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ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Solid Waste Management Office
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OPEN DUMP CLOSING - Alternative Procedures
This training course manual has been specially
prepared for the trainees attending the course
and should not be included in reading lists or
periodicals as generally available.
Prepared by
Training Branch
Division of Technical Operations
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Solid Waste Management Office
Cincinnati, Ohio 45213
1971
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REGIONAL PROGRAM REPRESENTATIVES
Bureau of Solid Waste Management
Region I
Earl J. Anderson
John F. Kennedy Federal Bldg.
Government Center
Boston, Massachusetts 02203
Phone: (617)-223-6687
Connecticut, Maine,
Massachusetts, New
Hampshire, Rhode
Island, Vermont
Region II
Gordon E. Stone
837A Federal Building
26 Federal Plaza
New York, New York 10007
Phone: (212)-264-2523 or 4018
New Jersey, New York,
Puerto Rico, Virgin
Islands
Region III
Joseph F. Mastromauro
401 N. Broad Street
Philadelphia, Pa. 19107
Phone: (215)-597-9156
District of Columbia,
Maryland, Virginia,
West Virginia, Delaware,
Pennsylvania •
Region IV
Elmer G. Cleveland
404 Peachtree - Seventh Bldg.
50 Seventh Street, NE
Atlanta, Georgia 30323
Phone: (404)-526-3921
Alabama, Florida
Georgia, Mississippi
S. Carolina, Tennessee,
Kentucky, N. Carolina
Region V
William Q. Kehr
712 New Post Office Bldg.
433 West Van Buren Street
Chicago, Illinois 60607
Phone: (312)-353-6560
Illinois, Indiana,
Michigan, Ohio,
Wisconsin, Minnesota
Region VI
Grover L. Morris
1114 Commerce Street
Dallas, Texas 75202
Phone: (214)-749-2007
Arkansas, Louisiana
New Mexico, Oklahoma,
Texas
Region VII
Donald A. Townley
Federal Office Building
601 East 12th Street
Kansas City, Missouri 64106
Phone: (816)-374-3307
Iowa, Kansas, Missouri,
Nebraska
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Regional Program Representatives
Region VIII
Lawrence P. Gazda
9017 Federal Office Bldg.
19th and Stout Streets
Denver, Colorado 80202
Phone: (303)-837-4456
Colorado, Montana, Utah,
Wyoming, N. Dakota,
S. Dakota
Region IX
Clyde B. Eller
254 Federal Office Bldg.
50 Fulton Street
San Francisco, California 94102
Phone: (415)-556-8480
Arizona, California,
Hawaii, Nevada, Guam,
American Samoa
Region X
Lester E. Blaschke
Arcade Mezzanine Floor
1319 Second Avenue
Seattle, Washington 98101
Phone: (206)-583-0530
Oregon, Washington,
Idaho, Alaska
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MISSION 5000
Suggested One-day Course Agenda
8:30
8:45
9:00
9:15
9:45
10:15
10:30
11:00
11:30
12:00
12:30
1:30
2:00
2:45
3:00
3:45
TIME
- 8:45
- 9:00
- 9:15
- 9:45
- 10:15
- 10:30
-11:00
- 11:30
- 12:00
- 12:30
- 1:30
- 2:00
- 2:45
- 3:00
- 3:45
- 4:00
: SUBJECT
Registration
Welcome
Course Objectives
State Regulations
Keeping the Public Informed
Break
System Requisites
Dump Closing I: Sequence of Operations
Dump Closing II: Rat Killing Techniques
Discussion
Lunch
Alternative Volume Reduction Techniques
Sanitary Landfill I
Break
Sanitary Landfill II
Course Discussion and Summary
SPEAKER
M ission 5000 Rep.
State
M ission 5000 Rep.
Slate
Headquarters
Mission 5000 Rep.
Region
State
Mission 5000 Rep.
Headquarters
Headquarters
Mission 5000 Rep.
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CONTENTS
Lecture
Section I
Statement of Course Objectives
Keeping the Public Informed
System Requisites
Dump Closing I: Sequence of Operations
Dump Closing II: Rat Killing Techniques
Alternative Volume Reduction Techniques
Sanitary Landfill I
Sanitary Landfill II
APPENDIX
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SECTION I
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STATEMENT OF COURSE OBJECTIVES
A dump is essentially an unplanned and unstructured operation,
but getting rid of one is not. Past mistakes must be corrected,
and an acceptable disposal operation, whether at the same or
another site, must result. Far from being a simple act of
abandonment, closing a dump must be a planned procedure.
Important elements in a plan for dump closure include:
1) Advising the public and all others directly involved with
the refuse handling system of needed changes, and
enlisting their support;
2) Preparing acceptable disposal facilities to replace those
being closed;
3) Providing needed support facilities (better collection
service, etc.) to assure continuing good operation;
4) Eliminating existing problems at the closed dump and
restoring the site to an acceptable condition.
Closing a dump does take some background knowledge, which this
one-day course is intended to provide. Closing a dump also takes
planning; some human and material resources, and probably a lot
of hard-headed persistence. But it is clear that we must effec-
tively put a stop to outmoded practices which continue to waste
and insult our environment.
SW. DC. co.l. 1 1. 70
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KEEPING THE PUBLIC INFORMED
Training Staff*
I INTRODUCTION
A The solid waste system must be designed
properly to work properly but the social,
cultural, psycho logic? 1 implications of
refuse must be recognized and considered
for the system to work.
II THE PUBLIC HAS A RIGHT AND A NEED
TO KNOW
A Support Conies Through Understanding
1 The public sits in judgment on your
proposed disposal operation and will
decide whether or not they want it. To
judge realistically they must know.
a The need to stop improper operations
b Needed human and material resources
c The role of individuals and public and
private agencies in helping with the
needed changes.
2 Their cooperation is needed. It is
affected by their attitudes toward your
operation and their understanding of
what is required on their part.
B The Public Are Customers and Partners in
Your Disposal Program
1 Householders and businessman, industry,
and city or private solid waste collection
agencies are probably all users of your
disposal site. They must learn how to
use it.
2 The individuals and groups served by
you want to know the benefits (or
disadvantages) that your disposal system
offers them.
Ill THE INFORMATION MUST BE
APPROPRIATE
A Timing Is Important
1 Your message is weakened if it conies
too early or too late.
2 The sequence of events and activities
must be logical.
-^Training Branch, Division of Technical Opera -
tionfe, Solid Waste Management Offiee,
Cincinnati, Ohio
B The Message Should Be Clear, Sufficient,
and Properly Directed.
Absence of information breeds mistrust.
People tend to be "down on what they are
not up on. " Rumor and misinformation
flourish when good information is
lacking.
Always be honest, but do not stir up
people unnecessarily with controversial
matters.
Material which is not understandable,
is directed to the wrong group, just
causes confusion.
or
Last minute "once over lightly" efforts
to reach the public may actually just
stir up misunderstanding, speculation,
and resentment.
IV BARRIERS TO COMMUNICATION
A Differences In Backgrounds Hinder
Understanding
1 Language is an imperfect tool. People
may not understand what you mean,
particularly when the subject is technical.
2 Because of interests and problems
different from yours, the public may
view your program differently than you
do. Try to anticipate their attitudes.
3 There may be other matters (a school
bond issue, a local governmental crisis,
etc.) which will affect your program
even though not directly related to it.
Keep your eyes open for these possible
conflicts.
B Solid Waste Tends To Be an Emotionally
Negative Subject
1 Solid waste is unwanted, by definition.
The public has to understand that money
and equipment for proper disposal are
not being expended on the refuse per se,
but on maintaining a livable environment.
2 Solid waste is boring, useless, ugly, or
degrading to some people to the point
where they block their minds to rational
solutions.
SW.AD.ki.2.12.70 1
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Keeping the Public Informed
C There Is Tremendous Competition for
Public Attention
V ASSETS TO COMMUNICATION
A Your Cause Is Obviously Worthy in
Principle
1 The open dump with its rats, flies,
smoke and unsightliness is generally
recognized to be evil.
2 You represent a respected agency.
B The Public is Already Somewhat Informed
and Interested About Disposal Practices.
1 Interest in pollutional control has
already been stimulated by recent
national publicity. This helps
tremendously.
2 Getting heard or read is no longer so
much of a problem. This makes it
easier for you to proceed with the
business of convincing the public that
your approach to the disposal problem
is the right one, and ought to be
supported.
VI WHAT NEEDS TO BE TOLD
A What Is to Be Done, and Why
B Effects (Favorable and Unfavorable) on
the User
1 Better environment, better service
2 Higher costs, etc.
C The User's Expected Role in Helping
Improve the Disposal System
D The User's Responsibilities in Using the
System
E Progress Reports on Your Program
1 Before-and-after pictures and stories
of your work in eliminating dumps and
establishing sanitary landfills can be
most persuasive arguments in winning
public support.
2 You need to update information on what
is going on so the public will not lose
interest or faith in you.
VII HOW TO DO IT
A Read "Getting Your Message Across" and
get to work. Forget excuses that you do
not speak well, or that this is not really
your job. Public relations is everyone's.
B Remember that the public is a part of
your operation. Work with:
1 Responsible individuals
a Those particularly affected by your
proposed changes
b Generally accepted leaders
2 Social, civic, religious, fraternal, and
volunteer organizations. Do not forget
the school kids.
3 Mass media:
a The press
b Radio and television
c Posters, leaflets, displays
C Your Organization and Actions Can Win
Public Support Directly
1 Be sure your personnel and equipment
help you create a good image.
a Simple, neat uniforms
b Clean, well-maintained equipment
c Signs that look nice, help the user
instead of just telling him what he
cannot do.
d Courteous, informed workers
2 Early in the effort, make a few obviously
desirable improvements and make sure
the public knows about it.
a News coverage of dump cleanup
b Neat signs, early planting of trees
and shrubs
VIII SOME FINAL THOUGHT
A Tell the whole story. Tell the good and the
bad and never lie. Do not be bashful
about your achievements, though. You
have a concept to sell.
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Keeping the Public Informed
B Do not Expect Overnight Miracles in
Changing Public Attitudes. There is much
competition for individuals' attention and
communication can be a slow process.
C Expect Some Opposition and Be Prepared
to Overcome It. Some will misunderstand
your program and some will be adversely
affected despite all you can do. And a very
few are opposed to any change. Answer
reasonable opposition and do not wear •
yourself out on the others.
D Notice That This Outline is Entitled
"Keeping the Public Informed. " Your
Efforts Must be Diversified and Sustained
to be Effective.
REFERENCES
1 Air Pollution Control Association. How
to Tell the Air Pollution Control Story.
Pittsburgh, 12pp. 1965.
2 National League of Cities. Careers in
Municipal Public Relations. Washington,
D.C., 9 pp. 1965.
3 Wilcomb, M.J. Getting Your Message
Across. DHEW, PHS, EGA Training
Institute, Cincinnati, 15 pp. 1969.
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SYSTEM REQUISITES
Training Staff*
I INTRODUCTION
Open dumps arise out of need and provide a
service, even if badly. They are always a
part of a system, or at least a series of
circumstances which takes the place of a
system. Merely closing the dumps will not
provide us with a sound, working system.
There are many other important areas for
consideration. Among these would be devel-
opment of adequate collection and disposal
services; dependable and sufficient financing;
and a suitable management for the complete,
logically developed system.
a) Private with no control
b) Exclusive franchise
c) Contract with governmental agency
b Regardless of who does the collection
the governmental unit is responsible
to see that it is done and properly.
Transfer operations may be incorporated
as a part of the system. This operation
must be capable of handling all the wastes
regardless of who collects them.
II COLLECTION SYSTEM REQUIRED
A When no collection is provided the
residents will find it nearly impossible to
transport their own solid waste to one or
a few more central locations. They will
therefore be virtually forced to open
numerous illegal dumps for disposal.
B An Adequate Collection System Must
Include:
1 Frequent collection
a Minimum of once per week
b Recommended twice per week
2 Collection of all materials
a Normal household
b Bulky materials on a less frequent
or on call basis
c Commercial and industrial wastes
must also be incorporated in the
system by some means.
3 Collection responsibility
a The actual collection can be done by:
1) Governmental agency
2) Private enterprise under one of
the following conditions:
^Training Branch, Division of Technical
Operations, Solid Waste Management Office,
Cincinnati, Ohio
III DISPOSAL SYSTEM REQUIRED
A Type of Disposal Required
1 In some instances the following may be
used
a Incineration
b Composting
c Some other central facility
2 All disposal systems require at least
some land disposal by the sanitary
landfill.
B Sanitary Landfill Disposal
1 An area-wide approach to location of
disposal sites is preferable to allow for
large enough operations to be practical
and economical.
2 For an area such as a medium sized
county it would normally be preferable
to strive for one central site.
3 One or more transfer stations may be
required to develop the best and most
economical solid waste management
system.
IV FINANCING OF SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
A An entirely private solid waste management
system will relieve the government unit of
raising the necessary capital expenditures.
SW.SL.sr.1.10.70 1
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System Requisites
Only under a contract arrangement will
the governmental agency be responsible
for raising the money necessary to operate
the system.
B Means of Capital Finance for Public
Agencies
1 Capital expenditures are required for:
a Land
b Equipment
c Structures
2 Means of finance include:
a Cash outlay from existing funds -
normally not practical for most
governmental units
b General Obligation Bonds - these
bonds are backed by the real estate
tax revenue for the governmental
unit. Many government units are
already at the limit on these bonds
due to other pressing capital
requirements.
c Revenue Bonds - these bonds are
backed by the anticipated revenues
from the solid waste system. A fee
system is normally required to
establish the income to be used for
this purpose. These bonds require
more groundwork to obtain and
normally result in a higher interest
rate than general obligation but also
result in a more equitable repayment
system and allows financing without
incurring general obligation bond
limits.
d In some instances a combination
general obligation and revenue bonds
are possible and should be investi-
gated in order to obtain the best
possible financing.
C Operating, Depreciation and Finance Costs
1 Operating costs include:
a Labor
b Maintenance and repair
c Utilities
d Overhead
2 Depreciation or amortization is applied
to all capital expenditures except land.
3 Intent or other finance expenses must
also be paid.
4 The above three elements when com-
bined are referred to as the "total cost"
of the solid waste systems.
5 Means of payment
a General tax revenue - although per-
haps the most prevalent means this is
also perhaps the least desirable since
it is normally not equitably transmitted
to the users and the demand for the
limited amount of revenue can result
in insufficient funds to perform all the
necessary functions.
b Users Fee - the utility concept of
paying for solid waste management is
the most equitable means and brings
in a more assured income. This
system does require some means of
billing and fee collection but also can
result in a better managed and often
more economical system. The pre-
ferred system would include mandatory
service and billing.
D Aids for Financial Management Systems
1 The Bureau of Solid Waste Management
has prepared and published four cost
accounting aids:
a An Accounting System for Sanitary
Landfill Operations
b An Accounting System for Incinerator
Operations
c An Accounting System for Collection
Operations
d An Accounting System for Solid Waste
Management in Communities
2 The appendix of this manual contains a
description of how to determine the
equipment and finances required for
sample systems.
V SYSTEM MANAGEMENT AND SUPERVISION
A All solid waste systems require top-notch
and continual management and supervision
activities. If the system includes a private
portion, then a combined management and
supervision system of both private and
public is required.
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System Requisites
B Management Essentials
1 Remedial action to improve present
system
2 Planning future system needs
3 Personnel Recruitment
4 Personnel Training
5 Day-to-day system supervision
6 Performance evaluation and modifications
7 Cost accounting and budget preparation
8 Public relations
C The management and supervision functions
of the system is what will normally es-
tablish the degree success of the system.
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DUMP CLOSING I
SEQUENCE OF OPERATIONS
Training Staff*
I After having provided for acceptable alter-
native disposal and other needed support
services and materials, and having obtained
the necessary public understanding and
support, we can begin the actual closing and
restoration of the dump. It is important to
keep in mind that not only what is to be done
but also that sequence of activities and even
the timetable of events is important. Other-
wise, eliminating one problem may create
one or two others.
A A Typical Sequence of Operations Follows:
1 Fence or otherwise restrict unauthorized
access.
2 Place necessary informational signs.
3 Assign a responsible manager to the
site.
4 Stop the burning.
5 Stop the scavenging.
6 Stop the immediately preventable or
controllable water pollution.
7 Close the dump to incoming refuse, or
establish a specific spot on the dump
for sanitary landfill operation during
closing.
