SEWER SYSTEM EVALUATION
^^^ FOR
INFILTRATION/INFLOW
Prepared for
UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER PROGRAM
Prepared By
"mill'
AMERICAN CONSULTING SERVICES, INC.
Minneapolis, Minnesota
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SEWER SYSTEM EVALUATION
FOR
INFILTRATION/INFLOW
PREPARED FOR
UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER PROGRAM
PRESENTED BY
LELAND E. GOTTSTEIN, P.E.
PRESIDENT
AMERICAN CONSULTING SERVICES, INC.
MINNEAPOLIS, MINNESOTA
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION 1
THE NEW FEDERAL LAW 5
SEWER SYSTEM EVALUATION ... WHAT IT IS 6
FEDERAL STUDY AND MANUAL OF PRACTICE 6
THE METHODOLOGY OF SEWER SYSTEM EVALUATION 8
PHASE I - INFILTRATION/INFLOW ANALYSIS 8
a. Patterned Interviews 9
b. Sanitary and Storm Sewer Map Study 10
c. System Flow Diagrams 11
d. Dry vs Wet Weather Flow Determinations 12
e. Preliminary Field Survey and Selective
Flow Tests 13
f. Determination of Excessive or Non-
Excessive Infiltration/Inflow 15
g. Establish a Plan of Action, Budget
and Timetable for Execution 16
PHASE II - FIELD INVESTIGATION AND SURVEY 17
a. Physical Survey and Groundwater Analysis 18
b. Rainfall Simulation 19
c. Prepare Engineering Report and Analysis 22
d. Preparatory Sewer Cleaning 24
e. Television Inspection of Preselected
Sewers 28
f. Preparation of the Evaluation Survey Report
and Analysis 34
g. Preparation of the Proposed Rehabilitation
Program 37
THE NEED FOR PUBLIC RELATIONS 38
PHASE III - REHABILITATION 40
a. Sewer Repair 40
b. Pipe Relining 44
c. Sewer Replacement 45
d. Finalization of Treatment Plant Design 46
SUMMARY 47
APPENDIX 48
Figures 1, 2, 3, 4 49
Figure 5 50
Excerpt of Law 51
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SEWER SYSTEM EVALUATION
FOR
INFILTRATION/INFLOW
BY
LELAND E. GOTTSTEIN, P. E.
PRESIDENT
AMERICAN CONSULTING SERVICES, INC.
MINNEAPOLIS, MINNESOTA
INTRODUCTION
In past years, infiltration and inflow of extraneous waters
into sewer systems were not of much concern to the engineer or
municipal official. Some of the major reasons which trigger
desperate corrective measures to solve the extraneous water intru-
sion problem are:
(1) Flooded basements during period of intensive rainfall
(2) Excessive power costs for pumping
(3) Overtaxing of lift station facilities often resulting in
frequent electric motor replacements
(4) Overloading of treatment plant facilities
(5) Excessive costs of sewage treatment including meter charges
levied by sanitary districts or other jurisdictional
authorities
(6) Obnoxious odors and health hazards caused with by-passing
of raw sewage
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(7) A pumping-up action of downstream sewers when excessive
heads and surcharging of manholes occur. When the sur-
charging stops and the head over the pipe is relieved
through defective joints, a fine sugar sand enters the
pipe with the water. A loss of pipe overburden occurs
and the street eventually settles or collapses.
In addition to the above motivators for correction, there are
many other sewer system inadequacies which concern the engineer
and the municipal official. Problems of infiltration/inflow
are often relieved by the construction of relief sewers, larger
lift stations and treatment plants, and the use of sewage by-
passes throughout the system. Unfortunately, however, this
approach results in untreated sewage flows being discharged into
rivers, streams, lakes and open ditches. In past years the
engineer concerned himself with the best economical design choice
of a system which would serve the needs of the community 90 to
95 per cent of the time. On those rare occasions where the flows
were excessive, relief facilities and by-passes provided a con-
venient solution to the problem.
What were acceptable standards of sewage treatment in the past are
not sufficient to meet the sophisticated requirements of treat-
ment today. The upgrading of federal and state standards for the
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type and degree of sewage treatment, has resulted in new problems
that the engineer must now face. "Zero discharge" is a new term
in the environmental lexicon of today. *
New federal legislation proposes a zero discharge standard as a
national goal. The objective is to eliminate all pollutant dis-
charge to open ditches, lakes, streams, rivers and navigable
waters.
The engineer is now faced with the problem of handling all of
the wastewater. The problems connected with infiltration/inflow
and overloaded sewer systems must be faced. There is no choice.
Past practices of constructing relief sewers and by-pass facilities
will not solve the problem. Therefore, we must go to the source
of the infiltration/inflow problem ... the sewer system itself.
Unfortunately, we have to live with our existing collection systems,
We cannot trade them in on new ones. We have huge sums of money
invested in our underground sewers and the street surfaces above
them. The replacement cost of the existing sewers would far
exceed what we paid to install them. Complete sewer replacement
would not only be too costly but in most cases would not solve
the infiltration/inflow problem.
Intrusion of ground water or storm water into the sewer system
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via house laterals and other service connections compound the
problem. Often the major contributions to the clear water
problem are faulty service connections and direct connections
of footing drain tile to the sanitary sewer. Any sewer system
evaluation must differentiate between the extraneous water
contribution from service connections and those extraneous flows
contributed through irregularities or deficiencies in the muni-
cipal sewer system. Correction of service connection problems
are political in nature and must be handled judiciously. The
technology for correcting these problems is also different from
that used to correct infiltration/inflow problems in the larger
sewer mains. Replacement of municipal sewer mains or grouting
sewer joints in the main will not solve the service connection
problem.
What can we do with our existing sewer systems? We must evaluate
these systems and formulate programs to solve the infiltration/
inflow problems. One may ask, where do we start? How do we do
it? Who is going to do it? How much will it cost? How long will
it take? How are we going to finance it? What assurance do we
have that any program will solve the infiltration/inflow problems?
What are the alternatives? These and other questions can boggle
the mind. The burden is on the engineer and public official to
provide answers and solve the problem. This is the real subject
of this presentation ... SEWER SYSTEM EVALUATION.
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THE NEW FEDERAL LAW
ON OCTOBER 18, 1972 THE 92ND CONGRESS OF THE UNITED STATES
OVERWHELMINGLY PASSED PUBLIC LAW 92-500 WHICH IS CITED AS THE
"FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ACT AMENDMENTS OF 1972." IT
IS SUGGESTED THAT ANY ENGINEER OR PUBLIC OFFICIAL CONCERNED WITH
THE DESIGN, IMPROVEMENT OR OPERATION OF SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANTS
AND/OR SEWAGE COLLECTION SYSTEMS SECURE A COPY OF THE NEW LAW.
MANY CHANGES IN REQUIREMENTS AND ELIGIBILITIES FOR FEDERAL GRANT
ASSISTANCE HAVE BEEN MADE.
The new act recognizes that sewer problems can relate to the
sewage treatment needs. AMONG THE MANY NEW PROVISIONS IS ONE
WHICH PROVIDES FOR FEDERAL FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE TO SPECIFICALLY
DEAL WITH INFILTRATION/INFLOW IN EXISTING SEWER SYSTEMS. Excerpts
from Title II of the federal Water Pollution Control Act Amend-
ments of 1972 are included in the Appendix of this presentation.
If you read the excerpts, you will note that it is now mandatory
to identify the extraneous water problems and to determine whether
the sewer system is subject to excessive infiltration/inflow.
