WATER POLLUTION CONTROL RESEARCH SERIES • 12120 FYF 03/72
FLUIDIZED-BED INCINERATION OF
SELECTED CARBONACEOUS
INDUSTRIAL WASTES
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
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WATER POLLUTION CONTROL RESEARCH SERIES
The Water Pollution Control Research Series describes the
results and progress in the control and abatement of pollution
in our Nation's waters. They provide a central source of
information on the research, development, and demonstration
activities in the water research program of the Environmental
Protection Agency, through in-house research and grants and
contracts with Federal, state, and local agencies, research
institutions, and industrial organizations.
Inquiries pertaining to Water Pollution Control Research Reports
should be directed to the Chief, Publications Branch (Water),
Research Information Division, R&M, Environmental Protection
Agency, Washington, D. C. 20460
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FLUIDIZED-BED INCINERATION OF SELECTED
CARBONACEOUS INDUSTRIAL WASTES
by
Battelle Laboratories
505 King Avenue
Columbus, Ohio 43201
for the
STATE OF OHIO DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES
and
THE OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND MONITORING,
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Grant #12120 FYF
March, 1972
For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 • Price $1.00
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EPA Review Notice
This report has been reviewed by the Environmental
Protection Agency and approved for publication. Approval
does not signify that the contents necessarily reflect
the views and policies of the Environmental Protection
Agency, nor does mention of trade names or commercial
products constitute endorsement or recommendation for
use.
ii
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ABSTRACT
This report describes a program that was conducted on the feasibility
of fluidized-bed incineration for selected carbonaceous industrial
wastes. The program consisted of an initial phase in which wastes from
the paint, plastics, rubber, and textile industries in Ohio were
characterized. In the second phase, samples of various wastes were
obtained and analyzed, and based on their characteristics, selected
wastes were experimentally incinerated in a 10-inch-diameter fluidized-
bed system.
Results of the program indicate that sludges from solvent recovery
operations in the paint industry, sludges from primary treatment of
process wastes from plastic manufacturing, flotation sludges from
primary treatment of synthetic rubber manufacture, and the waste from
the viscose process of the textile industry can be incinerated in a
fluidized-bed system without the production of noxious or toxic exhaust
gases. The program also indicates that incineration of the various
wastes significantly reduces their potential impact on stream pollution.
It is recommended that a demonstration plant be constructed and operated
at a site close to the source of several types of industrial wastes.
This report was submitted by Battelle, Columbus Laboratories, in ful-
fillment of Grant Number 12120 FYF by the United States Environmental
Protection Agency, to the Department of Natural Resources of the State
of Ohio.
111
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CONTENTS
Section Page
I Conclusions 1
II Recommendations 3
III Introduction 5
IV Background Information 7
V Experimental Work 29
VI Discussion of Experimental Results 53
VII Potential Impact on Water Pollution 55
VIII Preliminary Economic Evaluation 59
IX Acknowledgments 65
X Bibliography 67
XI Appendices 81
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FIGURES
No. Page
1 Sketch of 10-Inch-Diameter Fluidized-Bed Unit 3°
2 Simplified Flowsheet of Incinerator for Paint Wastes 60
3 Simplified Flowsheet of Incinerator for Plastic Wastes 62
4 Simplified Flowsheet of Incinerator for Rubber Wastes 63
VI
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TABLES
No. Page
1 Types, Quantities, and Disposition of Paint Wastes 12
From Typical Plants in Ohio
2 Ingredients in Latex Paints 14
3 Ingredients in Oil-Base Paints 15
4 Analyses of Solvent-Bearing Wastes From the Paint 16
Industry
5 Analyses of General Process Wastes From the Paint 17
Industry
6 Analyses of Process Waters From Resin Production in the 18
Paint Industry
7 Types, Quantities, and Disposition of Plastic Wastes 19
From Typical Plants in Ohio
8 Analyses of Process Waste Waters and Sludges From 21
the Plastic Industry
9 Analyses of Solid Wastes From the Manufacture of 22
Plastics
10 Analyses of Sludges From Primary Treatment Operations 23
in the Rubber Industry
11 Analyses of Solid Waste From the Rubber Industry 24
12 Analyses of Wastes From Rubber Reclaiming Operations 24
13 Sources, Quantities, and Disposition of Rubber Wastes 25
From Typical Plants in Ohio
14 Analyses of Wastes From Textile Industry 26
15 Experimental Conditions Employed During the Preliminary 33
Runs on Incineration of Still Bottoms
16 Mass Spectrographic Analyses of Exhaust Gases Produced 34
From Preliminary Experimental Incineration of Still
Bottoms
17 Experimental Conditions Employed During Incineration 35
of Paint Manufacturing Wastes
vii
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TABLES (continued)
No. Page
18 Analyses of Residues From the Fluidized-Bed Incineration 36
of Paint Manufacturing Wastes
19 Analyses of Exhaust Gas Scrubber Effluent From the 37
Fluidized-Bed Incineration of Paint Manufacturing Waste
20 Mass Spectrographic Analysis of Exhaust Gases From 38
Fluidized-Bed Incineration of Paint Manufacturing Wastes
21 Experimental Conditions Employed During Incineration of 40
Plastic Manufacturing Wastes
22 Analyses of Residue From Fluidized-Bed Incineration of 41
Plastic Manufacturing Wastes
23 Analyses of Exhaust Gas Scrubber Effluent From Fluidized- 42
Bed Incineration of Plastic Manufacturing Wastes
24 Mass Spectrographic Analyses of Exhaust Gases From the 43
Fluidized-Bed Incineration of Plastic Manufacturing
25 Experimental Conditions Employed During Incineration of 44
Rubber Manufacturing Wastes
26 Analyses of Exhaust Gas Scrubber Effluent From Fluidized- 45
Bed Incineration of Rubber Manufacturing Wastes
27 Analyses of Residue From Fluidized-Bed Incineration of 46
Rubber Manufacturing Wastes
28 Mass Spectrographic Analysis of Exhaust Gases From the 48
Fluidized-Bed Incineration of Rubber Manufacturing Wastes
29 Experimental Conditions Employed During Incineration of 49
Textile Manufacturing Wastes
30 Analyses of Residue From Fluidized-Bed Incineration of 50
Textile Manufacturing Wastes
31 Analyses of Exhaust Gas Scrubber Effluent From Fluidized- 51
Bed Incineration of Textile Wastes
32 Mass Spectrographic Analysis of Exhaust Gases From 51
Fluidized-Bed Incineration of Textile Wastes
33 Estimated Capital and Operating Cost for Sample 64
Incineration Systems
viii
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SECTION I
CONCLUSIONS
This study has indicated that certain waste materials generated by the
paint, plastic, rubber, and textile industries can be successfully
disposed of by incineration in a fluidized-bed system. Based on a
survey of these industries in Ohio and on the results of experimental
incineration studies, the following conclusions were drawn.
(1) In the paint industry, an incineration process would be particularly
effective for disposal of solvent recovery sludges and other aqueous
wastes such as latex wash-out water and reaction waters from resin pro-
duction. These wastes can create difficulties by disposal in landfills
or municipal sewers. It was experimentally demonstrated that all of
these materials can be incinerated concurrently in a fluidized-bed system.
No fuel was required due to the high heating value of the solvent-
bearing sludges, and essentially no noxious or toxic materials were
present in either the exhaust gases, the gas scrubber effluent, or the
residue remaining after incineration. A full-scale incinerator required
for a typical plant was estimated to be about 6 feet in diameter and cost
about $200,000. Operating costs were estimated at $140 per day or 1.1$ per
pound of waste.
(2) Primary treatment sludges from the plastic industry can be disposed
of by fluidized-bed incineration using supplemental fuel addition.
One source of fuel might be the large quantities of solid plastic waste
generated by this industry. The experimental studies indicate that
essentially no toxic or noxious materials are produced during incinera-
tion of styrene or PVC wastes other than hydrogen chloride which is
removed in gas scrubbing effluent. An incineration facility capable
of handling the primary treatment sludge from a typical plant was estimated
to be 12 feet in diameter and to cost about $350,000. Operating costs,.
however, were estimated to be less than 0.2
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operation and no generation of noxious components. On the basis of
10,000,000 pounds of sludge annually, it was estimated that a 7.5 foot
diameter incinerator would be required. Capital costs were estimated
to be $250,000 and operating costs of 0.4
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SECTION II
RECOMMENDATIONS
This program involved the characterization of wastes from the paint,
plastics, rubber, and textiles industries in Ohio as well as experi-
mental fluidized-bed incineration of selected wastes from these
industries. The scope of the program was to determine the technical
and economic feasibility of fluidized-bed incineration of these wastes.
Based on the results obtained in the program, it is recommended that
a demonstration plant be constructed and operated at a convenient
site for the disposal of all types of industrial wastes of interest
in this study.
There is a possibility of blending wastes from several industries
prior to incineration. This would allow the utilization of the heating
value of some wastes to incinerate other, more dilute wastes. Several
types of wastes not included in this program possibly could be added.
Other waste materials which might be considered are (1) sewage sludges,
(2) lake or river bottom dredging, and (3) petrochemical sludges.
Transportation of the wastes to a centrally located incinerator as
well as the necessary storage tank and blending facilities would be
needed. A brief study of these factors should be included in the
recommended program. The possibility of heat recovery from the incin-
eration system also should be considered.
All of the above-mentioned factors, particularly the blending of high
heating value wastes with dilute waste and heat recovery, could enhance
the economics of the system considerably. If the facility were located
in a large city, carbonaceous wastes currently being discharged into
the municipal sewers could be incinerated. This would decrease the
loading on the sewage treatment system. In this case, the incinerator
would be constructed near the sewage treatment plant so that sewage
effluent could be used as the scrubbing medium. The scrubber effluent
would be returned to the sewage plant for treatment. A long-range
study (2-3 years) of the effects of incinerating some of the industrial
carbonaceous wastes now being discharged into a municipal sewage system
on the subsequent operations of that system is recommended.
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SECTION III
INTRODUCTION
Battelle's Colnbus Laboratories was instrumental in the development
of a fluidized-bed incinerator system for the disposal of waste liquors
from the neutral sulfite semichemical (NSSC) pulping of wood for the
production of corrugating medium. Since the initial development of
this system a number of commercial installations utilizing this technique
have been constructed and are in operation. In addition, studies have
been made of the use of fluidized-bed systems for the disposal of wastes
from other segments of the pulp and paper Indus-try, as well as from
petrochemical and petroleum industries. Commercial-scale systems also
have been constructed for the disposal of wastes from these industries.
The disposal of carbonaceous liquid wastes by fluidized-bed incineration
usually consists of the following steps:
(1) Concentrating the wastes in multiple effect evaporators to a level
where the fuel value of the concentrate is sufficient to evaporate the
remaining water and raise the temperature of the waste to the desired
incineration temperature.
(2) Introducing the concentrated waste into the top of the incinerator
as a fine spray. However, viscose wastes and wastes containing
large amounts of volatile solvents were introduced directly into the
bed of fluidized solids,
(3) Contacting the droplets with a bed of fluidized solids held at a
temperature sufficiently high to burn all of the carbonaceous matter.
(4) Recovering the residual inorganics and noncombustible portion of the
waste either from the bed of fluidized solids as an agglomerated product
or from the exhaust gases as a finely divided dust.
The operating conditions in a fluidized-bed system can be readily con-
trolled within very narrow ranges, a factor which makes possible the
incineration of carbonaceous wastes while minimizing the generation of
noxious fumes. In addition, these systems efficiently utilize the fuel
value of the wastes. They can be operated at temperatures which will
effect the agglomeration and the retention of many materials in the bed
of fluidized solids, thus minimizing the entrainment of particulate
matter in the exhaust gases, if desired.
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Because of the effectiveness of fluidized-bed incineration systems in
the disposal of pulping and papermaking wastes, as well as other carbon-
aceous wastes, it was believed that such systems also might be applied
advantageously to the abatement of water pollution by carbonaceous waste
from other industries.
Another factor in the recommendation of this program was pointed out in
a BCL study on the state of the art of industrial waste treatment. The
result of that study pointed up the need for more effective means of indus-
trial treatment to eliminate or minimize the discharge of pollutants into
streams and sewers.
In view of these factors, Battelle proposed that the Ohio Department of
Natural Resources request a research grant from the Federal Water Quality
Administration to evaluate fluidized-bed incineration of wastes
from four Ohio industries (textile, plastics, rubber, and paint).
This program was outlined in Battelle's proposal to the State of Ohio,
Department of Natural Resources of January 16, 1970. It was proposed
that the initial phase of the program consist of the following four specific
tasks:
(1) The acquisition and assessment of data on the characteristics of major
waste streams from the selected industries and their potential for disposal
by incineration
(2) An experimental evaluation of the fluidized-bed incineration of wastes
selected on the basis of their probable amenability to treatment, the
severity of the problem of their disposal, and their pollutional potential
(3) A preliminary evaluation of the technical and economic feasibility of
the proposed technique and the preparation of recommendations for its
continual development on a pilot scale
(A) The preparation of a formal report covering the results obtained
in 1 through 3.
This proposal was accepted by the Department of Natural Resources and work
was begun in July, 1970. This report is concerned with the results of
that program.
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SECTION IV
BACKGROUND INFORMATION
Description of Industries
Paint
The production of paints in the State of Ohio involves many large scale
plants and a wide variety of operations. The paint industry is represented
by plants producing both consumer paints and industrial paints such as
automotive enamels and lacquers.
In the manufacture of paints, wastes are encountered, primarily, in
the cleaning and washing of reactors, blenders, tanks, etc., and in
general plant clean-up operations. Secondary waste sources are rejected
or otherwise unacceptable batches of paint and returned goods.
The type of wastes produced in the paint industry can be classified in
two categories: those resulting from oil-base paint production which are
largely organic, and those resulting from water—based paint manufacture
which are generally dilute aqueous solutions containing organic and inorganic
components. Waste loads are apparently distributed about equally between
these two types.
In the manufacture of oil-base paints, organic solvents are used for most
cleaning and washing operations. For economic reasons, wash-out solvents
generally are collected and reused a number of times before they are
disposed of. Many plants practice a recovery operation in which distillation
of dirty solvent is used to recover about 80 percent of the feed as clean
solvent for reuse within the plant. Some plants truck the dirty solvents
to an independent salvage firm which also uses distillation for recovery
of clean solvent. The locality of a particular plant apparently has much
to do with whether or not a company uses independent or in-plant recovery.
In either case, the distillation operations end up with a still bottoms or
sludge which ultimately must be disposed of either by the paint company
or by the independent operator.
Sludges or bottoms resulting from dirty solvent recovery have in the past
been disposed of at various landfill sites within Ohio, This practice
is becoming more and more difficult due to current restrictions and some
plants are now forced to use out-of-state landfill sites. In at least one
instance, the bottoms are being successfully incinerated outside of the State
of Ohio. The use of landfill also is employed for disposal of returned
goods and bad batches of paint.
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The production of water-base paints on the other hand results in entirely
different waste characteristics and thus disposal practices. Wash-out
and cleaning operations generally use large volumes of water which are
then discarded after a single use. The wastes are dilute but still contain
significant organic loadings from resins and binders, and contain colored
inorganic pigments. Disposal of these wastes is generally accomplished
through the use of municipal sewers where the waste is greatly diluted
with plant cooling water.
In addition to the general wash-out and plant cleaning waste waters,
there are several other operations involved in paint manufacture in which
wastes are produced. These, basically, arise during the manufacture of
resins and binders which is sometimes carried out in the same plant used
for mixing of paints or is conducted at a separation location. During
production of certain types of resins such as the phenolic types, a significant
quantity of water-of-reaction results. This particular waste contains
high organic loadings and is very offensive. Various methods are being
used for disposal of resin reaction waste waters, including incineration
and trucking to municipal sewage plants. In the production of resins, general
wash-out and cleaning wastes also are produced. These wastes are highly
basic since caustic is used for most cleaning operations.
Plastics
The basic processing step involved in plastics production is polymerization
of monomer to polymer. The technology involved in polymerization has been
known for over 20 years and very little change has occurred during this
time. Generally, the polymerization step is carried out by one or a
combination of four processes, depending on the type of plastic or resin
being manufactured. These are
(1) Suspension polymerization
(2) Solution polymerization
(3) Batch condensation process
(A) Emulsion polymerization.
From a waste generation standpoint, by far the most important of these pro-
cesses is the suspension polymerization process. In this process, the
monomer is dispersed as small droplets in a suspending medium consisting
of water and small quantities of catalysts and suspending agents. Signi-
ficant waste waters are generated after centrifugation or filtration of the
mixture to remove the polymerized product. Wastes also are generated during
washing of the product and in cleanout operations.
