lepomis
macrochirus
(juveniles)
Gasterosteus
aculeatus



Daphnia
magna

Sewage
organisms



Balanus
balanoides
Polycelis
nigra



Daphnia
magna



Lepomis
macrochirus
Culex sp.
(larvae)
Gambusia
af finis

Toxicity,
Bioassay Active
or Field Field Ingredient,
Study*1 > Location<2) ppm(3)
BSA - 0.01 (K)

0.1 (K)


0.1 (K)




BSA - (K<1.0)


BSA - 0.003 (K10)




BSA - 0.0051 (0)


BOD - 0.3 (O)




BSA - 0.4 (0)

BSA - 0.15MIL2)




BSA - <5800 (O)




BSA - 5,000 (T1 A)

7,500 (T1A)

BSA - 126IT2A)


Experimental
Variables
Controlled
or NotedW Comments
ace It is assumed in this experiment that the cations considered
are toxic because they combine with an essential sulfhydryl
group attached to a key enzyme. This treatment indicates
that the metals which form the most insoluble sulf ides
are the most toxic. The log of the concentration of the
metal ion is plotted against the log of the solubility product
constant of the metal sulfide — a treatment that does not
lend itself to tabulation. The cation toxicity cited is only
an approximate concentration interpolated from a graph.
Time of death was not specified.
a c d f p With 10 ppm as cyanide content, the median resistance
time varied from 391 to 789 minutes.

— Solutions were made up in tap water. 3.0 to 5.0 cm stickle-
back fish were used as experimental animals. This paper
points out that there is a marked relationship between the
toxicity of the metals and their solution pressures. Those
with low solution pressures were the most toxic.
a Lake Erie water was used as diluent. Toxicity given as
threshold concentration producing immobilization for
exposure periods of 64 hours.
— This is part of a report listing 27 anions and their toxicities
on a planarian. Mode of action of the anions is discussed.
Water distilled in glass was used to prepare the solutions.
The pH of this solution was 6.6. Solutions were renewed
every 12 hours.
— The concentration listed was lethal to 90% of adult
barnacles in 2 days.
c This is part of a report listing 27 anions and their toxicities
on a planarian. Mode of action of the anions is discussed.
Water distilled in glass was used to prepare the solutions.
The pH of this solution was 7.2. Solutions were renewed
every 1 2 hours.
— This assay is based on concentration of the chemical required
to immobilize the test animal. Assays were conducted in
centrifuged Lake Erie water. This salt may be toxic only
when the concentration is great enough to exert an
unfavorable osmotic effect.
a c "Standard reference water" was described and used as well
as lake water. Varied results were obtained when evaluations
were made in various types of water.

a c d e g The effect of turbidity on the toxicity of the chemicals was
studied. Test water was from a farm pond with "high"
turbidity. Additional data are presented.
Reference
(Year)
Shaw and
Grushkin
(1967)







Doudoroff , et al
(1966)

Jones
(1939)



Anderson
(1948)

Sheets
(1957)



Clarke
(1947)
Jones
(1941)



Anderson
(1946)



Dowden and
Bennett
(1965)

Wallen, et al
(1957)





















^
TJ
TJ
m


X
>




















-------
O
    Sodium
     anthra-
     quinone
     alpha-
     sulfonate
    Sodium
     anthra-
     quinone-
     a-sulfonate
    Sodium
     arsenate
    Sodium
     arsenate
     (as AS2O3)
m
5  Sodium
5
     arsenate
O
H  Sodium
S=   arsenate
m
CO
    Sodium
—   arsenate
O
Daphnia
 magna
Lymnaea sp
Daphnia
 magna
Polycelis
 nigra
Smallmouth
 black bass
Largemouth
 black bass
Bluegill
 sunfish
White crappie
Potomogeton
 crispus
P.  foliosus
Najas
 flexilis
Anarchis
 canadensis
Nymphea sp
Scirpus
 validus
Chara sp
Hydrodictyon sp
Oedogonium sp
Cladophora sp
Daphnia
 magna
                      BSA
BSA
BSA
                                            FL
             Leetown,
               Va.
12 (T1A)

186 (T1-4A)


(O)



0.0048 M (L2)





5.0 (O)
                                             BSA
                            31  (O)
                       Phoxinus
                        phoxinus
Daphnia
 magna
                                             BSA
                                             BSA
                                                  2970 ppm
                                                   (205 min)
                                                  820 ppm
                                                   (467 min)
                                                  234 ppm
                                                   (951 min)
                                                  <20 (O)
                                                                "Standard reference water" was described and used as well
                                                                 as lake water.  Varied results were obtained when evaluations
                                                                 were made in various types of water.
                                                                                                            Assay water was not characterized chemically or otherwise
                                                                                                             described.  The pH at 100 percent toxicity was 7.1.  The
                                                                                                             100-hr threshold was 12%, with 0 percent toxicity at 10%
                                                                                                             and 100 percent toxicity at 30%.
                                                                                                            This is part of a report listing 27 anions and their toxicities
                                                                                                             on a planarian.  Mode of action of the anions is discussed.
                                                                                                             Water distilled in glass was used to prepare the solutions.
                                                                                                             The pH of this solution was 7.2.  Solutions were renewed
                                                                                                             every 12 hours.
                                                                                                            Treatment of a series of ponds resulted in control of P. crispus,
                                                                                                             P. foliosus, N. flexilis, and A. canadensis.  Nymphea  sp,
                                                                                                             S. validus, and Chara sp were not controlled. Scum algae
                                                                                                             (Hydrodictyon  sp, Oedogonium sp, and Cladophera sp) in
                                                                                                             solid mats were effectively destroyed by the arsenate.
                                                                                                             Decomposing vegetation stimulated growth of  more
                                                                                                             desirable algae.  No fish mortality occurred due to toxic
                                                                                                             effect of chemical, but some fish  suffocated due to decay-
                                                                                                             ing vegetation.
                                                   a c           This paper deals with the toxicity thresholds of various
                                                                 substances found in industrial wastes as determined by the
                                                                 use of D. magna. Centrifuged Lake Erie water was used
                                                                 as a diluent in the bioassay. Threshold concentration was
                                                                 defined as the highest concentration which would just
                                                                 fail to immobilize the animals under prolonged (theoretically
                                                                 infinite) exposure.
                                                 jsce_f         Tap or distilled water used as diluent.  Toxicity defined as
                                                                 the avg time when the fish  lost equilibrium when exposed
                                                                 to the test chemical (ppm As).
                                                                This assay is based on concentration of the chemical required
                                                                 to immobilize the test animal. Assays were conducted in
                                                                 centrifuged Lake Erie water.  This salt may be toxic only
                                                                 when the concentration is great enough to exert an un-
                                                                 favorable osmotic effect.
                                                                                                                                                                       Dowden and
                                                                                                                                                                        Bennett
                                                                                                                                                                        (1965)
Freeman
  (1953)
                                                                                                                           Jones
                                                                                                                            (1941)
Surber and
 Everhart
 (1950)
                                                                                                                                                                                       •o
                                                                                                                                                                                       m
                                                                                                                                                                                       Z
                                                                                                                                                                                       O
                                                                                               Anderson
                                                                                                (1944)
                                                                                               Grindley
                                                                                                (1946)
                                                                                                                                                                       Anderson
                                                                                                                                                                        (1946)

-------
n
I
m
S
o
S Chemical
in
^ Sodium
O arsenate
£
x
-i
c
33
m
w Sodium
O arsenite or
arsenious
I oxide
m
s
o
>
&








£
in
ON
Sodium
arsenite




Sodium
arsenite



Sodium
arsenite



Bioassay
or Field
Organism Study '^
Sewage BOD
organisms




Caenis sp BSA
Callibaetis sp
Libellula sp

Ischnura
verticalis
Chironomidae

Asellus
communis
Hydracarina sp

Hyalella
knickerbockeri
Colpidium sp

Paramecium sp
Stylonichia sp
Spirogyra sp
Phoxinus BSA
phoxinus




Daphnia BSA
rt?a<7/ia



Notropsis BSA
hudsonius



Toxicity, Experimental
Active Variables
Field Ingredient, Controlled
Location^) ppm (3) or Noted'4)
>100(TC50) a





3.0 (K) a
4.0 (K)
14.0 (56%
survival)
11.2 (85%
survival)
2.96 (83%
survival)
21 (81%
survival)
10.5 (94%
survival)
5.88 (30%
survival)
3.5 (100%
survival)
1.75 (plasmolysis
but no kill)

— 953 ppm a c e f
(54.6 min) ~ ~
290 ppm
(186 min)
17.8 ppm
(2174 min)
9.1 (0)




45IT1A) acde
29 (T2A)
27 (T3A)


Comments
The purpose of this paper was to devise a toxicity index for
industrial wastes. Results are recorded as the toxic con-
centration producing 50 percent inhibition (TC50) of
oxygen utilization as compared to controls. Five toxi-
grams depicting the effect of the chemicals on BOD were
devised and each chemical classified.
River water was used as test media with room temperature
and natural sunlight as environmental conditions.
Considerable additional data are presented.
















Tap or distilled water used as diluent. Toxicity defined as
the avg time when the fish lost equilibrium when
exposed to the test chemical (ppm As).



This assay is based on concentration of the chemical required
to immobilize the test animal. Assays were conducted in
centrifuged Lake Erie water. This salt may be toxic only
when the concentration is great enough to exert an un-
favorable osmotic effect.
Some of the fish were not killed in 72 hours by the higher
doses of arsenic (30-35 ppm), had extensive damage to the
fins, while others had scale damage, severe diarrhea, heavy
breathing and hemorrhaging of the body areas around the
caudal, dorsal, and ventral fins.
Reference
(Year)
Hermann
(1959)




Surber and
Meeham
(1931)
















Grindley
(1946)




Anderson
(1946)



Boschetti and
McLoughlin
(1957)























>
TJ
TJ
m
Z
O
X
>















-------
Sodium
 arsenite
Sodium
 arsenite
Sodium
 arsenite

Sodium
 arsenite
Pithophora sp
Hydrodictyon sp
Bottom
 organisms
Lepomis
 macrochirus
Microcrustacea
Rotifers
FL
               Ala.
                ponds
Notemigonus
 crysoleucas
Pimephales
 promelas
Lepomis
 macrochirus
Channel
 catfish
 (fingerlings)
Lepomis sp
FPCH
               N.Y.
BSA
FL
               Ponds in
                Ala.
g
^
m
S
o

£j
>
z
O
2
X
"1
3)
0)
O
Tl
0
z
m
5
Sodium
arsenite


50-51
(sodium
arsenite)
50-52
(sodium
arsenite)
Sodium
arsenite
(tech.)






Calico
fish


Water Hyssop
Parrot's Feather
Bladderwort
Water Hyssop
Parrot's Feather
Bladderwort
Rainbow
trout
Bluegill






                                        FL
                                        FL
                                        FL
                                        BSA
                                                       N.Y.
                                     Lakes in
                                      Fla.

                                     Lakes in
                                      Fla.
4.0 (O)
4.0 (O)
4.0 (O)
4.0 (S23)

4.0 (S23)

4.0 (S23)

47.9 (K1A)



(O)
                           (0)



                           (O)
                           (O)
                           (O)
                           (O)
                           (O)
                           (O)
                           26 (T4A)

                           30 (T4A)
  —           The purpose of this experiment was to determine the effec-     Lawrence
               tiveness of sodium arsenite as a control agent for Pithophora     (1958)
               and to determine the effects of repeated applications of 4
               and 8 ppm arsenious oxide as sodium arsenite on bottom
               organisms and fish production in treated ponds. Pithophora
               was controlled by one or more applications of sodium
               arsenite at a concentration of 4.0 ppm arsenious oxide. Best
               results were obtained when sodium arsenite was applied while
               the alga was in an active growing stage.  The  alga Hydrodictyon
               was also controlled at 4.0 ppm.  The applications of 4 ppm
               applied 1 month apart reduced the number of bottom
               organisms an average of 34 percent and reduced bluegill pro-
               duction an average of 42 percent as compared with those of
               the controlled ponds.
a c d          Conventional farm ponds were used having an  average surface
               area of 0.3 acre and a maximum depth of 7-9 ft. Toxicity
               (in ppm) to fish as maximum safe concentration (S) for
               23 days was determined. Concentration of 0.5  ppm was
               required to control algae.

  a            Tap water was used.  Considerable additional data are
  ~~             presented.

  —         * Fish from ponds treated with sodium arsenite were analyzed
               for arsenic when the concentration in the water had declined
               to less than 1.0 ppm arsenious oxide.  Bluegill sunfish
               analyzed for arsenic were recovered by seining when the
               arsenious oxide concentration in  the pond water had
               declined to less than 1.0 ppm. Arsenic in the digestive tract
               of bluegills from the ponds ranged from 2.1 to 6.6 ppm
               arsenious oxide (wet weight). However, no detectible
               arsenic or only a trace amount was found in the tissue of
               the digestive tract, liver, or muscle.

  —           Fish were analyzed for arsenic, before and after the lakes       Ullmann
               were treated with this herbicide.  No differences in residues     (1961)
               were noted.
                                                                                                                          Eipper
                                                                                                                            (1959)
Clemens and
 Sneed
 (1959)
Dupree
 (1960)
I
m
O
                                                                                                        A concentration of 10.0 ppm controlled the indicated species.
                                                                                                        Comment same as above.
                                                                                                        This is an estimated LCsg value at temperatures from 55 to
                                                                                                         75 F.
                                                                                               Phillippy
                                                                                                (1961)
                                                                                                                                                                  Phillippy
                                                                                                                                                                   (1961)
                                                                                                                                                Cope
                                                                                                                                                 (1965)

-------
o
I
m
S
o
r Chemical
5 Sodium
O arsenite
S
X
-j
33
m
O
Tl
O
m
S
o
to Sodium
arsenite
Sodium
arsenite







3 Sodium
arsenite



Sodium
arsenite








Sodium
arsenite




Bioassay
or Field
Organism Study H)
Filamentous algae FL
Cladophora
Spirogyra
Zygnema
Submerged plants
Chara
Potamogeton

Emergent plants
Alisma
Sagittaria
Zooplankton

Pteronarcys sp BSA
(nymphs)
Salmo FL
gairdnerii
Carassius
auratus
Lepomis
macrochirus



Daphnia BSA
magna
Rainbow
trout
Bluegill
Salmo BSA
gairdneri
Lepomis
macrochirus
Pteronarcys
californicus
Daphnia
pulex
Simocephalus
serrulatus
Simocephalus BSA
serrulatus
Daphnia
pulex


Toxicity,
Active
Field Ingredient,
Location^) ppm'3)
N.Y.
4(K)
4(K)
4(K)

(0)
(0)


(0)
(0)
(0)

- 45 (T4A)

La Cross, 25 (T4A)
Wis.
34 (T4A)

35 (T4A)




6.5 (5.7-7.3)
(0)
60(0)
60 (O)
44 (O)
36.5 (T2A)

44.0 (T2A)

80.0 (T2A)

1.8 (T2A)

1.4 (T2A)

1.4 (SB)

1.8 (SB)



Experimental
Variables
Controlled
or Noted(4> Comments
a c
Complete decomposition in about 2 weeks.
Complete decomposition in about 2 weeks.
Complete decomposition in about 2 weeks.

Sodium arsenite, 4 ppm, did not cause any kill.
Sodium arsenite, 4 ppm, caused 95% kill. Decomposition
occurred in about 1 month.

Sodium arsenite, 4 ppm, caused 15% kill.
Sodium arsenite, 4 ppm, did not cause any kill.
Applications of 4 ppm sodium arsenite produced significant
reduction.
a Experiments were all conducted at 60 F in 1964. The values
were listed as LCsQ.
a c f i m The herbicide used was a commercial formulation containing
40 percent sodium arsenite by weight. Substantial residues
of arsenic were found in the water, bottom soil, and
throughout the organs and flesh of the bluegills at the
termination of the experiment. Treatments totaling
4.0 ppm or more resulted in reduced numbers of bottom
fauna, and a concentration of 1.2 ppm of the chemical
controlled rotifers.

a c d i q Toxicity, in terms of median immobilization concentration
(IC5Q), is presented for Daphnia; median lethal concen-
tration (LCgfj) values for rainbow trout and bluegill are
reported.

a This paper reports acute toxicity of a number of com-
pounds, and discusses subacute mortality as well. Effects
on reproduction and behavior are also discussed. Data
presented as £€59.






— Concentration reported is for immobilization.
Time for immobilization was 64 hr.
Data cited are for 78 F, but assays were performed at varied
temperatures.
Water chemistry (unspecified) was "controlled" during
the assay period.
Reference
(Year)
Cowell
(1965)











Cope
(1965)
Gilderhus
(1966)







Crosby and
Tucker
(1966)


Cope
(1966)








Sanders and
Cope
(1966)
























^
•o
m
2
2


^


















-------
    Sodium
     arsenite
    Sodium
     arsenite

    Sodium
     arsenite
     (tech.)
    Sodium
     azide
o
m
£
Blue-green algae
 Cylindrospermum
 Anabaena
 Anacystis
 Calothrix
 Nostoc
 Oscillatoria
 Plectonema
Green algae
 Ankistrodesmus
 Chlorella
 Closterium
 Oocystis
Green algae
 Scenedesmus
 Stigeoclonium
 Zygnema
Green flagellate and
 yellow algae
 Chalmydomonas
 Pandorina
 Tribonema
 Gomphonema
 Navicula
 Nitzchia

Lepomis
 macrochirus

Pteronarcys
 californica
 (naiads)

Procambarus
 clarki
Lepomis
 macrochirus
                           2.0 (O)
                                            BSA
BSA
                                            BSA
2
O
£
X
c
3)
m
CO
O
•n
g
m
S
Sodium
azide

Sodium
benzenesulfonate




Sodium
benzoate


Pteronarcys
calif ornica
(naiads)
Daphnia
magna




Daphnia
magna


                                            BSA
                                            BSA
                                            BSA
                           0.7 (T1A)
0.038 (T4A)
                           1.0 (KD*
                           1.0 (K1)**
                           1.5 (T1A)*
                           1.8(T1A)*»
                           "Technical
                            formulation
                          **Granular
                           0.0092 (T4A)
                                                 (O)
                                                                       <650 (O)
                                                                                              a b e
                                                 a c d e f
                                                                                             a cd ef
                                    NaAsC>2 was generally nontoxic or only partially toxic
                                     briefly for all algae species. Growth of Cylindrospermum
                                     and  Nitzchia was apparently stimulated. This compound
                                     was the  least effective of four evaluated as algicides.
                                                          Kemp, et al
                                                           (1966)
                                    This report is a simple and straightforward determination       Hughes and
                                     of a median tolerable limit for a selected group of herbicides.    Davis
                                                                                               (1967)
                                                                          •o
                                                                          m
                                                                          Z
                                                                          O
Data reported as LC5Q at 15.5 C in 4 days.
                                    In general, when mud was added to the tank the toxicity of
                                     the chemical decreased.
                                                                                     Data reported as (-€50 at 15.5 C in 4 days.
                                                               Assay water was not characterized chemically or otherwise
                                                                 described.  The pH at 100 percent toxicity was 7.1. The
                                                                 100-hr threshold was 2840%, with 0 percent toxicity at
                                                                 1895% and 100 percent toxicity at 8000%.
                                                               This assay is based on concentration of the chemical
                                                                 required to immobilize the test animal. Assays were
                                                                 conducted in centrifuged Lake Erie water. This salt
                                                                 may be toxic only when the concentration is great
                                                                 enough to exert an unfavorable osmotic effect.
Sanders and
 Cope
 (1968)
                                                          Hughes
                                                           (1966)
                                                                                              Sanders and
                                                                                               Cope
                                                                                               (1968)
                                                                                              Freeman
                                                                                               (1953)
                                                                                                                                               Anderson
                                                                                                                                                (1946)

-------
CHEMICALS
2
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O
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Chemical
Sodium
benzoate





Sodium
o-benzoyl
sulfimide
(soluble
saccharin)
Sodium
bicarbonate



Sodium
bicarbonate






Sodium
bicarbonate


Sodium
bicarbonate




Sodium
bicarbonate

Sodium
bicarbonate


Sodium
bicarbonate

Organism
Sewage
organisms





Sewage
organisms



Polycelis
nigra



Daphnia
magna






Daphnia
magna


Lepomis
macrochirus




Gambusia
affinis

Lepomis
macrochirus


Culex sp
(larvae)

Toxicity, Experimental
Bioassay Active Variables
or Field Field Ingredient, Controlled
StudyC" Location<2) ppm<3) or Noted<4)
BOD - (NTE)






BOD - >1000(TC5fj) a




BSA - 0.085 M(L2) c




BSA - 4200 (O) a c







BSA - 2350 (0)



BCFA - 8,250 (T4A) acef
small
8,600 (T4A)
medium
9,000 (T4A)
large
BSA - 7,550 (T2A) a c d e g


BSA - 9000 (T4A) a c d e i



BSA - 2,000 (T1 A) ac


Comments
The purpose of this paper was to devise a toxicity index for
industrial wastes. Results are recorded as the toxic con-
centration producing 50 percent inhibition (TCsfj) of
oxygen utilization as compared to controls. Five toxi-
grams depicting the effect of the chemicals on BOD were
devised and each chemical classified.

Comment same as above.




This is part of a report listing 27 anions and their toxicities
on a plananan. Mode of action of the anions is discussed.
Water distilled in glass was used to prepare the solutions.
The pH of this solution was 6.4. Solutions were renewed
every 12 hours.
This paper deals with the toxicity thresholds of various
substances found in industrial wastes as determined by the
use of D. magna. Centrifuged Lake Erie water was used as
a diluent in the bioassay. Threshold concentration was
defined as the highest concentration which would just fail
to immobilize the animals under prolonged (theoretically
infinite) exposure.

This assay is based on concentration of the chemical required
to immobilize the test animal. Assays were conducted in
centrifuged Lake Erie water. This report toxic value may
be due to an unfavorable osmotic effect.
Test water was composed of distilled water through CP
grade chemicals and was aerated throughout the
96-hour exposure period.
At pH 7, the ratio of bicarbonate to carbonate was
2270:1.

The effect of turbidity on the toxicity of the chemicals was
studied. Test water was from a farm pond with "high"
turbidity. Additional data are presented.
A "control" was prepared by adding required chemicals to
distilled water, and this was constantly aerated. Data
reported are for larger fish, app. 14.24 cm in length. Data
for smaller fish are also in the report.
"Standard reference water" was described and used as well
as lake water. Varied results were obtained when evaluations
were made in various types of water.
Reference
(Year)
Hermann
(1959)





Hermann
(1959)



Jones
(1941)



Anderson
(1944)






Anderson
(1946)


Cairns and
Scheier
(1955)



Wallen, et al
(1957)

Cairns and
Scheier
(1959)

Dowden and
Bennett
(1965)
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C
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m
 Sodium
  bicarbonate
Sodium
  bisulfate
Sodium
  bisulfate
     Sodium
       bisulfate

     Sodium
J>     bisulfite
i—»
i—•   Sodium
       bisulfite

     Sodium
       bisulfite-
     Sodium
       sulfate

     Sodium
  2    bisulfite-
  nj  Sodium
  —    carbonate
  >  Sodium
      bisulfite-
  >  Sodium
  O    carbonate-
  2  Sodium
  ~    chromate
Sodium
 bisulfite-
Sodium
 carbonate-
Sodium
  ...
 silicate
Sodium
 bisulfite-
Sodium
 silicate
                       Nitzschia
                        linearis
                       Lepomis
                        macrochirus
                      Daphnia
                       magna
                      Daphnia
                       magna
                      BSA
                   Culex sp
                    (larvae)

                   Daphnia
                    magna

                   Daphnia
                    magna

                   Daphnia
                    magna
                   Daphnia
                    magna
                   Daphnia
                    magna
Daphnia
 magna
                      Daphnia
                       magna
                     BSA
                     BSA
                                            BSA
                                            BSA
                                            BSA
                                            BSA
                                            BSA
                                            BSA
                                            BSA
650 (T5A)

8,600 (T4A)




190 (O)




153.4 (O)
                                            BSA
300 (T1 A)


<145(O)


102 (O)


82 (O)

3642  (O)

850 (O)

436 (O)

87 (O)

440 (O)

0.35 (O)

38(0)

194 (O)

92 (O)

177 (O)

427 (O)
The purpose of this experiment was to determine whether
  there was a constant relationship between the responses of
  these organisms. From the data presented, there was no
  apparent relationship of this type.  Therefore the authors
  advise that bioassays on at least 3 components of the food
  web be made in any situation.
This assay is based on concentration of the chemical required
  to immobilize the test animal. Assays were conducted in
  centrifuged Lake Erie water.
Toxic effect may be a result of lowering the pH below 6.0.

The primary aim of this study was to determine the effects
  of lowered dissolved oxygen concentration upon an aquatic
  invertebrate when exposed to solutions of inorganic salts
  known to be present in various industrial effluents.
  Analysis of data conclusively shows the D. magna tested
  under lowered oxygen tension exhibited lower threshold
  values for the chemicals studied than when tested at
  atmospheric dissolved oxygen.
"Standard reference water" was described and  used as well
  as lake water. Varied results were obtained when evaluations
  were made in various types of water.
This assay is based on concentration of the chemical required
  to immobilize the test animal.  Assays were conducted in
  centrifuged Lake Erie water.
Standard  reference water used.  Toxicity threshold is defined
  as that concentration which immobilizes 50 percent in a
  100-hr exposure period.
Comment same as above.
                                                                                                           Comment same as above.
                                                                                                           Comment same as above.
Comment same as above.
                                                                                                                                              Patrick, et al
                                                                                                                                               (1968)
                                                                                                                                              Anderson
                                                                                                                                               (1946)
                                                                                                                                              Fairchild
                                                                                                                                               (1955)
                                                                                    Comment same as above.
                                                                                                                                              Dowden and
                                                                                                                                               Bennett
                                                                                                                                               (1965)
                                                                                                                                              Anderson
                                                                                                                                               (1946)

                                                                                                                                              F-'reeman and
                                                                                                                                               Fowler
                                                                                                                                               (1953)
                                                                                                                                              Freeman and
                                                                                                                                               Fowler
                                                                                                                                               (1953)


                                                                                                                                              Freeman and
                                                                                                                                               Fowler
                                                                                                                                               (1953)

                                                                                                                                              Freeman and
                                                                                                                                               Fowler
                                                                                                                                               (1953)
                                                         Freeman and
                                                          Fowler
                                                          (1953)
                                                                                                                                              Freeman and
                                                                                                                                               Fowler
                                                                                                                                               (1953)
O
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-------
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Chemical
Sodium
bisulfite-
Sodium
chromate
Sodium
bisulfite-
Sodium
silicate-
Sodium
sulfate

Sodium
bisulfite-
Sodium
chromate-
Sodium
silicate
Sodium
bisulfite-
Sodium
carbonate-
Sodium
sulfate
Sodium
bisulfite-
Sodium
chromate-
Sodium
sulfate
Sodium
bisulfite






Sodium
bisulfite

Sodium
bisulfite





Organism
Daphnia
magna


Daphnia
magna





Daphnia
magna




Daphnia
magna




Daphnia
magna




Daphnia
magna






Gambusia
af finis

Daphnia
magna
(young)
Daphnia
magna
(adult)
Dugesia sp
Toxicity,
Bioassay Active
or Field Field Ingredient,
Study!1* Location!2) ppm(3)
BSA - 70 (O)

0.286 (0)

BSA - 52 (O)

126 (O)

2308 (0)


BSA - 144(O)

0.861 (O)

506 (0)

BSA - 58 (0)

295 (0)

2562 (O)

BSA - 75 (O)

0.306 (O)

3312 (O)

BSA - 61.4(0)







BSA - 240 (T2A)


BSA - 116IT2A)


102 (T4A)


179 (T4A)
Experimental
Variables
Controlled
or Noted!4) Comments
ac Standard reference water used. Toxicity threshold is defined
as that concentration which immobilizes 50 percent in a
100-hr exposure period.

a c Comment same as above.






a c Comment same as above.





a c Comment same as above.





a c Comment same as above.





a c The primary aim of this study was to determine the effects
of lowered dissolved oxygen concentration upon an aquatic
invertebrate when exposed to solutions of inorganic salts
known to be present in various industrial effluents.
Analysis of data conclusively shows the D. magna tested
under lowered oxygen tension exhibited lower threshold
values for the chemicals studied than when tested at
atmospheric dissolved oxygen.
a c d e g The effect of turbidity on the toxicity on the chemicals
was studied. Test water was from a farm pond with "high"
turbidity. Additional data are presented.
a c "Standard reference water'' was described and used as well
as lake water. Varied results were obtained when evaluations
were made in various types of water.




Reference
(Year)
Freeman and
Fowler
(1953)

Freeman
(1953)





Freeman
(1953)




Freeman
(1953)




Freeman
(1953)




Fairchild
(1955)






Wallen, et al
(1957)

Dowden and
Bennett
(1965)




m
Z
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x

-------
                 Lymnaea sp
Sodium
 bisulfite plus
 sodium
 silicate
Mollienesia
 latopinna
Daphnia
 magna












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Sodium
bisulfite plus
sodium
carbonate
Sodium
bisulfite plus
sodium
chromate
Sodium
bisulfite plus
sodium
sulfate
Sodium
bisulfite plus
sodium
carbonate and
sodium
chromate
Sodium
bisulfite plus
sodium
chromate
and sodium
sulfate
Sodium
bisulfite
plus sodium
carbonate
and sodium
silicate
Sodium
bisulfite
plus sodium
chromate
and sodium
silicate
Sodium
bisulfite
plus sodium
carbonate
and sodium
sulfate
Daphnia
magna


Daphnia
magna


Daphnia
magna


Daphnia
magna



Daphnia
magna




Daphnia
magna


Daphnia
magna


Daphnia
magna

BSA
                                     BSA
                                     BSA
                                     BSA
                                     BSA
                                     BSA
                                     BSA
                                     BSA
                                     BSA
179 (T1A)

241 (T1A)


950-14,210 (T1A)
785-11,723 (T2A)
15-22 (T4A)
                                             436(T4A)
                                             85(T4A)
                                             68 (T4A)
                                             0.278 (T4A)
                                                              82 (T4A)
                                                              3,654 (T4A)
                                             86 (T4A)
                                             441 (T4A)
                                             0.354 (T4A)
                                             78 (T4A)
                                             0.32 (T4A)
                                             3,443 (T4A)
                                             39 (T4A)
                                             198 (T4A)
                                             93 (T4A)
                                             224 (T4A)
                                             0.086 (T4A)
                                             506 (T4A)
                                             57 (T4A)
                                             296 (T4A)
                                             2,869 (T4A)
"Standard reference water" was described and used as well
 as lake water. Varied results were obtained when evaluations
 were made in various types of water.
The two TLm values are the respective concentration of each
 of the chemicals listed.
Comment same as above.
                                                                                                Comment same as above.
                                                                               Comment same as above.
                                                                                                Comment same as above.
                                                                                                Comment same as above.
                                                                                                Comment same as above.
                                                                                                Comment same as above.
                                                                                                Comment same as above.
Dowden and
 Bennett
 (1965)
                                                                                                                Dowden and
                                                                                                                 Bennett
                                                                                                                 (1965)

                                                                                                                Dowden and
                                                                                                                 Bennett
                                                                                                                 (1965)

                                                                                                                Dowden and
                                                                                                                 Bennett
                                                                                                                 (1965)

                                                                                                                Dowden and
                                                                                                                 Bennett
                                                                                                                 (1965)
                                                                                                                Dowden and
                                                                                                                 Bennett
                                                                                                                 (1965)
                                                                                                                                                     Dowden and
                                                                                                                                                      Bennett
                                                                                                                                                      (1965)
                                                                                                                                                     Dowden and
                                                                                                                                                      Bennett
                                                                                                                                                      (1965)
                                                                                                                                                     Dowden and
                                                                                                                                                      Bennett
                                                                                                                                                      (1965)
                                                                                                      I
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-------
CHEMICALS
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Chemical
Sodium
bisulfite
plus sodium
silicate and
sodium
sulfate

Sodium
borate



Sodium
borate


Sodium
borate
(ore)
Sodium
borate

Sodium
bromate



Sodium
bromate

Sodium
bromide



Sodium
bromide



Sodium
p-bromo-
benzene-
sulfonate
Organism
Daphnia
magna





Polycelis
nigra



Daphnia
magna


Salmo
gairdnerii

Gambusia
af finis

Polycelis
nigra



Daphnia
magna

Polycelis
nigra



Daphnia
magna



Daphnia
magna


Bioassay
or Field
Study (1)
BSA






BSA




BSA



BSA


BSA


BSA




BSA


BSA




BSA




BSA



Toxicity,
Active
Field Ingredient,
Location'2) ppm'3)
52 (T4A)
126(T4A)
2,326 (T4A)




0.026 M (L2)




<240 (O)



2800 (T1 A)
1800(T2A)

8,200 (T2A)


- 0.020 M(L2)




210(0)


0.14 M(L2)




8200 (0)




843 (K)



Experimental
Variables
Controlled
or Noted (*) Comments
a c "Standard reference water" was described and used as well
~ as lake water. Varied results were obtained when evaluations
were made in various types of water.
Each of the three TLm values represents the concentration
of each of the chemicals, respectively.


c This is part of a report listing 27 anions and their toxicities
on a planarian. Mode of action of the anions is discussed.
Water distilled in glass was used to prepare the solutions.
The pH of this solution was 6.8. Solutions were renewed
every 12 hours.
— This assay is based on concentration of the chemical required
to immobilize the test animal. Assays were conducted in
centrifuged Lake Erie water. Threshold value may be only
half of that reported.
a e Most of the weed-killer formulations in this study consisted
of more than one substance, i.e., oils, emulsifiers,
stabilizers, and other adjuvants.
a c d e g The effect of turbidity on the toxicity of the chemicals was
~ studied. Test water was from a farm pond with "high"
turbidity. Additional data are presented.
c This is part of a report listing 27 anions and their toxicities
on a planarian. Mode of action of the anions is discussed.
Water distilled in glass was used to prepare the solutions.
The pH of this solution was 6.6. Solutions were renewed
every 12 hours.
— This assay is based on concentration of the chemical required
to immobilize the test animal. Assays were conducted in
centrifuged Lake Erie water.
c This is part of a report listing 27 anions and their toxicities
on a planarian. Mode of action of the anions is discussed.
Water distilled in glass was used to prepare the solutions.
The pH of this solution was 6.6. Solutions were renewed
every 12 hours.
— This assay is based on concentration of the chemical required
to immobilize the test animal. Assays were conducted in
centrifuged Lake Erie water. This salt may show toxicity
when the concentration is high enough to exert unfavorable
osmotic effect.
a c Assay water was not characterized chemically or otherwise
described. The pH at 100 percent toxicity was 6.9.


Reference
(Year)
Dowden and
Bennett
(1965)




Jones-
(1941)



Anderson
(1946)


Alabaster
(1956)

Wallen, et al
(1957)

Jones
(1941)



Anderson
(1946)

Jones
(1941)



Anderson
(1946)



Freeman
(1953)























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-------
     Sodium
      p-bromo-
      benzene-
      sulfonate
     Sodium
      n-butyl-
      sulfonate
     Sodium
      butyl
      sulfonate

     Sodium
      butyrate

     Sodium
      carbonate
;>
i—    Sodium
h?     carbonate
O
m  Sodium
S   carbonate
    Sodium
     carbonate
c
a
Jjj  Sodium
     carbonate
X  Sodium
2   carbonate

O
 Daphnia
 magna
 Lepomis
 macrochirus
 Lymnaea sp
 (eggs)
 Daphnia
 magna

 Daphnia
 magna

 Lepomis
 macrochirus

 Daphnia
 magna
                      BSA
BSA
BSA
BSA
BSA
Micropterus
 salmoides
Lepomis
 macrochirus
Goldfish
                                             BSA
Daphnia
 magna
Oncorhyncus
 tshawytscha
Oncorhyncus
 kisutch
Salmo
 clarkii
Daphnia
 magna

Lepomis
 macrochirus
BSA
BSA
BSA
                                            BCFA
                                                                         523(T4A)

                                                                         1,560(T1A)

                                                                         2,590 (T1-4A)


                                                                         7,827 (K)
                                                                         8,000 (T1A)
                                                                         5,400 (T3A)
                                                                         2,700 (T4A)
                                                                         5,000 (T1A)
                           424 (O)
                                                   a c
                                                                        500 (O)

                                                                        500 (O)

                                                                        500 (O)
                                                                       a c f p i
                                                                         <424 (O)




                                                                         68 (K5)

                                                                         70 (K5)

                                                                         80 (K5)

                                                                         524 (O)


                                                                         300 (T4A)
                                                  a d e
                                                                                              a c e f
                                                                "Standard reference water" was described and used as well
                                                                 as lake water. Varied results were obtained when evaluations
                                                                 were made in various types of water.
Assay water was not characterized chemically or otherwise
 described. The pH at 100 percent toxicity was 7.1.

"Standard reference water" was described and used as well
 as lake water.  Varied results were obtained when evaluations
 were made in various types of water.
Comment same as above.
This paper deals with the toxicity thresholds of various
 substances found in industrial wastes as determined by the
 use of D. magna. Centrifuged Lake Erie water was used
 as a diluent in the bioassay.  Threshold concentration was
 defined as the highest concentration which would just fail
 to immobilize the animals under prolonged (theoretically
 infinite) exposure.
The disposal of cannery wastes frequently involves the use
 of chemicals for treatment purposes.  Ferrous sulphate,
 alum, and  lime are used in chemical coagulation; sodium
 carbonate for acidity control in biological filters; and
 sodium nitrate in lagoons for odor control. Lye (sodium
 hydroxide) peeling  of certain fruits and vegetables is not
 uncommon. These chemicals, in whole or part, are dis-
 charged in most cases to a stream. The concentrations
 listed permitted largemouth  bass to survive 7  to 9 hours,
 bluegills to survive 4.5 to 11  hours, and goldfish to survive
 indefinitely.
This assay is based on concentration of the chemical required
 to immobilize the test animal. Assays were conducted in
 centrifuged Lake Erie water.  Toxic effect may be due in
 part to the rise in pH to 9.2.
This chemical is one  of a number that may be found in
 Kraft mill waste effluents. Data are expressed as minimum
 lethal concentration for 5 days.
                                                                Standard reference water used. Toxicity threshold is defined
                                                                 as that concentration which immobilizes 50 percent in a
                                                                 100-hr exposure period.
                                                                Test water was composed of distilled water with CP grade
                                                                 chemicals and was aerated throughout the 96-hr
                                                                 exposure period.  Toxicity was essentially determined
                                                                 by pH. At pH 10 the carbonate to bicarbonate ratio
                                                                 was 1:2.27.
                                                          Dowden and
                                                           Bennett
                                                           (1965)
                                                                                                                                                Freeman
                                                                                                                                                 (1953)

                                                                                                                                                Dowden and
                                                                                                                                                 Bennett
                                                                                                                                                 (1965)
                                                                                                                                                Dowden and
                                                                                                                                                 Bennett
                                                                                                                                                 (1965)
                                                                                                                                                Anderson
                                                                                                                                                 (1944)
                                                                                                                          Sanborn
                                                                                                                           (1945)
                                                                                                                          Anderson
                                                                                                                           (1946)
                                                                                                                          Haydu, et al
                                                                                                                           (1952)
                                                          Freeman and
                                                           Fowler
                                                           (1953)
                                                          Cairns and
                                                           Scheier
                                                           (1955)
                                                                                                                                                                O
                                                                                                                                                                X

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Chemical
Sodium
carbonate






Sodium
carbonate

Sodium
carbonate


Sodium
carbonate










Sodium
carbonate




Sodium
carbonate-
Sodium
chromate
Sodium
carbonate
plus sodium
chromate
Sodium
carbonate-
Sodium
silicate
Organism
Daphnia
magna






Gambusia
affinis

Lepomis
macrochirus


Amphipoda
Co/ex sp
(larvae)
Daphnia
magna
Dugesia sp
Lepomis
macrochirus
Lymnaea sp.
(eggs)
Mollienesia
latopinna
Nitzschia
linearis
Lepomis
macrochirus


Daphnia
magna


Daphnia
magna


Daphnia
magna


Toxicity,
Bioassay Active
or Field Field Ingredient,
Study<1 > Location<2) ppm(3)
BSA - 552.4 (O)







BSA - 840 (T2A)


BSA - 300 (T4A)



BSA - 360 (Tl A)
1,820 (T1A)

347 (T1A)

607 (T1A)
384 (T1A)

385 (T1 A)

403 (T1A)
405 (T2A)
BSA - 242 (T5A)

320 (T4A)



BSA - 408 (0)

0.33 (0)

BSA - 420 (T4A)
0.34 (T4A)


BSA - 180(0)

85 (O)

Experimental
Variables
Controlled
or Noted(4) Comments
a c The primary aim of this study was to determine the effects
of lowered dissolved oxygen concentration upon an aquatic
invertebrate when exposed to solutions of inorganic salts
known to be present in various industrial effluents.
Analysis of data conclusively shows the D. magna tested
under lowered oxygen tension exhibited lower threshold
values for the chemicals studied than when tested at atmo-
spheric dissolved oxygen.
a c d e g The effect of turbidity on the toxicity of the chemicals was
studied. Test water was from a farm pond with "high"
turbidity. Additional data are presented.
a c e d i A "control" was prepared by adding required chemicals to
~~ distilled water, and this was constantly aerated. Data
reported are for larger fish, app. 14.24 cm in length. Data
for smaller fish are also in the report.
a c "Standard reference water" was described and used as well
~ as lake water. Varied results were obtained when evaluations
were made in various types of water.









ace The purpose of this experiment was to determine whether
there was a constant relationship between the responses of
these organisms. From the data presented, there was no
apparent relationship of this type. Therefore the authors
advise that bioassays on at least 3 components of the food
web be made in any situation.
a c Standard reference water used. Toxicity threshold is defined
as that concentration which immobilizes 50 percent in a
100-hr exposure period.

a c "Standard reference water" was described and used as well
~ as lake water. Varied results were obtained when evaluations
were made in various types of water. Each value represents
the concentration of each respective chemical.
a c Standard reference water used. Toxicity threshold is defined
as that concentration which immobilizes 50 percent in a
100-hr exposure period.

Reference
(Year)
Fairchild
(1955)






Wallen, et al
(1957)

Cairns and
Scheier
(1959)

Dowden and
Bennett
(1965)









Patrick, et al
(1968)




Freeman and
Fowler
(1953)

Dowden and
Bennett
(1965)

Freeman and
Fowler
(1953)

m
Z
O

-------
to
-J
      Sodium
       carbonate
       plus sodium
       silicate
      Sodium
       carbonate-
      Sodium
       sulfate
      Sodium
       carbonate
       plus sodium
       sulfate
    Sodium
      carbonate-
    Sodium
      chro mate-
    Sodium
      silicate
    Sodium
      carbonate
      plus sodium
      chromate
      and sodium
      silicate

    Sodium
      carbonate-
    Sodium
      chromate-
    Sodium
      sulfate
O  Sodium
j^   carbonate
2   plus sodium
O   chromate
p   and sodium
W   sulfate
Z  Sodium
°   carbonate-
Is  Sodium
>5   silicate-
C  Sodium
j*j   sulfate
_  Sodium
•n   carbonate
O   plus sodium
m   silicate and
S   sodium
O   sulfate
Daphnia
 magna
Daphnia
 magna
Daphnia
 magna
Daphnia
 magna
Daphnia
 magna
Daphnia
 magna
Daphnia
 magna
Daphnia
 magna
Daphnia
 magna
                                            BSA
                                            BSA
                                            BSA
                                             BSA
                                             BSA
                                             BSA
                                             BSA
                                             BSA
                                             BSA
                                                                       265 (T1 A)
                                                                       130 (T1A)
                                                221 (O)

                                                1,918 (O)

                                                198 (T1A)
                                                666(T1A)
                                                172(T2A)
                                                577 (T2A)
                                                66 (T3A)
                                                222 (T3A)
                                                182 (O)

                                                0.146(0)

                                                86(0)

                                                187(T4A)
                                                0.15 (T4A)
                                                88 (T4A)
                                                240 (O)

                                                0.192 (O)

                                                2079 (O)

                                                240 (T4A)
                                                0.19 (T4A)
                                                2,078 (T4A)
                                                 155(O)

                                                 73(0)

                                                 1343 (O)

                                                 161(T4A)
                                                 76(T4A)
                                                 1,396(T4A)
                                                                                     "Standard reference water" was described and used as well      Dowden and
                                                                                      as lake water.  Varied results were obtained when evaluations    Bennett
                                                                                      were made in various types of water. Each TLm value is        (1965)
                                                                                      equal to the concentration of each respective chemical.
                                                                                     Standard reference water used. Toxicity threshold is defined    Freeman and
                                                                                      as that concentration which immobilizes 50 percent in a        Fowler
                                                                                      100-hr exposure period.                                     (1953)

                                                                                     "Standard reference water" was described and used as well      Dowden and
                                                                                      as lake water.  Varied results were obtained when evaluations    Bennett
                                                                                      were made in various types of water. Each TLm value is        (1965)
                                                                                      equal to the concentration of each respective chemical.
                                                                                    Standard reference water used.  Toxicity threshold is defined    Freeman and
                                                                                      as that concentration which immobilizes 50 percent in a        Fowler
                                                                                      100-hr exposure period.                                    (1953)
                                                                                                            "Standard reference water" was described and used as well      Dowden and
                                                                                                             as lake water. Varied results were obtained when evaluations    Bennett
                                                                                                             were made in various types of water.  Each TLm value          (1965)
                                                                                                             represents the concentration of each respective chemical.
                                                                                                            Standard reference water used. Toxicity threshold is defined    Freeman and
                                                                                                             as that concentration which immobilizes 50 percent in a        Fowler
                                                                                                             100-hr exposure period.                                     (1953)
                                                                                                            "Standard reference water" was described and used as well      Dowden and
                                                                                                             as lake water. Varied results were obtained when evaluations    Bennett
                                                                                                             were made in various types of water.  Each TLm value          (1965)
                                                                                                             represents the concentration of each respective chemical.
                                                                                                            Standard reference water used. Toxicity threshold is defined    Freeman and
                                                                                                             as that concentration which immobilizes 50 percent in a        Fowler
                                                                                                             100-hr exposure period.                                     (1953)
                                                                                                            "Standard reference water" was described and used as well      Dowden and
                                                                                                             as lake water. Varied results were obtained when evaluations    Bennett
                                                                                                             were made in various types of water.  Each TLm value is        (1965)
                                                                                                             equal to the concentration of each respective chemical.
                                                                                                                                                              m
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to
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CHEMICALS
2
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3
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c
3)
m
en
O
-n
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j
)

















Chemical
Sodium
carboxyethyl
rosin amine










Sodium
chlorate



Sodium
chlorate

Sodium
chlorate

Sodium
chloride




Sodium
chloride



Sodium
chloride





Toxicity,
Bioassay Active
or Field Field Ingredient,
Organism Study (^ Location^) ppm'3)
Cylindrospermum L — 2.0 (O)
licheniforme (CD
Microcystis
aeruginosa (Ma)
Scenedesmus
obliquus (So)
Chlorella
variegata (Cv)
Gomphonema
parvulum (Gp)
Nitzschia
palea (Np)

Poly eel is BSA - 0.15M(L2)
nigra



Daphnia BSA - 4240 (0)
magna

Salmo BSA - 4200 (T1 A)
gairdnerii 2750 (T2A)

Carassius BSA - (O)
carassius




Polycelis BSA - 0.19 M(L2)
nigra



Daphnia BSA - 6143(O)
magna





Experimental
Variables
Controlled
or Noted(4) Comments
a Observations were made on the 3rd, 7th, 14th, and 21st
~ days to give the following (T = toxic, NT = nontoxic.
PT = partially toxic with number of days in parentheses.
No number indicates observation is for entire test period
of 21 days):
Cl -PT(14)
Ma-PT (14)
So - NT
Cv - NT
Gp-T(3)
Np- NT


c This is part of a report listing 27 anions and their toxicities
on a planarian. Mode of action of the anions is discussed.
Water distilled in glass was used to prepare the solutions.
The pH of this solution was 6.4. Solutions were renewed
every 12 hours.
— This assay is based on concentration of the chemical required
to immobilize the test animal. Assays were conducted in
centrifuged Lake Erie water.
a e Most of the weed-killer formulations in this study consisted
~ of more than one substance, i.e., oils, emulsifiers, stabilizers.
and other adjuvants.
a This old, lengthy paper discusses toxicity of many chemicals,
~ possible mechanism of action of some, the effect of temper-
ature, effect of dissolved oxygen, the efficiency of the gold-
fish as a test animal, compares this work with earlier work.
and lists an extensive bibliography.
In 0.27N solution, the fish survived 178 minutes.
c This is part of a report listing 27 anions and their toxicities
on a planarian. Mode of action of the anions is discussed.
Water distilled in glass was used to prepare the solutions.
The pH of this solution was 7.0. Solutions were renewed
every 1 2 hours.
a c This paper deals with the toxicity thresholds of various
substances found in industrial wastes as determined by the
use of D. magna. Centrifuged Lake Erie water was used
as a diluent in the bioassay. Threshold concentration was
defined as the highest concentration which would just fail
to immobilize the animals under prolonged (theoretically
infinite) exposure.
Reference
(Year)
Palmer and
Maloney
(1955)










Jones
(1941)



Anderson
(1946)

Alabaster
(1956)

Powers
(1918)




Jones
(1941)



Anderson
(1944)





m

O

-------
    Sodium
     chloride
 Brook
  trout
                      BSA
                            (O)
    Sodium
     chloride


    Sodium
     chloride

    Sodium
     chloride
    Sodium
     chloride
I  Sodium
™   chloride
1
O
C
3D
rn
c/i
Q  Sodium
~n   chloride
X
m
5
o
Daphnia
 magna


Daphnia
 magna

Lepomis
 macrochirus
BSA
BSA
BSA
                                                                        <4200 (O)



                                                                        3,680 (S)



                                                                        12,946 (T4A)
Daphnia
 magna
BSA
                                                                        5,093 (O)
Cylindrospermum
 lichen/forme (CD
Microcystis
 aeruginosa  (Ma)
Scenedesmus
 obliquus (So)
Chlorella
 variegata ICv)
Gomphonema
 parvulum (Gpi
Nitzschia
 palea (Np)
Biomorpholaria
 a. alexandrina
Bui in us
 truncatus
Lymnaea
 caillaudi
                           2.0 (O)
                                            BSA
                           4100 (K1A)

                           2600 (K1A)

                           2600 (K1 A)
               Fish were fed NaCI in gelatin capsules in amounts of 5.0 to
                25.0 mg.  Fish averaged 5.6 grams in weight.  Physical effects
                of the salt were exhibited rather than true toxicity.  Fish
                were also immersed in NaCI solution. Immersion in a 2.5%
                solution produced no increase in blood salt concentration.
                A 30-minute bath in 3.0% salt or a 10-minute bath in 5.0%
                salt caused a rise in blood salinity  that quickly returned to
                normal when the fish were placed  in fresh water. A 60-
                minute bath in 3.0% salt resulted in a very high blood salt
                level that required 48 hours to return to normal. A
                15-minute bath in a 5.0% solution resulted in the loss of
                the majority of the fish.
               This assay is based on concentration of the chemical required
                to immobilize the test animal. Assays were conducted in
                centrifuged Lake Erie water.

               Lake Erie water was used as diluent. Toxicity given as
                threshold concentration producing immobilization for
                exposure periods of 64 hours.
                                                                                                                                                                       Phillips
                                                                                                                                                                         (1944)
Anderson
 (1946)

Anderson
 (1948)

Trama
 (1954)
a d e f         This paper reports the LDsg in 96 hours for 8 common
                inorganic salts. A synthetic dilution water of controlled
                hardness was prepared for use in the experiments. Among
                other variables, specific conductivity, as mhos at 20 C,
                was measured.  If this salt is toxic to fish, this experiment
                did not demonstrate it. A saturated solution of 2,980 ppm
                produced no significant mortalities.

 ac           The primary aim of this study was to determine the effects      Fairchild
                of lowered dissolved oxygen concentration upon an aquatic     (1955)
                invertebrate when exposed to solutions of inorganic salts
                known to be present in various industrial effluents. Analysis
                of data conclusively shows the D. magna tested under lowered
                oxygen tension exhibited lower threshold values for the
                chemicals studied than when tested at atmospheric dissolved
                oxygen.

  a_           Observations were made on the 3rd, 7th, 14th, and 21st days    Palmer and
                to give the following (T = toxic, NT = nontoxic, PT =           Maloney
                partially toxic with  number of days in parentheses. No         (1955)
                number indicates observation  is for entire test period of
                21 days):
                 Cl  -NT
                 Ma - NT
                 So -NT
                 Cv -NT
                 Gp -NT
                 Np -NT

  a           The degree of tolerance for vector snails of biharziasis chem-     Gohar and
                icals is somewhat dependent upon temperature. The tern-       EI-Gindy
                perature at which (K1 A) occurred was 26 C.                   (1961)
                                                                                                                                                                                       m
                                                                                                                                                                                       z
                                                                                                                                                                                       a

-------
CHEMICALS
z
o
Z
X
-\
c
DO
m
C/)
O
Tl
0
I
m
S
o
•^
t/i







i**
LO
0













Chemical
Sodium
chloride

Sodium
chloride













Sodium
chloride
Sodium
chloride










Sodium
chloride

Sodium
chloride
Bioassay
or Field
Organism Study'""
Gambusia BSA
af finis

Limnodrilus BSA
hoffmeisteri
Erpobdella
punctata
Helisoma
campanulata
Gyraulus
circumstriatus
Physa
heterostropha
Sphaerium
cf. tenue
Asellus
communis
Argia sp
Hydropsyche BSA
Stenonema
Cyprinidae BSA
Asellus sp

Hydropsyche sp

Dressenia sp
Calliriche sp
Helosciadium sp
Nodiflorum sp
f/uviatilis
Lemna
trisulca
Nais spp BSA


Potamogeton BSA
pectinatus
Toxicity, Experimental
Active Variables
Field Ingredient, Controlled
Location'2) ppm'3) or Noted'4)
18,100 (T2A) acdeg


6200 (T4A) a c d i
7500 (T4A)
6150 (T4A)

3200 (T4A)

3500 (T4A)

5100 (T4A)
6200 (T4A)
1100 (T4A)
1 1 50 (T4A)
8250 (T4A)

24,000 (T4A)
9,000 (T2A) a
2,500 (T2A)
10,000 (L10A) a
1 0,000 (L7 and
K4FA)
10,000 (L6and
K17A)
10,000 (L5A)
10,000 (K13A)



(0)

1.0%(T36min) af


(0)

Comments
The effect of turbidity on the toxicity of the chemicals was
studied. Test water was from a farm pond with "high"
turbidity. Additional data are presented.
Most of the data developed was with hard water, but experi-
ments with soft water were also conducted. Additional
TLm data are presented.












Soft water used as diluent water.

L. trisulca was not affected at 10,000 ppm.











All tests were conducted in hard water. Time given is
median survival time of the worms.

Increasing NaCI solutions produced a proportional adverse
effect on vegetative growth and seed production, but a
Reference
(Year)
Wallen, et al
(1957)

Wurtz and
Bridges
(1961)












Roback
(1965)
Vivier and
Nisbet
(1965)









Learner and
Edwards
(1963)
Teeter
(1965)
                                                                          m
                                                                          Z
                                                                          g
                                                                          x
concentration of 3000 ppm stimulated the production and

growth of tubers. 9000 ppm completely inhibited the

growth of one-week-old plants. 15,000 ppm reduced

growth completely and was fatal to many plants.

-------
Sodium
 chloride
Sodium
 chloride
Carassius
 carassius
Culex sp
 (larvae)
Daphnia
 magna
Lepomis
 macrochirus
Lymnaea sp
 (eggs)
Mollienesia
 latopinna
Nitzschia
 linearis
Lepomis
 macrochirus
                                        BSA
                                        BSA




£>
t— *
OJ








£
m

8
Jo
^
0
s
X
c
3)
m
O)
O
/•v
5
m
§
Sodium p-
chlorobenzene
sulfonate
Sodium p-
chlorobenzene
sulfonate



Sodium 2-
chlorotoluene-
4-sulfonate
Sodium 2-
chlorotoluene-
5-sulfonate







Sodium
chromate




Sodium
chromate

Sodium
chromate
Daphnia
magna

Daphnia
magna
Lepomis
macrochirus
Lymnaea sp
(eggs)
Lepomis
macrochirus

Daphnia
magna
(young)
Daphnia
magna
(adult)
Lymnaea sp
(eggs)
Mollienesia
latopinna
Polycelis
nigra




Sewage
organisms

Daphnia
magna
                                        BSA
                                        BSA
                                        BSA
                                        BSA
                                        BSA





                                        BOD


                                        BSA
13,750 (T1A)

10,500 (T1A)

6,447 (T1A)

14,125 (T1A)

3,412 (T1 A)

18,735 (T1A)

2,430 (T5A)

12,940 (T4A)




3,007 (K)



2,394 (T4A)

3,219 (T1A)

8,600 (T1 A)

1,374 (T1A)


0.8 (T1A)


3.3 (T1A)


30. (T1A)

115.2 (T1A)

0.0028M (L2)
1.0(0)

<0.32 (O)
"Standard reference water" was described and used as well
 as lake water. Varied results were obtained when evalua-
 tions were made in various types of water.
Dowden and
 Bennett
 (1965)
The purpose of this experiment was to determine whether
 there was a constant relationship between the responses of
 these organisms.  From the data presented, there was no
 apparent relationship of this type. Therefore the authors
 advise that bioassays on at least 3 components of the food
 web be made in any situation.
Assay water was not characterized chemically or otherwise
 described. The pH  at 100 percent toxicity was 7.1.

"Standard reference water" was described and used as well
 as lake water. Varied results were obtained when evalua-
 tions were made in  various types  of water.
                                                                                                       Comment same as above.
                                                                                                       Comment same as above.
This is part of a report listing 27 anions and their toxicities
 on a planarian. Mode of action of the anions is discussed.
 Water distilled in glass was used to prepare the solutions.
 The pH of this solution  was 7.2.  Solutions were renewed
 every 12 hours.

"Toxicity" is expressed as 10 percent reduction in oxygen
 utilization.

This assay  is based on concentration of the chemical required
 to immobilize the test animal. Assays were conducted in
 centrifuged Lake Erie water.
Patrick, et al
  (1968)
Freeman
 (1953)

Dowden and
 Bennett
 (1956)
                                                          Dowden and
                                                           Bennett
                                                           (1965)
                                                          Dowden and
                                                           Bennett
                                                           (1965)
                                                                                                                                                                                 m
                                                                                                                                                                                 2
                                                                                                                                                                                 O
Jones
 (1941)
Ingols
 (1955)
Anderson
 (1946)

-------
CHEMICALS
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O
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1/3






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U>
(0




















Chemical
Sodium
chromate

Sodium
chromate




Sodium
chromate






Sodium
chromate

Sodium
chromate


Sodium
chromate




Sodium
chro mate-
Sodium
silicate-
Sodium
sulfate
Sodium
chro mate-
Sodium
sulfate
Sodium
chromate-
Sodium
silicate
Organism
Daphnia
magna

Sewage
organisms




Daphnia
magna






Gambusia
af finis

Escherichia
coli
Saccharomyces
ellipsoides
Nereis sp

Card n us
maenas
Leander
squilla
Daphnia
magna




Daphnia
magna


Daphnia
magna


Toxicity,
Bioassay Active
or Field Field Ingredient,
Study'1' Location'2) ppm'3)
BSA - 0.42 (O)


BOD - (O)





BSA - 0.51 (O)







BSA - 500 (T2A)


L - (0)



BSA - 0.5 (SB 21)
1.0 (SB 21)
60.0 (T12A)
50.0 (SB 12)
5.0 (SB 35)

BSA - 0.201 (0)

119 (O)

2180 (O)

BSA - 0.276 (O)

2984 (O)

BSA - 0.159(O)

93 (O)

Experimental
Variables
Controlled
or Noted'4' Comments
a c Standard reference water used. Toxicity threshold is defined
as that concentration which immobilizes 50 percent in a
100-hr exposure period.
— A concentration of 1.0 ppm produced an oxygen depletion in
percent of the control of 90%. It required 10.0 ppm to pro-
duce 38% oxygen depletion. There is an apparent relation-
ship between toxicity of chromium and the organic matter
concentration in that higher amounts of organic matter com-
plex with the chromium thus reducing its apparent toxicity.
a c The primary aim of this study was to determine the effects of
lowered dissolved oxygen concentration upon an aquatic
invertebrate when exposed to solutions of inorganic salts
known to be present in various industrial effluents. Anal-
ysis of data conclusively shows the D. magna tested under
lowered oxygen tension exhibited lower threshold values
for the chemicals studied than when tested at atmospheric
dissolved oxygen.
a c d e g The effect of turbidity on the toxicity of the chemicals was
studied. Test water was from a farm pond with "high"
turbidity. Additional data are presented.
— This study suggests that the chromates have an effect on
microbial genetic expression. Toxicity appeared to be in
the range of 100 to 500 mg/l.

a The threshold toxicity for shore crabs was in the range of
40 to 60 ppm for a 12-day period of exposure.
The threshold toxicity for prawns was a little less than
10 ppm in adults and 5 ppm in young.


ac Standard reference water used. Toxicity threshold is defined
as that concentration which immobilizes 50 percent in a
100-hr exposure period.



a c Comment same as above.



a c Comment same as above.



Reference
(Year)
Freeman and
Fowler
(1953)
Ingols
(1954)




Fairchild
(1955)






Wallen, et al
(1957)

Ingols and
Fetner
(1961)

Raymont and
Shields
(1964)



Freeman and
Fowler
(1953)



Freeman and
Fowler
(1953)

Freeman and
Fowler
(1953)





















>
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•o
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-------
    Sodium
     chromate
     plus sodium
     silicate

    Sodium
     chromate
     plus sodium
     sulfate
    Sodium
     chromate
     plus sodium
     silicate
     and sodium
     sulfate
    Sodium
     citrate
    Sodium
     citrate

    Sodium
     cyanide
    Sodium
     cyanide


    Sodium
     cyanide
^  Sodium
OT   cyanide
>
D
2
3
•{j  Sodium
w   cyanide
O
-n
s
OJ
                         Daphnia
                         magna
                        Daphnia
                         magna
                        Daphnia
                         magna
                        Polycelis
                         nigra
Daphnia
 magna

Polycelis
 nigra
                        Daphnia
                         magna

                        Pimephales
                         promelas
                        Sewage
                         organisms
                                              BSA
                      BSA
                      BSA
                      BSA
                                            BSA
                                              BSA
                                            BSA
                      BSA
                                              BOD
                                                 0.21 (T4A)
                                                 130IT4A)
                                                 0.28 (T4A)
                                                 3,044 (T4A)
0.28 (T4A)
122 (T4A)
2,255 (T4A)
0.015M (L2)
                                                                         825 (O)
0.0006M (L2)
                                                 <3.4 (0)
0.23 (T4A)
                                                 3.6 (O)
                                     "Standard reference water" was described and used as well
                                      as lake water.  Varied results were obtained when evalua-
                                      tions were made in various types of water.
                                     Each TLm value is equal to the concentration of each
                                      respective chemical.
                                     Comment same as above.
                                                                                      Comment same as above.
                        Lepomis
                         cyanellus
                                              FL
                                     Carbon-     1.0 (K1)
                                      dale. III.
This is part of a report listing 27 anions and their toxicities
 on a planarian.  Mode of action of the anions is discussed.
 Water distilled in glass was used to prepare the solutions.
 The pH of this solution was 6.6.  Solutions were renewed
 every 12  hours.
This assay is based on concentration of the chemical required
 to immobilize the test animal. Assays were conducted in
 centrifuged Lake Erie water.
This is part of a report listing 27 anions and their toxicities
 on a planarian.  Mode of action of the anions is discussed.
 Water distilled in glass was used to prepare the solutions.
 The pH of this solution was 4.8.  Solutions were renewed
 every 12  hours.
This assay is based on concentration of the chemical required
 to immobilize the test animal. Assays were conducted in
 centrifuged Lake Erie water.
Synthetic soft water was used. Toxicity data given as number
 of test fish surviving after exposure at 24, 48, and 96 hr.
 TLm values were estimated by straight-line graphical in-
 terpolation and given in ppm CN~.

Various metal salts were studied in relation to how they
 affected the BOD of both raw and treated sewage as well
 as how they affected the processing of sewage in the treat-
 ment plant. BOD was used as the parameter to measure the
 effect of the chemical. The chemical concentration cited
 is the ppm required to reduce the BOD values by 50%.
 This chemical was tested in an unbuffered system.
Green sunfish placed in cages in ponds 1 and 2 days after
 application of the chemical suffered 100 percent mortality
 at 1.0 ppm.
Toxicity seemed to be less in waters exhibiting high pH or
 low temperature.
                                                          Dowden and
                                                           Bennett
                                                           (1965)
                                                          Dowden and
                                                           Bennett
                                                           (1965)

                                                          Dowden and
                                                           Bennett
                                                           (1965)
                                                                                                                                               Jones
                                                                                                                                                 (1941)
Anderson
 (1946)

Jones
 (1941)
I
m
Z
D
X
Anderson
 (1946)


Doudoroff, et al
 (1956)
                                                                                                                                               Sheets
                                                                                                                                                 (1957)
                                                                                              Bridges
                                                                                               (1958)

-------
CHEMICALS
>
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Chemical
Sodium
cyanide











Sodium
cyanide


Sodium
cyanide








Sodium
cyanide




Sodium
cyanide




Sodium
cyanide

Sodium 2,5-
dichloro-
benzene-
sulfonate
Organism
Lepisosteus
osseus
Carassius
auratus
Cyprinus
carpio
Ictalurus
natal is
Micropterus
salmoides
Lepomis
cyanellus

Pimephales
promelas
Lepomis
macrochirus
Gasterosteus
aculeatus
Anguilla
anguilla
Phoxinus
phoxinus
Salmo
trutta
Carassius
auratus
Gammarus
pu/ex




Rana
temporaria




Green
sunfish

Daphnia
magna


Toxicity, Experimental
Bioassay Active Variables
or Field Field Ingredient, Controlled
Study*1) Location<2) ppm*3) or Noted*4)
BSA - 1.0(K<1) ace












BSA - (H)0.35(T4A) cdef
(S) 0.23 (T4A)
(H)0.15 (T4A)

BSA - 0.49 (K 8 hr) ace

0.49 (K 12 hr)

0.49 (K 6hr)

0.49 (K 2 hr)

4.9 (K 12 hr)

BCFA - (O) ace





BCFA - (O) ae





BSA and Okla. (O) -
FL

BSA - 3,890 (K) a c



Comments
After application of 1 ppm of the chemical to small farm
ponds, fish began to surface within 5 to 30 minutes.
At concentrations of 1 ppm and at a variety of temperature
and pH conditions, effective kills of a number of different
species of warm-water fishes were produced.
Concentrations of 1 ppm produced complete kill of all
species of fish within 8 hr.






(H) Value in hardwater.
(S) Value in softwater.


This rather long paper deals more with behavior (avoidance
reaction time, etc.) than other aspects of toxicity. However,
interpolation from several curves resulted in the concentra-
tions quoted. Avoidance occurred at concentrations as low
as 10-°N.





Temperature and pH were important factors determining the
behavior and reaction time of Gammarus during exposure
to solutions of this chemical. Most of the data were de-
scribing behavioral responses. However, in a solution of
0.00005N, the fish survived 1-1/2 hours. Gammarus were
somewhat more resistant to sodium cyanide than fish.
This report deals more with behavioral aspects than strict
toxicity. The response limit for frog tadpoles is about
0.49 ppm. Increased temperature, a higher pH, and the
amount of dissolved oxygen were critical. The response
limit for tadpoles was 0.00001 N. The tadpoles were less
sensitive than fish but more sensitive than Gammarus.
Sodium cyanide was found to be moderately effective as a
repellent at 5 mg/l and to produce an avoidance response
at 1 .0 mg/l. No response was noted at or below 0.5 mg/l.
Assay water was not characterized chemically or otherwise
described. The pH at 100 percent toxicity was 7.1.


Reference
(Year)
Bridges
(1958)











Henderson, et al
(1959)


Costa
(1965)








Costa
(1965)




Costa
(1965)




Summerfelt
and Lewis
(1967)
Freeman
(1953)


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-------
    Sodium 2,5-
     dichloro-
     benzene
     sulfonate
    Sodium
     dichromate


    Sodium
     dichromate


    Sodium
     dinitrophenate
    Sodium
     ferrocyanide
m
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    Sodium
     fluoride

    Sodium
     fluoride

    Sodium
     fluoride
30
m
M  Sodium
°   fluoride

9
m  Sodium
—   formate
                      Daphnia
                       magna
                      Lepomis
                       macrochirus
                      Lymnaea sp
                       (eggs)
                      Gambusia
                       affinis


                      Daphnia
                       magna


                      Phoxinus
                       phoxinus
                      Polycelis
                       nigra
Sodium
ferrocyanide
Sodium
fluoride
Daphnia
magna
Polycelis
nigra
Daphnia
 magna


Gambusia
 affinis


Rainbow
 trout
                      Homarus
                       americanus


                      Daphnia
                       magna
                      BSA
                      BSA
                     BSA
                     BSA
                      BSA
                                            BSA
                                            BSA
                                            BSA
BSA
                                            BSA
                                            BSA
                      BSA
                           1,468 (T4A)

                           3,750 (T4A)

                           4,513 (T4A)

                           420 (T2A)



                           22 (T1A)
                           250 ppm
                            (17.7 min)
                           100 ppm
                            (61.0 min)
                           50 ppm
                            (209.0 min)
                           0.0008M (L2)
                                                                       <600 (O)
                                                                       0.0011M (L2)
                           504 (O)
925 (T2A)
                           5.9-7.5
                             (T2A)*
                           2.6-6.0
                             (T2A)**
                             *45 F
                             *55 F
                           0.9-4.5
                             (SB10)


                           <5200 (O)
                                    "Standard reference water" was described and used as well
                                      as lake water.  Varied results were obtained when evalua-
                                      tions were made in various types of water.
£ c d e g        The effect of turbidity on the toxicity of the chemicals was
~~               studied. Test water was from a farm pond with "high"
                turbidity. Additional data are presented.
  a_ c           "Standard reference water" was described and used as well
  ~~             as lake water. Varied results were obtained when evalua-
                tions were made in various types of water.
               Tap or distilled water used as diluent. Toxicity defined as
                theavg time when the fish lost equilibrium when exposed
                to the test chemical (ppm dinitrophenate).
   c           This is part of a report listing 27 anions and their toxicities
                on a planarian. Mode of action of the anions is discussed.
                Water distilled in glass was used to prepare the solutions.
                The pH of this solution was 6.4.  Solutions were renewed
                every 12 hours.
   —           This assay is based on concentration of the chemical required
                to immobilize the test animal. Assays were conducted in
                centrifuged Lake Erie water.
   c           This is part of a report listing 27 anions and their toxicities
                on a planarian. Mode of action of the anions is discussed.
                Water distilled in glass was used to prepare the solutions.
                The pH of this solution was 7.2.  Solutions were renewed
                every 12 hours.
   —           This assay is based on concentration of the chemical required
                to immobilize the test animal. Assays were conducted in
                centrifuged Lake Erie water.
£ c d e g        The effect of turbidity on the toxicity of the chemicals was
                studied.  Test water was from a farm pond with "high"
                turbidity. Additional data are presented.
   a_           This study postulates that temperature affects the toxicity
                of fluoride concentration because of its effect on the
                metabolic rate of the fish. TLm values are given as
               Fluoride was not toxic even at levels five times those gen-
                erally used in municipal water supplies. The lobsters
                employed weighed 500 grams.
               This assay is based on concentration of the chemical required
                to immobilize the test animal. Assays were conducted in
                centrifuged Lake Erie water.  Toxic effect may be a result
                of unfavorable osmotic effect.
                                                                                                                                               Dowden and
                                                                                                                                                Bennett
                                                                                                                                                (1965)
                                                                                              Wallen, et al
                                                                                                (1957)

                                                                                              Dowden and
                                                                                                Bennett
                                                                                                (1965)
                                                                                              Grindley
                                                                                                (1946)
                                                                                                                                               Jones
                                                                                                                                                (1941)
                                                                                                                                               Anderson
                                                                                                                                                (1946)

                                                                                                                                               Jones
                                                                                                                                                (1941)
                                                                         Anderson
                                                                          (1946)

                                                                         Wallen, et al
                                                                          (1957)

                                                                         Anonymous
                                                                          (1966)
                                                                                              Stewart and
                                                                                               Cormick
                                                                                               (1964)
                                                                                              Anderson
                                                                                               (1946)
                                                                                                                                          m
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CHEMICALS
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Chemical
Sodium
formate

Sodium
hydrosulfide


Sodium
hydrosulfide




Sodium
hydroxide



Sodium
hydroxide





Sodium
hydroxide







Sodium
hydroxide


Sodium
hydroxide




Sodium
hydroxide



Bioassay
or Field
Organism Study (1)
Lepomis BSA
macrochirus

Gambusia BSA
at 'finis


Semotilus BSA
atromaculatus




Polycelis BSA
n/gra



Daphnia BSA
magna





Micropterus BSA
sa/moides
(large mouth
bass)
Lepomis
macrochirus
Goldfish


Daphnia BSA
magna


Oncorhyncus BSA
tshawytscha
Oncorhyncus
kisutch
Salmo clarkii
clarkii
Semotilus BSA
Atromaculatus



Toxicity,
Active
Field Ingredient,
Location (2) ppm '3)
5,000 (T1 A)


206 (T2A)



4to10(CR)





0.000004M
(L2)



240 (O)






50 (0)



50(0)

50(0)


156(0)



48 (K5)
20 (K5)
35 (K5)



20 to 40 (CR)




Experimental
Variables
Controlled
or Noted(4) Comments
a c "Standard reference water" was described and used as well
~ as lake water. Varied results were obtained when evalua-
tions were made in various types of water.
a c d e g The effect of turbidity on the toxicity of the chemicals
~ was studied. Test water was from a farm pond with
"high" turbidity. Additional data are presented.

a e Test water used was freshly aerated Detroit River water. A
typical water analysis is given. Toxicity is expressed as the
"critical range" (CR), which was defined as that concentra-
tion in ppm below which the 4 test fish lived for 24 hr and
above which all test fish died. Additional data are presented.

c This is part of a report listing 27 anions and their toxicities
on a planarian. Mode of action of the anions is discussed.
Water distilled in glass was used to prepare the solutions.
The pH of this solution was 7.8. Solutions were renewed
every 12 hours.
a c This paper deals with the toxicity thresholds of various sub-
stances found in industrial wastes as determined by the use
of D. magna. Centrifuged Lake Erie water was used as a
diluent in the bioassay. Threshold concentration was
defined as the highest concentration which would just fail
to immobilize the animals under prolonged (theoretically
infinite) exposure.
a c f p i The disposal of cannery wastes frequently involves the use of
~~ chemicals for treatment purposes. Ferrous sulphate, alum,
and lime are used in chemical coagulation; sodium carbonate
for acidity control in biological filters; and sodium nitrate in
lagoons for odor control. Lye (sodium hydroxide) peeling
of certain fruits and vegetables is not uncommon. These
chemicals, in whole or part, are discharged in most cases to
a stream. The concentrations listed permitted fish to survive
indefinitely.
— This assay is based on concentration of the chemical required
to immobilize the test animal. Assays were conducted in
centrifuged Lake Erie water. Toxic effect may be due to
the rise in pH to 9.1-9.5.
a d e This chemical is one of a number that may be found in Kraft
~ mill waste effluents. Data are expressed as minimum lethal
concentration for 5 days.



a e Test water used was freshly aerated Detroit River water. A
typical water analysis is given. Toxicity is expressed as the
"critical range" (CR), which was defined as that concentra-
tion in ppm below which the 4 test fish lived for 24 hr and
above which all test fish died. Additional data are presanted-
Reference
(Year)
Dowden and
Bennett
(1965)
Wallen, et al
(1957)


Copeland and
Woods
(1959)



Jones
(1941)



Anderson
(1944)





Sanborn
(1945)







Anderson
(1946)


Haydu, et al
(1952)




Gillette, et al
(1952)



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-------
    Sodium
      hydroxide
    Sodium
     hydroxide
    Sodium
      hydroxide
    Sodium
     hydroxide


    Sodium
     hydroxide
    Sodium
     hydroxide
    Sodium
     iodate
s
m  Sodium
_   iodide
    Sodium
to   iodide
    Sodium
     iodate
    Sodium
     metaarsenite
£
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m
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"i   Sodium
—    mono-
 Lepomis
  macrochirus
Lepomis
 gibbosus
Lepomis
 gibbosus
Gambusia
 affinis


Lepomis
 macrochirus
Biomorpholaria
 a. alexandrina
Bulinus
 truncatus
Lymnaea
 caillaudi
Polycelis
 nigra
Polycelis
 nigra
Daphnia
 magna

Daphnia
 magna
Sewage
 organisms
Daphnia
 magna
BCFA
BSA
                                            FL
BSA
BSA
BSA
               Durham,
                N. H.
BSA




BSA

BSA


BSA

BOD
(O)





5 (K 3-5 min)




5 (K 3-5 min)




125 (T2A)



9.9 (pH, T4A)




450 (K1 A)

150 (K1A)

150 (K1A)

0.0013M (L2)




0.044M (L2)

3.3 (O)


<158(0)

(NTE)
                                            BSA
     hydrogen
     phosphate
                           1,154(T1A)
                           1,089 (T2A)
                           426 (T4A)
 a c e f         Test water was composed of distilled water with CP grade       Cairns and
                chemicals and was aerated throughout the 96-hour             Scheier
                exposure period.                                           (1955)
               At pH 9.8, all fish survived.  At pH 9.9 to 10.1 after 4 days,
                only one-half survived. At pH 10.41 to 10.50, only
                10 percent survived after 3 days.
   c           The author suggests placing pellets of sodium  hydroxide        Jackson
                in the nests of the sunfish when eggs or fry are present.         (1956)
                This method for controlling sunfish was developed first
                in the laboratory in petri dishes and later conducted in
                the field.
   a           The chemical must be applied after spawning begins and        Jackson
                before the fry leave the nest. The author suggests placing      (1956)
                pellets of sodium hydroxide in the nest of the sunfish
                when eggs or fry are present.
£ c d e g        The effect of turbidity on the toxicity of the chemicals         Wallen, et al
~~               was studied. Test water was from a farm pond with            (1957)
                "high" turbidity.  Additional data are presented.
a c d e i        A "control" was prepared by adding  required  chemicals to     Cairns and
                distilled water, and this was constantly aerated. Data          Scheier
                reported are for larger fish, approximately 14.24 cm in         (1959)
                length.  Data for smaller fish are also in the report.
   a           The degree of tolerance for vector snails of biharziasis to        Goharand
                chemicals is somewhat dependent upon temperature.           EI-Gindy
                The temperature at which (K1A) occurred was 27 C.           (1961)
               This is part of a report listing 27 anions and their toxicities     Jones
                on a planarian.  Mode of action of the anions is discussed.       (1941)
                Water distilled in glass was used to prepare the solutions.
                The pH of this solution was 8.0.  Solutions were renewed
                every 12  hours.
               Comment  same as above.                                    Jones
                                                                           (1941)
               This assay is based on concentration of the chemical required    Anderson
                to immobilize the test animal. Assays were conducted in        (1946)
                centrifuged Lake Erie water.
               Comment  same as above except value may be only half of       Anderson
                that reported.                                              (1946)
               The purpose of this paper was to devise a toxicity index for     Hermann
                industrial wastes.  Results are recorded as the toxic con-         (1959)
                centration producing 50 percent inhibition (TCsfj) of
                oxygen utilization as compared to controls. Five toxi-
                grams depicting the effect of the chemicals on BOD were
                devised and each chemical classified.
               "Standard reference water" was described and used as well      Dowden and
                as lake water. Varied results were obtained when evalua-         Bennett
                tions were made in various types of water.                      (1965)
                                                                                                                                          m
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Chemical
Sodium
mono-
hydrogen
phosphate
plus sodium
pyrophosphate
Sodium
napthalene
B-sulfonate
Sodium
nitrate




Sodium
nitrate



Sodium
nitrate



Sodium
nitrate





Sodium
nitrate








Sodium
nitrate



Organism
Daphnia
magna
Lymnaea sp
(eggs)


Daphnia
magna

Carassius
carassius




Gasterosteus
aculeatus



Polycelis
nigra



Daphnia
magna





Micropterus
salmoides
Lepomis
macrochirus
Goldfish





Daphnia
magna



Toxicity,
Bioassay Active
or Field Field Ingredient,
Study'1) Location'2) ppm'3)
BSA - 3,580 (T1 A)
433 (T1A)
2,685 (T1A)
63 (T1A)


BSA - 308 (K)


BSA - (O)





BSA - 500 (K10)




BSA - 0.043M (L2)




BSA - 8,500 (0)






BSA - 4,000 (0)

2,000 (O)

2,000 (0)





BSA - 5,000 (0)




Experimental
Variables
Controlled
or Noted'4) Comments
a c "Standard reference water" was described and used as well
~~ as lake water. Varied results were obtained when evalua-
tions were made in various types of water.
Each TLm value is equal to the concentration of each re-
spective chemical.

a c Assay water was not characterizied chemically or otherwise
~~ described. The pH at 100 percent toxicity was 7.1.

a This old, lengthy paper discusses toxicity of many chemicals,
possible mechanism of action of some, the effect of tem-
perature, effect of dissolved oxygen, the efficiency of the
goldfish as a test animal, compares this work with earlier
work, and lists an extensive bibliography.
In 0.220N solution, fish survived 171 minutes.
— Solutions were made up in tap water. 3.0 to 5.0 cm stickle-
back fish were used as experimental animals. This paper
points out that there is a marked relationship between the
toxicity of the metals and their solution pressures. Those
with low solution pressures were the most toxic.
c This is part of a report listing 27 anions and their toxicities
on a planarian. Mode of action of the anions is discussed.
Water distilled in glass was used to prepare the solutions.
The pH of this solution was 7.2. Solutions were renewed
every 12 hours.
a c This paper deals with the toxicity thresholds of various sub-
stances found in industrial wastes as determined by the use
of D. magna. Centrifuged Lake Erie water was used as a
diluent in the bioassay. Threshold concentration was
defined as the highest concentration which would just fail
to immobilize the animals under prolonged (theoretically
infinite) exposure.
a c f p i The disposal of cannery wastes frequently involves the use of
chemicals for treatment purposes. Ferrous sulphate, alum.
and lime are used in chemical coagulation; sodium carbonate
for acidity control in biological filters; and sodium nitrate in
lagoons for odor control. Lye (sodium hydroxide) peeling
of certain fruits and vegetables is not uncommon. These
chemicals, in whole or part, are discharged in most cases to
a stream. The concentrations listed permitted large mouth
bass to survive indefinitely, bluegills to survive 3 days to
indefinitely, and goldfish to survive 4 days.
— This assay is based on concentration of the chemical required
to immobilize the test animal. Assays were conducted in
centrifuged Lake Erie water. Toxic effect may be caused
when the chemical concentration is high enough to exert
unfavorable osmotic effect.
Reference
(Year)
Dowden and
Bennett
(1965)



Freeman
(1953)

Powers
(1918)




Jones
(1939)



Jones
(1941)



Anderson
(1944)





Sanborn
(1945)








Anderson
(1946)























>
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-------
\o
      Sodium
       nitrate
      Sodium
       nitrate

      Sodium
       nitrate

      Sodium
       nitrate
      Sodium
       nitrite
      Sodium
       nitrate
      Sodium
       nitrate
  o
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JJj   nitrite

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H   nitrite
C
3)
m
CO
Lepomis
 macrochirus
Lepomis
 macrochirus

Gambusia
 affinis

Lepomis
 macrochirus
Sewage
 organisms
Biomorpholaria
 a. alexandrina
Bulinus
 truncatus

Carassius
 carassius
Daphnia
 magna
Lepomis
 macrochirus
Lymnaea sp
 (eggs)

Polycelis
 nigra
                        Daphnia
                         magna
BSA
BCFA
BSA
BSA
                                              BOD
BSA
BSA
                                              BSA
                      BSA
12,000 (T4A)






9,500 (T4A)



10,000 (T2A)



9,000 (T4A)




(NTE)
6,000 (K1A)

3,100 (K1A)

12,150 (T1A)

4,206 (T4A)

12,800 (T1A)

6,375 (T1A)
5,950 (T2A)
3,251 (T4A)
0.0006M (L2)
                           <20 (O)
 a d e f         This paper reports the LDgQ in 96 hours for 8 common
                inorganic salts.  A synthetic dilution water of controlled
                hardness was prepared for use in the experiments. Among
                other variables, specific conductivity, as mhos at 20 C, was
                measured.  If this salt is toxic to fish, this experiment did
                not demonstrate it.
 a c e f         Test water was composed of distilled water with CP grade
                chemicals and was aerated  throughout the 96-hour
                exposure period.
£ c d e g        The effect of turbidity on the  toxicity on the chemicals was
                studied.  Test water was from a farm pond with "high"
                turbidity. Additional data are presented.

!L——^.l.        A "control" was prepared by adding required chemicals to
                distilled water, and this was constantly aerated. Data re-
                ported are for larger fish, approximately 14.24 cm in
                length.  Data for smaller fish  are also in the report.
   —           The purpose of this paper was to devise a toxicity index for
                industrial wastes.  Results are recorded as the toxic con-
                centration producing 50 percent inhibition (TC5Q) of
                oxygen utilization as compared to controls.  Five toxi-
                grams depicting the  effect of  the chemicals on BOD were
                devised and each chemical classified.
   a           The degree of tolerance for vector snails of biharziasis to
                chemicals is somewhat dependent upon temperature.
                The temperature at which (K1 A) occurred was 28 C for
                Bulinus and 26 C for Biomophalaria.
  a_c           "Standard reference water" was described and used as well
                as lake water. Varied results were obtained when evalua-
                tions were made in various types of water.
               This is part of a report listing 27 anions and their toxicities
                on a planarian.  Mode of action of the anions is discussed.
                Water distilled in glass was used to prepare the solutions.
                The pH of this solution was 6.0. Solutions were renewed
                every 12  hours.
               This assay is based on concentration of the chemical required
                to immobilize the test animal. Assays were conducted in
                entrifuged Lake Erie water.
                                                                                                                          Trama
                                                                                                                            (1954)
                                                                                                                                                                       Cairns and
                                                                                                                                                                        Scheier
                                                                                                                                                                        (1955)
                                                                                                                                                                       Wallen, et al
                                                                                                                                                                        (1957)

                                                                                                                                                                       Cairns and
                                                                                                                                                                        Scheier
                                                                                                                                                                        (1959)

                                                                                                                                                                       Hermann
                                                                                                                                                                        (1959)
                                                                                                                                                                      Gohar and
                                                                                                                                                                        EI-Gindy
                                                                                                                                                                        (1961)

                                                                                                                                                                      Dowden and
                                                                                                                                                                        Bennett
                                                                                                                                                                        (1965)
                                                                                                                                           m
                                                                                                                                           D
                                                                                                                                                                        Jones
                                                                                                                                                                         (1941)
                                                                                                                                                Anderson
                                                                                                                                                 (1946)
  O
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CHEMICALS
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Chemical
Sodium
nitrite



Sodium
nitrite

Sodium m-
nitrobenzene
sulfonate

Sodium m-
nitrobenzene
sulfonate
Sodium 4-
nitrochloro-
benzene-2-
sulfonate


Sodium 4-
nitrochloro-
benzene-2-
sulfonate
Sodium
nitroprusside



Sodium
nitroprusside


Sodium 4-
nitrotoluene-
2-sulfonate
Sodium
oxalate



Organism
Semotilus
atromaculatus



Gambusia
af finis

Daphnia
magna
Lepomis
macrochirus
Daphnia
magna

Daphnia
magna
Lepomis
macrochirus
Lymnaea sp
(eggs)
Daphnia
magna


Polycelis
nigra



Daphnia
magna


Lepomis
macrochirus

Polycelis
nigra



Toxicity,
Bioassay Active
or Field Field Ingredient,
StudyCO Location*2* ppm<3)
BSA - 400 to 2000
(CR)



BSA - 7.5 (T2A)


BSA - 2,235 (T4A)

1,350 (T1A)

BSA - 5,61 8 (K)


BSA - 1 ,474 (T4A)

6,375 (T4A)

3,532 (T1A)
3,208 (T2A)
BSA - 3,187 (K)



BSA - 0.0008M (L2)




BSA - <210 (O)



BSA - 1,440(T1A)


BSA - 0.011m(L2)




Experimental
Variables
Controlled
or Noted (4) Comments
a e Test water used was freshly aerated Detroit River water. A
~ typical water analysis is given. Toxicity is expressed as the
"critical range" (CR), which was defined as that concentra-
tion in ppm below which the 4 test fish lived for 24 hr and
above which all test fish died. Additional data are presented.
a c d e g The effect of turbidity on the toxicity of the chemicals was
~~ studied. Test water was from a farm pond with "high"
turbidity. Additional data are presented.
a c "Standard reference water'' was described and used as well
~~ as lake water. Varied results were obtained when evalua-
tions were made in various types of water.

a c Assay water was not characterized chemically or otherwise
~ described. The pH at 100 percent toxicity was 8.6.

a c "Standard reference water" was described and used as well
~~ as lake water. Varied results were obtained when evalua-
tions were made in various types of water.



a c Assay water was not characterized chemically or otherwise
described. The pH at 100 percent toxicity was 6.9.


c This is part of a report listing 27 anions and their toxicities
on a planarian. Mode of action of the anions is discussed.
Water distilled in glass was used to prepare the solutions.
The pH of this solution was 6.0. Solutions were renewed
every 12 hours.
— This assay is based on concentration of the chemical re-
quired to immobilize the test animal. Assays were con-
ducted in centrifuged Lake Erie water. Value may be
half of that reported.
a c "Standard reference water" was described and used as well
as lake water. Varied results were obtained when evalua-
tions were made in various types of water.
c This is part of a report listing 27 anions and their toxicities
on a planarian. Mode of action of the anions is discussed.
Water distilled in glass was used to prepare the solutions.
The pH of this solution was 7.2. Solutions were renewed
every 12 hours.
Reference
(Year)
Gillette, et al
(1952)



Wallen, et al
(1957)

Dowden and
Bennett
(1965)

Freeman
(1953)

Dowden and
Bennett
(1965)



Freeman
(1953)


Jones
(1941)



Anderson
(1946)


Dowden and
Bennett
(1965)
Jones
(1941)






















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-------
    Sodium
     oxalate

    Sodium
     oxalate

    Sodium
     oxalate
    Sodium
     oxalate

    Sodium
     pentachloro-
     phenate
O
m
Q  Sodium
>   pentachloro-
E>   phenate
>   (88 percent)
O
Z
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30
m
en
Daphnia              BSA
 magna

Gambusia             BSA
 affinis

Sewage               BOD
 organisms
Lepomis             BSA
 macrochirus


Erisymba             BSA
 buccata (EB)
Notropis
 umbratilis (NU>
Pimephales
 notatus (PN)
Campostoma
 anomalum
Notropis
 whipplii 
-------
CHEMICALS
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Chemical
Sodium
pentachloro-
phenate









Sodium
pentachloro-
phenate







Sodium
pentachloro-
phenate
Sodium
pentachloro-
phenolate
Sodium
pentachloro-
phenate
Sodium
pentachloro-
phenate



Sodium
pentachloro-
phenate
Bioassay
or Field
Organism Study 0)
Cylindrospermum L
lichen/forme (CD
Microcystis
aeruginosa (Ma)
Scenedesmus
obliquus (So)
Chlorella
variegata (Cv)
Gomphonema
parvulum (Gpl
Nitzschia
palea (Np)
Lebistes BSA
reticulatus








Pimephales BSA
promelas

Channel BSA
catfish
(fingerlings)
Lebistes BSCH
reticulatus

Oncorhynchus BSA
kisutch




Tubificid BSA
worms

Toxicity,
Active
Field Ingredient,
Location^) ppm(3)
2.0 (O)











2 (K 94%-
1440 min)
4 (K 100%-
300 min)
8 (K 100%-
90 min)
15(K 100%-
40 min)
25 (K 100%-
25 min)
0.32-0.35
(T1A)

0.46 (K1A)


0.5 (44.6%
K90)

3.0 (0)





0.31 (T1A)


Experimental
Variables
Controlled
or Noted(4) Comments
a Observations were made on the 3rd, 7th, 14th, and 21st days
~~ to give the following (T = toxic, NT = nontoxic, PT =
partially toxic with number of days in parentheses. No
number indicates observation is for entire test period of
21 days):
Cl -T(3)
Ma -T (3)
So - PT (7)
Cv -NT
Gp -PT (7)
Np -T (3)

— Standard curves are developed for use in determining concen-
trations for molluscicidal use in field conditions.








a c d f Temperature and pH were studied as variables. The lower the
pH, the more toxic the chemical was to the fish. As tem-
perature was increased the toxicity rose proportionately.
a Tap water was used. Considerable additional data are
presented.

a c d e Sublethal effects found were retarded growth.


a e The value reported is obtained by a complex mathematical
treatment and is for "median resistance times" of juvenile
salmon with varying levels of salinity, temperature, and
dissolved oxygen. At 3.0 mg/l pentachlorophenate, the
maximum response (toxicity) was calculated to be 17.68%
salt concentration, 4.86 c, and 7.66 mg/l of dissolved oxygen.
a c Knop's solution was used. TLm levels for various pH's were
determined. This compound was more toxic at the lower
pH levels studied.
Reference
(Year)
Palmer and
Maloney
(1955)









Klock
(1956)








Crandall and
Goodnight
(1959)
Clemens and
Sneed
(1959)
Crandall and
Goodnight
(1962)
Alderdice
(1963)




Whitley
(1968)






















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o
Sodium
pentachloro-
phenate
plus sodium
salts of other
phenols






Sodium
perborate
Sodium p-
phenol
sulfonate
Sodium p-
phenol
sulfonate



Sodium
phosphate
Sodium
phosphate

Sodium
phosphate

Sodium
picrate




Sodium
propionate


Sodium
pyrophosphate

Cylindrospermum
lichen/forme (CD
Microcystis
aeruginosa {Ma)
Scenedesmus
obliquus (Sol
Chlorella
variegata (Cv)
Gomphonema
parvulum (Gp)
Nitzschia
palea (Np)
Daphnia
magna
Daphnia
magna

Daphnia
magna
Lepomis
macrochirus
Lymnaea sp
(eggs)
Polycelis
nigra
Gambusia
af finis

Daphnia
magna

Phoxinus
phoxinus




Culex sp
(larvae)
Lepomis
macrochirus
Gambusia
affinis

                                                                       2.0 (O)
                                            BSA
                                            BSA
                                            BSA
                                            BSA
                                            BSA
                                            BSA
                                            BSA
                                            BSA
                                            BSA
<5.2 (O)



5,623 (K)




1,471 (T4A)

19,616 (T4A)

8,828 (T4A)

0.026M (L2)




720 (T2A)
237 (T1A)
177 (T2A)
126(T3A)
2000 ppm
 (192 min)
1000 ppm
 (369 min)
200 ppm
 (1563 min)
2,320 (T2A)

5,000 (T1A)
1,380 (T2A)
                                                                                             a cd e g
                                                                                             a c e f
a cd e g
               Observations were made on the 3rd, 7th, 14th, and 21st days   Palmer and
                to give the following (T = toxic, NT = nontoxic, PT =          Maloney
                partially toxic with number of days in parentheses. No        (1955)
                number indicates observation is for entire test period of
                21  days):
                 Cl -PT
                 Ma -PT (14), NT (21)
                 So -PT (14), NT (21)
                 Cv -NT
                 Gp - PT (7)
                 Np -T(3)

               This assay is based on concentration of the chemical required   Anderson
                to  immobilize the test animal. Assays were conducted in        (1946)
                centrif uged Lake Erie water.
               Assay water was not characterized chemically or otherwise     Freeman
                described.  The pH at 100 percent toxicity was 6.7.             (1953)
                                                                                                           "Standard reference water" was described and used as well      Dowden and
                                                                                                             as lake water.  Varied results were obtained when evalua-        Bennett
                                                                                                             tions were made in various types of water.                     (1965)
               This is part of a report listing 27 anions and their toxicities     Jones
                on a planarian.  Mode of action of the anions is discussed.       (1941)
                Water distilled in glass was used to prepare the solutions.
                The pH of this solution was 6.6. Solutions were renewed
                every 12 hours.
               The effect of turbidity on the toxicity of the chemicals was     Wallen, et al
                studied.  Test water was from  a farm pond with  "high"          (1957)
                turbidity. Additional data are presented.

               "Standard reference water" was described and used as well     Dowden and
                as lake water. Varied results were obtained when evalua-        Bennett
                tions were made in various types of water.                     (1965)
               Tap or distilled water used as diluent. Toxicity defined as      Grindley
                the average time when the fish lost equilibrium when           (1946)
                exposed to the test  chemical (ppm picrate).
"Standard reference water" was described and used as well      Dowden and
 as lake water. Varied results were obtained when evalua-        Bennett
 tions were made in various types of water.                     (1965)

The effect of turbidity on the toxicity of the chemicals         Wallen, et al
 was studied. Test water was from a farm pond with "high"     (1957)
 turbidity. Additional data are presented.
                                                                                                                                                                                      m
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CHEMICALS
2
0
S
3
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Chemical
Sodium
pyrophosphate

Sodium
salicylate


Sodium
silicate

Sodium
silicate

Sodium
silicate





Sodium
silicate-
Sodium
sulfate
Sodium
stearate


Sodium
sulfate



Sodium
sulfate





Sodium
sulfate


Organism
Daphnia
magna

Daphnia
magna


Daphnia
magna

Gambusia
al 'finis

Amphipoda


Daphnia
magna
Lymnaea sp
(eggs)
Daphnia
magna


Pimephales
promelas
(juveniles)

Polycelis
nigra



Daphnia
magna





Daphnia
magna


Toxicity,
Bioassay Active
or Field Field Ingredient,
Studyd) Location(2) ppm.(3)
BSA - 433 (T1 A)


BSA - 1,450(O)



BSA - 2.47 (O)


BSA - 2,400 (T2A)


BSA - 895 (T1A)
263 (T2A)
160 (T4A)
247 (T4A)

630 (T1-4A)

BSA - 158(O)

2,899 (O)

BSA - (S) 200
(T1-4A)
(H) 1,800
(T1-4A)
BSA - 0.048M (L2)




BSA - 7,1 05 (O)






BSA - 5,960 (O)



Experimental
Variables
Controlled
or Noted (4) Comments
a c "Standard reference water" was described and used as well
~ as lake water. Varied results were obtained when evalua-
tions were made in various types of water.
— This assay is based on concentration of the chemical required
to immobilize the test animal. Assays were conducted in
centrifuged Lake Erie water.

a c Standard reference water used. Toxicity threshold is defined
as that concentration which immobilizes 50 percent in a
100-hr exposure period.
a c d e g The effect of turbidity on the toxicity of the chemicals was
studied. Test water was from a farm pond with "high"
turbidity. Additional data are presented.
a c "Standard reference water" was described and used as well
~ as lake water. Varied results were obtained when evalua-
tions were made in various types of water.




a c Standard reference water used. Toxicity threshold is defined
as that concentration which immobilizes 50 percent in a
100-hr exposure period.

a c d f Syndets and soaps were of nearly equal toxicity in soft water
(S) but syndets were approximately 40X more toxic than
soap in hard water (H). Pure compound was less toxic than
packaged soap products.
c This is part of a report listing 27 anions and their toxicities
on a planarian. Mode of action of the anions is discussed.
Water distilled in glass was used to prepare the solutions.
The pH of this solution was 6.6. Solutions were renewed
every 12 hours.
a c This paper deals with the toxicity thresholds of various sub-
stances found in industrial wastes as determined by the use
of D. magna. Centrifuged Lake Erie water was used as a
diluent in the bioassay. Threshold concentration was defined
as the highest concentration which would just fail to
immobilize the animals under prolonged (theoretically
infinite) exposure.
— This assay is based on concentration of the chemical required
to immobilize the test animal. Assays were conducted in
centrifuged Lake Erie water. This salt may be innocuous
until the concentration exerts an unfavorable osmotic effect.
Reference
(Year)
Dowden and
Bennett
(1965)
Anderson
(1946)


Freeman and
Fowler
(1953)
Wallen, et al
(1957)

Dowden and
Bennett
(1965)




Freeman and
Fowler
(1953)

Henderson, et al
(1959)


Jones
(1941)



Anderson
(1944)





Anderson
(1946)






















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-------

    Sodium
      sulphate
    Sodium
     sulfate
    Sodium
     sulfate

    Sodium
     sulfate
Sodium
 sulfate

Sodium
 sulfate
    Sodium
     sulfate
O
nj  Sodium
—   sulphate
>
O
?   Sodium
JJ    sulfate

C
3)
m
c/>
 Oncorhyncus
  kisutch
 Sal mo clarkii
  clarkii
 Lepomis
  macrochirus
Lepomis
 macrochirus

Daphnia
 magna
                                        BSA
                                        BSA
                                        BCFA
                                        BSA
                       Gambusia
                       affinis
                      Lepomis
                       macrochirus
Pimephales
 promelas
 (juveniles)
                      Biomorpholaria
                       a. alexandrina
                      Bui in us
                       truncatus
                      Lymnaea
                       caillaudi
                      Hydro psychidae

                      Stenonema
                       ares
                      S.  heterotarsale
                      BSA
                      BSA
                                        BSA
                      BSA
                      BCFA
16,500 (K5A)

6,700 (K5A)

13,500 (T4A)
12,500 (T4A)



5,514 (O)
                                                 17,500 (T2A)
                                                 12,500 (T4A)
                                                                   (S) 9,000-
                                                                     13,000
                                                                     (T1-4A)
                                                                   (H) 13,500-
                                                                     14,000
                                                                     (T1-4A)
                                                                   4,800 (K1 A)

                                                                   900(K1A)

                                                                   1,000 (K1A)

                                                                   320
                                                                     (K 15%-4da)
                                                                   320
                                                                     (K50%-4da)
                                                                   320
                                                                     (K30%-4da)
                                                                                              ^d e          This chemical is one of a number that may be found in Kraft
                                                                                              ~~              mill waste effluents. Data are expressed as minimum lethal
                                                                                                             concentration for 5 days.

                                                                                              a d e f         This paper reports the \-D$Q in 96 hours for 8 common
                                                                                                             inorganic salts. A synthetic dilution water of controlled
                                                                                                             hardness was prepared for use in the experiments. Among
                                                                                                             other variables, specific conductivity, as mhos at 20 C, was
                                                                                                             measured.

                                                                                              a c e f         Test water was composed of distilled water with CP grade
                                                                                                             chemicals and was aerated.

                                                                                              a c           The primary aim of this study was to determine the effects
                                                                                                             of lowered dissolved oxygen concentration upon an aquatic
                                                                                                             invertebrate when  exposed to solutions of inorganic salts
                                                                                                             known to be present in various industrial effluents.  Analysis
                                                                                                             of data conclusively shows the D. magna tested under
                                                                                                             lowered oxygen tension exhibited lower threshold values
                                                                                                             for the chemicals studied than when tested at atmospheric
                                                                                                             dissolved  oxygen.
                                                                                             £ c d e g        The effect  of turbidity  on the toxicity of the chemicals was
                                                                                                             studied.  Test water was from a farm pond with "high"
                                                                                                             turbidity. Additional data are presented.
                                                                                             a c d e i         A "control" was prepared by adding required  chemicals to
                                                                                                             distilled water, and this was constantly aerated.  Data
                                                                                                             reported are for larger fish, approximately 14.24 cm in
                                                                                                             length. Data for smaller fish are also in the report.
                                                                                              a c d f         Syndets and soaps were of nearly equal toxicity in soft water
                                                                                                             (S) but syndets were approximately 40X more toxic than
                                                                                                             soap in hard water (H). The surfactant rather than the
                                                                                                             builder contained the toxicant.
                                                                                     The degree of tolerance for vector snails of biharziasis to
                                                                                      chemicals is somewhat dependent upon temperature.  The
                                                                                      temperatures at which (K1 A) occurred was 27 C for Bulinus
                                                                                      and Lymnaea and 26 C for Biomorpholaria.
                                                                       a c d e        Soft water used as diluent. Additional data are presented.
                                                                                                                                                                  Haydu, et al
                                                                                                                                                                   (1952)
                                                                                                                                                                  Trama
                                                                                                                                                                   (1954)
Cairns and
 Scheier
 (1955)
Fairchild
 (1955)
                                                                                              Wallen, et al
                                                                                                (1957)


                                                                                              Cairns and
                                                                                               Scheier
                                                                                                (1959)

                                                                                              Henderson, et al
                                                                                                (1960)
                                                                                              Gohar and
                                                                                               EI-Gindy
                                                                                               (1961)
                                                                                              Surber and
                                                                                               Thatcher
                                                                                               (1963)
                I
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                D
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CHEMICALS
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Chemical
Sodium
sulfate













Sodium
sulfate




Sodium
sulfhydrate




Sodium
sulfide

Sodium
sulfide



Sodium
sulphide




Sodium
sulfide

Bioassay
or Field
Organism Study (D
Amphipoda BSA


Culex sp
(larvae)
Daphnia
magna (adult)
Daphnia
magna (young)
Lepomis
macrochirus
Lymnaea sp
(eggs)
Mollienesia
latopinna
Nitzschia BSA
linearis
Lepomis
macrochirus


Oncorhyncus BSA
tshawytscha
Oncorhyncus
kisutch
Salmo clarkii
clarkii
Daphnia BSA
magna

Gasterosteus BSA
aculeatus



Oncorhyncus BSA
tshawytscha
Oncorhyncus
kisutch
Salmo clarkii
clarkii
Gambusia BSA
a f fin is

Toxicity,
Active
Field Ingredient,
Location(2) ppm<3)
- 2,380 (T1A)
1,110 (T2A)
880 (T4A)
11,430 (T1A)

4,547 (T4A)

6,800 (T1A)

17,500 (T1A)

5,401 (T1A)
3,553 (T4A)
20,000 (T1A)
15,996 (T2A)
1,900(T5A)

1 3,500 (T4A)



3.3 (K5)
3.5 (K5)
1.8IK5)



9.4 (O)


(0)




3.5 (K5)
3.1 (K5)
3.0 (K5)



750 (T2A)


Experimental
Variables
Controlled
or Noted(4) Comments
a c "Standard reference water" was described and used as well
~ as lake water. Varied results were obtained when evalua-
tions were made in various types of water.












ace The purpose of this experiment was to determine whether
there was a constant relationship between the responses
of these organisms. From the data presented, there was
no apparent relationship of this type. Therefore the authors
advise that bioassays on at least 3 components of the food
web be made in any situation.
a d e This chemical is one of a number that may be found in Kraft
mill waste effluents. Data are expressed as minimum lethal
concentration for 5 days.



— This assay is based on concentration of the chemical required
to immobilize the test animal. Assays were conducted in
centrifuged Lake Erie water.
c e Tap water was used to make up the solutions, which made up
a pH of 6.8 with sulfuric acid. At a concentration of
0.0007N, the fish displayed much distress. At 0.00008N,
the animal showed very little reaction. The test animal
survived 72 hours in a solution of 0.0003N.
a d e This chemical is one of a number that may be found in Kraft
mill waste effluents. Data are expressed as minimum lethal
concentration for 5 days.



a c d e g The effect of turbidity on the toxicity of the chemicals was
studied. Test water was from a farm pond with "high"
turbidity. Additional data are presented.
Reference
(Year)
Dowden and
Bennett
(1965)












Patrick, et al
(1968)




Haydu, et al
(1952)




Anderson
(1946)

Jones
(1948)



Haydu, et al
(1952)




Wallen, et al
(1957)






















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-------
    Sodium
      sulfide
Rasbora
 heteromorpha
                                             BSA
                                                                         3.0 (O)
O
c
30
m
w
O
m
    Sodium
     sulfide

    Sodium
     sulfite
    Sodium
      sulfite
    Sodium
     sulfite

    Sodium
     sulfite

    Sodium
O   sulfite
—  Sodium
5   tartrate
    Sodium
     tartrate

    Sodium
     thiocyanate
    Sodium
     thiocyanate
                       Daphnia
                        magna

                       Polycelis
                        nigra
                       Daphnia
                        magna
                       Daphnia
                        magna

                       Gambusia
                        affinis

                       Daphnia
                        magna

                       Polycelis
                        nigra
Daphnia
 magna

Polycelis
 nigra
                       Daphnia
                        magna
                      BSA
                      BSA
                      BSA
                            16 (T1A)
                            13 (T2A)
                            9 (T4A)
                            0.048M (L2)
                            3,784 (O)
                                             BSA
                                             BSA
                                             BSA
                                             BSA
                                             BSA
BSA
                                             BSA
                                                  440 (O)
                                                  2,600 (T2A)
                                                  299 (T1A)
                                                  273 (T2A)
                                                  203 (T4A)
                                                  0.065M (L2)
                            <3,500 (O)
                                                                        0.012M (L2)
                                                                                              a c d e g
For many toxins the rate of mortality is found to be a linear     Abram
 function of the logarithm of the concentration of the          (1964)
 poison; whereas the comparable relation between the
 logarithms of the survival time and the concentration is
 nonlinear. The linear function can be exploited to provide
 comparatively simple methods of estimating long-term
 survival concentrations.  An application of this is suggested
 for defining realistic standards of toxicity.  At the concen-
 tration listed for the chemical, the mean survival time was
 was 173 minutes.
"Standard reference water" was described and used as well      Dowden and
 as lake water.  Varied results were obtained when evalua-       Bennett
 tions were made in various types of water.                     (1965)
This is part of a report listing 27 anions and their toxicities     Jones
 on a planarian. Mode of action of the anions is discussed.      (1941)
 Water distilled in glass was used to prepare the solutions.
 The pH of this solution was 6.8. Solutions were renewed
 every  12 hours.
This paper deals with the toxicity thresholds of various sub-     Anderson
 stances found  in industrial wastes as determined by the use      (1944)
 of D. magna. Centrifuged Lake Erie water was used as a
 diluent in the bioassay. Threshold concentration was
 defined as the highest concentration which would just fail
 to immobilize the animals under prolonged (theoretically
 infinite) exposure.
This assay is based on concentration of the chemical required    Anderson
 to immobilize the test animal. Assays.were conducted in       (1946)
 centrifuged Lake Erie water.
The effect of turbidity on the toxicity of the chemicals was     Wallen, et al
 studied. Test water was from a farm pond with "high"         (1957)
 turbidity.  Additional data are presented.
"Standard reference water" was described and used as well      Dowden and
 as lake water.  Varied results were obtained when evalua-       Bennett
 tions were made in various types of water.                     (1965)
This is part of a report listing 27 anions and their toxicities     Jones
 on a planarian. Mode of action of the anions is discussed.      (1941)
 Water distilled in glass was used to prepare the solutions.
 The pH of this solution was 7.4  Solutions were renewed
 every  12 hours.

This assay is based on concentration of the chemical required    Anderson
 to immobilize the test animal. Assays were conducted in       (1946)
 centrifuged Lake Erie water.
This is part of a report listing 27 anions and their toxicities     Jones
 on a planarian. Mode of action of the anions is discussed.      (1941)
 Water distilled in glass was used to prepare the solutions.
 The pH of this solution was 9.6. Solutions were renewed
 every  12 hours.

This assay is based on concentration of the chemical required    Anderson
 to immobilize the test animal. Assays were conducted in       (1946)
 centrifuged Lake Erie water.
                                                                                                                                            z
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CHEMICALS
z
0
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3)
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Chemical
Sodium
thiosulfate



Sodium
thiosulfate


Sodium
thiosulfate

Sodium
thiosulfate

Sodium
dibasic
phosphate

Sodium
tribasic
phosphate
Sodium
triphosphate

Sodium
tripoly-
phosphate


Sodium
valerate

Stannic
chloride

Stannous
chloride
Strontium
chloride




Organism
Polycelis
nigra



Daphnia
magna


Gambusia
af finis

Daphnia
magna

Daphnia
magna


Daphnia
magna

Gambusia
affinis

Pimephales
promelas
(juveniles)


Lepomis
macrochirus

Daphnia
magna

Daphnia
magna
Carassius
carassius




Toxicity,
Bioassay Active
or Field Field Ingredient,
Study'1 ) Location*2) ppm<3)
BSA - 0.053M (L2)




BSA - <520 (0)



BSA - 26,000 (T2A)


BSA - 2,245 (T1 A)
1,223 (T2A)
805 (T4A)
BSA - <59 (O)



BSA - <52 (O)


BSA - 467 (T2A)


BSA - (S) 400
(T1-4A)
(H) 1,300-
1,350
(T1-4A)
BSA - 5,000 (T1A)


BSA - 146 (O)


BSA - <25 (0)

BSA - (O)





Experimental
Variables
Controlled
or Noted*4) Comments
c This is part of a report listing 27 anions and their toxicities
on a planarian. Mode of action of the anions is discussed.
Water distilled in glass was used to prepare the solutions.
The pH of this solution was 6.4. Solutions were renewed
every 12 hours.
— This assay is based on concentration of the chemical required
to immobilize the test animal. Assays were conducted in
centrifuged Lake Erie water. Value may be only half of
that reported.
a c d e g The effect of turbidity on the toxicity of the chemicals was
~ studied. Test water was from a farm pond with "high"
turbidity. Additional data are presented.
a c "Standard reference water" was described and used as well
as lake water. Varied results were obtained when evalua-
tions were made in various types of water.
— This assay is based on concentration of the chemical required
to immobilize the test animal. Assays were conducted in
centrifuged Lake Erie water. Value may be only half of
that reported.
— Comment same as above.
Toxic effect may be the result of the precipitate formed
which may obstruct the straining mechanism of the Daphnia.
a c d e g The effect of turbidity on the toxicity of the chemicals was
studied. Test water was from a farm pond with "high"
turbidity. Additional data are presented.
a c d f Syndets and soaps were of nearly equal toxicity in soft
water (S) but syndets were approximately 40X more toxic
than soap in hard ware (H). The surfactant rather than the
builder contained the toxicant. Additional data are given.

a c "Standard reference water" was described and used as well
as lake water. Varied results were obtained when evalua-
tions were made in various types of water.
a Lake Erie water was used as diluent. Toxicity given as
threshold concentration producing immobilization for
exposure periods of 64 hours.
a Comment same as above.

a This old, lengthy paper discusses toxicity of many chemicals.
possible mechanism of action of some, the effect of tem-
perature, effect of dissolved oxygen, the efficiency of the
goldfish as a test animal, compares this work with earlier
work, and lists an extensive bibliography.
In O.237N solution, fish survived 168 minutes.
Reference
(Year)
Jones
(1941)



Anderson
(1946)


Wallen, et al
(1957)

Dowden and
Bennett
(1965)
Anderson
(1946)


Anderson
(1946)

Wallen, et al
(1957)

Henderson, et al
(1959)



Dowden and
Bennett
(1965)
Anderson
(1948)

Anderson
(1948)
Powers
(1918)
























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-------
     Strontium
      chloride

    Strontium
      nitrate
    Strontium
     nitrate
    Styrene
>>    4-styryl-
^     pyridine
VO
      Sulfide
    Sulfoxide


X
m
§
>  Sulfur
    Sulfur
     (colloidal)
O
5
X  Sulfur,
C   lime
33
m
CO
O
m
2
 Daphnia
  magna

 Carassius
  carassius
Gasterosteus
 aculeatus
Pimephales
 promelas
Lepomis
 macrochirus
Carassius
 auratus
Lebistes
 reticulatus
Petromyzon
 marinus
 (larvae)

Polycelis
 nigra
                       Pimephales
                        promelas
Gambusia
 affinis

Carassius
 carassius
Simocephalus
 serrulatus
Daphnia
 pu/ex
                       BSA
BSA
                            114(0)
                            (O)
BSA
BSA
BSA



BSA





BSA





BSA


BSA

BSA
                            0.2 (K10)
51 (T4A)

22 (T4A)

68 (T4A)

68 (T4A)

10 (NTE)



0.00045M (L2)
                                                  0.74 (T4A)
10,000 (T2A)


(O)

11.0 (SB)

10.0 (SB)
                                                  a c d e f
                      a cd f g
                                                                                              a cd e g
                                                                                                               Lake Erie water was used as diluent. Toxicity given as
                                                                                                                threshold concentration producing immobilization for
                                                                                                                exposure periods of 64 hours.
                                                                                                               This old, lengthy paper discusses toxicity of many chemicals,
                                                                                                                possible mechanism of action of some, the effect of tem-
                                                                                                                perature, effect of dissolved oxygen, the efficiency of the
                                                                                                                goldfish as a test animal, compares this work with earlier
                                                                                                                work, and lists an extensive bibliography.
                                                                                                               In 0.165N solution, fish survived 300 minutes.
                                                                                                               Solutions were made up in tap water. 3.0 to 5.0-cm stickle-
                                                                                                                back fish were used as experimental animals.  This paper
                                                                                                                points out that there is a marked relationship between the
                                                                                                                toxicity of the metals and their solution pressures. Those
                                                                                                                with low solution pressures were the most toxic.
                                                                                                               Most fish survived at test concentrations of about one half,
                                                                                                                or slightly more, of the TLm value.  No attempt was made
                                                                                                                to estimate 100 percent survival.
                                                                                                             Additional data are presented.
                                                                                                               This is part of a report listing 27 anions and their toxicities
                                                                                                                on a planarian. Mode of action of the anions is discussed.
                                                                                                                Water distilled in glass was used to prepare the solutions.
                                                                                                                The pH of this solution was 6.6. Solutions were renewed
                                                                                                                every 12 hours.

                                                                                                               Test water was spring water diluted with distilled water.
                                                                                                                Removal of toxic chemicals by carbon adsorption, chlorine
                                                                                                                and chlorine dioxide treatment, and alum coagulation was
                                                                                                                studied.  The most effective method to remove fish poisons
                                                                                                                was by use of activated charcoal adsorption.
                                                                                                               The effect of turbidity on the toxicity  of the chemicals was
                                                                                                                studied.  Test water was from a farm pond with "high"
                                                                                                                turbidity. Additional data are presented.
                                                                                                               Sulfur concentrations were toxic from  0.016 to 0.210 per-
                                                                                                                cent. Survival time is reported in minutes, from 45 to 315.
                                                                                                               Concentration reported is for immobilization.
                                                                                                               Time for immobilization was 48 hours.
                                                                                                               Data cited are for 60 F, but assays were performed at
                                                                                                                varied  temperatures.  "Water Chemistry" (unspecified)
                                                                                                                was "controlled" during the assay period.
                                                                                                Anderson
                                                                                                 (1948)

                                                                                                Powers
                                                                                                 (1918)
                                                                                                Jones
                                                                                                 (1939)
Pickering and
 Henderson
 (1966)
Piavis
 (1962)

Jones
 (1941)
Cohen, et al
 (1961)
Wallen, et al
Harukawa
 (1922-23)
Sanders and
 Cope
 (1966)
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CHEMICALS
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S
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C/J







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l/l
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Chemical
Sulfuric
acid





Sulfuric
acid

Sulfuric
acid




Tannic
acid





Tannic
acid

Tannic
acid




Tartaric
acid





Toxicity,
Bioassay Active
or Field Field Ingredient,
Organism Study!"1) Location(2) ppm(3)
Daphnia BSA - 88 (O)
magna





Gambusia BSA - 42 (T2A)
af finis

Sewage BOD - 58 (TCsg)
organisms




Daphnia BSA - <26 (0)
magna





Gambusia BSA - 41 (T2A)
affinis

Sewage BOD - (NTE)
organisms




Daphnia BSA - 135 (0)
magna





Experimental
Variables
Controlled
or Noted!4) Comments
a c This paper deals with the toxicity thresholds of various sub-
~~ stances found in industrial wastes as determined by the use
of D. magna. Centrifuged Lake Erie water was used as a
diluent in the bioassay. Threshold concentration was defined
as the highest concentration which would just fail to
immobilize the animals under prolonged (theoretically
infinite) exposure.
a c d e g The effect of turbidity on the toxicity of the chemicals was
~~ studied. Test water was from a farm pond with "high"
turbidity. Additional data are presented.
a The purpose of this paper was to devise a toxicity index for
~~ industrial wastes. Results are recorded as the toxic concen-
tration producing 50 percent inhibition (TCgrj) of oxygen
utilization as compared to controls. Five toxigrams depicting
the effect of the chemicals on BOD were devised and each
chemical classified.
a c This paper deals with the toxicity thresholds of various sub-
stances found in industrial wastes as determined by the use
of D. magna. Centrifuged Lake Erie water was used as a
diluent in the bioassay. Threshold concentration was defined
as the highest concentration which would just fail to
immobilize the animals under prolonged (theoretically
infinite) exposure.
a c d e g The effect of turbidity on the toxicity of the chemicals was
studied. Test water was from a farm pond with "high"
turbidity. Additional data are presented.
— The purpose of this paper was to devise a toxicity index for
industrial wastes. Results are recorded as the toxic concen-
tration producing 50 percent inhibition (TCso) of oxygen
utilization as compared to controls. Five toxigrams depicting
the effect of the chemicals on BOD were devised and each
chemical classified.
a c This paper deals with the toxicity thresholds of various sub-
stances found in industrial wastes as determined by the use
of D. magna. Centrifuged Lake Erie water was used as a
diluent in the bioassay. Threshold concentration was defined
as the highest concentration which would just fail to
immobilize the animals under prolonged (theoretically
infinite) exposure.
Reference
(Year)
Anderson
(1944)





Wallen, et al
(1957)

Hermann
(1959)




Anderson
(1944)





Wallen, et al
(1957)

Hermann
(1959)




Anderson
(1944)

























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-------
o
m
jj
30
m
    Terpine
     alcohol
     (85 percent
     pine oil)
    2-tertiary-butyl-
     4,6 dinitro-
     phenol
    1,2,3,4-tetra-
     chlorobenzene
Tetrachloro-
 hydroquinone


Tetramethyl-p-
 phenylene-
 diamine
 hydrochloride

2',3',4'-5-tetra-
 nitrobenz-
  anilide
                   Cylindrospermum
                    lichen/forme (CD
                   Mfcrocystis
                    aeruginosa (Ma)
                   Scenedesmus
                    ob/iquus (Sol
                   Chlorella
                    variegata ICv)
                   Gomphonema
                    parvulum (Gp)
                   Nitzschia
                    palea (Np)
                   Cylindrospermum
                    licheniforme (CD
                   Microcystis
                    aeruginosa (Ma)
                   Scenedesmus
                    ob/iquus (So)
                   Chlorella
                    variegata (Cv)
                   Gomphonema
                    parvulum (Gp)
                   Nitzschia
                    palea (Np)
                   Australorbis
                    glabratus
                       Microcystis
                        aeruginosa

                       Microcystis
                        aeruginosa
                       Sa/mo
                        gairdnerii
                       Carassius
                        auratus
                            2.0 (O)
                            2.0 (O)
BSA and
 FL
                                             BSA
Puerto       Failed
 Rico
                            100 (K)


                            100 (K)




                            10 (K2)

                            (O)
                                    a, etc
                                    a, etc
                                                  Observations were made on the 3rd, 7th, 14th, and 21st days
                                                   to give the following (T = toxic, NT = nontoxic, PT = partially
                                                   toxic with numbers of days in parentheses. No number indi-
                                                   cates observation is for entire test period of 21 days):
                                                    Cl -T(3)
                                                    Ma -PT(14)
                                                    So -NT
                                                    Cv - T (3)
                                                    Gp-T(3)
                                                    Np -NT
                                                  Comment same as above except
                                                    Cl  -NT
                                                    Ma -NT
                                                    So  -NT
                                                    Cv  - PT (7)
                                                    Gp -NT
                                                    Np -PT
Seven of the tested compounds failed to meet acceptability
 criteria — that is, complete kill after 6-hr exposure to
 10ppm.  They were not used in field tests. Field tests
 showed WL 8008 to be highly effective.
The chemical was tested on a 5-day-old algae culture,
 1 x 106 to  2 x 106 cells/ml, 75 ml total volume, Chu
 No. 10 medium was used.
Comment  same as above.
                                                           Palmer and
                                                             Maloney
                                                             (1955)
                                                            Palmer and
                                                             Maloney
                                                             (1955)
                                                  This paper deals with the relations between chemical struc-
                                                   tures of salicylanilides and benzanilides and their toxicity
                                                   to rainbow trout and goldfish. The chemical structure of
                                                   salicylanilides and benzanilides was related to toxicity and
                                                   selectivity to rainbow trout and goldfish. Salicylanilides
                                                   were more toxic than benzanilides to the fishes. The ortho
                                                   hydroxy substitution of salicylanilide accelerated biological
                                                   activity against fish. Meta nitro substitution on the salicyl-
                                                   anilides and benzanilides increased toxicity to fish. Similar
                                                   findings are reported for halogens and their relative position(s)
                                                   in the molecule.
                                                  At 10 ppm the chemical was not toxic to goldfish.
Seiffer
 and Schoof
 (1967)

Fitzgerald,
 et al
 (1952)

Fitzgerald,
 etal
 (1952)

Walker, et al
 (1966)
I
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2
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-------
CHEMICALS
>
0
S
X
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c
3D
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O

£










1
1



















Chemical
Thiocarbamide












Titanium
sulfate

Toluene








Toluene


Tribromo-
phenol



Tri-n-
butylamine




Tri-n-
butyltin
acetate

bis-(tri-n-
butyltin)
oxide
Bioassay
or Field
Organism Study*""
Cylindrospermum L
lichen/forme (CD
Microcystis
aeruginosa (Mai
Scenedesmus
obliquus (So)
Chlorella
variegata (Cv)
Gomphonema
parvu/um (Gp)
Nitzschia
pa/ea (Np)

Pimephales BSA
promelas

Pimephales BSA
promelas
Lepomis
macrochirus
Carassius
auratus
Lebistes
reticulatus

Gambusia BSA
al 'finis

Bacteria BSA
(sewage)



Semotilus BSA
a tromaculatus




Australorbis BSA and
glabratus FL


Australorbis BSA and
glabratus F L

Toxicity,
Active
Field Ingredient,
Location^) ppm(3)
2.0 (0)












(H) 120 (T4AI
(S) 8.2 (T4A)

44 (T4A)

24 (T4A)

62 (T4A)

66 (T4A)


1,260(T2A)


97 (0)




20 to 40 (CR)





Puerto Failed
Rico


Puerto 0.41-0.84 (L)
Rico

Experimental
Variables
Controlled
or Noted'*) Comments
a Observations were made on the 3rd, 7th, 14th, and 21st days
to give the following (T = toxic, NT = nontoxic, PT = partially
toxic with number of days in parentheses. No number indi-
cates observation is for entire test period of 21 days):
Cl -NT
Ma -PT (14)
So -PT (14)
Cv -PT (14)
Gp - PT (7)
Np - PT (7)



a c d f Both hard (H) and soft (S) water were used.


a c d e f Most fish survived at test concentrations of about one half.
~~ or slightly more, of the TLm value. No attempt was made
to estimate 100 percent survival.






a c d e g The effect of turbidity on the toxicity of the chemicals was
"~ studied. Test water was from a farm pond with "high"
turbidity. Additional data are presented.
e In the halophenols, the ortho was less toxic than the meta or
para. All of the monohalophenols were less toxic than the
2,4,6-trihalophenols. Some data on biodegradability of
halophenols were presented. The figure reported is for a
TLm value for cumulative gas production for 7 days.
ae Test water used was freshly aerated Detroit River water. A
typical water analysis is given. Toxicity is expressed as the
"critical range" (CR), which was defined as that concentra-
tion in ppm below which the 4 test fish lived for 24 hours
and above which all test fish died. Additional data are
presented.
c Seven of the tested compounds failed to meet acceptability
criteria — that is, complete kill after 6-hr exposure to
10 ppm. They were not used in field tests. Field tests
showed WL 8008 to be highly effective.
c Comment same as above.