Federal grant assistance is available to study the problem and,
in turn, to correct or accommodate it provided that all such work
is performed in "accordance with rules and regulations promulgated
by the Administrator", (EPA). Copies of the EPA rules and regu-
lations are available from each regional EPA office.
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SEWER SYSTEM EVALUATION ... WHAT IT IS
For the purpose of this discussion/ we will define sewer system
evaluation or system analysis as a systematic approach to
evaluating a sewer system which will enable the engineer to:
(1) Identify the scope and nature of the infiltration/inflow
problem.
(2) Establish an end objective. (The amount of infiltration/
inflow that can be economically eliminated)
(3) Isolate those general sections of the sewer system where
infiltration/inflow is occurring.
(4) Formulate a plan which can be economically justified for
investigating and locating specific areas from which the
major infiltration/inflow emanates.
(5) Formulate a plan which will assure correction of the
infiltration/inflow problem along with alternatives for
rehabilitation and a prediction of the end results that can
be expected.
(6) Establish hydraulic parameters for sewage treatment plant
design.
FEDERAL STUDY AND MANUAL OF PRACTICE
What are the causes, effects and means of correcting excessive
extraneous water entering public sewer systems, as a result of
infiltration and inflow? A very detailed and exhaustive national
study examining these factors and their economic impact in the
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United States has been conducted by the Research Foundation
of the American Public Works Association, under contract and
in concert with the water quality office of the Environmental
Protection Agency. The study involved many public agencies,
the American Public Works Association, the American Society of
Civil Engineers, the Water Pollution Control Federation, an
Industrial Advisory Panel, the Associated General Contractors
of America and consulting engineering firms.
AS A RESULT OF THIS JOINT EFFORT, TWO DOCUMENTS WERE PUBLISHED.
THE FIRST DOCUMENT IS ENTITLED, CONTROL OF INFILTRATION AND INFLOW
INTO SEWER SYSTEMS (NO. 11022 EFF 12/70). THIS REPORT IS A
TABULATION AND ANALYSIS OF INTENSIVE FIELD INVESTIGATIONS CARRIED
OUT BY THE FULL TIME STAFF OF APWA.
THE SECOND DOCUMENT IS ENTITLED, PREVENTION AND CORRECTION OF
EXCESSIVE INFILTRATION AND INFLOW INTO SEWER SYSTEMS ... A MANUAL
OF PRACTICE (NO. 11022 EFF 01/71). THIS REPORT CONTAINS THE
SUGGESTED METHODS, GUIDELINES AND PRACTICES PERTAINING TO THE
CONSTRUCTION, TESTING AND ACCEPTANCE OF NEW SEWER FACILITIES AS
WELL AS DEALING WITH THE PROBLEMS OF INFILTRATION/INFLOW INTO
EXISTING SEWER SYSTEMS. BOTH PUBLICATIONS ARE AVAILABLE FROM THE
SUPERINTENDENT OF DOCUMENTS, U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE,
WASHINGTON D.C. 20402 AT A COST OF $1.25 EACH.
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THE REPORTS ARE PART OF THE WATER POLLUTION CONTROL RESEARCH
SERIES OF THE WATER QUALITY OFFICE OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL PRO-
TECTION AGENCY. ANYONE WHO IS DIRECTLY RESPONSIBLE FOR THE
DESIGN,INSTALLATION OR MAINTENANCE OF SEWER SYSTEMS IS ENCOURAGED
TO PURCHASE THESE TIMELY EPA DOCUMENTS AND TO READ THEM THOROUGHLY,
THE INFORMATION WILL PROVIDE YOU WITH SOME NEW IDEAS FOR DEALING
WITH YOUR OWN SEWER PROBLEMS.
THE METHODOLOGY OF SEWER SYSTEM EVALUATION
Figure 1 shows the general considerations of an orderly pro-
grammed approach to evaluating a sewer system. Each phase of the
program will be discussed separately. The following presentation
should facilitate the understanding of the federal Guidelines for
Control of Infiltration/Inflow in Sewer Systems. Phase I deals
with the work involved under the Infiltration/Inflow Analysis
section of the Federal EPA Guidelines. Phases II and III refer
to the work involved under the Sewer System Evaluation Survey
section.
PHASE I - INFILTRATION/INFLOW ANALYSIS
Figure 2 shows the essential considerations.under this phase of
the program. The first problem is to find the problem. Without
identifying how much extraneous water one has to conquer, any
program of search and correct would be a shotgun approach without
direction. Without a definite objective, no one would know what
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portion of the total problem is being solved at any one time
nor would one know how much money would have to be spent for
correction.
a. Patterned Interviews
The Patterned Interview involves the first look at
the extraneous water problem in the community. An
experienced professional in the area of infiltration/
inflow should interview everyone who is, or has been,
connected with the sewer system. Subsequent analysis
of the data will answer questions and give the analyst
a feel of the overall problem.
The general objective of the patterned interview is
to focus the problem. The questions should cover a
broad spectrum of subjects ranging from technological
and geological matters to municipal performance capa-
bilities to the socio-economic profile of the city. A
well planned interview also helps the municipality
to think about its problems in an orderly fashion
and to recognize alternate methods for solution. The
interviews reveal what the municipality knows and,
more important, what it does not know about its sewer
system. It tells both the engineer and municipality
what yet remains to be answered before the evaluation
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program can continue. This is the key to the evaluation
process. If you cannot identify the problem you must
solve, the system evaluation program should stop.
The next step is the collection of all available data
such as the treatment plant records, maps, etc. pertain-
ing to the infiltration/inflow problem. Many communi-
ties have no maps of their sewer system. It is often
necessary to gather whatever data is available, however
sketchy. Once all this information is gathered, it
must be assimilated, and here is where analytical as
well as practical experience in sanitary engineering
and sewer system maintenance is necessary.
Questions and Comments:
b. Sanitary and Storm Sewer Map Study
The next step is to study the plot maps of the sanitary
and storm sewer systems. If the maps are not available
in reasonably accurate form, system evaluation is diffi-
cult if not impossible and efforts must be made to
garner whatever piece-meal information is available.
A map should be developed for those areas which need
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evaluation since the patterned interviews may dictate
that the entire sewer system need not be evaluated.
The study of the plot maps generally reveals relation-
ship of storm sewers to sanitary sewers, location of
pumping stations, key manhole juncture points, and
a host of other valuable data. Without accurate plot
maps and flow charts, further study is impossible.
Questions and Comments:
c. System Flow Diagrams
When the appropriate sewer plot maps are developed,
it is then possible to divide the system into mini-
systems which can be studied independently. The
Vector Flow diagrams can be prepared which will relate
the theoretical sewer capacities to the actual flow
conditions.
Information from the vector flow diagrams coupled with
the study of the sewer plot maps and analysis of the
data collected during the patterned interviews gives
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the experienced analyst the sense of direction he
needs to solve the infiltration/inflow problems in
the sewer system.
Questions and Comments:
d. Dry vs Wet Weather Flow Determinations
Analysis begins with a very careful comparison of
the flow records obtained from the municipality.
Correlations are drawn between times of high sewage
flow and periods of heavy rainfall and/or runoff.
The difference between the peak industrial and
domestic flow rates and peak wet weather flow rate
determines what we call "Delta Q" flow rate, or
the magnitude of the extraneous water problem.
The nature of the infiltration/inflow problem, the
sewage treatment requirements, the industrial sewage
contribution, the climatological and seasonal vari-
ations, must be considered in determining the scope
of the study and the time of performance. The Delta
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Q should be reduced to its contributing components
by district to facilitate the investigation in the
major problem areas.
