United States Region 10
Environmental Protection 1200 Sixth Avenue
Agency Seattle WA 98101
Superfund Response and Investigations Section
SER& Oil and
Hazardous
Substances
Response Manual
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REPORT
OIL OR HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCE SPILLS
TOLL FREE DAY OR NIGHT
(800) 424-8802
ASSISTANCE
OIL AND HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCE SPILLS
DAY OR NIGHT
EPA -(206) 442-1263
Transportation Emergencies
CHEMTREC - (800) 424-9300
Revised: March 1988
by
Ecology & Environment, I
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Section
1. INTRODUCTION
2. FEDERAL LAWS
2.1 FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ACT 1
2.2 COMPREHENSIVE ENVIRONMENTAL RESPONSE 2
COMPENSATION AND LIABILITY ACT OF
1980 (CERCLA)
2.3 SUPERFUND AMENDMENTS AND REAUTHORIZATION 3
ACT OF 1986 (SARA)
2.4 RESOURCE CONSERVATION AND RECOVERY 4
ACT (RCRA)
3. NATIONAL AND REGIONAL OIL AND HAZARDOUS 4
SUBSTANCES POLLUTION CONTINGENCY PLANS
3.1 ON-SCENE COORDINATOR 5
3.2 REGIONAL RESPONSE TEAM 5
3.3 SPILL RESPONSE PHASES 5
3.3.1 Phase I - Discovery and 5
Notification . .
3.3.2 Phase II - Evaluation and 6
Initiation of Action
3.3.3 Phase III - Containment 6
and Countermeasures
3.3.4 Phase IV - cleanup, Mitigation 6
and Disposal
3.3.5 Phase V - Documentation 7
and Cost Recovery
4. SUMMARY OF ACTIONS TO BE TAKEN BY THE SPILLER 7
4.1 REPORT IT 7
4.2 CONTAIN IT 8
4.3 CLEAN IT UP 8
5. IDENTIFICATION AND ASSESSMENT OF SPILLED 9
MATERIALS
6. CONTAINMENT AND CLEANUP TECHNIO.UES 16
6.1 CLEANUP TECHNIQUES FOR FLOATING MATERIALS 16
6.1.1 Booms 17
6.1.2 Earthen Dams 22
6.1.3 Skimmers 23
6.1.3.1 Vacuum or Suction-Type 23
Skimmers
6.1.3.2 Weir Skimmers 24
6.1.3.3 Dynamic Inclined Plane 25
Skimmers
6.1.3.4 oleophilic Skimmers 26
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Section Page
6.1.4 Chemicals for Oil Spill cleanup 27
6.1.4.1 Dispersants 28
6.1.4.2 Collecting Agents 28
6.1.4.3 Burning Agents 28
6.1.4.4 Biological Additives 28
6.2 CLEANUP TECHNIQUES FOR HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES 28
6.2.1 Carbon Absorption 31
6.2.2 Filtration 31
6.2.3 Ion Exchange 33
6.2.4 Gravity Separation 34
6.2.5 Neutralization 34
6.2.6 Coagulation Precipitation 35
6.2.6.1 Ferric Chloride As 35
Coagulation Aid
6.2.6.2 Alum As Coagulation Aid 35
6.2.6.3 organic Polyelectrolytes 37
as Coagulation Aid
6.2.7 Reduction 37
6.2.8 Oxidation 37
6.2.9 Dilution and Dispersal 38
6.2.10 Incineration 38
6.2.11 Mobile Treatment Technologies 42
6.3 CONTROL OF LAND AND AIR SPILLS 43
6.3.1 Land Spills 43
6.3.2 Air Spills 43
7. DISPOSAL PROCEDURES 43
8. SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS 45
8.1 SAFETY 4 5
8.1.1 General Precautions 45
8.1.2 site Control 47
8.1.3 Equipment and Clothing 47
8.1.4 Medical 50
8.1.5 Training 50
8.2 WATERFOWL CONSERVATION
8.3 ENVIRONMENTAL DAMAGE ASSESSMENT
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Section Page
9. SAMPLING AND DOCUMENTATION 50
9.1 SAMPLING PROCEDURES 50
9.1.1 Method of Sampling 51
9.1.2 Types of Samples 51
9.1.3 Sample Containers 52
9.1.4 Sample Preservation 53
9.1.5 Sample Identification 53
9.1.6 Chain of Custody 53
9.2 DOCUMENTATION 54
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Page
A. SPILL INFORMATION 56
INFORMATION CONTACTS 56
INFORMATION REFERENCES 57
B. CLEANUP CONTRACTORS 60
C. LIST OF FIRMS BY TREATMENT PROCESS TECHNOLOGY 63
D. OIL SHEEN REFERENCE 69
E. STANDARD TERMS AND CONVERSION TABLE 70
F. TELEPHONE DIRECTORY 71
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1.0 INTRODUCTION
The Congress has declared that it is the policy of the
United States that there should be no discharge of oil or
hazardous substances into or upon the navigable waters of the
United States or its adjoining shorelines, or into or upon
waters of the contiguous zone (Sec. 311 (b) (1) of the Federal
Water Pollution Control Act).
The Comprehensive Environmental Response Compensation and
Liability Act (CERCLA), as amended by the Superfund Amendments
and Reauthorization Act (SARA), provides liability,
compensation, cleanup, and emergency response for hazardous
substances released into the environment. The environment as
defined by CERCLA includes: the navigable water, the waters of
the contiguous zone, the ocean waters, any other surface water,
ground water, drinking water supply, land surface or subsurface
strata or ambient air within the United States.
These policies and provisions are carried out through a
coordinated effort by Federal and State departments and
agencies, as out1ined in the "Region 10 Oil and Hazardous
Substances Pollution Contingency Plan" for the waters of
Washington, Oregon, and Idaho. This Response Manual is a sub-
part of the overall Region 10 Contingency Plan. Its purpose is
to give the responding Federal and State officials a convenient
"quick" reference guide of duties, cleanup techniques, and
resources that may be called upon to mitigate and control the
effects of an oil or hazardous substance response.
2.0 FEDERAL LAWS
2.1 FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ACT
The Federal Water Pollution Control Act, as amended (also
called the Clean Water Act), represents the latest water
pollution control legislation and contains several elements
relative to pollution by oil and hazardous substances. The
basic authority for spill prevention and response programs
originates from Section 311 of the Act. Section 311 provides
the overall framework for spills of oil and designated
hazardous substances, including national policy and
responsibilities. Section 311 (b) (5) provides that: "Any
person in charge of a vessel or of an on-shore facility or an
off-shore facility shall, as soon as he has knowledge of any
discharge of oil or hazardous substance from such vessel or
facility...immediately notify the appropriate agency of the
United States Government of such discharge. Any such person
who...fails to notify immediately such agency of such discharge.
shall, upon conviction, be fined not more than $10,000 or
imprisoned for not more than one year or both". The
"appropriate agency" is indicated in Section 4.1 of this
manual.
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It is the policy of the United States that the spiller
assumes complete financial responsibility for removal actions.
If the Federal On-Scene Coordinator (OSC) determines that
timely and/or adequate removal actions are not being carried
out, then the Federal Government will initiate cleanup. The
Government may then bring action against the responsible party
to recover all cleanup costs up to the liabilities set by
Federal Law. A spill cleanup must be done to the satisfaction
of the Federal OSC.
2.2 COMPREHENSIVE ENVIRONMENTAL RESPONSE COMPENSATION AND
LIABILITY ACT OF 1980 (CERCLA)
This act significantly broadens the scope of spill
reporting and response. Specifically, the Act requires that
the National Response Center be notified of any release of a
reportable quantity of a hazardous substance to the
environment.
The definition of hazardous substances has been expanded
to include: those already designated under Section 311 of the
Federal Water Pollution Control Act (FWPCA), hazardous wastes
defined under Section 3001 of the Solid Waste Disposal Act,
toxic pollutants listed under Section 307 of the FWPCA,
hazardous air pollutants listed under Section 112 of the Clean
Air Act, substances pursued under Section 7 of the Toxic
Substances Control Act, and any substances subsequently
designated pursuant to Section 102 of Superfund. The
definition does not include petroleum. A listing of these
substances can be compiled by obtaining copies of 40 CFR Parts
117 and 302. section 102 of CERCLA requires the United States
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to establish reportable
quantities for all hazardous substances. However, until they
are established, CERCLA sets a reportable quantity of one
pound, except for those substances of which reportable
quantities were previously assigned under Section 311 of the
FWPCA.
Therefore, any substance designated as hazardous according
to the laws cited above, when released to the environment in
reportable quantities of one pound or greater (unless a
different quantity has been established either by the EPA or
has been designated by Section 311 of the FWPCA), must be
reported to the National Response Center. Failure to notify
could result in a fine in accordance with the applicable
provisions of title 18 of the United States Code or
imprisonment of not more than 3 years (or not more than 5 years
in the case of a second or subsequent conviction), or both.
Requirements for spill cleanup and the responsibilities of
the On-Scene Coordinator (OSC) are similar to those under
Section 311 of the FWPCA.
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2.3 SUPERFUND AMENDMENTS AND REAUTHORIZATION ACT OF 1986
(SARA)
This act serves to increase the existing aspects of spill
reporting and response. Not only does it significantly
strengthen EPA1s authority in the removal, remedial and
enforcement actions established by CERCLA, it also creates a
formal process for State involvement during the cleanup at
remedial action sites. SARA also establishes various new
statutory authorities including Underground Storage Tanks and
Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know.
Specifically, SARA addresses the issue of remedial action
by direct ing the EPA to consider the use of alternative
treatment or resource recovery technologies, as opposed to
disposing of hazardous substances in landfills. In the event
of removal action, the chosen method should contribute to the
efficient performance of any long term remedial action.
Section 209 of the Act gives EPA the authority to conduct a
program of research, evaluation, testing, development and
demonstration of alternative or innovative treatment
technologies.
SARA addresses the problem of Leaking Underground Storage
Tanks (LUST) in Section 205 of the Act in which Subtitle I of
the Solid Waste Disposal Act (SWDA) is amended to add new
authorities relating to Federal and State involvement. states
are required to conduct two separate inventories and submit
their findings to EPA. The Act authorizes EPA or a State to
require the owner or operator of a LUST to undertake corrective
action or to undertake corrective action themselves when any
releases of petroleum occur. Costs incurred for such
corrective or enforcement action will be funded by the LUST
fund. Corrective act ion undertaken by EPA or a state may
include temporary or permanent relocation of residents,
provision of alternative household water supplies and a
exposure assessment.
Title ill of SARA deals with Emergency Planning and
Community Right-to-Know. The emergency planning sect ions
provide State and local governments with the capability of
handling emergency situations. This is accomplished by
requiring State governments to designate an emergency response
commission comprised of various public agencies as well as
private groups. The State Commission must in turn appoint
local emergency planning committees which are responsible for
the development of an emergency response plan. The National
Response Team (NRT) is responsible for publishing guidance on
emergency response planning known as the Hazardous Materials
Emergency Planning Guide and Checklist for Hazardous Materials
Contingency Plans. Community Right-to-Know reporting requires
owners/operators of facilities to supply information to the
State Commission, local emergency planning committees, and
local fire departments on the manufacture, use and storage of
chemicals present at their facilities. The information must
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also be available to the general public.
2.4 RESOURCE CONSERVATION AND RECOVERY ACT (RCRA)
This Act addresses problems related to the generation,
disposal, and management of waste materials in the United
States. Th is response man-a I relatos to those portions of the
Act dealing with hazardous wastes. Regulations have been
promulgated1 by EPA which serve to: identify hazardous waste
both by characteristics and by sources; develop the cradle-to-
grave manifest and tracking systems; and implement a permit
system and facility standards for the treatment, storage, and
disposal of hazardous wastes.
The regulations require that generators, transporters, and
disposers of hazardous wastes must obtain EPA identification
numbers. During spill situations where hazardous waste is
recovered and transported to a disposal site, the shipment must
be accompanied by a manifest which includes the EPA
identification number of the generator and each transporter.
These identification numbers are necessary prior to
transporting the materials off site. In order to avoid delay
in obtaining these numbers, EPA has established a special
procedure for rapid issuance of numbers. The EPA Regional
Office will issue provisional numbers to generators and
transporters during emergencies, when rapid transportation of
hazardous waste to an authorized waste management facility is
necessary. These identification numbers and further
information concerning the RCRA Act can be obtained by
contacting:
U.S. Environmental protection Agency,
Region 10 Chief, Waste Management Branch
1200 Sixth Avenue, Seattle, WA 98101
(206) 442-2782 or the
RCRA Assistance Line 1-800-424-9346
3.0 NATIONAL AND REGIONAL OIL AND HAZARDOUS
SUBSTANCES POLLUTION CONTINGENCY PLANS
The National and Regional Oil and Hazardous Substances
Pollution Contingency Plans have been developed in compliance
with the Federal Water Pollution Control Act, Section 311 (c)
(2), CERCLA, Section 105 and SARA, Section 105. These Plans
provide for a coordinated and integrated response, including
containment, dispersal and removal by departments and agencies
of the Federal and State governments to protect the public
health and environment and minimize adverse impacts due to oil
and hazardous substance discharges. The Plans also promote the
coordination of the Federal and State response systems by
developing local government and private capabilities in
handling environmental incidents.
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3.1 ON-SCENE COORDINATOR
The On-Scene Coordinator (OSC) is the Federal official
predesignated by the EPA or United states Coast Guard (USCG) to
provide on-scene coordination and direction of all aspects of a
spill and subsequent removal actions. The OSC is predesignated
as part of the planning and preparation for response to
pollution incidents. EPA normally provides OSCs for inland
waters and USCG normally provides OSCs for coastal waters.