Reference
(Year)
Palmer and
Maloney
(1955)










Tarzwell and
Henderson
(1960)
Pickering and
Henderson
(1966)






Wallen, et al
(1957)

Ingols and
Gaffney
(1956)


Gillette, et al
(1952)




Seiffer and
Schoof
(1967)

Seiffer and
Schoof
(1967)






















2
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2
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-------
       1,2.4-trichloro-
       benzene
                      BSA
OJ
      1,1,1-trichloro-
       ethane
      1,1,2-trichloro-
       ethane
      Trichloro-
       phenol
Trichloro-
 toluene
  O
  m
  o
3,4,6-trichloro-
 2-nitrophenol
 (free phenol)
3,4,6-trichloro-
 2-nitrophenol
Elodea
 canadensis
Potamogeton
 nodosus
Potamogeton
 pectinatus
Lagodon
 rhomboides

Lagodon
 rhomboides
Bacteria
 (sewage)
                        Elodea
                         canadensis
                  Potamogeton
                   nodosus
                  Potamogeton
                   pectinatus
                  Petromyzon
                   marinus
                  Salmo
                   gairdnerii
                  S. trutta
                  Petromyzon
                   marinus
                    (prolarvae)
                    (larvae)
                                         BSA


                                         BSA

                                         BSA





                                         BSA
                                              BSA
                                              BSA
                                                                    5(0)
                                                                    100 (O)
                                                                    5(0)
                                                                    100 (O)
                                                                    5(0)
                                                                    100 (O)
                                                                    75-100 (O)
                                                                    150-175(0)

                                                                    60(0)
                                                  5 (K4wk)
                                                  100(K4wk)
                                                  5(0)
                                                  100(O)
                                                  5(0)
                                                  100 (O)
                                                  5 (K 100%)

                                                  17  (K 10%)

                                                  15  (K 10%)
                                                                          10(K15)
                                                                          10 (K1)
Experiments were conducted in standing water. Results were
 rated on a scale of 0 to 10, 0 standing for no toxic effect and
 10 signifying a complete kill. Evaluation was based on visual
 observation of the plant response at weekly intervals for
 4 weeks.
No  toxic effect.
Injury rating of 9.5.
No  toxic effect.
Injury rating of 9.8.
No  toxic effect.
Injury rating of 9.8.
Experiments were conducted in aerated salt water. Toxicity
 range given as the concentrations which produced < 1/2
 deaths and > 1/2 deaths.
Comment same as above.
In the halophenols, the ortho was less toxic than the meta or
 para.  All of the monohalophenols were less toxic than the
 2,4,6-trihalophenols. Some data on biodegradability of
 halophenols were presented.  The figure reported is for a
 TL|\/| value for cumulative gas production for 7 days.
Experiments were conducted in standing water. Results were
 rated on a scale of 0 to  10, 0 standing for no toxic effect and
 10 signifying a complete kill. Evaluation was based on visual
 observation of the plant response at weekly intervals for
 4 weeks.
Injury rating of 8.4.
Injury rating of 9.1.
Injury rating of 8.5.
Injury rating of 9.5.
Mortality occurred in approximately 24 hours. This was a
 study on controlling sea lamprey larvae.
                                                                                                               Additional data are presented.
                                                                                                                                                 Frank, et al
                                                                                                                                                   (1961)
Garrett
 (1957)

Garrett
 (1957)
Ingols and
 Gaffney
 (1965)
                                                                                                                                                                    Frank, et al
                                                                                                                                                                     (1961)
                                                                                                                                                                                          m
                                                                                                                                                                                          z
                                                                                                                                                                                          O
                                                                                                                                                                          Ball
                                                                                                                                                                           (1966)
                                                                                                                                                 Piavis
                                                                                                                                                   (1962)
  X

  3)
  m
  
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o
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£ Chemical
2 3,4,6-trichloro-
O 2-nitrophenol
S (Nasalt)
X
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i




2',4',6'-tri-
chloro-3-
nitrosali-
cylanilide







Triethylamine





Organism
Petromyzon
mar in us
(larvae)
Salmo
gairdnerii
(fingerlings)
S. trutta
Sa/velinus
fontinalis
Amb/oplites
rupestris
Lepomis
gibbosus
Coesius
plumbeus
Semotilus
atromaculatus
Percina
caprodes
Cambarus spp
Aquatic
larvae
Catostomus
commersoni
Ictalurus
me/as
1. nebulosus
Perca
flavescens
Salmo
gairdnerii
Carassius
auratus







Semotilus
atromaculatus




Bioassay
or Field
Study d)
BSA
FS

BSA
FS

FS
FS

FS

FS

FS

FS

FS

FS
FS

FS

FS

FS
FS

BSA










BSA





Toxicity,
Active
Field Ingredient,
Location^) ppm(3)
13 (K 100%)
Mich. 12 (K 100%)

23 (K 10%)
40 (NTE)

40 (NTE)
40 (NTE)

40 (NTE)

40 (NTE)

40 (NTE)

40 (NTE)

40 (NTE)

40 (NTE)
40 (NTE)

32 (NTE)



20 (K)
32 (NTE)

10(K3hr)


10 (K2)







- 50 to 80 (CR)





Experimental
Variables
Controlled Reference
or Noted'4) Comments (Year)
a Mortality occurred in approximately 24 hours. This was a Applegate
~~ study on controlling sea lamprey larvae. The "field" study (1958)
involved use of simulated lake water in large raceways.


























a This paper deals with the relations between chemical struc- Walker, et al
tures of salicylanilides and benzanilides and their toxicity (1966)
to rainbow trout and goldfish. The chemical structure of
salicylanilides and benzanilides was related to toxicity and
selectivity to rainbow trout and goldfish. Salicylanilides
were more toxic than benzanilides to the fishes. The ortho
hydroxy substitution of salicylanilide accelerated biological
activity against fish. Meta nitro substitution on the salicyl-
anilides and benzanilides increased toxicity to fish. Similar
findings are reported for halogens and their relative position(s)
in the molecule.
a e Test water used was freshly aerated Detroit River water. A Gillette, et al
typical water analysis is given. Toxicity is expressed as the (1952)
"critical range" (CR), which was defined as that concentra-
tion in ppm below which the 4 test fish lived for 24 hours
and above which all test fish died. Additional data are
presented.
O
X

-------
30
m
CO
_

m
     3-trifluoro-
      methyl-4-
      nitrophenol

    3-trifluoro-
      methyl-4-
      nitrophenol
    a,a,a-trifluoro-
      4-nitro-m-
      cresol
    Triiodophenol
    2,2,4-tri methyl
      (/3-phenyliso-
      propyl)-1,2-
      dihydro-
      quinoline

    Trimethyl and
      trimethyl-
      octadecadienyl
      ammonium
      chlorides
S  3,3',5-tri-
S   nitrobenz-
O   anilide
O
£
Trinitro-
 toluene


2,3,5-tri-
 phenyltetra-
 zolium
 chloride
Petromyzon           BSA
 marinus
Salmo
 gairdnerii
Petromyzon           BSA
 marinus
 (larvae)
Salmo                BSA
 gairdnerii
S. trutta              BSA
Bacteria              BSA
 (sewage)
Daphnia              BSA
 magna
Cylindrospermum      L
 licheniforme (CD
Gleocapsa
 sp(C)
Scenedesmus
 obliquus (So)
Chlorella
 variegata (Cv)
Gomphonema
 parvulum (Gp)
Nitzschia
 palea (Np)
Salmo                BSA
 gairdnerii
Carassius
 au rat us
                                                                     2 (K 100%)

                                                                     7 (K 10%)

                                                                     10 (K 1-2 hr)



                                                                     9 (K 10%)

                                                                     7 (K 19%)

                                                                     83(0)
                                                                     1.8 (K2)
                                                                     2.0 (O)
                                                                     10(K3hr)

                                                                     (O)
Microcystis
 aeruginosa

Microcystis
 aeruginosa
                                                                         100 (K)
                                                                         2.5 (K)
                                                                                                a, etc
                                                                                                a, etc
Mortality occurred in approximately 24 hours. This was a
 study on controlling sea lamprey larvae.
Additional data are presented.
Mortality occurred in approximately 24 hours.
In the halophenols, the ortho was less toxic than the meta or
 para.  All of the monohalophenols were less toxic than the
 2,4,6-trihalophenols. Some data on biodegradability of
 halophenols were presented. The figure reported is for a
     ] value for cumulative gas production for 7 days.
Applegate
 (1958)
Piavis
  (1962)

Applegate
  (1958)

Ingols and
  Gaffney
  (1965)
An attempt was made to correlate the biological action with    Sollman
 the chemical reactivity of selected chemical substances.          (1949)
 Results indicated a considerable correlation between the
 aquarium fish toxicity and antiautocatalytic potency of
 the chemicals in marked contrast to their toxicity on
 systemic administration.
Observations were made on the 3rd, 7th, 14th, and 21st days   Palmer and
 to give the following (T = toxic, NT = nontoxic, PT = partially   Maloney
 toxic with number of days in parentheses.  No number indi-     (1955)
 cates observation is for entire test period of 21 days):
   Cl  -NT
   G  -NT
   So -PT
   Cv -NT
   Gp -NT
   Np -NT
This paper deals with the relations between chemical struc-     Walker, et al
 tures of salicylanilides and benzanilides and their toxicity       (1966)
 to rainbow trout and goldfish.  The chemical structure of
 salicylanilides and benzanilides was related to toxicity and
 selectivity to rainbow trout and goldfish.  Salicylanilides
 were more toxic than benzanilides to the fishes.  The ortho
 hydroxy substitution of salicylanilide accelerated biological
 activity against fish.  Meta nitro substitution on the salicyl-
 anilides and benzanilides increased toxicity to fish. Similar
 findings are reported for halogens and their relative position(s)
 in the molecule.  At 10 ppm the chemical was not toxic to
 goldfish.

The chemical was tested on a 5-day algae culture, 1 x 106 to    Fitzgerald, et al
 2 x 106 cells/ml, 75-ml total volume. Chu No. 10 medium       (1952)
 was used.

Comment same as above.                                    Fitzgerald, et al
                                                             (1952)
                                                                                                                                                                                      m
                                                                                                                                                                                      O

-------
CHEMICALS
z
o
S
X
c
3D
m
C/l
O
Tl
O
X
m
2
5








;>
"
o\






















Chemical
Triphenyltin
acetate


Triphenyltin
chloride


Tri-n-pro-
pylamine




Tri-n-propyltin
oxide


Trypaflavine
(acriflavine
neutral)
Uranyl
acetate

Uranyl
nitrate

Uranyl
sulfate

Urea





Valeric
acid

Vanadium
pentoxide

Vanadyt
sulfate


Organism
Australorbis
glabratus


Australorbis
glabratus


Semotilus
atromaculatus




Australorbis
glabratus


Ictalurus
punctatus

Pimephales
promelas

Pimephales
promelas

Pimephales
promelas

Semotilus
atromaculatus




Daphnia
magna

Pimephales
promelas

Pimephales
promelas
Lepomis
macrochirus
Toxicity, Experimental
Bioassay Active Variables
or Field Field Ingredient, Controlled
Study'1) Location (2) ppm'3) or Noted'4)
BSA Puerto (O) c
Rico


BSA Puerto (O) c
Rico


BSA - 30 to 70 (CR) ae





BSA Puerto (0) c
Rico


BSA - 17.9 (K2) acfi
11.5 (T2A)

BSA - (S) 3.7 (T4A) acdf


BSA - (S) 3.1 (T4A) acdf


BSA - (H)135(T4A) acdf
(S) 2.8 (T4A)

BSA - 1 6,000 to 30,000 a e





BSA - 45 (T2A) a c


BSA - (H)55(T4A) acdf
(S) 13(T4A)

BSA - (H) 30 (T4A) acdf
(S) 4.8 (T4A)
(H) 55 (T4A)
(S) 6 (T4A)
Comments
Seven of the tested compounds failed to meet acceptability
criteria — that is, complete kill after 6-hr exposure to
10 ppm. They were not used in field tests. Field tests
showed WL 8008 to be highly effective.
Comment same as above.



Test water used was freshly aerated Detroit River water. A
typical water analysis is given. Toxicity is expressed as the
"critical range" (CR), which was defined as that concentra-
tion in ppm below which the 4 test fish lived for 24 hours
and above which all test fish died. Additional data are
presented.
Seven of the tested compounds failed to meet acceptability
criteria — that is, complete kill after 6-hr exposure to
10 ppm. They were not used in field tests. Field tests
showed WL 8008 to be highly effective.
The experiment was conducted at 66 C.


Both hard (H) and soft (S) water were used.


Comment same as above.


Comment same as above.


Test water used was freshly aerated Detroit River water. A
typical water analysis is given. Toxicity is expressed as the
"critical range" (CR), which was defined as that concentra-
tion in ppm below which the 4 test fish lived for 24 hours
and above which all test fish died. Additional data are
presented.
"Standard reference water" was described and used as well
as lake water. Varied results were obtained when evalua-
tions were made in various types of water.
Both hard (H) and soft (S) water were used.


Comment same as above.



Reference
(Year)
Seiffer and
Schoof
(1967)

Seiffer and
Schoof
(1967)

Gillette, et al
(1952)




Seiffer and
Schoof
(1967)

Clemens and
Sneed
(1958)
Tarzwell and
Henderson
(1960)
Tarzwell and
Henderson
(1960)
Tarzwell and
Henderson
(1960)
Gillette, et al
(1952)




Dowden and
Bennett
(1965)
Tarzwell and
Henderson
(1960)
Tarzwell and
Henderson
(196O)






















^
•o
z
O
X






















-------
    Vanillin
    Vinyl
     acetate
    Xanthic
     acid, ethyl
     sodium salt
    Xylene
n
m
S  Xylene
9
£
£
X

3)
5
O
    Zinc
    Zinc
 Cylmdrospermum      L
 lichen/forme (CD
Microcystis
 aeruginosa  (Ma)
Scenedesmus
 obliquus (So)
Chlorella
 variegata (Cv)
Gomphonema
 parvulum IGp)
Nitzschia
 palea INp)
Pimephales            BSA
 promelas
Lepomis
 macrochirus
Carassius
 auratus
Lebistes
 reticulatus
Cy/indrospermum      L
 licheniforme (CD
Microcystis
 aeruginosa  (Ma)
Scenedesmus
 obliquus (Sol
Chlorella
 variegata (Cv)
Gomphonema
 parvulum (Gp)
Nitzschia
 palea (Np)
Daphnia              BSA
 magna

Pimephales            BSA
 promelas
Lepomis
 macrochirus
Carassius
 auratus
Lebistes
 reticulatus
Salmo                BSA
 gairdnerii
Sewage               BOD
 organisms
                                                                       2.0 (O)
22 (T4A)

18 (T4A)

42 (T4A)

26 (T4A)

2.0 (O)
                                                                                             a c d e f
100
1000 (T1A)

21 (T4A)

22 (T4A)

24 (T4A)

39 (T4A)

6(K2)



(O)
a cd e f
                                    Observations were made on the 3rd, 7th, 14th, and 21st days    Palmer and
                                      to give the following (T = toxic, NT = nontoxic, PT = partially  Maloney
                                      toxic with number of days in parentheses. No number indi-     (1955)
                                      cates observation is for entire test period of 21 days):
                                       Cl   -NT
                                       Ma  -NT
                                       So  - PT (3)
                                       Cv  - PT (3)
                                       Gp  -T  (3), PT (21)
                                       Np  -PT(7)
               Most fish survived at test concentrations of about one half,      Pickering and
                or slightly more, of the TLm value. No attempt was made      Henderson
                to estimate 100 percent survival.                             (1966)
               Observations were made on the 3rd, 7th, 14th, and 21st days
                to give the following (T = toxic, NT = nontoxic, PT = partially
                toxic with number of days in parentheses. No number indi-
                cates observation is for entire test period of 21 days):
                 Cl -NT
                 Ma - PT (7)
                 So -NT
                 Cv - PT (7)
                 Gp-NT
                 Np-NT
                                                                                                            "Standard reference water" was described and used as well as
                                                                                                             lake water.  Varied results were obtained when evaluations
                                                                                                             were made in various types of water.
                                                                                                            Most fish survived at test concentrations of about one half, or
                                                                                                             slightly more, of the TLm value.  No attempt was made to
                                                                                                             estimate 100 percent survival.
               The concentration given was fatal to fingerlings.  Young fish
                2 and 4 weeks old could not tolerate concentrations of
                4 ppm, but with increasing age showed a tendency to de-
                velop a tolerance to solutions of this concentration.
               Zinc was toxic to sewage organisms in concentrations as low
                as 0.001 ppm.  This could result in errors in BOD tests.
                At 1.0 ppm, the oxygen demand in percent of the control
                was 83%.
                                                                                              Palmer and
                                                                                                Maloney
                                                                                                (1955)
                                                                                                                                                                                      I
                                                                                                                                                                                      m
                                                                                                                                                                                      O
                                                                                                                                                                                      X
Dowden and
 Bennett
 (1965)
Pickering and
 Henderson
 (1966)
                                                                                                                                                                      Goodman
                                                                                                                                                                       (1951)
                                                                                                                                                                      Ingols
                                                                                                                                                                       (1956)

-------
o
I
m
2
O
^ Chemical
w
> Zinc
o
2
X
H
G
3!
m
O
-n
O
X
5 Zinc
—
>
E5


Zinc





x

1
3





Zinc

Organism
Lepomis
macrochirus
(adult)








Salmo
salar




Lepomis
macrochirus
Lepisosteus
osseus
Dorosoma
petenense
Dorosoma
cepedianum
Alosa
chrysochloris
Cyprinus
carpio
Carassius
auratus
Lepomis
macrochirus
Toxicity,
Bioassay Active
or Field Field Ingredient,
Study!"") Location<2) ppm(3)
BSA - 18 C
(H) 10.1-
12.5 (T4A)
(S) 2.9-
3.8 (T4A)
30 C
(H) 10.2-
12.2 (T4A)
(S) 1.9-
3.6 (T4A)

BCFA - 0.042 (T1 A)





BCFA - 0.0-5.0(0)













BSA - 2.86-3.78 (O)

Experimental
Variables
Controlled
or IMoted(4) Comments
a c d e f i n g The results of these experiments indicated that in dilution
~~ water of the same quality there was little difference in
toxicity at 18 C and 30 C. A considerable difference in
toxicity was apparent between hard (H) and soft (S)
water. A greater amount of zinc in solution was required
in hard water than in soft water. Hardness of the dilution
water had a greater effect upon the toxicity of zinc than
did temperature.



a c f The laboratory water in which the experiment was per-
formed contained 3 jU I/liter of zinc, as judged by analysis
over several years, and 2 jUg/liter of copper. Lethal concen-
trations of mixtures acted two or three times as fast as the
metals singly, a somewhat greater potentiation than was
found in the previous tests with salmon.
a c f An autopsy method for acute zinc toxicity in fish was devel-
oped. Thirty to 90-day exposures to sublethal concentra-
tions indicated that the opercular bone accumulates zinc
at the same rate as gill tissue. By using the ratio of zinc in
the gill to zinc in the bone a reasonably constant value was
obtained by nonlethal exposures. This value increased up
to a hundredfold in acute exposures.







a f At the given concentration 50% survival occurred at 18 C
in soft water.
Reference
(Year)
Cairns and
Scheier
(1958)








Schoenthal
(1963)




Mount
(1964)












Cairns
(1965)
                                                                                                                                                                                        •o
                                                                                                                                                                                        m
                                                                                                                                                                                        Z
                                                                                                                                                                                        O
Zinc
Rainbow
 trout
                                         FR
                                                       Scotland
                                                                      0.90-2.10 (O)

                                                                      6.60-9.47 (O)

                                                                      6.18-9.50 (O)

                                                                      3.9 (T2)
                                                                                           a c efIm
At the given concentration 50% survival occurred at 30 C
 in soft water.
At the given concentration 50% survival occurred at 18 C
 in hard water.
At the given concentration 50% survival occurred at 30 C
 in hard water.
This work represents an extension of laboratory studies of
 the toxicity of complex effluents to investigations of rivers.
Herbert, et al
 (1965)

-------
      Zinc
                         Pimephales
                          promelas
                                              BSA
                                                                          (O)
      Zinc
Fathead
 minnow
                                              BCFA
                                                                          4.9 to 32.3
                                                                           (T4A)
^
~    Zinc
      Zinc
2
O

"  Zinc

O
f
2  Zinc
C
3D
m

O
-n
  m
  S
                        Fundulus
                         heteroclitus
                        Lebistes
                         reticulatus
                        Bufo
                         va/liceps
                          (tadpoles)
                        Daphnia
                         magna
                         Gasterosteus
                          aculeatus
                         Lebistes
                          reticulatus
                          (guppy)
                      BSA
                                              BSA
                                              BSA
                                                 157-180 (K)




                                                 10.CHK)

                                                 10.0 (K)


                                                 1.0 (K)





                                                 0.1 (O)



                                                 (O)
 a c d          Zinc sulfate was added to tap water for the experiments.        Pickering and
                TLm values for minnow eggs:                                Vigor
                   1 day - 3.95 ppm                                        (1965)
                   2 day — 2.55 ppm
                   4 day — 1.83 ppm
                   7 day — 1.71 ppm
                 12 day - 1.63 ppm
                TLm values for minnow fry:
                   1 day — 0.95 ppm
                   2 day - 0.95 ppm
                   4 day — 0.87 ppm
                   7 day — 0.87 ppm
                From the experimental data, it appeared that animals ex-
                posed to a dilute zinc solution developed a tolerance to
                this metal. The duration of the tolerance was not
                investigated.
 a c d e         Zinc was most toxic at a pH of 8.0 and a water hardness of     Mount
                50 ppm and least toxic at pH 6.0 and a hardness of 200 ppm.   (1966)
                At any given hardness, zinc was always more toxic at a high
                pH than at a low pH.  The results are in disagreement with
                most published work possibly because a flow-through system
                would keep any precipitated zinc in suspension. The first
                value reported  is for a pH  of 8.0 and a hardness of 50, and
                the second for  a pH of 6.0 and a hardness of 200.
 acei          Fish subjected to the concentration reported died in 24 to      Eisler
                48 hours. The  dead fish contained 7 and 8 times more zinc     (1967)
                in  the whole fish  and in the gill arch than untreated control
                fish.
 ace          It is assumed in this experiment that the cations considered     Shaw and
                are toxic because they combine with an essential sulfhydryl     Grushkin
                group attached to a key enzyme.  This treatment indicates      (1967)
                that the metals which form the most insoluble sulfides are
                the most toxic. The log of the concentration of the metal
                ion is  plotted against the log of the solubility product con-
                stant of the metal sulfide — a treatment that does not lend
                itself to tabulation. The cation toxicity cited is only an
                approximate concentration interpolated from a graph.
                Time of death was not specified.

 £££          This is a discussion of a bioassay method using stickleback      Hawksley
                fish and spectrophotometric determinations of the chem-       (1967)
                icals evaluated. The number listed is said to be the "toxic
                limit" for the fish.
a c f n o        A series of equations was devised to describe the toxicity of     Chen and
                a system containing two toxicants — zinc and cyanide.          Selleck
                A  concentration of 1 ppm of Zn killed 50% of the fish in       (1968)
                32 hours. 0.75 ppm killed 50% in 63 hours, and 0.56 ppm
                killed  50% in 96 hours. Toxicity of the two-component
                system was then determined using varying ratios of the
                two components.
                                                                                                                                                                                       m
                                                                                                                                                                                       O

-------
o
I
m
S
o
P Chemical
5 Zinc
D
S
X
-1
C
33
m
° Zinc
O
T
m
S
> Zinc
C



Zinc
(Zn++)

Zinc and
copper

\
j


Zinc and
copper







Zinc
acetate

Zinc boro-
fluoride
Organism
Lepomis
macrochirus





Salmo
gairdnerii


Oncorhynchus
kisutch



Lepomis
macrochirus

Atlantic
salmon




Salmo
salar







Pimephales
promelas

Sewage
organisms
Toxicity, Experimental
Bioassay Active Variables
or Field Field Ingredient, Controlled
StudyCO Location (2) ppm(3) or Noted^
BCFA - 7.2-12.0 acdef
(T20CF)





BSA - 2.8-3.5 (T4A) a c d e f o



BSA - (O) a c




BSA - 4.2 (T4A) a c d e


FR Canada (O) f





BSA - 0.048 Cu (O) a
0.600 Zn







BSA - (S) 0.88 (T4A) c d e f


BOD - 55 (O)

Comments
The toxicity of zinc was largely dependent upon the dis-
solved oxygen in the water. Bluegills showed an increased
mortality to zinc as a result of an environmental stress of
low dissolved oxygen concentration. The lowest toxic zinc
concentration was for a system containing 1.8 mg/l of
dissolved oxygen, and the highest for a system containing
5.6 mg/l.
The concentration killing a half batch of fish in 2 days pro-
vides a reasonable estimate of the threshold concentration.
The lethality of this chemical depends upon the total hard-
ness of the water and the dissolved oxygen concentration.
Zinc uptake and distribution in the developing coho salmon
egg was measured using radioisotope tracer techniques.
About 70% of the total accumulated zinc was bound rather
firmly to the chorion, 26% was found in the perivitelline
fluid, 2% in the yolk, and 1% in the embryo.
All fish were acclimatized for 2 weeks in a synthetic dilution
water.

"Toxicity index" for zinc and copper combined was de-
scribed in connection with disturbed salmon migration.
Toxicity index >1.0 indicates lethality to "young salmon
after long exposure" A toxicity index of 0.15 or 15% of
the lethal concentration of zinc and copper seems to be
the maximum safe level for migration.
The values given are for an I LL (incipient lethal level) and in
this instance only in water of 20 mg/liter of hardness.
Concentrations above this are lethal in about one day.
These values were determined by bioassay. Salmon parr
in the laboratory avoided less than one tenth of incipient
lethal levels. Avoidance thresholds were 0.09 ILL of zinc,
0.05 ILL of copper and 0.02 ILL of equitoxic mixtures.
In equitoxic mixtures of these compounds, the ILL was
additive.
(S) Soft water.
Values are expressed as mg/l of metal.

Various metal salts were studied in relation to how they
affected the BOD of both raw and treated sewage as well
Reference
(Year)
Pickering
(1968)





Brown
(1968)


Wedemeyer
(1968)



Cairns and
Scheier
(1968)
Sprague
(1964)




Sigler, et al
(1966)







Pickering and
Henderson
(1965)
Sheets
(1957)
                                                                          •o
                                                                          m
                                                                          Z
                                                                          O
as how they affected the processing of sewage in the treat-
ment plant. BOD was used as the parameter to measure
the effect of the chemical. The chemical concentration
cited is the ppm required to reduce the BOD values by 50%.
This chemical was tested in an unbuffered system.

-------
O
     Zinc
      chloride

     Zinc
      chloride


     Zinc
      chloride
     Zinc
      chloride
      (as Zn++)

     Zinc
      chloride
     Zinc
      chloride
      (tagged with
      zinc 35)
Zinc
 chloride
 (as Zn++)
    Zinc
     chloride
n   Zinc
     chloride
                   Daphnia
                    magna

                   Lepomis
                    macrochirus

                   Lepomis
                    macrochirus
                  Lepomis
                   macrochirus
                  Lepomis
                   macrochirus
                  Ictalurus
                   nebulosus
                                         BSA
BCFA
BSA
BSA
BSA
BS
                            «0.15 (S)
                            6.91 (T4A)
                           20(T4A)
(N) 8.02
 (T4A)  N
(L) 4.9
 (T4A)  L
6.91 (T4A)
                            (O)
Brachydanio
 rerio
 (adults)
 (eggs)
Lepomis
 macrochirus
Lepomis
 macrochirus

Nitzschia
 linearis
Physa
 heterostropha
Lepomis
 macrochirus
                                             BSA
                                             BSA
                                             BSA
                                                                    28(T2A)
                                                                    105(T2A)
                                                                    5.2 (T2A)

                                                                    (S) 5.37 (T4A)
                                                                    4.3 (T5A)

                                                                    0.79-1.27 (T4A)

                                                                    2.86-3.78 (T4A)
                                                                                                £           Lake Erie water was used as diluent. Toxicity given as
                                                                                                ~            threshold concentration producing immobilization for
                                                                                                              exposure periods of 64 hours.
                                                                                              a c e f          Test water was composed of distilled water with CP grade
                                                                                                              chemicals and was aerated throughout the 96-hour ex-
                                                                                                              posure period.
                                                                                               ace          Increase in temperature seemed to increase toxicity of this
                                                                                                              chemical. Low dissolved oxygen reduced toxicity of some
                                                                                                              chemicals in this study.  Toxicity values may be 20% higher
                                                                                                              in hard versus soft water.
                                                                                               ££           Modified Chu No. 14 test medium was used. Toxicity is given
                                                                                                              both for "normal" 02 (5-9 ppm), (N), and with "low" C"2
                                                                                                              (2 ppm DO), (L).  High and low threshold concentration
                                                                                                              percent of survival are also presented.
                                                                                              a c d e i         A "control" was prepared by adding required chemicals to
                                                                                                              distilled water, and this was constantly aerated. Data
                                                                                                              reported are for larger fish, approximately 14.24 cm in
                                                                                                              length. Data for smaller fish are also in the report.
                                                                                              c d f i I          Bullheads showed an initial rapid uptake of zinc for the first
                                                                                                              several hours followed by a short period of decline. Z-35
                                                                                                              was used to measure zinc uptake.  The fish exposed to
                                                                                                              6.0 ppm of zinc for 96 hours, when placed in flowing, fresh
                                                                                                              water, lost 43 percent of their total accumulated zinc after
                                                                                                              1 day. Fish exposed to 12 ppm of zinc for 14  days all
                                                                                                              survived.
                                                                                                             The test dilutions were made up from distilled water and
                                                                                                              ACS grade chemicals.  Temperature was held at 24 C and
                                                                                                              the solution was aerated to maintain a dissolved oxygen
                                                                                                              content of 5-9 ppm.
                                                  c d e f         (S) Soft water.
                                                                Values are expressed as mg/l of metal.

                                                  ace          The purpose of this experiment was to determine whether
                                                                 there was a constant relationship between the responses of
                                                                 these organisms.  From the data presented, there was no
                                                                 apparent relationship of this type. Therefore the authors
                                                                 advise that bioassays on at least 3 components of the food
                                                                 web be made in any situation.
                                                                                               Anderson
                                                                                                (1948)

                                                                                               Cairns and
                                                                                                Scheier
                                                                                                (1955)
                                                                                               Cairns
                                                                                                (1957)
                                                                                                                                                 Cairns and
                                                                                                                                                  Scheier
                                                                                                                                                  (1958)

                                                                                                                                                 Cairns and
                                                                                                                                                  Scheier
                                                                                                                                                  (1959)

                                                                                                                                                 Joyner
                                                                                                                                                  (1961)
                                                                                                                                                                       Cairns, et al
                                                                                                                                                                        (1964)
                                                                                               Pickering and
                                                                                                Henderson
                                                                                                (1965)
                                                                                               Patrick, et al
                                                                                                (1968)
                                                                                                                                                                                   I
                                                                                                                                                                                   m
                                                                                                                                                                                   Z
                                                                                                                                                                                   D
                                                                                                                                                                                   X
c
30
m
C/J
m
2

-------
CHEMICALS
>
O
s
X
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33
m
en
O
T
O
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5
O
en








i
ON
KJ














Chemical
Zinc-copper-
cyanide
complex










Zinc
cyanide





Zinc
cyanide
complex
Zinc (a)-
cyanide (b)
mixture
Zinc
cyanide
complex
(sodium
cyanide
(564 ppm CN-)
and
zinc sulfate
(394 ppm Zn)]
Zinc
dimethyl-
dithio-
carbamate
Bioassay
or Field
Organism Study'D
Pimephales BSA
promelas











Sewage BOD
organisms





Lepomis BSA
macrochirus
(juveniles)
Lepomis BSA
macrochirus

Pimephales BSA
promelas







Cylindrospermum L
lichen/forme (CD
Microcystis
aeruginosa (Ma)
Toxicity, Experimental
Active Variables
Field Ingredient, Controlled
Location'2) ppm'3) or Noted'4)
— 1.0 ppm Zn ac
0.025 ppm Cu ~
0.05 ppm CN
(non-toxic
4 days)
1.0 ppm Zn
0.25 ppm Cu
0.33 ppm CN
(non-toxic
4 days)
1.0 ppm Zn
0.025 ppm Cu
(K<14 hr)
0.75 (O)






0.4 (O) acdfp


(a) 3.90 (T4A) a c d e
(b) 0.26 (T4A)

0.18 (T4A) ac








2.0 (0) a



Comments
Synthetic soft water used.












Various metal salts were studied in relation to how they
affected the BOD of both raw and treated sewage as well
as how they affected the processing of sewage in the treat-
ment plant. BOD was used as the parameter to measure
the effect of the chemical. The chemical concentration
cited is the ppm required to reduce the BOD values by 50%.
This chemical was tested in an unbuffered system.
For the concentration given, the median resistance time in
minutes was 256.

All fish were acclimatized for 2 weeks in a synthetic dilution
water.

Synthetic soft water was used. Toxicity data given as number
of test fish surviving after exposure at 24, 48, and 96 hr.
TLm values were estimated by straight-line graphical inter-
polation and given in ppm CN"





Observations were made on the 3rd, 7th, 14th, and 21st days
to give the following (T = toxic, NT = nontoxic, PT = partially
toxic with number of days in parentheses. No number indi-
cates observation is for entire test period of 21 days):
Reference
(Year)
Doudoroff, et al
(1956)











Sheets
(1957)





Doudoroff, et al
(1966)

Cairns and
Scheier
(1968)
Doudoroff, et al
(1956)







Palmer and
Maloney
(1955)






















^
•o
m
z
g
x














Scenedesmus
 obliquus (So)
Chlorella
 variegata (Cv)
Gomphonema
 parvulum (Gpi
Nitzschia
 palsa (Npl
Cl - PT (7)
Ma-T (7),PT (14)
So -NT
Cv -PT (14)
Gp-T (14)
Np - T (3)

-------
    Zinc
     dimethyl-
     dithio-
     carbamate
     (100 percent)
    Zinc
     ion
c
30
m
CO
o
I
    Zinc
     stearate
Cylindrospermum
 lichen/forme (CD
Microcystis
 aeruginosa  (Ma)
Scenedesmus
 obliquus (So)
Chlorella
 variegata (Cv)
Gomphonema
 parvulum (Gp)
Nitzschia
 palea (Np)

Physa
 heterostropha
                                                  2.0 (O)
                                            BSA

"l
ON
W






S
m
S
O
r~
Zinc
ion


Zinc-nickel
cyanide
complex
Zinc
nitrate
Zinc
salts

Zinc
salts
Fish



Pimephales
promelas

Balanus
balanoides
Diatoms
Platyhelminths
Many insects
Salmo
gairdnerii
BSA



BSA


BSA

FR


BSA

                                                         Ystwyth,
                                                          Wales
Lepomis
 macrochirus
                                            BSA
20 C
 (S) 0.79-
 1.27 (T4A)
 (H) 2.66-
 5.57 (T4A)
30 C
 (S) 0.62-
 0.78 (T4A)
 (H) 2.36-
 6.36 (T4A)
1.5x 10'4M (K)
                                                                        1.0 ppm CM"
                                                                        0.6 ppm Zn
                                                                         (K<16hr)
                                                                        0.13 ppm Ni

                                                                        32.0 (O)
                                                  0.2-0.7 (O)
                                                                        (O)
                                                                        (O)
                                     Comment same as above except that:
                                       Cl -T(3)
                                       Ma-T (3)
                                       So - T (3)
                                       Cv - T (3)
                                       Gp-T(3)
                                       Np-T(3)
                                                                          Palmer and
                                                                           Maloney
                                                                           (1955)
a c d e q       The objective of these experiments was to determine the
~~   ~          effects of water temperature and hardness on the toxicity
                of zinc ion to pond snails. (H) = hard water, (S) = soft
                water.
                                                                                      Avoidance behavior of test fish to toxic chemicals is given.
                                                                                        Toxicity is given as the lowest lethal concentration (molar).
                                                                                        Ratios of avoidance and lowest lethal concentration are
                                                                                        presented and discussed.
                                                                                      Synthetic soft water was used. Toxicity data given as number
                                                                                        of test fish surviving.
                                     The concentration listed was lethal to 90% of adult barnacles
                                      in 2 days.
                                     Zinc salts were from mine drainage. The flora above the mines
                                      was rich, but below the sources of pollution was poor in
                                      quantity and variety of lithophilous insects.
                                     This is a study of the effect of varying dissolved oxygen con-
                                      centrations on the toxicity of selected chemicals.
                                     The toxicity of heavy metals, ammonia, and monohydric
                                      phenols increased as the dissolved oxygen in water was
                                      reduced. The most obvious reaction of fish to lowered oxy-
                                      gen content is to increase the volume of water passed over
                                      the gills, and this may increase the amount of poison reach-
                                      ing the surface of the gill epithelium.
                                     The concentration of the chemical in the water was not
                                      specified.
                                     "Standard reference water" was described and used as well as
                                      lake water. Varied results were obtained when evaluations
                                      were made in various types of water.
                                     Compound is very slightly soluble in water. No toxicity data
                                      given.
Cairns and
 Scheier
 (1958)
                                                                                                                                                                       Ishio
                                                                                                                                                                        (1965)
                                                                                               Doudoroff, et al  X
                                                                                                 (1956)         >
                                                                          Clarke
                                                                           (1947)
                                                                          Jones
                                                                           (1958)

                                                                          Lloyd
                                                                           (1961)
                                                                          Dowden and
                                                                           Bennett
                                                                           (1965)

-------
CHEMICALS
>
O
s
X
-H
35
m
co
O
o
I
m
O
>
w






^
j^
ON
•^





















Chemical
Zinc
sulfate





Zinc
sulfate





Zinc
sulfate

Zinc
sulfate

Zinc
sulfate





Zinc
sulfate


Zinc
sulfate
(as Zn)

Zinc
sulfate







Zinc
sulfate
Organism
Gasterosteus
aculeatus





Daphnia
magna





Salmo
gairdnerii

Pygosteus
pungitius

Sewage
organisms





Salmo
gairdnerii


Rainbow
trout


Tendipes
decorus
Limnodrilus
hoffmeisteri
Physa
heterostropha
Asellus
communis
Argia sp
Lebistes
reticulatus
Toxicity, Experimental
Bioassay Active Variables
or Field Field Ingredient, Controlled
Study (D Location<2> ppm<3> or Noted W
BSA - 0.7 (TL4y3A) a c






BSA - <48 (O) a c






BSA - 25 ppm a c e f
(0, 133 ~ ~
min)
BCF - (O) ac


BOD - 920 (O) -






BSA - (O) a c



BSA - (O) a c d



BSA - 56 (K 40%) a c d i

10 (T4A)

14 (T4A)

38.5 (T4A)

56 (T4A)
BSCH - 5.0 (41% K 90) acde

Comments
Death of the fish resulted from an interaction between the
metallic ion and the mucus secreted by the gills. Coagulated
mucus formed on the gill membranes and impaired respira-
tion to such a degree that the fish asphyxiated.
The addition of 50 mg/l of calcium chloride to the tank pro-
tected against the toxic effect of this metal salt.

This paper deals with the toxicity thresholds of various sub-
stances found in industrial wastes as determined by the use
of D. magna. Centrifuged Lake Erie water was used as a
diluent in the bioassay. Threshold concentration was defined
as the highest concentration which would just fail to im-
mobilize the animals under prolonged (theoretically infinite)
exposure.
Tap or distilled water used as diluent. Toxicity defined as
the average time when the fish lost equilibrium when exposed
to the test chemical (ppm Zn).
Fish were exposed to 0.04, 0.003, 0.0003, and 0.0001 N zinc
sulfate. Survival times at these concentrations were, re-
spectively: 85 minutes, 190 minutes, 7 hr, and 15 hr.
Various metal salts were studied in relation to how they
affected the BOD of both raw and treated sewage as well as
how they affected the processing of sewage in the treatment
plant. BOD was used as the parameter to measure the effect
of the chemical. The chemical concentration cited is the
ppm required to reduce the BOD values by 50%. This chem-
ical was tested in an unbuffered system.
Zinc sulfate was less toxic in hard water than in soft water;
more toxic in hard water with increased temperature; and
more toxic when DO decreased. Survival curves are
presented.
The 48-hour LDsg as interpolated from a graph was 4 ppm.
A method for prediction of toxicity of spent liquor from
a coke oven before and after biological treatment is briefly
discussed.
Kill data for T. decorus is presented on other concentrations
in either hard or soft water.







Sublethal effects found were retarded growth, increased
mortality, and delayed sexual maturity.
Reference
(Year)
Jones
(1939)





Anderson
(1944)





Grindley
(1946)

Jones
(1947)

Sheets
(1957)





Lloyd
(1960)


Herbert
(1961)


Wurtz and
Bridges
(1961)






Crandall and
Goodnight
              •o
              m

              O
(1962)

-------
     Zinc
     sulfate
    Zinc
     sulfate

    Zinc
     (zinc
     sulfate)
    Zinc
     sulfate
     (as Zn)
    Zinc
     sulfate


    Zinc
     sulphate


    Zinc
     sulfate
O
m   Zinc
?    sulfate
O
to  Zinc
>   sulfate
D
C   Zinc
3)    sulfate
co    (as Zn)
O
m
Physa
 heterostropha
                      Helisoma
                       companulata
Salmo
 salar

Salmo
 salar
Salmo
 gairdnerii

Periphyton
Brachydanio
 rerio


Pimephales
 promelas
Lepomis
 macrochirus
Carassius
 auratus
Lebistes
 reticulatus
Brachydanio
 rerio
 (embryos)
Brachydanio
 rerio
Salmo
 salar
S. trutta
S. gairdnerii
S. trutta
S. gairdnerii
                      BSA
                                            BSA
                                            BCF
                                            BSA
                                            FL
                                            BSA
                                            BSA
                                    Newtown,
                                     Ohio
                                            BSCH
                                             BSA
                                             BSCH
4.2 (T1A)*
1.9 (T2A)
1.9 (T3A)
1.9 (T4A)
49.0 (T1A)
49.0 (T2A)
13.4 (T3A)
13.4 (T4A)

(O)
                                                                        0.6 (O)
                                                                        3.86 (T2A)
                                                                        1.1-6.5 (O)
(0)
(S) 0.96 (T4A)
(H) 33.4 (T4A)
(S) 5.46 (T4A)
(H) 40.9 (T4A)
(S) 6.44 (T4A)

(H) 1.27 (T4A)


20 (K 15 hr)
                                                                        20 (K1)
                                                                        0.1 (K)

                                                                        (0)
                                                                        (O)
                                                                        (O)
                                                                        (O)
                                                                                             a c d e f
                      a cd ef
                      acdf
                      acdf
                                                                                              a c e f
                                                                                              cdef
                                                                                              a c d e
                                                                                               cf
                                                                                                            These tests were conducted in hard and soft water at varied
                                                                                                              temperatures. Generally, this chemical was more toxic in
                                                                                                              soft water. At temperatures up to 90 F, zinc sulfate was
                                                                                                              less toxic than at 51 F for P. heterostropha.
                                                                                                             The ECgrj °r the effective concentration that produced an
                                                                                                              avoidance response in 50% of the fish was 0.092 x the ILL
                                                                                                              (incipient lethal level), or 0.092 x 580 |Ug/l,or 53.3jUg/l.
                                                                                                             The experiments were carried out in soft water.  Values are
                                                                                                              reported as micrograms of metal and toxicity as LTsg.
                                                                                                              In solutions containing copper and zinc, fish died twice as
                                                                                                              fast as would occur if the 2 metals were simply additive in
                                                                                                              their lethal action.
                                                                                                             A mathematical equation was derived to explain the com-
                                                                                                              bined toxicities of this salt and ammonium chloride.
                                                                                                             Fungi and slime-forming bacteria grew abundantly in the
                                                                                                              high Zn concentrations, apparently due to nutrient release
                                                                                                              from decaying periphyton.
                                                                                                             Survival time for adult fish (aged 40 days) in 168 hours was
                                                                                                              10 ppm. The chemical was more toxic to newly hatched
                                                                                                              fish.
                                                                                                             (S) Soft water.
                                                                                                             (H) Hard water.
                                                                                                             Values are expressed as mg/l  of metal.
                                                                                                                                                                       Wurtz
                                                                                                                                                                        (1962)
                                     Embryos with the outer membranes removed survived longer
                                      than natural embryos — the action of zinc sulfate on mem-
                                      branes is unknown. Additional data are presented.
                                     Data are given for several concentrations of zinc. The authors
                                      also measured oxygen uptake of the fish plotting this value
                                      against the dry weight of the fish. Toxicity of zinc to fish
                                      of different ages was also measured. An equation was de-
                                      rived to express toxicity of zinc to these fish.
                                     The reported figure is a reported lethal concentrate as found
                                      in polluted lakes and streams in Norway. Apparently organic
                                      matter has a masking effect that reduces toxicity. Rainbow
                                      trout and Atlantic salmon reacted similarly to the chemical.
                                      Brown trout was only slightly more tolerant. The value given
                                      is for a 21-day median survival period. 50% of brown trout
                                      eggs survived to hatch in 0.3 ppm Zn.  Eggs of rainbow trout
                                      behaved similarly.
                                                                                                                                                                       Sprague
                                                                                                                                                                        (1964)
                                                                                               Sprague
                                                                                                 (1964)
                                                                                                                                                                       Herbert and
                                                                                                                                                                        Shurben
                                                                                                                                                                        (1964)
                                                                                                                                                                       Williams and
                                                                                                                                                                        Mount
                                                                                                                                                                        (1965)
                                                                                                                                                                       Skidmore
                                                                                                                                                                        (1965)

                                                                                                                                                                       Pickering and
                                                                                                                                                                        Henderson
                                                                                                                                                                        (1965)
                                                                                                                                                                                       m
                                                                                                                                                                                       O
                                                                                                                                                                                       X
                                                                                                                                                                       Skidmore
                                                                                                                                                                        (1966)

                                                                                                                                                                       Skidmore
                                                                                                                                                                        (1967)
                                                                                                                                                                       Grande
                                                                                                                                                                        (1967)

-------
CHEMICALS
z
o
5
X
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33
m
en
O
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>i-
ON
ON


















Chemical
Zinc
sulfate








Zinc
sulphate
(hydrated)







Zinc
sulfate


Zinc
sulfate
plus
copper
sulfate (vari-
ous ratios)
Zinc
sulfate
plus alkyl-
benzene
sulfonate
Zirconium
oxychloride


Zirconium
sulfate

Organism
Salmo
gairdnerii
Perca
fluviatilis
Rutilus
rutilus
Gobio
gobio
Abramis
brama
Salmo
gairdnerii
Perca
fluviatilis
Rutilus
rutilus
Gobio
gobio
Abramis
brama
Tubificid
worms


Salmo
gairdnerii




Salmo
gairdnerii



Pimephales
promelas
Lepomis
macrochirus
Pimephales
promelas

Toxicity, Experimental
Bioassay Active Variables
or Field Field Ingredient, Controlled
Study'1) Location'2) ppm'3) or Noted*4*
BSA - 4.6 (T4A) c e

16.0 (T5A)

17.3 (T5A)

8.4 (T7A)

14.3 (T5A)

BCFA - 3.8-5.5 (K5)

14.8-17.3 (K5) ace

15.4-19.4 (K5)

9-15 (K5)

12.5-16.3 (K5)

BSA - 46.0 (T1 A) ac



BSA - - a e p





BCFCH - 0.3* (T4A) abcdef
& A *ABS +
0.8 ppm Zn


BSA - (H)240(T4A) acdf
(S) 18IT4A)
(H) 270 (T4A)
(S) 15 (T4A)
BSA - (H)145(T4A) acdf
(S) 14IT4A)

Comments
Data given as LC5fj which was taken as equivalent to TLm.
Additional data for other exposure periods are presented.










Data confirmed that experiments of short duration are not
necessarily reliable for ranking the ultimate sensitivities
of several species of fish to a given poison.





Knop's solution was used. TLm levels for various pHs were
determined for the tubificids and were found to be 5.8 to
9.7. Zinc sulfate was more toxic at pH extremes of 6.5
and 8.5 than at 7.5.
Both hard and soft water were used. Median period of sur-
vival in hard water was 3 days — 3.5 ppm Zn, and 1.1 ppm
Cu; in soft water 7 days, 0.56 ppm Zn and 0.044 ppm Cu.



For a concentration of 0.45 ppm of alkyl benzene sulfonate
alone, the median tolerance limit was recorded in 4 days.
The zinc concentration was 0.08 ppm in the combined
zinc-detergent solution. The ABS appeared to block devel-
opment of resistance to Zn in the trout in chronic studies.
Both hard (H) and soft (S) water were used.



Comment same as above.


Reference
(Year)
Ball
(1967)










Ball
(1967)






Whitley
(1968)


Lloyd
(1961)




Brown, et al
(1968)



Tarzwell and
Henderson
(1960)

Tarzwell and
Henderson
(1960)
•o
m
Z
a

-------
             APPENDIX B
EXTRACTED DATA FROM ORIGINAL PAPERS
    COMMERCIAL CHEMICAL PRODUCTS

-------
         Note: Names of chemicals and organisms are as given by the various authors. Readers should search for alternate, common, and/or scientific names of both
               chemical and aquatic species; and refer to report section on Extracted Data for further discussion of this appendix.
         Footnotes for Appendices A and B:
         (1)  Letters represent:
                 B = bioassay, used in combination with S = static, CF = continuous flow, A = acute, and CH = chronic.
                 L = laboratory bioassay.
              BOD = biochemical oxygen demand.
                 F = field study, used in combination with R = river, stream, creek, etc., L = lake or pond, M = marine, E = estuarine, and O = other
                    (port facility, flooded area, etc.).
         (2)  Field location is indicated by abbreviation of the state or country.
         (3)  The number indicates ppm (mg/1), unless otherwise indicated by appropriate designations or (0).  The letters within parentheses following indicate
             T = TLm, K = kill, SB = sublethal effects, NTE = no toxic effect, or O = other.  The number following these indicates the time in days at which
             observations were made. EC$Q, LC$Q, and similar designations for 50 percent lethality were all considered as TLm and designated as such. The
             numbers within parentheses following these designations indicate the time in days when the effect was observed.
         (4)  The following indicate (when underlined the variable was controlled):
                 a = water temperature
                 b = ambient air temperature
td               C = PH
~               d = alkalinity (total, phenolphthalein or caustic)
                 e = dissolved oxygen
                 f = hardness (total, carbonate, Mg, or CaO)
                 g = turbidity
                 h = oxidation-reduction potential
                 i = chloride as Cl
                 j = BOD, 5 day; (J) = BOD, short-term
                 k = COD
                 1 = nitrogen (as N02 or NOs)
                m = ammonia nitrogen as NH3
                 n = phosphate (total, ortho-, or poly)
                 o = solids (total, fixed, volatile, or suspended)
                 p = C02

-------
o
o
2
2
m
o Chemical
"~ 2389
2 1 1 0%)
m
2
o
> Abate
1
3)
O
O
C
q
M
Abate
(Am.Cy.52,
160)








CO
t-o



Abate


Abate

Abate


Alky! benzene
sulphonate
(ABS)






Sodium
alkvlaryl
sutfonate
Organism
Chlorella
pyrenoidosa



Prosimulum spp
Cnephia spp
Simulium spp
(larvae)



Micropterus
salmoides
Lepomis
macrochirus
Gambusia
af finis
Lebistes
reticulatus
Paleomonetes
paludosus
Hyalella
azteca
Plankton
(Euglena,
Coleps)
Rotifers
Callinectes
sapidus

Microp terus
salmoides
Pteronarcys
ca/ifornica
(naiads)
Cladophora
glomerata
Eurhynchium
ruse/forme
Ranunculus
pseudofluitans
Potamogeton
pectinatus
P. densus
Rainbow
trout
(frv)
Toxicity, Experimental
Bioassay Active Variables
or Field Field Ingredient, Controlled
Study!"!' Location'2) ppm'3) or Noted^)
L - 100 (AC 1/2 hr)




LCFA - 4.0 (O) a






BSA - 200+ (L1 A) a

200+ (L1A)

200+ (L1A)

200+ (L1A)

1.0 (L1A)

0.65 (L1A)

50.0 (K2)


50.0 (K2)
BCFCH - 0.01 (K) a


BSA - 5.0 (T 1 hr) ae
5.0 (K 2 hr)
BSA - 0.01 (T4A) acd ef


BSA - 10(K21A)

10 (K21A)

2.5 (K14)

2-3 (SB 14)

2.5 (SB14)
BSA - 3.0-5.0 (T1 A) acde


Comments
Describes a bioassay method to differentiate between an
algicide (AC) and an algistat (AS). The treated culture
was subcultured as time progressed. Allen's medium
was used.

Stones heavily populated with larvae were placed in troughs
of running water containing the toxicant. When the larvae
became detached from the rocks and floated away, they
were assumed to have undergone lethal intoxication. The
larvae were exposed to the toxicant for 5 minutes, then in
clean water for 24 hours. At that time the number detached
amounted to 56 percent.
Abate was toxic to fish at a dosage rate necessary to control
the larvae of the chironomid midge.














Little or no information was given about test procedures
and further results.

Experiments were carried out in plastic tubs lined with saran
plastic. Fish weights averaged 217 grams.
Data reported as LCso at 1 5.5 C in 4 days.


Within the range of reduction of ABS detergent concentration
which has been achieved by the Luton experiment there
was very little biological effect on the river.






The 24-hr TLm was very near the highest concentration
that was nonlethal in 6 hr. Additional data are
discussed.
Reference
(Year)
Fitzgerald and
Faust
(1963)


Jamnback and
Frempong-
Boadu
(1966)



Von Windeguth
and Patterson
(1966)













Butler and
Johnson
(1967)
Mulla, et al
(1967)
Sanders and
Cope
(1968)
Hynes and
Roberts
(1962)






Vivier and
Nisbet
(1965)
TJ
•o
m
z
o
CD

-------
     Sodium
      alkyl
      benzene
      sulfonate
     ABS
     Alkyl benzene
      sulfonate
      (25 percent)
     ABS
C8
OJ
Lepomis
 macrochirus
L. gibbosus
Lepomis
 macrochirus

Hydropsychidae
Stenonema sp
S. ares
S. heterotarsale
Isonychia
 bicolor
Orconectes
 rusticus
Coniobasis sp
Lepomis
 gibbosus
BSA and
 CFCH
                                             BCF
BCFACR
                                             BSCHA




8
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3)
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Alkyl
benzene
sulfonate
(54.8%)







Sodium
alkyl
benzene
sulfonate






Nitzchia
linearis
Navicula
seminulum
Physa
heterostropha
Lepomis
macrochirus
and
Lepomis
gibbosus
Ictalurus
natal is








                                             BSA
                                             BSCH
17.4 (T4A)
17.4 (T4CF)
21.9 (T4A)
19.7 (T1A)
18.1 (T4A)
17.3(T30A)

32 (60% K)
                           16 (K)
                           16 (K)
                           16 (K)
                           4.0 (K)

                           32 (K)

                           32 (K)

                           12(0)
                                                                      a c d e
                                                 (S) 10 (T5)

                                                 (S) 5.6 (T5)
                                                 (H) 39.4 (T5)
                                                 (S) 34.2 (T5)
                                                 (H) 35.8 (T5)
                                                 5.6-18.0
                                                  (survived, but
                                                  extensive gill
                                                  damage
                                                  occurred)
                                                 0.5 (SB1CH)
                                                                                           a c d e f q
                                                a cd e
                                                                                             acdf
Both hard and soft water were used. Data from both were
 similar.  TLm for 24 and 48 hr are given. Gill damage
 occurred at 5-6 ppm after 3 months of exposure.  Data on
 cruising speed and active oxygen consumption are also
 presented in addition to erythrocyte count and histological
 examination of gills. Similar gill damage for L. macrochirus
 occurred in acute and chronic studies.
Toxicities are recorded as an average for 3 tests.  Test fish
 exhibited some degree of acclimation to the chemical after
 exposure to sublethal concentrations.
Concentration, time and percent survival are given. Con-
 siderable additional data are also presented.
                                     Fish were exposed to the ABS solution for two weeks, and
                                     subsequently to a sublethal concentration of ZnCl2 (2.4
                                     ppm). Limited tests indicated that exposure to ABS in
                                     excess of 5.6 ppm caused marked gill damage but produced
                                     no gross changes in zinc tolerance. Other fish were exposed
                                     to ABS as above, then in dilution water alone, and the
                                     temperature was raised to 35  for 96 hours.  Exposure to
                                     ABS apparently caused no changes in the tolerance of the
                                     fish to the higher temperature.
                                     Effects in hard (H) and soft (S) waters were compared. Two
                                     compositions of  ABS were used. TLm is given in ppm of
                                     ABS composition.
                                                                                                            At 0.5 ppm, bullhead chemoreceptor damage occurred.
                                                                                                              Detergent concentration was monitored by the
                                                                                                              methylene-blue technique.
Cairns and
 Scheier
 (1963)
Lemke and
 Mount
 (1963)
Surberand
 Thatcher
 (1963)
                                                          Cairns and
                                                           Scheier
                                                           (1964)
                                                                                                                                                                      Cairns, et al
                                                                                                                                                                        (1964)
                                                                                                                                               Bennett
                                                                                                                                                (1962)
                                                                                                                                                               m
                                                                                                                                                               D
                                                                                                                                                               X
                                                                                                                                                               oo

-------
n
o
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2
m
o Chemical
£ ABS
o
I
m
S
O
r~
5 ABS
g (54.8%
C active)
q
en




Alkyl benzene
sulfonate




j^

^

ABS


Organism
Brachydanio
rerio
(adults)
(eggs)
Lepomis
macrochirus
Lepomis
gibbosus







Vaucheria
Cladophora








Chlorella
pyrenoidosa

Toxicity,
Bioassay Active
or Field Field Ingredient,
Study <1> Location*2) ppm(3)
BSA

42.0 (T2A)
75.0 (T2A)
17.4 (T2A)

BSCH - 18 (O)








BSA - (O)









L - 0-20 mg/l
increased
growth
Experimental
Variables
Controlled
or Noted'4) Comments
a c d e f The test dilutions were made up from distilled water and
ACS grade chemicals. Temperature was held at 24 C and
the solution was aerated to maintain a dissolved oxygen
content of 5-9 ppm.


a c d e i Chloride content of the water was adjusted to 60 ppm — and
the fish were exposed to the test solution for 21 days. At
this time, the chloride content was raised to 6500 ppm, and
the test was continued another 21 days. ABS generally
damaged the gill structure. Since salt exchange as well as
oxygen exchange takes place here, it would not be surprising
that gill damage would correlate with chloride content of the
blood. However, there was little difference in the blood
chloride in control and experimental animals.
afiln Experiments were conducted in five 1 -gal. containers. Algal
~~ communities were subsampled and the samples were placed
in 60-ml bottles at 4 time periods: 12 hr, 24 hr, 48 hr,
and 96 hr.
Results showed that ABS has a negative effect on C14 uptake
for both algae communities, the communities appear to partly
recover their ability to assimilate C14 at extended exposures
to high concentrations, and a slight stimulation of C14 uptake
appears to occur at abbreviated exposures to low
concentrations.

a c e p Growth rates of the Chlorella were followed when supplied
synthetic detergents as the phosphorus source. Sodium
triphosphate was responsible for increased growth.
Reference
(Year)
Cairns, et al
(1965)




Cairns and
Scheier
(1966)






Hicks and
Neuhold
(1966)








Maloney
(1966)





















^
TJ
m
z
O
X



ABS
ABS
(54.8%)
Pimephales
pro met as
(eggs)
Jordanella
floridae
ABS
ABS
Lepomis
 gibbosus
Notropis
 antherinoides
Pimephales
 notatus
Lepomis
 macrochirus
BCF



BSCH





BSA




BCFA

BCFA

BCFA
                                                                      rate
                                                                     6.4 (T9)
                                                                     10 to 65
                                                                      (NTE)
(0)




7.4 (T4A)

7.7 (T4A)

8.2 (T4A)
a c d e f        Mortality range is given for exposure (days 1 -9) with various     Pickering
                concentrations and controls. Additional data are presented.     (1966)


   —           Aquaria were prepared containing 0, 10, 28, 42, 56, 65 ppm     Foster, et al
                of ABS.  The major effect found was on the feeding habits      (1966)
                of the fish.  Apparently the chemical made worms in the
                aquaria unpalatable. Time required for the consumption of
                the worms varied with  the concentration of the chemical.

  £e_          Gill damage in pumpkinseed sunfish resulting from 24-hr        Scheier and
                exposure to 18 ppm of this chemical  was not reversible,         Cairns
                even after the test fish were removed to fresh dilution water     (1967)
                for an eight-week period.

a c d e f        Differences in sensitivity to ABS between closely related        Thatcher
                species was  studied. Since bluntnose and fathead minnows     (1966)
                are closely related phylogenetically and ecologically, one
                might expect them  to be very similar in  their response to a
                given toxicant. However, from the data in this report, this
                is not necessarily true since the two species were significantly
                different in  ABS sensitivity.  The differences between several
                species of Notropis  also illustrate this.

-------
















Alkyl benzene
sulfonate








ABS
(54.8%)




Alkyl benzene
sulfonate
plus zinc
sulfate
Campostoma
anomalum
Notropis
stramineus
Ericymba
buccata
Notropis
ardens
Pimephales
promelas
Notropis
cornutus
Cyprinus
carpio
Ictalurus
me/as
Lepomis
macrochirus
Pimephalus
promelas
Ictalurus
melas
Notropis
atherinoides
Notropis
cornutus
Nitzschia
linearis
Physa
heterostropha
Lepomis
macrochirus
Sal mo
gairdnerii


BCFA

BCFA

BCFA

BCFA

BCFA

BCFA

BCFA

BCFA

BSA









BSA





BCFC



8
I  AC-5727
f   (15 percent
S   EC)
'n  AC-5727
I
m
2
o
3D
O
O
                      Gambusia
                       affinis
                      Salmo
                       gairdnerii
                        (one wk old
                        sac fry)
                        (one mo old
                        feeding fry)
                                           FL
                                            BSA
Ponds -
 Bakers-
 field,
 Calif.
                                                                      8.9 (T4A)

                                                                      9.0 (T4A)

                                                                      9.2 (T4A)

                                                                      9.5 (T4A)

                                                                      11.3(T4A)


                                                                      17.0 (T4A)

                                                                      18.0 (T4A)

                                                                      22.0 (T4A)


                                                                      8.2 (T4A)

                                                                      11.3IT4A)

                                                                      22.0 (T4A)

                                                                      7.4 (T4A)

                                                                      17.0 (T4A)


                                                                      10.0 (T5A)

                                                                      34.2 (T4A)

                                                                      17.44 (T4A)


                                                                      0.3* (T4A)

                                                                      *ABS +
                                                                        0.8 ppm Zn



                                                                      (O)
            0.5 (K 0%)
            5.0 (K 0%)
            0.5 (K 0%)
            5.0 (K 0%)
                                                                                            a c d e
                                                                                           a b c d e f
                                                In all of these tests, the LAS stock powder contained 60.8%
                                                 LAS. The values reported were calculated on a basis of
                                                 pure LAS.
The purpose of this experiment was to determine whether
 there was a constant relationship between the responses of
 these organisms.  From the data presented, there was no
 apparent relationship of this type. Therefore the authors
 advise that bioassays on at least 3 components of the food
 web be made in any situation.

For a concentration of 0.45 ppm of alkyl benzene sulfonate
 alone, the  median tolerance limit was recorded in 4 days.
 The zinc concentration was 0.08 ppm in the combined
 zinc-detergent solution. The ABS appeared to block
 development of resistance to Zn in the trout in chronic
 studies.
At 0.2 Ib/acre, 2 percent mortality occurred in 24 hours.
 At 0.8 Ib/acre, 20 percent mortality occurred in 24 hours.
 The experiments  were conducted in  cages placed in the
 ponds.
Results are  averages of triplicate tests.  Toxicity is reported
 as percent mortality (K %).
                                                          Thatcher and
                                                           Santner
                                                           (1967)
                                                                                                                                                                    Patrick, et al
                                                                                                                                                                      (1968)
                                                                                                                                                                    Brown, et al
                                                                                                                                                                      (1968)
Mulla and
 Isaak
 (1961)

Lewallen and
 Wilder
 (1962)
                                                                                                                          1
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                                                                                                                          X
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-------
COMMERCE
>»
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r~
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C
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C/l










ON


















Chemical
American
Cyanamid
12009
(tech)


American
Cyanamid
43,913

AC^3913



AC-47031
(EC4)
AC-47921
(EC4)


AC-47921
(EC4)
Amer. Cyan-
amid 52,160





Amer. Cyan.
52160
ACP-M-569

ACP
(a-chloroaceto*
phenone)

Acriflavin

Organism
Pimephales
promelas
Lepomis
macrochirus
Lebistes
reticulatus
Leiostomus
xanthurus
(juvenile)
Oyster
Australorbis
glabratus


Gambusia
affinis
Gambusia
affinis
Rana
catesbeiana
Gambusia
affinis
Oyster

Oyster

Leiostomus
xanthurus
(juvenile)
Rainbow
trout
Onchorynchus
tshawytscha
Green
sunfish


Microcystis
aeruginosa

Bioassay
or Field
Study (D
BSA





BSA


BCF
BSA and
FL


FL

FL



FL

BCF

BCF

BSA


-

BSA

BSA and
FL


L

Toxicity,
Active
Field Ingredient,
Location(2) ppm(3)
0.32 (T4A)

0.075 (T4A)

0.010 (T4A)

(0)


0.20 (0)
Puerto Rico (O)



Cal. 0.5 (K1)

Cal. 0.4 (O)

(0)

Cal. 0.1 (K1)

0.042 (O)

(0)

(0)


1 .0 (T4A)

185 (T1A)
155 (T2A)
Okla. 1.1 (T1A)
1.05 (T2A)


1.0 (K)

Experimental
Variables
Controlled
or Noted (4) Comments
a c d e f The toxicity of this substance was not influenced by the
quality of the water (pH, hardness, alkalinity).




a Water temperature was 13 C. 20% mortality at 1.0 ppm
occurred.

The value reported is a 96-hr ECsg (decreased shell growth).
c Seven of the tested compounds failed to meet acceptability
criteria — that is, complete kill after 6-hr exposure to
10 ppm. They were not used in field tests. Field tests
showed WL 8008 to be highly effective. All others failed.
— Toxicity value is in Ib/acre.

- At a concentration of 0.4 Ib/acre, 96% mortality of the fish
occurred in 24 hours. No mortality in tadpoles of
R. catesbeiana occurred during an exposure period of one
week. Toxicity value is in Ib/acre.
— Toxicity value is in Ib/acre.

a The value reported is a 96-hr ECgg (decreased shell growth).

Exposure to a concentration of 1 ppm caused a 35.0%
decrease in shell growth.
Water temperature was 13 C. Fish showed irritation at
1 .0 ppm.

— The values reported are given as LC5Q.

a c d e Concentrations were based on percent active ingredient.

a e p The main purpose of this experiment was to determine the
repellent characteristics of certain chemicals. Tests were
conducted at 22 C to 23 C. BSA experiments were made
in a wooden trough.
a , etc The chemical was tested on a 5-day algae culture, 1 x 10^
to 2 x 106 cells/ml, 75 ml total volume. Chu No. 10
medium was used.
Reference
(Year)
Pickering and
Henderson
(1966)



Butler
(1965)


Seiffer and
Schoof
(1967)

Mulla
(1966)
Mulla
(1966)


Mulla
(1966)
Butler
(1965)





Cope
(1965)
Bond.et al
(1960)
Summerfelt
and Lewis
(1967)

Fitzgerald.et al
(1952)





















•o
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-------
     Acriffavine
     Acriflavine
i
     Acrylaldehyde
      (acrolein)
     Acti-dione
     Aerosporin-
 Q    Polymyxin
      B (sulfate)
 m
 a>
 O
 o
 I
 m
 5
 O
 -o
 3)
 O
 o
 c
Aldrin (hexa-
 chloro-
 hexahydro-
 dimeth-
 anonaphthalene,
 48 percent)
                   tctalurus
                   punctatus
                    (fry)
                   Lepomis
                   macrochirus
                    (fry)
                   Sal mo
                   gairdnerii
                   Sal mo
                   trutta
                   Salvelinus
                   fontinalis
                   Salvelinus
                   namaycush
                   Ictalurus
                   punctatus
                   Lepomis
                   macrochirus
                                             BSA
                                             BSA
                                                 5.0 (SB3)


                                                 5.0 (SB3)


                                                 19.9 (T2A)

                                                 27.0 (T2A)

                                                 14.8 (T2A)

                                                 28.0 (T2A)

                                                 33.2 (T2A)

                                                 13.5 (T2A)
a c d e f        At least 90 percent of the fry survived for a period of
p               72 hours at the concentration listed.
  a f           Variance and the 95-percent confidence interval (C.I.)
  ~~             were also determined.
                                        BSA
Cylindrospermum
 licheniforme (CD
Microcystis
 aeruginosa (Ma)
Scenedesmus
 obliquus (So)
Chlorella
 variegata (Cv)
Oomph onema
 parvulum (Gp)
Nitzschia
 pa lea (Np)
Cylindrospermum
 licheniforme (CD
Microcystis
 aeruginosa (Ma)
Scenedesmus
 obliquus (Sol
Chlorella
 variegata (Cv)
Gomph onema
 parvulum (Gp)
Nitzschia
 palea (Np)
Lymnaeid
 snails
                                                                         2.0 (O)
                                                                    2.0 (0)
                                             BSA
                                                                         (O)
Jones
 (1965)
Willford
  (1966)
                                                                                                        Experiments were conducted in standing water. Results were    Frank, etal
                                                                                                         rated on a scale of 0 to 10,0 standing for no toxic effect and    (1961)
                                                                                                         10 signifying a complete kill. Evaluation was based on visual
                                                                                                         observation of the plant response at weekly intervals for
                                                                                                         4 weeks.
                                                                                                        Observations were made on the 3rd, 7th, 14th, and 21st days    Palmer and
                                                                                                         to give the following (T = toxic, NT = nontoxic, PT «= partially   Maloney
                                                                                                         toxic with number of days in parentheses.  No number indi-     (1955)
                                                                                                         cates observation is for entire test period of 21 days):
                                                                                                          Cl  - PT (7)
                                                                                                          Ma- NT
                                                                                                          So  -T
                                                                                                          Cv  - PT (7)
                                                                                                          Gp-T
                                                                                                          Np-T
               Comment same as above except that:                         Palmer and
                 Cl - T                                                  Maloney
                 Ma-T                                                  (1955)
                 So -T (14)
                 Cv -T
                 Gp-T
                 Np-T
               Each test container (500-ml beaker) was filled with ditch       Batte, et al
                water. 100% mortality occurred at 1:100,000 and greater.      (1951)
                                                                                         m
                                                                                         z
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                                                                                         X
                                                                                         00

-------
o
o
2
S
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o Chemical
Q Aldrin
m
S
O
f-
•o
3J
O
O
C
5 Aldrin
en
Aldrin







Aldrin
(88.4%)
rt
U
O



Aldrin






Aldrin
(dust)



Aldrin

Aldrin







Organism
Fathead
minnow
Bluegill
Goldfish
Guppy



Fathead
minnow
Pimephales
promelas
Lepomis
macrochirus
Carassius
auraws
Lebistes
reticulatus
Pimephales
promelas
Lepomis
macrochirus
Carassius
auratus
Lebistes
reticulatus
Pimephales
promelas
Lepomis
macrochirus



Tilapia
melanopleura



Daphnia
magna
Oncorh ynchus
kisutch
Oncorhynchus
tshawytscha
Sal mo
gairdnerii
Gast«n»tsus
acuteatuv
Toxicity, Experimental
Bioassay Active Variables
or Field Field Ingredient, Controlled
Study'1) Location'2) ppm'3) or Noted'4*
BSA - 0.033 (T4A) a
~
0.013 (T4A)
0.028 (T4A)
0.033 (T4A)



BSA - 0.028 (T4A) a

BSA - 0.03 (T4A) adef

0.01 (T4A)

0.03 (T4A)

0.03 (T4A)

BSA - 0.032 (T4A) a b e c d f

0.015 (T4A)

0.032 (T4A)

0.037 (T4A)

BSA - 0.033 (T4A) a

0.013(T4A)




FLCH Tangan- 1.0lb(3.3%K)
yika 5.0 Ib (3.3% K -
3wks)
10.0lb (60.0% K-
3wks)
BSA - 0.0292 (0) a

BSA - 45.9 (T4A) acde

7.5 (T4A)

17.7 (T4A)

39.8 (T4A)

Comments
It was the authors opinion that pH, alkalinity and hardness,
within the usual range in natural waters, had little effect on
the toxic effect of the compounds studied. The values given
are from Henderson, Pickering, and Tarzwell, "The Relative
Toxicity of Ten Chlorinated Hydrocarbon Insecticides to
Four Species of Fish". It is interesting that the different
tables from the above book (as reported in this paper) report
widely different values for the same compounds.
Comments same as above except that the experiment was
performed in hard water.
Concentrations were based on percent active ingredient.







Dilution water was usually soft although some studies were
conducted with hard water.






Bioassay investigations of the new insecticides indicate that
in general the organic phosphorus compounds are not as
toxic to fish as are the chlorinated hydrocarbons. The
toxicity of most of these materials was not significantly
influenced by water quality. Therefore it is to be expected
that the toxicity of these materials will not differ significantly
in different streams.
Trial periods were for 20 weeks. Sublethal effects such as
impaired breeding, retarded growth, or altered taste
were not detected. Dosages are given as Ib/acre of surface
water.

The indicated concentration immobilized Daphnia in
50 hours.
Chemical dissolved in acetone. TLm expressed in ppb.







Reference
(Year)
Tarzwell
(1959)








Henderson, et al
(1959)






Henderson, et al
(1959)






Tarzwell
(1959)





Webbe and
Shute
(1959)


Anderson
(1960)
Katz
(1961)

























>
TJ
m
2
g
x
00
























-------
    Aldrin
    Aldrin
     (EC 2)
    Aldrin
    Aldrin
m
3)
o
o
i
m
S
O
TJ
3J
O
O
                       Gammarus
                        lacustris
                        lacustris
Gambusia
 affinis
Rana
 catesbeiana
 (tadpoles)

Lepomis
 macrochirus
Salmo
 gairdneri
Aquatic insects:
 Ephemeroptera
 Trichoptera
 Chironomidae
Fish:
 Moxostoma
  erythrurum
 Hypentelium
  nigricans
 Catostomus
  commersoni
 Pimephales
  notatus
 Notropis
  chrysocephalus
 Semotilus
  atromaculatus
 Campostoma
  anomalum
 Ericymba
  buccata
 Etheostoma
  zonale
 Hybopsis
  biguttata
 Percina
  maculata
 Notropis
  spilopterus
 N. stramineus
 N. volucellus
 Etheostoma
  caeruleum
 Notropis
  umbratilis
                                            BSA
                                                  (O)
FL
               Cal.
                            0.5 (O)
                                            BSA
                                            FR
                            10 (T1A)

                            6 (T2A)

                            (O)
a e p          The mortality might have been partially due to the suscepti-
               bility of the organism to higher temperatures, toxicity from
               extended exposure to copper electrodes (used to shock the
               organism to determine death), or the increase of COj.
               Results were expressed as LTso; for example, at 0.5 ppm,
               50 percent of the shrimp were killed in 200 (±35)  min.

 a c           Mixed populations of the indicated test species contained in
               cages were exposed to various insecticidal chemicals
               applied as dilute sprays to ponds 1/16 acre in size.  The
               indicated toxicant concentration is in Ib/acre, and resulted
               in a 90 percent mortality  for the fish, and a 80 percent
               mortality for the tadpoles in 24 hours.

  a            The experiment was conducted at 65 F.
                                                                                                             Dosage application rate was 2 Ib aldrin/acre.  After initial
                                                                                                              application a great number of fish and insects of indicated
                                                                                                              species were killed. A collection, made 7 months later,
                                                                                                              showed this stream contained a diversity of insect species
                                                                                                              and sizes of fish.
                                                                                                                           McDonald
                                                                                                                             (1962)
                                                                                                                            Mulla, etal
                                                                                                                             (1963)
                                                                                                                                                                        Cope
                                                                                                                                                                         (1963)
                                                                                                                           Moye and
                                                                                                                            Luckmann
                                                                                                                            (1964)
                                                                                                                                           I
                                                                                                                                           m
                                                                                                                                           O
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                                                                                                                                           00

-------
o
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s
s
m
o Chemical
r-
O Aldrin
m
5
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•o
O
a
c
o
H
Aldnn


Aldnn




Aldrin

QO
!— '
O
Aldrin







Aldrin



Aldrin



Aldrin
(tech)

Organism
Bluegill



Notemigonus
crysoleucas
Lepomis
macrochirus
L. cyanel/us

Gammarus
lacustris

Gambusia
affinis
affinis


Pa/eomonetes
kadiakensis



Acroneuria
pacifica
Ephemerella
grandis
Gammarus
lacustris
Pteronarcys
californica
Procambarus
clarkii
(juvenile)
(adult)
Gambusia
affinis
Icta/urus
melas
Rainbow
trout
Bluegill
Toxicity, Experimental
Bioassay Active Variables
or Field Field Ingredient, Controlled
Study*1) Location<2) ppm*3* or Noted*4*
BSA - 0.01 3 (T4A) a



BSA - (B) 0.080 (T 1.5) a c f
(A) 4.750 (T 1.5)
(B) 0.038 (T 1.5)
(A) 3.0 (T 1.5)
(B) 0.062 (T 1.5)
(A) 3.25 (T 1.5)
BSA - 38.5 (T4A) a e


BSA - 0.05 to 2.1 (O) a




BSA - (N) 85 (TT/jA) a cf
(TB) 185 (TV/2 A)



BSA - 0.143IT4A) ac

0.009 (T4A)

38.5 (T4A)

0.18 (T4A)

BSA - a c d o

0.038 (T5A)
0.60 (T5A)
BSA - 0.02-0.06 (T3A) a c d e

0.013-0.185 (T3A)

BSA - 0.031 (T4A) -

0.0052 (T4A)
Comments
Assays were conducted in soft water at 25 C. Decrease
in brain cholinesterase was measured in fish exposed to
the toxicant.

Chemical was dissolved in acetone. Final concentration of
acetone was <2 ml/l. Data shows TLm ppb for
insecticide-resistant (A) and insecticide non-resistant (B)
strains of the test fish.


Emulsible concentrates were prepared from technical grade
insecticides with acetone as the solvent. Symptoms
prior to death were observed and recorded on graphs.
The lower value is for fish that had never been exposed to
the toxicant, and the higher value was obtained with fish
that had been exposed to a sublethal dose in the past.
Apparently such an exposure produces a resistance that
can be retained when they are exposed later.
Test organisms were collected from 2 locations, Twin Bayou
(TB), Sunflower Co., Miss. (Agricultural area) and Noxubee
National Wildlife Refuge (N), Noxubee Co., Miss, (non-
agricultural area) and evaluated in laboratory bioassays.
The Twin Bayou shrimp were more resistant.
Additional TLm data are given.







The pesticides studied in this report are widely used in
rice culture in Louisiana and are toxic to crawfish.


Test fish were collected from 8 different locations of the
Mississippi River. The 3-day TLm values were made to
determine if a resistance gradient existed. The data indi-
cated that there was none.
The values reported are given as LC^Q.


Reference
(Year)
Weiss
(1964)


Ferguson, et al
(1964)




Nebeker and
Gaufin
(1964)
Boyd and
Ferguson
(1964)


Ferguson, et al
(1965)



Gaufin, et al
(1965)






Hendrick and
Everett
(1965)

Ferguson, et al
(1965)


Cope
(1965)




















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-------
    Aldrin
    Aldrin
     (tech,
     93 percent
     active in
     acetone)

    Aldrin
    Aldrin
    Aldrin
    Aldrin
3)
O
O  Aldrin
I
m
§
9
3}
O
O
Pteronarcys
 californica
Acroneuria
 pacifica
Ephemerella
 grandis
Daphnia
 magna
Gammarus
 lacustris
Pteronarcys
 californica
 (naiad)
Acroneuria
 pacifica
 (naiad)
Bluegill
                                            BSA
Acroneuria
 pacifica
Pteronarcys
 californica
Procambarus
 clarkii
                      Daphnia
                       magna
Notropis
  umbra til is
N. umbratilis
  (2 in.)
N. cornutus
BSA
                                            BSA
                                            BSA & CFCH
                                            FO
                                                           Crowley,
                                                             La.
                                            BSA
                                            BSA
0.18 (T4A)

0.1  (T4A)

0.009 (T4A)

0.03 (T 50 hr A)

38.5 (T4A)


0.180 (T4A)


0.143 (T4A)
                                                                       9.7 (T4A)
                                                                       7.7 (T4A)
                                                                       6.2 (T4A)
                                                                       5.6 (T4A)
                            0.143 (T4A)
                            0.022 (T30CH)
                            0.180 (T4A)
                            0.0025 (T30CH)
                            (0)
                                                  0.030 (SB)
                            0.02-0.08
                             (T4A)
                            0.4 (T4A)

                            0.02-0.08
                             (T4A)
                                                                                                            Unspecified chemical characteristics of assay water were
                                                                                                             determined by standard methods. General comments were
                                                                                                             made concerning "standardized" conditions, use of "soft"
                                                                                                             water, and use of emulsifying agents. Additional data are
                                                                                                             presented.
                                                                                                                           Gaufin, et al
                                                                                                                             (1965)
                                                  c d e f        A. pacifica was much more sensitive to chlorinated hydro-
                                                                  carbons and to organic phosphate insecticides than
                                                                  P. californica.
                         a           These experiments were performed to demonstrate that at
                         ~~            increased temperatures the toxic effect of most chemicals
                                      is increased.
                                     For the toxicant concentrations listed, the temperatures were
                                      respectively, 45,  55, 65, 75, and 85 F.  Data on the effect
                                      of time as well as temperature was also reported. The
                                      experimental animals all were approximately one gram in
                                      weight.
                      a c d e         Additional data are presented.
                       c d e p         Experiments were conducted in a flooded rice field.  Area
                                      was divided into 4 blocks with a fence, restricting crawfish
                                      to desired areas. The rearing of crawfish in rice fields is of
                                      considerable commercial importance in Louisiana.  No
                                      untoward effect on the crawfish occurred. Aldrin was used
                                      on the rice seed at the rate of 0.25 lb/100 Ib seed.  Even
                                      with the addition of carbonyl solution 0.8 Ib/acre showed
                                      no more effect.

                         —           Concentration reported is  for immobilization.
                                     Time for immobilization was 64 hr.
                                     Data cited are for 78 F, but assays were performed at
                                      varied temperatures.  Water chemistry (unspecified) was
                                      "controlled" during the assay period.

                       acd£         Aerated pond water was used as diluent. Both aquarium
                                      and a "boat" were used as test vessels.  Other experiments
                                      with oxygen concentration variations are reported.
Jensen and
  Gaufin
  (1964)
                                                                                                                           Cope
                                                                                                                             (1965)
                                                                                                                                                                       Jensen and
                                                                                                                                                                        Gaufin
                                                                                                                                                                        (1966)
                                                                                                                           Hendrick,et al
                                                                                                                             (1966)
                 I
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                 O
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                 CD
                                                                                                                                                 Sanders and
                                                                                                                                                  Cope
                                                                                                                                                  (1966)
Proffitt
 (1966)
                                                                                       (continued)

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Aldrin




Aldrin


Organism

/V. blennius
(2 in.)
Spotfins
(2 in.)
(3 in.)
Lepomis
macrochirus
(<1-1/2 in.)
(1-1/2 in.)
(2 in.)
L. cyanellus
(1-1/2 in.)
(3 in.)
Microptera
salmoides
(2-1/2 in.)
Fundalus
no tat us
(1-1/2 in.)
Etheostoma
flabellare
(2 in.)
Noturus
miurus
Etheostoma
nigrum
(2 in.)
£. caeruleum
(2 in.)
£. blennioides
(2-1/2 in.)
Campostoma
anomalum
(5 in.)
Hypentelium
nigricans
(5-1/2 in.)
Ericymba
buccata
Hypognathus
nuchalis
Simocephalus
serrulatus
Daphnia
pulex

Catfish
Buffalo fish
Perch
Toxicity,
Bioassay Active
or Field Field Ingredient,
Study'1' Location'2' ppm'3'

0.6 (T6A)


0.6 (T6A)
0.6 (T8A)


0.2 (T2A)
0.4 (T4A)
0.6 (T6A)

0.4 (T4A)
0.6 (T6A)


0.4 (T4A)


0.6 (T8A)


0.6 (T8A)
0.6 (T8A)



0.8 (T10A)

0.8 (T10A)

0.8 (T10A)


0.8 (NTE)


0.8 (NTE)
0.21 (K2A)

0.25 (K2A)

BSA - 0.023 (SB)

0.028 (SB)


L - (0)


Experimental
Variables
Controlled Reference
or Noted'4' Comments (Year)





















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— Concentration reported is for immobilization. Sanders and
Time for immobilization was 48 hr. Cope
Data cited are for 60 F, but assays were performed at (1966)
varied temperatures. Water chemistry (unspecified) was
"controlled" during the assay period.
— The chemical was found from O.02 to 0.21 ppm as residues Sparr, et al
in catfish, and O.O1 to O.O4 in buffalo fish — after a soil (1966)
treatment nearby of 5 Ib/acre.

-------
   Aldrin

   Aldrin





   Aldrin
    Aldrin
    Aldrin

    14C-Aldrin
   Aldrin
   Algeeclear
m
3D
O
^ Algibiol
r
o
2
5
•o
3J
O
o
Oyster

Daphnia
 carinata
Mya
 arenaria
Crassostrea
 virginica
Corbicula
 manillensis
Mercenaria
 mercenaria
Rangia
 cuneata
Oyster
Lamps/Us
 siliquoidea
L. ventricosa
Anodonta
 grandis

Carassius
 auratus
  (Linnaeus)
Pteronarcys
  californica
  (naiads)
Chlorella
  pyrenoidosa
 Phoxinus
  phoxinus
BCF

BSA





BCFCH
0.001 (SB4)
1.0 (SB4)

0.0040 (SB)
                                                                        (O)
                                            FE
                Gal vest on    (O)
                 Bay,
                 Texas
                Red Cedar   (O)
                 River,
                 Mich.
                                            BSA
                                                                        0.05 (SB)
                                            BSA
                      BSA
                            0.0013 (T4A)
                            20 (AS 1)
                            25 (K2A)
                            20 (T1A)
                                                                                             a c d e f
                                                                        a cd e
Seawater was employed in this experiment.

Concentration reported is for immobilization.
Time for immobilization was 64 hr.
Data cited are for 78 F, but assays were performed at
 varied temperatures. Water chemistry (unspecified) was
 "controlled" during the assay  period.

Results are recorded as a range of uptake of the chemical
 by 5 species of aquatic mollusks. An uptake or concentra-
 tion of 350-4500X resulted.
                                     Oysters from the area were found to contain from none
                                      to 0.03 ppm.


                                     The mussels listed were analyzed for the toxicant and its
                                      metabolites.  Mussels may be used as detectors for this
                                      toxicant, because they tend to concentrate the chemical
                                      in much higher concentrations than it is ever found  in the
                                      water. The amount of chemical applied as a spray was
                                      not specified.
                                     Immediately after 8-hr exposure ^4C-Dieldrin was detected
                                      in various tissues; percentages increased with time until
                                      at 32 days they were 93.9% or more except for visceral
                                      fat; 50 and 100% of the residues were Dieldrin within
                                      2.5-5.4 and 31.5-92.4 days, respectively; in visceral fat
                                      the corresponding times were 46.9 and 14,733 days.
                                     Data reported as LC^Q at 15.5 C in 4 days.
                                     Describes a bioassay method to differentiate between an
                                      algicide (AC) and an algistat (AS). The treated culture
                                      was subcultured as time progressed. Allen's medium
                                      was used.
                                     The assays were conducted in a dual aquarium with aeration.
                                      The highest dilution that was nonletal was 7.5 ppm.
Butler
 (1966)
Sanders and
 Cope
 (1966)
                                                                                                                            Butler
                                                                                                                             (1967)
                                                           Casper
                                                            (1967)


                                                           Bedford
                                                            (1968)
                                                                                                                                                                       Gakstatter
                                                                                                                                                                        (1968)
                                                           Sanders and
                                                            Cope
                                                            (1968)
                                                           Fitzgerald and
                                                            Faust
                                                            (1963)

                                                           Vivier and
                                                            Nisbet
                                                            (1965)
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Chemical
Algimaster


Algimycin
(MT-4)

Algimycin
200

Allethrin

Allethrin
(tech)
Allethrin






Allethrin






Allethrin


Altacide
2,4-D

p-ammophenol





Organism
Chlorella
pyrenoidosa

Chlorella
pyrenoidosa

Chlorella
pyrenoidosa

Pteronarcys so
(nymphs)
Rainbow
trout
Simocephalus
serrulatus
Daphnia
pulex



Prosimulum spp
Cnephia spp
Simulium spp
(larvae)



Pteronarcys
californica
(naiads)
Spatterdock


Daphnia
magna




Toxicity, Experimental
Bioassay Active Variables
or Field Field Ingredient, Controlled
Study'1) Location(2) ppm(3) Or Noted'4'
L - 3.0 (AC<1/2)


L - 3.0 (AC < 1/10)


L - 3.0 (AC < 1/2)


BSA - 0.0021 (T4A) a

BSA - 0.019 (T4A)

BSA - 0.056 (SB)

0.021 (SB)




LCFA - 0.4 (O) a






BSA - 0.0021 (T4A) a c d e f


FL Fla. (O)


BSA - 2 (K2A) a





Comments
Describes a bioassay method to differentiate between an
algicide (AC) and an algistat (AS). The treated culture was
subcultured as time progressed. Allen's medium was used.
Comment same as above.


Comment same as above.


Experiments were all conducted at 60 F in 1964. The values
were listed as LCgQ.
The values reported are given as LCso-

Concentration reported is for immobilization.
Time for immobilization was 48 hr.
Data cited are for 60 F, but assays were performed at varied
temperatures.
Water chemistry (unspecified) was "controlled" during the
assay period.

Stones heavily populated with larvae were placed in troughs
of running water containing the toxicant. When the larvae
became detached from the rocks and floated away, they
were assumed to have undergone lethal intoxication. The
larvae were exposed to the toxicant for 5 minutes, then
in clean water for 24 hours. At that time the number
detached amounted to 67 percent.
Data reported as LC^rj at 1 5.5 C in 4 days.


At 10.0 Ib/acre, 2 percent control of spatterdock was
obtained.

An attempt was made to correlate the biological action
with the chemical reactivity of selected chemical sub-
stances. Results indicated a considerable correlation
between the aquarium fish toxicity and antiautocatalytic
potency of the chemicals in marked contrast to their
toxicity on systemic administration.
Reference
(Year)
Fitzgerald and
Faust
(1963)
Fitzgerald and
Faust
(1963)
Fitzgerald and
Faust
(1963)
Cope
(1965)
Cope
(1965)
Sanders and
Cope
(1966)




Jamnback and
Frempong-
Boadu
(1966)



Sanders and
Cope
(1968)
Copeland and
Woods
(1959)
Sollman
(1949)






















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-------
    Ami ton
     oxalate
   Amitrol-T

   Ametryne
   Ametryne
   Aminotriazol
    Aminotriazole
8
?  Aminotriazole
30
O
    Amitrole
O

2  Amitrole
•3)
O
O
Carassius
 auratus
Lepomis
 macrochirus
Lepomis
 macrochirus

Crassostrea
 virginica
Penaeus
 aztecus
Leiostomus
 xanthurus
Phytoplankton
Penaeus
 aztecus
Oyster

Leiostomus
 xanthurus
 (juvenile)
Panicum
 hemitomum

 Oncorhynchus
 kisutch
Micropterus
 salmoides
Salmon

Daphnia
 magna


Lepomis
 macrochirus
  (eggs)
L. cyanellus
  (eggs)
Micropterus
  dolomieui
  (eggs)
                                           BSCH
BSA


BCFA&
 BSA
BCF

BSA


FL
                                           BSA and
                                            CF
BSA

BSA
                                                           Fla.
10 (O)*

10 
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Ammate


Amopyroquin





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K—
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Antimycin A

Antimycin A













Organism
Erimyzon
sucetta
(eggs)
L. macrochirus
(fry)
Daphnia
magna


Althernanthera
philoxeroides
Typha
la ti folia
Channel
catfish
(fingerlings)
Salmo
gairdneri
Salmo
trutta
Salvelinus
f on final is
Salvelinus
namaycush
Ictalurus
punctatus
Lepomis
macrochirus
Salmo
gairdneri
Dorosoma
cepedianum
Salmo
gairdneri
S.
trutta
Esox
leucius
Compostoma
anomalum
Carassius
auratus
Notemigonus
crysoleucas
Toxicity, Experimental
Bioassay Active Variables
or Field Field Ingredient, Controlled
StudyCU Location <2* ppm<3) or NotedW
50 (NTE)


25 (S)

BSA - 40(14.3- acdiq
112.0) (O)


FL Fla. (O)



BSA - 259 (K1A) a


BSA - 35.3 (T2A)

36 (T2A)

40 (T2A)

14 (T2A)

12.5 (T2A)

18.5 (T2A)

BSA - 0.25 (T18 hr) a

BSA - 800 (K1A) adefil
100 (K4A) mp
600 (K1A)
80 (K4A)
400 (K1A)
80 (K4A)
800 (K1A)

1,000 (K1A)

100,000 (K1A)
2,000 (K4A)
2,000 (K1 A)
6OO (K4A)
Comments





Toxicity, in terms of median immobilization concentration
(IC5o), is presented.


At 76 and 120 Ib/acre, respectively, 1 percent control of
alligator weed was obtained while 80 percent control of
cattail was obtained with the higher application rate.

Tap water was used. Considerable additional data are
presented.

Variance and the 95-percent confidence interval (C.I.)
were also determined.










The experiment was conducted at 55 F. Fish were 2-3 in.
long.
Results were reported at 12 C. All fish were killed in 24 hr
by 40 ppm at 22 C.
Results were reported at 12 C.

Results were reported at 12 C.

Results were reported at 12 C. All fish were killed in 24 hr
by 200 ppm at 17 C; by 100 ppm at 22 C.


Results were reported at 12 C. All fish were killed in 24 hr
by 4,000 ppm at 22 C.
Results were reported at 12 C. All fish were killed in 24 hr
by 500 ppm at 22 C.
Reference
(Year)





Crosby and
Tucker
(1966)

Copeland and
Woods
(1959)

Clemens and
Sneed
(1959)
Willford
(1966)










Cope
(1963)
Walker, et al
(1964)

































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-------
8
3  Antimycin A
O
O
    Aquaherb
     (2,4-D ester)
2  Aqualin
O   (acrolein)
O

I
Pimephales
 promelas
Catostomus
 commersoni
Ictiobus
 cyprinellus
Ictalurus
 me/as
I.
 natalis
I.
 punctatus
Eucalia
 inconstant
Lepomis
 cyanellus
L.
 gibbosus
L.
 macrochirus
L.
 megalotis
Micropterus
 salmo/des
Poxomis
 annularis
Etheostoma
 exile
Perca
 flavescens
Stizostedion
 vitreum
Cyprinus
 carpio
Salmo
 gairdneri
S.
  trutta
Althernanthera
 philoxeroides

Salmo
  trutta
Lepomis
 machrochirus
                                           FL
                                           FL
                                           BCFA
                                                          Wise.
                                                          Fla.
                                                                      2,000 (K1A)
                                                                      400 (K4A)

                                                                      220 (K4A)
                                                                     400 (K4A)

                                                                     120,000 (K1A)
                                                                     80,000 (K4A)
                                                                     80,000 (K1A)

                                                                     20,000 (K1A)

                                                                     5,000  (K1A)

                                                                     2,000  (K1A)
                                                                     800 (K4A)
                                                                     2,000  (K1A)
                                                                     200 (K4A)
                                                                     1,000  (K1A)
                                                                     400 (K4A)
                                                                     2,000  (K1A)
                                                                     400 (K4A)
                                                                     6,000  (K1A)
                                                                     800 (K4A)
                                                                     2,000  (K1 A)

                                                                     660 (K1A)

                                                                     660 (K1A)

                                                                     660 (K1A)
2,000 (K1A)
600 (K4)
600 (K1A)
80 (K4A)
400 (K1A)
80 (K4A)
(O)
0.046 (T1CFA)

0.079 (T1CFA)
a cd g
Results were reported at 12 C. All fish were killed in 24 hr
 by 800 ppm at 22 C.
Results were reported at 12 C.

Results were reported at 12 C.

Results were reported at 12 C. All fish were killed in 24 hr
 by 40,000 ppm at 22 C.
Results were reported at 12 C.

Results were reported at 12 C. All fish were killed in 124 hr
 by 6,000 ppm at 22 C.
Results were reported at 12 C.

Results were reported at 12 C. All fish were killed in 24 hr
 by 800 ppm at 22 C.
Results were reported at 12 C. All fish were killed in 24 hr
 by 200 ppm at 22 C.
Results were reported at 12 C. All fish were killed in 24 hr
 by 200 ppm at 22 C.
Results were reported at 12 C. All fish were killed in 24 hr
 by 4,000 ppm at 22 C.
Results were reported at 12 C.

Results were reported at 12 C.

Results were reported at 12 C.

Results were reported at 12 C. All fish were killed in 24 hr
 by 660 ppm at 22 C.
Results were reported at 12 C.

Results were reported at 12 C.

Results were recorded at 12 C. All fish were killed in 24 hr      Walker, et al
 by 80 ppm at 17 C.                                        (1964)
Results were recorded at 12 C. All fish were killed in 24 hr
 by 60 ppm at 17 C.
At 14.2 pounds per acre, only 1-2 percent control of alligator   Copeland and
 weed was obtained.                                        Woods
                                                          (1959)
Spring water was  used as dilution water.  The chemical was      Burdick.etal
 found to be toxic to the test fish at concentrations below       (1964)
 that recommended  to  control aquatic vegetation.
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Chemical
Aqualm




Aqualin










Aqua San


Aquasan
(colloidal Ag)

Aqua San
2,4-D

Aquathol



Aquatic


Aramite -chloro-
ethyl, -(P-tertiary-
butylphenoxy)
methty -ethyl
sulfite, 15 percent
Aramite
(15%)

Aramite
(tech)
Organism
Carassius
auratus



Carassius
auratus







Ictalurus
nebulosus
Pestia
stratiotes

Microcystis
aeruginosa

Pestia
stratiotes
Spatterdock
Gammarus
lacustris


Richardsonius
balteatus
hydroflox
Lymnaeid
snails



Channel
catfish
(fingerlings)
Rainbow
trout
Toxicity, Experimental
Bioassay Active Variables
or Field Field Ingredient, Controlled
Study'1* Location'2) ppm(3) or Noted'4)
BSA - 1.0-2.0 (K 3 hr) a




FL California 3.0 (K1) ace
2.0 (K 18 hr)
1.0 (K1)






2.0 (K 18 hr)

FL Fla. (0)


L - 100 (K) a_


FL Fla. (O)


BSA - >320 ae
(T4A)


BSA - 83(T1A) acdef
75 (T2A)
75 (T4A)
BSA - (O)




BSA - >100(K1A) a.


BSA? 	 0.320 (T4A)

Comments
Fiber glass tanks were used as test containers. Goldfish
were acclimated to the tank habitat for 2 weeks before
testing. Detoxification of the tank occurred within 43
hours when a concentration of 3.0 ppm was applied.

The chemical was applied to Big Bear Lake at 3 ppm.
Within 24 hours all fish in the area died.
Fish were placed in Mentone pond in 3 live cars.
An area between 2 dams separate from Big Bear Lake
was tested. This area was made up of 26 acre-feet of
water at a surface temperature of 72 F between the two
dams. At 1 .0 ppm distress of fish was evident in 1 hour
and most visible fish died in 2 hours. In 1 day, all fish
in live cars were dead.
Fish were placed in Mentone pond in 3 live cars.

At 32.0 Ib/acre, 2 percent control of water lettuce was
obtained.

The chemical was tested on a 5-day algae culture, 1x10^
to 2 x 106 cells/ml, 75 ml total volume. Chu No. 10
medium was used.
At 20.0 and 25.0 Ib/acre, respectively, 8 percent control of
water lettuce was obtained while spatterdock was not
controlled at the higher rate.
Emulsible concentrates were prepared from technical grade
insecticides with acetone as the solvent.
Symptoms prior to death were observed and recorded on
graphs.
Results given were in soft water. Results in hard water were
as follows: 57 (T1 A), 83 (T2A), and 78 (T4A).

Each test container, 500-ml beaker, was filled with ditch
water. Less than 100% mortality occurred in concentrations
of 1:100,000.


Tap water was used. Considerable additional data are
presented.

The values reported are given as LC5g.

Reference
(Year)
St. Amant,
et al
(1964)


St. Amant,
et al
(1964)








Copeland and
Woods
(1959)
Fitzgerald, et al
(1952)

Copeland and
Woods
(1959)
Nebeker and
Gaufin
(1964)

Webb
(1961)

Batte, et al
(1951)



Clemens and
Sneed
(1959)
Cope
(1965)





















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-------
    Aramite
    Armazide
    ATA (3 amine-
     1,2,3, trizole
     as the active
     ingredient)
    A ta brine
    Ata brine
    Atlas "A"
    Atlas 1901
8
3)
O
O
m
2
Atlox
 2082 A
 (spray
 emulsifier
 for DDT)
Atrazine
                   Simocephalus
                    serrulatus
                   Daphnia
                    pulex


                   Chlorella
                    pyrenoidosa
 Richardsonius
 ba/teatus
 hydroflox

 Microcystis
 aeruginosa

 Channel
 catfish
 (fingerlings)

Najas
 quadalupensis

 Pandalus
 montagni
 Crangon
 crangon
 Carcinus
 maenas
 Card/urn
 edule

 Oncorhyncus
 kisutch
                   Micropterus
                    salmoides
                    (fry)
                   Ictalurus
                    punctatus
                    (fry)
                   Lepomis
                    macrochirus
                    (fry)
                                            BSA
                                        BSA
                                            BSA
                                            FL
                                            BSA
                                                           Fla.
                                            BSA
                                        BSA
                                                  0.180 (SB)

                                                  0.160 (SB)



                                                  3.0 (AC 1)
1330(T1A)
1163.3(T2A)
983.3 (T4A)

100 (K)
0.93 (K1A)


(O)


87.2 (T2A)

120.0 (T2A)

150.0 (T2A)

48.5 (T2A)

20.7 (T2A)





5.0 (SB3)


10 (SB3)


10 (SB3)
   —           Concentration reported is for immobilization.  Time for
                immobilization was 48 hr.
               Data cited are for 60 F, but assays were performed at
                varied temperatures. Water chemistry (unspecified) was
                "controlled" during the assay period.
   —           Describes a bioassay method to differentiate between an
                algicide (AC) and an algistat (AS). The treated culture
                was subcultured as time progressed.  Allen's medium was
                used.
a c d e f        Results given were in soft water.
               Results in hard water were as follows:  >3600 (T1 A),
                >3600 (T2A),and 1370 (T4A).

   £           The chemical was tested on a 5-day algae culture, 1 x 106
                to 2 x 10^ cells/ml, 75 ml total  volume.  Chu No. 10
                medium was used.
   a_           Tap water was used. Considerable additional data are
                presented.

               At 50.3 Ib/acre, N. quadalupensis was not affected.
                                                                                                            Experiments were conducted in tanks holding 10 liters of
                                                                                                             seawater at 15 C.
                                                                                                            It was shown that the toxicity of this solvent emulsifier
                                                                                                             decreased with time, due to evaporation of the solvent.
                                                                                                            Atlas 1901 at a concentration of 33.3 ppm killed 95% of
                                                                                                             Crangon crangon larvae in  3 hr.
                                                                                                            The figure cited is calculated from the data.  The compound
                                                                                                             is an alkyl sulfonate.
                                                                      a c d e f p      At least 90 percent of the fry survived for a period of 72
                                                                                       hours at the concentration listed.
                                                                                                                                                                      Sanders and
                                                                                                                                                                       Cope
                                                                                                                                                                       (1966)
Fitzgerald and
 Faust
 (1963)

Webb
 (1961)
                                                                                                                                                                  Fitzgerald, et al
                                                                                                                                                                    (1952)

                                                                                                                                                                  Clemens and
                                                                                                                                                                   Sneed
                                                                                                                                                                    (1959)
                                                                                                                                                                  Copeland and
                                                                                                                                                                   Woods
                                                                                                                                                                    (1959)
                                                                                                                                                                  Portmann and
                                                                                                                                                                   Connor
                                                                                                                                                                    (1968)
                                                                         Alderdice and
                                                                          Worthington
                                                                          (1959)
                                                                         Jones
                                                                          (1965)
3)
O
O

-------
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2
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n Chemical
I- Atrazine
O
I
m
— Atrazine
> (gesaprime)
r~
TJ
•E Atrazine
O
C
£)
CO
Atrazine









tH
N)
O

Atrazine
(WP)









Atrazine
(granular)




Organism
Phoxinus
phoxinus

Phoxinus
phoxinus


Leiostomus
xanthurus
(juvenile)
Oyster

Crassostrea
virginica
Penaeus
a2tecus
Leiostomus

Phytoplankton







Lepomis
macrochirus
(eggs)
Micropterus
dolomieui
(eggs)
Erimyzon
sucetta
(eggs)
L. macrochirus
(fry)
Lepomis
macrochirus
(eggs)
L. cyanellus
(eggs)
L. macrochirus
Toxicity,
Bioassay Active
or Field Field Ingredient,
StudyCI) Location<2) ppm<3)
BSA - 5.0 (K2A)
1.25 (K2A)

BSA - 10IK2A)



BSA - (O)


BCF - (O)

BCFA & - 1.0 (NTE)
BSA


1.0 (NTE)









L - (0)


10/3(O)


10 (NTE)


5.0 (S)

L - 10 (NTE)


10 (NTE)

10 (S)
Experimental
Variables
Controlled
or Noted^) Comments
a c d e The assays were conducted in a dual aquarium with aeration.
The chemical was still toxic to minnows at 2.5 and 5.0 ppm
in the presence of plants. Kill occurred between 8-15 days.
a d c e The maximum nonlethal dose in 48 hours was 2.5 ppm.



a Water temperature was 28 C. No effect was noticed on
exposure to 1.0 ppm.

a No effect on exposure to the chemical at 1.0 ppm.

— Seawater was pumped continuously into test aquaria.
Salinity, temperature, and plankton fluctuated with
tide, and ambient weather conditions. Some bioassays
with fish were static. Toxicity was reported for the
following:

Oyster — 96-hr EC$Q — Cone, which decreased
shell growth.
Shrimp — 48-hr EC$Q — Cone, which killed or
paralyzed 50% of test animals.
Fish - 48-hr EC^Q ~ Cone, which killed
50%.
Phytoplankton - Percent decrease of CO2 fixation to a
4-hr exposure at 1 .0 ppm chemical
concentration.
— Fertilized fish eggs of indicated species were placed in
1 liter of test solution and allowed to hatch. Toxicity
data are presented as concentration in ppm/number of
days survival. Maximum length of test was 8 days. No food
was added. Small bluegill were tested to find the highest
concentration of chemical which did not cause death in
12 days (S).




— Comment same as above.





Reference
(Year)
Vivier and
Nisbet
(1965)
Vivier and
Nisbet
(1965)

Butler
(1965)

Butler
(1965)
Butler
(1965)












Hiltibran
(1967)









Hiltibrsn
(1967)




                                                                                                                                                                             g
                                                                                                                                                                             x
                                                                                                                                                                             DO
(fry)

-------
     Azide
                        Mayorella
                         patestinensis
                         soil amoeba
                                              BSA
                                                                    (O)
w
to
      Bayer 29493
       (Baytex)
      Banvel D
Baron
      Baron
     Bay 73
       (WP71)
     Bay 73
       (WP71)
 s
 m
 a
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 o
 m
 2
 5
                  Procambarus
                   simulans
                   simulans
                        Lepomis
                         macrochirus
                  Onchorynchus
                    tshawytscha
                  Micropterus
                    salmoides
                  Channel
                    catfish
                    (fingerlings)
                  Micropterus
                    salmoides


                  Micropterus
                    salmoides
                  Cyprinus
                    carpio
FL
               Texas
                                        BSA
BSA
                                              BSA
BSA
FL
            0.25 (K2)
            0.37 (K2)
            0.50 (K2)
            (L)410(T2A)
            (G) 20 (T2A)*
            (G) 67.5 (T2A)**
              *vermiculite
            **attapulgite

            2.62 (T1 A)
            2.3 (T2A)
            4.6 (T1A)
                                                                         7.2 (K1A)
                            0.05 (O)
                            0.10 (K1)
Chino       0.10(0)
 Fishery    0.25 (K2)
 bass pond,  0.10(O)
 Ca|.        0.25 (O)
  <± c_          The experiments were carried out in Warburg manometers at
                 27 C for 4 hr as a pH of 8.0
               Azide in concentrations up to 2 x 10"3 M were shown to have
                 lethal effects on the organism.
               Results were compared with controls and expressed in percent
                 of respiration.
               Compared with normal respiration, nonlethal concentrations
                 of azide increased the respiration of the organism in glucose-
                 containing solutions.
               It was concluded that the respiration of the organism depends
                 on at least three enzyme systems, which may be distinguished
                 by their behavior toward azide.
 a c d p        Bluegills held in wire boxes were not affected at the indi-
                 cated concentrations. Water temperature was 58 F at the
                 time of treatment, 49 F at drainage.
               Largemouth bass showed distress and some crappies died in
                 waters treated with 0.33 ppm at 85 F.  No deaths were
                 noted in waters at 80 F.
£ c d e g        Toxicity data for 24 and 48 hours are presented for liquid
                 (L) and granular  (G) formulations. Various commercial
                 formulations were tested. The liquid formulations were
                 almost invariably more  toxic than the granular ones.
                                                  a c d e        Concentrations were based on percent active ingredient.
               Tap water was used. Considerable additional data are
                presented.


               At 0.05 ppm, 12 percent mortality occurred in 1 day.
                Experiments were carried out in fiber glass tubs filled
                with well water.  Fish weights ranged from 2 to 6 pounds.
               For bass:
                At 0.10 ppm, no  mortality occurred in 1 day.
                At 0.25 ppm, 50  percent mortality occurred in 1 day,
                 and 100 percent occurred in 2 days.
               For carp:
                At 0.10 and 0.25 ppm, 10 percent mortality occurred.
                                                                                                                          Reich
                                                                                                                            (1955)
                                                                                                                           Lowman
                                                                                                                            (1965)
                                                                                                                                                                   Hughes and
                                                                                                                                                                    Davis
                                                                                                                                                                    (1965)
                                                                          Bond, et al
                                                                           (1960)
Clemens and
 Sneed
 (1959)
Mulla, et al
 (1967)

Mulla, et al
 (1967)
 o
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-------
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r- Bayer 73
O
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2
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3
i
j









Bayer 73
(tech)
Bayer 73
(WP 71%)
Bayer 73
(tech)

Bayer
4731

Baver 9O18
tttch)
Organism
Sal mo
gairdnerii
Salvelinus
fontinalis
Carassius
auratus
Cyprinus
carpio

Pimephales
prome/as
Catastomus
commersoni
Ictiobus
cyprinellus
Ictalurus
me/as
1. punctatus
Pylodictis
olivaris
Lepomis
cyanel/us
L. macrochirus

L. microlophus
Micropterus
dolomieui
M. salmoides
Perca
flavescens
Talapia
mossambica
1. nebuilosus


Rainbow
trout
Gambusia
af finis
Pteronanys
californica
(naiads)
Leiostomus
xan th urus
(juvenile)
Rainbow
trout
Toxicity,
Bioassay Active
or Field Field Ingredient,
Study*1) Location*2) ppm*3>
BSA - 0.052 (T2A)*

0.016 (T2A)*

0.279 (T2A)

0.139 (T2A)*
0.148 (T2A)
0.103IT2A)


0.081 (T2A)*

0.064 (T2A)

0.096 (T2A)*
0.084 (T2A)

0.043 (T2A)

0.115 (T2A)

0.098 (T2A)*
0.082 (T2A)
0.153(T2A)
0.089 (T2A)

0.097 (T2A)
0.081 (T2A)*

0.150(T2A)

0.071 (T2A)
*12C, other
data at 1 7 C
BSA - 0.320 (T4A)

FL Cal. 1.0 (K1)

BSA - 0.0002 (T4A)


BSA - 0.032 (O)


BSA - 0.320 (T4A)

Experimental
Variables
Controlled Reference
or Noted*4) Comments (Year)
ac Various temperatures (12 and 17 C) and water qualities in Marking and
static bioassays did not influence the toxicity greatly, but Hogan
pH variations in chemically buffered solutions did. (1967)
































— The values reported are given as LCso- Cope
(1965)
— Toxicity value is in Ib/acre. Mulla
(1966)
£5.^.11 Data reported as LCso at 15.5 C in 4 days. Sanders and
Cope
(1968)
a Water temperature was 13 C. The figure reported is a Butler
48-hr EC50. (1965)

— The values reported are given as LCso. Cope
(1966)






















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-------
N)
      Bayer
       22408
     Bayer
      22408
      (EC2)
Bayer
 25198
 (50 percent EC)

Bayer
 25141
 (50 percent EC)

Bayer
 25141
 (tech)

Bayer
 29492
 (EC2)
Bayer
 29493
 (Baytex)
      Bayer
       29493
Anopheles
 quadrimacula tus

Gambusia
 affinis

Rana
 catesbeiana
Gambusia
 affinis
                        Gambusia
                         affinis
Lepomis
 macrochirus

Gambusia
 affinis


Carassius
 auratus
Lepomis
 macrochirus
Notemigonus
 crysoleugus
                   Gammarus
                    lacustris
0
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Bayer
29493
(tech, 93
percent active
in acetone)


Bayer
29493
(25 percent
EC)
Pteronarcys
californica
(naiad)
Acroneuria
pacifica
(naiad)

Gambusia
affinis


                                        BSA
                                        FL
                                             FL
                      FL
                                             BSA
                                             FL
                                              BSCH
                                                                   0.04 
-------
COMMERCIA
t~
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in











T3
K)
.£.





















Chemical

Bayer
29493



Bayer
29493
(tech)
Bayer
29493
(Baytex)
Bayer
29493






Bayer
29493






Bayer
29493


Bayer
29493
(Baytex)



Bayer
29952
(EC2)

Bayer
30749
(EC4)
Organism

Chaoborus
as tic to pus
Lepomis
macrochirus

Rainbow
trout

Procambarus
simu/ans
simulans
Pteronarcys
californica
Acroneuria
pacifica
Ephemeral/a
grandis
Gammarus
lacustris
Acroneuria
pacifica
Ephemere/la
grandis
Gammarus
lacustris
Pteronarchys
californica
Acroneuria
pacifica
Pteronarcys
californica
Pimephales
promelas
Lepomis
macrochirus
Lebistes
reticulatus
Gambusia
affinis
Rana
catesbeiana
Gambusia
affinis

Toxicity, Experimental
Bioassay Active Variables
or Field Field Ingredient, Controlled
Study*1) Location<2) ppm(3) or Noted<4>

BSA - (0) a




BSA - 0.760 (T4A)


BSA - 0.18 (K1A) ac d


BSA - 0.03 (T4A) a

0.005 (T4A)

0.02 (T4A)

0.01 (T4A)

BSA - 0.005 (T4A) a c

0.025 (T4A)

0.014 (T4A)

0.026 (T4A)

BSA & - 0.0051 (T4A) a c d e
CFCH 0.00064 (T30A)
0.00265 (T4A)
0.00360 (T30A)
BSA - 3.3 (T4A) a c d e f

3.1 (T4A)

3.1 (T4A)

FL Ponds in (O)
III.


FL Ponds in (O) -
III.

Comments

Tests were conducted on bluegill sunfish, C. astictopus first
instar larvae, and fourth instar larvae, results on larvae were
as follows:
Fourth instar 0.007 (T1A)
First instar 0.0043 (T1A)
The values reported are given as LC5Q.


Bioassays showed that concentrations to 5.6 ppm in 96 hr
did not kill fingerling channel fish, largemouth bass, and
redear sunfish.
Unspecified chemical characteristics of assay water were
determined by standard methods. General comments were
made concerning "standardized" conditions, use of "soft"
water, and use of emulsifying agents. Additional data are
presented.



Additional TLm data are given.







Additional data are presented.



The toxicity of this substance was not influenced by the
quality of the water (pH, hardness, and alkalinity).




When applied at 0.025 pound/acre active ingredient.
100 percent fish mortality occurred in 1 day.
When applied at 0.4 pound/acre, 5 percent bullfrog
mortality occurred in 1 day.
When applied at 0.8 pound/acre active ingredient, 100
percent fish mortality occurred in 1 day.

Reference
(Year)

Hazeltine
(1963)



Cope
(1965)

Lowman
(1965)

Gaufin, et al
(1965)






Gaufin, et al
(1965)






Jensen and
Gaufin
(1966)

Pickering and
Henderson
(1966)



Mulla, et al
(1963)


Mulla, et al
(1963)





















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2
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Bayer
34O42
(EC4)

Bayer
37289
(EC4)



Bayer
37289
Bayer
37289

Bayer
37289
(tech)
Bayer
37289

Bayer
37342
(EC4)
Bayer
37343
(EC2)
Bayer
37344
(tech)
Bayer
37344
Bayer
37344

Bayer
38156
(50 per-
cent EC)
Bayer
38156








Gambusia
affinis
Rana
Catesbeiana
Gambusia
affinis
Bufo
boreas
Scophiopus
hammondi
Pteronarcys sp
(nymphs)
Leiostomus
xanthurus
(juvenile)
Rainbow
trout

Pteronarcys
californica
(naiads)
Gambusia
affinis

Gambusia
affinis

Rainbow
trout

Pteronarcys sp
(nymphs)
Pteronarcys
californica
(naiads)
Gambusia
affinis


Leiostromus
xanthurus
Cyprinodon
variegatus
Mugil
cephalus




FL



FL





BSA

BSA


BSA


BSA


FL


FL


BSA


BSA

BSA


FL



BCFCH









Ponds in (O)
III.


Ponds in (O)
III.




0.0001 (T4A)

0.32 (O)


0.240 (T4A)


0.0001 (T4A)


Ponds in (O)
III.

Ponds in (O)
III.

0.640 (T4A)


0.0054 (T4A)

0.0054 (T4A)


Ponds- 0.1 (K1)
Bakers- 0.4 (K1)
field.
Cal.
0.001 (O)

0.001 (0)

0.001 (O)






-------
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r~ Bayer
0 38819
S (tech)
- Bayer
> 38920
•" (EC4)
"O
3D
O
O Bayer
£5 41831
H (EC4)

Bayer
41831
Bayer
41831
(tech)
Bayer
41831

Bayer
CjD 41831
K)
Bayer
46676
(EC2)
Baygon






Baygon


Baytex





Organism
Rainbow
trout

Gambusia
af finis
Rana

catesbeiana

Gambusia
af finis
Rana
catesbeiana
Pteronarcys sp
(nymphs)
Rainbow
trout

Cyprinodon
variegatus
(juvenile)
Pteronarcys
californica
(naiads)
Gambusia
af finis

Prosimulum spp
Cnephia spp
Simulium spp
(larvae)



Pteronarcys
californica
(naiads)
Salmo
gairdnerii
(one wk old
sac fry)
(one mo old
feeding fry)
Toxicity,
Bioassay Active
or Field Field Ingredient,
Studyd) Location<2) ppm(3)
BSA - 0.450 (T4A)


FL Ponds in (O)
III.




FL Ponds in (O)
III.


BSA - 0.0038 (T4A)

BSA - 0.700 (T4A)


BSA - (O)


BSA - 0.004 (T4A)


FL Cal. 0.2 (K1)


LCFA - 0.4(0)






BSA - 0.01 3 (T4A)


BSA - 0.2 (K. 0%)
2.0 (K0%)


0.2 (K0%)
2.0 (K 0%)
Experimental
Variables
Controlled
or IMotedW Comments
— The values reported are given as LC5Q.


— When applied at 0.5 pound per acre active ingredient, 100
percent mortality of both species occurred in 1 day.




- When applied at 1 .6 pounds per acre active ingredients, 44
percent fish mortality occurred in 1 day.
No bullfrog mortality occurred at 0.8 pound per acre in
1 day.
a Experiments were all conducted at 60 F in 1964. The values
were listed as LC5Q.
— The values reported are given as LC5Q-


a Water temperature was 9 C. Fish showed irritation at 1.0
ppm.

a c d e f Data reported as LCso at 15.5 C in 4 days.


— Toxicity value is in Ib/acre.


a Stones heavily populated with larvae were placed in troughs
of running water containing the toxicant. When the larvae
became detached from the rocks and floated away, they
assumed to have undergone lethal intoxication. The larvae
were exposed to the toxicant for 5 minutes, then in clean
water for 24 hours. At that time the number detached
amounted to 83 percent.
a c d e f Data reported as LC^rj at 1 5.5 C in 4 days.


_a.e Results are averages of triplicate tests. Toxicity is reported
as percent mortality (K %).




Reference
(Year)
Cope
(1965)

Mulla, et al
(1963)




Mulla
(1963)


Cope
(1965)
Cope
(1965)

Butler
(1965)

Sanders and
Cope
(1968)
Mulla
(1966)

Jamnback and
Frempong-
Boadu
(1966)



Sanders and
Cope
(1968)
Lewallen and
Wilder
(1962)
























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-------
Baytex



Baytex

Baytex
Baytex

Baytex
8
30
O
O
O
O
§
en
Ben Venue
   35 (tech)
Ben Venue
   3835 (tech)
Ben Venue
   54 (tech)
Benzene
 hexachloride

a-benzene
 hexachloride
                      Culex pip/ens
                       quadrimaculatus
                      Pteronarcys sp
                       (nymphs)
                      Gambusia
                       affinis
                      Fundulus
                       chrysotus
                      Lepomis
                       macrochirus
                      Lepomis
                       microlophus
                      Chaenobryttus
                       gulosus
                      Oyster


                      Simocephalus
                       serrulatus
                      Daphnia
                       pulex
Rainbow
 trout
Rainbow
 trout
Rainbow
 trout
Bluegill
                      Microcystis
                       aeruginosa
                                           BSA
                                       BSA

                                       BSA &
                                         FL
                                        BCF


                                        BSA
                                           BSA


                                           BSA


                                           BSA


                                           BSA
Benzene hexa-      Lymnaeid
 chloride            snails
   (various isomers,
   tech)

Benzene hexa-      Lymnaeid
 chloride            snails
 (gamma-isomer,
 5 percent)
                                            BSA
                                            BSA
(O)



0.0044 (T4A)

Not affected

5(K2)

5(K2>

5(K2)

5(K2)





1.0 (SB4)


0.00092 (SB)

0.00080 (SB)



3.0 (T4A)

0.380 (T4A)

0.480 (T4A)

0.45 (SB)


50 (K)



(0)




(O)
                                                                                             (O)
                                                                                     Tests were conducted in tap water and artificially polluted
                                                                                      tap water. The values reported are the concentration range
                                                                                      for an LC90, 0.0015 to 0.0080 ppm in polluted and 0.0060
                                                                                      to 0.0160 in tap water.
                                                                                     Experiments were all conducted at 60 F in 1964. The values
                                                                                      were listed as
                                                                                                                                                                 Lewallen and
                                                                                                                                                                  Wilder
                                                                                                                                                                  (1963)

                                                                                                                                                                 Cope
                                                                                                                                                                  (1965)
                                                                                                                                                                 Patten and
                                                                                                                                                                  Gillaspie
                                                                                                                                                                  (1966)
                                                                                                                                               Butler
                                                                                                                                                (1966)
                                                                                                                                               Sanders and
                                                                                                                                                Cope
                                                                                                                                                (1966)
None of the fish showed overt symptoms of Baytex poisoning
 at a concentration of 0.025 ppm which is the equivalent of
 an application rate of 0.2 pound per acre. Some mortality
 occurred at 2.5 ppm concentration after 48 hours. There
 was little danger of acute poisoning to these species of fish
 when it was applied at 0.2 pound per acre. Long range effects
 of the chemical on other aquatic organisms were studied in
 plastic-lined ponds of 300 gallon capacity. Baytex was
 applied at 0.2 pound (tech) per acre.  All of the Cladocera
 and chironomid population at 0.2 pound per acre were almost
 completely eliminated in the treated pond within a week.
 Copepods, ostracods, hydra, and annelid worms exhibited no
 noticeable population change.
Seawater was employed in this experiment.