Questions and Comments:
e. Preliminary Field Survey and Selective Flow Tests
Flow surveys and other tests can be conducted at
selective locations to more accurately determine
the scope of the infiltration/inflow problem. The
engineer should familiarize himself with the subject
of instrumentation relating to appropriate sewer flow
measurement techniques. It is safe to say that there
/ has been much time wasted gathering flow data by "V"
notch or other types of weirs on a 24 hour surveillance
basis. The results have either been useless or
inconclusive.
Flow tests conducted at the wrong time and under the
wrong conditions will lead to fallacious conclusions,
and random weiring at key locations in the system may
not yield meaningful results. Ineffectual tests can
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result in costly corrective measures and provide no
solution for the flooded basement conditions, raw
sewage by-passing, or other infiltration/inflow
connected problems.
The author has found that one of the most practical
methods of flow measurement is simply to measure the depth
of flow in pre-determined key manholes with a ruler.
Knowing the hydraulic characteristics of the sewers in
these manholes (slope, pipe size, etc.) a computation
will determine the flow rate. It is important•that
these depth measurements are taken at the proper times,
such as dry weather, high groundwater and rainfall
situations, so that the relationships between the flows
at these times can be compared. These measurements,
coupled with allowances for peak domestic and industrial
flow rates, will be the determinant as to whether flows
are possibly excessive or non-excessive at these key
points.
Questions and Comments;
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f. Determination of Excessive or Non-Excessive Infiltration/
Inflow
Information to be obtained and evaluated in making a
determination as to whether flows are excessive or
non-excessive includes:
1. Flow data for all flows in the sewer system
including overflows and bypassed flows
2. Location, frequency and cause of overflow conditions
in the collection/treatment system caused by
infiltration/inflow
3. Relationships of existing population and industrial
contribution to flows in the sewer system
4. Geographical and geological conditions which may
affect the present and future quantities or
correction costs of the infiltration/inflow
5. A general discussion of age, length, type, materials
of construction and known physical condition of the
sewer systems
From this information preliminary estimates can be
developed for the relative costs (for the design life
of the treatment works) both for correcting the infiltration/
inflow conditions, and increasing the treatment works
capacity to provide the required degree of wastewater
treatment for the quantities of infiltration/inflow.
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Excessive infiltration/inflow would be present in
the sewer system if the cost estimate for its treatment
would be greater than the cost estimates for its
correction.
Questions and Comments:
g. Establish a Plan of Action, Budget and Timetable
for Execution
Having determined in the earlier phases of the
infiltration/inflow analysis that the infiltration/
inflow problem is excessive, the engineer must now
recommend a program that will culminate in the solution
of the problem. A proposed detailed plan for a systematic
sewer system evaluation survey would normally be divided
into five phases:
1. Physical Survey
2. Rainfall Simulation
3. Preparatory Cleaning
4. Television Inspection
5. Analysis
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An explanation of the plan would include the tasks
to be performed, the method of task accomplishment,
data to be obtained and recorded, information and data
to be reported and a cost estimate for each phase of
the survey which is recommended. An approximate
estimate of starting dates and duration of execution
of each phase is necessary taking into account the
climatological restrictions for performance.
Questions and Comments:
PHASE II - FIELD INVESTIGATION AND SURVEY
The infiltration/inflow problem has now been identified, areas
of study established, budget estimates set and expected results
determined. Phase II can now be considered. Figure 3 generally
outlines the work entailed in this phase of the system investi-
gation. It should be pointed out that the physical survey,
ground water analysis and rainfall simulation work must be com-
pleted before it is possible to prepare an engineering report,
analysis and timetable for the performance of the preparatory sewer
cleaning and selected television inspection studies.
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a. Physical Survey and Groundwater Analysis
The physical survey of the sewer system involves
the descent into every manhole that is within the
study area of the sewer system. It should be
emphasized that the mere observation of sewer flows
from on the top of the ground does not constitute
a physical survey. Accurate assessments of actual
manhole and sewer conditions can only be made from
inside the manhole. The physical survey is con-
ducted by descending every manhole in the area of
study and actually observing the degree and nature
of the deposition in all lines into and out of the
manhole.
Unless each manhole is descended and each pipe
lamped, it is unlikely that the engineer can
accurately judge the impact of infiltration on the
system as a whole. By actual observation the engineer
may be able to eliminate large portions of the system
from further study.
Inspection by a trained observer during the physical
survey generally reveals sources of inflow that
might otherwise go undetected, such as manhole covers
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with large holes, obvious deficiencies in the manhole
structures, manholes located in natural ponding areas
and other such deficiencies. These sources of inflow
are usually the least costly to eliminate. The
physical survey provides valuable information for
refining the cost effective rehabilitation estimates.
Questions and Comments:
b. Rainfall Simulation
If the infiltration/inflow analysis demonstrates that
major inflow problems occur during periods of intense
rainfall, a controlled systematic check of all storm
sewers that parallel or cross the sanitary sewer system
and/or house services should be initiated. In performing
this phase, the percolative capacity of the soil should
be taken into account. A Rainfall Simulation study is
not simply the flooding of storm sewers with dyed water,
but is a geologic and hydrologic study of the assimilative
capacity of soil surrounding the storm sewer, coupled
with the susceptability of the sanitary sewers to accept
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the exfiltration/infiltration phenomenon. In addition,
before and after flow rate comparisons are essential
to the success of this phase of the work. Unless these
flow rates are compared, it is impossible to determine
the impact of rainfall on the system as related to the
exfiltration/infiltration phenomenon.
Without the appropriate engineering considerations,
i.e. flow rate comparisons, time of flooding, time
lapse for dye transfer, etc., the results of an impro-
perly conducted storm sewer flooding program will yield
fallacious results upon which equally fallacious con-
clusions and recommendations will be made.
Again the reader is cautioned that great care and
professional judgement should be exercised in conduct-
ing these simulation tests. They should not be con-
ducted by the inexperienced or lay person.
Diverse field conditions dictate the extent of this
phase. The number of open ditches and closed storm sewer
conduits to be tested and the availability of water
supplies are a few of the major considerations that
must be taken into account during this phase of the
program.
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It should be pointed out that rainfall simulation
is not always required in every system evaluation
study. Here again whether or not storm sewers are
to be tested is dependent upon the pre-determination
by the engineer. He must decide whether or not the
impact of rainfall on the sanitary sewer system
creates excessive inflow conditions. Furthermore, it
should be brought to the engineer's attention that this
work does not include the cleaning and/or televising
of the storm sewers being tested. Only in very rare
and unusual cases, will storm sewers need to be
cleaned and televised as part' of a sewer system
evaluation study. Hydraulic testing of storm sewers
to determine whether exfiltration and cross connections
affect the adjacent sanitary sewers should not be con-
fused with the procedure of televising sewers.
Questions and Comments:
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c. Prepare Engineering Report and Analysis
The engineering report which summarizes and evaluates
all of the findings of the physical survey, groundwater
analysis and rainfall simulation studies, provides
the basis for the culmination of this phase of the
program. The engineer must be able to economically
justify his recommendations for future work. His
conclusions must assure the municipality that, if the
work is carried out as recommended, the infiltration/
inflow problem will be brought under control. The
report should further itemize the infiltration/inflow
findings by sewer district which then is correlated
to the total Delta Q. Television inspection and
cleaning schedules are established and the next phases
of the study are determined.
Based on the recommendations and analyses from the
physical survey and rainfall simulation, meaningful
engineering reports can be prepared and budget adjust-
ments made. At this juncture in the program, precise
locations for televising can be determined and the
exact cost of these TV inspections established. Com-
pletion dates and^end results can be predicted. The
engineer can plan the necessary preparatory sewer
cleaning and television inspection. Sewer cleaning
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costs can also be accurately predicted.
