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-------
Report No. EPA-910/9-87-180
Methow Valley Air-Quality Simulation
Halstead Harrison
WYNDsoft, Inc.
6333 77th Avenue SE
Mercer Island, Washington 98040
June 25, 1987
Prepared for
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Region 10
1200 Sixth Avenue
Seattle, Washington 98101-3188
-------
An Air-Quality Simulation of Total Suspended Particles
In the Methow Valley of Okanogan County, Washington State
Halsttad Harrison
WYNDsoft Inc.
6333 77th Avenue SE
Mercer Island, WA 98040
The concentrations of total suspended particles (TSP) in the air of a constricted mountain valley
system have been simulated with a 820-box, 2-layer model that accounts for systematic and ran-
dom winds with boundary conditions appropriate to the complex valley contours. Three-day
episodes were computed with the actual winds of February 10-12, 1985, with base-case and pro-
jected emissions.
Resulting estimates of TSP-concentration fields are presented as functions of time and space, for
highest 24-hour averages and for highest 6-min episodes. Comparisons are presented between
observations and simulations.
I. Introduction
This report completes a two-part task for the US Environmental Protection Agency,
Region X, to simulate smokey episodes in the Methow Valley of Okanogan County.1
Task 1 of this projected has been completed with the report 'On Air-Quality Modeling in
Complex Terrain, with Emphasis on WYNDvalley, A Dispersion Model for Near-
Stagnant Flows' [Harrison, 1987]. That report described the application of Gaussian-
plume and box-model simulations in complex terrain, and the technical details of
WYNDvalley, a box model that had been used in an earlier simulation of the Methow.
[R.W. Beck Associates, 1985]. This present report describes recent modifications of
WYNDvalley and presents data for source emissions and winds, and the model's output
simulations for the concentrations of suspended atmospheric particles.
H. WYNDvalley
WYNDvalley is a conventional linear box model adapted to the complex topologies and
boundaries that characterize drainage-valley airsheds. For details the reader is referred
to the report of Task 1 [Harrison, 1987). The choice of transport parameters is crucial to
successful use of such models ... or,, indeed, all models. A sensitive parameter that dom-
inates predictions for tracer concentrations in airsheds that are laterally restricted, as in
the present case, is the rate at which ventilation occurs across the upper surface of the
modeled region, into the free atmosphere above. In the previous exercise of WYNDval-
ley, this ventilation was simulated as occuring from a single layer of 'boxes' whose
heights (100m) and ventilation rates were estimated subjectively with the help of
1 Order Number 7Y0499NNSA, March 26, 1987 [amended April 1, 1987}, ATTN: R. Wilson, EPA, 1200 Sixth
Avenue ES-098, Seattle, WA 98101-3188
-------
acoustic soundings on 'typical' stable winter days. The resulting rates corresponded
roughly to Gifford-Pasquill-Turner stability class E, for which the eddy-diffusivity
coefficient at
-------
- 3-
of the next two columns locate each box: i- increases leftwards from the upper
right corner of the accompanying figures Ib and Ip, and j- increases down.wards.
The fourth column '1985' gives one of the base-case inventories used in the previous
exercise [Beck, 1985]. The fifth column '1983' is the base inventory for the present
study. The sixth, 'inc' gives the anticipated increments above the 1983 base case,
and the seventh 'Total' sums the two. The last column lists the differences
between the 1985 and 1983 inventories. All emissions are in kilograms per day.
Figure 2 illustrates an assumed fractional emission curve for TSP as a function of
time of day. This curve remains unchanged from that assumed earlier.
2. Transport
I am grateful to Mr. R. Miller and Ms. P. Thede of the Washington State Depart-
ment of Ecology for making available to me the original wind data collected by
WDOE at the Knott Station in Winthrop and the Bernheisel residence in Carleton,
during the period January 1 through April 14, of 1985. These data display hourly
velocities in 1 mph increments, and directions in 5 degree increments. An examina-
tion of this record showed three periods of 72 hours (midnight to midnight) for
which the mean winds were less than 2 mph. While most of the velocity entries for
these periods showed finite winds, the direction entries defaulted to '000', which
coded 'calms'. [360 coded northerly winds].
I selected one of these 72-hour episodes, from midnight to midnight of February
10-12, 1985, as displaying the largest incidence of calms.