Concentration  reported is for immobilization.
Time for immobilization was 48 hr.
Data cited are for 60 F, but assays were performed at varied
 temperatures.
Water chemistry (unspecified) was "controlled" during the
 assay  period.
The values reported are given as LCsg.                        Cope
                                                           (1965)
Comment same as above.                                    Cope
                                                           (1965)
Comment same as above.                                    Cope
                                                           (1965)
Bluegills tolerated concentrations of 0.45 ppm.  A field study    Linduska and
 is also described.                                           Surber
                                                           (1948)
The chemical was tested on a 5-day algae culture, 1 x 10^ to    Fitzgerald, et al
 2 x 106 cells/ml, 75 ml total volume.  Chu No. 10 medium      (1952)
 was used.
Each test container (500-ml beaker)  was filled with ditch        Batte, et al
 water. Less than 100% mortality occurred in concentra-        (1951)
 tions of 1:100,000.


Each test container (500 ml-beaker)  was filled with ditch        Batte, et al
 water. 100% mortality occurred in concentrations of           (1951)
 1:600,000 and greater.
                                                                                                                                                                                  1
                                                                                                                                                                                  m
                                                                                                                                                                                  O
                                                                                                                                                                                  X
                                                                                                                                                                                  TO

-------
o
o
2
S
m
n Chemical
3> • • '
r~ Benzene hexa-
O chloride
m (99.8 percent
? isomer)
O
> Benzene hexa-
*"" chloride
X
0
o
c
q
en





Benzene hexa-
chloride (alpha
isomer)



0
j
D



Benzene hexa-
chloride (beta
isomer)









Toxicity,
Bioassay Active
or Field Field Ingredient,
Organism Study'1' Location'2* ppm'3)
Lymnaeid BSA - (O)
snails



Oncorhynchus FL Sproat (O)
kisutch Lake,
(fry) Canada









Cylindrospermum L — 2.0 (0)
lichen/forme (CD
Microcystis
aeruginosa (Ma)
Scenedesmus
obliquus (Sol
Chlorella
variegata (Cv)
Gomphonema
parvulum (Gp)
Nitzschia
pa/ea (Np)
Cylindrospermum L — 2.0 (O)
licheniforme (CD
Microcystis
aeruginosa (Ma)
Scenedesmus
obliquus (So)
Chlorella
variegata (Cv)
Gomphonema
parvulum (Gp)
Nitzschia
palea (Np)
Experimental
Variables
Controlled Reference
or NotedW) Comments (Year)
— Each test container (500 ml-beaker) was filled with ditch Batte, et al
water. 100% mortality occurred in concentrations of (1951)
1 :600,000 and greater.


— Tests were in fresh water and seawater. No difference in Jackson
toxicity was observed due to water type. The chemical (1960)
was sprayed as an emulsion from a plane, at the rate of
1 2.3 Ib per 34,848 sq ft. The fish were exposed in boxes
submerged in the water. At a concentration of 1 .38 ppn,,
5 of 15 fish survived 15 minutes; at 0.36 ppm 3 of 15 sur-
vived 32 minutes; at 0.031 ppm, 3 of 15 survived 105
minutes; at 0.034 ppm all fish were dead in 10 hours. The
calculated initial concentration of 6.0 ppm had decreased
to 1.38 in 15 minutes, and to 0.081 in 105 minutes, and
0.34 ppm in 10 hours. It is interesting that fish held more
than a foot below the surface were unharmed.
a Observations were made on the 3rd, 7th, 14th, and 21st days Palmer and
to give the following (T = toxic, NT = nontoxic, PT = Maloney
partially toxic with number of days in parentheses. No (1955)
number indicates observation is for entire test period of
21 days):
Cl - NT
Ma -NT
So - NT
Cv - NT
Gp- NT
Np-NT

a Comment same as above except that: Palmer and
Cl - PT (7) Maloney
Ma-PT(7) (1955)
So -NT
Cv -NT
Gp-NT
Np-NT



























£
TO
T3
m
Z
g
x

00













-------
    Benzene hexa-
     chloride
     (delta
     isomer)
    Benzene hexa-
     chloride
     (gamma
     isomer)
Cylindrospermum
 lichen/forme (Cll
Microcystis
 aeruginosa (Ma)
Scenedesmus
 obliquus (So)
Chlorella
 variegata (Cv)
Gomphonema
 parvulum (Gp)
Nitzschia
 palea (Np)
Black fly
 (larvae)
Rainbow
 trout
Caddisfly
            2.0 (O)
                                            FR
Alaskan     0.5 (O)
 streams    10 (O)
            10(0)




3
J
3











8
5
m
30
O
r
o
m
5
9
Benzene hexa-
chloride
(gamma
isomer)
Benzene hexa-
chloride
(gamma
isomer)








Benzene hexa-
chloride
(gamma
isomer, tech)








Lepomis
macrochirus
Micropterus
salmoides
Cylindrospermum
licheniforme (Cl)
Microcystis
aeruginosa (Ma)
Scenedesmus
obliquus (So)
Chlorella
Variegata (Cv)
Gomphonema
parvulum (Gp)
NiKschia
palea (Np)
Cylindrospermum
licheniforme (Cl)
Microcystis
aeruginosa (Ma)
Scenedesmus
obliquus (So)
Chlorella
variegata (Cv)
Gomphonema
parvulum (Gp)
NiKschia
palea (Np)
B

F

L











L











                                                           Auburn,
                                                            Ala.
                                                 0.1  to 2.0 (K.)

                                                 0.1  to 0.2 (K)

                                                 2.0 (O)
                                                                       2.0 (O)
TJ
30
O
O
                                                 Comment same as above except that:
                                                    Cl  — NT
                                                    Ma - PT (7)
                                                    So  - PT (7)
                                                    Cv  -NT
                                                    Gp-T
                                                    Np-PT (14)
Palmer and
 Maloney
 (1955)
The chemical was applied for control of black flies, and
 because the acetone solution was most effective, only that
 data is reported here. The figures reported are for minimum
 effective dosages for black fly larvae and maximum nonlethal
 dosages for rainbow trout and caddisfly larvae.  The value
 given for black flies was the highest dosage tested and was
 ineffective.
Aquarium test.

In an earthen pond, 0.18 ppm failed to kill bluegill, bass,
 golden shiner and several species of minnows.
Observations were made on the 3rd, 7th, 14th, and 21st days
 to give the following (T = toxic, NT = nontoxic, PT =
 partially toxic with number of days in parentheses.  No
 number indicates observation is for entire test period of
 21 days):
   Cl -NT
   Ma-NT
   So - NT
   Cv - NT
   Gp-NT
   Np- NT
Gjulian, et al
  (1949)
                                                                                                           Lawrence
                                                                                                            (1950)
                                                                                                                                                                     Palmer and
                                                                                                                                                                       Maloney
                                                                                                                                                                       (1955)
                                                                                                                          S
                                                                                                                          m
                                                                                                                          O
                                                                                                                          X
                                                                                                                          00
                                                                                     Comment same as above except that:
                                                                                         Cl  - NT
                                                                                         Ma-PT
                                                                                         So  - PT (14)
                                                                                         Cv  - NT
                                                                                         Gp-PT
                                                                                         Np- NT
                                                                                                                                                                     Palmer and
                                                                                                                                                                      Maloney
                                                                                                                                                                      (1955)

-------
CO
w
o
o
0
s
2
m
o Chemical
I- BHC
0
X
m
5
O
>
r
"D
3D
g BHC
C
q
en







BHC



1




BHC

BHC







BHC






Organism
Black fly
(larvae)
Rainbow
trout
Caddisfly


Blue crab
Marsh fiddler
crab
Red-jointed
fiddler crab
Cyprinodon
variegatus
Leiostomus
xanthurus
Mugil
curema
Fathead
minnow
Bluegill
Goldfish
Guppy




Fathead
minnow
Pimephales
promelas
Lepomis
macrochirus
Carassius
auratus
Lebistes
reticulatus
Pimephales
promelas
Lepomis
macrochirus



Toxicity,
Bioassay Active
or Field Field Ingredient,
Study(1> Location(2) ppm(3)
F Alaskan 0.5 (O)
streams 5.0 (O)
0.5 (0)




FE Bombay (0)
Hook (0)
Island,
Del. (0)

(0)

(0)

(0)

BSA - 2.3 (T4A)

0.79 (T4A)
2.3 (T4A)
21.7 (T4A)




BSA - 2.0 (T4A)

BSA - 2.30 (T4A)

0.79 (T4A)

2.3 (T4A)

2.17 (T4A)

BSA - 2.3 (T4A)

0.79 (T4A)




Experimental
Variables
Controlled
or NotedW Comments
The chemical was applied for control of black flies, and
because the acetone solution was most effective, only that
data is reported here. The figures reported are for minimum
effective dosages, for black fly larvae and maximum non-
lethal dosages for rainbow trout and caddisfly larvae. The
value given for black flies was the highest dosage tested, and
was ineffective.
— The location under study was a salt marsh bounded by
Delaware Bay.
Organisms were confined in cages within the test area.
BHC was applied at 0.1 pound per acre. C. variegatus.
L. xanthurus, and M. curema showed 35 percent
mortality in 7 days.
Blue crabs showed 10 percent mortality when exposed for
7 days in streams and 10 percent mortality in ponds.
Marsh fiddler crabs and red-jointed fiddler crabs showed
mortalities of 80 and 35 percent, respectively, in 7 days.

jj It was the authors opinion that pH, alkalinity and hardness.
within the usual range in natural waters, had little effect on
the toxic effect of the compounds studied. The values given
are from Henderson, Pickering, and Tarzwell, "The Relative
Toxicity of Ten Chlorinated Hydrocarbon Insecticides to
Four Species of Fish" It is interesting that the different
tables from the above book (as reported in this paper)
report widely different values for the same compounds.
This experiment was performed in soft water.
a Comment same as above.

_a d e f Concentrations were based on percent active ingredient.







a Bioassay investigations of the new insecticides indicate that
in general the organic phosphorus compounds are not as
toxic to fish as are the chlorinated hydrocarbons. The
toxicity of most of these materials was not significantly
influenced by water quality. Therefore it is to be expected
that the toxicity of these materials will not differ significantly
in different streams.
Reference
(Year)
Gjulian, et al
(1949)





George, et al
(1957)









Tarzwell
(1959)







Tarzwell
(1959)
Henderson, et al
(1959)






Tarzwell
(1959)


























£
3
m
Z
O
X
00


















-------
      BHC
     BHC
     BHC
     BHC
     BHC
U)
     BHC
      BHC
      BHC
  O  BHC
  2   (crude)
  m
  3)
  O
O
I
m
2  BHC
O   (emulsion)
-o
3)
O
O
C
O
                        Algae
                        Salmo
                         trutta
                        Invertebrates
                                              FR
                                              FR
                                     Isle of
                                      Man,
                                      Eng.
                                                             Flint
                                                              Creek,
                                                              Ala.
                        Heteropneustes
                         fossilis
                        Bluegill
                        Golden shiner
                        Cyclops sp
                     BSA
                                              BSA
                      BSA
Tubifex spp
Limnodrilus spp

Puntius
 puckelli

Oncorhynchus
 kisuKh

Sesarma
 africanum
                         Micropterus
                          salmoides
                          (fry)
                         Ictalurus
                          punctatus
                          (fry)
                         Lepomis
                          macrochirus
                         (fry)
                                              BSA
                                              BSA
                                              BSA
                                              BSA
                                              FR
                                              BSA
                                                             Sierra
                                                               Leone
                                                 0.456 (K)
                                                                       (O)
                                                 0.79 (T4A)
                                                 0.062-1.5 (O)
                                                 0.062-0.5 (O)
                                                                                             a c d e p
                                                                          3.0-15 (L4A)
                                                                       3.8 (T4A)
                                                                       0.2 (T2A)
                                                                       65(K<1)
                                                                       6.5 (K1)
                                                                       0.65 (SB)
                                                                       0.065 (NTE)
                                                                       325
                                                  0.05 (SB3)


                                                  0.2 (SB3)


                                                  0.1 (SB3)
                                                                                               ac d e I m
                                                                                            a c d e f p
                                                                                                            Report notes that the fish were not killed, but may have
                                                                                                             moved from polluted areas when their normal insect food
                                                                                                             was no longer available.  Tables give percentage composition
                                                                                                             of fauna at 8 collecting stations, given in yards above and
                                                                                                             below point of origin.
                                                                                                            Conventional treatment in a water purification plant did not
                                                                                                             reduce the amount of chemical found in the stream. Data
                                                                                                             are given for 4 years 1959-1962, with a range of concentra-
                                                                                                             tions.  Only the highest value is reported here. Some fish
                                                                                                             kill is reported, but species are not identified here. Data
                                                                                                             for different seasons are reported. The one listed here is
                                                                                                             for summer 1961.
                                                                                                            Experiments were conducted in a small  battery jar containing
                                                                                                             5 liters of water sprayed with 25  cc of BHC (20%). The fish
                                                                                                             died in 1 hour and 30 min.

                                                                                                            Assays were conducted in soft water at 25 C.  Decrease in
                                                                                                             brain cholinesterase was measured in fish exposed to the
                                                                                                             toxicant.
                                                                                                            The 1 .5 ppm value cited is for a 2-day period with the active
                                                                                                             ingredient added as a wettable powder to water. Threshold
                                                                                                             values, (LD/O) for the BHC dissolved in a number of sol-
                                                                                                             vents were somewhat lower.  Some of the solvents caused
                                                                                                             a 25-fold increase in toxicity of BHC to golden shiner.  A
                                                                                                             TLm 48 hr of 0.1 25-0.25 ppm BHC was obtained for
                                                                                                             Cyclops.  Formulations containing oil were more toxic
                                                                                                             than dust formulations of BHC.
Toxicity is reported as the mean lethal dose
 48, and 96 hours.
                                                                                                                                                           for 24,
                                                                                                                                                                       Hynes
                                                                                                                                                                        (1961)
                                                                                                                                                                       Nicholson, et al
                                                                                                                                                                        (1964)
Tap water was used as diluent. Toxicity data are given as
 TLm's in ppm for 24, 48, 96 hr. The pH of the water
 averaged 8.3. The study was conducted in India.
The rate of decay of the gamma isomer of BHC is suspected
 to be appreciable. The half-life in fresh water would be
 somewhere in the vicinity of 7-8 days.
BHC caused complete lack of coordination within 24 hours.
In rice fields, sprays with as low as 325 ppm BHC gave
 adequate protection from crabs to young rice seedlings.
 Initial results given were derived from contact with aqueous
 suspensions of varying concentrations in bioassay evaluations.
At least 90 percent of the fry survived for a period of 72
 hours at the concentration listed.
                                                           Mathur
                                                            (1964)

                                                           Weiss
                                                            (1964)

                                                           Meyer
                                                            (1965)
                                                                                                                                                                       Whitten and
                                                                                                                                                                        Goodnight
                                                                                                                                                                        (1966)
                                                                                                                                                                       Rao, et al
                                                                                                                                                                        (1967)

                                                                                                                                                                       Velsen and
                                                                                                                                                                        Alderdice
                                                                                                                                                                        (1967)
                                                                                                                                                                       Jordan
                                                                                                                                                                        (1955)
                                                                                                                                                                       Jones
                                                                                                                                                                        (1965)
m
O
X
00

-------
o
o
s
s
m
o Chemical
<~ BHC (45%
2 gamma isomer)
5 BHC (45%

Q gamma isomer)
r BHC
•o (tech,
0 15.5%)
0
C

en


BHC
(WP)







tjO Bidrin
U> (tech )
(0
Bidrin


Bomyl (EC4,
GC-3707)
Borate


BP 1 002







Buramine

Organism
Oyster

Oyster


Pimephales
promelas
Lepomis
macrochirus
Carassius

auratus
Lebistes
reticulatus
Micropterus
salmoides
(fry)
Ictalurus
punctatus
(fry)
Lepomis
macrochirus
(fry)
Procambarus
dark!

Pteronarcys
californica
(naiads)
Gambusia
affinis
Salmo
gairdnerii

Panda/us
montagui
Crangon
crangon
Carcinus
maenas
Cardium
edule
Semotilus
atromaculatus
Toxicity, Experimental
Bioassay Active Variables
or Field Field Ingredient, Controlled
Study (D Location<2) ppm<3) or Noted*4)
BCF - 1.0 (O) a

BCF - 0.36 (O) a


BSA - 15(T4A) ^becd_f_

5.I (T4A)

15 (T4A)


14 (T4A

BSA - 0.2 (SB3) acdef


0.4 (SB3)


0.5 (SB3)


BSA - 3.0 (T3A) a c d o


BSA — 0.43 (T4A) _§_£
•o
m
z
D
X
CO
















"critical range" (CR), which was defined as that concentra-
tion in ppm below which the 4 test fish lived for 24 hr and
above which all test fish died. Additional data are presented.

-------
   C-56
   C-2059
   C-2059
   C-8514
Lepomis
 macrochirus
Micropterus
 salmoides
Lepomis
 macrochirus
Lepomis
 macrochirus

Oncorhynchus
 kisutch
Camphene
(chlorinated)







Captan
(N-trichloro-
methylthio-4-
cyclohexene-1,2-
dicarboxyimide)
Carbaryl

Silverling
minnows
Spotfin
shiner
Creek
chub
Fall fish
Blacknosed
dace
Brachydanio
rerio
(larvae)


Procambarus
clarkii
                                            BSA
                                            BSA
                                           BSA
                                            BSA
                                            BSA
                           30(T2A)

                           35 (T2A)


                           55 (T1A)



                           90(T1A)



                           21.5 (T2A)




                           0.04 (K)
                                                                                              a b e
                                                                                              a b e
                                            BSA
                                            FO
                                                           Crowley
                                                            La.
                                                                       30(T1A)
                                                                       1.0(0)
                                                                       (T 70 min)
                                                  (O)
                                                  c d e p
8

m
3)
o
    Carbaryl
O
X  Carbaryl
Prosimulum spp
Cnephia spp
Simulium spp
  (larvae)
Australorbis
 glabratus
                                            LCFA
                                                  0.4 (O)
BSA and
 FL
                                     Puerto Rico  (O)
The response of bluegill and bass fingerlings to nine agricul-
 tural chemicals as determined by bioassay using river water
 is presented in this report.  Bluegills were more tolerant of
 the chemicals tested than bass.
This report is a simple and straightforward determination of
 a median tolerance limit for a selected group of herbicides.
                                                                                                            Comment same as above.
Physical instability of this formulation would suggest that
 toxicity in the aquatic environment could be a problem
 if the preparation is to be used in or near water courses
 under field conditions.
The "Threshold" for bluegills was 0.01 ppm.  A field study
 in W. Va. is also described.
                                                                                      TLm was 70 min for larvae. Ninety-eight percent of the
                                                                                       larvae died in 90 min.
Experiment was conducted in a flooded rice field Area
 was divided into 4 blocks with a fence restricting crawfish
 to the desired area. The rearing of crawfish in rice fields
 is of considerable commercial importance in Louisiana.
 It is fortunate that the chemicals discussed in this report
 had no untoward effect at the levels used. The chemical
 was applied at the rate of 0.8 Ibs/acre.
Stones heavily populated with larvae were placed in troughs
 of running water containing the toxicant. When the larvae
 became detached from the rocks and floated away, they
 were assumed to have undergone lethal intoxication. The
 larvae were exposed to the toxicant for 5 minutes, then in
 clean water for 24 hours. At that time the number
 detached amounted to 47 percent.

Seven of the tested compounds failed to meet acceptability
 criteria—that is, complete kill after 6-hr exposure to 10 ppm.
 They were not used in field tests. Field tests showed WL
 8008 to be highly effective. All others failed.
Davis and
 Hardcastle
 (1959)

Hughes and
 Davis
 (1967)
Hughes and
 Davis
 (1967)
Velsen and
 Alderdice
 (1967)

Linduska and
 Surber
 (1948)
                                                                                                                           Dawood and
                                                                                                                            Dazo
                                                                                                                            (1966)
Hendrick, et al
  (1966)
                                                                           m
                                                                           O
                                                                           X
                                                                           03
                                                                                                                          Jamnback and
                                                                                                                            Frempong-
                                                                                                                            Boadu
                                                                                                                            (1966)
Seiffer and
 Schoof
 (1967)
3D
O
O
C

-------
o
o
s
£
m
o Chemical
r~ Carharyl
O
X
m
S
0
r~
TJ
3)
o
O
C
O Carbo-
v> phenothion
(Trithion)

Carbo-
phenothion
(EC4)


Carbo-
phenothion
(EC4)
Casoron
OJ
-**• Casoron

Casoron





Casoron


Casoron
(WP)

Catechol


Ceresan M


Bioassay
or Field
Organism Study^)
Pteronarcys BSA
ca/ifornica
(naiads)
Pteronarcella
badia
(naiads)
Claasenia
sabulosa
(naiads)

Culex pipiens BSA
quadrimacula tus


Gambusia F L
affin/s

Rana
catesbeiana
Micropterus BSA
sa/moides

Redear BSA
sunfish
Pteronarcys sp BSA
(nymphs)
Simocepha/us BSA
serrulatus
Daphnia
pu/ex


Rainbow BSA
trout
Bluegill
Rainbow BSA
trout
Bluegill
Microcystis L
aeruginosa

Channel BSA
catfish
(fingerlings)
Toxicity,
Active
Field Ingredient,
Location(2) ppm'3)
0.0048 (T4A)


0.0017 (T4A)


0.0056 (T4A)



(0)



Ponds in (O)
III.



1.0(0)


(0)

6.6 (T4A)

5.8 (SB)

3.7 (SB)



22 (T2A)

20 (T2A)
18 (T4A)

10 (T4A)
100 (K)


1.8 (K1A)


Experimental
Variables
Controlled
or Noted(4) Comments
a c d e f Data reported as LCso at 15.5 C in 4 days.









c Tests were conducted in tap water and artif ically polluted
tap water. The values reported are the concentration range
for an LCgQ, 0.085 to 0.280 ppm for polluted, and 0.01 7 to
0.034 ppm for tap water.
— When applied at 0.2 and 1 .6 pounds per acre active ingredient,
98 and 100 percent fish mortality occurred respectively in
1 day.
When applied at 0.4 pound per acre, 100 percent bullfrog
mortality occurred in 1 day.
a e At 1.0 ppm, 10 percent mortality occurred in 1 day. Experi-
ments were carried out in fiber glass tubs filled with well
water. Fish weights ranged from 2 to 6 pounds.
a No mortality was noted in fish weighing 3 g with concentra-
tions of 20,000 mg/1 at 48 hr.
^ Experiments were all conducted at 60 F in 1964. The
values were listed as \-C$Q.
— Concentration reported is for immobilization.
Time for immobilization was 64 hr.
Data cited are for 78 F, but assays were performed at
varied temperatures.
Water chemistry (unspecified) was "controlled" during the
assay period.
— Data are given as LC$Q,


a This is an estimated LCsg value at temperatures from 55 to
75 F.

a_, etc The chemical was tested on a 5-day algae culture, 1 x 10^ to
2 x 106 cells/ml, 75 ml total volume. Chu No. 10 medium
was used.
_a Tap water was used. Considerable additional data are
presented.

Reference
(Year)
Sanders and
Cope
(1968)







Lewallen and
Wilder
(1963)

Mulla, et al
(1963)



Mulla, et al
(1967)

Cope
(1963)
Cope
(1965)
Sanders and
Cope
(1966)



Bohmont
(1967)

Cope
(1965)

Fitzgerald, et al
(1952)

Clemens and
Sneed
(1959)






















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-o
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CD


















-------
OJ
     Chem Ban
     Chem Fish
      Special

     Chem Mite
     Chem Sen 56
     Chemagro
     Chemagro
      4497

     Chlorax
     Chlordane
     Chlordane
     Chlordane
  m
  3
  Q  Chlordane
  >
  r
  o
  m
 T3
 •3)
 O
 O
Channel
 catfish
 (fingerlings)
Channel
 catfish
 (fingerlings)
Channel
 catfish
 (fingerlings)
Channel
 catfish
 (fingerlings)
Leiostomus
 xanthurus
 (juvenile)

Leiostomus
 xanthurus
 (juvenile)
Channel
 catfish
 (fingerlings)
Bluegill
                        Black fly
                         (larvae)
                        Rainbow
                         trout
                        Caddisfly
Lepomis
 macrochirus
Carassius
 auratus
Micropterus
 salmoides

Fathead
 minnow
Bluegill
Goldfish
Guppy
                                             BSA
BSA
                                             BSA
                                             BSA
                                             BSA
                                             BSA
                                             BSA
                      FR
                                             BSA
                                                            Auburn,
                                                              Ala.
BSA
                                                                         26 (K1A)
                           0.56 (K1A)
                            1.29 (K1A)
                           97.7 (K30hr A)
                           0.032 (O)
                           0.032 (O)
                           3157 (K1A)
                                                                         (O)
               Alaskan      0.5 (O)
                streams     20 (0)
                            10(0)
0.1  (NTE)

0.2  (K)



0.052 (T4A)

0.022 (T4A)
0.082 (T4A)
0.19 (T4A)
                                                                                                             Comment same as above.
                                                                Comment same as above.
                                                                                                             Comment same as above.
                                                                                                             Comment same as above.
                                    Water temperature was 21 C. The figure reported is a
                                      48-hr EC50.

                                    Comment same as above.
Tap water was used. Considerable additional data are
 presented.

At 1 Ib per acre, 87 percent of the bluegill sunfish were
 killed.  At 0.5 Ib per acre most of the bluegills as well as
 other species survived.
The chemical was applied for control of black flies, and
 because the acetone solution was most effective, only that
 data is reported here. The figures reported are for mini-
 mum effective dosages of black fly larvae and maximum
 nonlethal dosages for rainbow trout and caddisfly larvae.
 The value given for black flies was the highest dosage
 tested. The value given for trout was also the highest
 tested.
At this concentration, there was  no apparent effect.

At this concentration, bluegill and bass were killed, but
 goldfish survived.
It was the authors opinion that pH, alkalinity and hardness,
 within the usual range in natural waters, had little effect on
 the toxic effect of the compounds studied. The values given
 are from Henderson, Pickering, and Tarzwell, "The Relative
 Toxicity of Ten Chlorinated Hydrocarbon Insecticides to
 Four Species of Fish".  It is interesting that the different
 tables from the above book (as reported in this paper)
 report widely different values for the same compound.
This experiment was performed in soft water.
Clemens and
 Sneed
 (1959)
Clemens and
 Sneed
 (1959)
Clemens and
 Sneed
 (1959)
Clemens and
 Sneed
 (1959)
Butler
 (1965)

Butler
 (1965)


Clemens and
 Sneed
 (1959)
Linduska and
 Surber
 (1948)
Gjulian, et al
 (1949)
                                                                                                                          Lawrence
                                                                                                                           (1950)
Tarzwell
 (1959)

-------
o
o
s
s
m
o Chemical
r~ Chlordane
0
m
S
O
r~
-o
O
0
c
^ Chlordane
C/l

Chlordane
(100%)






Chlordane

OJ





Chlordane
(75%)
Chlordane






Chlordane







Organism
Fathead
minnow







Channel
catfish
(fingerlings)
Pimephales
promelas
Lepomis
macrochirus
Carassius
auratus
Lebistes
reticu/atus
Pimephales
promelas
Lepomis
macrochirus
Carassius
auratus
Lebistes
reticu/atus
Pimephales
promelas
Pimephales
promelas
Lepomis
macrochirus



Oncorhynchus
kisutch
Oncorhynchus
tshawytscha
Salmo
gairdnerii
Gasterosteus
aculeatus
Toxicity,
Bioassay Active
or Field Field Ingredient,
Study ( 1 ) Location ( 2 ) ppm (3 )
BSA _ 0.069 (T4A)








BSA - 0.74 (K1A)


BSA - 0.069 (T4A)

0.022 (T4A)

0.082 (T4A)

0.19 (T4A)

BSA - 0.05 (T4A)

0.01 (T4A)

0.08 (T4A)

0.19 (T4A)

BSA - 0.18 (T4A)

BSA - 0.052 (T4A)

0.022 (T4A)




BSA - 56 (T4A)

57 (T4A)

44 (T4A)

90 (T4A)

Experimental
Variables
Controlled
or Noted'*) Comments
a It was the authors opinion that pH, alkalinity and hardness,
within the usual range in natural waters, had little effect on
the toxic effect of the compounds studied. The values
given are from Henderson, Pickering, and Tarzwell, "The
Relative Toxicity of Ten Chlorinated Hydrocarbon Insecti-
cides to Four Species of Fish" It is interesting that the
different tables from the above book (as reported in this
paper) report widely different values for the same compounds.
The experiment was performed in hard water.
a Tap water was used. Considerable additional data are
presented.

a b e c d f Dilution water was usually soft although some studies were
conducted with hard water.






a d e f Concentrations were based on percent active ingredient.







^ b e c d f Dilution water was usually soft although some studies were
conducted with hard water.
a Bioassay investigations of the new insecticides indicate that
in general the organic phosphorus compounds are not as
toxic to fish as are the chlorinated hydrocarbons. The
toxicity of most of these materials was not significantly
influenced by water quality. Therefore it is to be expected
that the toxicity of these materials will not differ signifi-
cantly in different streams.
a_c d^ Chemical dissolved in acetone. TLm expressed in ppb.







Reference
(Year)
Tarzwell
(1959)







Clemens and
Sneed
(1959)
Henderson, et al
(1959)






Henderson, et al
(1959)






Henderson, et al
(1959)
Tarzwell
(1959)





Katz
(1961)



























=£
•o
m
z
o

X
DO



















-------
    Chlordane
OJ
-J
    Chlordane
     (EC 7.5)
    Chlordane
                       Gammarus
                       lacustris
                       lacustris
Gambusia
 affinis
Rana
 catesbeiana
 (tadpoles)

Bluegill
                                            BSA
                                                 (O)
                                              FU
                                                             Cal.
                                            BSA
Chlordane
Chlordane
(tech)
Chlordane
Pteronarcys sp
(nymphs)
Rainbow
trout
Bluegill
Simocephalus
serrulatus
Daphnia
pulex
BSA
BSA
BSA
    Chlordane
     (75% emulsion)

    Chlordane
8

m
30
o
Green
 sunfish


Vascular
 plants
Algae
Chubs
Largemouth
 bass
Clams
                      BSA
                                            FL
                                                           Tule
                                                             Lake,
                                                             Ore.
0.5 (O)
                                                                       0.022 (T4A)
                                                                        0.015 (T4A)

                                                                        0.0078  (T4A)

                                                                        0.040 (T4A)
                                                                        0.020 (SB)

                                                                        0.029 (SB)
                                                                         1.0 (NTE)
                                                                          (O)
a e p          The mortality might have been partially due to the             McDonald
               susceptibility of the organism to higher temperatures,          (1962)
               toxicity from extended exposure to copper electrodes
               (used to shock the organism to determine death), or the
               increase of CO2- Results were expressed as LTsfj; for
               example, at 0.5  ppm, 50 percent of the shrimp were
               killed in 235 (±35) min.
 a c           Mixed populations of the indicated test species contained       Mulla
               in cages were exposed to various insecticidal chemicals          (1963)
               applied as dilute sprays to ponds 1/16 acre in size.  The
               indicated toxicant concentration is in Ib/acre, and
               resulted in a 70  percent mortality for the fish, and a
               0 percent mortality for the tadpoles in 24 hr.
 a            Assays were conducted in soft water at 25 C. Decrease         Weiss
               in brain cholinesterase  was measured in fish exposed            (1964)
               to the toxicant.
 ji            Experiments were all conducted at 60 F in 1964.  The          Cope
               values were listed as LC5Q.                                  (1965)
 —           The values reported are given as LCgo-                        c°Pe
                                                                         (1965)

 —           Concentration reported  is for immobilization.                  Sanders and
              Time for immobilization was 48 hr.                           Cope
              Data cited are for 60 F,  but assays were performed at            (1966)
               varied temperatures.
              Water chemistry (unspecified) was "controlled" during
               the assay period.
 —           Fish were repelled by concentrations of 5, 10, and 20 ppm.     Summerfelt
               No lethal  effects were noted at concentrations less than         and Lewis
               5 ppm.                                                    (1967)
 —           The amount of chemical applied as a spray was not specified.    Godsil and
               Plants contained 1.5 to 6.0 ppb. Algae contained 1.7 to        Johnson
               50.0 ppb. Chubs were  analyzed to show a content of 8.0 to     (1968)
               24.0 ppb.  Bass contained 7.5 to 43.0 ppb. Clams contained
               2.0 to 25.0 ppb. The water contained 0.01 to 0.51 ppb.
                                                                                                                                                                m
                                                                                                                                                                z
                                                                                                                                                                O
                                                                                                                                                                X
o
in
2
£
30
O
O
c

-------
o
o
s
m
o Chemical
I— Chlordane
O
I
m
2
o
r~

33
o
o
C
3








Organism
Labeo
rohita
Chamna
punctatus
Mastocembelus
pancalus
Trichogaster
fascia tus
Mystus
vina tus
Nandus
nandus
Puntius
sophore
He terop neustes
fossilis
Amphipnous
cuchia
Phytoplankton:
Bioassay
or Field
Study d)
BSA


















Toxicity, Experimental
Active Variables
Field Ingredient, Controlled
Location^) ppm(3) or Noted(4)
0.0000709 (T7A) a e
0.0001 (K40hr)
0.001 (K 115hr)
0.0001 (T7)
0.0008 (T7)
0.0016 (K51 hr)
0.002 (K 130 hr)
0.00032 (T7)
0.002 (K60hr)
0.001 (T7)
0.0025 (K 25 hr)
0.0008 (T7)
0.005 (K 18 hr)
0.0008 (T7)
0.005 (K 51 hr)
0.001 (T7)
0.08 (K45hr)
0.01 (T7)
0.001 to 0.50 (K7)
Comments
Chlordane was found to be highly toxic but not selective
to fish. Its prolonged toxicity makes it unsuitable for
fishery management and it is recommended that chlordane
not be used in fields adjacent to fishery reservoirs.















Reference
(Year)
Konar
(1968)

















Volvox, Pandorina, Closterium




v
OJ
00 Chlordane


Chlorea
(granular)



Zooplankton:
Cyclops
Naupllus
Daphnia
Cypris

Pteronarcys
californica
(naiads)
Althernanthera
philoxeroides
A/a/as
quada/upensis
Spatterdock

Ceriodaphnia
Diaptomus
Gastrotrica
Brachionus

BSA


FL




0.10 to 0.50 (K7)





0.01 5 (T4A) !_cd^f_


Fla. (0)




Gastrotrica were not affected and Brachionus was not killed
at 0.10 ppm.




Data reported as LCgrj at 15.5 C in 4 days.


The degree of control was as follows:
A. philoxeroides (393 Ib/acre) - 30 percent
N. quadalupensis (393 Ib/acre) — none
spatterdock (454 Ib/acre) - 2 percent


>
•o
m
Z
^j
Sanders and —
Cope ^
(1968) CO
Copeland and
Woods
(1959)



-------
     Chloretone
vo
     Chlorophenyl
     Chlorothion
     Chlorothion
     Chlorothion
8

m
3)
O
^ Chlorothion
O
m Chlorothion
2
O
  •3)
  O
  O
  c
                        Brachydanio
                         rerio
                         (fertilized
                         eggs, 2 hr)
                         (fertilized
                         eggs, 24 hr)
                                              BSA
Salmo
 gairdnerii

Pimephales
 promelas

Fathead
 minnow
                        Pimephales
                         promelas
Pimephales
 promelas

Lepomis
 macrochirus
Micropterus
 salmoides
Notemigonus
 crysoleucas
Carassius
 auratus
BSA
                                              BSA
                                              BSA
                      BSA
                                              BSA


                                              BSA
1OO*
 (K 37 mini
50*
 (K 3-1/4 hr)
10* (K5hr)
5*
 (SB 1-1/2 hr)
1MNTE)
100*
 (K 37 min)
50*
 (K 7-1/2 hr)
10*
 (K119hr)
5*
 (SB 1-1/2 hr)
1* (IMTE)

*% of saturated
 solution
975 (T1A)
925 (T2A)

3.3 (T4A)
                                                                          3.2 (T4A)
                                                                                                 ^ e
                            3.2 (T4A)
                            3.2 (T4A)


                            0.1 (O)

                            0.1 (0)

                            0.1 (0)

                            0.1 (O)
                       t±d e f


                      _a£d_f_
                                                                                       Saturated solutions and dilutions of saturated solutions were
                                                                                        used. 4.5 g of the chemical saturated 500 ml of water at
                                                                                        RT. Percent dilutions used were  100, 50, 10, 5.0, 4.0, 3.0,
                                                                                        2.0, and 1.0. Immobilization times are given. Histological
                                                                                        observations were also made.
                                                                                                                            Blumenkrantz
                                                                                                                              (1956)
Most of the weed-killer formulations in this study consisted of
 more than one substance, i.e., oils, emulsifiers, stabilizers, and
 other adjuvants.
Tests were performed in  both hard and soft water. Additional
 tolerance limit values are given.

It was the authors opinion that pH, alkalinity and hardness,
 within the usual range in natural waters, had little effect on
 the toxic effect of the compounds studied. The values
 given are from Henderson, Pickering, and Tarzwell, "The
 Relative Toxicity of Ten Chlorinated Hydrocarbon Insecti-
 cides to Four Species of Fish". It is interesting that the
 different tables from the above book (as reported in this paper)
 report widely different  values for the same compounds.
This experiment was performed in hard water.
Bioassay investigations of the new insecticides indicate that in
 general the organic phosphorus compounds are  not as toxic
 to fish as are the chlorinated hydrocarbons.  The toxicity of
 most of these materials was not significantly influenced by
 water quality. Therefore it is  to be expected that the
 toxicity of these materials  will not differ significantly in
 different streams.

Concentrations were based on percent active ingredient.

This paper reports the effect of insecticides in reducing the
 anticholinesterase in a fish  brain within 2-8 hours. The
 inhibition of the enzyme was a function of the concentra-
 tion of the insecticide, extent of exposure, and  specific
 chemical nature of the compound.
                                                                                                                            Alabaster
                                                                                                                              (1956)

                                                                                                                            Henderson and
                                                                                                                              Pickering
                                                                                                                              (1958)
                                                                                                                            Tarzwell
                                                                                                                              (1959)
                                                                                                                 m
                                                                                                                 O
                                                                                                                 X
                                                                                                                 oo
                                                                                                                                                  Tarzwell
                                                                                                                                                    (1959)
Henderson, et al
 (1959)
Weiss
 (1959)

-------
COMMERCIA
r-
0
i
m
2
2
r~
T>
O
O

;^
tn











s
O



















Chemical

Chlorothion








Chlorothion
(tech,
98 percent)





Chlorothion





Chlorothion


Chloroxuron
(granular)

Chloroxuron
(WP)

CIPC



Cleanosol







Organism

Pimephales
promelas







Pimephales
promelas
Lepomis
macrochirus
Carassius
auratus
Lebistes
reticulatus
Carassius
auratus
Lepomis
macrochirus
Notemigonus
crysoleucus
Bluegill


Lepomis
macrochirus

Lepomis
macrochirus

Lepomis
macrochirus
Micropterus
salmoides
Pandalus
montagni
Crangon
crangon
Carcinus
maenas
Cardium
edule
Toxicity,
Bioassay Active
or Field Field Ingredient,
Study'1' Location*2* ppm'3>

BSA - 0.5 (O)








BSA - 2.8 (T4A)

0.71 (T4A)

2.3 (T4A)

1.2 (T4A)

BSCH - 1.0(O)*
* no response.
15 days



BSA - 0.7 (T4A)


BSA - 60 (T1A)


BSA - 25 (T1A)


BSA - 12 (T2A)

10 (T2A)

BSA - 32 (T2A)

44 (T2A)

102 (T2A)

19.2 (T2A)

Experimental
Variables
Controlled
or Noted'4) Comments

— The degree of reaction to the cholinesterase-inhibiting
insecticides is not only a function of time and concentra-
tion, but also of chemical and biological species. This
paper reports many analyses of brain cholinesterase
activity which is expressed as percentage of normal.
The data are reported as LT^Q which was the time
required for 0.5 ppm of the chemical to kill 50 percent
of the fish. The \-T^Q for the fathead was 72 hr.

acde Soft water primarily was the test medium. TLm's reported
for 24, 48, and 96 hr. Acetone or alcohol used as solvent
or carrier in most cases.





acde Toxicity was determined by measuring acetylcholinesterase
activity in the brains of fish. Concentrations are given in
ppb as either response or not response in 15 or 30 days.



a Assays were conducted in soft water at 25 C. Decrease in
brain cholinesterase was measured in fish exposed to the
toxicant.
a b e This report is a simple and straightforward determination of
a median tolerance limit for a selected grou p of herbicides.

a b e Comment same as above.


a c o This response of bluegill and bass fingerlings to nine
agricultural chemicals as determined by bioassay using
river water is presented in this report. Bluegills were
more tolerant of the chemicals tested than bass.
a_e Experiments were conducted in tanks holding 10 liters of
of sea water at 25 C.
It was shown that the toxicity of this solvent emulsifier
decreased with time, due to evaporation of the solvent.
Cleansol at a concentration of 33.3 ppm killed 100% of
Crangon crangon larvae in 3 hr.


Reference
(Year)

Weiss
(1961)







Pickering, et al
(1962)






Weiss and
Gakstatter
(1964)



Weiss
(1964)

Hughes and
Davis
(1967)
Hughes and
Davis
(1967)
Davis and
Hardcastle
(1959)

Herbert, et al
(1965)




























3^
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X
03


















-------
    Clostridium
     botulinum
     (Type A
     toxin)

    CMU
    CMU
    Conco
     LCP-12

    Coral
    Co-ral
    Co-Ral
m
o
m
-O
30
O
O
    Co-Ral
Pimephales
 promelas
Algae
  (Mixed
  culture)
Lepomis
  macrochirus
Lepomis
 cyanellus
Pomoxis
 nigromaculatus
Hyborhyncus
 notatus
Lebistes spp
Channel
  catfish
  (fingerlings)

Daphnia
 magna

Pimephales
 promelas
Lepomis
  macrochirus
Pimephales
 promelas
Lepomis
  macrochirus
Oncorhynchus
 kisutch
Salmo
 gairdnerii
Gasterosteus
 aculeatus

Micropterus
 salmoides
Pimephales
 promelas
BSA
                                            LBSA
                                            BSA
BSA
                                            BSA
                                            BSA
                                            BSA
                                            BSA
                            (O)



                           0.5-1.0 (K)


                            (O)
                                                  a c d e
75.9
 (K25hrA)

694 (T1A)
290 (T2A)
204 (T3A)

>18 (T4A)

0.18 (T4A)


>18(T4A)

0.18 (T4A)
                            15,000 (T4A)

                            1,500 (T4A)

                            1,862 (T4A)

                            0.5 (0)

                            0.5 (O)
                                                                                             adef
                                                                                             a c d e
                                     Fish survived high does rates of 102,000 mouse LDgo/ml
                                      for 24 hr and 17,000 mouse LDso/ml for 96 hr.  Fish
                                      cannot be used to detect this chemical at levels critical
                                      for man.
                                     Tests with 22 species of algae indicated that 0.5 to 1.0
                                      ppm CMU prevented growth.  No adverse effects on the
                                      fish were found in 23 days with concentrations of 10,
                                      20, and 40 ppm.
                                                          Pickering and
                                                           Henderson
                                                           (1959)

                                                          Fitzgerald
                                                           (1958)
Tap water was used. Considerable additional data are
 presented.

When emulsifier was mixed with crude oil, the TLm value
 was one-half the values cited.
                                                                                                            Concentrations were based on percent active ingredient.
Clemens and
 Sneed
 (1959)
Dowden
 (1962)

Henderson, et al
 (1959)
Bioassay investigations of the new insecticides indicate that
 in general the organic phosphorus compounds are not as
 toxic to fish as are the chlorinated hydrocarbons. The
 toxicity of most of these materials was not significantly
 influenced by water quality. Therefore it is to be expected
 that the toxicity of these materials will not differ significantly
 in different streams.
Chemical dissolved in acetone. TLm expressed in ppb.
                                    The degree of reaction to the cholinesterase-inhibiting
                                     insecticides is not only a function of time and concentra-
                                     tion, but also of chemical and biological species. This
                                     paper reports many analyses of brain cholinesterase
                                     activity which is expressed as percentage of normal. The
                                     data are reported as LTso which was the time required
                                     for 0.5 ppm of the chemical to kill 50 percent of the fish.
                                     For bass the LTsg was 36 hr and for the fathead 72 hr.
                                                                                                                                                                      Tarzwell
                                                                                                                                                                       (1959)
                                                                                                                                                                      Katz
                                                                                                                                                                       (1961)
                                                          Weiss
                                                           (1961)

-------
0
o
s
m
g Chemical
r- Co-Ral
<"> (tech
S 97.5
5 percent)
o
> Co-Ral
r~
T>
g Co-Ral
0
C
— 4
ff>




CO-RAL


Co Ral



s
to






Co-ral
(97.5% active
in acetone)

Organism
Carassius
auratus
Lebistes
reticulatus

Chaoborus
as tic top us
Carassius
auratus
Lepomis
macrochirus
Notemigonus
crysoleucus



Cyprinodon
variegatus
(juvenile)
Salmo
gairdenerii
Salmo
trutta
Salvelinus
fontinalis
Salvelinus
namaycush
Ictalurus
punctatus
Lepomis
macrochirus
Hexagenia sp
Hydropsyche sp
(larva)
Bluegill
Toxicity, Experimental
Bioassay Active Variables
or Field Field Ingredient, Controlled
Study '1) Location'2) ppm<3) or Noted'4)
BSA - 18 (T4A) acde

0.56 (T4A)


BSA - 0.39 (T1A) a_

BSCH - 1.0 (O)* ^cd^

1.0? (O)**

1.0 (O)*
* no response.
15 days
"response,
15 days
BSA - 0.28 (O) a


BSA - 0.55 (T2A) £f

0.73 (T2A)

0.8 (T2A)

4.0 (T2A)

6.8 (T1A)

8.0 (T2A)

BSA - 0.43 (T1 A) ae
0.005 (T1A)

1.4 (T1A)
Comments
Soft water primarily was the test medium. TLm's
reported for 24, 48, and 96 hr. Acetone or alcohol
used as solvent or carrier in most cases.


Toxicity value given is for the fourth instar larvae.

Toxicity was determined by measuring acetylcholinesterase
activity in the brains of fish. Concentrations are given in
ppb as either response or not response in 1 5 or 30 days.






Water temperature was 1 2 C. The figure reported is a
48-tir EC50.

Variance and the 95-percent confidence interval (C.I.)
were also determined.










Dissolved oxygen was measured before and after assay.
Assays were conducted in Mississippi River water.


Reference
(Year)
Pickering, et al
(1962)



Hazeltine
(1963)
Weiss and
Gakstatter
(1964)






Butler
(1965)

Willford
(1966)










Carlson
(1966)


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      Cube
       powder
       (7.3%
       rotenone)
      Cube root
E
      Cumate
      Cuprose
      2, 4-D
  I
  m
  3)
  O
  >
  O
  m
      2, 4-D
 Cyprinus
 carpio
Micropterus
 satmoides
Pimephales
 promelas
Carassius
 auratus
Lepomis
 macrochirus
L. cyanellus
Notemigonus
 crysoleucas
Icta/urus
 nebulosus
 marmoratus

Pimephales
 promelas
Pimephales
 promelas
Lepomis
 macrochirus
Chlorella
 pyrenoidosa
Killifish
  (minnow)
Eupomotis
 gibbosus
Ameiurus
 nebulosus
Eichornia
 crassipes
                      BSA
                                              BSA
                                              BSA
                      BSA
                                              FR
                                                              Fla.
0.115 (L3)

0.164 (L3)

0.200 (L3)

0.218 (L3)

0.268 (L3)

0.246 (L3)
0.620 (L3)

0.346 (L3)



0.066 (T4A)
                      a cd e i
0.071 (T4A)

0.32 (T4A)


20 (AS 1)




2000 (O)

1000(O)

2000 (O)


(O)
                                                                                               a c d f g
                                                                                               a c d e f
Such variables as temperature, species, and size of fish
 were studied. Toxicity is expressed as LD5gfor 72 hr.
 Smaller concentrations of rotenone were required when
 used in conjunction with sulfoxide. The data shown are
 for 70 F. The chemical was considerably more toxic at
 this temperature.than at 40 F for all fish species.
Hester
 (1959)
Test water was spring water diluted with distilled water.
 Removal of toxic chemicals by carbon adsorption,
 chlorine and chlorine dioxide treatment, and alum
 coagulation was studied. The most effective method to
 remove fish poisons was by use of activated charcoal
 adsorption.
The toxicity of this substance was influenced by the
 quality of the water (pH, hardness, alkalinity). The
 chemical was more toxic in soft water.

Describes a bioassay method to  differentiate between an
 algicide  (AC) and an algistat (AS). The treated culture
 was subcultured as time progressed.  Allen's medium was
 used.
Temperature was held at 20-25 C, and the water was
 aerated by circulating water pumps.  Data reported as
 deaths in 7 days. Upper safe limit concentrations were
 established.
Control of water hyacinth was affected with 1:1140 dilution
 applied to 100-150 sq ft plots. Author notes that no adverse
 effects to the water fauna (fingerling fish, etc.)  were observed
 up to the time of disappearance of the water hyacinth. The
 roots were not killed, but did not readily produce shoots.
 Addition of carbowax as a wetting atent did not improve
 herbicidal action.
Cohen, et al
 (1961)
Pickering and
 Henderson
 (1966)

Fitzgerald and
 Faust
 (1963)

Harrison and
 Rees
 (1946)
                                                                                               Hildebrand
                                                                                                 (1946)
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OT 2,4-D











tp 2,4-D
£
4*
2,4-D

2,4-D

2,4-D



2,4-D
(granular)






2,4-D/
2.4-5T
+ TCA
Bioassay
or Field
Organism StudyC"
Eichhornia FRLO
crassipes
Alternanthera
philoxero/des






Cy/indrospermum L
lichen/forme (CD
Microcystis
aeruginosa (Ma)
Scenedesmus
obliquus (So)
Chlorella
variegata (Cv)
Gomphonema
parvulum (Cp)
Nitzschia
palea (Np)
Salmo BSA
gairdnerii

Salmo BSA
gairdnerii
Salmo BSA
gairdnerii
Lepomis BSA
macrochirus
Micropterus
salmoides
Nympheae sp FL
Myriophyllum
brasiliense
Myriophyllum
heterphyllum
Brasen/a
schreberi
Utricularia sp
Althernanthera FL
philoxeroides

Toxicity,
Active
Field Ingredient,
Location(2) ppm(3)
Mississippi (O)
R., Delta,
La.







2.0 (O)











2300(71 A)
2050 (T2A)

4.4 (T1 A)
3.3 (T2A)
3.0 (T1 A)
2.2 (T2A)
375 (T2A)

350 (T2A)

Farm (0)
ponds
in Ga.





Fla. (O)


Experimental
Variables
Controlled
or Noted^4) Comments
— 2,4-D was applied over weed-infested areas of the following
types: borrow pits, drainage ditches, a shallow lake, a
small tributary of the Mississippi River, and land areas.
Water hyacinth was killed and sank under any condition
in which it grows in South Louisiana by application of
8 Ib/acre (free acid equivalent) of the amine salt of
2,4-D. A single application of 2,4-D at 8 Ib/acre did
not give complete elimination of alligator weed from
borrow pits and deep ditches but it did reduce the popula-
tion considerably.
a Observations were made on the 3rd, 7th, 14th, and 21st
~ days to give the following (T = toxic, NT = nontoxic,
PT = partially toxic with number of days in parentheses.
No number indicates observation is for entire test
period of 21 days):
Cl - PT (3)
Ma -NT
So -NT
Cv -NT
Gp- NT
Np-T (3)

a e Most of the weed-killer formulations in this study consisted
of more than one substance, i.e., oils, emulsifiers, stabilizers,
and other adjuvants.
a e Comment same as above.

a e Comment same as above.

a c o The response of bluegill and bass fingerlings to nine agri-
cultural chemicals as determined by bioassay using river
water is presented in this report. Bluegills were more
tolerant of the chemicals tested than bass.
— Granular 2,4-D controlled Nympheae sp., Myriophyllum
heterphyllum, Brasenia schreberi, and Utricularia sp. at
the rate of 100 Ib/acre (20 Ib acid).





— At 19.2 pounds per acre, only 1 -2 percent control of
alligator weed was obtained.

Reference
(Year)
Eggler
(1953)








Palmer and
Maloney
(1955)









Alabaster
(1956)

Alabaster
(1956)
Alabaster
(1956)
Davis and
Hardcastle
(1959)

Thomaston, et al
(1959)






Copeland and
Woods
(1969)
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-------
2,4-D/
2.4-5T
2,4-D
(pellets)
2,4-D
+ TCA
2,4-D
(ester)
2,4-D
(pellets)
2,4-D
Althernanthera FL
philoxeroides
Typha 1
la ti folia
Spatterdock
Najas FL
quadalupensis
Spatterdock
Panicum FL
hemitomum
Althernan thera F L
philoxeroides
Pontederia
cordata
Spatterdock
Bushy FL
pondweed
Lepomis BSA
Fla. (0)
Fla. (0)
Fla. (0)
Fla. (O)
Lakes in (O)
Fla.
2.1
    (butoxyethanol     macrochirus
    ester)
2,4-D (acid,
 with emulsifiers)
Lepomis
 macrochirus
                                          BSA
                                                8.0 (T2A)
   2,4-D
    (isopropyl
    ester)
   2,4-D
    (propylene
    glycol
    butylether
    ester)

   2,4-D
    (ethylester)

8
2 2,4-D
jjj  (di-n,n-dimethyl-
30  cocoamine
9  ester)
                  Lepomis
                   macrochirus
Lepomis
 macrochirus
Lepomis
 macrochirus

Lepomis
 macrochirus
m
3D
O
O
   2,4-D             Lepomis
     (isooctyl          macrochirus
     ester)
   2,4-D             Lepomis
     (mixed butyl and  macrochirus
     isopropyl esters)
                                          BSA
                                          BSA
                                          BSA
                                           BSA
                                           BSA
                                           BSA
                                                                     0.8 (T2A)
                                                                     2.1 (T2A)
                                                                     1.4CT2A)
1.5 (T2A)
                                                                     36 (T2A)
                                                                     1.5 (T2A)
                                                                                                         The degree of control was as follows:
                                                                                                          A. philoxeroides   (5.0 Ib/acre) — 1-2 percent
                                                                                                          T. latifolia        (10.0 Ib/acre) — 80 percent
                                                                                                          Spatterdock       (5.0 Ib/acre) — 5 percent
                                                                                                                                            Copeland and
                                                                                                                                             Woods
                                                                                                                                             (1959)
                                                                                                         At 80.0 and 43.6 Ib/acre, only 2 percent control of both
                                                                                                          species was obtained.

                                                                                                         At 90.0 Ib/acre, 75 percent control of P. hemitomum
                                                                                                          was obtained.

                                                                                                         At 4.2 Ib/acre, the degree of control was as follows:
                                                                                                          A. philoxeroides   — 2 percent
                                                                                                          P. cordata         — 85 percent
                                                                                                          Spatterdock       — 3 percent
                                                                                                                                             Copeland and
                                                                                                                                              Woods
                                                                                                                                              (1959)
                                                                                                                                             Copeland and
                                                                                                                                              Woods
                                                                                                                                              (1959)

                                                                                                                                             Copeland and
                                                                                                                                              Woods
                                                                                                                                              (1959)
                                                                                                         Concentrations of 1.5 to 2.5 ppm controlled the bushy
                                                                                                          pondweed.
                                                                                                         The various salts of the chemicals showed wide variations
                                                                                                          in toxicity.

                                                                                                         Comment same as above.
                                                                                    Comment same as above.
                                                                                                         Comment same as above.
                                                                                                                                            Phillippy
                                                                                                                                              (1961)
                                                                                                                                            Hughes and
                                                                                                                                              Davis
                                                                                                                                              (1963)
                                                                                                                                            Hughes and
                                                                                                                                              Davis
                                                                                                                                              (1963)
                                                                                                                                            Hughes and
                                                                                                                                              Davis
                                                                                                                                              (1963)
                                                                                                                                            Hughes and
                                                                                                                                              Davis
                                                                                                                                              (1963)
                                                                                                            1
                                                                                                            m
                                                                                                            O
                                                                                                            X
                                                                                                            00
                                                                                    Comment same as above.
                                                                                                         The various salts of the chemicals showed wide variations
                                                                                                          in toxicity.
                                                                                                                                            Hughes and
                                                                                                                                             Davis
                                                                                                                                             (1963)
                                                                                                                                            Hughes and
                                                                                                                                             Davis
                                                                                                                                             (1963)
                                                                                                         Comment same as above.
                                                                                                         Comment same as above.
                                                                                                                                            Hughes and
                                                                                                                                              Davis
                                                                                                                                              (1963)
                                                                                                                                            Hughes and
                                                                                                                                              Davis
                                                                                                                                              (1963)

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Chemical
2,4-D
(dimethylamine
ester)

2,4-D
(al kanolamine,
ethanol and
isopropanol
series)
2,4-D (oleic
-1,3-propylene
diarnine)
2,4-D (butyl
ester, oil
soluble)
2,4-D (butyl
ester)

2,4-D (butyl
ester)

2,4-D
(acid)










2,4-D
(propylene
glycol butyl
ether ester)









Organism
Lepomis
macrochirus


Lepomis
macrochirus



Lepomis
macrochirus

L epomis
macrochirus

Lepomis
macrochirus

Lepomis
macrochirus

Crassostrea
virginica
Penaeus
aztecus
Leiostomus
xanthurus
Phytoplankton





Crassostrea
virginica
Penaeus
duorarum
Leiostomus
xanthurus
Fundulus
si mil is
Mugil
cephalus
Cyprinodon
variegatus
Phytoplankton
Toxicity,
Bioassay Active
or Field Field Ingredient,
Study*1 > Location*?) ppm*3)
BSA - 416IT2A)



BSA - 580 (T2A)




BSA - 4.0 (T1A)


BSA - 4.9 (T1 A)


BSA - 10IT1A)


BSA - 1.3IT2A)


BCFA& - 2.0 (NTE)
BSA
2.0 (K10%)

50 (NTE)

-





BCFA& - 1.0(0,39%)
BSA
1.0 (NTE)

4.5 (T4A)







44% (0)
Experimental
Variables
Controlled
or Noted*4' Comments
a e The various salts of the chemicals showed wide variations
in toxicity.


a e Comment same as above.




— The bioassay methods employed in this experiment were
not given in the paper but it was stated that the same
procedures were employed as in previous work.
— Comment same as above.


— Comment same as above.


a e The various salts of the chemicals showed wide variations
in toxicity.

— Sea water was pumped continuously into test aquaria.
Salinity, temperature, and plankton fluctuated with tide,
and ambient weather conditions. Some bioassays with
fish were static. Toxicity was reported for the following:
Oyster — 96-hr ECso — Cone, which decreased
shell growth.
Shrimp — 48-hr ECso — Cone, which killed or
paralyzed 50% of test animals.
Fish - 48-hr ECso - Cone, which killed 50%.
Phytoplankton — Percent decrease of CO2 fixation to a
4-hr exposure at 1 .0 ppm chemical
concentration.
— Comment same as above.












Reference
(Year)
Hughes and
Davis
(1963)

Hughes and
Davis
(1963)


Davis and
Hughes
(1963)
Davis and
Hughes
(1963)
Davis and
Hughes
(1963)
Davis and
Hughes
(1963)
Butler
(1965)










Butler
(1965)































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-------
    2.4-D (2-ethyl
     hexyl ester)
   2,4-D
    (iso-octyl
    ester)

   2,4-D (propy-
    lene glycol
    butyl ether
    ester)
   2,4-D (butoxy
    ethanol
    ester)
   2,4-D (butoxy
    ethanol
    ester)
   2,4-D
    (dimethyl-
    amino salt)
8

m
a
O
2,4-D (butoxy
 ethanol ester)
O 2,4-D
m
£
O
                   Crassostrea
                    virginica
                  Penaeus
                    aztecus
                  Mugil cephalus
                    cephalus
                  Phytoplankton
                  Lepomis
                    macrochirus
                  Lepomis
                   macrochirus
                  Lepomis
                   macrochirus
                  Crassostrea
                   virgin/03
                  Penaeus
                   duorarum
                  Fundulus
                   similis
                  Phytoplankton
                      BCFA&
                       BSA
                     BSA
                     BSA
                     BSA
                     BCFA&
                       BSA
Crassostrea
 virginica
Penaeus
 aztecus
Fundulus
 similis
Phytoplankton

Crassostrea
 virginica
Pleurobena
 cordatum
Daphnia
 magna
                                        BCFA&
                                         BSA
BCFA &
 BSA
                                           BSA
                           5.0 (0,38%)

                           2.0 (0,10%)

                           10 (NTE)

                           49% (O)
                           (L) 8.8-59.7
                           (T2A)
                           (G) 116-1000
                           (T2A)

                           (L) 2.1 (T2A)
                           (G) 9.3 (T2A)
                           (L) 2.1 (T2A)
                           (G) 34.5 (T2A)

                           3.75 (O)

                           1.0 (NTE)

                           5.0 (T2A)
                                                                                    Comment same as above.
                                                                                              Butler
                                                                                               (1965)
                                                                      a c d e g
                                                                      a c d e g
                                                                      a c d e g
2.0 (NTE)

2.0 (0,10%)

15IT2A)



2.0 (O)

5.0 (NTE)

>100 (O)
                                                                                          a c d i q
                                    Toxicity data for 24 and 48 hours are presented for liquid (L)
                                     and granular (G) formulations.  Various commercial formula-
                                     tions were tested.  The liquid formulations were almost
                                     invariably more toxic than the granular ones.
                                    Comment same as above.
                                                                                     Comment same as above.
Sea water was pumped continuously into test aquaria.
 Salinity, temperature, and plankton fluctuated with tide,
 and ambient weather conditions. Some bioassays with
 fish were static. Toxicity was reported for the following:
  Oyster —        96-hr ECso — Cone, which decreased
                  shell growth.
  Shrimp —       48-hr EC§o — Cone, which killed or
                  paralyzed 50% of test animals.
  Fish -          48-hr ECso ~ Conc- which killed 50%.
  Phytoplankton — Percent decrease of CO2 fixation to a
                  4-hr exposure at 1.0 ppm chemical
                  concentration.
Comment same as above.
                                                                                                      Comment same as above.
                                                                                                      Toxicity, in terms of median immobilization concentration
                                                                                                            ), is presented.
Hughes and
 Davis
 (1965)

Hughes and
 Davis
 (1965)

Hughes and
 Davis
 (1965)
Butler
 (1965)
                                                                                                                                                                                   •o
                                                                                                                                                                                   m
                                                                                                                                                                                   O
                                                                                                                        Butler
                                                                                                                          (1965)
                                                         Butler
                                                          (1965)
                                                                                                                       Crosby and
                                                                                                                         Tucker
                                                                                                                         (1966)
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Chemical
2,4-D









2,4-D



2,4-D
(dimethylamine)

2,4-D
(isooctylester)

2,4-D
(butoxy-
ethanol
ester)
2,4-D
(esters)









2,4-D
(dimethyl-
amine salt)








Bioassay
or Field
Organism Study C"
Salmo BSA
gairdneri
Lepomis
macrochirus
Pteronarcys
californica
Daphnia
pulex
Simocephalus
serrulatus
Lepomis FO
macrochirus
Elliptis
crassidens
Lepomis BSA
macrochirus

Lepomis BSA
macrochirus

Pimephales BCFCH
promelas


Lepomis L
macrochirus
(eggs)
L. cyanellus
(eggs)
Micropterus
dolomieui (eggs)
Erimyzon
sucetta
L. macrochirus
(fry)
Lepomis L
macrochirus
(eggs)
L. cyanellus
(eggs)
Micropterus
dolomieui (eggs)
Erimyzon
sucetta (eggs)
L. macrochirus
(fry)
Toxicity,
Active
Field Ingredient,
Location (2) ppm'3)
- 1.1 (T2A)

0.9 (T2A)

1.8 (T2A)

3.2 (T2A)

4.9 (T2A)

Tenn. (O)
and Ala.


188 (T1A)


453 (T1A)


0.2-1.5(0)



50 (S),
10 (NTE),
5.0 (NTE)
10/4 (O)

10/5(O)

5.0 (NTE)

50 (S)

25 (NTE)


25 (NTE)

25 (NTE)

25 (NTE)

40 (S)

Experimental
Variables
Controlled
or Noted^) Comments
a This paper reports acute toxicity of a number of compounds,
and discusses sub-acute mortality as well. Effects on repro-
duction and behavior are also discussed. Data presented
as EC5Q.






— There was little uptake of 2,4-D (treatment was with a 20%
granular material at the rate of 100 Ib. of 2,4-D acid
equivalent per acre) by fish but some by mussels.

a b e This report is a simple and straightforward determination of
~~ a median tolerable limit for a selected group of herbicides.

a b e Comment same as above.


a c d e q Carbon-filtered tap water was used as diluent. Growth and
reproduction were not affected by 2,4-D at range of
concentrations indicated. No mortalities occurred.

— Fertilized fish eggs of indicated species were placed in
1 liter of test solution and allowed to hatch. Toxicity
data are presented as concentration in ppm/number of
days survival. Maximum length of test was 8 days. No
food was added. Small bluegill were tested to find the
highest concentration of chemical which did not cause
death in 12 days (S).




— Comment same as above.










Reference
(Year)
Cope
(1966)








Smith and
Isom
(1967)

Hughes and
Davis
(1967)
Hughes and
Davis
(1967)
Mount and
Stephan
(1967)

Hiltibran
(1967)









Hiltibran
(1967)





























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-------
      2,4-D
       (butoxy-
       ethanol
       ester)

      2.4-D
       (Na salt)
      2,4-D
       (esters)
W
2,4-D


2,4-D
      2,4-D
       (PGBE
       ester)
O  2,4-D
O   (butoxy-
5   ethanol
m   ester)
3)
o
  o
  m
  •o
  oj
  O
  o

  I
Pimephales
 promelas
Lepomis
 macrochirus
 (fry)
Lepomis
 macrochirus
 (eggs)
L. cyanellus
BSA &
 CH
Micropterus
 dolomieui
 (eggs)
L.  macrochirus
 (fry)
Lepomis
 macrochirus
 (eggs)
Rainbow
 trout
Bluegill

Lepomis
 macrochirus
 (eggs)
L. cyanellus
 (eggs)
Micropterus
 dolomieui
 (eggs)
Erimyzon
 sucetta
 (eggs)
L. macrochirus
 (fry)
Anopheles
 quadri-
 maculatus
  (4th instar)
Lepomis
 macrochirus
Elliptis
 crassidens
Hexagenia
Tendipedidae
Heleidae
Chaoborus
Oligochaeta
Corbicula
 and others
                                              BSA
                                               BSA
                                               FS
                            5.6 (T4A)
                            100(S)
                           4/2 (O)


                           4.0 (NTE)

                           4.0 (NTE)


                           3.0 (S)


                           5/1 (O)



                            1.1 (T2A)

                            3.7 (T2A)

                            1/2 (O)


                            1/5(0)

                            1/5(0)


                            1/5 (O)


                            2(S)


                            (O)
                                                                                           a c d e f        The fish could tolerate 1/19 this amount of 2,4-D for a
                                                                                                           ten-month test.
                                                                                                          Fertilized fish eggs of indicated species were placed in
                                                                                                           1 liter of test solution and allowed to hatch. Toxicity
                                                                                                           data are presented as concentration in ppm/number of
                                                                                                           days survival. Maximum length of test was 8 days. No
                                                                                                           food was added.  Small bluegill were tested to find the
                                                                                                           highest concentration of chemical which did not cause
                                                                                                           death  in 12 days (S).

                                                                                                          Comment same as above.
             Watts Bar
               Reservoir
               T.V.A.
               Gunters-
               ville
               Reservoir
               T.V.A.
                                                                                                               Comment same as above.
                                                                                                                Data are given as 1X50-
                                                                                                          Fertilized fish eggs of indicated species were placed in
                                                                                                           1 liter of test solution and allowed to hatch. Toxicity
                                                                                                           data are presented as concentration in ppm/number of
                                                                                                           days survival. Maximum length of test was 8 days. No
                                                                                                           food was added.  Small bluegill were tested to find the
                                                                                                           highest concentration of chemical which did not cause
                                                                                                           death  in 12 days (S).
                                                                                                          The Watts Bar test site was treated with a 20% granular
                                                                                                           material at the rate of 100 Ib of 2,4-D acid equivalent per
                                                                                                           acre. The Guntersville area was treated at the rate of
                                                                                                           40 Ib per acre. The applications were made for control of
                                                                                                           Eurasian watermilfoil, Myriophyllum spicatum.  The toxic
                                                                                                           effect of 2,4-D was evaluated by sampling the benthic
                                                                                                           invertebrate communities of both reservoirs before treatment
                                                                                                           and at least twice after treatment.  Residue analysis of water,
                                                                                                           fish, plants, mussels, and sediment were used to study diffu-
                                                                                                           sion, accumulation, translocation, and/or degradation of
                                                                                                           2,4-D.  In both areas at both concentrations, a monitoring
                                                                                                           device showed some movement of  lake  fish out of the treated
                                                                                                           area, but no mortality of fish occurred. A total of 50
                                                                                                           assorted frozen samples of plants, animal tissue, and mud
                                                                                                           were analyzed for 2,4-D.  Application of 2,4-D at the given
                                                                                                           concentrations caused no measurable toxic effect on benthic
                                                                                                           fauna.
                                                                                                                                                                        Mount and
                                                                                                                                                                          Stephan
                                                                                                                                                                          (1967)


                                                                                                                                                                         Hiltibran
                                                                                                                                                                          (1967)
                                                                                                                                                                         Hiltibran
                                                                                                                                                                          (1967)
                                                                                                                                                                         Hiltibran
                                                                                                                                                                          (1967)


                                                                                                                                                                         Bohmont
                                                                                                                                                                          (1967)

                                                                                                                                                                         Hiltibran
                                                                                                                                                                          (1967)
1
m
O
X
CD
                                                                                                                                                                           Smith and
                                                                                                                                                                            Isom
                                                                                                                                                                            (1967)

-------
COMMERCI
r-
o
m
5
O
f—
TJ
21
O
D
C
O
c/)










{JO
<-f\
O












Chemical
2,4-D


2,4-D
(butoxy
ethanol ester)

2,4-DA
(pellets)

DAC,
dodecylacetamido
dimethyl benzyl
ammonium
chloride
Dacthal


Dacthal











Dalapon
(sodium salt)




Organism
Pteronarcys
californica
(naiads)
Pteronarcys
californica
(naiads)

Water
lettuce

Pimephales
promelas



Lepomis
macrochirus

Crassostrea
virginica
Penaeus
aztecus
Cyprinodon
varlegatus
Phytoplankton





Fundulus
similis
(juvenile)
Oyster
Penaeus
aztecus
Toxicity,
Bioassay Active
or Field Field Ingredient,
Study<1) Location!2) ppm<3'
BSA - 0.01 5 (T4A)


BSA - 0.001 6 (T4A)



FL Lakes in (O)
Fla.

BSA - 0.65 (T4A)




BSA - 1000(T1A)


BCFA & - 0.25 (O)
BSA
1.0 (NTE)

1.0 (NTE)

37% (O)





BSA - (O)


BCF
L

Experimental
Variables
Controlled
or Noted!4) Comments
a c d e f Data reported as \-C$Q at 1 5.5 C in 4 days.


a c d e f Comment same as above.



— An application rate of 10 Ib/acre controlled water lettuce.


a c d e f Toxicity to 30 species of algae also presented. DAC was
algicidal in the range 0.25 to 2.0 ppm.



a b e This report is a simple and straightforward determination of
a median tolerance limit for a selected group of herbicides.

— Seawater was pumped continuously into test aquaria.
Salinity, temperature, and plankton fluctuated with tide.
and ambient weather conditions. Some bioassays with fish
were static. Toxicity was reported for the following:
Oyster — 96-hr ECso — Cone, which decreased
shell growth.
Shrimp — 48-hr ECso — Cone, which killed or
paralyzed 50% of test animals.
Fish - 48-hr EC5Q - Cone, which killed 50%.
Phytoplankton — Percent decrease of CO2 fixation to a
4-hr exposure at 1 .0 ppm chemical
concentration.
a Water temperature was 20 C. No effect was noticed on
exposure to 1.0 ppm.

No effect on exposure to the chemical at 1 .0 ppm.
Toxicant chemicals were evaluated in seawater at tempera-
tures averaging about 28 C. The values are for 24-hr
Reference
(Year)
Sanders and
Cope
(1968)
Sanders and
Cope
(1968)

Phillippy
(1961)

Maloney and
Palmer
(1956)


Hughes and
Davis
(1967)
Butler
(1965)










Butler
(1965)
























3^
•o
m


X
03










ECcjo or enough to cause loss of equilibrium or mortality.
A concentration of 1.0 ppm caused 30 percent mortality.

-------
     Dalapon
      (sodium salt)
T3
     Dalapon
      (sodium salt)
     Dalapon
      (Na salt)
     Dalapon
     Dalapon
      (Radapon)
     Dalapon
      (tech)
     Dalapon
O Dalapon
2
m
o
  TJ
  3)
  O
  O  Dalapon

  §
  v>
                         virginica
                       Penaeus
                         aztecus
                       Fundulus
                        similis
                       Phytoplankton
                      BCFA &
                       BSA
Pteronarcys sp
 (nymphs)
Pteronarcys
 californica
 (naiads)

Cattails and
 other aquatic
 plants
Lepomis
 macrochirus
Pimephales
 promelas
Bluegill
Simocephalus
  serrulatus
Daphnla
  pulex
Lepomis
  macrochirus
  (eggs)
L. cyanellus
  (eggs)
Micropterus
  dolomieui
  (eggs)
E rimyz on
  sucetta
  (eggs)
L. macrochirus
  (fry)
Salmon
Bluegill
BSA

BSA


FL
                                                            Farm
                                                             ponds
                                                             in Ga.
BSA



BSA


BSA
BSA
                            1.O (NTE)

                            1.0 (0,40%)

                            1.0 (NTE)

                            (O)
>1000 (T4A)

100 (NTE)


(O)
                                                 (S) 440 (T4A)

                                                 (S) 390 (T4A)
                                                 (H) 290 (T4A)
                                                 105(T4A)
16 (SB)

11 (SB)
50 (S),
 50 (NTE)

50 (NTE)

50 (NTE)


50 (NTE)


50 (S)

340 (T2A)
115 (T2A)
                                                                                                           Seawater was pumped continuously into test aquaria.
                                                                                                            Salinity, temperature, and plankton fluctuated with tide,
                                                                                                            and ambient weather conditions.  Some bioassays with
                                                                                                            fish were static. Toxicity was reported for the following:
                                                                                                             Oyster —        96-hr £650 —  Cone, which decreased
                                                                                                                             shell growth.
                                                                                                             Shrimp —       48-hr £€50 —  Cone, which killed or
                                                                                                                             paralyzed 50% of test animals.
                                                                                                             Fish -          48-hr EC^Q -  Cone, which killed 50%.
                                                                                                             Phytoplankton — Percent decrease of CC>2 fixation to a
                                                                                                                             4-hr exposure at 1 .0 ppm chemical
                                                                                                                             concentration.

                                                                                                           Experiments were all conducted at 60 F in 1964.  The values
                                                                                                            were listed as
                                                                                               Butler
                                                                                                (1965)
                                                                                            a c d e f        Data reported as \-C$Q at 1 5.5 C in 4 days.
                                                                                                           Dalapon was used primarily to control marginal grasses
                                                                                                            and cattails.
                                                                                                           Cattails can be eradicated at the rate of 1 Ib to 5 gal of
                                                                                                            water or 20 Ib/acre.
                                                                                                           It was indicated that 1 Ib to 7.5 gal (15 Ib per acre) proved
                                                                                                            satisfactory for control of cattails.

                                                                                                           Bioassay method in Standard Methods for Examination of
                                                                                                            Water was used. Both hard (H) and soft (S) water were
                                                                                                            used. TLm values for 24 and 48 hr are also presented.
                                                                                                           This is an estimated
                                                                                                            to 75 F.
                                                            value at temperatures from 55
                                                                Concentration reported is for immobilization.
                                                                Time for immobilization  was 64 hr.
                                                                Data cited  are for 78 F, but assays were performed at
                                                                 varied temperatures.
                                                                Water chemistry (unspecified) was "controlled" during
                                                                 the assay period.
                                                                Fertilized fish eggs of indicated species were placed in
                                                                 1 liter of test solution and allowed to hatch. Toxicity
                                                                 data are presented as concentration in ppm/number of
                                                                 days survival.  Maximum length of test was 8 days. No
                                                                 food was added. Small bluegill were tested to find the
                                                                 highest concentration of chemical which did not cause
                                                                 death in 12 days.
                                                                Data are given as LC5Q.
 Cope
  (1965)
 Sanders and
  Cope
  (1968)
 Thomaston, et al
  (1959)
Surber and
  Pickering
  (1962)

Cope
  (1965)

Sanders and
  Cope
  (1966)
                                                                                                                                                                      Hiltibran
                                                                                                                                                                       (1967)
                                                                                                               1
                                                                                                               m
                                                                                                               D
                                                                                                               X
                                                                                                               09
                                                                                                                                                                    Bohmont
                                                                                                                                                                      (1967)

-------
8
m
n Chemical
£ 4-12,4-DB)
I
m
5
o
£ 4 (2,4) DB,
-o (tech)
3)
g DBrDT
C (DDT
5 analogue)
en


DBS




ODD



3 ODD
i
J










ODD (TDE,
tech)
Organism
Lepomis
macrochirus
Micropterus
sa/moides
Rainbow
trout

Goldfish
Gambusia
af finis
Culex
apicalis
(larvae)
Trout




Channel
catfish
(fingerlings)

White
catfish
Largemouth
bass
Brown
bullhead
Black
crappie
Bluegill
Hitch
Sacramento
blackfish
Carp
Salmo
gairdneri
Toxicity,
Bioassay Active
or Field Field Ingredient,
Study'1' Location!2) ppm'3)
BSA - 8.0 (T2A)

10 (T2A)

BSA - 5.4 (T4A)


BSA - 0.06 (K)
0.01 (K)

0.0015 (K)


BCHA - 5.0-20 (SB)




BSA - <2.6
(K25hr A)


FLCH Cal. 0.014 (SB,
application
rate for
1949, -51,
-57)








BSA - 30 (T1 A)

Experimental
Variables
Controlled
or Noted'4) Comments
a c o The response of bluegill and bass fingerlings to nine agri-
cultural chemicals as determined by bioassay using river
water is presented in this report. Bluegills were more
tolerant of the chemicals tested than bass.
a This is an estimated LCso vaiue at temperatures trom 55 to
75 F

— Experiments were run a maximum of 3 days. No other
time data were reported.




— Fish exposed to 5.0 ppm of the chemical suffered a reduc-
tion of the epithelium and a loss of mucous cells on top
of the gill laminae. Exposure to 20 ppm for one hour
caused great destruction of the epithelium — followed by
death from suffocation.
a Tap water was used. Conserable additional data are
presented.


a g Gnat control program with follow-up on accumulation in
various species of wildlife. Ppm of ODD in edible flesh
white catfish in 1958 was 304-129.0, Concentrations in
remaining fish were 5.4-115 ppm.









a The experiment was conducted at 55 F. Fish were 2-3 in.
long.
Reference
(Year)
Davis and
Hardcastle
(1959)

Cope
(1965)

Odum and
Sumerford
(1946)



Schmid and
Mann
(1961)


Clemens and
Sneed
(1959)

Hunt and
Bischoff
(1960)










Cope
(1963)




















^
•o
TJ
m
Z

X
CD











-------
    TOE
     (DDD)
Chironomus
 riparius
Asellus
 aquaticus
Salmo
 gairdnerii
                      FL
             Essendon       (O)
              Hertfordshire
    DDD
Gambusia
 affinis
 affinis
                                            BSA
                                                                        0.46 to
                                                                         (L 1-1/2)
   DDD
     (tech)

   DDD
Bluegill

Pygosciles
 adeloriae
Lobodon
 carcinophagus
BSA

FM
                                                         Ross
                                                          Island,
                                                          Antarctic
0.042 (T4A)

(O)
   TDE
     (DDD)
Simocephalus
 serrulatus
Daphnia
 pulex
BSA
0.0045 (SB)

0.0032 (SB)
8

m
3
o
o
m
   pp'DDD
Buteo
  buteo
Accipiter
  gentilis
Accipiter
  nisus
Falco
  tinnunculus
 Tyto
  alba
Strix
  aluco
                                            FO
             Netherlands    (O)
3)
O
O
Initial laboratory tests suggested that settleable powder         Edwards, et al
 formulations of TDE and DDT at application rates             (1964)
 greater than 0.5 Ib/acre would be effective in controlling
 Chironomus larvae, and that while trout would not be
 killed either directly  (0.5-1 Ib/acre) or by feeding on TDE-
 treated larvae, other invertebrates, e.g. Asellus, would be
 affected. Tubificids were not killed at application rates
 up to 2 Ib/acre. TDE was considered a more useful  insecticide
 than DDT because of its lower toxicity to fish.  Carp were
 kept in cages for 11 months following the insecticide treat-
 ment; 35% died but the survivors grew well.  By November
 1962, fish tissues contained about 15 ppm TDE.  In lab
 studies a 50 percent kill occurred in 7 days, at 0.1 Ib per
 acre for chironimid larvae, at 0.5 Ib per acre for A.
 aquaticus, and 2 Ib per acre killed 10% of the tubificid
 worms. No deaths of rainbow trout occurred in 7 days
 at 2 Ib per acre.
The lower value is for fish that had never been exposed to       Boyd and
 the toxicant, and the higher value was obtained with fish        Ferguson
 that had been exposed to a sublethal dose in the past.           (1964)
 Apparently such an exposure produces a resistance that
 can be retained when they are exposed later.

The values reported are given as  1X50-                        Cope
                                                            (1965)
Adult penguins assayed showed no residue. The pre-molts      George and
 examined had residues ranging from 0 to 16 ppb in the          Frear
 liver and 0 to 2 ppb in the fat.  The crabeater seal              (1966)
 examined showed residues of 2 ppb in the liver and
 7 ppb in the fat.
Concentration reported is for immobilization.                 Sanders and
Time for immobilization was 48 hr.                            Cope
Data cited are for 60 F, but assays were performed at varied      (1966)
 temperatures.
Water chemistry (unspecified) was "controlled" during the
 assay  period.
The results of this study show that birds of prey and fish-       Koeman and
 eating birds found dead in the Netherlands accumulated        van Genderen
 large amounts of different chlorinated hydrocarbon             (1966)
 insecticides. In most cases the liver had the highest con-
 centration of toxicant, ranging from 0.08 to 8.6 ppm. Most
 chlorinated hydrocarbons tend to accumulate in the fat
 depots of the body. In instances where mesenterial fat was
 analyzed the concentration of toxicant was found to be as
 high as 5.1  ppm.
m
O
X
00

-------
o
o
s
s
m
o Chemical
<~ TDE
g (ODD)
m

O
r-
-D
3 ODD
O
O
c
W ODD



TDE
(ODD)

DDE


DDE
CO
3, DDE
*>•





DDE




pp'DDE













Toxicity,
Bioassay Active
or Field Field Ingredient,
Organism Study'"" Location'2) ppm (3)
Daphnia BSA - 0.0046 (SB)
magna





Atlantic salmon FR New (O)
Brook trout Brunswick

Limnephilus — Knights (O)
rhombicus Creek, Wise.
Sialis sp
Gammarus sp
Pteronarcys BSA - 0.38 (T4A)
californica
(naiads)
Penaeus L — 0.0068 (O)
a 2 tec us

Oyster BCF - 0.014 (O)

Leptonychotes FM Antarctic (O)
weddelli
Pygosalis
adeloriae
Catharacta
skua
maccormicki
Pygosciles FM Ross Island, (0)
adeloriae Antarctic
Lobodon
carcinophagus

Platalea FO Netherlands (O)
leucorodia
Haematopus
ostralegus
Sterna
sandvicensis
Sterna
hirundo
Larus
ridibundus
Somateria
mollissima
Tadorna
tatjorna
Experimental
Variables
Controlled
or Noted'4) Comments
— Concentration reported is for immobilization.
Time for immobilization was 64 hr.
Data cited are for 78 F, but assays were performed at varied
temperatures.
Water chemistry (unspecified) was "controlled" during the
assay period.

— Spraying with this chemical at 0.25 to 0.5 Ib/acre was no more
harmful than with DDT at 0.25 Ib/acre.

— Pesticide usage in an orchard did not significantly contaminate
the aquatic environment of this creek adjacent to the treat-
ment as determined by residue analysis.

a c d e f Data reported at LCgfj at 1 5.5 C in 4 days.


a Toxicant chemicals were evaluated in sea water at tempera-
tures averaging about 28 C. The values are for 24-hr EC§o
or enough to cause loss of equilibrium or mortality.
a The value reported is a 96-hr ECso (decreased shell growth).

a All residues are expressed as ppm wet weight. It was
established that residues in the water were less than
0.0005 ppm. No detectible residues were found in
tissues of L. weddelli.
No detectable residues were found in tissues of P. adelias.
Residues ranging from 0.01 to 0.73 ppm were found in
tissues of C. skua maccormicki.
a Adult penguins assayed had residues ranging from 20 to
28 ppb in the liver. The fat residues in the pre-molts
penguins ranged from 19 to 45 ppb. Crabeater seal
examined showed residues of 7 ppb in the liver and 17 ppb
in the fat.
— The results of this study show that birds of prey and fish-
eating birds found dead in the Netherlands accumulated
large amounts of different chlorinated hydrocarbon
insecticides. In most cases the liver had the highest con-
centration of toxicant, ranging from 0.1 to 6.0 ppm.
Birds feeding predominantly on Crustacea, molluses, and
fish contained significant amounts.







Reference
(Year)
Sanders and
Cope
(1966)




Kerswill and
Edwards
(1967)
Moubry, et al
(1968)


Sanders and
Cope
(1968
Butler
(1965)

Butler
(1965)
George and
Frear
(1966)




George and
Frear
(1966)


Koeman and
van Genderen
(1966)
































«O
-o
m
Z
g
x

00






















-------
    PP'DDE
    pp'DDE
    op'DDE
    DDE
    DDE
    DDE
m
30
o
o
m
S
TJ
3D
O
O
c
    DDE
Buteo
 buteo
Accipiter
 gentilis
Accipiter
 nisus
Falco
 tinnunculus
Tyto
 alba
Strix
 aluco
Oslo
 otus
Falco
 pereginus
Esox
 lucius
                                            FO
                                                         Netherlands
                                                                        (O)
                                            FR
Esox
 lucius
Limnephilus
 rhombicus
Sialis sp
Gammarus sp
Oyster
 Vascular
  plants
 Algae
 Chubs
 Largemouth
  bass
 Clams
 Alosa
  pseudoharengus
 Aplodinotus
  grunniens
 Coregonus
  artedii
 Lota
  lota
FR
                                            FE
                                            FL
             River
              Nene,
              Eng.
             River
              Nene,
              Eng.

             Knights
              Creek,
              Wise.

             Galveston
              Bay,
              Texas
             Tule Lake,
              Ore.
(O)
(O)
                                                                        (O)
(O)
                                            BSA
                            (O)
                                                                The results of this study show that birds of prey and fish-
                                                                 eating birds found dead in the Netherlands accumulated
                                                                 large amounts of different chlorinated hydrocarbon
                                                                 insecticides.  In most cases the liver had the highest con-
                                                                 centration of toxicant, ranging from 1.2 to 75.2 ppm.
                                                                 Most chlorinated hydrocarbons tend to accumulate in
                                                                 the fat depots of the body.  In instances where mesenterial
                                                                 fat was analyzed the concentration of toxicant was found
                                                                 to be as high  as 68.3 ppm.
Higher concentrations were found in larger fish, indicating
 that they had been exposed to the pesticides for a longer
 time.  Tissue extracts from the pike were analyzed for
 organochlorine pesticide residues by gas liquid chroma-
 tography. The average of six determinations was:
   0.72 ppm muscle
   96.0 ppm fat
Comment same as above except that values for large fish
 only were:
  0.042 ppm muscle
  6.6 ppm fat
Pesticide usage in an orchard did not significantly con-
 taminate the aquatic environment of this creek adjacent
 to the treatment as determined by residue analysis.

The chemical was found in the water at a concentration
 of <0.001  ppm. Oysters from the area were found to
 contain <0.01 to 0.05 ppm.
The amount of chemical sprayed in this area was not
 specified.  The residue found was in the range of 0.6 to
 1.0 ppb. Residue in chubs was from 2.5 to 45.0 ppb.
 The bass contained 11.0  to 38.0 ppb.  Clams contained
 0.75 to  6.3 ppb. The water contained 0.003 to 0.027 ppb.
                                     The study showed that the levels of chlorinated hydrocarbon
                                      pesticide residues in the fish meals and oils were, with the
                                      exception of the oil sample taken from the Lake Michigan
                                      alewife, below the regulatory tolerances established by
                                      the Food and Drug Directorate of Canada (1965) for
                                      certain foods intended for human consumption. Pesticide
                                      levels were interpreted as being representative for each
                                      species.
                                                                                               Koeman and
                                                                                                van Genderen
                                                                                                (1966)
Mawdesley-
 Thomas and
 Leahy
 (1967)
Mawdesley-
 Thomas and
 Leahy
 (1967)
Moubry, et al
 (1968)
Casper
 (1967)

Godsil and
 Johnson
 (1968)
                                                                                                                           Dugal
                                                                                                                            (1968)

-------
o
o
s
m
n Chemical
>
r DDE
O
I
m
(-j
>
r
-o
3)
0
D
o DDT
H
Cft



Organism
Potamogeton
pectinatus
Cladophora
Oscillator/a
Cynodon
dactyl on
Arundo
donax

Carassius
auratus

Bioassay
or Field
Study (D
FR








BSA

Toxicity,
Active
Field Ingredient,
Location(2) ppm(3)
Arizona (O)








(0)

Experimental
Variables
Controlled
or Noted<4)
_








_




Comments
Irrigation canals were examined for plants which might serve
as DDT collectors or indicators of DDT usage by con-
centrating this material and its metabolites. Highest
residues were found in Cladophora (19 ppm), followed by
Potamogeton (9 ppm), and finally Osci/latoria (5 ppm).




DDT was used in 2 forms, as a dust containing 5 percent of
DDT and in acetone solutions as a water suspension. The


Reference
(Year)
Ware, et al
(1968)







Eide, et al
(1945)
     DDT
T3
Ol
Os
     DDT


     DDT
Huro
 salmoides
Lepomis
 macrochirus
Notemigonus
 crysoleucas
Carassius
 auratus
Invertebrates
 Orders:
  Annelida
  Megaloptera
  Ephemeroptera
  Odonata
  Plecoptera
  Coleoptera
  Trichoptera
  Diptera
  Mollusca
Daphnta
 magna
Carassius
 auratus
                                             FR
                                                          Back Creek,
                                                           Glengary,
                                                           W.  Va.
                            (O)
BSA


BSA
0.001 (SB1A)

2.0 (K1)
1.0 (O)
                                      through a fine-mesh screen.
                                     DDT produced characteristic symptoms in the goldfish in
                                      24 hours when applied as either of the above formulations
                                      at concentrations of 0.2-2.0 ppm, but not at lower con-
                                      centrations.  The nervous system was affected causing a
                                      loss of equilibrium.
                                     Whenp/7/sa sp were tested, only the DDT from acetone
                                      solution was employed.

                                     Aerial application of 1 pound per acre was made by plane.      Hoffman and
                                      Only 0.39 pounds of DDT per acre reached the stream         Surber
                                      surface.                                                   (1945)
                                     Open live-boxes of fish were placed above, below, and within
                                      the sprayed section at five points. Of the 452 fish in these
                                      boxes, only 5 died from toxicity of the DDT. Predators
                                      removed a considerable number of fish from one live-box,
                                      and the handling of the fish was responsible for other losses.
                                      However, the survival, even with these losses, amount to
                                      89.8%.
Application of the chemical showed a rapid paralyzing effect
 on invertebrates.
Application upon the bottom fauna revealed good survival
 (67%) at the first station and poorer survival (26% and 33%)
 at locations down stream.
Wettable DDT applied at 1 pound per acre is not so toxic
 to fish and fish-food organisms as the same amount of
 DDT applied in  an oil spray.


Sublethal effect observed was immobilization of the Daphnia.    Anderson
 Lake Erie water was used.                                    (1945)
Ethyl alcohol was used as a solvent for 2 percent DDT.  At      Ginsburg
 1 ppm, 90 percent of the fish were killed in 1 day.              (1945)
                                                                                                                                           •o
                                                                                                                                           m
                                                                                                                                           Z
                                                                                                                                                                                        00

-------
    DDT
     (mosquito
     larvicide
     50-D)
Carassius
 auratus
                      BSA
                            0.4 (O)
    DDT
     (Dust)
Carassius
 auratus
BSA
                            0.1 (O)
    DDT
Salmo
 trutta
                                            BSA
                                                            Ithaca,      0.25 (T1A)
                                                             N.Y.
    DDT
    DDT
Fall fish
Common
 shiner
Bluegill
 sunfish
Eastern
 madtom
Silverling
 minnow
                                            FRK
                                                         Patuxent       (O)
                                                           River,
                                                           Md.
                                            FR
                                                            W. Va.       (O)
•D
3D
O
O
c
                       Hyborhynchus
                        notatus
                       Micropterus
                        salmoides
                                                  1.0(0)

                                                  1.0(0)
8

m
3)
o
o
Lepomis
 macrochirus
                       Pimephales
                        promelas
                            1.0(0)
Mosquito Larvacide 50-D is water-white kerosene con-         Ginsbury
 taining 3 percent DDT in solution and emulsified with          (1945)
 sodium lauryl sulfate.  A concentration of 0.4 ppm caused
 a mortality of 30 percent in 3 days at the spraying rate of
 0.42 pounds per acre.
A concentration of 0.1 ppm killed 17 percent of the fish in      Ginsburg
 3 days at a spraying rate of 0.1 pounds per acre.  1.0 ppm       (1945)
 killed 17 percent of the fish in 3 days at a spraying rate
 of 1.0 pounds per acre.
LDcjQ was determined in hours of survival time. The chemical   Everhartand
 was added as a wettable powder, as  a solution in xylene         Hassler
 with an emulsifying agent, and as a  kerosene solution. It        (1945)
 was most toxic as the emulsion.
Fish kill occurred after an area was sprayed with an oil solu-     Cottam and
 tion  of DDT at the rate of 2.0 Ib/acre. Several other field       Higgins
 studies were discussed in this report, but without much          (1946)
 quantitative data. It is interesting that this paper presented
 as the first recommendation "Don't use  DDT unless you
 must."
                                                                 An oil preparation of DDT was applied from a plane. The
                                                                  average deposit was 0.27 pounds per acre even though it
                                                                  was applied at 1 pound per acre.
                                                                 Thirteen stations were set up for sampling, Nrs. 1 and 2
                                                                  were above point of application and the remainder were
                                                                  at and below the application point up to 2.0 miles.  In
                                                                  general the closer the station to the point of application
                                                                  the more toxic the chemical.
                                                                 Bluntnose minnows were not affected by the spray.
                                                                                                                                                 Surber and
                                                                                                                                                  Friddle
                                                                                                                                                  (1946)
                                                                                                                                                                                       m
                                                                                                                                                                                       O
                                                                                                                                                                                       X
                                                                                                                                                                                       00
Greatest toxicity was noted at Station 10 (0.8 miles from
 point of application) which showed 46% survival.  100%
 survival occurred at Station 13 (2 miles from point of
 application).
Greatest toxicity was noted at Station 10 (0.8 miles from
 point of application) which showed 74% survival.  All
 other stations except 13, which had 100% survival, showed
 92% survival of bluegill.
Blackhead minnows showed 68-74% survival at most stations;
 100% at Station 13.
DDT proved to be more toxic when applied as an oil spray
 rather than a suspension or a powder.

-------
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DDT





DDT
(Velsicol
NR-70)

DO
00 DDT














DDT-
copper
sulfate


Toxicity,
Bioassay Active
or Field Field Ingredient,
Organism Study ("" Location^) ppm<3)
Goldfish BSA - 0.07 (K)
Goldfish plus 0.1 6 (K)
Elodea spp and
Cabomba spp
Gambusia 0.1 (K<1)
af finis
Culex <0.0001 (K)
apical is
(larvae)
Culex 0.025 (K)
apicalis
(pupae)
Carassius BSA - 0.2 (K5)
auratus
Aedes 0.05 (K2)
aegypti


Numerous fish FL Tenn. (O)
species and other
aquatic
organisms

Mastigophora FL Savannah, (O)
Infusoria Ga.
Hydrocarina
Diatomaceae
Synura
Dinoflagellata
Phacus
Rototoria
Copepoda
Chroococcaceae
Scenedesmaceae
Chlamydomonas
Euglena
Trachelomonas
Sarcodina
Synedra spp FL Del. (O)
Daphnia spp
Cyclops spp


Experimental
Variables
Controlled
or Noted (^) Comments
— Data are also given for analogues of DDT. Experiments
were run a maximum of 3 days. No other time data
were reported.









— DDT fed to mosquito larvae at 1 part per 20 million killed
100 percent of the mosquitos in 2 days. DDT fed to gold-
fish at 1 part per 5 million killed 100 percent of the gold-
fish in 5 days. Mosquito larvae killed by DDT at the above
concentration when fed to goldfish did not have a toxic
effect.
— DDT was applied by thermal aerosol at the rate of 0.1 Ib/acre.
Rate at center of swath was 0.012 Ib/acre. Anopheline and
culicine mosquitoes were almost eliminated. After 16 appli-
cations, the conclusion was that fish populations were
unchanged when compared to controls.
— No drastic killing of any specific group of organisms occurred
from DDT treatment. At 0.5 Ib/acre DDT spray, the growth
of Mastigopnera, Synura, Dinoflagellata, and Copepoda was
inhibited; while Phacus, Rototaria, Chroococcaceae, and
Euglena, appeared to be stimulated. All others were
apparently unaffected. Similar results were obtained with
a 0.1-0.2 Ib/acre dust application of DDT. The author uses
line-graphs to indicate trends of populations before and
after treatment.






— Describes conditions, after DDT aerial spraying of a city
water reservoir. Zooplankton disappeared with an over
abundance of Synedra spp. Control of Synedra spp with
0.25 ppm CuSC>4 was not effective. A possible antagonism
of DDT to copper sulfate is noted.
Reference
(Year)
Odum and
Sumerford
(1946)









Ginsburg
(1947)




Hess and
Keener
(1947)


Bishop
(1947)













Shane
(1948)



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-------
     DDT
                        Bluegill
                        Largemouth
                         black bass
                        Small mouth
                         black bass
                        Golden-shiner
                        Black crappies
                      FL &
                       CF
                                   Kearneysville,
                                    W. Va.
                                                  (O)
     DDT
CO   DDT
Black fly
 (larvae)
Rainbow
 trout
Caddis
 fly
Lebistes
 reticulatus
                                             FR
                                                          Alaskan
                                                           streams
                                                 0.3 (O)
                      BSA
                                                  0.025 (K1-
                                                   15%)
     DDT
 8

 m
 30
 o
Lepomis
 macrochirus

Micropterus
 salmoides
Notemigonus
 crysoleucas
 auratus
Pomoxis
 nigromaculatus
Megastoma tobus
 cybrinella
Pimephalas
 promelas
Carass/us
 auratus
                                             FL
                                                          Auburn,
                                                            Ala.
                                                  0.1 to 0.5
                                                   (K)
 2  DDT
 m
 2

 5
 T3
 •33
 O
 O
Bottom
 organisms:
 Ephemeroptera
 Odonata
 Plecoptera
 Megaloptera
 Coleoptera
 Trichoptera
 Diptera
                      FR
                                   Wilkes Barre,   (O)
                                    Pa.
Small bluegills, largemouth black bass, and small mouth
 black bass one inch in length were killed by DDT in oil
 formulations in applications ranging from 0.25 to 1.0
 pound per acre.
Golden shiner fry were killed by oil sprays in excess of
 0.25 pound per acre in dirt-bottomed ponds.
Young black crappies 1.2 inches in length were killed by
 0.5 pound per acre of DDT in both suspension and oil
 formulations.
Fingerlings 2 inches or more in  length were better able to
 withstand the higher rates of application.
Fingerling bluegills, small mouth black bass, and black
 crappies were found to  be more sensitive to DDT than
 largemouth black bass, golden shiners, and trout.
In continuous flow raceways, brook and rainbow trout,
 smallmouth  bass, and golden shiners were relatively
 unaffected by a 1  pound per acre application of DDT.

The chemical  was applied for control of black flies, and
 because the acetone solution was most effective, only
 that data is reported here. The figures reported are
 for minimum effective dosages for black fly larvae and
 maximum nonlethal dosages for rainbow trout and
 caddis fly larvae.
This is a bioassay method for determining DDT residue
 extracted from vegetables.

Adult fish were  not killed at 0.2 ppm. All were killed at
 0.5 ppm in earthen ponds, in concrete pools 0.04 ppm
 was lethal.
Adult fish were  killed at concentrations greater than
 0.1  ppm.
This species withstood a concentration of 0.18 ppm.
Surber and
 Hoffman
 (1949)
Gjulian.et al
  (1949)
Pagan and
  Hageman
  (1950)
Lawrence
  (1950)
m
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00
In concrete pools. 0.18 ppm was lethal to this species.

Withstood 1.0 ppm in earthen ponds.

The last two species withstood 0.4 ppm, but were killed
 at 2.0 ppm.
The toxicity of DDT to all species seems to  be partly
 dependent on the form in which the chemical is added —
 as wettable powder or emulsion.
The DDT application of 1 Ib/acre was made for control of
 Porthetria dispar, gypsy moth.  Aquatic insects of the
 orders Megaloptera and Odonata appeared to be resistant
 to DDT poisoning at the dosage applied. Trichoptera
 were affected severely.  Insect mortality increased as
 DDT moved down stream.
Hoffman and
 Drooz
 (1953)

-------
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D
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Toxicity,
Bioassay Active
or Field Field Ingredient,
Organism StudyC" Location*2* ppm<3)
Cylindrospermum L — 2.0 (O)
lichen/forme (CD
Microcystis
aeruginosa (Ma)
Scenedesmus
obliquus (So)
Chlorella
variegata (Cv)
Gomphonema
parvulum (Gp)
Nitzschia
palea (Np)
Labea sp FR Khartoum (O)
Synodontis
schall














Experimental
Variables
Controlled Reference
or Noted^4' Comments (Year)
a Observations were made on the 3rd, 7th, 14th, and 21st Palmer and
~ days to give the following (T = toxic, NT = nontoxic, Maloney
PT = partially toxic with number of days in parentheses. (1955)
No number indicates observation is for entire test period
of 21 days):
Cl -NT
Ma-T (7)
So -NT
Cv -NT
Gp - PT (7)
Np- NT

— A section of the Blue Nile was sprayed by air with an Burden
emulsified oil containing 30% DDT and 0.5% "Lissapol". (1956)
The material was applied about 10 miles above Khartoum.
It was hoped that by the time the treated water reached
Khartoum, the DDT concentration would have been diluted
4 times. The concentration at the time of arrival was 0.17
ppm, and was maintained at a level of 0.003 ppm for 6 hr.
It was reported that hundreds of fish were found dying
2 miles above Khartoum. Labea sp died in 8 hr and
Synodontis schall dted in 31 hr. The fish were analyzed
for DDT residue the next day. The results are given below:
Flesh
Fatty
Gills Viscera Deposit
Labea sp 0.9 ppm 2.5 ppm Nil
Synodontis 2.7 ppm 7.9 ppm 64 ppm
schall





















•j>
•o
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X
09


DDT



DDT


DDT
DDT
Labea sp
Synodontis
 schall

Young
 salmon

Salmo
 salar
Salvelinus
 fon final is
Salmo
 gairdnerii
Simulium sp
 (larvae)
F


BSA
                                                      Khartoum
             Canada
                            0.09 (K)
               (O)
               0.08 (L3)
                                         FR
Streams,
 S. C.and
 Fla.
                                                                    0.08 (L3)
                                                                    0.16(L<2)
                                                                    0.08 (L3)
                                                                    0.16 (L<2)
                                                                    0.1-3.4 (O)
Various levels of DDT were found in dead fish from 0.017 to    Burdick, et al
 0.003 ppm downstream from the application.  Undeter-         (1965)
 mined degree of kill occurred.

No toxicity data on fish were reported. The report deals        Ide
 primarily with reduction of insects available as fish food.        (1957)

100 percent mortality occurred at 0.16 ppm in 18 hours        Hatch
 for landlocked salmon, in 54 hours for rainbow trout, and       (1957)
 26 hours for brook trout.
                                                                 In slow-moving streams in Florida and South Carolina, DDT at   Davis, et al
                                                                  the indicated concentrations controlled blackfly larvae for      (1957)
                                                                  up to 0.28 mile. Control lasted for approximately 2 weeks.
                                                                  Data are presented as percent larval detachment in 1,2, and
                                                                  3 days time.  Emulsion (0.1 ppm), oil (O.I ppm), and granule
                                                                  (O.5-1.0 Ib/acre) formulations had about the same degree of
                                                                  effectiveness.

-------
    DDT
    DDT
    DDT
    DDT
    DDT

    DDT
S
    DDT
O
o
m
2
33  DDT
O
O

§
                      Blue crab
                      Marsh fiddler
                       crab
                      Red-jointed
                       fiddler crab
                      Cyprinodon
                       variegatus
                      Leiostomus
                       xanthurus
                      Mugil
                       curema

                      Insectivorous
                       fish
                      Ephemeroptera
                      Trichoptera

                      Various aquatic
                       and terrestrial
                       organisms
                                            FE
                                                         Bombay
                                                          Hook
                                                          Island,
                                                          Del.
                                                                       (O)
                                            FR
                                            FL
                                                         Uganda
                                                        Salt Lake
                                                          Co., Utah
                           (O)
                           (O)
                      Atlantic
                       salmon
                      Brook, rainbow
                       and cutthroat
                       trout and
                       whitefish
                      Aquatic insects
                      Anemia
                       salina

                      Fathead
                       minnow
                      Bluegill
                      Goldfish
                      Guppy
                      Fathead
                       minnow
                                            BSA
                                            FR
                           0.049 (T1A)
                           0.047 (T2A)
                                                         Montana
                                                                                              a c d
BSA

BSA
                                            BSA
0.142 (K<1)


0.032 (T4A)

0.016 (T4A)
0.027 (T4A)
0.043 (T4A)
                                                                       0.034 (T4A)
The location under study was a salt marsh bounded by         George, et al
 Delaware Bay.                                              (1957)
DDT was applied at 0.2 pound per acre.
Organisms were confined in cages within the test area.
C. variegatus, M. curema, and L. xanthurus showed no
 mortality when exposed for 7 days.
Blue crabs showed  17 percent mortality when exposed for
 7 days in streams and 10 percent mortality in ponds.
Marsh fiddler crabs and red-jointed fiddler crabs showed
 75 and 36 percent mortality, respectively, in 7 days.

Rapid recolonization of aquatic insect populations decreased    Corbet
 the possibility of accumulation of DDT by fish.  Applica-        (1958)
 tion rate was  not given.

The chemical was applied at 0.3 Ib/acre. This concentration    Graham and
 was sufficient for  mosquito larvae control.                     Anderson
At the above concentration no ill effects were observed in        (1958)
 mammals, birds, reptiles, and amphibians.
Invertebrates were not affected uniformly.  Crustaceans were
 not harmed, nor were larvae of the insect family Ephydridae.
Spiders and aquatic insects other than Ephydridae were
 adversely affected in varying degrees. Aquatic beetles seemed
 to be affected more seriously than other insects except
 mosquito larvae.
Results are recorded in ppm of insecticide by weight in        Keenleyside
 water.                                                      (1958)
Changes in temperature had an effect on the toxicity of
 the chemical.
This study involves 13 rivers and streams following aerial        Graham and
 spraying of DDT at rate of 1 Ib/acre for control of spruce        Scott
 bud worm. The DDT recovery rate varied from 0.19-           (1958)
 0.32 Ib/acre.  Significant amounts of DDT in fish tissue
 were found 16 months after spraying. The concentrations
 varied from 0.01 JUg/mg to 4.0/Jg/mg. Aquatic bottom
 invertebrates and adult insects were materially reduced in
 number but recovered in 1 year.
Rock salt was used  in rearing all cultures employed in bio-      Tarpley
 assay work. The optimum salt concentration was 3.5%.         (1958)
It was the authors opinion that pH, alkalinity and hardness,     Tarzwell
 within  the usual range in natural waters, had little effect         (1959)
 on the  toxic effect of the compounds studied. The values
 given are from Henderson, Pickering, and Tarzwell, "The
 Relative Toxicity  of Ten Chlorinated Hydrocarbon
 Insecticides to Four Species of Fish"  It is interesting that
 the different tables from the above book (as reported in this
 paper)  report widely different values for the same compounds.
Comment same as above except that this experiment was per-   Tarzwell
 formed in hard water.                                        (1959)

-------
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2 (50%
m dust)
£
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>
-D
33
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DDT







DDT
(screened)
Cp DDT
ON
NJ




DDT
(dust)

DDT






DDT







Organism
Channel
catfish
(fingerlings)

Pimephales
promelas
Lepomis
macrochirus
Carassius
auratus
Lebistes
reticulatus
Pimephales
promelas
Lepomis
macrochirus
Carassius
auratus
Lebistes
reticulatus
Pimephales
promelas
Oncorhynchus
kisutch





Tilapia
melanopleura

Pimephales
promelas
Lepomis
macrochirus



Sucker
Trout






Toxicity,
Bioassay Active
or Field Field Ingredient,
Study'1) Location'2) ppm'3)
BSA - >2.0
(K 25 hr A)


BSA - 0.03 (T4A)

0.02 (T4A)

0.03 (T4A)

0.04 (T4A)

BSA - 0.042 (T4A)

0.021 (T4A)

0.036 (T4A)

0.056 (T4A)

BSA - 0.026 (T4A)

BSA - (O)






FLCH Tanganyika 1 Ib (6.6% K)


BSA - 0.032 (T4A)

0.016 (T4A)




FR Mont. (0)







Experimental
Variables
Controlled
or Noted'4) Comments
a Tap water was used. Considerable additional data are
presented.


a d e f Concentrations were based on percent active ingredient.







a b e c d f Dilution water was usually soft although some studies were
~ conducted with hard water.






a b e c d f Comment same as above.

a This study provides information relating to an extensive
field survey conducted to assess the effect of DDT spray
deposition on aquatic fauna within the sprayed area.
Times to 50% mortality (ETsfj) were 850 minutes for
0.31 DDT, and 1 750 minutes for 0.08 ppm of DDT.
Levels of 0.05 ppm may be "safe" for coho salmon inas-
much as this level did not produce death in one week.
— Trial periods were for 20 weeks. Sublethal effects such as
impaired breeding, retarded growth, or altered taste were
not detected. Dosages are given as Ib/acre of surface water.
a Bioassay investigations of the new insecticides indicate that
in general the organic phosphorus compounds are not as
toxic to fish as are the chlorinated hydrocarbons. The
toxicity of most of these materials was not significantly
influenced by water quality. Therefore it is to be expected
that the toxicity of these materials will not differ significantly
in different streams.
— Aerial application rate was 1 Ib/acre. Recovery of DDT from
streams was 0.01 to 1.2 Ib/acre. Surface water 15 minutes
after spraying contained 1 .35 ppmg. Sub-surface 0.08 ppm.
and zero DDT before spraying. Initially, dead fish were
mostly suckers, but no trout. Dead trout began appearing
5-6 months after spraying. Trout body tissue contained
DDT. Considerable variation was found and no conclusions
could be made.
Reference
(Year)
Clemens and
Sneed
(1959)

Henderson, et al
(1959)






Henderson, et al
(1959)






Henderson, et al
(1959)
Alderdice and
Worthington
(1959)




Webbe and
Shute
(1959)
Tarzwell
(1959)





Graham and
Scott
(1959)


























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-------
      DDT
     DDT
T3
     DDT
     DDT
     DDT
      (technical,
      25% active
      in xylene)
 O
 o
 S
 m
 30
 O
                        Cambusia
                         affinis
                        Huro
                         salmoides
                      FL
                                      Fla.
                                                  (O)
Salvelinus
 fontinalis
Salmo
 clarki
Prosopium
 williamsoni
Salmo
 gairdnerii
Salmo
 trutta
Rhinichthys
 cataractae
Daphnia
 magna
Salmon
Acroneuria
 pacifica
Pteronarcys
 californica
Claassenia
 sabulosa
Arctopsyche
 grandis
                                             FR
                                                          Mont. &
                                                            Wyo.
                            (O)
BSA

FR



BSA
                                                           Mitamichi
                                                            R., N.B.,
                                                            Can.
0.0014 (O)

(O)



0.18(T4A)

0.33 (T4A)

0.01 (T4A)

0.1  (T4A)
                                                 a c e f I n
                                     Surface applications of DDT as a dust and in oils were not
                                      harmful to fish in dosages used for mosquito control
                                      (0.1 pound per acre) other cold-blooded aquatic life, such
                                      as frogs, snakes, crayfish, spiders, and insects, were obviously
                                      affected by suspensions of DDT.
                                     No harmful effects on warm-blooded animals in the area were
                                      noted. When a small pond was treated with 2.0 ppm of a
                                      suspension containing  10 percent each of DDT and Nopco
                                      1216 (sulfonated sperm oil) in cellosolve, at the end of
                                      1 week all fish were killed. A third pond treated with the
                                      same formulation at 0.2 ppm killed all the fish in 4 days.
                                     This paper deals with the accumulation of DDT in trout and
                                      whitefish after exposure to DDT sprayed over large areas
                                      in Montana and Wyoming. The chemical was applied at
                                      1 Ib/acre with an average of approximately one-quarter
                                      pound per acre reaching the ground and the water. The
                                      greatest concentration of DDT was found in fat, followed
                                      by kidney, pyloric caecum and brain, in that order. At the
                                      given  rate of application, this chemical was toxic to all the
                                      fish listed.
The indicated concentration immobilized Daphnia in
 50 hours.
Spraying with DDT in unspecified amounts markedly re-
 duced the salmon population in  this river. In 1954, salmon
 fry were virtually eliminated and most of the parr were
 killed.
Assays were conducted in hard water.
                                                                                                                                                 Dupree
                                                                                                                                                  (1960)
                                                                                                                           Cope
                                                                                                                            (1961)
Anderson
 (1960)
Kerswill.et al
 (1960)
                                                                                                                           Gaufin
                                                                                                                            (1961)
 O
 I
 m
 S
 O
 33
 O
 O
 C

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DDT








Organism
Brook
trout


White
suckers

Crayfish




Oncorhynchus
kisutch
Oncorhynchus
tshawytscha
Sal mo
gairdnerii
Gasterosteus
aculeatus
Salmo
gairdneri

Aedes
aegypti
(larvae)
Gambusia
affinis


Hydropsyche
californica
Arctopsyche
grandis
Acroneuria
pacifica
Pteronarcys
californica
Ephemeroptera
Trichoptera
Plecoptera






Toxicity,
Bioassay Active
or Field Field Ingredient,
Study (D Location<2) ppm(3)
F Potter and (O)
Tioga
Counties,
Penn.








BSA - 44 (T4A)

11.5 (T4A)

42 (T4A)

18 (T4A)

BSA - 0.410 (T1A)
0.410 (T2A)
0.395 (T4A)
BSA


FL Ponds- (O)
Bakersfield,
Cal.

BSA - 0.048 (T4A)

0.175 (T4A)

0.41 (T4A)

0.56 (T4A)

FR Mont. -








Experimental
Variables
Controlled
or Noted (4) Comments
— DDT was applied as an aerial spray at 0.5 Ib/acre. Thirty-two
days after spraying, 10.6 ppm was found in brook trout,
but 122 days after treatment the amount was at pretreatment
level (0.7 ppm).
In white suckers, 32 days after treatment, 6.9 ppm was found;
and 122 days post-treatment, the concentration had dropped
to a pretreatment level (0.24 ppm).
Analyses of crayfish were anomalous — in some instances, the
pretreatment specimens contained 1 .9 ppm or more than
32 days later when the value was 1 .1 ppm.
This same paper gave some data on the DDE, TDE, and dieldrin
content of these same animals.
acde Chemical dissolved in acetone. TLm expressed in ppb.







a c d f g Hatchery artesian well water was employed for this
~ experiment.

a Increase in temperature during exposure to DDT (0.02
ppm — 1 hr) increased the toxic action. Additional data
are presented.
a c At 0.5 Ib/acre, 20 percent mortality occurred in 24 hours.
At 2.0 Ib/acre, 40 percent mortality occurred in 24 hours.
The experiments were conducted in cages placed in the
ponds.
a c d e I n Test water was obtained from a mountain stream.







— A large area in Montana was sprayed with 1 pound of techni-
cal DDT in 1 gallon of No. 2 diesel fuel per area. The streams
draining this area were assayed. It was found that a drastic
reduction in all biota took place in Hell roaring Creek and
Tower Creek. Pebble Creek, situated away from the test area.
served as a control and no reduction occurred. In both
Hellroaring and Tower Creeks, repopulation of plecopteran
populations occurred leveled by the following year while this
did not occur for the other organisms until 3 years had elapsed.
Reference
(Year)
Cohen, et al
(1961)










Katz
(1961)






Webb
(1961)

Das and
Needham
(1961)
Mulla and
Isaak
(1961)

Gaufin
(1961)






Hastings, et al
(1961)




























TJ
•o
m
Z
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x
DO






















-------
    DDT
    DDT
    DDT
    DDT
    DDT
m
3D
O
o
-a
3D
O
O
c
    DDT
Lebistes
 reticulatus
 (Adult)
 (Young)
Sa/mo
 trutta
 (2wk)
 (10 wk)
 (11 wk)


Salmo
 trutta
                      Ephemeroptera
                                            BSA
BSA
                      FR
                      Various insects
                                            FS
                                  Adirondack
                                   Mountains
                                                           Africa
Protococcus sp
Chlorella sp
Dunaliella
  euchlora
Phaedactylum
  tricornutum
Monochrysis
  lutheri
 Cutthroat
  trout
                                            FL
                                                        Wyo.
                                                                       0.018 (T14 A)
                                                                       0.0024 (T14A)
<0.18 (T14A)
0.00056 (T14A)
0.014 (T14A)
 fingerlings

0.5 and 0.1 (O)
                           (O)
                                                 (O)
                           0.6 (O)*
                           0.6 (O)*
                           0.6 (O)*

                           0.6 (O)*

                           0.6 (O)*
                           •obvious,
                           but inhibited
                           growth.

                           (O)
                                                                Deep well water was used as diluent. Histological observa-
                                                                 tions were found to be similar for guppies and trout
                                                                 despite age differences, DDT concentration, and exposure
                                                                 periods.
                                                                  Liver:    degeneration
                                                                  Kidney:  no change in guppy — 1-2 days tubules occluded
                                                                           in trout.
                                                                Other data and observations presented.
C14 labeled DDT was placed in the water at the concentra-
 tions listed.  Various organs and tissues of the trout were
 analyzed for DDT. The analytical method is outlined. At
 0.5 ppm, one fish died in 18 hours, and another at 160 hours.
 At 0.1  ppm, one fish died in 30 hours and another at 230
 hours.  Only two fish were used at each concentration.
DDT was applied as low as 0.1 Ib/acre for effective control
 of blackfly.  There was a small number of Ephemeroptera
 and Diptera in regularly treated streams, but the reduction
 in overall numbers did not reach a significant level. The
 treated and untreated streams were sampled in 1950-52
 and in  1961.
This study showed that the effect of a single application
 of DDT on an African stream eliminated the majority of
 aquatic insect species for varying distances.  It seems
 fairly certain, however, that almost all the species survived
 as eggs, from which the population was replenished.
The three major predators were, however, among the most
 severely affected, and this led to an increase in the principal
 prey organisms, Baetidae and Simulium.  This was an
 effect which has been observed in streams in Europe and
 North America, and indicates that DDT treatments could
 lead to severe outbreaks of Simulium species. The amount
 of the DDT sprayed on an area was not specified.
This paper concerns the growth of pure cultures of marine
 plankton in the presence of toxicants. Results were
 expressed as the ratio of optical density of growth  in
 the presence of toxicants to optical density in the basal
 medium with no added toxicants.
                                                                                                                                                                      King
                                                                                                                                                                       (1962)
                                                                Five lots of fish were given DDT once a week in their diets
                                                                 at different rates for each lot.
                                                                Fish were fed in mg/kg of body weight. Analysis showed that
                                                                 residues of DDT, DDE, and ODD were present in fish fed
                                                                 3 and 1 mg/kg per body weight. Greatest number of deaths
                                                                 occurred in fish  lots fed 3 mg/kg of body weight.
                                                                                                                                                                      Holden
                                                                                                                                                                       (1962)
                                                                                               Jamnback and
                                                                                                Eabry
                                                                                                (1962)
                                                                                                                                                                      Hynes and
                                                                                                                                                                       Williams
                                                                                                                                                                       (1962)
                                                                                                                                                                m
                                                                                                                                                                z
                                                                                                                                                                O
                                                                                                                                                                X
                                                                                                                                                                09
                                                                                                                                                                      Ukeles
                                                                                                                                                                       (1962)
                                                                                                                                                                      Cope
                                                                                                                                                                       (1963)

-------
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"~ DDT
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3)
O
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DDT









T3
ON DDT
ON



DDT



DDT
EC 2



DDT
(tech)

DDT (anti-
resistant
50 percent WP)
Bioassay
or Field
Organism Study '^
Rainbow FL
trout
Bullhead
Crayfish








Acris Lab
crepitans
A. gryllus








Cladocerans FL
Copepods
Ostrocods
Rotifers
Volvox
Culex BSA
pipiens
quadrimaculatus

Rana FL
catesbeiana
(tadpoles)


Procambarus BSA
clarki

Salmo BSA
gairdneri

Toxicity,
Active
Field Ingredient,
Location»2) ppm(3)
Colo. 0.02 (O)











(0)










Minn. (O)




(0)



Cal. 1.0(0)




0.6 (T3A)


24(T1A)
21 (T2A)
16 (T4A)
Experimental
Variables
Controlled
or Noted W) Comments
- The pond was treated with DDT at a rate of 0.02 ppm.
The concentration of DDT in the pond was at its highest
point 30 min after treatment. None could be detected
after 21 days.
Bullheads and trout contained the greatest amounts of
chlorinated hydrocarbon 30-40 days after treatment,
with concentrations over 4 ppm. Levels slowly declined
after that, averaging 3.5 ppm in samples taken 9 and 10
months after treatment in both species, and 3 ppm in
rainbow trout taken 14 months after treatment.
Crayfish developed lower DDT residues than did trout.
and contained 0.33 ppm after 14 weeks.
a Possible resistance to DDT was demonstrated in natural
populations of frogs from several Mississippi localities
by exposure to different DDT concentrations for 36
hours. Frogs living near cottonfields heavily treated
with DDT for several years tended to be less susceptible
to the chemical than individuals having little or no prior
contact with DDT. The animals were placed on filter
paper impregnated with varying amounts of DDT. The data
are difficult to average because of the range. It would
appear that 30.0 g per liter was the TLm for 36 hours for
A. crepitans, and 9.0 g per liter for A. gryllus (sic).
— At an application rate of 1 Ib/acre, depression of micro-
crustacean populations occurred a few days after application.
but this was followed by an apparent rapid recovery.


c Tests were conducted in tap water and artificially polluted
tap water. The values reported are the concentration
range for an LCgo, 0.1 2 to 0.55 ppm for polluted and
0.33 to 128.0 ppm for tap water.
a c Mixed populations of the indicated test species contained
in cages were exposed to various insecticidal chemicals
applied as dilute sprays to ponds 1/16 acre in size. The
indicated toxicant concentration is in Ib/acre, and resulted
in a 30 percent mortality for the tadpoles in 24 hr.
a c d o There was no detectable difference in toxicity to male or
female crawfish.

a The experiments were conducted at 55 F. Fish were 2-3
in. long.