Because time is usually a critical factor, it should
be pointed out that the television inspection generally
can be accomplished much more rapidly than the preparatory
sewer cleaning. Many municipalities are not sufficiently
staffed to perform the preparatory sewer cleaning prior
to the deadline stipulated by federal and state govern-
ments. Generally they do not possess the cleaning
equipment which will minimize the time required for
proper preparatory cleaning.
It is the engineer's responsibility to advise the
municipality on the latest sewer cleaning techniques,
the time required to perform the work and the anticipated
costs. After a thorough discussion of all of the findings
and recommendations as a result of the field investiga-
tions, the municipality is now ready to proceed with
selective preparatory cleaning and television inspection.
Questions and Comments;
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d. Preparatory Sewer Cleaning
At this point a reiteration and further clarification
of the preparatory sewer cleaning program is necessary.
The importance of identifying the physical condition
of the sewer system was previously discussed. The
findings of the physical survey indicate not only the
apparent deficiencies in the system, but also the nature
and degree of the deposition within the sewers.
In many smaller communities, routine maintenance
may mean rodding of sewers on an as needed basis with
occasional flushing of the rest of the system once or
twice a year. In other communities, routine main-
tenance may mean actual cleaning of each section of
sewer once every two to three years. The important
point to stress is that full gauge instruments must
be used in any sewer cleaning preparatory to TV
inspection. Full gauge instruments may mean rubber
squeegees with the use of the conventional bucket
machines or they may mean an extra pass or two with
the high velocity hydraulic jet machine.
Particular attention should be paid to root removal.
Up to now, the successful removal of roots with the use
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of a jet machine and hydraulic root cutter has not
proven successful enough to be considered as sufficient
preparation for TV viewing. It is recommended that
conventional bucket machines be used with root scarifiers,
brushes and squeegees where ever heavy root infestations
are in evidence. These areas are located during the
physical survey.
The preparation of a routine sewer maintenance program
is included as part of the physical survey report
since future costs for sewer maintenance are projected
in the report. Intelligent budgeting is now possible
rather than basing the sewer maintenance budget on last
year's figures plus 10 per cent which were based on the
previous year's figures plus 10 per cent, etc., all of
which were really not based on cleanliness, or lack
thereof.
In analyzing this data, the scope of the sewer cleaning
program can be established in terms of crew hours and
dollars. Sewer cleaning is a necessary prerequisite
for any subsequent television inspection that may be
required. Many engineers are not aware of the tremendous
time involved in properly preparing sewers for television
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inspection. They assume that this is a routine function
that any municipality is capable of performing. Thorough
cleaning of sewers which will permit optimum viewing
with television cameras is not routine work in most
municipalities. In addition, municipal governments
generally do not provide adequate funds to do the "first
time around cleaning" needed to restore full capacity
to sewers. Therefore, it is the duty of the engineer
to not only describe the general condition of the sewer
system, including all of the physical deficiencies that
can be visually observed, but also to point out the
scope of the cleaning program required. Special
emphasis should be placed on those locations where
infiltration/inflow is known to exist. The data from
the physical survey will dictate the most practical
scheduling of municipal sewer cleaning crews, and for
the first time will permit municipal officials to
set realistic budgets for these activities.
There are various, ways to clean a sewer. With the advent
of the new hydraulic cleaning machines, more efficient
sewer cleaning can be accomplished in a fraction of the
time required by older methods. Facing up to the cleaning
problems has forced many municipalities to reconsider not
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only their budgets, but the methods they employ for
sewer maintenance.
Cleaning costs, however, are a function of the nature
of the deposition, volume of debris to be removed
and the distance between manholes. It is the engineer's
responsibility to accurately justify these cleaning
costs as part of his estimated budget for system evalu-
ation and restoration.
Normally more sewers will have to be cleaned than are
televised. Depending on the findings of the physical
survey, there are times when extra cleaning is necessary
to avoid the reclogging of sewers prior to televising.
This will assure that the sewers to be internally
studied will remain clean long enough for television
inspection work. The cleaning process is generally far
more time consuming than the actual television inspection
work. It is not reasonable to have a television camera
available on site at all times while the cleaning crews
are working in attempts to televise right behind the
cleaning crews. This method will result in much higher
costs for TV inspection.
The preparatory sewer cleaning will be an allowable
Federal cost only where it is necessary prior to any
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television inspection. WHOLESALE, INDISCRIMINATE AND
ECONOMICALLY UNJUSTIFIABLE SEWER CLEANING AND TELE-
VISING WILL NOT BE ELIGIBLE FOR FUNDING ASSISTANCE.
Questions and Comments:
e. Television Inspection of Preselected Sewers
Under the previous phases of the work, the infiltration/
inflow problem was localized. It was identified in
terms of approximate quantities and the general areas
where the sources originate. The municipality now
knows that the sewers in these areas are leaking, but
it does not know whether or not such leaks emanate from
house services, joints, broken pipe, cross connections,
etc. It also does not know the general condition of the
pipe, the number of contributing sources, nor their
quantitative contribution of extraneous water. The
ONLY way to pinpoint the problem is by use of the
television camera. The sophisticated use of this inspec-
tion tool will produce valuable data which can be con-
structively used for analytical purposes. Since viewing
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the monitors also requires field interpretations, the
same tool in the hands of the inexperienced, with little
or no analytical capabilities can prove to be a great
waste of time and money.
Television provides the only means by which moving water
can be instantly observed. This, of course, is the object
of a system evaluation.
If the infiltration/inflow analysis indicates that ground
water is the major factor contributing to the infiltration/
inflow problem, televising sewers in the middle of the
driest months will not yield the expected results. TV
inspection must be conducted during those periods when
the ground water is at its highest level.
Groundwater studies are usually encompassed as part of
the physical survey of the sewer system. Groundwater
gages should be installed in key selected manholes as
a means of correlating the impact of static heads on
sewage flows. This procedure will be necessary in order
to determine the relative significance of infiltration to
the total infiltration/inflow problem. Figure 5 shows
a typical static groundwater gage installation.
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-30-
If it has been pre-determined that inflow is a signifi-
cant part of the problem, selected storm sewers should
be reflooded so that television inspection can be
accomplished under simulated rainfall conditions.
Those sections of storm sewers that must be reflooded
during the TV inspection are determined during the
Rainfall Simulation Study.
Experience to date has shown that the use of still
photography is neither practical nor advisable for
a sewer system evaluation survey. The objective in any
study is to identify all of the sources of infiltration/
inflow ... therefore, one must include the extraneous
water contributions from service connections.
If, for example, a house service is flowing during a
TV inspection, the camera travel must be stopped and
the possibility of domestic contribution to the observed
flow determined. If no flows are being generated within
the house, then it can be assumed that the observed flow
is infiltration or inflow. Basement footing drain tile,
yard drains and other extraneous water sources entering
the house service are further indications that the flows
observed on the TV screen are not domestic contributions.
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-31-
Still photography may indicate (after the film is
developed) that a house service was flowing, raising
the question, "Were those people using their facilities
at three o'clock yesterday afternoon?" No one will ever
know. To date, the author's attempts to conduct
infiltration studies using still photography or movie
cameras have met with little success.
Still photography or the use of movie cameras may have
merit if the intent of the sewer inspection is merely
for structural purposes. Experience, however, has
shown that TV cameras are preferable for infiltration/
inflow studies since deficiencies are more discernable
and can be evaluated instantly as compared to waiting
for film development. It is important that any TV
inspection for infiltration/inflow identification include
the location and rate of contribution of each leak.