Typical examples of the type of plastics produced in Ohio by suspension
polymerization are the vinyl and polystyrene resins.
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The production of vinyl resins, for example, is currently estimated to
be over 2.5 billion Ib/year and ranks second only to polyethylene in
total resin production capacity. About 85 percent of the vinyl resins
are produced by the suspension polymerization process. The waste water
from vinyl resin manufacture contains: (1) suspending agents, (2) surface
active agents, (3) catalysts or initiators, (4) small amounts of unreacted
monomer, and (5) fine particles of the polymer product. Generally the
waste water is high in organic loading—as much as 1,000 ppm BOD and 100
ppm suspended solids. Most of the resin manufacturers employ only primary
treatment to remove suspended solids. Approximately half of the plants
also use municipal sewers for disposal of the waste waters after a primary
treatment step.
The production of polystyrene resins and copolymers is almost as great
as vinyl resins and a growth pattern similar to that from vinyl resins
is expected, Styrene resins are also produced by a suspension polymeri-
zation process which is usually preceded by a bulk prepolymerization step.
The significant water wastes produced are reaction water and wash water
resulting from the centrifugation, filtration, and washing of polymerized
product.
The waste waters from polystyrene manufacture typically have a low
concentration of pollutants because of the small quantities of additives
used in the process. The additives can be of a wide variety including
catalysts of the peroxide type, suspending agents which are organic, and
various inorganic materials such as calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate,
talc, clays, and silicates. Many of the large styrene producing plants
employ a primary treatment of the waste waters before disposal either to
a stream or sewer.
Rubber
Rubber manufacturing in the State of Ohio and the wastes generated by
this industry may be divided into three general classes: (1) natural
rubber including all rubberlike materials produced from the plant sap;
(2) synthetic rubber made by copolymerization of several chemicals
including butadiene, styrene, isoprene, chloroprene, etc.; and (3) re-
claimed rubber. The latter two categories make up the major waste con-
tribution from the rubber industry.
In the manufacture of synthetic rubber, butadiene is mixed with some other
mononer such as styrene plus a catalyst to produce synthetic latex.
Coagulation of the latex either with an acid salt solution or with alum
follows, after which the latex is washed, dried, and baled. Wastes
from synthetic rubber manufacture typically consist of coagulated rubber
crumbs, plus acid and salt solutions and occasionally batches of materials
which will not polymerize properly. The wastes generally have a high
BOD, and bad taste, and odor. Most large plants currently employ some
type of treatment for rubber manufacturing wastes and usually generate large
quantities of sludge which are disposed of by landfill.
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In reclaiming used rubber, the processes basically consist of shredding
and grinding the old rubber after which any bits of metal and most of the
fabrics are removed by screening and separation processes. The ground
rubber and fabric is then subjected to a caustic treatment at high tempera-
tures for several hours which destroys the fabric and frees the rubber.
The recovered rubber is then washed, dried, milled, strained, and refined
for reuse. The wastes from rubber reclaiming basically consist of the
scraps, fabric, and metal pieces removed from the rubber and any sludges
produced from the treatment of spent caustic solutions.
Textile
The textile industry consists of two distinct segments: (1) natural
fibers, and (2) synthetic fibers. The principal sources of natural
fiber considered are cotton and wool. In the finishing of the natural
fibers, the processing may be simply described as follows:
(1) Sizing of raw fiber with slashing starch to aid in the weaving
(2) Desizing to allow wet processing
(3) Keiring or scouring to remove natural impurities
(4) Bleaching to whiten the fibers.
In the production of synthetic fibers the process is less involved since
the sizing and desizing steps are eliminated.
The trend in the textile industry is toward the development of methods
which eliminate the need for waste treatment by process chemical changes,
segregation, equalization, and recovery. However, in considering pol-
lution abatement, it should be realized that the bulk of the pollution
is contributed by only two wastes in cotton mills (desizing and scouring
or kiering) and in woolen mills (scouring and washing after fulling).
The segregation and treatment of these specific waste streams by con-
centration and incineration techniques has been recommended as a major
step in alleviating stream pollution.
The textile industry in the State of Ohio is quite small. There are,
however, several small plants involved in yarn dyeing, cording and
combing of scrap cloth, etc. The waste from the dyeing operation is
very dilute and is normally discharged to city sewerage systems. Very
little liquid waste is generated in the cording and combing operation.
The production of synthetic fibers is the major segment of the industry
now in existence in Ohio. However, the waste load from this industry does
not appear to be significant at this time except for isolated plants.
10
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The basis for this background information was taken from the articles
listed in the bibliography section of this report, as well as from
information collected during the visits with various plant operating
personnel.
Characteristics of Wastes
Paint Production
The primary wastes generated from paint production in Ohio can be grouped
in the following three categories:
(1) Waste organic solvents which contain varying amounts of resins, binders,
and pigments. This cateogry would include all wash-out and cleaning solvents.
the sludges from these solvents if recovery is practiced, and other minor
items such as reject batches of paint and "returned goods"
(2) Aqueous waste waters which contain varying amounts of resins,
binders, pigments, and caustic. These wastes are generated primarily
during wash-out and cleaning of equipment used for water-base paint
manufacture
(3) Water of reaction from production of certain organic resins used in
paint formulations.
The only other wastes generated in paint manufacture are solid wastes
such as waste paper, fiber board, plastic wrappings, etc. Although these
wastes may represent a considerable volume and cost to the plant for dis-
posal, they are relatively insignificant with respect to water pollution
and were not considered further in this program.
The wastes generated in the above three categories differ widely with
regard to quantities, composition, and current disposition. On the basis
of plant visits and discussions conducted during this program, a cross
section of the paint industry in Ohio was developed.
The type of wastes generated, their quantities, and current disposition
at the plants visited during this survey are listed in Table 1. These
data indicate that combined effluents and reaction waters from resin
production represent the largest quantities of waste for disposal. These
wastes are, in most cases, handled by municipal sewage systems but in one
specific plant the wastes were incinerated. Solvent bearing wastes can re-
present up to about 1,000 gpd for a typical plant and are currently being
disposed of by landfill in most cases. In addition, incineration or sewage
plant disposal of solvent wastes is practiced by specific plants in Ohio.
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TABLE 1. TYPES, QUANTITIES, AND DISPOSITION OF PAINT WASTES FROM TYPICAL
PLANTS IN OHIO
Type of Waste
Generated Annually
Current Disposition
Combined Effluent
Reaction Water-Resin Manufacture
Solvent Recovery Sludge
Latex Wash-Out Water
Combined Effluent-Resin Manufacture
Solvent Recovery Sludge
Solvent Recovery Sludge
Waste Solvent
Solvent Recovery Sludge
108,000,000 gal
200,000 gal
120,000 gal
200,000 gal
390,000 gal
250,000 gal
120,000 gal
30,000 gal
39,000 gal
Municipal sewer
Trucked to sewage plant
Landfill
Landfill
Incinerated
Incinerated
Landfill
Landfill
Sewage Plant
Note: For a national distribution of paint manufacturing plants, see Figure A-l, page 82.
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The composition of paint wastes also varies widely depending on the
category or type of waste considered. As an example of the many
ingredients used in paint formulations, a typical list of ingredients for
latex and oil-base paints is shown in Tables 2 and 3, Although
quantities are not given, it is evident that many toxic or highly
pollutional substances are used in the formulations. These include
phosphates, mercury, chromium, cyanides, phenols, asbestos, lead, barium,
cobalt, and chlorinated organics. It is valid to assume that a certain
percentage of these pollutants will ultimately end up in, the waste
materials from these plants.
As part of the initial phase of this program specific waste materials
generated in the paint industry were obtained and analyzed. The results
of analyses of paint waste samples obtained during the program are
shown in Tables 4, 5, and 6, The samples are grouped in the three
categories described above. The data shown in Table 4 illustrate the
high values for total solids, COD, and heating value typical of solvent
bearing wastes. These data also point out that ash content is generally
less than 10 percent; thus, waste volumes could be reduced over 90 percent
by incineration.
The analyses of aqueous waste waters (Tables 5 and 6) indicate a total
solids content generally between 2 and 5 percent except for combined
effluents which are very dilute due to mixing with large quantities of
cooling water. The results show that the solids are basically organic and
exhibit a high COD. The most objectionable waste appears to be reaction
water from the manufacture of resins.
Plastic Production
The wastes generated by the plastic industries in Ohio are of two general
types:
(1) Waste sludges produced during primary treatment of combined plant
effluents, process waters, etc.
(2) Solid materials which are largely waste polymers, plastic scrap,
etc., combined with other inorganic materials.
In certain instances, some plants also generate waste solvents and reaction
waters from resin manufacture, which are similar to those generated in
the paint industry. The relative quantities of the wastes generated and
current disposition for specific plastic manufacturing plants visited are
shown in Table 7. As shown, the production of solid waste materials (polymers,
sanding dust, plastic scrap) results in the largest quantities of material
for disposal. The combined output of only two plants amounts to approximately
35,000,000 pounds annually. These materials currently are being sent to a
landfill.
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TABLE 2. INGREDIENTS IN LATEX PAINTS
Liquids
Pigments
Water
Latex - (acrylic or vinyl acrylic resins)
Glycols
Coalescing agents:
pine oil
tributyl phosphate
aromatic glycol ether
odorless mineral spirits
nonbiodegradable surfactants
potassium tripolyphosphate
emulsifiable lecithin
cellulosic compounds
mercury compounds
Titanium dioxide
Clay
Calcium carbonate
Silica
Oxides of iron
Chromium green oxide
Hansa yellow
Carbon black
Umbers
Asbestos fibre
Phthalocyanine blue and green
Major items
Minor items
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TABLE 3. INGREDIENTS IN OIL-BASE PAINTS
Oils (vegetable o-r marine)
Alkyds (phthalic glycerides or ppntaerythritides)
Varnishes:
phenolic resins
petroleum resins
rosin esters
epoxy resins
gilsonite
asphaltum
Solvent:
petroleum solvents
aromatic or alyphatic hydrocarbons
alcohol (butyl or isopropyl)
ethylene glycol (monoethyl ether)
ethylene glycol (monoethyl acetate)
methylisobutyl ketone
methylethyl ketone
Titanium dioxide
Red lead
Zinc oxide
Basic lead silica chromate
Lead chromates
Iron blues
Thalocyanine blue and green
Iron oxides
Organic red pigments
Aluminum flakes
Asbestos fibre
Chromium green oxide
Carbon black
Black iron oxide
Silicates (magnesium and aluminum)
Calcium carbonate
Silica
Lead molybdate
Strontium chromate
Organic orange toner
Organic yellow toner (hansa)
Zinc sulfide
Barium sulfate lithopone
Chemicals
Chlorinated paraffin
Organic mercury compounds (solvent soluble)
Silicone fluid
Driers:
Organic compounds of:
lead
manganese
cobalt
zinc
calcium
zirconium
15
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TABLE 4. ANALYSES OF SOLVENT-BEARING WASTES FROM THE PAINT INDUSTRY
Sample Number :
Description:
Specific gravity
pH
Total solids, mg/1
Ash content, mg/1
Total carbon, mg/1
Organic carbon, mg/1
Chemical oxygen demand, mg/1
Total nitrogen, mg/1
Organic nitrogen, mg/1
Ammonical Nitrogen, mg/1
Nitrate- nitrite, nitrogen,
mg/1
Total phosphorous, mg/1
Heating value, Btu/lb
(4)
Solvent
Recovery
Sludge
0.926
N.A.
114,000
36,500
N.A.
N.A.
89,000
100
0
0
100
1,100
15,300
(6)
Varnish
Wash-out
Solvent
0.857
N.A.
4,000
536
N.A.
N.A.
6,560
0
0
0
0
0
15,300
(7)
Solvent
Recovery
Sludge
0.940
N.A.
258,000
28,400
N.A.
N'.A.
364,000
5,950
5,900
0
35
600
15,900
(8)
Solvent
Recovery
Sludge
1.000
N.A.
377,000
68,000
N.A.
•N.A.
636,000
1,620
1,600
0
25
300
17,250
(13)
Solvent
Recovery
Sludge
0.956
N.A.
495,000
7,400
N.A.
N.A.
1,100,000
4,150
4,100
0
30
60
15,850
(15)
Varnish
Wash-out
Sludge
0.890
N.A.
83,000
22,400
N.A.
N.A.
126,000
670
600
0
60
90
17,635
(16)
Returned
Goods
1.411
N.A.
1,000,000
579,000
N.A.
•N.A.
1,890,000
3,000
2,900
0
25
350
13,770
N.A. = not analyzed.
-------
TABLE 5. ANALYSES OF GENERAL PROCESS WASTES FROM THE
PAINT INDUSTRY
Sample Number :
Description :
Specific gravity, g/ml
pH
Total Solids, mg/1
Ash Content, mg/1
Total Carbon, mg/1
Organic Carbon, mg/1
Chemical Oyxgen Demand, mg/1
Total Nitrogen, mg/1
Organic Nitrogen, mg/1
Ammonical Nitrogen, mg/1
Nitrate- Nitrite Nitrogen, mg/1
Total Phosphorus, mg/1
Heating Value, Btu/lb
(2)
Combined
Effluent
0.996
11.6
4,000
2,600
680
400
2,900
200
200
0
0
100
8
(14)
Latex
Wash-Out
1.015
8.9
40,000
27,000
8,900
6,200
190,000
250
200
0
60
60
160
17
-------
TABLE 6. ANALYSES OF PROCESS WATERS FROM RESIN PRODUCTION IN THE
PAINT INDUSTRY
Sample Number :
Description:
Specific Gravity, g/ml
PH
Total Solids, mg/1
Ash Content } mg/1
Total Carbon, mg/1 '
Organic Carbon, mg/1
Chemical Oxygen Demand, mg/1
Total Nitrogen, mg/1
Organic Nitrogen, mg/1
Ammoniacal Nitrogen, mg/1
Nitrate - Nitrite Nitrogen, mg/1
Total Phosphorus, mg/1
Heating Value, Btu/lb
(1)
Combined
Effluent
1,000
3.8
26,000
1,700
33,000
15,000
88,000
200
100
0
100
100
250
(3)
Reaction Water and
Caustic Wash-Out
1.007
11.7
23,000
10,000
23,000
17,000
66,000
300
200
0
100
100
125
(5)
Reaction
Water
1.027
3.7
49,000
3,400
180,000
160,000
650,000
400
300
0
100
0
465
18
-------
TABLE 7. TYPES, QUANTITIES, AND DISPOSITION OF PLASTIC WASTES
FROM TYPICAL PLANTS IN OHIO
Type of Waste
Waste PVC Granules
Primary Treatment Sludge
Waste Polymers
Sanding Dust
Scrap Plastics
Reaction Water
Waste Solvents
Waste Solvents
Primary Treatment Sludge
Quantity Generated Annually
800,000 Ib
6,000,000 Ib
16,000,000 Ib
14,400,000 Ib
3,800,000 Ib
750,000 gal
120,000 gal
25,000 gal
3,500,000 Ib
Current Disposition
Landfill
Landfill
Landfill
Landfill
Landfill
Landfill
Landfill
Landfill
Landfill
Note: For a national distribution of plastic manufacturing plants, see
Figure A-2, page 83.
-------
The production of large quantities of sludge from primary treatment
of combined plant effluents, process waters, etc., also represent a signi-
ficant waste problem in the plastic industry. The plants visited in Ohio
all employ or are constructing some type of treatment process for combined
plant effluents. The sludges produced are being disposed of by landfill
at sites either owned by the companies themselves or at independent locations.
In the two plants listed approximately 10,000,000 pounds of primary treatment
sludge are produced annually.
Disposal of waste solvents and reaction water represents only a minor
problem for the plastic industry. In one case, reaction water is being
successfully fed to boilers and incinerated.
The analyses of typical plastic wastes samples obtained during the study
are shown in Tables 8 and 9. Generally, the wastes showing a high
solids content also exhibited a low ash content and high heating value.
This is indicative of the high organic content of the samples. An exception
is Sample No. 19 which is a sludge from the demineralization of influent
water and contains primarily calcium carbonate.
Rubber Production
Typical data on wastes generated by the rubber manufacturing plants
visited in Ohio are shown in Tables 10, 11, 12 and 13. There are several
types of waste produced depending on which segment of the industry is
involved. In the manufacture of synthetic rubber, for example, waste
sludges are produced from the primary treatment of process waste waters.
These sludges contain rubber crumbs, fatty acids, and other processing
chemicals. No information was readily obtainable on the quantities of
sludge produced but the amount is believed to be significant. In one
plant the quantity of sludge produced was estimated at 10,000,000 pounds
annually. The sludges are being disposed of by landfill.
