United States
Environmental Protection Agency
EPA-AA-RPSD-IM-96-2
July 1996
Air
Acceleration Simulation Mode Test
Procedures, Emission Standards,
Quality Control Requirements, and
Equipment Specifications
Technical Guidance
FINAL
-------
Table of Contents
Page
§85.1 Test Standards and Calculations 1
(a) Emissions Standards 1
(b) Test Score Calculation 7
§85.2 Test Procedures 9
(a) General Requirements. 9
(b) Vehicle Pre-inspection and Preparation. 9
(c) Equipment Preparation and Settings. 10
(d) Test Procedure. 12
(e) Second Chance Tests. 15
§85.3 Test Equipment Specifications 16
(a) Dynamometer Specifications. 16
(b) Emission Sampling System. 19
(c) Analytical Instruments. 21
(d) Automated Test Process Software and Displays. 24
§85.4 Quality Control Requirements 26
(a) General Requirements 26
(b) Dynamometer 26
(c) Emission Sampling System. 30
(d) Analytic Instruments. 31
§85.5 Test Record Information 38
(a) General Information. 38
(b) Ambient Test Conditions. 38
(c) ASM Mode or Modes. 38
(d) Diagnostic/Quality Assurance Information. 38
-------
385-1 §85.1
§85.1 Test Standards and Calculations
(a) Emissions Standards
(1) Start-up ASM Standards. Start-up standards should be used during the first cycle of the
program. The exhaust emissions standards for the following model years and vehicle
types are cross-referenced by the number in the column in §85.1(a)(3), as noted in the
column headings:
(i) Light Duty Vehicles.
Model Years Hydrocarbons Carbon Monoxide Oxides of Nitrogen
Table §85.l(a)(3)(i) Table §85.1 (a)(3)(ii) Table §85.1 (a)(3)(iii)
1994+Tier 1 1 21 41
1991-1995 2 22 42
1983-1990 4 23 43
1981-1982 4 26 43
1980 4 26 48
1977-1979 11 30 48
1975-1976 11 30 50
1973-1974 13 34 50
1968-1972 13 34 51
(ii) High-Altitude Light Duty Vehicles.
Model Years Hydrocarbons Carbon Monoxide Oxides of Nitrogen
Table §85.1 (a)(3)(i) Table §85.1 (a)(3)(ii) Table §85.1 (a)(3)(iii)
1983-1984 4 26 43
1982 4 29 43
(iii) Light Duty Trucks 1 ("less than 6000 pounds GVWRX
Model Years Hydrocarbons Carbon Monoxide Oxides of Nitrogen
Table §85.1 (a)(3)(i) Table §85.1 (a)(3)(ii) Table §85.1 (a)(3)(iii)
1994+Tier U3750LVW 1 21 41
1994+Tier 1>3750LVW 2 22 42
1991-1995 5 26 43
1988-1990 7 29 44
1984-1987 7 29 49
1979-1983 11 31 49
1975-1978 12 32 50
1973-1974 13 34 50
1968-1972 13 34 51
(iv) High-Altitude Light Duty Trucks 1 Hess than 6000 pounds GVWRX
Model Years Hydrocarbons Carbon Monoxide Oxides of Nitrogen
Table §85.1 (a)(3)(i) Table §85.1 (a)(3)(ii) Table §85.1 (a)(3)(iii)
1991+ 6 28 43
1988-1990 9 30 44
1984-1987 9 30 49
1982-1983 12 33 49
Page I 6/27/96 Test Standards and Calculations
-------
§85.1 §85.1
(v) Light Duty Trucks 2 (greater than 6000 pounds GVWRV
Model Years Hydrocarbons Carbon Monoxide Oxides of Nitrogen
Table §85.1 (a)(3)(i) Table §85.1 (a)(3)(ii) Table §85.1 (a)(3)(iii)
1994+Tier U5750LVW 2 22 42
1994+Tier 1>5750LVW 5 26 45
1991-1995 5 26 46
1988-1990 7 29 47
1984-1987 7 29 49
1979-1983 11 31 49
1975-1978 12 32 50
1973-1974 13 34 50
1968-1972 13 34 51
(vi) High-Altitude Light Duty Trucks 2 Cgreater than 6000 pounds GVWRX
Model Years Hydrocarbons Carbon Monoxide Oxides of Nitrogen
Table §85.1 (a)(3)(i) Table §85.1 (a)(3)(ii) Table §85.1 (a)(3)(iii)
1991+ 6 28 46
1988-1990 9 30 47
1984-1987 9 30 49
1982-1983 12 33 49
(2) Final ASM Standards. The following exhaust emissions standards are designed to
achieve the emission reduction credits issued by EPA. They should only be used after at
least one cycle of operation using the start-up standards in §85.1(a)(l). The exhaust
emissions standards for the following model years and vehicle types are cross-referenced
by the number in the column in §85.1(a)(3), as noted in the column headings:
(i) Light Duty Vehicles.