Reference
(Year)
Cope
(1963)










Boyd, et al
(1963)









Jones and
Moyle
(1963)


Le wall en and
Wilder
(1963)

Mulla
(1963)



Muncy and
Oliver
(1963)
Cope
(1963)






















•n
\t
-o
m
2
o


03

















-------
    DDT (anti-
     resistant
     25 percent EC)

    DDT, p-p'
    DDT
    DDT
8
    DDVP
     (tech)
Salmo
 gairdneri


Salmo
 gairdneri
BSA
                                           BSA
Lepomis
 macrochirus
Redear


Rainbow
 trout
Long-nose
 sucker
Cutthroat
 trout
Brown
 trout
Brook
 trout
Mountain
 whitefish

Gambusia
 affinis
Salmo
 gairdneri
                                           BSA
                                           BSA
                           10 (T1A)


                           18(T18hr)
                           11  (T32hr)
                           10 (T56hr)
                           10(T1A)
                           10(T1A)

                           6.0 (T1A)

                           5-6 (T1A)

                           6.0 (T1 A)

                           19 (T1A)
                           15(T1A)

                           (O)
                           0.05-0.10 (O)
                                           BSA
                           500 (T1 A)
                                                               Comment same as above.
                                                                                                          Comment same as above.
                                                                      Cope
                                                                        (1963)
                                                                       Cope
                                                                        (1963)
              Comment same as above.
              The experiment was conducted at 65 F.  Fish weighed
               0.6 g.
              The experiment was conducted at 65 F.  Fish weighed
               0.4 g.
              The experiment was conducted at 75 F.  Fish weighed
               1.5g.
              The experiment was conducted at 75 F.  Fish weighed
               0.4 g.
              The experiment was conducted at 75 F.  Fish weighed
               3g.
a d g          Hatchery trout under 3.1 inches in length had a mortality      Schoenthal
               rate of 100% at all concentrations for 0.5 to 10.0 ppm.         (1963)
               The mortality rate decreased as size increased (66% for
               those over 5 inches).  Wild rainbow trout under three
               inches had a mortality of 24%. Hatchery trout showed
               a 50 to 75% higher mortality than the wild trout.
              A comparison of six species of cold-water fish over four
               inches in length tested in 1 ppm DDT showed that the
               long-nosed sucker had a mortality rate of 94%, while
               the rainbow trout, cutthroat trout, brown trout, brook
               trout, and mountain whitefish had a mortality rate of
               less than 10%.
 —            Mosquito fish from waters near cotton fields that have a        Vinson, et al
               long history of treatment with chlorinated hydrocarbon         (1963)
               pesticides exhibited a marked resistance to  DDT compared
               with fish from areas which had had no past exposure to
               insecticides. As an  example, for a DDT concentration
               of 0.05 ppm:
                72 hours 90% mortality occurred for fish from
                 untreated areas
                72 hours 25-28% mortality occurred for fish from
                 DDT treated ponds.

 a            The experiment was  conducted at 55 F.  Fish were 2-3 in.      Cope
               long.                                                     (1963)
                                                                                                                                                                                  I
                                                                                                                                                                                  m
                                                                                                                                                                                  O
                                                                                                                                                                                  X
                                                                                                                                                                                  00
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TJ
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O
O

§

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DDT







T3
ON
OO

DDT





DDT (tech,
98 percent
active in
acetone)


DDT



DDT


Organism
Sal mo
lewis i
clarki












Ophicephalus
punctatus





Barbus
stigma


Notemigonus
crysoleucas
Lepomis
macrochirus
L. cyanellus

Pteronarcys
californica
(naiad)
Acroneuria
pacifica
(naiad)
Gammanjs
lacustris


Bluegill


Toxicity, Experimental
Bioassay Active Variables
or Field Field Ingredient, Controlled
Study d) Location*2) ppm(3) or Noted <4>
BSA - (O) acef














BSA - 1.0 (K)






(0)



BSA - (B) 0.032 (T 1.5) act
(A) 0.028 (T 1.5)
(B) 0.028 (T 1.5)
(A) 0.033 (T 1.5)
(B) 25 (T 1.5)
(A) 22 (T 1.5)
BSA - 1.8IT4A) cdef


0.32 (T4A)


BSA - 0.009 (T4A) ae



BSA - 0.016 (T4A) a


Comments
This experiment concerns the periodic exposure of fish
to different levels of DDT in bath and in food over a
20-month period involving one spawning cycle. It was
decided that a threshold level exists around 0.1 ppm
monthly in contact form and around 0.3 mg DDT per
Kg of fish weekly in the diet for the toxic effects of DDT.
Fish lots given 0.1 ppm DDT monthly in bath form ex-
hibited significantly higher mortality, similar size, and
similar reproductive success when compared with the
control group.
Fish lots treated weekly with DDT in the diet at the rate of
0.3 milligrams per kilogram of body weight did not differ
from the control except, in a highly variable manner.
residue buildup, and a nonsignificant increase in mortality
during the last few months of the experiment.
Experiments were conducted in a trough containing 3500 cc
of water sprayed with 1 cc of a 25% DDT emulsion. Liver
and intestines were examined for residues and both were
found to contain 0.08083 g of DDT.
When 5 cc of a 25% DDT emulsion was sprayed, the fish died
in 2 hr. The fish were found to contain 0.1 344 g of DDT
residue in the intestine and 0.1292g in the liver.
When 5 cc of a 25% DDT emulsion was sprayed in a small
jar containing 2 liter of water, death occurred in 2 hr and
30 min. Residues found were 0.06523 g of DDT in liver and
0.07799 g in intestines.
Chemical was dissolved in acetone. Final concentration of
acetone was <2 ml/I. Data shows TLm ppb for insecticide-
resistant (A) and insecticide non-resistant (B) strains of
the test fish.


A. pacifica was much more sensitive to chlorinated hydro-
carbons and to organic phosphate insecticides than
P. californica.



Emulsible concentrates were prepared from technical
grade insecticides with acetone as the solvent.
Symptoms prior to death were observed and recorded
on graphs.
Assays were conducted in soft water at 25 C. Decrease
in brain cholinesterase was measured in fish exposed
to the toxicant.
Reference
(Year)
Allison, et al
(1964)













Mathur
(1964)









Ferguson, et al
(1964)




Jensen and
Gaufin
(1964)



Nebeker and
Gaufin
(1964)

Weiss
(1964)






















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-------
     DDT
     DDT
     DDT + Toxa-
      phene
     DDT
     DDT
     DDT
     DDT
8

m
3D
o
O   DDT
m
2
O
TJ
35
O
o
Trout: brown
 and rainbow
Cottus sp
Trichoptera
Plecoptera
Coleoptera
Diptera
Ephemeroptera
Salmo
 gairdnerii
Ictalurus
 punctatus
Lepomis
 macrochirus
Pteronarcys
 californica
Oyster

Oyster
                                            FR
                                                           Mont.
                                                                         0.02 mg/l
                       Cyprinodon
                        variegatus
                        (juvenile)
                       Fundulus
                        similis
                        (juvenile)
     DDT + Strobane    Oyster
Blue
  crab
Rainbow
  trout
                                            BSA
                       Palaemonetes
                        kadiakensis
BCF

BCH
                      BSA
BCF

BCH

BSA
                                            BSA
                                                                       1.5 (T4A)

                                                                       3.3 (T4A)

                                                                       4.7 (T4A)

                                                                       7.0 (T4A)

                                                                       0.030 (O)

                                                                       (O)
                                                                                              a c d
                                                                       0.005 (O)


                                                                       0.018 (O)


                                                                       0.022 (O)

                                                                       (O)

                                                                       4.1 (T4A)
                                                                       5.0 (T4A)
                                                                       6.0 (T4A)
                                                 (N) 4.5 (T1-1/2A)
                                                 (TB)10(T1-1/2A)
                                                                                              acf
                                                               The application rate was 0.5 Ib/acre.  Before and after
                                                                 spraying, determination of DDT concentrations was made
                                                                 on fish homogenates.  Dead fish found after spraying were
                                                                 found to contain up to 0.6 mg/kg DDT. However, live
                                                                 fish caught were found to contain up to 3.4 mg/kg DDT.
                                                                 Fish kills occurred up to 48 hours after spraying. Exten-
                                                                 sive mortality of aquatic insects occurred, but not
                                                                 consistently throughout sprayed area of river.
                                                               Toxicity values reported as median lethal cone.
                                                                 for 24,48, 96 hr.
The value reported is a 96-hr ECgo (decreased shell growth).

Oysters exposed to DDT at a concentration of 0.0001 ppm
 contained 70,000 times that concentration after 40 days.
 Oysters exposed to the chemical at 0.001 ppm for 1 2 days
 contained 12 to 20 ppm. Because the oyster can concen-
 trate DDT so readily, it is an organism of choice to use in
 monitoring for pesticide pollution.
Water temperature was 9 C. The figure reported is a 48-hr
                                                                                     Water temperature was 21 C.
The value reported is a 96-hr
                                                                                                                     (decreased shell growth).
DDT at a concentration of 0.001 ppm kills crabs in 8 days.
 Crabs can live and grow in a concentration of 0.00025 ppm.
These experiments were performed to show the effect of
 temperature on the toxicity.
For the toxicant concentrations listed, the temperatures
 were respectively 45, 55, and 65 F.  The fish all were
 approximately one gram in weight.
Toxicant concentrations for one and 2-day times were also
 listed.
Test organisms were collected from 2 locations. Twin Bayou
 (TB), Sunflower Co., Miss, (agricultural area) and Noxubee
 National Wildlife Refuge (N), Noxubee Co., Miss, (non-
 agricultural area) and evaluated in laboratory bioassays .
 The Twin Bayou shrimp were more resistant.
                                                                                                                                                                     Welch and
                                                                                                                                                                      Spindler
                                                                                                                                                                      (1964)
                                                          Bridges and
                                                           Cope
                                                           (1965)
Butler
 (1965)
Butler
 (1965)
                                                                                                                                               Butler
                                                                                                                                                (1965)
Butler
 (1965)
Butler
 (1965)
Cope
 (1965)
                                                                                                                         Ferguson, et al
                                                                                                                           (1965)

-------
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21
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DDT










0
0
}



DDT







DDT



DDT






Organism
Gambusia
af finis
Ictalurus
me/as
Lepomis
cyane/lus
Gambusia
af finis
Ictalurus
me/as

Arctopsyche
grandis
Pteronarcys
californica
Acroneuria
pacifica
Ephemera/la
grandis
Hydropsyche
californica
Daphnia
magna
Gammarus
lacustris
Bluegill
Fathead
minnows
Acroneuria
pacifica
Ephemeral/a
grandis
Gammarus
lacustris
Pteronarcys
californica
Salmo
sa/ar


Fish
Shell fish
Birds
Mice



Toxicity, Experimental
Bioassay Active Variables
or Field Field Ingredient, Controlled
Studyd) Location^2) ppm<3' or Noted'4)
BSA - 0.008-0.023 (T3A) £cde

0.009-0.275 (T3A)

F Miss. 0.52 (0)






BSA - 0.18IT4A) £

1.8(T4A)

0.3 (T4A)

0.03 (T4A)

0.05 (T4A)

0.001 (T50hr A)

0.009 (T4A)

0.03 (T4A)
0.03 (T4A)

BSA - 0.32 (T4A) £C

0.025 (T4A)

0.009 (T4A)

1.8IT4A)

BCFCH - 0.005-0.05(0) £6



FLR Conn. (O) —






Comments
Test fish were collected from 8 different locations of the
Mississippi River. The 3-day TLm values were made to
determine if a resistance gradient existed. The data
indicated that there was none.
Muds reduced the toxicity of chlorinated hydrocarbon
insecticides to fish. Lethal quantities of pesticides
enter national waters and muds may contain sorbed
pesticides in excess of lethal quantities. Although the
chemicals can be leached with organic solvents, they
were either not released in lethal amounts or slowly
released in standing water.
Unspecified chemical characteristics of assay water were
determined by standard methods. General comments
were made concerning "standardized" conditions, use
of "soft" water, and use of emulsifying agents. Addi-
tional data are presented.












Additional TLm data are given.







The fish were exposed to the reported sub-lethal doses
for 24 hours. Low dosages of DDT produced a downward
shift in the temperature response whereas higher doses
produced an upward shift.
The results showed that DDT was present in animals in areas
where no spraying had been conducted. Analyses showed
the following:
Whole fresh fish — 0.1 to 0.9 ppm DDT
Shell fish — 0.031 to 0.07 ppm
Birds — 0.1 to 0.8 ppm
Mouse kidney fat — 1.O1 to 8.19 ppm
Reference
(Year)
Ferguson, et al
(1965)


Ferguson, et al
(1965)





Gaufin, et al
(1965)















Gaufin, et al
(1965)






Ogilvie and
Anderson
(1965)

Turner
(1965)


























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-------
      DDT
     DDT
      DDT
      DDT
T5
      DDT
      DDT
      DDT
 8
 m
 3)
 o
 m
                        Brown
                         trout
Oysters
 Adult
 Larvae

Crassostrea
 virginica

Salmo
 gairdnerii
Lepomis
 macrochirus
Ictalurus
 punctatus
Pteronarcys
 californica
Baetus sp
Daphn/a
 pulex
Simocephalus
 serrulatus
Cyprinodon
 variegatus

Gambusia
 affinis
Pygosciles
 adeloriae
Lobodon
 carcinophagus
                                             BSCH
                                             BCF
                                             BCF
                                             BSA
                                                 0.10(0)
                                             BSA
                                              BSA
                                              FM
                                                                         (O)
1.0 (K6)

(O)


0.005 (T2A)

0.005 (T2A)

0.012 (T2A)

0.016 (T2A)

0.012 (T2A)
0.0004 (T2A)

0.002 (T2A)

0.020 (O)
0.030 (O)
0.040 (O)
(O)
                                                             Boss
                                                              Island,
                                                              Antarctic
(O)
                                    Data given on DDT concentrations in various tissues on         Weiss
                                     weight basis are as follows:                                  (1965)
                                       Brain          0.6 ppm
                                       Muscle         0.7 ppm
                                    Sea water was employed in this experiment. As the            Butler
                                     concentration of DDT increased from levels of 1.0 ppb to       (1966)
                                     1.0 ppm, there was a logarithmic decrease in the rate of
                                     oyster shell growth  from about 20 to 90 percent.
                                    Tests were conducted in flowing seawater. DDT in levels       Butler
                                     as low as 0.001 ppm caused marked reduction in oyster        (1966)
                                     growth.
                                    This paper reports acute toxicity of a number of compounds.    Cope
                                     and discusses sub-acute mortality as well. Effects on repro-     (1966)
                                     duction and behavior are also discussed. Data presented as
                                     EC50-
                                                                                                                                                                                      m
                                                                                              Holland, et al
                                                                                               (1966)
               O
               X
Ferguson and   **•
 Bingham
 (1966)
A concentration of 0.020 ppm caused 80% mortality,
 0.030 caused 87% mortality, and 0.040 caused 97%
 mortality in 24 hr.

The effect of combinations of pesticides was studied.  In
 general, the results reflected the extreme levels of Endrin
 and Toxaphene resistance in the resistant population. The
 results failed to indicate additive effects wherein the com-
 bination mortality exceeded the sum of the mortalities
 produced by the  individual insecticides.
Adult penguins assayed had residues ranging from 0 to 8 ppb.   George and
 The pre-molts examined had residues ranging from 1  to 16      Frear
 ppb in the liver, and 0 to 69 ppb in the fat. The crab-          (1966)
 eater seal examined showed residues of 4 ppb in the liver
 and 15 ppb in the fat.
 TJ
 3)
 O
 O


 §

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en











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DDT





DDT


DDT


Organism
Sal mo
gairdnerii
S. trutta
Salvelinus
Ion final is
S. namaycush
Esox
lucius
Carassius
auratus
Chrosomus
eos
Cyprinus
carpio
Pimephales
prome/as
Icta/urus
punctatus
Eucalia
inconstans
Lepomis
cyanellus
Lepomis
gibbosus
L. macrochirus
L. mega/otis
Micropterus
salmoides
Perca
flavescens
Aplodinotus
grunniens
1. me/as
Simocephalus
serrulatus
Daphnia
pulex


Daphnia
magna

Daphnia
carinata

Toxicity,
Bioassay Active
or Field Field Ingredient,
Study'1' Location(2) ppm<3)
BSA - 0.0107IT4A)

0.0109 (T4A)
0.0115 (T4A)

0.093 (T4A)
0.0017 (T4A)

0.0587 (T4A)

0.0680 (T4A)

0.0082 (T4A)

(0)

0.0175 (T4A)

0.0670 (T4A)

0.0045 (T4A)

0.0045 (T4A)

0.0045 (T4A)
0.0087 (T4A)
0.0008 (T4A)

0.0009 (T4A)

0.0100 (T4A)

0.0258 (T4A)
BSA - 0.0025 (SB)

0.00036 (SB)



BSA - 0.0044 (SB)


BSA - 0.0022 (SB)


Experimental
Variables
Controlled Reference
or Noted'4) Comments (Year)
a Data are given for various lots within each species of fish Marking
obtained from different sources. However, a mean was (1966)
given which is reported here.
Data for fathead minnows were not consistent. The toxicity
did not increase uniformly with increased concentrations
up to 1.0 ppm.



























— Concentration reported is for immobilization. Sanders and
Time for immobilization was 48 hr. Cope
Data cited are for 60 F, but assays were performed at (1966)
varied temperatures.
Water chemistry (unspecified) was "controlled" during
the assay period.
— Comment same as above. Sanders and
Cope
(1966)
— Comment same as above. Sanders and
Cope
(1966)





















^
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-------
     DDT
    DDT
    DDT
     DDT
      (mixed
      isomers)
     DDT
    DDT
8
     DDT
X
in
2
                       Oncorhynchus
                        kisutch
Tubifex spp
Limnodrilus spp

Salmo
 gairdnerii
Rasbora
 heteromorpha
Salmo
 gairdnerii
Rasbora
 heteromorpha
Mya
 arenaria
Crassostrea
 virginica

Mya
 arenaria
Crassostrea
 virginica
Corbicula
 manillensis
Mercenaria
 mercenaria
Rangia
 cuneata
Aquatic insects:
  Ephemeroptera
  Diptera,
   Simulidae
  Plecoptera
  Trichoptera
                      BSA
                                             BSA
                                             BSA
                                                  0.024 (T2A)
                                                  0.013 (T4A)
            100 (L4A)



            (O)

            (O)
                                  js c e j k
                                             BCFA
            0.0015
              (threshold)
                                             BSCH
                                             BCFCH
            (0)
            (0)
                                             FR
Ontario,     (O)
 Can.
DDT at the given concentrations seemed to cause a
 coughing reaction in the fish.  It was theorized that
 this coughing reaction was a reversal of the water
 flow over the gills as a gill cleansing reaction.
Toxicity is reported as the mean lethal dose (LD5g)
 for 24, 48, and 96 hours.

This report derives as mathematical equation for deter-
 mining a threshold concentration of a toxicant. For
 many toxins, the rate of mortality is a linear function
 of the concentration.  The value of 0.02 ppm of DDT was
 obtained by interpolation from three different curves for
 the trout. The tests were conducted in hard water.  A
 value of 0.04 ppm for harlequin fish was also obtained
 by interpolation from a graph.
Aerated hard water was used.  Threshold concentrations
 were examined by 4 methods.
   1.  Long term    —  survival related to concentration.
   2.  Short term   —  percentage kill in narrow range
       of concentrations.
   3.  Comparison of survival times.
   4.  Extrapolation of short-term results  by plotting
       velocity of death against log of concentration.
Oysters were  exposed to 2.0 to 4.0 ppm DDT and then fed to
 shrimp and fish. At the end of 2 to 4 weeks, at least 50
 percent of the experimental animals died. M. arenaria (soft
 clam) proved to  be the most sensitive or efficient in storing
 organochloride residues.
Results are recorded as a range of uptake of the chemical by
 5 species of  aquatic mollusks. An uptake or concentration
 of 1200-9000X resulted.
Schaumberg
 (1967)
Whitten and
  Goodnight
  (1966)
Abram
  (1967)
Abram
  (1967)
Butler
  (1967)
                                                                                                                                                                         Butler
                                                                                                                                                                           (1967)
m
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X
00
This is a review paper on the effect of DDT in the reduction     Ide
 of insects, and the time it takes a population to reestablish       (1967)
 itself. The area was sprayed with DDT at a rate of 0.5 Ib/acre.
 Most organisms recovered to normal populations within 2-3
 years, but caddisflies required 4 or more years.
-u
30
O
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c

-------
o
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I" DDT
O
I
m
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-o
33
O
O
O
•H









DDT (prills)

p*
o
•3
±













Bioassay
or Field
Organism Study^""
Leptonychotes FM
weddelli
Pygoscelis
adeloriae
Catharacta
skua
maccormicki
Aptenodytes
forsteri
Rhigophila
dearborn!
Trematomus
bernacchii
T. hansoni
Invertebrate
samples
Arthropoda
Echinodermata
Nermertinea
Mollusca
Amphipoda FR
Elmidae
Grypopterygidae
Turbellaria
Oligochaeta
Gastropoda
Decapoda
Odonata
Plecoptera
Ephemeroptera
Hemiptera
Trichoptera
Megaloptera
Coleoptera
Diptera
Anguillidae
Galaxiidae
Eleotridae
Toxicity,
Active
Field Ingredient,
Location (2) ppm (3)
Antarctic (O)

(0)

(0)


(0)

(0)

(0)

(0)
(0)





New (O)
Zealand
(4
streams)














Experimental
Variables
Controlled
or Noted^) Comments
a All residues are expressed as ppm wet weight.
It was established that residues in the water were less than
0.0005 ppm. L. weddelli contained residues ranging
from 0.042 to 0.12 ppm in fat. No residues were found
in other tissues. Adult P. adeliae contained residues of
0.015 to 0.018 ppm of DDT in fat.
C. skua maccormicki contained residues ranging from 0.01
to 0.68 in 9 tissues examined. A. forsteri adults were
examined for residues and found to contain none.
Ten Ft. dearborn/' were examined and found to contain an
average of 0.44 ppm DDT residue. T. bernacchii and
T. hansoni were examined and contained no residues.
It was established that there were no residues at levels as
high as 0.005 ppm in invertebrates.






— DDT prills were applied from the air to 200 acres of sheep
pasture. The mean weight of active DDT reaching the
ground was 61.3 mg/square meter. Changes in the fauna
of streams draining the treated pasture were studied for
12 months after the application. A high mortality was
found in most of the aquatic insect fauna with the excep-
tion of Elmidae (Coleoptera) and Grypopterygidae
(Plecoptera). Amphipoda were virtually wiped out. At
the end of the investigation large number of insects were
again present but with a completely altered species com-
position. Mortality to freshwater crayfish was doubtful.
and unproven for fish. The levels of DDT found in whole
fish are discussed.





Reference
(Year)
George and
Frear
(1966)

















Hopkins, et al ^
(1966) TJ
T)
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-------
    DDT and
     "organo-
     chlorine
     residues"
Pontoporeia
 affinis
A/osa
 pseudoharengus
Coregonus
 clupeafoimis
Leucichthys sp
FLCH
               Wise.
    DDT
Prosimulum spp
Cnephia spp
Simulium spp
 (larvae)
                                            LCFA
                           0.04 (O)
    DDT
                      Fish
                                                           Cal.
                                                                       (O)
    pp DDT
8

m
3)
o
o
Buteo
 buteo
Accipiter
 gen til is
Accipiter
 nisus
Falco
 tinnunculus
Tyto
 alba
Strix
 aluco
Oslo
 otus
Falco
 pereginus
FO
Netherlands  (O)
-o
3)
O
O
c
Pesticide residues were determined in mud sediments,          Hickey, et al
 insects, fish, and birds.                                      (1966)
Conclusions were that the pesticides do not stay on land
 but are accumulated and concentrated in moderately
 large lakes.
Residues found in mud bottoms were:
   DDT  =  0.14ppm
   DDE  =  0.24 ppm
   TDE  =  0.03 ppm
Residues found in:
   Gull food —
    Insect     —  DDT = 0.12 ppm; DDE = 0.49;
                  TDE = 0.06
    Alewives  —  DDT = 1.13 ppm; DDE = 1.77;
                  TDE = 0.43
   Fish-
    Chub     -  DDT = 1.6; DDE = 2.3; TDE = 0.29
    Whitefisn  -  DDT = 1.7; DDE = 2.7;
     (muscle) TDE = 0.75.
Additional residue data are presented.
Stones heavily populated with larvae were placed in troughs    Jamnback and
 of running water containing the toxicant. When the  larvae       Frempong-
 became detached from the rocks and floated away, they        Boadu
 were assumed to have undergone lethal intoxication. The       (1966)
 larvae were exposed to the toxicant for 5 minutes, then in
 clean water for 24 hours. At that time the number de-
 tached amounted to 52 percent.
This study was primarily concerned with insecticides            Keith
 found in fish-eating birds. Limited fish studies were also        (1966)
 conducted. DDT was found in trace to 1.6 ppm concen-
 trations in whole fish (wet weight).
The results of this study show that birds of prey and fish-       Koeman and
 eating birds found dead in the Netherlands accumulated        van Genderen
 large amounts of different chlorinated hydrocarbon             (1966)
 insecticides. In  most cases the liver had the highest
 concentration of toxicant, ranging from 1.6 ppm.
                                                                                                                                                              m
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-------
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2
o
^ DDT
3D
O
O
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H






p-p' DDT



DDT
03
-ij
o\







DDT-C14





DDT







Toxicity, Experimental
Bioassay Active Variables
or Field Field Ingredient, Controlled
Organism Study'1) Location (2) ppm'3) or Noted'4)
Crassostrea BCFCH - (O) a
virginica
Pseudomonas 10 (SB)
piscicida

Oyster FE —


Stream insects: FR Maine (O) —
Ephemeroptera
Odonata
Plecoptera
Trichoptera
Neuroptera
Coleoptera
Diptera
Goldfish BSA & CH - 50m g/ml (K)



Atlantic F St. (O) -
salmon Andrews,
New
Brunswick







Lepomis BCFCH - (O) a
macrochirus
Carassius
auratus


Aquatic insects: FR Mitamichi — —
Diptera River,
Trichoptera New
Ephemeroptera Brunswick,
Chironomidae Canada



Comments
At 0.00001 ppm concentration, 0.1 1 ppm residue was found
in 20 days. At 0.000001 ppm concentration, 0.085 ppm
residue was found in 20 days. After extended periods of
time, small amounts of DDT actually stimulated growth
of P. piscicida.
The chemical was found in the water at a concentration
of <0.001 ppm. Oysters from the area were found to
contain <0.01 to 0.05 ppm.
At an application rate of 1/2 to 1 .0 pounds per acre, DDT
produced marked reductions in the quality and quantity
of the invertebrate fauna. Normally present fauna usually
repopulate in 2-4 years. Thirty-nine genera of aquatic
insects were studied.



Test fish were conditioned to alkyl benzene sulfonate
(4 JUg/ml) or sodium lauryl sulfate (4 )Hg/ml, for various
periods of time, then exposed to pesticides. Chronic exposure
to the detergent increased the toxicity of the pesticide.
After spraying DDT at the rate of 1/2 Ib/acre, all young
salmon were reduced in number. Underyearlings were only
2-10% as abundant, small parr 30% as abundant, and long
parr 50% as abundant.
Spraying at the rate of 1/4 Ib/acre reduced the numbers of
underyearlings by 50%, small parr by 20%, but hardly
affected large parr.
Spraying with DDT at 1/4 Ib per acre, applied twice, was
followed by low numbers of underyearlings, similar to the
effect of spraying at 1/2 Ib/acre. No equivalent data for parr
was available.
Fish were treated with carbon-labeled insecticides (0.03 ppm)
from 5 to 19 hr and uptake rates were determined. They
were placed in recovery tanks for up to 32 days. Whole
body samples were then made. It was found that in both
fish species >50 percent of the DDT absorbed was present
after 32 days.
Young salmon, both fry and parr, were seined and the stomachs
removed. Insects were removed from the stomachs, identi-
fied and counted. Forage ratios of the insects were deter-
mined and reported for 1953-1961. Reduction of all
insects by DDT was soon followed by resurgence of
Chironomidae and other Oiptera. Five years after the spray-
ing, the pre-spraying complexity of food for younger salmon
was approached. Trichoptera were the slowest to reappear.
Reference
(Year)
Butler and
Johnson
(1967)


Casper
(1967)

Dimond
(1967)






Dugan
(1967)


Elson
(1967)









Gakstatter and
Weiss
(1967)



Keenleyside
(1967)


























^
TJ
T)
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-------
    DDT
    DDT
    pp'DDT
                      Salmo
                       salar
                      Atlantic
                       salmon
                      Brook
                       trout
                      Sucker
                      Cyprinids
Esox
 lucius
                                            FR
                      FR
FR
    op'DDT
    DDT
Esox
 lucius
                      Puntius
                       puckelli
FR
                      BSA
               St.
                Andrews,
               New
                Brunswick

               New
                Bruns-
                wick
                                                 (O)
                                                 (O)
               River
                Nene,
                Eng.
                                                           River
                                                            Nene,
                                                            Eng.
(0)
                           (O)
                           0.048 (T4A)
                                                                      a c d e I m
DDT at O.25 Ib/acre killed many insects and some fish,          Elson and
 but was only about half as damaging to aquatic fauna as        Kerswill
 a heavier dosage (0.5 Ib). After spraying at 0.5 Ib/acre,         (1967)
 young salmon of all size groups were found in reduced
 numbers.
When DDT in an oil emulsion was sprayed at 0.5 Ib/acre,       Kerswill and
 heavy losses in underyearling salmon and parr were             Edwards
 observed.  Wild young salmon were found in streams when      (1967)
 autumn water temperatures approached freezing after
 June sprayings with DDT.  Spraying with DDT at 0.25
 Ib/acre had no effect on caged, or native fish during a
 period of 2 or 3 weeks after spraying.  In one area
 suckers and cyprinids were extensively killed after 0.5
 Ib/acre spraying of DDT.
Higher concentrations were found in larger fish, indicating      Mawdesley-
 that they had been exposed to the pesticides for a longer       Thomas and
 time.  Tissue extracts from the pike were analyzed for          Leahy
 organochlorine pesticide residues by gas liquid chroma-         (1967)
 tography. The values for large pike were:
   0.068 ppm muscle
   6.7   ppm fat

Comment same as above except that:                         Mawdesley-
   0.38 ppm muscle                                         Thomas and
   52.0 ppm fat                                            Leahy
                                                           (1967)
Tap water was used as diluent. Toxicity data are given          Rao, et al
 as TLm's in ppm for 24, 48, 96 hr. The pH of the             (1967)
 water averaged at 8.3. The study was conducted in
 India.
                                                                                                              •O
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-------
o
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Q









DDT




DDT






Bioassay
or Field
Organism Study 'T
Plankton FECH
Cladophora
gracilis
Shrimp
Opsanus
tau
(immature)
Menidia
menidia
Crickets
Nassarius
obsoletus
Gasterosteus
aculeatus
Anguilla
rostra ta
Flymg insects,
mostly Diptera
Spartina
patens
Mercenaria
mercenaria
Cyprinodon
variegatus
Fundulus
heteroclitus
Paralichthys
dentatus
Esox
niger
Strongylura
marina
Spartina
patens
Lamps! Us FR
siliquoidea
L. ventricosa
Anodonta
grandis
Vascular FL
plants
Algae
Chubs
Large mouth
bass
Clams
Toxicity,
Active
Field Ingredient,
Location(2) ppm(3)
Long 0.040 (O)
Island, 0.083 (O)
N'. Y.
0.16 (O)
0.17 (O)


0.23 (O)

0.23 (O)
0.23 (O)

0.26 (0)

0.28 (0)

0.30 (0)

0.33 (0)

0.42 (0)

0.94 (O)

1.24 (O)

1.28 (0)

1.33 (O)

2.07 (0)

2.80 (0)

Red Cedar (O)
River,
Mich.


Tule (O)
Lake,
Ore.




Experimental
Variables
Controlled Reference
or Noted<4> Comments (Year)
— DDT residues in soil of the defined estuary area averaged Woodwell, et al
more than 13 pounds per acre with a maximum of 32 (1967)
pounds per acre. These values are based on the wet weight
of the whole organism.






























— The amount of the chemical sprayed in the area was not Godsil and
specified. Residue in plants ranged from 0.7 to 10.0 ppb. Johnson
Algae contained 0.4 to 3.0 ppb. Chubs contained 2.5 to (1968)
1 7 ppb. Bass - 6.0 to 50.0 ppb. Clams 1 .0 to 4.0 ppb.
The water contained 0.002 to 0.027 ppb.
— The mussels listed were analyzed for the toxicant and its Bedford, et al
metabolites. Mussels may be used as detectors for this (1968)'
toxicant, because they tend to concentrate the chemical
in much higher concentrations than it is ever found in the
water. The amount of chemical applied as a spray was not
specified.

-o
m
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00

-------
     DDT
      (and
      analogues)
     DDT
     DDT
     DDT
    o.p-DDT
8
m
o
L imnephilus
  rhombicus
Siat/s sp
Gammarus sp
Salvelinus
  fontinalis
Semotilus
 atromaculaWs
Cottus
 bairdi
Rhinichthys
 atratulus
Alosa
 pseudoharengus
Aplodinotus
 grunniens
Coregonus
 artedii
Lota
 lota
Salmo
 salar L.
Knights
 Creek,
 Wise.
            (O)
                                             BSA
            (O)
                                             BCFA
            (O)
                       Salvelinus
                        fontinalis
                      BSA
            (SB)
                                                                        ac d e p
Potamogeton
 pectinatus
Cladophora
Oscillatoria
Cynodon
 dactylon
Arundo
 donax
                                             FR
                                                             Ariz.
            (O)
Pesticide usage in an orchard did not significantly
 contaminate the aquatic environment of this creek
 adjacent to the treatment as determined by residue
 analysis.
The study showed that the levels of chlorinated
 hydrocarbon pesticide residues in fish meals and oils
 were, with the exception of the oil sample taken from
 the Lake Michigan alewife, below the regulatory
 tolerances established by the Food and Drug Director-
 ate of Canada (1965) for certain foods intended for
 human consumption. Pesticide levels were interpreted
 as being representative for each species.

Fish were conditioned for at least 60 days at 12-16 C
 in flowing water in the laboratory. The  largest group,
 20 parr with an average weight of 2.5 g, was killed in
 9 hr by an aqueous suspension of 2.0 ppm p,p-DDT;
 9 parr of the same size-group died in about 75 hr while
 in a 0.1 ppm suspension; 7 smaller parr (1.4 g) kept
 in a 0.01  ppm suspension, died in about 23 hours
When sexually maturing yearling brook trout were fed for
 156 days with  DDT at sublethal rates, fish fed at the lower
 dosages produced more mature ova than untreated fish.
 Those fed at highest dosages produced fewer mature ova
 than untreated fish. The size of the male fish at the end
 of the feeding period tended to increase according to the
 dosage of DDT.
Irrigation canals were examined for plants which  might
 serve as DDT collectors or indicators of DDT usage by
 concentrating this material and its metabolites.  Highest
 residues were found in Cladophora (19 ppm), followed
 by Potamogeton (9 ppm), and finally  Oscillatoria (5 ppm).
Moubry, et al
  (1968)
                                                                                                                                                                         Dugal
                                                                                                                                                                          (1968)
                                                                                                                                                                         Greer and
                                                                                                                                                                          Paim
                                                                                                                                                                          (1968)
                                                                                                            Macek
                                                                                                             (1968)
                m
                z
                a
                x
                00
                                                                                                                                                                        Ware, et al
                                                                                                                                                                          (1968)
o
m
2
O
•o
3)
O
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-------
o
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2
m
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r p,p'-DDT
O
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q
CO





DDT






i
§
DDT






DDT

Toxicity, Experimental
Bioassay Active Variables
or Field Field Ingredient, Controlled
Organism Study'1) Location'2) ppm'3) or Noted'4)
Potamogeton FR Ariz. (O) —
pectinatus
Cladophora (
Oscillatoria
Cynodon
dactylon
Arundo
donax
Alosa BSA - (O)
pseudoharengus
Aplodinotus
grunniens
Coregonus
artedii
Lota
lota
Pteronarcys BSA - 0.0070 (T4A) a c d e f
californica
(naiads)
Pteronarcella 0.0019 (T4A)
bad/a
(naiads)
Claasenia 0.0035 (T4A)
sabulosa
(naiads)
Skeletonema L & CH - (O) a
costatum
Cocco/ithus
hyxleyi
Pyramimonas sp
Peridinium
trochoideum
Salvelinus BCH — 0 to 0.60 (SB) ae
fan Una/is
Comments
Irrigation canals were examined for plants which might serve
as DDT collectors or indicators of DDT usage by concen-
trating this material and its metabolites. Highest residues
were found in Cladophora (19 ppm), followed by
Potamogeton (9 ppm), and finally Oscillatoria (5 ppm).



The study showed that the levels of chlorinated hydrocarbon
pesticide residues in fish meals and oils were, with the excep-
tion of the oil sample taken from the Lake Michigan alewife,
below the regulatory tolerances established by the Food and
Drug Directorate of Canada (1965) for certain foods intended
for human consumption. Pesticide levels were interpreted as
being representative for each species.

Data reported as LCso at 15.5 C in 4 days.








Algal photosynthesis was reduced, as measured by
14CC>2 uPtake, It was decreased at concentrations of
a few ppb of DDT.




All experiments were conducted in 6 liters of water. When
brook trout are exposed for 24 hr to sublethal doses of
Reference
(Year)
Ware, et al
(1968)






Dugal
(1968)






Sanders and
Cope
(1968)






Wurster
(1968)





Anderson and
Peterson
DDT, the cold-blocking temperature for a simple reflex,
which shows lability related to thermal history, is altered
in a way suggesting that DDT is affecting the thermal
acclimation mechanism.  Sublethal dosage of DDT also
prevents the establishment of a visual conditioned
avoidance response.
(1969)

-------
      DDVP
                        Micropterus
                         sa/moides
                        Pimephales
                         promelas
                      BSA
                                                 0.5 (O)

                                                 0.5 (O)
      DDVP
      DDVP,
       Tech.

      DDVP
      DDVP
T5
00
      DDVP
  8

  m
  3J
  Q
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  3)
  O
  O
  C/J
Salmo
 gairdnerii
 (one wk old
 sac fry)
(one mo old
 feeding fry)
Bluegill

Pteronarcys sp
 (nymphs)
Simocephalus
 serrulatus
Daphnia
 pulex
Trichogaster
 fasclatus
Chama
 punctatus
Mastocembelus
 pancalus
Macrognathus
 aculeatum
Nandus
 nandus
Rita rita
Amphipnous
 cuchia
Mystus
 vittaws
Puntius
 sophore
Esomus
 danrica
Labeo
 rohita
Sphaerodema
 annulatum
Nepa sp
Ranatra
 filiformis
Dytiscus sp
Hydrophilus sp
Anisoptera
BSA



BSA

BSA

BSA

BSA
                                              BSA
                                                                         1.0 (K0%)
                                                                         10 (K 100%)
1.0 (K0%)
10 (K 100%)
0.480 (T4A)

0.0001 (T4A)

0.00026 (SB)

0.000066 (SB)
                           3(K7)

                           3(K7)

                           5(K7)

                           5(K7)

                           5(K7)

                           5(K7)
                           5(K7)

                           10 (K7)

                           10 (K7)

                           30 (K7)

                           30 (K7)

                           0.1 (K7)

                           0.5 (K7)
                           0.2 (K7)

                           0.1 (K7)
                           0.5 (K7)
                           0.2 (K7)
                                    The degree of reaction to the cholinesterase-inhibiting
                                      insecticides is not only a function of time and concentra-
                                      tion, but also of chemical  and biological species. This
                                      paper reports many analyses of brain cholinesterase
                                      activity which is expressed as percentage of normal. The
                                      data are reported  as LT5g which was the time required
                                      for 0.5 ppm of the chemical to kill 50 percent of the
                                      fish.  For bass the LTso was 48 hr and for the fathead
                                      72 hr.
                                    Results are averages of triplicate tests. Toxicity is reported
                                      as percent mortality (K %).
The values reported are given as
Experiments were all conducted at 60 F in 1964. The
 values were listed as LCgg.
Concentration reported is for immobilization.
Time for immobilization was 48 hr.
Data cited are for 60 F, but assays were performed at
 varied temperatures.
Water chemistry (unspecified) was "controlled" during
 the assay period.
All the organisms listed are  detrimental to culture of carp.
 At the concentrations listed, there was 100 percent kill
 of the organisms in 7 days.
                                                                                                                         Weiss
                                                                                                                           (1961)
                                                          Le wall en and
                                                           Wilder
                                                           (1962)
Cope
 (1965)
Cope
 (1965)
Sanders and
 Cope
 (1966)
                                                                                                                                                                       Srivastava and
                                                                                                                                                                        Konar
                                                                                                                                                                        (1966)
                                                                                                              m
                                                                                                              Z
                                                                                                              O
                                                                                                              X
                                                                                                              CO

-------
COMMERCIA
r-
o
I
m
2

O
r-
"D
3D
0
O
c
o
C/l










GO
V
oo
K)














Chemical

DDVP











Dead X
(95 percent
naphtha)
Dead-X
(EC)
Dead-X





Dead-X
(95 percent
naphtha)
Deet






DEF


DEF


Bioassay
or Field
Organism Study (1)

Cyprinus BSA
carpio
C.

carpio
Tilapia
mossambica
Cirrhina
mrigala
Labeo
fimbriatus
Frog tadpoles
Pteronarcys sp BSA
(nymphs)

Rainbow trout BSA
Bluegill
Simocephalus BSA
serrulatus
Daphnia
pulex


Pteronarcys BSA
californica
(naiads)
Prosimulum spp LCFA
Chephia spp
Simu/ium ispp
(larvae)



Leiostomus BSA
xanthurus
(juvenile)
Penaeus L
aztecus

Toxicity, Experimental
Active Variables
Field Ingredient, Controlled
Location(2) ppmJ3) or Noted(4)

15.0 (T2A) acdefp

5.5 (T2A)


3.0 (T2A)

25.0-30.0 (T2A)

18.0 (T2A)

10.0IT2A)
2.0 (T4A) £


8.8 (T4A) a
9.2 (T4A)
7.60 (SB) -

3.70 (SB)



0.0023 (T4A) Af-^l


4.0 (O) a






0.24 (0) a


0.028 (0) a


Comments

The test animals were conditioned for 48 hours prior
to use.










Experiments were all conducted at 60 F in 1964. The
values were listed as LC5Q.

This is an estimated LCsg value at temperatures from
55 to 75 F
Concentration reported is for immobilization.
Time for immobilization was 64 hr.
Data cited are for 78 F, but assays were performed at
varied temperatures.
Water chemistry (unspecified) was "controlled" during
the assay period.
Data reported as LCso at 15.5 C in 4 days.


Stones heavily populated with wild larvae were placed in
troughs of running water containing the toxicant. When
the larvae became detached from the rocks and floated
away, they were assumed to have undergone lethal intoxi-
cation. The larvae were exposed to the toxicant for 5
minutes, then in clean water for 24 hours. At that time.
the number detached amounted to 0.0 percent.
Water temperature 27 C. The figure reported is a 48-hr
^SO-

Toxicant chemicals were evaluated in seawater at tempera-
tures averaging about 28 C. The values are for 24-hr ECsg
or enough to cause loss of equilibrium or mortality.
Reference
(Year)

Sreenivasan and
Swaminathan
(1967)









Cope
(1965)

Cope
(1965)
Sanders and
Cope
(1968)



Sanders and
Cope
(1968)
Jamnback and
Frempong-
Boadu
(1966)



Butler
(1965)

Butler
(1965)






















f>
Tj
m
Z

X
CD













-------
      DEF
      DEF


      DEF
       (tech)

      Delnav



      Delnav
oo
OJ
     Delnav
       (emulsible
       concentrate,
       47 percent)
 8
 jf;   Delnav
 =0    (tech,
       100 percent)
 O
 m
 TJ
 •3)
 O
 O
      Delnav
 Crassostrea
  virginica
Penaeus
  aztecus
Penaeus
  duo/arum
Penaeus
 setiferus
Leiostomus
 xanthurus
Phytoplankton

Oyster

Pteronarcys
 californica


Gambusia
 affinis

Pimephales
 promelas
                                              BCFA & BSA    -
Pimephales
 promelas
Lepomis
 macrochirus
Lebistes
 reticulatus
Largemouth
 bass
Green
 sunfish

Pimephales
 promelas
Lepomis
 macrochirus
Carassius
 auratus
Lebistes
 reticulatus
Chaoborus
 astictopus
BCF


BSA



BSA


BSA
BSA
BSA
                                              BSA
                                                                         0.1 (O)

                                                                         0.03 (O)
0.24 (T2CFA)

75% (O)


0.1 (SB4)

0.0021 (T4A)



0.05 (K 3%)



0.5 (O)
12.0 (T4A)

0.063 (T4A)

0.57 (T4A)

0.076 (T4A)

0.13 (T4A)

10.0 (T4A)

0.034 (T4A)

32.0 (T4A)

0.21 (T4A)

0.052 (T1 A)
ac de f
                                                  a c d e
                                                  ac d e
               Seawater was pumped continuously into test aquaria.
                Salinity, temperature, and plankton fluctuated with tide,
                and ambient weather conditions.  Some bioassays with
                fish were static. Toxicity was reported for the following:
                  Oyster —         96-hr ECgfj — Cone, which decreased
                                  shell growth.
                  Shrimp —        48-hr EC5Q — Cone, which killed or
                                  paralyzed 50% of test animals.
                  Fish -          48-hr EC5o - Cone, which killed 50%.
                  Phytoplankton — Percent decrease of CO2 fixation to a
                                  4-hr exposure at 1.0 ppm chemical
                                  concentration.
               Seawater was employed in this experiment.
Data reported as
                                      1 5.5 C in 4 days.
               Chemicals were dissolved in acetone, and tests were run in
                triplicate.  Toxicity is given as average percent fish killed
                in 24 hr.

               The degree of reaction to the cholinesterase-inhibiting
                insecticides is not only a function of time and concentra-
                tion but also of chemical and biological species.  This
                paper reports many analyses of brain cholinesterase
                activity which is expressed as percentage of normal.
                The data are reported as LT^rj which was the time required
                for 0.5 ppm of the chemical to kill 50 percent of the fish.
                The LTso for the fathead was 72 hours.
               Soft water primarily was the test medium.  TLm's reported
                for 24, 48, and 96 hr.  Acetone or alcohol used as solvent
                or carrier in most cases.
                                                                Comment same as above.
                                                                                                              Toxicity value given is for the fourth instar larvae.
                                                                                                                          Butler
                                                                                                                            (1966)
Butler
 (1965)
Sanders and
 Cope
 (1968)
Lewallen
 (1959)

Weiss
 (1961)
                                                                                                                                                                m
                                                                                                                                                                O
                                                                                                                                                                X
                                                                                                                                                                00
                                                                                                                          Pickering, et al
                                                                                                                           (1962)
                                                                                                                          Pickering, et al
                                                                                                                           (1962)
                                                                                                                          Hazeltine
                                                                                                                           (1963)

-------
o
o
2
S
m
o Chemical
j> ~ •
r Delnav
^
I
m
s
O Delnav
^
r~
TJ
3)
o
o
c
q
M
Delrad




Organism
Bluegill


Carassius
auratus
Lepomis
fwacrochirus




Pithophora spp
Lepomis
macrochirus
Micropterus
salmoides
Bioassay
or Field
Study 0)
BSA


BSCH







FL




Toxicity, Experimental
Active Variables
Field Ingredient, Controlled
Location^) ppm'3) Or Noted(^)
0.034 (T4A) a


1.0(O)* ^cde^

1.0 (O)**

* no response,
1 5 days
"response,
15 days
Ponds, (0) -
Ala.



Comments
Assays were conducted in soft water at 25 C. Decrease in
brain cholinesterase was measured in fish exposed to the
toxicant.
Toxicity was determined by measuring acetylcholinesterase
activity in the brains of fish. Concentrations are given in
ppb as either response or no response in 15 or 30 days.





0.25 to 0.3 ppm of the chemical killed large amounts of
Pithophora in ponds, but the effects were of short duration
(1 to 3 weeks). As many as 4 applications of Delrad at a
concentration of 0.3 ppm did not affect reproduction or
production of bluegill in experimental ponds. As many
Reference
(Year)
Weiss
(1964)

Weiss and
Gakstatter
(1964)





Lawrence
(1958)



00
     Delrad 70
     Delrad 70
Channel
 catfish
 (fingerlings)

Salvelinus
 fontinalis
Salmo
 trutta
Notemigonus
 crysoleucas
                                              BSA
                                              FPCH
                                                             N.Y.
0.74
 (K 25 hr A)


0.50 (S23)
                                                                                                 a c d
 as 3 applications of Delrad at the concentration of 0.3
 ppm in bass brood ponds did not affect spawning of bass,
 hatching of eggs, or survival of fry and small fingerlings.
 The author states that "the minimal lethal dose" of this
 chemical for bluegill and large-mouth  bass fingerlings is
 approximately 0.65 ppm.  Microcrustaceans suffered
 approximately a 50-percent mortality when the concentra-
 tion of the chemical reached 0.5 ppm. The addition of
 equal parts of Roccal (10%) to Delrad 50-S produced no better
 kill of Pithophora in ponds, and the effects were usually of
 longer duration (2 to 4 weeks).
Tap water was used. Considerable additional data are
 presented.

Conventional farm ponds were used having an average sur-
 face area of 0.3 acre and a maximum depth of 7-9 ft.
 Toxicity (in ppm) to fish as maximum safe concentra-
 tion (S) for 23 days was determined.  Concentration of 0.5
 ppm was required to  control algae.
Clemens and
 Sneed
 (1959)
Eipper
 (1959)
                                                                                                                                                                   1
                                                                                                                                                                   m
                                                                                                                                                                   z
                                                                                                                                                                   o
                                                                                                                                                                   X
                                                                                                                                                                   00

-------
      Delrad
       505
      Demeton
      Demeton
W
oo
     Dermol
  8
  2   Derris
  m
  30
  o
  o
  m
  3J
  O
  O
Salvelinus             FPCH
 fontinalis
Salmo
 gairdneri
Catostomus
 commersoni
Notemigonus
 crysoleucas
Ictalurus
 punctatus
Micropterus
 salmoides
Lepomis
 macrochirus
Lepomis              BSA
 macrochirus
Micropterus
 salmoides
Notemigonus
 crysoleucas
Carassius
 auratus
Carassius              BSCH
 auratus
Lepomis
 macrochirus
Notemigonus
 crysoleucas
Pandalus              BSA
 montagni
Crangon
 crangon
Carcinus
 maenas
Cardium edule
 edule

 Lepomis              BSA
  macrochirus
 Lepomis
  gibbosus
 Catostomus
  commersonii
 Notemigonus
  crysoleucas
 Notropis cornutus
  frontal is
 Eucalia
  inconstans
 Umbra limi
 Carassius
  auratus
                                     N.Y.
1.0 (S23)

1.0(323)

0.5 (S23)

0.25-1.0(523)

1.0 (S23)

1.0(323)

0.5 (S23)

0.1 (O)

0.1 (O)

0.1 (O)

0.1 (O)

1.0 (O)*

1.0(0)*

1.0(0)*
* no response,
  15 days

148 (T2A)

156 (T2A)

435 (T2A)

148 (T2A)


 1.0 (K)
 0.5 (K)
 1.0 (K)
 0.5 (K)
 0.5 (K)

 0.5 (K)

 0.5 (K)

 0.5 (K)

0.5 (K)
0.5 (K)
                                                                        ac d
                                                                                     Comment same as above.
                                                                      Eipper
                                                                        (1959)
                                                                                               acdf
                                                                                               a c d e
ad
             This paper reports the effect of insecticides in reducing the
              anticholinesterase in a fish brain within 2-8 hours. The
              inhibition of the enzyme was a function of the concentra-
              tion of the insecticide, extent of exposure, and specific
              chemical  nature of the compound.
Toxicity was determined by measuring acetycholinesterase
 activity in the brains of fish. Concentrations are given in
 ppbas either response or not response in 15 or 30 days.
                                                                                                             Experiments were conducted in tanks holding 10 liters of
                                                                                                              sea water at 15 C.
                                                                                                             It was shown that the toxicity of this solvent emulsifier
                                                                                                              decreased with time, due to evaporation of the solvent.
             The action of Derris root appeared to be somewhat faster
              in acid than alkaline waters. The derris employed in this
              experiment contained 5 percent rotenone.
Weiss
 (1959)
                                                                       Weiss and
                                                                        Gakstatter
                                                                        (1964)
                m
                O
                X
                00
                                                                      Portmann and
                                                                        Connor
                                                                        (1968)
Leonard
 (1938)

-------
0
o
s
s
m
o Chemical
*" Dems root
2 (5% rotenone
m content)
S

r~
-D
O
D
C
O
en












D
0
r\









Derris


Detergents



Dexon

Dexon


Toxicity, Experimental
Bioassay Active Variables
or Field Field Ingredient, Controlled
Organism Study'1) Location (2) ppm(3) or Noted'4)
Ambloplites FL Mich. 0.35-0.56(0) a
rupestris
Huro
sal m aides
Perca
flavescens
Sal mo
gairdneri
Salvelinus
f on final is
Sal mo
trutta
Catostomus c.
commersonii
Lepomis
gibbosus
Semotilus
astromaculatus
Cristivomer
namaycush
Umbra limi
Hyborhynchus
notatus
Eucalia
inconstans
Poecilichthys
exi/is
Fundulus
diaphanus
menona
Notemigonus
crysoleucas
auratus
Entosphenus
lamottenii
Tendipedidae FL Colo. 1.0(3) acde


Pimephales BSA - (5)61-63 acdf
promelas (T1-4A)
(juveniles) (H) 39-44
(T1-4A)
Oyster BCF - (O) a

Pteronarcys BSA — 0.024 (T4A) acdef
californica
(naiads)
Comments
The results of this experiment indicate that in certain trout
waters which are overrun with warm water fish, trout and
other cold water fish can withstand an application of derris
root at the concentration given, while other fish (warm
water fish) can be eliminated.
Derris is much less effective in colder water.
It is likely that a thermocline prevents the penetration of
the poison to deeper water.
No trout were killed in these experiments. All other fish
listed showed some mortality.

























This is a study of lake bottom fauna. Oligochaeta were not
affected. Collection data of bottom fauna are given.

Syndets and soaps were of nearly equal toxicity in soft
water (S) but syndets were approximately 40X more toxic
than soap in hard water (H).

No effect on exposure to the chemical at 1.0 ppm.

Data reported as LC5Q at 15.5 C in 4 days.


Reference
(Year)
Greenbank
(1940)

































Cushing and
Olive
(1957)
Henderson, et al
(1959)


Butler
(1965)
Sanders and
Cope
(1966)






















TJ
•o
m
Z
D
X
00




















-------
W
      Dexon
      Dexon
      DFDT
       (DDT
       analogue)
      Diazinon

      Diazinon
      Diazinon
      Diazinon
       (EC2)
      Diazinon
 8

 m
 3)
 O
^   Diazinon
m
S
ft   Diazinon,
       Tech.
 TJ
 a
 O
 o
                        Penaeus
                          aztecus
Cyprinodon
  variegatus
  (juvenile)
Goldfish
Gambusia
 affiriis
Culex
 apicalis
  (larvae)
Daphnia
 magna

Lepomis
 macrochirus
Micropterus
 salmoides
Notemigonus
 crysoleucas
Carrasius
 auratus
Micropterus
 salmoides
Pimephales
 promelas
Gambusia
 affinis
Carassius
 auratus
Lepomis
 macrochirus
Notemigonus
 crysoleucus
Pteronarcys sp
  (nymphs)
Rainbow
  trout
Bluegill
                                              BSA
BSA
BSA

BSA
                                              BSA
FL

BSCH
                                                             Ponds in
                                              BSA

                                              BSA
                                                  (O)
                                                                          (O)
                            0.9 (K)
                            0.175 (K)

                            0.0015 (K)
0.0043 (O)

0.1  (O)

0.1  (O)

0.1  (O)

0.1  (O)

0.5 (0)

0.5 (O)
(O)

1.0 (0)*

1.0(0)*

1.0(0)*
*no response,
  15 days

0.025 (T4A)


0.090 (T4A)

0.022 (T4A)
                                     Toxicant chemicals were evaluated in sea water at
                                      temperatures averaging about 28 C. The values are for
                                      24-hr ECso or enough to cause loss of equilibrium or
                                      mortality. No effect occurred at 1.0 ppm.
                                     Water temperature was 21 C. No effect was noticed
                                      on exposure to 1.0 ppm.


                                     Experiments were run a maximum of 3 days. No other
                                      time data were reported.
  £           The indicated concentration immobilized Daphnia in
                50 hours.
.i£.?LL         This paper reports the effects of insecticides in reducing
                the anticholinesterase in a fish brain within 2-8 hours.
                The inhibition of the enzyme was a function of the
                concentration of the insecticide, extent of exposure,
                and specific chemical nature of the compound.
  —           The degree of reaction to the cholinesterase-inhibiting
                insecticides is not only a function of time and concentra-
                tion, but also of chemical and biological species. This
                paper reports many analyses of brain cholinesterase
                activity which is expressed as percentage of normal.  The
                data are reported as LTsrj which was the time required
                for 0.5 ppm of the chemical to kill 50 percent of the
                fish.  For bass the LT^rj was 1 hr and for the fathead
                80 min.
  —           When applied at 0.3 pound per acre active ingredient,
                100 percent mortality occurred in 1 day.
    d e_         Toxicity was determined by measuring acetylcholinesterase
                activity in the brains of fish. Concentrations are given in
                ppb as either response or not response in 15 or 30 days.
                                                                Experiments were all conducted at 60 F in 1964. The
                                                                 values were listed as
                                                                The values reported are given as
                                                                                                                                                 Butler
                                                                                                                                                  (1965)
                                                                          Butler
                                                                           (1965)


                                                                          Odum and
                                                                          Summerford
                                                                          (1946)
                                                                                                                                                                       Anderson
                                                                                                                                                                        (1960)

                                                                                                                                                                       Weiss
                                                                                                                                                                        (1959)
                                                                                                                          Weiss
                                                                                                                           (1961)
                                                                                                                                                                                       m
                                                                                                                                                                                       Z
                                                                                                                                                                                       O
                                                                                                                                                                                       X
                                                                                                                                                                                       00
                                                                                                                                                                       Mulla.et al
                                                                                                                                                                        (1963)
                                                                                                                                                                       Weiss
                                                                                                                                                                        (1964)
                                                                         Cope
                                                                          (1965)
                                                                         Cope
                                                                          (1965)

-------
n
o
s
m
o Chemical
•"" Diazinon
n
m
S
O
r~
•n
0
O
f—
O
— 1
w Diazinon






Diazjnon




0
o
o




Diazjnon




Diazinon


Dibrom


Dibrom




Bioassay
or Field
Organism Study^'
Sal mo BSA
gairdnerii
Lepomis
macrochirus
Pteronarcys
californicus
Daphnia
pulex
Simocephalus
serrulatus
Prosimulum spp LCFA
Cnephia spp
Simulium spp
(larvae)



Simocephalus BSA
serrula tus
Daphnia
pulex


Daphnia
carinata




Leiostromus BCFH
xanthurus
Cyprinodon
variegatus

Pteronarcys BSA
ca/ifornica
(naiads)
Gambusia BSA
affinis

Salmo BSA
gairdnerii
(one wk. old
(one mo. old
feeding fry)
Toxicity, Experimental
Active Variables
Field Ingredient, Controlled
Location^) ppm'3' or Noted'4'
0.170IT2A) a

0.030 (T2A)

0.074 (T2A)

0.0009 (T2A)

0.002 (T2A)

0.4 (O) a






- 0.0018 (SB) -

0.00090 (SB)



0.0008 (SB)





- 0.001 (O) a

0.001 (0)


0.025 (T4A) l£d^_f_


0.03 (K 3%) a


- 1. OIK 23%) ae
10.0 (K 100%)

1.0 (K 0%)
10.0 (K 100%)
Comments
This paper reports acute toxicity of a number of
compounds, and discusses sub-acute mortality as well.
Effects on reproduction and behavior are also dis-
cussed. Data presented as ECsg-






Stones heavily populated with wild larvae were placed in
troughs of running water containing the toxicant. When
the larvae became detached from the rocks and floated
away, they were assumed to have undergone lethal
intoxication. The larvae were exposed to the toxicant
for 5 minutes, then in clean water for 24 hours. At that
time the number detached amounted to 13 percent.
Concentration reported is for immobilization.
Time for immobilization was 48 hr.
Data cited are for 60 F, but assays were performed at
varied temperatures.
Water chemistry (unspecified) was "controlled" during
the assay period.
Concentration reported is for immobilization.
Time for immobilization was 64 hr.
Data cited are for 78 F, but assays were performed a
varied temperatures.
Water chemistry (unspecified) was "controlled" during
the assay period.
At a concentration of .001 ppm, the following percent
acetylcholinesterase activity as compared to controls
was found:
L. xanthurus — 100
C. variegatus — 74
Data reported as LCgrj at 15.5 C in 4 days.


Chemicals were dissolved in acetone, and tests were run
in triplicate. Toxicity is given as average percent fish
killed in 24 hr.
Results are averages of triplicate tests. Toxicity is reported
as percent mortality (K %).



Reference
(Year)
Cope
(1966)








Jamnback and
Frempong-
Boadu
(1966)



Sanders and
Cope
(1966)









Butler and
Johnson
(1967)


Sanders and
Cope
(1968)
Lewallen
(1959)

Lewallen and
Wilder
(1962)























^
•o
m
z
D
X
CD



















-------
oo
    Dibrom

    Dibrom
     (tech)
    Dibrom
     (tech)

    Dibrom
     (tech)
    Dibrom
      Dibrom
      Dibrom
Dicamba
 (Banvel D)
    Dicamba
     (Banvel D)

    Dicapthon

O  Dichlobenil
in
3D
O
                  Sa/mo
                   gairdneri
                  Salmo
                   gairdneri
                  Procambarus
                   clarki

                  Bluegill

                  Oyster

                  Simocephalus
                   serrulatos
                  Daphnia
                   pulex
Leiostromus
 xanthurus
Cyprinodon
 variegatus
Mugil
 cephalus
Oncorhynchus
 kisutch
Salmo
 gairdneri
                  Rainbow
                   trout
                  Bluegill
                  Chaoborus
                   astictopus
                  Lepomis
                   macrochirus
                     BSA

                     BSA

                     BSA



                     BSA


                     BCF


                     BSA
                                             BCFCH
                                             BSA
                      BSA


                      BSA

                      BSA
                                                                      SO (T 18 hr)

                                                                      70 (T1A)

                                                                      4.0 (T3A)



                                                                      0.180 (T4A)


                                                                      0.1  (SB4)
                                                                      1.0 (SB4)

                                                                      0.0011 (SB)

                                                                      0.00035 (SB)




                                                                      0.05 (O)

                                                                      0.05 (O)

                                                                      0.001 (O)


                                                                      151  (T1A)
                                                                      120 (T2A)
                                                                      320 (O)




                                                                      35.0 (T2A)

                                                                      130.0IT2A)

                                                                      0.0057 (T1A)


                                                                      17.0 (T2A) L
                                                                      30.0 (T2A) G
                                                                                                            The experiment was conducted at 55 F. Fish were
                                                                                                             2-3 in. long.
                                                                                                            Comment same as above.
                                                                                              a c d o        There was no detectable difference in toxicity to male
                                                                                                             or female crawfish.
                                                                                                            The values reported are given as
 a           Sea water was employed in this experiment.

 —           Concentration reported is for immobilization.
             Time for immobilization was 48 hr.
             Data cited are for 60 F, but assays were performed
              at varied temperatures.
             Water chemistry (unspecified) was "controlled" during
               the assay period.
 a           At a concentration of 0.05 or 0.001 ppm, the following
              percent acetylcholinesterase activity as compared to
              controls was found:
                L. xanthurus —  10
                C. variegatus — 79
                M. cephalus  — 76
a c d         The active ingredient of Dicamba is 2-methoxy-3, 6-
              dichlorobenzoic acid (dimethylamine salt).
             Tests were conducted in glass jars holding 15 liters of
              water.
             Concentrations of 320 ppm produced no mortalities
               in rainbow trout.
 —          Data are given as LC5Q.
                                                                                                a           Toxicity value given is for the first instar larvae.

                                                                                             £ c d e f       Toxicitv data for 24 and 48 hours are presented for
                                                                                                             liquid (L) and granular (G) formulations.  Various
                                                                                                             commercial formulations were tested.  The liquid
                                                                                                             formulations were almost invariably more toxic than
                                                                                                             the granular ones.
Cope
 (1963)
Cope
 (1963)
Muncy and
 Oliver
 (1963)
Cope
 (1965)
Butler
 (1966)
Sanders and
 Cope
 (1966)
Butler and
 Johnson
 (1967)
 Bond, et al
  (1965)
 Bohmont
  (1967)

 Hazeltine
  (1963)
 Hughes and
  Davis
  (1965)
                                                                                                                                                                                   m
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  O
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O
C
o
Dichlobenil
(Casoran)



Dichlobenil






3
:>
3




Dichlobenil


Dichlone
(Phygon)

Dichlorvos






Dichlorvos


Organism
Sal mo
gairdnerii
Lepomis
macrochirus
Pteronarcys
californicus
Daphnia
pulex
Simocephalus
serrulatus
Daphnia
magna
Rainbow
trout
Bluegill
Lepomis
macrochirus
(eggs)
L. cyanellus
(eggs)
Microp terus
dolomieui
(eggs)
Erimyzon
sucetta
(eggs)
L. macrochirus
(fry)
Pteronarcys
californica

Daphnia
magna
Bluegill
Prosimulum spp
Cnephia spp
Simu/ium spp
(larvae)



Pteronarcys
californica
(naiads)
Toxicity, Experimental
Bioassay Active Variables
or Field Field Ingredient, Controlled
StudyCO Location^) ppm<3> or Noted<4>
BSA - 22.0 (T2A) a

20.0 (T2A)

8.4 (T2A)

3.7 (T2A)

5.8 (T2A)

BSA - 9.8 (8.8-10.7) (O) acdiq

22 (O)

20 (0)
L - 20 (S), 10 (NTE)


25 (NTE)

25 (NTE)


25 (NTE)


20 (S)

BSA - 0.007 (T4A) a c d e f_


BSA - 0.014(0) acdiq

0.04 (O)
LCFA - 0.4 (O) a






BSA - 0.001 (T4A) !£.!!_!


Comments
This paper reports acute toxicity of a number of com-
pounds, and discusses sub-acute mortality as well.
Effects on reproduction and behavior are also discussed.
Data presented as ECgrj'






Toxicity, in terms of median immobilization concentration
OCsfj), is presented for Daphnia; median lethal concentra-
tion (LCsfj) values for rainbow trout and bluegill are
reported.

Fertilized fish eggs of indicated species were placed in 1 liter
of test solution and allowed to hatch. Toxicity data are
presented as concentration in ppm/number of days sur-
vival. Maximum length of test was 8 days. No food was
was added. Small bluegill were tested to find the highest
concentration of chemical which did not cause death in
12 days (S).






Data reported as LC5Q at 15.5 C in 4 days.


Toxicity, in terms of median immobilization concentration
OC501), is presented for Daphnia; medium lethal concen-
tration (LC5Q) va'ues for bluegill are reported.
Stones heavily populated with wild larvae were placed in
troughs of running water containing the toxicant. When
the larvae became detached from the rocks and floated
away, they were assumed to have undergone lethal
intoxication. The larvae were exposed to the toxicant
for 5 minutes, then in clean water for 24 hours. At
that time the number detached amounted to 41 percent.
Data reported as LC$Q at 15.5 C in 4 days.


Reference
(Year)
Cope
(1966)








Crosby and
Tucker
(1966)


Hiltibran
(1967)











Sanders and
Cope
(1968)
Crosby and
Tucker
(1966)
Jamnback and
Frempong-
Boadu
(1966)



Sanders and
Cope
(1966)




















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T3
VO
1— *









8
2
m
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m
£
9
•o
•3)
O
o
c
Diethanol
rosinamine
D acetate









DIDT
(DDT
analogue)



Dieldrin



Dieldrin (hexa-
chloroepoxy-
octahydrodi-
methanonaptha-
lene, 25 percent)
Dieldrin
(granules)
Dieldrin

Dieldrin








Dieldrin










Cylindrospermum
lichen/forme (CD
Microcystis
aeruginosa (Ma)
Scenedesmus
obliquus (So)
Ch/orella
variegata (Cv)
Gomphonema
parvulum (Gp)
Nitzschia
palea (Npi
Goldfish
Gambusia
affinis
Culex
apical is
(larvae)
Carassius
auratus
Lepomis
macrochirus
Lymnaeid
snails



Simulium sp
(larvae)
Artemia
salina
Fish
Crustacea
fiddler crabs.
etc.
Mollusks
snails
oysters,
etc.

Fathead
minnow
Bluegill
Goldfish
Guppy






                            2.0 (O)
BSA
BSA
BSA
FR
BSA


FO (salt
  marsh)
                Streams,
                 S. C.
Fla.
            0.175 (K)
            0.025 (K)

            0.003 (K)
4.0 (K) 2hr




(O)




0.04 (0)


1.172(1-  1)

(O)
 BSA
            0.016 (T4A)

            0.0079 (T4A)
            0.037 (T4A)
            0.022 (T4A)
                                     Observations were made on the 3rd, 7th, 14th, and             Palmer and
                                      21st days to give the following (T = toxic, NT = nontoxic,      Maloney
                                      PT = partially toxic with number of days in parentheses.        (1955)
                                      No number indicates observation is for entire test period
                                      of 21 days):
                                        Cl - T
                                        Ma- T
                                        So- T(3), PT(21)
                                        Cv - T (7), PT
                                        Gp- T
                                        Np- T

                                     Experiments were run a maximum of 3 days. No other         Odum and
                                      time data were reported.                                     Sumerford
                                                                                                 (1946)
                                                 The toxicity threshold for the 2 species was 0.031 ppm.        Gray
                                                  Water taken from rice field that had been  treated with          (1950)
                                                  0.1  pound of Dieldrin per acre, 10 to  20 days previously,
                                                  killed fish unless diluted 1/2 with pond water.
                                                 Each test container, 500-ml beaker, was filled with ditch        Batte, et al
                                                  water. 100% mortality occurred in concentrations of           (1951)
                                                  1:400,000 and greater.
Dieldrin at a 0.04 Ib/acre rate of application controlled         Davis, et al
 blackfly larvae for up to 4 weeks. Data are presented as         (1957)
 percent larval detachment for this period of time.
Rock salt was used in rearing all cultures employed in           Tarpley
 bioassay work.  The optimum salt concentration was 3.5%.      (1958)
Two thousand acres  of marsh were treated for sandfly          Harrington and
 control at rate of 1  Ib/acre.  Fish reacted to the chemical        Bidlingmayer
 within a few minutes after treatment (list of fish names         (1958)
 given). An estimated 20-30 tons of fish of about 30
 species died.  Crustaceans, mollusks seemed to be un-
 harmed.  Fish repopulation began after the 4th week
 and was climactic at the 10th week.

It was the authors opinion  that pH, alkalinity and hardness,     Tarzwell
 within the usual range in natural waters, had little effect on     (1959)
 the toxic effect of the compounds studied. The values given
 are from Henderson, Pickering, and Tarzwell, "The Relative
 Toxicity of Ten Chlorinated  Hydrocarbon Insecticides to Four
 Species of Fish".   It is interesting that the different tables
 from the above book (as reported in this paper) report widely
 different values for the same compounds.
This experiment was performed in soft water.

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o
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o Chemical
"~ Dieldrin
O
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2
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r-
TJ
O
D
C
H Dieldrin
01 (dust)



Dieldrin
(granules)

Dieldrin 50


Dieldrin
3
>
>




Dieldrin







Dieldrin






Organism
Fathead
minnow







Tilapia
melanopleura



Tilapia
melanopleura

Channel
catfish
(fingerlings)
Pimephales
promelas
Lepomis
macrochirus
Carassius
auratus
Lebistes
reticulatus
Pimephales
promelas
Lepomis
macrochirus
Carassius
auratus
Lebistes
reticulatus
Pimephales
promelas
Lepomis
macrochirus



Toxicity, Experimental
Bioassay Active Variables
or Field Field Ingredient, Controlled
Study' •' Location*?) ppm(3) or Noted^)
BSA - 0.01 6 (T4A) a








FLCH Tangan- 1 Ib (3.3% K)
yika 5lb(6.6%K-
3 wks)
10lb (66.6% K-
3 wks)
1 Ib (0% K)


BSA - 2.5 a
(K 25 hr A)

BSA - 0.01 (T4A) £def

0.01 (T4A)

0.04 (T4A)

0.02 (T4A)

BSA - 0.018 (T4A) ^becd_f

0.0088 (T4A)

0.041 (T4A)

0.025 (T4A)

BSA - 0.01 6 (T4A) a

0.0079 (T4A)




Comments
It was the authors opinion that pH, alkalinity and hardness,
within the usual range in natural waters, had little effect on
on the toxic effect of the compounds studied. The values
given are from Henderson, Pickering, and Tarzwell, "The
Relative Toxicity of Ten Chlorinated Hydrocarbon Insecti-
cides to Four Species of Fish" It is interesting that the dif-
ferent tables from the book (as reported in this paper)
report widely different values for the same compounds.
This experiment was performed in soft water.
Trial periods were for 20 weeks. Sublethal effects such as
impaired breeding, retarded growth, or altered taste were
not detected. Dosages are given as Ib/acre of surface water.


Comment same as above.


Tap water was used. Considerable additional data are
presented.

Concentrations were based on percent active ingredient.







Dilution water was usually soft although some studies were
conducted with hard water.






Bioassay investigations of the new insecticides indicate that
in general the organic phosphorus compounds are not as
toxic to fish as are the chlorinated hydrocarbons. The
toxicity of most of these materials was not significantly
influenced by water quality. Therefore it is to be expected
that the toxicity of these materials will not differ signifi-
cantly in different streams.
Reference
(Year)
Tarzwell
(1959)







Webb and
Shute
(1959)


Webb and
Shute
(1959)
Clemens and
Sneed
(1959)
Henderson, et al
(1959)






Henderson, et al
(1959)






Tarzwell
(1959)

























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-------
    Dieldrin




    Dieldrin


    Dieldrin
   Dieldrin
    Dieldrin
    Dieldrin
    Dieldrin
     (EC 1.5)
    Dieldrin
8

m
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O
O

I
                       Pimephales
                        promelas
                       Lepomis
                        macrochirus

                       Daphnia
                        magna
                       Oncorhynchus
                        kisutch
                       Oncorhynchus
                        tshawytscha
                      Salmo
                       gairdnerii
                       Gasterosteus
                        aculeatus
                      Salmo
                        gairdneri

                       Gammarus
                        lacustris
                        lacustris
                       Ophicephalus
                       punctatus
                       Heteropneustes
                        fossilis
                       Barbus
                        stigma
                       Trichogaster
                        fasciatus
                       Gambusia
                        affinis
                       Rana
                        catesbeiana
                        (tadpoles)


                       Gambusia
                        affinis
                        affinis
                       Lepomis
                        gibbosus
BSA




BSA

BSA
Cincin-
 nati,
 O.
                                            BSA
                                            BSA
                                            BSA
                                             FL
                Cal.
                                             BSA
                                             BSA & CH
O.1 to 5.O (T4A)

0.0056-0.042
 (T4A)
            0.33 (O)

            10.8 (T4A)

            6.1 (T4A)

            9.9 IT4A)

            15.3IT4A)

            0.0355 (T1A)
            0.0233 (T2A)
            0.0233 (T4A)

            (O)
a c d e f p
            4000-8000
              (K<4hr)
            2000-8000
              (KOhr)
            4000 (K<3hr)

            2000-4000
              (K<4hr)
            0.5 (O)
                                                                        0.016 to .50
                                                                        0.0067 (T4A)
                                                                                              a c d e
                                                                                              ^c df g
                                                                                               a e p
                                                                                               a c d e
               Toxicity of run-off water from areas treated with Dieldrin
                 was evaluated.
               Three different Dieldrin formulations were used: powder,
                 emulsion, and acetone solution. The acetone formulation
                 was generally the most toxic.
               The indicated concentration immobilized Daphnia in 50
                 hours.
               Chemical dissolved in acetone. TLm expressed in ppb.
                                                                 Hatchery artesian well water was employed for this
                                                                  experiment.

                                                                 The mortality might have been partially due to the sus-
                                                                  ceptibility of the organism to higher temperatures,
                                                                  toxicity from extended exposure to copper electrodes
                                                                  (used to shock the organism to determine death), or the
                                                                  increase of CO2-  Results were expressed as LT5Q; for
                                                                  example, at 0.5 ppm, 50 percent of the shrimp were
                                                                  killed in 74 (±7) min.
                                                                 The dosage to produce toxic symptoms varied with each
                                                                  species. At the very low dosage, these insecticides did not
                                                                  produce observable changes, but at the higher dosage
                                                                  changes were pronounced.
                                                                 Mixed populations of the indicated test species contained
                                                                  in cages were exposed to various insecticidal chemicals
                                                                  applied as dilute sprays to ponds 1/16 acre in size. The
                                                                  indicated toxicant concentration is in Ib/acre, and re-
                                                                  sulted in a 100 percent mortality for the tadpoles in
                                                                  24 hr.
                                                                 The lower value is for fish that had never beep exposed to
                                                                  the toxicant, and the higher value was obtained with  fish
                                                                  that had been exposed to a sublethal dose in the past.
                                                                  Apparently such an exposure  produces a resistance that
                                                                  can be retained when they are later placed in clean water.
                                                                 Other medium tolerance limits were:
                                                                    0.0155 ppm —  24 hours
                                                                    0.012 ppm   —  48 hours
                                                                    0.0075 ppm —  72 hours.
                                                                 Chronic exposure to 0.00168 ppm for the period of 12
                                                                  weeks affected the oxygen consumption and the cruising
                                                                  speed ability.
Tarzwell and
 Henderson
 (1960)
                                                                                                Anderson
                                                                                                 (1960)
                                                                                                Katz
                                                                                                 (1961)
                                                                                                Webb
                                                                                                 (1961)

                                                                                                McDonald
                                                                                                 (1962)
                                                                                                                                                                        Mathur
                                                                                                                                                                         (1963)
                                                                                                            Mulla
                                                                                                             (1963)
                                                                                                            Boyd and
                                                                                                             Ferguson
                                                                                                             (1964)
                                                                                                            Cairns and
                                                                                                             Scheier
                                                                                                             (1964)
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co
^















Chemical
Dielclnn





Dieldnn
(tech,
100 percent
active in
acetone)
Dieldrin



Dieldrin


Dieldrin
(tech)

Dieldrin







Dieldrin




Dieldrin



Organism
Notemigonus
cryso/eucas
Lepomis
macrochirus
L. cyanellus

Pteronarcys
californica
(naiad)
Acroneuria
pacific a
Gammarus
lacustris


Bluegill


Rainbow
trout
Bluegill
Bluegill







Palaemonetas
kadiakensis



Gambusia
affinis
Ictalurus
melas
Toxicity, Experimental
Bioassay Active Variables
or Field Field Ingredient. Controlled
Study*"" Location(2) ppm(3> or Noted'4'
BSA - (B) 0.025 (T 1.5) acf
(A) 0.90 (T 1.5)
(B) 0.025 (T 1.5)
(A) 0.900 (T 1.5)
(B) 0.033 (T 1.5)
(A) 1.25 (T 1.5)
BSA - 0.03900 (T4A) c d e f


0.02400 (T4A)

BSA - 0.70 (T4A) ae



BSA - 0.0079 (T4A) a


BSA - 0.01 3 (T4A)

0.0028 (T4A)
BSA - 16(T4A) a
18 (T4A)
14.5 (T4A)
9.3 (T4A)
7.1 (T4A)



BSA - (N) 50.0 a c f
(T1-1/2A)
(TB) 135.0
(T1-1/2A)

BSA - 0.001-0.025 acde
(T3A)
0.003-0.028
(T3A)
Comments
Chemical was dissolved in acetone. Final concentration of
acetone was <2 ml/I. Data shows TLm in ppb for insecticide-
resistant and insecticide non-resistant strains of the test fish.



A. pacifica was much more sensitive to chlorinated hydro-
carbons and to organic phosphate insecticides that/3.
californica.


Emulsible concentrates were prepared from technical grade
insecticides with acetone as the solvent.
Symptoms prior to death were observed and recorded on
graphs.
Assays were conducted in soft water at 25 C. Decrease in
brain cholinesterase was measured in fish exposed to the
toxicant.
The values reported are given as \-Cc,Q.


These experiments were performed to demonstrate that at
increased temperatures the toxic effect of most chemicals
is increased.
For the toxicant concentrations listed, the temperatures
were respectively, 45, 55, 65, 75, and 85 F Data on the
effect of time as well as temperature was also reported.
The experimental animals all were approximately one
grain in weight.
Test organisms were collected from 2 locations. Twin Bayou
(TB), Sunflower Co., Miss, (agricultural area) and Noxubee
National Wildlife Refuge (N), Noxubee Co., Miss, (non-
agricultural area) and evaluated in laboratory bioassays.
The Twin Bayou shrimp were more resistant.
Test fish were collected from 8 different locations of the
Mississippi River. The 3-day TLm values were made to
determine if a resistance gradient existed. The data
indicated that there was none.
Reference
(Year)
Ferguson, et al
(1964)




Jensen and
Gaufin
(1964)


Nebeker and
Gaufin
(1964)

Weiss
(1964)

Cope
(1965)

Cope
(1965)






Ferguson, et al
(1965)



Ferguson, et al
(1965)






















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-------
     Dieldrin
     Dieldrin
     Dieldrin
    Dieldrin
     Dieldrin
2   Dieldrin
m
3)
O
     Dieldrin
o
X
m
2
O
Pteronarcys
 catifornica
Acroneur/a
 pacifica
Ephemerella
 grandis
Daphnia
 magna
Gammarus
 lacustris
Acroneuria
 pacifica
Ephemerella
 grandis
Gammarus
 lacustris
Pteronarchys
 californica
Carassius
 carassius
Poecilia
 reticulata

Salmo
 galrdneri
Lepomis
 macrochirus
Ictalurus
 punctatus
Pteronarcys
 californicus
Baetis sp
Daphnia
 pulex
Simocephalus
 serrulatus
Salmo
 gairdnerii


Acroneuria
 pacifica
Pteronarcys
 californica
                                             BSA
                                             BSA
                                             BSCH
                                             BSA
                                             BSA
                                             BCFA
                                             BSA&CFCH
0.04 (T4A)

0.02 (T4A)

0.008 (T4A)

0.3(T50hr A)

0.7 (T4A)


0.024 (T4A)

0.008 (T4A)

0.7 (T4A)

0.039 (T4A)


0.1 (SB-2 hrs)
0.075 (SB-4 hrs)



0.021 (T4A)



0.005 (T2A)

0.006 (T2A)

0.025 (T2A)

0.001 (T2A)

0.064 (T2A)
0.250 (T2A)

0.250 (T2A)


0.016 (K1)
0.024 (T4A)
0.0002 (T30A)
0.039 (T4A)
0.002 (T30CH)
                                                                                              ac de
                                                                                                             Unspecified chemical characteristics of assay water were
                                                                                                              determined by standard methods. General comments
                                                                                                              were made concerning "standardized" conditions, use of
                                                                                                              "soft" water, and use of emulsifying agents. Additional
                                                                                                              data are presented.
                                                          Gaufin, et al
                                                            (1965)
                                                                                                             Additional TLm data are given.
                                                           Gaufin, et al
                                                            (1965)
Data given on chemical residue found in tissue computed
 from C^4 activity was:
   37.2 mg/g in blood
   10.5 mg/g in muscle.
Light was controlled in this experiment. All tests were
 conducted in soft, synthetic dilution water.

This paper reports acute toxicity of a number of compounds,
 and discusses sub-acute ntoxicity as well. Effects on repro-
 duction and behavior are also discussed.  Data presented as
                                                                                                                                                                       Weiss
                                                                                                                                                                        (1965)
Cairns and
  Loos
  (1966)
Cope
  (1966)
                                                                                                                                                                                       m
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                                                                                                                                                                                       Q
                                                                                                                                                                                       X
                                                                                                                                                                                       00
The gills, muscles, and livers of the fish were examined for
 concentrations of the chemical. The trout tended to
 accumulate this compound in all tissues studied.
Additional data are presented.
Holden
 (1966)

Jensen and
 Gaufin
 (1966)
TJ
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3
5
N





Dieldrin







Dieldrin
(20% active)

Toxicity,
Bioassay Active
or Field Field Ingredient,
Organism Study'^ Location'^) ppm(3)
Platalea FO Netherlands (O)
leucorodia
Haema topus
ostralegus
Sterna
sandvicensis
Sterna
Hirundo
Larus
ridibundus
Somateria
mol/issima
Tadorna
tadorna
Buteo FO Netherlands (O)
buteo
Accipiter
gen til is
Accipiter
nisus
Fa/co
tinnunculus
Tyto
alba
Strix
a/uco
Osio
otus
Fa/co
pereginus
Daphnia BSA - 0.740 (SB)
magna
Daphnia 0.250 (SB)
carinata
Simocephalus 0.240 (SB)
serru/atus
Daphnia 0.250 (SB)
pu/ex
Tubifex spp BSA - 6-71 (T4A)
Limnodrilus spp

Experimental
Variables
Controlled
or Noted (4) Comments
— The results of this study show that birds of prey and fish-
eating birds found dead in the Netherlands accumulated
large amounts of different chlorinated hydrocarbon
insecticides. In most cases the liver had the highest
concentration of toxicant, ranging from a trace to 9.5
ppm of endrin. Birds feeding on predominantly Crustacea,
molluscs, and fish contained significant amounts.







— The results of this study show that birds of prey and fish-
eating birds found dead in the Netherlands accumulated
large amounts of different chlorinated hydrocarbon
insecticides. In most cases the liver had the highest
concentration of toxicant, ranging from 0.4 to 44.0 ppm.
Most chlorinated hydrocarbons tended to accumulate
in the fat depots of the body. In instances where mesenterial
fat was analyzed the concentration of toxicant was found to
be as high as 17.0 ppm.







— Concentration reported is for immobilization.
Time for immobilization was 64 hr.
Data cited are for 78 F, but assays were performed at
varied temperatures.
Water chemistry (unspecified) was "controlled" during
the assay period.


ace Toxicity is reported as the mean lethal dose (LDsg) for
24, 48, and 96 hours.

Reference
(Year)
Koeman and
van Genderen
(1966)











Koeman and
van Genderen
(1966)













Sanders and
Cope
(1966)





Whitten and
Goodnight
(1966)





















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     Oieldrin
                                             BCFCH
     Dieldrin
     Dieldrin
     Dieldrin
     Dieldrin-C14
     Dieldrin
8
s
jj   Dieldrin
O
O
5
TJ
33
O
O
 arenaria
Crassostrea
 virginica
Corbicula
 manillensis
Mercenaria
 mercenaria
Rang/a
 cuneata
Poecilia
 reticulata
                                                                         (O)
                                             BCH
                                                                         0.0018 (O)
                                                                         0.0056 (O)
                                                                         0.01 (O)
                       Oyster
                       Goldfish
                       Lepomis
                        macrochirus
                       Carassius
                        auratus
                       Lebistes
                         reticulatus
                                             FE
                                             BSA & CH
                      BCFCH
                                      Galveston    (O)
                                       Bay,
                                       Texas
                                                  50 mjllg/ml (K)
                            (O)
                                              BSA
                                                   (O)
 Sa/mo spp
 Lebistes
  reticulatus

 Rasbora
  heteromorpha
BSA & CH
                                                  (O)
                                                 a c d e f i
                                                                                                               Results are recorded as a range of uptake of the chemical
                                                                                                                by 5 species of aquatic mollusks.  An uptake or concentra-
                                                                                                                tion of 700-1800X resulted.
                                                                                                                            Butler
                                                                                                                             (1967)
The three levels of toxicant reported are near "the estimated
 biologically safe concentration" for acute exposure of gup-
 pies to dieldrin.  The period of exposure was fourteen
 months, during which time, conditions of "food, water,
 temperature, and photo period" were controlled. At the
 higher concentration, there was suggestive evidence that
 long-term exposure to Dieldrin had a deleterious effect
 on the reproductive process.
Oysters from the area were found to contain ^O.O'l  to
 0.01 ppm.

Test fish were conditioned to alkyl benzene sulfonate
 (4 jUg/ml, or sodium lauryl sulfate (4jUg/ml), for various
 periods of time, then exposed to  pesticides.  Chronic
 exposure to the detergent increased the toxicity of the
 pesticide.
Fish were treated  with carbon-labeled insecticides (0.03 ppm)
 from 5 to 19 hr and uptake rates were determined. They
 were placed in recovery tanks for up to 32 days. Whole
 body samples were then made. It was found that of the
 dieldrin absorbed, ]>90% was eliminated from the fish
 after 2 weeks.
The median lethal concentration for a 2 hour exposure
 to Dieldrin for guppies was approximately 0.05 ppm. The
 median concentration for Harlequin fish (Rasbora hetero-
 morpha) and trout (Sa/mo sp) was approximately 0.01
 ppm.  This short exposure to dieldrin for guppies up to
 the median lethal concentration had no harmful effects
 on the reproduction of surviving guppies.
The median lethal concentration for a 2 hour exposure to
 Dieldrin for trout was approximately 0.01 ppm. Reproduc-
 tive capacity of surviving trout could not be determined.
The median lethal concentration for a 2 hour exposure to
 Dieldrin for guppies was approximately 0.05 ppm.  Reproduc-
 tive capacity of surviving guppies was apparently unaffected.
The median lethal concentration for a 2 hour exposure to
 Dieldrin for Harlequin fish was approximately  0.01 ppm.
 Reproductive capacity of the surviving fish could not be
 determined.
                                                                                                                            Cairns, et al
                                                                                                                             (1967)
                                                                                                                                                                          Casper
                                                                                                                                                                           (1967)
                                                                                                                                                                          Dugan
                                                                                                                                                                           (1967)
                                                                                                                                                   Gakstatter and
                                                                                                                                                    Weiss
                                                                                                                                                    (1967)
                                                                                                                                                   Hubble and
                                                                                                                                                    Reiff
                                                                                                                                                    (1967)
                                                                                                                                                   Hubble and
                                                                                                                                                    Reiff
                                                                                                                                                    (1967)

-------
o
o
2
m
o Chemical
"~ Dieldrin
O
I
m

O
1—
33
§ Dieldrin
C
H
CO
Dieldrin









m Dieldrin
i^
**O
OO





Dieldrin


Toxicity,
Bioassay Active
or Field Field Ingredient,
Organism Study'D Location(2) ppm (3)
Esox FR River (O)
lucius Nene,
Eng.




Navicula BSA - 12.8IT5A)
seminulum
var. Hustedtii

Limnephilus Knights (O)
rhombicus Creek,
Sialis sp Wise.
Gammarus sp
Salvelinus
fontina/is
Semoti/us
atromarulatus
Cottus
bairdi
Alosa BSA - (O)
pseudoharengus
Aplodinotus
grunniens
Coregonus
artedii
Lota
lota
Poecilia BSA - (O)
reticulata

Experimental
Variables
Controlled
or Noted'4) Comments
— Higher concentrations were found in larger fish, indicating
that they had been exposed to the pesticides for a longer
time. Tissue extracts from the pike were analyzed for
organochlorine pesticide residues by gas liquid chroma-
tography. The values for large pike were:
0.24 ppm muscle
28.0 ppm fat
a This diatom species survived concentrations of Dieldrin
considerably greater than those reported for fish and
aquatic invertebrates. Fish feeding on these algae could
receive lethal amounts of Dieldrin.
— Pesticide usage in an orchard did not significantly contami-
nate the aquatic environment of this creek adjacent to the
treatment as determined by residue analysis.






^
— The study showed that the levels of chlorinated hydrocarbon
pesticide residues in fish meals and oils were, with the
exception of the oil sample taken from the Lake Michigan
alewife, below the regulatory tolerances established by the
Food and Drug Directorate of Canada (1965) for certain
foods intended for human consumption. Pesticide levels
were interpreted as being representative for each species.

a The paper describes a method for continuously producing
a supply of an aqueous solution of Dieldrin by passing
water at a constant rate through a column of sand coated
Reference
(Year)
Mawdesley-
Thomas and
Leahy
(1967)



Cairns
(1968)


Moubry, et al
(1968)








Dugal
(1968)






Chadwick and
Kiigemagi
(1968)





















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Dieldrin
Pteronarcys
 californica
 (naiads)
Pteronarcella
 bad/a
 (naiads)
Claasenia
 sabulosa
 (naiads)
                                         BSA
0.0005 (T4A)


0.0005 (T4A)


0.00058 (T4A)
                                                                                            Jl.£S[£.
 with the insecticide.  The concentration of HEOD, the
 active ingredient of Dieldrin, was nearly constant over a
 period of several months, but the toxicity of the water
 declined steeply during the first few weeks until a
 relatively stable level was attained.
Data reported as LCgrj at 15.5 C in 4 days.
Sanders and
 Cope
 (1968)

-------
Difolatan
Difolatan
 [IM-(1, 1,2,2-
 tetrachlorethyl-
 thio)-4-cyclo-
 hexane-1,2-di-
 carboximide]
Difolatan
Dilan
Dilan
Dimecron
Dimethoate
Oyster

Fundulus
 similus
 (juvenile)

Brachydanio
 rerio
Pteronarcys
 ca/ifornica
 (naiads)
Channel
 catfish
 (fingerlings)
Gambusia
 affinis
Cyprinus
 carpio

Anopheles
 quadrimaculatus
Aedes aegypti
                                        BCF

                                        BSA



                                        BSA
                                        BSA
                                        BSA
                                        BSA
                                        BSA
                                        BSA
Dimethoate

Dimethoate
(tech)
Dimethoate
8
3
m
3)
O
(-
O
I
m
— Dimethoate
O
I-
-o
3)
O
O
C
O
Pteronarcys sp
(nymphs)
Bluegill

Prosimulum spp
Cnephia spp
Simulium spp
(larvae)





Pteronarcys
californica
(naiads)






BSA

BSA

LCFA








BSA








0.034 (O)

0.032 (O)



1 (O)
The value reported is a 96-hour £650 (decreased shell
 growth).
Water temperature was 20 C. The figure reported is a 48-hr
0.0004 (T4A)
0.5
(K25hr A)


0.5 (LD*
0.4 (L1)**
*  Resistant fish
**Nonresistant fish

51.5 (T2A)
3.5 (O)
4.0 (O)
                                                                    0.043 (T4A)

                                                                    6.0 (T4A)

                                                                    4.0 (O)
                                                                                         ac d e f
                                                                                         a c d e f p
                                                                    0.043 (T4A)
                                                                                         a c d e f
At 1 ppm all larvae were killed within 48 min. The
 was 34 min. LC^Q was 0.21 ppm.
                                                                                                        Data reported as
                     at 15.5 C in 4 days.
Tap water was used. Considerable additional data are
 presented.

This paper deals with the resistance of mosquito fish to
 chlorinated hydrocarbon compounds. Resistant fish
 were not always less sensitive to these chemicals.

The test animals were conditioned for 48 hours prior to use.
4th instar larvae of mosquitos were used in this bioassay.
 At the indicated concentrations, the following mortalities
 occurred:
   Anopheles quadrimaculatus   79%
   Aedes aegypti               29%
Adsorption was determined by use of P^2 labeled dimethoate.
Experiments were all conducted at 60 F in 1964. The values
 were listed as LC5Q.
The values reported are given as
                                                                                                        Stones heavily populated with wild larvae were placed in
                                                                                                         troughs of running water containing the toxicant. When
                                                                                                         the larvae became detached from the rocks and floated
                                                                                                         away, they were assumed to have undergone lethal intoxi-
                                                                                                         cation. The larvae were exposed to the toxicant for 5
                                                                                                         minutes, then in clean water for 24 hours.  At that time
                                                                                                         the number detached amounted to 4 percent.
                                                                                                        Data reported as LC§o at 15.5 C in 4 days.
                                                                                                                                                Butler
                                                                                                                                                 (1965)
                                                                                                                                                Abedi and
                                                                                                                                                 Turton
                                                                                                                                                 (1968)
                                                                                                                                                                  Sanders and
                                                                                                                                                                   Cope
                                                                                                                                                                   (1968)
                                                                                                                                                                  Clemens and
                                                                                                                                                                   Sneed
                                                                                                                                                                   (1959)
                                                                                                                                                                  Boyd and
                                                                                                                                                                   Ferguson
                                                                                                                                                                   (1964)

                                                                                                                                                                  Sreenivasan and
                                                                                                                                                                   Swaminathan
                                                                                                                                                                   (1967)
                                                                                                                                                                  Schmidt and     2
                                                                                                                                                                   Weidhaas       X
                                                                                                                                                                   (1961)         m
                                                                                               Cope
                                                                                                (1965)
                                                                                               Cope
                                                                                                (1965)
                                                                                               Jamnback and
                                                                                                Frempong-
                                                                                                Boadu
                                                                                                (1966)
                                                                                                                                                                                  m
                                                                                               Sanders and
                                                                                                Cope
                                                                                                (1968)

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j> -
*~ UimrMhrm
n
I
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S
o
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-0
33
Q Dimethyl
C urea
O
tn

Dimetilan






Dimeton


3

2
2


Dipterex



Dipterex

Bioassay
or Field
Organism Study (1)
Prosimulum spp LCFA
Cnephia spp
Simulium spp
(larvae)



Sa/mo BSA
gairdnerii



Prosimulum spp LCFA
Cnephia spp
Simulium spp
(larvae)



Pimephales BSA
promelas






Rainbow BCFA
trout
Eastern brook
trout
Fathead BSA
minnow
Toxicity, Experimental
Active Variables
Field Ingredient, Controlled
Location(2) ppm(3) or Noted '4)
0.4 (0) a






975 (T1A) ae
925 (T2A)
180 (T1AC
100 (T2AI*
'with adjuvant
4.0 (O) a






0.5 (O) -







1-10(KO%) a



51 (T4A) £

Comments
Stones heavily populated with wild larvae were placed in
troughs of running water containing the toxicant. When
the larvae became detached from the rocks and floated
away, they were assumed to have undergone lethal intoxi-
cation. The larvae were exposed to the toxicant for 5
minutes, then in clean water for 24 hours. At that time
the number detached amounted to 89 percent.
Most of the weed-killer formulations in this study consisted
of more than one substance, i.e., oils, emulsifiers, stabilizers,
and other adjuvants.


Stones heavily populated with with wild larvae were placed
in troughs of running water containing the toxicant. When
the larvae became detached from the rocks and floated
away, they were assumed to have undergone lethal intoxi-
cation. The larvae were exposed to the toxicant for 5
minutes, then in clean water for 24 hours. At that time
the number detached amounted to 2 percent.
The degree of reaction to the cholinesterase-inhibiting insecti-
cides is not only a function of time and concentration, but
also of chemical and biological species. This paper reports
many analyses of brain cholinesterase activity which is
expressed as percentage of normal. The data are reported as
LT5Q which was the time required for 0.5 ppm of the
chemical to kill 50 percent of the fish. The LTgg for the
fathead was 72 hr.
Spring water (46 F) was used. The flow rate was 10 GPM.
The chemical was added by continuous drip dispenser.
0.02 ppm for 180 hr showed toxic effects, but no kill.

It was the authors opinion that pH, alkalinity and hardness,
within the usual range in natural waters, had little effect on
Reference
(Year)
Jamnback and
Frempong-
Boadu
(1966)



Alabaster
(1956)



Jamnback and
Frempong-
Boadu
(1966)



Weiss
(1961)






Hoffman
(1957)


Tarzwell
(1959)




















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Dipterex
Pimephales
 promelas
                                         BSA
                                                                     180 (T4A)
                                                                                           a d e f
 the toxic effect of the compounds studied. The values
 given are from Henderson, Pickering, and Tarzwell, "The
 Relative Toxicity of Ten Chlorinated Hydrocarbon Insecti-
 cides to Four Species of Fish"  It is interesting that the
 different tables from the above book (as reported in this
 paper)  report widely different values for the same
 compounds.
This experiment was performed in hard water.
Concentrations were based on percent active ingredient.
                                                           Henderson, et al
                                                             (1959)

-------
    Dipterex
    Dipterex
    Dipterex

    Dipterex


    Dipterex
    Dipterex
     (99%)

    Dipterex
g  Diquat
5
jfj  Diquat
33
O
                      Pimephales
                       promelas
Protococcus sp
Chlorella sp
Duna/iella
 euchlora
Phaeodactylum
 tricornutum
Monochrysis
 lutheri
Chaoborus
 astictopus
Bluegill
Daphnia
 magna
Pimephales
 promelas

Daphnia
 carinata
Simocephalus
 serrulatus
Daphnia
 pulex

Onchorynchus
 tshawytscha
Sa/mo
 gairdneri
                                            BSA
                                                  180 (T4A)
                                            BSA
BSA

BSA


BSA
                                             BSA
BSA
BSA

BSA
1000(K)
500 (K)
500 (K)

500 (K)

100 (K)

0.60 (T1A)

3.8 (T4A)


0.00012 (SB)
180(T4A)


0.00025 (SB)

0.00070 (SB)

0.00018 (SB)


29.5 (T1A)
28.5 (T2A)
(O)
                                                                                              a c d e f
                                                                                               a c d e
                                                                 Bioassay investigations of the new insecticides indicate
                                                                  that in general the organic phosphorus compounds are not
                                                                  as toxic to fish as are the chlorinated hydrocarbons. The
                                                                  toxicity of most of these materials was not significantly
                                                                  influenced by water quality.  Therefore it is to be expected
                                                                  that the toxicity of these materials will not differ signifi-
                                                                  cantly in different streams.
                                                                 This paper concerns the growth of pure cultures of marine
                                                                  plankton in the presence of toxicants. Results were ex-
                                                                  pressed as the ratio of optical density of growth in the
                                                                  presence of toxicants to optical  density in the basal medium
                                                                  with no added toxicants.
Toxicity value given is for the fourth instar larvae.

Assays were conducted in soft water at 25 C. Decrease in
 brain cholinesterase was measured in fish exposed to the
 toxicant.
Concentration reported is for immobilization.
Time for immobilization was 64 hr.
Data cited are for 78 F, but assays were performed at
 varied temperatures.
Water chemistry (unspecified) was "controlled" during
 the assay period.
Tests were performed in both hard and soft water.  Additional
 tolerance limit values are given.

Concentration reported is for immobilization.
Time for immobilization was 64 hr.
Data cited are for 78 F, but assays were performed at
 varied temperatures.
Water chemistry  (unspecified) was "controlled" during
 the assay period.

Concentrations were based on percent active ingredient.

No mortality  was noted with concentrations of 10,000
 mg/1  at 55 F for 100 hr. Fish were 2-3 in. long.
                                                                                                Tarzwell
                                                                                                  (1959)
                                                           Ukeles
                                                             (1962)
Hazel tine
 (1963)
Weiss
 (1964)

Sanders and
 Cope
 (1966)
Henderson and
 Pickering
 (1958)
Sanders and
 Cope
 (1966)
Bond, et al
 (1960)
Cope
 (1963)
                                                                                                                                            TJ
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1

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COMMERCI/
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CO

to

















Chemical Organism
Diquat
(1 1'-ethylene-
2: 2'-depyridyliurn
di bromide)

El odea
canadensis
Potamogeton
nodosus
Potamogeton
pectinatus
Diquat Lepomis
macrochirus
Pimephales
promelas
Micropterus
salmoides
Diquat Micropterus
salmoides
(fry)
Ictalurus
punctaius
(fry)
Lepomis
macrochirus
(fry)
Diquat Lemna
minor
Spirodela
polyrhyza
Wolffia
columbiana
Diquat Spirodela
polyrhyza
Lemna
minor
Wolffiella
flondana
Azolla
caroliniana
Wolffia
columbiana
Toxicity,
Bioassay Active
or Field Field Ingredient,
Study (D Location'2) ppm'3)
BSA




5 (O)
100 (O)
5 (O)
100 (O)
5 (0)
100 (O)
BSA - 140 (T4A) H
72 (T4) S
130 (T4A) H
14 (T4) S
78 (T4A) S

BSA - 1.0 (SB3)


10.0 (SB3)


4.0 (SB3)


FL Fla. (0)





BSA - (O)









Experimental
Variables
Controlled
or Noted W) Comments
a Experiments were conducted in standing water. Results
were rated on a scale of 0 to 1 0, 0 standing for no toxic
effect and 10 signifying a complete kill. Evaluation was
based on visual observation of the plant response at weekly
intervals for 4 weeks.
Injury rating of 8.5.
Injury rating of 9.0.
Injury rating of 7.5.
Injury rating of 9.0.
Injury rating of 8.8.
Injury rating of 9.4.
ace Bioassay methods in Standard Methods for examination of
water was used. Both hard (H) and soft (S) water were
used. TLm values for 24 and 48 hr are also presented.



a c d e f p At least 90 percent of the fry survived for a period of 72
hours at the concentration listed.







— Common duckweed and watermeal in small ponds can be
controlled with diquat at rates as low as 0.25 ppmw, but
rates greater than 0.5 ppmw are required for control in
ponds infested with watermeal.


a_ 0.01 ppm caused 80% chlorosis in 7 days.

0.01 ppm caused 90% chlorosis in 7 days.

0.01 ppm caused 72% chlorosis in 7 days.

0.01 ppm caused 50% chlorosis in 7 days.

0.01 ppm caused 3% chlorosis in 7 days.

Reference
(Year)
Frank, et al
(1961)









Surber and
Pickering
(1962)



Jones
(1965)







Blackburn and
Weldon
(1965)



Blackburn and
Weldon
(1965)




























^
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Light intensity was kept at 500 foot-candles for 14 hours
 per day. Light has been shown to Increase the rate of
 kill with diquat.
Test containers were plastic petri dishes.

-------
    Diquat             Plankton
     (1,1'-ethylene-     Oligochaeta
     2,2'-dipyridy-      Chironomids
     Mum dibromide)
                      FL
                                     Fla.
                                                 0.5 (O)
    Diquat
    Diquat
     Diquat
    Diquat
m
3
O
Lepomis
 macrochirus
Micropterus
 salmoides
Pimephales
 promelas
Ictalurus
 punctatus
Sal mo
 gairdneri
Oyster
Fundulus
 si mil us
 (juvenile)

Penaeus
 setiferus
Crassostrea
 virginica
Penaeus
 setiferus
Fundulus
 similis
Phytoplankton
BSA
BCF
BSA
BCFA & BSA
9-10 (L10)

10(L10)

10IL10)

10(L10)

5IL10)


(O)
(O)



(O)



1.0 (NTE)

1.0 (NTE)

1.0 (NTE)

45% (O)
Water samples from ponds taken at 3 and 11 days after
 application showed concentrations of diquat at 0.25 ppm
 and 0.001 ppm, respectively. No diquat was present
 after 16 days.
Plankton appeared to be adversely affected by 0.5 ppm of
 diquat, but recovered rapidly.  Oligochaeta showed a
 subtle chronic sensitivity to diquat.
Toxicity to fish was determined as the threshold concentra-
 tion (LD10) in 96 hr at 75 F (65 F for trout). Herbicidal
 evaluations are also presented.
No effect on exposure to the chemical at 1.0 ppm.
Water temperature was 19 C. No effect was noticed on
 exposure to 1 .0 ppm.
Toxicant chemicals were evaluated in seawater at tempera
 tures averaging about 28 C.  The values are for 24-hr
 or enough to cause loss of equilibrium or mortality. No
 effect occurred at 1 .0 ppm.
Seawater was pumped continuously into test aquaria.
 Salinity, temperature, and plankton fluctuated with tide,
 and ambient weather conditions. Some bioassays with
 fish were static.  Toxicity was reported for the
 following:
   Oyster —        96-hr £659 — Cone, which decreased
                   shell growth.
   Shrimp —       48-hr ECgrj — Concl which killed or
                   paralyzed 50% of test animals.
   Fish -          48-hr EC50 - Cone, which killed 50%.
   Phytoplankton — Percent decrease of CO2 fixation to a
                   4-hr exposure at 1 .0 ppm chemical
                   concentration.
                                                                                                                          Tatum and
                                                                                                                           Blackburn
                                                                                                                           (1965)
                                                                                                                                                                      Lawrence, et al
                                                                                                                                                                       (1965)
                                                                                                                                                                      Butler
                                                                                                                                                                       (1965)
                                                                                                                                                                      Butler
                                                                                                                                                                       (1965)
                                                                                                                                                                      Butler
                                                                                                                                                                       (1965)
m
O
X
CD
o
0)
O
O

-------
o
o
2
2
m
o Chemical
i~ Diquat
O
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m
2
O
1-
T
0
o
Q
— 1
(ft











o

:>
^


Diquat



Diquat


Bioassay
or Field
Organism Study'1'
Ephemeroptera FL
Caenidae
Odonata
Coenagrionidae
Hemiptera
Hebridae
Mesoveliidae
Gerridae
Veliidae
Pleidae
Belostomaladae
Corixidae
Coleoptera
Halipidae
Dytiscidae
Diptera
Chironomidae
Amphipoda
Talitridae
Basommatophora
Planorbidae
Physidae
Copepoda
Ostracoda
Eucalia
inconstans
Salvelinus
fontinalis
Salmo BSA
gairdneri
Lepomis
macrochirus
Daphnia BSA
magna

Toxicity, Experimental
Active Variables
Field Ingredient, Controlled Reference
Location'2' ppm'3) or Noted'4' Comments (Year)
Price Co., (O) — An application of 1.0 ppm of Diquat was made to control Hilsenhoff
Wise. a nuisance weed, Elodea canadensis, in a pond. The effect (1966)
of this treatment on aquatic insects and related animals
was monitored. At 1 .0 ppm, Diquat appeared to be
harmless to the aquatic fauna, but caused sharp changes
in the numbers of most arthropods and mollusks by
destroying their habitats. Organisms affected to some
degree are recorded in the organisms column.




















— 20.000 (T2A) a This paper reports acute toxicity of a number of compounds, Cope
and discusses sub-acute toxicity as well. Effects on repro- (1966)
19.000 (T2A) duction and behavior are also discussed. Data presented as
EC50-
— 7.1 (6.3-8.0) (O) a c d i q Toxicity, in terms of median immobilization concentration Crosby and
(ICsrj), is presented. Tucker
(1966)






















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-------
     Diquat
Diquat


Diquat
8

m
3)
r>
m
O
-o
jo
O
o
    Diquat
                       Potamogeton
                        crispus
                       P. foliosus
                       P. pectinatus
                       P. pusillus
                       Myriophyllum
                        exalbescens
                       Ranunculus
                        trichophyllus
                       Elodea
                        canadensis
                       Cera toph y Ilium
                        demersum
                       A/a/as
                        flexilis
                       Cabomba
                        caroliniana
                       Typha
                        lati folia
                       T. angustifolia
                       Justicia
                        americana
                       J, repens var.
                        glabrescens
                       Sagittaria
                        lati folia
                       Scirpus
                        acutus
                       Salmon
Lepomis
 macrochirus
Carassius
 auratus
Esox
 lucius
Salmo
 gairdnerii
Stizostedion
 vitreum vitreum
Daphnia
 pulex
Cladocera

Lepomis
 macrochirus
                      FL
                                      Ponds,
                                       Central
                                       Illinois
                                             BSA


                                             BSA
BSCH
                            0.5 (K)

                            0.5 (K)
                            0.5 (K)
                            0.5 (K)
                            0.5 (K)

                            0.5 (K)

                            1.0 (K)

                            1.0 (K)

                            1.0 (K)

                            4.0 (NTE)

                            25.0 (O)

                            25.0 (O)
                            25.0(O)

                            25.0 (O)

                            25.0 (O)

                            (O)


                            28.5 (T2A)


                            35 (T4A)

                            35 (T4A)

                            16(T4A)

                            11.2 (T4A)

                            2.1  (T4A)

                            3(K8)

                            (O)
                            (O)
                                                                                           a c d f i I m n p
                                                                                             a c d f i m p
 Liquid formulations containing two pounds of the
  Diquat cation per gallon as the dibromide salt were
  used in all experiments. Most applications were
  based on the Diquat cation content in ppm, but some
  rates were expressed as the volume of herbicide per
  gallon of water, e.g., the 25.0 rate of application
  resulted in a kill by a foliage application of 25 ml of
  chemical diluted to 1 gallon with water. The paper states
  that recently Scirpus acutus was killed by a foliage
  application containing  10 ml of Diquat  and 3 ml of
  X-77, a non-ionic wetting agent, diluted to 1 gallon with
  water.
Hiltibran
  (1967)
                                                                                       Data are given as
The herbicide showed an acute toxicity to Cladocera.  At
 3 ppm the Cladocera population was reduced to a level
 of 102 as opposed to a maximum in the control of 150.
Bohmont
 (1967)

Glide rhus
 (1967)
Elodea canadensis was used as an indicator of herbicidal
 activity and to provide a nearly natural habitat in artificial
 ponds.  Fingerling and adult bluegills were used in this
 experiment.
The pools were treated with 1  and 3 ppm of Diquat at various
 frequencies. No fish kill occurred. After 24 weeks no residues
 of the chemical were found in the bluegills at a treatment
 rate of 3 ppm in one study. However, another experiment
 indicated a residue of 1.1 ppm in bluegills.
Gilderhus
 (1967)

-------
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Chemical
Diquat










Di-Syston



Di-Syston






Di-Syston







Di -system
(tech,
90 percent)

Di-syston,
(emulsible
concentrate,
20 percent)
Di-Syston
(tech, 89
percent
active in
acetone)

Organism
Lepomis
macmchirus
(eggs)
Microp terus
do/omieui
(eggs)
Erimyzon
sucetta
(eggs)
L. macrochirus
(fry)
Pimephales
prome/as
Lepomis
macrochirus
Pimephales
prome/as
Lepomis
macrochirus



Micropterus
sa/moides
Pimephales
prome/as




Carassius
auratus
Lebistes
reticulatus
Lepomis
macrochirus


Pteronarcys
californica
(naiad)
Acroneuria
pacifica
(naiad)
Toxicity, Experimental
Bioassay Active Variables
or Field Field Ingredient, Controlled
Study*1) Location!2* ppm(3) or Noted*4'
L - 2.5/3(0)


2.5/1 (0),
1.3/4 (O)

2.5/2 (O),
1.3/2 (O)

10 (S)

BSA - 3.7 (T4A) ^def

0.064 (T4A)

BSA - 3.7 (T4A) a

0.064 (T4A)




BSA - 0.5 (O)

0.5 (O)





BSA - 7.2 (T4A) a c d e

0.28 (T4A)

BSA - 0.082 (T4A) ^cde_



BSA - 0.0285 (T4A) c d e f


0.0082 (T4A)


Comments
Fertilized fish eggs of indicated species were placed in 1 liter
of test solution and allowed to hatch. Toxicity data are
presented as concentration in ppm/number of days survival.
Maximum length of test was 8 days. No food was added.
Small bluegill were tested to find the highest concentration
of chemical which did not cause death in 12 days (S).





Concentrations were based on percent active ingredient.



Bioassay investigations of the new insecticides indicate that
in general the organic phosphorus compounds are not as
toxic to fish as are the chlorinated hydrocarbons. The
toxicity of most of these materials was not significantly in-
fluenced by water quality. Therefore it is to be expected
that the toxicity of these materials will not differ significantly
in different streams.
The degree of reaction to the cholinesterase-inhibiting insecti-
cides is not only a function of time and concentration, but
also of chemical and biological species. This paper reports
many analyses of brain cholinesterase activity which is
expressed as percentage of normal. The data are reported
as LTso which was the time required for 0.5 ppm of the
chemical to kill 50 percent of the fish. For bass the LTsg
was 24 hr and for the fathead 72 hr.
Soft water primarily was the test medium. TLm's reported
for 24, 48, and 96 hr. Acetone or alcohol used as solvent
or carrier in most cases.

Soft water primarily was the test medium. TLm's reported
for 24, 48, and 96 hr. Acetone or alcohol used as solvent
or carrier in most cases.

A pacifica was much more sensitive to chlorinated hydro-
carbons and to organic phosphate insecticides than P.
californica.



Reference
(Year)
Hiltibran
(1967)









Henderson, et al
(1959)


Tarzwell
(1959)





Weiss
(1961)






Pickering, et al
(1962)


Pickering, et al
(1962)


Jensen and
Gaufin
(1964)
























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-------
      Di-Syston
      Di-Syston
      Di-Syston
      Di-Syston
O
-J
      Disulfoton
      Dowacide A
      Diuron
  8
  m  Diuron
  3)
  O
  O
  O
  T)
  •3)
  O
  O
  c
      Diuron
                         Gammarus
                          lacustris
Bluegill
 Bluegill
Pteronarcys
 californica
Acroneuria
 pacifica
Ephemeral/a
 grandis
Gammarus
 lacustris
Bluegill
 sunfish
Fathead
 minnow

Pteronarcys
 californica
 (naiads)
Protococcus sp
Chlorella sp
Dunaliella
 euchlora
Phaeodactylum
 tricornutum
Monochrysis
 lutheri
Oncorhynchus
 kisutch
Micropterus
 salmoides

Protococcus sp
Chlorella sp
Dunaliella
 euchlora
Phaeodactylum
  tricoruntum
Monochrysis
 lutheri
Penaeus
 aztecus
                                               BSA
                                              BSA
BSCH
BSA
                                              BSA
                                              BSA
                                              BSA
O.24 (T4A)



0.063 (T4A)



1.0(0)*
'response,
  15 days

0.03 (T4A)

0.008 (T4A)

0.08 (T4A)

0.2 (T4A)

0.07 (T4A)

4.1 (T4A)


0.005 (T4A)
                            100(NG)
                            100 (NG)
                            100(NG)

                            100 (K)

                            50 (K)

                            33 (T1A)
                            16 (T2A)
                            (O)
                            0.004 (K)
                            0.04 (NG)
                            0.004 (NG)

                            0.004 (K)

                            0.00002 (K)

                            (O)
                                                   j c d e
                                                                                                 acde
Emulsible concentrates were prepared from technical grade
 insecticides with acetone as the solvent.
Symptoms prior to death were observed and recorded on
 graphs.
Assays were conducted in soft water at 25 C. Decrease in
 brain cholinesterase was measured in fish exposed to the
 toxicant.
Toxicity  was determined by measuring acetylcholinesterase
 activity  in the brains of fish.  Concentrations are given in
 ppbas either response or not response in 15 or 30 days.
Unspecified chemical characteristics of assay water were
 determined by standard methods. General comments
 were made concerning "standardized" conditions, use
 of "soft" water, and use of emulsifying agents.  Additional
 data are presented.
                                                                 '-)ata reported as
                                                                                                                                    at 15.5 C in 4 days.
                                                                                                               This paper concerns the growth of pure cultures on marine
                                                                                                                plankton in the presence of toxicants.  Results were ex-
                                                                                                                pressed as the ratio of optical density of growth in the
                                                                                                                presence of toxicants to optical density in the basal medium
                                                                                                                with no added toxicants.  NG = no growth, but the organisms
                                                                                                                were viable.
                                     Concentrations were based on percent active ingredient.  Low
                                      Low toxicity occurred with M. salmoides in the solubility
                                      range of this compound.
                                     This paper concerns the growth of pure cultures of marine
                                      plankton in the presence of toxicants.  Results were ex-
                                      pressed as the ratio of optical density of growth in the
                                      presence of toxicants to optical density in the basal  medium
                                      with no added toxicants.  NG = no growth, but the
                                      organisms were viable.
                                     Toxicant chemicals were evaluated in sea water at tempera-
                                       tures averaging about 28 C. The values are for 24-hr ECgg
                                       or enough to cause loss of equilibrium or mortality. No
                                       effect occurred at 1.0 ppm.
Nebeker and
 Gaufin
 (1964)

Weiss
 (1964)


Weiss and
 Gakstatter
 (1964)
Gaufin, et al
 (1965)
                                                                                                Sanders and
                                                                                                 Cope
                                                                                                 (1968)
                                                                                                Ukeles
                                                                                                 (1962)
Bond, et al
 (1960)
Ukeles
 (1962)
                                                                                                                            Butler
                                                                                                                             (1965)
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Chemical

Diuron












Diuron
(tech)
Diuron-TCA
(3lb/gal)

Diuron
(80 percent,
WP)

Diuron







Diuron


Diuron





Diuron
(Karmex)
Diuron
(tech)

Organism

Crassostrea
virginica
Penaeus
aztecus
Mugil
cephalus
Phytoplankton






Bluegill

Lepomis
macrochirus

Ictalums
nebulosis
Lepomis
macrochirus
Salmo
gairdneri
Lepomis
macrochirus
Daphnia
pulex
Simocephalus
serrulatus
Daphnia
magna
Bluegill
Simocephalus
serrulatus
Daphnia
pulex


Salmon
Bluegill
Pteronarcys
callforhica
(naiads)
Toxicity, Experimental
Bioassay Active Variables
or Field Field Ingredient, Controlled
Study'1) Location<2) ppm<3> or Noted <4'

BCFA & BSA - 1.8 (0)

1.0 (NTE)

6.3 (T2A)

87% (O)






BSA - 4.0 (T4A) a

BSA - 5.7 (T4A)


BSA - 11.0(T4A)

25.0 (T4A)

BSA - 4.300 (T2A) a

7.400 (T2A)

1 .400 (T2A)

2.000 (T2A)

BSA - 47 (41.6- ac di q
53.1) (0)
7.4 (0)
BSA - 2.00 (SB)

1.40 (SB)



BSA - 16.0IT2A) -
74.0 (T2A)
BSA - 0.0012 (T4A) _i£_d_e_f


Comments

Seawater was pumped continuously into test aquaria.
Salinity, temperature, and plankton fluctuated with tide.
and ambient weather conditions. Some bioassays with
fish were static. Toxicity was reported for the following:
Oyster — 96-hr EC5Q — Cone, which decreased
shell growth.
Shrimp — 48-hr ECsg — Cone, which killed or
paralyzed 50% of test animals.
Fish- 48-hr EC50 - Cone, which killed
50%.
Phytoplankton — Percent decrease of CO2 fixation to a
4-hr exposure at 1.0 ppm chemical
concentration.
This is an estimated LCsg value at temperatures from 55 to
75 F.
Laboratory bioassays indicated that toxicity of the different
formulations evaluated in this varied greatly with the fish
used. Mortality data are expressed as EC-|0. ECgrj. etc-
Comment same as above.



This paper reports acute toxicity of a number of compounds,
and discusses sub-acute mortality as well. Effects on repro-
duction and behavior are also discussed. Data presented as
EC5Q-




Toxicity, in terms of median immobilization concentration
(ICsg), is presented for Daphnia; median lethal concentra-
tion for (LCso) values for bluegill are reported.
Concentration reported is for immobilization.
Time for immobilization was 64 hr.
Data cited are for 78 F, but assays were performed at
varied temperatures.
Water chemistry (unspecified) was "controlled" during
during the assay period.
Data are given as LCgQ.

Data reported as LC$Q at 15.5 C in 4 days.


Reference
(Year)

Butler
(1965)











Cope
(1965)
Walker
(1965)

Walker
(1965)


Cope
(1966)






Crosby and
Tucker
(1966)
Sanders and
Cope
(1966)



Bohmont
(1967)
Sanders and
Cope
(1968)
m
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-------
T3

§
      Oowco 139
       (25 percent
       EC)
      Dowicide 31
       (chloro-2-
       phenyl phenol,
       tech)
      Dowicide F
       (sodium 2,3,4,6-
       tetrachlorophe-
       nate, 80 percent)
      Dowpon
       (2,2-dichloro-
       propionic acid)
      Dowpon
      Dowpon
2-(2,4DP)
 (dimethylamine)


2-(2,4-DP)
 (butoxyethanol
 ester)

2-(2,4DP)
 (isooctyl
 ester)

2,4-DP
 (ester)
  o
  O

  m
  3
  o
  n   DPT
  I    (DDT
  Sj    analogue)
      Drummer
       (Pine)
                   Gambusia
                    affinis
                  Lymnaeid
                   snails
                   Lymnaeid
                    snails
Richardsonius
 balteatus
 hydroflox
Typha
 latifolia
Panicum
 hemitomum
Oncorhynchus
 kisutch
Micropterus
 salmoides

Lepomis
 macrochirus
                        Lepomis
                         macrochirus
                        Lepomis
                         macrochirus
Lepomis
 macrochirus
Erimyzon
 sucetta
L. macrochirus
  (fry)

Goldfish
Gambusia
  affinis
Culex
  apicalis
  (larvae)

Guppy
                                        FL
                      BSA
                      BSA
                                        BSA
                                        FL
                                        BSA & CF
BSA
                      BSA
                                             BSA
                                     Ponds—
                                      Bakers-
                                      field,
                                      Cal.
                                                       Fla.
                                              BSA
                                             BSA
                            (O)
                                                 (O)
                           (O)
                           444 (T1 A)
                           412IT2A)
                           395 (T4A)
                           (O)
                           340 (T1)
                           340 (T2)
                           165(T2A)


                           1.1  (T2A)


                           16(T2A)



                           10 (NTE)

                           1.5INTE)

                           20 (S)
                                                                   10.0IK)
                                                                   2.0 (K)

                                                                   0.1 (K)
                                                                         100 (K1)
                                                                                        a c d e f
                                                                                              ac de
                                                                        a e
                                                               At 0.1 Ib/acre, 2 percent mortality occurred in 24 hours.
                                                                 The experiments were conducted in cages placed in the
                                                                 ponds.

                                                               Each test container (500-ml beaker) was filled with ditch
                                                                 water. 100% mortality occurred at 1:200,000 and greater.
Each test container (500-ml beaker) was filled with ditch
 water. 100% mortality occurred in concentrations of
 1:600,000 and greater.

Results given were in soft water.
                                                                                                             At 51.0 and 17.0 Ib/acre, 95 percent control of cattail
                                                                                                              was obtained and 3-5 percent control of P. hemitomum.
Concentrations were based on percent active ingredient.

In constant flow experiments, no bass survived 48 hours'
 exposure at 1000 ppm.

The various salts of the chemicals showed wide variations
 in toxicity.

Comment same as  above.
                                                                                     Comment same as above.
Fertilized fish eggs of indicated species were placed in
 1 liter of test solution and allowed to hatch. Toxicity
 data are presented as concentration in ppm/number of
 days survival. Maximum length.of test was 8 days. No
 food was added. Small bluegill were tested to find the
 highest concentration of chemical which did not cause
 death  in 12 days (S).