In plants producing specialty rubber products (hoses, gaskets, gloves, etc.)
the major waste problem is the scraps, trimmings, flash, and other solid
materials resulting from the various mechanical operations in the preparation
of the products. These materials amount to a significant quantity per
year (3 to 6 million pounds) and are being disposed of by landfill.
Apparently, some plants have investigated incineration as a means for
disposal but have abandoned the method for various reasons. The high ash
content of these solid rubber wastes (about 30 percent) indicates that
only a 70 percent reduction of landfilling usage would be achieved by in-
cineration.
Another segment of the rubber industry in which significant wastes are
produced involve those plants which are primarily engaged in reclaiming
rubber from old tires. In the grinding, screening, and separation of
the materials in tires, significant quantities of nylon, rayon, and rubber
dust and scraps are produced. These materials can amount to approximately
20
-------
TABLE 8. ANALYSES OF PROCESS WASTE WATERS AND SLUDGES FROM THE PLASTIC INDUSTRY
Sample Number :
Description :
Specific Gravity
pH
Total Solids, mg/1
Ash Content, mg/1
Total Carbon, mg/1
Organic Carbon, mg/1
Chemical Oxygen demand, mg/1
Total Nitrogen, mg/1
Organic Nitrogen, mg/1
Ammoniacal Nitrogen, mg/1
Nitrate-Nitrite Nitrogen, mg/1
Total Phosphorus, mg/1
Heating Value, Btu/lb
(9)
Primary Treatment
Sludge
N.A.
N.A.
564,000
45,000
N.A.
N.A.
590,000
6,300
6,300
0
35
600
8,300
(12)
Reaction
Water
1.001
7.6
4,000
0
42,000
42,000
N.A.
540
500
0
40
60
N.A.
(17)
PVC Process
Waste
0.983
N.A.
108,000
75
N.A.
N.A.
120,000
425
400
0
25
30
950
(18)
PVC Primary
Treatment Sludge
0.994
9.8
3,000
900
620
500
250,000
15
0
0
15
160
17
(19)
Influent
Treatment Sludge
1.077
9.3
135,000
104,000
7,000
1,100
40,000
210
200
0
10
150
0
N.A. = Not analyzed.
-------
TABLE 9. ANALYSES OF SOLID WASTES FROM THE MANUFACTURE
OF PLASTICS
Sample Number:
Description:
Moisture, %
Ash Content, %
COD, ppm
Total Nitrogen, ppm
Organic Nitrogen, ppm
Ammoniacal Nitrogen, ppm
Nitrate- Nitrite Nitrogen, ppm
Total Phosphorus, ppm
Heating Value, Btu/lb
(10)
Shredded
Plastic
Scrap
5.5
1.9
1,300,000
41,540
41,500
0
40
170
8,300
(11)
Plastic
Sanding
Dust
63.5
0.7
530,000
2,350
2,300
0
50
140
3,400
(20)
Oversize
PVC Waste
3.0
0
N.A.
310
300
0
12
20
8770
N.A. = Not analyzed.
22
-------
TABLE 10. ANALYSES OF SLUDGES FROM PRIMARY TREATMENT OPERATIONS IN THE
RUBBER INDUSTRY
Sample Number:
Description;
Specific Gravity
PH
Total Solids, mg/1
Ash Content, mg/1
Total Carbon, mg/1
Organic Carbon, mg/1
COD, mg/1
Total Nitrogen, mg/1
Organic Nitrogen, mg/1
Ammoniacal Nitrogen, mg/1
Nitrate -Nitrite Nitrogen, mg/1
Total Phosphorus, mg/1
Heating Value, Btu/lb
(22)
Primary
Treatment
Sludge
1.016
7.5
44,000
27,300
N.A.
N.A.
21,000
920
900
0
20
400
104
(23)
Rubber
Crumbs
and Floaters
0.992
3.8
110,000
16,500
N.A.
N.A.
182,000
210
200
0
10
10
1,530
(25)
Primary
Treatment
Sludge
N.A.
N.A.
500,000
75,000
N.A.
N.A.
540,000
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
4,150
(32)
Flotation
Product Sludge
N.A.
N.A.
154,000
88,000
N.A.
N.A.
122,000
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
2,300
N.A. = Not analyzed.
-------
TABLE 11. ANALYSES OF SOLID WASTE FROM THE RUBBER
INDUSTRY
Sample Number
and
Description
Bulk Density, g/cc
Total Solids, %
Ash Content, %
COD, ppm
Heating Value, Btu/lb
(24)
Sanding
0.35
41
7
510,000
4,500
(26)
Rubber Scrap, Trimmings,
and Flash
0.45
100
30.5
Na
Na
TABLE 12. ANALYSES OF WASTES FROM RUBBER RECLAIMING
OPERATIONS
Sample Number
and
Description
Specific Gravity
PH
Total Solids, mg/1
Ash Content, mg/1
COD, mg/1
Heating Value, Btu/lb
(30)
Combined
Effluent
0.997
5.0
10,000
1,700
24,000
100
(31)
Digester
Sludge
1.007
4.7
25,000
3,900
54,000
245
24
-------
TABLE 13. SOURCES, QUANTITIES, AND DISPOSITION OF RUBBER
WASTES FROM TYPICAL PLANTS IN OHIO
Type of Waste
Annual
Waste Generated
Present Disposition
Rubber crumbs, fatty
acids, and chemicals
Rubber scraps, trimmings,
flash, etc.
Rubber scraps
Rubber, nylon, and rayon
scraps from reclaiming
operation
Sludge from reclaiming
processes
Sludge from reclaiming
processes
Sludge from primary
treatment
Sludge from primary
treatment
Unknown
2,880,000 Ib
6,000,000 Ib
1,630,000 Ib
1,000,000 Ib
Unknown
10,000,000 Ib
Unknown
Sludge to landfill,
effluent to sewer
Landfill
Landfill
Landfill
Landfill
Lagoon
Landfill
Landfill
Note: For a national distribution of synthetic rubber manufacturing
plants, see Figure A-3, page 84.
25
-------
1.5 million pounds annually for a typical plant. In addition, an
equivalent amount of waste sludge is produced during the cooking of the
rubber in organic oils. These sludges generally have a high solids
content and high COD.
The sludges and other wastes from rubber reclaiming are currently being
disposed of by landfill.
Textile Production
The quantity of textiles produced in Ohio is very small compared to other
sections of the country and very little information was obtained on the
characteristics of waste from this industry. Of the two plants which were
surveyed, one was involved in the manufacture of wool yarn; the other
produced viscose. The analyses of wastes produced in these two plants
are shown in Table 14, The composition of dye wastes from the dyeing of
TABLE 14. ANALYSES OF WASTES FROM TEXTILE INDUSTRY
Sample Number
and Description
Specific gravity
PH
Total Solids, mg/1
Ash Content, mg/1
COD, mg/1
Heating Value, Btu/lb
(27) (28)
Dye Dye
Waste Waste
0,991 0,992
6.4 6,5
198 3,075
87 1,048
355 751
1 8
(29)
Viscose
Waste
1.120
Na
230,000
90,000
121,000
1,000
wool show that this material is very dilute and has low pollutional value
These waste waters currently are being disposed of in municipal sewers
™! M H°rnnWaS^'°n ^ °ther haU^ haS si^±ficant total solids content
and high COD. The solids are largely organic and have a high heating value
Viscose wastes currently are being disposed of by landfill neat±ng Value'
26
-------
Selection of Samples for Experimental Studies
Prior to undertaking the experimental studies, the various waste samples
obtained from the four industries described were evaluated to determine
which were most amenable to fluidized-bed incineration. The samples
were selected, primarily, on the basis of (1) solids content, (2) heating
value, (3) pollutional constitutents, and (4) quantity produced. For
presentation in this report, each industry will be discussed separately.
Paint
One of the wastes selected from the paint industry was the bottoms or
sludge remaining after distillation of the solvents that are used for
cleaning equipment. Two solvent-bearing sludges were selected for experi-
mental incineration in the fluidized bed unit. One of the sludges was from a
solvent recovery (distillation) operation of a large paint manufacturing
plant. It was felt that this sludge was representative of the paint
manufacturing plants that operate their own recovery system. This waste
contained about 52 percent total solids and 0.8 percent ash. The heating
value of the waste, as received, was 16,130 Btu/lb.
The second sludge or still bottoms selected for fluidized-bed incineration
experiments was from a firm that recovers solvent from several paint plants
and does not manufacture paint. This sludge contained about 37.7 percent
solids and 6.8 percent ash. The heating value of this material, as received,
was 15,910 Btu/ib.
A third waste selected for study was the washout water from latex paint
production; which represented a typical a'qiieous waste generated by the
paint industry. The total solids content of this waste was only 7 percent,
and its heating value was 3,920 Btu/lb. This waste was selected for
experimentation primarily on the basis of its high pollutional potential.
One additional waste from the paint industry was selected for experimentation
because it was felt that it could be used as cooling water during incinera-
tion of the high heating value still bottoms. This waste was the very
dilute (49,000 mg solids/liter) water of reaction (decanter water) collected
during resin production.
Plastics^
Wastes generated in the production of three different types of plastics
were selected for experimentation. The first of these was a sludge from
the primary treatment of polyvinyl chloride process waste water. This
waste contained 9,7 percent total solids and 1,05 percent ash or inorganic
residue. The solids from this waste had a heating value of 5610 Btu/lb.
27
-------
A similar waste from the plastic industry selected for experimentation
was sludge from the primary treatment of styrene process waste waters. This
material contained 9.3 percent total solids and 0.51 percent ash. The
heating value of the solids portion of this material was 14,970 Btu/lb.
In addition to the primary treatment sludges, several types of solid and
liquid wastes were selected from the production of laminated plastics in
the hope that a mixture suitable (pumpable) for feeding to the incinerator
could be prepared. These wastes included: (1) sanding dust, (2) resin
production reaction water, (3) waste solvents, and (4) waste resins. The
heating value of the dust fraction alone was in excess of 9,000 Btu/lb.
Rubber
On the basis of the characterization and analysis of the samples
obtained from the rubber industry two types of waste were selected for
experimentation in the fluidized-bed incinerator. These were: (1) con-
centrated digester wastes from rubber reclaiming operations, and (2)
synthetic rubber production sludges after coagulation/flotation. The
digester waste contained 2.5 percent solids and 0.16 percent ash and had
a heating value of 9,820 Btu/lb. The sludge from synthetic rubber pro-
duction contained about 15.4 percent solids and 8.8 percent ash. The
heating value of the dried solids was 14,950 Btu/lb.
Textiles
The only waste materials from the textile industry that appeared to be
suitable for fluidized-bed incineration was the waste from viscose rayon
production. The viscose rayon waste contained 23 percent solids and
about 9 percent ash. The heating value of the solids was 4,415 Btu/lb.
28
-------
SECTION V
EXPERIMENTAL WORK
Description of Equipment
A detailed sketch of the fluidized-bed incinerator unit and auxiliary
equipment which was used during this program is shown in Figure 1.
The fluidized-bed incinerator had an inside diameter of 10 inches
in the bed zone. The freeboard area tapered from 10 inches diameter
at the bed level to 16 inches diameter at the gas exhaust port, with
an overall height of 72 inches. The unit was lined with 6 inches
of castable insulating refractory and had a 3/8-inch-thick stainless
steel orifice plate containing thirteen 1/4-inch-diameter orifice
tubes. The orifice tubes were constructed in such a manner (tee
types) as to prevent the bed material from running into the windbox
during shut-down.
The fluidized-bed unit was mounted on a windbox combustion chamber in
which natural gas was burned and mixed with excess air to provide a
mixture of gases at a controlled temperature. These gases passed through
the orifice plate to fluidize the solid bed material and in some cases
provided a portion of the heat required for incineration of the wastes.
The dust-laden exhaust gases from the bed were discharged through a
2-inch opening in the top of the unit into a cyclone dust collection
system. After the cyclone, the gases passed through a Venturi-type
scrubber and then through an entrainment separator. The mixture of
solids and liquid from the entrainment separator flowed into a sump
which provided a water seal for the slurry discharge system. The
effluent from this sump was overflowed to waste or recycled to the
scrubber. The gases emerging from the entrainment separator were
exhausted from the building through a 2-inch line.
Thermocouples and pressure taps were placed at strategic points in the
system to measure temperatures of inlet gases, bed material, freeboard
space, and off-gas stream; and pressure differentials across the entire
system, the bed zone, and the dust collection system. The temperature
of the bed was controlled during incineration by varying the flow of
natural gas and/or the rate of introduction of the particular waste
material into the unit.
The waste material was pumped to a pneumatic feed gun mounted on the side
of the incinerator using either a Moyno pump or a Sigmamotor pump. The
feed gun was a single-barrel type discharging in the bed zone below the
top of the bed. The waste material was dispersed into droplets of the
desired size by varying the amount of air to this gun.
29
-------
To atmosphere
t
Castable insulating refractory
Castable refractory
Aqueous feed
Cyclone
separators
Nominal bed level
Aqueous feed (alternate)
I-Air
Air ejector
dust return
Orifice plate ,_. ... .
(tubes tyPical)f-Fluidlzm9 air
Combustion chamber
V///////////////////////,
Overflow bed discharge
I
Sump overflow
FIGURE 1. SKETCH OF 10-INCH-DIAMETER FLUIDIZED-BED UNIT
30
-------
The solid residue, or ash, from the waste material was discharged from
the incinerator as dust from the cyclone.
General Experimental Procedure
The general experimental procedure that was followed during the program
consisted of
1. A starter bed of minus 20 plus 100 mesh sand was placed in the
incinerator.
2. A flow of air sufficient to fluidize the starter bed was introduced.
3. Sufficient natural gas was metered to the combustion chamber to
provide the heat required to raise the temperature of the bed material
to a level sufficient for ignition of the carbonaceous content of the
waste material.
4. The natural gas flow rate was adjusted to maintain the desired
windbox temperature.
5. The flow of waste material into the incinerator was adjusted to
maintain proper incineration temperature.
After equilibrium conditions of operation had been established, samples
were collected of the residue, or ash, in the cyclone; effluent from the
scrubber sump; and exhaust gases. Analyses performed on the various
samples included the following:
1. Cyclone dust
a. mercury content
b. total carbon content
c. trace metals content
2. Scrubber effluent
a. total solids content
b. COD
c. mercury content
d. total organic carbon
3. Exhaust gases
a. sulfur compounds
b. hydrocarbons
c. mercury compounds.
31
-------
Experimental Results
Several preliminary experiments were conducted in the 10-inch-diameter
fluidized-bed incinerator on waste materials from each of the four
industries. These preliminary runs were made to check out the physical
operation of the system and to develop operating parameters for inciner-
ation of the various wastes. A suitable feeding system also was developed
during this time. After these preliminary runs, a program was initiated
in which selected wastes from each of the four industries were inciner-
ated. The experimental conditions used and the results obtained from
incineration of the various wastes are discussed in the following sections.
Experiments on Paint Waste
The wastes from the paint industry selected for experimental incinera-
tion were received in 55-gallon drums. During the preliminary experi-
mentation several brief runs were made in which sludge or still bottoms
from a solvent recovery operation were incinerated. The experimental
conditions are shown in Table 15. As can be seen, the incineration or
bed temperature was varied from 1300 to 1840 F to determine at which
temperature the organics in the waste would be completely destroyed.
The rate of introduction of wastes to the incinerator and in turn the
available oxygen also was varied. These wastes were introduced directly
into the bed through a feed gun mounted in the side of the unit. During
these brief runs, it was found that once the wastes started burning no
auxiliary fuel was required for incineration. That is, the incineration
could be carried out autogenously.
Samples of the exhaust gases from selected runs were taken and analyzed
for the components listed above. The results of these analyses, shown
in Table 16, indicate that sulfur compounds as well as hydrocarbons
were below 2 ppm, and NOx was less than 5 ppm even at incineration
temperatures as low as 1300 F.
After the brief preliminary runs, several pilot-scale type runs (ex-
tended operation) were made feeding still bottoms from two solvent
recovery plants and a sample of latex wash-out water. An additional
run was made in which "decanter water" or water of reaction from resin
production was used as freeboard cooling water while incinerating still
bottoms. A summary of data from these experiments is given in Table 17.
The results of analyses of the residue from the experimental runs made
on paint wastes are shown in Table 18. As shown, the mercury content
of these materials is quite low (0.36 ppm or less). In most cases the
total carbon content of the residue was also low (1.6 percent or less).
The low carbon content is indicative of the high degree of completeness
of combustion of the organic compounds present.