8 Control insects and rodents as the need
indicates. Usually rats are the princi-
pal problem to consider.
9 Provide necessary drainage.
10 Establish grades.
11 Clean up the junk, compact and cover.
12 Seed the area or otherwise prepare'it
for final use.
13 Maintain the cleanliness of the site
B Some Mistakes or Common Inadequacies
Are:
1 Underestimation of the increase in
volume of refuse at the dump which
will occur when burning stops;
2 Problems of policing the area because
some individuals persist in dumping
there after the dump is closed;
3 Movement of rats to nearby fields or
housing if poisoning is needed and is
not done; or is not done within a week
after dumping is stopped;
4 Occasional difficulty in stopping the
dump fires, particularly if the burning
has carried underground;
5 Hazards to equipment operators when
putting out fires, through caving of
burned-out voids.
C Procedures
The dump closing and/or conversion
procedure will necessarily depend a good
deal on local circumstances. These
include the particular problems of the
dump itself, problems presented by the
dump's location, and the area's intended
ultimate use. If the dump is to be con-
verted to sanitary landfill operation,
the sanitary landfill method employed may
affect the dump conversion process.
Where the water table depth and other
considerations will permit a trench type
sanitary landfill operation, for example,
a trench type of dump conversion may
simplify the transition. The supervisor
will have to exercise his judgement in
making the best use of the equipment,
time, and manpower available to him,
but the final result must be esthetically
and functionally acceptable.
-"Training Brancn, Division or Tectinicai
Operations, Solid Waste Management Office,
Cincinnati, Ohio
SW. DC. so.2.12. 70
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Dump Closing I: Sequence of Operations
1 TRENCH METHOD*
Dump Conversion
TIENCH METHOD
Dump Conversion
TRENCH METHOD
STOCKPILED
REFISt
Dump Conversion
TRENCH METHOD
The trench method can be used
where a high water table is
not a problem.
In this method, the loose
refuse is brought together and
then spread and compacted,
following the cell concept of
sanitary landfill construction.
The refuse is covered with soil
and graded to prevent ponding
of surface water.
EXCAVATED MATERIAL
Dump Conversion
TRENCH METHOD
ADDITIONAL
EXCAVATED MATEIIAL
-------
Dump Closing I: Sequence of Operations
2 AREA METHOD
Dump Conversion
ARE* METHOD
LOOSE REFUSE
Dump Conversion
«RE» METHOD
BEM
.CO«MCTED IEFOSE
Dump Conversion
tm mmt
2'nmi COVER
The area method is used where
high water tables may prohibit
the excavation of trenches.
The loose refuse which generally
is spread over a large area, is
first stockpiled and then com-
pacted against an earth berm
using the cell concept for sanitary
landfill construction.
Soil cover material may be hauled
in from adjacent areas or secured
at the toe of the working face as
shown.
The site should be graded
periodically to avoid ponding of
surface runoff.
Dump Conversion
AREI METHOD
CONTINUED
EICAVAT10N FOR
MATERIAL
-------
Dump Closing I: Sequence of Operations
3 BANK METHOD
Dump Conversion
IMK NETHOD
LOOSE REFUSE
Dump Conversion
UtVK METHOD
Dump Conversion
BAKU NETHOD
The bank method is a modifica-
tion of the area method and
merely takes advantage of the
original sloping nature of the
refuse. When the refuse has
been set to a 3:1 slope, it is
compacted and covered, thus
forming the berms for the
adjacent cell.
Dump Conversion
BUNK METHOD
i
.
FIMl 2' COVER
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Dump Closing I: Sequence of Operations
4 WETLAND METHOD
Dump Conversion
IK WETLANDS
Dump Conversion
IK HEIUKDS
2'FINAl SOIL COVER
This method is used where the
dump is in a marshland or in a
river or other water course.
The solid waste is first
removed and then separated
from the water by placement of
a mat of impervious material
that reaches above high water
level.
Another means of separations
between the solid waste and
the water can be achieved by
diverting the flow of water or
if necessary, by lowering the
ground water level.
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DUMP CLOSING II
RAT KILLING TECHNIQUES
Training Staff*
I GENERAL INFORMATION
A dump may'harbor substantial numbers of
rats which, in some circumstances, travel
to nearby fields or housing when the incoming
refuse (their food supply) is cut off. The
extent of the problem has to be estimated
and controlled accordingly - it is not always
necessary that rat control methods be applied
when a dump is closed. There may not be
any rats. Very rarely, mice, cockroaches
or flies may have populations which would
justify terminal control; but these circum-
stances occur infrequently enough so that
control procedures for them are not discussed
here.
II ESTIMATION OF RAT POPULATIONS
Simple and reliable field estimates of rat
numbers, taken before and after poisoning,
are hard to arrive at. Really "scientific1
methods require so much preparation as to
be impractical for dump closings, and some
simple estimate based on rat signs and aided
with judgment usually suffices. One approach
to "gueEstimating" numbers is to drive out
near the dump face at night, turn out the car
lights and remain absolutely quiet for half
an hour. Noises of rats moving give some
idea of numbers. After poisoning operations,
things of course should be pretty quiet.
Rats usually are not uniformly distributed
all over a dump. Often they will not be
numerous in the old area where dumping
has ceased; there is harborage there or
little food. They may not be in the im-
mediate dumping area either, because their
harborage would be disturbed there. Look
for burrows, runs and droppings on the less
frequently disturbed banks, fields, and dump
surface immediately surrounding the dump
face. Of course, dumping may be quite
scattered over the dump, and in this circum-
stance the rat population may very well be
scattered too. This means that your work
will be just that harder.
Ill TIME SCHEDULE
A The site will have to be closed for at
least three days, even if it will continue
in the future as a sanitary landfill.
1 The site has to be closed to dumping
for at least a day, so that the rats cajn
feed on previously deposited garbage
and use up their existing food supply.
Some experienced poisoners think a
two to five day period is better, but
most agree that longer than that will
cause some hungry rats to move out,
2 After this period there is a "baiting
day" in which the poison bait is
distributed in burrows and in sheltered
areas.
3 On the third day, the rodents are
allowed to feed on the bait (if anti-
coagulant type rat baits like warfarin
are used, this time will have to be
extended to at least 4 or 5 days).
4 The poison having done its work, the
equipment should now be brought in
immediately to work, compact, cover
and seal the area.
IV SUGGESTED BAIT FORMULAS
A Red Squill
This product has probably been used for
more than a thousand years, and still
has merit. Its greatest advantage is' its
safety, because it contains a natural
emetic. Rats do not vomit, and are
poisoned by it. The greatest disadvantage
is its bitter taste, which must be over-
come with tasty baits. Here is a suggested
bait formula:
Red Squill (fortified, 500 mg/kg 1 Ib
Bait: ground fresh meat, bacon,
fresh or canned fish, grains,
selected fresh fruits or vege-
tables, or combinations of
these 9 Ibs
*T raining Branch, Division of Technical
Operation, Solid Waste Management Office,
Cincinnati, Ohio
SW. DC.rk. 1.11.70
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Dump Closing II: Rat Killing Techniques
Of course this will not be your total
quantity; the amount needed may require
a concrete mixture or clean plaster boat
for mixing. If a very dry bait, such as
oats, is used, you may have to add a
binder of molasses, fish oil, vegetable
oil, or mineral oil to aid mixing and hold
the poison and bait together. It is also a
good idea to add a discoloring agent for
identification. Charcoal or lampblack
works wonders for this; a little goes a
long way and it is very cheap. Wear
gloves and do not smoke while working,
mix well and pay attention to what you are
doing at all times. This is not a dangerous
process if you exercise simple judgement
of this sort.
The finished baits may be rolled up in
6 inch squares of wax paper, about a
tablespoon to the bait, or distributed with
a tablespoon at the site on paper squares
where there is rat infestation. Larger
"bait stations" of 4 to 8 ounces may be
placed, cover with a board so they, will be
accessible to rats but screened from the
weather. You would not know how much
to use except by rebaiting on successive
days as the baits are taken until no more
"takes" are seen. Then remove all baits
when the public or pets again have access
to the site. For initial baiting figure for
about one bait for each rat hole or a half
pound every hundred square feet (10 feet
by 10 feet).
B Zinc Phosphide
This is another single-dose type poison
which is favored by many for dump-
poisoning work. It is a black powder and
so no coloring agent is needed. It has a
distinct phosphine odor which makes it
unattractive for children or pets, but it
should certainly be used with care.
Zinc Phosphide
Bait: (same selection as for
Red Squill)
Tartar emetic
4 oz.
25 Ibs1.
li oz.
Zinc phosphide is often used to coat ^-inch
cubes of sweet potato or apple for use as
baits. To mix, put the freshly cut, moist
cubes in a wide pan with the poison, then
using a long handled spoon, mix until all
of the poison has been taken up by the cubes.
Canned mackerel is a good material for at
least some of the bait. Many operators
substitute oats or corn meal for half or
more of the bait to get a drier and more
economical mixture. Distribute as was
suggested for the squill bait. If your
dump has a face, figure about a pound of
bait for each ten running feet of face on
the first application. If your dumping
area is unrestricted you will have to bait
accordingly, and may come to feel that
you are trying to bait the world. At this
point the merits of sanitary landfill become
more evident.
C ANTU (Alpha-Naphthyl Thiourea)
This single dose poison, properly used,
is an effective quick-acting poison for
the Norway Rat. It has a good safety
record as far as people are concerned,
but dogs, cats and hogs are easily poisoned
by it.
8 oz.
33 Ibs.
ANTU
Bait: (same selection as for Red
Squill)
Discoloring agent desirable
D Anticoagulants
This group of poisons is excellent for home
use, but many authorities prefer not to use
them at all as dump poisons. They are safe
and ultimately effective, but are a nuisance
for dump work because they must be eaten
repeatedly by the rat for several days. The
baits must be out for a couple of weeks and
a lot of bait is required. However, when
there is time and budget for such activity,
some workers do use them, particularly
as a cleanup to get the few rats remaining
after a single-dose poison is put out.
You must put out about 4 ounces of bait per
rat. During the period of poisoning, birds
may eat up a lot of your grain bait. It
would not hurt them but may cause you to
have to use more bait.
In the anticoagulant group are warfarin,
pival, fumarin, and diphacinone. It
really does not matter which one you use.
Anticoagulant (0. 5% concentrate) 25 Ibs.
Corn oil or mineral oil 25 Ibs.
Powered sugar 25 Ibs.
Rolled or ground oats ; 100 Ibs.
Corn meal or corn chop 325 Ibs.
500 Ibs.
The complete bait may be placed in small
pans not over one-half inch high and inserted
under boards or other protected locations at
-------
Dump Closing II: Rat Killing Techniques
the dump site. The bait should be checked
at two-day intervals and replenished until
there is evidence that no more feeding has
taken place.
Most of the anticoagulants mentioned above
may also be purchased as wax treated bait
blocks or rodent cakes with meat or fish
flavor to attract rats.
If you want to try some water baits, try
the water-soluble anticoagulants: warfasol,
fumasol, or pivalyn. Use as instructed on
the package.
E Gassing
Gassing of burrows is used as a supplemen-
tary measure for killing rodents. It should
not be attempted by untrained operators.
Several materials are available for this
purpose, one being calcium cyanide. Cy-
anide dust ("A" - dust* or equivalent) is
effective when it can be blown into a
burrow system where rodents are con-
centrated. However, calcium cyanide dust
is not effective when the ground is extremely
dry. Some moisture is needed in either the
soil or the air to convert the dust to gas.
A foot pump is an effective means of blowing
calcium cyanide dust into rodent burrows.
After inserting the pump hose an appreci-
able distance down the burrow entrance, the
operator turns the valve to "dust" and
pumps 2 to 6 strokes with the handle, which
blows the dust into the burrow system.
The he turns the valve to "air" and pumps
an additional 10 strokes or so, which forces
the dust throughout the system. He watches
the ground nearby for escaping dust to show
him where there are other openings to the
burrow system, then quickly closes and
seals these auxiliary openings to prevent
escape of the gas or of the rodents it is
meant to kill. When a foot pump is not
available for dispensing the dust, the
operator can use a hand duster or a long-
handled spoon. However, he must be sure
to place the dust at least 8 inches down
inside the burrow.
Burrows may be reopened by rats shortly
after they have been gassed. This repre-
sents either a failure of the gassing
operation or a new rodent infestation and
indicates a need for re-treatment.
Caution: Cyanide fumes are highly toxic
and rapidly fatal. Avoid inhaling dust
or fumes. Cyanide gas is lighter than air.
Therefore, burrows that may lead under
occupied buildings must not be gassed.
Indoor fumigation with this gas must be
done only by thoroughly trained professional
fumigators.
V SOME SUGGESTED SOURCES FOR SUPPLIES
These are merely put forth to give you a start
in looking for materials. The list is by no
means exhaustive, and mention of these
suppliers in no way should be construed as an
endorsement of their products over those of
any not mentioned.
American Cyanamid Co., Agricultural
Chemicals Div., 30 Rockefeller Plaza,
New York 20, New York.
California Spray-Chemical Corp., Richmond,
California.
Continental Chemiste Corp., 2256 West Ogden
Avenue, Chicago 12, Illinois.
J. T. Eaton and Co., Inc., SHOW. 65th
Street, Cleveland, Ohio 44102 (squill,
and warfarin bait blocks).
Elco Manufacturing Co., 2039 Fifth Avenue,
Pittsburgh 19, Pennsylvania.
Hopkins Agricultural Chemical Co., P. O.
Box 584, Madison, Wisconsin.
Hub States Chemical and Equipment Co.,
2002 N. Illinois Street, Indianapolis,
Indiana 46202.
Miller Chemical and Fertilizer Corp.,
2226 N. Howard Street, Baltimore 18,
Maryland.
Niagara Chemical Div., Food Machinery and
Chemical Corp., Middleport, New York.
S. B. Penick and Company, 50 Church Street,
New York 8, New York.
John Powell and Company, 10 Light Street,
Baltimore 3, Maryland.
Prentiss Drug and Chemical Co., 101 W.
31st Street, New York 1, New York.
Pyrrole Chemical Corp., 817 Spring Lane,
Portsmouth, Ohio.
^Manufactured by American Cyanamide Co.,
New York, N. Y.
-------
Dump Closing II: Rat Killing Techniques
Gallard Schlesinger Chemical Corp., 37-11
29th Street, Long Island City 1, New York.
(zinc phosphide).
Seacoast Laboratories, Inc., 156 Perry
Street, New York 14, New York.
Selco Supply Co., 109 Elm Street, Eaton,
Colorado.
Stephenson Chemical Co., P. O. Box 188,
College Park, Georgia.
Andrew Wilson, Inc., Springfield, New
Jersey.
Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation,
506 North Walnut Street, Madison,
Wisconsin.
An excellent reference for poisoning
operations is: Control of Domestic Rats
and Mice, PHS Publication 563, by
Bayard F. Bjornson, Harry D. Pratt, and
Kent S. Littig.
Wil-Kil Pest Control Co., 522 West North
Avenue, Milwaukee 12, Wisconsin.
-------
ALTERNATIVE VOLUME REDUCTION TECHNIQUES
Training Staff*
I INTRODUCTION
Even with onsite volume reduction methods
finding increasing use in the United States,
there still exists a very real need for more
centralized volume reduction systems.
Some of the newer approaches to volume
reduction are grinding, baling and liquid-
waste pulping. All of these techniques serve
to reduce the amount of land required for final
disposal.
II GRINDING
To date refuse grinding has been utilized
principally in conjunction with the com-
posting process. Recently the grinding
process has been considered for use with
baling, sanitary landfill, and incineration.
Several manufacturers are now producing or
developing grinders suitable for use with
municipal refuse.
A Advantages of Grinding
1 Some volume reduction achieved
2 Elimination of voids
3 Permits easier handling of material
4 Permits easier compaction of material
5 Homogenizes material somewhat
6 Promotes more complete burnout
from incineration
B Disadvantages of Grinding
1 Some materials not grindable
2 Need for downtime alternative
procedure
C Grinder Designs
1 Horizontal hammermills - Floating
hammers on a rapidly rotating rotor
strike the material. When sufficient
size reduction is achieved, the material
passes through grate bars. Several
mills may be arranged in series to
achieve even further particle size
reduction.
'"Training Branch, Division of Technical
Operations, Solid Waste Management Office,
Cincinnati, Ohio
2 Vertical hammermills - These are
similar to horizontal mills except that
the rotor is now vertical. Material is
fed in at the top of the mill and passes
down through a series of rapidly moving
hammers. No grate system is used.