Experiments were run a maximum of 3 days.  No
 other  time data were reported.
                                                                                                       Those fish that survived at lower concentrations were still
                                                                                                        very active several days after they had been taken out and
                                                                                                              in fresh water.
                                                          Mulla and
                                                           Isaak
                                                           (1961)


                                                          Batte, et al
                                                           (1951)
                                                                                                                                              Batte, et al
                                                                                                                                                (1951)
Webb
  (1961)

Copeland and
 Woods
  (1959)

Bond, et al
  (1960)
Hughes and
 Davis
 (1963)
Hughes and
 Davis
 (1963)

Hughes and
 Davis
 (1963)

Hiltibran
 (1967)
I
m
O
X
co
                                                                                                                         Odum and
                                                                                                                          Sumerford
                                                                                                                          (1946)
                                                                                                                        Anonymous
                                                                                                                          (1964)

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Dursban



Dursban


hj Dursban
T^
O
Dursban








DVP-
iodine








Bioassay
or Field
Organism Study (D
Notemigonus BSA
crysoleucas
Gambusia
affinis
Lepomis
cyanellus

Prosimulum spp LCFA
Cnephia spp
Simulium spp
(larvae)



Leiostromus BCFCH
xanthurus
Callinectes
sapidus
Callinectes BCFCH
sapidus

Pteronarcys BSA
ca/ifornica
(naiads)
Pteronarcys BSA
ca/ifornica
(naiads)
Pteronarcel/a
bad/a
(naiads)
Claasenia
sabulosa
(naiads)
Photococcus sp BSA
Chlorella sp
Dunaliella
euchlora
Phaeodactylum
tricornutum
Monochrysis
lutheri


Toxicity, Experimental
Active Variables
Field Ingredient, Controlled
Location^) ppm(3) or Noted^4'
1.0(T<1A) ef

1.0 (T<1A)

1.0 (T<1A)


0.4 (0) a






0.001 (O) a



0.010 (K) a


0.01 (T4A) ac def


0.010(T4A) 1£^1


0.0038 (T4A)


0.0057 (T4A)


100(0)* a
100 (O)*
50 (NG)

50 (NG)

100 (K)
'obvious, but
inhibited
growth.
Comments
Fish used in the experiment were obtained from two sources,
Mississippi Delta and State College pond. The fish obtained
from the State College pond had not been exposed to insecti-
cides. The fish obtained from the Mississippi Delta were
known to be contaminated by cotton crop insecticides.
Higher tolerance of Delta populations was evident in longer
survival to 1.0 ppm Dursban.
Stones heavily populated with wild larvae were placed in
troughs of running water containing the toxicant. When
the larvae became detached from the rocks and floated
away, they were assumed to have undergone lethal intoxi-
cation. The larvae were exposed to the toxicant for 5
minutes, then in clean water for 24 hours. At that time the
number detached amounted to 32 percent.
At a concentration of .001 ppm, the following percent
acetylcholinesterase activity as compared to controls was
found:
L. xanthurus — 38
Little or no information was given about test procedures and
further tests.

Data reported as LCso at 15.5 C in 4 days.


Data reported as LC50, at 15.5 C in 4 days.








This paper concerns the growth of pure cultures of marine
plankton in the presence of toxicants. Results were ex-
pressed as the ratio of optical density of growth in the
presence of toxicants to optical density in the basal
medium with no added toxicants. NG = no growth, but
the organisms were viable.




Reference
(Year)
Ferguson, et al
(1966)





Jamnback and
Frempong-
Boadu
(1966)



Butler and
Johnson
(1967)

Butler and
Johnson
(1967)
Sanders and
Cope
(1968)
Sanders and
Cope
(1968)






Ukeles
(1962)





























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(tech, 99
percent)




Dylox
(tech, 89
percent
active in
acetone)

Dylox

Dylox


Dylox,
(tech)
Dylox,
(tech)

Dylox

Dylox














Gambusia
affinis
Sal mo
gairdnerii
(one wk old
sac fry)
(one mo old
feeding fry)
Pimephales
promelas
Lepomis
macrochirus
Carassius
auratus
Lebistes
reticulatus
Pteronarcys
californica
(naiad)
Acroneuria
pacifica
(naiad)
Gammarus
lacustris
Cyprinodon
variegatus
(juvenile)
Bluegill

Rainbow
trout
Bluegill
Pteronarcys sp
(nymphs)
Pteronarcys
californica
Acroneuria
pacifica
Ephemerella
grandis
Gammarus
lacustris
Fathead






BSA

BSA





BSA







BSA





BSA

BSA


BSA

BSA


BSA

BSA














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Chemical

Dylox








Dylox
(99% active
in water)

Dylox







Dymid
(WP)

EDB



EN 18133
(50 percent
EC)
Endosulfan
EC2





Endosulfan
EC2



Endosulfan


Organism

Acroneuria
pacifica
Ephemerella
grandis
Gammarus
lacustris
Pteronarcys
californica

Hexagenia
Hydropsyche
(larva)
Bluegill
Carassius
auratus
Lebistes
reticulatus




Bluegill
Rainbow
trout
Lepomis
macrochirus
Micropterus
salmoides
Gambusia
affinis

Micropterus
salmoides
Cyprinus
carpio



Micropterus
salmoides

Cyprinus
carpio
Pteronarcys
californica
(naiads)
Toxicity, Experimental
Bioassay Active Variables
or Field Field Ingredient, Controlled
Study<1> Location<2) ppm<3) or Noted <4>

BSA - 0.01 7 (T4A) ac

0.14 (T4A)

0.05 (T4A)

0.07 (T4A)


BSA - 0.91 (T1A) ae
0.017 (T1A)

12.0 (T1A)
BCFA - 0.4% (0) a







BSA? - 75.0 (T4A) a
97.0 (T4A)

BSA - 18(T2A) aco

15(T2A)

FL Ponds- 0.1 (K1) ac
Bakers- 0.4 (K1)
field, Cal.
BSA - 0.01 (O) a e
0.025 (K1)
0.005 (K5hr)
0.01 
-------
   Endothal
   Endothal
    Endothal
     (pellets)
                      Semotilus
                       atromaculatus
                     Onchorynchus
                       tshawytscha
                     Micropterus
                       salmoides
                  Bushy
                   pondweed
                  Pondweed
                  Coontail
   Endothal
    and Silvex
    Endothal
8

m
3)
o
m
2
9
Endothal
 (liquid)
                                           BSA
                                      BSA, CF,
                                       and FL
    Endothal
     [3,6-endoxohexa-
     hydrophthalic
     acid (endotha),
     di-N,N-dimethyl-
     cocoamine salt]
                  Elodea
                   canadensis
                  Potamogeton
                   nodosus
                  Potamogeton
                   pectinatus
                  Lepomis
                   macrochirus
Lepomis
 macrochirus


Micropterus
 salmoides
 (fry)
Ictalurus
 punctatus
 (fry)
Lepomis
 macrochirus
 (fry)
                     FL
                                       BSA
                                   Lakes in
                                      Fla.
                     BSA
                                           BSA
                                           BSA
                                                                   1,6OO to
                                                                    3,200 (CR)
                                                 155 (T1A)
                                                 136IT2A)
                                                 200 (T1A)
                                                 200 (T2A)
(O)

(O)
(O)
5(0)
100 (O)
5(0)
100 (K4wk)
5(0)
100 (K4wk)
400 (T2A) L
600 (T2A) G
280 (T2A) L
280 (T2A) G

10(SB3)


100 (SB3)


50 (SB3)
  a e           Test water used was freshly aerated Detroit River water.
  ~~             A typical water analysis is given. Toxicity is expressed as
                the "critical range" (CR), which was defined as that con-
                centration in ppm below which the 4 test fish lived for
                24 hr and above which all test fish died. Additional data
                are presented.
 a c d e        Concentrations were based on percent active ingredient.
               In 96 hours of exposure in the constant-flow apparatus, no
                largemouth bass mortalities were observed at 135 ppm,
                which was the highest concentration tested.
               In experimental field studies, Endothal controlled
                Potamogeton pusillus at about 0.3 ppm with no loss of
                largemouth bass or bluegills which were present in the pond.

   —           Concentrations of 0.5 to 2.0 ppm showed the best results in
                a variety of lakes, and in one lake 16.0  ppm was required
                to control bushy pondweed. 1.0 ppm controlled pondweed
                and coontail.
   a           Experiments were conducted in standing water.  Results
                were rated on a scale of 0 to 10, 0 standing for no toxic
                effect and 10 signifying a complete kill. Evaluation was
                based on visual observation of the plant response at
                weekly intervals for 4 weeks.
               Injury rating of 8.5.
               Injury rating of 9.0.
               Injury rating of 9.1.

               Injury rating of 9.8.


£c d e g        Toxicity data for 24 and 48 hours are presented for liquid
~              (L) and granular (G) formulations.  Various commercial
                formulations were tested. The liquid formulations were
                almost invariably more toxic than the granular  ones.
 a c d e g        Comment same as above.
a c d e f p      At least 90 percent of the fry survived for a period of
                72 hours at the concentration listed.
                                                                                                                                               Gillette, et al
                                                                                                                                                (1952)
                                                                                              Bond, et al
                                                                                                (1960)
Phillippy
 (1961)
                                                                                                                                                                 Frank, et al
                                                                                                                                                                  (1961)
                                                                                                                                                               I
                                                                                                                                                               m
                                                                                                                                                               D
                                                                                                                                                               X
                                                                                                                                                               09
Hughes and
 Davis
 (1965)

Hughes and
 Davis
 (1965)
Jones
 (1966)
3D
O
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-------
o
0
5
S
m
o Chemical
>
n Endothal
2 (granular)
m
S
o
>
i—
TJ
3J
o
o
c
H Endothal

•o
T>
m
Z
o


00











-------
    Endrin
   Endrin
    Endrin
    Endrin


    Endrin


    Endrin
i
X
o
Endrin
 (75%)
                  Carassius
                   auratus
                  Cyprinus
                   carpio
                  Carassius
                   auratus
                  Channa
                   argus
                   (eggs &
                   larvae)
                  Cyprinus
                   carpio
                   (adult)
                   (adult)
                   (eggs &
                   larvae)
                  Moina
                   macrocopa

                  Fathead
                   minnow
                  Bluegill
                  Goldfish
                  Guppy
Fathead
 minnow
Daphnia
 magna

Pimephales
 promelas
Lepomis
 macrochirus
Carassius
 auratus
Lebistes
 reticulatus

Pimephales
 promelas
                                           FL
                                           BSCH
                                                         Japan        (O)
                                           BSA
                                       BSA


                                       BSA


                                       BSA
BSA
                                                                      0.003 (T1CH)
                                                                      0.002 (T1CH)
                                                                      0.0065-100
                                                                       (T1CH)
                                                0.003-0.42 (T1CH)
                                                0.002-0.14 (T2CH)
                                                0.046-19.9 (T1CH)

                                                3.2(T1CH)
                                                0.056 (T2CH)
                                                0.001 (T4A)

                                                0.00060 (T4A)
                                                0.0019 (T4A)
                                                0.0015 (T4A)
0.0013 (T4A)

0.352 (O)

0.001 (T4A)

0.0006 (T4A)

0.002 (T4A)

0.002 (T4A)

0.0032 (T4A)
                                                                                            adef
                                                                                    Four days after spraying at an application rate of 1 Ib/acre,      Ivatomi, et al
                                                                                     all fish placed in pond were dead after 8 hours of exposure.      (1958)
                                                                                     Endrin toxicity may persist in paddy fields as long as
                                                                                     1 month.
                                                                                    Endrin became less toxic as temperature  was lowered. Eggs     lyatomi, et al
                                                                                     and larvae of fishes were more resistant than adults, and        (1958)
                                                                                     the granular form of Endrin persisted longer than dust form.
                                                               It was the authors opinion that pH, alkalinity and hardness,
                                                                within the usual range in natural waters, had little effect on
                                                                the toxic effect of the compounds studied. The values
                                                                given are from Henderson, Pickering, and Tarzwell, "The
                                                                Relative Toxicity of Ten Chlorinated Hydrocarbon Insecti-
                                                                cides to Four Species of Fish". It is interesting that the
                                                                different tables from the above book (as reported in this
                                                                paper) report widely different values for the same compounds.
                                                                This experiment was performed in soft water.
                                                               Comment same as above except that this experiment was
                                                                performed in hard water.
                                                               The indicated concentration immobilized Daphnia  in
                                                                50 hours.
                                                               Concentrations were based on percent active ingredient.
                                                                                                                                                                   Tarzwell
                                                                                                                                                                    (1959)
Tarzwell
 (1959)

Anderson
 (1960)
Henderson, et al
 (1959)
                                                a b ecdf
                                                               Dilution water was usually soft although some studies were      Henderson, et al
                                                                conducted with hard water.                                 (1959)
o
m
2
o
TJ
3)
O
o

-------
o
o
5 Bioassay
m or Field
o Chemical Organism Study'D
r~ Endrin Pimephales BSA
2 (91 %) promelas
m Lepomis
5 macrochirus
jj Carassius
r~ auratus
r° Lebistes
O reticulatus
O
C Endrin Pimephales BSA
" (19.5%) promelas
OT Lepomis
macrochirus
Endrin Pimephales BSA
promelas





Endrin Live cars: FL
Pimephales
m promelas
Jl Ictalurus
•— ' me/as
Lepomis
cyanellus
Fish kill:
/'e/ca
flavescens
lepo/n/s
0//>/>OSUS
t. macrochirus
Pomixis
nigromaculatus
Cyprinus
carpio
Endrin Oncorhynchus BSA
Avsotc/j
Oncorh ynchus
tshawytscha
Salmo
gairdnerii
Gasterosteus
aculeatus
Toxicity, Experimental
Active Variables
Field Ingredient, Controlled
Location'2) ppm(3) or Noted (4)
0.0014 (T4A) abecdf

0.00066 (T4A)

0.0021 (T4A)

0.0016 (T4A)


0.0038 (T4A) abecdf

0.0037 (T4A)

0.0010 (T4A) a






Pond (O) a c d
















0.51 (T4A) a c d e

1.2 (T4A)

0.58 (T4A)

0.44 (T4A)

Reference
Comments (Year)
Dilution water was usually soft although some studies were Henderson, et al
conducted with hard water. (1959)







Comment same as above. Henderson, et al
(1959)


Bioassay investigations of the new insecticides indicate that Tarzwell
in general the organic phosphorus compounds are not as (1959)
toxic to fish as are the chlorinated hydrocarbons. The
toxicity of most of these materials was not significantly
influenced by water quality. Therefore it is to be expected
that the toxicity of these materials will not differ signifi-
cantly in different streams.
A beet field located adjacent to the study pond was treated Bridges
with Endrin at the rate of 6 ounces of active ingredient per (1961 )
acre. Many fish were found dead after application. Live
cars of the fish listed were placed in the pond to assess the
residual toxic effects of Endrin. No mortality occurred in
the live cars for 4 days, but the fish did accumulate Endrin
in concentrations up to 1 .0 ppm. The acute toxicity of
Endrin appears to be less under these field conditions than
in the laboratory.








Chemical dissolved in acetone. TLm expressed in ppb. «atz
(1961)






TO
•o
m
Z
O

-------
      Encfrin
     Endrin
                        Satmo
                         gairdnerii
                        Oncorhynchus
                         tshawytscha
                        Oncorhynchus
                         kisutch
                        Lepomis
                         macrochirus
                        Gambusia
                         affinis

                        Lebistes
                         reticulatus
                        Gasterosteus
                         aculeatus
Gammarus
 lacustris
 lacustris
                                              BSA
                                             BSA
                           0.9O (T4A)

                           0.92 (T4A)

                           0.27 (T4A)

                           0.60 (T4A)

                           0.75 (T4A) 20 C
                           8.25 (T4A) 3 C
                           0.33(T4A)25C
                           0.90 (T4A)

                           1.65 (T4A) Salin-
                            ity 1.65 pp
                            thousand.
                           (O)
                                                                                      River water was diluent. TLm concentration is given in ppb.
                       a e p         The mortality might have been partially due to the suscept-
                                      ibility of the organism to higher temperatures, toxicity
                                      from extended exposure to copper electrodes (used to
                                      shock the organism to determine death), or the increase
                                      of CO2-  Results were expressed as LTso; for example, at
                                      0.5 ppm, 50 percent of the shrimp were killed in  27 (±1)
                                                                                              Katz
                                                                                               (1961)
                                                                         McDonald
                                                                          (1962)
Cd   Endrin
   8
      Endrin
       (tech)
      Endrin
        EC 1.6
   2
   m
   3D
   o
   >   Endrin
   £    (tech)

   m
   3   Endrin
   TJ
   •33
   O
   o
Pimephales
  notatus
Lebistes
  reticulatus
  Adult 6
  Adult 9
  Adult 6
  Adult 9
 Lepomis
  macrochirus
 Gambusia
  affinis
 Rana
  catesbeiana
  (tadpoles)

 Procambarus
  clarki

 Gambusia
  affinis
  affinis
                                              BCFA
BSA
                                              FL
                                                             Cal.
BSA
BSA
                           0.00047 (T4A)
0.0009 (T8A)
0.0009 (T10.6A)
0.00075 (T15A)
0.00075 (T15.5A)
0.4 (T1 A)

0.4 (T1A)

0.5 (O)
0.3 (T3A)
                           0.001 to 0.12
a c d f         Chronic toxicity was also studied, as well as the effect of the    Mount
               toxicant on swimming and oxygen consumption. In the        (1962)
               chronic study, bluntnose minnows survived for extended
               periods in 0.0001 ppm. Experiment on guppies was dis-
               continued because they succumbed to a kidney disorder.
  a           The experiment was conducted at 75 F.  Fish weight was       Cope
               0.4 g.                                                     (1963)
              The experiment was conducted at 75 F.  Fish weight was
               0.6 g.
 ac          Mixed populations of the indicated test species contained in     Mulla
               cages were exposed to various insecticidal chemicals ap-        (1963)
               plied as dilute sprays to ponds 1/16 acre in size.  The indi-
               cated toxicant concentration is in Ib/acre, and resulted in
               a 100 percent mortality for the fish, and a 100 percent
               mortality for the tadpoles in 24 hr.
a c d o        There was no detectable difference in toxicity to male or       Muncy and
               female crawfish.                                           Oliver
                                                                         (1963)
  a           The lower value is for fish that had never been exposed to the   Boyd and
               toxicant, and the higher value was obtained with fish that       Ferguson
               had been exposed to a sublethal dose in the past.  Appar-       (1964)
               ently such an exposure produces a resistance that can be
               retained when  they are later placed in clean water.
                                                                                                                                                                                        m
                                                                                                                                                                                        O
                                                                                                                                                                                        X
                                                                                                                                                                                        (D
   CO

-------
o
o
s
2
m
o Chemical
*" Endrin
O
x
m

O
r~
g Endrin
rj (technical,
C 100 percent
H active in
acetone)

Endrin



Endrin


Endrin
DO
!—
HI
00



Endrin
(tech)

Endrin






Endrin



Endrin


Organism
Notemigonus
crysoleucas
Lepomis
macrochirus
L. cyanellus

Pteronarcys
californica
(naiad)
Acroneuria
pacifica
(naiad)
Gammarus
lacustris


Bluegill


Bluegill







Rainbow
trout
Bluegill
Rainbow
trout





Leiostomus
xanthurus
(juvenile)

Fundulus
similis
(juvenile)
Toxicity, Experimental
Bioassay Active Variables
or Field Field Ingredient, Controlled
Study<1) Location!?) ppm(3) or Noted*4*
BSA - (B) 0.003 (T1 .5) a c f
(A) 0.310 (T1. 5)
(B) 0.0015 (T1.5)
(A) 0.300 (T1.5)
(B) 0.0034 (T1.5)
(A) 0.1 60 (T1. 5)
BSA - 0.00240 (T4A) c d e f


0.00039 (T4A)


BSA - 0.011 5 (T4A) ae



BSA - 0.0006 (T4A) a


BSA - 0.7 (T4A) a
0.7 (T4A)
0.4 (T4A)
0.4 (T4A)
0.7 (T4A)



BSA - 0.00086 (T4A)

0.00025 (T4A)
BSA - 2.4 (T4A) a
1.4(T4A) ~
1.1 (T4A)
0.75 (T4A)



BCH - (O)



BSA - 0.000079 (O) a


Comments
Chemical was dissolved in acetone. Final concentration of
acetone was <2 ml/l. Data shows TLm in ppb for
insecticide-resistant and insecticide non-resistant strains
of the test fish.


A. pacifica was much more sensitive to chlorinated hydro-
carbons and to organic phosphate insecticides than
P. californica.



Emulsible concentrates were prepared from technical grade
insecticides with acetone as the solvent.
Symptoms prior to death were observed and recorded on
graphs.
Assays were conducted in soft water at 25 C. Decrease in
brain cholinesterase was measured in fish exposed to the
toxicant.
These experiments were performed to demonstrate that at
increased temperatures the toxic effect of most chemicals
is increased.
For the toxicant concentrations listed, the temperatures
were respectively, 45, 55, 65, 75, and 85 F. Data on the
effect of time as well as temperature was also reported.
The experimental animals all were approximately one
grain in weight.
The values reported are given as LCsg.


These experiments were performed to show the effect of
temperature on the toxicity.
For the toxicant concentrations listed, the temperatures
were respectively, 45, 55, and 65 F. The fish all were
approximately one grain in weight.
Toxicant concentrations for one and 2-day times were
also listed.
Endrin at 0.0006 ppm killed half the shrimp exposed in
24 hours. The fish survived a concentration of
0.00005 ppm for 8 months, but a concentration of
0.0001 was usually lethal in 5 days.
Water temperature was 21 C. The figure reported is a 24-hr
ECgo-

Reference
(Year)
Ferguson, et al
(1964)




Jensen and
Gaufin
(1964)



Nebeker and
Gaufin
(1964)

Weiss
(1964)

Cope
(1965)






Cope
(1965)

Cope
(1965)





Butler
(1965)


Butler
(1965)





















>
•o
m
z
o
X
00



















-------
    Endrin
    Endrin
    Endrin
    Endrin
    Endrin
    Endrin
 O  Endrin
 3,
 m
 3)
 O
2  Endrin
o
TJ
3D
O
O
c
tn
Dorosoma
 cepedianuen

Palaemonetes
 kadiakensis
Gambusia
 affinis
Ictalurus
 me/as
Lepomis
 cyanellus
Gambusia
 affinis
Ictalurus
 me/as
Acroneuria
 pacifica
Ephemerella
 grandis
Gammarus
 lacustris
Pteronarcys
 californica
Pteronarcys
 californica
Acroneuria
 pacifica
Ephemerella
 grandis
Daphnia
 magna
Gammarus
 lacustris
Gambusia
 affinis
 Leiostomus
  xanthurus
 Mug/1
  cephalus
 Brevoortia
  patronus
 Fundulus
  similis
 Cyprlnodon
  variegatus
                                            BSA
                                            BSA
                                            BSA
                                            BSA
                                            BSA
                                            BSA
BSA
                      BCFA
                                                                        (O)
                           (N) 6.5
                            (TV/4 A)
                           (TB) 9.5
                            (71 %A)


                           0.0005-
                            0.002 (T3A)
                           0.0004-
                            0.002 (T3A)

                           0.001-0.048(0)
0.0003 (T4A)

0.005 (T4A)

0.0115 (T4A)

0.0024 (T4A)


0.002 (T4A)

0.0004 (T4A)

0.005 (T4A)

0.4 (T 50 hr A)

0.01 (T4A)


(O)
                           0.00045(71 A)

                           0.0026(71 A)

                           0.00080 (71A)

                           0.00023 (71 A)

                           0.00032 (71A)
 a d e          7he critical level of Endrin in the blood (O.10 JUg/g) of
 ~~              gizzard shad as a result of laboratory exposures was also
                applicable for shad exposed to Endrin in a natural system.
 a c f          7est organisms were collected from 2 locations, 7win Bayou
                (7B), Sunflower Co., Miss,  (agricultural area) and Noxubee
                National Wildlife Refuge (N), Noxubee Co., Miss, (non-
                agricultural area) and evaluated in laboratory bioassays.
                7he 7win Bayou shrimp were more resistant.
£ c d e         7est fish were collected from 8 different locations of the
~~               Mississippi River.  7he 3-day 7Lrn values were made to
                determine if a resistance gradient existed. 7he data indi-
                cated that there was none.

  —           Muds reduced the toxicity of chlorinated hydrocarbon
                insecticides to fish. Lethal  quantities of pesticides enter
                national waters and muds may contain sorbed pesticides in
                excess of  lethal quantities.  Although the chemicals can be
                leached with organic solvents, they were either  not re-
                leased in lethal amounts or  slowly released in standing water.

 a c           Additional 7Lm data are given.
                                                                                                            Unspecified chemical characteristics of assay water were de-
                                                                                                             termined by standard methods. General comments were
                                                                                                             made concerning "standardized" conditions, use of "soft"
                                                                                                             water, and use of emulsifying agents. Additional data are
                                                                                                             presented.
               7he effect of combinations of pesticides was studied. In
                general, the results reflected the extreme levels of Endrin
                and 7oxaphene resistance in the resistant population.
                7he results failed to indicate additive effects wherein the
                combination mortality exceeded the sum of the mortalities
                produced by the individual insecticides.
               7he duration of exposure was important when determining
                the sublethal concentrations of Endrin to fish. Data are
                given as LC5Q.
                                                                                               Brungs and
                                                                                                Mount
                                                                                                (1967)
                                                                                               Ferguson, et al
                                                                                                (1965)
                                                                                                                                                                       Ferguson, et al
                                                                                                                                                                        (1966)
                                                                                                                                                                       Ferguson, et al
                                                                                                                                                                        (1965)
                                                                                                                                                                       Gaufin, et al
                                                                                                                                                                        (1965)
                                                                                                                          Gaufin, et al
                                                                                                                           (1965)
                                                                                         I
                                                                                         m
                                                                                         O
                                                                                         X
                                                                                         00
                                                                                                                          Ferguson and
                                                                                                                           Bingham
                                                                                                                           (1966)
                                                                                               Lowe
                                                                                                (1966)

-------
o
0
2
s
m
o Chemical
Endrin
O
I
m

o
r~
-D Endrin
D
O
2 Endrin
0
H










Endrin
CO
1
ro





Endrin



Endrin











Organism
Fathead
minnow



Oyster


Salmo
gairdneri
Lepomis
macrochirus
Ictalurus
punctatus
Pteronarcys
californicus
Baetis sp
Daphnia
pu/ex
Simocephalus
serrulatus
Ictalurus
natilis
1. me/as
Gambusia
affinis
Lepomis
cyanellus
Notemigonus
chrysoleneas
Acroneuria
pacifica
Pteronarcys
californica
Buteo
buteo
Accipiter
gen til is
Accipiter
nisus
Falco
tinnunculus
Tyto
alba
Strix
aluco
Toxicity, Experimental
Bioassay Active Variables
or Field Field Ingredient, Controlled
StudyCl) Location<2) ppm(3) or Noted <4>
BCFA - 0.47 ppb (T4A) acde
0.50 ppb (T4A)"
0.66 ppb (T4A)**
* clay
"charcoal
BCF - 0.01-1.0(364) a


BSA - 0.0005 (T2A) a

0.0003 (T2A)

0.001 (T2A)

0.001 (T2A)

0.005 (T2A)
0.020 (T2A)

0.026 (T2A)

FR Miss. (O) a








BSA & - 0.00032 (T4A) acde
CFCH 0.000035 (T30CH)
0.0024 (T4A)
0.0012 (T30CH)
FO Netherlands (O) -











Comments
The effect of suspended particles on Endrin toxicity was
studied. Presence of clay particles had no effect, while
activated charcoal reduced toxicity.


Seawater was employed in this experiment.


This paper reports acute toxicity of a number of compounds,
and discusses sub-acute mortality as well. Effects of repro-
duction and behavior are also discussed. Data presented as
EC-5Q.









This paper deals with Endrin resistance in fish. The TLm
36 hours values for yellow bullheads from a contaminated
area was 75 ppb, while the value for fish from an unsprayed
area was only 1 .25 ppb. Mosquito fish from a contaminated
area tolerated 1500 ppb of Endrin, while golden shiners
and green sunfish tolerated 1000 to 250 ppb, respectively.
Bullheads were apparently more susceptable to the poison,
but there seemed to be evidence that fish can develop a
tolerance to the toxicant.
Additional data are presented.



The results of this study show that birds of prey and fish-
eating birds found dead in the Netherlands accumulated
large amounts of different chlorinated hydrocarbon insecti-
cides. In most cases the liver had the highest concentration
of toxicant, ranging from 0.3 ppm. Most chlorinated hydro-
carbons tended to accumulate in the fat depots of the body.
In instances where mesenterial fat was analyzed the con-
centration of toxicant was found to be as high as 1 5.7 ppm.




Reference
(Year)
Brungs and
Bailey
(1966)


Butler
(1966)

Cope
(1966)











Ferguson and
Bingham
(1966)






Jensen and
Gaufin
(1966)

Koeman and
van Genderen
(1966)






























^
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Z
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x

DO



















-------
      Endrin
Oslo
 otus
Falco
pereginus

Platelea
 leucorodia
Haematopus
 ostralegus
Steran
 sandvicensis
Sterna
 hirundo
Larus
 ridibundus
Somateria
 mollissima
Tadorna
 tadorna
Ictalurus
 punctatus
                                                            Netherlands   (O)
                                              BCFCHA
(O)
to
J^    Endrin
 Daphnia
  carinata
                      BSA
0.050 (SB)
                        Simocephalus
                         serrulatus
                        Daphnia
                         pulex
                                              BSA
                                                  0.026 (SB)

                                                  0.020 (SB)
  8

  m
  3)
  O
  3
  O
  O
      Endrin
                        Daphnia
                          magna
 Simocephalus
  serrulatus
 Daphnia
  pulex
 Catfish
 Buffalo fish
 Perch
 Bluegill
 Carp
                                              BSA
                                              BSA
                                                  0.900 (SB)
4.90 (SB)

3.20 (SB)


(O)
                                    The results of this study show that birds of prey and fish-
                                      eating birds found dead in the Netherlands accumulated
                                      large amounts of different chlorinated hydrocarbon insecti-
                                      cides. In most cases the liver  had the highest concentration
                                      of toxicant, ranging from a trace to 3.0 ppm.  Birds feeding
                                      predominantly on Crustacea, molluses, and fish contained
                                      significant amounts.
                                                           Koeman and
                                                            van Genderen
                                                            (1966)
Catfish blood content acutely toxic in 10 days or less—
 0.25-0.3 ppb, nonlethal (exposure during 44 days)—
 0.1-0.2 ppb. Endrin was not stored in blood and 0.3
 ppb appeared to be the critical concentration level in
 the blood.

Concentration reported is for immobilization.
Time for immobilization was 64 hr.
Data cited for 78 F, but assays were performed at varied
 temperatures.
Water chemistry (unspecified) was "controlled" during
 the assay period.
Concentration reported is for immobilization.
Time for immobilization was 48 hr.
Data cited are for 60 F, but assays were performed at varied
 temperatures.
Water chemistry (unspecified) was "controlled" during
 the assay period.
Concentration reported is for immobilization.
Time for immobilization was 64 hr.
Data cited are for 78 F, but assays were performed at varied
 temperatures.
Water chemistry (unspecified) was "controlled" during
 the assay period.
Comment same as above.
Chemical analysis showed residues of <0.01 to 0.04 ppm
 in catfish, <0.01 in buffalo fish, and 0.05 ppm in carp.
 Perch were reported to contain 0.02 and bluegills 0.01
 ppm, but this may be doubtful inasmuch as the method
 of anaylsis uses was thought to have an interference from
 toxaphene which had been used previously. The treated
 area had been sprayed with  Endrin at 0.3 Ib/acre.
Mount, et al
 (1966)
Sanders and
Cope
(1966)


Sanders and
Cope
(1966)
m
O
X
CD


                                                                                                                                                 Sanders and
                                                                                                                                                  Cope
                                                                                                                                                  (1966)
Sanders and
 Cope
 (1966)

Sparr, et al
 (1966)

-------
n
o
S
m
o Chemical
Endrin
o
I
m
S
o

r~
-D
3J
0
o
c
o
C/!
Endrin



Endrin


Endrin


Endrin
T5
(0
Endrin






Endrin

Organism
/Vfya
arenaria
Crassostrea
virginica
Corbicula
manillensis
Mercenaria
mercenaria
Rangia
cuneata
Fundulus
simi/is
Leiostomus
xanthurus
Oyster


Puntius
puckelli

Ictalurus
me/as

Vascular
plants
Algae
Chub
Largemouth
bass
Clam
Notemigonus
crysoleucas
Toxicity, Experimental
Bioassay Active Variables
or Field Field Ingredient, Controlled
Study'1 ) Location<2) ppm (3) or Noted<4)
BCFCH - (O)









BCFCH - 0.0001 (SB -
6 mo)
0.1 (SB
3 mo)
FE Galveston (O) -
Bay,
Texas
BSA - 0.001 25 (T4A) acdelm


BSA - 50ppb(T1/2A) a


FL Tule (O)
Lake,
Ore.




BSA - (0)

Comments
Results are recorded as a range of uptake of the chemical by
5 species of aquatic mollusks. An uptake or concentration
of 500-1 250X resulted.







When these fish were examined for residues at the end of
6 months, 92.0 ppb Endrin residue was found.


Oysters from the area were found to contain ^0.01 to
0.02 ppm.

Tap water was used as diluent. Toxicity data are given as
TLm's in ppm for 24, 48, 96 hr. The pH of the water
averaged 8.3. The study was conducted in India.
The principal mode of Endrin entry in the body of the fish
is by way of the gill surfaces.
The toxicity figure cited is for 10 hr.
Endrin was applied at the rate of 1 .6 Ib/acre/year. Plants
contained 1 .6 to 12. 5 ppb. Algae contained 2.0 to 22.3
ppb. Chubs contained 4.0 to 198.0 ppb. Bass contained
2.0 to 1 07.0 ppb. Clams contained 1 .7 to 90.0 ppb.
Concentrations of 0.007 to 0.01 ppb occurred in the water.


This paper deals with the resistance and susceptibility of
populations of golden shiners to Endrin. Two populations
Reference
(Year)
Butler
(1967)








Butler and
Johnson
(1967)

Casper
(1967)

Rao, et al
(1967)

Velsen and
Alderdice
(1967)
Godsil and
Johnson
(1968)




Ludke, et al
(1968)




















>
TJ
m
2
D


00






Endrin
Limnephilus
 rhombicus
Sialis sp
Gammarus sp
Knights
 Creek,
 Wise.
                                                                      (O)
 of golden shiners from agricultural areas possessed different
 levels of resistance to Endrin.  At 1.0 ppm, Endrin  killed 50
 susceptible golden shiners in 75 min, but only 40 of 50
 resistant shiners in 40 hours.  Endrin residues in whole bodies
 of resistant shiners killed by Endrin were as much as 82  times
 those of the susceptible shiners.  It was concluded that the
 use of a critical concentration  in the blood for diagnosis of
 Endrin-caused mortality must  be based on the tolerance of
 local populations.
Pesticide usage in an orchard did not significantly contaminate
 the aquatic environment of this creek adjacent to the treat-
 ment as determined by residue analysis.
                                                                                                                                                                         Mowbry,et al
                                                                                                                                                                          (1968)

-------
      Endrin
      Endrin

OJ
      EPN miticide
       (ethyl-p-nitro-
       phenyl thio-
       benzenephos-
       phonate,
       31.5 percent)
      EPN-300
       (25%)

      EPN
  m
  y>
  O
  o
  m   EPN
 5
 O
 O

 §
      EPN
Esox
 americanus
Micropterus
 salmoides
Lepomis
 macrochirus
Rana
 catesbeiana
Pseudemys
 scripts elegans
Matrix
 erythrogaster
 flavigaster
Natrix
 rhombifera
Ancistrodon
 piscivorus
Pteronarcys
 californica
 (naiads)
Pteronarcella
 badia
 (naiads)
Claasenia
 sabulosa
 (naiads)
Lymnaeid
 snails
Pimephales
 promelas

Fathead
  minnow
                                              BSA
 Daphnia
  magna
 Pimephales
  promelas
                                              BSA
BSA
BSA
                                              BSA
BSA

BSA
(K) 7.1 hr (O)

(K) 12.6 hr

(K) 9.4 hr

(K) 15.6 hr



(K)65.4hr


(K) 54.0 hr

(O)

0.00025 (T4A)


0.00054 (T4A)


0.00076 (T4A)


(O)
                                                                                            Not given
                                                                                               a c d e f
0.80 (T4A)
                           0.25 (T4A)
                                                 acdef
0.0001 (O)               a

0.2 (T4A)             a d e f
                                                                Mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis) were exposed to 2 ppm
                                                                 Endrin solutions for 7 days. The fish were somewhat
                                                                 resistant to Endrin.  These fish were then force-fed to
                                                                 the 8 species of vertebrates listed. Survival time is
                                                                 listed.  Mortality was 100 percent in this time period
                                                                 except for P. scripta elegans and A. piscivorus.  For the
                                                                 P. scripta elegans mortality was 72 percent in 112.8 hr
                                                                 and for the A. piscivorus the mortality was 91 % in 27.1  hr.
                                                                                                              Data reported as LC$Q at 15.5 C in 4 days.
Each test container (500-ml beaker) was filled with ditch
 water.  Less than 100% mortality occurred in concentra-
 tions of 1:100,000.
Tests were performed in both hard and soft water. Addi-
 tional tolerance limit values are given.

It was the authors opinion that pH, alkalinity and hardness,
 within the usual range in natural waters, had little effect on
 the toxic effect of the compounds studied. The values given
 are from Henderson, Pickering, and Tarzwell, "The Relative
 Toxicity of Ten Chlorinated Hydrocarbon Insecticides to
 Four Species of Fish".  It is interesting that the different
 tables from the above book (as reported in this paper) report
 widely different values for the same compounds.
This experiment was performed in hard water.
The indicated concentration immobilized Daphnia in 50
 hours.
Concentrations were based on percent active ingredient.
                                                          Rosato and
                                                            Ferguson
                                                            (1968)
                                                                                                                          Sanders and
                                                                                                                            Cope
                                                                                                                            (1968)
                                                                                                                          Batte, et a I
                                                                                                                            (1951)
                                                          Henderson and
                                                           Pickering
                                                           (1958)
                                                           Tarzwell
                                                           (1959)
                                                                          m
                                                                          O
                                                                          X
                                                                          CD
                                                          Anderson
                                                           (1960)
                                                          Henderson, et al
                                                           (1959)

-------
8
s
m
o Chemical
r EPN
0
m
2
O
r~
•D
Q
Q t r 1\J
C
5
Cfl




EPN






0
£ EPN-300,
wettable
powder
(25 percent)


EPN
(tech,
100 percent)





EPN

EPN
Organism
Pimephales
promelas





Lepomis
macrochirus
Micropterus
salmoides
Notemigonus
cryso/eucas
Carassius
auratus
Micropterus
salmoides
Pimephales
promelas




Pimephales
promelas
Lepomis
macrochirus
Carassius
auratus
Pimephales
promelas
Lepomis
macrochirus
Carassius
auratus
Lebistes
reticulatus
Chaoborus
astictopus
Bluegill
Toxicity,
Bioassay Active
or Field Field Ingredient,
Study'1) Location'2) ppm'3)
BSA - 0.20 (T4A)






BSA - 0.1 (0)

0.1 (0)

0.1 (0)

0.1 (0)

BSA - 0.5 (O)

0.5 (O)





BSA - 1.1 (T4A)

0.44 (T4A)

2.3 (T4A)

BSA - 0.25 (T4A)

0.10(T4A)

0.45 (T4A)

0.032 (T4A)

BSA - 0.0036 (T1 A)

BSA - 0.1 (T4A)
Experimental
Variables
Controlled
or Noted'*) Comments
a Bioassay investigations of the new insecticides indicate that
in general the organic phosphorus compounds are not as
toxic to fish as are the chlorinated hydrocarbons. The
toxicity of most of these materials was not significantly
influenced by water quality. Therefore it is to be expected
that the toxicity of these materials will not differ signifi-
cantly in different streams.
a c d f This paper reports the effect of insecticides in reducing the
anticholinesterase in a fish brain within 2-8 hours. The
inhibition of the enzyme was a function of the concentra-
tion of the insecticide, extent of exposure, and specific
chemical nature of the compound.



— The degree of reaction to the cholinesterase-inhibiting
insecticides is not only a function of time and concentra-
tion, but also of chemical and biological species. This
paper reports many analyses of brain cholinesterase activity
which is expressed as percentage of normal. The data are
reported as UT§o which was the time required for 0.5 ppm
of the chemical to kill 50 percent of the fish. For bass the
LTso was 9 hr 30 min and for fatheads 72 hr.
a c d e Soft water primarily was the test medium. TLm's reported
for 24, 48, and 96 hr. Acetone or alcohol used as solvent
or carrier in most cases.



a c d e Comment same as above.







a Toxicity value given is for the fourth instar larvae.

a Assays were conducted in soft water at 25 C. Decrease
Reference
(Year)
Tarzwell
(1959)





Weiss
(1959)






Weiss
(1961)






Pickering, et al
(1962)




Pickering, et al
(1962)






Hazeltine
(1963)
Weiss





















^
2
m
z
o


CO













in brain cholinesterase was measured in fish exposed
to the toxicant.
(1964)

-------
      EPN
      Eptam
N)
      Erythromycin
       thiocyanate
                        Carassius
                         auratus
                        Lepomis
                         macrochirus
                        Notemigonus
                         crysoleucas
                      BSCH
Crassostrea
 virginica
Penaeus
 setiferus
Mugil
 cephalus
Phytoplankton
BCFA & BSA
Salmo
 gairdnerii
Erythromycin
thiocyanate



8
g
m
3)
O
>
i-
o
X Essolvene
m
2

>
^
3
O
D

Sa/mo
gairdnerii
Salmo
trutta
Salvelinus
fontinalis
Salvelinus
namaycush
Ictalurus
punctatus
Lepomis
macrochirus

Pandalus

montagni
Crangon
crangon
Carcinus
maenas
Cardium
edule
BSA
                                              BSA
                                              BSA
10.0 (O)"
1.0 (O)**
0.05 (O)«**
1.0(0)'
0.05 (O)***
10.0(0)*
1.0(O)**
*   response,
15 days
**  no re-
sponse, 15
days
***no re-
sponse, 30
days
5.0 (0.43%)

0.63 (O)

20.0(10%T2A)
                                                                       a c d e
(O)
                                                 100 (NTE)
                                                 a c e i p
                                                                                                af
                                                 8.6 (T2A)

                                                 9.6 (T2A)

                                                 17.5 (T2A)

                                                 63.0 (T2A)
                                                                                     Toxicity was determined by measuring acetylcholin-
                                                                                      esterase activity in the brains of fish. Concentrations
                                                                                      are given in ppb as either response or not response in
                                                                                      15 or 30 days.
Seawater was pumped continuously into test aquaria.
 Salinity, temperature, and plankton fluctuated with tide,
 and ambient weather conditions. Some bioassays with
 fish were static. Toxicity was reported for the following:
   Oyster —        96-hr ECgrj — Cone, which decreased
                   shell growth.
   Shrimp —       48-hr ECgg — Cone, which killed or
                   paralyzed 50% of test animals.
   Fish -          48-hr ECsg — Cone, which killed
                   50%.
   Phytoplankton — Percent decrease of CO2 fixation to a
                   4-hr exposure at 1.0 ppm chemical
                   concentration.
A dosage of 500 milligrams of erythromycin thiocyanate
 per kilogram per day  (five times the usual therapeutic
 level) was required to produce overt symptoms of toxicity
 in rainbow trout.
Variance and the 95-percent confidence interval (C.I.) were
 also determined.
                                                                Experiments were conducted in tanks holding 10 liters
                                                                 of sea water at 15 C.
                                                                It was shown that the toxicity of this solvent emulsifier
                                                                 decreased with time due to evaporation of the solvent.
                                                                Essolvene at a  concentration of 10 ppm killed 100% of
                                                                 Crangon crangon larvae in 3 hr; at 33.3 ppm it killed
                                                                 100% of Carcinus maenas in 3 hr.
                                                                                                                         Weiss and
                                                                                                                           Gakstatter
                                                                                                                           (1964)
                                                                                                                          Butler
                                                                                                                           (1965)
Warren
 (1963)
                                                                                                                                                                       Willford
                                                                                                                                                                        (1966)
m
O
X
a
                                                                                                                                                                       Portmann and
                                                                                                                                                                        Connor
                                                                                                                                                                        (1968)
 C/)

-------
o
o
2
S
m
o Chemical
*"" Eitron
I (2.4-5T)
m
O Esteron 99
r-
5 Esteron 99
O
O
C
H Esteron 99
M (EC)
Esteron 99
(2, 4-D)








4
;

)
Esteron 99

Ethion


Ethion
(tech)




Ethion


Ethyl
carbo-
phenothion
Ethyl
guthion
(EC2)

Organism
Pan tederia
cor data

Lepomis
macrochirus
Lepomis
sunf ish

Lepomis
macrochirus
Crassostrea
virgin ica
Penaeus
aztecus
Leiostomus
xanthurus
Phytoplankton







Pteronarcys sp
(nymphs)
Cyprinodon
variegatus
(juvenile)
Pimephales
promelas
Lepomis
macrochirus
Lebistes
reticulatus
Pteronarcys
californica
(naiads)
Chaoborus
astictopus

Gambusia
affinis
Rana
catesbeiana
Toxicity,
Bioassay Active
or Field Field Ingredient,
Study C" Location (2) ppm(3)
FL Fla. (O)


BSA - 1,200(T18hr)

FL Okla. (O)


BSA - 700 (T1A)

BCFA & - 0.055 (O)
BSA
0.55 (0)

1.5 (T2SA)









BSA - 1 .6 (T4A)

BSA - 0.064 (0)


BSA - 2.4 (T4A)

0.13IT4A)

0.13IT4A)

BSA - 0.0028 (T4A)


BSA - 0.044 (T1 A)


FL Ponds in (O)
III.


Experimental
Variables
Controlled
or NotedW Comments
— At 6.4 Ib/acre, 80 percent control of pickerel weed was
obtained.

a The experiment was conducted at 65 F Fish were
2 in. long.
— Three ponds were partitioned with polyvinyl chloride
sheeting to provide 6 test spaces for fish. Mortality of
the fish was 19% in the 10-ppm pond in the first week.
a The experiment was conducted at 75 F. Fish weighed
0.6 g.
— Seawater was pumped continuously into test aquaria.
Salinity, temperature, and plankton fluctuated with tide.
and ambient weather conditions. Some bioassays with
fish were static. Toxicity was reported for the following:
Oyster — 96-hr ECgo ~ Cone, which decreased
shell growth.
Shrimp — 48-hr ECso — Cone, which killed or
paralyzed 50% of test animals.
Fish — 48-hr EC5Q — Cone, which killed
50%.
Phytoplankton — Percent decrease of CO2 fixation to a
4-hr exposure at 1.0 ppm chemical
concentration.

a Experiments were all conducted at 60 F in 1964. The
values were listed as LC5Q.
a Water temperature was 12 C. The figure reported is a
48-hr EC50.

a c d e f The toxicity of this substance was not influenced by the
quality of the water (pH, hardness, alkalinity).




a c d e f Data reported as LCsg at 1 5.5 C in 4 days.


a Toxicity value given is for the fourth instar larvae.


— When applied at 0.01 and 0.025 pound per acre active
ingredient, 88 and 100 percent fish mortality occurred
respectively in 1 day.
No bullfrog mortality occurred at 0.8 pound, per acre
Reference
(Year)
Copeland and
Woods
(1959)
Cope
(1963)
Cope
(1963)

Cope
(1963)
Butler
(1965)












Cope
(1965)
Butler
(1965)

Pickering and
Henderson
(1966)



Sanders and
Cope
(1968)
Hazel tine
(1963)

Mulla, et al
(1963)






















1»
•o
m
Z
o


CD


















in 1 day-

-------
Ethyl
parathion


Ethyl
parathion
Ethyl
parathion






Ethyl
guthion
Ethyl
guthion.
(tech)
Ethyl
guthion








Ethyl
guthion


Chaoborus
astictopus
Lepomis
macrochirus
Pteronarcys sp
(nymphs)
Simocephalus
serrulatus
Daphnia
pulex
Daphnia
carinata
Daphnia
magna
Pteronarcys sp
(nymphs)
Rainbow
trout

Sal mo
gairdneri
Lepomis
macrochirus
Pteronarcys
californica
Daphnia
pulex
Simocephalus
serrulatus
Simocephalus
serrulatus
Daphnia
pulex
BSA



BSA

BSA







BSA

BSA


BSA









BSA



8  Ethv'
2   guthion
5   EC4
m
o
>
r
o
m
S
                      Micropterus
                       sal mo ides

                      Cyprinus
                       carpio
                                           BSA
                                                                      (O)

                                                                      0.021 (T9A)


                                                                      0.0051 (T4A)


                                                                      0.00037 (SB)

                                                                      0.00060 (SB)
                                                                      0.0005 (SB)
                                                                      0.0008 (SB)




                                                                      0.002 (T4A)


                                                                      0.019 (T4A)



                                                                      0.023 (T2A)

                                                                      0.002 (T2A)

                                                                      0.008 (T2A)

                                                                      0.003 (T2A)

                                                                      0.004 (T2A)


                                                                      0.0042 (SB)

                                                                      0.0032 (SB)
0.05 (O)
0.10 (O)
0.50 (K1)
0.01 (K1)
0.05 (K 5 hr)
0.10 (K 5 hr)
                                    Tests were run on bluegill sunfish, C. astictopus first instar
                                     larvae, and fourth instar larvae, results for larvae were as
                                     follows:
                                     Fourth instar   0.017 (T1A)
                                     First instar    0.0018 (T1A)

                                     Experiments were all conducted at 60 F in 1964. The
                                     values were listed as LC5Q.
                                     Concentration reported is for immobilization.
                                     Time for immobilization was 64 hr.
                                     Data cited are for 78 F, but assays were performed at
                                     varied temperatures.
                                     Water chemistry (unspecified) was "controlled"  during
                                     the assay period.
                                     Experiments were all conducted at 60 F in 1964. The
                                     values were listed as LC5Q.
                                     The values reported  are given as
                                                         Hazeltine
                                                           (1963)
                                                          Cope
                                                            (1965)
                                                          Sanders and
                                                            Cope
                                                            (1966)
                                    This paper reports acute toxicity of a number of compounds,
                                     and discusses sub-acute mortality as well. Effects on repro-
                                     duction and behavior are also discussed. Data presented as
                                                          Cope
                                                            (1965)
                                                          Cope
                                                            (1965)

                                                          Cope
                                                            (1966)
                                                                                                               m
                                                                                                               Z
                                                                                                               D
                                                                                                               X
                                                                                                               00
Concentration reported is for immobilization.
Time for immobilization was 48 hr.
Data cited are for 60 F, but assays were performed at
 varied temperatures.
Water chemistry (unspecified) was "controlled" during
 the assay period.

At 0.05 ppm, 25 percent mortality occurred in 1 day.
At 0.10 ppm, 90 percent mortality occurred in 1 day.

For bass:
 Experiments were carried out in fiber glass tubs filled
  with well water.  Fish weights ranged from 2 to 6 pounds.
For carp:
 Experiments were carried out in plastic tubs lined with
  saran plastic.  Fish weights averaged 217 grams.
                                                                                              Sanders and
                                                                                               Cope
                                                                                               (1966)
Mulla, et al
 (1967)
-o
3)
O
o
c

-------
COMMERCE
>*
r-
I
m
s
0
r~
•o
3)
O
O
1
C/J










«P
K>
00






















Chemical
Exalgae



F-98


Fairfield 279

Fairfield
OT60-6
Fenac
(sodium salt)




Fenac



Fenac
(sodium salt)
Fenac
acid
(tech)
Fenac
(sodium
salt, WP)
Fenac
(acid)
Fenac, Na









Fenac
(Na salt)



Organism
Chlorella
pyrenoidsa


Onchorynchus
tshawytscha

Sal mo
gairdneri
Salmo
gairdneri
Redear
sunfish


Salmo
gairdneri
Lepomis
macrochirus


Pteronarcys sp
(nymphs)
Bluegill


Bluegill


Pteronarcys sp
(nymphs)
Salmo
gairdneri
Lepomis
macrochirus
Pteronarcys
californica
Daphnia
pulex
Simocephalus
serrulatus
Daphnia
magna
Rainbow
trout
Bluegill
Toxicity,
Bioassay Active
or Field Field Ingredient,
StudyCl) Location<2) ppm(3)
L - 5 (AC 1/2 hr)



BSA - 0.08 (T1 A)


BSA - 360 (T1 A)

BSA - 100 (T1A)

BSA - (O)



10,000 (T1A)
7,500 (T2A)
BSA - 22.5 (T2A) L
15.0 (T2A) G


BSA - 47 (T4A)

BSA - 41 (T4A)


BSA - 14 (T4A)


BSA - 56 (T4A)

BSA - 7.500 (T2A)

19.000 (T2A)

80.000 (T2A)

4.500 (T2A)

6,600 (T2A)

BSA - 100(0)

7.5 (0)

19 (O)
Experimental
Variables
Controlled
or Noted'4) Comments
— Describes a bioassay method to differentiate between an
algicide (AC) and an algistat (AS). The treated culture
was subcultured as time progressed. Allen's medium was
used.
a c d e Concentrations were based on percent active ingredient.


a The experiment was conducted at 55 F Fish weighed
0.5 g.
a The experiments were conducted at 55 F. Fish weighed
0.8 g.
a The experiment was conducted at 75 F. Fish weighed
3g.
No mortality was noted with concentrations of 12,000
mg/1 at 48 hr.
The experiments were conducted at 65 F Fish weighed
0.6 g.
a c d e g Toxicity data for 24 and 48 hours are presented for liquid
(L) and granular (G) formulations. Various commercial
formulations were tested. The liquid formulations were
almost invariably more toxic than the granular ones.
£ Experiments were all conducted at 60 F in 1964. The
values were listed as LCsfj.
a This is an estimated LC§o value at temperatures from 55 to
75 F.

a Comment same as above.


£ Experiments were all conducted at 60 F in 1964. The
values were listed as UCsrj.
a This paper reports acute toxicity of a number of compounds.
and discusses subacute mortality as well. Effects on repro-
duction and behavior are also discussed. Data presented as
ECso-






a c d i q Toxicity, in terms of median immobilization concentration
(ICgg), is presented for Daphnia; median lethal concentra-
tion (LCsrj) for rainbow trout and bluegill are reported.


Reference
(Year)
Fitzgerald and
Faust
(1963)

Bond, et al
(1960)

Cope
(1963)
Cope
(1963)
Cope
(1963)




Hughes and
Davis
(1965)

Cope
(1965)
Cope
(1965)

Cope
(1965)

Cope
(1965)
Cope
(1966)








Crosby and
Tucker
(1966)






















•p
*o
•o
m
z
g

DO





















-------
    Fenac
     (sodium
     salt)
    Fenac (sodium
     salt, WP)


    Fenac
    Fenac
      Fenac
       (Na salt)

"-*    Fenthion
    Fenthion
     (Baytex)
S
m
3D
o
o
o
-o
3D
O
o
    Fenthion
Simocephalus
 serrulatus
Daphnia
 pulex
Rainbow
 trout
Bluegill
Lepomis
 macmchirus
 (eggs)
Erimyzon
 sucetta
 (eggs)
L. macmchirus
 (fry)
Pteronarcys
 californica
 (naiads)
Pteronarcys
 californica
 (naiads)
Prosimulum spp
Cnephia spp
Simulium spp
 (larvae)
Micropterus
  salmoides
Lepomis
  macrochirus
Gambusia
  affinis
Lebistes
  reticulatus
Palomonetes
  patudosus
Hyalella
  azteca
Plankton
  (Euglena,
  Coleops)
Rotifers
Micropterus
  salmoides
BSA
BSA
                                            BSA
                                            BSA
                                            UCFA
BSA
                                            BSA
6.6 (SB)

4.5 (SB)




7.5 (T2A)

19.0 (T2A)

20/5(O)


20 (NTE)


50 (S)


0.06 (T4A)



0.055 (T4A)



0.4 (O)
1.75 (L1A)

1.75 (L1A)

2.0 (L1A)

1.75 (L1A)

0.011 (U1A)

0.016 (L1 A)

1.0(K2)


1.0 (K2)
5.0 (K 3 hr)
                                                                                                            Concentration reported is for immobilization.
                                                                                                            Time for immobilization was 64 hr.
                                                                                                            Data cited are for 78 F, but assays were performed at
                                                                                                              varied temperatures.
                                                                                                            Water chemistry (unspecified) was "controlled" during
                                                                                                              the assay period.
                                                                                                            Data are given as
                                                                                                —            Fertilized fish eggs of indicated species were placed in
                                                                                                              1 liter of test solution and allowed to hatch.  Toxicity
                                                                                                              data are presented as concentration in ppm/number of
                                                                                                              days survival.  Maximum length of test was 8 days.  No
                                                                                                              food was added. Small bluegill were  tested to find the
                                                                                                              highest concentration of chemical which did not cause
                                                                                                              death in 12 days (S).

                                                                                             £_£.dj!_t        Data reported as LC5Q at 15.5 C in 4 days.
                                                                                            a c d e f        Comment same as above.
                                                                                                            Stones heavily populated with wild larvae were placed in
                                                                                                              troughs of running water containing the toxicant. When
                                                                                                              the larvae became detached from the rocks and floated
                                                                                                              away, they were assumed to have undergone lethal intoxi-
                                                                                                              cation.  The larvae were exposed to the toxicant for 5
                                                                                                              minutes, then in clean water for 24 hours. At that time
                                                                                                              the number detached amounted to 89 percent.

                                                                                                            Abate was toxic to fish at a dosage rate necessary to con-
                                                                                                              trol  the larvae of the chironomid midge.
                                                               Experiments were carried out in plastic tubs lined with
                                                                saran plastic. Fish weights averaged 217 grams.
                                                                                                                         Sanders and
                                                                                                                          Cope
                                                                                                                          (1966)
Bohmont
 (1967)

Hiltibran
 (1967)
                                                                                                                         Sanders and
                                                                                                                          Cope
                                                                                                                          (1968)
                                                                                                                         Sanders and
                                                                                                                          Cope
                                                                                                                          (1968)
                                                                                                                         Jamnback and
                                                                                                                          Frempong-
                                                                                                                          Boadu
                                                                                                                          (1966)
                                                                                                                         Von Windeguth
                                                                                                                          and Patterson
                                                                                                                          (1966)
                m
                O
                X
                CD
                                                                                              Mulla, et al
                                                                                               (1967)

-------
COMMERCE
r
r~
o
I
m
5
O
f—
T3
33
Q
0
C
3










CD
i
U>
O
















Chemical
Fenthjon



Fenuron







Fenuron


Fenuron



Fenuron












Fenuron
(25 percent
pellet)
Fenuron-TCA
(tech)
Fenuron-TCA
(3lb/gal)


Organism
Pteronarcys
californica
(naiads)

Protococcus sp
Chlorella sp
Dunaliella
euchlora
Phaeodactylum
tricornutum
Monochrysis
lutheri
Leiostomus
xanthurus
(juvenile)
Penaeus
aztecus


Crassostrea
virginica
Penaeus
aztecus
Leiostomus
xanthurus
Phytoplankton






Lepomis
macrochinis

Lepomis
macrochinis
Lepomis
macrochinis
Micropterus
salmoides
Toxicity,
Bioassay Active
or Field Field Ingredient,
Study''' Location'2) ppm (3)
BSA - 0.0045 (T4A)



BSA - 29.0 (K)
2.9 (NG)
2.9 (NG)

2.9 (NG)

2.9 (K)

BSA - (O)


L - (0)



BCFA & - 2.0 (NTE)
BSA
2.0 (0, 10%)

1.0 (NTE)

41% (O)






BSA - 53.0 (T4A)


BSA - 5.3 (T4A)

BSA - 4.8-6.5 (T4A)

7.4 (T4A)

Experimental
Variables
Controlled
or NotedW Comments
a c d e f Data reported as LC^Q at 1 5.5 C in 4 days.



a This paper concerns the growth of pure cultures of marine
plankton in the presence of toxicants. Results were ex-
pressed as the ratio of optical density of growth in the
presence of toxicants to optical density in the basal medium
with no added toxicants. NG = no growth, but the organ-
isms were viable.


a Water temperature was 25 C. Fish showed irritation at
1.0 ppm.

a Toxicant chemicals were evaluated in sea water at tempera-
tures averaging about 28 C. The values are for 24-hr ECgo
or enough to cause loss of equilibrium or mortality. A
concentration of 1.0 ppm caused 10 percent mortality.
— Seawater was pumped continuously into test aquaria.
Salinity, temperature, and plankton fluctuated with tide,
and ambient weather conditions. Some bioassays with fish
were static. Toxicity was reported for the following:
Oyster — 96-hr ECso — Cone, which decreased
shell growth.
Shrimp — 48-hr ECgo — Cone, which killed or
paralyzed 50% of test animals.
Fish — 48-hr EC$Q — Cone, which killed
50%.
Phytoplankton — Percent decrease of CO2 fixation to a
4-hr exposure at 1.0 ppm chemical
concentration.
— Laboratory bioassays indicated that toxicity of the different
formulations evaluated in this varied greatly with the fish
used. Mortality data are expressed as BC-\rj, ECso, etc.
— Comment same as above,

— Comment same as above.



Reference
(Year)
Sanders and
Cope
(1968)

Ukeles
(1962)






Butler
(1967)

Butler
(1965)


Butler
(1965)











Walker
(1965)

Walker
(1965)
Walker
(1965)


m

g
X
00

-------
      Fenuron
       TCA
      Fermate
      Fermate
      Fermate
,L    Folidol
 m
 x
 r>
 o
 m
 2
 5
 T)
 3)
 o
 o

 I
      Folpet
       [N-(trichloro-
       methylthio)-
       phythalimide]

      Folithion or
       Sumithion
       (=fenitrothion)
      Furron
      Furazolidone
Lepomis
 macrochirus
L. cyanellus
Micropterus
 dolomieui
Erimyzon
 sucetta
L. macrochirus
 (fry)
Channel
 catfish
 (fingerlings)
Sa/velinus
 fontinalis x
Salmo
 trutta
Catostomus
 commersoni
Micropterus
 salmoides

Pimephales
 promelas
Lepomis

Tilapia
 massambica
Gambusia
 affinis

Brachydanio
Prosimulum spp
Cnephia spp
Simulium spp
  (larvae)
Water lettuce


Salmo
  trutta
Salmo
  gairdnerii
Salvelinus
  fontinalis
                                             BSA
                                              FPCH
                                                             N.Y.
                                              BSA
                                              BSA
BSA
LCFA
FL


BCH
                           10 (NTE)

                           10(NTE)
                           10(NTE)

                           10 (NTE)

                           20 (S)


                           12.6
                            (K 27 hr A)


                           0.5 (S23)
            0.5 (S23)

            0.5 (S23)

            3.1 (T4A)


            0.6 (T2A)

            0.1 (T2A)

            1(0)



            0.4 (O)
Lakes in     (O)
 Fla.
            (O)
                                                Fertilized fish eggs of indicated species were placed in
                                                 1 liter of test solution and allowed to hatch. Toxicity
                                                 data are presented as concentration in ppm/number of
                                                 days survival. Maximum length of test was 8 days. No
                                                 food was added. Small bluegill were tested to find the
                                                 highest concentration of chemical which did not cause
                                                 death in 12 days (S).
  a            Tap water was used.  Considerable additional data are
               presented.

a c d          Conventional farm ponds were used having an average
               surface area of 0.3 acre and a maximum depth of
               7-9 ft.  Toxicity (in ppm) to fish as maximum safe
               concentration (S) for 23 days was determined. Con-
               centration of 0.5 ppm was required to control algae.
                                                 a c d e f       The toxicity of this substance was influenced by the
                                                                 quality of the water (pH, hardness, alkalinity). The
                                                                 TLm was lower in hard water.
                                                a c d e f p       The test animals were conditioned for 48 hours prior to
                                                                 use.
              At 1 ppm all larvae were killed within 48 min.  The TI-50
               was 34 min and LD5Q was 0.71 ppm.
              Stones heavily populated with wild larvae were placed in
               troughs of running water containing the toxicant. When
               the larvae became detached from the rocks and floated
               away, they were assumed to have undergone lethal intoxi-
               cation.  The larvae were exposed to the toxicant for 5
               minutes, then in clean water for 24 hours. At that time
               the number detached amounted to 65 percent.
              Application rates of 4 to 5 Ib/acre controlled water lettuce.

              The chemical was nontoxic to brown, rainbow, and brook
               trout at levels up to 500 mg per kg of body weight per day
               when force-fed for 14 consecutive days. Therapeutic
               levels for control of furnuculosis appear to be as low as
               or lower than 10 milligrams of chemical per kilogram of
               body weight per day for 14 days. To have complete con-
               trol of the disease, a dosage of at least 75 milligrams of
               furazolidone per kilogram of body weight was given.
                                                                       Hiltibran
                                                                         (1967)
                                                                                                          Clemens and
                                                                                                           Sneed
                                                                                                           (1959)
                                                                                                          Eipper
                                                                                                           (1959)
Pickering and
 Henderson
 (1966)
Sreenivasan and
 Swaminathan
 (1967)

Abedi and
 Turton
 (1968)

Jamnback and
 Frempong-
 Boadu
 (1966)
Phillippy
 (1961)
Post and
 Keiss
 (1962)
                                                                                                                                                                                      O
                                                                                                                                                                                      X
                                                                                                                                                                                      09

-------
COMMERCE
s>
r
o
i
m
S
O
r-
-o
3)
O
O
C
3
C/5










CO
,L
OJ
K)
















Chemical
Furoxone






G-27365
(EC2)



G-28029
(EC2)


G-30493
(EC2)





G- 30494
(EC2)




GCM05 (zinc
nicotinyl
fluosilicate)

GC-2131
(1-chloro-2,4-
phenylene-bis-
(0,0-diethyl phos-
phorothiolate]
GC-3582
(EC4)


Organism
Salvelinus
fontinalis





Gambusia
affinis

Rana
catesbeiana
Gambusia
affinis
Rana
castesbeiana
Gambusia
affinis
Bufo
boreas
Scophiopus
hammondi

Gambusia
affinis
Bufo
boreas
Scophiopus
hammondi
Australorbis
glabratus


Australorbis
glabratus



Gambusia
affinis
Rana
catesbeiana
Toxicity,
Bioassay Active
or Field Field Ingredient,
StudyCI) Location'2* ppm(3)
BSA - (O)






FL Ponds (O)
in III.



FL Ponds (O)
in III.


FL Ponds (O)
in III.
(0)

(0)


FL Ponds (O)
in III.
(0)

(0)

BSA and Puerto Rico Failed
FL


BSA and Puerto Rico Failed
FL



FL Ponds (O)
in III.


Experimental
Variables
Controlled
or Noted^' Comments
a e Aeromonas salmonicida is the bacterium causing furunculosis
in fish. The toxicity level of this chemical indicates that
this drug could be used as a therapeutic measure for
A. salmonicide. 500 milligrams per kilogram per day used
for 15 successive days showed no pathological effect on
brook trout.

— When applied at 0.2 and 0.4 pound per acre active ingredient,
8 and 100 percent fish mortality occurred respectively in
1 day.
No bullfrog mortality occurred at 0.8 pound per acre in
1 day.
— When applied at 1 .6 pounds per acre active ingredient, 6 per-
cent fish mortality occurred in 1 day.
No bullfrog mortality occurred at 1 .6 pounds per acre in
1 day.
— When applied at 0.8 pound per acre active ingredient, 2 per-
cent fish mortality occurred in 2 days.
No toad mortality occurred at 0.8 pound per acre in 1 day.




— When applied at 0.8 pound per acre active ingredient.
100 percent fish mortality occurred in 1 day.
When applied at 0.4 pound per acre, 5 percent toad mortal-
ity occurred in 1 day.


c Seven of the tested compounds failed to meet acceptability
criteria — that is, complete kill after 6-hr exposure to
10 ppm. They were not used in field tests. Field tests
showed WL 8008 to be highly effective.
c Comment same as above.




— When applied at 0.025 and 0.05 pound per acre active in-
gredient, 4 and 80 percent fish mortality occurred in 1 day.
When applied at 1.6 pounds per acre, 100 percent bullfrog
mortality occurred in 1 day.
Reference
(Year)
Post
(1959)





Mulla, et al
(1963)

Mulla, et al
(1963)
Mulla, et al
(1963)


Mulla, et al
(1963)





Mulla, et al
(1963)




Seiffer and
Schoof
(1968)

Seiffer and
Schoof
(1968)


Mulla, et al
(1963)























^
4g
•o
m
z
O
X
00















-------
     GC-3582
      (EC4)
GC-3583
 (EC4)

GC-3707
 (tech)
GC-3707
 (EC)
GC-3707
 (WP)
GC-4072
 (50 percent
 EC)

GC-4072
 (tech)
GC-4072
 (EC4)
GC-9160
 (EC2)
    GS-12968
     (EC4)
    GS-13005
g   (EC4)
S
oo
OJ
  m
  3
  o
  m
  •a
  O
  O
  c
     GS-13005
      Gamlen CW
                  Microp terus
                   sal mo ides
                  Cyprinus
                   carpio
                       Micropterus
                        salmoides
                       Lepomis
                        macrochirus
                       Salmo
                        gairdneri
                       Salmo
                        gairdneri
                       Gambusia
                        affinis
                  Lepomis
                   macrochirus
                  Micropterus
                   salmoides
Gambusia
 affinis
Tadpole
 shrimp
Gambusia
 affinis
Gambusia
 affinis
ftana
 catesbeiana

Prosimulum spp
Cnephia spp
Simulium spp
 (larvae)
                  Panda/us
                    montagni
                  Cardium
                    edule
                                        BSA
BSA



BSA


BSA


BSA


FL




BSA


BSA





FL




FL


FL




LCFA
                                                    Ponds
                                                      Bakers-
                                                      field,
                                                      Cal.
                                                            Cal.



                                                            Cal.

                                                            Cal.
                                             BSA
                                                                  0.05 (O)
                                                                  0.10 (K1)
                                                                  0.005 (K1)
                                                                  0.01 (K5hr)
                                                                  0.05 (K3hr)
0.10 (O)
0.50 (K1)


600 (T1A)


170 (T1A)


95 (T1A)


0.2 (K1)
0.8 (K1)



3IT1A)


0.50 (O)
1.00(0)




(O)

(O)


(O)


0.4 (K1)


(O)

0.4 (0)
                                                                   14.6 (O)

                                                                   69.5(0)
                                                                                             a c
                                                                                               a e
                                                                                    At 0.05 ppm, 60 percent mortality occurred in 1 day.
                                                                                    For bass:
                                                                                     Experiments were carried out in fiber glass tubs filled with
                                                                                      well water. Fish weights ranged from 2 to 6 pounds.
                                                                                    For carp:
                                                                                     Experiments were carried out in plastic tubs lined with
                                                                                      saran plastic.  Fish weights averaged 217  grams.

                                                                                    No mortality occurred at 0.10 ppm in 4 days.  Experiments
                                                                                     were carried out in fiber glass tubs filled with well water.
                                                                                     Fish weights ranged from 2 to 6 pounds.

                                                                                    The experiment was conducted at 75 F.


                                                                                    The experiment was conducted at 65 F.


                                                                                    The experiment was conducted at 65 F.


                                                                                    Toxicity values indicate application rates in Ib/acre.  The ex-
                                                                                     periments were conducted in cages placed  in the ponds.
                                                                                                          The experiments were conducted at 75 F.


                                                                                                          At 0.50 ppm, 6 percent mortality occurred in 1 day.
                                                                                                          At 1.00 ppm, 66 percent mortality occurred  in 1 day.
                                                                                                          At 1.50 ppm, 100 percent mortality occurred in 2 days.
                                                                                                          Experiments were carried out in fiber glass tubs filled with
                                                                                                           well water. Fish weights ranged from 2 to 6 pounds.
                                                                                                          At an application rate of 2.0 Ib/acre, 62% mortality of the
                                                                                                           fish occurred in 24 hours.  Tadpole shrimp survived this
                                                                                                           treatment.
                                                                                                       At a concentration of 0.4 Ib/acre, 72% mortality of the
                                                                                                        fish occurred in 24 hours.
                                                                                                       Toxicity value in Ib/acre. No mortality in tadpoles of
                                                                                                        Ft. catesbeiana occurred during an exposure period of
                                                                                                        one week.
                                                                                                          Stones heavily populated with wild larvae were placed in
                                                                                                           troughs of running water containing the toxicant.  When
                                                                                                           the larvae became detached from the rocks and floated
                                                                                                           away, they were assumed to have undergone lethal intoxi-
                                                                                                           cation. The larvae were exposed to the toxicant for
                                                                                                           5 minutes, then in clean water for 24 hours.
                                                                                                          Experiments were conducted in tanks holding 10 liters of
                                                                                                           sea water at 15 C.
                                                                                                          It was shown that the toxicity of this solvent emulsifier de-
                                                                                                           creased with  time due to evaporation of the solvent.
                                                                                                          Gamlen CW at a concentration of 33.3 ppm killed 95% of
                                                                                                           Crangon crangon larvae in 3 hr.
                                                                                                                        Mulla, et al
                                                                                                                          (1967)
                                                                                                                                                                Mulla, etal
                                                                                                                                                                 (1967)
Cope
 (1963)
Cope
 (1963)
Cope
 (1963)
Mulla and
 Isaak
 (1961)
                                                                                                                                             Cope
                                                                                                                                               (1963)
                                                                                                                                             Mulla, etal
                                                                                                                                               (1967)
                                                                                                                                                                Mulla
                                                                                                                                                                 (1966)
                                                                                                                                                                Mulla
                                                                                                                                                                 (1966)
                                                                                                                                                                Mulla
                                                                                                                                                                 (1966)
                                                                                                                                                                Jamnback and
                                                                                                                                                                 Frempong-
                                                                                                                                                                 Boadu
                                                                                                                                                                 (1966)
                                                                                                                        Portmann and
                                                                                                                          Connor
                                                                                                                          (1968)
                m
                O
                X
                0

-------
o
o
m
o Chemical
f~ Gamlen D
O
I
m
S
o
i-
3) Gamlen OSR
O
O
C
_l
en



Gammexane
powder
(larvicide)
Gamosol
solvent "D"


3 Garlon

j
k



Guthion
(25% WP)

















Organism
Panda/us
montagni
Crangon
crangon
Card/um
edule
Pandalus
montagni
Crangon
crangon
Carcinus
maenas
Cardium
edule
Tilapia
melanopleura

Daphnia
magna


Myriophyllum
heterophyllum
Utricularia sp



Green
sunfish
Orange spotted
sunfish
White
crappie
Bluegill
Largemouth
bass
Gizzard
shad
Freshwater
drum
Gar
Carp
Longnose
gar
Golden
shiners
Toxicity,
Bioassay Active
or Field Field Ingredient,
Study(1> Location(2) ppm(3)
BSA - 11.5IT2A)

9,6 (T2A)

38.8 (T2A)

BSA - 12.5(T2A)

8.8 (T2A)

20.4 (T2A)

15.8(T2A)

FLCH Tanganyika 1 Ib (0% K)


BSA - 13.7 (T1A)
2.9 (T2A)
1 .5 (T3A)

FL Farm (O)
ponds
in Ga.



FL Ponds 0.25-1.8(0)
in
Ark.
















Experimental
Variables
Controlled
or NotedW Comments
a e Experiments were conducted in tanks holding 10 liters of sea
~ water at 15 C.
It was shown that the toxicity of this solvent emulsifier de-
creased with time due to evaporation of the solvent.
Gamlen D at a concentration of 33.3 ppm killed 100% of
Crangon crangon larvae in .1 hr.
a e Comments same as above except that Gamien OSR at a
concentration of 10 ppm killed 95% of Crangon crangon
larvae in 3 hr.





— Trial periods were for 20 weeks. Sublethal effects such as
impaired breeding, retarded growth, or altered taste were
not detected. Dosages are given as Ib/acre of surface water.
e Crude oil plus emulsifier had the following values.
24.4 (T1A)
10.7 (T2A)
9.1 (T3A)
— Garlon was developed as an overall herbicide containing
4 Ib/gal dalapon and 1/2 Ib/gal Silvex acid. It has given in-
dications of control of several species of weeds, such as
Myriophyllum heterophyllum and Utricularia sp.
However, present results are inconclusive and this herbicide
warrants further investigation and experimentation.
d g Catfish were more tolerant to Guthion than the other species
of fish tested. All other species of fish were quickly affected
by applications of 1 .0 ppm. Field studies were conducted in
ponds ranging from 0.25-1 .8 acre-feet in volume. Survival
values were determined by draining the ponds whenever pos-
sible. Residue studies indicated that the chemical disappeared
from the water in less than 2 weeks and that the chemical is
no longer detectable in catfish flesh after 6 weeks. Cladocera
and rotifers were not eliminated from the treated ponds and.
in many field collections, were more numerous than in un-
treated ponds.








Reference
(Year)
Portmann and
Connor
(1968)



Portmann and
Connor
(1968)





Webbe and
Shute
(1959)
Dowden
(1962)


Thomaston, et al
(1959)




Surber
(1943)





































^
Eg
•o
m
•z.
o
X






















-------
   Guthion
   Guthion
   Guthion
   Guthion
   Guthion
8

m
O  Guthion
O
m
2
5
   Guthion
O
 Fathead
  minnows
 Bigmouth
  buffalo
 Black
  bullheads
 Channel
  catfish
 Warmouth

Pimephales
 promelas
 Lepomis
  macrochirus

 Gambusia
  affinis
Pimephales
 promelas
Lepomis
 macrochirus
 Lepomis
  macrochirus
 Micropterus
  salmoides
 Notemigonus
  crysoleucas
 Carassius
  auratus
 Oncorhynchus
  kisutch
 Oncorhynchus
  tshawytscha
 Salmo
  gairdnerii
 Gasterosteus
  aculeatus
 Micropterus
  salmoides
 Pimephales
  promelas
 Cyprinodon
  variegatus
                                           BSA
BSA
                                           BSA
                                           BSA
                                            BSA
 BSA
                                            BCFCH
0.09 (T4A)

0.005 (T4A)

0.05 (K 53%)


0.093 (T4A)

0.0052 (T4A)
0.1 (O)

0.1 (O)

0.1 (O)

0.1 (O)

4.2 (T4A)

4.3 (T4A)

3.2 (T4A)

12.1 (T4A)

0.5 (O)

0.5 (O)
                                                                                             a d e f         Concentrations were based on percent active ingredient.
                                                    a            Chemicals were dissolved in acetone, and tests were run in
                                                                  triplicate. Toxicity is given as average percent fish killed
                                                                  in 24 hr.
                                                    a            Bioassay investigations of the new insecticides indicate that
                                                                  in general the organic phosphorus compounds are not as
                                                                  toxic to fish as are the chlorinated hydrocarbons. The
                                                                  toxicity of most of these materials was not significantly
                                                                  influenced by water quality. Therefore it is to be expected
                                                                  that the toxicity of these materials will not differ signifi-
                                                                  cantly in different streams.
                                                  a c d f         This paper reports the effect of insecticides in reducing the
                                                                  anticholinesterase in a fish brain within 2-8 hours. The
                                                                  inhibition of the enzyme was a function of the concentra-
                                                                  tion of the insecticide, extent of exposure, and specific
                                                                  chemical  nature of the compound.
                                                                                             a c d e         Chemical dissolved in acetone. TLm expressed in ppb.
                                                  0.01 (SB1)
                                                                 The degree of reaction to the cholinesterase-inhibiting insecti-
                                                                  cides is not only a function of time and concentration, but
                                                                  also of chemical and biological species.  This paper reports
                                                                  many analyses of brain cholinesterase activity which is ex-
                                                                  pressed as percentage of normal. The data are reported as
                                                                  LTso which  was the time required for 0.5 ppm of the chem-
                                                                  ical to kill 50 percent of the fish.  For bass the LTso was
                                                                  40 min and for the fathead  40 min.

                                                                 Little  or no information was given about test procedures and
                                                                  further results.
                                                                                                                           Henderson, et al
                                                                                                                            (1959)
Le wall en
 (1959)

Tarzwell
 (1959)
Weiss
 (1959)
I
m
Z
o
X
00
                                                                                                                           Katz
                                                                                                                            (1961)
Weiss
 (1961)
                                                                                                Das and
                                                                                                 Needham
                                                                                                 (1961)

-------
COMMERCIAI
O
I
m
s
O
1-
-o
o
D
o
H
C/l







5!
w
c\















Chemical

Guthion
(tech,
90 percent)

Guthion
(EC1.5)




Guthion






Guthion


Guthion


Guthion






Guthion




Organism

Carassius
auratus
Lebistes
reticulatus
Gambusia
affinis
Bufo
boreas
Scophiopus
hammondi
Carassius
auratus
Lepomis
macrochirus
Notemigonus
crysoleucas



Gammarus
lacustris


Bluegill


Acroneuria
pacifica
Ephemeral/a
grandis
Gammarus
lacustris
Pteronarcys
californica
Pteronarcys
californica
Acroneuria
pacifica
Ephemerella
grandis
Gammarus
lacustris
Toxicity, Experimental
Bioassay Active Variables
or Field Field Ingredient, Controlled
Study'1) Location'2' ppm'3) or Noted'4)

BSA - 1 .4 (T4A) a c d e

0.12 (T4A)

FL Ponds (O)
in III.
(0)

(0)

BSCH - 1.0(0)* acde
0.1 (O)** ~ ~
10.0(0)*
1.0 (0)*
0.1 ?(0)«
"response,
15 days
**no response,
1 5 days
BSA - 0.0001 26 (T4A) a e


BSA - 0.0052 (T4A) a


BSA - 0.0085 (T4A) ac
0.014 (T4A)

0.0001 3 (T4A)

0.022 (T4A)

BSA - 0.02 (T4A) a
0.009 (T4A)
0.01 (T4A)

0.0001 (T4A)

Comments

Soft water primarily was the test medium. TLm's reported
for 24, 48, and 96 hr. Acetone or alcohol used as solvent
or carrier in most cases.

When applied at 0.1 pound per acre active ingredient,
100 percent fish mortality occurred in 1 day.
No toad mortality occurred at 0.4 pounds per acre in 1 day.



Toxicity was determined by measuring acetylcholinesterase
activity in the brains of fish. Concentrations are given in
ppb as either response or not response in 1 5 or 30 days.





Emulsible concentrates were prepared from technical grade
insecticides with acetone as the solvent.
Symptoms prior to death were observed and recorded on
graphs.
Assays were conducted in soft water at 25 C. Decrease in
brain cholinesterase was measured in fish exposed to the
toxicant.
Additional TLm data are given.






Unspecified chemical characteristics of assay water were de-
termined by standard methods. General comments were
made concerning "standardized" conditions, use of "soft"
water, and use of emulsifying agents. Additional data are
presented.



Reference
(Year)

Pickering, et al
(1962)


Mulla, et al
(1963)




Weiss and
Gakstatter
(1964)





Nebeker and
Gaufin
(1964)

Weiss
(1964)

Gaufin, et al
(1965)





Gaufin, et al
(1965)





















^
•o
m


X















-------
   Guthion
    (25% WP)
   Guthion
    (tech,
    95 percent
    active in
    acetone)
Guthion



Guthion

Guthion
8
   Guthion
m
j!> Guthion
     (EC2)
I Guthion
m
S
Ictiobus              BSA
 cyprinellus
Ictalurus
 puntatus
Lepom/s
 cyanellus
Rana
 catesbeiana
Notemigonus
 crysoleucas
Lepomis
 macrochirus
Micropterus
 salmoides

Pteronarcys           BSA
 californica
 (naiad)
Acroneuria
 pacifica
 (naiad)

 Acroneuria           BSA &
 pacifica              CFCH
 Pteronarcys
 californica
 Lepomis              BSA
 gibbosus
 Lepomis
 gibbosus
 Ictalurus
  melas
 Pseudopleuronectes
  americanus
 Myoxocephalus
  scorpius
 Leiostromus          BCFCH
  xanthurus
 Cyprinodon
  variegatus
 Micropterus          BSA
  salmoides
 Pteronarcys           BSA
  californica
  (naiads)
(O)                   a c d e
9.0 (T2A)
9.0 (T2A)

0.025 (T2A)

(O)

0.10(T2A)

0.025 (K2)

0.025 (T2A)


0.0220 (T4A)          c d e f


0.0085 (T4A)
                                                                      0.0085 (T4A)          a c d e
                                                                      0.00024 (T30CH)
                                                                      0.022 (T4A)
                                                                      0.0013 (T30CH)
                                                                      1/4 (O)
 8.74 ±1.72(0)

 3.64 ±0.67 (O)

 11.24 ± 1.60 (O)

 0.03 ±0.01 (O)

 0.01 (O)                 a

 0.01 (O)

 1.0(0)                 ae
 1.50(K1)

 0.0015 (T4A)         acdef
At 1.0 ppm concentration, bullfrog tadpoles and bigmouth
 buffalo were not affected. The compound performed
 effectively under various water conditions which included
 water from a bayou, lake, and in ponds filled with well
 water. 1.0 ppm of Guthion effectively controlled green
 sunfish without apparent effect on channel catfish.
Meyer
 (1965)
A. pacifica was much more sensitive to chlorinated hydro-
 carbons and to organic phosphate insecticides than
 P. californica.
                                     Additional data are presented.
 The figures given are for mortality in 2 hours when the amount
  of chemical was 16 mg/kg, given by injection.
 This paper is a study of the amounts of organic thiophosphate
  and their oxygen analogues which accumulate in liver slices
  in an in vitro study of insecticides. The numbers given are
  for m JUm of chemical (in the case of Parathion, Malathion,
  and Guthion — the oxygen analogue) accumulated in 100 mg
  (dry weight) of liver in 30 minutes.
 At a concentration of 0.01 ppm, the following percent acetyl-
  cholinesterase activity as compared to controls was found:
   L. xanthurus — 79
   C. variegatus — <10.
 At 10 ppm no mortality occurred in 1 day.  Experiments
  were carried out in fiber glass tubs filled with well water.
  Fish weights ranged from 2 to 6 pounds.
 Data reported as LC^Q at 15.5 C in 4 days.
Jensen and
 Gaufin
 (1966)
 Jensen and
  Gaufin
  (1966)

 Murphy
  (1966)
 Murphy
  (1966)
 Butler and
  Johnson
  (1967)

 Mulla, et al
  (1967)

 Sanders and
  Cope
  (1968)
                                                                                                              m
                                                                                                              z
                                                                                                              O
                                                                                                              X
                                                                                                              CD
•D
•31
O
O

-------
o
o
2
2
m
o Chemical
r~ Guthion
0
I
m
2
0
r~
•D
3)
o
0
c
o
-t
05 Gutoxon







Gutoxon

HCA
CO
1
OJ
oo
Hept


Heptachlor


Bioassay
or Field
Organism Study'T
Lepomis BSA
gibbosus
Ictaluras
me/as
Micropterus
dolomieui
Myxocephalus
scorpius
Pseudopleuronectes
americanus

Lepomis
gibbosus
Ictalurus
me/as
Pseudopleuronectes
americanus
Myxocephalus
scorpius
Lepomis BSA
gibbosus
Panicum f L
hemitomum
Pontederia
cordata
Spatterdock
Channel BSA
catfish
(fingerlings)
Various FL


Toxicity, Experimental
Active Variables
Field Ingredient, Controlled
Location'2' ppm'3) or Noted'4'
- (0) ap










0.205 ± 0.01 0 (O)

0.101 ±0.044 (O)

0.039 ±0.030(0)

0.1 09 ± 0.020 (O)

4/4 (0)

Fla. (0)




12.4(K25hrA) a


Salt Lake (O) -
Co.,
Utah
Comments
The chemicals were poor inhibitors of brain cholinesterases
in vitro; their oxygen analogs were potent inhibitors.









This paper is a study of the amounts of organic thiophos-
phate and their oxygen analogues which accumulate in
liver slices in an in vitro study of the insecticides. The
numbers given are for mjUm of the chemical accumulated
in 50 mg of liver (wet weight) in 10 minutes.



The figures given are for mortality in 2 hours when the
amount of chemical was 1.0 mg/kg, given by injection.
The degree of control was as follows:
P. hemitomum (80 Ib/acre) — 85 percent
P. cordata (80 Ib/acre) — 85 percent
spatterdock (160 Ib/acre) — none.

Tap water was used. Considerable additional data are
presented.

The chemical was applied at 0.1 Ib/acre.
At the above concentration no ill effects were observed in
mammals, birds, reptiles, and amphibians.
Reference
(Year)
Murphy, et al
(1968)









Murphy
(1966)






Murphy
(1966)
Copeland and
Woods
(1959)


Clemens and
Sneed
(1959)
Graham and
Anderson
(1958)
Invertebrates were not affected uniformly. Crustaceans
 were not harmed, nor were larvae of the insect family
 Ephydridae.
Spiders and aquatic insects other than Ephydridae were
 adversely affected in varying degrees. Aquatic beetles
 seemed to be affected more seriously than other insects
 excepting mosquito larvae.
                                                                             m
                                                                             z
                                                                             g
                                                                             x
                                                                             00

-------
     Heptachlor

vo
     Heptachlor
I
m
3)
O
     Heptachlor

     Heptachlor
       (25%)
  O
  m  Heptachlor

  5
  O
  D
Dorosoma
 cepedianum
Esox
 americanus
Erimyzon
 bucetta
Notemigonus
 crysoleucas
Opsopoeodus
 emiliae
Ictalurus
 melas
Fundulus
 chrysotus
Gambusia
 affinis
Aphredoderus
 sayanus
Micropterus
 salmoides
Chaenobryttus
 coronarius
Lepomis
 symmetricus
L. megalotis
L. macrochirus
Pomoxis
 nigromaculatus
Etheostoma
 gracile
Fathead
  minnow
Bluegill
Goldfish
Guppy
 Fathead
  minnow
 Channel
  catfish
  (fingerlings)
 Pimephales
  promelas
 Lepomis
  macrochirus
 Carassius
  auratus
 Lebistes
  reticulatus
                                             FR
                                                            Texas
                                                                        (O)
                                             BSA
BSA

BSA



BSA
                           0.094 (T4A)

                           0.019 (T4A)
                           0.230 (T4A)
                           0.170 (T4A)
0.056 (T4A)

1.8 (K24hr A)



0.09 (T4A)

0.02 (T4A)

0.23 (T4A)

0.11 (T4A)
                                                                                            adef
                                                               Experiments were conducted in fish streams and canals
                                                                which bisect a farm treated with 10% Heptachlor at the rate
                                                                of 20 pounds per acre to control fire ants.
                                                               Fish were showing symptoms of distress 3 days after applica-
                                                                tion of the Heptachlor.  In a depression filled with  water
                                                                in a rice field 100% kill was noted for Gambusia and bantam
                                                                sunfish (the most abundant species). There was no effect on
                                                                tadpoles.
                                                                                             Boudreaux, et al
                                                                                               (1959)
                                                                                                                                         m
                                                                                                                                         O
                                                                                                                                         X
                                                                                                                                         00
It was the authors opinion that pH, alkalinity and hardness,
 within the usual range in natural waters, had little effect on
 the toxic effect of the compounds studied. The values
 given are from Henderson, Pickering, and Tarzwell, "The
 Relative Toxicity of Ten Chlorinated Hydrocarbon Insecti-
 cides to Four Species of Fish". It is interesting that the
 different tables from the above book (as reported  in this
 paper) report widely different values for the same compounds.
 This experiment was performed in soft water.
Comment same as above except that this experiment was
 performed in hard water.
Tap water was used. Considerable additional data are
 presented.


Concentrations were based on percent active ingredient.
                                                                                             Tarzwell
                                                                                               (1959)
Tarzwell
 (1959)
Clemens and
 Sneed
 (1959)
Henderson, et al
 (1959)

-------
COMMERCI
r
o
i
m
2
O
f-
TJ
3)
0
O

o
w










*p
^-
o























Chemical
Heptachlor
(72%)







Heptachlor






Heptachlor

Heptachlor







Heptachlor
(heptachloro-
4,7-methano-
tetrahydro-
indene)
Heptachlor

Heptachlor





Heptachlor








Organism
Pimephales
promelas
Lepomis
macrochirus
Carassius
auratus
Lebistes
reticulatus

Pimephales
promelas
Lepomis
macrochirus



Daphnia
magna
One orh ynchus
kisutch
Oncorhynchus
tshawytscha
Salmo
gardnerii
Gasterosteus
aculeatus
Richardsonius
balteatus
hydro flox


Lepomis
microlophus
Gammarus
lacustris
lacustris



Salmo
gairdneri

Redear
sunfish




Toxicity, Experimental
Bioassay Active Variables
or Field Field Ingredient, Controlled
StudyCU Location(2) ppm<3) or Noted W
BSA - 0.18IT4A) abecdf

0.026 (T4A)

0.320 (T4A)

0.148 (T4A)


BSA - 0.094 (T4A) a

0.019 (T4A)




BSA - 0.05777 (O) a

BSA - 59.0 (T4A) a c d e

17.3(T4A)

19.4 (T4A)

111.9 (T4A)

BSA - >0.13(T1A) acdef
0.11 (T2A)
0.096 (T4A)


BSA - 0.02-0.09 (T1 A) a

BSA - (O) aep





BSA - 150 (T1A) a
90 (T2A)
70 (T4A)
0.092 (T1 A)
0.064 (T1A)
O.O47 (T1 A)
0.034 (T1 A)
0.022 (T1 A)

Comments
Dilution water was usually soft although some studies were
conducted with hard water.







Bioassay investigations of the new insecticides indicate that
in general the organic phosphorus compounds are not as
toxic to fish as are the chlorinated hydrocarbons. The
toxicity of most of these materials was not significantly in-
fluenced by water quality. Therefore it is to be expected
that the toxicity of these materials will not differ signifi-
cantly in different streams.
The indicated concentration immobilized Daphnia in 50 hours.

Chemical dissolved in acetone. TLm expressed in PPB.







Results given were in soft water.
Results in hard water were as follows: 0.15 (T1 A),
0.12 (T2A), and 0.11 (T4A).


This is a time-temperature study with considerable additional
data presented.
The mortality might have been partially due to the suscept-
ibility of the organism to higher temperatures, toxicity from
extended exposure to copper electrodes (used to shock the
organism to determine death), or the increase of CO2- Re-
sults were expressed as LTsg; for example, at 0.5 ppm.
50 percent of the shrimp were killed in 240 (±30) min.
The experiments were conducted at 55 F. Fish were 2-3 in.
long.

The experiment was conducted at 45 F.
The experiment was conducted at 55 F.
The experiment was conducted at 65 F.
The experiment was conducted at 75 F.
The experiment was conducted at 86 F.
Higher temperatures caused a moderate increase in toxic effects.
Reference
(Year)
Henderson, et al
(1959)







Tarzwell
(1959)





Anderson
(1960)
Katz
(1961)






Webb
(1961)



Brown
(1961)
McDonald
(1962)




Cope
(1963)




























^
TJ
m
Z
O
X
CD






















-------
   Heptachlor
   Heptachlor
    (EC2)
   Heptachlor
    Heptachlor
Lepomis
 cyanellus
Lepomis
 macrochirus
Rana
 catesbeiana
Gambusia
 affinis
Rana
 catesbeiana
 (tadpoles)

Gambusia
 affinis
 affinis
Bluegill
                                            FL
FL
                                                           Miss.
               Cal.
                                                                        (O)
BSA
BSA
Heptachlor
(tech)
i Heptachlor
1— *
£








Heptachlor

8
m
Q Heptachlor
r
o
m
2
Rainbow
trout
Salmo
gairdneri
Lepomis
macrochirus
Pteronarcys
californica
Baetis sp
Daphnia
pulex
Simocephalus
serrulatus
Simocephalus
serrulatus
Daphnia
pulex
Daphnia
carinata


BSA

BSA









BSA

BSA


                                                    a c
0.07 to 1.3(O)
                            0.019 (T4A)


                            0.008 (T4A)

                            0.009 (T2A)

                            0.026 (T2A)

                            0.006 (T2A)

                            0.032 (T2A)
                            0.042 (T2A)

                            0.047 (T2A)

                            0.047 (SB)

                            0.042 (SB)



                            0.02 (SB)
Limited mortality of fish and amphibians occurred as a result
 of Heptachlor applications used to control fire ants. At a
 concentration of 2.0 (Ib/acre) only one bullfrog was killed
 during the entire study.  At a concentration of 0.25 plus
 0.25 Ib/acre (2 applications approximately 4 months apart)
 there were 8 dead green sunfish.
Mixed populations of the indicated test species contained in
 cages were exposed to various insecticidal chemicals applied
 as dilute sprays to ponds 1/16 acre in size.  The indicated
 toxicant concentration is in Ib/acre, and resulted in a 28 per-
 cent mortality for the fish, and a 50 percent mortality for
 the tadpoles in 24 hours.
The lower value is for fish that had never been exposed to the
 toxicant, and the higher value was obtained with fish that
 had been exposed to a sublethal dose  in the past. Appar-
 ently such an exposure produces a resistance that can be
 retained when they are later placed in clean water.
Assays were conducted in soft water at 25 C. Decrease in
 brain cholinesterase was measured in fish exposed to the
 toxicant.
The values reported are given as
                                                                                                             This paper reports acute toxicity of a number of compounds,
                                                                                                              and discusses sub-acute mortality  as well. Effects on re-
                                                                                                              production and behavior are also discussed. Data pre-
                                                                                                              sented as EC5Q.
                                                                                                             Concentration repotted is for immobilization.
                                                                                                             Time for immobilization was 48 hr.
                                                                                                             Data cited are for 60 F, but assays were performed at varied
                                                                                                              temperatures.
                                                                                                             Water chemistry (unspecified) was "controlled" during
                                                                                                              the assay period.
                                                                                                             Concentration reported is for immobilization.
                                                                                                             Time for immobilization was 64 hr.
                                                                                                             Data cited are for 78 F, but assays were performed at varied
                                                                                                              temperatures.
                                                                                                              Water chemistry (unspecified) was "controlled" during
                                                                                                              the assay period.
                                                                                                                                                                        Ferguson
                                                                                                                                                                         (1963)
                                                                                                Mulla
                                                                                                  (1963)
                                                                                                                                                                        Boyd and
                                                                                                                                                                         Ferguson
                                                                                                                                                                         (1964)
                                                                                                                                                                        Weiss
                                                                                                                                                                         (1964)
                                                                                                                                                  Cope
                                                                                                                                                   (1965)
                                                                                                                                                  Cope
                                                                                                                                                   (1966)
                                                                                                                                                  Sanders and
                                                                                                                                                   Cope
                                                                                                                                                   (1966)
                                                                                                                                                  Sanders and
                                                                                                                                                   Cope
                                                                                                                                                   (1966)
•o
3D
O
O

-------
o
o
2
2
m
g Chemical
J*
*~ Heptachlor
O
I
m
s

O
r~
-a
3)
O
rj
C
o
Heptachlor


Heptachlor






Heptachlor
*?
[•v






Heptachlor







Heptachlor
epoxide








Toxicity,
Bioassay Active
or Field Field Ingredient,
Organism Study^) Location^) ppm(3)
Mya BCFCH - (O)
arenaria
Crassostrea
virginica
Corbicula
manillensis
Mercenaria
mercenaria
Ftangia
cuneata
Oyster FE Galveston (O)
Bay, Texas

Micropterus FL Va. (O)
salmoides
salmoides
Lepomis
macrochirus
Chelydra
serpentine
Pteronarcys BSA - 0.0011 (T4A)
californica
(naiads)
Pteronarcella 0.0009 (T4A)
bad/a
(naiads)
Claasenia 0.0028 (T4A)
sabulosa
(naiads)
Alosa BSA - (O)
pseudoharengus
Aplodinotus
grunniens
Coregonus
artedii
Lota
lota
Buteo FO Netherlands (O)
buteo
Accipiter
gent His
Accipiter
nisus
Falco
tinnunculus
Tyto
Alba
Experimental
Variables
Controlled
or NotedW) Comments
— Results are recorded as a range of uptake of the chemical by
5 species of aquatic mollusks. An uptake or concentration
of 250-2500X resulted.







— The chemical was found in the water at a concentration of
<0.001 ppm. Oysters from the area were found to contain
<0.01 ppm.
— The amount of chemical applied was not specified in this
report.
None of the chemical was found in the tissues of either bass
or bluegill taken from polluted ponds. However, a snapping
turtle taken from a pond that had no residue of chemical in
the water or bottom mud was found to contain 5100 ppb
in the body fat, egg yolk, and liver tissues.
a c d e f Data reported as 1X50 at 1 5.5 C in 4 days.








— The study showed that the levels of chlorinated hydrocarbon
pesticide residues in fish meals and oils were, with the ex-
ception of the oil sample taken from the Lake Michigan
alewife, below the regulatory tolerances established by the
Food and Drug Directorate of Canada (1965) for certain
foods intended for human consumption. Pesticide levels
were interpreted as being representative for each species.

— The results of this study show that birds of prey and fish-
eating birds found dead in the Netherlands accumulated
large amounts of different chlorinated hydrocarbon insecti-
cides. In most cases the liver had the highest concentration
of toxicant, ranging from 0.07 to 4.7 ppm. Most chlorinated
hydrocarbons tend to accumulate in the fat depots of the
body. In instances where mesenterial fat was found the con-
centration of toxicant was found to be as high as 3.0 ppm.


Reference
(Year)
Butler
(1967)








Casper
(1967)

Weatherholtz,
et al
(1967)




Sanders and
Cope
(1968)






Dugal
(1968)






Koeman and
van Genderen
(1966)



























^
•wt
U
m
z
g


03





















-------
    Heptachlor
     epoxide
O
>
    Hercules
     528
    Hercules
     3895 G

    Hercules
     7175
     (tech)
    Hercules
     7531
     (tech)
    HRS-1622
     (octachloro-
     propane)

    Hyamine
8
S  Hyamine
     1622
O  Hyamine
m   2389
'    Hydram
"D
3)
O
O  Hydram
I
Strix
 aluco
Oslo
 otus
Falco
 pereginus
Alosa
 pseudoharengus
Aplodinotus
 grunniens
Coregonus
 artedii
Lota
 lota
Lepomis
 macrochirus
Micropterus
 salmoides
Notemigonus
 crysoleucas
Carassius
 auratus
Gambusia
 affinis
Lepomis
 macrochirus
Lepomis
  macrochirus
Austral orbis
 glabratus
 Oncorhynchus
  kisutch
 Lepomis
  macrochirus
 Pimephales
  promelas
 Lepomis
  macrochirus
 Pimephales
  promelas
 Oyster

 Penaeus
  aztecus
BSA
BSA
BSA



BSA



BSA


BSA
 and
 FL

BSA

BSA



BSA




BCF

L
               (O)
              0.1 (O)

              0.1 (O)

              0.1 (O)

              0.1 (O)

              0.05 (K0%)


              40,000(71 A)


              25,000 (T1A)
Puerto Rico     Failed
               57(T1A)
               53 (T2A)
               (S) 1.6 (T4A)
               (H) 3.8 (T4A)
               (S) 1.6 (T4A)
               (H) 3.8 (T4A)
               (S) 1.2 (T4A)
               (H) 4.8 (T4A)
               (S) 2.4 (T4A)
               (H) 4.2 (T4A)

               (O)

               (O)
  —          The study showed that the levels of chlorinated hydrocarbon
               pesticide residues in fish meals and oils were, with the ex-
               ception of the oil sample taken from the Lake Michigan
               alewife, below the regulatory tolerances established by the
               Food and Drug Directorate of Canada (1965) for certain
               foods intended for human consumption. Pesticide levels
               were interpreted as being representative for each species.

a c d f         This paper reports the effect of insecticides in reducing the
               anticholinesterase in a fish brain within 2-8 hours.  The
               inhibition of the enzyme was a function of the concentra-
               tion of the insecticide, extent of exposure, and specific
               chemical nature of the compound.
              Chemicals were dissolved in acetone, and tests were run in
               triplicate. Toxicity is given as average percent fish killed
               in 24 hours.
              The experiment was conducted at 75 F.  Fish weighed 0.4 g.
              Comment same as above.
  c           Seven of the tested compounds failed to meet acceptability
               criteria — that is, complete kill after 6-hr exposure to
               10ppm. They were not used in field tests. Field tests
               showed WL 8008 to be highly effective.
a c d e        Concentrations were based on percent active ingredient.

£ cj!         Bioassay method in Standard Methods for examination of
~~             water was  used. Both hard (H) and soft (S) water were
               used. TLm values for 24 and  48 hr are also presented.

 ace         Comment same as above.
              No effect on exposure to the chemical at 1.0 ppm.

              Toxicant chemicals were evaluated in sea water at tempera-
               tures averaging about 28 C. The values are for 24-hr ECso
               or enough to cause loss of equilibrium or mortality. A con-
               centration of 1.0 ppm  caused 10 percent mortality.
Dugal
  (1968)
                                                                                                                         Weiss
                                                                                                                          (1959)
Lewallen
 (1959)

Cope
 (1963)

Cope
 (1963)

Seiffer and
 Schoof
 (1967)

Bond, et al
 (1960)
Surber and
 Pickering
 (1962)

Surber and
 Pickering
 (1962)

Butler
 (1965)
Butler
 (1965)
I
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Chemical
Hydram


Hydram











Hydram

Hydram
(tech)

Hydram





Hydram
(tech)

Hydrothat
191
Hydrothal
plus

Ibcol


I mi dan






Organism
Leiostomus
xanthurus
(juvenile)
Crassostrea
virginica
Penaeus
aztecus
Leiostomus
xanthurus
Phytoplankton





Pteronarcys sp
(nymphs)
Rainbow
trout
Bluegill
Sal mo
gairdneri
Lepomis
macrochirus
Pteronarcys
californica
Rainbow
trout
Bluegill
Rainbow
trout
Lepomis
macrochirus

Guppy


Prosimulum spp
Cnephia spp
Simulium spp
(larvae)



Toxicity,
Bioassay Active
or Field Field Ingredient,
Study'1 ) Location'2) ppm'3)
BSA - (O)


BCFA & - 1.0 (NTE)
BSA
1.0 (0,30%)

1.0 (20%
T2CFA)
9% (O)





BSA - 0.370 (T4A)

BSA - 0.200 (T4A)

0.355 (T4A)
BSA - 0.290 (T2A)

0.475 (T2A)

0.700 (T2A)

BSA - 0.29 (T2A)

0.475 (T2A)
BSA - 1.5(T2A)

BSA - 3.5 (T1 A)


BSA - 100 (K1)


LCFA - 4.0 (O)






Experimental
Variables
Controlled
or Noted '^) Comments
a Water temperature was 25 C. 20% mortality at 1.0 ppm.


— Sea water was pumped continuously into test aquaria.
Salinity, temperature, and plankton fluctuated with tide,
and ambient weather conditions. Some bioassays with
fish were static. Toxicity was reported for the following:
Oyster - 96-hr EC5Q - Cone, which decreased
shell growth.
Shrimp — 48-hr EC$Q — Cone, which killed or
paralyzed 50% of test animals.
Fish - 48-hr EC50 - Cone, which killed 50%.
Phytoplankton — Percent decrease of CO2 fixation to a
4-hr exposure at 1 .0 ppm chemical
concentration.
a Experiments were all conducted at 60 F in 1 964. The values
~ were listed as LCsfj.
a This is an estimated LC$Q value at temperatures from 55
to75F.

a This paper reports acute toxicity of a number of compounds,
and discusses sub-acute mortality as well. Effects on repro-
duction and behavior are also discussed. Data presented
as EC5Q.


— Data are given as LCsg.


— Comment same as above.

a b e This report is a simple and straightforward determination of
~ a median tolerable limit for a selected group of herbicides.

a Those fish that survived at lower concentrations were still
~~ very active several days after they had been taken out and
placed in fresh water.
a Stones heavily populated with wild larvae were placed in
troughs of running water containing the toxicant. When
the larvae became detached from the rocks and floated
away, they were assumed to have undergone lethal intoxica-
tion. The larvae were exposed to the toxicant for 5 minutes.
then in clean water for 24 hours. At that time the number
detached amounted to 85 percent.
Reference
(Year)
Butler
(1965)

Butler
(1965)










Cope
(1965)
Cope
(1965)

Cope
(1966)




Bohmont
(1967)

Bohmont
(1967)
Hughes and
Davis
(1967)
Anonymous
(1964)

Jamnback and
Frempong-
Boadu
(1966)























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-------
   Inverton
    (2,4,5-T)
   lodophor
   I PC 50%
   I PC
     (tech)
   I PC
8

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    I PC
     (tech)
    Isodrin
     (EC 1.6)
    Isolan
     (EC2)
    Isotex 25
    K-6882
     (25 percent
     EC)
    Karmex Wc
     [3-(p-chloro-
     phenyl)-1,1-
     dimethylurea)
     80% active
     ingredient]
    Kel thane

    Kelthane
    Kepone
Nympheae sp
Parrot feathers
Guppy
Channel
 catfish
 (fingerlings)
Bluegill

Simocephalus
 serrulatus
Daphnia
 pulex
 Bluegill

 Gambusia
 affinis
 Gambusia
  affinis
 Channel
  catfish
  (fingerlings)
 Gambusia
  affinis

 Richardsonius
  balteatus
  hydroflox
 Salmo
  gairdneri
 Gambusia
  affinis
 Lepomis
  microlophus
FL



BSA



BSA



BSA?


BSA
  Farm
   ponds in
   Georgia
BSA


FL





FL


BSA



FL



BSA
  Cal.
  Cal.
Ponds —
 Bakersfield,
 Cal.
 BSA

 BSA



 BSA
(O)



6250 (K1)


>100(K1A>


29.0 (T4A)

10.0 (SB)

10.0 (SB)



32.0 (T2A)

0.5 (O)




2.0 (K1)

0.54 (K1A)


(0)
              42.5 (T1A)
              41.5IT2A)
              41.5CT4A)
               110 (T1A)

               2.1 (LD*
               1.9 (L1)*»
               *Resistant fish
              **Nonresistant fish
               0.1-0.6 (T1A)
                                                  a c d e f
Nympheae sp and parrot feathers were killed at the recom-
 mended application rate of one gallon Inverton mixed with
 15 gallons of fuel, and 84 gallons of water per acre killed
 completely in less than a week.
Those fish that survived at  lower concentrations were still
 very active several days after they had been taken out
 and placed in fresh water.
Tap water was used.  Considerable additional data are
 presented.
                                                                           value at temperatures from 55 to
This is an estimated
 75 F.
Concentration reported is for immobilization.
Time for immobilization was 64 hr.
Data cited are for 78 F, but assays were performed at
 varied temperatures.
Water chemistry (unspecified) was "controlled" during
 the assay period.
Data are given as LC$Q.

Mixed populations of the indicated test species contained
 in cages were exposed to various insecticidal chemicals
 applied as dilute sprays to ponds 1/16 acre in size. The
 indicated toxicant concentration is in Ib/acre, and
 resulted in a 100 percent mortality for these fish.
Toxicity value is in Ib/acre.

Tap water was used. Considerable additional data are
 presented.

No fish mortality occurred at 0.2 to 0.8 Ib/acre rates of
 application. The experiments were conducted in cages
 placed in the ponds.
Results given were in soft water.
Results in  hard water were as follows: 60.3+(T1 A),
 41.2 (T2A), and 40.1 (T4A).
                                     The experiment was conducted at 55 F.  Fish weighed
                                      0.7 g.
                                     This paper deals with the resistance of mosquito fish to
                                      chlorinated hydrocarbon compounds. Resistant fish
                                      were not always less sensitive to these chemicals.

                                     This is a time-temperature study with considerable addi-
                                      tional data presented.
                                                                                                                                                                      Thomaston, et al
                                                                                                                                                                       (1959)
                                                                                                                                                                      Anonymous
                                                                                                                                                                        (1964)

                                                                                                                                                                      Clemens and
                                                                                                                                                                        Sneed
                                                                                                                                                                        (1959)
                                                                                                                                                                      Cope
                                                                                                                                                                        (1965)
                                                                                                                                                                      Sanders and
                                                                                                                                                                        Cope
                                                                                                                                                                        (1966)
                                                           Bohmont
                                                            (1967)
                                                           Mulla
                                                            (1963)
                                                           Mulla
                                                            (1966)
                                                           Clemens and
                                                            Sneed
                                                            (1959)
                                                           Mulla and
                                                            Isaak
                                                            (1961)
                                                           Webb
                                                            (1961)
                                                           Cope
                                                            (1963)
                                                           Boyd and
                                                            Ferguson
                                                            (1964)

                                                           Brown
                                                            (1961)
                                                                                                                                                                                      m
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*" Kepone
o
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1/1 Kepone
(EC 2)




Kepone
(tech)
Knoxweed 42


™ Knoxweed 42
£
Knoxweed 42



Knoxweed 42












Korlan


Organism
Lepomis
macrochims

Redear
sunfish





Gambusia
affinis
Rana
catesbeiana
(tadpoles)

Rainbow
trout
Leiostomus
xanthurus
(juvenile)
Oyster

Penaeus
aztecus


Crassostrea
virginica
Penaeus
aztecus
Leiostomus
xanthurus
Phytoplankton






Gambusia
affinis

Toxicity, Experimental
Bioassay Active Variables
or Field Field Ingredient, Controlled
Study'"" Location'2) ppm (3) or Noted'4)
BSA - 380(T18hr) a
240 (T 32 hr)
110 (T56hr)
0.62 (T1A)
0.54 (T1A)
0.34 (T1A)
0.24 (T1A)
0.12 (T1A)


FL Cal. 0.5(0) ac





BSA - 0.020 (T4A)

BSA - (O) a


BCF - (O) a

L - (0) a



BCFA&BSA - 1.0(0)

0.48 (0)

1.0 (NTE)

1.0 (NTE)






BSA - 0.1 (K 3%) a


Comments
The experiment was conducted at 65 F Fish were
2 in. long.

The experiment was conducted at 45 F.
The experiment was conducted at 55 F.
The experiment was conducted at 65 F.
The experiment was conducted at 75 F.
The experiment was conducted at 85 F.
Higher temperatures caused a moderate increase in toxic
effects.
Mixed populations of the indicated test species contained
in cages were exposed to various insecticidal chemicals
applied as dilute sprays to ponds 1/16 acre in size. The
indicated toxicant concentration is in Ib/acre, and re-
sulted in a 18 percent mortality for the fish, and a 0
percent mortality for the tadpole in 24 hr.
The values reported are given as \-C$Q.

Water temperature was 25 C. No effect was noticed on
exposure to 1 .0 ppm.

Exposure to a concentration of 1 ppm caused a 44.0%
decrease in shell growth.
Toxicant chemicals were evaluated in sea water at tempera-
tures averaging about 28 C. The values are for 24-hr EC$Q
or enough to cause loss of equilibrium or mortality. A
concentration of 1.0 ppm caused 40 percent mortality.
Seawater was pumped continuously into test aquaria.
Salinity, temperature, and plankton fluctuated with tide,
and ambient weather conditions. Some bioassays with
fish were static. Toxicity was reported for the following:
Oyster — 96-hr EC$Q — Cone, which decreased
shell growth.
Shrimp — 48-hr EC§Q — Cone, which killed or
paralyzed 50% of test animals.
Fish - 48-hr EC5Q - Cone, which killed
50%.
Phytoplankton — Percent decrease of CO2 fixation to
a 4-hr exposure at 1 .0 ppm chemical
Concentration.
Chemicals were dissolved in acetone, and tests were run in
triplicate. Toxicity is given average percent fish killed in
24 hr.
Reference
(Year)
Cope
(1963)








Mulla
(1963)




Cope
(1965)
Butler
(1965)

Butler
(1965)
Butler
(1965)


Butler
(1965)











Le wall en
(1959)

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-------
    Kuron
    Kuron
Kuron
 (silvex acid
 equivalent)
    Kuron

    Kuron
CO    Kuron
    Kurosal
    Kurosal G

    Kurosal G
     (silvex acid
     equivalent)

O   Kurosal SL
2
m
3D
O
j£   Kurosal SL
O    (silvex acid
m    equivalent)
2
O
                      Na/as
                       quadalupensis
                      Spatterdock
                      Onchorynchus
                       tshawytscha
                      Micropterus
                       salmoides
                      Micropterus
                       salmoides
                       (fry)
                      Ictalurus
                       punctatus
                       (fry)
                      Lepomis
                       macrochirus
                       (fry)
                      Pteronarcys sp
                       (nymphs)
                      Chinook
                       salmon
                      Bluegill

                      Simocephalus
                       serrulatus
                      Daphnia
                       pulex
Lepomis
 macrochirus

Bluegill

Lepomis
 macrochirus
 (fry)
Oncorhynchus
 kisutch
                      Lepomis
                       macrochirus
                        (fry)
                                            FL
                                           BSA
                                            BSA
                                                           Fla.
                                        BSA

                                        BSA




                                        BSA
BSA


BSA

BSA


BSA




BSA
(O)


1.35 (T1A)
1.23 (T2A)
3.5 (T1 A)

1.0 (SB3)


0.5 (SB3)


0.3 (SB3)



0.320 (T4A)

1.35 (T1A)
1.23 (T2A)
2.9 (T1A)
2.4 (T2A)
2.4 (SB)

2.00 (SB)




120,000  (T1A)


21  (T1A)
15(T2A)
150(SB3)
                                                                       290 (T1A)
                                                                       240 (T2A)
                                                                       83(T1A)
                                                                       83 (T2A)
                                                                       100ISB3)
                                                                                             a c d e
                                                                                            a c d e f p
                                                                                              ac d
                                                                                                 a


                                                                                                a c d

                                                                                              a c de f p



                                                                                                a c d




                                                                                              a c d e f p
                                                                                                             At 2O Ib/acre, N. quadalupensis was not controlled while
                                                                                                              5-10 percent control of spatterdock was obtained.

                                                                                                             Concentrations were based on percent active ingredient.
                                                                                                             At least 90 percent of the fry survived for a period of
                                                                                                              72 hours at the concentration listed.
Experiments were all conducted at 60 F in 1964. The
 values were listed as LC§Q.
Tests were conducted in glass jars holding 15 liters of
 water.
Toxicity of Kuron varies with the supplier.

Concentration reported is for immobilization.
Time for immobilization was 64 hr.
Data cited are for 78 F, but assays were performed at
 varied temperatures.
Water chemistry (unspecified) was "controlled" during
 the assay period.

The experiment was conducted at 75 F.  Fish weighed
 0.6 g.

Tests were conducted in glass jars holding 15 liters of water.

At least 90 percent of the fry survived for a period of
 72 hours at the concentration listed.
                                     Tests were conducted in glass jars holding 15 liters of water.
                                     Active ingredient of Kurosal SL is silvex 2-(2,4,5-trichloro-
                                      phenoxy) propionic acid, potassium salt.
                                     At least 90 percent of the fry survived for a period of
                                      72 hours at the concentration listed.
                                                          Copeland and
                                                           Woods
                                                           (1959)
                                                          Bond, et al
                                                           (1960)
                                                          Jones
                                                           (1965)
                                                                                                                                                                       Cope
                                                                                                                                                                        (1965)
                                                                                                                                                                       Bond, et al
                                                                                                                                                                        (1965)
                                                                                                                                                                     Sanders and
                                                                                                                                                                       Cope
                                                                                                                                                                       (1966)
                                                                                                                                                                  Cope
                                                                                                                                                                   (1963)

                                                                                                                                                                  Bond, et al
                                                                                                                                                                   (1965)
                                                                                                                                                                  Jones
                                                                                                                                                                   (1965)

                                                                                                                                                                  Bond, et al
                                                                                                                                                                   (1965)
                                                          Jones
                                                           (1965)
                                                                                                                                                                                      m
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Chemical
Kurosal SL
(60% silvex)











Kyro-eo
(nonionic)















LAS
(degradation
product-
sulfophenyl-
undecanoic
acid, disodium
salt)
LAS C 1 2
(alkylbenzene
sodium
sulfonate)
LASC 14
(alkylbenzene
sodium
sulfonate)
Bioassay
or Field Field
Organism Study'^' Location'^)
Crassostrea BCFA & BSA -
virginica
Fundulus
similis
Phytoplankton








Brook BSA -
trout

Rainbow
trout

Mayflies
(Ephemeroptera
naiads)
Stoneflies
(Plecoptera
naiads)
Damsel flies
(Odonata naiads)
Diptera larva
(chiefly
Tendipedidae)
Bluegill BSA
(fingerlings)





Bluegill BSA -
(fingerlings)


Bluegill BSA -
(fingerlings)


Toxicity,
Active
Ingredient,
1.0 (NTE)

25.0 (NTE)

1.0 (NTE)








5.2 (L1)
4.8 (L2)
4.6 (L3)
5.5 (L1)
5.3 (L2)
5.1 (L3)
5.6 (L2)
5.4 (L3)
5.2 (L4)
5.1 (L2)
4.8 (L3)
4.7 (L4)
5.2 (L3)
4.9 (L4)
(0)


75.0 (T4A)






3.0 (T4A)



0.64 (T4A)



Experimental
Variables
Controlled
or NotedW Comments
— Seawater was pumped continuously into test aquaria.
Salinity, temperature, and plankton fluctuated with tide.
and ambient weather conditions. Some bioassays with
fish were static. Toxicity was reported for the following:
Oyster — 96-hr ECso — Cone, which decreased
shell growth.
Shrimp — 48-hr EC5Q — Cone, which killed or
paralyzed 50% of test animals.
Fish— 48-hr ECso — Cone, which killed
50%.
Phytoplankton — Percent decrease of CO2 fixation to
a 4-hr exposure at 1 .0 ppm chemical
concentration.
— Kyro-eo is a synthetic, non-sulfonated detergent. Experi-
mental water was not supplemented with oxygen because
bubbling caused suds. Control tanks were also static.
Control organisms apparently did not suffer from lack of
oxygen in the static aquarium for 120 hr. Dipteran larvae
withstood 10 ppm of Kyro-eo with no mortality.











c d£ f o The fish killed all showed severe hematomas of the
respiratory folds of the gills. This was followed by the
stripping of the mucous layers. Following this, soft
tissue beneath was completely destroyed in most cases.



c d e f o Comment same as above.



c d e f o Comment same as above.



Reference
(Year)
Butler
(1965)











Hepworth
(no date)















Swisher, et al
(1964)





Swisher, et al
(1964)


Swisher, et al
(1964)


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     LAS
     Linear alkyl
      sulfonate
                        Pimephales
                         promelas
      Lethane 384
      Lexone
^    Lignasan
      Lignasan
      Lindane
  3)
  O
o
m  Lindane
£
Lepomis
 macrochirus
Pimephales
 promelas
Ictalurus
 me/as
Notropis
 atherinoides
Notropis
 cornutus
Prosimulum spp
Cnephia spp
Simulium spp
 (larvae)
Channel
  catfish
  (fingerlings)
Channel
  catfish
  (fingerlings)
Protococcus sp
Chlorella sp
Dunaliella
  euchlora
Phaeodactylum
  tricornutum
Monochrysis
  lutheri
 Fathead
  minnow
Bluegill
Goldfish
Guppy
                        Fathead
                         minnow
                      BCF
BSA
                                             LCFA
                                             BSA
BSA
BSA
                                              BSA
                                                                       2.3 (T4A)


                                                                       4.0 (T4A)

                                                                       4.2 (T4A)

                                                                       6.4 (T4A)

                                                                       3.3 (T4A)

                                                                       4.9 (T4A)


                                                                       4.0 (O)
jJ c d e f        Mortality range is given for exposure (days 1-9) with           Pickering
                various concentrations and controls.  Additional data           (1966)
                are presented.
 a c d e        In all these tests the LAS stock powder contained 60.8%       Thatcher and
                LAS. The values reported were calculated on a basis of         Santner
                pure LAS.                                                  (1967)
                                              BSA
                                                                       5.2 (K 30 hr A)


                                                                       2.0 (K 28 hr A)


                                                                       0.006 (K)
                                                                       0.006 (K)
                                                                       0.06 (K)

                                                                       0.06 (K)

                                                                       0.006 (K)

                                                                       0.062 (T4A)

                                                                       0.077 (T4A)
                                                                       0.152(T4A)
                                                                       0.138(T4A)
                                                 0.056 (T4A)
               Stones heavily populated with wild larvae were placed in        Jamnback and
                troughs of running water containing the toxicant.  When         Frempong-
                the larvae became detached from the rocks and floated          Boadu
                away, they were assumed to have undergone lethal intoxi-       (1966)
                cation.  The larvae were exposed to the toxicant for 5
                minutes, then in clean water for 24 hours. At that time
                the number detached amounted to 2 percent.
               Tap water was used. Considerable additional data are
                presented.

               Comment same as above.
Clemens and
 Sneed
 (1959)
Clemens and
 Sneed
 (1959)
Ukeles
 (1962)
                                                                This paper concerns the growth of pure cultures of marine
                                                                 plankton in the presence of toxicants. Results were ex-
                                                                 pressed as the ratio of optical density of growth in the
                                                                 presence of toxicants to optical density in the basal
                                                                 medium with no added toxicants.
                                                                It was the authors opinion that pH, alkalinity and hardness,     Tarzwell
                                                                 within the usual range in natural waters, had little effect on     (1959)
                                                                 the toxic effect of the compounds studied. The values
                                                                 given are from Henderson, Pickering, and Tarzwell, "The
                                                                 Relative Toxicity of Ten Chlorinated Hydrocarbon Insecti-
                                                                 cides to Four Species of Fish".  It is interesting that the
                                                                 different tables from the above  book (as reported in this
                                                                 paper) report widely different values for the same compounds.
                                                               This experiment was performed in soft water.
                                                               Comment same as above, except experiment was conducted     Tarzwell
                                                                 in hard water.                                             (1959)
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r Lindane 3%
2 (Methoxychlor
m 50%)
O Lindane
*•
•o
3)
O
0
C
O
C"
Lindane
(100%)






Lindane

V

O


Lindane







Lindane


Organism
Channel
catfish
(fingerlings)
Pimephales
prome/as
Lepomis
macrochirus
Carassius
auratus
Lebistes
reticulatus
Pimephales
prome/as
Lepomis
macrochirus
Carassius
auratus
Lebistes
reticulatus
Pimephales
promelas
Lepomis
macrochirus



Oncorhynchus
kisutch
Oncorhynchus
tshawytscha
Sal mo
gairdnerii
Gasterosteus
acu/eatus
Gammarus
lacustris
lacustris
Toxicity,
Bioassay Active
or Field Field Ingredient,
StudyCI) Location<2) ppm(3)
BSA - 2.0 (K1A)


BSA - 0.06 (T4A)

0.09 (T4A)

0.15 (T4A)

0.14 (T4A)

BSA - 0.062 (T4A)

0.077 (T4A)

0.152 (T4A)

0.138 (T4A)

BSA - 0.062 (T4A)

0.077 (T4A)




BSA - 50.0 (T4A)

40.0 (T4A)

38.0 (T4A)

44.0 (T4A)

BSA - (0)


Experimental
Variables
Controlled
or Noted!4) Comments
a Tap water was used. Considerable additional data are
presented.