However, this function may be delegated to other state or
Federal officials where appropriate. The OSC maintains
responsibility to ensure that the proper initiation,
containment, countermeasures, cleanup, and disposal actions
take place. An official from any agency with responsibility
under the Regional Contingency Plan may assume the role of the
OSC until the predesignated OSC arrives,
3.2 REGIONAL RESPONSE TEAM
The Regional Response Team (RRT) serves as the regional
body for planning and preparedness actions prior to pollution
discharges and for coordination and advice during a pollution
discharge. The RRT is composed of regional representatives of
participating Federal, State, and local government agencies.
Activation of the RRT will normally occur when a major or
significant release of oil or hazardous substance occurs.
During a pollution emergency the RRT members shall insure that
the resources of their respective agencies are made available
to the OSC. Both the National and Regional Plans contain the
responsibilities and the functions of the OSC and RRT and are
available for review at the EPA and USCG offices.
3.3 SPILL RESPONSE PHASES
The actions taken to respond to a pollution discharge can
be separated into five relatively distinct classes or phases.
For descriptive purposes, these are: Phase I - Discovery and
Notification; Phase II - Evaluation and Initiation of Action;
Phase III - Containment and Countermeasures; Phase IV -
Removal, Mitigation and Disposal; and Phase V - Documentation
and Cost Recovery. It must be recognized that elements of any
one phase may take place concurrently with one or more other
phases. The OSC initiates and directs Phases II, III and IV.
3.3.1 Phase I - Discovery and Notification
Notification is the first response action to an oil or
hazardous substance spill. The notification and dissemination
of information will be in accordance with the applicable
regional and local plans, but should include the necessary
steps to safeguard life and property and the notification of
other agencies, for example, fire departments, police
departments, etc.
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3.3.2 Phase II - Evaluation and Initiation of Action
Identification of the material spilled is of utmost
importance during spill incidents (see Section 5.0). If the
identity of a spilled material is not known, it is recommended
that the spill not be approached by the OSC and/or his
designated representative until the material can be properly
identified and the hazards and safety precautions known.
Otherwise, the spill should be treated as if it were a highly
toxic substance and should be approached only with full
protective gear employed.
If the nature of the potential hazard of a spill is
unknown, every effort should be made to determine the nature
,and extent of the spill prior to exposure of cleanup personnel.
In the long run, time spent in making such a determination may
be more than compensated for by making swift, concerted and
appropriate action possible when the problem is properly
defined.
These are defensive actions to be initiated as soon as
3.3.4 Phase_.IV ~ Cleanup, Mitigation and Disposal
This includes actions taken to recover the pollutant from
the water and affected public and private shoreline areas, and
monitoring activities to determine the scope and effectiveness
of removal actions. Actions that could be taken include: the
use of sorbents, skimmers and other collection devices; or the
use of reaeration or other methods to minimize or mitigate
damage resulting from dissolved, suspended or emulsified
pollutants; or special treatment techniques to protect public
water supplies or wildlife resources from continuing damage
(see Section 6).
Pollutants and contaminated materials that are recovered
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in cleanup operations shall be disposed of in accordance with
procedures agreed to at the State or local level (see Section
7) -
3.3.5 Ph_ase_V - Documentation and Cost Recovery
This includes a variety of activities, depending on the
location of, and circumstances surrounding, a particular
discharge. Recovery of Federal removal costs and recovery for
damage done to Federal, State or local government property are
addressed in this phase, as well as citizen suits for recovery
of private losses. The collection of scientific and technical
information of value to the scientific community as a basis for
research and development activities and for the enhancement of
understanding the environment may also be considered in this
phase. For purposes of enforcement and establishing
liabilities, it is imperative that the collection of samples
and necessary data be performed at the proper times during the
case (see Section 9).
4.0 SUMMARY OF ACTIONS TO BE TAKEN BY THE SPILLER
When a spill has occurred which is in violation of the
Federal Laws (see Section 2.0), the responsible party must take
certain actions which can be classified as follows.
4.1 REPORT IT
The Act requires that any person in charge of a facility
responsible for discharging will notify the appropriate agency
of the United States Government as soon as he has knowledge of
any discharge of oil or hazardous substance. The appropriate
agencies to notify are as follows:
Federal
or
or
National Response Center
U.S. EPA: Seattle
USCG: 13th District, Seattle
COTP, Seattle
COTP, Portland
800-424-8802
206-442-1263
206-442-5850
206-286-5540
503-240-9317
Idaho, EMS
Oregon, DEQ
800-632-8000,
or 208-334-2241
(from inside state) 800-452-0311
(from outside state) 503-378-4124
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Washington, DOE
(Olympic Peninsula & 206-753-2353
South of Tacoma)
(Puget Sound North of 206-867-7000
Tacoma & San Juan Is.)
(East of Columbia R.) 509-456-2926
(Central Washington) 509-575-2490
Alaska, DEC
In Anchorage:
907-465-2600
and 907-465-2653
Dial 211 ask for Zenith 9300
4.2 CONTAIN IT
Containment of the spilled material is of extreme
importance since the effectiveness and cost of cleanup will
usually be directly related to the effectiveness of
containment. For this reason, containment must be undertaken as
soon as possible after discovery of the spill. The first step
is to locate the source and make an effort to stop the flow of
material. Containment equipment should then be established
well below the leading edge of the spilled material to insure
ample time for installing the containment equipment. In many
cases, a series of containment devices will be required.
Whenever possible, containment should be accomplished before
the material reaches water. Once oil has reached water,
recovery is much more difficult. Most other hazardous
substances are nearly impossible to recover or treat once they
have entered a water body.
Spills involving hazardous materials may result in the
release of chemical substances into the air. Airborne
emissions can produce hazardous or toxic atmospheres which may
have adverse affects on the health and safety of the response
personnel and the public. Containment of airborne emissions is
usually impossible; however, airborne hazards can sometimes be
predicted and controlled if the substances involved and weather
conditions are known. The containment method used to control
airborne emissions is dependent on the situation and the state
of the contaminant involved (i.e., vapor, gas or particulate).
An oil or hazardous substance spill which occurs on soil
can be contained by a wide variety of methods. The containment
method chosen in this situation will depend on the substance
spilled and the permeability of the soil. The containment
method used should prevent spread of the substance and
facilitate the cleanup process.
4.3 CLEAN IT UP
The Act also requires that the responsible party remove
the spilled material and conduct cleanup to the satisfaction of
the Federal OSC (see Section 3.1). Therefore, after the
material has been adequately contained, resources should be
assembled to accomplish a satisfactory cleanup. This may
involve using company employees and equipment or it could
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require the assistance of a contractor who specializes in spill
cleanup. (See Section 6 for specific techniques related to
containment and cleanup,)
5.0 IDENTIFICATION AND ASSESSMENT OF SPILLED MATERIALS
In the event of a discharge, the spiller should be able to
provide information concerninq the identification of the
material. However, if the spiller is unknown or not available,
then other clues may be useful in determining the type of
material spilled. These include:
1. Characteristics of the container
o Container shape
o Markings and colors
o Placards and labels
2. Characteristics of the spilled material
o Physical state
o Type of odor emitted
o Color
o Turbidity
o Behavior in water
o Irritability to eyes
o Fuming
o Flaming
o Foaming
o Gas emitting
o Reactions
3. Shipping papers for transportation related spills
Every vehicle related incident should be considered to be
a potential hazard because of the material the vehicle may be
carrying, even though it is not placarded. This is because the
law does not require that vehicles carrying certain materials
be placarded, even though they may be extremely dangerous under
certain circumstances. (For example, hair spray usually
considered to be relatively harmless, is very flammable and
explodes when subjected to heat.) There are numerous other
products which, when packed under pressure in aerosol cans, are
potentially dangerous.
In case of an accident or spillage, the first person at
the scene should ascertain from the driver of the vehicle,
conductor of the train or pilot of the plane, the type of
material being transported. If the driver, conductor or pilot
is unconscious or dead, an attempt should be made to retrieve
the shipping papers from the location indicated in Table 1 to
determine the type of material aboard. If unable to locate
shipping papers, or obtain the name of the commodity from the
containers, contact the carrier or shipper involved to get this
information. The attempt to retrieve the shipping papers or
name of the commodity from containers, should ONLY be
undertaken if it can be accomplished without undue risk to
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emergency personnel.
The type of material being transported in a tank truck can
be determined by the shape and specification of the tank truck.
The mgtor carrier's (MC) number, indicates the tank trailer
construction specifications as established by the Department of
Transportation. A permanently affixed metal identification
plate on the tank trailer should specify information including:
the DOT'MC specification, carrier's serial number,
manufacturer's name, date of manufacture and nominal capacity.
If the identification plate is inaccessable, the type of
commodity can be identified by the tank trailer shape. Figure 1
briefly illustrates the most common tank trailers used in the
transport of hazardous materials.
TABLE 1
SHIPPING PAPER IDENTIFICATION CHART
Mod* of
Transportation
Highway
Rail-
Water
Air
Tttta of Shipping Paper
Bill of lading
Waybill
Consist
Dangerous Cargo
Manifest
Air BIN with Shippers
Certification for
Restricted Articles
Location of
Shipping Papers
Cab of vehicle
With conductor
Wheelhouse or
pipelike con-
tainer on barge
Cockpit
Responsible
Person
Driver
Conductor
Captain
Master
Pilot
• Manufacturer's data sheets generally available from driver In addition to bills of lading.
M STCC (Standard Transportation Commodity (Code) Number Is used extensively on rail transportation
shipping papers.
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: 300. MC 301, MC 30J. MC 303. MC 304, MC 305, MC )0t FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS
-^~\J ~/dl«J
MC 310. MC 311. MC 1(2
COBHOSIVE MATERIALS
MC 130, MC 331
COMPHESSEO Q»S
Figure 1. Common Tank Trailers.
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When identifying hazardous substances, great care must be
taken in., copying names of materials since even minor spelling
errors can have serious consequences in determining the
hazardous properties of the spilled material.
Unidentified materials must be approached as though they
are highly toxic and full protective gear should be used.
Table 2 provides a general classification of hazardous
materials commonly transported.
The following format will be of assistance in establishing
the identity of the material and the magnitude of the spill:
Establish the type of spill - The first step is to determine
what type of spill is involved by identifying the source of the
spill. The following types of spills are possible.
1. Trains 5. Ship
o Tank car
2. Trucks
o Tank
o Trailer
Dry cargo
Tank Ship
Com. Pass. Vessel
Fishing Vessel
CG Vessel
Pleasure Craft
Tugboat
Unidentified
Aircraft
o Cargo
o Passenger
6. Barge
7.
Pipeline
o Offshore
o Onshore
Storage Tank
o Offshore
o Onshore
Identify the spilled material:
1
3.
4.
Are hazardous placecards visible on vehicle or
container?
If so, what are contents identification or warnings
relating to dangers (poisonous, explosives)?
Identification numbers on tank, cars, trucks, etc.?
Is shipping paper available?
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Record easily visible physical properties - Observation of the
following properties of the spi11ed material can confirm an
identification or possibly identify the specific chemical
involved. However, the OSC must approach the spill cautiously
and not endanger himself and others in determining the
characteristics. If a certain physical property cannot be
readily identified, gather other information that can safely be
obtained.
1. What is the spill state?
o Solid (powder, pellet,
granular)
o Liquid
o Gas
2. Is there a noticable
odor from a safe distance?
(pleasant, almond, ammonia,
benzene, fragrant, lysol,
vinegar, sweet)
3. What color is it?
4. It is turbid?
o Opaque
o Clear
o Cloudy
o Other
5. If it is in water,
is it soluble?
o Float
o Sink
o Mix (soluble)
6. Does it cause your
eyes to water?
7. Is it reacting?
o Fuming
o Flaming
o Foaming
o Is a gas being
given off?
o Is another
noticeable
reaction occur-
ring?
Magnitude of the Spill - The OSC can establish the magnitude of
the spill by considering the following:
1. What number, type and size of individual containers have
released the material?
Metal drums
Fiber drums
Carboys
Bags
Paper
Polyethylene
Height
Height
Height
Length
Length
Diameter
Diameter
Diameter
Width
Width
Height
Height
o Cylinders
Length_
Height_
o Boxes Length Width_
o Other Dimensions:
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If large tank trucks, tank cars, barges or ship holds are
involved, the approximate size can be estimated by pacing
off a similar distance at a remote location.
Size: X X
Often the tank cars and trains are labeled so the
capacity is apparent. This information should be
recorded. _____ gal.
Other technical data are available in the following
reference volumes:
a. OHM TADS - EPA
b. Chris Manuals - U.S.S.G.
c. Fire Protection Guide on Hazardous Materials - NFPA
d. Hazardous Materials - Emergency Action Guide - U.S.
Department of Transportation
e. CHEMTREC
f. Chemical Manufacturer
Additonal Notes:
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GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS AND EXAMPLES
OF HAZARDOUS MATERIAL
GENERAL CATEGORY
DOT CLASSIFICATIONS
ExptoeivMand
Class A Explosive
Class B Explosive
Cla«i C Explosive
Blasting Agent
QMOT (ComprMMd.