Table II lists the transport coefficients used in each of 72 successive hours for the
simulations. The second and third columns show the horizontal and vertical
diffusivities. The fourth column gives the winds. All northerly winds are negative
and all southerly are positive. All winds within 90 degrees of each of these two car-
dinals were subsumed into one category or the other. [This is less arbitrary than
will later appear, because most winds were assigned as 'random'.] The last three
columns show the diffusive [Rt], ventilation [/?,], and advection [./?] terms as used
by WYNDvalley, as fractions per hour. These were obtained in the following way:
a. Gifford-Pasquill-Turner stability class 'E' was assumed, for which the horizon-
tal and vertical diffusivities were taken to be 12.5 and. 0.126 m~s~l, respec-
tively, at wind speeds of 1 mph [Harrison, 1987: table 1, page 23]. These
values were then multiplied by the magnitudes of the prevailing hourly wind
speeds, and Rd and /? were estimated as Ky /dx2 and K:/dz~.
-------
- 4-
b. Next the '000' flag for 'calms' was examined, and where these occurred the
horizontal eddy-term, Rt, was modified by adding the absolute value of the
indicated wind speeds divided by the horizontal grid spacing, dx. Where the
'000' flag was omitted, the advective term, Rw, was retained as the wind
speeds over dx, with appropriate sign. In the few cases where wind speeds
were tabulated as zero, 1 mph was assumed for the K, and K,, but no 'ran-
dom' winds were added to the Rt.
Figure 3 illustrates the temporal behavior of the three transport terms, in
arbitrary but proportional scales, for the 72 hour period of the simulations.
3. Results
a. The time-dependent behavior of TSP simulations at Twisp, Winthrop,
and Early Winters, during the 72 hour episode, are shown in figures 4b
and 4p, for the base-case and projected emissions, respectively. These
show steadily increasing concentrations at the three sites, punctuated by
several short spikes when the winds were reported as zero, and ter-
minated by more brisk winds in the late evening of February 12. Curves
of this type are sensitive to the assumed starting conditions, unless rela-
tively brisk winds also depress the TSP levels at the beginning of the
episode, as indeed they do here. For the present illustrations, starting
TSP levels were assumed to be at steady-state with the starting tran-
sport parameters, but results for the last 24 hours of the simulation are
essentially equivalent when zero initial TSP levels were assumed instead.
b. Spatial patterns for TSP concentrations are displayed in 5-8, for both 24
hour averages [between hour 48 and 72] and for the highest 6 minute lev-
els, for the base-case emissions, for projected emissions, and for the
difference between these emissions.
Some comparisons between simulations and observations are presented below
in Table IV.
-------
- 5-
Table IV
Model Comparisons with Observations
Entries are TSP in /*g/m3
Base Year
Site
Projected Year
observed model model
24-hr 24-hr/6-min 24-hr/6-min
24 Mazama
134 Winthrop
241 Twisp
353 Carleton
156
86
45
33/48
89/178
112/197
39/63
80/126
135/268
130/222
46/74
IV. Summary and Discussion
The modeled numbers approach, but do not exceed, the emerging PM10 standard
that 2nd highest annual 24-hr averages should be less than -150 /ig/m3. For 2 out
of 3 comparisons that are available between the model and observations, the agree-
ment is excellent. The third is wildly wrong. This case was observed on a windy
fall day, not in the winter season . A suspicion here is that somebody was burning
leaves or slash. The highest 24-hr TSP observed in Mazama during in December
and January of 1984-1985 was 18 jig/m3.
Modeling '2nd-highest 24-hr averages' is extraordinarily vulnerable to outliers, both
of measurements and models. The user of these numbers must ultimately judge
how representative of 2nd-highest episodes are the parameters chosen, and must do
this with little assistance from measurements, for which a single episode was chosen
from only four months meteorological data. The parameters selected here represent
a best guess at severe conditions that might be encountered 3-10 times per year.
As a another guess, the PM10 standard may be exceeded with the projected emis-
sions, about 5-10 times per decade. But all bets are off for emission sources not
included in the present inventory ... such as leaf burning.
-------
- 7-
V. References
Beck, R.W. and Associates (1985)
Methow Valley Air-Quality Study and Management Plan
Okanogan County Planning Department, 227 4th North, Okanogan, WA 98440
Harrison, H. (1987)
On Air-Quality Modeling in 'Complex Terrain, with Emphasis on WYNDvalley, A
Dispersion Model for Near-Stagnant Flows
WYNDsoft Inc., 6333 77th Avenue SE, Mercer Island, WA 98040
WDOE (1986)
Washington State Air Monitoring Data for 1985
Washington State Department of Ecology, Office of Air Programs,
Olympia, WA 98504-8711
-------
- 6-
Figure Captions
lb,p Spatial distributions of emission inventories in kg/day for base-case and pro-
jected emissions.
2 Diurnal emission function for wood-smoke emissions
3 Temporal behavior of the transport coefficients for April 10-12, 1985. The
ordinate scales are arbitrary and offset, but proportional.