£d e f Concentrations were based on percent active ingredient.







a_ b e c d_f_ Dilution water was usually soft although some studies
were conducted with hard water.






a Bioassay investigations of the new insecticides indicate
that in general the organic phosphorus compounds are
not as toxic to fish as are the chlorinated hydrocarbons.
The toxicity of most of these materials was not signifi-
cantly influenced by water quality. Therefore it is to
be expected that the toxicity of these materials will
not differ significantly in different streams.
_?_cdj: Chemical dissolved in acetone. TLm expressed in ppb.







a e P The mortality might have been partially due to the suscepti-
bility of the organism to higher temperatures, toxicity from
extended exposure to coooer electrodes (useri tn ehnrk tho
Reference
(Year)
Clemens and
Sneed
(1959)
Henderson, et al
(1959)






Henderson, et al
(1959)






Tarzwell
(1959)





Katz
(1961)






McDonald
(1962)

                                                                           m
                                                                           Z
                                                                           O
                                                                           X
                                                                           CD
organism to determine death), or the increase of CO2-  Re-
sults were expressed as LT^rj; for example, at 0.5 ppm, 50
percent of the shrimp were killed in 11  (±2) min.

-------
    Lindane
   Lindane
8
m
3)
o
O
m
2
3)
O
O
    Lindane
    Lindane
     EC 1.65
    Lindane
    Lindane
     (tech)
    Lindane
    Lindane
    Lindane
                      Protacoccus sp
                      Chlorella sp
                      Dunaliella
                       euchlora
                      Phaeodac tylum
                       tricornutum
                      Monochrysis
                       lutheri
Ophicephalus
 punctatus
Heteropneustes
 fossilis
Barbus
 stigma
Trichogaster
 fasciatus
Golden
 shiner
Rana
 catesbeiana
 (tadpoles)
                       Gambusia
                       affinis
                       affinis
 Rainbow
  trout
 Pteronarcys sp
  (nymphs)
 Bluegill
                      BSA
Pteronarcys
  (stone fly
  nymphs)
                                            BSA
BSA




FL




BSA




BSA

BSA

BSA
Cal.
                                            BSA
            9.O (O)*
            9.0 (O)*
            9.0 (O)

            9.0 (NG)

            7.5 (NG)
            "obvious,
            but inhib-
            ited growth
            4000-5000
              (K<1 hr)
            2000-5000
              (K<7hr)
            1000 (K<2hr)

            2000-3000
              (K<1 hr)
             >0.062-
              0.125(0)
0.5(0)
                                                 0.15 to 1.7 (O)
            0.022 (T4A)

            0.001 (T4A)

            65 (T4A)
            53 (T4A)
            56 (T4A)
            38 (T4A)
            25 (T4A)
                                                                        0.001 (T4)
                      acdep
                                    ac
                                                                This paper concerns the growth of pure cultures of marine
                                                                 plankton in the presence of toxicants. Results were ex-
                                                                 pressed as the ratio of optical density of growth in the
                                                                 presence of toxicants to optical density in the basal medi-
                                                                 um with no added toxicants. NG = no growth, but the
                                                                 organisms were viable.
                                                                The dosage to produce toxic symptoms varied with each
                                                                 species. At the very low dosage, these insecticides did
                                                                 not produce observable changes, but at the higher dosage
                                                                 observable changes were pronounced. Lindane at low
                                                                 concentrations had no noticeable effect but at higher
                                                                 concentrations the rate or mortality was very high.
A number of values for a threshold limit (LD/O) of the
 toxicant in various solvents are given. Values from
 0.062 ppm to 0.125 ppm for Lindane solvents in
 addition to water were obtained. Acetone and mixed
 solvents caused the greatest Lindane lethality.
Mixed populations of the indicated test species contained
 in cages were exposed to various insecticidal chemicals
 applied as dilute sprays to ponds 1/16 acre in size. The
 indicated toxicant concentration is in Ib/acre, and re-
 sulted in a 10 percent mortality for the tadpoles in 24 hr.
The lower value is for fish that had never been exposed to
 the toxicant, and the higher value was obtained with fish
 that had been exposed to a sublethal dose in the past.
 Apparently such an exposure produces a resistance that
 can be retained when they are later placed in clean water.
The values reported are given as
                                                                                                                                                Ukeles
                                                                                                                                                  (1962)
Experiments were all conducted at 60 F in 1964. The
 values were listed as
These experiments were performed to demonstrate that
 at increased temperatures the toxic effect of most chemi-
 cals is increased.
For the toxicant concentrations listed, the temperatures
 were respectively, 45, 55, 65, 75, and 85 F. Data on the
 effect of time as well as temperature was also reported.
 The experimental animals all were approximately one
 gram in weight.
These experiments were all conducted at 60 F.  The values
 were listed as LC5Q.
                                                                                                                                                                       Mathur
                                                                                                                                                                        (1963)
                                                                                                                                                                       Meyer
                                                                                                                                                                        (1965)
                                                                                                           Mulla
                                                                                                             (1963)
                                                                                                                                                 Boyd and
                                                                                                                                                  Ferguson
                                                                                                                                                  (1964)
                                                                                               Cope
                                                                                                (1965)
                                                                                               Cope
                                                                                                (1965)
                                                                                               Cope
                                                                                                (1965)
                                                                                                                          Snow
                                                                                                                            (1958)

-------
o
o
s
s
m
o Chemical
r~ Lindane
O
m
S
O
r~
T)
ID
O
D
O
*> Lindane











03
,1.
to

Lindane





Lindane







Lindane





Organism
Salmo
gairdnerii
Lepomis
macrochirus
Pteronarcys
californica
Daphnia
pulex
Simocephalus
serrulatus
Buteo
buteo
Accipiter
gen til is
Accipiter
nisus
Falco
tinnunculus
Tyto
alba
Strix
aluco
Asio
otus
Falco
pereginus
Puntius
javanicus
Tilapia
mossambica
Cyprinus
carpio
Puntius
Javanicus
Tilapia
mossambica
Cyprinus
carpio


Simocephalus
serrulatus
Daphnia
pulex


Toxicity,
Bioassay Active
or Field Field Ingredient,
Study*1 1 Location*2* ppm<3)
BSA - 0.022 (T2A)

0.053 (T2A)

0.002 (T2A)

0.460 (T2A)

0.520 (T2A)

FO Netherlands (O)















FL Japan 1.0% (O)
4.0% (O)
1.0% (0)
4.0% (O)
1.0% (O)
4.0 % (O)
BSA - 2.0 (K2)

2.0 (K2)

2.0 (0)



BSA - 0.520 (SB)

0.460 (SB)



Experimental
Variables
Controlled
or Noted*4) Comments
a This paper reports acute toxicity of a number of com-
pounds, and discusses subacute mortality as well.
Effects on reproduction and behavior are also dis-
cussed. Data presented as EC5Q.






- The results of this study show that birds of prey and fish-
eating birds found dead in the Netherlands accumulated
large amounts of different chlorinated hydrocarbon in-
secticides. Most chlorinated hydrocarbons tended to
accumulate in the fat depots of the body. In instances
where mesenterial fat was analyzed the concentration
of toxicant was found to be as high as 89 ppm.









- No fish deaths occurred at the 1 .0 percent concentration.
The following mortality occurred at the 4.0 percent
level:
P. javanicus - 56.5 percent (2 days)
T. mossambica — 86.0 percent (2 days)
C. carpio — 7.5 percent (2 days)
e The purpose of this experiment was to determine the
effect of Lindane on three species of fish. The Lindane
was Dol granule, a granular formulation containing 6
percent Lindane and 94 percent carrier. With C. carpio.
the 2.0 ppm killed 77.5 percent of the test fish in 2 days.
The data given are concerned with exposure in water
solutions. When soil was added to the water, the mortality
was reduced.
— Concentration reported is for immobilization.
Time for immobilization was 48 hr.
Data cited are for 60 F, but assays were performed at
varied temperatures.
Water chemistry (unspecified) was "controlled" during
the assay period.
Reference
(Year)
Cope
(1966)








Koeman and van
Genderen
(1966)













Kok and
Pathak
(1966)



Kok and
Pathak
(1966)





Sanders and
Cooe
(1966)



m
z
o

x
00

-------
     Lindane
    Lindane
     Lindane
     Lindane-C14
     Lindane
U)
     IW-502
   8M-1499
     (granular
g   Silvex)
m
3)
9 M-1500
M-1845
 (liquid
 Silvex)
Daphnia
 magna
                  Mya
                   arenaria
                  Crassostrea
                   virginica
                  Corbicula
                   manillensis
                  Mercenaria
                   mercenaria
                  Rangia
                   cuneata
                  Oyster
                  Lepomis
                   macrochirus
                  Carassius
                   auratus

                  Esox
                   lucius
                                             BSA
                                             BCFCH
                                                                        1.1 (SB)
                                                 (O)
                                             FE
                                             BCFCH
                                             FR
                       Althernanthera
                        philoxeroides
                       Pestia
                        stratiotes
                       Spatterdock

                       Bushy pondweed
                       Water  Hyssop
                       Parrot's Feather
                       Bladderwort

                       Bushy pondweed

                       Spatterdock
                       Bushy pondweed
                                        FL




                                        FL




                                        FL

                                        FL
                                     Galveston
                                      Bay,
                                      Texas
                                     River
                                      Nene,
                                      Eng.
                                                            Fla.
                                     Lakes in
                                       Fla.
                                     Lakes in
                                       Fla.
                                     Lakes in
                                       Fla.
                                                                        (O)
                                                 (O)
                                                                        (O)
                                                  (O)
(O)

(O)
                                    Concentration reported is for immobilization.
                                    Time for immobilization was 64 hr.
                                    Data cited are for 78 F, but assays were performed at
                                     varied temperatures.
                                    Water chemistry (unspecified) was "controlled" during
                                     the assay period.
                                    Results are recorded as a range of uptake of the chemical
                                     by 5 species of aquatic mollusks. An uptake or concentra-
                                     tion of 10-250X resulted.
The chemical was found in the water at a concentration of
 <0.001 ppm. Oysters from the area were found to con-
 tain <0.01  to 0.01 ppm.
Fish were treated with carbon-labeled insecticides (0.03 ppm)
 from 5 to 19 hr and uptake rates were determined. They
 were placed in recovery tanks for up to 32 days. Whole
 body samples were then made.  Almost all of Lindane
 absorbed was eliminated in 1 days.
Higher concentrations were found in larger fish, indicating
 that they had been exposed to the  pesticides for a  longer
 time. Tissue extracts from the pike were analyzed for
 organochlorine pesticide residues by gas liquid chroma-
 tography. The values for large pike were:
   0.042 ppm muscle
   7.5   ppm fat
At 1.0 Ib/acre, the degree of control was:
   A. philoxeroides — 85-90 percent
   P.  stratiotes    — 80 percent
   spatterdock     — 3 percent


Concentrations of 2.3 to 2.5 ppm controlled bushy  pond-
 weed while 1.0 to 4.0 ppm controlled the other species
 indicated.
A concentration of 1.5 ppm controlled bushy pondweed.

A concentration of 0.5 ppm controlled the spatterdock
 while 1.0 ppm per acre controlled the bushy pondweed.
                                                                                                                                                                  Sanders and
                                                                                                                                                                   Cope
                                                                                                                                                                   (1966)
                                                                                                                                                                       Butler
                                                                                                                                                                        (1967)
                                                                                              Casper
                                                                                                (1967)

                                                                                              Gakstatter and
                                                                                                Weiss
                                                                                                (1967)
                                                                                              Mawdesley-
                                                                                               Thomas and
                                                                                               Leahy
                                                                                               (1967)
                                                                                                                                                Copeland and
                                                                                                                                                 Woods
                                                                                                                                                 (1959)
                                                                                              Phillippy
                                                                                               (1961)
                                                          Phillippy
                                                           (1961)
                                                                          m
                                                                          O
                                                                          X
                                                                          00
  -o
  33
  O
  o

-------
COMMERCIA
r~
O
m
S
O
r~-
~O
03
O
O
o
—1
t/1











03
i
Ul



























Chemical

MCP
(Amine)










MCPA
(alkyl amine)

MCPA


MCPA


4-IMCPB)



Malamar-50











Malaoxon

Malaoxon







Malathion
(25 percent
wettable
powder)
Malathion
(emultifiable)
Bioassay
or Field
Organism Study 'D

Crassostrea BCFA &
virginica BSA
Penaeus
aztecus
Fundulus
similis
Phytoplankton





Lepomis BSA
macrochirus

Lepomis BSA
macrochirus

Daphnia BSA
magna

Lepomis BSA
macrochirus
Micropterus
salmoides
Cyprinus BSA
carpio
C. carpio
Tilapia
mossambica
Cirrhina
mrigala
Labeo
fimbriatus
Dan/'o sp
Labeo
rohita
Lepomis BSA
gibbosus
Lepomis L
gibbosus
Ictalurus
me/as
Pseudopleuronectes
americanus
Myxocephalus
scorpius
Cyprinus BSA
carpio


Cyprinus BSA
carpio
Toxicity, Experimental
Active Variables
Field Ingredient, Controlled
Location'2) ppm(3) or Noted'4'

1.0 (NTE)











163.5IT1A)


1.5(T1A) abe


100 (O) acdiq


15IT2A) a co

10 (T2A)

10.0 (T2A) acdefp

8.5 (T2A)
8.3 (T2A)

7.0 (T2A)

8.5 (T2A)

13.5 (T2A)
8.0 (T2A)

2/4 (0)

1. 59 ± 0.17(0)

0.97 ± 0.28 (O)

0.81 ± 0.09 (O)

1.27 ±0.14 (O)

(O) ace



(0) ace

Comments

Seawater was pumped continuously into test aquaria.
Salinity, temperature, and plankton fluctuated with tide,
and ambient weather conditions. Some bioassays with
fish were static. Toxicity was reported for the following:
Oyster — 96-hr ECsg — Cone, which decreased
shell growth.
Shrimp — 48-hr ECgg — Cone, which killed or
paralyzed50% of test animals.
Fish - 48-hr ECgfj - Cone, which killed 50%.
Phytoplankton — Percent decrease of CO2 fixation to a
4-hr exposure at 1 .0 ppm chemical
concentration.
The bioassay methods employed in this experiment were
not given in the paper but it was stated that the same
procedures were employed as in previous work.
This report is a simple and straightforward determination
of a median tolerance limit for a selected group of
herbicides.
Toxicity, in terms of median immobilization concentra-
tion (IC50), is presented.

The response of bluegill and bass fingerlings to nine
agricultural chemicals as determined by bioassay using
river water is presented in this report. Bluegills were
more tolerant of the chemicals tested than bass.
The test animals were conditioned for 48 hours prior
to use.










The figures given are for mortality in 2 hours when the
amount of chemical was 0.25 mg/kg, given by injection.
This paper is a study of the amounts of organic thiophos-
phate and their oxygen analogues which accumulate in
liver slices in an in vitro study of the insecticides. The
numbers given are for m;Um of the chemical accumulated
in 50 mg of liver (wet weight) in 10 minutes.



100 percent mortality occurred in 6 days at 5 ppm. 80
percent mortality occurred in 4 days at 7 ppm.


6O percent mortality occurred in 143 hr at 3 ppm. O per-
cent mortality occurred in 4 dayi at O.O1 ppm. O percent
mortality occurred In 14O hr at 1 OPm. 1OO oercent
Reference
(Year)

Butler
(1965)










Davis and
Hughes
(1963)
Hughes and
Davis
(1967)
Crosby and
Tucker
(1966)
Davis and
Hardcastle
(1959)

Sreenivasan and
Swaminathan
(1967)









Murphy
(1966)
Murphy
(1966)






Hayes
(1965)


Hayet
(1966)






















^
^
T)

g


00

























-------
Malathion
Malathion
 Malathion
 Malathion
 Malathion

 Malathion

 Malathion 25%


 Malathion
Fall Chinook
 salmon
 (finger-lings)

Various
                                         BSA
                                         FL
                                                        Salt
                                                          Lake
                                                          Co.,
                                                          Utah
                           O.17 (T1A)
                           0.15 (T2A)
                           0.12 (T4A)

                           (O)
Pimephales
 promelas

Atlantic
 salmon
                   Fathead
                    minnow
Daphnia
  magna
Channel
  catfish
  (fingerlings)
Fundu/us
  oceltaris

r-
2 Malathion
m
2
O
j£ Malathion
-3
3)
O
D
C
O



Pimephales
promelas
Gambusia
affinis


Pimephales
promelas
Lepomis
macrochirus


                                         BSA
                                         BSA
                      BSA
                           22.0 (T4A)
                            0.033 (T1A)
                            0.033 (T2A)
                            12.5(T4A)
BSA

BSA


FL(E)
                                                         Odessa,
                                                          Del.
0.0009 (O)

>100 (K1A)



(O)
                                          BSA

                                          BSA


                                          BSA
                                                  12.5 (T4A)

                                                  0.05 (K 40%)


                                                  17 (T4A)
                                                  £ d e f
                                                                                                          At O.32 ppm there were no survivals after 48 hours.
The chemical was applied at 0.5 Ib/acre.
At the above concentration no ill effects were observed
 in mammals, birds, reptiles, and amphibians.
Invertebrates were not affected uniformly. Crustaceans
 were not harmed, nor were  larvae of the  insect family
 Ephydridae.
Spiders and aquatic insects other than Ephydridae were ad-
 versely affected in varying degrees. Aquatic beetles seemed
 to be affected more seriously than other  insects excepting
 mosquito larvae.
Tests were performed in both hard and soft water.
 Additional tolerance limit values are given.


Results are recorded in ppm  of insecticide by weight in
 water.
Changes in temperature had an effect on the toxicity of
 the chemical.
It was the authors opinion that pH, alkalinity and hardness,
 within the usual range in natural waters,  had little effect
 on the toxic effect of  the compounds studied. The values
 given are from Henderson, Pickering, and Tarzwell, "The
 Relative Toxicity of Ten Chlorinated Hydrocarbon Insecti-
 cides to Four Species of Fish".  It is interesting that the
 different tables from the above book (as  reported in this
 paper) report widely different values for  the same compounds.
The experiment was performed in hard water.
The indicated concentration  immobilized  Daphnia in 50
 hours.
Tap water was used. Considerable additional  data are
 presented.

The extent of mortality at an application rate of 0.5
 Ib/acre in tidal marshes while another 33% of the fish
 were not affected at all. The fate of those individuals
 that were poisoned, but remained alive, is in question.
 The tests indicated that 56% would recover if transferred
 to fresh water following the exposure period.
Concentrations were based on percent active ingredient.

Chemicals were dissolved in acetone, and tests were  run in
 triplicate. Toxicity is  given as average percent fish  killed
 in 24 hr.
Bioassay investigations of the new insecticides indicate that
 in general the organic  phosphorus compounds  are not as
 toxic to fish as are the chlorinated hydrocarbons. The
 toxicity of most of these materials was not significantly
 influenced  by water quality. Therefore it is  to be ex-
 pected that the toxicity of these materials will not  differ
 significantly in different streams.
                                                                                                Parkhurst and
                                                                                                 Johnson
                                                                                                 (1955)
                                                                                                Graham and
                                                                                                 Anderson
                                                                                                 (1958)
                                                                                                Henderson and
                                                                                                 Pickering
                                                                                                 (1958)
                                                                                                Keenleyside
                                                                                                 (1958)
                                                                                                Tarzwell
                                                                                                 (1959)
                                                                                                                                                                                     m
                                                                                                                                                                                     Z
                                                                                                                                                                                     o
                                                                                                                                                                                     X
                                                                                                                                                                                     CD
Anderson
 (1960)
Clemens and
 Sneed
 (1959)
Darsie and
 Corriden
 (1959)
                                                                                                Henderson, et at
                                                                                                 (1959)
                                                                                                Lewallen
                                                                                                 (1959)

                                                                                                Tarzwell
                                                                                                 (1959)

-------
COMMERCE
>*
o
I
m
2
O
f-
-o
O
O
C
q
en











3

1
N















Chemical
Malathion







Malathion
(tech.
57% active
in xylene)




Malathion
(57% concen-
trate emulsified
in xylene)






Malathion



Malathion
(81 percent
EC)

Malathion
(0,0-di methyl
dithiophosphate
of diethyl
mercapto-
succinate)
Organism
Lepomis
macrochirus
Micropterus
salmoides
Notemigonus
crysoleucas
Carassius
auratus
Acroneuria
pacifica
Pteronarcys
californica
Claassenia
sabulosa
Arctopsyche
grandis
Acroneuria
pacifica
Hydropsyche
californica
Arctopsyche
grandis
Claassenia
sabulosa
Pteronarcys
californica
Oncorhynchus
tshawytscha
Gasterosteus
aculeatus
Gambusia
affinis


Richardsonius
balteatus
hydroflox



Toxicity, Experimental
Bioassay Active Variables
or Field Field Ingredient, Controlled
StudyCO Location(Z) ppm(3) or Noted<4>
BSA - 0.1 (0) 1£^1

0.1 (O)

0.1 (0)

0.1 (O)

BSA - 0.0056 (T4A) a c e f I n

0.1 (T4A)

0.056 (T4A)

0.032 (T4A)

BSA - 0.0072 (T4A) ^c d e I m

0.0225 (T4A)

0.032 (T4A)

0.056 (T4A)

0.1 (T4A)

BSA - 23 (T4A) ^cde

94 (T4A)

FL Ponds- (0) ac
Bakers-
field,
Cal.
BSA - 13.6 (T1 A) acdef
1 1 .4 (T2A)
8.9 (T4A)



Comments
This paper reports the effect of insecticides in reducing the
anticholinesterase in a fish brain within 2-8 hours. The
inhibition of the enzyme was a function of the concentra-
tion of the insecticide, extent of exposure, and specific
chemical nature of the compound.



Assays were conducted in hard water.







Test water was obtained from a mountain stream.









Chemical dissolved in acetone. TLm expressed in ppb.



At 0.5 Ib/acre, 48 percent mortality occurred in 24 hours.
At 2.0 Ib/acre, 54 percent mortality occurred in 24
hours. The experiments were conducted in cages placed
in the ponds.
Results given were in soft water.
Results in nard water were as follows:
1 1.7 (T1A), 9.6 (T2A), and 9.6 (T4A).



Reference
(Year)
Weiss
(1959)






Gaufin
(1961)






Gaufin, et al
(1961)








Katz
(1961)


Mullaand
Isaak
(1961)

Webb
(1961 )




•o
m
Z
o
w

-------
Malathion
 Malathion
Killifish
 Cyprinodon
 Fundulus
 Gambus/a
 Mollienesia
Salmon
 (fingerlings)
Carp
Bluegill
 (fingerlings)
Goldfish
Rainbow
 trout
Sunfish
Yellow
 perch
Fathead
 minnow
Micropterus
 sa/moides
Pimephales
 promelas
                                        BSA
                                         BSA









COMME
3)
O
IAL CHEMICAl
. PRODUC
3

Malathion
(granular)
Malathion





Malathion,
emulsible
concentrate
(20 percent)

Malathion,
(tech,
1 00 percent)
Malathion,
emulsible
concentrate
(57 percent)


Stizostedion
vitreum
Salmo
gairdnerii
(one wk old
sac fry)
(one mo old
feeding fry)
Lepomis
macrochirus
Green
sunfish
Largemouth
bass
Pimephales
promelas
Lepomis
macrochirus
Lebistes
reticulatus
Pimephales
promelas
Lepomis
macrochirus
Carassius
auratus
BSA

BSA



BSA

BSA


BSA
BSA


                                                                    0.2-O.75
                                                                     Ib/acre (O)
                                                                    0.1  (K 100%)

                                                                    3.0 (K 60%)
                                                                    5.0 (K 100%)
25(0)

0.5 (O)

0.5 (O)
                                                                    1.84(0)
                                                                    1.0 (K26%)
                                                                    10.0(K 100%)
                                                                    1.0 (K 100%)
                                                                    10.0 (K 100%)
                                                                    Large 1.2 (T4A)
                                                                    Small 0.55 (T4A)
                                                                    0.60 (T4A)

                                                                    0.25 (T4A)

                                                                    23 (T4A)

                                                                    0.090 (T4A)

                                                                    0.84 (T4A)

                                                                    25 (T4A)

                                                                    0.088 (T4A)

                                                                    0.79 (T4A)
                                                                        a c d e
                                                                        a c d e
                                                                        a c de
                                     Extensive mortality.
                                     Decidedly toxic.

                                     Killed 60% of test fish.
                                     Lethal dose.
                                                          Spiller
                                                            (1961)
 LD5Q in 24 hours.

The degree of reaction to the cholinesterase-inhibiting
 insecticides is not only a function of time and concen-
 tration, but also of chemical and biological species.
 This paper reports many analyses of brain cholinesterase
 activity which is expressed as percentage of normal. The
 data are reported as  LT§g which was the time required
 for 0.5 ppm of the chemical to kill 50 percent of the
 fish. For bass the LJ^Q was 2 hr and 40 min and for
 fatheads 72 hr.
Five percent of the fish survived 24 hours at the indi-
 cated concentration. Emulsions were more toxic than
 granular formulations of the chemical.
Results are averages of triplicate tests. Toxicity is re-
 ported as percent mortality (K %).
                                                                                      Soft water primarily was the test medium. TLpp's reported
                                                                                       for 24,48, and 96 hr. Acetone or alcohol used as solvent
                                                                                       or carrier in most cases.
                                                                                      Comment same as above.
                                                                                      Soft water primarily was the test medium. TLm's reported
                                                                                       for 24, 48, and 96 hr. Acetone or alcohol used as solvent
                                                                                       or carrier in most cases.
                                                                                                                                                                   Weiss
                                                                                                                                                                     (1961)
                                                                                               Hilsenhoff
                                                                                                (1962)

                                                                                               Lewallen and
                                                                                                Wilder
                                                                                                (1962)
                                                                                               Pickering, et al
                                                                                                (1962)
                                                                                                                                                 Pickering, et al
                                                                                                                                                  (1962)
                                                                                               Pickering, et al
                                                                                                (1962)
                                                                                                                                                                 •o
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Chemical
Malathion




Malathion




Malathion
(tech)







Malathion

Malathion



Malathion
(tech.
95 percent
active In
acetone)

Malathion


Malathion






Malathion





Bioassay
or Field
Organism Study *D
Lepomis BSA
macrochirus



Cu/ex pipiens BSA
quadnmacula tus



Salmo BSA
gairdneri
Redear


Lepomis
macrochirus


Daphnia BSA
magna
Gammarus BSA
lacustris


Pteronarcys BSA
californica
(naiad)
Acroneuria
p'acifica
(naiad)
Bluegill BSA


Carassius BSCH
auratus
Lepomis
macrochirus
Notemigonus
crysoleucus

Rainbow BSA
trout




Toxicity, Experimental
Active Variables
Field Ingredient, Controlled
Location*2) ppm<3) or Noted*4*
0.28 (T1 A) a
0.22 (T1A)
0.135 (T1 A)
0.124 (T1A)
0.07 (T1A)
(0) c




100 (T1A) a

170(T1A)
100 (T2A)
60 (T4A)
45 (T1A)
35 (T2A)
120 (T1A)

0.002 (T2A) ace
0.010 (K)
- 0.00162 a e
(T4A)


0.0500 (T4A) c d e f


0.0070 (T4A)


0.090 (T4A) a


1.0 (O)* lcdl

1.0 (O)*

1.0(0)*
'response,
1 5 days
77 (T4A) a
68 (T4A)
110 (T4A)



Comments
The experiment was conducted at 45 F
The experiment was conducted at 55 F
The experiment was conducted at 65 F.
The experiment was conducted at 75 F.
The experiment was conducted at 85 F.
Tests were conducted in tap water and artificially polluted
tap water. The values reported are the concentration range
for an LCgrj, 0.045 to 0.120 ppm in polluted water and
0. 1 00 to 0.240 i n tap water.

The experiment was conducted at 55 F. Fish were 2-3 in.
long.
The experiment was conducted at 75 F Fish weighed
3g.

The experiment was conducted at 75 F. Fish weighed
0.4 g.
The experiment was conducted at 75 F Fish weighed
0.6 g.
Acetone was used as a solvent for the Malathion. Each
test solution contained 0.1% acetone.
Emulsible concentrates were prepared from technical
grade insecticides with acetone as the solvent.
Symptoms prior to death were observed and recorded
on graphs.
A. pacifica was much more sensitive to chlorinated hydro-
carbons and to organic phosphate insecticides than
P. californica.



Assays were conducted in soft water at 25 C. Decrease
in brain cholinesterase was measured in fish exposed
to the toxicant.
Toxicity was determined by measuring acetylcholinesterase
activity in the brains of fish. Concentrations are given in
ppb as either response or not response in 1 5 or 30 days.




These experiments were performed to show the effect of
temperature on the toxicity.
For the toxicant concentrations listed, the temperatures
were respectively 45, 55, and 65 F. The fish all were approxi-
mately one g in weight. Toxicant concentrations for one
and 2-day times were also listed.
Reference
(Year)
Cope
(1963)



Lewallen and
Wilder
(1963)


Cope
(1963)







Gillespie
(1964)
Nebeker and
Gaufin
(1964)

Jensen and
Gaufin
(1964)



Weiss
(1964)

Weiss and
Gaks tatter
(1964)




Cope
(1965)

























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-------
    Mai a th ion
    Malathion
    Malathion,
     3,2,dibrom
2
m
o
o
>
a
O
o
Acroneuria
 pacifica
Ephemere/la
 grandis
Gammarus
 lacustris
Pteronarcys
 californica

Pteronarcys
 californica
Acroneuria
 pacifica
Ephemerella
 grandis
Arctopsyche
 grandis
Hydropsyche
 californica
Daphnia
 magna
Gammarus
 lacustris
Fathead
 minnow
Lepomis
 gibbosus
Lepomis
 macrochirus
Enneacanthus
 gloriosus
Esox
 niger
Enneacanthus
 chaetodon
Lepomis
 microlophus
Sal mo
 trutta
Salmo
 gairdnerii
Lepomis
 auritus
Perca
 flavescens
Microp terus
 salmoides
Fundulus
 diaphanus
Catostomus
 commersoni
Notemigonus
 crysoleucas
Erimyzon
 oblongus
                                           BSA,
                                           BSA
BSA
0.007 (T4A)

0.10 (T4A)

0.0016 (T4A)

0.05 (T4A)


0.05 (T4A)

0.007 (T4A)

0.100 (T4A)

0.02 (T4A)

0.007 (T4A)

0.009 (T 50 hr A)

0.002 (T4A)

12.5(T4A)


0.075 (T2A)

0.075 (T2A)

0.075 (T2A)

0.075 (T2A)

0.075 (T2A)

0.08 (T2A)

0.08 (T2A)

0.08 (T2A)

0.085 (T2A)

0.09 (T2A)

0.10 (T2A)

0.10IT2A)

1.5(72 A)

3.2 (T2A)

4.2 (T2A)
                                                                                                          Additional TLm data are given.
                                                                                                                        Gaufin, et al
                                                                                                                         (1965)
                                                                                                          Unspecified chemical characteristics of assay water were
                                                                                                           determined by standard methods.  General comments
                                                                                                           were made concerning "standardized" conditions, use
                                                                                                           of "soft" water, and use of emulsifying agents. Addi-
                                                                                                           tional data are presented.
                                                                                                                        Gaufin, et al
                                                                                                                         (1965)
                                                               This paper contained both bioassay and field studies. The
                                                                tests revealed that a mixture of 3 parts of actual Dibrom
                                                                and 2 parts of actual Malathion (by weight) applied at
                                                                0.10 ppm was more toxic to bluegills and pumpkinseeds
                                                                than to largemouth bass.
Hoff and
 Westman
 (1965)
m
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2 3,2,dibrom
m
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O
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1-
T)
JO
0
O
Q

CO










3

IN
-j
*>









Malathion,
(95% active
in acetone)

Malathion








Bioassay
or Field
Organism Study'1 )
Yellow perch FL
Pumpkinseed
Bluegill
Golden shiner
Brown bullhead
Chain pickerel
Largemouth bass
Black crappie

Pumpkinseed
Yellow perch
White perch
Largemouth bass
Brown bullhead
Rainbow trout
Pumpkinseed
Bluegill
Largemouth bass
White perch
Bluegill
Largemouth bass
Yellow perch
Black crappie
Channel catfish
Gizzard shad
Carp
Largemouth bass
Black crappie
Chain pickerel
Bluegill
Yellow perch
Golden shiner
Pumpkinseed
Banded sunfish
Brown bullhead
Hexagenia BSA
Hydropsyche
(larva)
Bluegill
Salmo BSA
gairdnerii
Lepomis
macrochirus
Ictalurus
punctatus
Pteronarcys
californica
Baetis sp
Field
Location^)
Silver Lake,
Conn.







Pooley
Lake,
Conn.


A lake in
N.J.


Green-
wich
Lake,
N.J.




2 lakes in
Mass.







-



-








Toxicity,
Active
Ingredient,
ppm (3)
(0)








(0)




(0)



(0)







(0)








0.63 (T1A)
0.102 (T1A)

0.14 (T1A)
0.079 (T2A)

0.086 (T2A)

8.900 (T2A)

0.020 (T2A)

O.OO6 (T2A)
Experimental
Variables
Controlled Reference
or Noted<4> Comments (Year)
ace At 0.10 ppm sunfish kill was extremely heavy, the fish Hoff and
were still dying after 7 days. Many young of the year Westman
fish of all species were killed. (1965)






Kill of pumpkinseeds was slight. A few young of the year
bass were killed at a concentration of 0.10 ppm.



At a concentration of 0.10 the kill of bluegills was very
heavy by the second day after treatment. Seining before
treatment indicated that about 70 percent of the bluegills
were killed, largemouth bass were still common.
The first application at 0.10 percent concentration appeared
to kill about 80 percent of the white perch population and
about 50 percent of bluegills.





The results were quite similar to those' noted above at a
concentration of 0.10. Largemouth bass were abundant
and apparently minimally affected. Bioassay results are
also presented.





a e Dissolved oxygen was measured before and after assay. Carlson
Assays were conducted in Mississippi River water. (1966)


a This paper reports acute toxicity of a number of compounds. Cope
and discusses subacute mortality as well. Effects on repro- (1966)
duction and behavior are also discussed. Data presented as
EC50-


























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%
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-------
      Malathion
      Malathion

      Malathion
s
ON
      Malathion
 3)
 o
 o
 m
 S
 •o
 3)
 O
 O
      Malathion
      Malathion
      Malathion
      Malathion
      Malathion
Daphnia
 pulex
Simocephalus
 serrulatus
Lepomis
 gibbosus
Ictalurus
 me/as
Pseudopleuronec tes
 americanus
Myxocephalus
 scorpius
Lepomis
 gibbosus

Sewage
 organisms
BSA
                                             BOD
                        Daphnia
                         magna
Daphnia
 carinata

Simocephalus
 serrulatus
Daphnia
 pulex
Tubifex spp
Limnodrilus spp

Leiostomus
 xanthurus


Leiostomus
 xanthurus
Cyprinodon
 variegatus
                      BSA
                                             BSA
                                             BSA
                                             BSA
                                             BCFCH
                                             BCFCH
0.002 (T2A)

0.003 (T2A)

161.0 ±19.5(0)

11.6 ±2.0 (O)

16.9 ±3.8 (O)

6.1 ±0.8(0)

2/4 (O)

(O)
                                                 0.0009 (SB)
                           0.0002 (SB)


                           0.0035 (SB)




                           16-7 (L4A)


                           0.01 (SB 182)



                           0.1  (O)

                           0.1  (O)
                                                                                               ace
                                                                                                             This paper is a study of the amounts of organic thio-
                                                                                                              phosphate and their oxygen analogues which accumulate
                                                                                                              in liver slices in an in vitro study of insecticides. The
                                                                                                              numbers given are for m^lm of chemical (in the case of
                                                                                                              Parathion, Malathion, and Guthion — the oxygen analogue)
                                                                                                              accumulated in 100 mg (dry weight) of liver in 30 minutes.
The figures given are for mortality in 2 hours when the
 amount of chemical was 100.0 mg/kg, given by injection.
Shock loadings of the chemical as high as 100.0 mg/l
 were assimilated by microbial systems of 2000.0 mg/l
 with no observable toxic effect. Organophosphate insecti-
 cides in low concentration stimulated microbial respira-
 tion; however, greater concentrations inhibited the
 system and eventually destroyed the organisms.  The
 amount of Organophosphate insecticide required to
 inhibit the respiration of freshwater microorganisms was
 shown to be function of the amount of organisms
 present and not the volume of water in which the
 organisms are dispersed.
Concentration reported is for immobilization.
Time for immobilization was 64 hr.
Data cited are for 78 F, but assays were performed at
 varied temperatures.
Water chemistry (unspecified) was "controlled" during
 the assay period.
Comment same  as above.
                                                                                                             Comment same as above, except that time for immobili-
                                                                                                              zation was 48 hr and data were cited for 60 F.
Toxicity is reported as the mean lethal dose (LDsg) for
 24, 48, and 96 hours.


A concentration of 0.050 ppm killed juvenile spat in
 14 days.


At a concentration of 0.1 ppm, the following percent
 acety'cholinesterase activity as compared to controls
 was found:
   L. xanthurus —76
   C. variegatus -39
                                                                                                                         Murphy
                                                                                                                          (1966)
                                                                                                                         Murphy
                                                                                                                          (1966)

                                                                                                                         Randall
                                                                                                                          (1966)
                                                                                                                                               Sanders and
                                                                                                                                                Cope
                                                                                                                                                (1966)
                                                                                              Sanders and
                                                                                               Cope
                                                                                               (1966)
                                                                                              Sanders and
                                                                                               Cope
                                                                                               (1966)

                                                                                              Whitten and
                                                                                               Goodnight
                                                                                               (1966)
                                                                                              Butler and
                                                                                               Johnson
                                                                                               (1967)
                                                                                              Butler and
                                                                                               Johnson
                                                                                               (1967)
                                                                                                                                        I
                                                                                                                                        m
                                                                                                                                        Z
                                                                                                                                        O
                                                                                                                                        X
                                                                                                                                        oo

-------
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s
rn
o Chemical
i- Malathion
O
I
m
S
O
r~
TJ
jj
O
^ Malathion
2
H











DO Malathion
i
ON
to

Malathion


Malathion



Malathion


Malathion


Malathion








Organism
Stream insects:
Ephemeroptera
Odonata
Plecoptera
Trichoptera
Diptera
Coleoptera
Neuroptera
Mercenaria
mercenaria
American
eel
Mummichog
Striped
mullet
Northern
puffer
Atlantic
silvers! de
Grass shrimp
Sand shrimp
Hermit crab
Atlantic
salmon
Brook
trout
Pimephales
prome/as

Pimephales
promelas


Puntius
puckelli

Pteronarcys
californica
(naiads)
Pteronarcys
californica
(naiads)
Pteronarcella
badia
(naiads)
Classen ia
sabulosa
(naiads)
Toxicity, Experimental
Bioassay Active Variables
or Field Field Ingredient, Controlled
Study'1) Location'2) ppm'3) or Noted'4'
FR Maine (O)







BSA - (O) ace













FR New (O)
Bruns-
wick

BSA&CH - 9.0 (T4A) acdef


BCFCH - 0.2-0.58(0) acdeq



BSA - 3.7 (T4A) ^cdelm


BSA - 0.01 (T4A) l£dj_f


BSA - 0.010 (T4A) acdef


0.0011 (T4A)


0.0028 (T4A)


Comments
At an application rate of 1 .2 pounds per acre, percent reduc-
tion of the number of major insects is given with 0 to 66%
reduction estimated. Population modifications were not
severe and were considered transitory. Malathion is a safer
chemical than DDT because it is not known to leave per-
sistent residues. Thirty genera of aquatic insects were
studied.

A 37,000 ppb exposure for 4 days caused no mortality of
quahog clams. The LC^Q values (96 hour) for this chemi-
cal extended from 8 to 3,250 ppb for fish, and from 33 to
83 ppb for crustaceans.










Spraying with this chemical at 1/8 Ib per acre was no more
harmful than the application of DDT at 1/4 Ib per acre.


The fish could tolerate 1/45 this amount of malathion for a
10-month test.

Carbon-filtered tap water was used as diluent. Malathion
at indicated range of concentrations did not affect growth
and reproduction, although 20% of fish died at the 0.58
ppm concentration during 7 weeks of exposure.
Tap water was used as diluent. Toxicity data are given as
TLm's in ppm for 24, 48, 96 hr. The pH of the water
averaged 8.3. The study was conducted in India.
Data reported as LCsg at 1 5.5 C in 4 days.


Comment same as above.








Reference
(Year)
Dimond
(1967)






Eisler and
Weinstein
(1967)











Kerswill and
Edwards
(1967)

Mount and
Stephan
(1967)
Mount and
Stephan
(1967)

Rao, et al
(1967)

Sanders and
Cope
(1968)
Sanders and
Cope
(1968)



























^
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•o
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-------
      Malathion
                        Trout
                        Red
                         shiner
                                              BSA
Malathion









Manzate


2-mercaptobenzo-
thiazole
Lepomis
gibbosus
Ictalurus
me/as
Micropterus
dolomieui
Myxocephalus
scorpius
Pseudopleuronectes
americanus
Channel
catfish
(fingerlings)
Daphnia
magna
                                              BSA
OJ









COMMERCI
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Merthiolate








Metacide (dialkyl
nitroaryl thio-
phosphate.
33.4 percent)
Meta-Svstox R
Salmo
gairdnerii
Salmo
trutta
Salvelinus
fontinalis
Salvelinus
namaycush
Ictalurus
punctatus
Lepomis
macrochirus
Lymnaeid
snails

Ovster
      Metasystox
 •D
 J3
 O
 O
Cyprinus
 carpio
C. carpio
Tilapia
 mossambica
Cirrhina
 mriga/a
Labeo
 fimbriatus
                                              BSA
                                             BSA
                                              BSA
                                              BSA




                                              BCF


                                              BSA
0.0050 (T1A)
0.0046 (T2A)
0.0028 (T4A)
0.0023 (T5A)
0.040 (T1 A)
0.036 (T2A)
0.025 (T4A)
0.023 (T5A)

(O)
                                                                                              a c d e f i
2.7 (K1A)



2(K2)
21.2IT2A)

54.0 (T2A)

74.5 (T2A)

2.13IT2A)

5.65 (T2A)

64.5 (T2A)


(O)




(O)


9.0 (T2A)

20.0-25.0 (T2A)
12.0-12.5 (T2A)

17.0 (T2A)

16.0(T2A)
                                                                                                a p
                                                                                                af
ac d e f p
               The objects of this investigation were the recovery of
                 organic micropollutants from subsurface and surface
                 Missouri waters, characterization and identification of
                 these substances, and evaluation of their toxic effects,
                 both acute and long-term, in order to develop methods
                 for their destruction or removal.
               The chemicals were poor inhibitors of brain cholinesterases
                 in vitro; their oxygen analogs were potent inhibitors.
                Tap water was used. Considerable additional data are
                 presented.

               An attempt was made to correlate the biological action
                with the chemical reactivity of selected chemical
                substances. Results indicated a considerable correla-
                tion between the aquarium fish toxicity and anti-
                autocatalytic potency of the chemicalsjn marked con-
                trast to their toxicity on systemic administration.

                Variance and the 95-percent confidence interval  (C.I.)
                 were also determined.
                Each test container, 500-ml beaker, was filled with ditch
                 water.  100% mortality occurred at 1:300,000 and greater.
No effect on exposure to the chemical at 1.0 ppm.


The test animals were conditioned for 48 hours prior to use.
                                                          Smith and
                                                           Grigoropoulos
                                                           (1968)
                                                          Murphy, et al
                                                            (1968)
                                                          Clemens and
                                                           Sneed
                                                           (1959)
                                                          Sollman
                                                           (1949)
                                                          Willford
                                                            (1966)
                I
                m
                O
                X
                CO
                                                          Batte, et al
                                                            (1951)
Butler
 (1965)
Sreenivasan and
 Swaminathan
 (1967)

-------
o
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j> • -
"~ Methoxychlor
O
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5
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o
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H Methoxychlor




Methoxychlor

Methoxychlor




9°

O\
-P.-
Methoxychlor
(100%)






Methoxychlor






Methoxychlor






Organism
Fathead
minnow







Fathead
minnow
Bluegill
Goldfish
Guppy
Daphnia
magna
Pimephales
promelas
Lepomis
macrochirus
Carassius
auratus
Lebistes
reticulatus
Pimephales
promelas
Lepomis
macrochirus
Carassius
auratus
Lebistes
reticulatus
Pimephales
promelas
Lepomis
macrochirus



Oncorhynchus
kisutch
Oncorhynchus
tshawytscha
Salmo
gairdnerii
Gasterosteus
aculoatus
Toxicity,
Bioassay Active
or Field Field Ingredient,
Study (1) Location <2) ppm(3)
BSA - 0.035 (T4A)








BSA - 0.064 (T4A)

0.062 IT4A)
0.056 (T4A)
0.120 (T4A)
BSA - 0.0036 (O)

BSA - 0.06 (T4A)

0.06 (T4A)

0.06 (T4A)

0.12 (T4A)

BSA - 0.064 (T4A)

0.062 (T4A)

0.056 (T4A)

0.120 (T4A)

BSA - 0.064 (T4A)

0.062 (T4A)




BSA - 66.2 (T4A)
27.9 (T4A)

62.6 (T4A)

86.4 (T4A)

Experimental
Variables
Controlled
or IMotedW Comments
a_ It was the authors opinion that pH, alkalinity and hardness,
within the usual range in natural waters, had little effect
on the toxic effect of the compounds studied. The values
given are from Henderson, Pickering, and Tarzwell, "The
Relative Toxicity of Ten Chlorinated Hydrocarbon Insecti-
cides to Four Species of Fish" It is interesting that the
different tables from the above book (as reported in this
paper) report widely different values for the same compounds.
This experiment was performed in hard water.
a_ Comment same as above except that experiment was con-
ducted in soft water.



_a_ The indicated concentration immobilized Daphnia in 50
hours.
^ d e f Concentrations were based on percent active ingredient.







a^be c d_f_ Dilution water was usually soft although some studies were
conducted with hard water.






a Bioassay investigations of the new insecticides indicate that
in general the organic phosphorus compounds are not as
toxic to fish as are the chlorinated hydrocarbons. The
toxicity of most of these materials was not significantly
influenced by water quality. Therefore it is to be expected
that the toxicity of these materials will not differ signifi-
cantly in different streams.
.acdjj Chemical dissolved in acetone. TLm expressed in ppb.






Reference
(Year)
Tarzwell
11959)







Tarzwell
(1959)



Anderson
(1960)
Henderson, et al
(1959)






Henderson, et al
(1959)






Tarzwell
(1959)





Katz
(1961)

























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-------
    Methoxychlor
     (EC 2)
Gam bus/a
 affinis
FL
               Cal.         2.0 (O)
Methoxychlor
(tech)
Methoxychlor

Salmo
gairdnerii
Gambusia
affinis
BSA
BSA

    Methoxychlor


    Methoxychlor

    Methoxychlor
T3
^    Methoxychlor
    Methoxychlor
    Methoxychlor
8
i
30
O
O
rn
S
5
Bluegill
Pteronarcys sp
 (nymphs)
Prosimulum spp
Cnephia spp
Simulium spp
 (larvae)
                      Daphnia
                        magna
Simocepha/us
 serrulatus
Daphnia
 pulex
Mya
 arenaria
Crassostrea
 virginica
Corbicula
 manillensis
Mercenaria
 mercenaria
Rang/a
 cuneata
BSA


BSA

LCFA
                      BSA
BSA
BCFCH
                                                                         20 (T1 A)

                                                                         0.6 (L1)*
                                                                         0.9 (L1)**
                                                                         * Resistant fish
                                                                         **Nonresistant fish
                                                                         0.062 (T4A)
                                                                         0.0014 (T4A)

                                                                         0.04 (O)
                                                 0.0037 (SB)
                                                                         0.005 (SB)

                                                                         0.00078 (SB)

                                                                         (O)
Mixed populations of the indicated test species contained       Mulla
 in cages were exposed to various insecticidal chemicals          (1963)
 applied as dilute sprays to ponds 1/16 acre in size. The
 indicated toxicant concentration is in Ib/acre, and re-
 sulted in a 6 percent mortality for these fish.
The experiment was conducted at 55 F.  Fish weighed          Cope
 0.7 g.                                                     (1963)
This paper deals with the resistance of mosquito fish to         Boyd and
 chlorinated hydrocarbon compounds. Resistant fish           Ferguson
 were not always less sensitive to these chemicals.               (1964)

Assays were conducted  in soft water at 25 C. Decrease in       Weiss
 brain cholinesterase was measured in fish exposed to the        (1964)
 toxicant.
Experiments were all conducted at 60 F in 1964.  The          Cope
 values were listed as LC^g.                                  (1965)
Stones heavily populated with wild larvae were placed in        Jamnback and
 troughs of running water containing the toxicant. When        Frempong-
 the larvae became detached from the rocks and floated         Boadu
 away, they were assumed to have undergone lethal intoxi-      (1966)
 cation. The  larvae  were exposed to the toxicant for 5
 minutes, then in clean  water for 24 hours.  At that time
 the number detached amounted to 33 percent.
Concentration reported  is for immobilization.                 Sanders and
Time for immobilization was 64 hr.                            Cope
Data cited are for 78 F, but assays were performed at            (1966)
 varied temperatures.
Water chemistry (unspecified) was "controlled" during
 the assay period.
Comment same as above except that time for immobiliza-       Sanders and
 tion was 48 hr and data were cited for 60 F.                   Cope
                                                           (1966)

Results are recorded as a range of uptake of the chemical       Butler
 by 5 species  of aquatic mollusks. An uptake or concentra-      (1967)
 tion of 300-1500 ppb resulted.
                                                                                                                                         m
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m
S
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Methoxychlor





Methoxychlor

T.
O^ Methylene
^ blue

Methylene
blue







Methylene
blue










Organism
Mercenaria
mercenaria
American
eel
Mummichog
Striped
mullet
Northern
puffer
Atlantic
silverside
Grass shrimp
Sand shrimp
Hermit crab
Lamps His
siliguoidea
L. vertricosa
Anodonta
grandis

Pteronarcys
californica
(naiads)
Microcystis
aeruginosa

Micropetrus
salmoides
(fry)
Ictaluws
punctatus
(fry)
Lepomis
macrochims
(fry)
Salmo
gairdneri
Salmo
trutta
Salvelinus
fonti nails
Salvelinus
namaycush
Ictalurus
punctatus
Lepomis
macrochirus
Toxicity, Experimental
Bioassay Active Variables
or Field Field Ingredient, Controlled
Study'1' Location(2) ppm(3> or Noted '4>
BSA - (O) ace













FR Red Cedar (O)
River,
Mich.



BSA - 0.0014 (T4A) I c^ej


L - 100 (K) a, etc

BSA - 5.0 (SB3) acdefp


5.0 (SB3)


5.0 (SB3)


BSA - 10.0IT2A) ^f

32.8 (T2A)

22.9 (T2A)

34.0 (T2A)

104 (T2A)

33.0 (T2A)

Comments
At 1,100 ppb exposure for 4 days caused no mortality of
the quahog clam. Although this organism was quite resis-
tant to this chemical, other organisms were susceptible.
A 4 day TLm of 12 to 150 ppb was found for such fish
as the American eel, mummichog, striped mullet, northern
puffer, Atlantic silverside; and between 4 and 12 ppb for
crustaceans (including grass shrimp, sand shrimp, and
hermit crab).






The mussels listed were analyzed for the toxicant and its
metabolites. Mussels may be used as detectors for this
toxicant because they tend to concentrate the chemical
in much higher concentrations than it is ever found in the
water. The amount of chemical applied as a spray was not
specified.
Data reported as LCcjQ at 1 5.5 C in 4 days.


The chemical was tested on a 5-day algae culture, 1x10^
to 2x 106 cells/ml, 75 ml total volume. Chu No. 10
medium was used.
At least 90 percent of the fry survived for a period of 72
hours at the concentration listed.







Variance and the 95-percent confidence interval (C.I.)
were also determined.










Reference
(Year)
Eisler and
Weinstein
(1967)











Bedford, et al
(1968)




Sanders and
Cope
(1968)
Fitzgerald, et al
(1952)

Jones
(1965)







Willford
(1966)































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-------

    Methyl
     carbo-
     phenothion
    Methyl
     green


    Methyl
     parathion


    Methyl
     parathion
     Methyl
      parathion
     Methyl
      parathion
     Methyl
      parathion
      (tech,
      80 percent)
o   Methyl
O    parathion
I    (tech)

3   Methyl
O    parathion
o
m
S   Methyl
O    parathion
r
•o
3>
O
O
Chaoborus
 astictopus

Microcystis
 aeruginosa

Pimephales
 prome/as


Fathead
 minnow
                      BSA
Pimephales
 promelas
Pimephales
 promelas
Pimephales
 promelas
Lepomis
 macrochirus
Carassius
 auratus
Lebistes
 reticulatus
Lepomis
 macrochirus

Chaoborus
 astictopus
                       Chaoborus
                        astictopus
                       Lepomis
                        macrochirus
BSA
BSA
BSA

BSA
BSA
BSA
 FL
                                             BSA
                            0.0064 (T1 A)
                            100(K)
            10.4IT4A)
            7.5 (T4A)
                                                                 Toxicity value given is for the fourth instar.
            8.3 (T4A)

            8.3 (T4A)
            9.5 (T4A)

            2.4 (T4A)

            12.0 (T4A)

            9.8 (T4A)

            8,500 (T1 A)
                                                                                              a, etc          The chemical was tested on a 5-day algae culture, 1x10^
                                                                                                               to 2 x 106 cells/ml, 75 ml total volume.  Chu No. 10
                                                                                                               medium was used.
                                                                                              £.£..d_e.i       Tests were performed in both hard and soft water. Addi-
                                                                                                               tional tolerance limit values are given.

                                                                                                 a^          It was the authors opinion that pH, alkalinity and hardness,
                                                                                                               within the usual range in natural  waters,  had little effect on
                                                                                                               the toxic effect of the compounds studied. The values
                                                                                                               given are from  Henderson, Pickering, and Tarzwell, "The
                                                                                                               Relative Toxicity of Ten Chlorinated Hydrocarbon Insecti-
                                                                                                               cides to Four Species of Fish".  It is interesting that the
                                                                                                               different tables from the above book (as reported in this
                                                                                                               paper) report widely different values for the same compounds.
                                                                                                             This experiment was performed in hard water.
                                                                                                             Concentrations were based on percent active ingredient.

                                                                                                 a           Bioassay investigations of the new insecticides indicate that
                                                                                                               in general the organic phosphorus compounds are not as
                                                                                                               toxic to fish as are the chlorinated hydrocarbons. The
                                                                                                               toxicity of most of these materials was not significantly
                                                                                                               influenced by water quality. Therefore it is to be expected
                                                                                                               that the toxicity of these materials will not differ signifi-
                                                                                                               cantly in different streams.
                                                                                                  d e_        Soft water primarily was the test medium. TLm's reported
                                                                                                               for 24, 48, and 96 hr.  Acetone or alcohol used as solvent
                                                                                                               or carrier in most cases.
Clear        (O)
 Lake, other
 ponds &
 lakes,
 Cal.
                                                  (O)

                                                  0.115(T10A)
                                                                                                            Hazel tine
                                                                                                             (1963)

                                                                                                            Fitzgerald, et al
                                                                                                             (1952)
Henderson and
 Pickering
 (1958)
Tarzwell
 (1959)
Henderson, et al
 (1960)
Tarzwell
 (1959)
                                                                                                                            Pickering, et al
                                                                                                                             (1962)
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                                                                                                              The experiment was conducted at 75 F.  Fish weighed          Cope
                                                                                                               0.6 g.                                                       (1963)

                                                                                                              Methyl  parathion applied to 2.3 ppb and 3.3 ppb at            Hazeltine
                                                                                                               intervals within 2 months was sufficient to control gnats         (1963)
                                                                                                               in clear lake.
                                                                 Tests were conducted on bluegill, sunfish, C. astictopus          Hazeltine
                                                                  first instar larvae, and fourth instar larvae, results on            (1963)
                                                                  larvae were as follows:
                                                                    Fourth instar   0.0058 (T1A)
                                                                    First instar     0.0012 (T1 A)
(ft

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Chemical
Methyl
parathion
(EC7.5)



Methyl
parathion
(tech grade)

Methyl
parathion

Methyl
parathion








Methyl
parathion






Methyl
parathion

Methyl
parathion




Methyl
parathion




Organism
Gambusia
af finis
Bufo
boreas
Scophiopus
hammondi
Procambarus
clarki


Bluegill


Carassius
auratus
Lepomis
macrochirus
Notemigonus
cryso/eucus




Phytoplankton
Zooplankton
Chironomids
Oligochaetes
Fish



Procambarus
clarkii
(juvenile)
Gambusia
affinis




Procambarus
clarkii




Toxicity, Experimental
Bioassay Active Variables
or Field Field Ingredient, Controlled
Study(l) Location'?) pprr>(3) or Noted'4)
FL Ponds in (O) -
III.
(0)

(0)

BSA - 0.04 (T3A) acdo



BSA - 1.9IT4A) a


BSCH - 10 (O)* acde
1.0(0)*
10.0 (0)**
1.0? (O)**
1.0 (R-30da)
1.0 (O)**
* no response,
1 5 days
•"response,
1 5 days
FL Clear - a
Lake,
Cal.





BSA - < 1 .0 (T5A) acdo


BSA - (O) a_





FO Crowley, (O) c d e p
La.




Comments
When applied at 0.8 pound per acre active ingredient,
10 percent fish mortality occurred in 1 day.
No toad mortality occurred at 0.4 pound per acre
in 1 day.


There was no detectable difference in toxicity to male
or female crawfish.


Assays were conducted in soft water at 25 C. Decrease in
brain cholinesterase was measured in fish exposed to the
toxicant.
Toxicity was determined by measuring acetylcholinesterase
activity in the brains of fish. Concentrations are given in
ppb as either response or not response in 1 5 or 30 days.







The purpose of this field study was to determine the effect
of methyl parathion at 3 ppb or .003 ppm (used to control
gnats Chaoborus astictopus) on other organisms in the
treated area. It appears that the treatments of Clear Lake
had minimal influence upon the biota of the lake with the
exception of the Clear Lake gnat larvae and to a lesser degree.
perhaps, species of the zooplankton. This is a very general
paper and there are no numerical data given.
The pesticides studied in this report are widely used in rice
culture in Louisiana and are toxic to crawfish.

The effect of combinations of pesticides was studied. In
general, the results reflected the extreme levels of Endrin
and Toxaphene resistance in the resistant population. The
results failed to indicate additive effects wherein the combi-
nation mortality exceeded the sum of the mortalities pro-
duced by the individual insecticides.
Experiments were conducted in a flooded rice field. Area
was divided into 4 blocks with a fence, restricting craw-
fish to desired areas. The rearing of crawfish in rice fields
is of considerable commercial importance in Louisiana. No
untoward effect on the crawfish occurred. The chemical
was applied at the rate of 25 Ib/acre.
Reference
(Year)
Mulla, et al
(1963)




Muncy and
Oliver
(1963)

Weiss
(1964)

Weiss and
Gakstatter
(1964)







Cook and
Conners
(1963)





Hendrick and
Everett
(1965)
Ferguson and
Bingham
(1966)



Hendrick, et al
(1966)




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8
s
m
3)
0
j£
o
i
m
2
Methyl
parathion
Methyl
trithion
(50 percent
EC)
Methyl
zimate
MGK's Evergreen

MGK's 61 03

MGK's 6243

Ortho-MH 30


Mi rex





Mobam (r-benzo-
thienyl-N-methyl
carbamate)
Molinate
(Ordram)



Molinate
(tech)


Molucid
(isobutyl-
triphenyl-
methylamine


Punt/us
puckelli
Gam bus/a
a f finis


Pimephales
prome/as
Salmo
gairdneri
Salmo
gairdneri
Salmo
gairdneri
Channel
catfish
(fingerlings)
Lepomis
macrochirus
Carassius
auratus
Salmo
clarki
Austra/orbis
g/abratus

Daphnia
magna
Rainbow
trout
Bluegill
Pteronarcys
ca/ifornica
(naiads)

Bulinus
truncatus
Biomorph olaria
alexandrina
Lymnaea
caillaudi
BSA

FL



BSA

BSA

BSA

BSA

BSA


FLCH





BSA a


BSA




BSA


FO





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                                                            Ponds-
                                                             Bake rs-
                                                             field,
                                                             Cal.
                                                             Rico
                                                            Arabia
2.1 (T4A)


(O)




0.25 (T4A)



800 (T1 A)


150 (T1A)


750 (T1 A)


>2.4 (K1A)



5.0 (SB)

0.1-1.0
 (SB 224)
75.0 (SB 14)


(0)
                                                                        0.70 (.46-
                                                                          1.05(0)
                                                                        0.29 (O)

                                                                        0.48 (O)
                                                                        .00034 (T4A)
 1.6-2.0(0)
                                                                                             i c d e I m
                                                                                              ac d e f
                      a c d i q
                                                                                              ac d e f
                                                                                               a b g
Tap water was used as diluent. Toxicity data are given as
 TLm's in ppm for 24, 48, 96 hr. The pH of the water
 averaged 8.3. The study was conducted in India.
At 0.5 Ib/acre, 14 percent mortality occurred in 24 hours.
 At 2.0 Ib/acre, 76 percent mortality occurred in 24 hours.
 The experiments were conducted in cages placed in the
 ponds.
The toxicity of this substance was influenced by the quality
 of the water (pH, hardness, alkalinity). The chemical was
 more toxic in soft water.
The experiment was conducted at 55 F. Fish weighed
 0.4 g.
The experiment was conducted at 55 F. Fish weighed
 0.5 g.
The experiment was conducted at 55 F. Fish weighed
 0.8 g.
Tap water was used. Considerable additional data are
 presented.

No histological lesions or effects on hematocrit or serum
 protein were observed in the bluegill.  Lesions on and
 fusion of gills occurred with the trout at the indicated
 concentration.  Gill changes and accumulation in gold-
 fish were found in concentrations of 2.0-1372 ppm in
 skin, muscle, liver, and gut.
Seven of the tested compounds failed to meet accepta-
 bility criteria — that is, complete kill after 6-hr exposure
 to 10 ppm. They were not used in field tests.  Field
 tests showed WL 8008 to be highly effective.
Toxicity, in terms of median immobilization concentra-
 tion (ICso), is presented f or Daphnia; median lethal
 concentration (LCgg) values for rainbow trout and
 bluegill are reported.

Data reported as LC5Q at 15.5 C in 4 days.
Tests were conducted in the Hod el Malaha canal which
 has a maximum discharge of 11,250 m^/day.  The mollus-
 cicide was dispersed by the injection  method, with flow
 regulated by a tap, a concentration of 2 ppm being main-
 tained during 6 hr of continuous application.  The Meyling,
 Schutte & Pitchford method was used for determining the
 concentration of molluscicide in the canal.  No live
 organisms were observed for 2,3, and 4 months after
 treatment. Egg masses were apparently unaffected.
Rao, et al
 (1967)
Mulla and
  Isaak
  (1961)

Pickering and
  Henderson
  (1966)
Cope
  (1963)
Cope
  (1963)
Cope
  (1963)
Clemens and
  Sneed
  (1959)
Van Valin, et al
  (1968)
Seiffer and
 Schoof
 (1967)

Crosby and
 Tucker
 (1966)
Sanders and
 Cope
 (1968)
Dawood and
 Dazo
 (1966)
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Chemical
Monuron


Monuron







Monuron













Monuron
(25 percent
pellet)

Monuron
(80 percent
WP)

Monuron


Monuron
(CMV)
Monuron-borate
(4-percent
granular)
Monuron-TCA
(3lb/gal)


Organism
Oncorhynchus
kisutch

Protococcus sp
Chlorella sp
Dunaliella
euchlora
Phaeodactylum
tricornutum
Monochrysis
lutheri
Crassostrea
virginica
Penaeus
setiferus
Mugil
cephalus
Phytoplankton







Lepomis
macrochirus
Lepomis
macrochirus
Ictalurus
nebulosis
Lepomis
macrochirus
Daphnia
magna

Salmon

Lepomis
macrochirus

Lepomis
macrochirus
Micropterus
salmoidos
Toxicity, Experimental
Bioassay Active Variables
or Field Field Ingredient, Controlled
Study*1' Location <2) ppmO) or Noted<4>
BSA and FL - 115(T1) acde
110 (T2)

L - 0.02 (NG) a
0.02 (NG)
0.02 (NG)

0.02 (NG)

0.02 (K)

BCFA&BSA - 2.0(0,12%)

0.55 (0)

16.3 (T2A)

94% (O)







BSA - 40.0 (T4A)

47.0 (T4A)

BSA - 57.0 (T4A)

33.0 (T4A)

BSA - 106 (O) acdiq


BSA - 110.3(T2A)

BSA - 26.0 (T4A)


BSA - 1.5-1. 8 (T4A) -

2.7 (T4A)

Comments
Concentrations were based on percent active ingredient.
Treatment of ponds with 5 and 10 ppm Monuron apparently
caused no mortality of frogs, tadpoles, or fishes.
This paper concerns the growth of pure cultures of marine
plankton in the presence of toxicants. Results were ex-
pressed as the ratio of optical density of growth in the
presence of toxicants to optical density in the basal medium
with no added toxicants. NG = no growth, but the organisms
were viable.


Seawater was pumped continuously into test aquaria.
Salinity, temperature, and plankton fluctuated with tide,
and ambient weather conditions. Some bioassays with
fish were static. Toxicity was reported for the following:
Oyster — 96-hr ECsg — Cone, which decreased
shell growth.
Shrimp — 48-hr ECso — Cone, which killed or
paralyzed 50% of test animals.
Fish- 48-hr EC5Q- Cone, which killed
50%.
Phytoplankton — Percent decrease of CO2 fixation to a
4-hr exposure at 1 .0 ppm chemical
concentration.

Laboratory bioassays indicated that toxicity of the different
formulations evaluated in this varied greatly with the fish
used. Mortality data are expressed as ECig. EC50- etc.

Comment same as above.



Toxicity, in terms of median immobilization concentra-
tion (ICso), is presented.

Data are given as LC5Q.

Laboratory bioassays indicated that toxicity of the different
formulations varied greatly with the fish used. Mortality
data are expressed as EC-jQ. ££50, etc-
Comment same as above.



Reference
(Year)
Bond, et al
(1960)

Ukeles
(1962)






Butler
(1965)












Walker
(1965)


Walker
(1965)


Crosby and
Tucker
(1966)
Bohmont
(1967)
Walker
(1965)

Walker
(1965)






















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    Monuron-TCA
     (22 percent
     granular)
    Monuron-TCA
     (11 percent
     granular)

    Monuron-TCA
     (tech)
    Monuron
     TCA
    MS-222
8

m
3)
o
Lepomis
 macrochirus
Lepomis
 macrochirus

Lepomis
 macrochirus
Lepomis
 microlophus
Micropterus
 salmoides
Pumpkinseed
Lepomis
 macrochirus
 (eggs)
L.  cyanellus
 (eggs)
Micropterus
 dolomieui
Erimyzon
 sucetta
 (eggs)
L. macrochirus
 (fry)
Salmo
 gairdnerii
Salmo
 trutta
Salvelinus
 fontinalis
Salvelinus
 namaycush
Esox
 lucius
Lepomis
 macrochirus
Micropterus
 salmoides
Stizostedion
  vitreum
                      BSA
BSA
BSA
                                           BSA
4.8 (T4A)


3.8 (T4A)



4.5 to 5.0 (T4A)

5.4 (T4A)

4.8 (T4A)

3.3 (T4A)

10(NTE)


10/5(0)

10/4 (O)


10(NTE)


20 (S)


39.0 (T1 A)
39.0 (T2A)
38.5 (T1 A)
37.5 (T2A)
50.7 (T1 A)
50.0 (T2A)
33.8 (T1 A)
33.0 (T2A)
56.0 (T1A)
52.0 (T2A)
45.7 (T1 A)
45.7 (T2A)
42.0 (T1 A)
42.0 (T2A)
49.0 (T1 A)
48.5 (T2A)
                                                               Comment same as above.
                                                               Comment same as above.
                                                               Comment same as above.
Walker
  (1965)


Walker
  (1965)
 Walker
  (1965)
                                                               Fertilized fish eggs of indicated species were placed in
                                                                1 liter of test solution and allowed to hatch.  Toxicity
                                                                data are presented as concentration in ppm/number
                                                                of days survival. Maximum length of test was 8 days.
                                                                No food was added. Small bluegill were tested to find
                                                                the highest concentration of chemical which  did not
                                                                cause death in 12 days (S).
Hiltibran
 (1967)
                                                                                                                                                                                  I
                                                                                                                                                                                  m
                                                                                                                                                                                  O
                                                                                            a e f          Large specimens of given species were usually more resis-
                                                                                                           tant to MS-222 than small ones. Trout were more tolerant
                                                                                                           at lower temperatures. A safety index of concentration
                                                                                                           is suggested.
                                                                                                                        Marking
                                                                                                                         (1967)
o
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3)
O
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— J
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Chemical
MS-222











Tricaine
methane-
sulfonate
(MS-222)







MS-222
(tricaine
methane-
sulfonate)


MS-222
(tricaine
methane-
sulfonate)





M.S. 222
(tricaine
methane-
sulfonate)





Organism
Ictalurus
punctatus










Sal mo
gairdnerii
Salmo
trutta
Salvelinus
f on final is
Salvelinus
namaycush



Rainbow
trout




Rainbow
trout
Brown
trout
Brook
trout
Lake
trout

Salmo
gairdneri







Toxicity,
Bioassay Active
or Field Field Ingredient,
Study'1 1 Location'2) ppm<3)
BSA - 1 2C
58.0 (T1A)
55.0 (T2A)
51.1 (T4A)
17C
60.5 (T1A)
60.0 (T2A)
60.0 (T4A)
22C
59.8 (T1A)
58.8 (T2A)
58.8 (T4A)
BSA - 100 (SB)

80 (SB)

120 (SB)

135 (SB)




BSA - (O)





BSA - (O)








BCFA - (O)








Experimental
Variables
Controlled
or Noted W Comments
a c d e f Anesthesia was induced within 2 minutes by concentra-
tions of this chemical of 20 to 40 ppm. Concentrations
of 20 to 40 ppm maintained sedation for 6 hours. Safety
indices were determined for the anesthesia of channel
catfish with MS-222.
The toxicity of the chemical is greatly influenced by the
size of the fish and also by temperature.
TLm's are recorded at 12, 17, and 22 degrees centigrade.
It was found that catfish are relatively more resistant when
the anesthetic is dissolved in soft water.


a c f In this assay the chemical was tested for its efficacy as an
anesthetic for the given fish at varied temperatures. Con-
centrations of 80-135 ppm of the chemical anesthetized
all of these fish within 3 min at 7 to 1 7 C. 50 to 60 ppm
induced a moderate rate of anesthesia which could be
maintained for approximately 30 minutes. At 1 5 to 30
ppm, sedation was produced within 15 minutes and
maintained for 5 to 6 hours. Lake trout required larger
doses than the other salmonids for complete anesthesia.
There was no relation between size of fish and efficacy of
MS-222.
— MS-222 can be detected in fish tissues by a modified
Bratton-Marshall method. Interfering substances were more
prevalent in liver and kidney than in .blood and muscle. The
recovery of spiked samples ranged from 89 to 1 1 2 percent.
The method was more accurate for measuring MS-222 in
blood and muscle than in kidney and liver.
a f The residues of MS-222 in selected tissues of fish at 7, 12,
and 17 C and in waters of various hardnesses were measured
by a modified Bratton-Marshall colorimetric method. The
concentrations of drug in the blood, muscle, liver, and
kidney of deeply anesthetized rainbow trout dissipated
rapidly within 1 to 6 hours. The mean concentrations were
18 to 42 ppm in rainbow trout, 1 3 to 44 ppm in brown
trout, 15 to 28 ppm in brook trout, and 15 to 32 ppm in
lake trout.
a Fish anesthetized in 100 mg/l of M.S. 222 at 1 2 C excreted
the drug in free and acetylated forms via the urine during
a 24-hr recovery period in fresh water. Of the M.S. 222 ex-
creted, 77-96% was acetylated. Blood and urine were
cleared of the two fractions of M.S. 222 in 8 and 24 hr.
respectively. Intraperitoneal injections of 10-100 mg/kg
of M.S. 222 did not induce anesthesia; however, the 24-hr
pattern of drug excretion was similar to that observed after
anesthesia by immersion.
Reference
(Year)
Schoettger, et al
(1967)










Schoettger and
Julin
(1967)








Walker and
Schoettger
(1967)



Walker and
Schoettger
(1967)






Hunn, et al
(1968)




























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CO





















-------
   IM-24O4 EC4
   N-2788 EC4

   N-2790 EC4


   N-2790 EC4




   Nabam
   Naled
     (ECS)
   Naled
   Naled
3 Neburon
    Neburon
Gambusia
 affinis
Diving
 beetle
 (larvae)
Chironomid
 (larvae)
Dragonfly
 (naiads)
Gambusia
 affinis

Gambusia
 affinis

Gambusia
 affinis
Rana
 catesbeiana

Protococcus sp
Chlorella sp
Dunaliella
 euchlora
Phaeodactylum
 trocornutum
Monochrysis
 lutheri

Gambusia
 affinis
Rana
 catesbeiana

Prosimulum spp
Cnephia spp
Simulium spp
  (larvae)
 Pteronarcys
  californica
  (naiads)

 Protococcus sp
 Chlorella sp
 Duraliella
  euchlora
 Phaeodac tylum
  tricornutum
 Monochrysis
  lutheri

 Leiostomus
  xanthurus
  (juvenile)
                                           FL
                                                          Cal.
FL

FL

FL




BSA
Cal.

Cal.


Cal.
FL
                                            LCFA
                                            BSA
 BSA
                                            BSA
0.1  (K1)

(O)


(O)

(O)


0.1  (K1)


0.2 (K1)


1.0 (K1)

(O)


10.CMK)
10.0 (K)
1.0 (K)

1.0 (NG)
10.0 (K)
1.0 (K)
Ponds in     (O)
  III.
                            0.4 (O)
             0.008 (T4A)


             0.20 (NG)
             0.20 (K)
             0.20 (NG)

             0.20 (NG)

             0.004 (K)

             0.032 (O)
                                                                                             ac de f
                                                                                                           Toxicity value is in Ib/acre. At the given rates, there was
                                                                                                            appreciable kill of diving beetle larvae and adults, chirona-
                                                                                                            mid larvae, and dragonfly naiads.
                                                                                                                          Mulla
                                                                                                                           (1966)
Toxicity value is in Ib/acre.

Comment same  as above.

Toxicity value is in Ib/acre.  No mortality in tadpoles of
 H. catesbeiana occurred during an exposure period of
 one week.

This paper concerns the growth of pure cultures of marine
 plankton in the presence of toxicants. Results were ex-
 pressed as the ratio of optical density of growth in the
 presence of toxicants to optical density in the basal
 medium with no added toxicants. NG = no growth, but
 the organisms were viable.
                                     When applied at 2.0 pounds per acre active ingredient, 20
                                      percent fish mortality occurred in 1  day.
                                     No bullfrog mortality occurred at 0.5 pound per
                                      acre in 1 day.
                                     Stones heavily populated with wild larvae were placed in
                                      troughs of running water containing the toxicant. When
                                      the larvae became detached from the rocks and floated
                                      away, they were assumed to have undergone lethal intoxi-
                                      cation. The larvae were exposed to the toxicant for 5
                                      minutes, then in clean water for 24 hours.  At that time
                                      the number detached amounted to 22 percent.

                                     Data reported as LCso at 15-5 C in 4 days.
                                     This paper concerns the growth of pure cultures of marine
                                      plankton in the presence of toxicants. Results were ex-
                                      pressed as the ratio of optical density of growth in the
                                      presence of toxicants to optical density in the basal
                                      medium with no added toxicants. NG = no growth, but
                                      the organisms were viable.
                                                                Water temperature was 21 C. The figure reported is a
                                                                  48-hr EC50.
Mulla
 (1966)
Mulla
 (1966)
Mulla
 (1966)
                                                                                                                                                                      Ukeles
                                                                                                                                                                       (1962)
                                                          Mulla
                                                            (1963)
                                                                                                                                                                      Jamnback and
                                                                                                                                                                       Frempong-
                                                                                                                                                                       Boadu
                                                                                                                                                                       (1966)
                                                          Sanders and
                                                           Cope
                                                           (1968)
                                                          Ukeles
                                                           (1962)
                O
                X
                CO
                                                                                                                                                                      Butler
                                                                                                                                                                       (1965)

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o Chemical
r~ Neburon
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Neburon,
4 percent
granular





3 Nectran

j
i. Neguvon











Nemagon



Neotran


Nigrosine

Organism
Crassostrea
virginica
Penaeus
setiferus
Leiostomus
xanthurus
Phytoplankton






Pimephales
notatus
Notropis
umbratilis
Lepomis
macrochirus
Lepomis
microlophus
Sal mo
gairdneri
Sal mo
gairdnerii
Salmo
trutta
Salvelinus
ton final is
Salvelinus
namaycush
Ictalurus
punctatus
Lepomis
macrochirus
Lepomis
macrochirus
Micropterus
salmoides
Channel
catfish
(fingerlings)
Daphnia
magna
Toxicity,
Bioassay Active
or Field Field Ingredient,
Study d) Location(2) ppm(3)
BCFA & BSA - 0.41 (O)

0.55 (O)

0.22 (T2CFA)

90% (O)






BSA - 0.6 (T4A)

0.9 (T4A)

0.7 (T4A)

0.8 (T4A)

BSA - 7,000 (T 1 8 hr)

BSA - 12.2(T2A)

16.5IT2A)

16.8(T2A)

9.0 (T2A)

32.0 (T2A)

71.0 (T2A)

BSA - 20 (T2A)

20 (T2A)

BSA - 146 (K1A)


L - (0)

Experimental
Variables
Controlled
or Noted*4' Comments
— Seawater was pumped continuously into test aquaria.
Salinity, temperature, and plankton fluctuated with tide,
and ambient weather conditions. Some bioassays with
fish were static. Toxicity was reported for the following:
Oyster — 96-hr EC^rj — Cone, which decreased
shell growth.
Shrimp — 48-hr ECsg — Cone, which killed or
paralyzed 50% of test animals.
Fish — 48-hr ECsg — Cone, which killed
50%.
Phytoplankton — Percent decrease of CO2 fixation to a
4-hr exposure at 1 .0 ppm chemical
concentration.
— Laboratory bioassays indicated that toxicity of the different
formulations evaluated in this varied greatly with the fish
used. Mortality data are expressed as ECig> ECgg, etc-





a -The experiment was conducted at 55 F. Fish were 2-3
in. long.
a f Variance and the 95-percent confidence interval (C.I.) were
also determined.










a c o The response of bluegill and bass fingerlings to nine agri-
cultural chemicals as determined by bioassay using
river water is presented in this report. Bluegills were
more tolerant of the chemicals tested than bass.
_a Tap water was used. Considerable addtional data are
presented.

a Aquaria were treated with 1 .2, 2.4, 3.6, and 7.2 ppm
nigrosine, corresponding to 10, 20, 30, and 60 pounds
Reference
(Year)
Butler
(1965)











Walker
(1965)






Cope
(1963)
Willford
(1966)










Davis and
Hardcastle
(1959)

Clemens and
Sneed
(1959)
Surber
(1943)





















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Z
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DO

















per acre. It was shown that Daphnia could survive the
7.2 ppm concentration for at least 5 days and probably
for much longer.

-------
   N-Serve
   Nonic218
   Noxfish
     (5.0% rote-
     none, 10.0%
     cube extracts
     emulsifier)
8

m
3D
o
I   Noxfish
2    (5% rotenone)
3J
O
O
c
                      Panaeus
                       aztecus
                     Leiostomus
                      xanthurus
                       (juvenile)
                     Crassostrea
                      virginica
                     Penaeus
                      aztecus
                     Leiostomus
                      xanthurus
                     Phytoplankton
                     Semotilus
                       atromaculatus
Cyprinus
 carpio
Micropterus
 salmoides
Pimephales
 promelas
Carassius
 auratus
Lepomis
 macrochirus
L. cyanellus
Notemigonus
 crysoleucas
Ictalurus
 nebulosus
 marmoratus

Cyprinus
 carpio
 (eggs)
 (fry)
Pimephales
 promelas
 (eggs)
 (fry)
                                           BSA
                                           BCFA & BSA
                                           BSA
                                           BSA
                                            BSA
                                                                      O.28 (O)

                                                                       (O)




                                                                      (O)



                                                                      0.28 (O)


                                                                      1.0 (NTE)


                                                                      1.0 (NTE)


                                                                      15% (O)
                                                                       20 to 60 (CR)
                                                                       0.081  (T3A)

                                                                       0.147IT3A)

                                                                       0.159 (T3A)

                                                                       0.175(T3A)

                                                                       0.179 (T3A)

                                                                       0.165IT3A)
                                                                       0.470 (T3A)

                                                                       0.247 (T3A)
                                                                       0.091  (O)
                                                                       0.081  (O)
                                                                       0.142 (L)
                                                                       0.159 (L)
                                                                                             i c d e i
The value, reported Is a eG-tir EG§Q (decreased shell
 0rowfh).
Toxicant chemicals were evaluated in seawaterat tempera-
 tures averaging about 28 C.  The values are for 24-hr EC5Q
 or enough to cause loss of equilibrium or mortality.  No
 effect occurred at 1.0 pprn.
Water temperature was 16 C. No effect was noticed on
 exposure to 1.0 ppm.
Seawater was pumped continuously into test aquaria.
 Salinity, temperature, and plankton fluctuated with tide,
 and ambient weather conditions. Some bioassays with
 fish were static. Toxicity was reported for the following:
    Oyster —         96-hr ECso — Cone, which decreased
                    shell growth.
    Shrimp —        48-hr £650 — Cone, which killed or
                    paralyzed 50% of test animals.
    Fish—           48-hr EC5Q - Cone, which killed
                    50%.
    Phytoplankton — Percent decrease of CC<2 fixation to a
                    4-hr exposure at 1 .0 ppm chemical
                    concentration.
Test water used was freshly aerated Detroit River water.  A
 typical water analysis is given. Toxicity is expressed as
 the "critical range" (CR), which was defined as that
 concentration in ppm below which the 4 test fish lived for
 24 hr and above which all test fish died. Additional data
 are presented.
Such variables as temperature, species, and size of fish were
 studied. Toxicity is expressed as LDsg for 72 hr. Smaller
 concentrations of rotenone were required when used in
 conjunction with sulfoxide.  The data shown are for 70 F.
 The chemical was considerably more toxic at this tempera-
 ture than at 40 F for all fish species.
                                                                                                                                                                     Butler
                                                                                                                                                                      11965)
                                                                                                           Toxicity is reported as
                                                                                                                                     in ppm, at 75 F.
Butler
 (1965)
                                                                                                                                                                     Gillette, etal
                                                                                                                                                                       (1952)
                                                                                                                                                                      Hester
                                                                                                                                                                       (1959)
               I
               m
               O
               X
               CD
                                                                                                                                                                     Hester
                                                                                                                                                                      (1959)

-------
  o
  o
  z
  m
  an
  o
o
m
2
o
>
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T>
3)
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o

I
m
Chemical
     Oil.
      crude
     Omazene


     OMPA
      (70%)


     OMPA
     OMPA
     OMPA
    OMPA
      (tech,
      90 percent)
    OMS-3
      (EC2)
    QMS 44
      (Bayer
      37343)
Organism
                              Toxicity,        Experimental
Bioassay                      Active            Variables
or Field         Field       Ingredient,        Controlled
Study(1>     Location<2)    ppm(3)          or NotedW)
                                                                                                                              Comments
                                                            Reference
                                                             (Year)
Nytron
Penaeus
aztecus
L
— 0.001 5 (O) a Toxicant chemicals were evaluated in sea water at tempera-
tures averaging about 28 C. The values are for 24-hr ECsg
or enough to cause loss of equilibrium or mortality.
Butler
(1965)
                Daphnia
                 magna

                Onchorynchus
                 tshawYtscha
                Pimephales
                 promelas

                Fathead
                 minnow
                   BSA



                   BSA


                   BSA



                   BSA
                Pimephales
                 promelas
                Pimephales
                 promelas
                  BSA

                  BSA
                Pimephales
                 promelas
                Lepomis
                 macrochirus
                Carassius
                 auratus
                Lebistes
                 reticulatus
                Gambusia
                 affinis
                Prosimulum spp
                Cnephia spp
                Simulium spp
                 (larvae)
                  FL


                  LCFA
                                                           Ponds in
                             10,000 (T1A)
                             4,613 (T2A)
                             752 (T3A)
                             0.83 (T1A)
                             0.83 (T2A)
                             135(T4A)
                             135 (T4A)
                             121 (T4A)

                             121 (T4A)
                             88 (T4A)

                             1 20 (T4A)

                             680 (T4A)

                             22 (T4A)


                             (O)

                             0.4 (O)
                                                                                             a c d e
This study is concerned with waste oil emulsifiers.
Concentrations were based on percent active ingredient.

Tests were performed in both hard and soft water.  Addi-
 tional tolerance limit values are given.

It was the authors opinion that pH, alkalinity and hardness,
 within the usual range in natural waters, had little effect
 on the toxic effect of the compounds studied. The values
 given are from Henderson, Pickering, and Tarzwell, "The
 Relative Toxicity of Ten Chlorinated  Hydrocarbon Insecti-
 cides to Four  Species of Fish". It is interesting that the
 different tables from the above book (as reported in this
 paper) report  widely different values for the same compounds.
This experiment was performed in hard water.
Concentrations were based on percent active ingredient.

Bioassay investigations of the new insecticides indicate that
 in general the organic phosphorus compounds are not as
 toxic to fish as are the chlorinated hydrocarbons. The
 toxicity of most of these materials was not significantly
 influenced by water quality. Therefore it is to be expected
 that the toxicity of these materials will not differ signifi-
 cantly in different streams.

Soft water primarily was the test medium.  TLm's reported
 for 24, 48, and 96 hr.  Acetone or alcohol used as solvent
 or carrier in most  cases.
Dowden
 (1962)

Bond, et al
 (1960)
Henderson and
 Pickering
 (1958)
Tarzwell
 (1959)
                                                                                                                                                                    Henderson, et i
                                                                                                                                                                     (1960)
                                                                                                                                                                    Tarzwell
                                                                                                                                                                     (1959)
When applied at 1.0 pound per acre active ingredient, 100
 percent mortality occurred in 1 day.

Stones heavily populated with wild larvae were placed in
 troughs of running water containing the toxicant.  When
 the larvae became detached from the rocks and floated
 away, they were assumed to have undergone lethal intoxi-
 cation.  The larvae were exposed to the toxicant for 5
 minutes, then in clean water for 24 hours. At that time the
 number detached amounted to 89 percent.
                 m
                 z
                 o
                 X
                 00
                                                                                                                                            Pickering, et al
                                                                                                                                             (1962)
 Mulla, et al
  (1963)

 Jamnback and
  Frempong-
  Boadu
  (1966)

-------
OMS-116
 (EC2)

QMS-144
Gambusia
 affinis
Prosimulum spp
Cnephia spp
Simulium spp
 (larvae)
FL

LCFA
                                                        Ponds in    (O)
                                                         III.
                                                                0.4 (O)

OMS-315
 OMS-437
 OMS-595
  (SD8447)
OMS-648
OIVIS-658
OMS-659
   OMS-711

8
£  OMS-712
 OMS-754
OMS-868
Prosimulum spp
Cnephia spp
Simulium spp
 (larvae)
Prosimulum spp
Cnephia spp
Simulium spp
 (larvae)
Prosimulum spp
Cnephia spp
Simulium spp
 (larvae)
Prosimulum spp
Cnephia spp
Simulium spp
 (larvae)
Prosimulum spp
Cnephia spp
Simulium spp
 (larvae)
Prosimulum spp
Cnephia spp
Simulium spp
  (larvae)
Prosimulum spp
Cnephia spp
Simulium spp
  (larvae)
Prosimulum spp
Cnephia spp
Simulium spp
  (larvae)
Prosimulum spp
Cnephia spp
Simulium spp
  (larvae)
Prosimulum spp
Cnephia spp
Simulium spp
  (larvae)
                                      LCFA
                                      LCFA
LCFA
                                      LCFA
                                      LCFA
                                      LCFA
                                       LCFA
                                       LCFA
                                       LCFA
                                       LCFA
                          4.0(0)
                                                                0.4 (0)
                          0.4 (O)
                                                                0.4 (O)
                          4.0 (O)
                                                                0.4 (O)
                          0.4 (O)
                          0.4 (O)
                          4.0 (O)
                                                                0.04 (0)
When applied at 0.5 pound per acre active ingredient, 1OO
 percent mortality occurred in 1 day.
Stones heavily populated with wild larvae were placed in
 troughs of running water containing the toxicant. When
 the larvae became detached from the rocks and floated
 away, they were assumed to have undergone lethal intoxi-
 cation. The larvae were exposed to the toxicant for 5
 minutes, then in clean water for 24 hours. At that time the
 number detached amounted to 8 percent.
Comment same as above except that at that time the
 number detached amounted to 35 percent.
                                                             Comment same as above except that at that time the
                                                              number detached amounted to 61 percent.
                                                                                                      Comment same as above except that at that time the
                                                                                                       number detached amounted to 9 percent.
                                                             Comment same as above except that at that time the
                                                              number detached amounted to 38 percent.
                                                                                                   Comment same as above except that at that time the
                                                                                                    number detached amounted to 35 percent.
                                                             Comment same as above except that at that time the
                                                              number detached amounted to 44 percent.
                                                                                                   Comment same as above except that at that time the
                                                                                                    number detached amounted to 10 percent.
                                                                                                   Comment same as above except that at that time the
                                                                                                    number detached amounted to 9 percent.
                                                                                                   Comment same as above except that at that time the
                                                                                                    number detached amounted to 15 percent.
                                                             Comment same as above except that at that time the
                                                              number detached amounted to 11 percent.
Mulla, et al
  (1963)
Jamnback and
  Frempong-
  Boadu
  (1966)
Jamnback and
  Frempong-
  Boadu
  (1966)
Jamnback and
  Frempong-
  Boadu
  (1966)
Jamnback and
  Frempong-
  Boadu
  (1966)
Jamnback and
  Frempong-
  Boadu
  (1966)
Jamnback and
  Frempong-
  Boadu
  (1966)
Jamnback and
  Frempong-
  Boadu
  (1966)
Jamnback and
  Frempong-
  Boadu
  (1966)
Jamnback and
  Frempong-
  Boadu
  (1966)
Jamnback and
  Frempong-
  Boadu
  (1966)
Jamnback and
  Frempong-
  Boadu
  (1966)
                                                                                                                                                                            m
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O Organochlorines
C (pp'-DDT, pp'-
£j DDE. HEOD,
f Endrin)











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Organo-
phosphorus
pesticides

Ortho 5305
EC2

Toxicity,
Bioassay Active
or Field Field Ingredient,
Organism Study''') Location'?) ppm'3)
Prosimulum spp LCFA - 4.0 (O)
Cnephia spp
Simulium spp
(larvae)



Ammodytes FO Britain (O)
lanceolatus
Phalacrocorax
aristotelis
Phalacrocorax
carbo
Gadus
morrhua
Mytilus
edulis
Somateria
mollissima
Cardium
edule
Paste/la
vulgata
Homarus
vulgaris
Calcinus
maenas
Cancer
poguras
Pleuronectes sp
Clupea
harengus
Gadus
merlangus
Sula
bassana
Halichoerus
grypus
Delphinus
del phis
Leiostomus FECH Atlantic (O)
xanthurus and
Cyprinodon Gulf
variegatus Coasts
Gambusia FL Cal. 0.8 (K1)
affinis

Experimental
Variables
Controlled Reference
or Noted'4) Comments (Year)
a Stones heavily populated with wild larvae were placed in Jamnback and
troughs of running water containing the toxicant. When Frempong-
the larvae became detached from the rocks and floated Boadu
away they were assumed to have undergone lethal intoxi- (1966)
cation. The larvae were exposed to the toxicant for 5
minutes, then in clean water for 24 hours. At that time the
number detached amounted to 13 percent.
— Residues of organochlorine insecticides tended to be greater Robinson, et al
in marine organisms of the higher trophic levels, but the (1967)
tendency was not found in all food chains.






























— Describes method to detect low level concentration of pollu- Holland, et al
tion by measuring the degree of inhibition of acetyl cholin- (1967)
esterase (AChE). Of 93 samples from 43 stations, 1 7 showed
less than 90% of normal AChE activity.
— At a concentration of 0.2 Ib/acre, 88% mortality of the fish Mulla
occurred in 24 hours. At 0.8 Ib/acre, 100% mortality (1966)
occurred.





















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-------
   Ortho 5353
     EC2
   Ovex,
     Tech.

   Ovex
    Oxydemeton-
     methyl

    Paramar-50
    Para-oxon
    Para-oxon
8
m
a
Q
    Para-oxon
    Para-oxon
    Paraoxon
S
O  Paraoxon
Gambusia
 affinis
Rainbow
 trout
Pimephales
 promelas

Pteronarcys
 californica
 (naiads)
Cyprinus
 carpio
Tilapia
 massambica
Cirrhina
 mrigala
Labeo
 fimbriatus
Barbus
 machecola
Pimephales
 promelas

Fathead
 minnow
Pimephales
 promelas
Pimephales
 promelas
FL

BSA


BSA



BSA



BSA
Col.         1.CHK1)                 —

            0.620 (T4A)

            2.5 (T4A)             a c d e f
                                            BSA
                                            BSA
BSA

BSA
 Lepomis
  gibbosus

 Lepomis
  gibbosus
 Ictalurus
  melas
 Pseudopleuronectes
  americanus
 Myxocephalus
  scorpius
                                            BSA
            0.035 (T4A)



            6.5 (T2A)

            4.0-5.0 (T2A)

            5.0 (T2A)

            7.5 (T2A)

            2.0 (T2A)

            0.33 (T4A)



            .25 (T4A)
a c d e f
                                                                                            a c d e f p
                                                                                             a c d e f
            0.33 (T4A)

            0.33 (T4A)
                                                                                             adef
                            2/4 (O)

                            0.120 ±0.022 (O)

                            0.122 ±0.005 (O)

                            0.041 ±0.006 (O)

                            0.076±0.010 (O)
Toxicity value is in Ib/acre.

The values reported are given as LCgrj-

The toxicity of this substance was not influenced by the
 quality of the water (pH, hardness, alkalinity).

Data reported as (-650 at 15.5 C in 4 days.
                                                                The test animals were conditioned for 48 hours prior
                                                                 to use.
Mulla
 (1966)
Cope
  (1965)
Pickering and
  Henderson
  (1966)

Sanders and
  Cope
  (1968)
Sreenivasan and
  Swanithan
  (1967)
               Tests were performed in both hard and soft water. Addi-
                tional tolerance limit values are given.

               It was the authors opinion that pH, alkalinity and hardness,
                within the usual range in natural waters, had little effect
                on the toxic effect of the compounds studied. The values
                given are from Henderson, Pickering, and Tarzwell, "The
                Relative Toxicity of Ten Chlorinated Hydrocarbon Insecti-
                cides to Four Species of Fish". It is interesting that the
                different tables from the above book (as reported in this
                paper) report widely different values for the same compounds.
               This experiment was performed in hard water.
               Concentrations were based on percent active ingredient.

               Bioassay investigations of the new insecticides indicate
                that in general the organic phosphorus compounds are
                not as toxic to fish as are the chlorinated hydrocarbons.
                The toxicity of most of these materials was not signifi-
                cantly influenced by water quality.  Therefore it is to be
                expected that the toxicity of these materials will not
                differ significantly in different streams.
               The figures given are for mortality in 2 hours when the
                amount of chemical was 16 mg/kg, given by  injection.

               This paper is a study of the amounts of organic thiophos-
                phate and their oxygen analogues which accumulate in liver
                slices in an in vitro study of insecticides.  The numbers
                given are for mflm of chemical (in the case of Parathion,
                Malathion, and Guthion—the oxygen analogue) accumu-
                lated in 50 mg of liver (wet weight) in 10 minutes.
                                                                                                                          Henderson and
                                                                                                                           Pickering
                                                                                                                           (1958)
                                                                                                                          Tarzwell
                                                                                                                           (1959)
                                                                                                                                                                                     O
                                                                                                                                                                                     X
                                                                                                                                                                                     CD
                                                          Henderson, et al
                                                           (1959)
                                                          Tarzwell
                                                           (1959)
                                                                                                           Murphy
                                                                                                            (1966)
                                                                                                           Murphy
                                                                                                            (1966)

-------
COMMERCIA
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Chemical

Paraquat
(cation)


Paraquat









Paraquat












Paraquat





Paraquat


Paraquat
-
Paraquat

Organism

Lepomis
macrochirus


Lepomis
macrochirus
Micropterus
salmoides
Pimephales
promelas
Ictalurus
punctatus
Salmo
gairdnerii
Spirode/a
polyrhyza
Lemna
minor
Wolffiella
floridana
Azolla
caroliniana
Wolffia
columbiana



Lemna
minor
Spirodela
polyrhyza
Wolffia
columbiana
Fundulus
similis
(juveniie)
Oyster

Penaeus
aztecus
Toxicity,
Bioassay Active
or Field Field Ingredient,
Study!1' Location'2) ppm'3)

BSA - 400 (T1 A)



BSA - 5 (O)

5(0)

5 (O)

5(0)

5(0)

BSA - (O)












FL Fla. (O)





BSA - (O)


BCF - (0)

L - (0)

Experimental
Variables
Controlled
or Noted'4) Comments

— The bioassay methods employed in this experiment were
not given in the paper but it was stated that the same pro-
cedures were employed as in previous work.

— Toxicity to fish was determined as the threshold concen-
tration (LD-|o) in 96 hr at 75 F (65 F for trout). Herbi-
— cidal evaluations are also presented.

-

_

-

a 0.01 ppm caused 82% chlorosis in 7 days.

0.01 ppm caused 72% chlorosis in 7 days.

0.01 ppm caused 62% chlorosis in 7 days.

0.01 ppm caused 40% chlorosis in 7 days.

0.01 ppm caused 3% chlorosis in 7 days.
Light intensity was kept at 500 foot-candles for 14 hours
per day. Light has been shown to increase the rate of kill
with paraquat.
Test containers were plastic petri dishes.
— Common duckweed and watermeal in small ponds can be
controlled with paraquat at rates as low as 0.25 ppmw.
but rates greater than 0.5 ppmw are required for control
in ponds infested with watermeal.


a Water temperature was 19 C. No effect was noticed on
exposure to 1.0 ppm.

a No effect on exposure to the chemical at 1 .0 ppm.

a Toxicant chemicals were evaluated in sea water at tempera-
tures averaging about 28 C. The values for 24-hr EC$Q or
Reference
(Year)

Davis and
Hughes
(1963)

Lawrence, et al
(1965)








Blackburn and
Weldon
(1965)










Blackburn and
Weldon
(1965)



Butler
(1965)

Butler
(1965)
Butler
(1965)
                                                                            •o
                                                                            m
                                                                            Z
                                                                            O
                                                                            00
enough to cause loss of equilibrium or mortality. No effect
occurred at 1.0 ppm.

-------
   Paraquat
    Paraquat


    Paraquat


    Paraquat
w
^   Paraquat
00
    Parathion
8

m
3D
o
o
m
2
                      Crassostrea
                       virginlca
                      Penaeus
                       aztecus
                      Fundulus
                       similis
                      Phytoplankton
                      BCFA &
                       BSA
    Parathion (15 per-
     cent) 0,0-Diethyl-
     o-p-nitrophenyl
     thiophosphate)
    Parathion
    Parathion
     (20% tech, para-
     thion and 80%
     triton X-100)
Pteronarcys sp
 (nymphs)
Daphnia
 magna

Simocephalus
 serrulatos
Daphnia
 pulex
Pteronarcys
 ca/ifornica
 (naiads)
Bluegill
Rainbow
 trout
Brown
 trout
Lymnaeid
 snails
                        Simulium sp
                         (larvae)
                        Rainbow
                         trout
                        Eastern brook
                         trout
                                           BSA


                                           BSA



                                           BSA
                                            BSA
                                            BSA
                                            BSA
                                            FR
                                                           Streams,
                                                            S. C.
                                                            and
                                                            Fla.
                                                                       1.O (NTE)

                                                                       1.0 (NTE)

                                                                       1.0 (NTE)

                                                                       53% (O)
                                                 >1000(T4A)


                                                 11.0 (9.1-12.2)
                                                  (O)

                                                 4.0 (SB)

                                                 3.7 (SB)
                                                 100 (NTE)
                                                 (O)
                                                                       (O)
                                                                       0.5-1.0 (O)
                                                                                              ac d i q
                                            BCFA
                                                                       0.05-1.0 (K0%)
                                                                                                           Seawater was pumped continuously into test aquaria.
                                                                                                             Salinity, temperature, and plankton fluctuated with tide,
                                                                                                             and ambient weather conditions. Some bioassays with
                                                                                                             fish were static.  Toxicity was reported for the following:
                                                                                                              Oyster-        96-hr £659 — Cone, which decreased
                                                                                                                              shell growth.
                                                                                                              Shrimp -        48-hr £659 — Cone, which killed or
                                                                                                                              paralyzed 50% of test animals.
                                                                                                              Fish -           48-hr EC50 - Cone, which killed 50%.
                                                                                                              Phytoplankton — Percent decrease of CC>2 fixation to a
                                                                                                                              4-hr exposure at 1 .0 ppm chemical
                                                                                                                              concentration.
                                                                                                            Experiments were all conducted at 60 F in 1964. The
                                                                                                             values were listed as LC5Q.
                                                                                                            Toxicity,  in terms of median immobilization concentration
                                                                                                                  ), is presented.
                                                                                                                                                                       Butler
                                                                                                                                                                         (1965)
                                                                                                            Concentration reported is for immobilization.
                                                                                                            Time for immobilization was 64 hr.
                                                                                                            Data cited are for 78 F, but assays were performed at
                                                                                                             varied temperatures.
                                                                                                            Water chemistry (unspecified) was "controlled" during
                                                                                                             the assay period.
                                                                                                            Data reported as LC5Q at 15.5 C in 4 days.
                                                                                                            A concentration of 0.2 ppm was near the concentration
                                                                                                             threshold for bluegills. Concentrations of 0.063, 0.189, and
                                                                                                             0.378 ppm did not kill 1 -inch rainbow and brown trout.
                                                                                      Each test container, 500-ml beaker, was filled with ditch
                                                                                       water.  100% mortality occurred in concentrations of
                                                                                       1 :400,000 and greater.

                                                                                      In slow-moving streams in Florida, parathion at the indi-
                                                                                       cated concentrations eliminated blackfly larvae for dis-
                                                                                       tances up to 1.6 miles. In South Carolina, 100 percent
                                                                                       reductions for distances of up to 2.8 miles was obtained.
                                                                                       Data are presented as percent larval detachment in 1,2,
                                                                                       and 3-days time.

                                                                                      Spring water (46 F) was used. This flow rate was 10 GPM.
                                                                                       The chemical was added by continuous drip dispenser.
                                                                                       0.01 ppm kill mosquito larvae.
Cope
 (1965)
Crosby and
 Tucker
 (1966)
Sanders and
 Cope
 (1966)
                                                                                                                                                                      Sanders and
                                                                                                                                                                       Cope
                                                                                                                                                                       (1968)
                                                                                                                                                                      Linduska and
                                                                                                                                                                       Surber
                                                                                                                                                                       (1948)
                                                                                                                                                                      Batte, et al
                                                                                                                                                                       (1951)
                                                                                                                                                                      Davis, et al
                                                                                                                                                                       (1957)
                                                                                                                                                                      Hoffman
                                                                                                                                                                       (1957)
                                                                                                                                                                                      O
                                                                                                                                                                                      X
                                                                                                                                                                                      09
-o
30
O
O

-------
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r~ Parathion
O
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C/)


Parathion



Parathion

Parathion

g

0
j


Parathion

Parathion

Parathion


Parathion






Parathion





Organism
Various






Toxicity,
Bioassay Active
or Field Field Ingredient,
Study'1) Location'2) ppm'3)
FL Salt (O)
Lake
Co.,
Utah



Experimental
Variables
Controlled
or Noted'4' Comments
— The chemical was applied at 0.05 Ib/acre.
Careful application of the chemical at the above concentra-
tion controlled mosquito larvae without loss of fish. At the
above concentration no adverse effects were observed in
mammals, birds, reptiles, and amphibians although some
frogs were killed by the application of parathion at several
times the normal concentration.
Reference
(Year)
Graham and
Anderson
(1958)












Invertebrates were not affected uniformly. Crustaceans were not


harmed, nor were larvae of the insect family Ephydridae.


Spiders and aquatic insects other than Ephydridae were adversely



Pimephales
promelas
Lepomis
macrochirus
Artemia
salina
Fathead
minnow






Daphnia
magna
Pimephales
promelas
Gambusia
affinis

Pimephales
promelas





Lepomis
macrochirus
Micropterus
salmoides
Notemigonus
crysoieucas



BSA - 1.4(T4A)

0.71 (T4A)

BSA - 0.43 (L<1)

BSA - 1.6IT4A)







BSA - 0.0008 (O)

BSA - 1.4IT4A)

BSA - 0.004 (K 33%)


BSA - 1.4(T4A)
0.700 (T4A)





BSA - 0.1 (O)

0.1 (0)

0.1 (0)

affected in varying degrees. Aquatic beetles seemed to be af-
fected more seriously than other insects excepting mosquito
larvae.
a c d e f Tests were performed in both hard and soft water. Addi-
tional tolerance limit values are given.


a i Rock salt was used in rearing all cultures employed in bio-
assay work. The optimum salt concentration was 3.5%.
a It was the authors opinion that pH, alkalinity and hardness.
within the usual range in natural waters, had little effect on
the toxic effect of the compounds studied. The values given
are from Henderson, Pickering, and Tarzwell, "The Rela-
tive Toxicity of Ten Chlorinated Hydrocarbon Insecticides
to Four Species of Fish". It is interesting that the different
tables from the above book (as reported in this paper) re-
port widely different values for the same compounds.
a The indicated concentration immobilized Daphnia in 50
hours.
a d e f Concentrations were based on percent active ingredient.

a Chemicals were dissolved in acetone, and tests were run in
triplicate. Toxicity is given as avg. percent fish killed in
24 hr.
a Bioassay investigations of the new insecticides indicate that
in general the organic phosphorus compounds are not as
toxic to fish as are the chlorinated hydrocarbons. The
toxicity of most of these materials was not significantly
influenced by water quality. Therefore it is to be expected
that the toxicity of these materials will not differ signifi-
cantly in different streams.
^£^_[ Tnis Paper reports the effect of insecticides in reducing the
anticholinesterase in a fish brain within 2-8 hours. The in-
hibition of the enzyme was a function of the concentration
of the insecticide, extent of exposure, and specific chemical
nature of the compound.




Henderson and
Pickering
(1958)

Tarpley
(1958)
Tarzwell
(1959)






Anderson
(1960)
Henderson, et al
(1960)
Lewallen
(1959)

Tarzwell
(1959)





Weiss
(1959)













.
TJ
•o
m
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X
00





















-------
    Parathion,
      (tech,
      25% active
      in xylene)
     Parathion
      (tech
      grade emulsi-
      fied in exlene)
      Palathion
       (50 percent
       EC)

      Parathion
s
oo
     Parathion
Carassius
 auratus
Acroneuria            BSA
 pacifica
Pteronarcys
 californica
Arctopsyche
 grandis

Hydropsyche          BSA
 californica
Acroneuria
 pacifica
Arctopsyche
 grandis
Pteronarcys
 californica
Gambusia             F L
 affinis
 Anopheles            BSA
  quadrimacula tus
 Aedes
  aegypti
 A. taeniorhynchus
 Micropterus           BSA
  salmoides
 Pimephales
  promelas
Ponds—
 Bakers-
 field,
 Cal.
Parathion
8

m
3)
O
r~ Parathion,
g (tech.
m 99 percent)
2
5
r-
TJ
3)
O
0
C
0
Salmo
gairdnerii
(one wk. old
sac fry)
(one mo. old
feeding fry)
Pimephales
promelas
Lepomis
macrochirus
Carassius
auratus
Lebistes
reticulatus



BSA



BSA

BSA










0.1  (O)

0.0001 (T4A)

0.0032 (T4A)

0.001 (T4A)


0.00043 (T4A)

0.001 (T4A)

0.007 (T4A)

0.0086 (T4A)

(O)



0.01 (K1)

0.005 (O)

0.005 (O)


0.5 (O)

0.5 (O)
                                 a c e f I  n
Assays were conducted in hard water.
                                 a c d e I m
                                                                         0.2 (K 0%)
                                                                         2.0 (K 0%)
                                                                         0.2 (K 0%)
                                                                         2.0 (K 80%)
                                                                         1.3 (T4A)

                                                                         0.095 (T4A)

                                                                         2.7 (T4A)

                                                                         0.056 (T4A)
                                                                         a c d e
                                                 Test water was obtained from a mountain stream.
At 0.1 Ib/acre, 22 percent mortality occurred in 24
 hours.  At 0.4 Ib/acre, 92 percent mortality occurred
 in 24 hours. The experiments were conducted in cages
 placed in the ponds.
4th instar larvae of mosquitos were used in this bioassay.
 At the indicated concentrations, the following mortalities
 occurred:
   Anopheles quadrimaculatus   94%
   A edes aegyp ti               52%
   A. taeniorhynchus            78%
Adsorption was determined by use of P32 labeled parathion.
The degree of reaction to the cholinesterase-inhibiting in-
 secticides is not only a function of time and concentration,
 but also of chemical and biological species.  This paper re-
 ports many analyses of brain cholinesterase activity which
 is expressed as percentage of normal. The data are reported
 as LTso which was the time required for 0.5 ppm of the
 chemical to kill  50 percent of the fish.  For bass the  LT^rj
 was 24 hr and for the fathead 72 hr.
Results  are averages of triplicate tests. Toxicity is reported
 as percent mortality (K %).
                                                                                       Soft water primarily was the test medium. TLm's reported
                                                                                        for 24, 48, and 96 hr.  Acetone or alcohol used as solvent
                                                                                        or carrier in most cases.
Gaufin
 (1961)
                                                           Gaufin, et al
                                                            (1961)
Mulla and
 Isaak
 (1961)

Schmidt and
 Weidhaas
 (1961)
                                                                                                                                                                         Weiss
                                                                                                                                                                          (1961)
                                                                                                                            m
                                                                                                                            O
                                                                                                                            X
                                                                                                                            00
                                                                                                                                                  Le wall en and
                                                                                                                                                  Wilder
                                                                                                                                                  (1962)
                                                                                                            Pickering, et al
                                                                                                             (1962)

-------
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Chemical
Parathion,
emulsible
concentrate
(25 percent)






Parathion



Parathion
(EC2)




"arathion
(tech.
95 percent
active in
acetone)

Parathion



Parathion


Parathion













Bioassay
or Field
Organism Study (""
Pimephales BSA
promelas
Lepomis
macrochirus
Carassius
auratus
Green
sunfish
Largemouth
bass
Culex pipiens BSA
quadrimaculatus


Gam bus/a FL
affinis
Bufo
boreas
Scaphiopus
hammondi
Pteronarcys BSA
californica
(naiad)
Acroneuria
pacifica
(naiad)
Gammarus BSA
lacustris


Bluegill BSA


Carassius BSCH
auratus
Lepomis
macrochirus
Notemigonus
crysoleucas








Toxicity, Experimental
Active Variables
Field Ingredient, Controlled
Location!2) ppm'3) or Noted!4'
3.0 (T4A) ^cde

Large 0.58 (T4A)
Small 0.26 (T4A)
2.6 (T4A)

1.7 (T4A)

,0.76 (T4A)

(0) c



Ponds in (O) -
III.




0.0320 (T4A) c d e f


0.0028 (T4A)


0.0128(T4A) £i



0.095 (T4A) a


10.0 (O)* acde
1.0(0)*
0.1 (0)**
0.1 (0)***
10.0 (O)*
1.0(0)*
0.1? (O)*
0.1 (0)***
'response.
1 5 days
**no response.
1 5 days
***no response.
30 days
Comments
Soft water primarily was the test medium. TLm's reported
for 24, 48, and 96 hr. Acetone or alcohol used as solvent
or carrier in most cases.







Tests were conducted in tap water and artificially polluted
tap water. The values reported are the concentration range
for an LCgo, 0.034 to 0.1100 ppm for polluted and 0.0072
to 0.0140 ppm for tap water.
When applied at 0.4 pounds per acre active ingredient, 96
percent fish mortality occurred in 1 day.
No toad mortality occurred at 0.4 pound per acre in 1 day.



A. pacifica was much more sensitive to chlorinated hydro-
carbons and to organic phosphate insecticides than P,
californica.



Emulsible concentrates were prepared from technical grade
insecticides with acetone as the solvent.
Symptoms prior to death were observed and recorded on
graphs.
Assays were conducted in soft water at 25 C. Decrease in
brain cholinesterase was measured in fish exposed to the
toxicant.
Toxicity was determined by measuring acetylcholinesterase
activity in the brains of fish. Concentrations are given in
ppb as either response or no response in 1 5 or 30 days.











Reference
(Year)
Pickering, et al
(1962)








Le wall en and
Wilder
(1963)

Mulla, et al
(1963)




Jensen and
Gaufin
(1964)



Nebeker and
Gaufin
(1964)

Weiss
(1964)

Weiss and
Gaks tatter
(1964)
































*
-o

g


00





















-------
    Parathion
    Parathion
00
     Parathion
     Parathion
 8

 I
 3D
 Q
 >
 O
 rn
  -o
  8
  O
Parathion
     Parathion
Acroneurla
 pacifica
Ephemerella
 grandis
Gammarus
 lacustris
Pteronarcys
 californica
Arctopsyche
 grandis
Pteronarcys
 californica
Acroneuria
 pacifica
Ephemerella
 grandis
Hydropsyche
 californica
Daphnia
 magna
Gammarus
 lacustris
Bluegill
 sunfish
 Fathead
  minnow
Lepomis
 gibbosus

 Lepomis
  gibbosus
 Ictalurus
  melas
 Pseudopleuronec tes
  americanus
 Myxocephalus
  scorpius
 Sewage
  organisms
                                            BSA
                                            BSA
                                             BSA
                                        BOD
                  Simocephalus
                   serrulatus
                  Daphnia
                   pulex
                                             BSA
0.0028 (T4A)

0.003 (T4A)

0.0128 (T4A)

0.032 (T4A)


0.007 (T4A)

0.03 (T4A)

0.003 (T4A)

0.003 (T4A)

0.0004 (T4A)

0.0008 (T 50 hr A)

0.01 (T4A)

0.06 (T4A)

1.4IT4A)


0/4 (O)



19.97 ±7.09(0)

14.52 ± 1.56 (O)

5.20 ±0.81 (O)

0.4 ± 0.2 (O)


(O)
                                                                                                            Additional TLm data are given.
                                                                                                                                                                 Gaufin, et al
                                                                                                                                                                  (1965)
                                                                        0.00037 (SB)
                                                                                                       Unspecified chemical characteristics of assay water were
                                                                                                        determined by standard methods. General comments
                                                                                                        were made concerning "standardized" conditions, use of
                                                                                                        "soft" water, and use of emulsifying agents. Additional
                                                                                                        data are presented.
The figures given are for mortality in 2 hours when the
 amount of chemical was 40 mg/kg, given by injection:
 number dead/number injected.
This paper is a study of the amounts of organic thiophos-
 phate and their oxygen analogues which accumulate in
 liver slices in an in vitro study of insecticides. The num-
 bers given are for mjUm of chemical (in the case of Para-
 thion, Malathion, and Guthion— the oxygen analogue)
 accumulated in 100 mg (dry weight) of liver in 30
 minutes.

Shock loadings of the chemical as high as 15.0 mg/l were
 assimilated by microbial systems of 500.0 mg/l with no
 observable toxic effect.  Organophosphate insecticides
 in low concentration stimulated microbial respiration;
 however, greater concentrations inhibited th'e system and
 eventually destroyed the organisms. The amount of
 organophosphate insecticide required to inhibit the respira-
 tion of freshwater microorganisms was shown to be func-
 tion of the amount of organisms present and not the
 volume of water in which the organisms are dispersed.
Concentration reported is for immobilization.
Time for immobilization was 48 hr.
Data cited are for 60 F, but assays were performed at
 varied temperatures.
Water chemistry (unspecified) was "controlled" during
 the assay period.
                                                          Gaufin, et al
                                                           (1965)
                                                                                                                                                                  Murphy
                                                                                                                                                                   (1966)
                                                                                                                                                                       Murphy
                                                                                                                                                                        (1966)
I
m
O
X
a
                                                                                                                                                                 Randall
                                                                                                                                                                   (1966)
                                                                                                                                                Sanders and
                                                                                                                                                 Cope
                                                                                                                                                 (1966)

-------
8
m
o Chemical
r~ Parathion
O
X
m
S
O Parathion

r~
3J
O
O
O Parathion

Parathion


Parathion






£
00
Os
Parathion


Bioassay
or Field
Organism Study''')
Tubifex spp BSA
Limnodrilus spp

Leiostromus BCFCH
xanthurus
Cyprlnodon
variegatus

Micropterus BSA
salmoides

Pteronarcys BSA
californica
(naiads)
Pteronarcys BSA
californica
(naiads)
Pteronarcella
bad/a
(naiads)
Claasenia
sabulosa
(naiads)
Lepomis BSSB
macrochirus

Toxicity,
Active
Field Ingredient,
Location'2^ ppm'3)
5-2 (L4A)


0.01 (0)

0.01 (0)


2.0 (O)
5.0 (K3hr)

0.0054 (T4A)


0.0054 (T4A)


0.0042 (T4A)


0.0015 (T4A)


0.0075, 0.032,
and 0.087 (O)

Experimental
Variables
Controlled
or Noted'*)
ace


a




a e

a cd e f


a cd e f








act


Comment!
Toxicity is reported as the mean lethal dose (LDgg) for 24,
48, and 96 hours.

At a concentration of .01 ppm, the following percent
acetylcholinesterase activity as compared to controls
was found:
L. xanthurus — 10
C. variegatus — 26
At 2.0 ppm, 40 percent mortality occurred in 1 day. Experi-
ments were carried out in plastic tubs lined with saran
plastic. Fish weights averaged 21 7 grams.
Data reported as LCgg at 15.5 C in 4 days.


Comment same as above.








Critical flicker frequency response in the bluegill was
measured by determining this species ability to maintain
position relative to continuously rotating stripes. Increas-
Reference
(Year)
Whitten and
Goodnight
(1966)
Butler and
Johnson
(1967)


Mulla, et al
(1967)

Sanders and
Cope
(1968)
Sanders and
Cope
(1968)






Scheier and
Cairns
(1968)



















^
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03
Parathion
Parzate
Lepomis              BSA
 gibbosus
Ictaluras
 me/as
Micropterus
 dolomieui
Myxocephalus
 scorpius
Pseudopleuronectes
 americanus
Channel              BSA
 catfish
 (fingerlings)
                                                                    (0)
                                                                                            a p
 ing or decreasing the rate of movement of the stripes
 above or below a certain critical flicker threshold caused
 the fish to return to random swimming. The effect of
 different amounts of insecticide was measured.  An
 aberrant response was noted at all three sublethal con-
 centrations noted.
The chemicals were poor inhibitors of brain cholinesterases
 in vitro; their oxygen analogs were potent inhibitors.
Murphy, et al
 (1968)
                                                                    21.1 (K1A)
Tap water was used. Considerable additional data are
 presented.
Clemens and
 Sneed
 (1968)

-------
    Penicillin G,
     potassium
     (crystalline)
8

m
3D
o
o
m
•o
DO
O
O

I
    Perthane
Phosdrin
Phosphamidon
 (tech)

Phosphamidon

Phosphamidon
                  Cylindrospermum
                   lichenifoTne (CD
                  Microcystis
                   aeruginosa (Ma)
                  Scenedesmus
                   obliquus (Sot
                  Chlorella
                   variegata (Cv)
                  Gomphonema
                   parvulum (Gp)
                  Nitzschia
                   palea (Np)
                  Gambusia
                   affinis
                                                                      2.0 (O)
                                           BSA






w
1
1— t
oo









Perthane
(tech)
Phorate
(Thimet)
Phosdrin




Phosdrin
(tech)

Phosdrin

Phosdrin



Rainbow
trout
- Oyster

Rainbow
trout
Eastern
brook
trout
Rainbow
trout
Bluegill
Pteronarcys sp
(nymphs)
Simocephalus
serrulatus
Daphnia
pulex
BSA

BCF

BCF,




BSA


BSA

BSA



Pteronarcys
 californica
 (naiads)
Procambarus
 clarki

Salmo
 gairdneri
Salmo
 gairdneri
BSA


BSA


BSA

BSA
                                                10.4 (LD*
                                                10.0 (L1)**
                                                 •Resistant fish
                                                **Nonresistant fish
                                                0.005 (T4A)

                                                0.64 (O)

                                                0.05 (K 3 day)
                                                0.1 (K 4 hr)
                                                0.5 (K 80 min)
                                                1.0(K 30 min)
                                                10.0 (K 15 min)
                                                0.012 (T4A)

                                                0.023 (T4A)
                                                0.0049 (T4A)

                                               ' 0.00043 (SB)

                                                0.00016 (SB)
0.005 (T4A)


5.5 (T3A)


5,000 (T.1A)

5,000 (T 18hr)
                                                               Observations were made on the 3rd, 7th, 14th, and 21st
                                                                days to give the following (T = toxic, NT = nontoxic,
                                                                PT = partially toxic with number of days in parentheses.
                                                                No number indicates observation is for entire test period
                                                                of 21 days):
                                                                 Cl -PT(7)
                                                                 Ma-T
                                                                 So - NT
                                                                 Cv -NT
                                                                 Gp-NT
                                                                 Np - NT


                                                               This paper deals with the resistance of mosquito fish to
                                                                chlorinated hydrocarbon  compounds; Resistant fish were
                                                                not always less sensitive to these chemicals.
                                                                                                                                             Palmer and
                                                                                                                                              Maloney
                                                                                                                                              (1955)
                                                                                                          The values reported are given as

                                                                                                          The value reported is a 96-hr ECso (decreased shell growth).
                                                                                                          Spring water (46 F) was used. The flow rate was 10 gpm.
                                                                                                           The chemical was added by continuous drip dispenser.
                                                                                                           0.01 ppm for 180 hr showed toxic effects, but no kill.
                                                                                                          The values reported are given as LCsg.
                                                                                                          Experiments were all conducted at 60 F in 1964. The
                                                                                                           values were listed as
   —           Concentration reported is for immobilization.
               Time for immobilization was 48 hr.
               Data cited are for 60 F, but assays were performed at varied
                temperatures.
               Water chemistry (unspecified) was "controlled" during the
                assay period.
a c d e f        Data reported as LCsg at 15.5 C in 4 days.
                                                                                            a c d o        There was no detectable difference in toxicity to male or
                                                                                                           female crawfish.
                                                                                                          The experiment was conducted'at 55 F. Fish were 2-3 in.
                                                                                                           long.
                                                                                                          Comment same as above.
                                                                                             Boyd and
                                                                                              Ferguson
                                                                                              (1964)

                                                                                             Cope
                                                                                              (1965)
                                                                                             Butler
                                                                                              (1965)
                                                                                             Hoffman
                                                                                              (1957)
                                                                                                                                                               Cope
                                                                                                                                                                (1965)
                                                                                                                                                               Cope
                                                                                                                                                                (1965)
                                                                                                                                                               Sanders and
                                                                                                                                                                Cope
                                                                                                                                                                (1966)
Sanders and
 Cope
 (1968)
Muncy and
 Oliver
 (1963)
Cope
 (1963)
Cope
 (1963)
                                                                                                                                       I
                                                                                                                                       m
                                                                                                                                       Z
                                                                                                                                       O
                                                                                                                                       X
                                                                                                                                       CD

-------
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30
O
5
w










M
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OO






















Chemical
Phosphamidon











Phosphamidon


Phosphamidon
(in water)


Phosphamidon


Phygon XL



Phygon-XL


Phygon-XL











Phygon-XL

Phygon X-L


Organism
Simocephalus
serrulatus
Daphnia
pulex


Daphnia
magna




Co ho
salmon
(fry)
Atlantic
salmon
Brook
trout
Pteronarcys
californica
(naiads)
Oncorhynchus
kisutch
Micropterus
salmoides
Channel
catfish
(fingerlings)
Sa/velinus
f on final is x
Salmo
trutta
Notemigonus
crysoleucas
Ictalurus
punctatus
Micropterus
salmoides
Lepomis
macrochirus
Salmo
gairdneri
Richardfonius
batteatus
hydroflox
Toxicity,
Bioassay Active
or Field Field Ingredient,
Study C" Location (2) ppm (3)
BSA - 0.01 2 (SB)

0.0088 (SB)



BSA - 0.01 25 (SB)





FR Moran 7.0 (T2A)
Creek,
B.C.
FR New (O)
Brunswick


BSA - 0.15IT4A)


BSA - 0.042 (NTE)

0.08 (T1A)
0.07 (T2A)
BSA - 0.14
(K29hr A)

FPA N.Y. 0.5 (S23)





0.5 (S23)

0.5 (S23)

0.5 (S23)

BSA - 0.075 (T1A)
0.075 (T2A)
BSA - 0.13 (T1A)
0.11 (T2A)
0.11 (T4A)
Experimental
Variables
Controlled
or NotedW
_





—





a


-



a cd e f


a cd e



a


a c d











a cd f g

a cd ef


Comments
Concentration reported is for immobilization.
Time for immobilization was 48 hr.
Data cited are for 60 F, but assays were performed at varied
temperatures.
Water chemistry (unspecified) was "controlled" during the
assay period.
Concentration reported is for immobilization.
Time for immobilization was 64 hr.
Data cited are for 78 F, but assays were performed at varied
temperatures.
Water chemistry (unspecified) was "controlled" during the
assay period.
The data indicated 1 .0 to 3.2 ppm would cause a slight
mortality of juvenile coho salmon. The value of 7.0 ppm
was taken from a preliminary bioassay.
Spraying with this chemical at 1.0 Ib per acre had no apparent
harmful effects on young salmon or trout.