UqueAed of Dleeorwd
under Pressure)
Flammable Gas
Nonflammable Gas
Cryogenic
Flammable and
ConibuattMe Liquid*
Flammable Liquid
Pyrotonc Liquid
Combustible Liquid
Flammable SoUd*
Flammable Solid
Hfetor fie«cfn-e
Spontaneously
Combustible
OiMlien Mid OrganW
Pettuldea
Oxidizer
Organic Peroxide
•otoonoua and IntacHoua
Subetances
Poison A
Po.aon B
Irritant
Etioloflic Agent
fUdleactlw* SubvlaMM
RadiMctlva Manrd — and
Hazardous Waites
GENERAL HAZARDOUS PROPERTIES
Sensitive lo neal and shock
Contamination could cause explosion
Thermal and mechanical impact
potential
Explosion potential
BLEVE
Vapor-air
Flammability hazard
Uquilied gases — cold temperalures - frost-
bite-high expansion ratio
Flammability hazard
Explosion potential
BLEVE
Vapor -air
Potentially corrosive, loxic, thermally unstable
Readily ignite and burn explosively.
Some spontaneously
Water reactive potential
Toxic and corrosive potentials
Supply oxygen to support combustion
of normally nonflammable materials
Explosively sensitive 10 neat, shock, (notion
Potentially toxic
Harm from inhalation, mgeation, absorption
Flammability potential
Harm Paniculate — alpha and beta particles
Radiation — gamma rays
Internal and external
Harm Disintegration of tissues, external
Fuming potential
Oxidizing effect
Splatter potential
Toxic
Corrosive
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6.0 CONTAINMENT AND CLEANUP TECHNIQUES
Upon arriving at a spill scene the investigator should
observe the physical situation and, if necessary, take
appropriate safety precautions. It is preferable to know the
materials spilled before leaving the office. This wall allow
time to check the hazards of the materials involved in the
spill, and what precautions and actions would be required
during cleanup operations.
Once the identity and danger of the spilled material has
been assessed, various methods of containment and/or cleanup
may be appropriate. It is the policy of EPA that mechanical
containment and removal methods be used whenever possible
unless they would endanger life or property, or unless other
more effective and readily available methods are feasible.
While it is recognized that there are many adequate
methods available to mitigate the effects of an oil or
hazardous substance spill, the methods presented here are
offered as a guide to assist Federal and other responding
personnel in carrying out their responsibilities. For purposes
of discussion, the techniques are divided into three
categories: 1) those for materials which float on water, such
as oil; 2) those for materials which are soluble or miscible in
water or which are heavier than water (most hazardous
substances fall into this category) ; and, 3) those for spills
on land or in air.
Field problems associated with hazardous substances can be
very complex and may require assistance beyond the scope of
this manual. Questions regarding hazardous substances should
be referred to the EPA Regional Office, or other sources such
as the chemical manufacturers, Chlorine Institute, etc. (see
Appendix A).
Note: Whenever dealing with oil and hazardous materials,
give proper attention to their fire reactivity and explosion
hazards as well as the chemicals' toxic properties. Safety of
the public and responding personnel shall be of utmost
consideration for the Federal OSC.
6.1 CLEANUP TECHNIQUES FOR FLOATING MATERIALS
The cleanup techniques used for floating material can
involve the use of either mechanical or chemical means to
collect or remove spilled oil or floating hazardous substances
(see Table 3). The use of mechanical methods such as skimmers,
booms and sorbents is preferred. It should be kept in mind
that early stoppage of the spill source and quick containment
will greatly reduce the scope of the cleanup operations and
environmental damages.
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TABLE 3
CONTROL METHODS FOR SPILLS IN
FLOATING SPILLS
METHOD
Booms
Weirs
Pneumatic
Barriers
Spill
Herding
Methods
IPPLTCATION'OR"""
CONSTRUCTION
MATERIALS
Varies ; need de-
ployment device
Weir & boat
Air compressor
di f f user
deployment
method
Chemicals on
water ; spray
or prop, wash
USE
Not too
much
current
Calm
Only in
shal low
water
Protect
shore &
facil ities
ADVANTAGES
Used on lat
-------
«,G«T'—>n n n n n n
Figure 2. The basic components of an oil contaminant boom.
OIL DROPLETS
BREAKING OFF
Figure 3. Heavy waves and currents may wash spilled oil under
the booms; this type of failure is known as
"entrainment."
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Entrainment can be accelerated by either of two separate
events or a combination of external inputs. One event is the
increase of water current velocity. This event has a tendency
to push the skirt off the vertical and to decrease the amount
of contained oil (Figure 4). The second event is high winds,
which can cause a similar loss of vertical integrity. If
sufficient freeboard is present the top of the boom is pushed
toward the water surface, sometimes, the boom may actually lie
flat on the water with a subsequent loss of previously
contained oil (Figure 5).
Figure 4. Entrainment increased due to fast current.
Figure 5 .
Entrainment increased due to high wind with normal
current.
The problems associated with entrainment are completely
situational and require individual analysis. Entrainment
problems due to fast current can be partially countered by
decreasing the angle of the boom to the bank. Problems
associated with the effect of wind on boom integrity are often
more difficult. In order to maximize containment of the
spilled product it is often necessary to balance "trade-offs"
in boom deployment strategies related to both wind and current
problems.
-------
The wind and the water conditions are primary influences
on the second type of failure, which steins from the splashover
of the boom, splashover is directly affected by boom design,
freeboard height, angle of approach of waves to the boom, and
the size and interval of the waves. Any combination of these
factors causes the oil to go over the top of the boom. The
solution, again, is site-specific, and the amount and direction
of movement of the boom to minimize this splashover should be
determined on a case-by-case basis. In choppy sea conditions,
some oil will probably spill over, but redeployment of the boom
may not be necessary unless large quantities are being lost.
Regardless of the type used, booms can be effective only
if positioned or deployed in a manner consistent with local
conditions.
The most valuable element in boom deployment is a sound
working knowledge of local waterways. Knowledge of currents,
tides, natural catch areas, water depth, etc., is invaluable in
effecting a more rapid response. A second element necessary
for timely, effective deployment is the availability of ready
support equipment. If the water body is large enough to
require a boat for boom deployment, it is important to have
a towing bridle available that can adequately handle the
leading edge of the boom.
The following examples demonstrate various techniques that
are widely used to contain oil with booms under different
stream conditions (Figures 6, 7, and 8). The effectiveness of
the illustrated solution will be dependent on many site-
pecific factors. In the case of most rivers, currents usually
ubside at or near the banks. Because of reduced flow in thes*
reas, some containment can normally be expected nearshore. As
an be seen, all of these deployment techniques require the
ecuring of an anchor on the leading edge of the boom. A
ecommended method for anchoring the boom is shown in Figure 9.
Figure 6. Small river with moderate depth of 15 to 20 ft (4.6
to 6.1 m) and slow current of 1.0 to 1.5 kn (1.8 to
2.8 km/h).
20
-------
Figure 7. Small river with moderate depth of 15 to 20 ft. (4.6
to 6.1 m) and moderate to fast current of 3 to 4 kn
(5.6 to 7.4 km/h).
Figure 8. River of moderate to deep depth and fast current.
ANCHOR UNI
(RECOMMCNDEC SCOPf.
* WATf« nfPTH}
- 6-8 FT
ANCHOR CHAIN
Figure 9. Normal configuration for anchoring booms.
Estuaries and bays are usually affected by tides, which
create special problems in containment. The change in
direction and flow rate of currents can cause contained oil to
-------
move away from the boon and be lost. The best solution is a
back-moored boom. Oil is allowed to collect in a boom that is
deployed in the usual manner and a second boon is then placed
on the backside to contain any backflow due to tidal or wind
change (Figure 10).
INITIAL
BARRIER
Figure 10. Back moored boom technique for containing spilled
oil in tidal-influenced estuaries and bays.
6.1.2. Earthen Dams
Earthen dams are a second type of barrier. This measure
is used most frequently on small creeks or tributaries, but
could be effectively used on slightly larger water bodies if
the flow rate is slow (less than 0.5 knots (kn)). Earthen dams
are very easy to construct, using a bulldozer, dragline, or
backhoe. The primary objective is to allow the water to pass
downstream while containing the oil. Water passes through an
inverted siphon or inclined pipe, which is placed below the
water surface (Figure 11),
It should be remembered that physical barriers, whether
booms or dams, are intended to restrict the spread of oil and
decrease contamination. With regard to booms, almost anything
that floats can be strung together to assist in the endeavor.
Items that have been used in the past with varying degrees of
success include bales of hay, telephone poles, and 55-gallon
drums. In all oil spill situations, rapid response is the key
to an effective operation, and containment must be accomplished
as soon as possible, using the best available resources.
-------
Figure
11. Earthen dam barriers with inverted siphon and
inclined pipe for the containment of spilled oil.
6.1.3 Skimmers
Assuming that efforts to contain the discharged oil have
proved successful, recovery of the spilled oil is initiated.
Removal is usually accomplished with the use of mechanical
devices called "skimmers".
Skimmers, as the name implies, are designed to.collect, or
skim, the floating product from the surface of the water.
Skimmers can be grouped into four basic categories: (1) vacuum
or suction type, (2) weirs, (3) dynamic inclined plane, and (4)
oleophilic belts, drums, and disks.
6.1.3.1 Vacuum or Suction-Type Skimmers
The suetion-type skimmer is a simple device in terms of
both design and operation. A suction head and pump are
involved, and these devices simply vacuum the oil from the
surface of the water. One example of a suction-type skimmer
head is called a "duck bill" (Figure 12). The primary
advantages of using this device are its adaptability to most
environmental situations, its ability to handle almost all
types of oils, and the simplicity of operation in most water
depths. Its disadvantages include a tendency to become clogged
with debris, and the need for continual maintenance during
recovery operations to prevent clogging and allow efficient
skimming.
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DISCHARGE HOSE
OIL RECOVERY
ORIFICE
Figure 12.
Illustration of a suction-type skimmer head for
removing spilled oil.
6.1.3.2 Weir Skimmers
Weir skimmers are probably the most widely recognized type
of recovery device available today. In addition, they are the
most widely available type of skimmer used for pollution
recovery operations.
Weir skimmers consist of four primary components: (1) a
flotation device to suspend the skimmer in water, (2) a
reservoir to collect the oil, (3) a device to adjust the
skimming level to minimize the quantity of water entering the
reservoir, and (4) some method to empty the reservoir, either
by positive displacement pumps or suction (Figure 13).
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OIL SLICK
-- — WATER
COLLECTION RESERVOIR
SUCTION DISCHARGE HOSE
Figure 13. Vertical and lateral views of the components of the
weir skimmer.
The idea behind this device is commonly referred to as the
"waterfall" principle. The collection reservoir is submerged
to the level of the oil/water interface, at which point,
gravity forces the oil into the reservoir, creating a
"waterfall" effect. The advantages of this type of skimmer
include its high mobil ity and good recovery efficiency in
relatively calm water. The weir is susceptible to be ing
clogged with debris, but a screen can be placed around the unit
to minimize this problem.
6.1.3.3 Dynamic Inclined Plane Skimmers
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Figure 14. An illustration of the dynamic inclined plane
skimmer in operation.
6.1.3.4 Oleophilic Skimmers
Oleophilic skimmers are operated on the principle of oil
absorption. The term "oleophilic" means strongly attracted to
oil, i.e., oil-absorbant. Almost all of the oleophilic
components of this type of skimmer have the characteristic of
being hydrophobia, i.e. water-resistant. The common
denominator of all oleophilic recovery devices is the passing
of the "absorbing" material continuously through the spilled
oil. The oil adheres to the surface and is removed from the
water. At this point, the oleophilic member is wiped or
squeezed by rollers or blades and the oil is deposited in a
reservoir. The product in the reservoir is then pumped into
some type of holding container.
Oleophilic skimmers are the most sophisticated recovery
devices available today, usually employing several different
mechanical systems, which require varying levels of preventive
maintenance and highly trained operators for use.
The rotating disk, or drum systems, as shown in Figure 15,
are noted for very efficient recovery of oil in deeper water
where little or no debris is present. Available in various
sizes, the larger models normally require extensive logistic
support.
The most widely used oleophilic skimmers are of the belt
and rope type. These devices operate very efficiently in both
thick and thin slicks, and are usually capable of recovering
sheens. Their ability to remove oil mixed with small amounts
of debris remains almost as efficient as removal in debris-free
environments.
Because oleophilic belt skimmers require the use of some
sort of vessel for staging and employment, they are difficult
to operate in close quarters or in shallow water. Figure 16
shows a typical "continuous belt" installation.
The oleophilic rope employs the same basic principle as
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the "belt"; i. e, a continuous process of "absorption" by the
oleophilic component, squeezing by a roller or wiper system,
and reentry into or upon the oil in the water.
6.1.4 Chemicals for Spill oil cleanup
The use of chemicals must be in accordance with Annex X of
the National Oil and Hazardous Substances Contingency Plan.
A list of accepted chemicals can be found in the NCP Product
Schedule. Questions relating to the use of these chemicals
should be addressed to the EPA or USCG OSC.
-HIT
ROTATING DISKS
FIXED_WIPER
COLLECTION TROUGH
Figure 15. Oleophilic drum skimmer.
COLLECTION POINT
OIL PICKUP
Figure 16. A continuous-belt oleophilic skimmer for recovering
spilled oil on the surface of the water.
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6.1.4.1 Dispersants
The Federal OSC, on a case-by-case basis, can approve the
use of chemical dispersants on any spill if it is determined
they will prevent or substantially reduce the hazard to human
life or substantially reduce explosion or fire hazard to
property. All other cases must be approved by the EPA RRT
representative after consultation with appropriate Federal and
State agencies. In all cases, appropriate application rates
and methods must be used.