Without such quantitative evaluations, extensive repairs
based on sealing big leaks, little leaks, drippers, etc.
are strictly arbitrary. Without predetermining the
relative contribution of sewer main leaks, house service
leaks and manhole leaks, one cannot be assured of an
accurate and meaningful analysis upon which decisions for
correction can be made.
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-32-
Polaroid or 35MM pictures taken from the TV monitor
as permanent records will not always reveal the
necessary information required for an infiltration
analysis. The use of video tape recordings during
the TV viewing process enables the engineering analyst
to review the important findings. Based on his own
independent observations along with those of the
trained TV technician, he will be able to make an
unbiased and a more accurate evaluation of the
extraneous water findings.
Television inspection performed as part of any infiltration/
inflow study usually cannot be successfully accomplished
on a bid basis. If such a practice is followed, the
successful bidder is interested only in how fast he can
go through the sewer at a fixed price. Each time the TV
camera travel must be stopped in order to determine
whether the visible source of water flow into the sewer
is extraneous water or domestic waste water (i.e. house
service flow, etc.), the TV operator becomes nervous
because he is wasting time. He cannot afford to spend
the time to study the flow. The experienced professional
can accurately determine a fair and reasonable fee for
such infiltration/inflow study work. The engineer is
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-33-
cautioned not to confuse volume bid type sewer
televising with utilizing the same tool as an aid to
engineering evaluation work. Costs of televising
sewers for infiltration/inflow studies are generally
higher than those for volume viewing for such purposes
as TV inspection of new sewer construction, before
paving, etc.
As was pointed out previously,during infiltration/inflow
study viewing, camera travel must often be stopped so
that extraneous water from house services, roof drains,
footing tile, yard drains and other possible infiltration/
inflow sources can be accurately identified and quantified,
It is essential that these types of extraneous water
entry be differentiated from those emanating from sewer
joints in the main sewers.
Viewing sewers above 24" and below 8" diameter may be
higher in cost. Televising pipe smaller than 8" presents
a higher degree of risk since protruding service
connections, horizontal or vertical misalignment, offset
joints, etc. could easily prohibit passage of the TV
camera. Conversely, attempting to televise large diameter
sewers which handle heavy flows often requires special
setups and rigging to float the camera through the line.
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-34-
Depending upon the distance between manhole stations,
the setup and rigging costs could substantially
increase the costs .
Questions and Comments:
f. Preparation of the Evaluation Survey Report and
Analysis
All TV engineering reports should include the engineering
analysis and recommendations, final map preparation and
cost estimates for rehabilitation. The sewer system
evaluation report is the basis for formulating the
rehabilitation program. It represents the culmination
of all the investigative procedures. At this stage of
the program definite decisions can be made based on
positive recommendations for replacement and/or repair.
It is now possible to compare the extraneous water
findings of the TV investigation to the original
estimated Delta Q determinations that were made during
the infiltration/inflow analysis. It is also possible
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-35-
to accurately predict the end results that the
municipality can expect in the way of extraneous
water reduction if the recommended rehabilitation
program is carried out.
It is important to stress the difference between a
TV report and an analytical evaluation. A TV report
contains log sheets showing field data along with
Polaroid pictures of obvious physical deficiencies
and apparent leaks. A conventional TV report generally
describes leaks as big leaks, little leaks, drippers,
house service flowing or apparent break, etc.
These reports often include comments at the bottom
of the page indicating leaks should be sealed without
any quantitative explanation.
In other words, a TV report still leaves the evaluation
of the data to the municipality or its engineer who may
or may not be experienced in the interpretation of the
data. Without an accompanying video tape showing move-
ment of water such evaluation would be valueless especially
if the engineer did not have the opportunity to be in
the field during the viewing operations. Attempts to
evaluate a video tape in a remote office by an engineer
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-36-
with no first hand knowledge of field operations could
lead to interpretations of data that result in erroneous
evaluations and marginal rehabilitation results. It is
not possible to achieve meaningful interpretive results
by having a TV inspection firm video tape every foot of
sewer. This does not constitute a sewer system evaluation
survey. It is also a waste of time to have to view video
tapes which depict foot after foot of good sound sewer
pipe. Recording all of the good pipe on video tape is
very expensive and is not worth the cost.
A useful engineering report (analytical evaluations)
will not only include standard log sheet data,P olaroid
pictures, house service locations,etc., but also a
quantitative analysis of each leak in terms of gallons
per minute. These quantitative judgements are based on
laboratory simulations, the combined judgements of a
competent TV technician and an experienced reviewing
engineering specialist. With this flow data, the engineer
is able to make a sound judgement as to whether the
infiltration/inflow sources should be rehabilitated.
Summary tables should be prepared which indicate the
rehabilitation needed, differentiating between those
repairs which will reduce the infiltration/inflow
and those that should be made from a structural point
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-37-
of view. The engineer should be able to point out
the difference between excessive and non-excessive
infiltration/inflow conditions. Therefore, based on the
recommendations, interpretations and evaluations of
the engineering report, an intelligent rehabilitation
program can be prepared which will serve as a basis
for funding requirements.
Questions and Comments:
g. Preparation of the Proposed Rehabilitation Program
TV reports can be voluminous. A municipality is not
usually interested in all of the details. It is the
job of the evaluating engineer to summarize the findings
of the TV inspection, and to present the findings,
recommendations and a rehabilitation program.
Questions and Comments:
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-38-
THE NEED FOR PUBLIC RELATIONS
The municipality now knows its entire problem. It is able to
witness the problem on video tape. It now has a budget, it
feels comfortable in what it has to do ... but not so comfortable
in raising the necessary money or seeking the support of the
taxpayers. Here again, the engineer must take an active part
in presenting the repair and rehabilitation program to the public.
No matter how justified the project may be, the public must feel
the urgent need for the work and must feel that the projects, as
recommended, are worthwhile. It has been found that most municipal
councils are more than willing to hold a public meeting on this
matter. Announcing these meetings in the news media and inviting
any and all interested parties to hear and see the results of the
TV inspection are excellent civic public relations gestures.
It is becoming more and more apparent that the consulting engineer
must become cognizant of the importance of public relations in his
work. A well conducted presentation of an infiltration/inflow
study using video tape equipment, large color-coded overlay maps
and layman oriented engineering reports can serve as valuable
tools at any public meeting. Showing selected portions of the video
tapes which depict significant infiltration/inflow, structural
deficiencies and as well as sound sections of pipe gives the
interested citizen an opportunity to witness first hand the need
for a rehabilitation program. Such meetings can be held in a
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-39-
council chamber, school auditorium or some other appropriate
place where a large group of people can gather. The engineer
can explain to the public the findings of his report and the
recommendations for rehabilitation.
In the case of new treatment works, the design consultant can
explain his phase of the work and how it correlates to the
collection system evaluations. The mayor or some other municipal
official can explain the position of the council and the course
of action they plan to take. An appropriate question and answer
period stimulates further interest. In this way, the general
public can recognize the need for money to be expended in correcting
the infiltration/inflow problem. The pictorial, graphic and docu-
mented evidence is available for all to see.