Data reported as LC$Q at 15.5 C in 4 days.


Concentrations were based on percent active ingredient.
No toxicity to O. kisutch occurred at concentrations up
to 0.042 ppm.

Tap water was used. Considerable additional data are
presented.

Conventional farm ponds were used having an average
surface area of 0.3 acre and a maximum depth of 7-9 ft.
Toxicity (in ppm) to fish as maximum safe concentra-
tion (S) for 23 days was determined. Concentration of
0.5 ppm was required to control algae.







Hatchery artesian well water was employed for this
experiment.
Results given were in soft water.
Results in hard water were as follows: 0.15 (T1A), 0.16 (T2A),
and 0.14 (T4A).
Reference
(Year)
Sanders and
Cope
(1966)



Sanders and
Cope
(1966)



Schouwenberg
and Jackson
(1966)
Kerswlll and
Edwards
(1967)

Sanders and
Cope
(1968)
Bond.et al
(1960)


Clemens and
Sneed
(1959)
Eipper
(1959)










Webb
(1961)
Webb
(1001)





















>
2
m


X
00





















-------
£
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VD
  o
  3)
  O
  o
      Phygon-XL
      Phygon XL
       (Dichlone)
      Picloram
      PM A
      Polyclens
      Polysan
      Prometone
       [2-methoxy-
       4,6-bis(iso-
       propylamino)-
       s-triazine
       (prometone)]
8

m
30
o
  31   Prometone
  m
      Prometone
      Prometone
                      Gammarus
                       lacustris
                      Salmon


                      Pteronarcys
                       californica
                       (naiads)
                      Salmo
                       gairdneri
                      Salmo
                       trutta
                      Salvelinus
                       fontinalis
                      Salvelinus
                       namaychush
                      Ictalurus
                       punctatus
                      t.epomis
                       macrochirus
                      Panda/us
                       montagni
                      Crangon
                       crangon
                      Carcinus
                       maenas
                      Cardium
                       edule
                      Guppy
Elodea
 canadensis
Potamogeton
 nodosus
Potamogeton
 pectinatus
Leiostomus
 xanthurus
 (juvenile)
Penaeus
 duorarum
                      Oyster
                     BSA




                     BSA

                     BSA


                     BSA
                      BSA
                     BSA
                                            BSA
                                            BSA
0.165(T4A)




0.043 (T2A)

0.048 (T4A)


3.75 (T2A)

6.22 (T2A)

10.7 (T2A)

7.60 (T2A)

2.89 (T2A)

16.0 (T2A)

8.5 (T2A)

15.7 (T2A)

23.2 (T2A)

70.0 (T2A)

100(K25min)
                                                                                              acdef
                                                                                                af
                                             BCF
5(0)
100 (O)
5(0)
100 (O)
5(0)
100(0)
(O)
                                                                         (O)
                                                 (O)
Emulsible concentrates were prepared from technical grade
 insecticides with acetone as the solvent.
Symptoms prior to death were observed and recorded on
 graphs.
Data are given as LC5Q.

Data reported as \-C$Q at 15.5 C in 4 days.
Variance and the 95-percent confidence interval (C.I.) were
 also determined.
                                                                                     Experiments were conducted in tanks holding 10 liters of
                                                                                      seawater at 15 C.
                                                                                     It was shown that the toxicity of this solvent emulsif ier
                                                                                      decreased with time due to evaporation of the solvent.
                                                                                     Polyclens at a concentration of 3.3 ppm killed  100% of
                                                                                      Crangon crangon larvae in 3 hr.
Those fish that survived at lower concentrations were still
 very active several days after they had been taken out and
 placed in fresh water.
Experiments were conducted in standing water. Results
 were rated on a scale of 0 to 10, 0 standing for no toxic
 effect and 10 signifiying a complete kill. Evaluation was
 based on visual observation of the plant response at weekly
 intervals for 4 weeks.
Injury rating of 0.5.
Injury rating of 3.6.
Injury rating of 2.3.
Injury rating of 7.0.
Injury rating of 5.1.
Injury rating of 8.3.
Water temperature was 26 C. No effect was noticed on
 exposure to 1.0 ppm.

Toxicant chemicals were evaluated in sea water at tempera-
 tures averaging about 28 C. The values are for 24-hr ECso
 or enough to cause loss of equilibrium or mortality.  No
 effect occurred at 1.0 ppm.
No effect on exposure to the chemical  at 1.0 ppm.
Nebeker and
 Gaufin
 (1964)

Bohmont
 (1967)
Sanders and
 Cope
 (1968)
Willford
 (1966)
                                                          Portmann and
                                                           Connor
                                                           (1968)
                                                                                                                                              Anonymous
                                                                                                                                                (1964)

                                                                                                                                              Frank, et al
                                                                                                                                                (1961)
                                                                                                                                                                     Butler
                                                                                                                                                                      (1965)

                                                                                                                                                                     Butler
                                                                                                                                                                      (1965)
                                                                                                                                                                      Butler
                                                                                                                                                                       (1965)

-------
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Chemical
Prometone











Prometryne




Prometryne



Prometryne











Pro-noxfish
(25% rotenone
+ 2.5%
sulfoxide)




Pro-noxfish
(2.5% rote-
none. 2.5%
sulfoxide.
5% cube
extracts
emulsifier)

Organism
Crassostrea
virginica
Penaeus
duorarum
Leiostomus
xanthurus
Phytoplankton





Oyster

Leiostomus
xanthurus
(juvenile)
Peneas
duorarum


Crassotrea
virginica
Penaeus
duorarum
Leiostomus
xanthurus
Phytoplankton





Cyprinus
carpio
(eggs)
(fry)
Pimephales
promelas
(eggs)
(fry)
Cyprinus
carpio
Micropterus
salmoides
Pimephales
promelas
Carassius
auratus
Toxicity,
Bioassay Active
or Field Field Ingredient,
Study fl) Location!?) ppm'3)
BCFA& - 1.0 (NTE)
BSA
1.0 (NTE)

1.0 (NTE)

—





BCF - (O)

BSA


L - (0)



BCFA& - 1.0(0,19%)
BSA
1.0 (NTE)

1.0 (NTE)

—





BSA

0.178 (K)
0.1 63 (K)


0.233 (K)
0.191 (K)
BSA - 0.163(K3)

0.081 (K3)

0.191 (K3)

0.242 (K3)

Experimental
Variables
Controlled Reference
or Noted<4> Comments (Year)
— Seawater was pumped continuously into test aquaria. Butler
Salinity, temperature, and plankton fluctuated with tide, (1965)
and ambient weather conditions. Some bioassays with
fish were static. Toxicity was reported for the following:
Oyster — 96-hr £059 — Cone, which decreased
shell growth.
Shrimp — 48-hr ECgrj — Cone, which killed or
paralyzed 50% of test animals.
Fish — 48-hr ECso — Cone, which killed 50%.
Phytoplankton — Percent decrease of CO2 fixation to a
4-hr exposure at 1.0 ppm chemical
concentration.
s Exposure to a concentration of 1 ppm caused a 19.0% Butler
decrease in shell growth. (1965)
Water temperature was 28 C. No effect was noticed on
exposure to 1 .0 ppm.

a Toxicant chemicals were evaluated in sea water at tempera- Butler
tures averaging about 28 C. The values are for 24-hr EC^rj (1965)
or enough to cause loss of equilibrium or mortality. No
effect occurred at 1 .0 ppm.
— Seawater was pumped continuously into test aquaria. Butler
Salinity, temperature, and plankton fluctuated with tide, (1965)
and ambient weather conditions. Some bioassays with
fish were static. Toxicity was reported for the following:
Oyster — 96-hr EC§o — Cone, which decreased
shell growth.
Shrimp — 48-hr EC^Q — Cone, which killed or
paralyzed 50% of test animals.
Fish — 48-hr EC^Q — Cone, which killed 50%.
Phytoplankton — Percent decrease of CO2 fixation to a
4-hr exposure at 1 .0 ppm chemical
concentration.
a Toxicity is reported as LDgQ in ppm, at 75 F. Hester
(1959)






a c d e i Such variables as temperature, species, and size of fish were Hester
~~ studied. Toxicity is expressed as LD5Q for 72 hr. Smaller (1959)
concentrations of rotenone were required when used in
conjunction with sulfoxide. The data shown are for 70 F.
The chemical was considerably more toxic at this tempera-
ture than at 40 F for all fish species.























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-------
                       Lepomis
                        macrochirus
                       L. cyanellus
                       Notemigonus
                        crysoleucas
                       Ictalurus
                        nebulosus
                        marmoratus
                                                 0.255 (K3)

                                                 0.238 (K3)
                                                 0.555 (K3)

                                                 0.410 (K3)
     Pro-noxfish
     Pro-noxfish
W
     Propanil
      (Stam,
      Rogue)
     Pyrethrin

     Pyrethrins
r>
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 O
 O
 c
     Pyrethrins
Oncorhynchus
 kisutch
 (eggs)
                                             FR
                                                           Ore.
                           (O)
Oncorhynchus
 tshawytscha
 (fry, 100-day
 old)
Oncorhynchus
 kisutch
 (eggs)
Daphnia
 magna

Pteronarcys sp
 (nymphs)
Simocephalus
 serrulatus
Daphnia
 pulex
Salmo
 gairdneri
Lepomis
 macrochirus
Ictalurus
 punctatus
Pteronarcys
 californicus
Daphnia
 pulex
Simocephalus
 serrulatus
                                             BSA
                                                          Con/all is.
                                                           Ore.
BSA


BSA

BSA
                      BSA
                           0.15 to 5.0
                            (K1)
                                                                        (O)
                                                                       4.8 (3.8-
                                                                        6.6) (O)

                                                                       0.001 (T4A)

                                                                       0.042 (SB)
a cd i q
                           0.054 (T2A)

                           0.070 (T2A)

                           0.082 (T2A)

                           0.006 (T2A)

                           0.025 (T2A)

                           0.042 (T2A)
Pro-noxfish is a formulation containing 2.5% rotenone.         Garrison
 5.0% related rotenoids and cube extractives, 2.5% sulfoxide     (1968)
 synergists, and 90% solvent emulsifier.
The goal of this experiment was to expose the eggs to the
 chemical at a concentration of 2 ppm for 24 hr.
High survival  occurred where the temperatures ranged from
 46 to 56 F.
High temperatures of 60 and 65 F occurred in Middle Fork
 and Quartzville Creek and contributed to the mortality
 rate. No eggs survived.

Pro-noxfish is a formulation containing 2.5% rotenone.         Garrison
 5.0% related rotenoids and cube extractives, 2.5% sulfoxide     (1968)
 synergists, and 90% solvent emulsifier.
Experiments were conducted in aerated test jars.
Temperature was 53 F.
Temperature seems to have an  influence upon toxicity.
Embryos exposed to the chemical for 24 hr showed the follow-
 ing survival rates. All embryos survived in 1.0 ppm at 53 F,
 all survived in 3 ppm at 46 F, and 90% survived in 4 ppm
 at 39 F.
Toxicity, in terms of median immobilization concentration      Crosby and
 (I CSQ) , is presented.                                        Tucker
                                                           (1966)
Experiments were all conducted at 60 F in 1964.  The values   Cope
 were listed as LCgrj.                                        (1965)
Concentration reported is for immobilization.                 Sanders and
Time for immobilization was 48 hr.                            Cope
Data cited are for  60 F, but assays were performed at varied      (1966)
 temperatures.
Water chemistry (unspecified) was "controlled" during
 the assay period.
This paper reports acute toxicity of a number of compounds.   Cope
 and discusses sub-acute mortality as well. Effects on repro-     (1966)
 duction and behavior are also discussed.  Data presented as
                                                                                                                                                                                       m
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Pyrethrum


Quaternary
ammonium
salt, commercial
Rivanol

£
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Roccal


Roccal











Organism
Black fly
(larvae)
Rainbow
trout

Salmo
gairdneri!
Ictalurus
punctatus
Lepomis
macrochirus
Pteronarcys
californica
Pteronarcys
californica
(naiads)
Microcystis
aeruginosa

Channel
catfish
(fingerlings)
Micropterus
salmoides
(fry)
Ictalurus
punctatus
(fry)
Lepomis
macrochirus
(fry)
Guppy


Salmo
gairdneri
Salmo
trutta
Salvelinus
fontinalis
Salevelinus
namaycush
Ictalurus
punctatus
Lepomis
macrochirus
Toxicity,
Bioassay Active
or Field Field Ingredient,
Study <1) Location<2) ppm(3)
FR Alaskan 0.1 (O)
streams
0.1 (0)


BSA - 54 (T4A)

80 (T4A)

74 (T4A)

1.0 (T4A)

BSA - 0.001 0(T4A)


L - 2.0 (K)


BSA - 2.8 (K1 A)


BSA - 1.0 (SB3)


1.0 (SB3)


0.25 (SB3)


BSA - 100 (K1)


BSA - 2.57 (T2A)

2.05 (T2A)

3.40 (T2A)

1.95 (T2A)

1.12IT2A)

1.68 (T2A)

Experimental
Variables
Controlled
or NotedW Comments
_ The chemical was applied to control black flies, and because
the acetone solution was most effective, only that data is
reported here. The figures reported are for minimum effec-
tive dosages for black fly larvae and maximum nonlethal
dosage for rainbow trout.
a c d Toxicity values reported as median lethan concentration
( LC5Q) for 24, 48, and 96 hr.






a c d e f Data reported as LCgrj at 1 5.5 C in 4 days.


a, etc The chemical was tested on a 5-day algae culture, 1 x 10^ to
~ 2 x 106 cells/ml, 75 ml total volume. Chu No. 10 medium
was used.
a Tap water was used. Considerable additional data are
~ presented.

a c d e f p At least 90 percent of the fry survived for a period of
72 hours.at the concentration listed.







a Those fish that survived at lower concentrations were still very
active several days after they had been taken out and placed
in fresh water.
a f Variance and the 95-percent confidence interval (C.I.) were
also determined.










Reference
(Year)
Gjulian, et al
(1949)



Bridges and
Cope
(1965)





Sanders and
Cope
(1968)
Fitzgerald, et al
(1952)

Clemens and
Sneed
(1959)
Jones
(1965)







Anonymous
(1964)

Willford
(1966)






























>
^
m
O


00





















-------
vo
    Ronnel


    Ronnel
     (EC2)
     Ronnel
     Ronnel
     Ronnel

     Rosinamine
      D acetate
     Rosinamine
      D acetate

     Rosinamine
      D sulphate
  8
  3D
  O
  O
     Rosinamine
      D sulphate
      (RADS)
Chaoborus             BSA
 astictopus

Gambusia             F L
 affinis
Bufo
 boreas


Penaeus               L
 aztecus


Leiostomus            BSA
 xanthurus
 (juvenile)

Oyster                BCF

Cylindrospermum      L
 lichen/forme (CD
Microcystis
 aeruginosa (Ma)
Scenedesmus
 obliquus (So)
Chlorella
 variegata (Cv)
Gomphonema
 parvulum (Gp)
Nitzschia
 palea (Np)
Pimephales            BSA
 promelas

Cylindrospermum      L
 licheniforme (CD
Microcystis
 aeruginosa  (Ma)
Scenedesmus
 obliquus (So)
Chlorella
 variegata (Cv)
Gomphonema
 parvulum (Gp)
Nitzschia
 palea (Np)
Pimephales            BSA
 promelas
Ponds
 in III.
0.046 (T1A)

(O)





0.015 (O)



0.32 (O)


0.17 (O)

2.0 (O)
             0.23 (T4A)
             2.0 (O)
                      a cd ef
                                                                       0.16(T4A)
                                   a c d e f
Toxicity value given is for the fourth instar larvae.

When applied at 0.8 pound per acre active ingredient, no
 fish mortality occurred in 1 day.
At 0.2 pound per acre, 10 percent toad mortality occurred
 in 1 day. In a duplicate test there was no mortality at
 0.8 pound per acre.
Toxicant chemicals were evaluated in sea water at tempera-
 tures averaging about 28 C. The values are for 24-hr £050
 or enough to cause loss of equilibrium or mortality.

Water temperature was 13 C.  The figure reported is a
 48-hr EC50.

The value reported is a 96-hr EC5Q (decreased shell growth).

Observations were made on the 3rd, 7th, 14th, and 21st days
 to give the following (T = toxic, NT = nontoxic, PT = par-
 tially toxic with number of days in parentheses.  No number
 indicates observation is for entire test period of 21  days):
  Cl  -T
  Ma-T
  So  - PT (7)
  Cv  -T
  Gp-T
  Np-T
                                    Toxicity to 30 species of algae also presented.  RADA was
                                     algicidal in the range 0.25 to 2.0 ppm.

                                    Observations were made on the 3rd, 7th, 14th, and 21st days
                                     to give the following (T = toxic, NT = nontoxic, PT = par-
                                     tially toxic with number of days in parentheses.  No number
                                     indicates observation is for entire test period of 21 days):
                                      Cl  -T
                                      Ma-T
                                      So  -T(14),PT (21)
                                      Cv  -T
                                      Gp-T
                                      Np-T
                                                 Toxicity to 30 species of algae also presented.  RADS was
                                                  algicidal in the range 0.25 to 2.0 ppm.
Hazeltine
 (1963)

Mulla, et al
 (1963)
                                                                                                           Butler
                                                                                                            (1965)

                                                                                                           Butler
                                                                                                            (1965)

                                                                                                           Butler
                                                                                                            (1965)
                                                                                                           Palmer and
                                                                                                            Maloney
                                                                                                            (1955)
                                                         Maloney and
                                                           Palmer
                                                           (1956)
                                                         Palmer and
                                                           Maloney
                                                           (1955)
                                                                                             Maloney and
                                                                                               Palmer
                                                                                               (1956)
  TJ
  3D
  O
  O

-------
o
o
s
s
m
n Chemical
n Rosinamine D
O
I
m

5
r~
•o
X
O
o
c

to

Rosinamine D
pentachloro-
phenate







V
»—•
vo
Rosinamine
derivative










Rotenone
(derris or cube
with 5%
rotenone)








Bioassay
or Field
Organism Study (D
Cylindrospermum L
lichen/forme (CD
Microcystis
aeruginosa (Ma)
Scenedesmus
obliquus (So)
Chlorella
variegata (Cv)
Gomphonema
parvulum (Gp)
Nitzschia
palea (Np)
Cylindrospermum L
lichen/forme (CD
Microcystis
aeruginosa (Ma)
Scenedesmus
obliquus (So)
Chlorella
variegata (Cv)
Gomphonema
parvulum (Gp)
Nitzschia
palea (Np)
Cylindrospermum L
lichen/forme (CD
Microcystis
aeruginosa (Ma)
Scenedesmus
obliquus (So)
Chlorella
variegata (Cv)
Gomphonema
parvulum (Gp)
Nitzschia
palea (Np)
Salvelinus F L
fontinal/s
(yearling)
Couesius
plumbeus
Catostomus
commersonnii
Eels
Pungitius
pungitius
Micropterus
dolomieu
Toxicity,
Active
Field Ingredient,
Location'2) ppm(3)
2.0 (0)











2.0 (O)











2.0 (0)











4 lakes, 0.20 (K)
Nova
Scotia
0.20 (K)

0.20 (K)

0.25 (K)
0.25 (K)

0.25 (K)

Experimental
Variables
Controlled
or Noted'4) Comments
a Observations were made on the 3rd, 7th, 24th, and 21st days
~ to give the following (T = toxic, NT = nontoxic, PT = par-
tially toxic with number of days in parentheses. No number
indicates observation is for entire test period of 21 days):
Cl -T
Ma-T
So -T (3),PT (14)
Cv -T
Gp-T
Np-T


a Comment same as above except that:
Cl -P (7),PT(14)
Ma-PT (14)
So -NT
Cv -T (7),PT (14)
Gp-NT
Np-T





a Comment same as above except that:
Cl -PT
Ma - PT (14)
So -PT
Cv - PT (3)
Gp-T
Np-T





a c d f The work was undertaken to test the feasibility of utilizing
poisons as a direct means of studying the production of
fish in streams and lakes. Caution must be used to prevent
irreparable damage by indiscriminate poisoning.








Reference
(Year)
Palmer and
Maloney
(1955)









Palmer and
Maloney
(1955)









Palmer and
Maloney
(1955)









Smith
(1939)































£
Tl
*o
m
Z
D
X
CO






















-------
   Rotenone
   Rotenone
,_,•
 i
    Rotenone
     (5% cube)

    Rotenone
8

m
3
O
O
m
S
•o
30
O
o
i
                       Morone
                        americana
                       Carassius
                        auratus
Perca
 flavescens
Brown
 trout
Rock
 bass
Creek
 chub
Smallmouth
 bass
Common
 sucker
Brown
 bullhead
Channel
 catfish
 (fingerlings)
Chironomus
 plumosus
 (larvae)
     Rotenone
      (2.5 percent,
      5 percent cube
      extractives, and
      2.5 percent
      sulfoxide)
     Rotenone
      (5 percent
      and 15 percent
      toxaphene)
     Rotenone
      (2.0 percent
      and 7.0 percent
      toxaphene)
     Rotenone
      (5 percent
      and 10 percent
      other extractives
                                           BSA
                                           BSA
                      Pimephales
                       promelas
 Pimephales
  promelas
 Pimephales
 promelas
Pimephales
 promelas
                                            BSA
                                           BSA
                                           FLA
                                                         Lake
                                                          Erken,
                                                          Sweden
                                           BSA
                      BSA
                      BSA
                      BSA
0.25 (K)

0.100-2.00
 (K 8 hr)
0.0600 (O)
0.0400 (T 8 hr)
0.0200 (O)
0.45 (K)

0.20 (K)

0.32 (K)

0.35 (K)

0.40 (K)

1.7 (K)

2.2 (K)


0.51 (K1A)
                                                                        (O)
                                                                        (O)
                                                                                           a cd e p
                                                 0.066 (T4A)
                      a cd f g
0.066 (T4A)
0.10 (T4A)
0.10(T4A)
a cd f g
a cd f g
                      a cd f g
               Temperature in test containers was maintained at 27 ± 0.2 C.
                Goldfish tested weighed between 2 and 4 g.
               Rotenone, 0.0600 mg per liter, killed 86% of the fish in 8 hr;
                0.0200 mg per liter killed 18% in 8 hr.

               A range of concentrations between 0.05 and 0.8 ppm was
                used in this study and kill occurred in 1 to 4 hr.
Tap water was used. Considerable additional data are
 presented.

Laboratory studies were with and without silt. Without silt
 100% kill occurred in 0.3 ppm rotenone, while 50% kill
 occurred at 3.0 ppm with silt present.  Further data were
 obtained from field studies and from caged animal studies
 at various depths and sections of the lake. Data on more
 than 200 species are presented at 0.5 ppm rotenone lake-
 bottom-dwelling organisms exhibit sensitivity. Use of
 higher concentrations than this would mean partial or
 complete disappearance of many species.
Test water was spring water diluted with distilled water.
 Removal of toxic chemicals by carbon adsorption, chlorine
 and chlorine dioxide treatment, and alum coagulation was
 studied. The most effective method to remove fish poisons
 was by use of activated charcoal adsorption.

Comment same as above.
                                    Comment same as above.
               Comment same as above.
                                                                                                                                              Gersdorff and
                                                                                                                                               Smith
                                                                                                                                               (1940)
                                                                                                                                                                     Burdick, et al
                                                                                                                                                                      (1956)
                                                                        Clemens and
                                                                         Sneed
                                                                         (1959)
                                                                        Lindgren
                                                                         (1960)
                                                                                                             m
                                                                                                             z
                                                                                                             O
                                                                                                             X
                                                                                                                                              Cohen, et al
                                                                                                                                               (1961)
                                                                                              Cohen, et al
                                                                                               (1961)
                                                                                              Cohen, et al
                                                                                               (1961)
                                                                        Cohen, et al
                                                                         (1961)

-------
o
o
2
2
m
o Chemical
n Rotenone
O
I
m
Q

r™
•o Rotenone
3)
o
O
C
H










Rotenone
fr-j (2.5 percent)
"r
i— »

CTs
Rotenone
(5.5 percent,
cube extract
11. 00 percent)
Rotenone

Toxicity,
Bioassay Active
or Field Field Ingredient,
Organism Study'1' Location'2* ppm'3)
Pimephales BSA - 0.006 (T4A)
promelas



Entomostraca FL Col. 1.0 (K)
Cyclops
Diaptomus
Ceriodaphnia
Bosmina
Leptodora
Rotaria
Filinia
Keratella
Po/yarthra
Asplanchna
Brachionus
Protozoa
Ceratium
Difflugia
Fish FL Mont. 0.95 (O)




Fish FL Mont. 0.7 (O)



Zooplankton FL Fern Lake 0.5 (O)

Experimental
Variables
Controlled
or Noted'4* Comments
a c d f g Test water was spring water diluted with distilled water.
Removal of toxic chemicals by carbon adsorption, chlorine
and chlorine dioxide treatment, and alum coagulation was
studied. The most effective method to remove fish poisons
was by use of activated charcoal adsorption.
a c d g p All chemical and physical data were collected and compiled
by standard limnological techniques. Chemical analyses were
conducted monthly. Biweekly plankton collection showed
"reduction to zero" of all organisms studied, but recovery of
populations to normal population numbers within several
months.









a c d e I Ponds were treated with the chemical to eradicate fish. The
fish population included largemouth bass, bluegills, black
crappie, yellow perch, carp, white sucker, and longnose
sucker. Counts were made of various fish at various later
times. The paper contains little quantitative data.
a c d e I Comment same as above.



a c d e f Rotenone (5%) was applied at the rate of 0.5 ppm.
Samples were taken biweekly. Open water species were
Reference
(Year)
Cohen, et al
(1961)



Hoffman and
Olive
(1961)












Wollitz
(1963)



Wollitz
(1963)


Kiser, et al
(1963)





















^
TJ
m


X
00




                                                      Silver Lake    1.0 (O)
Rotenone
Gammarus
 lacustris
                                        BSA
                                                                    3.52 (T4A)
 completely removed, and remained absent for 3 mo.
 Organisms along the shore edge resisted the effect of
 rotenone, but eventually disappeared for several weeks.
Rotenone (5%) was applied at the rate of 1.0 ppm.
After application the greatest reduction, about 70%, occurred
 within an hour. Two days after application, no zooplankton
 were found alive in the open-water tows taken  at all depths
 in the lake.
The rotenone penetrated to the thermocline at the 30-ft
 depth in the first 6 hr, killing Cladocera and Copepoda as
 it sank.

Emulsible concentrates were prepared from technical grade
 insecticides with acetone as the solvent.
Symptoms prior to death were observed and recorded on
 graphs.
                                                                                                                                                                   Nebeker and
                                                                                                                                                                    Gaufin
                                                                                                                                                                    (1964)

-------
    Rotenone
    Rotenone
    Rotenone

    Rotenone



    Rotenone
    Rotenone
    Ruelene
s
31
O
>•  Ryania
     (Ryanicide
I   100)
m
                      Nereis
                       limnicola
Salmo
 gairdnerii
Ictalurus
 punctatus
Lepomis
 macrochirus
Pteronarcys
 californica
Pteronarcys sp
 (nymphs)
Anax
Agrion
Siphlonurus
Phryganea
Simocephalus
 serrulatus
Daphnia
 pulex
Pteronarcys
 californica
 (naiads)

Salmo
 gairdneri
Salmo
 trutta
Salvelinus
 fontinalis
Salvelinus
 namaycush
Ictalurus
 punctatus
Lepomis
 macrochirus

Cyprinus
 carpio
                      FL
                                           BSA
                                  Lake
                                   Merced,
                                   Cal.
BSA


BSA




BSA
                                           BSA
                                           BSA
BSA
0.025 (K)




27 (T4A)

28 (T4A)

23 (T4A)

250(T4A)


0.250 (T4A)


2.3 (T2A)




0.190 (SB)

0.100 (SB)




0.38 (T4A)



32.0 (T2A)

25.7 (T2A)

35.0 (T2A)

27.0 (T2A)

34.8 (T2A)

35.0 (T2A)


(O)
                                                                                            a c d
                                                               In a fish killing program, O.O25 ppm of rotenone was used
                                                                on October 26, 1963.  By November 18 the population of
                                                                the nereid had been reduced from 500/m2 to no greater
                                                                than 10/m2. How important this organism is in the com-
                                                                plex food chain is unknown.
                                                               Toxicity values reported as median lethal concentration
                                                                       for 24,48, and 96 hr.
   £           Experiments were all conducted at 60 F in 1964. The values
   ~            were listed as LC5Q.
 a c c g        Death caused by rotenone is caused by the constriction of
                the gill capillaries which prevent the passage of blood
                through the gills.

   —           Concentration reported is for immobilization.
               Time for immobilization was 48 hr.
               Data cited are for 60 F, but assays were performed at varied
                temperatures.
               Water chemistry (unspecified) was "controlled" during
                the assay period.
££ cl_e_f        Data reported as LC5Q at 15.5 C in 4 days.
                                                                                                          Variance and the 95 percent confidence interval (C.I.) were
                                                                                                           also determined.
                                                               0 percent mortality occurred in 4 days at 0.01 ppm. 0 per-
                                                                cent mortality occurred in 4 days at 3 ppm.
                                                                        Oglesby
                                                                          (1964)
                                                                                                                                                                   Bridges and
                                                                                                                                                                    Cope
                                                                                                                                                                    (1965)
Cope
 (1965)
Claffey and
 Ruck
 (1967)

Sanders and
 Cope
 (1966)
                                                                                                                        Sanders and
                                                                                                                         Cope
                                                                                                                         (1968)
                                                                                                                        Willford
                                                                                                                         (1966)
                                                                                             Hayes
                                                                                              (1955)
                m
                O
                X
                CD
3)
O
O

-------
COMMERCI/
.*»
i-
o
m
S
£
r-
•u
2Q
O
O
q
en











s
VO
oo






















Chemical
Saponin









Sarin





Sarin







Sarin











Sarin


Schadran


SD-4294
(EC32)
SD-4402
(15 percent
EC)
Organism
Shrimp:
Caridina
denticulate
Penaeus
carinadus
Fish:
Elops
saurus
Tilapia
mossambica
Pimephales
promelas
Lepomis
cyanellus
Carassius
auratus
Pimephales
promelas
Lepomis
cyananellus
Carassius
auratus


Lepomis
macrochirus
Lepomis
cyanellus
Pimephales
promelas


Lebistes
re tic u /at us
Carassius
auratus
Pimephales
promelas

Channel
catfish
(finger! ings)
Gambusia
affinls
Gambusia
affinis

Toxicity, Experimental
Bioassay Active Variables
or Field Field Ingredient, Controlled
StudyCO Location*2) ppm'3) or Noted<4>
BSA & Taiwan a
FL 50.0 (K1)

70.0 (K1)


1.0 (K1)

1.5 (K)

BCFA - 10-40(0) acde





BSA - 0.1 to 50.0(0) acd







BSA + - (S) 3.2 (T4A) acde
BCFA (H) 23.5 (T4A)
(S) 4.2 (T4A)
(H) 15.2 (T4A)
(S) 4.4 (T4A)
(H) 31.9 (T4A)
(S) 1.4 (T4CF)
(H)4.2 (T4CF)
(S) 7.2 (T4A)
(H) 13.8 (T4A)
(S) 9.8 (T4A)
(S) 4.1 (T4CF)
BCFA - 18ppb acef
(T 2 hr A)

BSA - >8913(K1A) a


FL Ponds (O) -
in III.
FL Ponds- 0.1 (K1) ac
Bakers- 0.4 (K1>
field. Cat.
Comments
Saponin derived from Camellia spp selectively killed fish in
bioassays at the concentrations noted while 50-70X higher
concentrations were required to kill shrimp. Concentrations
of saponin ranging from 2.5-10.0 ppm were similarly effective
in pond studies in killing wild fish which prey on or compete
with shrimp. This appears to be a good treatment in shrimp
culture for shrimp predator control, but the authors caution
that further investigation is required.


The time for 50 percent (TSQ) of the fish to die was studied
when the toxic material was held constant while dissolved
oxygen, temperature and size of fish were varied. Toxic
concentrations of sarin were between 10 ppb and 40 ppb
oxygen consumption rates are also reported.

Data are presented as TLm/degree centigrade with some of the
results as follows: 50 ppm at 24 C was lethal in 0.8 minutes
and at 1.20 C in 1.3 minutes for fathead minnows. 50 ppm
at 24 C was lethal to sunfish in 0.95 minutes, and at 12 C in
1.55 minutes. 50 ppm at 24 was lethal to goldfish 1.5 min-
utes, and at 12 C, 2.3 minutes. The toxicity of Sarin was
shown to be very temperature dependent. Considerable
additional data are presented.
Both static and continuous flow bioassays were made in
hard (H) and soft (S) waters. 24, 48, and 96-hr TM|_ are
reported. Sarin was more toxic in hard water.









Describes a continuous flow method for bioassay of an organo-
phosphorus CW agent.

Tap water was used. Considerable additional data are
presented.

When applied at 0.2 pounds per acre active ingredient, 4 per-
cent mortality occurred in 1 day.
Toxicity values indicate application rates in Ib/acre. The
experiments were conducted in cages placed in the ponds.

Reference
(Year)
Tang
(1961)








Weiss and
Botts
(1957)



Weiss and
Botts
(1957)





Pickering and
Henderson
(1959)









Henderson and
Pickering
(1963)
Clemens and
Sneed
(1959)
Mulla, et a)
(1963)
Mulla and
Isaak
(1961)





















^
^
m
Z
O

DO





















-------

VQ
    SD-7587
      (EC2)
    SD-8803
      (EC2)

    SD-9020
      (EC2)
     SD-9129
      (ECS)

     Separan
      (poly-
      acrylamide)


     Sernyl
     Sen/in
Sevin
 (50%, and
 Sevin-
 tech)

Sevin
     Sevin
 8
 S  Sevin
 m
 •a
 o
 >
 r
 o
 m
 ?  Sevin
 TJ
 3)
 O
 O
 c
                  Gambusia
                   affinis
                  Gambusia
                   affinis

                  Gambusia
                   affinis

                  Gambusia
                   affinis

                  Rainbow
                   trout
                  Carassius
                   auratus
                       Leiostomus
                        xanthurus

                       Carassius
                        auratus
                  Pimephales
                   promelas
                  Lepomis
                   macrochirus

                  Pimephales
                   promelas
                  Lepomis
                   macrochirus
                   Ephemeroptera
                   Plecoptera
                   Coleoptera
                   Trichoptera
                   Diptera
                   Annelida
                   Megaloptera
                   Oncorhynchus
                    kisutch
                   Salmo
                    gairdnerii
                   Gasterosteus
                    aculeatus
FL
FL
FU
FL
BSCH
Ponds
in III.
Cal.
Cal.
Cal.
	
(0)
0.4 (K1)
(0)
(0)
(0)
BSA
                                        BCFCH
BSA
                                             BSA
                                             BSA
                                        FR
             Oneonta,
               N. Y.
                                             BSA
36 (T 1.5hr)




0.1  (SB 90)



25 (K2)
14 (L2)
35 (K2)
28 (L2)


12.0 (T4A)

5.3 (T4A)


12.0IT4A)

5.3 (T4A)
(O)
a b
                                                                                               a d e f
                            997 (T4A)

                            1,350(T4A)

                            3,990 (T4A)
                                                                 When applied at O.40 pounds per acre active ingredient,
                                                                  32 percent mortality occurred in 1 day.
                                                                 Toxicity value is in Ib/acre.
             At a concentration of 0.4 Ib/acre, 56% mortality of
               Gambusia affinis occurred in 24 hours.
             At a concentration of 0.8 Ib/acre, 16% mortality of the fish
               occurred in 24 hours.
             A concentration of 0.035 and 0.070 ppm of "Separan" for
               4 months caused no rainbow trout mortality.  No growth
               retardation was evident in the lot exposed to 0.035 ppm,
               and only slight retardation occurred at 0.070 ppm.
             Fish reacted sluggishly and remained stationary at all con-
               centrations evaluated. Median tolerance limits, median
               lethal concentrations, and the relation of dosage to time
               were calculated.
             The toxicity of this chemical to fish was relatively low.
                                                                The wettable powder formulation (50% Sevin) was prepared
                                                                  on the basis of active ingredient, and stirred directly into
                                                                  water. As a comparison, results were given for Sevin (tech-
                                                                  nical). The wettable powder appeared to be twice as toxic
                                                                  as the Sevin alone under the conditions of this test.
                                                                Concentrations were based on percent active ingredient.
              Bioassay investigations of the new insecticides indicate that
              in general the organic phosphorus compounds are not as
              toxic to fish as are the chlorinated hydrocarbons. The
              toxicity of most of these materials was not significantly
              influenced by water quality. Therefore it is to be expected
              that the toxicity of these materials will not differ signifi-
              cantly in different streams.
             This chemical was highly toxic to mayflies, stoneflies, and
              caddieflies at 1/4 Ib/acre. The fish food populations of
              invertebrates in the sprayed sections of the streams were
              reduced from 50.7 to 97.2 percent.
                                                                                                             Chemical dissolved in acetone.  TLm expressed in ppb.
Mulla, et al
  (1963)
Mulla
  (1966)

Mulla
  (1966)

Mulla
  (1966)

Olsen and
  Foster
  (1958)


Wilber
  (1965)
Butler and
 Johnson
 (1967)
Haynes, et al
 (1958)
                                                                                                                                                                                        m
                                                                                        O
                                                                        Henderson, et al  X
                                                                         (1960)         gg
                                                                                                                                                                        Tarzwell
                                                                                                                                                                         (1959)
                                                                                               Burdick, et al
                                                                                                 (1960)
                                                                                               Katz
                                                                                                 (1961)

-------
8
m
o Chemical
^
r Sevin

m
2
<-»
>
t~
TJ
3)
O
o
C Sevin
" (tech)
en
Sevin
(tech)
Sevin







?
8
0 Sevin

Sevin
(tech)
Sevin
(carbaryl)




Sevin





Sevin
(20% active)

Bioassay
or Field
Organism Study'1'
Protococcus sp BSA
Chlorella sp
Dunaliella
euchlora
Phaeodactylum
tricornutum
Monochrysis
lutheri

Procambarus BSA
clarki

Salmo BSA
gairdneri
Aquatic insects: FR
Ephemeroptera
Plecoptera
Ameletus
Iron
Heptagenia
Brachyptera
Alloperla
Ephemerella
Simulium
Pteronarcys sp BSA
(nymphs)
Bluegill BSA

Brown BSCFA
trout
(fingerlings)



Simocephalus BSA
serrulatus
Oaphnia
pulex


Tubifex spp BSA
Limnodrilus spp

Toxicity,
Active
Field Ingredient,
Location^) ppm<3)
10 (NG)
10 (K)
10 (NG)

0.1 (NG)
10 (K)
1.0 (NG)


2.0 (T3A)


3,500 (T1A)
2,000 (T2A)
Pa. (0)









0.0048 (T4A)

2.0 (T4A)

8.0 (K)
15 to 273
minutes



0.0076 (SB)

0.0064 (SB)



750 (L4A)


Experimental
Variables
Controlled
or NotedW Comments
a This paper concerns the growth of pure cultures of marine
plankton in the presence of toxicants. Results were ex-
pressed as the ratio of optical density of growth in the
presence of toxicants to optical density in the basal medium
with no added toxicants. NG = no growth, but the organ-
isms were viable.



a c d o There was no detectable difference in toxicity to male or
female crawfish.

a The experiment was conducted at 55 F. Fish were 2-3 in.
long.
— Insecticide spraying dosage was 1.1 kg/4.21 H20/hectare,
covering over 16,000 acres of woodland for control of
gypsy moth. It appeared that there was a drastic reduction
of the standing crop of aquatic insects as a result of spraying
despite precautions taken against direct spraying of open
water and washing spray equipment in the streams.




a Experiments were all conducted at 60 F in 1964. The values
were listed as \-C$Q.
— The values reported are given as LCsfj.

ace No significant different in toxicity was found between flow-
through and static evaluations. A wide range of concentra-
tions was studied in both hard and soft waters, and a range
of sizes of fish were used. The data is given considerable
mathematical treatment. The form in which the chemical
is used was shown to be important.
— Concentration reported is for immobilization.
Time for immobilization was 48 hr.
Data cited are for 60 F, but assays were performed at varied
temperatures.
Water chemistry (unspecified) was "controlled" during
the assay period.
ace Toxicity is reported as the mean lethal dose (1.050) for 24,
48, and 96 hours.

Reference
(Year)
Ukeles
(1962)







Muncy and
Oliver
(1963)
Cope
(1963)
Coutant
(1964)








Cope
(1965)
Cope
(1965)
Burdick, et al
(1965)




Sanders and
Cope
(1966)



Whitten and
Goodnight
(1966)





















^
^
m
Z
0
X
DO

















-------
Sevin
(Carbaryl)










Shell 4072


Shell 4072
Shell
SD-7438
(tech)
Shell
SD-7438
to Shell
2 SD-7438
Shell
SD-7961





Salmo BSA
gairdneri
Lepomis
macrochirus
Ictalurus
punctatus
Pteronarcys
californicus
Daphnia
pulex
Simocephalus
serrulatus
Leiostomus BSA
xanthurus
(juvenile)
Oyster BCF
Rainbow BSA
trout
Bluegill
Penaeus L
aztecus
Oyster BCF

Crassostrea BCFA & BSA
virginica
Penaeus
setiferus
Leiostomus
xanthurus
Phytoplankton
8
                                                                     2.000 (T2A)

                                                                     2.500 (T2A)

                                                                     19.000 (T2A)

                                                                     0.015 (T2A)

                                                                     0.006 (T2A)

                                                                     0.008 (T2A)

                                                                     (O)


                                                                     0.60 (O)

                                                                     0.030 (T4A)

                                                                     0.250 (T4A)
                                                                     0.028 (O)



                                                                     0.10(0)

                                                                      1.0  (NTE)

                                                                      1.0  (NTE)

                                                                      1.0  (NTE)

                                                                      (O)
This paper reports acute toxicity of a number of com-
  pounds, and discusses subacute mortality as well. Effects
  on reproduction and behavior are also discussed.  Data
  presented
Cope
 (1966)
2
2
m
30
0
>
o
I
m
2
o
1-
-D
3D
O
O
s


Shell
SD-7961
Shell
SD-7961

Shell
SD-S447







Oyster

Leiostomus
xanthurus
(juvenile)
Leiostomus
xanthurus
(juvenile)
Oyster

Penaeus
duorarum


BCF

BSA


BSA


BCF

L



(0)

(0)


(0)


(0)

0.42 (0)



a

a


a


a

a

Water temperature was 14 C. Fish lost equilibrium at
  1.0 ppm.

The value reported is a 96-hr £650 (decreased shell growth).

The values reported are given as
Toxicant chemicals were evaluated in seawater at tempera-
 tures averaging about 28 C. The values are for 24-hr EC5Q
 or enough to cause loss of equilibrium or mortality.
The value reported is a 96-hr £€50 (decreased shell growth).
Seawater was pumped continuously into test aquaria.
 Salinity, temperature, and plankton fluctuated with tide,
 and ambient weather conditions. Some bioassays with
 fish were static. Toxicity was reported for the following:
   Oyster —        96-hr ECso — Cone, which decreased
                   shell growth.
   Shrimp —       48-hr ECso — Cone, which killed or
                   paralyzed 50% of test animals.
   Fish —          48-hr EC5Q — Cone, which killed
                   50%.
   Phytoplankton — Percent decrease of CO2 fixation to a
                   4-hr exposure at 1.0 ppm chemical
                   concentration.

No effect on exposure to the chemical  at 1.0 ppm.

Water temperature was 16 C. No effect was noticed  on
 exposure to 1.0 ppm.

Water temperature was 17 C. Fish showed irritation at
 1.0 ppm.

No effect on exposure to the chemical  at 1.0 ppm.

Toxicant chemicals were evaluated in sea water at tempera-
 tures averaging about 28 C. The values are for 24-hr £650
 or enough to cause loss of equilibrium or mortality.
Butler
 (1965)

Butler
 (1965)
Cope
 (1965)

Butler
 (1965)
Butler
 (1965)
Butler
 (1965)
                                                                                                                                                                   Butler
                                                                                                                                                                    (1965)
                                                                                                                                                                   Butler
                                                                                                                                                                    (1965)

                                                                                                                                                                   Butler
                                                                                                                                                                    (1965)

                                                                                                                                                                   Butler
                                                                                                                                                                    (1965)
                                                                                                                                                                   Butler
                                                                                                                                                                    (1965)
1
m
o
X
00

-------
COMMERCE
s*
r-
o
I
m
S
5
TJ
3J
O
O
o
(n










M
V
NJ
O
to






Chemical
Shell
SD-8448

Shell
SD-8448


Shell
SD-9129,
EC
Shell
SD-9129





Si 1 vex











Silvex
Organism
Penaeus
duorarum

Oyster
Leiostomus
xanthurus
(juvenile)
Rainbow
trout
Bluegill
Oyster
Fundulus
similis
(juvenile)
Penaeus
aztecus

Aquatic weeds
in Georgia
including
Najas sp
Potamogeton sp
Myriophyllum
heterophyllum
Utricularia sp
Myriophyllum
brasiliense
Eleocharis
acicularis
Bluegill
Bioassay
or Field
Study 0)
L


BCF
BSA


BSA


BCF
BSA


L


FL











FP
Toxicity,
Active
Field Ingredient,
Location (2) ppm(3)
0.28 (0)


0.40 (0)
(0)


4.90 (T4A)

4.0 (T4A)
(0)
(0)


0.32 (O)


Farm (O)
ponds
in Ga.









Okla. 1.5 to 3.0(O)
Experimental
Variables
Controlled
or Noted'4' Comments
a Toxicant chemicals were evaluated in seawater at tempera-
tures averaging about 28 C. The values are for 24-hr EC§g
or enough to cause loss of equilibrium or mortality.
a The value reported is a 96-hr £€50 (decreased shell growth).
Water temperature was 19 C. Lost equilibrium at 1 ppm.


— The values reported are given as LC5Q.


a No effect on exposure to the chemical at 1 .0 ppm.
a Water temperature was 20 C. No effect was noticed on
exposure to 1 .0 ppm.

a Toxicant chemicals were evaluated in seawater at tempera-
tures averaging about 28 C. The values are for 24-hr ECgn,
or enough to cause loss of equilibrium or mortality.
- Silvex in concentrations of 0.2 to 3.0 ppm killed 75 to 100
percent of the most prominent and damaging weeds.
A slow kill is desirable because there is less chance of a fish
kill due to an oxygen depletion resulting from weed decom-
position.
The results of 2 years' experimentation on control of aquatic
weeds in Georgia farm ponds using Silvex indicated that this
herbicide has a far wider range of satisfactory control than
any other herbicide used in Georgia.



- This paper concerns lack of growth in weight and length of
Reference
(Year)
Butler
(1965)

Butler
(1965)


Cope
(1965)

Butler
(1965)


Butler
(1965)

Thomaston, et al
(1959)










Houser



















2
^
m
Z
_
X
00




Silvex
 (Amchem)
Silvex
 (K salt)
Lepomis
 macrochirus
Lepomis
 macrochirus
BSA


BSA
700(T18hr)
600 (T 32 hr)

83.0 (T2A) L
100.0IT2A) G
                                                 j cd e g
 fish. A coefficient of condition C(TL) was derived from
 fish lengths in inches and weights in grams, and is expressed
 as a ratio of 100,000 x weight in pounds to the cube of the
 length  in inches.  The C(TL) of the fish is reported to be a
 result of the application of the herbicide over a 2-year
 period.

The experiment was conducted at 65 F.  Fish were 2 in. long.

Toxicity data for 24 and 48 hours are presented for liquid
 (L) and granular (G) formulations.  Various commercial
 formulations were tested.  The liquid  formulations were
 almost invariably more toxic than the granular ones.
                                                                                                                                                                  (1962)
Cope
 (1963)
Hughes and
 Davis
 (1965)

-------
    Silvex
to
 8

 m
 •3)
 o
 O
 m
 S
 9
 3D
 O
 O
     Silvex
      (Kuron)
     Silvex
      (pelletized)
Silvex
 (butoxyethanol
 ester)

Silvex
 (isooctyl
 ester)

Silvex
 (potassium
 salt)

Silvex
 (propylene
 glycol
 butylether
 ester)

Silvex
Filamentous algae      FL
 Cladophora
 Spirogyra
 Hydrodictyon
Submerged plants
 Chara
 Potamogeton
Emergent plants
 Alisma
 Sagittaria
Floating plants
 Lemna
Zooplankton

Lepomis               BSA
 macrochirus
Pimephales
 promelas

Lepomis               BSA
 macrochirus
Pimephales
 promelas
Lepomis               BSA
 macrochirus


Lepomis               BSA
 macrochirus


Lepomis               BSA
 macrochirus
                       Lepomis              BSA
                        macrochirus
 Benthic               FL
  community of
  a farm pond
                                                           N. Y.
Boone
 County,
 Mo.
            (O)
            (O)
            2.0 (K)

            (O)
            2.0 (K)

            (O)
            (O)

            2.0 (K)
            (O)
            2.4 (T4A)

            7.2 (T4A)

            (S) 14 (T4A)
            (H) 86 (T4A)
            (S) 13(T4A)
            (H) 73 (T4A)

            1.2 (T2A)
                                                                       3.7 (T2A)
                                                                       8.3 (T2A)
                                                 16.6 (T2A)
                                                                       2.8 & 4.6 (O)
                                                                        cd
                                                                                                            2 ppm caused 20% kill.
                                                                                                            2 ppm caused 35% kill.
2 ppm did not cause any kill.
Complete decomposition occurred in about 3 weeks.

2 ppm did not cause any kill.
2 ppm caused 20% kill.

Complete decomposition occurred in about 3 weeks.
Applications of 4 ppm produced significant reduction.
Bioassay method in Standard Methods for Examination of
 Water was used.  TLm values for 24 and 48 hr are also
 presented.

Comment same as above.
The various salts of the chemicals showed wide variations
 in toxicity.

Comment same as above.
                                                Comment same as above.
                                                Comment same as above.
Many different aquatic plants, insects, molluscs, and leeches
 are listed, 79 organisms in all. Data list populations in
 treated versus untreated pond areas as well as seasonal
 variations in numbers. The tests were conducted in a series
 of plastic enclosures 12x18 feet in area, and 4 feet deep.
 The most conspicuous change in the pond benthos in the
 enclosures treated with silvex was numerical increase at
 both treatment concentrations.  Tendipedids, oligochaetes,
 Chaoborus, and libel I ud ids, increased markedly. The densi-
 ties of damsel flies, leeches, and snails, were unaffected.
 Chrysops alone decreased. Other groups of organisms were
 not sufficiently numerous for analysis. The increases may
 have been caused by the enriching influence of decaying
 vegetation.  The application rate of 2.8 ppm was within
 the recommended range of concentrations while 4.6 ppm
 was in excess of recommended rates.
                                                                                                                                                                     Co well
                                                                                                                                                                       (1965)
Surber and
 Pickering
 (1962)

Surber and
 Pickering
 (1962)

Hughes and
 Davis
 (1963)
Hughes and
 Davis
 (1963)
Hughes and
 Davis
 (1963)
Hughes and
 Davis
 (1963)
Harp and
 Campbell
 (1964)
                                                                                                                                                                                     o
                                                                                                                                                                                     X
                                                                                                                                                                                     oo

-------
o
o
2
m
o Chemical
r Silvex
2 (triethyl-
m amine)
2
O Silvex
> (triethyl-
.g amine)
O Silvex
O (polyglycol
3 butyl ether
ester)
Silvex


Silvex
(polyglycol
butyl
ether
ester)


BO
V
to

•£


Silvex









Silvex
(K salt)



Silvex

Organism
Lepomis
macrochirus


Lepomis
macrochirus

Penaeus
aztecus


Leiostomus
xanthurus
(juvenile)
Crassostrea
virginica
Penaeus
aztecus
Leiostomus
xanthurus
Phytoplankton






Salmo
gairdneri
Lepomis
macrochirus
Pteronarcys
californicus
Daphnia
pulex
Simocephalus
serrulatus
Daphnia
magna
Rainbow
trout
Bluegill
Salmon
Bluegill
Toxicity,
Bioassay Active
or Field Field Ingredient,
Study<1) Location<2) ppm(3)
BSA - 20(T1A)



BSA - 16IT1A)


L - 0.28 (O)



BSA - 0.36 (O)


BCFA&BSA - 1.0(0,20%)

0.24 (O)

0.36 (T2CFA)

78% (O)






BSA - 1.4IT2A)

16.6(T2A)

0.76 (T2A)

2.40 (T2A)

2.0 (T2A)

BSA - 100(0)

21.9 (O)

14.5 (O)
BSA - 1.23(T2A)
0.60 (T2A)
Experimental
Variables
Controlled
or Noted(4) Comments
a b e This report is a simple and straightforward determination of
a median tolerance limit for a selected group of herbicides.


a b e Comment same as above.


a Toxicant chemicals were evaluated in seawater at tempera-
tures averaging about 28 C. The values are for 24-hr ECso
or enough to cause loss of equilibrium or mortality.

a Water temperature was 16 C. The figure reported is a 48-hr
ECso-

— Seawater was pumped continuously into test aquaria.
Salinity, temperature, and plankton fluctuated with tide.
and ambient weather conditions. Some bioassays with fish
were static. Toxicity was reported for the following:
Oyster — 96-hr ECso — Cone, which decreased
shell growth.
Shrimp — 48-hr EC5Q — Cone, which killed or
paralyzed 50% of test animals.
Fish — 48-hr ECso — Cone, which killed
50%.
Phytoplankton — Percent decrease of CO2 fixation to a
4-hr exposure at.1 .0 ppm chemical
concentration.
a This paper reports acute toxicity of a number of compounds.
and discusses subacute mortality as well. Effects on repro-
duction and behavior are also discussed. Data presented
as EC5Q.






a c d i q Toxicity, in terms of median immobilization concentration
((CSQ), is presented for Daphnia; median lethal concentra-
tion (LCsfj) for rainbow trout and bluegill are reported.


— Data are given as LC5Q.

Reference
(Year)
Hughes and
Davis
(1967)

Hughes and
Davis
(1967)
Butler
(1965)


Butler
(1965)

Butler
(1965)











Cope
(1966)








Crosby and
Tucker
(1966)


Bohmont
(1967)





















^
•o
m

O
X
CD


















-------
   Silvex
    (potassium
    salt)
                       Lepomis
                        macrochirus
BSA
   Silvex
     (ester)
   Silvex
     (ester)
ts)
O
tfi
8
   Silvex
     (potassium
     salt)
   Silvex
     (sodium
     salt)
   Silvex
m
3D
Q
    Simazen
     (granular)
O

Z Simazine
3D
O
O
                     L. cyanellus
                      (eggs)
                     Micmpterus
                      dolomieui
                       Erimyzon
                        sucetta
                        (eggs)
                       L. macrochirus
                        (fry)
                       Lepomis
                        macrochirus
                       L. cyanellus
                         (eggs)
                       L. macrochirus
                         (fry)
                       Lepomis
                         macrochirus
                      L. cyanellus
Micmpterus
 dolomieui
Erimyzon
 sucetta
L. macrochirus
  (fry)
Lepomis
  macrochirus
L. cyanellus
Lepomis
  macrochirus
  (fry)
Pteronarcys
  californica
  (naiads)
Althernanthera
  philoxeroides

Nympheae sp
Leersia sp
Paspalum sp
Juncussp
BSA
                                           BSA
                                           BSA
                                           BSA
                                           FL
                                           FL
                                                           Fla.
                                                          Farm
                                                           ponds in
                                                           Ga.
20 (NTE)




20 (NTE)


20 (NTE)


50 (S)


10 (NTE)


10 (NTE)

20 (S)


2.4/2 (O)
1.0 (NTE)

2.4/4 (O)

1.0/4(O)

2.4 (NTE)
1.0 (NTE)
2.0 (S)


30 (S)

10 (NTE)
50 (S)



0.00034 (T4A)



(O)



(O)
                                                                Fertilized fish eggs of indicated species were placed in 1
                                                                 liter of test solution and allowed to hatch. Toxicity data
                                                                 are presented as concentration in ppm/number of days
                                                                 survival. Maximum length of test was 8 days. No food
                                                                 was added. Small bluegill were tested to find the highest
                                                                 concentration of chemical which did  not cause death in
                                                                 12days(S).
                                                                                                                                                                    Hiltibran
                                                                                                                                                                      (1967)
                                                                                                           Comment same as above.
                                                                Comment same as above.
                                                                                                           Comment same as above.
                                                                                                           Comment same as above.
                                                                                                  JLl        Data reported as LCgg at 15.5 C in 4 days.
                                                                                                            At 10.0 Ib/acre, alligator weed was not affected.
                                                                                                            Although Nympheaesp was killed at a rate of 50 Ib/acre,
                                                                                                             no epinastic effects were noted.  The chemical did not
                                                                                                             translocate and only killed the tops.
                                                                                                            Treatments on Leersia sp.Paspalum sp, and Juncus sp were
                                                                                                             unsuccessful and gave no encouraging results.  Limited use
                                                                                                             of simazine has not proven it to be a satisfactory aquatic
                                                                                                             herbicide in Georgia.
                                                                                                                                                                    Hiltibran
                                                                                                                                                                      (1967)
                                                                                                                                                                    Hiltibran
                                                                                                                                                                      (1967)
                                                                                                                                                                                     m
                                                                                                                                                                                     z
                                                                                                                                                                                     O
                                                                                                                                                                                     X
                                                                                                                                                                                     09
                                                                                                                          Hiltibran
                                                                                                                           (1967)

                                                                                                                          Hiltibran
                                                                                                                           (1967)

                                                                                                                          Sanders and
                                                                                                                           Cope
                                                                                                                           (1968)
                                                                                                                          Copeland and
                                                                                                                           Woods
                                                                                                                           (1959)

                                                                                                                         Thomaston, et al
                                                                                                                           (1959)

-------
COMMERCI
i-
0
X
m
S
5
r
3)
O
0
c
en











(p
to
ON






















Chemical
Simazine



Simazine
(herboxy-
1962)
Simazine
(herboxy-
1960)
Simazine








Simazine










Simazine
(WP)

Simazine
(WP)











Organism
Onchorynchus
tshawytscha


Phoxinus
phoxinus

Phoxinus
phoxinus

Micropterus
salmoides
(fry)
Ictalurus
punctatus
(fry)
Lepomis
macrochirus
(fry)
Phyto plankton
Hydrodictyon
reticulatum
Zygnema spp
etc.
Zooplankton
Fish
Micropterus
salmoides
Lepomis
cyanellus
Bluegill
Rainbow
trout
Lepomis
macrochirus
(eggs)
L. cyanellus
(eggs)
Micropterus
dolomieui
(eggs)
Erimyzon
sucetta
(eggs)
L. macrochirus
(fry)
Toxicity,
Bioassay Active
or Field Field Ingredient,
Study!1) Location!2) ppm(3)
BSA&CF - 7.0 (T1A)
6.6 (T2A)


BSA - (O)


BSA - 1.25IK2A)
1.5 (T2A)

BSA - 25.0 (SB3)


10.0 (SB3)


10.0(SB3)


FL Ala. 2.0 (K1)


2.0 K1)

(0)

(0)

(0)

BSA - 118(T4A)
56 (T4A)

L - 10/4 (O)


10/5 (0)

10/3 (0)


10 (NTE)


0.3 (S)

Experimental
Variables
Controlled
or Noted!4' Comments
a c d e Concentrations were based on percent active ingredient.
Median tolerance limits for 72 and 96 hours estimated from
the constant flow experiment were 7.2 ppm and 6.5 ppm.
respectively, for this species.
a c d e Two series of aquarium aerated tests were performed, one
without plants (Callitriche, and Elodea). 20% kill occurred
in 3 days. The highest nonlethal concentration was 5 ppm.
a c d e Two series of aquarium tests were performed, with and
without plants, which lowered the toxicity. 90% kill
occurred at 5 ppm in 6 hr.
a c d e f p At least 90 percent of the fry survived for a period of 72
hours at the concentration listed.







a In a series of bass spawnings and rearing ponds, Simazine was
used at concentrations of 0.5, 1 .0, and 2.0 ppm to control
light to medium growths of phytoplankton which interfered
with bass production. Success was uniform with control last-
ing for as long as 85 days. No fish kills occurred and the
chemical was apparently not toxic to zooplankton.





a This is an estimated LCijQ value at temperatures from 55 to
75 F.

— Fertilized fish eggs of indicated species were placed in 1 liter
of test solution and allowed to hatch. Toxicity data are
presented as concentration in ppm/number of days survival.
Maximum length of test was 8 days. No food was added.
Small bluegill were tested to find the highest concentration
of chemical which did not cause death in 12 days (S).







Reference
(Year)
Bond, et al
(1960)


Vivier and
Nisbet
(1965)
Vivier and
Nisbet
(1965)
Jones
(1965)







Snow
(1963)









Cope
(1965)

Hiltibran
(1967)











m
Z
0
X
00

-------
   Simazine
   Simazine
   Sinox
   Slickgone 1
Slickgone 2
   Slix
8

m
3)
o
   Soaps
    (household)
-o
3)
O
0

i
Sovicide
 tetra
 aminol
Stam F-34,
 tech.
                  Rainbow
                   trout
                  Bluegill
                  Lepomis
                   macrochirus
                                          BSA
                     L. cyanellus
                      (eggs)
                     Micropterus
                      dolomieui
                      (eggs)
                     Erimyzon
                      sucetta
Richardsonius
 balteatus
 hydroflox
Pandalus
 montagni
Crangon
 crangon
Cardium
 edule
Carcinus
 malmas
Pandalus
 montagni
Crangon
 crangon
Cardium
 edule
Carcinus
 maenas
Pandalus
 montagni
Crangon
 crangon
Carcinus
 maenas
Cardium
 edule
Pimephales
 promelas
 (juveniles)

Phoxinus
 phoxinus

Salmo
 gairdnerii
                                       BSA
                                       BSA
                                          BSA
                                          BSA
                                          BSA
                                          BSA
BSA
56.0 (T2A)

118.0(T2A)
10(NTE)


10/7 (O)

10(NTE)


10 (NTE)

10 (S)

0.16 (T1A)
0.14 (T2A)
0.13(T4A)
5.2 (T2A)

6.6 (T2A)

32.4 (T2A)

35.0 (T2A)


4.5 (T2A)

3.5 (T2A)

30.5 (T2A)

21.3 (T2A)


12.1 (T2A)

114.5(T2A)

150.0 (T2A)

12.7 (T2A)


(S) 34-39
 (T1-4A)
(H) 1,470-1,530
 (T1-4A)
8(100%K)



4,000 (T2A)
                                                                                          acdef
                                                                                           acdf
                                                                                           a cd e
                                                                                                         Data are given as
                                                                                    Fertilized fish eggs of indicated species were placed in 1 liter
                                                                                     of test solution and allowed to hatch. Toxicity data are
                                                                                     presented as concentration in ppm/number of days survival.
                                                                                     Maximum length of test was 8 days.  No food was added.
                                                                                     Small bluegill were tested to find the highest concentration
                                                                                     of chemical which did not cause death in 12 days (S):
                                                              Results given were in soft water.
                                                              Results in hard water were as follows:
                                                                 0.24 (T1 A), 0.24 (T2A), and 0.24 (T4A).
                                                              Experiments were conducted in tanks holding 10 liters of
                                                               seawater at 15 C.
                                                              It was shown that the toxicity of this solvent emulsifier
                                                               decreased with time due to  evaporation of the solvent.
                                                                                                         Comment same as above.
                                                              Experiments were conducted in tanks holding 10 liters of
                                                               seawater at 15 C.
                                                              It was shown that the toxicity of this solvent emulsifier
                                                               decreased with time due to evaporation of the solvent.
                                                              Slix at a concentration of 10 ppm killed 100% of Crangon
                                                               crangon larvae in 3 hr; at 33.3 ppm it killed 70% of
                                                               Carcinus maenas larvae in 3 hr.

                                                              Syndets and soaps were of nearly equal toxicity in soft
                                                               water (S) but syndets were approximately 40X more toxic
                                                               than soap in hard water (H).

                                                              The highest concentration nonlethal in 6 hr was 4 ppm.
                                                              The experiment was conducted at 55 F. Fish were 2-3 in.
                                                               long.
                                                                                                                                             Bohmont
                                                                                                                                              (1967)
                                                                                                                                                                  Hiltibran
                                                                                                                                                                   (1967)
                                                                                                                                                               Webb
                                                                                                                                                                (1961)

                                                                                                                                                               Port man n and
                                                                                                                                                                Connor
                                                                                                                                                                (1968)
                                                                                                                                                               Portmann and
                                                                                                                                                                Connor
                                                                                                                                                                (1968)
                                                                                                                                       m
                                                                                                                                       O
                                                                                                                                       X
                                                                                                                                       oo
                                                                                                                                                                 Portmann and
                                                                                                                                                                   Connor
                                                                                                                                                                   (1968)
                                                                                                                                                              Henderson, et al
                                                                                                                                                               (1960)
                                                                                                                                                              Vivier and
                                                                                                                                                               Nisbet
                                                                                                                                                               (1965)

                                                                                                                                                              Cope
                                                                                                                                                               (1963)

-------
COMMERCI
r~
s
m
_
o
r
T3
3)
O
O













tp
^^
00




















Chemical
Stauffer
N2790






Stauffer
N-2790
(tech)
Stauffer
R-1910







Stauffer
(R-1910,
tech)
Stauffer
R-1910











Stauffer
R-4461





Stauffer
Organism
Leiostomus
xanthurus
(juvenile)
Oyster

Penaceus
aztecus

Rainbow
trout
Bluegill
Penaeus
aztecus


Leiostomus
xanthurus
(juvenile)
Oyster

Rainbow
trout
Bluegill
Crassostrea
virginica
Penaeus
setiferus
Leiostomus
xanthurus
Fundulus
similis
Mugil
cephalus
Cyprinodon
variegatus
Phytoplankton
Crassostrea
virginica
Penaeus
aztecus
Leiostomus
xanthurus
Phytoplankton
Oyster
Toxicity,
Bioassay Active
or Field Field Ingredient,
Study C" Location*2' ppm (3)
BSA - 0.24 (O)


BCF 0.33 (O)

L 0.0024 (O)


BSA - 0.019 (T4A)

0.0062 (T4A)
L - (0)



BSA - (O)


BCF

BSA - 3.6 (T4A)

5.5 (T4A)
BCFA - 1.0 (NTE,
all species)











BCFA & - 0.45 (O)
BSA
1.0(0, 10%)

0.32 (T4CFA)

NTE
BCF - 0.45 (O)
Experimental
Variables
Controlled
or Noted'4' Comments
a Water temperature was 24 C. The figure reported is a
48-hr EC5Q.

The value reported is a 96-hr EC5Q (decreased shell growth).

Toxicant chemicals were evaluated in sea water at tempera-
tures averaging about 28 C. The values are for 24-hr EC§Q
or enough to cause loss of equilibrium or mortality.
— The values reported are given as LC5Q.


a Toxicant chemicals were evaluated in seawater at tempera-
tures averaging about 28 C. The values are for 24-hr ECso
or enough to cause loss of equilibrium or mortality. No
effect occurred at 1 .0 ppm.
a Water temperature was 25 C. No effect was noticed on
exposure to 1 .0 ppm.

No effect on exposure to the chemical at 1.0 ppm.

a This is an estimated LCtjQ value at temperatures from 55 to
75 F.

— Seawater was pumped continuously into test aquaria.
Salinity, temperature, and plankton fluctuated with tide.
and ambient weather conditions. Some bioassays with
fish were static. Toxicity was reported for the following:
Oyster - 96-hr EC$Q — Cone, which
decreased shell growth.
Shrimp — 48-hr EC$Q — Cone, which killed or
paralyzed 50% of test animals.
Fish - 48-hr EC50 - Cone, which killed 50%.
Phytoplankton — Percent decrease of CO2 fixation to
a 4-hr exposure at 1 .0 ppm chemical
concentration.

— Comment same as above.






a The value reported is a 96-hr ECgo (decreased shell growth).
Reference
(Year)
Butler
(1965)

Butler
(1965)
Butler
(1965)

Cope
(1965)

Butler
(1965)


Butler
(1965)

Butler
(1965)
Cope
(1965)

Butler
(1965)











Butler
(1965)





Butler
                                                                                                                                                                      •o
                                                                                                                                                                      m
                                                                                                                                                                      z
                                                                                                                                                                      o
                                                                                                                                                                      09
R-4461
(1966)

-------
    Stauffer
     R-4461
    Stauffer
     R-4461
     (tech)
    Stauffer
      R-4461

    Stauffer
      R-5092
     Steramine
     Streptomycin
 i     sulfate
N)
O
     Strobane
  8

  m
  a)
  o
  r
  o
  m
  5  Strobane +
  i~   methyl
  2   parathion
  §  Strobane
Penaeus
 aztecus
Rainbow             BSA
 trout
Bluegill

Leiostomus           BSA
 xanthurus
 (juvenile)

Leiostomus           BSA
 xanthurus
 (juvenile)
Oyster               BCF

Penaeus              L
 aztecus


Chlorella             L
 pyrenoidosa


Cylindrospermum     L
 licheniforme (CD
Microcystis
 aeruginosa (Ma)
Scenedesmus
 obliquus (Sol
Chlorella
 variegata (Cv)
Gomphonema
 parvulum (Cp)
Nitzschia
 palea (Npl

Blue                  FE
 crab
Marsh fiddler
 crab
Red-jointed
 fiddler crab
Cyprinodon
 variegatus
Mugil
 curema
Leiostomus
 xanthurus
Oyster                BCF
Pteronarcys sp         BSA
  (nymphs)
Bombay
 Hook
 Island,
 Del.
              (O)
              0.72 (T4A)

              0.81 (T4A)
              0.32 (O)
              0.02 (O)


              (O)

              0.0032 (O)


              20 (AC < 1/2


              2.0 (O)
(O)

(O)

(O)

(O)

(O)

(O)

0.026 (O)


0.0005 (T4A)
                                    Toxicant chemicals were evaluated in seawater at temper-
                                     atures averaging about 28 C. The values are for 24-hr ECgrj
                                     or enough to cause loss of equilibrium or mortality.  No
                                     effect occurred at 1.0 ppm.
                                    This is an estimated UCso value at temperatures from 55
                                     to 75 F.
                                    Water temperature was 25 C. The figure reported is a
                                     48-hr EC50.

                                    Water temperature was 26 C. The figure reported is a
                                     48-hr EC5Q.

                                    No effect on exposure to the chemical at 1.0 ppm.

                                    Toxicant chemicals were evaluated in seawater at temper-
                                     atures averaging about 28 C. The values are for 24
                                     or enough to cause loss of equilibrium or mortality.
                                    Describes a bioassay method to differentiate between an
                                     algicide (AC) and an algistat (AS). The treated culture was
                                     subcultured as time progressed. Allen's medium was used.
                                    Observations were made on the 3rd, 7th, 14th, and 21st days
                                     to give the following (T = toxic, NT = nontoxic, PT = par-
                                     tially toxic with number of days in parentheses.  No number
                                     indicates observation is for  entire test period of 21 days):
                                       Cl  -T
                                       Ma-T
                                       So  -T
                                       Cv  -NT
                                       Gp-NT
                                       Np-T(21)
Strobane was applied at the rate of 0.3 pound per acre.
The location under study was a salt marsh bounded by
 Delaware Bay.
Organisms were confined in cages within the test area.
C.  variegatus, M. curema, and L. xanthurus showed 16 per-
 cent mortality in 7 days.
Blue crabs showed 27 percent mortality when exposed for
 7 days in streams and 20 percent mortality in ponds.
Marsh fiddler crabs and red-jointed fiddler crabs showed
 mortalities of 68 and  20 percent, respectively, when ex-
 posed for 7 days.


The value reported is a 96-hr ECso (decreased shell growth).
                                                  Experiments were all conducted at 60 F in 1964. The values
                                                   were listed as
                                                                                                            Butler
                                                                                                             (1965)
                                                          Cope
                                                           (1965)
                                                          Butler
                                                           (1965)

                                                          Butler
                                                           (1965)

                                                          Butler
                                                           (1965)
                                                          Butler
                                                           (1965)

                                                          Fitzgerald and
                                                           Faust
                                                           (1963)
                                                          Palmer and
                                                           Maloney
                                                           (1955)
                                                                                                                            m
                                                                                                                            O
                                                                                                                            X
                                                                                                                            00
                                                                                                                                                                     George, et al
                                                                                                                                                                       (1957)
Butler
 (1965)

Cope
 (1965)

-------
8
m
o Chemical
*" Strobane
o
X
m
5 Strobane
p (tech)
•" Strobane
^0
30
O
o
C Sulfotepp
H
Cn
Swep


"Synthetic
detergent"

Systox


•F Systox
N>
O






Systox

Systox






Systox
(tech.
92 percent)





Organism
Oyster


Bluegill

Pteronarcys
californica
(naiads)

Channel
catfish
(fingerlings)
Lepomis
macrochirus

Sludge
worms

Pimephales
promelas

Fathead
minnow







Pimephales
promelas
Pimephales
promelas





Pimephales
promelas
Lepomis
macrochirus
Carassius
auratus
Lebistes
reticulatus
Toxicity, Experimental
Bioassay Active Variables
or Field Field Ingredient, Controlled
Study (D Location<2) ppm<3) or Noted W
BCF - 0.02-0.059 (O) a


BSA - 0.0084 (T4A)

BSA - 0.0005 (T4A) a c d e f



BSA - <1.0(K1A) a


BSA - 6.0 (T1 A) abe


BSA - 23 (T4A) a c d i


BSA - 3.9 (T4A) a c d e f


BSA - 4.2 (T4A) a








BSA - 3.6 (T4A) adef

BSA - 3.6 (T4A) a






BSA - 2.9 (T4A) a c d e

0.11 (T4A)

12(T4A)

0.66 (T4A)

Comments
The value reported is a 96-hr ECgQ (decreased shell growth).


The values reported are given as LCgg.

Data reported as LC$Q at 15.5 C in 4 days.



Tap water was used. Considerable additional data are
presented.

This report is a simple and straightforward determination of
a median tolerance limit for a selected group of herbicides.

Data using hard and soft water are presented as well as
information on the effect of temperature. Additional
TLm data are presented.
Tests were performed in both hard and soft water. Additional
tolerance limit values are given.

It was the authors opinion that pH, alkalinity and hardness.
within the usual range in natural waters, had little effect on
the toxic effect of the compounds studied. The values
given are from Henderson, Pickering, and Tarzwell, "The
Relative Toxicity of Ten Chlorinated Hydrocarbon Insecti-
cides to Four Species of Fish" It is interesting that the
different tables from the above book (as reported in this
paper) report widely different values for the same compounds.
This experiment was performed in hard water.
Concentrations were based on percent active ingredient.

Bioassay investigations of the new insecticides indicate that
in general the organic phosphorus compounds are not as
toxic to fish as are the chlorinated hydrocarbons. The
toxicity of most of these materials was not significantly
influenced by water quality. Therefore it is to be expected
that the toxicity of these materials will not differ signifi-
cantly in different streams.
Soft water primarily was the test medium. TLm's reported
for 24, 48, and 96 hr. Acetone or alcohol used as solvent
or carrier in most cases.





Reference
(Year)
Butler
(1965)

Cope
(1965)
Sanders and
Cope
(1968)

Clemens and
Sneed
(1969)
Hughes and
Davis
(1967)
Wurtz and
Bridges
(1961)
Henderson and
Pickering
(1958)
Tarzwell
(1959)







Henderson, et al
(1959)
Tarzwell
(1959)





Pickering, et al
(1962)



























^
m
Z
O
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00





















-------
     2,4,5-T
w
to
  8

  m
  3D
     2,4,5-T
      (pellets)
     2,4,5-T
    2,4,5-T
     (dimethyl-
     amine
     ester)
    2,4,5-T
     (butoxy-
     ethanol
     ester)
    2,4,5-T
     (isooctyl
     ester)
    2,4,5-T
     (propylene
     glycol
     butyl ether
     ester)
    2,4,5-T
     (oleic-1.3-
     propylene
     diamine)
j£  2,4,5-T
O   (isopropyl
I   ester)

1  2,4,5-T
5   (triethyl
i~   amine)
 TJ
 3)
 O
 O
   2,4,5-T
Cylindrospermum      L
 lichen/forme (CD
Microcystis
 aeruginosa (Ma)
Scenedesmus
 obliquus (So)
Chlorella
 variegata (Cv)
Gomphonema
 parvulum (Gp)
Nitzschia
 palea (Np)

Althernan thera         F L
 philoxeroides
Naj'as
 quadalupensis
Spatterdock
Althernan thera         F L
 philoxeroides

Lepomis              BSA
 macrochirus
                       Lepomis              BSA
                        macrochirus
                       Lepomis              BSA
                        macrochirus
                       Lepomis              BSA
                        macrochirus
 Lepomis              BSA
  macrochirus
Lepomis              BSA
 macrochirus

Lepomis              BSA
 macrochirus

Lepomis              BSA
 macrochirus
                                                                       2.0 (O)
                                                          Fla.
                                                            Fla.
(O)
                                                                      (0)
                                                                        144(T2A)
                                                 1.4(T2A)
                                                 26 (T2A)
                                                 17 (T2A)
2.9 (T1A)
                                                                        1.8 (T1A)
                                                                        53.7 (T1A)
                                                                      11.0IT1A)
                      a b e
                                                                                                           Observations were made on the 3rd, 7th, 14th, and 21st days
                                                                                                            to give the following (T = toxic, NT = nontoxic, PT = par-
                                                                                                            tially toxic with number of days in parentheses.  No number
                                                                                                            indicates observation is for entire test period of 21 days):
                                                                                                              Cl  -NT
                                                                                                              Ma - T (3)
                                                                                                              So -NT
                                                                                                              Cv -NT
                                                                                                              Gp-NT
                                                                                                              Np-NT
The degree of control was as follows:
 A. philoxeroides (20 Ib/acre) — 95 percent
 N. quadalupensis (24 Ib/acre) — none
 Spatterdock (21.8 Ib/acre)   — 3 percent.

At 0.5 Ib/acre, only 1-2 percent control of alligator weed
 was obtained.

The various salts of  the chemicals showed wide variations in
 toxicity.
                                                                                     Comment same as above.
                                                                                     Comment same as above.
                                                                                     Comment same as above.
                                    The bioassay methods employed in this experiment were not
                                     given in the paper but it was stated that the same procedures
                                     were employed as in previous work.

                                    Comment same as above.
                                                                                                           Comment same as above.
                                    This report is a simple and straightforward determination of
                                     a median tolerance limit for a selected group of herbicides.
                                                                                                                                                                   Palmer and
                                                                                                                                                                    Maloney
                                                                                                                                                                    (1955)
Copeland and
 Woods
 (1959)
                                                                                             Copeland and
                                                                                              Woods
                                                                                              (1959)
                                                                                             Hughes and
                                                                                              Davis
                                                                                              (1963)

                                                                                             Hughes and
                                                                                              Davis
                                                                                              (1963)

                                                                                             Hughes and
                                                                                              Davis
                                                                                              (1963)
                                                                                             Hughes and
                                                                                              Davis
                                                                                              (1963)
                                                         Davis and
                                                          Hughes
                                                          (1963)

                                                         Davis and
                                                          Hughes
                                                          (1963)
                                                         Davis and
                                                          Hughes
                                                          (1963)
                                                         Hughes and
                                                          Davis
                                                          (1967)
                                                                         m
                                                                         O
                                                                         X
                                                                         00

-------
to
8
m
g Chemical
r 2,4,5-T
X (polyglycol
"J butyl ether
5 ester)
f. 2.4,5-T
TJ
X
O
° 2,4,5-T
O (polyglycol
W butyl ether
ester)
2,4,5-T
(acid)


2,4,5-T
(polyglycol
butyl ether
ester)

4
/
)
)



2,4,5-T
(acid)





2,4,5-T
(polyglycol
butyl ether
ester



2.4,5-T
(ester)




Organism
Oyster



Leiostomus
xanthurus
(juvenile)
Penaeus
aztecus


Penaeus
aztecus


Crassostrea
virginica
Penaeus
aztecus
Leiostomus
xanthurus
Phytoplankton





Crassotrea
virginica
Penaeus
aztecus
Mugil
caphalus
Phytoplankton
Crassostrea
virginica
Penaeus
aztecus
Leiostomus
xanthurus
Phytoplankton
Lepomis
macrochirus
(eggs)
L. cyanellus
L. macrochirus
(fry)
Toxicity,
Bioassay Active
or Field Field Ingredient,
Study (1) Location<2> ppm(3)
BCF - 0.14(0)



BSA - 0.32 (O)


L - (0)



L - (0)



BCFA& - 0.14(0)
BSA
1.0 (O,20%)

0.32 (T2CFA)

89% (O)





BCFA & - 20 (NTE)
BSA
1.0 (NTE)

50.0 (NTE)

-
BCFA& - 0.14(0)
BSA
1.0(0,20%)

0.32 (T2CFA)

89% (O)
L - 10 (NTE)


10 (NTE)
10 (S)

Experimental
Variables
Controlled
or Noted'4' Comments
a The value reported is a 96-hr ECso (decreased shell growth).



a Water temperature was 16 C. The figure reported is a
48-hr EC50.

a Toxicant chemicals were evaluated in seawater at tempera-
tures averaging about 28 C. The values are for 24-hr EC5Q
or enough to cause loss of equilibrium or mortality.

a Toxicant chemicals were evaluated in seawater at tempera-
atures averaging about 28 C. The values are for 24-hr ECsg
or enough to cause loss of equilibrium or mortality. No
effect occurred at 1 .0 ppm.
- Seawater was pumped continuously into test aquaria.
Salinity, temperature, and plankton fluctuated with tide,
and ambient weather conditions. Some bioassays with
fish were static. Toxicity was reported for the following:
Oyster — 96-hr ECgQ — Cone, which
decreased shell growth.
Shrimp — 48-hr EC§Q — Cone, which killed or
paralyzed 50% of test animals.
Fish - 48-hr ECso - Cone, which killed 50%.
Phytoplankton — Percent decrease of CO2 fixation to a
4-hr exposure at 1.0 ppm chemical
concentration.
— Comment same as above.






— Comment same as above.






Fertilized fish eggs of indicated species were placed in 1 liter
of test solution and allowed to hatch. Toxicity data are
presented as concentration in ppm/number of days survival.
Maximum length of test was 8 days. No food was added.
Small bluegill were tested to find the highest concentration
of chemical which did not cause death in 12 days (S).
Reference
(Year)
Butler
(1965)


Butler
(1965)

Butler
(1965)


Butler
(1965)


Butler
(1965)










Butler
(1965)





Butler
(1965)





Hiltibran
(1967)
























3^
•o
m


X
00






















-------





















to
1—*
OJ







8
o
2
m
3)
o
>
T~
O
m
S
8
•D
3J
O
o
c
S
2.4.5-T
(ester)





2,4,5-T
(sodium
salt)
TAG 10%


2,3,5-TBA



2,3,6-TBA



TCA 90%


Sodium
TCA
Sodium
TCA

Sodium
TCA
TD47















Lepomis
macrochirus
L. cyanellus
Micropterus
dolomieui
L. macrochirus
(fry)
Lepomis
macrochirus
(fry)
Channel
catfish
(fingerlings)
Lepomis
macrochirus
Micropterus
salmoides
Lepomis
macrochirus
Micropterus
salmoides
Channel
catfish
(fingerlings)
Onchorynchus
tshawytscha
Mugil
cephalus
(juvenile)
Penaeus
aztecus
Micropterus
salmoides
(fry)
Ictalurus
punctatus
(fry)
Lepomis
macrochirus
(fry)







L






L


BSA


BSA



BSA



BSA


BSA

BSA


L

BSA















1.0 (NTE)

4/1 (O),
 1.0 (NTE)
4/0 (O),
 1.0 (NTE)
1.0 (S)
50 (S)



1.5IK1A)



90 (T2A)

55 (T2A)


1750IT2A)

1250 (T2A)

>2000(K1A)


870 (NTE)

(O)


(O)



0.075 (SB3)


0.2 (SB3)


0.2 (SB3)
               Comment same as above.
                                                                         Hiltibran
                                                                          (1967)
               Comment same as above.
   a           Tap water was used. Considerable additional data are
   ~            presented.

  a c o         The response of bluegill and bass fingerlings to nine agricul-
 ~             tural chemicals as determined by bioassay using river water
                is presented in this report.  Bluegills were more tolerant of
                the chemicals tested than bass.
  a c o         Comment same as above.
   a           Tap water was used. Considerable additional data are
   ~            presented.

 a c d e        Concentrations were based on percent active ingredient.

   a           Water temperature was 28 C.  No effect was noticed on
                exposure to 1.0 ppm.

   a           Toxicant chemicals were evaluated  in seawater at tempera
                tures averaging about 28  C.  The values are for 24-hr
                or enough to cause loss of equilibrium or mortality. No
                effect occurred at 1.0 ppm.
a c d e f p      At least 90 percent of the  fry survived for a period of
                72 hours at the concentration listed.
 Hiltibran
  (1967)

 Clemens and
  Sneed
  (1959)
 Davis and
  Hardcastle
  (1959)

 Davis and
  Hardcastle
  (1959)

 Clemens and
 Sneed
  (1959)
 Bond, et al
  (1960)
Butler
 (1965)

Butler
 (1965)
Jones
 (1965)
O
X
DO

-------
COMMERCI/
*»
r-

m

5
r~
•o
30
O
O
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en










(n
T5
to
"^




















Chemical
TD-47















TD-72
(EC6)
TD-282
[di(N,N-
dimethyltri-
decylamine)
salt of
Endothalll
TD-283
(mono-N.N-
dimethyltri-
decylamine)
salt of
Endothall)
TD-440


TD-497


Talodrin


Telodrin


TEPP


Bioassay
or Field
Organ ism Study ( 1 )
Carp- BSA
goldfish
hybrid
Notropis
umbra tills
N. lutrensis
Pimephales
notatus
Ictaluris
natalis
1. me/as
Lepomis
macrochirus
L. microtophus
Micropteris
salmoides
Gambusia F L
affinis
Australorbis BSA &
glabratus F L




Australorbis BSA &
glabratus F L




Lepomis BSA
macrochirus

Lepomis BSA
macrochirus

Leiostomus BSA
xanthurus
(juvenile)
Leiostomus BCH
xanthurus
(juvenile)
Fish BSA


Toxicity, Experimental
Active Variables
Field Ingredient, Controlled
Location(2) ppm (3) or Noted'4'
175IT4A) a


95 (T4A)

105 (T4A)
120IT4A)

175IT4A)

180IT4A)
125IT4A)

125(T4A)
120IT4A)

Ponds (O)
in III.
Puerto Variable (O) c
Rico




Puerto 3.8-6.2 (0) c
Rico




3.0 (T1A) abe


4.0 (T1 A) abe


0.0003 (O) a


(0) a


0.25 (K)


Comments
In addition to the median tolerance limits, this report also
has data on the residue of the chemical in the fish, some of
the physiological effects, and degradation curves for the
chemical in water.












When applied at 0.5 pounds per acre active ingredient, 18 per-
cent mortality occurred in 1 day.
Seven of the tested compounds failed to meet acceptability
criteria — that is, complete kill after 6-hr exposure to
10 ppm. They were not used in field tests. Field tests
showed WL 8008 to be highly effective.


Comment same as above.





This report is a simple and straightforward determination of
a median tolerance limit for a selected group of herbicides.

Comment same as above.


Water temperature was 13 C. The figure reported is a
48-hr EC50.

A concentration of 0.000025 ppm will kill in 10 days. The
fish were able to survive for 5 months in a concentration
of 0.00001 ppm.
A concentration of 0.25 ppm was lethal in aquarium tests.


Reference
(Year)
Walker
(1963)














Mulla
(1963)
Seiffer and
Schoof
(1967)



Seiffer and
Schoof
(1967)



Hughes and
Davis
(1967)
Hughes and
Davis
(1967)
Butler
(1965)

Butler
(1965)

Linduska and
Surber
(1948)
•o
m


O
03

-------
TEPP
                   Fathead
                    minnow
                      BSA
                                                  1.O (T4A)
TEPP
TEPP
Pimephales
 promelas
Lepomis
 macrochirus

Pimephales
 promelas
                                        BSA
                                        BSA
TEPP

CO
K> TEPP
»— »
TEPP






TEPP
(tech.
40 percent)

8
s
s
m
3D
o
> Terramycin
r
0
m
^
9
r
-o
3D
O
o
c

CO
Channel
catfish
(fingerlings)
Pimephales
promelas
Protococcus sp
Chlorella sp
Dunaliella sp
Phaeodactylum
tricornutum
Monochrysis
lutheri
Pimephales
promelas
Lepomis
macrochirus
Carassius
auratus
Lebistes
reticulatus

Cylin drospermum
lichen/forme (CD
Microcystis
aeruginosa (Ma)
Scenedesmus
obliquus (So)
Chlorella
variegata (Cv)
Gomphonema
parvulum (Gp)
Nitzschia
palea (Np)
BSA


BSA

L






BSA








L











1.7 (T4A)

0.84 (T4A)


1.7IT4A)
                                                                    2.3 (K1A)



                                                                    1.7 (T4A)


                                                                    500 (NG)
                                                                    500 (NG)
                                                                    500 (K)
                                                                    500 (K)

                                                                    500 (K)


                                                                    2.1 (T4A)

                                                                    1.3(T4A)

                                                                    21 (T4A)

                                                                    1.8 (T4A)


                                                                    2.0 (O)
It was the authors opinion that pH, alkalinity and hardness,
 within the usual range in natural waters, had little effect on
 the toxic effect of the compounds studied. The values
 given are from Henderson, Pickering, and Tarzwell, "The
 Relative Toxicity of Ten Chlorinated Hydrocarbon Insecti-
 cides to Four Species of Fish". It is interesting that the
 different tables from the above book (as reported in the
 paper) report widely different values for the same compounds.
 This experiment was performed in hard water.

Tests were performed in both hard and soft water. Additional
 tolerance limit values are given.
                                                                                                                                                 Tarzwell
                                                                                                                                                  (1959)
                         a           Bioassay investigations of the new insecticides indicate that
                                      in general the organic phosphorus compounds are not as
                                      toxic to fish as are the chlorinated hydrocarbons. The
                                      toxicity of most of these materials was not significantly
                                      influenced by water quality. Therefore it is to be expected
                                      that the toxicity of these materials will not differ signifi-
                                      cantly in different streams.
                        £           Tap water was used. Considerable additional data are
                                      presented.

                      a_ d e f         Concentrations were based on percent active ingredient.

                         a^           This paper concerns the growth of pure cultures of marine
                                      plankton in the presence of toxicants.  Results were
                                      expressed as the ratio of optical density of growth in the
                                      presence of toxicants to optical density in the basal  medium
                                      with no added toxicants. NG = no growth, but the
                                      organisms were viable.

                      a c d e         Soft water primarily was the test medium.  TLm's reported
                      ~   ~          for 24, 48, and 96 hr. Acetone or alcohol used as solvent
                                      or carrier in most cases.
                                                                                      Observations were made on the 3rd, 7th, 14th, and 21st days
                                                                                       to give the following (T = toxic, NT = nontoxic, PT = par-
                                                                                       tially toxic with number of days in parentheses. No number
                                                                                       indicates observation is for entire test period of 21 days):
                                                                                        Cl  - PT (7)
                                                                                        Ma-T
                                                                                        So  -NT
                                                                                        Cv  -NT
                                                                                        Gp-NT
                                                                                        Np-T(3) PT(7)
Henderson and
 Pickering
 (1958)

Tarzwell
 (1959)
                                                                                                                                                 Clemens and
                                                                                                                                                  Sneed
                                                                                                                                                  (1959)
                                                                                                                                                 Henderson, et al
                                                                                                                                                  (1960)
                                                                                                                                                 Ukeles
                                                                                                                                                  (1962)
                                                                                                                                                Pickering, et al
                                                                                                                                                  (1962)
                                                                                                                                                                   Palmer and
                                                                                                                                                                    Maloney
                                                                                                                                                                    (1955)

-------
8
m
g Chemical
> -
*~ Thanite
X (isobornyl
JJ thiocyano-
- acetate)
P
£ Tetrachloro-
-o phene
30
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CO





TFM




trt
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to

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TFM




Bioassay
or Field
Organism Study'1)
Green BSA
sunfish


Cylindrospermum L
licheniforme (CD
Microcystis
aeruginosa (Ma)
Scenedesmus
obliquus (So)
Chlorella
variegata (Cv)
Gomphonema
parvulum (Gp)
Nitzschia
palea (Np)
Petromyzon BSA
mar in us
Micropterus
salmoides
Micropterus
dolomieui
Lepomis
macrochirus
Stizostedion v.
vitreum
Perca
flavescens
Ictalurus
natal is
Catostomus
commersoni
Notropis
heterolepis
Notemigonus
crysoleucas
Pimephales
promelas
Sal mo
gairdnerii
Lamprey BFR + L
(larvae)
Rainbow
trout
(fingerlings)
Toxicity, Experimental
Active Variables
Field Ingredient, Controlled
Location(2) ppm(3) or IMotedW
- 1.0(K6hr) aep
0.5 (K 6 hr)


2.0 (O) a











- 3-10(O) acde

22-42 (0)

34.5-42 (0)

21.5-44.0(0)

5.75-11.5 (O)

7.25-20.5 (0)

5.75-15.5 (O)

5.0-13.0(0)

13.25-28.0(0)

14.75-33.0 (0)

16.0-35.5 (O)

12.0-25.25 (O)

Great 1.5(K8hr) a
Lakes 2.0 (K 2 hr)
(Mich) 3.0(K19hr)
5.0 (K 3 hr)

Comments
The main purpose of this experiment was to determine the
repellent characteristics of certain chemicals. The experi-
ments were conducted in a wooden trough.

Observations were made on the 3rd, 7th, 14th, and 21st days
to give the following (T = toxic, NT = nontoxic, PT = par-
tially toxic with number of days in parentheses. No number
indicates observation is for entire test period of 21 days) :
Cl -T(3)PT(7)
Ma -NT
So - PT (7)
Cv - PT (3)
Gp-NT
Np-T(3)


Three types of dilution water used with hardness values of
95.4, 141.7, and 203.3 ppm. As a lamprey larvicide, 3-1 0
ppm required. Toxicity range (ppm) given as that which
kills 25 percent of the test fish.




















Describes a portable field monitor, using water obtained at
the site.



Reference
(Year)
Summerfelt and
Lewis
(1967)

Palmer and
Maloney
(1955)









Applegate and
King
(1962)





















Howell and
Marquette
(1963)






















*^
5
•o
m


X
DO



















-------
     TFM
     Thanite
to
~J
     Thimet
     Thimet
     Thimet
     Thiodan® I
      EC2
  8
  |  Thiodan® 1 1
  m   EC2
  30
  O
  X  Thiodan
  "J    (tech,
       96.6 percent)
Hydra
Turbellarians
Eripidelidae
Burrowing
 mayflies
Black
 flies
Clams
Sea
 lamprey
Rainbow
 trout
Gambusia
 affinis
Gambusia
 affinis


Pimephales
 promelas
Lepomis
 macrochirus
Leiostomus
 xanthurus
Cyprinodon
 variegatus
Mugil
 cephalus

Gambusia
 affinis
Rana
 catesbeiana
 (tadpoles)

Gambusia
 affinis
Rana
 catesbeiana
 (tadpoles)
Pimephales
 promelas
Lebistes
 reticulatus
Channel
 catfish
 (fingerlings)
                                             BSA (L)
                                             BSA
                                             BSA
                                             BSA
                                             BCFCH
FL
               Cal.
FL
BSA
                                             BSA
               Cal.
                                                                         3.0 (K1A)
                                                                         4.0-8.0 (K1A)
                                                                         12.0 (K1A)
                                                                         12.0 (K1A)

                                                                         8.0 (K1A)

                                                                         16.0 (K1A)
                                                                         4.0 (K1A)

                                                                         13.0(O)
                           0.8 (LD*
                           0.9 (L1)**
                             •Resistant
                              fish
                             **Nonresistant
                               fish
                           0.05 (K 83%)
0.25 (T4A)

0.0047 (T4A)


0.0005 (O)

0.0005 (O)

0.0005 (O)

0.5 (O)
0.5 (O)
0.0033 (T4A)

0.0037 (T4A)

>1.0 (K1A)
                                                                All numbers cited are for 1OO% kill in 22-24 hours.
                                                                The number given for rainbow trout was for a 60% kill in
                                                                 22-24 hours.
                                                                Data were given for fourteen other aquatic species, but they
                                                                 are not included here because of very  low toxicity or doubtful
                                                                 data. These included leeches, isopods, scuds, crayfish, stone-
                                                                 flies, dragonflies, waterbugs, water boatmen, mayflies, caddis-
                                                                 flies, bloodworms, snipe flies, and snails.
                                                                                               Smith
                                                                                                (1967)
                                                                                                              This paper deals with the resistance of mosquito fish to
                                                                                                               chlorinated hydrocarbon compounds.  Resistant fish were
                                                                                                               not always less sensitive to these chemicals.
   a           Chemicals were dissolved in acetone, and tests were run in
                triplicate. Toxicity is given as average percent fish killed
                in 24 hr.

a c d e f        The toxicity of this substance was not influenced by the
                quality of the water (pH, hardness, alkalinity).
               At a concentration of 0.0005 ppm, the following percent
                acetylcholinesterase activity as compared to controls was
                found:
                 L. xanthurus— 84
                 C. variegatus— 68
                 M. cephalus  - 69.
               Mixed populations of the indicated test species contained in
                cages were exposed to various insecticidal chemicals applied
                as dilute sprays to ponds 1/16 acre in size.  The indicated
                toxicant concentration is in Ib/acre, and resulted in a 100
                percent mortality for the fish, and a 100 percent mortality
                for the tadpoles in 24 hr.
               Comment same as above.
a c d e f        The toxicity of this substance was not influenced by the
                quality of the water (pH, hardness, alkalinity).
                                                                Tap water was used. Considerable additional data are
                                                                 presented.
                                                                                               Boyd and
                                                                                                Ferguson
                                                                                                (1964)
 Lewallen
  (1959)


 Pickering and
  Henderson
  (1966)

 Butler and
  Johnson
  (1967)
                                                                                                                          Mulla
                                                                                                                            (1963)
                                                                                                                          Mulla
                                                                                                                            (1963)
Pickering and
 Henderson
 (1966)

Clemens and
 Sneed
 (1959)
                                                                                                                                          m
                                                                                                                                          o
                                                                                                                                          X
                                                                                                                                          00

-------
8
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o Chemical
r Tiguron
X
m
S

2
r~
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q
C/)

Tillam









*P
K)
00


TNT



















Organism
Salmo
gairdneri
Salmo
trutta
Salvelinus
fontinalis
Salvelinus
namaycush
Ictalurus
punctatus
Lepomis
macrochirus
Crassostrea
virginice
Penaeus
duorarum
Penaeus
setiferus
Leiostomus
xanthurus
Fundulus
similis
Mugil
cephalus
Cyprinodon
variegatus
Phytoplankton
Lythrurus
umbratilis
Hyborhynchus
notatus
Cyprinella
whippli
Helioperca
incisor
Gambusia
affinis
Cristivomer n.
namaycush
Ericymba
buccata
Cyprinus
carpio
Ameiurus
melas
Moxostoma
aureolum
Toxicity,
Bioassay Active
or Field Field Ingredient,
StudyCl) Location<2) ppm<3)
BSA - 4.35 (T2A)

3.62 (T2A)

5.50 (T2A)

5.30 (T2A)

5.90 (T2A)

8.90 (T2A)

BCFA& - 1.0(0,20%)
BSA
1.0 (NTE)



6.3 (T2A)







24% (O)
BSA - (0)



















Experimental
Variables
Controlled
or Noted(4) Comments
a f Variance and the 95 percent confidence interval (C.I.) were
~ also determined.










— Seawater was pumped continuously into test aquaria.
Salinity, temperature, and plankton fluctuated with tide.
and ambient weather conditions. Some bioassays with
fish were static. Toxicity was reported for the following:
Oyster — 96-hr ECgg — Cone, which decreased
shell growth.
Shrimp - 48-hr ECgrj — Cone, which killed or
paralyzed 50% of test animals.
Fish — 48-hr ECgrj - Cone, which killed 50%.
Phytoplankton — Percent decrease of CO2 fixation to a
4-hr exposure at 1.0 ppm chemical
concentration.



a c f I o All sensitive and young stages of fish died in concentrations
of TNT red liquor waste greater than approximately 1 to
600 dilution of average samples as described by Mohlman
(17 to 18 C). Increase in water temperature decreased
survival time of the fish in TNT waste and smaller speci-
mens died sooner than larger.














Reference
(Year)
Willford
(1966)










Butler
(1965)













Oegani
(1943)


















I
m

O
X
00

-------
   Tordon
    Torden
    Tordon
     101
to   Tordon
£    1°1
     Tordon
    Tordon
    Toxaphene
8
3)
O
O
rn

O
3)
O
O
    Toxaphene
    Toxaphene
                      Chaenobryttus
                       gulosus
                      Lepomis
                       cyanellus

                      Lepomis
                       macrochirus


                      Crassostrea
                       virginica
                      Penaeus
                       aztecus
                      Mugil
                       cephalus
                      Phyto plankton
                                           BSA
                                           BCFA&
                                            BSA
                                                 43 (T1A)


                                                 1.0 (NTE)

                                                 1.0 (NTE)

                                                 1.0 (NTE)

                                                 (O)
                                                                                             a b e
                      Penaeus
                       aztecus
Oyster


Mugil
 cephalus
 (juvenile)
Rainbow
 trout
Bluegill

Lepomis
 macrochirus
Notemigonus
 crysoleucas
Micropterus
 salmoides
Carp
Perca
 flavescens
Golden
 shiners
Carp
G/'/a robusta
 elegans
Large mouth
 bass
Bluegill
Brown
 trout
Bullhead
 catfish
                                           BCF

                                           BSA


                                           BSA


                                           FL
                                           FL
                                           FL
                                                         Auburn,
                                                          Ala.
                                                         Beckers
                                                          Lake,
                                                          Ariz.
Lyman
 Reser-
 voir,
 Ariz.
              (O)



              (O)

              (O)


              2.4 (T2A)

              13.1 (T2A)
              (O)
              0.1 (K)
0.1  (K)
                      a b c g
a beg
                                    This report is a simple and straightforward determination of
                                     a median tolerance limit for a selected group of herbicides.

                                    Seawater was pumped continuously into test aquaria.
                                     Salinity, temperature, and plankton fluctuated with tide,
                                     and ambient weather conditions.  Some bioassays with fish
                                     were static.  Toxicity was reported for the following:
                                       Oyster —         96-hr €C^Q — Cone, which decreased
                                                       shell growth.
                                       Shrimp —        48-hr ECgg — Cone, which killed or
                                                       paralyzed 50% of test animals.
                                       Fish -           48-hr EC50 - Cone, which killed 50%.
                                       Phytoplankton — Percent decrease of CO2 fixation to a
                                                       4-hr exposure  at 1 .0 ppm chemical
                                                       concentration.
                                    Toxicant chemicals were evaluated  in seawater at tempera-
                                     tures averaging about 28 C.  The values are for 24-hr
                                     or enough to cause loss of equilibrium or mortality. No
                                     effect occurred  at 1 .0 ppm.
                                    No effect on exposure to the chemical at 1 .0  ppm.

                                    Water temperature was 28 C. No effect was noticed on
                                     exposure to 1 .0 ppm.
                                                                                                           Data are given as
                                    0.02 ppm killed bluegills and golden shiners. The bass were
                                     killed at 0.04 ppm. 0.2 ppm in an earthen pond killed
                                     bluegill and bass fingerlings and bait-sized goldfish in
                                     45 hours.
              All fish died during an eleven-day period. The lake was
               successfully stocked about 8 months later with
               rainbow trout.
                                                                                                            All fish died during a two-day period. The reservoir was
                                                                                                             successfully stocked 10 months later with rainbow trout.
                                                                                                            Hughes and
                                                                                                             Davis
                                                                                                             (1967)
                                                                                                            Butler
                                                                                                             (1965)
                                                                                                                                               Butler
                                                                                                                                                (1965)
                                                                        Butler
                                                                         (1965)
                                                                        Butler
                                                                         (1965)

                                                                        Bohmont
                                                                         (1967)

                                                                        Lawrence
                                                                         (1950)
                                                                                                           Hemphill
                                                                                                            (1954)
                                                                                              Hemphill
                                                                                               (1954)
                                                                                                                                                                                    I
                                                                                                                                                                                    m
                                                                                                                                                                                    0
                                                                                                                                                                                    X
                                                                                                                                                                                    00

-------
8
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^ —
*" Toxaphene
O
m
/~i
£
f~
T3
3)
O

§
erf






Toxaphene


Toxaphene
tjC
N»
N>
O



Toxaphene








Toxaphene









Organism
Pimephales
promelas















Tandipedae
Chaoborus spp

Bluegill
Pumpkinseed
Large mouth
bass
Yellow
perch
Rock
bass
Bullhead
Bullhead
Carp
Bottom
fauna




Catostomus
macrochei/us
Ptychocheilus
oregonense
Cyprinus
carpio
Richardsonius
balteatus
Mylochoilm
caurinum
Toxicity, Experimental
Bioassay Active Variables
or Field Field Ingredient, Controlled
Study d) Location <2) ppm(3) or Noted(4)
BSA - 0.036 (T1 A) acdf
0.020 (T1 A)
0.0057 (T1A)
0.1 (0)



0.060 (T1 A)
0.10 (T1 A)
1.5 (T1A)
9.5 (T1A)






FL Colo. 0.1 (K3) acde
(0)

FL Lakes 0.005 (K) d
(Mich.)






BSA - <0.001 (T1A) a
F Iowa 0.005 (O)
0.005 (O)
-





FL Spectacle 0.07 (O) acd
Lake,
British 0.07 (O)
Columbia
0.07 (0)

0.07 (0)

0.07 (O)

Comments
At 50 F and 6 ppm methyl orange alkalinity.
At 50 F and 212 ppm methyl orange alkalinity.
At 75 F and 212 ppm methyl orange alkalinity.
At 212 ppm methyl orange alkalinity, 75 F, no aeration.
6.4-7.0 ppm dissolved C>2 and with light, 100% mortality
occurred in 2 days. Toxicant was added immediately
before fish.
At 55 F and 212 ppm methyl orange alkalinity.
At 55 F and 212 ppm methyl orange alkalinity.
At 55 F and 212 ppm methyl orange alkalinity.
At 55 F and 212 ppm methyl orange alkalinity.
The chemical becomes detoxified when left standing in water
by removal by microorganisms. The chemical is more toxic
to fish in hard water than in soft water.
0.05 ppm emulsified toxaphene is sufficient for fish eradica-
tion. Somewhat lower concentrations can be used in
shallow hard water lakes with a higher temperature.
This is a study of lake bottom fauna. Repopulation of lake
was not complete until nine months later.

Toxaphene at the indicated concentration killed the majority
of small fish while larger fish were not killed. According to
the authors, toxaphene at a 5 ppb concentration can be used
to reduce the population of small fish without greatly
affecting the population of large fish.



It was estimated that 25.0 ppb will eradicate an entire fish
population in a lake. A concentration of 20.0 ppb seemed
sufficient to kill all fish in aquarium tests. In highly turbid
water, 200 ppb were required. This suggests that the silt
in suspension has a detoxifying effect.
The field study reports what is believed to be the first in-
stance in which a lake is rid of all fish by chemical means.
Bottom fauna declined in volume due to the treatment
but recovered rapidly (1 mo).
Experiments were conducted in 8 lakes in British Columbia,
all of which were alkaline. These lakes had no permanent
inlet or outlet streams.
Initial results or symptoms were observed in 120 hr. All
caged fish were dead except 2 carp which managed to
survive for 1 to 2 months.




Reference
(Year)
Hooper and
Grzenda
(1955)














Cushing and
Olive
(1957)
Fukano and
Hooper
(1958)





Rose
(1958)







Stringer and
McMynn
(1958)








-------
    Toxaphene
     Toxaphene
to
Is)
  3,
  !JJ  Toxaphene
 O
 O
 O
Catostomus
 macrocheilus
Ptychocheilus
 oregonense
Cyprinus
 carp/o
Richardson/us
 balteatus
Perca
 flavescens
Mylocheilus
 caurinum
Couesius
 plumbeus
Coregonus
 williamsoni
Oncorhynhus
 nerka
Sal mo
 gairdneri
Lottus
 asper
 Catostomus
  macrocheilus
 Ptychocheilus
  oregonense
 Ftichardsonius
  balteatus
 Perca
  flavescens
 Mylocheilus
  caurinum
 Couesius
  plumbeus
 Coregonus
  williamsoni
 Oncorhynhus
  nerka
 Salmo
  gairdneri
 Catostomus
  macrocheilus
 Cyprinus
  carpio
 Ftichardsonius
  balteatus
 Mylocheilus
  caurinum
Salmo
 gairdneri
                                             FL
                                                          Lady King
                                                           Lake,
                                                           British
                                                           Columbia
                                                  a c d
FL
FL
                           0.10 (K2)
                                                                        0.10 (K2)
                                                                        0.10 (K2)


Gallagher
Lake,
British
Columbia






Gladstone
Lake,
British
Columbia


0.10 (K2)
0.10(K2)
0.07 (K2)
0.07 (K2)
0.07 (K2)
0.07 (K2)
0.07 (K2)
0.07 (K2)
0.07 (K2)
0.07 (K2)
0.07 (K2)
0.03 (O)
0.03 (0)
0.03 (0)
0.03 (0)
0.03 (O)
Experiments were conducted in 8 lakes in British Columbia,
 all of which were alkaline.  These lakes had no permanent
 inlet or outlet streams.
There was no sign of fish life after 24 hr.
Stringer and
 McMynn
 (1958)
                                                  a c d
Experiments were conducted in 8 lakes in British Columbia,
 all of which were alkaline.  These lakes had no permanent
 inlet or outlet streams.
Stringer and
  McMynn
  (1958)
                                                                                                                                          T)
                                                                                                                                          m
                                                                                                                                          O
                                                                                                                                          X
                                                                                                                                          03
                                                  a cd
                                                                Experiments were conducted in 8 lakes in British Columbia,
                                                                 all of which were alkaline. These lakes had po permanent
                                                                 inlet or outlet streams.
                                                                In 12 hours many trout and shiners were dead; all other
                                                                 fish showed signs of distress.
                                                          Stringer and
                                                           McMynn
                                                           (1958)

-------
8
m
o Chemical
r~ Toxaphene
O
X
m
S
g
r
TJ
O
O
C



Toxaphene




Toxaphene



M Toxaphene
T
N)
N>
(O








Toxaphene

Organism
Catostomus
macrocheilus
Ptychocheilus
oregonense
Cyprinus
carpio
Richardsonius
balteatus
Mylocheilus
caurinum
Salmo
gairdneri
Catostomus
macrocheilus
Salmo
gairdneri

Cyprinus
carpio


Catostomus
macrocheilus
Ptychocheilus
oregonense
Cyprinus
carpio
Richardsonius
balteatus
Mylocheilus
caurinum
Salmo
gairdneri
Fathead
minnow
Bioassay
or Field Field
Study (1) Location<2)
FL Taylor
Lake,
British
Columbia








FL Alleyne
Lake,
British
Columbia

FL Round
Lake,
British
Columbia
FL Summit
Lake,
British
Columbia








BSA

Toxicity, Experimental
Active Variables
Ingredient, Controlled
ppm<3) or Noted W
0.01 (K.4) acd

0.01 (K.4)

0.01 (K4)

0.01 (O)

0.01 (K.4)

0.01 (0)

0.01 (O) acd

0.01 (O)


0.03 (K3) acd



0.10(0) acd

0.10 (0)

0.10 (O)

0.10(0)

0.10 (O)

0.10 (O)

0.0051 (T4A) a

Comments
Experiments were conducted in 8 lakes in British Columbia,
all of which were alkaline. These lakes had no permanent
inlet or outlet streams.
Rainbow trout and shiners showed definite signs of distress
in 4 days.







Experiments were conducted in 8 lakes in British Columbia,
all of which were alkaline. These lakes had no permanent
inlet or outlet streams.
In 24-48 hours many fish were dead while others were still
in distress.
Experiments were conducted in 8 lakes in British Columbia,
all of which were alkaline. These lakes had no permanent
inlet or outlet streams.

Experiments were conducted in 8 lakes in British Columbia,
all of which were alkaline. These lakes had no permanent
inlet or outlet streams. Initial results were recorded in
4 hours. Many dead trout and shiners were observed. All
caged fish were dead in 2 days.







It was the authors opinion that pH, alkalinity and hardness.
within the usual range in natural waters, had little effect on
Reference
(Year)
Stringer and
McMynn
(1958)









Stringer and
McMynn
(1958)


Stringer and
McMynn
(1958)

Stringer and
McMynn
(1958)









Tarzwell
(1959)




















^
^
•V
rn
Z
O
x
00









Toxaphene
Fathead
 minnow
Bluegill
Goldfish
Guppy
                                       BSA
0.0075 (T4A)

0.0035 (T4A)
0.0056 (T4A)
0.020 (T4A)
 the toxic effect of the compounds studied.  The values
 given are from  Henderson, Pickering, and Tarzwell, "The
 Relative Toxicity of Ten Chlorinated Hydrocarbon Insecti-
 cides to Four Species of Fish". It is interesting that the
 different tables from the above book (as reported in this
 paper) report widely different values for the same compounds.
 This experiment was performed in hard water.
Comment same as above except that this experiment was       Tarzwell
 performed in soft water.                                    (1959)

-------
     Toxaphene
     Toxaphene
     Toxaphene
     Toxaphene
      (100%)
to
     Toxaphene
      (tech)
8
2  Toxaphene
3)
O
  O
  m
  2
  5
                       Pimephales
                        promelas
                       Lepomis
                        macrochirus
Channel
 catfish
 (fingerlings)
Pimephales
 promelas
Lepomis
 macrochirus
Car ass! us
 auratus
Lebistes
 reticulatus
Pimephales
 promelas
Lepomis
 macrochirus
Carassius
 auratus
Lebistes
 reticulatus
Lepomis
 cyanellus
Onchorhynchus
 nerka
Notropis sp
Daphnia
 pulex
D. magna
Ischnura sp
Enallagma sp
Scenedesmus
 incrassatulus
Pimephales
 promelas
                      BSA
BSA
BSA
BSA
BSCH
                                             BSA
                                                  0.0075 (T4A)

                                                  0.0035 (T4A)
2.5 (K1 A)



0.008 (T4A)

0.004 (T4A)

0.006 (T4A)

0.02 (T4A)


0.0075 (T4A)

0.0035 (T4A)

0.0056 (T4A)

0.020 (T4A)

0.0036 (SC4)

0.0036 (SC4)

0.01 (SC4)
0.03 (SC7)

0.03 (SC5)
0.004 (SC4)
0.004 (SC4)
0.01 (SC384)

0.013 (T4A)
                                                                                               a d e f
                                                 abecdf
                                                   a e p
                                                                                              a cd f g
                                                                                                            Bioassay investigations of the new insecticides indicate that
                                                                                                             in general the organic phosphorus compounds are not as
                                                                                                             toxic to fish as are the chlorinated hydrocarbons. The
                                                                                                             toxicity of most of these materials was not significantly
                                                                                                             influenced  by water quality.  Therefore it is to be expected
                                                                                                             that the toxicity of these materials will not differ signifi-
                                                                                                             cantly in different streams.
                                                                                                            Tap water was used. Considerable additional data are
                                                                                                             presented.

                                                                                                            Concentrations were based on percent active ingredient.
                                                                 Dilution water was usually soft although some studies were
                                                                 conducted with hard water.
                                                                                                            Toxicity is reported as the sublethal concentration (SC),
                                                                                                             which is defined as that concentration which produced no
                                                                                                             greater mortality among test animals than was sustained by
                                                                                                             the controls.  In fish study, test fish were challenged with
                                                                                                             solvent extracts of toxaphene-exposed algae and periphyton.
                                                                                                             Fish tested against the algae extract survived, but fish tested
                                                                                                             against periphyton extracts died.  Various technical grades
                                                                                                             of toxaphene were evaluated.
                                                                Test water was spring water diluted with distilled water.
                                                                 Removal of toxic chemicals by carbon adsorption, chlorine
                                                                 and chlorine dioxide treatment, and alum coagulation was
                                                                 studied. The most effective method to remove fish poisons
                                                                 was by use of activated charcoal adsorption.
                                                                                                                           Tarzwell
                                                                                                                            (1959)
Clemens and
 Sneed
 (1959)
Henderson, et al
 (1960)
                                                                                                                                                                       Henderson, et al
                                                                                                                                                                        (1959)
                                                                                                                                                                        Cohen, et al
                                                                                                                                                                         (1961)
  3)
  O
  O

  O

-------
8
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o Chemical
> -
•" Toxaphene
O
m
o
>
r~
"O
3
O
O











Toxaphene

7*
N>
K)
A



Toxaphene














Toxaphene

Toxicity,
Bioassay Active
or Field Field Ingredient,
Organism Study <1> Location'2) ppm'3)
Gizzard FL Fla. (0)
shad
Bluegill
Black
crappie
Large mouth
bass
Brown
bullhead
Shortness
gar
Golden
shiner
Bowfin
Gambusia
affinis
Notropis
maculatus
Fundulus
semin olis
Oncorhynchus BSA — 9.4 (T4A)
kisutch
Oncorhynchus 2.5 (T4A)
tshawytscha
Salmo 8.4 (T4A)
gairdnerii
Gasterosteus 7.8 (T4A)
aculeatus
Entomostraca FL Col. 0.1% (K.)
Cyclops
Diaptomus
Ceriodaphnia
Bosmina
Leptodora
Rotaria
Filinia
Keratella
Polyarthia
Asp/anchna
Brachionus
Protozoa
Ceratium
Difflugia
Salmo BSA - (O)
gairdneri
Experimental
Variables
Controlled
or Noted M Comments
c d A variety of lake types was employed to discern selective
fish-killing properties of Toxaphene. Concentrations
ranging from 1 to 85 ppb were placed in fourteen bodies
of water varying in size from 0.5 to 2100 acres. Differences
in concentrations required to cause total kills of fish popula-
tions in treated lakes appeared to be related to bicarbonate
alkalinities, bottom types, amounts of plankton, vegetation,
and the sizes of fish present.
In 4 of the lakes, a total fish kill occurred at 1 5-36 ppb
Toxaphene.










a c d e Chemical dissolved in acetone. TLm expressed in ppb.







a c d g p All chemical and physical data were collected and compiled
by standard limnologipal techniques. Chemical analyses
were conducted monthly. Biweekly plankton collection
showed "reduction to zero" of all organisms studied, but
recovery of populations to normal population numbers
within several months.









£ c d f g Water employed for this experiment was a relatively hard.
alkaline-type taken from 3 sources: Mormon Reservoir,
Reference
(Year)
Huish
(1961)


















Katz
(1961)


/



Hoffman and
Olive
(1961)












Webb
(1961)
Magic Reservoir, and Redfish Lake. The TLm given are
recorded respectively for each reservoir: 0.0136 (T4),
0.0165 (T4), and 0.0145 (T4).

-------
    Toxaphene
    Toxaphene
     Toxaphene
to
K)
 8
     Toxaphene
      (ECS)
     Toxaphene
 2
 m
 3
 o
 >  Toxaphene
 O
 m
 5
 9
 -o
 3)
 O
 O
 c
                       Gammarus
                        lacustris
                        lacustris
Protococcus sp
Chlorella sp
Dunaliella
 euchlora
Phaeodactylum
 tricornutum
Monochrysis
 lutheri
Salmo
 gairdneri
Ictalurus
 me/as
Lepomis
 cyanellus
Pimephales
 promelas
I. natalis
Micropterus
 dolomieui
Catastomus
 commersoni
Potamageton spp
Semotilus
 a tro macula tus
 Gambusia
 affinis
 Rana
 catesbeiana
  (tadpoles)

 Fish
 Carassius
  aura tus
 Gambusia
  affinis
 Salmo
  gairdnerii
                      BSA
BSA
FL
             Clayton
               Lake,
               N. M.
FL
                Cal.
                      FL
BSA
                                      Mont.
                                                  (O)
0.15 (K)
0.15 (K) 0.07 (NG)
0.15 (K)

0.04 (NG)

0.04 (K)

0.01,0.02,
 and 0.02 (O)*

'treatments on
 3 alternate
 days during
 a 6-day period
                            0.5 (O)
                                                  0.13 (O)
                            0.005-0.066 (O)

                            0.005-0.059 (O)

                            0.013-0.054 (O)
   a e p         The mortality might have been partially due to the suscept-      McDonald
                  ibility of the organism to higher temperatures, toxicity from    (1962)
                  extended exposure to copper electrodes (used to shock the
                  organism to determine death), or the increase of CO2-
                  Results were expressed as LTgrj; for example, at 0.5 ppm,
                  50 percent of the shrimp were killed in 96 (± 11) min.
     £           This paper concerns the growth of pure cultures of marine      Ukeles
     ~            plankton in the presence of toxicants.  Results were ex-         (1962)
                  pressed as the ratio of optical density of growth in the
                  presence of toxicants to optical density in the basal
                  medium with no added toxicants. NG = no growth, but
                  the organisms were viable.
a c d e f g i o      Paper chromatography was the method used to determine       Kallman, et i
                  toxaphene residues in some of the species listed. Mortality      (1962)
                  of native fish and others in live cars was 100%.  Residues
                  in water and sediments were also determined.  Residues
                  were as much as 4.2 ppm in dead trout following first
                  treatment, and as much as 15.2 ppm in dead or dying bull-
                  heads several days after the second treatment. Dead trout in
                  live cars contained up to 3.5 ppm toxaphene up to 8  mos
                  following initial treatment. Potomogeton spp contained up
                  to 18.3 ppm, 9 days after the final treatment. Although the
                  lake was still toxic 9 months after treatment, planting of rain-
                  bow trout was successful  12 months after treatment.
                        ac           Mixed populations of the indicated test species contained in     Mulla
                                      cages were exposed to various insecticidal chemicals applied     (1963)
                                      as dilute sprays to ponds 1/16 acre in size. The indicated
                                      toxicant concentration is in Ib/acre, and resulted  in a
                                      100 percent mortality for the fish, and a 100 percent mor-
                                      tality for the tadpoles in 24 hr.
                      a c d e I         Ponds were treated with the chemical to eradicate  fish. The     Wollitz
                                      fish population included largemouth  bass, bluegills, black        (1963)
                                      crappie, yellow perch, carp, white sucker, and longnose
                                      sucker.  Counts were made of various fish at  various later
                                      times. The paper contains little quantitative data.
                       acde         Natural water from various sources were used. Chemical         Workman and
                                      added as either floating or sinking type formulations.            Newhold
                                      Toxicity given as LC$Q in ppm.                              (1963)
                                                                                                                                            TJ
                                                                                                                                            m
                                                                                                                                            O
                                                                                                                                            X
                                                                                                                                            CD

-------
8
2
2
m
o Chemical
*~ Toxaphene
O
m
5
O
>
1-
T)
^j Toxaphene
O



Toxaphene




Organism
Notemigonus
crysolaucas
Lepomis
macrochirus
L. cyanellus


Gambusia
aff/nis
affinis


-


Bioassay
or Field
Study (1)
BSA






BSA




FR

Toxicity,
Active
Field Ingredient,
Location '2) ppm(3)
(B)30(T1.5)
(A) 1200(T 1.5)
(B) 23 (T 1.5)
(A) 1600(T 1.5)
(B)38(T 1.5)
(A) 1500 (T 1.5)

0.01 to 0.48 (O)




Flint 0.210 (K)
Creek,
Experimental
Variables
Controlled
or Noted<4>
acf






a




—




Comments
Chemical was dissolved in acetone. Final concentration of
acetone was <2 ml/I. Data shows TLm ppb for insecticide-
resistant (A) and insecticide nonresistant (B) strains of the
test fish.



The lower value is for fish that had never been exposed to
the toxicant, and the higher value was obtained with fish
that had been exposed to a sublethal dose in the past.
Apparently such an exposure produces a resistance that
can be retained when they are later placed in clean water.
Conventional treatment in a water purification plant did not
reduce the amount of chemical found In the stream. Data


Reference
(Year)
Ferguson, et al
(1964)





Boyd and
Ferguson
(1964)


Nicholson, et al
(1964)
S)
to
o\
                                                      Ala.                                               are given for 4 years 1959-62, with a range of concentrations.
                                                                                                         Only the highest value is reported here. Some fish kill is
                                                                                                         reported, but species are not identified here.  Data are also
                                                                                                         reported for all seasons to show variation; the one listed
                                                                                                         here is for summer 1960.
Toxaphene         Bluegill               BSA             -         0.0035 (T4A)             a           Assays  were conducted in soft water at 25 C. Decrease in       Weiss
                                                                                                         brain cholinesterase was measured in fish exposed to the        (1964)
                                                                                                         toxicant.
Toxaphene         Leiostomvs           BSFCHA         —         0.003 (K)               ao           Assays were performed in seawater and results are reported      Lowe
                    xanthurus                                                                            simply as number dead. Concentrations above 0.0032 ppm     (1964)
                                                                                                         killed  all test animals in 24 hr.  Fish were also exposed to
                                                                                                         0.01 ppb and 0.1 ppb for 5 months, and growth was not
                                                                                                         different from those in the wild populations.
Toxaphene         Pa/aemonetes          BSA             —         (N) 57.5               acf          Test organisms were collected from 2 locations. Twin Bayou    Ferguson, et al
                    kadiakensis                                       (TT/iA)                              (TB), Sunflower Co., Miss. (Agricultural area) and Noxubee     (1965)
                                                                   (TB) 170.0                            National Wildlife Refuge (N), Noxubee Co., Miss, (non-
                                                                     (TT/aA)                              agricultural area) and evaluated in laboratory bioassays.
Toxaphene         Gambusia             BSA             -         0.01-0.04 (T3A)       £cde         Test fish were collected from 8 different locations of the        Ferguson
                    affinis                                                                                Mississippi River. The 3-day TLm values were made to         (1966)
                   Ictalurus                                         0.004-0.050                           determine if a resistance gradient existed.  The data indi-
                    melas                                             (T3A)                               cated that there was none.