6.1.4.2 Collecting Agents
6.1.4.3 Burning Agents
The use of burning agents may be authorized on a case-by-
case basis by the OSC with approval from the RRT, State, and
local air pollution control agency. However, it must be
recognized that burning-off is potentially one of the most
dangerous treatment operations. It should only be considered
when it can be determined that the risks to people would be
greater if burning were not attempted.
6.1.4.4 Biological Additives
Biological additives, such as bacteria cultures, have
proven successful in degrading a variety of chemical wastes.
The success of this method is dependent upon many factors,
therefore each case must be evaluated individually.
6.2 CLEANUP TECHNIQUES FOR HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES
Methods for controlling spills of hazardous substances are
shown in Tables 4 and 5. Techniques discussed in Section 6.1
may also be applicable for hazardous substances which float.
The "Spill Handling Thought Guide" for treatment of hazardous
spills is shown in Figure 17. This guide is extremely useful
as an aid in determining the proper course of action.
Candidate schemes for the treatment and disposal of
hazardous substances include: 1) Carbon Adsorption, 2)
Filtration, 3) Ion Exchange, 4) Gravity Separation, 5)
Neutralization, 6) Coagulation Precipitation, 7) Reduction, 8)
Oxidation, 9) Dilution and Dispersion, 10) Incineration, and
11) Mobile Treatment Technologies. These treatment schemes can
be achieved either in a batch mode or in a flow through process
depending on the nature of the hazardous materials containment.
Consideration should also be given to whether the material can
be discharged to a municipal treatment plant without creating a
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METHOD
Sealed Booms
llncontanrinated
Flow
Diversion of
Contaminated
Flow
Gel! ing Agent
Containment of
Entire Water-body
METHOD
Natural Exca-
vations & Dikes
Constuction of
dikes
APPLICATION OR
CONSTRUCTION
MATERIALS
Boom, Device
to anchor
Block entrance with
sandbags, sealed
booms or dikes
Gels, Dispersion
Devices; experienced
personnel needed
Diking Materials,
Earthmoving Equipment,
Sandbags, etc. , Lining
TABLE 5: CONTROL
APPLICATION OR
CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
none
Dredges, hydraulic
Divers with pumps place
concrete/sandbags aroun
to form dike if bottom
USE
Contain depth
limited volumes
leaking containers
Special area where
topography is right
Special area where
topography is right
If small volumes
For entirely
contaminated area
METHODS FOR SPILLS IN
USE
Where a natural
barrier exists
If bottom can be
moved
d
ent.
ADVANTAGES
Contain entire depth
of water
1. Can put cleaned water
into diverted stream
2. Used for flowing
water
1 . Can put clean water
back into stream
2. Used for flowing
wa te r
1 . Stop flowing
contaminant
2. Stop permeation
1. Can allow containment
of large waterbody
3. Easily constructed
WATER - HEAVIER THAN WATER
ADVANTAGES
No constuction needed
DISADVANTAGES
1. Deployment difficult
2. Not used for large bodies
3. Difficult to get good seal
1. Difficult to move large
amounts of earth
2. Clear area needed
3. Impermeability of ground
1. Difficult to move large
amounts of earth
2. Clear area needed
3. Impermeability of ground
4. Adverse environmental impact
1 . Hard to obtain
2. Can't use in large area
3. Must haul to dispose
1. Not all waterbodies have
containable overflow
2. Permeabil ity
3. May be an unstable condition
SPILLS
DISADVANTAGES
Can't control area which
contains the spill
2. Stirred up bottom may cause
dispersion and increased
turbid i ty
-------
Figure 17. Spill Handling Thought Guide
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major impact to the system. This may be prior to, or
following, treatment of hazardous materials on site. Also, due
to the high solubility of most hazardous substances, success of
any treatment scheme is dependent on quick containment of the
spilled materials.
6.2.1 Carbon Adsorption
Carbon adsorption is a physical process which removes
organic matter and some inorganic chemicals from water by the
attraction and accumulation of these contaminants onto the
surface of activated carbon particles. Activated carbon has an
extremely large surface area per weight (500-1000 m per gram)
and can effectively remove significant amounts of organic
compounds from liquids or gases by adsorption. Activated
carbon is produced from many materials including wood, coal,
lignite, etc. The adsorption process and its effectiveness is
dependent on the nature of the material being adsorbed and on
the type of carbon used. In general, concentrations of greater
than 1000 mg/1 of a contaminant require excessive detention
times and excessive quantities of carbon. The amount of carbon
needed to adsorb a given chemical must be established by field
testing. When the capacity of the carbon has been exhausted
the carbon must be replaced and the spent carbon disposed of.
Table 6 gives general guidelines for the adsorbability of
various organics on activated carbon. In-situ use of carbon
would generally involve the addition of powdered activated
carbon directly to the spill site. Effective mixing of the
carbon with the contaminated water in question is essential for
effective adsorption to occur. Offsite treatment would involve
pumping the contaminated water through a granular carbon
column.
6.2.2 Filtration
Filtration is designed to remove particulate matter by
passing the contaminated water through a layer of porous media
such as sand. The treatment may be employed as a pre-treatment
prior to passing the water through a carbon adsorption column
or ion exchange system, or as a polishing step for removal of a
particulate after a chemical reaction. While various types of
media are used in filtration, a simplified mode for field
application would generally consider a gravity or pressure flow
dual media filter column. During a filter run, the head loss
will gradually increase due to accumulation of solids within
the filter media. When the head loss reaches the limit set by
the hydraulic conditions of the filter design, the filter run
will stop and the filter is backwashed.
In some cases the effluent quality from the filter may
control the termination of the filter run. Filters may be
backwashed with sorted filter effluent, in which case the
backwash waste after removal of a suspended solid is retreated
and refiltered. In-situ filtration may involve permitting
water to pass, by gravity, through a built-up sand or coal bed.
-------
Continuous filtration will usually involve bringing in a
portable filter for direct application at the site. The basic
components of a typical filter are shown in Figure 18.
TABLE 6
INFLUENCE OF MOLECULAR STRUCTURE
AND OTHER FACTORS ON ADSORBABILITY
1. An increasing solubility of the solute in the liquid carrier decreases
its adsorbabi1ity.
2. Branched chains are usually more adsorbable than straight chai ns. An
increasing length of the chain decreases solubility.
3. Substituent groups affect adsorbabi1ity:
Substituent Group Nature of Influence
Hydroxyl Generally reduces adsorbabi1ity;
extent of decrease depends on
structure of host molecule.
Ami no Effect similar to that of hydroxyl
but somewhat greater. Many ami no
acids are not adsorbed to any
appreci able extent.
Carbonyl Effect varies according to host
molecule; glycoxylic and more ad-
sorbable than acetic but similar
increase does not occur when intro-
duced to higher fatty acids.
Double Bonds Variable effect as with carbonyl.
Halogens Variable effect.
Solfonic Usually decreases adsorbabi1ity.
Nitro Often increases adsorbabi1ity.
4. Generally, strongly ionized solutions are not as adsorbable as weakly
ionized ones; i.e., undissociated molecules are in general preferen-
tially adsorbed.
5. The amount of hydrolytic adsorbtion depends on the abi1ity of the
hydrolysis to form an adsorbable acid or base.
6. Unless the screening action of the carbon pores intervene, large
molecules are more adsorbable than small molecules of similar chemical
nature. This is attributed to more solute-carbon chemical bonds being
formed, making desorption more difficult.
-------
INFLUENT
EFFLUENT
TRANSFER PIPE
RECYCLE
EQUALIZATION TANK
-------
solution. The ions are exchanged until the resin is exhausted
and then the resin is regenerated with a concentrated solution
of ions flowing in a reverse direction or replaced with new
resin. The process takes place on a resin which is usually
made of a synthetic material. Various kinds of resins are
available (including weakly acidic and strongly acidic ion
exchange resins and weakly and strongly basic ion exchange
resins depending on the application involved). The best type
of resin is established mainly by the specific contaminant to
be removed, the amount of wastewater involved and other ionic
demands on the resin. Ion exchange treatment can be
accomplished by off-site pumping of the wastewater in question
through an ion exchange column with the ability to either
regenerate or replace the resin when it becomes exhausted. In-
situ treatment in a manner similar to carbon adsorption would
involve mixing the resin with the wastewater in a suitable
containment area.
6.2.4 Gravity Separation
Gravity separation involves removal of suspended solids
with a specific gravity greater than water by the process of
sedimentation, or the removal of particles with a specific
gravity less than water by floatation. Sedimentation is
removal of solid particles from a suspension through gravity
settling. The process may be used as a pretreatment and
concentration step to reduce the load on subsequent processes,
thereby utilizing a natural concentration procedure. Various
factors affect the rate of settling including particle size and
shape, density and viscosity of the water, and the presence of
other materials in the water. The rate of settling, while
predictable using theoretical equations, should employ a field
testing procedure. While sedimentation may involve the removal
of hazardous solid materials it is most often associated with
the coagulation process (see Section 6.2.6). Floatation is
used to separate the materials with a specific gravity less
than water. The contaminant rises to the top and is skimmed
off periodically,
5.2.5 Neutralization
Neutralization is a process in which hydroxyl or hydrogen
ions are added to a corrosive solution to produce an
approximately equal balance of acidic and basic constituents
(pH 7). The process is used to reduce the acidic character of
a spilled chemical by addition of caustic soda (NAOH), lime
(Ca(OH)2) or soda ash (NA2C03). Alkaline wastewaters are
neutralized by the addition of hydrochloric acid (HCL) or
sulfuric acid (H2S04). strongly basic NAOH, strongly acidic
H2S04 and HCL must be added very carefully to avoid creating a
violently exothermic reaction. Complete and continuous mixing
of the contents is especially important to avoid pockets of
concentrated chemicals in the liquid. The other neutralizing
agents considered are weaker acids and bases which react slower
than the strong acids and bases. The amount of neutralizing
-------
chemical required should be determined by a bench scale test.
6.2.6 Coagulation Precipitation
Coagulation precipitation is a process which removes
pollutants by reacting these materials to form an insoluble
product (see Figure 19). This process results in a chemical
reaction of the contaminant to remove it from solution, rather
than adsorption on another media (activated carbon). Effective
precipitation requires a series of steps; (1) chemical
addition, (2) rapid mix, (3) addition of coagulant, (4)
flocculation, (5) sedimentation and, in some cases, (6)
filtration as shown in Figure 18. Each precipitation reaction
may not require all of these steps. Precipitation is used to
remove many types of metal cations and some anions such as
fluorides and sulfides. The agents involved in precipitation
reactions may include calcium, sodium hydroxide, sodium
bicarbonate, sulfate and sulfide. These reagents are added at
a certain pH. The amount of these reagents required to
precipitate a particular constituent are determined by running
a bench scale test. Coagulation involves the addition of a
coagulant such as ferric chloride, aluminum sulfate or organic
polyelectrolytes in order to precipitate specific wastewater
constituents.
6.2.6.1 Ferric Chloride As Coagulation Aid
This compound is effective in clarifying both
organic and inorganic suspensions. For best results, the final
pH should be above 6 which may require the addition of caustic
soda during the coagulation process. Large suspensions require
Fed3 dosages of approximately 50-500 mg/1 although larger
doses may be needed for very high concentrations or alkaline
suspensions. if the wastewater is low in alkalinity, lime may
be needed to raise the pH to 6 or higher. Excessive dosage of
ferric chloride will result in a brown colored effluent which
should be avoided.
6.2.6.2 Alum As Coagulation Aid
Aluminum sulfate (Alum) is effective in clarifying both
inorganic and organic suspensions. Control of solution pH to
within a range of 6.5 to 7.5 is generally crucial for proper
alum use. If a suspension is to be treated, alum dosages of
100-1,000 mg/l should be effective. Huge dosages may be needed
for concentrated or highly alkaline suspensions. As with
ferric chloride, suspensions with low alkalinity may require
the addition of lime or caustic soda to produce a final pH
range of 6.5-7.5.
-------
MECHANISM OF COAGULATION
SEDIMENTATION-»-
TIME
MIXING INTENSITY
MECHANISM
-------
6.2.6.3 Organic Polyelectrolytes As Coagulation Aid
Polyelectrolytes are available in cationic, anionic, or
nonionic form and may be effective alone when flocculating
suspensions of inorganic materials. These polyelectrolytes are
usually not effective alone for flocculation of organic
suspensions, but can be used in conjunction with alum or ferric
chloride. Poly electrolyte dosages vary with both the type of
charge on the polymer and the type of suspension to be treated.
Cationic polyelectrolytes are generally added in higher
dosages, 1-10 mg/1 in dilute suspensions, while anionic and
nonionic dosages are added at approximately 0.5-5 mg/1. When
the solution is concentrated and the suspension concentration
is greater than 1,000 mg/1, add 1-300 mg/1 of cationic
polyelectrolyte, or 1-100 mg/1 of anionic or nonionic compound.
6.2.7 Reduction
Reduction reactions are only applicable to a small number
of compounds. Sodium bisulfite has been recommended as the
most suitable reducing agent. However, other chemicals,
including sodium sulfite and sodium metabisulfite, can also be
used. Reduction is used as a pretreatment for chromium
compounds to change them to the chromous state for
precipitation. This reaction must occur at low pH, so
adjustment to pH 2 to 3 with acid is recommended. Reduction is
also used for either sodium or calcium hypochloride. A
reducing agent can be added until an acceptable chlorine
residual is measured. Excess reducing agent can be removed by
addition of more wastewater or aeration. Determination of the
amount of reducing agent, i.e., sodium bisulfite or its
equivalent, is determined by a small bench scale testing
procedure.