3 Other designs
a Impact mills
b Knife hogs
III BALING
Baling of material has been widely practiced
by agriculture and industry. Balers have
been developed to handle material ranging
from hay to paper to metal. The refuse
balers being developed now in the U.S. are
generally variations of the older baler designs.
A Advantages of Baling
1 Volume reduction
2 Increased payload after transfer
3 Easy handling
4 Better dust and odor control
5 Possible use for bales
B Disadvantages of Baling
1 Nonbaleable items exist
2 Too high moisture content can cause
extrusion of juices
3 Need downtime alternative procedure
or stand-by baler
C Baler Designs
1 Agricultural type baler - The basic baler
has been "beefed-up" to withstand
abrasiveness of solid waste.
a Nearly continuous operation
b Single reciprocating hydraulic ram
c Compression in one direction only
SW.VR.at.1.12.70 1
-------
Alternative Volume Reduction Techniques
d Tie-wires used to enclose bale
2 Scrap metal type baler - This baler is
similar to junk automobile balers.
a Batch operation - one bale per cycle
b Several hydraulic rams used
c Compression in two or three
directions
d Bales may or may not be enclosed
D Grinding May Be Beneficial to Baling For
the Following Reasons:
1 Increase bale densities
2 More uniform moisture distribution
3 Less loss of fines
4 Less presorting
5 Less bridging problems
IV LIQUID WASTE PULPING
Recently, wet-paper pulping equipment has
been adapted to handle general municipal
refuse. The addition of water to the refuse
apparently makes a large portion of the wastes
(particularly cardboard and paper) more
readily grindsble.
A Advantages
1 Material amendable to recycling
2 Hand sorting not necessary
3 Material easy to handle
4 Less problem with dust and fines
5 Extend life of final disposal site
B Disadvantages
1 Need for downtime alternative procedure
2 Potential for water pollution
it Economics not yet proven
C The pulper consists of a drum, into which
refuse and water are mixed. At the bottom
of the drum is a rapidly rotating grinding
blade overriding a perforated face plate.
The pulped material is extruded through
this plate. Other features of this pulper
are:
1 Junk-chute where nongrindables are
automatically ejected
2 Grit (ground glass and heavy particles)
is separated from process in liquid
cyclone
3 Pulp is dewatered
4 Process water is recycled
D Material From This Process is Not Used
For Baling
V INCINERATION
Incineration is a volume reduction technique
using controlled combustion to burn solid,
liquid, or gaseous wastes to gases and residue
containing little combustible material.
A Advantages
1 Extend life of land disposal site
2 Can be centrally located
3 Reduce organic content of solid waste
B Disadvantages
1 Careful maintenance required
2 High capital and operational costs
3 Potential for air and water pollution
4 Substantial portion of solid waste
noninc inerable
C Unit Processes
1 Weighing, unloading and storage
2 Furnace charging
3 Drying, ignition and combustion in furnace
4 Residue quenching and handling
5 Flue gas cleaning
6 Process water treatment
-------
Alternative Volume Reduction Techniques
VI COMPOSTING
Composting is a solid waste volume reduction
technique in which organic solid waste is
microbially degraded under controlled con-
ditions to yield a nuisance-free product of
potential value as a soil conditioner.
A Advantages
1 Reduction of amount of material for
final disposal
2 Production of usable soil conditioner
3 Amenable to salvaging
B Disadvantages
1 Much maintenance required
2 High capital and operational costs
3 Limited market for final product
C Unit Processes
1 Weighing, unloading and storage
2 Sorting to remove salvables and
noncompostables
3 Particle size reduction
4 Digestion . (mechanically aided)
5 C ur ing
6 Packaging for sale
VII CONCLUSIONS
All of the aforementioned volume reduction
techniques must ultimately be accompanied
by some form of land disposal. Not only is
there material remaining after each of these
processes, but also there are materials
which, due to their nature, must by-pass
the volume reduction phase and be disposed
of directly. In the future, it appears that
more emphasis will be placed on resource
recovery which will serve as another valuable
form of volume reduction.
-------
SANITARY LANDFILL I
Training Staff*
I INTRODUCTION
A Definitions and Description
1 American Society of Civil Engineers
"Sanitary Landfill is a method of dis-
posing of refuse on land without creating
nuisances or hazards to public health
or safety, by utilizing the principles
of engineering to confine the refuse to the
smallest practical area, to reduce it to the
smallest practical volume, and to cover it
with a layer of earth at the conclus ion of
each day's operation or at such more fre-.
quent intervals as may be necessary. "^'
2 Solid Waste Management Training
Branch EGA Training Institute
"A Sanitary Landfill can be defined
as a system for the final disposal of
solid wastes on land, in which the waste
is spread and compacted on an inclined,
minimized working face in a series of
cells and a daily cover of earth is pro-
vided so that no hazard or insult to the
environment results."
B History and Development
1 Used by the Greeks over 2, 000 years
ago (burial without compaction)
2 Early municipal waste burial in United
States
a Champaign, Illinois, 1904
b Columbus, Ohio, 1906-1910
c Davenport, Iowa, 1916
3 Mixing and covering waste in inert
material (soil or ash)
a Germany
b England, called "controlled tipping"
4 Landfill practices with compaction by
heavy equipment started in U.S. around
1930
a New York City
b Fresno, California; Jean L. Vincenz
originated term "Sanitary Landfill"
5 Used by U.S. Army during World War II
II METHODS OF SANITARY LANDFILLING
A Area Method
1 Best suited for gently sloping land and
is also used where quarries, ravines
or other suitable land depressions exist.
2 Cell walls are formed by the adjacent
cells.
3 Normally the earth cover material is
hauled in or obtained from adjacent
areas.
B Trench Method
1 Best suited for flat or gently sloping
land where the water table is not near
the surface.
2 A trench is cut in the ground and the
solid waste placed at the bottom of a
working slope.
3 Excavated earth from the cut is used
as the cover material.
Ill PLANNING AND DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
A Preliminary Planning - Should Include
Consideration Of:
1 A competent designer and planning group
2 A public information program
3 A survey of solid wastes practices
4 Financing methods
5 Use of completed site
6 Site zoning arrangements
*Traimng Branch, Division of Technical
Operations, Solid Waste Management Office,
Cincinnati, Ohio
SW.SL.doI.7.1.70 1
-------
Sanitary Landfill I
B Design Responsibilities and Resources
1 Planner or planning agency
a Responsible for area planning
b Extent of planning detail does vary
c Legal responsibility will vary with
establishing authority
2 Design engineer
a Must collect and evaluate data,
schedule implementation activities,
and consider such items as landfill
life, public health and personnel
safety potentials and ultimate use.
b Should have a thorough understanding
of the state, county and local laws,
rules or regulations concerning
sanitary landfill site selection, design
and operation.
c Responsible for final site selection
1) Each government agency having
area authority should be contacted
2) Health department should not be
excluded as an information source
3) State geological survey agencies
may assist in site selection
4) The U.S. Soil Conservation Service
may provide additional data
3 Additional Resource personnel
a Land surveyor
1) Property description and location
2) Topographic description of existing
conditions
3) Field layout of proposed project
4) Final topography survey and
facility location
b Geologist
1) Soil types and suitability
2) Bedrock elevations and rock types
c Hydrogeologist
1) Estimated ground water table
elevation
2) Surface water location and
interrelationship
d Meteorologist or climatologist
1) Prevailing winds
2) Rainfall predictions
3) Frost penetration determinations
4) Temperature variations
e Health officials
1) State and local laws
2) Sanitation practices
3) Nuisance evaluations
4) Aesthetic acceptability
f Public works officials
1) Potable and fire control water
supplies
2) Sewers - storm and sanitary
3) Roads - bridges and tunnels
4) Collection methods (if applicable)
g Utility officials
1) Telephone availability
2) Electricity - location and adequacy
3) Estimate of ava.lable assistance
h Equipment specialist
1) Selection of proper equipment
2) Maintenance methods
3) Proper operatir.g techniques
4 Other public officials may be able to
assist in site selection and in the
solicitation of citizen support.
-------
Sanitary Landfill I
5 The engineer's responsibility does not
end with initial design or construction
of facilities but includes:
a Continuing operating evaluation
b Ultimate usage
IV SITE SELECTION
A Land Requirements
1 In place refuse densities
2 Cover material requirements
3 Per capita refuse production
B Relative Location to Generating Ar»as
1 Time spent in hauling refuse more
important than distance
2 Highway systems available with ready
access to and from the site
3 The capacities of vehicles operating in
the system
4 Utilization of transfer operations
C Relationship to Community Growth
1 Direction and magnitude of projected
growth
2 Redevelopment and density of refuse
3 Long-range area development
4 Commercial and industrial development
D Utilities
1 Electrical power for lights and equip-
ment
2 Water supply for sanitary purposes,
equipment washing and fire protection
3 Sewer service for sanitary wastes
4 Telephone, radio communications
E Nuisances That Can Affect Site
1 Traffic to and from site
2 The noise of mechanical equipment
3 Dust is inevitable under certain
weather conditions
F Soil Conditions
1 Less suitable soils can sometimes
be improved.
2 Cover material may have to be brought
to site
G Ground Water
1 Location of ground water table and
proximity to surface
2 Leachate from fill
H Access to Site
1 Preferably over high speed, unrestricted
routes with easy on-off access in both
directions
2 All weather on-site roads constructed
for heavy traffic
a Laid out to eliminate crossing of
traffic and consequent tie-ups
b \A&iting space on-site for scales
c Parking space for employee's
automobiles and stand-by equipment
3 Traffic controlled by signs and if
necessary, by traffic control lights
I Legal Aspects
1 Jurisdiction, or lack of same, in any
area for solid waste disposal
2 State, county and/or local laws
J Public Opinion
Public opinion toward sanitary landfilling
is generally negative and the term
"sanitary landfill" is synonymous with
open dump.
K Political Considerations
Political considerations must also be
considered and may range from lack of
political support to lack of authority.
L Climatic Conditions
-------
Sanitary Landfill I
1 Wind
2 Rain or snow
3 Temperature
M Ultimate Land Use
1 Parks and playgrounds
2 Industrial sites
3 Agriculture
V SITE PREPARATION
A Preliminary Work
1 On-site inspection, site surveys,
clearance and cleanup of site
2 Construction of all weather access and
on-site roads
3 Provision of utilities and drainage
facilities
4 Provision of adequate employee
facilities
5 Provision of weighing facilities
6 Provision of communication facilities
7 Provision of adequate fire protection
8 Provision of equipment maintenance
facilities
9 Provision of adequate fencing
B Nature of Work
It must be remembered that the finished
design of a sanitary landfill is an engineered
project arid all work undertaken to prepare
the site and operate the sanitary landfill
be considered as any other engineered
job including:
1 Use of proper equipment
2 Use of proper construction techniques
3 Adequate supervision of all preliminary
site work and actual landfill operation
C Additional Facilities
1 Guard rails or bumper logs at the top
of the working face
2 Guide barrels and directional signs
3 Identification signs and information
signs
4 A fence completely enclosing the
landfill site
5 Drop-off boxes for after hours usage
VI SANITARY LANDFILL EQUIPMENT
The selection of equipment for sanitary land-
fill operations is dependent upon many variables,
including (1) type of refuse to be handled,
(2) compaction requirements, and (3) versatility.
A Crawler Tractor
The crawler tractor, and less commonly,
the rubber-tired tractor and the steel
wheel compactor, are basic pieces of equip-
ment. The crawler tractor can use dozer
blades, landfill blades, front-end loader
and can pull scraper. It is versatile and
can perform all operations including (1)
spreading, (2) compaction, (3) covering,
(4) trenching, and (5) hauling material.
B Rubber-Tired Tractor
1 Found where only one piece of equip-
ment can be purchased
2 With bucket can rapidly carry and
distribute cover material
C Steel Wheeled Compactor
Can increase densities. Used where
operation is on relatively flat terrain and
normally found working in conjunction with
crawler -tractor.
D Auxiliary Equipment
1 Water truck - to keep down dust
2 Sheepfoot and rubber-tired roller -
additional compaction
3 Dump trucks - for hauling cover material
4 Motor graders - for finished grading of
completed fill
5 Refuse shredders
6 Draglines
-------
SANITARY LANDFILL II
Training Staff*
I OPERATIONAL CONSIDERATIONS
The cell concept is used in both the area and
trench methods.
A Cell Development
CELL CONSTRUCTION
Layer Thickness
Solid Wa»te Spread In 2 Feet Layer*
Compacted to 1 Foot
Thick n*ts
This technique requires the initial
construction of a 3:1 slope or berm.
Refuse is deposited at base of slope,
spread upward in two foot layers
and then compacted to about a one
foot thickness.
LAYER THICKNE
Density
(Ibs./yd.3)
500
1 134 56789 10
LAYER THICKNESS
This recommended practice is based
on field determinations which show
that an optimum density is achieved
by using a two foot thickness.
NO. OF PASSES
Density
(Lbs./yd.3)
1500
1000
123456789 10
NO OF PASSES
To achieve this optimum density
requires about 5 passes over each
layer of refuse.
*Training Branch, Division of Technical
Operations, Solid Waste Management Office,
Cincinnati, Ohio
SW. SL. doll. 8. 12.70
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Sanitary Landfill II
CELL CONSTRUCTION
WORKING FACE COVER
Compacted Earth
Minimum 6 Inth.i
Building of cell continues (as outlined
in step 1 above) until the day's in-
coming refuse is compacted in place
or desired length is reached. The
working face is then covered with
6" of compacted soil.
CELL CONSTRUCTION
FINAl TOP COVER
Compacted Earth
Minimum 2 F**t
Top of cell is covered by no less
than two feet of compacted earth.
Additional mounding can be provided
to allow for settlement and graded
to prevent ponding on surface.
CELL CONSTRUCTION
CELL HEIGHT
Compacted Solid Watte
About 8-10 F.«t High
Cell height is measured vertically
and is normally 8-10 feet. This will
vary and in some cases may be
greater, depending on the skill of
the operator and amount of refuse
being handled.
CELL CONSTRUCTION
INTERMEDIATE TOP COVER
Compacted Earth
Minimum 1 f oof
If additional lifts (layers of cells)
are to be placed above, an inter-
mediate cover of 1 foot of compacted
earth can be provided.
-------
Sanitary Landfill II
8 Other considerations
a In area method, side slopes are also
maintained at 3:1 slope and covered
with 6" of compacted earth.
b Minimum cell width in Trench Method
is about twice the width of a tractor.
c Cell width in Area Method dependent
on amount of solid waste deposited
and number of pieces of equipment
working on slope.
d In both methods the width is main-
tained as narrow as possible without
interfering with unloading of refuse
and movement of equipment.
B Control of Dust and Blowing Litter
1 Protection of existing terrain
2 Litter fences
3 Water sprays and waste oil on on-site
roads
4 Apply ground cover
C Winter Operations
1 Sanitary landfill trenches may be dug in
advance of cold weather
2 Area to be excavated may be covered
with leaves or straw
3 Cover materials may be stockpiled in
loose fashion
D Wet Weather Operations
1 Standby disposal site near all-weather
access road
2 All-weather access roads constructed
to the disposal point as fill progresses
3 Cover material covered or demolition
and construction materials stockpiled
for this purpose
4 Surface drainage slopes and ditches
E Ground Water and Related Pollution
Problems
a Inability to properly compact the
refuse
b Floatation of refuse
c Limitations upon the mobility and
usefulness of landfill equipment and/or
collection vehicles
2 Water pollution caused by direct hori-
zontal or verticle leaching as result of:
a Chemical contaminants
b Biological contaminants
c Decomposition products
1) C02
2) CH4
3) Hydrogen sulfide
4) NH3
3 Remedial action
Sites having high water tables may be
utilized by using one or more of the
following methods:
a Use only that portion of the site suf-
ficiently above the water table to
preclude pollution (21 to 5' above
known highwater is recommended as
a minimum). Cover material may
be obtained:
1) On-site, above the water table;
or,
2) In an adjacent site by excavating
a pond or lake; or,
3) By hauling from another location
to the site
b Permanently lower the water table
with:
1) Underground drains; or,
2) Drainage ditches
c Temporarily lower the water table
with:
1 High water table operational difficulties
1) Well points or wells; or,
-------
Sanitary Landfill II
2) Direct pumping
3) Deposit only nonputrescible,
relatively inert materials to a
point sufficiently above the high-
est known water table so that
possible water pollution is
avoided
F Conditioning of Cover Material
1 Rock at the fill site
a The selection of a sanitary landfill
site containing massive rocks may
result in the following problems:
1) On-site cover may be unavailable,
difficult to separate and use, or
too coarse to be effective
2) Equipment operation is hindered
and/or increased maintenance costs
result
3) Uneven and unpredictable terrain
may upset landfill equipment and/or
collection vehicles
b Sites containing massive rocks may
be used by employing one or more of
the following methods:
1) Haul cover material from some
other source
2) Remove excessively large rocks
or bury them on site
2 Coarse cover materials
a Sanitary landfill cover materials
which is coarse and/or permeable
may result in the following conditions:
1) Surface waters may seep into the
refuse fill
2) Noncohesive soils may be subject
to wind erosion
3) The cover material may shift under
the vibration and pressure of heavy
equipment
b Sanitary landfill cover material which
is too granular may be improved by
adding quantities of cohesive soil
during placement, spraying cover with
asphalt emulsion, or simply applying
a clay cover over the coarser material.