4b,c Temporal behavior of the simulated TSP concentrations at Twisp, Winthrop
and Early Winters (Mazama), for base-case and projected emissions.
5b,p Spatial distributions of the highest 24-hour average simulated TSP, for base-
case and projected emissions.
6b,p Spatial distributions of the highest 6-minute maxima of simulated TSP, for
base-case and projected emissions.
7 Spatial distributions of the 24-hr increments [projected minus base-case] of
simulated TSP.
8 Spatial distributions of the 6-minute increments [projected minus base-case] of
simulated TSP.
-------
HE1HOU UALLEY AIR-QUALITY SIHULAIION
,0< < 50,0
30,6
20,0
10,0 <
0,0 <
HiniwiM -
40,0
30,0
< 20,0
10.0
0,00 Kg/day
4,00 Kg/day
46,41 Kg/day
Early Winters ->
north >
"I
IlllltlllIlllIf1111111111II
Illlllllllllllllllllllll
MIIMIIIIIMIII
Illllllllllllill
Chewack River
Base-Case Ewissions
-------
HETHOU UALLEY AIHUALIN SIMULATION
< 69,4
< 49,0
{ 30.0
B { 20,0
o { 10,0
30,0 <
20,0 <
10,0 <
0,0 <
Early Winters -
NiniMUM
Average
HaxiMUM
0.00 Kg/day
5,57 Kg/day
69,39 Kg/day
north -->
lllllll|lll|lll|lllllll|
III III
III|III|III|IM|III|III|IIIIIHI
mil ilium iiliiiliiiliiiliiilm|iiiiiM|iiiiiii|iiii
nil liiiliiiliii!iiiliiiliii|iii|i(i|iiiiiii|
iilmliiiliiil
Chewack River
Projected Emissions
-------
0,05
D D D D
a D a D cr t a a a a E
0,03
0,02
0,01
0,
-B-El B B-0-
<- fraction of daily wood swoke
ertissions pep hour
H-
C
9
M
12 PM 6 aM 12 noon 6 PM 12 PM
-.- tiMe of day )
-------
A
H(wind)
R(vent) x 10
R(diff)
24 -- hours -->
72
-------
259
150
50
0
Base Case
MSP Iug/nA31
Early Winters\
0
24 -- hours -->
72
-------
259
209
150
50
~
Projected [Missions
<- ISP [ug/MA3]
0
Hinthrop
0
24 -- hours -->
72
-------
HEIHOH VALLEY AIR-QUALITY SIMULATION
120,0 (
90,0 <
60,0 <
30,0 <
0,0 < '
HaxiHUH
Average
HinimiM
( 150,0
{ 120,0
.0
,0
30,
Early Winters -
r
Illl
T\
H'
north -->
m
cr
lllll|llll
llllllllll
llllllllllllUIIIIIII|lll|lll|lll|
"""
llllllllll llllllllllflllllll|lll|lll|IH|
Illllllllllllllll
Cbeuack River
Base ISP: 24-hr, Avg,
-------
HEIHOU UALLEY AIR-QUALITV SIHULflTION
126,6 < i < 150,0
L0 < ( 120,0
( 90,0
33,0 ( a < 60.0
Early Winters ->
0,0 <
Average
Mini Him
30,0
135,30 ug/«A3
69,87 ug/HA3
0,00 u.g/HA3
InMHiliiiltnl
Chewack River
Projected ISP; 24-hr, Avg,
-------
UALLEY A1HUALI1Y SIMULATION
120,0 < « < 197,0
i» < 120.0
,0<
,0
30,0
0,0
HaxiMUM
Average
HiniMUM
,0
< 30,0
: 197,00 ug/MA3
: 70,77 ug/hA3
: 0,00 ug/HA3
Early Winters ->
;i:
HIM
Iwisp
River
H-
iQ
C
Clieyack River
Base ISP: 6-nin, Max,
-------
HETHOU UALLEV AIR-QUALITV SIHULAIION
120,0 <
90,0 <
(0,0 <
30,0 (
0,0
2(8,1
120,0
B <
Early Winters ->
30.0
2(8,10 ug/HA3
97,50 ug/«A3
0,00 ug/MA3
uiiii
Mil
Illlll
Tyisp
River
C
I
north ->
((I
U,,,l,,,,,,.,,,.,,|,,,|
liuhiiliiiliiil
Chewack River
Projected ISP! (-Min, Max.
-------
NE1HOH VALLEY AIHUALIIV SIHULAIION
< 50,8
< 46,0
< 30,0
< 20,0
< 10,0
: 48,50 ug/«A3
: 19,99 ug/HA3
: 0,00 ug/MA3
Tyisp
Riven1
30,0 <
20,0 <
10,0 <
0,0 < !