6.2.8 Oxidation
Oxidation reactions are more common than reduction and
more agents can be used. Chlorination and aeration are two
ways to oxidize materials. Chlorination reactions are the most
commonly used to oxidize cyanide to the less toxic cyanate and
then to carbon dioxide and nitrogen. These reactions are most
effective at alkaline pH so both sodium hydroxide and
hypochlorite are commonly added. Chlorine is more safely added
in the form of liquid hypochlorite in concentrations of 5-6%.
Dosages are determined by a bench scale test. Aeration is
another method for oxidation. Air can be used as an oxidizing
agent and is more available, but not as strong as chlorine or
chlorine compounds. In general, air is introduced in the form
of bubbles which rise to the surface. As they travel through
the water (column), the oxygen in the air is transferred from
the bubble into the water where it can oxidize the hazardous
compound. This technique is only useful for easily oxidized
materials.
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6.2.9 Dilution and Dispersal
Only after all other possible alternatives have been
investigated and found not to be feasible is the method of
handling by dilution and dispersal to be considered. This
method must be used only as a last resort to minimize local
hazards. Care must be taken to determine if this method is
feasible in that mixing the hazardous chemical with water may
cause undesirable side reactions or by-products. Once it has
been determined that dilution and dispersal is the only action
available, then additional water sources must be brought to the
spill site. Water should be added to the stream at a turbulent
spot to allow complete mixing with the hazardous material.
Care should be taken not to exceed the capacity of the
waterbody and thereby extend the hazard past its natural
boundary. Dispersion can also be induced by creating mixing
zones in the waterway and reducing the pockets of concentrated
contaminant which may exist.
Tables 7 and 8 provide information relative to treatment
chemicals and chemical reactions. Table 9 lists general
sources for treatment chemicals.
6.2.10 Incineration
Incineration is a process which converts hazardous wastes
to a less toxic state by means of high-temperature thermal
oxidation or combustion. Although not a new technology, its
application has recently become more popular and is most
commonly used to treat liquid organic wastes. The two major
types of incinerators available in the U.S. are known as
"liquid injection" and "rotary kiln".
Liquid injection systems are capable of incinerating
complex mixtures of liquids, gases and slurries. They vary in
configuration, but all generally function by atomizing wastes
in a liquid form, then injecting the mixture into a combustion
chamber where it is incinerated. Air forced into the chamber
ensures complete combustion by providing the necessary oxygen
and mixing medium.
Rotary kiln systems are capable of incinerating solids and
sludges, as well as liquids and gases. These systems operate
by a slow rotation of the kiln, promoting a thorough and
complete incineration of the contents. Due to the
characteristic low heat content of solids and sludges, these
types of materials are generally mixed with high BTU liquid
wastes to facilitate the incineration. Most systems of this
nature employ a secondary combustion chamber within the kiln
that provides further assurance of complete oxidation.
When performing any type of thermal destruction, several
factors must be considered. Each incinerator is permitted by
RCRA and/or TSCA to burn specific and unique types of wastes,
PCB's for example, can only be incinerated by a small number of
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TABLE 7
TREATMENT CHEMICAL INFORMATION
Chemical
Ferric chloride
Alum
Polyelectrolytes
Cati onic
Anionic
Nonani onic
Alum & Poly
Ferri c chloride
S Poly
Use Strength
Organic 25-100 mg/ml
9
Organic 25-50 mg/ml
9
Inorganic 0.5 - 1%
solutions
Inorganic/ —
organics to
increase
strength of
floe
Inorganic/ —
organics to
i ncrease
clarity
Common Dosage, mg/1
1000mg/l, 50-500
mo,/ 1 +• 1 i me to pH 6
or greater
1000 mg/1, SS 100-1000
pH 6.5 to 7.5
SS <1000 mg/1 1-10 mg/1
SS >1000 " 1-300 "
SS <1000 " 0.5-5 "
SS >1000 " 1-100 "
SS <1000 " 0.5-5 "
SS >1000 " 1-100 "
Alum 100-1000 mg/1
Poly 1-10 mg/1
Ferric 50-500 mg/1
Poly 1-10 mg/1
Field Mix Time*
Complete
chemical
(approx. 2-5 min)
Complete
chemical
(approx. 2-5 min}
Complete dispersal
of chemical
(approx. 1-2 min)
Complete dispersal
of chemical
(approx. 1-2 min )
then poly i mix
about 1 min
Complete dispersal
of ferric
(approx. 1-2 min)
then poly &
mix about 1 min
Field
floe time
5-15 min
5-15 min
5-10 min
2-5 min
5-10 min
2-5 min
5-10 min
If required flocculati^n time exceeds themaximum time, try" Y"~hig'her chemical dosTgeT
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TABLE 8
CHEMICAL REACTION OPERATING PARAMETERS
Process
Chemical
Sedimentation
Neutral ization
Precipitation
Oxidation
Aeration
Reduction
Type
Rapid
Flocculation
Rapid
Rapid
Flocculation
None
Rapid
Air mix
Rapid
Mixing Time (min)
1-5
5-1 b depends on rate
and process height
10-30, Use 30 min
for 1 ime addition
1-5
5-10
and process height
10-30
Depends on test
10-30
Endpoint
Clarified water and
good settl ing
Add to pH 7, use pH
paper or meter to
check
Varies to a pH or
until residual of
clarified
to a HOC1 residual
of 1 mg/1
D.O. measure to 70% of
saturation or other
Large ORP change/ Cr+6
--- Cr+6 is yellow to
green HOC1 reduction,
Chemicals
Ferric Chloride
Aluminum Sulfate
Polyelectrolytes
Calcium Hydroxide
Calcium Oxide, Sodium
Hydroxide, Sodium Carbonate,
Sulfuric Acid, Acetic Acid,
Hydrochloric Acid
Calcium Hydroxide, Sodium
Hydroxide, Sodium Carbonate,
Sodium Biocarbonante,
Sodium Sulfate, Sodium
Sulfide, Potassium, Chloride
Sodium Hypochlorite
Air
Sodium Bisulfite,
Sodium Sulfide
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TABLE 9
GENERAL SOURCES FOR VARIOUS TREATMENT CHEMICALS
Sources
Acetic acid Plastic or electronic industries,
grocery distributors (vinegar)
Alum Water treatment plants
Ammonium salts Hospitals, dye manufacturers
Anion exchangers (must specify pollutant)
water softener suppliers
Bottom pumps Fire departments, EPA Regional
offices, Coast Guard
Calcium carbonate Cement plants
(limestone, practically
insoluble in water)
Carbon Water treatment plants, sugar refineries
Cation exchangers (must specify pollutant)
water softener suppliers
Charcoal Hardware stores, grocery distributors
CO, Soft drink dealers, compressed gas
dealers
Epsom salts Drug stores, groceries
Ferric or iron salt Water treatment plants, photography
(Fe CL.,} shops
Lime Cement plants
Peat moss Nurseries, florists
Sodium bicarbonate Grocery distributors, bakeries
(baking soda)
Sodium carbonate (soda ash) Grocery distributors, bakeries
Sodium chloride {table salt) Grocery distributors
Sodium sulfate Dye manufactures
Sodium thiosulfate Photography shops, tanneries, pulp mills
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TSCA-licensed facilities, generally of the rotary kiln type.
Furthermore, destruction and removal efficiency (ORE) rating
standards have been established for all facilities licensed by
RCRA. ORE ratings of at least 99.99% are generally required
for thermal destruction of hazardous organic materials in RCRA-
licensed facilities. Additional factors for consideration
include the substance viscosity, heating value, chlorine
content, heavy metals content and ash content.
The current popularity of thermal destruction as a process
of waste management has led to the rapid development of
alternative methodologies. Examples include the circulation
bed combustor, the advanced electric reactor, the vertical tube
reactor, ,as well as the utilization of molten salt or super-
critical water to provide the heat. Although few of these
systems are currently in use, their future looks promising.
6.2.11 Mobile Treatment Technologies
In the past few years, treatment of hazardous wastes on
site has developed into a more viable means of disposal. The
requirement to evaluate and, if feasible implement alternative
treatment technologies has sparked an increased interest in the
development of mobile treatment. Although experience with the
use of mobile systems at Superfund sites is limited, these
technologies are being used with greater frequency for both
emergency response and remedial actions. EPA has sponsored
development of various types of mobile treatment units for
emergency response situations including: a carbon
adsorption/sand filter system, a rotary kiln incinerator, an
in-situ containment/treatment unit, a soil washer system, an
activated carbon regeneration system, a flocculation-
sedimentation system, a reverse osmosis treatment system and an
independent physical/chemical wastewater treatment system.
Many mobile treatment units are designed to facilitate fast
response to emergency situations with the utilization of skid-
mounting, prepiping and prewiring.
There are several factors which need to be evaluated prior
to the implementation of a mobile treatment system, such as the
technical basis of the process, the type of waste the unit is
capable of treating, restrictive waste characteristics,
requirements for on-site use, potential environmental impacts,
cost, and commercial availability.
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6.3 CONTROL OF LAND AND AIR SPILLS
6.3.1 Land Spills
Whenever possible, spills should be contained on land as
long as a greater risk to life and property is not created by
doing so. Successful cleanup and treatment is much more likely
and considerably less expensive when the material is contained
before it reaches water. Table 10 presents several methods for
controlling spills on land.
In cases where the soil is particularly porous, materials
spilled on land may migrate down to the water table. If this
occurs, recovery is very difficult and may require the
installation of wells for the purpose of monitoring movement of
the material. In such cases, the technical assistance of a
groundwater hydrologist or other appropriately trained
individual will be required.
6.3.2 Air Spills
Air spills (vapors, mists, etc.) are extremely difficult
to control. Evacuation of the affected area is often the only
practical choice. However, Table 11 shows several methods
which may be considered in specific cases. When using a spray
mist, consideration must be given to the possible creation of a
water pollution problem.
7.0 DISPOSAL PROCEDURES
After cleanup operations have removed the spilled
material(s) and contaminated debris from the water or ground,
the OSC's responsibilities are not over. Improper shipping and
disposal of spilled cleanup waste can cause serious safety
problems, as well as result in secondary pollution as bad as,
if not worse than, the original spill. Therefore, the OSC must
be assured that all chemical disposal is carried out in a safe
and proper manner.
Disposal operations may involve the shipping of the waste
materials to a state-approved land disposal site, treatment by
a reliable disposal or recycling company, or sending the
material to a sewage treatment plant. Land disposal has been
greatly restricted by recent legislative and regulatory action.
These restrictions should be carefully examined before
considering land disposal. The preferred method of disposal
would be to recycle to the spiller's company or to a company
that can use the material in its operation.
In all cases involving the disposal of oil and hazardous
substances, contact and coordination should be made with all
affected parties. EPA involves the State pollution control
agencies to obtain disposal sites and act as liaison between
the Federal government and local agencies such as disposal
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TABLE 10
CONTROL METHODS FOR SPILLS ON LAND
TYPE
Dikes:
Earthen
Foamed
Polyurethane
Foamed
Concrete
Excavation
Excacation
8. Dikes
TECHNIQUE
Mist Knock
Down
Fans or
Blowers
APPLICATION OR
CONSTRUCTION METHOD
Create with bulldozer or
earthmoving equipment to
compact earth (height
depends on earth type)
Use trained personnel
to construct
Used trained personnel
to construct
Bulldozer or earthmoving
equipment - line if
possible
Bulldozer or earthmoving
equipment - line if
possible
METHOD
Spray fine mist into air
Disperse air by directing
blower toward it
USE
Flat or sloped
surface
Hard, dry
surfaces
Flat ground
Slow movi ng spi 1 1
Soft ground
Natural cavitation
Soft ground
TABLE 1 1
CONTROL METHODS FOR
USE
Water soluble or
low lying vapors
Very calm and
ADVANTAGES
1 . Material on site
2. Construct with
common equipment
1 . Hold up to several
feet of water
1 . Better adhesion to
substrates (clay/
shale/grass)
1 . Material on si te
2. Construct with
common equipment
than separate
2. Material on site
3. Construct with
common equipment
SPILLS IN AIR
ADVANTAGES
Removes hazard from air
Can direct air away
DISADVANTAGES
1. Natural permeability of soil
2. Seepage through ground
3. Surface composition of soil
not suitable in all cases
1 . Leaks on wet ground
2. Hard to obtain dispersion
device
1. Hard to obtain foam and
2. Must set for a time period
3. Will not hold high
hydraul ic heads
1. Move large amounts of material
2. Natural permeability of soil
in all cases
1. Move large amounts of material
2. Natural permeability of soil
in all cases
DISADVANTAGES
Create water pollution problem &
1. Not effective if any wind
3. Hard to control
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sites, air pollution control agencies, sewage treatment plants,
and others.
Extremely toxic material may require special on-site
treatment, or as in the case of PCB's, either incineration or
shipment to an EPA/State approved disposal site. EPA, Edison,
New Jersey, has specialized equipment that may be available to
treat these very toxic materials. Coordination of this
activity will be conducted by the EPA Emergency Response Team.
Generators (spillers), transporters, and disposers of
hazardous waste materials must obtain the appropriate EPA
identification numbers as required by RCRA (see Section 2,4).
8-0 SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS
8.1 SAFETY
8.1.1 General Precautions
It is critical that the safety of the people who arrive on
the scene of an oil or hazardous material spill be considered
before any action is taken. The Occupational Safety and Health
Administration (OSHA), sets strict regulations regarding safety
and health standards of personnel involved in environmental
control and hazardous materials handling. It is recommended
that response personnel become familiar with OSHA regulations
and always adhere to them. All spills are considered extremely
dangerous.