32
-------
TABLE 15. EXPERIMENTAL CONDITIONS EMPLOYED DURING THE PRELIMINARY
RUNS ON INCINERATION OF STILL BOTTOMS
CO
u>
Run
Number
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Temperature ,
F
1300
1400
1500
1500
1550
1600
1720
1840
Feed
Rate,
g/min
72.2
62.8
65.4
72.2
15.7
73.2
78.4
72.2
Total
Feed,
Ib
—
4.05
8.13
—
0.72
5.26
1.20
—
Cooling
Water,
ml/min
325
240
240
235
0
118
118
120
Superficial
Velocity,
ft/sec
2.4
2.5
2.5
2.7
2.8
2.9
3.1
3.2
Oxygen Content of
Exhaust Gas
Value, %
4.5
8.5
8.0
5.0
16.0
6.0
7.8
5.5
-------
TABLE 16. MASS SPECTROGRAPHIC ANALYSES OF EXHAUST GASES PRODUCED
FROM PRELIMINARY EXPERIMENTAL INCINERATION OF STILL BOTTOMS
Run
1
4
8
7
Incineration
Temperature,
F
1300
1500
1840
1720
Oxygen Content
of Exhaust Gas,
volume percent
4
5
5
7
.5
.0
.5
.8
Volume Percent
co2
14.1
13.8
13.8
12.2
A
0.94
0.93
0.91
0.91
°2
3.26
3.49
3.54
5.25
N2
81.7
81.5
81.6
81.5
Parts Per Million
c*r\ /"'U /"* ti
L^U L»fl. {j~n~
0
0
0
0
.02 82
.14 19
.14 2
.11 <1
450
15
100
300
C2H6
40
100
33
100
Note: All samples contained less than 2 ppm each of
than 1 ppm each of C_ and C, hydrocarbons.
> COS, and H^S; less than 5 ppm NO ; and less
-------
TABLE 17. EXPERIMENTAL CONDITIONS EMPLOYED DURING INCINERATION OF
PAINT MANUFACTURING WASTES
u>
Run
Number
17
18
21
22
23
-------
TABLE 18. ANALYSES OF RESIDUES FROM THE FLUIDIZED-BED INCINERATION
OF PAINT MANUFACTURING WASTES
Run Number
Component
Mercury, ppm
Total carbon, %
Loss on Ignition, 7,
Calcium, %
Aluminum, %
Titanium, %
Iron, %
Silica, %
Magnesium, %
Lead, %
Manganese, %
Barium, %
Antimony, %
Chromium, %
Nickel, %
Molybdenum, %
Tin, %
Copper, %
Zinc, %
Sodium, %
Zirconium, %
Cobalt, %
Strontium, %
Vanadium, %
Potassium, %
17
0.12
0.71
: 7.38
10-20
2-4
0.2
2.0
10-20
3.0
2.0
0.04
0.02
<0.03
0.4
0.07
0.03
<0.01
0.02
0.3
0.5
0.05
<0.01
0.5
N.D.
N.D.
18
0.26
0.41
4.32
5-10
2-4
5-10
3-6
5-15
1.0
5-10
0.1
0.03
<0.03
2.0
0.2
0.03
<0.01
0.04
0.3
0.3
0.2
0.02
0.2
N.D.
N.D.
21
0.05
0.05
1.18
5-10
1.0
10-20
3.0
5-10
3.0
0.3
0.01
0.1
0.3
0.2
0.03
<0.01
0.01
0.08
1.0
<0.1
0.02
<0.01
0.01
N.D.
N.D.
22
0.07
0.04
0.87
5-10
1.0
10-20
3.0
5-10
3.0
0.3
0.01
0.1
0.3
0.2
0.03
<0.01
0.01
0.01
1.0
<0.1
0.02
<0.01
0.02
N.D.
N.D.
26
0.05
0.37
1.5
5-15
0.5
0.4
0.4
10-20
0.3
0.03
N.D.
N.D.
N.D.
15-30
0.02
<0.005
N.D.
0.01
N.D.
0.1
N.D.
0.02
N.D.
0.01
N.D.
27
0.08
0.18
1.3
5-15
0.5
0.3
0.3
10-20
0.3
0.03
N.D.
N.D.
N.D.
15-30
0.01
<0.005
N.D.
0.01
N.D.
0.1
N.D.
0.02
N.D.
0.01
N.D.
28
0.36
0.91
1.97
5-10
2.0
10-20
3.0
10-20
2.0
0.3
0.1
0.03
N.D.
2.0
0.04
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.2
0.3
0.05
0.01
0.2
N.D.
0.4
29
0.15
0.61
1.95
5-10
2.0
10-20
5.0
5-10
2.0
0.4
0.2
0.1
N.D.
0.3
0.05
0.01
<0.01
0.02
0.3
1.0
0.1
0.02
0.1
N.D.
0.6
29-A
0.03
0.06
0.65
5-10
2.0
10-20
5.0
5-10
1.0
0.4
0.2
0.1
N.D.
0.3
0.05
0.01
<0.01
0.02
0.3
1.0
0.1
0.02
0.1
N.D.
0.4
30
0.06
1.6
9.34
10-20
0.3
1.0
0.2
10-20
0.2
0.01
O.01
<0.01
N.D.
10-20
<0.01
<0.005
<0.01
0.03
<0.1
0.1
<0.01
0.02
<0.01
N.D.
0.1
33
0.03
0.14
1.85
3-6
0.4
3-6
2.0
20-40
0.5
0.6
0.3
0.02
N.D.
1.0
0.02
0.02
0.03
0.01
<0.1
<0.1
0.01
0.1
0.03
N.D.
0.1
N.D. = None detected.
-------
The spectrographic analyses show that the major elements present in the
residue from incineration of these paint wastes were calcium, silica,
titanium, iron, lead and magnesium. The residue from the incineration
of wash-out water from latex paint production (Runs 26 and 27) contained
large quantities (15-30 percent) of chromium.
The effluent from the exhaust gas scrubber was analyzed for mercury,
COD and total organic carbon. The results of these analyses are shown
in Table 19. In all runs except 17 and 18 the mercury level was found
TABLE 19. ANALYSES OF EXHAUST GAS SCRUBBER EFFLUENT FROM
THE FLUIDIZED-BED INCINERATION OF PAINT
MANUFACTURING WASTES
Run Number
17
18
21
22
26
27
28
29
29-A
30
33
Mercury ,
mg/1
6.9
1.1
<0.1
0.6
< 0.005
< 0.005
0.010
0.002
< 0.001
< 0.001
< 0.001
COD,
mg/1
24
29
25
28
18
24
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
Total Organic
Carbon, mg/1
10
10
8
9
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A. = Not analyzed
to be less than 1 milligram per liter, COD less than 30 milligrams per
liter and the total organic carbon less than 10 milligrams per liter.
The influent water used for scrubbing the gases was also analyzed and
found to contain less than 0.001 milligram per liter of mercury and
8 milligrams per liter total organic carbon
Samples were taken of the exhaust gases and analyzed by mass spectro-
graphic techniques. The results of these analyses are shown in Table 20.
The most important noxious or toxic compounds found were hydrogen cyanide,
and nitrous oxides. It is expected that hydrogen cyanide comes from the
phthalocyanine that is used as a pigment in some blue and green paints.
37
-------
TABLE 20. MASS SPECTROGRAPHIC ANALYSIS OF EXHAUST GASES FROM FLUIDIZED-
BED INCINERATION OF PAINT MANUFACTURING WASTES
00
Components
Carbon dioxide, vol %
Argon, vol %
Oxygen, vol %
Nitrogen, vol %
Hydrogen, vol %
Carbon monoxide, vol %
Methane, vol %
Sulfur dioxide, ppm
Hydrogen sulfide, ppm
Carbonyl sulfide, ppm
Ethane, ppm
Hydrogen cyanide, ppm
Benzene, ppm
Nitrous oxide, ppm
Acetone, ppm
Ethane, ppm
Ethylene, ppm
Acetylene, ppm
Run
17
10. /
1.0
7.41
80.8
0.08
0.21
O.001
<2
<2
<2
37
50
13
28
26
N.D.
N.D.
N.D.
Run
18
12.4
1.0
5.47
'80.9
0.03
0.02
O.001
<2
<2
<2
9
39
3
45
3
N.D.
N.D.
N.D.
Run
21
10.6
0.95
7.13
81.1
0.04
0.06
<0.001
N.D.
N.D.
N.D .
N.D.
46
130
21
N.D.
N.D.'
<2
<2
Run
22
8.09
0.96
10.06
80.1
0.03
0.02
O.001
N.D.
N.D.
N.D.
N.D.
103
<2
57
N.D.
N.D.
<2
<2
Run
26
10.5
1.05
2.5'9
85.8
0.08
0.02
0.003
<2
<2
N.D.
25
N.D.
N.D.
53
N.D.
N.D.
N.D.
N.D.
Run
27
10.5
1.05
2.49
85.7
0.16
0.08
0.05
<2
<2
N.D.
N.D.
N.D.
N.D.
N.D.
N.D.
N.D.
N.D.
65
Run
28
7.64
0.95
11.6
79.8
0.05
0.03
<0.002
<1
<2
N.D.
N.D.
51
N.D.
63
26
N.D.
N.D.
N.D.
Run
29
11.6
0.97
6.96
80.4
0.03
0.002
<0.002
<2
<2
N.D.
N.D.
12
N.D.
34
18
N.D.
N.D.
N.D.
Run
30
8.9
1.0
5.83
84.1
0.01
<2
<2
<2
N.D.
N.D.
N.D.
<10
NvD.
N.D.
N.D.
N.D.
Run
33
12.0
1.0
5.75
81.1
0.05
<0.001
<0.001
.N.D.
-fc.D.
N,0.
N.D.
20
N.D.
185
N.Dv
N.D.
N.D.
N.D.
N.D. = None detected.
-------
During Runs 17 and 21, samples of exhaust gas were taken using a steel
bulb that could be heated during analysis. This was done in an effort
to determine the mercury content of thQ gases by means of mass spectro-
graphy. In the sample from Run 17, no mercury was detected at a limit
of 5 ppm. However, by concentrating the sample from Run 21, a detection
limit of 0.1 ppm was achieved. No mercury was found at this level either.
Experiments on Plastic Wastes
Experimental incineration was carried out on two types of waste from the
plastic manufacturing industry. Both were sludges from the primary treat-
ment of process wastes. One sludge was from styrene production (Runs 15,
16, 19, 20, and 31), and the other from production of polyvinyl chloride
(Runs 24, 25, and 32). Table 21 shows the operating conditions used for
the incineration of these sludges. The sludges were fed ;directly into
the bed via a feed gun mounted in the side of the unit.
Following the procedure for paint wastes, the residue after incineration
was analyzed. The results of these analyses are given in Table 22. The
analyses show that the residue contains very little (0.13 ppm or less)
mercury and the total carbon content is also quite low (1.54 percent or
less). The major elements found in the residue are silica, calcium,
aluminum and magnesium, which probably come from the lime, and aluminum,
iron, and magnesium salts used for coagulation in the primary treatment
process.
Exhaust gas scrubber effluent was analyzed for mercury content and found
to contain less than the detection limits of 0.001 ppm. The COD of the
effluent was quite low except from the runs in which the PVC waste
were incinerated. This could be due, in part, to the chloride content
of the effluent. These analyses are presented in Table 23.
Analyses of the exhaust gases from the incineration of plastic waste
is shown in Table 24. The gases are quite clean except in Run 25 which
contained benzene, ethylene, toluene, and acetylene. The reason for this
is not known, and it is assumed that complete combustion was not occurring
at the time the sample was taken.
An attempt was made to blend several types of wastes (liquids and solids)
from the production of laminated plastics. Even after dilution with large
quantities of water this blend could not be fed to the incinerator. The
mixture was not homogeneous and therefore could not be pumped with the
equipment customarily used for this purpose. The wastes involved were
(1) sanding dust, (2) resin production water of reaction, (3) waste
solvents, and (4) waste treaters and resins. It is felt that these
wastes could be incinerated if a suitable feeding system were to be
developed.
39
-------
TABLE 21. EXPERIMENTAL CONDITIONS EMPLOYED DURING
INCINERATION OF PLASTIC MANUFACTURING WASTES
Run
Number
15
16
S 19
20
24
25
31
32
Incineration
Description of Wastes Temperature,
Fed to Incinerator F
Primary
Primary
Primary
Primary
Primary
Primary
Primary
Primary
treatment
treatment
treatment
treatment
treatment
treatment
treatment
treatment
sludge
sludge
sludge
sludge
sludge (PVC)
sludge (PVC)
sludge
sludge (PVC)
1330
1580
1350
1720
1325
1800
1750
1350
Fluldizing
Velocity,
ft/sec
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
2
.5
.5
.5
.5
.8
.2
.8
.1
Exhaust
Gas, 0 ,
percent
6.
3.
5.
4.
3.
2.
4.0-5
3.0-4
0
6
5
8
3
8
.0
.0
Fuel
Required,
cfm
1.1
1.1
0.8
0.3
1.0
2.0
1.0
1.0
Feed
Rate,
g/min
95.5
84.7
78.5
92.7
101.5
98.6
60.0
68.0
Total,
Ibs
50.5
27.4
41.2
50.0
43.0
42.0
298
360
-------
TABLE 22. ANALYSES OF RESIDUE FROM FLUIDIZED-BED INCINERATION OF PLASTIC MANUFACTURING WASTES
Component
Mercury, ppm
Total carbon, %
Loss on Ignition, %
Chromium, %
Silica, %
Calcium, %
Aluminum, %
Lead, %
Magnesium, %
Iron , %
Vanadium, %
Nickel, %
Molybdenum, %
Copper , %
Sodium, %
Titanium, %
Cobalt, %
Zinc, %
Barium, %
Boron, %
Manganese, %
Tin, %
Potassium, %
Phosphorus , %
Zirconium, %
Strontium, %
Antimony, %
Run
15
0.13
1.54
4.49
0.03
10-20
10-20
3-5
0.08
2.0
3.0
N.D.
0.03
0.03
0.02
0.5
0.5
<0.01
0.1
0.02
N.D.
0.04
<0.01
N.D.
N.D,
0.02
0.02
0.03
Run
16
0.10
0.91
2.35
0.03
10-20
10-20
3-5
0.08
2.0
3.0
N.D.
0.07
0.03
0.02
0.5
0.5
<0.01
0.1
0.02
N.D.
0.04
<0.01
N.D.
N.D.
0.05
0.02
<0.03
Run
19
0.08
1.33
4.75
0.1
10-20
10-20
2-4
0.7
2.0
1.0
N.D.
0.03
0.01
0.02
0.3
0.3
<0.01
0.1
0.01
N.D.
0.03
<0.01
N.D.
N.D.
0.02
0.03
<0.03
Run
20
0.06
0.32
1.27
0.03
10-20
10-20
2-4
0.2
2.0
1.0
N.D.
0.01
0.01
0.02
0.3
0.1
<0.01
-<0.1
0.01
N.D.
0.03
<0.01
N.D.
N.D.
0.01
0.01
<0.03
Run
24
0.10
0.04
0.49
0.1
20-40
5.0
0.2
0.1
0.5
2.0
N.D.
0.03
<0.01
0.02
N.D.
1-2
N.D.
0.2
0.02
0.01
0.02
0.02
0.2
1.3
0.01
N.D.
N'.'D.
Run
25
0.06
0.02
0.71
0.1
20-40
2.0
0.7
0.03
0.2
1.0
N.D.
0.03
<0.01
0.02
N.D.
0.5
N.D.
0.1
0.01
<0.01
0.01
0.01
0.1
0.5
0.01
N.D.
N.D.
Run
31
0.06
3.0
16.9
1.0
5.10
15.30
3-5
0.01
3.0
2.0
N.D.
0.01
<0.01
0.03
1.0
0.2
<0.01
<0.1
0.01
N.D.
0.03
<0.01
0.4
N.D.
<0.01
0.01
N.D.
Run
32
0.04
0.19
2.38
1.0
20.40
5-10
2.0
0.01
0.5
1.0
N.D.
0.01
<0.01
0.005
0.2
2.0
<0.01
<0.1
0.01
N.D.
0.02
0.03
0.2
N.D.
0.01
0.01
N.D.
N.D. = None detected.
-------
TABLE 23. ANALYSES OF EXHAUST GAS SCRUBBER EFFLUENT FROM FLUIDIZED-
BED INCINERATION OF PLASTIC MANUFACTURING WASTES
Run Number
15
16
19
20
24
25
31
32
Total Solids,
mg/1
493
510
463
451
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
Total Organic
Carbon, mg/1
8.0
8.0
6.0
6.0
8.0
30.0
N.A.