3 Clay cover material
a Cover materials containing a high
percentage of clay may result in the
following conditions:
1) Greasy surface, difficult to compact
when wet
2) Excavation difficulties
3) Cracking in the process of drying
b Clay covers can be improved by add-
ing coarser material; sand, cinders,
etc.
G Salvaging Operations
The reuse and receiving of solid waste holds
great promise as a means for reducing the
nation's total waste problem. At the pre-
sent time, however, a real need is seen for
prohibiting salvaging operations at sanitary
landfills, in order to insure clean, orderly
sites and to help maintain their integrity.
No matter how commendable, a salvaging
operation almost inevitably leads to poor
sanitation and should be located elsewhere.
H Large Bulky Items
Cars, refrigerators and other white goods,
etc., can be handled simply by reducing
their volume and placing at the bottom of
the fill.
I Animal Feeding
Hog feeding, sea gulls, etc. , have no place
in the sanitary landfill and should be elimi-
nated.
J Hot Loads
Should be handled according to a precon-
ceived plan, away from the working area
in a place where most everyone should be
familiar beforehand.
K Sewage Sludge and Reprocessed Oil Sludge
This type of waste, together with other
wastes such as magnesium and chromate
wastes, can be accommodated at a sanitary
landfill provided that their disposal has
been anticipated and the site designed ac-
cordingly.
-------
Sanitary Landfill II
II LANDFILL COSTS AND ULTIMATE USE
A Total Cost of Operation
1 Generally falls between $2 - $4/ton of
solid waste landfilled
2 In large operations may be less than
$l/ton of solid waste landfilled
3 Consists of initial investment for land,
equipment, construction features and
operating costs
B Ultimate Use
1 Depends on rate of settlement (95% dur-
ing first 2-5 yrs)
2 Must coincide with regional plan
3 Should consider problems with gas
production
4 Must utilize effective planning, parti-
cularly when considering construction of
buildings and facilities in the proximity
of the sanitary landfill
REFERENCES
1 American Society of Civil Engineers,
Committee on Sanitary Landfill Practice.
Sanitary Landfill ASCE-Manuals of
Engineering - No. 39, 62 pp. 1959.
2 American Public Works Association,
Committee on Refuse Disposal. Muni-
cipal Refuse Disposal. APWA Research
Foundation Project No. 104: Chicago:
Public Administration Service, 2nd Ed.
528 pp. 1966.
3 Orange County Road Department. The
Orange County Refuse Disposal Program.
Santa Ana: Orange County Road Depart-
ment, 44 pp. 1965.
Planning is the Key to Ames' Landfill
Success. Refuse Removal Journal,
July 1958.
1:7:9,
Weaver, Leo and Keagy, Donald M. The
Sanitary Landfill Method of Refuse
Disposal in Northern States. Public
Health Service Publication No. 226, U. S.
Government Printing Office, Washington,
D. C. 1952.
-------
APPENDICES
-------
SOLID WASTE DEFINITIONS
Training Staff*
ACRE
Unit for measuring land, equal to 43, 560
sq. ft.; or 4840 sq. yd.; or 160 sq.rds.
ACTINOMYCETES
A large group of microorganisms closely
related to bacteria, but the cells show
branching, and form masses like the fungi
do, except that the cells are much smaller.
Actinomycetes give the characteristic odor
of rich earth, are important in giving off-
tastes to food and water, and are of signi-
ficance in the stabilization of solid wastes
(composting) and sewage.
AERATION
The process of exposing something to air
or charging a liquid with gas.
AFTERBURNER
A device used to burn or oxidize the
combustible constituents remaining in the
effluent gases from prior combustion
processes.
AGGREGATE
Crushed rock or gravel screened to sizes
for use in road surfaces, concrete, or
bituminous mixes.
AIR. AMBIENT
The surrounding environmental air.
AIR. COMBUSTION (EXCESS)
Air supplied in excess of theoretical air,
usually expressed as a percentage of the
theoretical air. Also called excess air.
AIR, COMBUSTION (OVERFIRE)
See AIR, COMBUSTION {SECONDARY)
AIR, COMBUSTION (PRIMARY)
Air admitted to a combustion system at
the point of initial oxidation of the fuel.
For example the air admitted through the
fuel bed.
AIR COMBUSTION (SECONDARY)
Air introduced above or beyond the fuel
bed by natural, induced, or forced draft.
It is generally referred to as overfire air
if supplied above the fuel bed through the
side walls and/or the bridge wall of the
primary chamber.
AIR, COMBUSTION (STOICHIOMETRIC AIR)
See AIR, COMBUSTION (THEORETICAL)
AIR, COMBUSTION (THEORETICAL)
Air, calculated from the chemical com-
position of waste, required to burn the
waste completely without excess air.
Also designated as stoichiometric air.
AIR, COMBUSTION (UNDERFIRE)
See AIR, COMBUSTION (PRIMARY)
AIR DEFICIENCY
Insufficient air, in an air-fuel mixture,
to supply the oxygen theoretically required
for complete oxidation of the fuel.
AIR POLLUTANT
A substance when present in the atmosphere
in concentrations large enough to interfere
directly or indirectly with man's comfort,
safety, health,'or full use or enjoyment
of his property. The substance source
may be natural or manmade.
AIR POLLUTION
The presence of contaminants in the air
to such a degree that the normal self-
cleansing or dispersive ability of the
atmosphere cannot cope with them.
AIR QUALITY STANDARDS
Levels of atmospheric contamination by
specific pollutants or combinations of
pollutants prohibited under laws or ordin-
ances enforced by municipal or state
governments or regional agencies.
"'Training Branch, Division of Technical
Operations, Solid Waste Management Office,
Cincinnati, Ohio
SW.AD.pa.3.1.70 1
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Solid Waste Definitions
ALKALINITY
A quantitative measure of the capacity of
liquids or suspensions to neutralize strong
acids or to resist the establishment of
acidic conditions. Alkalinity results from
the presence or bicarbonates, carbonates,
hydroxides, volatile acids, salts, and
occasionally of borates, silicates and
phosphates. Numerically it is expressed
in terms of the concentration of calcium
carbonates that would have an equivalent
capacity to neutralize strong acids.
ALGAE
Plants found in sunlit situations on land as
well as in fresh and salt water over a wide
range of latitude, grow as individual cells,
small clumps or as large masses.
ANGLE OF REPOSE
The maximum angle which the inclined
surface of a pile of loosely divided mater-
ial can make with the horizontal.
AQUIFER
Underground water-bearing geologic forma-
tion or structure.
ARCH, DROP
Any vertical refractory wall supported by
arch construction, which serves to deflect
gases in a downward direction. (Sometimes
referred to as a curtain wall.)
ARCH, FURNACE
A substantially horizontal structure
extending into the furnace, to serve as a
deflector of gases.
ASHES
The residue from the burning of wood, coal,
coke, and other combustible material.
AUXILIARY-FUEL FIRING EQUIPMENT
Equipment to supply additional heat by
the combustion of an auxiliary fuel, for
the purpose of attaining temperatures
sufficiently high (a) to dry and ignite the
waste material, (b) to maintain ignition
thereof, and (c) to effect complete com-
bustion of combustible solids, vapors,
and gases.
BACKFILL
The material used in refilling a ditch or
other excavation, or the process of such
refilling.
BACKHOE
A mechanical hoe or pull shovel.
BACTERIA
Single-celled organisms, microscopic in
size, which possess rigid cell walls and
when motile have flagella. The cell nucleus
is not surrounded by a membrane. There
are three major groups true bacteria,
actinomycetes, and budding bacteria.
Some are capable of causing human, animal,
or plant diseases. Some are important
in sewage or refuse stabilization.
BACTERIA, AEROBIC
Bacteria which require the presence of
free (dissolved or molecular) oxygen for
their metabolic processes. Oxygen in
chemical combination will not support
aerobic organisms.
BACTERIA, ANAEROBIC
Bacteria that do not require the presence of
free or dissolved oxygen for metabolism.
Strict anaerobes are hindered or completely.
blocked by the presence of dissolved oxygen
and in some cases by the presence of highly
oxidized substances such as sodium
nitrates, and perhaps sulfates.
BACTERIA, FACULTATIVE
Bacteria which can exist and reproduce
under either aerobic or anaerobic conditions.
BAFFLE
Any refractory construction intended to
change the direction of flow on the products
of combustion.
BAFFLE CHAMBER
A device designed to promote the settling
of fly ash and/or coarse particulate
matter by changing the direction and/or
reducing the velocity of the gases produced
by combustion.
BAFFLE, WATER-COOLED
A baffle composed essentially of closely
spaced boiler tubes.
BEARING CAPACITY
Maximum ability of a material, to support
an imposed load, before failure.
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Solid Waste Definitions
BECCARI PROCESS
Composting process developed by Dr.
Giovanni Beccari in 1922. Initial anaerobic
fermentation ic coupled with a final stage
in which decomposition proceeds under
partially aerobic conditions. Later
modifications were the Verdier and Bordas
processes.
BEDDING, ANIMAL
Material, usually organic, which is placed
on the floor surface of livestock buildings
for animal comfort and to absorb urine
and other liquids, and thus promote
cleanliness.
BEDDING, PIPE.
Ground or supports in which pipe is laid.
BEDROCK
The solid rock underlying soilc and the
regolith, or exposed rock at the surface
without a cover.
BENCH MARK
A point of known or assumed elevation used
as a reference in determining and record-
ing other elevations
BERM
An artificial ridge of earth.
BITUMINOUS
Containing asphalt or tar
BLADE
Steel plate, concave in vertical plane,
affixed to a tractor used for excavation and
spreading.
BLADE (SANITARY LANDFILL)
A U-blade with extension fabricated on top
to increase volume of solid waste that may
be pushed and spread.
BLADE (U)
A dozer blade with extension on both sides,
protruding forward at an obtuse angle to
the blade, enabling handling of a larger
volume of solid waste.
BLUE TOPS
Grade stakes whose tops indicate finish
grade level.
BOGIE (TANDEM) (TANDEM DRIVE UNIT)
A two axle driving unit in a truck. Also
called tandem drive unit or a tandem.
BOOM
In a revolving shovel, a beam hinged to the
deck front, supported by cables. Any
heavy beam which is hinged at one end
and carries a weight-lifting device at the
other.
BORING
Rotary drilling.
BORROW PIT
An excavationfrom which material is taken
to a nearby job.
BOULDER
A rock which is too heavy to be lifted
readily by hand.
BREECHING OR STOCK CONNECTION
A passage for conducting the products of
combustion to the stack or chimney.
BRICK, ALUMINA - DIASPORE FIRECLAY
Brick made essentially of diaspore or
nodule clay, and having an alumina content
of 50, 60, or 70 per cent plus or minus
1\ percent.
BRIDGE WALL
A partition wall between chambers over
which pass the products of combustion.
(see CURTAIN WALL).
BTU (BRITISH THERMAL UNIT)
The quantity of heat required to increase
the temperature of one pound of water
from 60° to 61°F.
BUCKET
An open container affixed to movable
arms of a loader to move and spread solid
waste and soil, and also to excavate soil.
BULKY WASTE
Large items of refuse such as appliances,
furniture, large auto parts, trees and
branches, palm fronds, stumps, flotage,
etc.
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Solid Waste Definitions
BULL CLAM
A bulldozer fitted with a curved bowl hinged*
to the top of the front of the blade.
BULLDOZER
A tractor equipped with a front pusher
blade.
BURNER. PRIMARY
A burner installed in the primary
combustion chamber to dry out and ignite
the material to be burned.
BURNER, REFUSE
A device for either municipal or on-site
volume reduction of refuse by burning,
and of simple construction. Not to be
confused with incinerator, which, pro-
perly designed~an3~operaled, can produce
an acceptable emission and residue.
BURNER, SECONDARY
A burner installed in the secondary
combustion chamber to maintain a minimum
temperature and complete the combustion
process. (Sometimes referred to as an
afterburner.)
BURNING AREA (INCINERATOR)
The horizontal projected area of grate,
hearth, or combination thereof on which
burning takes place.
BURNING RATE, INCINERATOR
The amount of heat released (Btu) per
unit size (ft2, ft3) per unit of time (min.,
hr., day) e.g. Btu per ft3 of furnace
volume per hour. Another, though less
exact, expression may be by quantity of
solid waste (pounds, tons) per unit or
unit size (furnace or ft2, ft3) per unit of
time e.g. (tons per furnace per day).
BYPASS (BREECHING)
An arrangement of breechings or flue
connections and dampers to permit the
alternate use of two or more pieces of
equipment by directing or diverting the
flow of the products of combustion.
CAPACITY, INCINERATOR
a) Design Capacity - The capacity at
which the designer expects that the
incinerator will be capable of operating;
the number of tons of solid waste per
24 hour period, which is anticipated that
the plant can process.
b) Rated Capacity - tons of waste per 24
hour day which can be processed,
according to specified criteria. Trend
is to use criteria relating to residue
quality and air pollution standards.
c) Dependable Capacity - plant capacity
considering nonoperating time (main-
tenance, downtime etc.) - usually
expressed as a percentage of the rated
capacity.
d) Actual Output - actual amount of material
processed per day even though the plant
may be operated for only a portion of the
day.
CAPILLARY ATTRACTION
The tendency of water to move into fine
spaces, as between soil particles, regard'
less of gravity.
CAPILLARY WATER
Underground water held above the water
table by capillary attraction.
CARBON DIOXIDE
An odorless, colorless, and nonpoisonous
gas. One source is from sanitary landfills
undergoing aerobic and/or anaerobic
microbial decomposition which is highly
soluble in water, forming carbonic acid.
CARBON MONOXIDE (CO)
A colorless gas characterized by an
exceedingly faint metallic odor and taste.
It is extremely poisonous, inducing
asphyxiation. As much a 0.2% in air is
poisonous and 0.43% will induce
asphyxiation.
CARBON NITROGEN RATIO
The ratio of carbon to nitrogen.
Abbreviated C/N.
CARRIER
A person who harbors a specific infectious
agent in the absence of discernible clinical
disease and serves as a potential source
or reservoir of infection for man.
CARRY-CLOTH
A large canvas or burlap cloth square
used in transfer of refuse from homes by
collectors in backyard carryout service.
Serves as a carrying container (see
CARRYING CONTAINER).
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Solid Waste Definitions
CARRYING CONTAINER
A transfer container carried by the
collector in backyard carryout service.
Usually of 30-50 gallon capacity and
especially constructed of plastic or
aluminum. In England these are called
skips.
CAT
A trade marked designation for any machine
made by the Caterpillar Tractor Company.
Widely used to indicate a crawler tractor
or mounting of any make.
CATALYTIC COMBUSTION SYSTEM
A catalytically active substance, inter-
posed in the exhaust gas stream to burn
or oxidize vaporized hydrocarbons or
odorous contaminants.
CELL
The volume of compacted solid waste
enclosed by natural soil and/or cover
material in a sanitary landfill.
CELL DEPTH
Vertical thickness of compacted solid
waste enclosed by natural soil and/or
cover material in a sanitary landfill.
CELL THICKNESS
Perpendicular distance between cover
material placed over the last working
faces of two successive cells in a sanitary
landfill.
CHARGING CHUTE
A passage through which waste materials
are charged into an incinerator from
above by gravity.
CHARGING RAM
A reciprocating device to meter and force
refuse into a furnace.
CHECKER WORK
A pattern of multiple openings in refractory
through which the products of combustion
pass to promote turbulent mixing of the
gases.