Safety considerations should receive priority during the
decision-making process. Persons responding to spills are not
expected to risk personal injury or contamination through
intimate physical contact with spilled materials and vapors.
Team members should assess the situation and coordinate
activities from outside the high risk area. High risk areas
should only be entered by trained personnel using proper
personal protective gear and montoring equipment with two
additional trained and properly equipped persons standing by to
provide assistance.
Although the response organization utilized during an
incident involving the discharge of a hazardous chemical is
similar to that for one involving a discharge of oil, the
state-of-the-art in technically dealing with discharges of
hazardous chemicals is limited. The inherent risk of life or
limb involved in dealing with certain hazardous chemicals will
make available response actions unfeasible on occasion.
Extreme care should be exercised when responding.to spills of
this nature, especially in initial stages. The following
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general precautions should be taken:
1. Always approach a spill from upwind.
2. Avoid direct or indirect contact with spilled
material.
3. Remove all ignition sources.
4. Restrict access to area.
5. Obtain assistance.
If a vehicle carrying flammable liquids or compressed gas
is wrecked, do not drive your car near the wreckage as it may
cause the material to ignite.
Keep fires, open flames, lanterns or flares, lighted
cigarettes, cigars and pipes away from the scene.
Warning signals should be set-up to prevent further
accidents. It is recommended that flame producing signals
(flares, fuses, or open flame lanterns) not be used when an
accident involves dangerous material of any type. The use of
flame producing signals is specifically prohibited by the
Department of Transportation for any cargo tank vehicle
transporting flammable liquids or flammable compressed gas and
for any vehicle transporting A or B class explosives.
Prevent leaking liquids from draining onto the highways or
into sewers and streams by damming up the liquid or by digging
a drainage trench or sump. Tipped containers that might be
leaking should be set upright, if possible. Powdered materials
should be covered with a blanket, dirt or other material to
prevent airborne dispersal by wind.
Should any of the material being transported contact skin
or clothing, it should be removed as soon as possible by
washing. The material should be identified as soon as possible
and the local or State Health Department should be contacted to
see if there is a potential danger and, if so, how to handle
the situation. Something that may not seem dangerous could
have serious side effects. For example, materials which come
into contact with a worker's pants leg may not cause illness or
discomfort to an adult, but later in the home, a small child
coming into contact with the contaminated clothing could incur
serious illness or death. For this reason, it is IMPERATIVE
that affected personnel find out how the material should be
treated. If in doubt, remove contaminated clothing before
entering a building and shower as soon as possible to remove
any contamination that may be on the skin or in the hair.
Even though many spilled materials will be in a solid or
liquid form, the greatest danger to personnel is from
inhalation or exposure to airborne gases, dusts, vapors, or
fumes. The dangers from vaporization, sublimation, or
secondary reactions which produce toxic airborne materials
cannot be over-emphasized.
-------
Common sense and alertness will prevent most accidents,
conversely, overconfidence and ignorance are the leading causes
of injury.
8.1.2 Site Control
Traffic and spectators should be kept away from the
accident. Do not let vehicles stop in, or pass through, the
area of the spilled materials.
If hazardous or toxic vapors are escaping from a spill, it
is best to take action to evacuate people from the area
downwind from the spill until the spill has been cleaned up.
If the evacuation of civilian personnel becomes necessary,
the procedure should be coordinated through local officials.
Although the OSC may determine that evacuation may be advisable
in any given situation, the responsibility to make such a
decision rests with local civilian officials. Close liaison
with local police and fire officials is a necessity.
Access to the control site is limited to essential
personnel. The designated control site consists of the command
post (upwind and outside the contamination control site),
contamination reduction area, and exclusion area.
The complexity and size of the control site is dependent
upon the actual site conditions and decontamination
requirements. Figure 20 illustrates a control site situation.
8.1.3 Equipment and Clothing
Spills of toxic materials can drastically alter the
ambient environment. Consequently, an accurate assessment of
hidden dangers is an integral part of safety considerations.
Field monitoring equipment for oxygen deficiency, combustible
and/or toxic gases and vapors, and radiation are necessary in
atmospheres where these problems could be found.
It is important that personal protective equipment and
safety requirements be appropriate to protect against the
potential or known hazards at an incident. Protective
equipment should be selected based on the type and
concentration of the substance encountered and the possible
route of personnel exposure. In situations where the type of
materials and possiblities of contact are unknown or the
hazards are not clearly identifiable, a more subjective
determination must be made of the personnel protective
equipment required for a safe initial entry.
The appropriate level of protection should be determined
prior to the initial entry on site based on best available
information. Subsequent information may suggest changes in the
original level selected.
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Figure 20. Field Control Site
WIND DIRECTION
20' -
20"
\ CONTAMINATION
HOT LINE—iy CONTROL LINE
DISTANCE VARIE;
COMMAND POST
HOT LINE—*/ CONTAMINATION
/ CONTROL LINE
X
X
-------
Levels of Protection
Level A
Level A protection should be worn when the highest level
of respiratory, skin, and eye contact protection is needed.
While Level A provides the maximum available protection,
including Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA), it does
not protect against all possible airborne or splash hazards.
For example, suit material may be rapidly permeable to certain
chemicals in high air concentrations or heavy splashes.
Level B
Level B protection should be selected when the highest
level of respiratory protection is needed (SCBA), but
percutaneous exposure to the small unprotected areas of the
body (i.e., neck and back of head) is unlikely, or where
concentrations are known to be within acceptable exposure
standards.
Level B protection is the minimum level recommended for
initial entries and should be used until the hazards have been
further identified and defined by monitoring, sampling and
other reliable methods of analysis. Once the site has been
properly defined, personnel protection equipment corresponding
with those findings should be utilized.
Level C
Level C protection should be selected when the type and
concentration of respirable material is known (the material has
adequate warning properties) or is reasonably assumed to be not
greater than the protection factors associated with an air-
purifying respirator, and exposure to the few unprotected areas
of the body (i.e., neck and back of head) is unlikely to cause
harm. Continuous monitoring of site and/or individuals should
be established.
Since selection and use of appropriate personal protective
equipment requires substantial training and experience, only
qualified personnel should consider entering environments where
such equipment is required. However, as a minimum, all
personnel should carry the following equipment when responding
to a spill incident:
1. Hard hat 6. Rain gear
2. Safety glasses 7. Flashlight
3. Safety shoes/boots 8. First-aid kit
4. "Rubber" gloves 9. Road flares
5. "Rubber" boots
-------
S.I.4 Medical
All personnel who will be involved in field activities
where there is a potential for exposure to hazardous substances
must be offered pre-assignment and periodic medical exams and
an appropriate medical exam after each exposure to hazardous
substances, as required by 29 CER part 1910, paragraph f. The
examiniation should be designed specifically to detect results
of low-level exposure.
8.1.5 Training
Personnel responding to spill incidents must be thoroughly
trained in both program and safety areas pertinent to their
respective tasks. Program training should include a basic
orientation to legislation, field procedures, agency
coordination requirements, and contingency planning. Safety
training should involve recognition of hazards, use and
limitations of appropriate personal safety equipment, and basic
first aid. This training is for the purpose of enabling
personnel to recognize and avoid hazardous situations and
should not be construed as encouraging deliberate exposure to
hazardous substances. Periodic training and practice in use
and care of safety equipment is necessary to maintain adequate
skill levels.
8.2 WATERFOWL CONSERVATION
Oil and hazardous substance discharges, particularly in
estuarine and near shore areas, often cause severe stress to
resident and migratory bird species. The DOI representatives
and the State liaison to the RRT will arrange for and
coordinate actions of professional and volunteer groups in the
establishment of bird collection, cleaning, and recovery
centers.
8.3 ENVIRONMENTAL DAMAGE ASSESSMENT
Even though initial response to an environmental emergency
does not include a formal damage assessment, the field
investigator should be alert to the obvious signs of
environmental harm. This could include indications of a fish
kill, oiled and dying birds, and contamination of beaches and
marshlands. Any signs of environmental damage should be
reported to the EPA Emergency Response Team who will, in
conjunction with the appropriate resource agencies, coordinate
any necessary damage assessment.
9.0 SAMPLING AND DOCUMENTATION
9.1 SAMPLING PROCEDURES
The collection and subsequent analysis of samples is
important in evaluating the progress of the spill cleanup. It
is also important to collect samples as soon as possible after
-------
the spill occurs for spill identification and assessment and
for later use as evidence. The general sampling methodology
described here may be applicable to all situations, although
the EPA "Field Detection and Damage Assessment Manual" should
be used as a guideline when samples are to be collected
specifically for assessment or enforcement purposes.
9-1.1 Method of Sampling
There are two methods of sample collection: automatic and
manual. "Automatic" sampling equipment is designed to function
and collect data and/or samples in the absence of an operator.
Sampling at the scene of a spill will usually be performed
manually because of the emergency and temporary nature of the
situat ion. Also, the presence of personnel on the scene may
make it convenient and economical to take manual samples.
Guidance on selection and use of automatic samplers can be
found in other publications. The following discussion will
assume manual sample collection although the theory could also
apply to the use of an automatic sampler.
9.1.2 Types of Samples
There are two types of samples which can be collected for
analysis: 1) Grab (discrete samples) and 2) Composite
samples.
Grab or discrete samples characterize the sample media
at a particular location and a particular instant in time. The
purpose of a composite sample is to mix discrete samples in
such a way as to represent the average characteristic either
spatially or over a period of time. In addition to generating
an average value, compositing is often done to reduce the
analytical load placed on the laboratory.
The choice of the type of sample should depend on the
objective of the sampling and the variability of the parameter
of interest. If the variability of the applicable parameter of
interest is low (that is, if the concentration of the parameter
changes little over time), then a grab sample may characterize
the guality adequately. On the other hand, if the variability
is high, then a composite should be formed from grab samples
taken at short intervals, or the grab samples themselves should
be collected and analyzed. If nothing is known about the
variability of the parameter of interest, then grab samples
should be collected and analyzed initially to determine the
variability of the parameter. Judgement will have to be
exercised in terms of the allowed variability.
If a single sample or a small number of samples from a
collection vessel are to be used, it is imperative that the
contents be thoroughly mixed prior to sampling. In the case
where quiescent conditions must be maintained, a number of
samples at various locations throughout the process container
should be taken.
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9.1.3 Sample Containers
Samples must be taken in appropriate sample containers to
reduce the possibility of contamination or adsorption. The
container must be completely clean and equipped with a tightly
fitting cap. Organic hazardous materials must be contained in
a glass jar or bottle to reduce adsorption to the container
walls. Specifically, oils and grease, pesticides, and short
chain organic compounds should be placed into glass containers.
Other materials such as metallic salts, can be stored in
plastic containers with no adverse effect.
To obtain enforcement quality data, sample containers
should be provided from the nearest analytical laboratory to
insure use of the proper type and quality. If necessary, the
bottles can be purchased from a local bottle supplier. If
possible, use wide mouth containers with a lined cap except
where interaction between the sample and cap material must be
minimized. (Then use narrow necked containers) .
water can be purchased, the bottles emptied and the containers
used. However, the use of these bottles is not recommended
without specific instructions from the OSC.
To clean sample containers prior to reuse, the following
procedures have been found to be effective:
1. Wash containers and caps with non-phosphate detergent
and scrub strongly with a brush.
2. Rinse with tap water, then distilled water.
3. Invert and drain dry.
4. If additional cleaning is needed, rinse with sulfuric
acid, tap water and distilled water.
In certain cases, sample bottles are further rinsed with
chemicals to remove traces of materials left by previous
samples. These procedures are outlined as follows:
1. Acid Rinse: If metals are to be analyzed, rinse the
container with a solution of one part nitric acid to
four parts water, then with distilled water. If
phosphorus is to be analyzed, rinse the container with
a solution of one part hydrochloric acid to one part
water followed by distilled water.
2. Solvent Rinse: If oil and grease or pesticides are to
be analyzed, begin with an acid-wash container, then
rinse the sample container with hexane, then acetone,
and distilled water. Treat the container caps
similarly.
For long term monitoring however, the analytical
laboratory performing the analyses should provide prepared
-------
bottles for sarapling.
9.1.4 Sample Preservation
The purpose of sample preservation is to maintain the
constituents of interest in the same concentration as when the
sample was collected. Even with preservation, the
concentrations of the constituents may be a function of the
time between sample collection and analysis. Therefore, for
any given preservation method a maximum holding time is also
spec if led. Other factors related to preservation that may
affect the integrity of the sample include the type and
material of the sample container, sample identification, and
the chain of custody for sample handling. For the preliminary
or initial sampling, icing or refrigeration of the samples
should be adequate. While not effective for all parameters,
icing or refrigeration is recommended as a standard technique
since it comes closest to being a universal preservative and
does not interfere with any analyses. The use of ice cubes and
an insulated chest is usually an effective and convenient
method for storage and transport of samples.
For a long term sampling program or for process monitoring
samples, the laboratory performing the analyses should be
consulted for specific instructions regarding preservation
techniques and sample containers.
9.1.5 Sample Identification
Once the sample is taken, certain procedures must be
followed to allow the identification of the sample and to
record the chain of custody. It is important that these
techniques be standardized and become a part of normal field
procedure.
Each sample should be assigned a unique number to allow
easy identification in the field and the laboratory. It is
important that the number include relatively few digits so that
it will not be abbreviated during successive handling. It is
recommended that each person who samples be assigned a roll of
peel-back labels. These labels would include the person1 s
initials and sequential numbering. As a sample is taken and
sealed, a number will be affixed to the bottle. The label
should include sufficient space for added information such as
date, preservative added, sampling time and location. Then the
specifics regarding the sampling location, type of sample, and
other pertinent facts should be recorded in the field notebook.