N.A.
Mercury
mg/1
<0.0001
<0.0001
<0.0001
<0.0001
<0.0001
<0.0001
<0.0001
<0.0001
COD
mg/1
10
16
7
2
156
127
N.A.
N.A.
N. A. = Not analyzed.
-------
TABLE 24. MASS SPECTROGRAPHIC ANALYSES OF EXHAUST GASES FROM THE FLUIDIZED-
BED INCINERATION OF PLASTIC MANUFACTURING WASTES
-P-
u>
Component
Carbon dioxide, vol %
Argon, vol %
Oxygen, vol %
Nitrogen, vol %
Hydrogen, vol %
Carbon monoxide, vol %
Methane, vol %
Ethane, ppm
Benzene , ppm
Ethylene, ppm
Acetylene, ppm
Toluene , ppm
Nitrous oxide, ppm
Hydrogen cyanide , ppm
Sulfur dioxide, ppm
Carbonyl sulfide, ppm
Hydrogen sulfide, ppm
Run
15
8.67
1.01
6.56
83.6
0.14
<0.01
<0.01
18
N.D.
N.D.
N.D.
N.D.
15
N.D.
<2
<2
<2
Run
16
11.5
1.01
1.74
85.5
0.29
0.07
0.02
38
3
N.D.
N.D.
N.D.
980
N.D.
<2
<2
f2
Run
19
10.1
0.99
3.24
85.5
0.09
0.03
<0.01
N.D.
<2
8
8
N.D.
5
<2
N.D.
N.D.
N.D.
Run
20
9.7
0.99
4.65
84.1
0.09
<0.01
<0.01
N.D.
10
<2
<2
N.D.
37
<2
N.D.
N.D.
N.D.
Run
24
10.9
1.06
2.91
85.0
0.09
0.015
<.01
N.D.
N.D.
11
N.D.
N.D.
N.D.
N.D.
N.D.
N.D.
N.D.
Run
25
9.68
0.93
0.33
75.6
4.39
2.59
5.99
N.D.
200
1100
2900
50
N.D.
N.D.
N.D.
N.D.
N.D.
Run
31
11.2
1.03
4.11
83.6
0.05
N.D.
N.D.
N.D.
N.D.
N.D.
N.D.
N.D.
N.D.
N.D.
N.D.
N.D.
N.D.
Run
32
10.3
1.02
4.28
83.5
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
N.D.
N.D.
N.D.
N.D.
N.D.
N.D.
N.D.
N.D.
N.D.
N.D.
Note: N.D. = None detected.
-------
TABLE 25. EXPERIMENTAL CONDITIONS EMPLOYED DURING INCINERATION OF RUBBER
MANUFACTURING WASTES
Incinerator
Run
Number
35
36
37(a)
38
Description of Wastes Temperature,
Fed to Incinerator
Primary treatment sludge
ditto
n
lr
F
1250
1450
1400
1450
Fluidizing
Velocity ,
ft/sec
1.7
1.9
2.0
2.0
Exhaust
Gas, 02 ,
percent
6.0
4.8
5.1
4.7
Fuel
Required
cfm
2.0
2.6
2.0
2.4
Feed
, Rate,
g/min
70
22
63
63
Total,
Ib
14.0
6.5
44
48
(a) During this run secondary sewage effluent was used as scrubbing media in the exhaust gas
scrubber.
-------
Experiments on Rubber Wastes
Two wastes from the rubber industry were selected for experimental in-
cineration; however, one of them, a sample of concentrated digestor
waste from a rubber reclaiming operation was never received. Four
separate runs were made on the sludge from the primary treatment of
synthetic rubber manufacturing wastes. The primary treatment involves
coagulation and flotation; therefore, the waste is actually a flotation
product. Table 25 summarizes the conditions used for incineration of
this waste. In all of these runs the sludges were introduced into the
bed through a feed gun mounted in the side of the unit. During Run Number
37 secondary sewage effluent was used as the scrubbing media. This was
done to see if the sewage effluent would scrub the gases as well as
water. The analysis of the exhaust gases show very little, if any,
difference in gas quality.
The analyses of the scrubber effluent as well as the secondary effluent
used are shown in Table 26. It can be seen that the mercury content in
Run 37 was not significantly higher than in Run 38 even though the
scrubbing media used (secondary sewage effluent) contained 0.002 ppm.
However, the COD of the run (Number 37) using sewage effluent was con-
siderably higher. The high COD content of the scrubber effluent from
Run 35 was probably due to the low (1250 F) incineration temperature.
TABLE 26. ANALYSES OF EXHAUST GAS SCRUBBER EFFLUENT FROM
FLUIDIZED-BED INCINERATION OF RUBBER MANUFACTURING
WASTES
Run Number Mercury, mg/1 COD, mg/1
35
36
37
38
0.0008
0.0034
0.012
0.011
1480
190
211
37
Secondary sewage 0.002 36
effluent
The results of the analyses of the residue from incineration of rubber
wastes, shown in Table 27, indicate a high mercury content (3 and 5 ppm)
for Runs 37 and 38. However, the total carbon content was low (less
than 0.43 percent) in both cases, which indicated that almost complete
combustion had occurred. As was the case with the residue from plastic
processing waste, the major elements present were silica, calcium,
aluminum, iron, and magnesium.
45
-------
TABLE 27. ANALYSES OF RESIDUE FROM FLUIDIZED-BED
INCINERATION OF RUBBER MANUFACTURING WASTES
Component
Mercury, ppm
Total carbon, %
Loss on Ignition, %
Aluminum, %
Silica, %
Magnesium, %
Calcium, %
Iron, %
Lead, %
Chromium, %
Boron, %
Barium, %
Manganese, %
Nickel, %
Molybdenum, %
Vanadium, %
Copper, %
Sodium, %
Titanium, %
Zirconium, %
Cobalt, %
Potassium, %
Run
35
0.40
2.65
20.2
10-20
3-5
2-4
3-5
1-2
0.2
0.5
0.05
0.01
0.02
0.01
<0.005
0.01
0.01
<0.1
0.7
0.01
0.01
0.3
Run
36
0.30
0.95
18.1
10-20
4-8
2-4
3-5
1-2
0.2
0.5
0.05
0.01
0.02
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
<0.1
0.7
0.01
0.01
0.3
Run
37
5
0.43
7.3
10-20
10-20
0.7
2.0
1-2
0.3
0.4
<0.01
0.01
0.01
0.02
0.005
0.02
0.01
<0.1
0.7
<0.01
0.01
0.3
Run
38
3
0.39
1.7
15-30
5-15
1.0
2.0
1-2
0.2
0.8
<0.01
0.01
0.01
0.02
<0.005
0.03
0.02
<0.1
0.4
<0.01
0.005
0.3
46
-------
Analyses of the exhaust gases from incineration of rubber manufacturing
wastes indicated that very little, if any, noxious or toxic gases were
produced. These data are presented in Table 28. The only components
of any significance were hydrogen cyanide (Run 37) and nitrous oxide
(Runs 35 and 36) .
Experiments on Textile Wastes
Due to the small amount of textile manufacturing in the State of Ohio,
only one waste was incinerated. This is a waste from a viscose process.
Table 29 gives the experimental operating conditions used for incineration
of this material. This waste was introduced into the bed via a feed gun
mounted in the side of the unit. Due to the presence of caustic in this
waste, attempts to operate at bed temperatures above 1250 F caused the
bed material to become sticky and defluidize. Therefore, combustion was
not complete as is witnessed by the high total carbon and loss on ignition
analyses shown in Table 30. It should also be noted in these data that
this residue contained from 30 to 60 percent sodium.
Analyses of the scrubber effluent indicate that very little pollutional
contaminants are present in this stream. The mercury content of less
than 0.001 milligram per liter and the COD of 1 milligram per liter point
this out. These analyses are shown in Table 31.
Table 32 presents the results of mass spectrographic analysis of the
exhaust gases from the fluidized-bed incineration of the viscose process
wastes. The nitrogen oxide content of these gases of 16 ppm probably
was due to the low incineration temperature. However, even at the low
temperature of combustion employed, the amount of sulfur compounds and
hydrocarbons are quite low.
47
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TABLE 28. MASS SPECTROGRAPHIC ANALYSIS OF EXHAUST
GASES FROM THE FLUIDIZED-BED INCINERA-
TION OF RUBBER MANUFACTURING WASTES
Component
Carbon dioxide, vol %
Argon, vol %
Oxygen, vol %
Nitrogen, vol %
Hydrogen, vol %
Carbon monoxide, vol %
Sulfur dioxide, ppm
Hydrogen sulfide, ppm
Methane, ppm
Hydrogen chloride, ppm
Hydrogen cyanide, ppm
Carbonyl sulfide, ppm
Nitrous oxide, ppm
Carbon disulfide, ppm
Ethylene, ppm
Run
35
8.87
0.97
6.86
82.4
0.01
0.9
<3
<3
<3
<3
N.D.
<3
10
3
100
Run
36
10.5
1.0
5.55
82.9
<0.01
0.03
<3
<3
<3
<3
N.D.
<3
10
<3
<100
Run
37
9.46
1.0
5.96
83.5
0.07
0.007
<3
N.D.
N.D.
<1
11
<1
<3
<1
N.D.
Run
38
8.05
0.99
8.3
81.4
0.04
0.016
<3
N.D.
N.D.
<1
<3
<1
<3
<1
N.D.
N.D. = None detected.
48
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TABLE 29 . EXPERIMENTAL CONDITIONS EMPLOYED DURING INCINERATION OF TEXTILE
MANUFACTURING WASTES
Incinerator Fluidizing Exhaust Fuel _ Feed _
Run Description of Wastes Temperature, Velocity, Gas, 02, Required} Rate, Total
Number Fed to Incinerator F ft/sec percent cfm g/min Ib
34 Viscose rayon wastes 1250 2.0-2.3 8.0-10.0 2.0 14 31
-------
TABLE 30. ANALYSES OF RESIDUE FROM FLUIDIZED-BED
INCINERATION OF TEXTILE MANUFACTURING WASTES
Run 34—Viscose Waste
Mercury, ppm 0.07
Total Carbon, % 9.0
Loss on Ignition, % 21.3
Calcium, % 0.2
Silica, % 2.0
Chromium, % 0.03
Aluminum, % 0.05
Titanium, % 0.2
Iron, % 0.05
Magnesium, % 0.01
Lead, % 0.2
Barium, % <0.01
Manganese, % O.01
Tin, % 0.01
Nickel, % <0.01
Molybdenum, % <0.005
Copper, % <0.005
Zirconium, % <0.01
Cobalt, % 0.01
Sodium, % 30-60
Zinc, % <0.1
Potassium, % 1.0
Strontium, % <0.01
50
-------
TABLE 31. ANALYSES OF EXHAUST GAS SCRUBBER EFFLUENT FROM
FLUIDIZED-BED INCINERATION OF TEXTILE WASTES
Run 34
Mercury,
mg/1
COD,
mg/1
Total Organic Carbon,
mg/1
Viscose Waste
<0.001
N.A.
N.A.
N. A. = Not analyzed.
TABLE 32. MASS SPECTROGRAPHIC ANALYSIS OF EXHAUST GASES FROM
FLUIDIZED-BED INCINERATION OF TEXTILE WASTES
Component
Run 34—Viscose Wastes
Carbon dioxide, vol %
Argon, vol %
Oxygen, vol %
Nitrogen, vol %
Hydrogen, vol %
Methane, vol %
Carbon monoxide, vol %
Nitrous oxide, ppm
Sulfur compounds, ppm
Hydrocarbons, ppm
5.26
1.02
11.6
82.1
0.02
<0.001
0.03
16
<3
<3
51
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SECTION VI
DISCUSSION OF EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
Paint
The results of the experimental work conducted on the fluidized-bed in-
cineration of wastes from the manufacture of paint indicate that this
type of incineration is technically feasible. The physical operation
of the incineration system was quite good and very few operational
problems were encountered. Early in the program, it was found that
introduction of wastes into the incinerator under the bed rather than
as an overhead spray gave improved results. This was due to the high
volatile organic content of the wastes. Introduction of these wastes
as an overhead spray did not afford sufficient retention time for
complete combustion of the volatiles and organics.
During the incineration of the sludges from solvent recovery operations,
it was necessary to use cooling water in the freeboard of the incinera-
tor to prevent excessively high temperatures in this zone. This is
due, primarily, to the high heating value of these wastes. In one
of the experimental runs water of reaction from resin production was
used as cooling water. This appears to be quite attractive, since
two wastes are treated in one operation.
The incineration of the sludges from solvent recovery can be carried
out autogenously, that is, without the ^se of auxiliary fuel, because
of the high heating value of these wastes. In the incineration of the
wash-out water from latex paint production fuel is required to elevate
the temperature to a point where combustion will occur. The economics
of this type of incineration is discussed in another section of this
report.
Plastics
The experimentation on the fluidized-bed incineration of wastes from
plastic production indicated that this too is technically feasible.
The wastes incinerated experimentally, sludges from primary treatment
of styrene and polyvinyl chloride process wastes, are amenable to
fluidized-bed incineration. Even though these materials require
auxiliary fuel for combustion, this method of incineration remains
quite attractive since little or no noxious or toxic gases are produced.
The residue from the incineration of these wastes is a finely divided
dust that could be disposed of in a landfill. They contain no organic
53
-------
compounds that could be leached out and cause stream pollution problems.
There also is the possibility of recovering the calcium, iron, aluminum,
or magnesium from this residue prior to disposal.
The only effluent stream from this type of incineration that might
cause stream pollution is the scrubber effluent. However, in a com-
mercial installation of this type the scrubbing water could be recycled
to the scrubber to alleviate this problem.
Rubber
The results obtained from the experimentation on fluidized-bed inciner-
ation of wastes from rubber manufacturing indicate the technical feasi-
bility of the technique for treating the wastes under consideration.
However, the only waste incinerated from this area was the flotation
sludge from the primary treatment of synthetic rubber production wastes.
The concentrated digestor waste from rubber reclaiming that was selected
for experimentation was not received.
The sludge from synthetic rubber production was incinerated under con-
ditions which did not produce toxic or noxious gases. The effluent
from the exhaust gas scrubber contained only trace contaminants. During
Run Number 37 when secondary sewage effluent was used as scrubbing
media, the COD level increased from 36 to 211 milligrams per liter.
The mercury level increased during the run from 0.002 to 0.012 ppm.
The physical operation of the incineration system was quite good during
these experimental runs.
Textiles
The only waste which could be procured from the textile industry that
appeared suitable for incineration was the waste from a viscose
process. From the data collected during the experimentation it would
appear that complete combustion of the organics present in this waste
is not possible by this technique. It is, however, possible to inciner-
ate this particularly difficult waste material and achieve about 80
percent combustion. This would alleviate the potential pollution
problem that now exists from disposal of this material in a landfill.
Complete combustion could not be attained because of the low melting
point of this material requiring that the incinerator be operated at
low temperatures. The low melting point is due to the high caustic
content of this waste. Attempts to operate the incinerator at
temperatures above this point caused the bed material (sand) to become
sticky and defluidize. However, even though complete combustion was
not achieved, partial incineration does not produce toxic or noxious
gases.
54
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SECTION VII
POTENTIAL IMPACT ON WATER POLLUTION
This section discusses the potential of the various wastes for pollution
of streams and the reduction of same by incineration. The waste loads
and their possible contribution to pollution is discussed separately
in the following sections.
Paint
The plants involved in paint manufacture and related type operations in
Ohio that were visited during this program generate about 110,000,000
gallons of various wastes annually. Of these wastes only 640,000 gallons
are incinerated at the present time. The remaining wastes go either
directly to city sewerage systems or landfill operations. The amount
that is disposed of in landfill operations is only 470,000 gallons. This
means that the various city sewage treatment plants must process over
98 percent of the wastes generated by this industry. Of course, a
majority of these wastes are dilute process waters, such as cooling
tower water, that presents no problems, except the tremendous volumes
involved at the sewage treatment plants.
The results of the experimental program indicate that in the case of
solvent-bearing wastes from the paint industry, the total waste load can
be reduced considerably by fluidized-bed incineration. The average
total waste remaining for disposal after incineration of solvent recovery
sludges is about 3.5 percent of the original weight. The average chemical
oxygen demand of this type waste is reduced from 547,250 mg/liter to
essentially zero. However, the effluent from the scrubber used for
cleaning the exhaust gases from the incinerator contains an average of
about 24 mg/liter COD. This effluent could be recycled to the scrubber
continuously and incinerated concurrently with the solvent-bearing wastes.