Questions and Comments:
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-40-
PHASE III - REHABILITATION
Figure 4 refers to Phase III of the program. A decision has now
been made, based on the findings of the engineers' reports, as to
which sewers will not need any work, which sewers can be successfully
grouted, relined or replaced to eliminate the sources of infiltration/
inflow, the amount of street repair that will be required, and a
total program whereby the engineer will be able to prepare plans
and specifications for each class of work. It should be the
responsibility of the engineer to give serious consideration to
all methods of rehabilitation. These considerations are a part of
the analytical work encompassed in the engineering report for
television inspection.
a. Sewer Repair
Sewer repair is defined as the partial physical replace-
ment, internal or external grouting, or relining of the
sewer pipe. The cost of rehabilitation varies over a
wide range. Engineers should take into account local
construction costs, availability of local contractors,
etc. to determine meaningful costs for rehabilitation
of the sewer pipe.
Grouting
In those cases where sewer grouting is recommended,
a word of caution is in order. Not all soils will
accept grout. The engineer should familiarize
himself with the limitation of all available
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-41-
grouting technology. If he is not acquainted
with the latest techniques available, he should
make it his professional duty to learn. There
are limitations as to the types of soil that will
readily accept grout and remain permanent.
There are some grouting materials that are definitely
not recommended for sewer rehabilitation.
A recent innovation in sewer sealing technology,
involving the use of elastomeric polymer grouts
has been developed. This technique involves internal
in-place application of a new gasket to the pipe
structure itself as compared to the common accepted
procedure of grouting the soil surrounding the
sewer pipe. However, at this date the methods
involving elastomeric polymer compounds are new
and untested in the field as to permanence, wearing
quality, permeability factors, adhering quality,
resistant to root penetration, etc. The new method
does show promise in time but should not be confused
with the proven soil grouting techniques in common
use today.
The engineer should be forwarned that basic unit
grouting costs quoted generally do not reflect the
cost of the chemical grout needed which could inflate
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-42-
unit costs by 100% to 150% or more, depending
upon the geological characteristics of the soil
such as percolation rates, void ratios, etc. The
engineer must include the cost of the chemical
grout in his rehabilitation estimates. Grouting
should be accomplished by only experienced and
qualified personnel. Attempts to restrict the
bidders as to the maximum amount of grout to be
pumped per joint can result in future joint failure.
On the other hand, excessive use of grout can be a
gross waste of money. It is possible to pre-
determine the reasonable amount of grout expected
to be pumped per joint that will still assure a
permanent repair job. Proven technology and time-
tested materials are the standards by which the
engineer must judge this work. CAUTION; SEWERS TO
BE GROUTED SHOULD NOT BE DONE ON A"TEST AND/OR SEAL"
EVERY JOINT BASIS WITHOUT THE BENEFIT OF SYSTEM
EVALUATION. SEALING EVERY JOINT IN ANY ONE MANHOLE
REACH CAN RESULT IN COSTS THAT COME CLOSE TO, OR
EXCEED, COMPLETE SEWER REPLACEMENT.
The engineer must also include in his estimate the
cost for correcting the sources of excessive inflow.
These types of corrections would include, but not
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-43-
be limited to, such items as disconnecting roof
drains that are directly connected to sanitary
sewers, replacement of manhole covers that contain
holes, raising manhole covers above the flood plain,
plugging off yard and driveway drains that are
connected to sanitary sewers, changing grades to
eliminate ponding situations, etc.
IN CONSIDERING ANY REHABILITATION WORK, THE ENGINEER
SHOULD ALWAYS KEEP IN MIND THE QUESTION, "HOW MUCH
INFILTRATION/INFLOW, IN TERMS OF G.P.M., WILL BE
ELIMINATED FOR THE DOLLARS OF REHABILITATION MONEY
SPENT AND ... WHAT PER CENT OF THE TOTAL INFILTRATION/
INFLOW PROBLEM IS BEING SOLVED BY SUCH WORK?"
It would require a separate presentation and lengthy
discussion to adequately cover the technology and
methodology of sewer grouting. At this point it is
safe to emphasize that there are many responsible
sewer grouting firms throughout the country with
expertise from whom the consulting engineers can obtain
reliable information. The consultant must obtain
this information and seek the advice of such firms
in preparing the rehabilitation costs for the proposed
rehabilitation program. It is the responsibility of
the engineer to accurately determine the costs of the
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-44-
rehabilitation work he proposes,
Questions and Comments:
b. Pipe Relining
Another alternative for the rehabilitation of existing
sewer systems is the recently developed technology
of pipe relining. The location, type and condition of
sewer to be rehabilitated will determine the feasibility
of this method.
To date, relining technology has not progressed to the
point where unit costing procedures can be standardized.
Complications arising from the reconnection of house
services or the backfilling of the void between the lines
and the existing pipe can result in added costs not
anticipated in the'rehabilitation estimate. Relining is a
method for achieving the rehabilitation objective and
should be compared with other alternatives on a cost
effective basis.
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-45-
Questions and Comments:
c. Sewer Replacement
The latest standards for new sewer construction need not
be explained here. Modern methods of acceptance of new
sewer work, such as low pressure air testing, have been
well publicized.
In those cases where complete sewer replacement is
recommended, consideration must be given to dealing with
the reconnection of existing house services, the proximity
of other utilities, the traffic disruption, and a host
of other factors that normally become involved in this
sort of rehabilitation. Again, the costs for this work
will depend on local experiences.
Questions and Comments:
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-46-
d. Finalization of Treatment Plant Design
Once the quantity of excessive infiltration/inflow has
been identified, the consultant can begin to seriously
consider finalizing the hydraulic design parameters
for the wastewater treatment works. He can be
comfortable that he has a handle on the infiltration/
inflow problem and that it will be brought under
control.
The engineer can now prepare plans and specifications
for the sewer system rehabilitation work along with
those for the construction or expansion of the
treatment works., There is assurance that the new
treatment works will accept all of the waste water.
Intensive rainfalls will not cause basement flooding
raw sewage by-passing, lift stations will not be
overloaded and the groundwater infiltration will be
controlled. The wastewater treatment works will
function and serve the needs of the community.
Questions and Comments:
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-47-
SUMMARY
Infiltration/inflow of extraneous waters in sewer systems cause
many problems including raw sewage by-passing. The "Zero Dis-
charge" federal goal for pollution control has created new
considerations that the engineer must now face in dealing with the
design of wastewater treatment works. The recent advent of
television inspection cameras, sewer relining, plus external
and internal grouting equipment, has provided the engineer with
useful and valuable tools for implementation of sewer system
rehabilitation. However, the use of such equipment to solve the
infiltration/inflow problem without the benefit of a logical
and systematic approach can prove to be costly and ineffective.
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-48-
APPENDIX
-------
FIGURE 1
A "PHASED" PROGRAM FOR SEWER SYSTEM EVALUATION
AND REHABILITATION INFILTRATION/INFLOW STUDIES
PHASE I INFILTRATION/INFLOW ANALYSIS
PHASE II FIELD INVESTIGATION AND SURVEY
PHASE III REHABILITATION
FIGURE 2
PHASE I
INFILTRATION/INFLOW ANALYSIS
a. Patterned Interviews
b. Sanitary and Storm Sewer Map Study
c. System Flow Diagrams
d. Dry vs Wet Weather Flow Determinations
e. Preliminary Field Survey and Selective Flow Tests
f. Determination of Excessive or Non-Excessive
Infiltration/Inflow
g. Establish a Plan of Action, Budget and
Timetable for Execution
FIGURE 3
PHASE II
FIELD INVESTIGATION AND SURVEY
a. Physical Survey and Groundwater Analysis
b. Rainfall Simulation <•
c. Prepare Engineering Report and Analysis
d. Preparatory Sewer Cleaning
e. Television Inspection of Preselected Sewers
f. Preparation of the Evaluation Survey Report
and Analysis
g. Preparation of the Proposed Rehabilitation
Program
vo
I
FIGURE 4
PHASE III
REHABILITATION
a. Sewer Repair
b. Pipe Relining
c. Sewer Replacement
d. Finalization of Treatment Plant Design
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-50-
FIGURE 5
STATIC GROUNDWATER GAGE
INSTALLATION
(L
(5W/
^
\
Yi
y x xxxxxxxxxxk
^7 — ^
^
s
/^
^^^
SECURE TUBE
TO STEPS
MEASURE FROM THE TOP
OF EACH PIPE TO THE
WATER LEVEL IN THE TUBE
INSTALL GAGE AS
NEAR AS POSSIBLE TO
THE TOP OF THE
LOWEST PIPE IN THE
MANHOLE.