CHIMNEY (STACK, FLUE)
CHIPPER
A size reduction device relying primarily
on the shearing, cutting, or chipping
action produced by sharp-edged blades
attached to a rotating shaft (mandrel)
which shaves or chips off pieces of the
charged object.
CLAMSHELL
A shovel bucket with two jaws which clamp
together by their own weight when it is
lifted by the closing line.
CLAY
Soil particles less than 0.002 mm in diameter
according to USDA classification.
CLEANER BARS
Metallic bars affized to wheeled equipment
to remove mud and solids from wheel
area.
CLIMATE
Long-term manifestations of weather.
More rigorously, the climate of a
specific area is specified by the statistical
collection of its weather conditions during
a specified interval of time (usually several
decades).
COLLECTION
The act of picking up refuse at home, busi-
ness or industrial site and putting it in a
truck.
COLLECTION, CONTRACT
City pays a contractor for doing collection
work.
COLLECTION METHODS (CREW ORGANIZATION)
a) Daily Route Method
A collection crew is assigned a weekly
route, divided into daily routes. The
crew is then responsible for refuse
pickup at aii collection points on the
assigned daily routes. Weather, refuse
quantities and other variables will cause
the elapsed time for completion of each
daily route to vary. The crew is allowed
to go home after completion of the day's
route, whether it takes less or more than
the established work day to complete.
See STACK.
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Solid Waste Definitions
b) Definite Working Day
A variation of the large route method.
Definite routes are laid out and a crew
assigned to each. Collection proceeds
along a route for the length of time
adopted for a working day. The next
day, collection begin where the crew
stopped the day before. This continues
until the route is completely collected,
whereupon the crew starts collection
again at the beginning of the route.with-
out interruption.
c) Large Route Method
A variation of the task system in which
work is laid out for a normal week's
activity for a single crew. The crew
may work each day without a fixed
stopping point or number of hours, but
the route must be entirely completed
within the working week.
d) Single Load Method
A variation of the task system in which
areas or routes are laid out which under
normal conditions each provide a full
load of refuse. Each crew usually has
two or more such routes for a day's
work. The crew quits for the day when
the assigned number of routes are
completed. See also TASK SYSTEM.
COLLECTION METHODS (CREW
INTEGRATED)
a) Inter-Route Relief Method
A collection method in which regular
crews help collect other routes when
their own assignments are completed.
b) Reservoir Route Method
The use of several crews to pick up a
central route after having collected
marginal routes around the central
route.
c) Swing Crew Method
The provision of one or more extra
crews to help out at any point where
they are needed.
d) Variable Size Crew Method
System which provides a variable
number of collectors for the individual
crews, depending on the amount and
conditions of work on particular routes.
COLLECTION METHODS (PICK UP OPERATIONS)
a) Backyard Carry Service
The collection personnel proceed to the
place on a householders premises where
the refuse is regularly stored and
transfer the accumulated material from
the householder's containers to a
carrying barrel. The carrying barrel
is then taken to the collection vehicle
and emptied. A number of premises
may be served before barrel has to be
emptied.
b) Curb Service
The householder sets the refuse con-
tainer at the curb where it is then
emptied into the collection truck by the
collection personnel. The householder
then takes the empty container back to the
regular storage area.
c) Set-out Service
A special set-out crew carries the
full refuse containers to the curb a few
minutes before the collection vehicle
arrives. The refuse is then emptied
into the truck and the empty containers
are left at the curb. The householder
has the responsibility to take back the
empty containers.
d) Setout, Setback Method
Full refuse containers are carried by a
special set-out crew from back doors
or other places on the householder's
premises to curbs or alleys a few
minutes b jfore the collection vehicle
arrives. Refuse is loaded in the same
manner as when it is placed at curbs or
alleys by the householders, leaving
empty containers at the curbs or alleys.
A special set-back crew returns the
empty cans to their regular locations
within a short time after they are
emptied.
COLLECTION, MUNICIPAL
City pays employees; operation by city
departments.
COLLECTION, PRIVATE
Citizens or firms, individually or in
limited groups, pay collectors or private
operating agencies.
-------
Solid Waste Definitions
COLLECTION STOP
Stop made by the collection vehicle and
crew on the route to collect refuse from
one or more service stops.
COLLECTION TIME (PICK-UP TIME)
Elapsed or cumulative time spent by the
refuse collection crew in collecting
refuse from a collection stop. Does not
include travel time between collection
stops on the route.
COLLECTOR, BAG-TYPE
A filter wherein the cloth filtering medium
is made in the form of cylindrical bags.
COLLECTOR, CYCLONE
A structure without moving parts in which
the velocity of an inlet gas stream is
transformed into a confined vortex from
which centrifugal forces tend to drive the
suspended particle to the wall of the
cyclone body.
COLLECTOR, FILTER FABRIC
A device designed to remove solid disper-
Boids from a carrier gas by passage of the
gas through a porous medium.
Two basic types of filters are presently
employed. In one,a fibrous medium is
used as the collecting element and in the
other.a medium is utilized as a support for
a layer of collected particles, relying on
the coat of collected particles to serve as
the principal collecting medium.
COMBUSTION CHAMBER (PRIMARY)
Chamber where ignition and burning of the
waste occurs.
COMBUSTION CHAMBER (SECONDARY)
Chamber where combustible solids,
vapors, and gases from the primary
chamber are burned and settling of fly
ash takes place.
COMBUSTION. COMPLETE
The complete oxidation of the fuel, regard-
less of whether it is accomplished with
an excess amount of oxygen or air or just
the theoretical amount required for
perfect combustion.
COMMERCIAL OPERATOR (OHIO'S
DKFIJNITICW
All persons, firms,or corporations who
own or operate stores, restaurants,
industries, institutions, and other similar
places, public or private, charitable or
non charitable, and includes all responsible
persons other than householders, upon the
premises of which garbage or other refuse
or both is or are created.
COMMUNICABLE DISEASE
An illness due to an infectious agent or
its toxic products which is transmitted
directly or indirectly to a well person
from an infected person or animal, or
through the agency or an intermediate host,
vector, or inaminate environment.
COMMUNICABLE PERIOD
The time or times during which the etiologic
agent may be transferred from an infected
person or animal to man.
COMPACTED YARDS
Cubic yard measurement of material after
it has been placed and compacted in a fill.
COMPACTION
Reduction in bulk of fill by rolling and
tamping.
COMPACTOR COLLECTION TRUCK
Enclosed vehicle provided with special
mechanical devices for loading the refuse
into the main compartment of the body,
for compressing the loaded materials, and
for distributing the refuse within the body.
COMPACTOR (STEEL WHEEL)
A gas or dies el powered machine equipped
with steel wheels to provide good compaction
and crushing effort, used to spread and
compact soil and solid waste.
COMPOSTING
A controlled microbial degradation of
organic waste yielding a nusiance-free
product of potential value as a soil
conditioner.
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Solid Waste Definitions
COMPRESSION
For steel wheel rollers, the compacting
effect of the weight at the bottom of the
roll, measured in pounds per linear inch
of roll width.
CONDUIT
A pipe or tile carrying water, wire, or
pipes.
CONSTRUCTION AND DEMOLITION WASTES
Waste building materials and rubble
resulting from construction, remodeling,
repair, and demolition operations on
houses, commercial buildings, pavements,
and other structures.
CONTAINER, CARRYING
A transfer container carried by the collector
in backyard carryout service. Usually of
30-50 gallon capacity and especially
constructed of plastic or aluminum. In
England these are called skips.
CONTAINER, STORAGE (DETACHABLE)
A partially mechanized self-service
refuse removal procedure with specially
constructed containers and vehicles. It
is mechanized in that special equipment
is used to empty the containers and haul
refuse to the disposal site. It is self-
service in that the customer puts the
refuse in the container.
CONTAINER, STORAGE (DISPOSABLE)
Specially designed plastic or paper sack
refuse storage containers which are intend-
ed for disposal along with its contents.
CONTAINER STORAGE (LIFT AND CARRY)
Detachable container system in which
service vehicle has lifting arms to pick
up container and contents together for
transportation to disposal site.
CONTAINER STORAGE (PULL-ON)
Detachable container system in which
large container (approximately 20-40
cubic yards) is pulled onto service
vehicle mechanically and carried to
disposal site for emptying.
CONTAINER STORAGE (REAR -LOADER,
DETACHABLE)
Detachable container system in which
roll-out containers, typically 1 to 3 yard
capacity are hoisted at the rear of the
collection vehicle and mechanically
emptied. Container is left with the
customer.
CONTAINERS, STORAGE (REUSABLE,
INDIVIDUAL!
Galvanized metal or plastic containers
specifically intended for use to store
solid wastes. Sizes normally vary from
20 to 82 gallons. The container has tight
fitting cover and suitable handles.
CONTAINER STORAGE (SIDE LOADER,
DETACHABLE)
Detachable container system similar to
rear loader (which see) except loaded at
side of collection vehicle.
CONVEYOR
A device that transports material by belts,
cables, or chains.
CONVEYOR, SCREW
A revolving shaft fitted with auger-type
flights that moves bulk materials through
a trough or tube.
CORE
A cylindrical piece of an underground
formation cut and raised by a rotary drill
with a hollow bit.
COVER MATERIAL
Granular material, generally soil, that
is used to cover compacted solid waste
in a sanitary landfill, generally free of
large objects that would hinder compaction
and free of organic content that would be
conducive to vector harborage, feeding
and/or breeding.
CRANE
A mobile machine used for lifting and
moving loads without use of a bucket.
CRANE, BRIDGE
A crane consisting of a lifting unit that
hangs from and that can travel along a
movable horizontal rail that rides between
two parallel, horizontal rails.
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Solid Waste Definitions
CRANE. MONORAIL
A crane consisting of a lifting unit that
hangs from a suspended, horizontal rail in
such a way that the unit can travel the
length of the rail.
CRAWLER
One of a pair of roller chain tracks used
to support and propel a machine, or any
machine mounted on such tracks.
CUT
Portion of land surface or area from which
earth or rock has been removed or will
be removed by excavation. The depth below
original ground surface to excavated
surface
DAMPER
A manually or automatically controlled
device to regulate draft or the rate of
flow of air or other gases.
DAMPER. BAROMETRIC
A hinged or pivoted balanced blade, placed
so as to admit air to the breeching, flue
connection or stack thereby automatically
maintaining a constant draft in the
incinerator.
DAMPER, BUTTERFLY
A plate or blade installed in a duct,
breeching, flue connection or stack, which
rotates on an axis in its plane to regulate
flow of gases.
DANO BIOSTABILIZER SYSTEM
Aerobic, thermophilic composting process
in which conditions of moisture, air, and
temperature are maintained in a single
slowly revolving cylinder that retains the
compostable refuse for one to five days.
The refuse is later windrowed.
DEAD ANIMALS
Those that die naturally or from disease
or are accidentally killed. Condemned
animals or parts of animals from
slaughter houses or similar places are
not included in this term, but are regarded
as industrial refuse.
DEADHEADING
DECOMPOSITION (AEROBIC) .
Reduction of the net energy level and change
in chemical composition of organic matter
by aerobic microorganisms.
DECOMPOSITION (ANAEROBIC)
Reduction of the net energy level and
change in chemical composition of organic
matter caused by microorganisms in an
anaerobic environment.
DEGLASSER
See OSBORNE SEPARATOR.
DENSITY
The ratio of the weight of a substance to
its volume.
DEPTH OF FILL
Total distance between undisturbed earth
or bottom of solid waste in the sanitary
landfill and top of final cover material.
DESIGN RUNOFF RATE
Maximum runoff rate (occurring expected)
in a given period of time, during and
immediately following rainfall.
DESTRUCTIVE DISTILLATION
The heating of organic matter when air
is not present, resulting in the evolution
of volatile matter and leaving solid char
consisting of fixed carbon and ash.
DIKE
Bank of material, normally earth,
constructed to form a barrier.A levee.
DISEASE AGENT
Any organism or material capable of
causing disease.
DISINFECTION
Killing of pathogenic agents outside the
body by chemical or physical means
directly applied.
DISPOSAL AREA
A site, location, tract of land, area,
building, structure or premises used or
intended to be used for partial and/or
total refuse disposal.
Traveling without load, except from the
dumping area to the loading point.
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Solid Waste Definitions
DISPOSAL, OCEAN
A sea dumping process which had been
used extensively in the past, but which
lost considerable popularity after the U.S.
Supreme Court in 1933 outlawed dumping
off the New Jersey shore by the city of
New York.
DISPOSAL, ON-SITE
Includes all means of disposal of refuse
on premises before collection. Examples
are garbage grinding, ourning^r incinera-
tion, and burial.
DISPOSAL, WASTE
The final deposition of waste by man. This
does not include its ultimate dessemination
by forces other than man.
DOZER
Abbreviation for bulldozer or shovel dozer.
DOZER SHOVEL (SHOVEL DOZER)
A tractor equipped with a front-mounted
bucket that can be used for pushing,
digging, and truck loading.
DRAFT
The pressure difference between the
incinerator, or any component part, and
the atmosphere, which causes the products
of combustion to flow thru the gas passages
of the incinerator to the atmosphere.
Natural:
Induced:
Forced:
DRAGLINE
The negative pressure created
by stack or chimney due to its
height and the temperature
difference between the flue gases
and the atmosphere.
The negative pressure created
by the action of a fan, blower,
or ejector, which is located
between the incinerator and the
stack.
The positive pressure created
by the action of a fan or blower,
which supplies the primary or
secondary air.
A revolving shovel which carries a bucket
attached only by cables, and digs by
pulling the bucket toward itself.
DRAWBAR
In a tractor, a fixed or hinged bar extend-
ing to the rear; used as a fastening for line
and towed machines or loads.
DRAWBAR HORSEPOWER
A tractor's flywheel horsepower minus
friction and slippage losses in the drive
mechanism and the tracks or tires.
DREDGE
To dig under water.
under water.
DRUM MILL
A machine that digs
A long, inclined steel drum that rotates
and grinds solid waste in the rough interior
of the drum, the smaller ground material
falling through holes near the end of the
drum and the larger material dropping out
the end.
DUCT
A pipe, tube, or channel that conveys a
substance.
DUMP
See (OPEN DUMP)
ECOLOGY
The science that deals with the study of the
interrelationships of living organisms to
their environment.
EFFLUENT SEEPAGE
Diffuse discharge of ground water to the
ground surface.
EFFLUENT (STACK)
The gas and particulates that reach the
atmosphere from the burning process.
EMISSION (STACK)
See EFFLUENT (STACK)
ENDEMIC
The regular occurrence of a fairly constant
number of cases of a disease within an
area.
ENERGY SOURCE
The source from which an organism
derives the energy for metabolic activities,
e.g., sunlight, sulfur, cellulose, hydrogen,
etc.
10
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Solid Waste Definitions
ENGINE SIDESCREEN
A rugged fabrication to fit on engine
housing of a tractor or other machine to
prevent accumulation of paper and protect
the engine from damage.
ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATOR
A device for collecting dust, mist or fume
from a gas stream, by placing an electrical
charge on the particle and removing that
particle onto a collecting electrode.
EPIDEMIC
The occurrence in a community or region
of a group of illnesses of a similar nature,
clearly in excess of normal expectancy,
and derived from a common or propagated
source.
EPIDEMIOLOGY
The study of the causes, transmission,
and incidence of diseases in communities
or other population groups.
EROSION, SOIL
The wearing away of the land surface
normally by wind or running water.
ET IP LOGICAL AGENT
The pathogenic organism causing a
specific disease in a living body.
EVAPO-TRANSPIRATION
The sum of water removed by vegetation
and that lost by evaporation for a particu-
lar area during a specified time.
EXCESS AIR
See (COMBUSTION AIR (EXCESS))
EXPANSION CHAMBER
See (SETTLING CHAMBER)
EXPANSION JOINT (REFRACTORY)
An open joint left for thermal or permanent
expansion of refractories. Also, small
spaces or gaps built into a refractory
structure to permit sections of masonry to
expand and contract freely and to prevent
distortion or buckling of furnace structures
from excessive expansion stresses.
FAIRFIELD-HARDY DIGESTER (COMPOST)
A patented product of Fairfield Engineering
Company, Marion, Ohio, which decomposes
garbage, sewage sludge, industrial and
other organic wastes by a controlled
continuous aerobic-thermophilic process.
FAN, INDUCED-DRAFT
A fan exhausting hot gases from the heat-
absorbing equipment, dust collector or
scrubber.