On the basis of a typical plant which generates about 125,000 gallons per
year of solvent recovery sludge, the use of incineration would reduce COD
loading to the environment by about 525,000 pounds per year for this
plant. Assuming the plant to be representative of the national picture
(see Figure A-l), a total reduction of 360,000,000 pounds of COD per year
could be achieved in the United States.
Plastic
The plants visited that are involved in the manufacture of plastics
generate approximately 900,000 gallons of liquid waste, 9,500,000
55
-------
pounds of sludge from waste treatment facilities, and 35,000,000 pounds
of solid waste annually. These wastes are all currently disposed of
in landfill operations, and therefore create the possibility of stream
pollution by leaching. The COD level of the solid wastes from these
plants varies from 530,000 to 1,300,000 ppm. The liquid waste contained
about 120,000 mg per liter COD and the waste treatment sludge from 250,000
to 590,000 mg per liter.
Incineration of the primary treatment sludges reduces the waste to be
disposed oi to less than 5 percent of the original weight. The residue
from the liquid wastes would amount to only about 75 mg per liter and
the residue from the solid waste would amount to only about 2 percent or
less i' they were incinerated. As was the case with incineration of the
wastes from paint manufacture, the only COD in the products occurs in the
scrubber effluent, which amounts to only about 8 mg per liter and this
could be recycled and incinerated also.
Using as a basis a typical plant which generates 6,000,000 pounds per
year of primary treatment sludge, the possible reduction in COD by
incineration is about 3,500,000 pounds per year. Assuming this plant to
be representative of the entire plastics industry nationally which con-
sists of 340 plants (see Figure A-2), the total COD reduction for the
United States would be about 1,200,000,000 pounds per year.
Rubber
Very little information was obtained on rubber manufacturing wastes in
Ohio, although it was determined that the wastes vary considerably with
COD values, ranging from 21,000 to 540,000 mg per liter for various
sludges from primary treatment operations. The annual quantities of
waste generated in this industry also was exceedingly difficult to assess,
On the basis of one large synthetic rubber manufacturing plant which
provided quantities of flotation sludge for experimental studies, a
possible reduction in COD by incineration was calculated at about
1,000,000 pounds annually. Projecting this to a national level which
consists of only 28 plants (see Figure A-3), the total COD reduction
would be about 88,000,000 pounds.
Textile
Since the textile industry in Ohio is relatively small, little data were
obtained from this industry. Of the plants visited the major waste load
appears to be dye wastes and process waters. These wastes are quite
dilute (less than 1 percent solids) and are disposed of in city sewerage
systems. The COD level varies from 355 to 751 mg per liter. By contrast,
56
-------
another waste from the textile industry is viscose process waste which
contained about 121,000 mg per liter COD.
Incineration of the dilute dye wastes would not be economically feasible
because of the large quantities of water involved. Incineration of the
viscose process waste should be considered because of the high COD con-
tent of this material. However, additional research is needed for the
incineration of this particular waste to develop the proper operating
parameters. No information was obtained on the quantities of viscose
waste generated, but the amount probably is low since there are only
20 plants producing viscose in the United States (see Figure A-4).
57
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SECTION VIII
PRELIMINARY ECONOMIC EVALUATION
To assess the economic feasibility of incineration for disposal of wastes
in the paint, plastics, rubber, and textile industries, a preliminary
evaluation was made of the process requirements and costs for three specific
incineration systems. These systems were selected on the basis of experi-
mental results and conclusions which indicated
(1) The technical feasibility of incineration of waste solvents and
sludges from the paint industry using the heating value of these wastes
as a prime source of energy. The envisaged process also would permit
the incineration of certain other paint wastes such as reaction water
and latex wash-out concurrently with the solvent bearing wastes. Flows would
be adjusted so that autogenous operation could be achieved.
(2) The technical feasibility of incineration of sludges from plastic
primary treatment operations. These sludges could contain either styrene or
PVC polymers. On the basis of experimental results, it was determined
that additional energy input would be needed for incineration of these sludges.
This could be supplied by burning methane and/or fuel oil in a combustion
zone or by using solid plastic wastes as a source of energy.
(3) The incineration of rubber manufacturing waste sludges with additional
energy being supplied by combustion of methane and/or fuel oil.
The following sections discuss the design aspects of an incinerator which
would be required for each of these three example systems.
Example_I; Paint_Waste Incineration Process
The envisaged process for the incineration of solvent recovery sludges,
reaction waters, and latex wastes is illustrated in Figure 2. Capacity
was based on the production of 125,000 gallons annually of solvent
recovery sludge which had an average heating value of 120,000 Btu per
gallon. Operating conditions were selected on the basis of experimental
runs made during the study, (i.e., bed temperature 1750 F, superficial
velocity 2.0 fps) . The calculations made to determine material and energy
balances shown in the Appendix indicate that an incinerator of about 6 feet in
diameter would be required for this system. The results also indicate that
approximately 54 gallons per hour of latex wastes and/or reaction water
could be disposed of by incineration concurrently with the waste sludge.
59
-------
Latex washout ^— - ^
or f ^\
54 gal/hr \ S
Solvent Recovery \
Sludge, 25 gall(hr ^
Fln-M-tzing Air, . v
750 scfm
,.
Fluid-Bed
Incinerator
1750 F
2.0 fps
D - 5.75ft
\ Cyr
\
Bed DJ
L Gases to Stack
Ions'
Cyclone
Dust . Solids to Disposal
.scharge = 10 Ib/hr
r
Methane
(Start-up)
FIGURE 2. SIMPLIFIED FLOWSHEET OF INCINERATOR FOR PAINT WASTES
-------
Example II; Plastic Waste Incineration Process
The envisaged process for the incineration of primary treatment sludge
from plastic manufacture is illustrated in Figure 3. Capacity was based
on the production of 30,000,000 pounds annually of sludge containing
an average of 10 percent solids. The heating value of these solids was
estimated at 15,000 Btu per pound. Operating conditions were selected
on the basis of experimental runs which indicated a bed temperature of
1325 F and superficial velocity of 1.8 fps were required. The calcula-
tions made to determine material and energy requirements are shown in
Appendix B. The results indicate that an incinerator of about 12 feet
in diameter would be required for incineration of this waste sludge.
Added fuel must be supplied (i.e., 156 scfm of methane or 625 pounds
per hour of waste polymers).
Example III: Rubber Waste Incineration Process
A simplified flowsheet for incineration of a flotation sludge containing
rubber wastes is shown in Figure 4. In this example system, no informa-
tion was obtainable for a typical quantity of wastes generated by plants
in Ohio. Thus, capacity was arbitrarily selected at 10,000,000 pounds
annually. A typical sludge, however, is known to contain 15.4 percent
solids which have a heating value of about 15,000 Btu per pound of dry
solids. Operating conditions from experimental runs with this sludge
would be bed temperature of 1400 F and superficial velocity of 2.0 fps.
The results of design calculations (Appendix B) indicate this incinerator
would be about 7.5 feet in diameter with provision for burning about
32 scfm of methane in a combustion chamber.
Estimated Capital and Operating Costs
The essential capital and operating costs for the three systems selected
above are itemized in Table 33. Basically, the capital costs were esti-
mated for conventional fluidized-bed units currently being manufactured
by a number of companies. Operating costs were selected for the major
items that were believed to be significant based on experience with these
types of systems.
Generally, the cost data indicate that fluidized-bed incineration could
be used for disposal of these wastes at an operating cost of between 140
to 180 dollars per day for plants generating between 3,000,000 and
30,000,000 pounds of waste annually. This reduces to a cost of between
0.1 to 1.0 cent per pound of waste being disposed of by incineration.
The higher cost, for paint waste incineration, results from the use of
a small diameter fluidized-bed unit and from the use of low feed rates
necessary for the high heating value of these wastes.
61
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Primary Treatment Sludge
(Styrene Production)
6000 Ib/hr @ 10% solids
r-'
Waste polymers (alternate)
625 Ib/hr f"
L--
I
Fluidizing Air
2,250 scfin
Fluid-Bed
Incinerator
1325 F
1.8 fps
D - 12.3 ft
Combustion
Chamber
Methane Burner
(alternate) Air
156 scfm 1560 scfin
Gases to stack
Solids to disposal
= 50-100 Ib/hr
FIGURE 3. SIMPLIFIED FLOWSHEET OF INCINERATOR FOR PLASTIC WASTES
-------
Flotation Waste Sludge
(Rubber Production)
2000 Ib/hr @ 15.4% soli
Fluidizing Air
1,150 scfm
Fluid-Bed
Incinerator
1400 F
2.0 fps
D - 7.4 ft
Combustion
Chamber
Gases to Stack
Solids to Disposal
27 Ib/hr
Methane Burner
31.7 scfm Air
317 scfm
FIGURE 4. SIMPLIFIED FLOWSHEET OF INCINERATOR FOR RUBBER WASTES
-------
TABLE 33. ESTIMATED CAPITAL AND OPERATING COST
FOR EXAMPLE INCINERATION SYSTEMS
Example I Example II Example II
Essential Plant Cost, $ $200,000 $350,000 $250,000
Essential Operating Costs, $/day
1. Fuel @ $,25 per 10 Btu 0 0 4.10
2. Electric Power @ $.007/KWH 8.40 8.40 8.40
3. Supplies and Maintenance @ 6.00 10.50 7.50
0.003% of Plant Cost
4. Operating Labor @ 24 Man- 84.00 84.00 84.00
hr per day, $3.50 per
Man-hr
5. Amortization @ 0.0224% 44.80 78.50 56.00
of Plant Cost
Total Operating Costs 143.20 181.40 160.00
Cost per Pound of Waste l.lc 0.14
-------
SECTION IX
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This research program was conducted during the period of July, 1970, through
September, 1971. Battelle personnel participating in the program were
R. G. Brown, J. G. Price, M. F. Nichols, H. K. Nuzum, A. K. Reed, T. L.
Tewksbury, H. Nack and G. R. Smithson, Jr.
The cooperation and assistance of the following people is gratefully
acknowledged:
David Papier (Ohio Department of Natural Resources)
James F. Shea (Ohio Department of Health)
Eugene Harris (Environmental Protection Agency).
We also gratefully acknowledge the assistance of all company representatives
from each industry that cooperated in this survey.
65
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SECTION X
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Paint Industry
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505, (1960).
(2) "Disposal of Industrial Waste Materials", Society of Chemical Industry,
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(3) "A Process for Treating the Effluent from Plants for the Electro-
Deposition of Paint", Pressed Steel Fisher Limited and Guy, V. H.,
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(4) Haschke, J., and Tetsch, B., "The Problem of Sanitation. Sewerage
Problems of a Large Town with Much Industrial Waste Water", Stadtehygiene,
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(5) Falkenhain, H. S., "Solving the Waste Water Problem", Kommunalwirtschaft,
No. 17/18, 365-371 (1954).
(6) Grunwald, A., Mach, M., Pavlik, M. and Sztraka, A., "Treatment of
Waste Waters from the Production of Pigmented Lacquer Materials",
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67
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(12) Koelsch-Folzer-Werke, "Separating Paint from Waste or Circulating Water
Containing Paint", A.-G. Brit. 1,016,673 (Cl. C 0.2b), Jan. 12, 1966;
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A. N., and Akopdzhanyan, E. A., "The Purification of Urea Resin
Waste Waters From Formaldehyde", Plast. Massy, No. 8, pp 58-60
(1964); Chem. Abstr., 61, pp 11743 (1964).
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Synthetic Resin Manufacture", J. Proc. Inst. Sew. Purif., pp
498-506 (1965); Wat. Pollut. Abstr., 25, Abstr. No. 1841 (1952)
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(16) Jacobs, H. L., "Waste Treatment Methods—Recovery and Disposal",
Chem. Engng, 62, No. 4, pp 184-188 (1955).
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of Waste Waters From Production of Suspended Poly(Vinyl Chloride)",
Trudy Khim. khim. Tekhnol., No. 3, pp 199-209 (1965); Chem. Abstr.
67, pp 529 (1967).
(18) Hadfield, W. B., "Experiments on the Treatment of Effluent From
the Manufacture of Plastics", J. Inst. Sew. Purif., Pt. 2, pp
211-213 (1959).
(19) Sercu, C., "Burning Industrial Wastes Slurries", Wastes Engng, 30,
pp 18-20 (1959).
(20) "Symposium on Trade Wastes", Institute of Sewage Purification, pp
112 (1957).
(21) Fukuoka, S., Eto, H., Mikami, E., and Ono, H., "Microbial Purification
of Some Specific Industrial Wastes. VI. The Treatment of Industrial
Phenolic Resin Waste Water", Hakko Kogaku Zasshi, 45, pp 159-167
(1967).
(22) Clarke, D. G., "Resin Emulsion Wastes No Longer a Sticky Problem",
Wat. Wastes Engng, 5, No. 11, pp 46-48 (1968).
(23) Mills, R. E., "Industrial Waste Control at an Organic Chemical
Plant", Pap. 5th Ontario Industr. Waste Conf., pp 147-165 (1958).
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Wat. Sewage Wks, 116, pp 74-78 (1969).
68
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(25) Rogovskaya, T. I., and Lazareva, M. F., "A Microbiological
Characterization of the Biological Film Purifying Effluents of
the Plastics Industry", Mikrobiologiya, 33, pp 148-151 (1964;
Microbiology, 33, pp 127-129 (1964); Wat. Pollut. Abstr., 38,
Abstr. No. 1354 (1965).
(26) Rogovskaya, T. I., and Lazareva, M. F., "A Microbiological
Characterization of Activated Sludge Purifying Effluents of the
Plastics Industry", Mikrobiologiya, 32, pp 1047-1051 (1963);
Microbiology, 32, pp 888-892 (1964).
(27) International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, "Water Economy
and Recirculation in the Struggle Against Pollution", Bull. mens.
Inform. Ass. franc. Et. Eaux, No. 59, (1957).
(28) Hessen, R. , "Phenol Removal From and Utilization of Waste Waters
From the Preparation of Phenol-Formaldehyde Resins", Plaste u.
Kautschuk, 4, pp 51-53 (1957); Chem. Zbl., 129, pp 3753-3754 (1958).
(29) U.S. Water Pollution Control Federation',' "A Review of the Literature
of 1963 on Waste Water and Water Pollution Control", J. Wat. Pollut.
Control Fed., 36, pp 535-573, 659-711, and 791-863 (1964).
(30) Askew, M. W. , "Plastics in Waste Treatment", 1, pp 483-486 and 492
(1966); 2, pp 31-35 (1967).
(31) "1955 Industrial Wastes Forum. Prevention of Stream Pollution
by the Treatment or Elimination of Wastes at Their Source", Sewage
industr. Wastes, 28, pp 651-677 (1956).
(32) "Industry Report: Chemical and Rubber", v. 6, No. 5-11 (1959).
(33) Landa, S., "The Recovery and Importance of Substances of Value
From Phenolic Waste Waters", Wasserw.-WassTechn., 6, pp 73-76 (1956);
LitBer. Wass Abwass. Luft u. Boden, 5, pp 165 (1956); Wat. Pollut.
Abstr., 29, Abstr. No. 1138 (1956).
(34) Pettet, A. E. , "Recent Developments in the Biological Treatment of
Trade Waste Waters in Great Britain", J. Bull. Centre, beige Et.
Document. Eaux, No. 36, pp 90-98 (1957).
(35) Ott, R., "The Waste Water Treatment Plant of the 01- und Chemiewerk
A. G. in Hausen", Ber. No. 62/2, Verbd. Schweizer Abwasserfachleute;
Gesundheitsing, 81, pp 90 (I960).
(36) Dixon, C. M. , "Industrial Wastes I Have Known", Wastes Engng, 31,
315 and 350, (1960).
(37) Bisterfeld & Stolting, and Dannenbaum, H., "Recovery of Phenol
and Formaldehyde", G.P- 933,892, Chem. Zbl., 129, pp 10792-10793
(1958).
69
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(38) Clarke, Duane Grookett, "Resin Emulsion Wastes No Longer a Sticky
Problem", (Pollut. Abatement Lab., Rohm and Haas Co., Bristol, Pa.)
Water Wastes Eng. 1968, 5 (11), 46-8 (Eng).
(39) Singleton, K. G., "Biological Treatment of Waste Water from Synthetic
Resin Manufacture", (CIBA(A.R.L.) Ltd., Duxford-Cambridge, Engl.)-
Purdue Univ., Eng. Bull., Ext. Ser. No. 121, 62-70, Appendix 70-1
(1966) (Eng.).