HaxiMUH
Average
HininuM
Early Hinters ->
jj
0
c
i
ID
north --}
>III|IM|MI|III|MI|
llltllHMimill
Chewack River
Increnent ISP! 24-hp, Aug.
..
-------
30,0 <
20,0 <
10,0 <
0,0 (
VALLEY AIR-QUALITY SIMULATION
1,0
1,0
HaxiMUH
Average
MiniHUM
<
<
30,0
20.0
10,0
90,00 U9/HA3
26.73 ug/»A3
0,00 u?/MA3
Early Winters ->
I wisp
River
J""""T'T"
IMIUl|lll|lllllllllll|lll
IM|II*|III|III|III|III
hii
Im
...,,
lllllll
"
ml
north -->
11
H-
fl
C
1
I
CO
Chewack River
Increnent ISP; 6-Min, Max,
-------
D 1,«=? IE
Source Data Lkg/day 3 for Met how Valley
n i j 1985 1983 inc Total 1985-1983
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
£.*£.
23
24
25
26
27
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Q.OO
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Q.OO
0.00
0.00
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13.81
13.81
13.81
0.00
0.99
0.99
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1.97
8.88
1.97
8.88
8.88
6.91
0.49
2.96
2.96
4. 19
4. 19
2.63
0.49
4. 19
4. 19
2 . 63
2. 63
3.88
1.97
1.97
1 . 64
1 . 97
1.97
1 . o4
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
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11.75
11.75
11.75
0.00
0.86
0.86
0.86
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
1.94
7.22
1.94
7 . 22
7 . 22
6. 79
0.64
2.75
2.75
3. 72
3. 72
2.26
0.64
3.72
3. 72
2. 26
2. 26
3.09
2.02
2.02
1.29
2.02
2. 02
i . 29
0.00
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. 0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.96
0.96
6.21
6.21
6.21
2. 22
5.23
5.23
5.23
0.00
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0.00
0.00
1.00
13.82
1.00
13.82
1 3 . 82
7.37
0.00
0.00
O.QO
13. 48
13.48
1.30
0.00
1 3 . 48
13.48
1.80
1.80
5.06
3.09
3.09
0. 64
3.09
3.09
0 . 64
0.00
0.00
0.00
O.QQ
0.00
0.00
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0.96
0.96
17.96
17.96
17.96
2.22
6.09
6.09
6.09
0.00
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O.QO
Q.OO
2.94
21.04
2.94
21 .04
21.04
14. 66
0.64
2.75
2.75
1 7 . 20
17.20
4. 06
0.64
17.20
17. 20
4.06
4.06
13. 15
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5. 1 1
1 . 93
5 . 1 1
5 . 1 1
1.93
0.00
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0.00
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-------
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46
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55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
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70
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74
75
76
77
78
79
80
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82
83
84
85
86
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92
93
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... ,...
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3.70
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2.26
2.26
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0.27
0.27
0.27
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0.67
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1.01
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2. 28
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0. 39
4. 07
1.93
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5.66
5.66
5.66
5.66
11.64
11.64
2.98
2.98
8.59
2.98
8.59
3.59
1.29
1.97
1.97
1.97
1.97
3.61
3.61
0.00
2.09
2.09
1.96
1.96
1.96
1.96
3. 75
0.00
1.53
1.53
1.08
1.08
0.48
0.48
0.00
1.53
1.53
1.08
1.08
0.48
0.48
1.87
1 .87
6. 32
6 . 32
0.82
0.82
6 n 7 4
0.35
0.00
0.31
0.31
0.31
0.31
1.28
1.28
0.25
0.25
0.29
0.25
0.29
0.29
0. 68
0.03
0.03
0.03
O.O3
0.56
0.56
0.00
0. 19
0.19
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-0.06
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-0.06
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0. 10
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-0.07
-0.07
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0.10
0. 10
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-0.07
-0.07
-0.07
0.13
0.13
0.63
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0.23
On 29
-------
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
1 44
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
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23
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26
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29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
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27
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34
35
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36
37
38
29
30
31
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30
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33
34
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2.96
2.22
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0.49
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1.23
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13.07
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1.48
1.48
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2.96
2.96
2.22
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0.49
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1.23
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13.07
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1.48
1.48
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1.73
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5.67
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56.00
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1.48
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5.67
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8.39
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0.64
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10.51
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2.67
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2.02
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0.64
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1.29
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4.77
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46.41
46.41
1.29
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1.38
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4.77