FAN, OVERFIRE AIR
A fan used to provide air to a combustion
chamber above the fuel bed.
FERMENTATION
Any energy-yielding oxidation in which the
oxidant is organic.
FIELD CAPACITY (SEE MOISTURE HOLDING
CAPACITY) '
Quantity of water held by compacted
solid waste where application of additional
water will cause it to drain rapidly to
underlying material.
FILL DEPTH
See DEPTH OF FILL.
FIREBRICK
Refractory brick of any type.
FLUE (CHIMNEY. STACK)
See STACK.
FLUE GAS
Vfaste gas from combustion processes
which may contain water vapor or dilution
air added after the combustion chambers.
FLUE GAS SCRUBBER (WASHER)
Equipment for removing fly ash and other
objectionable materials from the flue gas
by means of sprays, wet baffles, etc.
Also reduces excessive temperatures of
effluent.
FLUIDIZING
Causing a mass of finely divided solid
particles to assume some of the properties
of a fluid, as by aeration.
11
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Solid Waste Definitions
FLUME
An artificial channel, often elevated above
the ground, used to carry fast flowing water.
FLY ASH
All solids including ash, charred paper,
cinders, dusty soot, or other partially
incinerated matter, carried in the flue
gases.
FLY ASH COLLECTOR
Equipment for removing fly ash from the
products of combustion.
FOMES (PLURAL. FOMITES)
An inanimate object not supporting
bacterial growth but serving to transmit
pathogenic organisms from human to
human.
FOMITE
See FOMES.
FOOD WASTE DISPOSER
See GARBAGE GRINDING.
FOOT
In tamping rollers, one of a number of
projections from a cylindrical drum.
FRONT END LOADER (COLLECTION)
Detachable container system in which
collection vehicle has arms which engage
container (usually 1-10 yard capacity)
move it up over the cab and empty it into
the vehicle body. Container is left with
the customer.
FUNGI
Simple plants without photo synthetic
pigment. The cells have a nucleus
surrounded by a membrane, and the cells
are connected together in long filaments
called hyphae, which may grow together
to form a visible body. Simpler fungi are
involved in stabilization of solid waste
(composting) and sewage.
FURNACE
The chambers of the incinerator into
which the refuse is charged, ignited and
burned.
GARBAGE
Animal and vegetable waste resulting from
the handling, preparation, cooking and
serving of foods. It does not include
food wastes from industrial processing.
GARBAGE GRINDING
A method of uniformly reducing food waste
or garbage and placing the reduced product
in sewer systems. The reducing device
may be a home sink grinder, or a large
central grinder which serves industry or
the community. It is noted that the ground
garbage, which should pass through a
sewage treatment plant, must still be
disposed of as sewage sludge after
treatment.
GARBAGE GRINDING (CENTRAL)
The grinding by mechanical means of
garbage accumulated by municipal,
commercial, or private delivery vehicles.
GARCHEY (GANDILLON)
A patented system for the water carriage
and temporary storage of household
wastes by means of a storage and flushing
device mounted under the sink and tubing
to convey the refuse to a central holding
tank.
GAS BARRIER
Any device or material used to divert the
flow of gases through soil from a sanitary
landfill or other land disposal technique.
GASES
Normally formless fluids which occupy the
space of enclosure and which can be
changed to the liquid or solid state only
by the combined effect of increased
pressure and decreased temperature.
GASES (COMBUSTION)
Mixture of gases produced in the
combustion chambers.
GASES. (FLUE)
Waste gas from combustion process, which
may contain water vapor or dilution air
added after combustion chambers.
12
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Solid Waste Definitions
GASIFICATION
The process of processes whereby solid
or liquid matter is converted to such
gases as carbon dioxide, methane, or
ammonia through biological activity.
GRADER
A gas or dies el pneumatic wheel machine
equipped with a centrally located blade
that can be angled to cast to either side,
with independent hoist control on each
side.
GRADE STAKE
A stake indicating the amount of cut or
fill required to bring the ground to a
specified level.
GRADIENT
Slope along a specific route, as of a road
surface, channel or pipe.
GRAPPLE
A clamshell-type bucket having three or
more jaws.
GRATE
Surface with suitable openings, to support
the refuse and permit passage of air
through the burning fuel.
GRATE, DEAD PLATE
A stationary grate thru which no air
passes.
GRATE, FIXED
A grate which does not have movement.
A stationary grate.
GRATE, RECIPROCATING
A forced-draft grate whose sections move
continuously and slowly, forward and
rearward, for the purpose of agitating and
moving the burning refuse material from
the charging to the discharge ends of an
incinerator furnace.
GRATE, ROCKING
An incinerator stoker with moving (and
stationary) grate bars which are trunnion
supported. In operation, the moving bars
oscillate on the trunnions, imparting a
rocking motion to the bars, and thus
agitating and moving the burning refuse
along the grate.
GRATE, STATIONARY
See GRATE FIXED
GRATE, TRAVELING GRATE
A traveling grate stoker consists of an
endless grate similar to a chain grate,
but with grate keys mounted on transverse
bars. The lead nose of each key on one
bar overlapping the rear end of the keys
on the preceding bar. The transverse bars
are mounted on chains and are driven by
sprockets.
GRAVEL
Rock fragments from 2 mm to 64 mm (. 08
to 2.5 inches) in diameter. Or a mixture
of such gravel with sand, cobbles, boulders,
and not over 15 percent of fines.
GROUND PRESSURE
The weight of a machine divided by the
area in square inches of the ground
directly supporting it.
GROUNDWATER
Water occurring in the zone of saturation
in an aquifer or soil.
GROUNDWATER FLOW
Flow of water in an aquifer or soil. That
portion of the discharge of a stream which
is derived from groundwater.
GROUNDWATER, FREE
Groundwater in aquifers not bounded or
confined by impervious strata.
GROUNDWATER RUNOFF
That part of the groundwater which is
discharged into a stream channel as spring
or seepage water.
GROUSER
A ridge or cleat across a track shoe
which improves its grip on the ground.
GROUT
A cementing or sealing mixture of cement
and water, to which sand, sawdust, or
other fillers may be added.
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Solid Waste Definitions
HAMMERMILL
A grinding machine that operates by
impaction of material against heavy metal
hammers loosely pinned to a shaft rotating
at a high velocity.
HAMMERMILL SYSTEM
A composting process similar to the
rasping system (which see), except that
a rapidly spinning hammermill shreds the
refuse, instead of a slowly turning rasping
machine which serves the same purpose.
HARDPAN
Hardened, compacted or cemented soil
horizon.
HAUL DISTANCE
a) Distance which cover material must
be transported to the working face.
b) Distance collection truck must travel
from its last pick-up stop to the working
face of a sanitary landfill or tipping
floor of a solid waste volume reduction
or disposal facility.
c) Distance transfer vehicle must travel
from solid waste processing station to
point of final disposal.
HAUL TIME
Elapsed or cumulative time spent hauling
collected refuse from the route or from
transfer station to the disposal point.
HEARTH. DRYING
A solid surface upon which waste material
with high moisture content, or liquids or
waste material which may turn to liquid
before burning, is placed for drying or
burning.
HEAT, AVAILABLE
The quantity of useful heat per unit of
fuel available from complete combustion
after deducting dry-flue-gas and water-
vapor losses.
HEAT BALANCE
An accounting of the distribution of the
heat input and output, usually on an
hourly basis.
HEAT EXCHANGER
A set of tubes to accommodate exhaust
gases with means for passing room air
over outside of tubes such that heat of
gases is transferred to room air used for
heating ventilation air supply to room or
process equipment.
HEAT OF COMBUSTION
See HEAT VALUE
HEAT RELEASE RATE
The amount of heat liberated during the
process of complete combustion and ex-
pressed in B.T.U. per hour per cubic
foot of the internal furnace volume in which
such combustion takes place.
HEAT VALUE, HIGH
The heat liberated per pound of refuse
when burned completely and the products
of combustion are cooled to the initial
temperature, as in a calorimeter.
HEAT VALUE, LOW
The high heat value minus the latent heat
of vaporization of the water formed by
burning the hydrogen in the fuel.
HOG FEEDING
A conservation process in which the food
waste or garbage portion of refuse is
disposed of by feeding to hogs. State
regulations throughout the country require
that garbage be treated prior to feeding.
HORSEPOWER
A measurement of power that includes the
factors of force and speed. The force
required to lift 33, 000 pounds one foot in
one minute.
HORSEPOWER^ DRAWBAR^
Horsepower available to move a tractor
and its load, after deducting losses in the
power train.
HORSEPOWER SHAFT (FLYWHEEL OR
BELT htUKb.t;.POWER)
Actual horsepower produced by the engine,
after deducting the drag of accessories.
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Solid Waste Definitions
HOST
The living body, human or animal, that
provides food and shelter for the disease
organisms.
HUMUS
Decayed organic matter. A dark fluffy
swamp soil composed chiefly of decayed
vegetation, that is also called peat.
HYDRAULIC GRADIENT
Change in the hydraulic head per unit
distance.
HYDRAULIC HEAD (WATER IN SOIL)
The elevation with respect to a standard
datum at which water stands in a riser
or manometer connected to the point in
question in the soil.
HYDROGEN SULFIDE
Gas product of the reduction of sulfate,
odorous in concentrations as small as
parts per billion.
HYDROGRAPHER
Person who measures and analyzes dis-
charge, precipitation and runoff, etc.
HYDROLOGY
Science dealing with the properties,
distribution and flow of water on or in the
earth.
IDLER
A wheel or gear which changes the
direction of rotation of shafts, or the
direction of movement of a chain or belt.
IMPACTMILL
A grinding machine that operates by
impaction of material against heavy metal
projections rigidly attached to a shaft ro-
tating at a high velocity.
IMPERVIOUS
Resistant to penetration by fluid.
INCINERATION
The controlled combustion process of
burning solid, liquid, or gaseous
combustible wastes to gases and to a
residue containing little combustible
material.
INCINERATOR^
Any device used for the burning of refuse
where the factors of combustion, i.e.,
temperature, retention time, turbulence;
and combustion air, can be controlled.
INCINERATOR, BATCH FED
An incinerator which is charged with
refuse periodically; the charge being
allowed to burn down or burn out before
another charge is added.
INCINERATOR, COMMERCIAL
A predesigned, shop-fabricated unit,
possibly shipped assembled as a package
for general refuse.
INCINERATOR, CONTINUOUS FEED
An incinerator into which refuse is charged
in a nearly continuous manner so as to
maintain a steady rate of burning.
INCINERATOR, INDUSTRIAL
A specifically designed, site-erected unit
for disposal of a particular industrial
waste.
INCINERATOR, MULTIPLE CHAMBER
An incinerator consisting of two or more
refractory-lined chambers, interconnected
by gas passage ports or ducts and designed
in such a manner as to provide for complete
combustion of the material to be burned.
Depending upon the arrangement of the
chambers, multiple-chamber incinerators
are designated as in-line or retort types.
INCINERATOR, MUNICIPAL
A specifically designed, site-erected unit
for disposal of refuse collected from
residential, commercial, and industrial
sources.
INCINERATOR, RESIDENTIAL
A predesigned, shop-fabricated unit,
shipped assembled as a package for
individual dwellings.
INCUBATION PERIOD
The time interval between the infection of
a susceptible person or animal and the
appearance of signs or symptoms of the
disease.
15
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Solid Waste Definitions
INDORE PROCESS
Anaerobic composting method originating
in India in the 1920's. Organic waste such
as garbage, straw, leaves is placed in
alternate layers with night soil, sewage
sludge or animal manure into pits or
trenches 2 or 3 feet deep or piled on open
ground to a height of about 5 feet. Pile
is turned twice in six months; drainage
is used to keep compost'moist. Similar
to Bangalore process. The Van Mannen
process is a recent modification.
INFECTION
The entry and development or multipli-
cation of a particular pathogen in the body
of man or animal.
INFECTION (RESERVOIR OF)
Man, animals, plants, soil or inanimate
organic matter in which an infectious
agent lives and multiplies and depends
primarily for survival, reproducing itself
in such manner that it can be transmitted
to man. Man himself is the most frequent
reservoir of infectious agents pathogenic
for man.
INFLUENT STREAM
Stream or portion of stream that contri-
butes water to the groundwater supply.
INOCULUM
Material such as bacteria placed in a
culture medium, soil, compost, etc.
in order to initiate biological action.
INTERFLOW
That portion of rainfall which infiltrates
into the soil and moves laterally through
the upper soil horizons until intercepted
by a stream channel or until it returns to
the surface at some point down slope
from its point of infiltration.
ISOTROPIC SOIL
Soil having the same property (or
properties), such as permeability, in all
directions.
JUNK
A collection of secondary materials;
sorted but unprocessed.
LANDFILL
Deposition of refuse on land with earth
cover applied on a weekly or more
frequent basis so that no nuisance or
insult to the environment results.
LANDFILL, SANITARY
a) A method of disposing of refuse on
land without creating nuisances or
hazards to public health or safety, by
utilizing the principles of engineering
to confine the refuse to the smallest
practical area, to reduce it to the
smallest practical volume, and to
cover it with a layer of earth at the
conclusion of each day's operation or
at such more frequent intervals as
maybe necessary.ASCE
b) A sanitary landfill is a system for
final disposal of solid waste on land,
in which the waste is spread and
compacted on an inclined, minimized
working face in a series of cells and a
daily cover of earth is provided so that
no hazard or insult to the environment
results. (DREW, CPE, EGA, Training
Institute, Solid Waste Management
Branch)
LANTZ PROCESS
A destructive distillation process, in
which combustible fractions of solid waste
are converted to combustible gas, char-
coal, and a variety of distillates.
LEACHATE
Liquid emanating from a land disposal
cell that contains dissolved, suspended
and/or microbial contaminants from the
solid waste.
LIFT
A layer of cells covering a designated area
of a sanitary landfill.
LIFT DEPTH
Vertical thickness of a compacted volume
of solid waste plus thickness of cover
material immediately above the same
volume of solid waste in a sanitary landfill.
LIQUID LIMIT
Minimum moisture content which will
cause soil to flow if jarred slightly.
16
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Solid Waste Definitions
LOAM
A soft, easily worked soil containing sand,
salt, and clay.
LOAMY
A broad grouping of soil texture classes;
includes all sandy loams, clay loams,
loam, silt, and silt-loam textures. Some-
times subdivided into moderately coarse-
textured, medium-textured, and moder-
ately fine-textured groups.
LYSIMETER
Device to measure the quantity or rate of
water movement through or from a block
of soil, usually undisturbed and in situ,
or to collect such percolated water for
analysis.
MANOMETER
A u-shaped tube or an inclined tube filled
with a liquid used to measure pressure
difference.
MANURE
The fecal and urinary defecations of
livestock and poultry. Manure may often
contain some spilled feed, bedding or
litter.
MEMBRANE BARRIER
Thin layer or thickness of material
impervious to the flow of gas or water.
METALS
In the secondary materials industry,
includes all nonferrous materials, copper,
brass, aluminum, zinc, lead, etc.; not
iron and steel.
METHANE
An odorless, colorless, nonpoisonous
and explosive gas, one source is from
sanitary landfills undergoing anaerobic
microbial decomposition.
MIC ROD RGANISMS
Generally any living things microscopic
in size and including the bacteria, actino-
mycetes, yeasts, simple fungi, some algae,
rickettsiae, spirochaetes, slime molds,
protozoans, and some of the simpler
multicellular organisms. Some produce
disease in man, animals, or plants;
some are involved in stabilization of solid
waste (composting) and sewage.
MIXING CHAMBER
Chamber usually placed between the
primary combustion chamber and the
secondary combustion chamber where
thorough mixing of the products of
combustion and air is accomplished by
turbulence created by increased velocities
of the gases, checker-work and/or turns
in direction of the gas flow.
MOISTURE PENETRATION
Depth to which moisture penetrates
following irrigation or rainfall before
the rate of downward movement becomes
negligible.
MULTICYCLONE
A dust collector consisting of a number of
cyclones, operating in parallel through
which the volume and velocity of gas can
be regulated by means of dampers in order
to maintain dust-collector efficiency over
the load range.
MUNICIPAL COLLECTION
See COLLECTION, MUNICIPAL
MULTIPLE CHAMBER INCINERATOR
See INCINERATOR, MULTIPLE CHAMBER.