(40) Bruenger, Karl, Koch, Fritz, "Shredded Foam Coatings", (Continental
Summi-Werke A.-G.) Ger. 1,284,090 (C1.C08J, B 32b, B65d, E04b) ,
28 Nov. 1968, Appl. 05 Aug 1961; 2 pp.
(41) Plasticizers and Resins from Waste Rubber or Plastics (Englebert &
Co. G. m. b. H. (Erwin Hoss and Siegfried Bostrom, inventors). Ger.
953,014, Nov. 22, 1956 (Cl. 39c, 30).
(42) Schneider, Edward, "Utilization of Wastes from Synthetic Plastics",
Chemik (Gliwiee) 12, 61-5 (1959).
(43) Rueb, F., "Purification of Waste Gases in the Preparation and
Processing of Plastic Materials", Kunststoff Gummi 3(10), 420-2
(1964) (Ger).
(44) Raus, J. E., and Fralish, H. J., "How One Major Molder Handles Scrap
and Regrind", Plast Technol. 12(11), 51-3 (1966) Eng.
(45) Stepniak, Henryk, "Utilization of Scrap Plastics, Rubber, and
Artificial Fibers", Polimery 11(5), 197—9 (1966) (Pol).
(46) Tetuo, Ide, "Waste Water Treatment in the Polymer Industry", Kobunshi
1968, 17 (193), 326-32 (Japan).
(47) Frantisek, Mikula, Petru, Kamil and Hajas, Milan, "Polycaprolactam
Waste Depolymerization", Czech. 120-715 (Cl. C 08f), Nov. 15, 1966,
Appl. May 15, 1965; 3pp.
(48) Hadfield, W. B., "Treatment of Effluent from the Manufacture of
Plastics", J. Inst. Sewage Purification 1959, 211-13.
(49) Gottfried, Kalich, Schubert, Joachim, Gothe, Rudolf, and Gerathewohl,
Herbert, "Processing and Use of Thermosetting-Plastic Waste", Ger.
(East) 47,801 (Cl. C08g) May 20, 1966, Appl. Sept. 2, 1964, 2 pp.
70
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(50) Shurygin, A. P., and Bernadiner, M. N., "Thermal Detoxication of
Waste Waters in an Enlarged Experimental Cyclone-Type Combustion
Chamber", (Energetics Inst., Moscow). Khim. Prom. 42(5), 360-2
(1966) (Russ).
(51) Koehler, Reinold, "Bacterial Treatment of Chemical Effluents Polluted
by Organic Matter", Wasser, Luft Betrich 10(8), 512-16 (1966) (Germ).
(52) Masck, Vaclay, "Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Occurring in Water",
Gaz, Woda Tech. Sanit. 39(8), 270-2 (1965) (Pol).
(53) Harkness, N., and Jenkins S. H., "Laboratory-Scale Treatment of
Effluent from Synthetic Resin Manufacture. III. Treatment, After
Dephenolation, by the Activated-Sludge Process", Inst. Sewage
Purif., J. Proc. 1964 (4), 377-82; cf. CA 61, 8051h.
(54) Jenkins, S. H., Slim, J. A., and Harkness, N., "Laboratory-Scale
Treatment of Effluent from Synthetic Resin Manufacture. I. Treatment
by Biological Filtration", (Birmingham Tame Rea Dist. Drainage
Board, Engl.). Inst. Sewage Purif., J. Proc. 1964, Pt. 3, 277-9.
(55) "Treatment to Make Thermoplastic Resin Scrap Reusable", Toyo
Rayon Co., Ltd. Brit. I.015j750
(56) Billingsley, G. S., "Resin Waste Regeneration" (E. I. du Pont de
Nemours & Co.), Belg. 635,637, Jan. 31, 1964, U. S. Appl. Aug. 1, 1962,
13 pp.
(57) Tschonhens, Boni, "Water Economics of the Bavarian Industries,
Especially Effluent Problems of the Large Chemical Industries",
(Munich, Ger.). Gas- u. Wasserfach 92, No. 10 (water), 125-31 (1951).
(58) Chemikalienhandelsges, Malex, "Working Up Synthetic Resin Wastes",
m. b. H. Austrian 216,489, July 25, 1961.
(59) Bueno, Jean, A. L., "Recovery of Synthetic Polymer Wastes", Fr.
1,345,753 (Cl. C 08f, C OBg), Dec. 13, 1963, Appl. Nov. 2, 1962, 6 pp.
71
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Plastic Industry
(1) U.S. Water Pollution Control Federation, "A Review of the Literature
of 1962 on Waste Water and Water Pollution Control", J. Wat. Pollut.
Contr. Fed., 35, pp 553-586, 687-727, and 819-876.
(2) Bringmann, G., and Schroder, W., "Large-Scale Biological Removal
of Phenol From Waste Waters of a Synthetic Resin Factory by the
Nocardia Process", Gesundheitsing., 81, pp 205-207 (1960).
(3) "Treatment of Trade Wastes Containing Formaldehyde", Effl. & Wat.
Treatm. J., 3, pp 88-89 (1963).
(4) Holland, G. A., Lasater, J. E., Neumann, E. D., and Eldridge, W. E.,
"Toxic Effects of Organic and Inorganic Pollutants on Young Salmon
and Trout", Res. Bull. Wash. Dep. Fish., No. 5, pp 278 (1960);
Wat. Pollut. Abstr., 28, Abstr. No. 1653 (1955).
(5) Svetljakova, M. N., "Removal of the Unpleasant Odour From Disinfected
(Chlorinated) Water", Hyg. & Sanit., Moscow, No. 3, pp 14-16 (1953);
LitBer. Wass Abwass. Luft u. Boden, 3, pp 39 (1954/55).
(6) Society of Chemical Industry, "Reports on the Progress of Applied
Chemistry", Vol. XXXVIII, pp 990 (1953).
^ "**J
(7) Sapotnitskii, S. A., Myasnikova, R. M., and Volynskii, V. E.,
"Resins Based on Lignosulphonate-Phenol Complex", Sb. Tr., Gos.
Nauch.-Issled. Inst. Gidroliz. Sulf.-Spirt. Prom., 9, pp 236-242
(1961); Abstr. Bull. Inst. Pap. Chem., 33, pp 747-748 (1963).
(8) "Plastics Materials and Resins", Publication I.W.P.-10; contract
14-12-104 (October 12, 1967).
(9) Rayet, R., "Some Reflections^on the Treatment of Trade Waste
Waters", Bull. Centre beige Et. Document. Eaux, No. 26, pp 261-
268 (1954).
(10) Buxton, R., Pollman, D., "Development of Improved Processes for
Filament Wound Reinforced Plastic Structures", Report No. 0714 01 02
(April, 1963).
(11) Rice (Cyrus Wm.) and Co., Pittsburgh, Pa., "Projected Wastewater
Treatment Costs in the Organic Chemicals Industry", pp 191 (January,
1969).
(12) Heller, A. N. , and Wenger, M. E., "Process Engineering in Stream
Pollution Abatement", Sewage industr. Wastes, 26, pp 171-181 (1953).
72
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(13) Balden, A. R., "The Disposal of Solid Wastes", Ind. Water Eng.
4(8), 25-7 (1967) (Eng).
(14) Gruenwald, A., Mach, M., Pavlik, M., and Sztraka, A., Purification
of Waste Waters from the Production of Painting Materials", Sb.
Vysoke Skoly Chem.-Techno1, Praze, Technol. Vody 8(2), 41-111 (1965)
(Russ).
(15) Grunwald, A., Pavlik, M., Mach, M., and Sztraka, A., "Treatment of
Waste Water from the Manufacture of Paint Coating Material", Vodni
Hospodarstvi 15(3), 123-4 (1965).
(16) Kepiuski, Jozef, Glabisz, Urszula, Blasykiewicz, Genowefa, Szyroki,
Zbigniew, and Tilly, Jadwiga, "Purification of Effluent from the
Szczecin Paint and Lacquer Works", (Katedra Chem. Politech. Szczecin,
Warsaw). Zeszyty Nauk, Politech. Szczecin, Chem. No. 5, 33-44 (1964)
(Pol) .
(17) Ballnus, Willi; Leiss, "Procedures for Treating Waste Water of the
Varnish Industry, (W. Ger.), Wasser, Luft, Betr., 1968, 12(5), 289,
292-3 (Ger).
(18) Ludwig, Harvey, F., and Ludwig, Russell, G., "How to Flocculate
Greases So They Won't Clog Sewers", (Univ. of California, Berkeley).
Eng. News-Record 147, No. 1, 40 (1951).
(19) Bednyagin, P., "Use of Enamel Waste Products", Za Progress Proizvodstva
Sovet. Narod. Khoz. Litovsk. S.S.R. 1958, No. 3, 40-2.
(20) Societe Continentale Parker, "Precipitation of Water-Diluted Paints"
Fr. 1,425,207, (Cl. C 09d), Jan. 14, 1966; Brit. Appl. Feb. 28, 1964,
3 PP
(21) Powers, Thomas J., "Waste-Disposal Problems and Solutions", (Dow
Chem. Co., Midland, Mich.). Paint Ind. Mag. 69, No. 12, 46-7, 48 (1954).
73
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Rubber Industry
(1) Klimkina, N. V., "Hygienie Standards for Harmful Waste Products of
the Synthetic Isoprene Rubber Industry Contained in Water Basins",
Hyg. & Sanit., Moscow, 1959, 24, No. 6, 8-16 (English Summary).
(2) Ivanov, V. A., and Gabrilevskaya, L. N., "The Bottom Deposits of
Autopolymers and their Influence on the Sanitary Condition of
Water Reservoirs", Hyg. & Sanit, Moscow, 1957, No. 4, 15-18
(English Summary).
(3) Morzycki, J., Zawapzki, J., and Kielar, K. , "Purification of Sewage
Contaminated with Latex", Pr. Inst. Wlok., 1963, 13, 149-162; Chem.
Abstr., 1966, 64, 3192.
(4) Mills, R. E., "Process Waste Burner Destroys Liquid Organic Chemical
Wastes Safely", Wat. Sewage Wks, 1964, 111, 337-340.
(5) Taradin, Ya. I., Batkova, A. A., Makeeva, E. N., and Stepanova, N. M. ,
"Final Biological Purification of Waste Waters from SNK-40 Rubber
Finishing Shops and Sanitation Conditions for their Discharge", Okhr.
Vod. Resursov Och. Stochn. Vod Sb., 1964, 88-96; Chem. Abstr., 1965,
62, 11522.
(6) Sinaiskii, G. M., Kurolap, N. S., and Voinova, V. K., "Combined
Method of Ion Exchange and Adsorption for Removing Nekal from
Waste Waters", Okhr. Vodn. Resursov Och. Stochn. Vod, 1964, 128-133;
Chem. Abstr., 1965, 62, 12889-12890.
(7) Schulmann, J., "Waste Waters from Synthetic Rubber Works", Voda, 1958,
37, 29-30; Chem. Zbl., 1960, 131, 16554.
(8) Wolfson, D. E., Beckman, J. A., Walters, J. G., and Bennett, D. J.,
"Destructive Distillation of Scrap Tires", Report of Investigations,
Bureau of Mines, Washington, D. C., Sept 69, pp 23, RI-7302.
(9) Jennings, A., "Pre-treatment of Latex Rubber Waste", J. Inst. Sew. Purif.,
1955, Pt. 1, 85.
(10) Zelinka, M., "Toxicity of Waste Waters from the Manufacture of
Synthetic Rubber", Voda, 1957, 36, 242-244; Chem. Zbl., 1958, 129, 6064-
6065.
(11) Nicolai, A. L., Eckenfelder, W. W., and Gardner, D. G., "Effluent
Treatment Study for a Rubber research Laboratory", Industr. Wastes,
1956, 1, 136-139; Publ. Hlth Engng Abstr., 1956, 36, No. 8, 23
74
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(12) Molesworth, T. V., "The Treatment of Aqueous Effluent from Rubber
Production using a Trickling Filter", Proc. nat. Rubber Res. Conf.,
Kuala Lumpur, 1960, 944-959.
(13) Truelle, M. A., "The Effect on Fish of Waste Waters from the Manu-
facture of Synthetic Rubber", Ann. Acad. tchecosl. Agric., 1958,
3(31), 333-340; Chem. Zbl., 1961, 132, 9936.
(14) Munteanu, A., Cute, E., Godeanu, S., Eminovici, A., and Murgoci, C.,
"Treatment of Waste Waters from the Manufacture of Synthetic Rubber",
Studii Prot. Epur. Apel., Buc., 1967, 9, 123-163 (English Summary).
(15) Montgomery, D. R., "Integrated System for Plant Wastes Combats
Stream Pollution", Chem. Engng, Albany, 1967, 74, No. 5, 108-110.
(16) Truelle, M. A., "Damage Caused by Waste Waters from the Manufacture
of Synthetic Rubber", Cslke Ryb., 1959, 14, 36-37; Sci. Pap. Inst.
Chem. Technol., Prague, Technol. Wat., 1962, 6 Pt. 2, 547.
(17) Duke, J. B., "Flotation of Metallic Soap" (to Minerals & Chemicals
Philipp Corp.) U.S.P. 3,158,570; Chem. Abstr., 1965, 62, 10213.
(18) Ivanov, V. I., "Clarification of Waste Waters from the Production of
Polysulphide Rubbers", Vestn. Tekh. Ekon, Inform, nauch-issled. Inst.
Tekh. Ekon, Issled. Cos. Kom. Khim. Gosplane SSSR, 1963, No. 2,
26-27; Chem. Abstr., 1964, 61, 14345.
(19) Vaicum. L., and Wlezek, M., "Biological Treatment of Waste Waters
from the Polyamide Synthetic Fibre Industry by the Activated-Sludge
Process", Studii Prot. Epur. Apel., Buc., 1967, 9, 95-112 (English
Summary).
(20) Taras, M. J., "Interference by Industrial Wastes in the Mohr Test
for Chlorides", Wat. & Sewage Wks, 1955, 102, 442-446.
(21) Khitrov, V. A., Zadorozhnii, V. P., "Utilizing Wastes of the Synthetic
Rubber Industry in the Role of Acid Corrosion Decelerators", Foreign
Technology Division—Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio, Rept. No.
FTD-TT-65-1626, Mar. 66, pp 12.
(22) Harkness, N., and Jenkins, S. H., "Chemical and Biological Oxidation
of Styrene and Isoprene", J. Inst. Sew. Purif., 1958, Pt. 2, 216-220.
(23) USSR Industrial Development: Joint Publications Research Service
Washington, D. C. , Soviet Chemical Industry No. 82., Report No. 19863,
Jun 63, pp 54.
75
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(24) Orestova, N. N., "Local Purification and Use of Waste Waters from the
Polymerization Shop in the Voronezh Synthetic Rubber Plant", Okhrana
Vodn. Resursov i Ochistka Stochn. Vod (Voronezh: Voronezhsk. Univ.)
Sb. 1964, 134-7 (Russ).
(25) Tobola, Stanislaw, "Problems of Technological Wastes in Chemical
Industry", Chemik (Gliwice) 18, 121-4 (1965) (Pol).
(26) Collier, James Tyhurst, "Combustible Gas from Resinous Waste", Brit.
888,745, Feb. 7, 1962, Appl. May 28, 1959.
(27) Berry, A. E., "Survey of Industrial Wastes in the Lake Huron-Lake
Erie Section of the International Boundary Waters", I. Introduction
and Canadian Section. (Ontario Dept. Health, Toronto). Sewage and
Ind. Wastes 23, 508-17 (1951); cf. C.A. 45, 2612h.
(28) Sharp, D. H., "Treatment of Special Industrial Wastes", Civ. Engng.
Lond., 1961, 56, 801-804.
76
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Textile industry
(1) U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health
Service, "Municipal and Industrial Waste Facilities", U.S. Publ.
Hlth. Serv. Publ. No. 622, Vols. 1-9, pp 2032 (1958).
(2) Economic Commission for Europe, "Sewage Treatment in Viscose
Fibre Production, Water Poll/Econ/Working Paper 25, pp 7 (1966).
(3) Lebedev, M. , and Agalova, V., "Experiences with Plants Treating
Waste Waters from the Wool Industry", Vodosnab. sanit. Tekh.,
No. 4, pp 34-37 (1967).
(4) Zekeova, Z. N., "Application of the Basic Principles of Biological
Activated-Sludge Treatment to the Treatment of Waste Waters from
"Chemlon" Manufacture", Pr. vysk. Ust. vodohospod., Bratislava,
No. 40, pp 78 (1966).
(5) Bode, H. E. , "Process for Sizing Textiles and the Disposition
of Sizing Wastes Therefrom, U.S.P. 3,093,504.
(6) Little, A. H., "The Treatment and Control of Bleaching and Dyeing
Wastes", Wat. Pollut. Control, Lond., 68, pp 178-189 (1969).