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46.41
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1.29
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5. 17
7. 11
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8.09
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4.07
1.32
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0.75
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2.63
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4.36
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0.81
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4.07
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1.32
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0.75
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2.63
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4.36
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0.81
0.81
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1. 18
0.46
0.46
2.25
2.25
22.99
22.99
4.22
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0.46
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2.25
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22.99
22.99
4.22
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3.22
5.99
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3.06
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6.74
3.34
3.34
1.40
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3.92
3.92
14.88
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2. 18
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6.74
6.74
3.34
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14.88
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1.84
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7.02
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69.39
69.39
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1.84
1.84
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10.17
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0. 10
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0.35
0.35
0.90
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9.59
9.59
0. 19
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9.59
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1.03
1 . 03
1.28
1.28
1.28
-0. 06
-------
4
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
27
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28
28
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29
29
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30
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31
31
31
31
31
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4.69
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11.84
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4.69
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1.48
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3.06
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3.74
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2.49
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13. 11
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9.89
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6.53
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2.63
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9.04
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1.69
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1.69
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0.30
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-------
- 5 -
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
2O3
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
2.44
36
36
36
36
37
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37
38
38
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39
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24
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20
21
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
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37
33
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2.96
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10.85
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4.60
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2.66
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4.36
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1.94
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18.92
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3. 72
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0.64
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18.92
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0.64
4.68
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35.03
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43. 25
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4.47
4.47
3. 16
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4.47
4.47
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5.75
2.68
2.68
5.75
5.75
3.98
3.98
2. 14
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4.67
20.58
20.58
4.09
4.09
0.64
14.08
5.75
6.56
6.56
9.76
9.76
4. 67
4.67
20.58
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4.09
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5.28
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37.39
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48.03
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5. 93
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0.00
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0.57
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0.59
0.37
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3.53
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6 . 7 4
9 , 05
9.05
0,99
0.99
-------
- 6 -
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
41
41
42
42
42
42
42
42
42
42
42
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
46
46
46
46
46
46
47
47
47
47
47
47
48
48
47
48
17
18
38
39
40
41
42
46
47
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
40
41
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43
44
45
46
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40
41
42
43
44
45
46
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41