GROUNDWATER
GAGE
•'.: •: :*.' •. -s.*
' • -v' '•'.*•/.'•
INVERT
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Public Law 92-500
92nd Congress, S. 2770
October 18, 1972
86 STAT. 816
trol Aot Amend-
°f
To amend the Federal Water Pollution Control Act.
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the
United States of America in Congress assembled, That this Act may be Federal Water
cited as the "Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of Pollution Con-
1972".
SEC. 2. The Federal Water Pollution Control Act is amended to read
as follows: 84 stat. 91.
33 USC 1151
"TITLE I—RESEARCH AND RELATED PROGRAMS note.
''DECLARATION OF GOALS AND POLICY
"SEC. 101. (a) The objective of this Act is to restore and maintain
the chemical, physicalj and biological integrity of the Nation's waters.
In order to achieve this objective it is hereby declared that, consistent
with the provisions of this Act—
" (1) it is the national goal that the discharge of pollutants into
the navigable waters be eliminated by 1985;
" (2) it is the national goal that wherever attainable, an interim
goal of water quality which provides for the protection and
propagation of fish, shellfish, and wildlife and provides for recrea-
tion in and on the water be achieved by July 1,1983;
" (3) it is the national policy that the discharge of toxic pollut-
ants in toxic amounts be prohibited;
"(4) it is the national policy that Federal financial assistance
be provided to construct publicly owned waste treatment works;
"(5) it is the national policy that areawide waste treatment
management planning processes be developed and implemented
to assure adequate control of sources of pollutants in each State;
and
" (6) it is the national policy that a major research and demon-
stration effort be made to develop technology necessary to elimi-
nate the discharge of pollutants into the navigable waters, waters
of the contiguous zone, and the oceans.
•'(b) It is the policy of the Congress to recognize, preserve, and
protect the primary responsibilities and rights of States to prevent.
reduce, and eliminate pollution, to plan the development and use (in-
cluding restoration, preservation, and enhancement) of land and
water resources, and to consult with the Administrator in the exercise
of his authority under this Act. It is further the policy of the Congress
to support and aid research relating to the prevention, reduction, and
elimination of pollution, and to provide Federal technical services and
financial aid to State and interstate agencies and municipalities in con-
nection with the prevention, reduction, and elimination of pollution.
"(c) It is further the policy of Congress that the President, act-
ing through the Secretary of State and such national and international
organizations as he determines appropriate, shall take such action as
may be necessary to insure that to the fullest extent possible all for-
eign countries shall take meaningful action for the prevention, reduc-
tion, and elimination of pollution in their waters and in international
waters and for the achievement of goals regarding the elimination of
discharge of pollutants and the improvement of water quality to at
least the same extent as the United States does under its laws.
"(d) Except as otherwise expressly provided in this Act, the Ad- Administration.
ministrator of the Environmental Protection Agency (hereinafter in
this Act called 'Administrator') shall administer this Act.
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October 18, 1972 -19- Pub. Law 92-500 86 STAT> 834
;'(1) the recycling of potential sewage pollutants through the
production of agriculture, silviculture, or aquaculture products, or
any combination thereof;
"(2) the confined and contained disposal of pollutants not
recycled;
''(3) the reclamation of wastewater; and
"(4) the ultimate disposal of sludge in a manner that will not
result in environmental hazards.
"(e) The Administrator shall encourage waste treatment manage-
ment which results in integrating facilities for sewage treatment and
recycling -\yith facilities to treat, dispose of, or utilize other industrial
and municipal wastes, including but not limited to solid waste and
waste heat and thermal discharges. Such integrated facilities shall be
designed and operated to produce revenues in excess of capital and
operation and maintenance costs and such revenues shall be used by
the designated regional management agency to aid in financing other
environmental improvement programs.
il(f) The Administrator shall encourage waste treatment manage-
ment which combines 'open space' and recreational considerations with
such management.
"({?)(!) The Administrator is authorized to make grants to any
State, municipality, or intermunicipal or interstate agency for the
construction of pub'licly owned treatment works.
"(2) The Administrator shall not make grants from funds author- Condi-tions.
ized for any fiscal year beginning after June 30, 1974, to any State,
municipality, or intermunicipal or interstate agency for the erection,
building, acquisition, alteration, remodeling, improvement, or exten-
sion of treatment works unless the grant applicant has satisfactorily
demonstrated to the Administrator that—
" (A) alternative waste management techniques have been stud-
ied and evaluated and the works proposed for grant assistance
will provide for the application of the best practicable waste
treatment technology over the life of the works consistent with the
purposes of this title; and
"(B) as appropriate, the works proposed for grant assistance
will take into account and allow to the extent practicable the
application of technology at a later date which will provide for
the reclaiming or recycling of water or otherwise eliminate the
discharge of pollutants.
"(3) The Administrator shall not approve any grant after July 1,
1973, for treatment works under this section unless the applicant shows
to the satisfaction of the Administrator that each sewer collection
system discharging into such treatment Avorks is not subject to excessive
infiltration.
"(4) The Administrator is authorized to make grants to applicants
for treatment works grants under this section for- such sewer system
evaluation studies as may be necessary to carry out the requirements
of paragraph (3) of this subsection. Such grants shall be made in
accordance with rules and regulations promulgated by the Adminis-
trator. Initial rules and regulations shall be promulgated under this Rules and
paragraph not later than 120 days after the date of enactment of the regulations,
Federal "Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972.
"FEDERAL SHARE
"SEC. 202. (a) The amount of any grant for treatment works made
under this Act from funds authorized for any fiscal year beginning
after June 30,1971, shall be 75 per centum of the cost of construction
-------
66 STAT. 835 Pub- Law 92-500 -20- October 18, 1972
thereof (as approved by the Administrator). Any grant (other than
for reimbursement) made prior to the date of enactment of the Federal
Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972 from any funds
authorized for any fiscal year beginning after June 30, 1971, shall,
upon the request of the applicant, be increased to the applicable per-
centage under this section.
"(b) The amount of the grant for any project approved by the
Administrator after January 1,1971, and before July 1,1971, for the
construction of treatment works, the actual erection, building or
acquisition of which was not commenced prior to July 1, 1971, snail,
upon the request of the applicant, be increased to the applicable per-
centage under subsection (a) of this section for grants for treatment
works from funds for fiscal years beginning after June 30, 1971, with
respect to the cost of such actual erection, building, or acquisition. Such
increased amount shall be paid from any funds allocated to the State
in which the treatment works is located without regard to the fiscal
year for which such funds were authorized. Such increased amount
shall be paid for such project only if—
"(1) a sewage collection system that is a part of the same total
waste treatment system as the treatment works for which such
grant was approved is under construction or is to be constructed
for use in conjunction with such treatment works, and if the cost
of such sewage collection system exceeds the cost of such treatment
works, and
"(2) the State water pollution control agency or other appro-
priate State authority certifies that the quantity of available
ground water will be insufficient, inadequate, or unsuitable for
public use, including the ecological preservation and recreational
use of surface water bodies, unless effluents from publicly-owned
treatment works after adequate treatment are returned to the
ground water consistent with acceptable technological standards.