Model Years Hydrocarbons Carbon Monoxide Oxides of Nitrogen
Table §85. l(a)(3)(i) Table §85.1 (a)(3)(ii) Table §85.1 (a)(3)(iii)
1994+Tier 1 1 21 41
1983-1995 1 21 41
1981-1982 1 23 41
1980 1 23 45
1977-1979 6 27 45
1975-1976 6 27 48
1973-1974 10 32 48
1968-1972 10 32 49
(ii) High-Altitude Light Duty Vehicles.
Model Years Hydrocarbons Carbon Monoxide Oxides of Nitrogen
Table §85. l(a)(3)(i) Table §85.1 (a)(3)(ii) Table §85.1 (a)(3)(iii)
1983-1984 2 23 41
1982 2 . 23 41
Page 2 6/27/96 Test Standards and Calculations
-------
§85.1
§85.1
(iii) Light Duty Trucks 1 (less than 6000 pounds GVWRV
Model Years
1994+Tier 1
1988-1995
1984-1987
1979-1983
1975-1978
1973-1974
1968-1972
Hydrocarbons
Table §85.1 (a)(3)(i)
1
3
3
8
9
10
10
Carbon Monoxide
Table §85.1 (a)(3)(ii)
21
24
24
28
29
32
32
Oxides of Nitrogen
Table § 85.1 (a)(3)(iii)
41
42
46
46
48
48
49
(iv) High-Altitude Light Duty Trucks 1 (less than 6000 pounds GVWR).
Model Years
1988+
1984-1987
1982-1983
Hydrocarbons
Table §85.1 (a)(3)(i)
' 4
4
9
Carbon Monoxide
Table §85.1 (a)(3)(ii)
26 •
26
30
Oxides of Nitrogen
Table §85.1 (a)(3)(iii)
-..;:- 42
46
46
(v) Light Duty Trucks 2 (greater than
Model Years
i pounds GVWRl
1994+Tier 1
1988-1995
1984-1987
1979-1983
1975-1978
1973-1974
1968-1972
Hydrocarbons
Table§85.l(a)(3)(i)
1
3
3
8
9
10
10
Carbon Monoxide
Table §85.1 (a)(3)(ii)
21
24
24
28
29
32
32
Oxides of Nitrogen
Table §85.1 (a)(3)(iii)
41
44
46
46
48
48
49
(vi) High-Altitude Light Duty Trucks 2 (greater than 6000 pounds GVWRX
Model Years
1988+
1984-1987
1982-1983
Hydrocarbons
Table §85. l(a)(3)(i)
4
4
9
Carbon Monoxide
Table §85.1 (a)(3)(ii)
26
26
30
Oxides of Nitrogen
Table §85.1 (a)(3)(iii)
44
46
46
Page 3
6/27/96
Test Standards and Calculations
-------
§85.1
§85.1
(3) ASM 2525 and 5015 Concentration Tables
(i) ASM2525 and ASM5015 Hydrocarbon (ppm C6) Table
Column tt
ETW
1750
1875
2000
2125
2250
2375
2500
2625
2750
2875
3000
3125
3250
3375
3-500
3625
3750
3875
4000
4125
4250
4375
4500
4625
4750
4875
5000
5125
5250
5375
5500
5625
5750
5875
6000
6125
6250
6375
6500
6625
6750
6875
7000
7125
7250
7375
7500
i
5015
142
134
127
121
115
109
105
KXI
96
92
89
86
83
81
78
76
74
72
71
69
67
66
65
63
62
61
60
58
57
56
55
54
53
52
51
50
50
49
48
48
47
47
47
47
47
47
47
1
2525
136
129
123
116
111
106
101
97
93
89
86
83
80
78
76
74
72
70
68
67
65
64
63
61
m
59
58
57
56
55
54
53
52
51
50
49
48
48
47
46
46
46
46
46
46
46
46
5015
224
212
201
191
182