42
43
44
45
46
41
42
43
44
45
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2.96
2.96
1.97
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41.77
52.30
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6.41
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4.96
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5.82
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0.46
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48.03
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2.79
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5.42
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0. 70
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0.38
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0.63
0. 63
1.09
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0.17
0.17
0.55
0.55
0. 35
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0 . 17
0 . 1 7
-------
- 7 -
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
3O3
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
34-0
341
342
343
344
48
48
48
48
49
49
49
49
49
49
49
49
49
50
50
50
50
50
50
51
51
51
51
51
52
52
52
52
52
52
53
53
53
53
53
54
54
54
55
55
55
55
55
56
56
56
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56
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43
44
45
46
41
42
43
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41
42
43
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41
42
43
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41
42
43
44
45
41
42
43
40
41
42
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34
35
36
38
39
40
41
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3.95
3.95
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1.48
1.48
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4.60
4.93
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4. 60
4. 60
4.93
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3.40
3.40
0.64
0.64
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2.02
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1.29
1.29
1.94
1.94
2.58
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2.02
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1.29
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0.97
0.97
5.42
5.42
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4.45
4.45
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0.43
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1. 12
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2. 18
2. 18
1.50
1.50
2. 14
2. 14
2.58
0.00
0.00
2. 18
2. 18
1.50
1.50
1.48
1.48
6.54
6.54
0.00
1.48
1.48
6.54
6.54
0.00
0.00
5.57
5.57
0.50
0.50
0.00
5.57
5.57
0.50
4.95
4.93
4.93
2.58
5.79
0.75
0 . 75
0 . 00
4 . 95
4. 95
4 9 3
4. 93
0.55
0.55
0.35
0.35
0.00
0.00
0.20
0.20
0. 19
0. 19
0.03
0.03
0.38
0.00
0.00
0.20
0.20
0. 19
0. 19
0.02
0.02
1.24
1.24
0.00
0.02
0.02
1.24
1.24
0.00
0.00
0.98
0.98
-0. 10
-0. 10
0.00
0.93
0.98
-O. 10
0.61
0.57
0.57
-0.61
0.75
-0. 1.6
-0. 16
0.00
0.61
O.61
0.57
0 . 5 7
-------
- 8 -
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
57
57
57
57
57
57
58
58
58
59
59
60
60
61
61
61
62
62
63
63
64
64
64
65
65
65
65
65
66
66
66
67
67
67
68
68
68
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
1 1
12
13
14
15
-37
38
39
40
41
42
38
39
40
38
39
38
39
37
38
39
38
39
39
40
39
40
41
38
39
40
41
42
41
42
43
42
43
44
43
44
45
35
35
35
35
34
34
34
34
3.4
34
33
33
32
0.66
0.66
7.40
7.40
1.48
1.48
0.66
7.40
7.40
2.96
2.96
2.96
2.96
1.64
1.64
1.48
1.64
1.48
4. 19
4. 19
4. 19
4. 19
1.97
0.00
0.49
0.49
4.44
4.44
4.44
4.44
0.00
0.00
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
4.93
4 . 93
1.43
1.48
1. 48
1 . 48
4. 93
0.43
0.43
6. 14
6. 14
1.29
1.29
0.43
6. 14
6. 14
2.58
2.75
2.58
2.75
1.72
1.72
1.29
1.72
1.29
3.72
3.72
3.72
3.72
1.29
0.00
0.64
0.64
3.72
3.72
3.72
3.72
0.00
0.00
0.32
0.32
0.32
0.32
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
4.05
4.05
1.29
1 .29
1.29
1.29
4. 04
0. 14
0. 14
1.28
1.28
0.20
0.20
0. 14
1.28
1.28
0.69
0.42
0.69
0.42
0.39
0.39
0. 10
0.39
0. 10
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.00
0.00
O.-OO
0.00
0.21
0.21
0.21
0.21
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
1.02
1.02
0.00
0 . 00
0.31
0.31
0.59
0.57
0.57
7.43
7.43
1.50
1.50
0.57
7.43
7.43
3.27
3. 16
3.27
3. 16
2. 11
2. 11
1.39
2. 11
1.39
4.23
4.23
4. 23
4.23
. 1 . 29
0.00
0.64
Q. 64
3.93
3.93
3.93
3.93
0.00
0.00
0.32
0.32
0.32
0.32
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
5.07
5 . 07
1.29
1.29
1.61
1.61
4. 63
0.23
0.23
1.26
1.26
0. 19
0. 19
0.23
1.26
1.26
0.38
0.21
0.38
0.21
-0.08
-0.08
0. 19
-0.08
0. 19
0.47
0.47
0.47
0.47
0.68
0.00
-0. 15
-0. 15
0. 72
0.72
0.72
O.72
0.00
0.00
-O.G7
-0.07
-0.07
-0 . 07
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
O.OO
0.00
0.88
0 . S3
0. 19
0. 19
0.19
0. 19
0.89
-------
- 9 -
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
15
16
16
17
17
18
18
19
19
20
20
20
21
21
21
21
33
32
33
32
33
32
33
32
33
32
33
34
32
33
34
35
8.39
4.93
8.39
7.89
0.99
7.89
0.99
9.87
0.66
9.87
0.66
0.66
0.99
4.69
4.69
0.66
7.44
4.04
7.44
7.44
0.65
7.44
0.65
8.25
0.43
8.25
0.43
0.43
0.86
4.04
4.04
0.43
1.02
0.59
1.02
2.37
0.20
2.37
0.20
2.53
1.97
2.53
1.97
1.97
1.01
2.28
!ti . liS
0.39
8*47
4.63
8.47
9.80
0.86
9.80
0.86
10.78
2.40
10.78
2.40
2.40
1.87
6.32
6.32.
0.32
0.95
0.89
0.95
0.45
0.34
0.45
0.34
1.62
0.-23
1.62
0.23
0.23
0. 13
0.65
0.65
0 . 23
-------
II
Transport Parameters
Winthrop: Knott Station
1:00 AM Feb 10, 1985 thru 12:00 PM Feb 12,
1985
i
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
Ky
mA2/s
37.50
50.00
50.00
37.50
37.50
37.50
25 . 00
25.00
25.00
25.00
12.50
12.50
12.50
12.50
25.00
25. OO
12.50
25.00
25.00
12.50
12.50
37.50
37.50
37.50
25.00
25.00
25.00
12.50
12.50
12.50
12.50
12.50
12.50
12.50
12.50
25.00
37.50
37.50
12. 50
Kz
mA2/s
0.38
0.50
0.50
0.38
0.38
0.38
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0. 13
0. 13
0. 13
0. 13
0.25
0.25
0. 13
0.25
0.25
0. 13
0. 13
0.38
0.38
0.38
0.25
0.25
0.25
0. 13
0. 13
0. 13
0. 13
0. 13
0. 13
0. 13
0. 13
0.25
0.38
0. 38
0.13
wind
mph
-3
-4
-4
~" J
-3
-3
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
2 .
2
1
2
±.
1
1
-3
-3
-3
'2.
2
ji
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
!*^!