"PLANS. SPECIFICATIONS, ESTIMATES, AND PAYMENTS
"SEC. 203. (a) Each applicant for a grant shall submit to the
Administrator for his approval, plans, specifications, and estimates for
each proposed project for the construction of treatment works for
which a grant is applied for under section 201(g)(l). from funds
allotted to the State under section 205 and which otherwise meets the
requirements of this Act. The Administrator shall act upon such plans,
specifications, and estimates as soon as practicable after the same have
been submitted, and his approval of any such plans, specifications, and
estimates shall be deemed a contractual obligation of the United
States for the payment of its proportional contribution to such project.
"(b) The Administrator shall, from .time to time as the work pro-
gresses, make payments to the recipient of a grant for costs of con-
Limitation, struction incurred on a project. These payments shall at no time exceed
the Federal share of the cost of construction incurred to the date of the
voucher covering such payment plus the Federal share of the value of
the materials which have been stockpiled in the vicinity of such con-
struction in conformity to plans and specifications for the project.
" (c) After completion of a project and approval of the final voucher
by the Administrator, he shall pay out of the appropriate sums the
unpaid balance of the Federal share payable on account of such
project.
"SEC. 204. (a) Before approving grants for anv project for any
treatment works under section 201(g)(l) the Administrator shall
determine—
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86 STAT. B43
Pub. Law 92-500
-28-
October 18, 1972
Appropriation.
Teohnioal
assistance.
Appropriation.
79 Stat. 244.
42 USC 1962
note.
Annual report
to Congress.
Appropriation.
"(3) Each applicant for a grant under this subsection shall submit
to the Administrator for his approval each proposal for which a grant
is applied for under this subsection. The Administrator shall act
upon such proposal as soon as practicable after it has been submitted.
and his approval of that proposal shall be deemed a contractual
obligation of the United States for the payment of its contribu-
tion to such proposal. There is authorizd to be appropriated to carry
out this subsection not to exceed $50,000,000 for the fiscal year ending
June 30, 1973, not to exceed $100.000,000 for the fiscal year ending
June 30, 1974, and not to exceed $150,000,000 for the, fiscal yenr
ending June 30,1975.
" (g) The Administrator is authorized, upon request of the Governor
or the designated planning agency, and without reimbursement, to con-
sult with, and provide technical assistance to, any agency designated
under subsection (a) of this section in the development of areavide
waste treatment management plans under subsection (b) of this
section.
"(h)(l) The Secretary of the Army, acting through the Chief of
Engineers, in cooperation with the Administrator is authorized and
directed, upon request of the Governor or the designated planning
organization, to consult with, and provide technical assistance to, any
agency designed under subsection (a) of this section in developing
Mnd operating a continuing areavide. waste treatment management
planning process under subsection (b) of this section.
" (2) There is authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary of the
Army, to carry out this subsection, not to exceed $50.000.000 per fiscal
year for the fiscal years ending June 30, 1973, and June 30, 1974.
"BASIN PLANNINO
"SEC. 209 (a) The President, acting through the Water Resources
Council, shall, as soon as practicable, prepare a Level B plan under tho
Water Resources Planning Act for all basins in the United States. All
such plans shall be completed not later than January 1, 1980, except
that priority in the preparation of such plans shall be given to those
basins and portions thereof which are within those areas designated
under paragraphs (2), (3), and (4) of subsection (a) of section 208
of this Act.
"(b) The President, acting through the Water Resources Council.
shall report annually to Congress on progress being made in carrying
out this section. The first such report shall be submitted not later than
January 31,1973.
" (c) There is authorized to be appropriated to carry out this section
not to exceed $200,000,000.
"ANNUAL SURVEY
"SBC. 210. The Administrator shall annually make a survey to deter-
mine the efficiency of the operation and maintenance of treatment works
constructed with grants made under this Act. as compared to the effi-
ciency planned at the time the grant was made. The results of such
iinnual survey shall be included in'the report, required under section
.-)lfi(a)ofthisAcf.
•'
SEWAGE COLLECTION SYSTEMS
"SEC. 211. No grant shall be made for a sewage collection system
under this title unless such grant (1) is for replacement or major reha-
bilitation of an existing collection system and is necessary to the total
integrity and performance of the waste treatment works servicing such
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October 18, 1972
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Pub. Law 92-500
86 STAT. 844
community, or (2) is for a new collection system in an existing com-
munity with sufficient existing or planned capacity adequately to treat
such collected sewage and is consistent with section 201 of this Act.
"DEFINITIONS
"SEC. 212. As used in this title—
"(1) The term 'construction' means any one or more of the follow-
ing: preliminary planning to determine the feasibility of treatment
works, engineering, architectural, legal, fiscal, or economic investiga-
tions or studies, surveys, designs, plans, working drawings, specifica-
tions, procedures, or other necessary actions, erection, building,
acquisition, alteration, remodeling, improvement, or extension of
treatment works, or the inspection or supervision of any of the
foregoing items.
" (2) (A) The term 'treatment works' means any devices and systems
used in the storage, treatment, recycling, and reclamation of municipal
sewage or industrial wastes of a liquid nature to implement section
201 of this Act, or necessary to recycle or reuse water at the most eco-
nomical cost over the estimated life of the Avorks, including intercept-
ing sewers, outfall sewers, seAvage collection systems, pumping, pOAver,
and other equipment, and their appurtenances; extensions, improve-
ments, remodeling, additions, and alterations thereof; elements essen-
tial to provide a reliable recycled supply such as standby treatment
units and clear Avell facilities; and any Avorks, including site acquisition
of the land that Avill be an integral part of the treatment process or is
used for ultimate disposal of residues resulting from such treatment.
"(B) In addition to the definition contained in subparagraph (A)
of this paragraph, 'treatment AA-orks' means any other method or sys-
tem for preventing, abating, reducing, storing, treating, separating,
or disposing of municipal Avaste, including storm Avater runoff, or
industrial .waste, including waste in combined storm Avater and sani-
tary seAver systems. Any application for construction grants Avhich
includes wholly or in part such methods or systems shall, in accordance
Avith guidelines published by the Administrator pursuant to subpara-
graph (C) of this paragraph, contain adequate data and analysis
demonstrating such proposal to be, OA-er the life of such Avorks, the
most cost efficient alternative to comply Avith sections 301 or 302 of
this Act, or the requirements of section 201 of this Act.
"(C) For the purposes of subparagraph (B) of this paragraph, the
Administrator shall, Avithin one hundred and eighty days after the
date of enactment of this title, publish and thereafter revise no less
often than annually, guidelines for the evaluation of methods,
including cost-effective analysis, described in subparagraph (B) of
this paragraph.
"(3) The term 'replacement' as used in this title means those
expenditures for obtaining and installing equipment, accessories, or
appurtenances during the useful life of the treatment Avorks necessary
to maintain the capacity and performance for Avhich such Avorks are
designed and constructed.
"TITLE III—STANDARDS AND ENFORCEMENT
"EFFLUENT LIMITATIONS
"SEC. 301. (a) Except as in compliance with this section and sec-
tions 302, 306, 307, 318, 402, and 404 of this Act, the discharge of any
pollutant by any person shall be unlawful.
"(b) In order to carry out the objective of this Act there shall be
achieved—
Methods,
evaluation
guidelines,
publication.
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