Toxaphene         Rainbow              BSA             -         5.4 (T4A)                a_           These experiments were performed to show the effect of        Cope
                    trout                                           2.7 (T4A)                             temperature on the toxicity.                                 (1965)
                                                                   1.8 (T4A)                            For the toxicant concentrations listed, the temperatures
                                                                                                         were respectively 45, 55, and 65 F.  The fish all were
                                                                                                         approximately one grain in weight.
                                                                                                        Toxicant  concentrations for one and 2-day times were
                                                                                                         also listed.

-------
     Toxaphene
     Toxaphene
     Toxaphene
CO
K)
8
S
m
O
 o
 I
 m
Toxaphene
Fish
Chironomus
 (larvae and
 pupae)
Chaoborus
 (larvae and
 pupae)
Physidae
Crustaceans
Salmo
 gairdneri
Campostoma
 anomalum
Carassius
 auratus
Notemigonus
 crysoleucas
Pimephales
 notatus
Ictalurus
 me/as

Oncorhynchus
 garbuscha
O. keta
O. kisutch
Cattus
 aleuticus
Salvelinus
 ma/mo
Gasterasteus
 aculeatus
Salmo
 gairdnerii
Oncorhynchus
 nerka
Pholis
 laeta
Osmeridae
Fish
                                             FL.
                                                            Wis.
BSA
FR
             Big Kitoi
              Creek,
              Alaska
                                                                        0.1 (K)
                                                                        (O)
                                                                       (O)


                                                                       (O)
                                                                       (0)
                                                                       0.0084 (T4A)

                                                                       0.014 (T4A)

                                                                       0.094 (T4A)

                                                                       0.0125(T4A)

                                                                       0.03 (T4A)

                                                                       0.025 (T4A)

                                                                       (O)
                                               a cd e f i m p
                                             FL
                                                          Brush and
                                                           Long
                                                           Lakes,
                                                           N. D.
                                                 (O)
                                                                Elimination of fish population was accomplished with
                                                                 toxaphene at the indicated concentration.  This is a popu-
                                                                 lation succession study over a 3-year period with observa-
                                                                 tions on change in populations due to various ecological
                                                                 factors.
                                                                                                        Adult fish were employed in this bioassay.  In most cases,
                                                                                                         concentrations of toxaphene needed to cause 50 percent
                                                                                                         mortality decreased as the temperature increased from
                                                                                                         53 F to 63 F and to 73 F. Data cited are for 53 F.
                                                                                                        The purpose of this experiment was to determine the extent
                                                                                                         of predation by sculpins on pink salmon fry, and the effects
                                                                                                         of toxaphene on the sculpins and bottom fauna.
                                                                                                        Toxaphene applied to the experimental area was estimated
                                                                                                         to be an average concentration of 1.5 ppm.
                                                                                                        At the above concentration insects were completely eradi-
                                                                                                         cated, bottom fauna decreased in numbers and weight,
                                                                                                         but some other invertebrate groups were not completely
                                                                                                         eliminated.
                                                                                                        The organisms listed were organisms mentioned as fauna in
                                                                                                         the experimental area.
                                                                Growth rates for yellow perch that survived a toxaphene
                                                                 treatment in Brush and Long Lakes in North Dakota were
                                                                 calculated. Brush Lake fish exhibited greatly increased
                                                                 growth rates for two growing seasons following the treat-
                                                                 ment. Increased growth rates were not evident for Long
                                                                 Lake fish until the next growing season. The approximate
                                                                 concentration of toxaphene for reducing the density of
                                                                 fish populations is believed to be 25 percent of the rate
                                                                 determined for fish eradication in most N. Dakota waters.
                                                                                                                                                                     Hilsenhoff
                                                                                                                                                                       (1965)
Mahdi
 (1966)
Meehan and
 Sheridan
 (1966)
                                                                                                                                          m
                                                                                                                                          z
                                                                                                                                          o
                                                                                                                                          X
                                                                                                                                          CO
                                                                                                                                               Warnick
                                                                                                                                                 (1966)
 T)
 •33
 O
 o

 I

-------
8
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Toxaphene
I
m
o

r~
3D
O
o

§
en
Toxaphene


Toxaphene



Toxaphene


f
Is}
oo
Toxaphene



Toxaphene










Toxaphene







Organism
Polyanhra
Keratella
Asplanchna
Conochiloides
Brachionus
Trichocera
Daphnia
Bosmina
Ceriodaphnia
Cyclops
Cyanophyta
Lebistes
reticulatus

Carassius
auratus


Simocephalus
serrulatus
Daphnia
pulex


Fish



Salmo
gairdneri
Lepomis
macrochirus
Pteronarcys
californicus
Baetis sp
Daphnia
pulex
Simocephalus
serrulatus
Petromyzon
marinus
(larvae)





Toxicity, Experimental
Bioassay Active Variables
or Field Field Ingredient, Controlled
Study*1) Location<2) ppm(3) or Noted*4)
FL Various — a
lakes or
reservoirs.
N. D.







BSA & Canada 0.001 (T2A) ace
FL ~

BCF - 11.0mg/l -
(T4CF)
0.44-1.8
mg/l (S4)
BSA - 0.019 (SB)

0.01 5 (SB)



F Cal. (0)



BSA - 0.004 (T2A) a

0.004 (T2A)

0.007 (T2A)

0.047 (T2A)
0.01 5 (T2A)

0.019 (T2A)

FL East Bay, (O) ace
Alger
County,
Mich.
BSA - 0.080 (K1 5-20)



Comments
Marked reduction of many plankters followed a treatment
of 90 ppb toxaphene. The most abundant plant-inhabiting
organism and bottom fauna exhibited no marked changes
after this treatment. Populations of Gammarus, Physa, and
Gyraulus remained constant, while Callibaetis, Caenis,
Ischnura, and Tendipes decreased slightly but were again
numerous 1 year after treatment.




A bioassay method is described for determining the rate of
detoxification of lake water after toxaphene treatment
during a 1-year period.
This method was developed to detect sublethal effects by
observing behavioral aberrations. Detailed description of
conditioned avoidance response apparatus is presented.

Concentration reported is for immobilization.
Time for immobilization was 48 hr.
Data cited are for 60 F, but assays were performed at varied
temperatures.
Water chemistry (unspecified) was "controlled" during
the assay period.
This study was primarily concerned with insecticides found
in fish-eating birds. Limited fish studies were also con-
ducted. Toxaphene was found in trace to 8.0 ppm concen-
trations in whole fish (wet weight).
This paper reports acute toxicity of a number of compounds,
and discusses sub-acute mortality as well. Effects on repro-
duction and behavior are also discussed. Data presented
as ECgo-







The amount of toxicant needed to give a concentration of
100 ppb (0.100 ppm) was applied over the surface of the
lake. Small fish were observed surfacing and dying the day
after treatment was made. Mortality increased daily and
reached a peak on the 3rd and 4th days. The first dead
larval lampreys were seen on the 4th day after treatment.
At the end of 36 days exposure in cages, only 2 of 90
ammocetes were alive.
Reference
(Year)
Needham
(1966)









Royer
(1966)

Warner, et al
(1966)


Sanders and
Cope
(1966)



Keith
(1966)


Cope
(1966)









Gaylord and
Smith
(1966)





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-------
   Toxaphene
    Toxaphene
8
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    Toxaphene
                      Carassius
                       auratus
                      Salmo
                       gairdnerii
                                            FL
                                                         Big Bear
                                                           Lake,
                                                           Cal.
              O.3-0.10 (O)
                      Salmo
                       gairdneri
                      Esox
                       lucius
                      Cyprinus
                       carpio
                      Notemigonus
                       crysoleucas
                      Pimephales
                       notatus
                      Catastomus
                       commersoni
                      Ictalurus
                       me/as
                      Ictalurus
                       nebulosus
                      Lepomis
                       humilis
                      Lepomis
                       macrochirus
                      Pomoxis
                       annularis
                      Pomoxis
                       nigromaculatus
                      Perca
                       flavescens
                      Stizostedion
                       vitreum
                      Gambusia
                       affinis
                                            FL
Various
 lakes,
 N. D.
0.035 (O)
                                            BSA
               (O)
The chemical was sprayed from a plane into the lake to rid
 it of goldfish. Small fish began dying in 2 hours, and brown
 bullheads were seen to be in distress. At 0.10 ppm, large
 goldfish appeared to be in distress. An estimated 95% of
 the goldfish, and all the other fish were eliminated. The fat
 and flesh of goldfish, brown bullheads, and some trout were
 analyzed for the toxicant. In all instances the fat contained
 the greatest amount.  The paper recommends that toxaphene
 not be used as a fish toxicant, because  it detoxifies slowly
 and is a contaminant for an unknown period of time. Some
 trout were  killed when stocked but no  quantitative data
 are given.
Minimum  levels of toxaphene  lethal to fish in prairie lakes
 and reservoirs were determined.
Considering  all lakes in general, 0.005 to 0.020 ppm resulted
 in  incomplete mortality, while 0.025 to 0.035 ppm resulted
 in  complete mortality. The minimum lethal concentration
 for treatment of most North  Dakota lakes was 0.025 ppm
 of toxaphene.
                                                                                                              Johnson
                                                                                                               (1966)
                                                                                                                                                                        Henegar
                                                                                                                                                                         (1966)
                                                                                                                                                                                        m
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                                                                                                                                                                                        00
                                     The effect of combinations of pesticides was studied.  In
                                      general, the results reflected the extreme levels of Endrin
                                      and Toxaphene resistance in the resistant population. The
                                      results failed to indicate additive effects wherein the combi-
                                      nation mortality exceeded the sum of the mortalities pro-
                                      duced by the individual insecticides.
                                                                                                                                                                       Ferguson and
                                                                                                                                                                         Bingham
                                                                                                                                                                         (1966)
3D
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Chemical
Toxaphene







Toxaphene












Toxaphene








2(2,4,5) TP
(tech)

2,4,5-TP


4(2,4)TP
(tech)
Treflan

Treflan
(EC)

Treflan


Organism
Pimephales
promelas






Leiostomus
xanthurus











Pteronarcys
californica
(naiads)
Pteronarcella
badia
(naiads)
Claasenia
sabu/osa
(naiads)
Rainbow
trout
Bluegill
Rainbow
trout
Bluegill
Bluegill

Pteronarcys sp
(nymphs)
Rainbow
trout
Bluegill
Rainbow
trout
Bluegill
Toxicity, Experimental
Bioassay Active Variables
or Field Field Ingredient, Controlled
StudyCl) Location^) ppm(3) or NotedW)
BSA - 0.05 (K9) ab
0.02 (K21)
0.05 (K6)
0.02 (K11)




BCF - 0.0075 (K1A) a
0.0056 (K1A)
0.0032 (K1 A)
0.001 8 (K2A)
0.0001 (SB 5 mo)
0.00001 (SB 5 mo)







BSA - 0.0023 (T4A) a c d e f


0.003 (T4A)


0.001 3 (T4A)


BSA - 14.8 (T4A) a

9.6 (T4A)
BSA - 1.3IT2A)

0.50 (T2A)
BSA - 8.6 (T4A) a

BSA - 3.0 (T4A) a

BSA - 0.010(T4A) a

0.018 (T4A)
BSA - 0.011 (T2A)

0.020 (T2A)
Comments
At 33 to 39 F a complete kill occurred at concentrations of
0.05 and 0.02 in 9 and 21 days, respectively.
At 56 F a complete kill occurred at concentrations of 0.05
and 0.02 ppm in 6 and 1 1 days, respectively.
Toxaphene will kill fish at near-freezing temperatures at con-
centration as low as 0.02 ppm but the length of time re-
quired for a complete kill is longer than at higher
temperatures.
Experiments were conducted in salt water.
Fish were held in plastic aquaria with a capacity of 25 liters.
During the 5-month exposure period there was no significant
difference in mortality among control and experimental
fish. No symptoms of distress were noted.
The total lengths of the fish at the end of 5 months were
approximately the same for all groups.
After the 5-month test the fish from the experimental and
the control groups were exposed 48 hours to concentra-
tions of 0.0005 to 0.0030 ppm. The fish from the experi-
mental group seemed to be more sensitive. Concentrations
of 0.0020 ppm caused complete kill whereas 0.0005 ppm
did not kill any fish.
• Data reported as (-€50 at 1 5.5 C in 4 days.








This is an estimated LCso value at temperatures from 55
to 75 F.

Data are given as LC5Q.


This is an estimated l-Cso value at temperatures from 55
to 75 F.
Experiments were all conducted at 60 F in 1964. The
values were listed as LCsQ.
This is an estimated LCijo value at temperatures from 55
to 75 F.

Data are given as LCtjg.


Reference
(Year)
Schaumberg,
et al
(1967)





Kaplan and
Overpeck
(1967)










Sanders and
Cope
(1968)






Cope
(1965)

Bohmont
(1967)

Cope
(1965)
Cope
(1965)
Cope
(1965)

Bohmont
(1967)

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-------
K)
OJ
    Trefmid
     (WP)
    Tri-6
      (dust No. 30,
      3 percent
      BHC)
     Trichlorofon
Tricon
 (oil spill
 eradicator)
Tricon
 oil-spill
 eradicator

Trifluralin
 8
 o
 m
 2
 30
 O
 O
 O
     Trifluralin
Trifluralin
 (tech)

Trifluralin
Rainbow
 trout
Bluegill
Penaeus
 aztecus
P. setiferus

Pteronarcys
 californica
 (naiads)
Pteronarcella
 bad/a
 (naiads)
Claasenia
 sabulosa
 (naiads)
Roccus
 saxatilis

Roccus
 saxatilis
                  Bluegill
                  Fathead
                    minnow
                  Goldfish
                        Bluegill
                   Bluegill
                   Rainbow
                    trout
                   Salmo
                    gairdneri
                   Lepomis
                    macrochirus
                   Pteronarcys
                    californicus
                   Daphnia
                    pulex
                   Simocephalus
                    serrulatus
                                        BSA
                                        BSA
                                        BSA
                                             BSA
                                             BSA
                      BSA
                                             BSA
                                             BSA
                                              BSA
0.110 (T4A)

0.345 (T4A)
0.035 (T1 A)

0.40CT1A)


0.035 (T4A)


0.011 (T4A)


0.022 (T4A)
0.001 (O)
0.005 (K 1  hr)
2.0 (K 7min)
(O)
0.0582 (O)
0.0934 (O)

0.585 (O)
                                                  8.4 (T4A)*

                                                  *ppb

                                                  0.068 (T4A)
                                                  0.086 (T4A)

                                                  0.011 (T2A)

                                                  0.019 (T2A)

                                                  4.200 (T2A)

                                                  0.240 (T2A)

                                                  0.450 (T2A)
                                                                          ab
                                                                                                         This is an estimated LC5O value at temperatures from 55
                                                                                                          to 75 F.
                                                                                                         P. aztecus and P. setiferus ranged in size from 29 to 50 mm
                                                                                                           and 11 to 13 mm, respectively.  The water was aerated until
                                                                                                           the end of the assay.
                                                                                               —————        Data reported as LC$Q at 15.5 C in 4 days.
At 0.001 percent, the fish showed signs of distress in
 1-1/2 hours. This compound was toxic at low concen-
 trations and should  not be used to treat oil spills.
This chemical is a commercial product designed to emulsify
 oil spilled on water. At 0.0005% concentration all test
 fish survived. At 0.001% concentration all fish died within
 10 hours. Additional data are presented.
In static soil-water tests, 48  and  227 times more Trifluralin
 was required to produce an i-C^Q to bluegills for two
 types of soil than was necessary in the static water tests.
In a simulated field test using swimming pools, Trifluralin,
 applied at 1  Ib/acre to Brookston soil and then irrigated
 with 10 inches of water, was not toxic to bluegills.
On the basis of these  studies, it was  concluded that LCgg
 values derived from  static water fish tests are unrealistic
 in predicting the toxicity of Trifluralin to fish under
 field conditions.
The temperature effect is extreme in the case of this com-
 pound.  The T4 listed is for a temperature of 85 F.  At
 45 F the T4 was 280 ppb.  The T1  is even more striking.
 At 85 F, the value was 10.0 ppb, and at 45 F, 1300 ppb.
This is an estimated LCso value at temperatures from 55
 to 75 F.
                                     This paper reports acute toxicity of a number of compounds,
                                       and discusses subacute mortality as well. Effects on re-
                                       production and behavior are also discussed. Data presented
                                       as EC50.
                                                           Cope
                                                            (1965)
                                                           Chin and
                                                            Allen
                                                            (1957)

                                                           Sanders and
                                                            Cope
                                                            (1968)
                                                                                                                                                                    Chadwick
                                                                                                                                                                     (1960)

                                                                                                                                                                    Chadwick
                                                                                                                                                                     (1960)
                                                                                                                                                  Parka and
                                                                                                                                                   Worth
                                                                                                                                                   (1965)
                                                                                                                                                                                    I
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                                                                                                                                                                    Cope
                                                                                                                                                                     (1965)
                                                                                                                                                                         Cope
                                                                                                                                                                          (1965)
                                                                                                                                                                         Cope
                                                                                                                                                                          (1966)

-------
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Chemical
Trifluralin





Trifluralin


Tris-
buffer

Trithion


Trithion






Trolene











Trypaflavine
(acriflavine
neutral)
Trypaflavine
(acriflavine
hydro-
chloride)
TV-1096





Organism
Simocephalus
serrulatus
Daphnia
pulex


Pteronarcys
californica
(naiads)
Homarus
americanus

Gambusia
affinis

Salmo
gairdnerii
(one wk old
sac fry)
(one mo old
feeding fry)

Salmo
gairdneri
Salmo
trutta
Salvelinus
f on final is
Salvelinus
namaycush
Ictalurus
punctatus
Lepomis
macrochirus
Ictalurus
punctatus

Channel
catfish
(fingerlings)

Salmo
gairdnerii
Salvelinus
fontinalis
Salvelinus
namaycush
Bioassay
or Field
Study (1)
BSA





BSA


BSA


BSA


BSA



BSA


BSA











BSA


BSA



BSA





Toxicity,
Active
Field Ingredient,
Location (2) ppmJ3)
0.450 (SB)

0.240 (SB)



0.003 (T4A)


2200-4400
(SB10)

0.2 (K 7%)


0.5 (K 0%)
5.0 (K 0%)


0.5 (K 7%)
5.0 (K 93%)

0.74 (T2A)

0.39 (T2A)

0.39 (T2A)

0.62 (T2A)

1.26(T2A)

1.00(T2A)

17.9 (K2)
11.5 (T2A)

11.5 (K1A)



16.1 (T2A)

19.0 (T2A)

16.5 (T2A)

Experimental
Variables
Controlled
or Noted'4) Comments
— Concentration reported is for immobilization.
Time for immobilization was 64 hr.
Data cited are for 78 F, but assays were performed at varied
temperatures.
"Water Chemistry" (unspecified) was "controlled" during
the assay period.
a c d e f Data reported as LCso at 1 5.5 C in 4 days.


ace Tris-buffer concentrations in the range tested were safe for
regulating activity. The lobsters employed weighed
500 grams.
a Chemicals were dissolved in acetone, and tests were run in
triplicate. Toxicity is given as average percent fish killed
in 24 hr.
a c Results are averages of triplicate tests. Toxicity is reported
as percent mortality (K %).





a f Variance and the 95-percent confidence interval (C.I.) were
also determined.










a c f i The experiment was conducted at 66 C.


a Tap water was used. Considerable additional data are
presented.


£f Variance and the 95-percent confidence interval (C.I.) were
also determined.




Reference
(Year)
Sanders and
Cope
(1966)



Sanders and
Cope
(1968)
Stewart and
Cornick
(1964)
Lewallen
(1959)

Lewallen and
Wilder
(1962)




Willford
(1966)










Clemens and
Sneed
(1958)
Clemens and
Sneed
(1959)

Willford
(1966)
























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-------
to

UC-8305
(EC4)
Union Carbide,
UC 10854
Union Carbide,
UC21149
UC-21427
(EC2)
Urox
Vancide 51
salt
Vancide 512
Vapona
(DDVP)
Ictalurus
punctatus
Lepomis
macrochirus
Gambusia
affinis
Rainbow
trout
Bluegill
Rainbow
trout
Bluegill
Gambusia
affinis
Rana
catesbeiana
Water
lettuce
Pimephales
promelas
Pimephales
promelas
Lepomis
macrochirus
Lebistes
reticulatus
Pimephales
promelas
Lepomis
macrochirus
20.3 (T2A)
28.2 (T2A)
FL Cal. 0.5 (K1)
BSA - 0.180(T4A)
0.110(T4A)
BSA - 0.560 (T4A)
0.050 (T4A)
FL Cal. 0.5 (K1)
(0)
FL Lakes in (O)
Fla.
BSA - 0.83 (T4A)
BSA - 0.35 (T4A)
0.85 (T4A)
0.59 (T4A)
BSA - 4.0 (T4A)
0.27 (T4A)
    Veon 100
8  Veon 245
S   (2,4,5-T)
m
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                        Spatterdock
                        Crassostrea
                         virginica
                        Penaeus
                         aztecus
                        Leiostomus
                         xanthurus
                        Phytoplankton
                                            FL
BCFA&
 BSA
                                                           Fla.
(O)



1.0 (NTE)

1.0 (NTE)

1.0 (NTE)

1.0 (NTE)
                                                                                             a cd ef
                                                                                             a cd ef
                                                                                             a cd ef
                                                                                                            Toxicity value is in Ib/acre.

                                                                                                            The values reported are given as



                                                                                                            The values reported are given as
                                                                                                             Toxicity value is in Ib/acre.  No mortality in tadpoles of
                                                                                                              Rana catesbeiana occurred during an exposure period
                                                                                                              of 1 week.

                                                                                                             11.2 to 22.5 Ib/acre controlled water lettuce.

                                                                                                             The toxicity of this substance was not influenced by the
                                                                                                              quality of the water (pH, hardness, alkalinity).

                                                                                                             Comment same as above.
                                                                                                            Comment same as above.
At 10.0 Ib/acre, 5 percent control of spatterdock was
 obtained.


Seawater was pumped continuously into test aquaria.
 Salinity, temperature, and plankton fluctuated with tide,
 and ambient weather conditions.  Some bioassays with
 fish were static. Toxicity was reported for the following:
  Oyster -        96-hr EC5Q — Cone, which
                  decreased with shell growth.
  Shrimp —       48-hr ECso — Cone, which killed
                  or paralyzed 50% of test animals.
  Fish -          48-hr ECgrj - Cone, which killed 50%.
  Phytoplankton — Percent decrease of CC>2 fixation to a
                  4-hr exposure at 1.0 ppm chemical
                  concentration.
                                                                                                                                                                       Mulla
                                                                                                                                                                         (1966)
                                                                                                                                                                       Cope
                                                                                                                                                                         (1965)
                                                                                                                                                                       Cope
                                                                                                                                                                         (1965)
                                                                                                                                                                      Mulla
                                                                                                                                                                       (1966)
                                                                                                                          Phillippy
                                                                                                                           (1961)
                                                                                                                          Pickering and
                                                                                                                           Henderson
                                                                                                                           (1966)
                                                                                                                          Pickering and
                                                                                                                           Henderson
                                                                                                                           (1966)
Pickering and
 Henderson
 (1966)

Copeland and
 Woods
 (1959)
Butler
 (1965)
                                                                                                                                                                                      m
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Chemical
Veon 245








Vernam











Vernam



Vernam
(tech)
Vernam


Vernam

Versenol
(iron
chelate)
Versene
(acid)

Weedar,
MCP

Weedex




Organism
Leiostomus
xanthurus
(juvenile)
Oyster

Penaeus
aztecus


Crassostrea
virginica
Penaeus
aztecus
Leiostomus
xanthurus
Phytoplankton





Penaeus
aztecus


Bluegill

Leiostomus
xanthurus
(juvenile)
Oyster

Channel
catfish
(fingerlings)
Channel
catfish
(fingerlings)
Lepomis
macrochirus

Gardonus
rutilus
Tinea
tinea
(fry)
Toxicity,
Bioassay Active
or Field Field Ingredient,
Study 
-------
    Weedex
     (Weedazol,
     Weedazol
     T. L.)
    Weptachlor
    WL 8008
     (isobutyl-
     triphenyl-
     methylamine)
    Zinc
Q   dimethyl
2   dithio-
S   carbamate
3   (ZDD)
^  Zectran
r
o
i
m  Zectran
    Zectran
Phoxinus
 phoxinus
Daphnia
 magna
Bui in us
 truncatus
Biomorpholaria
 alexandrina
Lymnaea
 caillaudi
BSA
                                            BSA
                            (O)
                                                                        0.052 (SB)
FO
               Arabia       0.24-0.25 (O)

w
to
OJ


WL 8008
(n-trityl-
morpholine)
Xylene + 2%
nonionic
emulsifier
Australorbis
glabratus



BSA&
FL
BSA


Puerto
Rico



1)
O
O
                       Elodea
                        canadensis
                       Potamogeton
                        nodosus
                       Potamogeton
                        pectinatus
                       Pimephales
                        promelas
Penaeus
 aztecus

Cyprinodon
 variegatus
 (juvenile)
Oyster
                                                                        Variable
                      BSA
                                            BSA
                                            BCF
                            5(0)
                            100 (O)
                            5(0)
                            100(0)
                            5(0)
                            100(O)

                            (0)
                                                                        0.0068 (O)
                            (O)
                                                                        (O)
 a c d e         The assays were conducted in dual aquaria with aeration.
                Toxicity was low after 1 month at normally used concen-
                trations, as follows: weedex — 40-80 ppm; weedazol —
                15-30 ppm; weedazol — 20-40 ppm.
   —           Concentration reported is for immobilization.
               Time for immobilization was 64 hr.
               Data cited are for 78 F, but assays were performed at varied
                temperatures.
               Water chemistry (unspecified) was "controlled" during
                the assay period.
 abg          Tests were conducted in the Khurshid canal. Flow of
                molluscicide was discharged directly into the canal and
                was maintained at a concentration of 0.24 ppm during
                the 6 hr of treatment.  Formulation 1 killed all adult
                organisms but did not affect eggs. Snail density reached
                its pretreatment level after 4 months. Formulation 2 was
                tested in Ganabiet el Sarania canal. Molluscicide was
                applied for 6 hr by motor-operated dispenser to give a con-
                centration of 0.25 ppm. Adult organisms were killed
                while eggs were unaffected.
   c           Seven of the tested  compounds failed to  meet acceptability
                criteria — that  is, complete kill after 6-hr exposure to
                10 ppm.  They were not used in field tests.  Field tests
                showed WL 8008 to be highly effective.
   a           Experiments were conducted in standing water.  Results were
                rated on a scale of 0 to 10, 0 standing for no toxic effect
                and 10 signifying a complete kill. Evaluation was based on
                visual observation  of the plant response at weekly intervals
                for 4 weeks.
               No toxic effect.
               Injury rating of 9.3.
               No toxic effect.
               Injury rating of 7.9.
               No toxic effect.
               Injury rating of 8.6.
a c d e f        Toxicity to 30 species of algae are also presented.  ZDD was
                algicidal in the range 0.25 to 2.0 ppm.
Toxicant chemicals were evaluated in sea water at tempera-
 tures averaging about 28 C.  The values are for 24-hr I
 or enough to cause loss of equilibrium or mortality.
Water temperature was 12 C. No effect was noticed on
 exposure to 1.0 ppm.

No effect on exposure to the chemical at 1.0 ppm.
                                                                                                                          Vivier and
                                                                                                                            Nisbet
                                                                                                                            (1965)


                                                                                                                          Sanders and
                                                                                                                            Cope
                                                                                                                            (1966),
                                                                                                                           Dawood and
                                                                                                                            Dazo
                                                                                                                            (1966)
                                                                                                                                                                       Seiffer and
                                                                                                                                                                        Schoof
                                                                                                                                                                        (1967)


                                                                                                                                                                       Frank, et al
                                                                                                                                                                        (1961)
                                                                                                                                                                m
                                                                                                                                                                Z
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                                                                                                                                                                X
                                                                                                                                                                00
                                                                                                                                                Maloney and
                                                                                                                                                 Palmer
                                                                                                                                                 (1956)
                                                                         Butler
                                                                          (1965)

                                                                         Butler
                                                                          (1965)

                                                                         Butler
                                                                          (1965)

-------
8
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*" Zectran
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>
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TJ
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co Zerlate


Zinc
disodium
verse nate
Zinophos
(EC4)

Zytron

™ Zytron
W
ON
Zytron











Organism
Pteronarcys
californica
(naiads)
Simocephalus
serrulatus
Daphnia
pulex


Channel
catfish
(fingerlings)
Channel
catfish
(fingerlings)
Micropterus
salmoides

Oyster

Leiostomus
xanthurus
(juvenile)
Crassostrea
virginica
Penaeus
aztecus
Leiostomus
xanthurus
Phytoplankton





Toxicity,
Bioassay Active
or Field Field Ingredient,
Study '1' Location'^) ppm(3)
BSA - 0.010 (T4A)


BSA - 0.013 (SB)

0.010 (SB)



BSA - 1.0 (K1A)


BSA - >500(K1A)


BSA - 0.25 (T2A)
0.5 (K2)
1.0 (K1)
BCF - 0.33 (O)

BSA - 0.32 (O)


BCFA & - 0.33 (O)
BSA
0.0003 (O)

0.32 (T2CFA)

59% (O)





Experimental
Variables
Controlled
or Noted (4) Comments
a c d e f Data reported as LC$Q at 15.5 C in 4 days.


— Concentration reported is for immobilization.
Time for immobilization was 48 hr.
Data cited are for 60 F, but assays were performed at varied
temperatures.
Water chemistry (unspecified) was "controlled" during
the assay period.
a Tap water was used. Considerable additional data are
~ presented.

a Comment same as above.
~

a e Experiments were carried out in fiber glass tubs filled with
well water. Fish weights ranged from 2 to 6 pounds.

a The value reported in a 96-hr EC5Q (decreased shell growth).

a Water temperature was 27 C. The figure reported is a
48-hr EC50.

— Seawater was pumped continuously into test aquaria.
Salinity, temperature, and plankton fluctuated with tide.
and ambient weather conditions. Some bioassays with fish
were static. Toxicity was reported for the following:
Oyster — 96-hr EC$Q — Cone, which
decreased shell growth.
Shrimp - 48-hr EC$Q - Cone, which killed
or paralyzed 50% of test animals.
Fish - 48-hr EC^Q - Cone, which killed 50%.
Phytoplankton — Percent decrease of CO2 fixation to a
4-hr exposure at 1 .0 ppm chemical
concentration.
Reference
(Year)
Sanders and
Cope
(1968)
Sanders and
Cope
(1966)



Clemens and
Sneed
(1959)
Clemens and
Sneed
(1959)
Mulla, et al
(1967)

Butler
(1965)
Butler
(1965)

Butler
(1965)





























£
^
m
z

X
00











-------
    APPENDIX C
   SPECIES INDEX
       FOR
APPENDICES A AND B

-------
                                              APPENDIX C
                                            SPECIES INDEX
                                                  FOR
                                        APPENDICES A AND B
 Abramis brama - A-9, A-166
 Acartia clausi - A-42, A-64, A-84
 Accipiter gentilis - B-53, B-55, B-75, B-96, B-142,
  B-152
 A. nisus - B-55, B-75, B-120, B-142, B-152
 Acheilognathous limbata - A-72
 Acris crepitans — B-66
 A. gryllus B-66
 Acroneuria paciflca - B-10, B-l 1, B-23, B-24, B-63,
  B-64, B-68, B-70, B-95, B-106, B-107, B-l 10, B-l 11,
  B-l 12, B-l 18, B-l 19, B-120, B-136, B-156, B-158,
  B-159,B-183,B-184,B-185
 Aedes aegypti - B-58, B-64, B-99, B-l83
 A. tseniorhynchus — B-l83
 Aeroneuria paciflca — B-94
 Agrion spp — B-l 97
 Algae - A-24, A-43, A-44, B-31, B-37, B-41, B-55, B-122
 Alisma spp - A-l 18, B-203
 Alloperla spp - B-200
 A. pseudoharengus - B-75, B-142, B-l43
 Althemanthera philoxeroides - B-16, B-17, B-38, B-44,
  B45,B-153,B-205,B-211
 Alosa chrysochloris — A-l 58
 A. pseudoharengus - B-55, B-79, B-80, B-98
 Ambloplites rupestris - A-54, A-87, A-90, A-96, A-l 54,
  B-86
 Ameiurus spp — B-218
 A. nebulosus - A-80, B-43
 Ameletus spp - B-200
 Ammodytes lanceolatus — B-l 78
 Amphipnous cuchia — B-38, B-81
 Amphipoda - A-l 26, A-l 44, A-l46, B-74
 Anabena spp - A-24, A-48, A-109, A-l 19
 A. circinalis — A-47
 A. flos-aquae A-73, A-96
 Anacystis spp - A-24, A-48, A-109, A-l 19
 Anarchis canadensis — A-l 15
 Anax spp - B-197
 Ancistrodon piscivorus — B-l 23
 Anguilla anguilla — A-134
 A. rostrata - B-78
 Anguillidae - B-74
 Anisoptera  spp — B-81
 Ankistrodesmus spp - A-24, A-48, A-109, A-l 19
 Annelida-B-56,B-199
 Anodonta grandis - B-l 3, B-78, B-166
 Anopheles quadrimaculatus — A-97, B-23, B-49,
  B-99, B-l 83
Aphredoderus say anus - B-l 39
Aplodinatusgrunniens - B-55, B-72, B-79, B-80,
  B-98, B-142, B-143
Aptenodytes fasten — B-74
Aquatic insects — B-61
Arctopsychegrandis - B-63, B-64, B-70, B-156,
  B-159,B-183,B-185
Argia spp — A-l 30, A-l 64
Artemia salina - A-42, A-64, A-84, B-61, B-91,
  B-182
Arthropoda - B-74
Arundo donax - B-56, B-79, B-80
Asellus spp — A-l 30
A. aquaticus — B-53
A. communis- A-l 16, A-l30, A-l 64
Asiootus-B-152
Asplanchna spp - B-196, B-224, B-228
Australorbis glabratus - A-l 51, A-l 52, A-l 56, B-6,
  B-33, B-132, B-143, B-169, B-216, B-235
Azolla caroliniana - B-102, B-180

Bacteria (see sewage organisms)
Baetis spp - B-71, B-95, B-120, B-141, B-160, B-228
Balanus balanoides - A-41, A-43, A-83, A-l 14, A-163
B. ebemeus — A-41, A-42
Barbus stigma - B-68, B-93, B-l51
B. machecola  - B-l 79
Bass - A-44, A-51, A-69, A-76, A-l 13, A-l 15, B-37,
  B-52, B-55,  B-59, B-122, B-134, B-151, B-160,
  B-184,B-195,B-219,B-220
Belostomidae-B-104
Biomorpholaria alexandrina — A-l 4, A-24, A-25,
  A-38, A-65, A-66, A-81, A-103, A-108, A-129,
  A-137, A-139, A-145, B-169, B-235
Black fish - B-52
Blackfly - B-29, B-30, B-35, B-59, B-192, B-217
Bladderwort-A-117,B-153
Blue crab - B-30, B-61, B-69, B-209
Bluegill - A-35, A-36, A-43, A-48, A-53, A-76, A-113,
  A-l 15, A-l 17, A-l 18, B-7, B-9-12, B-27, B-30,
  B-31, B-34,  B-35, B-37, B-40, B-42, B-49,  B-51,
  B-52, B-53,  B-57, B-59, B-61, B-68, B-70,  B-81,
  B-84, B-87,  B-89, B-90, B-91, B-94, B-99,  B-101,
  B-107,B-108,B-111,B-112,B-115,B-118,B-121,
  B-124, B-128, B-129, B-134, B-136, B-139, B-141,
  B-144, B-145, B-147-149, B-151, B-157,  B-158,
  B-160, B-164, B-165, B-168, B-169, B-181, B-184,
  B-185, B-187, B-200-202, B-204, B-206,  B-207-210,
  B-219, B-220, B-222, B-224, B-226, B-230, B-231,
  B-234
                                                  C-l

-------
Boleosoma nigrum — A-81
Bosmina - B-196, B-224, B-228
Brachionus spp - B-38, B-196, B-224, B-228
Brachydanio rerio  - A-58, A-89, A-105, A-107, A-161,
  A-165, B-4, B-33, B-39, B-99, B-131
Brasenia schreberi - B-44
Brevoortia patronus - B-l 19
Buffalo fish - B-l 2, B-l 21, B-l 35
Bufo spp - A-69
B. boreas - B-25, B-l32, B-l 36, B-l68, B-l 84, B-l93
B. valliceps - A-20, A-38, A-40, A-79, A-83, A-84,
  A-90,A-114,A-159
Bulinus truncatus - A-14, A-24, A-25,  A-38, A-65, A-66,
  A-81, A-103, A-108, A-129, A-137, A-139, A-145,
  B-169,B-235
Bullaspp- A-71
Bullhead (see catfish)
Buteo buteo - B-53, B-55, B-75, B-96, B-120, B-142,
  B-152

Cabomba spp - B-58, B-105
Caddisfly - B-29,  B-30, B-35, B-59
Caenidae-B-104
Caenis spp — A-l 16
Calcinus maenas — B-l 78
Callibaetis spp - A-l 16
Callinectes sapidus - B-2, B-l 10
Calliriche spp - A-130
Calothrix spp - A-24, A-48, A-l09, A-l 19
CaUcofish-A-117
Cambarus spp — A-l 54
Campostoma anomalum - A-141, B-4, B-9, B-12, B-16,
  B-227
Cancer poguras  - B-l78
Carassius auratus - A-l 1, A-l6, A-18, A-20, A-29-32,
  A-34, A-38, A-39, A-47, A-49, A-52,  A-53, A-55,
  A-56, A-58-60, A-62-65, A-67, A-69, A-72-75,
  A-77, A-79, A-80, A-87, A-88, A-91,  A-93, A-94,
  A-96, A-99, A-100, A-107, A-l 10, A-l 18, A-l 34,
  A-149, A-151, A-152, A-154, A-155, A-157, A-158,
  A-165, B-8, B-13, B-15, B-16, B-18, B-23, B-30,
  B-32, B-35, B-36, B-39, B-46, B-42, B-43, B-56-58,
  B-59, B-62, B-72, B-76, B-83-85, B-87, B-91, B-92,
  B-97, B-105, B-106, B-l 10, B-l 12, B-l 15, B-l 16,
  B-124, B-125, B-135, B-136, B-139, B-140, B-143,
  B-150,B-153,B-156-158,B-164,B-167-169,
  B-175, B-176, B-183, B-184, B-190, B-195, B-198,
  B-199, B-210, B-215, B-223, B-225, B-227-229
C. carassius - A-l 2, A-l 3, A-l 5, A-21,  A-22, A-25,
  A-39, A-43, A-63, A-65, A-80, A-81,  A-85, A-96,
  A-102, A-107, A-108, A-l 11, A-l 28, A-131, A-138,
  A-139, A-148, A-149, B-95
Carp - A-47, B-52. B-121, B-134, B-157, B-160,
  B-214,B-219,B-220
Carcinus maenas - A-40, A-l 32, B-19,  B-32, B-40,
  B-85, B-125, B-134, B-189, B-207
Cardium edule - B-19, B-32, B-40, B-85, B-125,
  B-133, B-134, B-178, B-189, B-207
Catfish - A-3, A-41, A-49, A-64, A-66, A-68, A-76,
  A-82, A-83, A-98, A-100, A-109, A-l 11-113,
  A-l 17, A-142, B-12, B-16, B-18, B-19, B-21,
  B-34-36, B-41, B-52, B-62, B-66, B-84, B-92,
  B-99, B-121, B-131, B-135, B-138, B-139, B-145,
  B-149, B-150, B-155, B-160, B-163, B-169, B-174,
  B-186, B-188, B-192, B-195, B-198, B-210, B-213,
  B-215, B-217, B-219, B-220, B-223, B-225, B-234,
  B-236
Catharcta skua - B-54, B-74
Catostomus commersoni - A-80, A-154, B-9, B-l 7,
  B-22, B-85, B-86, B-131, B-159, B-194, B-210,
  B-225, B-229
C. macrocheilus -  B-220-222
Cattails-B-51
Cattus aleuticus -  B-227
Ceratium spp -  B-196, B-224
Ceratophyllum spp — A-54
C. demersum — B-l04
Ceriodaphnia spp - B-38, B-196, B-224, B-228
Chaenobryttus coronarius — B-139
C. gulosus-B-21, B-219
Chalmydomonas spp A-l 19
Chama punctatus - B-38, B-81
Channel catfish (see catfish)
Chaoborus spp - A-47, B-49, B-101, B-220, B-227
C. astictopus - B-24, B42, B-83, B-89, B-124,
  B-126,B-167,B-193
Chara spp - A-44, A-l 15, A-l 18, B-203
Chelydra serpenti - B-142
Chephia spp - B-8 2
Chironomidae - A-l 16, B-9, B-103, B-104, B-168,
  B-173
Chironomus spp — B-227
C. plumosus - B-195
C. riparius - B-53
Chlamydomonas spp - A-25, A-48, A-109, B-58
Chlorella spp - A-24, A-33, A-48, A-53, A-98,
  A-109, A-l 19, B-65, B-101, B-107, B-l 10, B-130,
  B-149, B-151,  B-170, B-173, B-200,  B-215, B-225
C. pyrenoidosa - A-18, A-28, A47, A-67, B-2,
  B-4, B-13, B-19, B-43, B-128, B-209
C. variegata - A-3, A-6, A-8, A-l7, A-24, A-28,
  A-35-37, A-42, A45, A-50, A-54-57, A-60-63,
  A-73, A-78, A-83, A-86,  A-90, A-92, A-93, A-101,
  A-102, A-l 12, A-l 13, A-128, A-129, A-142,
  A-143, A-151, A-152, A-l 55, A-l 57, A-162,
  A-163, B-7, B-28, B-29, B44, B-60,  B-91, B-187,
  B-193, B-194, B-209, B-211, B-215,  B-216
C. vulgaris - A40
Chlorococcum humicola — A-3 7
Chroococcaceae —  B-58
Chrosomus eos — B-12
                                                  C-2

-------
Chubs - B-33, B-37, B-55, B-122, 8-195
Cirrhina mrigala - B-82, B-154, B-163, B-179
Claassenia sabulosa - B-34, B-63, B-80, B-98, B-l 10,
  B-123, B-142, B-156, B-162, B-186, B-231
Cladocera spp - A-47, B-66, B-105
Cladophora spp - A-l 15, A-l 18, B-56, B-79, B-80,
  B-203
C. glomerata - B-13, B-14
C. gracilis - B-78
Clams - B-ll, B-37, B-55, B-122, B-l27
Closterium spp - A-24, A-48, A-109, A-l 19
Clupea harengus — B-l 78
Cnephia spp - B-2, B-14, B-26, B-33, B-75, B-88, B-90,
  B-99, B-100, B-110, B-129, B-131, B-133, B-144,
  B-149, B-165, B-173, B-176-178
Coccolithus huxleyi — B-80
Coleoptera - B-56, B-59, B-69, B-74, B-76, B-162,
  B-l 99
Coenagrionidae — B-l 04
Coesius piumbeus — A-154
Colpidium spp —  A-l 16
Coontail-B-113
Copepoda - A-47, B-58, B-66, B-l04
Conochiloides spp — B-228
Corbicula spp — B-49
C. manillemis - B-13, B-73, B-97, B-122, B-142, B-153,
  B-165
Coregonusartedii - B-55, B-79, B-80, B-98, B-142, B-143
C. clupeiformis — B-75
C. williamsoni -  B-221
Corixidae - B-l04
Corydoras paleatus — A-58
Cottus spp - B-69
Cottus bairdi - B-79, B-98
C. cognatus — A-81
Couesius piumbeus - B-194, B-221
Crabs - B-30, B-61, B-91, B-162, B-166, B-209
Crangon crangon - B-19, B-32, B-40, B-85, B-125, B-134,
  B-l 89,8-207
Crappies - A-76, A-l 13, A-l 15, B-52, B-59, B-160
Crassostrea virginica -  A-5, B-13, B-15, B-20, B-46, B-47,
  B-50, B-51, B-71, B-73, B-76, B-83, B-97, B-103, B-108,
  B-122, B-125, B-126, B-130, B-142, B-144, B-146, B-148,
  B-153, B-154, B-165, B-170, B-174, B-175, B-181, B-190,
  B-201, B-204, B-208, B-212, B-218, B-219, B-233,
  B-234, B-236
Crayfish - A-76, B-64, B-66
Cristivomer namaycush — B-86, B-218
Culex spp - A-3, A-l 10, A-l 14, A-120, A-121, A-126,
  A-131.A-146
C. apicalis - B-52, B-58, B-87, B-91, B-109
C. pipiens quadrimaculatus — B-27, B-34, B-66,  B-158,
  B-184
Cyclops spp - B-31, B-38, B-58, B-196, B-224, B-228
Cylindrospermum spp  - A-24, A-48, A-109, A-l 19
C. licheniforme - A-3, A-6, A-8, A-17, A-24, A-27,
  A-28, A-35, A-36, A-42, A-45, A-50, A-54-57,
  A-60-63, A-72, A-73, A-78, A-83, A-86, A-90, A-92,
  A-93, A-101, A-102, A-l 12, A-l 13, A-128, A-129,
  A-142, A-143, A-151, A-152, A-155, A-157, A-162,
  A-163, B-7, B-28, B-29, B-44, B-60, B-91, B-187,
  B-193, B-194, B-209, B-211, B-215, B-216
Cynodon dactylon - B-56, B-79, B-80
Cyprinella whippli - B-218
Cyprinids-A-l30,8-77
Cyprinodon spp - B-l57, B-235
C. variegatus - B-25, B-26, B-30, B-42, B46, B-50, B-61,
  B-69,8-71, B-78, B-87-89, B-l 11, B-l 19, 8-126,
  8-135,8-137, 8-161, B-178,8-186, B-208, B-209,
  8-217,6-218
Cyprinus carpio - A-59, A-69, A-72, A-80, A-134, A-158,
  B-5, B-l 7, B-21,8-22, B43,8-72,8-82, B-99,8-112,
  B-115, B-116, B-127,8-133,8-152, B-154, B-163,8-175,
  B-179, B-190, B-197, B-218, B-220-222, B-229
Cypris  spp — 8-38

Danio spp  — B-154
Daphnia spp - A-54, A-57, B-38, B-58, B-228
D. carinata - 8-12,8-72, B-88, B-96, 8-101,8-121,8-127,
  8-141,8-161
D. magna - A-2-4, A-7, A-8, A-l 1-16, A-20, A-22, A-23,
  A-29, A-36, A-38-40, A-50, A-52, A-53, A-63, A-65,
  A-66, A-68, A-70-73, A-75-81, A-83-85, A-90-92,
  A-95, A-97, A-99, A-100, A-103, A-106-111, A-l 12,
  A-l 14-116, A-l 18-129, A-131-141, A-143-150,
  A-155-157,A-161,A-164,B-8,B-11,B-14-16,B-41,
  B-47, B-54, B-56, B-63, B-70, B-72, B-87, B-90, B-93,
  B-95, B-96,8-101, B-104, B-108,8-114,8-115,8-119,
  B-121, B-123, B-127,8-128, 8-134, B-140, B-153-155,
  8-158,8-159, 8-161, B-164, B-165, B-169, 8-170, B-173,
  8-176, B-181, B-182,8-185, 8-188, B-191, B-204, B-223,
  B-235, B-236
D. pulex - A-29, A-50, A-l 18, A-149, B-12, B-14, B-19,
  8-27,8-34, B-37, B-48, B-51, B-5 3,6-71, B-72,8-81,
  B-82, B-88, B-90, B-96, B-105, B-108,8-120, B-121,
  B-127-129,6-141, B-145,8-147, B-152, B-161, B-165,
  B-181, B-185, 8-187, B-188, B-191, B-197, B-200,8-201,
  B-204, B-223, B-228, B-231, B-232
Decapoda — B-74
Delphinus delphis - B-178
Diatoms-A-163,B-58
Diaptomus spp - B-38,8-196, B-224
Difflugia spp - B-196, B-224
Dinoflagellata - B-58
Diptera - B-56, B-59, B-69, B-73, B-74, B-76,8-148,
  B-162,8-199
Dorosoma cepedianum - A-158,8-16,8-119,6-139
D. peteneme - A-158
Dressenia spp — A-l 30
Drum-6-134
                                                  C-3

-------
Dugesia spp - A-l 12, A-l 26
DunalielJaspp-E-215
D. euchlora - A-33, A-53, A-98, B-65, B-101,
  B-107, B-l 10, B-130, B-149, B-151, B-170, B-173,
  B-200, B-225
Dytiscidae-B-104
Dytiscus spp- B-81

Echinodermata — B-74
Eel-B-162, B-166,B-194
Eichomia crassipes —  B-43, B-44
Eleocharis achcularis - B-202
Eleotridae - B-74
Elliptis crassidens - B-48, B-49
Elmidae - B-74
Elminus modestus — A-42, A-64, A-84
Elodea spp - A-54, B-58
E. canadensis - A-5, A-110, A-153, B-102, B-104,B-113
E. canadensis - B-l89
Flops saurus - B-l98
Enallagma spp - B-223
Enneacanthus gloriosus — B-l 59
E. chaetodon - B-l 59
Entosphenus lamottenii — B-86
Ephemerella spp — B-200
E. grandis - B-10, 8-24, B-70, B-95, B-107, B-l 12, B-l 19,
  B-136,B-159,B-185
Ephemeroptera - A-47, B-9, B-56, B-59, B-61, B-64,
  B-65, B-69, B-73, B-74, B-76, B-162, B-199, B-200
Ericymba buccata - A-141, B-4, B-9, B-12, B-218
Erimyzon sucetta - B-16, B-20, B-48, B-49, B-51, B-90,
  B-106, B-109, B-l 14, B-l 29, B-131, B-171,
  B-205-207
E. oblongus- B-l59
Eriocaulon spp — A-44
Erisymba buccata - B-l39
Erpobdella punctata - A-130
Eucalia inconstans -  B-86
Escherichia coli - A-l 32
Esomus danrica - B-81
Esox americanus — B-l 23, B-l 39
E. lucius - A-84, B-16, B-55, B-72, B-77, B-98, B-105,
  B-153, B-171, B-229
E. niger- 8-78,8-159
Etheostoma blennoides - B-12
E. caeruleum - B-9, B-l 2
E. exile-  B-l7
E. flabellare - B-12
E.gracile- B-l39
E. nigrum  — B-12
E. zonale - B-9
Eucalia inconstans -  B-l7, B-72, B-85
Euglena spp —  B-58
Eupomotis gibbosus - B-43
Eurhynchium ruscifonne - B-l3
 Falco tinnunculus - B-53, B-55, B-75, B-96, B-120,
  B-142,6-152
F. peregrinus - B-55, B-75, B-96, B-121, B-143, B-152
FaU fish - B-33, B-57
Filinia spp - B-196, B-224
Fish - A-12, A-27, A49, A-52, A-70-72, A-101,
  A-163, B-70, B-75, B-91, B-168, B-196, B-206, B-214
Fundulus spp — B-l 57
F. chrysotus - B-27, B-l39
F. diaphanus- B-l 59
F. heteroclitus - A-l59, B-78
F. notatus- A-l41, B-l 2
F. ocellaris - B-l 55
F. seminalis - 8-46, B-47, B-l 18, B-224
F. similis - A-5, A-103, B-50, B-51, B-69, B-86, B-99,
  B-l 19, B-122, B-148, B-154, B-180, B-181, B-202,
  B-208, B-218

Gadus merlangus — B-l 78
G. morrhua- B-l 78
Galaxiidae — B-74
Gambusia spp — B-l 57
G. affinis - A-2-4, A-7-12, A-14-18, A-20, A-22-25,
  A-27, A-46, A-49, A-50, A-52, A-56, A-65-67, A-69,
  A-70, A-79-82, A-89, A-92, A-97, A-102, A-103, A-105,
  A-106, A-108, A-109, A-l 11, A-l 14, A-120, A-122,
  A-124,A-126,A-130,A-132,A-135-138,A-140, A-141,
  A-143-150, A-152, B-2, B-5, B-6, B-9, B-10, B-22-27,
  B-32, B-34, B-37, B-52, B-53, B-58, B-62, B-64, B-67,
  B-70, B-71, B-83, B-87, B-88, B-91, B-99, B-109, B-l 10,
  8-112,6-117,8-119,6-120,6-129,6-131-133,6-135,
  8-136, 8-139, 6-140, 8-143,6-145, 8-146,6-151,8-155,
  8-156, B-165,8-168, 8-169, 8-173, 6-176-179,
  B-182-184, 6-187, 8-193, 6-198,6-199, 8-214,8-217,
  B-218, B-224-226, 6-229,6-232, B-233
Gammarus spp - B-54, B-55, B-79, 8-98, B-122
G. lacustris - A-47, 6-8, B-10, B-l 1, B-18, 8-23, 8-24,
  8-37, 8-68, B-70, B-93, 8-94, B-107,8-111, 8-112,
  8-117-119, B-136, B-140, 8-150, B-158, B-159, B-184,
  6-185,6-189,8-196,6-224
G. pulex- A-134
Gar-8-134, B-224
Gardonus rutilus -  B-234
Gasterosteus aculeatus - A-l, A-12, A-16, A-22, A-25,
  A-27, A-37-39, A-40, A-42, A-79, A-81, A-83, A-92,
  A-95, A-108, A-l  14, A-134, A-138, A-146, A-149,
  A-159, A-164, 8-8, 8-36, 6-41, 6-64, 8-78, 8-93,6-116,
  B-l 17, B-135, 6-140, 6-150, 6-156, 8-164, 8-199, B-224
Gastropoda — 8-74
Gastrotrica spp — 8-38
Gerridae - 8-104
Gilarobusta  - 8-219
Gleocapsa spp - A-6, A-27, A-63, A-86, A-l 55
Gleotrichia echinulata - A-47
Gnathepogon gracilis - A-12
Gobiogobio -  A-10, A-166, A-167
                                                   C-4

-------
 Goldfish - A-7, A-17, A-24, A-66, A-97, A-125, A-136,
  A-138, B-7, B-30, B-35, B-52, B-58, B-61, B-76, B-87,
  3-91,8-109,6-115,6-139,6-149,8-157,6-164,
  B-222,8-231
 Gomphonema spp - A-25, A-48, A-54, A-109, A-l 19
 G. parvulum - A-3, A-6, A-8, A-17, A-24, A-27, A-28,
  A-35, A^36, A42, A-45, A-50, A-55-57, A-60-63,
  A-73, A-78, A-83, A-86, A-90, A-92, A-93, A-101,
  A-102, A-l 12, A-l 13, A-128, A-129, A-142, A-143,
  A-151, A-152, A-155, A-157, A-162, A-163, 6-7,
  B-28,6-29,6-44,6-60,8-91,6-187,8-193, 6-194,
  6-209,8-211,8-215,6-216
 Guppies - 6-7,6-30, B-35, B-61, B-91, 6-109, 6-115,
  B-139,8-144,6-145, 8-149,6-164, 6-189, 6-192,
  B-222
 Gyraulus circumstriatus - A-46, A-l 30

Haematopus ostralegus - 8-54,8-96,8-121
Haliphidae - 8-104
Halichoerus grypus - B-178
Hebridae - 8-104
Heleidae spp - 6-49
Helioperca incisor - 6-218
Helisoma campanulata - A-130, A-165
Helix pomatia - A-48
Heloscidium  spp — A-130
Hemigrammus crythrozonus - A-58
Heptagenia spp - 8-200
Heteropneustes fossilis - 8-31,6-38,6-93,6-151
Hexagenia spp -  B-42, B-49, 8-112, 8-160
Hitch - B-52
Homarus americanus - A-l35, B-232
H. vulgaria- B-178
Hurmomya mutabilis - A-87
Huro salmoides - A-54, A-87, A-90, A-96, 6-56,6-63,
  B-86
Hyalella azteca - 8-129
H. knickerbockeri - A-l 16
Hybopsis bigutta - 8-9
Hyborhynchus notatus - A-35, A-53, A-87, A-90, A-96,
  A-97,6-41, 6-57,6-86, 8-218
Hydra spp - B-217
Hydracarina  spp - A-l 16, B-58
Hydrodictyon spp - A-l 15, A-l 17,6-203, 8-206
Hydrophilus spp  - 8-81
Hydropsyche spp - A-98, A-106, A-107, A-130,8-42,
  6-112,6-160
H. californica - 6-64,8-70,8-159, 8-183, 6-185
H. stenonema - A-100
Hydropsychidae - A-145
Hypentelium nigricans - 6-9. N-12
Hypognathus nuchalis - 6-12

Ictalurus melas - A-59, A-69, A-154, 8-5,8-10, B-17,
  B-19, B-22,6-70, 8-72, 6-94, 8-116, 6-119, 8-120,
  6-122, B-137, 8-138, 6-154, 8-161, 8-163, 8-179,
  8-185,8-186, 6-214, 6-225-227,8-229
                                                   C-5
/. natalis - A-134,6-3,6-17,8-120, 6-214, 6-216,
  6-225
/. nebulosus - A-21, A-74, A-154, A-161,8-18,6-22,
  8-43, 8-108,8-175, B-191, B-229
/. punctatus - A-3, A-68, A-71, A-82, A-92, A-101, A-l 11,
  A-l 12, A-156,8-6,8-7, B-16, B-17,6-19,6-22,8-32,
  8-42,6-69,8-71,6-72,8-85,8-95,8-102, B-103, B-l 14,
  B-120,8-121, B-125,8-137, B-160, 8-163,8-166,
  8-172,8-180,8-188,8-189,6-191,6-192,6-197,
  8-201,6-206,6-213, B-218, B-232,6-233
Ictiobus cyprinellus - B-17, B-22,8-137
Infusoria spp — B-58
Ischnura spp - B-223
/. verticalis — A-l 16
Isonychia bicolor - 8-3

Jordanella florida — 8-4
Juncus spp - A-44,8-205
Justica americana — 8-105
/. repens - 8-105

Keratella spp - 8-196, B-224,6-228

Labea synodontis - 8-60
Labeo flmbriatus - 8-81, B-154,6-163,6-179
I. roMto-8-38,8-81
Lagodon rhomboides - A-2, A-5, A-6, A-52-54, A-70,
  A-78, A-l 53
Lamprey - B-216,6-217
Lampsilis siliquoidae -8-13, 8-78,8-166
L. ventricosa - B-l 3, B-78,8-166
Larus ridibundus - B-54, 6-95, 8-121
Leander squilla - A-40, A-l32
Lebistes spp — 8-41
L. reticulatus - A-4, A-6, A-16, A-17, A-20, A-21, A-29,
  A-34, A-38, A-40, A-47, A-49, A-51, A-52, A-63, A-64,
  A-72, A-77-80, A-82, A-84, A-87, A-90, A-91, A-95,
  A-99, A-107, A-l 14, A-142, A-149, A-152, A-157,
  A-159, A-164, A-165,8-2,6-5,6-8,8-24,8-30, B-32,
  B-36, 8-40,842,6-59, B-62, B-65, 6-83, 6-92,6-97,
  6-106, B-l 11, B-l 12, B-l 15-117,8-124, 8-126, B-129,
  B-136, B-139,6-140,8-150,6-157,6-164,6-167,
  8-176, 8-183, B-198,8-210, B-215,8-217, B-223,
  B-228,8-233
Leersia spp — 8-205
Leiostomasxanthurus - 6-5,8-6,8-15, 6-20,8-25, 8-30,
  6-35,8-46, B-61, B-83, B-89, B-l 10,8-118, B-l 19,
  6-122,6-126, 8-130, B-137, B-144,8-146,8-161,
  8-173-175, B-178, 6-186,8-189, 8-190, B-193, B-199,
  6-201,8-202,8-204,8-208,8-209,8-212,8-214,8-218,
  B-226,8-230,8-233,6-234,8-236
Lemna spp — 8-203
Lemna minor - 6-102, B-180
L. trisulca - A-130
Lepisosteus osseus - A-134, A-l 58
L. steinii - A-37
Lepomis spp - A-l 17, 6-126
L. auritus - A-51, A-78,8-159

-------
L. cyanellus - A-15, A-59, A-69, A-133, A-134, B-10,
  B-12, B-15, B-17, B-20, B-22, B-41, B-48, B-49, B-68,
  B-70, B-72, B-91, B-94, B-l 10, B-l 14, B-l 18-120,
  B-131, B-137, B-141, B-171, B-191, B-198,
  B-205-207, B-212, B-213, B-219, B-223, B-225,
  B-226
L. gibbosus - A-80, A-154, B-3, B-4, B-17, B-72, B-85,
  B-86, B-93, B-l 16, B-137, B-138, B-l 54, B-161,
  B-163,B-179,B-185,B-186
L. humilis- A-l41,8-229
L. macrochirus - A-2-9, A-l 1-13, A-15-17, A-19-21,
  A-23-26, A-29, A-34, A-37-39, A-41, A-43, A-46-49,
  A-52, A-57, A-59, A-64, A-69, A-70-72, A-78, A-79,
  A-82, A-83, A-88, A-89, A-91, A-92, A-95, A-98-100,
  A-102-106,A-108-110,A-112,A-114,A-117-121,
  A-125, A-126, A-129, A-131, A-134,A-136-141,
  A-143, A-146, A-148, A-149, A-152, A-156, A-158,
  A-160-162,A-165,A-166, B-2-6, B-8-11, B-15-17,
  B-20-24, B-27, B-30-33, B-35, B-36, B-39, B-40,
  B-42, B-44-52, B-56, B-59, B-62, B-67-69, B-71,
  B-72, B-76, B-83-85, B-88-95, B-97, B-102-106,
  B-108,B-109,B-111-118,B-120, B-123-126,
  B-128-131, B-135, B-136, B-139-144, B-146, B-149,
  B-150, B-152, B-154-156, B-158, B-160, B-163,
  B-164, B-166, B-168-171, B-l 74-176, B-180,
  B-182-184, B-186, B-188, B-189, B-191, B-192,
  B-197-199, B-201-207, B-210-219, B-223, B-226,
  B-228.B-231-234
 L. megalotis - B-17, B-72, B-l 39
 L. microlophus - B-27, B-145, B-l 59, B-174, B-214
 L. symmetricus — B-l 39
 Leptodora spp - B-l96, B-224
 Leptonychotes weddelli - B-54, B-74
 Leucichthys spp — B-75
 Libellula spp - A-l 16
 Limnaea palustris - A-21, A-39, A-83, A-91, A-106,
  A-109
 Limnephilus rhombicus - B-54, B-79, B-98, B-l 22
 Limnodrilus spp - B-31, B-73,  B-96, B-161, B-186,
  B-200
 L. hoffmeisteri - A-46, A-l 30, A-l 64
 Lobodon carcinophagus - B-54, B-71
 Lota lota - B-55, B-79, B-80, B-98, B-142
 Lottusasper - B-221
 Lymnaea spp - A-l 2, A-23, A-29, A-36, A-44, A-57,
  A-59-62, A-81, A-103, A-l 15, A-123, A-125, A-126,
  A-131, A-135, A-138-141, A-143, A-146, B-7, B-18,
  B-27, B-28, B-91, B-109, B-123, B-163, B-181
 L. carillandi -  A-24, A-25, A-38, A-108, A-l29, A-137,
  A-145,B-169,B-235
 Ly thrums umbratilis - B-218

 Macrobdella decora - A-44
 Macrogiwthus aculeatum - B-81
 Maia squinado  - A-84
 Mayn.v  - B-217
Mastigophora spp — B-58
Mastocembelus pancalus — B-81
Mayorella palestinensis — A-51, B-21, B-38
Megaloptera - B-56, B-59, B-74, B-l99
Megastomatobus cybrinella — B-59
Menidia menidia — B-78
Mercenaria mercenaria - B-13, B-73, B-78, B-97, B-122,
  B-142, B-153, B-162, B-165, B-166
Mesocyclops obsoletus - A-44
Mesoueliidae — B-l 04
Microcystis spp — A-47
M. aeruginosa - A-3, A-5, A-6, A-8, A-15, A-16, A-24,
  A-27, A-28, A-35, A-36, A-42, A45, A47, A-50,
  A-52, A-54-57, A-59, A-62-64, A-71-73, A-77,
  A-78, A-82, A-83, A-85, A-86, A-89, A-90, A-92, A-93,
  A-96, A-100-102, A-104, A-l 10, A-l 12, A-l 13,
  A-128, A-129, A-142, A-143, A-151, A-152, A-l55,
  A-157, A-162, B-6, B-18, B-19, B-27-29, B-34, B44,
  B-60, B-91, B-166, B-167, B-l 87, B-192-194, B-209,
  B-211,B-215,B-216
Micropterus dolomieu(i) - A-15, B-20, B-22, B48, B49,
  B-51, B-91, B-106, B-l 14, B-138, B-147, B-163, B-186,
  B-194, B-205, B-213, B-216, B-225
M. salmoides - A-7, A-24, A-46, A-51, A-66, A-82, A-104,
  A-125, A-134, A-136, A-138, B-2, B-12, B-15, B-17,
  B-21, B-22, B-31, B-32, B-34, B-35, B-39, B40, B44,
  B-52, B-57, B-59, B-72, B-81, B-84, B-85, B-102, B-103,
  B-107, B-109, B-l 12-114, B-123, B-124, B-l 27, B-129,
  B-130, B-133, B-135, B-137, B-139, B-142, B-143, B-147,
  B-154, B-156, B-166, B-170, B-171, B-175, B-180, B-182,
  B-183, B-186, B-188, B-190, B-192, B-206, B-214, B-216,
  B-219, B-236
Minnows - A-17, A-34, A-35, A-159, B-30, B-33, B-57,
  B-61, B-70, B-107, B-l 11,8-115, B-120, B-123, B-139,
  B-149, B-155, 8-157, B-159, B-164, B-176,8-179, B-182
Moina macrocopa — 8-115
Mollienesia spp — B-l 57
M. latopinna - A-99, A-123, A-126, A-131, A-146
Mollusca - B-56, B-74
Monochrysis lutherii - A-33, A-53, A-98, B-65, B-l01,
  B-107, B-l 10, B-130, B-149, B-l 51, B-170, B-l73,
  B-200, B-215, B-225
Moroco steindachnerii — A-7 2
Morone americana - A44, B-195
Moxostoma aureolum - B-218
M. erythrurum - B-9
Mullet  -B-162, B-166
Mummichog - B-162, B-166
Mugil cephalus - B-25, B-46, B47, B-89, B-108, B-l 19,
  B-125, B-170, B-208, B-209, B-213, B-217-219, B-222
M. curema - B-30, B-61, B-73
Myaarenaria - B-13, B-97, B-122, B-142, B-165
Mylocheilus caurinum - B-220, B-221
Myriophyllum spp - A-54
M. brasilliensen - B44, B-202
                                                  C-6

-------
 M. exalbescens — B-105
 M. heterphyllum - B-44, B-134, B-202
 Mystus vittatus - B-38, B-81
 Mytilus edulis - A-50, B-178
 Myxocephalus scorpius - B-137, B-138, B-154, B-161,
  B-163,B-179,B-185,B-186

 Ms spp - A-28, A-47, A-130, B-202
 Najas flexilis - A-l 15, B-105, B-147 .
 N. quadalupensis - B-19, B-38, B-45, B-211
 Nandus nandus - B-38, B-81
 Nassarius obsoletus — B-78
 Matrix erythrogaster — B-123
 N. rhombifera - ft-123
 Naupluis - ft-12, B-38
 Navicula spp - A-25, A-48, A-109, A-l 19
 N. seminulum - B-3, B-98
 Nemocheilus barbatulus  — A-39
 Nemertinea — B-74
 Nepa spp- B-81
 Nereis spp - A-40, A-l 32
 N. limnicola - B-197
 Neuroptera -  B-76, B-162
 Nitzchia spp - A-25, A-48, A-109, A-l 19, B-209
 N. linearis - A-4, A-13, A-23, A-26, A-43, A-89, A-100,
  A-103,A-104,A-108,A-121,A-126,A-131,A-146,
  A-161,B-3,B-5
 N. palea - A-3, A-6, A-8, A-17, A-24, A-27, A-28, A-35,
  A-36, A-42, A-45, A-50, A-54, A-56, A-57, A-62,
  A-63, A-73, A-78, A-83, A-86, A-90, A-92, A-93,
  A-101, A-102, A-l 12,  A-l 13, A-128, A-129, A-142,
  A-143, A-151, A-152,  A-155, A-157, A-162, B-7,
  B-28, B-44, B-60, B-91, B-187, B-193, B-194,
  B-211,B-215,B-216
Nodiflorum spp — A-130
Nostoc spp -  A-24, A-48, A-109, A-l 19
Notemigonus crysoleucas — A-46, A-69, A-73, A-80,
  A-96, A-l 17, B-10, B-16, B-23, B-39, B-40, B-42,
  B-43, B-56, B-59, B-68, B-84-87, B-l 10, B-l 18,
  B-120, B-122, B-124, B-125, B-135-137, B-139,
  B-143, B-156, B-158, B-168, B-175, B-182, B-184,
  B-188, B-191, B-216, B-219, B-226, B-227, B-229
Notropis spp - B-223
N. ardens-B-4, B-l 8
N. atherinoides - A-54, A-87, A-90, A-96, B-4, B-5,
  B-l 49
N. blennius - B-l 1
N. chrysocephalus - B-9, B-94
N. comutus - A-80, B-5, B-l 1, B-85,  B-149
N. heterolepis - B-216
N. hudsonius — A-l 16
A'; lutrensis- B-214
N. maculatus - B-224
N, spilopterus - B-9
 N. stramineus ~ B-4, B-9, B-l 8
 N. umbratilis  - A-141, B-9, B-ll, B-174, B-214
                                                   C-7
N. volucellus - B-9
N. whipplii - A-141
Noturus miurus - B-l2
Nymphea spp - A-44,  A-l 15, B-44, B-145, B-205

Odonata - B-56, B-59, B-74, B-76, B-104, B-148
Oedogonium spp — A-l 15
Oenanthe fluviatilis - A-130
Oligochaeta - B-49, B-74, B-103, B-168
Onchorhynchus garbuscha - B-227
O. keta - B-227
O. kisutch - A-59, A-71, A-87, A-125, A-136. A-142,
  A-146, A-160, B-8, B-19, B-28, B-31, B-33, B-36, B-41,
  B-62, B-64, B-73, B-89, B-93, B-107, B-109, B-l 16,
  B-l 17, B-135, B-140, B-143, B-147, B-150, B-164,
  B-170, B-188, B-191, B-199, B-224, B-227
O. nerka - B-221, B-223, B-227
O. tshawytscha - A-59, A-71, A-87, A-125, A-136, A-146,
  B-6, B-8, B-21, B-36, B-64, B-93, B-101, B-l 13, B-l 16,
  B-l 17, B-128, B-135, B-140, B-147, B-150, B-156, B-164,
  B-176, B-191, B-206, B-213, B-224
Oocystis spp - A-24, A-48, A-109, A-l 19
Ophicephalus punctatus - B-68, B-93, B-151
Opsopoeodus emibiae  - B-139
Orconectes rusticus —  A-40, B-3
Osio otus - B-55, B-75, B-96, B-121, B-143
Oscillatoria spp - A-24, A-48, A-109, A-l 19, B-56, B-79
Osmeridae  - B-227
Ostracoda - A-47, B-66, B-104
Oyster - A-5, B-5, B-6, B-12, B-13, B-15, B-20, B-27,
  B-32, B-50, B-55, B-69, B-71, B-76, B-86, B-89, B-91,
  B-97, B-98, B-103, B-120, B-122, B-142, B-143, B-146,
  B-147, B-153, B-163, B-175, B-187, B-193, B-201,
  B-202, B-208-210, B-212, B-234-236

Paleomonetes kadiakensis - B-10, B-94, B-l 19, B-226
P. paludosus - V-2,V-\29
Pandalus montagni - B-32, B40, B-85, B-125, B-133,
  B-134, B-189,B-207
Panicum hemitomum — B-15, B-138
Pandorina spp - A-25, A-48, A-109, A-l 19
Paracheinodon innesi - A-5 8
Paralichthys dentatus - B-78
Paramecium spp - A-l 16
Parrot's feather - A-l 17, B-145, B-153
Paspalum spp - B-205
Pastella vulgata - B-178
Peneasaztecus - A-5,  B-15, B-20, B-46, B-50, B-54, B-82,
  B-83, B-87, B-107, B-126, B-130, B-143, B-144, B-146,
  B-154, B-175, B-176, B-180, B-181, B-193, B-201, B-202,
  B-204, B-208, B-209, B-212, B-213, B-219, B-231,
  B-233-236
P. cardinadus - B-l98
P. duorarum - B-46, B-83, B-189, B-190, B-201, B-202, B-218
P. setiferus- B-83, B-103, B-125, B-170, B-174, B-201,
  B-218, B-231
Perca flavescens - A-44, A-59, A-80, A-154, B-17, B-22,
  B-72, B-86, B-159, B-195, B-216, B-221, B-229

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P. fluviatilis - A-9, A-10, A-166
Perch-B-157,B-160
Percina caprodes - A-154
P. maculata - B-9
Peridinium trochoideum — B-80
Periphyton - A-165
Pescilia latipinna — A-58
Pestia stradiotes - B-18, B-153
Petromyzon marinus - A-19, A-33, A-55, A-65, A-149,
  A-153-155, B-101, B-216, B-228
Phaeodactylum tricomutum - A-33, A-53, A-98, B-65,
  B-107, B-110, B-130, B-149, B-151, B-170, B-173,
  B-200,B-215,8-225
Phalacrococax spp — B-178
Pholis leata - B-227
Phormodinium inundatum — A-47
Phoxinus phoxinus - A-25, A-49, A-79, A-97, A-l 15,
  A-134, A-135,  A-143, B-13, B-20, B-206, B-235
Phryganea spp - B-197
Physa heterostropha - A-13, A-46, A-51, A-89, A-100,
  A-103-105, A-108, A-l30, A-161, A-163, A-l64,
  B-3,B-5
Physidae-B-104, B-227
Phytoplankton - see plankton
Pimephales notatus - A-141, B-l 17, B-214, B-227,
  B-229
P. promelas - A-4, A-6, A-9, A-l 5-17, A-21, A-22,
  A-29, A-34, A-35, A-38, A-41, A-45-47, A-49,
  A-52, A-55, A-64, A-66, A-72, A-77-79, A-87,
  A-88, A-91, A-95, A-99, A-102, A-l04, A-l 17,
  A-134, A-142, A-148, A-149, A-152, A-156,
  A-l59, A-l60, A-165, A-166, B-4, B-5, B-8, B-9,
  B-17, B-22, B-24, B-30, B-32, B-36,B-39-41, B-43,
  B-48-50, B-57, B-59, B-62, B-72, B-81, B-83,
  B-86, B-87, B-92, B-95, B-100-103, B-106, B-l 11,
  B-l 14-116, B-123, B-124, B-126, B-131, B-l 35,
  B-139, B-140,  B-143,  B-149, B-150, B-155, B-157,
  B-162, B-164,  B-167,  B-169, B-174-176, B-179,
  B-180, B-182-184, B-190, B-193, B-195, B-196,
  B-198, B-203,  B-210,  B-215 -217, B-220, B-223,
  B-225,B-230,B-233,  B-235
Pithophora spp - A-l 17, B-84
Planorbidae-B-104
Plankton - A-5, A-43, A-l 18, B-15, B-20, B-38, B-46,
  B-50, B-103, B-108, B-125, B-126, B-129, B-130,
  B-144, B-146,  B-148,  B-154, B-168, B-174, B-175,
  B-180, B-196,  B-203,  B-206, B-212, B-218, B-219,
  B-233,B-236
Platalea leucorodia - B-54, B-96
Platyhelminths - A-163
Plecoptera - B-73, B-74, B-76, B-148, B-162, B-199,
  B-200
Plectonema spp - A-24, A-48, A-109, A-l 19
Pleurobena cordatum — B-47
Pleuronectes spp — B-178
Pleuronectesplatessa -  A-l 10
Poecilia reticulata - A-58, B-95, B-97
Poecilichthys exilis - B-86
Polyarthra spp - B-196, B-222, B-228
Polycelis nigra - A-114, A-120, A-124, A-128, A-131,
  A-135-140, A-143, A-147-149
Pomoxis annularis - A-5, A-51, A-78, B-229
P. nigromaculatus - A-54, A-87, A-90, A-96, B-41,
  B-59, B-l 16, B-139
Pondweed-B-l 13, B-153
Pontederia spp - A-44, B-126
P. cordata - B-45
Pontoporeria affinis — B-75
Potomogeton spp - A-44, A-l 18, B-202, B-203, B-225
P. crispus- A-l 15, B-l05
P. densus- B-l4
P.foliosus- A-115, B-l05
P. nodosus - A-5, A-110, A-153, B-102, B-189, B-235
P. pectinatus - A-5, A-l 10, A-130, A-153, B-14, B-56,
  B-80, B-102, B-105, B-189, B-235
P. pusillus - B-105
P. annularis — B-17
Procambarus clarki - A-87, A-102, A-l 19, B-10, B-21, B-32,
  B-66, B-89, B-l 17, B-168, B-187, B-200
P. simulons — B-24
Prosimulum spp - B-2, B-14, B-26, B-75, B-82, B-88, B-90,
  B-99, B-100, B-110, B-129, B-131, B-133, B-144, B-149,
  B-165, B-175, B-176, B-178
Protococcus spp - A-33, A-53, A-98, B-101, B-107, B-l 10,
  B-130, B-149, B-151, B-170, B-173, B-200, B-215, B-225
Pseudemys scripta elegans — B-123
Pseudomones pisicida — B-76
Pseudopleuronectes americanus - B-l 37, B-l38, B-154,
  B-161,B-163,B-186
Psidium idahoense — A-45
Pteronarcella badia  - B-34, B-80, B-98, B-l 10, B-142,
  B-162, B-186,B-230,B-231
Pteronarcys spp - A-55, A-60, A-l 18, B-14, B-25, B-26,
  B-51,6-81, B-82, B-87, B-99, B-l 11,  B-l26-128,  B-144,
  B-147, B-151, B-165, B-166, B-181, B-184, B-185, B-187,
  B-191, B-197, B-200, B-209
P. californica - A-102, A-l 18, A-l 19, B-2, B-10, B-l 1, B-13,
  B-14, B-22-25, B-32, B-34, B-38, B-48, B-50, B-51, B-54,
  B-63, B-64, B-68-70, B-80, B-82, B-83, B-86, B-88, B-91,
  B-94, B-95, B-98, B-99, B-106-108, B-l 10-112,
  B-l 18-120, B-123, B-126, B-128-130, B-136, B-137,
  B-141, B-142, B-144, B-152, B-l 56, B-158-160, B-162,
  B-169, B-173, B-179, B-181, B-183, B-186-189, B-192,
  B-197, B-201, B-204, B-205, B-210, B-228, B-230-232,
  B-236
Ptychocheilus oregonensis - A-86, A-87, B-220-222
Pungitius pungitius - B-l94
Puntius javanicus - B-152
P. puckelli - B-5, B-31, B-77, B-122
Pungtungia herzi -  A-72
Puntius sophore - B-38, B-81
Pygosciles adeloriae - B-54, B-71
                                                   C-8

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Pygosteus pungitius - A-31 , A-44, A-63, A-68, A-83,
  A-164
Pylodictis olivaris — B-22
Pyramimonas spp — B-80

Rainbow trout - A-10, A-12, A-25, A-27, A-37, A-40,
  A-99, B-2, B-10, B-14, B-18, B-22, B-24-26, B-28,
  B-30, B-34, B-37, B-49, B-52, B-59, B-66, B-69, B-82,
  B-87, B-89, B-90, B-94, B-100, B-l 1 1, B-l 12, B-l 18,
  B-127-129, B-141, B-144, B-146, B-151, B-157,
  B-169, B-172, B-179, B-181, B-216, B-217, B-219,
  B-226, B-230, B-233
Rana spp — A- 16
R. catesbeiana - A-69, B-6, B-9, B-24-26, B-34,
  B-37, B-66, B-l 17, B-123, B-127, B-132, B-133,
  B-137, B-141, B-146, B-151, B-158, B-173, B-217,
  B-225, B-233
R. pipens - A-46, A-69, A-81 , B-23
R. temporaria - A-134, B-93
Ranatia filiformis — B-8 1
Rangia cuneata - B-97, B-122, B-142, B-153, B-165
Ranunculus spp — B-l 05
R. pseudofluitans — B-l 3
Rasbora heteromorpha - A-82, A-99, A-106, A-147,
Rhigophila dearbomi — B-74
Rhinichthys atratulus - A-80, A-104, A-105, B-79
Richardsonius balteatus - B-18, B-l 09, B-l 40, B-l 45,
  B-l 56, B-l 88, B-207, B-220-222
Ritarita- B-81
Roccus saxatilis - B-231
Rotifers - A-47, A-54, A-l 17, B-2, B-66, B-129
Rutilus rutilus - A-9, A-10, A-166

Saccharomyces ellipsoides - A- 132
Sagittaria spp - A-l 18
Sagittaria latifolia -  B-l 05, B-203
Salmo spp - B-97
S. clarkii - A-71, A-87, A-125, A-136, A-146, B-63,
  B-68,B-169
S. gairdneri(i) - A-9-13, A-16, A-18-21, A-28-34,
  A-37, A-41, A-42,  A-46, A-48, A-49, A-53, A-55,
  A-56, A-58-60, A-62, A-63, A-67, A-68, A-74, A-75,
  A-80, A-82, A-85,  A-86, A-88, A-92-96, A-98,
  A-100, A-101, A-104-106, A-l 1 1, A-l 12, A-l 18,
  A-128, A-151, A-153-155, A-160, A-163-166, B-5,
  B-6, B-8, B-9, B-16, B-17, B-22, B-26, B-32, B-36,
  B-39, B-41 , B-42, B-44, B-48, B-52, B-53, B-60,
  B-63, B-64, B-66, B-67, B-69, B-71, B-72, B-81,
  B-86, B-88-90, B-92, B-95, B-100, B-101, B-103,
  B-104, B-108, B-l 11,8-116, B-l 17, B-120, B-125,
  B-127, B-128, B-131, B-133, B-135, B-140, B-141,
  B-144, B-145, B-150, B-152, B-157-160,
  B-163-166, B-169, B-171, B-172, B-174, B-180,
  B-187-189, B-191, B-192, B-197, B-199-201,
  B-204, B-216, B-218, B-221, B-222, B-224, B-225,
  B-227-229,B-231,B-232
S. salar - A-40, A-43, A-47, A-49, A-100, A-158, A-160,
  A-165,B-70,B-76,B-79
C-9
    S. trutta - A-19, A-33, A-46, A-49, A-68, A-81, A-82,
      A-92, A-l 12, A-134, A-153-155, A-165, B-6, B-16,
      B-17, B-31, B42, B-57, B-60, B-63, B-65, B-72,
      B-84-86, B-125, B-131, B-139, B-163, B-166, B-171,
      B-172, B-174, B-188, B-189, B-192, B-197, B-218,
      B-232
    Salmon - A-5, A43, A-160, B-l5, B-51, B-54, B-60,
      B-61, B-63, B-77, B-105, B-108, B-147, B-155, B-157,
      B-l 62, B-204
    Salvelinus fontinalis - A-46, A-59, A-68, A-82, A-92,
      A-l 12, A-154, B-6, B-16, B-22, B-60, B-63, B-79,
      B-80, B-84-86, B-98, B-104, B-125, B-131, B-132,
      B-163, B-166, B-171, B-172, B-174, B-188, B-189,
      B-192, B-194, B-197, B-218, B-227, B-232
    S. namaycush - A-59, A-68, A-82, A-92, A-l 12, B-6,
      B-16, B-42, B-72, B-125, B-166, B-171, B-172, B-174,
      B-189, B-192, B-197, B-232
    Sarcocheilichthys variegratus - A-72
    Sarcodina — B-5 8
    Scardinius erythrophthalmus - A-9
    Scenedesmus spp - A-24, A-48, A-109, A-l 19, B-58
    S. incrassulatus - B-223
    S. obliquus - A-3, A-6, A-8, A-17, A-24, A-27, A-28,
      A-35-37, A-42, A-45, A-50, A-54, A-56, A-57, A-62,
      A-63, A-73, A-78, A-83, A-86, A-90, A-92, A-93, A-101,
      A-102, A-l 12, A-l 13, A-128, A-129, A-142, A-143,
      A-151, A-152, A-155, A-157, A-162, B-7, B-28, B-29,
      B-44, B-60, B-91, B-187, B-193, B-194, B-211, B-215,
      B-216
    Scirpus spp — A-44
    S. acutus - B-105
    S. validus- A-l 15
    Scophiopus hammondi - B-132,  B-l68
    Sea lamprey - A-19, A-30, A-58, A-67, A-68, A-74,
      A-75, A-85, A-86
    Semotilus atromaculatus - A-3, A-12, A-14, A-17, A-20,
      A-52, A-53, A-56, A-57, A-62, A-64, A-70, A-76, A-77,
      A-80, A-85, A-88, A-97, A-109, A-l 10, A-136, A-139-141,
      A-152, A-154, A-156, B-9, B-32, B-79, B-85,  B-98,
      B-l 13,6-175, B-225
    Sesarma africanum — B-31
    Sewage organisms - A-2, A4, A-5, A-8, A-10, A-l8, A-22,
      A-32, A-36-39, A45, A46, A49, A-56, A-57, A-61,
      A-66, A-68, A-69, A-84, A-85, A-88, A-90, A-92, A-93,
      A-95, A-98, A-102, A-104, A-105, A-107, A-l 13,
      A-l 14, A-l 16, A-120, A-131-133, A-137, A-139, A-141,
      A-150, A-152, A-155, A-157, A-160-162, A-164,
      B-185,B-210
    Shiners - A-26, A-76, A-97, B-33, B-57, B-l34, B-151,
      B-160, B-163
    Shrimp - B-78, B-133
    Sialis spp - B-55, B-79, B-98, B-122
    Simocephalus serrulatus - A-29, A-50, A-l 18,  A-149,
      B-12, B-14, B-19, B-34, B-37, B48, B-51, B-53, B-71,
      B-72, B-81, B-82, B-88-90, B-95, B-96, B-101, B-108,
      B-120, B-121, B-127-129, B-141, B-145, B-147, B-152,
      B-161, B-165, B-181, B-185, B-187, B-188, B-191, B-197,
      B-200, B-201, B-204, B-228, B-231, B-232, B-236

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Simulium spp - B-3, B-14, B-27, B-33, B-60, B-75, B-82,
  B-88, B-90, B-91, B-99, B-100, B-l 10, B-129, B-131,
  B-133, B-149, B-161, B-165, B-173, B-177, B-178,
  B-181
Siphlonurus spp — B-l97
Skeletonema costatum - B-80
Snails-A-17, B-91, B-181
Somateria mollissima ~ B-54, B-96, B-l 21
Spartina patens — B-78
Spatterdock - B-14, B-38, B-45, B-l"!8, B-147, B-153,
  B-211,B-237
Sphaerium c.f. tenue — A-130
Sphaerodema annulatum — B-81
Spirodela polyrhyza - B-102, B-180
Spirogyra  spp — A-116, A-118
Sterna hirundo — B-l 21
S. sandvicensis - B-54, B-96, B-l21
Stenonema spp - A-98, A-106, A-107, A-130, B-3
S. ares - A-145, B-3
S. heterotarsale - A-145, B-3
S. hirundo - B-54
Stigeoclonium spp - A-24, A-48, A-109, A-l 19
Stizostedion vitreum - B-105, B-157, B-171, B-216,
  B-229
Strix aluco - B-53, B-54, B-75, B-96, B-120, B-143,
  B-152
Stylonichia spp - A-l 16
Suckers - B-62, B-64, B-67, B-77, B-l95
Sula bassana - B-178
Sunfish - A-9, A-21, A-26, A-36, A-52, A-76, A-95,
  A-134, B-34, B-37, B-57, B-83, B-128, B-140, B-146,
  B-157, B-160, B-216, B-220
Synedra spp — B-58
Synodontis schall — B-60

Tadorna tadorna - B-54, B-96, B-l 21
Tadpoles - A-68, A-76, A-141, B-81
Talifridae- B-l04
Tench — A-47
Tendipes decorus — A-46, A-l 64
T. plumosus - A-45
Tendipidae - B-49, B-149, B-220
Tilapia  spp — A-69
T. massambica - B-22, B-82, B-131, B-152, B-l 54,
   6-163,6-179,6-198
T. melanopleura -  6-8, B-92, 6-134
Tinea tinea — 6-234
Trachelomonas spp — 6-58
Trematomus bernacchii — 6-74
T. hansoni - B-74
Tribonema spp - A-25, A-48, A-109, A-l 19
Trichogaster fasciatus - B-81, B-93, 6-151
Trichoptera - A-47, B-59, 6-61, 6-64. 6-73, 6-74, 6-76,
   6-162,6-199
Trout - A-9, A-26, A-27, A-51, A-53, A-99, A-l04,
  A-l 11, A-l 13, A-l 17^-118^-135^-158^-164,
  6-52,6-54,6-61, 6-62, B-64, B-65, B-67, B-71, B-77,
  6-148,6-163,6-172, 6-181, B-187, B-192, B-195,
  8-199-201,6-204, B-206, B-207
Tubifex spp - B-31, B-73, 6-96, 8-161, B-186, B-200
Tubificids - A-80, A-142, A-166
Turbellaria spp - B-74, B-217
Typha angustifolia - 8-105
T. latifolia - 8-16,8-45,8-105
Tyto alba - 8-53, B-54, B-75, B-96, B-120, 8-142,
  B-152

Umbra limi-E-85,E-86
Utricularia spp - B-44,8-134, B-202

Vascular plants - B-37, B-54
Vaucheria spp — B-14
Vellidae - 8-104
Venus japonica — A-87
Volvox spp — B-66

Walleye-A-l 13
Warmouth-B-135
Water hyssop-A-l 17
Water lettuce -8-131, 6-233
Water plants- A-17
Whitefish-B-61,B-67
Wolffia columbiana - 8-102, B-180
Wolffiella floridana -  B-180

Xiphophorus maculatus — A-58

Yellow perch - B-220

Zaccho platypus - A-72
Zebrafish - A-4
Zooplankton — see plankton
Zygnema spp - A-24, A-48, A-109, A-l 18, A-l 19, B-206
                                                   C-10

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              APPENDIX D
IDENTIFICATION OF COMMERCIAL CHEMICALS

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                                              APPENDIX D
                Trade Name
2,4D
2,4,5-T
Abate®

ABS
AC 5727
AC 12009
AC 38023

AC 43064

AC 43913
AC 47031

AC 47921 EC4
AC 52160
ACP-M-569
Acriflavine

Acrolein
Acti-dione®
Aerosporin
Aldrin (Octalene®)

Algeeclear
Algibiol
Algimaster

Algimycin
Alticide
Ametryne (Ametryn®)

Aminotriazole
Amitrole (Aminotriazole, Amitrol)
Amitrol T

Amiton
Ammate
Amopyroquin
Antimycin A
	Chemical Name or Active Ingredient	
2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid
2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid
o,o,o',o'-tetramethyl o,o'-thiodi-p-phenylene
  phosphorothioate
Alkyl benzene sulfonate
m-isopropylphenyl-N-methylcarbamate
No information available
o,o-dimethyl o,p-(dimethylsulfamoyl) phenyl
  phosphorothioate
Cyclic ethylene (diethoxyphosphinothioyl)
  dithiomidocarbonate
See Abate
Cyclic ethylene (diethoxyphosphinyl)
  dithioimidocarbonate
No information available
No information available
Contains 3-amino-l,2,4-triazole
A mixture of 2,8-diamino-lO-methylacridinium
  chloride and 2,8-diaminoacridine
Acrylic aldehyde
See cycloheximide
Polymyxin B
1,2,3,4,10,10-hexachloro-l ,4,4a,5,8,8a-hexahydro-
  1,4-endo-exo-5,8-dimethanonaphthalene
No information available
No information available
Alkyl quaternary ammonium bromides, organic
  polyamine, amine hydrobromides
No information available
Sodium chlorate
2-ethylamino-4-isopropylamino-6-merthyl-
  mercapto-s-triazine
See Amitrole
3-amino-l ,2,4-triazole
3-amino-l ,2,4-triazole-ammonium thiocyanate
  mixture
o,o-diethyl 5,2-diethylaminoethyl phosphorothioate
Ammonium sulfamate
No information available
No information available
                                                   D-l

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                Trade Name
       Chemical Name or Active Ingredient
Aquaherb
Aqualin
Aquathol®
Aramite®

Atabrine

Atlacide-2,4-D
Atlas 1901
Atlas A
Atlox
Atrazine (Gesaprim®)
Banvel-D®
Baron®
Barthrin
Bayer 73
Bayer 4731
Bayer 9018
Bayer 22408
Bayer 25141

Bayer 25198

Bayer 29492

Bayer 29493 (Baytex® & Fenthion)

Bayer 29952

Bayer 30749
Bayer 34042

Bayer 37289
Bayer 37342

Bayer 37343
Bayer 37344
Bayer 38156
Bayer 38819
Bayer 38920

Bayer 41831
o-dichlorobenzene and aromatic salt
85% acrolein
Disodium salt of endothal (19.2%-H-Pennsalt)
2-(p-tert-butylphenoxy) isopropyl-2'-chloroethyl
  sulfite
6-chloro-9{[4-(diethylamino)-l-methylbutyl] amino}
  2-methoxyacridine dihydrochloride
Sodium chlorate-2,3-dichloroxyacetic acid
No information available
Sodium arsenate
A series of pesticide emulsifiers
2-chloro-4-ethylamino-6-isopropylamino-s-triazine
See Dicamba
See Erbon
6-chloropiperonyl chrysanthemumate
5,2'-dichloro4'-nitrosalicylanilide
No information available
No information available
o,o-diethyl-o-naphthylamido phosphorothioate
o,o-diethyl-o,p-(methylsulfinyl)phenyl
  phosphorothioate
o,o-dimethyl-o-(p-methylsulfinylphenyl)
  phosphorothioate
o.o-diethyl o-(4-methylthio-m-tolyl)
  phosphorothioate
o,o-dimethyl-o-[4-(methylthio)-m-tolyl]
  phosphorothioate
o-ethyl-o-(p-methylthio) phenyl methyl-
  phosphonothioate
No information available
o-ethyl o-(4-methylthio-m-tolyl) methyl
  phosphoramidothioate
No information available
o,o-dimethyl o-(3,5-dimethyl-4-methyl-thiophenyl)
  phosphorothioate
No information available
4-(methylthio)-3,5-xylyl methylcarbamate
o-ethyl-S-p-methylphenyl ethylphosphonodithioate
No information available
6,7,8,9,10,10-hexachloro-l ,5,53,6,9,9a-hexahydro-
  3-methyl-6,8-methano-2,4-benzodioxathiepin
o,o-dimethyl-o-4-nitro-m-tolyl) phosphorothioate
                                                   D-2

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                Trade Name
       Chemical Name or Active Ingredient
 Bayer 44646
 Bayer 46676

 Bayer 47940

 Bayer 52957

 Baygon®
 Baytex®
 Ben Venue #35
 Ben Venue #3835
 Ben Venue #52
 Ben Venue #54
 BHC (HCK, Hexyclan)
 Bidrin®

 Bomyl®

 Borate
 BP 1002
 Buramine
C56
C2059
C8514
Camphene
Captan (Orthocide®)

Carbaryl (Sevin®)
Carbophenothion (Trithion®)

Casoron®
Catechol
Cela S-1942

Cela S-2225

Ceresan
Chemagro 4497
Chem Ban
Chem-Fish Special
Chem Mite
4-dimethylamino-3-tolyl N-methyl-carbamate
o-ethyl-o-2-ethylthio-4-methyl-6-pyrimidyl ethyl-
  phosphonothioate
o,o-dimethyl o-(3-chloro-4-cyanophenyl)-
  thionophosphate
o,o-diethyl o-5-chlorobenzisoxazolyl-3-phos-
  phorothioate
o-isopropoxyphenyl  methyl carbamate
See Bayer 29493
No information available
No information available
No information available
No information available
1,2,3,4,5,6-hexachloro-cyclohexane (benzene hexachloride)
3-(dimethoxyphosphinyloxy)-N ,N ,dimethyl-cis-
  crotonamide
Dimethyl-l,3-di(carbomethoxy)-l-propen-2yl
  phosphate
Boron trioxide
No information available
Crude N-mono-n-butyl urea
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene
n-(3-trifluoro-methylphenyi) n' ^i'-dimethylurea
No information available
2,2-dimethyl-3-methylenenorbornane
n-trichloromethylthio4-cyclohexene-1,2-
  dicarboximide
1 -naphthyl-N-methyl-carbamate
S- {[(p-chlorophenyl)thio] methyl}o,o-diethyl
  phosphoroditnioate
See Dichlobenil
o-dihydroxybenzene
o,o-dimethyl o-(2,5-dichloro-4-bromophenyl)
  thionophosphate
o,o-diethyl o-(2,5-dichloro-4-bromophenyl)
  thionophosphate
Ethylmercuric chloride
No information available
See Nabam
Rotenone
Xylene, p-chlorophenol, p-chlorobenzene sulphonate,
  and rotenone
                                                 D-3

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                Trade Name
       Chemical Name or Active Ingredient
Chem Sen
Chlordane (Octachlor®, Octa-Klor®, Chlordan,
  Velsicol 1068®)
Chlorea

Chloretone
ChJorobenzilate
Chlorothion

Chloroxuron (Tenoran®)
Chlorox
CIPC
Cleanosol
CMU
Conco LCP-12
Co-Ral®

Crop Rider
Cryolite
Cube root
Cumate
Cyanamid 12009
Cycloheximide (Actidione®)

Cygon
Dacthal®
Dalapon
DBrDT
ODD
DDE
DDT (Anofex®, Dinocide®, Gesapon®,
  Cesarex®, Gesarol®, Guesapon®, Guesarol®,
  Gyron®, Ixodex®, Neocid®, Zerdane, DND,
  GNB, GNB-A
DDVP (Dichlorvos, Vapona®)
Dead X
Deet (Delphene®, Meta-delphene®)
DEF®
Dekafos®
Delnav®
Delrad
Sodium arsenite
l,23>5,6,7,8,8-octachloro-2,33a,4,7,7a-hexahydro-
  4,7 methanoindene
Sodium chlorate, sodium metholate, and
  3-(p-chlorophenyl)-l ,1 -dimethylurea)
Trichloro-tert-butyl alcohol
Ethyl 4,4'-dichlorobenzilate
o,o-dimethyl o-(3-chloro4-nitrophenyl)
  phosphorothioate
N'-(4-chlorophenoxy) phenyl N,N-dimethylurea
Sodium hypochlorite
Isopropyl N-(3 -chlorophenyl)-carbamate
No information available
See Monuron
No information available
o,o-diethyl  o-3-chloro^-methyl-l-oxo-2H-
  1-benzopyran-7-yl phosphorothioate
No information available
Sodium aluminofluoride
See Rotenone
50% active  copper salt of zimate
No information available
3-[2-(3,5-dimethyl-2-oxycyclohexyl)-2-hydroxyethyl]
  glutarimide
See Dimethoate
Dimethyl ester of tetrachloroterephthalic acid
2,2-dichloropropionic acid
1,1 ,l-trichloro-2,2-bis(p-bromophenyl) ethane
See TDE
Dichlorodiphenyl dichloroethylene
a-bis (p-chlorophenyl) B33-tnchloroethane
o,o-dimethyl-o-2,2-dichlorovinyl phosphate
No information available
N^N-diethyl-m-toluamide
S 3 jS-Tributylphosphorotrithioate
3-pentadecylphenol o,o-diethylthionophosphate
See Dioxathion
Dehydroabiethylamine acetate

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                 Trade Name
 Demeton (Systox®, Bayer 8173, Isosystov®)

 Dermol
 Derris
 Dexon®
 Diazinon (Basudin®)

 Dibrom®
 Dicamba (Banvel D®, Velsicol)
 Dicapthon

 Dichlobenil (Casoron®)
 Dichlone (Phygon®)
 Dichlorvos
 Dicofol (Kelthane®)
 DIDT
 Dieldrin

 Difolatan

 Dilan


 Dimecron
 Dimethoate (Fostion MM®, Cygon®, Rogar®)

 Dimethrin

 Dimetilan®

 Dinitrocresol (Sinox®, Elgetal®)
 Dioxathion (Delnav®, Navadel®, Hercules 528)

 Diphenamid (Dymid®)
 Dipterex®
 Diquat (Reglone®, FB/2®)
 Disulfoton (Di-Systom®, Dithiosystox®,
  Frumin Al®, Solvirex®, Frumin G®)
Di-Syston
Dithane D-14®
Diuron (Karmex®, Marmer®)
	Chemical Name or Active Ingredient	
Mixture of o,o-diethyl o-2-(ethylthio) ethyl phos-
  phorothioate and o,o-diethyl S-2 (ethylthio) ethyl
  phosphorothioate
No information available
See Rotenone
p-dimethylaminobenzenediazo  sodium sulfonate
o,o-diethyl o-(2-isopropyl 4-methyl-6-pyrimidyl)
  phosphorothioate
See Naled
3,6-dichloro-o-anisic acid 1
0-(2-chloro-4-nitrophenyl) o,o-dimethyl
  phosphorothioate
2,6-dichlorobenzonitrile
2,3-dichloro-l ,4-naphthoquinone
See DDW
4,4'-dichloro-o:-trichloromethylbenzydrol
DDT analogue
l,2,3,4,10,10-hexachloro-6,7-epoxy-l,4,4a,5,6,7,8,
  8a-octahydro-l ,4-endo-exo-5,8-dimethanonaphthalene
n-(l ,1,2,2-tetrachloroethylthio)-4-cyclohexene
  1,2-dicarboximide
(A mixture of Bulan®  [2-nitro-l,l-bis(p-chlorophenyl)
  butane]  and Prolan® [2-nitro-l,l-bis-
  (p-chlorophenyl) propane]
See Phosphamidon
o,o-dimethyl  S-(N-methylcarbamoyl-methyl)
  phosphorodithioate
2,4-dimethylbenzyl 2,2-dimethyl-3-(2-methyl-
  propenyl) cyclopropane carboxylate
2-dimethylcarbamyl-3-methylpyrazolyl-(5)-
  dimethylcarb amate
4,6-dinitro-o-cresol
2,3-p-dioxane 5, S-bis-(o,o-diethyl-
  phosphorodithioate)
n,n-dimethyl  2,2-diphenylacetamide
See Trichlorofon
1,1 '-ethylene-2,2'-dipyridinium dibromide
o,o-diethyl S-2-(ethylthio) ethyl phosphorodithioate

See Disulfoton
See Nabam
3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-l,l-dimethylurea
                                                   D-5

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                Trade Name
       Chemical Name or Active Ingredient
Dow K-6882

Dowacide
DPT
Drummer
Dursban®

DVP-iodine
Dylox®
Dymid
EDB
Endosulfan (Thiodan®, Malix®)

Endothall (Endothal®)
Endrin
EPN
Eptam®
Erbon (Baron®)

Essolvene
Esteron 99®
Ethion (Nialate®, Niagaia®)

Exalgae
Fairfield 279
Fairfield OT 60-6
F-98
Fenac
Fenthion
Fenuron TCA  (Urab®)
Ferbam (Fermate®)
Flagyl
Folidol®
Folithion®
Forron

Fostion
Furazolidone
Furoxone
o-ethyl o-^AS-trichlorophenyl) methyl
  phosphoramidothioate
Sodium 2,2-dichloropropionate
DDT analogue
No information available
o,o-diethyl o-3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridyl
  phosphorothioate
No information available
See Trichlorofon
See diphenamid
1,2-Dibromoethane
6,7,8,9,10)10-hexachloro-l(5,5a)6,9,9a-hexahydro-
  6,9-methano-2,3,4-benzodioxathiepin 3-oxide
7oxabicyclo-[2.2.1] -heptane-2,3-dicarboxylic acid
l,2,3,4,10,10-hexachloro-6,7-epoxy-l(4,4a,5,6,7,8>
  8a-octahydro-l,4-endo-endo-5,8-dimethano-
  naphthalene
o-ethyl o,p-nitrophenyl phenylphosphonothioate
S-ethyl di-N,N-propylthiocarbamate
2-(2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy) ethyl-2,2-dichloro-
  propionate
No information available
Propylene glycol butyl ether esters of 2,4-D
o,o,o',o'-tetraethyl-S,S'-methylene bis-
  phosphorodithioate
Quaternary ammonium compounds
No information available
No information available
See Acrolein
2,3,6-trichlorophenyl-acetic acid
See Bayer 29493
3-phenyl-l,l-dimethylurea trichloroacetate
See Ferbam
l-(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-methyl-5-nitroimidazole
See Parathion
o,o-dimethyl o-(4-aitro-m-tolyl) phosphorothioate
2,3,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid propylene glycol
  butyl ether esters
See Dimethoate
3-(5-nitrofurfurylideneamino)-2-oxazolidinone
N-5-nitro-2-furfurylidene-3-amino-2-oxazolidone
                                                   D-6

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                Trade Name
G 27365
G 28029
G 30493

G 30494
Gamlen CW
Gamlen D
Gamlen OSR
Gammexane®
Gamosol Solvent D
Garlon®

GC-3582

GC-3583

GC-3707

GC-4072

GC-9160

GC-9879
GS-12968

GS-13005

Guthion®

Gutoxon
HCK
Kept
Heptachlor (Velsicol® 104)

Hercules 528
Hercules 3895 G
Hercules 7175
Hercules 7531
Hexyclan
Hyamine 1622
       Chemical Name or Active Ingredient _

No information available
See Phencapton
o,o-dimethyl S-(3 ,4-dichlorophenylthio) methyl
  phosphorodithioate
See Methyl phencapton
No information available
No information available
No information available
See Lindane
No information available
50.8% Dalapon and 7.7% 2{2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy)
  propionic acid, propylene glycol butyl esters
1 -(2,5-dichlorophenyl)-2,2-dichlorovinyl diethyl
  phosphate
2-chloro-l-(2,5-dichlorophenyl)-vinyl diethyl
  phosphate
dimethyl- 1 ,3-di(carbomethoxy)-l -propen-2yl
  phosphate
Diethyl- 1 -(2 ,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-chlorovinyl
  phosphate
  pentacyclo decyl) ethyl levulinate

  onyl-(4)-methyl] -dithiophosphate
o,o-dimethyl S [4-oxo-l ,2,3-benzotriazin-3(4H)-
  ylmethyl] phosphorodithioate
See Guthion
See BHC
Hexaethyl tetraphosphate
1 ,4,5 ,6 ,7 ,8 ,8-heptachloro-3a,4,7 ,7a-tetrahydro-
  4 ,7-endo-methanoindene
See Dioxathion
2,2-bis(ethylthio)-vinyl diethylphosphate
1 -(chloro-2-norbornyl)-3 ,3-dimethylurea
No information available
See BHC
p-diisobutyl phenoxy ethoxy dimethyl benzyl
  ammonium chloride
                                                   D-7

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                Trade Name
       Chemical Name or Active Ingredient
Hyamine 2389


Hydram®
Hydrothal

Ibcol
Imidan®

Inverton®
lodophor
IPC
Isobenzan (SD4402)

Isodrin

Isolan

Isotex
K6882
Karmex®
Kelthane®
Kepone®

Korlan®
Kuramine

Kurosal
Kurosal G
Kurosal SL
Kuron®
Kyro-Eo
Lethane 384
Lexeme
Lignasan
Lindane (Gammexane®]
M-502
M-1499
M-1500
M-1845
Malaoxon
40% Methyl dodecyl benzyl trimethyl ammonium
  chloride and 10% methyl xylene bis-trimethyl
  ammonium chloride
See Molinate
Potassium salt of 2,2,4,5 trichlorophenoxy)
  propionic acid and di-(NJM dimethylalkylamine)
  salt of 3,6 endoxo-hexahydrophthalic acid
No information available
o ,o -dimethy 1-S -phthalimidome thyl
  phosphorodithioate
No information available
Iodine formulated with solubilizing agents
Isopropyl-N-phenylcarbamate
l,3,4,5,6,7,8,8-octachloro-3a,4,7,7a-tetrahydro-
  4,7-methanophthalon
l,2,3,4,10,10-hexachloro-l,4,4a,5,8,8a-hexahydro-
  1,4-endo,endo-5,8-dimethanonaphthalene
Dimethyl 5-{l-isopropyl-3-methyl-pyrazolyl)
  carbamate
No information available
No information available
See Diuron
See Dicofol
Decachlorooctahydro-l,3,4-methano-2H-
  cyclobuta-[cd] -pentalen-2-one
See Ronnel
Amine formulation of 2-(2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy)
  propionic acid
No information available
No information available
No information available
Propylene glycol butyl ether esters of Silvex
No information available
2-(2-butoxyethoxy)  ethyl thiocyanate
7-isomer of benzene hexachloride
Ethylmercury phosphate
7-isomer of 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexachlorocyclohexane
No information available
No information available
2,2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy propionic acid
No information available
62 analogue of Malathion
                                                  D-8

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                Trade Name
                               Chemical Name or Active Ingredient
Malamar-50
Malathion

Manzate®
Maneb (Manzate®, Dithane®)
MCP
MCPA (Agroxone®, Methoxone®)
MCPB
Metasystox®
Methoxychlor
Methyl Demeton (Metasystox®)

Methyl parathion (DAEF®, Nitrox®,
  Nitrox 80®)
Methyl phencapton

Methyl trithion®

MGA Evergreen
MGA 6103
MGA 6243
Mirex

Molinate (Hydram®, Ordram®)
Monuron (Telvar®, CMU)
Monuron-TCA (Urox®)

MS 222
N2404
N2788
N2790
Nabam (Chem Ban, Dithane D-
Naled (Dibrom®)
Neburon
Neguvon®
Nemagon®
Neotran®
Nigrosine
Noxfish®
N-serve
3>, Parzate®)
50% Malathion
S-[l,2-bis-(ethoxycarbonyl)ethyl] o,o-dimethyl
  phosphorodithioate
See Maneb
Ethylene-bis-dithiocarbamate manganese
See MCPA
4-chloro-2-methyl phenoxy acetic acid
4-chloro-2-methyl phenoxy butyric acid
See Methyl Demeton
1,1 ,l-trichloro-2,2-bis-(p-methoxy-phenyl) ethane
Mixture of o,o-dimethyl-o-2-(ethylthio) ethyl phos-
  phorothioate (A) and o,o-dimethyl S-2(ethylthio)
  ethyl phosphorothioate (B)
o,o-dimethyl o,p-nitrophenyl phosphorothioate

o,o-dimethyl S-(2,5-dichlorophenylthio) methyl
  phosphorodithioate
o,o-dimethyl s-(p-chlorophenylthio) methyl
  phosphorodithioate
No information available
No information available
No information available
Dodecachlorooctahydro-l,3,4-methano-2H-
  cyclobuta-[dc] -pentalene
S-ethyl hexahydro-lH-azepine-1-carbothioate
3-(p-chlorophenyl)-l,l-dimethylurea
[3(p-chlorophenyl)-l ,1-dimethylurea  trichlor-
  acetate]
No information available
o-isopropyl-o-(2-chloro-4-nitrophenyi)-ethyl-
  phosphonothioate
o-ethyl-S-p-tolyl-ethylphosphonodithioate
o-ethyl-S-phenyl-ethylphosphonodithioate
Disodium ethylene bis-dithiocarbamate
l,2-dibromo-2,2-dichloroethyl dimethyl phosphate
3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-l -methyl-1 -n-butylurea
See Trichlorofon
1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane
bis(p-chlorophenoxy) methane
Aniline black
Rotenone
2-chloro-6-(trichloromethyl) pyridine
                                                  D-9

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                Trade Name
Nytron®
Omazine®
Octachlor
Octalene
OMPA
OMS-3
OMS-44

OMS-115
OMS-144
OMS-315
OMS-437

OMS-595

OMS-648

OMS-658

OMS-659

OMS-711

OMS-712

OMS-754
OMS-868
Ordram®
Ortho 5305
Ortho 5353
Ortho 5655
Ortho MH30

Orthocide
Ovex (Ovochlor, Ovotran®, Estonmite®,
  DOW K-6451®)
Oxydemetonmethyl (Meta-Systox®)
Paramar-50
Para-Oxon (Mintacol®)
Paraquat
Parathion  (Folidol®, Thiophos®, Niran®,
  Alkron®, Phodiatox®)
	Chemical Name or Active Ingredient	

25% or more ammonium content
Cupric dihydrozinium sulfate
See Chlordane
See Aldrin
See Schiadan
No information available
o-3,5-dichloro-4-methylthiophenyl) o,o-dimethyl
  phosphorothioate
No information available
No information available
S-p-chlorophenyl o,o-dimethyl phosphorodithioate
Toluene-o,a-dithiol bis-(o,o-dimethyl phos-
  phorodithioate)
2-chloro-l-(2,4,5-trichlorophenyl) vinyl dimethyl
  phosphate
o,o-diethyl-(5-chlorobenzisoxazolyl-3) phos-
  phorothioate
o-(4-bromo-2,5-dichlorophenyl) o,o-dimethyl
  phosphorothioate
o-(4-bromo-2,5-dichlorophenyl) o,o-diethyl
  phosphorothioate
2-chloro-l-(2,5-dichlorophenyl) vinyl dimethyl
  phosphate
2-chloro-l-(2,4-dichlorophenyl) vinyl dimethyl
  phosphate
S-(o-chlorophenyl) o,o-dimethyl phosphorodithioate
No information available
See Molinate
3-sec-butylphenyl-N-methyl carbamate
3-sec-amylphenyl-N-methyl carbama
3-sec-butyl  6-chlorophenyl N-methyl carbamate
58% diethanolamine salt of 1,2-dihydro-pyridazine-
  3,6-dione  and 30% maleic hydroxide
See Captan
p-chlorophenyl, p-chlorobenzene sulfonate

No information available
50% Parathion
o,o-diethyl-o,p-nitrophenyl phosphate
l,r-dimethyl-4,4'-dipyridylium cation
o,o-diethyl-o,p-nitrophenyl phosphorothioate
                                                 D-10

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                 Trade Name
 Parzate®
 Pebulate (Tillam®)
 Perthane®
 Phencapton (Phenkaptone®)

 Phorate (Thimet®)
 Phosdrin®
 Phosphamidon (Dimecron®)

 Phygon®
 Picloram (Tordon®)
 PJV1A. (PMAC,PMAS)
 Polyclens
 Polysan
 Prometone
 Prometryne
 Pro-noxfish
 Propanil (Rogue®, Stam F-34®)
 Pyramat
 Pyrethiin
 Rivanol
 Roccal®
 Rogue®
 Ronnel (Korlan®, Trolene®, Viozene®,
  Dow ET-5
 Rotenone
 Ruelene®
'®, Dow ET-14®)
Ryania (Ryanodine)
Sarin
Schradan (OMPA, Pestox
SD 44.02
SD 7727
SD 7772

SD8211

SD 8447 (OMS-595)

SD 8530
               H Pestox
 	Chemical Name or Active Ingredient	

 See Nabam
 S-propylbutylethylthiocarbamate
 1,1 -dichloro-2,2-bis-(p-ethylphenyl) ethane
 o,o-diethyl-S-(2,5-dichlorophenylthioiTiethyl)
  phosphorodithioate
 o,o-diethyl-S-(ethylthio) methyl phosphorodithioate
 2-carbomethoxy-l-propen-2yl dimethyl phosphate
 1 -chloro-diethyl-carbamoyl-1 -1 -propen-2yl dimethyl
  phosphate
 See Dichlone
 4-amino-3,5,6-trichloro-picolinic acid
 Phenylmercuric acetate
 No information available
 No information available
 2-methoxy-4,6-bis(isopropylamino)-2-triazine
 2-methylmercapto -4,6-bis(isopropylamino)-3 -triazine
 Rotenone
 3' ,4'-dichloropropion-anilide
 2-n-propyl-4-pyridinyl-(6)-dimethyl-carbamate
 See Barthrin
 6,9 -diamino-2-ethoxy acridine
 Alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride
 See Propanil
 Dimethyl 2,4,5-trichlorophenyl phosphorothioate

 Decrin
 4-tert-butyl-2-chlorophenyl methyl methylphos-
  phoromidite
Ground stemwood  of Ryania  speciosa
 Isoproporymethyl phosphoryl fluoride
Octamethylpyrophosphoramide
 See Isobenzan
 2,4-dichlorophenyl methanesulfonate
Phosphoric acid, 2-chloro-l-(2,5-dichlorophenyl)
  vinyl dimethyl ester
Phosphoric acid, 2-chloro-l-(2,5-dichlorophenyl)
  vinyl dimethyl ester
 2-chloro-l-(2,4,5-trichlorophenyl) vinyl dimethyl
  phosphate
Carbamic acid, methyl-3,4,5-trimethyl phenyl ester
                                                  D-ll

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                Trade Name
       Chemical Name or Active Ingredient
SD 8803

SD 9129

Separan
Sernyl
Servin
Sevin®
Shadran
Shell  4072
Shell  SD-7438

Shell  SD-7961
Shell  SD-8447

Shell  SD-8448
Shell  SD-9129

Silvex
Simazine (Gesatop®)
Sinox General

Slickgone 1
Slickgone 2
Slix
Sovicide
Stam  F-34®
Stauffer N-2790
Stauffer R-1910
Stauffer R-4461
Stauffer R-5092
Steramine

Strobane®(Strobane AC-14®)
Styrene
Sulfotepp (Dithione®, Bladafume®)
Swep
Systox®
TEA
TCA
TD 47
Phosphorothioic acid, o-[2-chloro-l{2,4-dichloro-
  phenyl) vinyl]-o,o-diethyl ester
Dimethyl phosphate of 3-hydroxy-N-methyl-cis-
  crotonimide
No information available
l-(l-phenylcyclohexyl) piperidine hydrochloride
No information available
See Carbaryl
Octamethylpyrophosphoramide
No information available
Toluene-o, a-dithiol bis-(o,o-dimethyl phos-
  phorodithioate)
No information available
2-chloro-l-{2,4,5-trichlorophenyl) vinyl dimethyl
  phosphate
No information available
Dimethyl phosphate of 3-hydroxy-N-methyl-cis-
  crotonimide
2-(2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy) propionic acid
2-chloro-4,6-bis-(ethylamino)-s-triazine
50% dinitro-o-secondary butyl  and  10% dinitro-o-
  secondary  amyl butyl phenol
No information available
No information available
No information available
No information available
See Propanil
No information available
Ethyl-N,N-diisobutyl thiocarbamate
No information available
No information available
p-diisobutyl  phenoxy ethoxy ethyl dimethyl benzyl
  ammonium chloride  monohydrate
Terpene polychlorinates
Phenyl ethylene
0,0,o,o-tetraethyl dithipyrophosphate
Methyl 3,4-dichlorocarbanilate
See Demeton
2,3,6-trichlorobenzoic acid
Trichloroacetic acid
Di-n,n-dimethylcocoamine salt  of 3,6 endoxohexa-
  hydrophthalic acid
                                                  D-12

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                 Trade Name
 TD 72
 TD440
 TD497
 IDE (ODD, Rhothane®)
 Telvar®
 Tenoran
 Trithion
 Telodrin
 TEPP (Bladan®, Tetron®, HETP, TEP)
 TFM
 Thanite®
 Tillam®
 Thimet®
 Thiodan®
 Thionazin (Zinophos)
 Thiram (Nomersan®, Pomasol®)
 Tiguvon

 Tordon®
 Tordon 101®

 Toxaphene (Phenocide®, Phenatox®)
 2,4,5TP
 Treflan®
 Trefmid
 Trichlorofon (Dipterex®, Dylox®, Neguvon®,
  Tugon®)
 Tricon
 Trifluralin (Treflan®)
 Trithion®
 Trolene®
 TV-1096

 UC 8305

 UC 10854
UC 19786
UC 20047

UC 21149
	Chemical Name or Active Ingredient	

No information available
No information available
Amine salt of 3,6-endoxohexahydrophthalic acid
2,2-bis-(p-chlorophenyl)-l,l-dichloroethane
See Monuron
See Chloroxuron
See Carbophenothion
82% isobornyl thiocyanoacetate
Tetraethyl pyrophosphate
3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol
Isobornyl thiocyanoacetate
See Pebulate
See Phorate
See Endosulfan
o,o-diethyl-o-2-pyrazinyl phosphorothioate
Tetramethylthiuram disulfide
o,o-dimethyl-o- [4-(methylthio)-m-tolyl]  phos-
  phorothioate
See Picloram
39.6% triisopropanol-amine  salt of 2,4-D, and
  10.2% picloram triisopropylamine salt
Chlorinated camphene
No information available
See Trifluralin
No information available
o,o-dimethyl-(l-hydroxy-2,2,2-trichloroethyl)
  phosphate
No information available
a,Oi,a-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N^-dipropyl-p-toluidine
See Carbophenothion
See Ronnel
Lg-threo-2-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-5-(p-nitrophenyl)-
  2-oxazoline-4-methanol
p-chloro-2,4-dioxa-5-methyl-p-thiono-3-phosphabi-
  cyclo-(4.4.0)-decane
m-isopropylphenyl N-methycarbamate
2-sec butyl-4,6-dinitrophenyl isopropyl-carbonate
3-chloro-6-cyano-2-norbornanone o(methyl-
  carbamoyl) oxime
2-methyl-2-(methylthio) propionaldehyde
  o-methyl-carbamoyl) oxime
                                                  D-13

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                Trade Name
       Chemical Name or Active Ingredient
UC 21427
Urox®
Vancide 51Z

Vapona®
Velsicol
Velsicol 1068
Veon-100


Vernolate (Vernam®)
Vernam®
Versene
Versenol
Vis-ko Stop-Mold "B"
Weedar MCP
Weedex
Weed Rap

Zectran®
Zerlate®
Zinophos
Ziram (Zerlate®, Milbam®, Fuklasin®)
Zytron®
No information available
See Monuron-TCA
Mixture of zinc dimethyldithiocarbamate and
  zinc 2-mercaptobenzothiazole
See DDVP
See Dicamba
See Chlordane
Dimethylamine salt of 2-4 dichlorophenoxyacetic
  acid-dimethylamine salt-2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy-
  acetic acid
S-propyl dipropylthiocarbamate
See Vernolate
Sodium acetate
A series of chelating agents
54% sodium-o-phenylphenate
No information available
41% sodium metarsenite
20(2-ethyl hexyl ester of 2,4-dichlorophenoxy-
  acetic acid)
4-dimethylamino-3,5-xylyl n-methyl-carbamate
See Ziram
See Thionazin
Zinc dimethyldithiocarbamate
o-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)o-methyl isopropylphos-
  phoramidothioate
                                                 D-14

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                                  ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
    Manufacturing  Chemists Association (MCA) recognized for some years  the urgent need to
summarize  information regarding  the effect  of chemicals on  aquatic life as a  step  toward
improved water usage.  To this end MCA engaged Battelle to examine the scientific literature and
compile pertinent data. Guidance in  this  program was provided by chemical industry specialists
of the  MCA Water Resources Committee.  Financed by MCA, the planning and execution of the
compilation  effort  and  preparation  of  this report were  accomplished  by staff  members of
Battelle's Columbus Laboratories. The authors of this report are H. T. Kemp, J. P.  Abrams, and
R. C.  Overbeck. The Environmental Protection  Agency, in  supporting  publication  of  this
document, is  fulfilling  its role of making information on water use problems generally available
to the scientific community.

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1
Accession Number
w
5
2

Subject Field & Group
05 A and 05C
SELECTED WATER RESOURCES ABSTRACTS
INPUT TRANSACTION FORM
Organization
        Battelle's Columbus Laboratories, Columbus, Ohio
      Title
         Water  Quality  Criteria  Data  Book  - Volo  3
         Effects of Chemicals on Aquatic Life
IQ Authors)
H. T. Kemp,
J. P. Abrams, and
R. C. Overbeck
•tji Project Designation
18050GWV5/71
21 Note
Copies available
Laboratories for
22 Citation

only from GPO. By Battelle's Columbus
Manufacturing Chemist Association.

         Data Book, Vol. 3, 528 pp., May, 1971.
  23
Descriptors (Starred First)

 * Toxicity
 * Bioassay
 * Industrial wastes
 * Pesticides
 * Aquatic organisms
 * Aquatic animals
                                     * Pest control
                                       Pesticide toxicity
                                       Bioindicators
                                       Agricultural chemicals
                                       Fish
                                       Chemicals
Chemical wastes
Biochemical oxygen demand
Fresh water
Sea water
Bacteria
Algae
Aquatic fungi
Invertebrates
Aquatic insects
Oysters
Shrimp
       Identifiers (Starred First)
  27
Abstract

        Original data from more than 500 technical publications concerning the specific effects of chemicals on individual
   species of aquatic biota were collected and summarized in uniform format. Alphabetical assembly of the data by chemi-
   cal allows rapid access to considerable detailed information.  A Species Index facilitates search for information on the
   toxicity of chemicals to individual aquatic species.

        The details of major procedures in laboratory bioassay and field assessment of chemical toxicity in water are
   discussed.  Freshwater and marine procedures are included. A total of approximately 1000 references were utilized
   in preparing this report.

         Recommendations include:

        (1)  Establishment of an information-analysis center on chemical water pollution based to some
             extent on the report prepared.

        (2)  Preparation of a listing of chemical constituents of effluents and continued up-dating of
             this list.
                                                                                                   (Kemp - Battelle)
Abstractor
             H. T. Kemp
                                        Institution
                                              Battelle's Columbus Laboratories
  WR:102  (REV. JULY 1969)
  WRSIC
                               SEND, WITH COPY OF DOCUMENT. TO: WATER RESOURCES SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION CENTER
                                                                 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
                                                                 WASHINGTON. D. C. 20240
                                                                                                         * GPO: 1 970-389-930

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