3
3
1
Rd
/hr
0.209
0.278
0.278
0.209
0.209
0.209
4. 139
4. 139
4. 139
4. 139
2 . 070
2.070
2.070
2.070
4. 139
4. 139
2.070
4. 139
4. 139
2.070
2.070
0.209
0.209
0.209
4. 139
4. 139
4. 139
2.070
2. 070
2.070
2.070
2.070
2.070
0.070
2.070
4. 139
0.209
0.209
2.070
Rv
/hr
0.544
0.726
0.726
0.544
0.544
0.544
0.363
0.363
0.363
0.363
0. 181
0. 181
0. 181
0. 181
0.363
0.363
0. 181
0.363
0. 363
0. 181
0. 181
0.544
0.544
0.544
0.363
0. 363
0.363
0. 181
0. 181
0. 181
0. 181
0. 181
0. 181
0. 181
0.181
0. 363
0.5*4
0. 544
Q .131
RUJ
/hr
6.000
8.000
8.000
6.000
6.000
6.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
o.ooo
0.000
0 . 000
0.000
0.000
6.000
6.000
6.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
o.ooo
O.QQO
6.000
6-. QOO
0 . 000
-------
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
25.00
12.50
25.00
25.00
25.00
25.00
12.50
12.50
12.50
12.50
25.00
12.50
12.50
12.50
12.50
12.50
12.50
12.50
12.50
12.50
12.50
12.50
12.50
12.50
12.50
12.50
12.50
25.00
37.50
50.00
37.50
50.00
37.50
0.25
0. 13
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0. 13
0. 13
0. 13
0. 13
0.25
0. 13
0. 13
0. 13
0. 13
0. 13
0. 13
0. 13
0. 13
0. 13
0. 13
0. 13
0. 13
0. 13
0. 13
0. 13
0. 13
0.25
0.38
0.50
0.38
0.50
0.38
ji.
1
2
JL
2
2
1
1
0
1
~'
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
1
1
2
3
-4
3
4
-3
4. 139
2.070
4. 139
4. 139
4. 139
4. 139
2.070
2.070
0.070
2.070
4. 139
2.070
2.070
0.070
2.070
2.070
2.070
2.070
2.070
2.070
2.070
2.070
2.070
0.070
0.070
2.070
2.070
4. 139
6.209
0.278
0.209
0.278
0. 209
0.363
0. 181
0.363
0.363
0.363
0.363
0. 181
0. 181
0. 181
0. 181
0.363
0. 181
0. 181
0. 181
0. 181
0. 181
0. 131
0. 181
0. 181
0. 181
0. 181
0. 181
0. 181
0. 181
0. 181
0. 181
0. 181
0.363
0.544
0.726
0.544
0.726
0.544
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
o.ooo
0.000
0.000
o.ooo
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
8.000
6.000
8.000
6.000
-------
Tcato 1 e? Ill
Computed TSP Concentrations for the Methotu Valley
cell
1
'Z
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
-. --r
4^X-
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
33
39
Base Case TSP
iy j x Cavg ( i )
Lig/mA3
-3
. ,
"~4i.
-1
-1
0
0
1
1
1
2
. i
3
3
4
4
5
5
6
6
7
7
8
8
8
8
9
9
9
9
9
9
10
10
10
10
10
1 1
11
-1
-1
0
0
1
1
2
1
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
6.
6
7
7
3
8
9
8
9
10
11
8
9
10
1 1
12
13
7
1 1
12
13
14
12
13
0.0
0.0
2.4
3.9
6. 1
8.7
10.9
10.7
13. 1
18.7
20.4
22.0
19.8
20.5
20.4
21. 1
21.4
22.5
23.5
25.2
27.2
29.8
29.0
30.7
32.0
32. 8
29.0
30.3
31.3
32. 1
32.3
31.8
28. 1
32. 1
32. 1
31.8
31.6
33,0
31.5
Cmax <
Lig/mA
0.
0.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
17.
21.
42.
44.
46.
31.
29.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
35.
37.
46.
4O.
47.
48.
43.
40.
41.
43.
43.
42.
41.
38.
42.
42.
41 .
40.
49,,
40.
i) ! ceil
3
0
0
0
9
4
3
£?
*i
7
9
9
4
^
7
7
4
\3
4
o
5
Cf
3
0
-i
8
2
0
3
2
5
5
5
7
9
1
3
6
/
8
1
-,
.3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
2.1
22
23
7.' A
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
3li
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
Projected TSP
iy J x Cavg ( i )
ug/mA3
3
~~ *L
"^1
-1
-1
0
0
1
1
1
il
]^
3
3
4
4
5
5
6
6
7
7
8
8
8
8
9
9
9
9
9
9
10
10
10
10
10
1 1
11
-1
-1
0
0
1
1
'j£
1
^
3
3
4
4
5
5
6
6
7
7
3
3
9
8
9
10
11
8
9
10
11
12
13
7
11
12
13
14
12
13
0.