(7) Offhaus, K. Z. , "The Zinc Content in Waste Waters from the
Synthetic Fibre Industry and Its Toxicity", Wass. Abwass. Forsch.,
No. 1, pp 7-21 (1968).
(8) Ogawa, H., Horikawa, K., Yasuda, M., and Kagami, T, , "Chemical and
Biological Treatment of Wool Scouring Waste", Kanagawa-Ken Kogyo
Shikensho Kenkyo Hokoku, No. 21, pp 35-45; Chem. Abstr., 70, No. 16,
pp 210 (1969).
(9) Public Health Service, Cincinnati, Ohio, Bureau of Disease
Prevention and Environmental Control, "Control and Disposal of
Cotton-Ginning Wastes", PHS-Pub-999-AP-31, pp 104 (1967).
(10) Hoare, J. L. , Stewart, R. G., and Sweetman, B. J., "New Zealand
Wool Scouring Liquors—Treatment and Potassium Recovery", N. Z.
Jl Sci., 12, pp 237-251 (1969).
(11) U.S. Water Pollution Control Federation, "A Review of the Literature
of 1959 on Waste Water and Water Pollution Control", J. Wat. Pollut.
Contr. Fed., 32, pp 443-481, 545-593, and 681-720 (1960).
(12) Bhakuni, T. S., and Bopardikar, M. V., "Recovery of Zinc from
Spinning Bath Waste of a Viscose Rayon Factory by Ion-Exchange
Process", Envir. Hlth, India, 9, pp 327-338 (1967).
77
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(13) U.S. Federation of Sewage and Industrial Wastes Associations,
"A Critical Review of the Literature of 1954 on Sewage, Waste
Treatment, and Water Pollution",. Sewage industr. Wastes, 27,
pp 515-571 and 633-688 (1955).
(14) Holder, Shelby H., Jr., "Marketing and Utilization of Cotton
Mill Waste",
(15) National Center for Air Pollution Control, Public Health Service,
Department of Health, Education, and Welfare and Agricultural
Engineering Research Division, Agricultural Research Service,
Department of Agriculture, "Control and Disposal of Cotton-
Ginning Wastes", (May 3 and 4, 1966).
(16) Munteanu, A., "An Experimental Station for the Treatment of Waste
Waters from the Manufacture of Cellulose and Viscose Artificial
Fibres", Inst. hydrotech. Res., sci. Sess., Bucharest, Sect. 4,
pp 51-54 (1964).
(17) "Mersey and Weaver River Authority", First annual report, pp 88
(1965-1966).
(18) U.S. Federation of Sewage and Industrial Wastes Associations,
"A Critical Review of the Literature of 1953 on Sewage, Waste
Treatment, and Water Pollution", Sewage industr. Wastes, 26,
pp 573-615 and 695-744 (1954).
(19) Kossakowski, J., and Kotulski, B., "Purification of Industrial
Waste Waters from Poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) Production", Przem.
chem., 43, pp 336-339 (1964); Chem. Abstr. , 61, p 14345 (1964).
(20) Klust, G. , and Mann, H., "Investigations on the Decomposition of
Cellulose as an Aid in the Evaluation of Waters", Wasserwirtschaf,
Stuttg., 53, pp 320-323 (1963).
(21) Peyron, E., "Effluents from Dyeing and Finishing Baths", Teintex,
32, pp 419-425 (1967); Chem. Abstr., 69, pp 490 (1968).
(22) Sluchocka, Z. , and Terpilowska, W., "Purification of Retting Waste
Waters by Biological Oxidation Ditches", Pr. Inst. Przem. Wlok,
lykow., 14, pp 119-141 (1967); Chem. Abstr., 68, pp 10424 (1968).
(23) Sluchocka, Z. , and Terpilowska, W., "Purification of Retting Waste
Waters in Biological Oxidation Ditches", Pr. Inst. Przem. Wlok,
lykow., 13, pp 89-106 (1965); Chem. Abstr., 68, pp 10424 (1968).
(24) Sharda, C. P., and Manivannan, K., "Viscose Rayon Factory Wastes
and Their Treatment", Technology, Sindri, 3, No. 4, pp 58-60 (1966),
78
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(25) Saxena, K. L., and Chakrabarty, R. N., "Viscose Rayon Wastes and
Recovery of Zinc Therefrom", Technology, Sindri, 3, No. 4,
PP 29-33 (1966).
(26) Biggs, A. I., "Biological Treatment of Textile Effluents",
Chemy Ind., pp 1536-1538 (1967).
(27) Little, A. H. , "Treatment of Textile Waste Liquors", J. Soc.
Dyers Colour., 83, pp 268-273 (1967); Text. Abstr., 58, pp 647
(1967).
(28) Lur'e, Yu. Yu., and Antipova, P. S., "Removal of Anionic Surfactants
from Waste Waters", Trudy vses. nauchno-issled. Inst. vodosn.,
Kanaliz, Gidrotekh. Soor, Inzh. Gidrogeol., No. 14, pp 43-49 (1966).
(29) Petru, A., "Biological Treatment of Waste Water from Wool-Washing
Plants without Chemical Pre-Treatment", Vod. Hospod., 17, pp 108-
109 (1967).
(30) Summers, T. H. , "Effluent Problems and Their Treatment in the
Textile Industry", J. Soc, Dyers Colour, 83, pp 373-379 (1967).
(31) Moore, T. L., and Turcotte, J. A., "Handling Industrial Wastes:
Four Engineering Decisions", Wastes Engng, 34, pp 238-239 and
256 (1963).
(32) Jarnefelt, H. , "The Effect of Supreme Waste Lyes on the Plankton
Community", Verh. int. Ver. Limnol, 14, pp 1057-1062 (1959, 1961).
(33) Moore, T. L. , "Cutting Wastes Treatment Costs by Reclamation and
Utilization", Wastes Engng, 33, pp 76-77 (1962).
(34) Eldib., I. A., "Foam Fractionation for Removal of Soluble Organics
from Waste Water", J. Wat. Pollut. Contr. Fed., 33, pp 914-931
(1961).
(35) Kaeding, "The Purification of Waste Water in the Production of
Polyamide Fibre", J. Fortschr. WassChem. Grenzged., No. 5, pp 258-
283,'(1967); Chem. Abstr., 67, pp 8846 (1967).
(36) Summers, T. H. , "Effluent Problems and Their Treatment in the
Textile Industry", J. Soc. Dyers Colour., 83, pp 373-379 (1967).
(37) The Cotton and Man-Made Fibres Research Association, "Textile
Effluent Treatment and Disposal", Shirley Inst. Pamph., No. 92.
pp 92 (1966).
79
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(38) Georgia Inst. of Tech., Atlanta, Environmental Resources Center,
"Determination of Degraded Dyes and Auxiliary Chemicals in
Effluents From Textile Dyeing Processes", pp 51 (March, 1970).
(39) U.S. Federation of Sewage and Industrial Wastes Associations,
"A Critical Review of the Literature of 1955 on Sewage, Waste
Treatment, and Water Pollution", Sewage industr. Wastes, 28,
pp 595-636 and 707-764 (1956).
(40) Meinck, F., Stoof, H., and Kohlschutter, H., "Industrial Waste
Waters", Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart, 2nd edit, pp 48 (1956);
Wat. Pollut. Abstr, 25, Abstr. No. 973 (1952) and 27, 2288 (1954).
(41) Gramley, Dale I. and Heath, Milton S., Jr., "A Study of Water
Pollution Control in the Textile Industry of North Carolina",
Rept. No. 21 W70-05124, pp 108 (January, 1970).
(42) U.S. Federation of Sewage and Industrial Wastes Associations,
"A Review of the Literature of 1958 on Sewage, Waste Treatment,
and Water Pollution", Sewage industr. Wastes, 31, pp 501-541,
615-661, and 763-803 (1959).
(43) Oldenbourg, R., "Disposal and Treatment of Industrial Waste Waters",
Internationale Fachausstellung Uber Wasser- Und Abwasserreinigung,
pp 348 (1959).
(44) Chakrabarty, R. N. , Saxena, K. L., and Chattopadhya, S. N. ,
"Studies on Recovery of Zinc From Viscose Rayon Waste", Envir.
Hlth, India, 9, pp 296-305 (1967).
(45) Taylor, E. F., Gross, G. C., Jones, C. E., and Rocheleau, R. F. ,
"Biochemical Oxidation of Wastes From the New Plant for Manufacturing
'Orion' at Waynesboro, Virginia", Proc. 15th industr. Waste Conf.,
Purdue University Engng Extn Ser. No. 106, pp 508-514 (1960).
(46) Sadow, R. D., "The Treatment of Zefran Fibre Wastes", Proc. 15th
industr. Waste Conf., Purdue University Engng Extn Ser. No. 106,
pp 359-372 (1960).
(47) Heinze, Johannes, P-aimn, Fellmad, and Richardt, Hans, "Recovery of
Dialkyl Terephthalates by Decomposing Wastes of Linear and Mixed
Polyesters", Ger. (East) 41,855, Oct. 15, 1965, Appl. Feb. 10, 1964;
5 pp.
80
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SECTION XI
APPENDICES
Page No.
A. Distribution of Paint, Plastics, Rubber, and Viscose
Rayon Plants in the United States (information from
1967 Census of Manufacturers for plants with 20 or
more employees) 82
Figure A-l. Number and Distribution of Paint
Manufacturing Plants in United States 82
Figure A-2. Number and Distribution of Plastics
Manufacturing Plants in United States 83
Figure A-3. Number and Distribution of Synthetic
Rubber Manufacturing Plants in United States 84
Figure A-4. Number and Distribution of Viscose Rayon
Plants in United States 85
B. Material and Energy Balance Calculations for Example
Incineration Systems 86
81
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CD
NJ
NEW ENGLAN
(30)
MIDDLE..
...ATL'ANTIC....
(165) !
WEST NORTH CENTRAL
6
FIGURE A-l. NUMBER AND DISTRIBUTION OF PAINT MANUFACTURING PLANTS IN UNITED STATES
-------
00
MIDDLED 987" 7>J"5
'
EAST SOUTH _.-„-,,.. .,, A.1T,
CENTRAL ^SOUTH^TLANTI
WEST SOUTH'-CENTRAL (18)
14
FIGURE A-2. NUMBER AND DISTRIBUTION OF PLASTICS MANUFACTURING PLANTS IN UNITED STATES
-------
00
WEST NORTH CENTRAL
(0) ,
WEST SOUTHTCENTRAL
(14)
FIGURE A-3. NUMBER AND DISTRIBUTION OF SYNTHETIC RUBBER MANUFACTURING PLANTS IN UNITED STATES
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oo
Ln
FIGURE A-4. NUMBER AND DISTRIBUTION OF VISCOSE RAYON PLANTS IN^UNITED STATES
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APPENDIX B
MATERIAL AND ENERGY BALANCE CALCULATIONS
FOR EXAMPLE INCINERATION SYSTEMS
Example I: Paint Waste lacineration
Basis: 125,000 gallons annually, solvent recovery sludge
Operating Schedule: 100 hours/week, 50 weeks/year
Conditions: Bed Temperature = 1750 F
Superficial Velocity =2.0 fps
(1) Heat Input (steady-state operation)
Q = 25 gal/hr x 120,000 Btu/gal = 3,000,000 Btu/hr
(2) Fluidizing Air (assume volume in cu ft = .. „„ — , also
assume 50% excess)
_ 3,000,000 x 1.5 x -i- = 750 scfm
V " 100
(3) Heat loss to gases (Q = n CpAt)
Q = 750 x 0.02 x 1680 x 60 = 1,500,000 Btu/hr
(4) Heat loss to reactor walls (assume 20% of heat input)
Q = 0.20 x 3,000,000 = 600,000 Btu/hr
(5) Reaction water or Latex feed (W x AH = excess heat input)
_ 3,000.000 - 2,100,000 1
W -- 2000 x
(6) Fluid bed diameter (area = gas flow/superficial velocity)
A = 750 x 175°530460 + 2.0 x 60 = 26.1 ft2 D = 5.75 ft.
86
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Example II: Plastic Waste Incineration
Basis: 30,000,000 pounds annually styrene primary treatment sludge
'' @ 10% solids
Operating Schedule: 100 hours/week, 50 weeks/year
Conditions: Bed Temperature = 1325 F
Superficial Velocity = 1.8 fps
(1) Heat input from solids
Q = 6,000 Ib/hr x . 10 x 15,000 Btu/lb = 9,000,000 Btu/hr
(2) Fluidizing air (assume volume in cu ft = r, also assume 50%
cess)
, 9,000 000
excess)
>
J-UU bU
(3) Heat requirements
Water = 6,000 Ib/hr x .90 x 1660 Btu/lb = 8,960,000 Btu/hr
Fluid Air = 2250 x .02 x 1255 x 60 = 3,390,000 Btu/hr
Total (except loss to walls) 12,350,000 Btu/hr
(4) Auxiliary fuel needed (assume 20% heat loss to walls)
0.8 [VnTT x 1000 Btu/cf + 9,000,000] = 12,350,000 + 0.2 x 1255 x 10V
CH4
5,150,000 1
VCH4 * 549 X 60 =
V (waste polymers) = 625 Ib/hr (alternate auxiliary fuel)
(5) Fluid bed diameter
A = (2250 + 1560) x 46° . 2.0 x 60 = 119 ft2
D = 12.3 ft
Example III: Rubber Waste Incineration
Basis: 10,000,000 pounds annually (15. 4% solids, 1.35% ash)
Operating Schedule: 100 hours/week, 50 weeks/year
Conditions: Bed Temperature = 1400 F
Superficial Velocity = 2.0 fps
(1) Heat input from solids
Q = 2,000 Ib/hr x . 154 x 15,000 Btu/lb = 4,620,000 Btu/hr
87
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(2) Fluidizing air (assume volume in cu ft = — , also assume 50%
excess)
T7 4,620,000 . _ 1 . ._. ,
V = -^- - x 1.5 x — = 1,150 scfm
(3) Heat requirements:
Water = 2,000 Ib/hr x .846 x 1700 Btu/lb = 2,870,000 Btu/hr
Fluid air = 1150 scfm x .02 x 1330 x 60 = 1,840,000 Btu/hr
Totals (except loss to walls) 4,710,000 Btu/hr
(4) Methane needed (assume 207» heat input loss to walls)
0.8 [Vrtl x 1000 Btu/cf + 4,620,000] = 4,710,000 + .02 x 1330 x 10V
• CH4
= 1,014.000 1_ = 31.7 scfm
CH. 534 X 60
4
(4) Fluid bed diameter:
A = (1150 + 317) x 14°° 46° 4 2.0 x 60 = 43 ft2
D = 7.4 ft
<>U,S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE W72
1-3 OO
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1 | Ace c fat ion Number
J
w
2 1 Subject FlQld & Group
SELECTED WATER RESOURCES ABSTRACTS
INPUT TRANSACTION FORM
Columbus Laboratories -- Battelle
Title
Fluidized-bed Incineration of Selected Carbonaceous Industrial Wastes
10
Autliotfa)
T. L. Tewksbury
A. K. Reed
H. Nack
G. R. Smithson, Jr.
j£ I
- 1
Project Designation
Project No. 12120 FYF
21]
Note
22 Citation
23
Descriptors (Starred First)
Industrial wastes, *Incineration, Fluidized bed, Waste treatment
25
Identifiers (Starred First)
27 Abstract
This report describes a program that was conducted on the feasibility of fluidized-
bed incineration for selected carbonaceous industrial wastes. The program con-
sisted of an initial phase in which wastes from the paint, plastics, rubber, and
textile industries in Ohio were characterized. In the second phase, samples of
various wastes were obtained and analyzed, and based on their characteristics,
selected wastes were experimentally incinerated in a 10-inch-diameter fluidized-
bed system.
Results of the program indicate that sludges from solvent recovery operations
in the paint industry, sludges from primary treatment of process wastes from
plastic manufacturing, flotation sludges from primary treatment of synthetic
rubber manufacture, and the waste from the viscose process of the textile industry
can be incinerated in a fluidized-bed system without the production of noxious or
toxic exhaust gases. The program also indicates that incineration of the various
wastes significantly reduces their potential impact on stream pollution. It is
recommended that a demonstration plant be constructed and operated at a site
close to the source of several types of industrial wastes.
Tewksbury
Inxtitution
Battelle, Columbus Laboratories
WR:I02 (REV. JUUY U19)
WRSIC
SEND WITH COPY OF DOCUMENT. TOI WATER RESOURCES SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION CENTER
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
WASHINGTON, D. C. 20240
CPO: 1970 - 407 -891
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