9.1.6 Chain j3f Custody
In cases of litigation, there must be proof of the chain
of possession that occurs from the time of sample collection to
final disposition. If a sample cannot be traced completely,
the validity of the analytical result may be doubtful.
Therefore, it is important that procedures for a written record
-------
of chain of custody be included as normal field practice. A
person has custody of a sample if one of the following
requirements is fulfilled:
1. It is in his actual physical possession.
2. It is in his view after being in his actual physical
possession.
3. It was locked up by him after being in his physical
possession.
4. It was kept in a secured area, restricted to
authorized personnel after being in his physical
possession.
, When the sample leaves his custody to another person, then
a record should be made indicating that this transaction has
been made.
9.2 DOCUMENTATION
The importance of keeping written records cannot be over
emphasized. As documentation of the events surrounding a spill
and its cleanup, these written records may have important legal
implications, particularly in cost recovery or reimbursement.
The records may also serve as a learning tool in that the
knowledge gained from a spill can be applied to future spill
situations. It is a good practice after the spill is cleaned
up, and the emergency is over, to go back and assess the
actions taken at the scene. Evaluation of this sort is
important in improving response techniques. A record of the
progress being made in the cleanup is also important in making
decisions at the scene of the spill.
It is recommended that the OSC keep, in a permanently
bound book, a log or diary of the chronological events from the
time of notification of the spill until the cleanup and his
duties are completed. All events of any significance should be
recorded in the log with notations of the date and time. The
information should include records of flow, operation,
maintenance, sampling, fuel used, problems encountered,
telephone converstions, meetings held, orders issued, weather
observations, and other pertinent information. The log should
be kept in a bound, sequentially numbered notebook. Entries
should be made in the log immediately and the date and time
indicated. No pages should be removed from the notebook. If a
page is ruined, it should be marked "VOID". Important
observations involving judgement and sampling records should be
signed by the principal investigator and countersigned by a
witness.
The important records that should be kept in the notebook
can be listed as follows:
1. General events - for each day start/stop times for
cleanup activities, arrival or procurement of
-------
equipment, documentation for authorization, weather
observations .
2. Treatment - volumes treated by each process, hours of
operation of each process, maintenance needed and/or
performed, fuel used , equipment breakdowns , ultimate
disposals.
3. Sampling - records of sampling, sample preservation
methods, analyses required, and destination of
samples .
4 . Personnel - a record of all personnel on s ite, their
function, and the actual times present. This is
especially important for those personnel, whether from
a government agency or third party contractor,
associated with the cleanup/treatment operation
itself. It is imperative that the OSC develop an
effective communication network with the personnel
attending the respective operation.
5, Photographs - a record of times and locations of all
photographs including a brief description of the
subj ect .
-------
INFORMATION CONTACTS
Information
Source
APPENDIX A
SPILL INFORMATION
Type of
Assistance
Access
Telephone
OHM-TADS-CIS
direct access
user support
Technical Assistance
Data System
CHEMTREC - Chemical
Transportation
Emergency Center
CHLOREP - Chlorine
Emergency Plan
Union Carbide, HELP
Hazardous Emergencies
Leak Procedure
National Argicultural
Chemicals Assn.
Pesticides Safety
Team Network
2,4
2,3
1,2,3
2-Chevron
Products
2-Union Carbide
Products
2-Shell Chemicals
2-Agricultural
Products
1,2,3
Poison Control Centers: 2
Poison Info. Ctr., Washington
Outside Washington
CHRIS - Coast Guard 2,4
Chemical Hazards Response
Information System
IRAP - interagency Radio- 1,2
logical Assistance Plan
EPA ERT - Environmental 1,2
Response Team
703-841-1200
800-247-8737
206-442-1263
800-424-9300
Through CHEMTREC
(see above)
415-233-3737
304-744-3487
618-254-7331
503-286-4451
Stauffer Chemical
Portland, Oregon
Through CHEMTREC
(see above)
800-732-6985
206-526-2121
Natl. Response
Center
800-424-8802
Through CHEMTREC
(see above)
201-321-6660
-------
Information
Source
Coast Guard National
Strike Force
U.S. Army Technical
Escort Center, Chemical
Emergency Response Team
Type of
Assistance
Access
Telephone
Natl. Response
Center or Pacific
Strike Team
415-883-3311
EPA Regional
Office or
800-826-3461
*Key: 1. Respond to scene with trained personnel if required
2. Profide information on identity, hazards, or what to do
3. Refer to knowledgeable contact
4. On-line computer available
INFORMATION REFERENCES
American Institute of Chemical Engineers, Control of Hazardous
Material Spills. Proceedings of the 1974 National Conference.
New York.
American National Red Cross. American Red Cross Standard First
Aid and Personal Safety. Garden City, New York: Doubleday and
Company.
American Public Health Association. standard Methods for
Examination of Water and Wastewater.
Association of American Railroads, Bureau of Explosives.
Emergency Handling of Hazardous Materials in Surface
Transportation. Washington DC.
Best Company. Best's Environmental and Safety Directory.
Morristown, New Jersey: A.M. Best Company.
Biosciences Information Service. Abstracts on Health Effects
of Environmental Pollutants. 1975. Philadelphia: Chemical
Index Guide.
Christensen, H.E. and Luginbyhl, T.L. NIOSH Registry of Toxic
Effects of Chemical Substances. Rockville, MD: U.S.
Department of Health, Education and Welfare.
Dow Chemical U.S.A. Chlorinated Solvents - Toxicity, Handling
Precautions, First Aid. Form No. 100-5449-76. Midland,
Michigan.
Hawley, G.G. Condensed Chemical Dictionary. New York: Van
Norstrand Reinhold Co.
-------
Little, Arthur D. Company. Spill Prevention Techniques of
Hazardous Polluting Substances. Washington, DC: U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency.
Meidl, Janes H. Hazardous Materials Handbook. Beverly Hills:
Glenco Press.
Mellan Ibert. Industrial Solvents Handbook. Park Ridge, New
Jersey: Noyes Data Corporation.
Meyer, E. Chemistry of Hazardous Materials. Englewood cliffs,
New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
National Association of Mutual Casualty Companies. Handbook of
Organic Industrial Solvents. Chicago.
National Fire Protection Association. Fire Officers Guide to
Dangerous Chemicals. Boston.
Fire Protection Guide on Hazardous Materials. Boston.
Hazardous Chemicals Data. NEPA No. 49. Boston.
National Fire Codes. Vol. 13, Hazardous Materials, Boston.
Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology. New York: John
Wiley and Sons.
Powers, Philip W. How to Dispose of Toxic Substances and
Industrial Wastes. Park Ridge, New Jersey: Noyes Data
Corporation.
Sax, Irving. Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials.
New York: Van Nostrand Reinholct Company.
TRW Systems Group. Recommended Methods of Reduction,
Neutralization, Recovery or Disposal of Hazardous Waste
(Volumes 1-16). Springfield, Virginia: U.S. Department of
Commerce.
Ture, R.L. Principles of Fire Protection Chemistry. Boston:
National Fire Protection Association.
U.S. Coast Guard, Department of Transportation. Chemical Data
Guide for Bulk Shipment by Water. Washington, DC: U.S.
Government Printing Office.
CHRIS Response Methods Handbook. Washington, DC: U.S.
Government Printing Office.
U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. An
Identification System for Occupationally Hazardous Materials.
Washington, DC: National Institute for Occupational Safety and
Health.
-------
Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances, Volumes
I and II. 1977. Washington, DC.
NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods. Cincinnati, Ohio:
NIOSH.
NIOSH Publication Catalog. Cincinnati, Ohio: Public
Health Service.
U.S. Department of Transportation. Hazardous Material'-
Emergency Action Guide.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Field Detect ion and
Damage Assessment Manual of Oil and Hazardous Material Spi1!s.
1977. Washington, DC: Office of Oil and Hazardous Materials.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Mobile Treatment
Technologies for Superfund Wastes. 1986. Washington, DC:
Office of Emergency and Remedial Response.
Quality Criteria for Water.
Recognition and Management of Pesticide Poisonings.
Manual for the Control of Hazardous Material Spills:
1977. Vol. I - Spill Assessment and Water Treatment
Techniques.
Verschueren, Karel. Handbook of Environmental Data on Organic
Chemicals. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co.
Walters, Douglas B., Safety Handling of Chemical Carcinogens,
Mutagens, and Teratogens and Highly Toxic Substances. Volumes
1 and 2. Ann Arbor: Ann Arbor Science Publishers.
Windholz, E., Editor. The Merck Index. Rahway, New Jersey:
Merck and Company.
-------
APPENDIX B
CLEANUP CONTRACTORS
Contractor & Service
Airo Services, Inc.
4110 East llth Street
Tacoma, Washington 98421
Amalgamated Services, Inc.
21318 - 103rd Place S.E.
Kent, Washington
Baron Blakeslee, Inc.
5920 N.E. 87th Avenue
Portland, Oregon 97220
Chemical Processors, Inc.
5501 Airport way South
Seattle, Washington 98108
chemical Waste Management, Inc.
Chem-Security Systems, Inc.
Star Route
Arlington, Oregon 97812
Coastal Tank Cleaning, Inc.
13749 Midvale North
Seattle, Washington
Crosby and Overton, Inc.
20245 76th Avenue South
Kent, Washington 98031
Offices in Bellingham, Kent, and
Portland. Respond primarily to
land spills; backup support
(vac truck, etc.) on all spills.
Crowley Environmental
services Corporation
3400 E. Marginal Way South
Seattle, Washington 98134
Booms, boats, sorbents, manpower
Enviroproducts
8040 Southeast 36th
Mercer Island, Washington
Envirosafe Services of Idaho, Inc.
P.O. Box 936
Mt. Home, Idaho 83647
24-hour hotline:
206-383-4916
206-854-6643
503-252-3468
Seattle:
Tacoma:
Seattle:
Arlington:
206-767-0350
206-627-7658
206-827-0711
503-223-1912
24-hour Hotline:
206-364-4994
24-hour Hotline:
206-872-8030
24-hour Hotline:
Seattle: 206-682-4898
Vancouver: 206-696-0159
Oregon: 503-286-3210
206-232-3390
Mt. Home: 208-587-8434
Boise: 208-384-1500
Tacoma: 206-565-4385
-------
Contractor & Seryice
Fuel Processors, Inc.
4150 North Suttle Road
Portland, Oregon 97210
Global Diving and Salvage, Inc.
2763 13th Southwest
Seattle, Washington 98134
Hart Crowser, Inc.
1910 Fairview East
Seattle, Washington
Knapton Tow Boat Company
Foot of 14th
Astoria, Oregon 97103
Lilyblad Petroleum, Inc.
P.O. Box 1556
Tacoma, Washington 98401
North American Environmental Inc.
2432 East llth
Tacoma, Washington
Northland Services, Inc.
6425 Northeast 175th Street
Seattle, Washington 98155
Barge
Northwest Enviro Services, Inc.
1500 Airport Way South
Seattle, Washington 98134
PAC-MAR Services
3406 - 13th S.W.
Seattle, Washington
Pontius Trucking
11050 N.E. 108th
Kirkland, Washington
Resource Recovery Corporation
5501 Airport Way South
Seattle, Washington 98108
Riedel Environmental Services P
P.O. Box 5007
Portland, Oregon 97202
Booms, boats, sorbents, manpower,
and response trailer in Portland, OR
and Boise, ID.
Phone
503-222-1721
206-623-0621
206-324-9530
503-325-6621
24-hour Hotline:
206-527-4402
206-272-998
206-485-9502
24-hour Hotline:
206-622-1090
206-872-8030
206-762-3434
206-767-0355
503-285-9111
24-hour Hotline:
800-334-0004
-------
Contractor & Service
Risberg's Truck Line
2339 S.E. Grand Avenue
Portland, Oregon 97214
Roberts Environmental services
1719 Irving Road
Eugene, Oregon.
Ryckman's Emergency Action
and Consulting Team (REACT)
P.O. Box 27310
St. Louis, Missouri 63141
Response 'centers in Seattle, Portland,
Bozeman. Hazardous materials response,
toxic gas leaks.
Safco Hazardous waste Exchange
1221 - 188th South
Des Moines, Washington 98148
Shaver Transportation
4900 Northwest Front
Portland, Oregon
Spencer Environmental Services, Inc.
15770 Beaver Glen Drive
Oregon City, Oregon 97045
U.S. Ecology Inc.
509 East 12th
Olympia, Washington 98501
Van waters & Rogers
3950 N.W. Yeon Avenue
Port1and, Oregon 97210
Washington Chemical
P.O. Box 743
Spokane, Washington 99210
Low level nuclear wastes.
Wilhelm Trucking Company
P.O. Box 10363
Portland, Oregon 97210
Phone
503-232-7165
503-688-4531
24-hour Hotline:
800-325-1398
206-242-3388
503-228-8850
503-632-7101
24-hour Hotline:
206-754-3733
503-222-1721
509-489-9176
503-227-0561
-------
APPENDIX C
LIST OF FIRMS BY TREATMENT PROCESS TECHNOLOGY
Biological
DETOX, Inc.