0.
4.
8.
12.
17.
. , .,
j^jl
jC*l
26.
36 .
40.
44.
43.
46.
48.
50.
50.
53.
56.
60.
65'.
73.
69.
75.
78.
80.
69.
72.
75.
30.
80.
75 .
66.
79.
79.
74.
/ \i- .
7 6 .
f i^! «
0
0
9
0
4
8
^j
1
8
7
7
3
6
8
1
4
8
5
3
5
3
1
5
1
9
1
3
j^!
5
6
3
6
7
7
^
4
^
4
3
Cmax < i )
ug/mA3
0.0
0.0
30.5
35 . 5
36 . 6
38. 9
39.2
40.9
42.9
75 . 3
8O.2
34.8
67. 9
63.2
69.3
7 1 . 9
74.5
78. 1
32.2 .
37.0
93. 2
119.6
98.4
120.9
126.0
115.3
98.0
101.6
108.4
120.7
118.5
1 00 . 3
94.3
119.3
116.7
93.3
93.9
106.3
95.0'
-------
40
4i
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
36
87
88
89
11
11
12
12
12
12
13
13
13
14
14
14
14
15
15
15
16
16
16
17
17
17
18
18
18
18
19
19
19
19
19
20
20
20
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
j^.oi!
ihili
2! 2!
!vil^!
j^! ji!
.il -.:!
.«L. ji.
J-^
*;'! ji.
14
15
13
14
15
16
14
15
16
15
16
17
18
17
18
19
18
19
20
18
19
20
19
20
21
22
20
21
22
23
24
23
24
25
24
25
26
27
28
2 9
30
24
25
26
27
28
29
3O
31
32
31.
31.
31.
31.
31.
31.
31.
32.
32.
32.
33.
35.
35.
33.
33.
34.
33.
33.
34.
32.
32.
33.
32.
32.
33.
33.
32.
32.
33.
34.
34.
34.
35.
36.
35.
36.
38.
40.
42.
44.
'46.
36.
37.
39.
40.
*( i^~
45.
47 .
51 .
56 .
4
3
4
3
4
7
0
1
8
5
-i
0
6
6
8
5
'"'
9
1
8
9
1
7
7
4
9
3
8
5
lii
8
5
~'
3
6
6
0
1
1
4
8
a
6
0
6
7
1
3
8
. ~t
40.
39.
40.
40.
39.
39.
39.
40.
40.
40.
41.
50.
51.
42.
42.
42.
40.
41 .
41.
39.
39.
39.
39.
38.
39.
40.
38.
38.
39.
40.
41.
40.
41.
43.
42.
44.
46.
49.
52.
56.
59.
44.
45.
47 .
50.
53.
5 6 .
6G .
65 .
70.
.-,
8
4
0
S
9
8
3
8
6
7
8
1
3
0
7
8
6
8
9
8
6
,-*i
£.
9
9
5
6
7
1
1
1
7
7
0
9
.-,
4
7
9
1
1
5
6
6
3
,j
8
3
4
iij
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
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259
260
261
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266
267
268
269
270
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272
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274
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276
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279
280
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1 05 . 4
-------
- 7 -
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
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-------
- 9 -
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
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Average =
49.9
Average =
69.
-------
REPORT DOCUMENTATION
PAGE
1. REPORT NO.
EPA-910/9-S7-180
3. Recipient's Acc*»lon No.
4. Title and Subtitle
5. Report Oat*
Methoui Valley AilQuality Simulation
O6-25-87
7. AuthorM
Halstead Harrison
8. Performing Organisation Rept No;
S. Performing Organisation Nam* ami Address
10. Preject/Task/Work Unit No.
UYNDsoft Inc.
6333 77th Avenue SE
Mercer Island, WA 98O4O
11. ContracUQ cr GrantfG) No.
(C)
12. Sponsoring Omnlzatton Nam* and Address
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Region X
12OO 6th Avenue
Seattle, WA 98101-3188
13. Type of Report & Parted Covered
14.
15. Supplementary Not*s
10. Abstract (Limit 200 words)
The concentrations of total suspended particles (TSP) in the air
of a constricted mountain valley system have been simulated with
a 820box, 2layer model that accounts for systematic and random
winds with boundary conditions appropriate to the complex valley
contours. Three-day episodes were computed with the actual
winds of February 10-12, 1985, with base-case and projected
emissions.
Resulting estimates of TSP-concentration fields are presented as
functions of time and space, for highest 24hour averages and
for highest 6min episodes. Comparisons are presented between
observations and simulations.
17. Document Analysis a. Descriptors
b. Identifiers/Open-ended Terms
c. COSATt Field/Group
IS. Availability Statement
------- |