NITROGEN OXIDES (NOy)
Gases formed from atmospheric nitrogen
and oxygen whenever anything is burned
in air. Usually NOX breaks down to
oxygen and nitrogen except when NOX
is cooled suddenly from a high temperature.
OCEAN DISPOSAL
See DISPOSAL, OCEAN
ODORANT
A gaseous nuisance which is offensive
or objectionable to the olfactory senses.
ODOR THRESHOLD
The lowest concentration of an odor in
air that can be detected by a human.
OFFAL
Intestines and discarded parts from the
slaughter of animals.
OPACITY RATING
The apparent obscuration of an observer's
vision to a degree equal to the apparent
obscuration of smoke of a given rating on
the Ringelmann Chart.
17
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Solid Waste Definitions
OPEN BURNING
Uncontrolled burning of wastes in the open
or in an open dump.
OPEN DUMP
The consolidation of waste from one or
more sources at a central disposal site
which has little or no management. Some
of the problems associated with open dumps
are: vector breeding, fires, air pollution,
water pollution, unsightliness, wasted
land, disease and accident potentials.
ORGANIC
Containing carbon. Organic materials
oxidize or burn easily and, when they
contain nitrogen or sulfur - or both - they
give off odorous by-products. See
METHANE, HYDROGEN-SULFIDE.
ORGANIC ACID
A product of biochemical activity contain-
ing the carboxyl group which readily
reacts with other compounds.
ORGANIC CONTENT
Synonymous with volatile solids except
for small traces of some inorganic
materials such as calcium carbonate
which will lose weight at temperatures
used in determining volatile solids.
ORSAT
An apparatus used for analyzing flue gases
volumetrically by measuring the amounts
of carbon dioxide, oxygen, and carbon
monoxide.
OSBORNE SEPARATOR
Device to effect the efficient removal from
compost of small particles of glass,
metals, and other products. Patented by
R.G. Osborne Laboratories, Los Angeles.
Utilizes a pulsed rising column of air to
separate heavy items contained in compost.
Also called deglasser.
OVERFIRE AIR
See AIR, COMBUSTION (SECONDARY)
OXIDATION
Removal of electrons from an atom or
molecule.
OXYGEN RECORDER
An instrument for continuously monitoring
the percentage oxygen content of flue gas.
PARTICLE CONCENTRATION
Concentration expressed in terms of
number of particles per unit volume of
air or other gas. (Note: On expressing
particle concentration, the method of
determining the concentration should be
stated; that is, number/vol. or wt./vol.)
PARTICLES
A small, discrete mass of solid or liquid
matter. Included under particles are
aerosols, dusts, fumes, mists, smokes.
and sprays.
PARTICLE SIZE
An expression of the size of liquid or
solid particles expressed as the average
or equivalent diameter.
PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION
The relative percentage by weight or
number of each of the different size
fractions of particulate matter.
PARTICULATE MATTER
Material which is suspended within or
discharged to the atmosphere in finely
divided liquid or solid form at atmospheric
temperature and pressure.
PATHOGEN
Any infective agent capable of producing
disease; may be a virus, rickettsia,
bacterium, protozoan, etc.
PEAT (HUMUS)
A soft light swamp soil consisting mostly
of decayed vegetation.
PERCHED WATER TABLE
Underground water lying over dry soil,
and sealed from it by an impervious layer.
PERCOLATION
A qualitative term applying to the down-
ward movement of water through soil.
PERMEABILITY (QUALITATIVE)
The quality or state of a porous medium
relating to the readiness with which it
conducts or transmits fluids.
18
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Solid Waste Definitions
pH
Negative log of Hydrogen Ion concentration.
PICKING TABLE OR BELT
Table or belt at which solid waste is sorted
by removing certain items. Normally
associated with composting and salvaging
operations.
PIN. TRACK
A hinge pin connecting two sections or
shoes or a crawler track.
PITOT TUBE
An instrument which will sense the total
pressure and the static pressure in a
gas stream. It is used to determine gas
velocity.
PLASTICITY (SOIL)
Property of a soil which allows it to be
deformed without appreciable volume
change or cracking.
PLASTIC LIMIT
The minimum amount of water in terms
of percent of oven-dry weight of soil that
will make the soil plastic.
POLLUTANTS, AIR
Any solid, liquid or gaseous matter in the
effluent which tends to pollute the
atmosphere.
POLLUTION
The presence in a body of water (or soil
or air) of substances of such character
and in such quantities that the natural
quality of the body of water (or soil or
air) is degraded so it impairs the water's
usefulness or renders it offensive to the
senses of sight, taste, or smell. Contam-
ination may accompany pollution. In
general, a public health hazard is created,
but in some cases only economy or esthetics
are involved as when waste salt brines
contaminate surface waters and when foul
odors pollute the air.
POLYVINYL CHLORIDE - (PVC)
A common plastic material (general
formula CH2 = CHC1) which releases
HC1 when burned.
POROSITY
Ratio of the space in any porous material
(such as a soil) that is not filled with
solid matter, to the total space occupied;
generally expressed as a percentage.
The porosity of an aquifer is equal to the
sum of the specific yield and the specific
retention.
POWER TAKEOFF
A place in a transmission or engine to
which a shaft can be so attached as to
drive an outside mechanism.
POWER TRAIN
All moving parts connecting an engine
with the point or point where work is
accomplished.
PREMISES
A tract or parcel of land with or without
habitable buildings.
PRESSURE
Total load or force acting upon a surface
expressed as a weight per unit area
i.e. pounds per square inch (psi).
PRIMARY AIR
(See PRIMARY COMBUSTION AIR)
PRIMARY COMBUSTION CHAMBER
See COMBUSTION CHAMBER (PRIMARY)
PRIVATE COLLECTION
See COLLECTION, PRIVATE
PROCESS WEIGHT
The total weight of materials introduced
into an incinerator including solid fuel
charges but excluding liquid or gaseous
fuels and combustion air.
P.S.I. (PSI)
Pressure in pounds per square inch.
PULVERIZATION
The crushing of brittle material such as
glass to a small size.
PUTRESCIBLE
Capable of being decomposed by micro-
organisms with sufficient rapidity as to
cause nuisances from odors, gases, etc.
Kitchen wastes, offal, and dead animals are
examples of putrescible components of
solid waste.
19
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Solid Waste Definitions
PUTRESCIBLE MATTER IN RESIDUE
Unburned organic matter in the residue
that is fermentable, or capable of decaying,
or of assimilation by animals and micro-
organisms.
PYROMETER
An instrument for measuring and/or re-
cording temperature.
QUARRY
A rock pit. An open cut mine in rock
chosen for physical rather than chemical
characteristics.
RADIATION PYROMETER
A pyrometer which determines tempera-
ture by measuring the intensity of
radiation from a hot body.
RASPING MACHINE
A grinding machine consisting of a large
verticle drum containing heavy hinged
arms which rotate horizontally over a
rasp and sieve floor.
RASPING SYSTEM
A composting procedure in which refuse
is ground through a screen partly covered
with steel pins that have the effect of a
rasp. Compost piles are turned during a
three to six week period. Developed in
the Netherlands in 1951.
RATED LOAD
The maximum load which a crane is
designed to handle safely.
REDUCTION (IN CHEMISTRY)
Addition of electrons to an atom or
molecule.
REFRACTORY (REFRACTORIES)
Nonmetallic substances capable of
enduring high temperatures and used in
linings of furnaces. While their primary
function is resistance to high temperature,
they are usually called upon to resist one
or more of the following destructive
influences: abrasion, pressure, chemical
attack and rapid changes in temperature.
REFUGE
A hiding place or shelter for rats, mice,
and insects. It is important to distinguish
between refuge and refuse, the latter
being synonymous with solid waste. The
confusion comes about because refuse
frequently serves as a refuge for vermin.
REFUSE
Comprises all solid wastes of the
community and semi-liquid or wet wastes
with insufficient liquid content to be free
flowing Synonym Solid Waste.
REFUSE, COMMERCIAL
All solid wastes which orginate in
businesses operated for profit even as
office buildings, stores, markets, theaters
and privately owned hospitals and other
institutional buildings.
REFUSE, DOMESTIC
All those types which normally originate
in the residential household or apartment
house. Does not include bulky wastes
requiring special pickup.
REFUSE FILL
A systematic and periodic operation
conducted to compact and cover the refuse,
on less than a daily basis. (See OPEN
DUMP)
REFUSE. INDUSTRIAL
All solid wastes which result from
industrial processes and manufacturing
operations such as factories, processing
plants, repair and cleaning establishments,
refineries and rendering plants.
REFUSE, MOISTURE CONTENT
The weight loss on drying a sample to
constant weight under standard conditions,
tentatively 70°C for refuse.
REFUSE (RESIDENTIAL)
See REFUSE (DOMESTIC)
REFUSE SHED
A region or area which for reasons of
topography, contiguous population and/or
other common features, includes refuse
sources which may be considered collective-
ly in general planning. Usually synonymous
with the general populated or metropolitan
area, and not necessarily limited by lines
of political jurisdiction.
20
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Solid Waste Definitions
REFUSE, STREET
Material picked up by manual and mechani-
cal sweeping of streets and sidewalks,
litter from public letter receptacles, and
dirt removed from catch basins.
REFUSE TRAIN
A number of open carts hitched in series
and pulled by a motor vehicle, the purpose
of the train being to collect solid waste.
RENDERING
A process of salvaging fats and oils,
animal feed, and other products from
animal waste by cooking. Dead animals,
fish, and wastes from slaughter houses
and butcher shops are commonly used.
RESIDUE
All of the solid material collected from
the process of incineration, consisting of
grate sittings, material from off the end
of the grates and particulate collected from
air pollution control devices.
RESPIRATION
Any energy-yeilding oxidation in a living
organism in which the oxidant is an
inorganic compound. Oxygen need not be
involved, though it is the most common
oxidant.
RESPIRATION, AEROBIC
Oxidation of organic compounds by oxygen.
(See also RESPIRATION).
RESPIRATION, ANAEROBIC
A type of respiration among some bacteria
in which an inorganic oxidant (NOq, 804)
other than oxygen is used. (See also
RESPIRATION)
RETAINING WALL
A wall separating two levels.
RINGELMANN CHART
A printed or photographically reproduced
series of four shades of gray, by which
density of smoke emissions from an in-
cinerator may be estimated. A clear
stack is recorded as 0, and 100% black
smoke as 5. No. 1 smoke is 20% dense;
No. 2, 40% dense; No. 3, 60% dense;
No. 4, 80% dense.
RIPARIAN RIGHTS
Rights of a land owner to water on or
bordering his property, including right to
prevent diversion or misuse of upstream
water.
RIPPER
A towed machine equipped with teeth,
used primarily for loosening hard soil
and soft rock.
ROLL BAR
Steel protection over the cab of a tractor
or loader to prevent injury to the operator.
ROLLER, SUPPORT
In a crawler machine, a roller that
supports the slack upper part of the
track.
ROLLER, TRACK
In a crawler machine, the small wheels
that rest on the track and carry most of
the weight of the machine.
RUBBISH
Non bulky domestic and commercial
solid waste exclusive of garbage.
RUBBISH CHUTE
A pipe, duct or trough through which waste
materials are conveyed by gravity from
the upper floors to a storage area prepara-
tory to burning or compaction.
RUBBISH, COMBUSTIBLE
Miscellaneous burnable materials. In
general, the combustible component of
rubbish.
RUBBISH, NONCOMBUSTIBLE
Miscellaneous refuse materials that are
unburnable in ordinary incinerators.
RUBBISH, YARD
Prunings, grass clippings, veeds, leaves,
and general yard and garden wastes.
RUBBLE
Broken pieces of masonry and concrete.
RUNOFF
The portion of precipitation or irrigation
water which is returned to the stream as
surface flow.
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Solid Waste Definitions
SAND
Soil particles ranging from 0.05 to 2.0 mm
in diameter. Soil material containing 85
percent or more particles of this size.
SALVAGING .
The controlled removal of reusable
materials.
SANITATION
The control of all those factors in man's
physical environment which exercise or
may exercise a deleterious effect on his
physical development, health, and survival.
SATURATE
To fill all the voids in a material with fluid,
to form the most concentrated solution
possible under a given set of physical
conditions in the presence of an excess of
the substance.
SCARIFIER
See RIPPER
SCAVENGING
The uncontrolled picking of materials.
SCOOTER
A small, usually single-passenger, 3-
wheeled vehicle with body of 1 cubic yard
capacity, used in refuse collection especial-
ly to negotiate long driveways and narrow
alleys. Collected refuse is emptied into
a collection truck. Some have dump bodies;
others have a stationary bed which holds
the collector's carry-cans.
SCRAP
In the secondary materials industry, applies
to iron and steel scrap only.
SCRUBBER, FLUE GAS
See FLUE GAS SCRUBBER (WASHER)
SECONDARY AIR
(See COMBUSTION AIR (SECONDARY)
SECONDARY COMBUSTION CHAMBER
(See COMBUSTION CHAMBER SECONDARY)
SECONDARY MATERIALS
Those materials which might go to waste
if not collected and processed for reuse.
Includes scrap, metals, waste, and junk.
(See under definitions of each).
SECTION
An area equal to 640 acres or 1 square mile.
SEEPAGE
Movement of water through soil without
formation of definite channels.
SEPARATOR, BALISTIC
A separating device that operates by
dropping mixed material onto a high speed
rotary impeller so that materials of different
physical characteristics are hurled off at
different velocities and subsequently land
in several separate collecting bins.
SEPARATOR, INERTIAL
A material separation device that relies
on ballistic or gravity separation of
materials having different physical
characteristics.
SEPARATOR, MAGNETIC
Any separating device that removes metals
by means of magnets.
SEMI-GROUSER
A crawler track shoe with one or more low
cleats.
SERVICE STOP
Residence, commercial establishments, or
other living or business unit receiving
periodic refuse collection service.
SETTLEMENT
A gradual subsidence of material.
SETTLEMENT, DIFFERENTIAL
A subsidence of material that is not uni-
form throughout the plane of the material.
SETTLING CHAMBER
Any chamber designed to reduce the
velocity of the products of combustion to
promote the settling of fly ash from the
gas stream.
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Solid Waste Definitions
SETTLING VELOCITY
The velocity at which a given dust will fall
out of dust-laden gas under the influence
of gravity only. Also known as "terminal
velocity".
SEWAGE SLUDGE
A semiliquid substance consisting of
suspended sewage solids combined with
water and dissolved material in varying
amounts.
SEWAGE TREATMENT RESIDUES
Coarse screenings, grit, and dewatered
or air-dried sludge from sewage treat-
ment plants, and pumpings of cesspool
or septic tank sludges, which require
disposal with municipal solid wastes.
SHALE
A rock formed of consolidated mud.
SHEARS
A size reduction machine that operates
by cutting material between large blades.
SHEEPSFOOT
A tamping roller with feet expanded at
their outer tips.
SHOE
A ground plate forming a link of a track,
or bolted to a track link. A support for a
bulldozer blade or other digging edge to
prevent cutting down.
SHORING
Temporary bracing to hold the sides of an
excavation from caving.
SHOVEL
A digging and loading machine or tool.
SHOVEL, DIPPER (SHOVEL) (DIPPER
STICK)
A revolving shovel that has a push type
bucket rigidly fastened to a stick that
slides on a pivot in the boom.
SHOVEL DOZER (DOZER SHOVEL)
A tractor equipped with a front-mounted
bucket that can be used for pushing,
digging, and truck loading.
SHOVEL HOE (DRAGSHOVEL. PULLSHOVEL,
DITCHING SHOVEL, BACKHOE)
A revolving shovel having a pull-type
bucket rigidly attached to a stick hinged
on the end of a live boom.
SHOVEL-OFF
Any collection vehicle lacking a mechanical
emptying device, and which must be
unloaded by hand.
SHOVEL, REVOLVING
A digging machine that has the machinery
deck and attachment on a vertical pivot,
so that it can swing independently of its
base.
SHOVEL-UP
Refuse which is not stored in containers
for collection, and must be laboriously
hand loaded with forks or shovels into a
carrying container or collection vehicle.
SHREDDERS
Chops up discarded automobiles and other
ordinarily low-grade sheet and coated scrap
in continuous operation producing premium
grade fist - sized pieces that are 99 per
cent steel.
SHRINKAGE
Loss of bulk of soil when compacted in a
fill. Usually is computed on the basis
of bank measure.
SILT
Small, 0.05 to 0.002 mm in diameter,
mineral soil grains intermediate between
clay and sand, Waterborne sediment with
diameters of individual grains approaching
that of silt. Soil material containing 80
percent or more silt and less than 12 per-
cent clay.