P.O. Box 324
Dayton, OH 45458
513-433-7394
(Evan Nyer)
Dorr-Oliver
77 Havemeyer Lane
P.O. Box 9312
Stanford, CT 06904
203-358-3664
(Dr. Paul Button)
OH Materials
P.O. Box 551
Findley, OH 45839
419-423-3526
Polybac Corporation
954 Marcon Blvd.
Allentown, PA 18103
215-264-8740
(William RonyacK
and Curtis McDowell)
FMC Aquifer Remediation System
P.O. Box 8
Princeton, NJ 08543
609-452-8412
(Joan Ridler)
Groundwater Decontamination
Systems
140 Route 17, North Suite 210
Paramus, NJ 07652
201-265-6727
Zimpro Inc.
Military Road
Rothchild, HI 54474
715-359-7211
(J. Robert Nicholson)
ECOVA
15555 N.E. 33rd
Redmond, HA 98052
206-882-4364
-------
Physical/Chemical
Accurex
Cincinnati, OH
415-964-3200
(Jim Thompson)
American Toxic Disposal, Inc.
560 Seahorse Drive
Waukegan, IL 60085
312-336-6067
(William Meenan)
Andco Environmental
Processes, Inc.
595 Commerce Drive
Amherst, NY 14150
716-691-2100
(Joseph Duffey)
ATW - calweld Inc.
11300 South NorwalX Blvd.
Santa Fe Springs, CA 90670
213-929-8103
(John Royle)
Bird Environmental Systems
100 Neponset Street
South Walpole, MA 01071
(Neil D. Policow)
Calgon Carbon Corporation
P.O. Box 717
Pittsburgh, PA 15230
412-787-6700
(Joseph Rizzo)
Carbon Air Services
P.O. Box 5117
Hopkins, MN 55343
612-935-1844
(Bruce Anderson)
Chemical Processors, Inc.
5501 Airport Way - South
Seattle, WA 98108
206-767-0350
(Ron West)
Critical Fluid System
25 Acron Park
Cambridge, HA 02140
617-492-1631
DETOX, Inc.
Dayton , OH 45459
513-433-7394
(Evan Nyer)
Ecolochem, Inc.
4545 Patent Road
P.O. Box 12775
Norfork, VA 23502
800-446-8004
(Richard Smallwood)
EPA/Releases Control
Branch
Woodbridge Avenue
Edison, NJ 08837
201-321-6677
(Richard Travers)
Ensotech, Inc.
11550 vanowen Street
North Hollywood, CA 91605
818-982-4895
(Doug smith)
Envirochem Waste Management
Services
P.O. Box 10784
Raleigh, NC 27605
919-469-8490
(Jerry Deakle)
Industrial Innovations, Inc.
P.O. Box 830
Stockton, CA 95201
209-462-8241
(Alfred Abila)
IT Corporation
4575 Pacheco Blvd.
Martinez, CA 94553
415-228-5100
(Ed Sirota)
-------
Chemical Waste Management
150 West 137th Street
Riverdale, IL 60627
312-841-8360
(Peter Daley)
Mobile Solvent Reclaimers
RR 1
St. Joseph, MO 64507
816-232-3972
(Larry Lambing)
Newpark Waste Treatment
Systems
200A Bourgess Drive
Broussard, LA 70518
713-963-9107
OH Materials
Nationwide
419-423-3526
(Joe Kirk)
Oil Recovery systems, inc.
Nationwide
617-769-7600
PPM Inc.
10 Central Avenue
Kansas City, MO 66118
913-621-4206
(Fred Labser)
Resource Conservation Co.
3630 Cornus Lane
Ellicott City, MD 21043
(Lenny Weimer)
Rexnord C.R.I.C.
5103 West Beloit Road
Milwaukee, WI 53201
414-643-2762
(Richard Osantowski)
Richard Sanitary Sevices
205 41st Street
Richmond, CA 94802
415-236-8000
(Caesar Nuti)
Kipin Industries
513 Green Garden Road
Aliquippa, PA 15001
412-495-6200
(Peter Kipin)
Roy F. Weston, Inc.
Weston Way
West Chester, PA 19380
215-692-3030
(John w. Noland,
Nancy P. McDevitt)
Solidtek
5371 Cook Road
Morrow, GA 30260
404-361-6181
(Ed Shuster)
Sunohio
1700 Gateway Blvd., S.E.
Canton, OH 44707
216-452-0837
(Doug Toman)
Terra vac, Inc.
356 Fortaleza Street
San Juan, PR 00901
809-723-9171
(Jim Malot)
Tetra Recovery Systems
1121 Boyce Road, Suite 1300
Pittsburgh, PA 15241
412-777-5235
(Ogden Clemens)
U.S. Army Toxic and Hazardous
Materials Agency
Aberdeen Proving Ground,
MD 21005
301-671-2054
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Solidification
Bethlehem Steel
Bldg. H-Room A110
Bethlehem, PA 18016
215-694-2424
(Robert M. McHullan)
Chemfix Inc.
1675 Airline Highway
P.O. Box 1572
Kenner, LA 70063
504-467-2800
(Robert A. Phelan)
Chemical Waste Management
Riverdale Center
150 W. 137th Street
Riverdale, IL 60627
312-841-8360
(Peter Daley)
Envirite Field Services
600 Germantown Pike
Plymouth Meeting, PA 19462
215-825-8877
(Bill Howard)
Envirochem Waste Management
975 Walnut Street
Cary, NC 27511
919-469-8490
(Jerry Deakle)
Hazcon Inc.
P.O. Box 947
Katy, TX 77492
713-391-1085
(Roy Funderburk)
Lopat Enterprises Inc.
1750 Bloomsbury Avenue
Wanamassa, NJ 08812
201-922-6600
(Lewis Flax)
Solidtek Systems Inc.
5371 Cook Road
Morrow, GA 30260
404-361-6181
(Ed Shuster)
Velsicol chemical Corp.
2603 Corporate Avenue
Suite 100
Memphis, TN 38132
901-345-1788
(Charles Hanson)
Westinghouse Hittman Nuclear
9151 Runsey Road
Columbia, MD 21045
310-964-5043
(Robert Conner)
Westinghouse waste Technology
services Division
P.O. Box 286
Madison, PA 15663
412-722-5600
-------
Thermal
DETOXCO
2700 Ygnacio Valley Road
Walnut Creek, CA
415-930-7997
(Robert McMahon)
ENSCO Environmental Services
Third Floor, First Tennessee
Bank Building
Franklin, TN
615-794-1351
(Robert McCormack)
Haztech
5280 Panola Industrial Blvd.
Decature, GA 30035
404-981-9332
(Saul Furstein)
Incinenex Corporation
P.O. Box 69
Bedford Hills, NY 10507
J.M. Huber Corporation
P.O. Box 2831
Borger, TX 79008
806-274-6331
(Jimmy W. Boyd)
John Zink Services
4401 S. Peoria Avenue
P.O. Box 702220
Tulsa, OK
918-747-1371
(Kenneth E. Hastings)
MAECORP Inc.
17450 South Halsted Street
Homewood, IL 60430
312-957-7600
(Hank Handosa)
Ogden Environmental Service1
Inc.
10955 John Jay Hopkins Dr.
San Diego, CA 92121
619-455-2383
OH Materials
P.O. Box 551
Findley, OH 45839
419-423-3526
(Sam Insallaco)
Rollins Environmental Services
1 Rollins Plaza
Wilmington, DE 19899
302-479-2700
(Bill Philipbar)
Reidel Environmental Services
P.O. Box 5007
Portland, OR 97205
503-286-4654
(Jack Patterson)
Shirco Infrared Systems Inc.
1195 Empire Central
Dallas, TX 75247-4301
214-630-7511
(George Hay)
Trade Waste Incineration-
A Division of chemical
Waste Management
8000 Maryland, Suite 4400
St. Louis, MO 63105
314-727-5040
(A.J. McCoy)
VerTech Treatment Services
12000 Pecos Street
Denver, CO 80234
303-452-8800
(Gerald Rappe)
Modar Inc.
320 Wilcrest Street, Suite 220
Houston, TX 77042
713-785-5615
(Fred Sieber)
Waste-Tech Services Inc.
445 Union Blvd., suite ?2l
Lakewood, CO 80228
303-987-1790
(Elliott Cooper)
-------
Westinghouse Plasma Systems Winston Technology
P.O. Box 350 6920 N.W. 44th Ct.
Madison, PA 15663 Lauderhill, FL 33319
412-722-5637 305-748-1769
(Bill Mellili) (Patrick Philips)
Vesta Technologies Limited Zimpro Inc.
1670 West McNab Road Miltary Road
Fort Lauderdale, FL 33306 Rothchild, WI 54474
715-359-7211
(J. Robert Nicholson)
-------
APPENDIX D
OIL SHEEN REFERENCE
Standard Terms for High Viscosity Oil Films and
Descriptive Appearance of High Visocity Oil on Water
Approximate Approximate
Standard Film Thickness Quantity of Appearance
Tern Oil in Film
10 10 Gals, per Liters per
inches meters sq. miles sq. km.
Barely 1.5 0.04 25 44 Barely visible
Viiible under most
favorable
1 ight
conditions
Silvery 3 0.08 50 88 Visible as a
silvery sheer.
on water
surface
Slightly 6 0.15 100 176 First trace of
colored color may be
observed
Brightly 12 0.3 200 351 Bright bands
Colored of color are
visible
Dull 40 1.0 666 1,168 Colors begin
to turn dul1
brown
Dark 80 2.0 1,332 2,337 Colors are
much darker
brown or
black
Mote: Each one-inch thickness of oil equals 5.61 gallons per square
yard or 17,378,909 U.S. gallons per square mile.
-------
APPENDIX E
STANDARD TERMS AND CONVERSION TABLE
Multiply by factor to obtain
KnowingU.S. GallonU.S. Barrel Cubic FeetLiter
Gallon (U.S.) 1.0000 0.02381 0.13368 3.785
Barrel 42.0000 1.00000 5.6146 158.930
Cubic Feet 7.4805 0.1781 1.0000 28.310
Liter 0.2641 0.00629 0.03532 1.000
-------
APPENDIX F
TELEPHONE DIRECTORY
National Response Center
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Regional office 24-hour number:
24-hour number:
Operations Office Idaho:
dregon:
Washington:
Alaska:
1-800-424-8802
206-442
8-399
208-334
8-554
503-221
8-423
206-753
8-434
1263
1263 FTS
1450
1450 FTS
3250
3250 FTS
9437
9437 FTS
907-586-7619
U.S. Coast Guard
13th District....Operations Center:
HER Branch:
MSO:
COTP Offices Seattle:
Portland:
17th District
Juneau ....MEP Branch:
Anchorage MSO:
Pacific strike Team San Francisco:
Corps of Engineers
North Pacific Division
Seattle District.
206-442-5886
8-396-5886 FTS
206-442-5850
8-396-5850 FTS
206-286-5550
8-396-5550 FTS
206-286-5550
206-286-5540
8-396-5550 FTS
503-240-9317
8-422-0317 FTS
907-586-7197
907-271-5137
415-883-3311
8-556-2665 FTS
503-221-3700
8-423-3700 FTS
206-764-3742
8-446-3742 FTS
-------
Portland District 503-221-6000
8-423-6000 ITS
Walla Walla District 509-522-6506
8-434-6S06
Alaska District 907-753-2504
U.S. Attorney
Boise, ID 208-334-1211
8-554-1121 ITS
Portland, OR 503-221-2101
8-423-2101 PTS
Seattle, WA 206-442-7970
8-399-7970 PTS
Spokane, WA 509-456-3811
8-439-3811 FTS
National Oceanic t Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)
Regional Office Seattle: 206-442-7656
8-399-7656 PTS
National Marine Fisheries 206-526-6150
8-392-6150 PTS
National Weather Serv., Forecast office. 206-526-6095
8-392-6098 PTS
Pacific Marine Mammal Laboratory 206-526-4047
8-392-4047 FTS
Federal Emergency Management Agency (PEMA) 206-481-8800
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
Regional Pollution
Response Coordinator Portland: 503-231-6128
8-429-6128 PTS
Department of Health i Waifare
Division of Environment Boise: 208-334-5839
8-554-5839 PTS
Division of Health 800-632-5945
8-554-5945 FTS
-------
Burww.'Of Emergency Medical Service*.... 208-334-
8-554-
(Notify, for .all spills)
OREGON
Oregon Emergency Management... In Oregon: 800-452-
(24 houre) Outside Oregon: 503-378-
5994
5994 FTS
•0311
•4124
Department of Environmental
Quality Portland: 503-221-3250
8-423-3250 FTS
WASHINGTON
Department of Ecology "206-753-2353
(Olympic Pen. I S. of Tacoma) 8-434-2353 FTS
(Puget Sound N. of Tacoma t 206-867-7000
San Juan Islands)
(East of Columbia River) 509-456-2926
(Central Washington) 509-575-2490
ALASKA
Department of Environmental 907-465-2600
Conservation, Central Office, Juneau.... 907-465-2653
24 Hour Telephone
In Anchorage: Dial 211 and ask for Zenith 9300
Elsewhere: Dial 0 and ask for Zenith 9300
Oil Spill Co-ops
Clean Sound Cooperative Seattle: 206-624-7014
Clean River Coopertive Portland: 503-228-4361
Hazardous Materials Disposal Sites
Envirosafe Services, Inc.
Grandviev, ID: 208-834-
Mountain Home, ID: 208-587-
Chem-Security Systems, Inc.
Arlington, OR: 503-454-
Portland, OR: 503-223-
Environmental Disposal Service
Coligna, CA: 209-935-
2275
8404
2777
1912
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FREQUENTLY CALLED NAMES AND TELEPHONE NUMBERS
T«l«phon> Nunbsr
74
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