SINTERING
A heat treatment which causes adjacent
particles of material to cohere at a tem-
perature below that of complete melting.
SLAG
A liquid mineral substance formed by
chemical action and fusion at furnace
operated temperatures.
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Solid Waste Definitions
SLAGGING OF REFRACTORIES
Destructive chemical action upon refractor-
ies at high temperatures, resulting in the
formation of slag. Also, the coating of
refractories by ash particles, which form
a molten or viscour slag on the refractories.
SLOPE
Degree of deviation of a surface from the
horizontal, usually expressed in percent
or degrees.
SLOUGH
Wet or marshy area.
SLURRY
Cement grout
SMOKE
An aerosol consisting of all the dispersible
particulate products from the imcomplete
combustion of carbonaceous materials
entrained in flue gas as gaseous medium.
SMOKE ALARMS
Instruments that provide an objective
method of continuous measurement and
recording of smoke density by measuring
the amount of light obscured by smoke
when a beam of light is shone through the
smoke in a flue. Most of the instruments
have on them a scale, graded according to
Ringelma'nn.shades. They can be fitted
with an alarm that operates when the smoke
is above a preset density.
SMOKE DENSITY
The amount of solid matter contained in
smoke and often measured by systems
that relate the grayness of the smoke to
an established standard.
SOIL
Natural body, developed from weathered
minerals and decaying organic matter,
covering the earth. Theupper layer of the
earth in which plants grow.
SOIL EROSION
Detachment and movement of soil from the
land surface by wind or water, including
normal soil erosion and accelerated
erosion.
SOIL, (HEAVY)
A fine grained soil, made up largely of
clay or silt.
SOIL, ISOTROPIC
Soil having the same property (or properties),
such as permeability, in all directions.
SOIL, TIGHT
Soil that is relatively impermeable to
water movement.
SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
The purposeful systematic control of the
storage, collection, transportation,
processing and disposal of solid waste.
SPARK ARRESTER
A screen-like device to prevent sparks,
embers, or other ignited materials above
a given size from being expelled to the
atmosphere.
SPECIFIC GRAVITY (SOLIDS OR LIQUIDS)
The ratio of the mass of a body to an
equal volume of water.
SPOIL
Dirt or rock which has been removed from
its original location.
SPOT LOG
A log or marker placed to show a truck
driver the spot where he should stop to
be loaded.
SPOTTER
In truck use, the man who directs the
driver into loading or dumping positio'h.
STABILIZE
To make soil firm and to prevent it from
moving.
STACK (CHIMNEY, FLUE)
A vertical passage for conducting products
of combustion to the atmosphere.
STACK EFFECT
The phenomenon of vertical movement of
hot gases in a stack because of the tempera-
ture (density) difference between the gases
and the atmosphere.
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Solid Waste Definitions
STADIA
Measurement of distance by proportion to
the space on a vertical rod seen between
upper and lower instrument cross hairs,
usual proportion is one vertical to 100
horizontal.
STAKE, SLOPE
A stake marking the line where a cut or
fill meets the original grade.
STATION
Any one of a series of stakes or points
indicating distance from a point of beginning
or reference.
STATIONARY PACKER
An adjunct of a refuse container system
which compacts refuse at the site of
generation into a pull-on detachable
container (see PULL-ON CONTAINER).
STEERING BRAKE
A brake which slows or stops one side of
a tractor.
STEERING CLUTCH
A clutch which can disconnect power from
one side of a tractor.
STERILIZATION
Destruction of all microorganisms and
their spores outside the body by chemical
or physical means.
"STOCKPILE
Material dug and piled for future use.
SUBSIDENCE
To settle or sink. Usually applied to
peat and muck soils and refers to the
settling due to oxidation, compaction,
shrinkage, and wind erosion.
SUBSOIL
That part of the soil beneath the topsoil,
usually that not having an appreciable
organic matter content.
SULFUR, OXIDES OF
Compounds of sulfur combined with oxygen.
Those of significance in air pollution in-
clude sulfur dioxide (SO2) and sulfur
trioxide (803).
SUMP
Pit, tank, or reservoir in which water is
collected or stored.
SURFACE COMPACTION
Molding together and collapse of structure
of surface soil when subjected to pressure.
SURFACE CRACKING
Creation of discontinuities in the cover
material of a sanitary landfill as a result
of settlement and decomposition of solid
waste and/or a change in moisture content
of the cover material which may result
in exposure of solid waste, entrance or
egress of vectors and entrance of water.
SURFACE WATER
A body of water whose top surface is
exposed to the atmosphere including a flowing
body as well as a pond or lake.
SURVEYING
To find and record elevations, locations,
and directions, by means of instruments.
SWILL (SLOPS)
Semi-liquid waste material consisting of
garbage and free liquids.
TAILINGS
Second grade or waste material separated
from pay material during screening or
processing.
TAMP
Pound or press soil to compact it.
TAMPING ROLLER
One or more steel drums, fitted with
projecting feet, and towed by means of a
box frame.
TANDEM
A double-axle drive unit for a truck or
grader. (A bogie).
THEORETICAL AIR
(See COMBUSTION AIR - THEORETICAL)
THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY
The specific rate of heat flow per hr. through
refractories, expressed in Btu per sq. ft.
of area, for a temperature difference of
one degree Fahrenheit, and for a thickness
of one inch. Btu/(sq. ft.) (hr) (deg. F) (in.)
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Solid Waste Definitions
THERMAL SHOCK RESISTANCE
The ability to withstand sudden heating or
cooling or both without cracking or spalling.
THERMOCOUPLE
Two lengths of wire; made from different
homogeneous metals, connected to form a
complete electric circuit which develops
an electromotive force (emf) when one
junction is at a different temperature than
the other.
THERMO PHILS
Bacteria or other microorganisms which
grow best at temperatures of roughly 45°
to 60°C. Not to be confused with thermo-
durics, which resist high temperatures.
Others: mesophils -grow best at medium
temperature, 25° to 40°C; psychrophils -
grow best at colder temperatures, below
20°C.
TIDAL MARSH
Low flat marshlands traversed by inter-
laced channels and tidal sloughs and
subject to tidal inundation. Vegetation
usually consists of bushes, grasses, and
other salt tolerant plants.
TILTH
Soil condition in relation to lump or
particle size.
TILTING DOZER
A bulldozer whose blade can be pivoted
on a horizontal center pin to cut low on
either side.
TIPPING FLOOR
Unloading area for vehicles that are
delivering refuse to an incinerator.
TOE
The projection of the bottom of a face
beyond the top.
TONS PER DAY (INCINERATION)
Denotes the weight of refuse which can be
properly processed by an incinerator
within a 24 hour period.
TOPSOIL
The topmost layer of soil, usually refers
to soil containing humus which is capable
of supporting a good plant growth.
TOPOGRAPHIC MAP
A map indicating surface elevation and
slope.
TORQUE, FULL LOAD
The torque necessary for a motor to
produce its rated horsepower at full-load
speed.
TOTAL COST OF BIDDING
A method of establishing the purchase price
for movable equipment where by the buyer
is guaranteed that maintenance shall not
exceed a set maximum amount during a
fixed period of time (normally 5 years) and
that the equipment will be repurchased by
the seller at a set minimum price at the
end of the fixed time period.
TRACK
A crawler track.
TRACK, CRAWLER
One of a pair of roller chains used to
support and propel a machine. It has an
upper surface which provides a track to
carry the wheels of the machine, and a
lower surface providing continuous ground
contact.
TRACK ROLLER
In a crawler machine, the small wheels
which are under the track frame and
which rest on the track.
TRACTOR (CRAWLER)
See TRACTOR TRACK
TRACTOR LOADER (TRACTOR SHOVEL OR
SHOVEL DOZUK)
A tractor equipped with a bucket which
can be used to dig, and to elevate to dump
at truck height.
TRACTOR, PNEUMATIC WHEEL
A gas or diesel powered machine equipped
with 4 pneumatic tires, used to spread,
excavate and compact soil and solid waste.
TRACTOR. RUBBER-TIRED
See pneumatic wheel tractor.
TRACTOR, TRACK
A gas or diesel powered machine equipped
with continuous roller belt over cogged
wheels for moving over rough or low
bearing capacity terrain, used to spread,
excavate and compact soil and solid waste.
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Solid Waste Definitions
TRANSFER STATION
A fixed facility used for removing refuse
from collection trucks and placing it in
long-haul vehicles.
TRASH
Exact meaning is vague but it is usually
synonomous with rubbish.
TRAVEL TIME
The elapsed or cumulative time of travel
between collection stops on the route.
TREAD
The ground contact surface on a tire; or
track shoe.
TROUGHING
Making repeated dozer pushes in one track,
so that ridges of spilled material hold
dirt in front of the blade.
TRUCK, BOTTOM DUMP (DUMP WAGON)
A trailer or semitrailer that dumps bulk
material by opening doors in the floor of
the body.
TRUCK. COMPACTOR COLLECTION
Enclosed vehicle provided with special
mechanical devices for loading the refuse
into the main compartment of the body,
for compressing the loaded materials,
and for distributing the refuse within the
body.
TRUCK CAPACITY
Volumetric capacity for refuse.
TRUCK, DUMP
A truck or semitrailer that carries a
box body with a mechanism for discharging
its load.
TRUCK, PLATFORM (RACK BODY TRUCK)
A truck having a flat open body.
TRUCK, REAR DUMP (END DUMP)
A truck or semitrailer that has a box body
that can be raised at the front so the load
will slide out the rear.
UNDERGROUND RUNOFF (SEEPAGE)
Water flowing toward stream channels after
infiltration into the ground.
UTILITY (PRIVATE]^
Firm providing service under a government
license or monopoly franchise. May collect
or dispose of solid waste.
VAN MANNEN PROCESS
Anaerobic composting process which is a
modification of the Indore method (which
see). Used in the Netherlands from about
1932. City refuse is heaped in long rows
and moistened. Decomposition takes about
six months.
VAPOR PLUME
The stack effluent consisting of flue gas
made visible by condensed water droplets
or mist.
VAPORS
The gaseous form of substances which are
normally in the solid or liquid state and
which can be changed to these states either
by increasing the pressure or decreasing
the temperature alone.
VECTOR (OF DISEASE)
A living insect or other arthoropod, or
animal (not human) which transmits
infectious diseases from one person or
animal to another.
VEHICLE, ABANDONED
Motor vehicles and trailers that are dis-
carded on public or private property longer
than a specified time.
VEHICLE (OF INFECTION)
Water, food, milk, or any substance or
article serving as an intermediate means
by which the pathogenic agent is transported
from a reservoir and introduced into a
susceptible host through ingestion, through
inoculation or by deposit on the skin or
mucous membrane.
VOLATILE MATTER OF REFUSE
The weight loss of a dry sample on heating
to red heat in a closed crucible.
VOLATILE SOLIDS
The sum of the volatile matter and fixed
carbon of a refuse sample, as determined
by allowing a dried sample to burn in a
heated and ventilated furnace.
WALL. AIR-COOLED
A wall in which there is a lane for the
flow of air directly in back of the refractory.
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Solid Waste Definitions
WALL, CURTAIN
A partition wall between chambers, which
serves to deflect gases in a downward
direction. (Sometimes referred to as a
drop arch.)
WALL, SUPPORTED
A furnace wall that is anchored to and
has its weight transferred to a structure
(usually steelwork and castings) outside
of the high temperature zone.
WALL, WATER-COOLED
A furnace wall containing water tubes.
WASTE
Useless, unwanted, or discarded materials
resulting from normal community
activities. Wastes include solids, liquids,
and gases, solid wastes are classed as
refuse.
WASTE HANDLING
The manipulation or transportation of
waste.
WASTE, PROCESSING OF
An operation in which the physical or
chemical characteristics of the waste is
changed. Example of this would include
compaction, composting and incineration.
WATERSHED
Total land area above a given point on a
stream or waterway that contributes
runoff to that point.
WASTE, SOLID
See REFUSE
WATER TABLE
The surface of underground, gravity-
controlled water.
WET DIGESTION
A solid waste stabilization process
proposed by Dr. William Oswald of the
University of California, on the basis of
experience with anaerobic sewage lagoons.
A wide variety of mixed solid organic "
wastes is placed in an open digestion pond
to decompose anaerobically. Much of the
carbonaceous matter is converted into
carbon dioxide and methane. The soluble
and suspended fraction is converted
aerobically by algae in a biooxidation pond.
WET MILLING
Mechanical size reduction of solid waste
after it has been wetted to soften the paper
and carboard constituents.
WETTfNG AGENT
A chemical that reduces the surface
tension of water so that it soaks into
porous material more readily. Example -
synthetic soap powder.
WORKING DRAWING
Any drawing showing sufficient detail so
that whatever is shown can be built
without other drawings or instructions.
WORKING FACE
That portion of the compacted solid waste
at a sanitary landfill which will have more
waste placed on it and/or is being
compacted prior to placement of cover
material.
ZOONOSIS
A disease of animals transmissible
to man. Some examples are anthrax,
bubonic plague, murine typhus, some of
the salmonellae.
REFERENCES
1 American Public Works Association,
Committee on Refuse Collection.
Refuse Collection Practice. APWA
Research Foundation Project No. 101,
Chicago: Public Administration Service:
3rd Edition, 525 pp. 1966.
2 Schwartz, Dan. Lexicon of Incinerator
Terminology. Proceedings - 1964
National Incinerator Conference. New
American Society of Mechanical
York:
Engineers,
pp. 20-31. 1964.
3 U
,S. Public Health Service and American
Public Works Association. Proceedings
- National Conference on Solid Waste
Research. Chicago: American Public
Works Association, 228 pp. February
1964.
28
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Solid Waste Definitions
American Society of Civil Engineers, 6 Nichols, Herbert L. Moving the Earth,
Committee on Sanitary Landfill Practice. The Workbook of Excavation.
Sanitary Landfill. ASCE... Manuals of North Castle Books, Greenwich,
Engineering... No. 39, 62 pp. 1S59. Connecticut. 1962.
29
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CONNECTICUT STATE DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH
SOLID WASTES SECTION
RODENT CONTROL PROGRAMS AT REFUSE DISPOSAL AREAS
When closing a site or converting an open-face
dump to a sanitary landfill type of operation,
it will be necessary to carry out a rodent-
baiting program. The rodents must be
exterminated so that they will not migrate to
surrounding areas when their food supply is
cut off at the refuse disposal site.
A Time Schedule
1 It will be necessary to close the site for
a minimum of three days.
a On the first day, the site must remain
free of activity to allow the rodents to
feed on refuse deposited on the
previous day.
b On the second day, the bait is
distributed in burrows and in
sheltered areas.
c On the third day, the rodents are
allowed to feed on the bait.
2 Dumping may be resumed and heavy
equipment should be brought in on the
fourth day to initiate conversion to
sanitary landfill and/or to spread,
compact, cover and seal the area if
the site is being closed. There should
be no delay in completing this work.
B The Bait
1 Upon agreement with local officials to
bait an area, the Connecticut State
Department of Health will order the
poison and have it sent to the town.
The town should notify this department
when the poison has been delivered in
order that a date for baiting may be
scheduled.
2 The town will be responsible for storing
the poison safely, preferably under lock
and key.
3 The ingredients are to be purchased by
the town and mixed under the supervision
of the staff of the Connecticut State
Department of Health.
4 Ingredients for a 100 pound mix:
a 90 pounds of fish meal cat food.
b 10 pounds of corn meal.
c 25 ounces of zinc phosphide poison
(contains an emetic).
C Distributing the Bait
1 The town will be responsible for the
following:
a Have men available for work with
heavy shoes.
b Provide, for each worker, gloves
which are to be disposed of afterwards.
c Provide a mixing container, hoes for
mixing, and a spade.
d Provide long-handled spoons and
buckets or pails for each worker.
e Provide soap and water for immediate
hand washing after distributing the
poison.
2 There will be no smoking while
distributing the bait.
3 The Connecticut State Department of
Health will supervise the distribution
program.
Baiting should not be done on days when rain
or snow is predicted during the next 24 hours.
On the morning of the day scheduled for the
baiting program, there should be close com-
munications between the state and town
officials to be certain that the weather con-
ditions are favorable for the baiting program.
Rats may contain disease—bearing fleas and
ticks and, therefore, care should be taken
to assure they are promptly buried in with
the refuse during conversion operations with
minimum of handling.
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