173
166
159
152
146
141
136
132
128
124
120
117
114
112
109
107
KM
102
UK)
98
96
94
93
91
89
87
86
84
83
81
80
79
77
76
76
75
75
74
74
74
74
74
2525
216
2(15
194
184
175
167
160
153
147
141
136
132
127
123
120
117
114
111
108
106
103
101
99
97
95
93
92
90
88
86
85
83
82
80
79
78
76
75
74
74
73
73
72
72
72
72
72
5015
257
243
230
219
208
198
189
181
173
167
160
155
149
145
140
136
133
129
126
123
120
118
115
113
110
108
106
104
102
100
98
96
94
92
90
89
87
86
85
84
83
83
83
82
82
82
82
2525
249
236
223
212
201
192
183
175
168
161
155
150
145
140
136
132
129
125
122
119
117
114
112
109
107
105
103
101
99
97
95
93
91
90
88
86
85
84
83
82
81
81
80
80
80
80
80
5015
291
275
260
246
234
223
212
203
194
187
180
173
167
162
157
152
148
144
140
137
134
131
128
125
122
120
117
115
112
110
108
106
104
102
100
98
96
95
93
92
91
91
91
90
90
90
90
2525
282
266
252
239
227
216
206
197
189
181
174
168
162
157
152
148
144
140
137
133
130
127
124
122
119
117
114
112
110
107
105
103
101
99
97
95
94
92
91
90
89
89
88
88
88
88
88
5
5015
324
306
289
274
260
247
236
225
216
207
199
191
185
179
173
168
163
159
155
151
147
144
141
137
134
132
129
126
123
121
118
116
113
111
109
107
105
103
102
101
100
99
99
98
98
98
98
5
2525
315
297
281
267
253
241
230
219
210
201
194
186
180
174
169
164
159
155
151
147
143
140
137
134
131
128
126
123
120
118
115
113
111
108
106
104
102
101
99
98
97
97
96
96
96
96
96
$
5015
374
353
333
316
299
284
271
259
247
237
228
219
211
204
198
192
186
181
176
172
167
164
160
156
153
149
146
143
140
137
134
131
128
125
123
120
118
116
114
113
112
111
111
111
111
111
111
6
2525
364
344
325
3(18
292
277
264
252
241
231
222
214
206
199
193
187
182
177
172
168
164
160
156
152
149
146
143
139
136
133
130
128
125
122
120
118
115
113
112
111)
109
1(19
108
108
108
108
108
7
5015
390
368
348
329
312
297
283
270
258
247
237
228
220
213
206
200
194
188
183
179
174
170
166
162
159
155
152
148
. 145
142
139
136
133
130
127
125
123
120
119
117
116
115
115
115
115
' 115
115
7
2525
381
359
339
321
3(15
290
276
263
252
241
232
223
215
208
201
195
189
184
179
175
170
166
162
159
155
152
148
145
142
139
136
133
130
127
124
122
120
118
116
114
113
113
112
112
112
112
112
8
5015
407
384
363
343
325
309
294
281
269
257
247
238
229
221
214
207
201
196
191
186
181
177
172
169
165
161
157
154
150
147
144
141
138
135
132
129
127
125
123
121
120
119
119
119
119
119
119
8
2525
397
375
354
335
318
302
288
274
262
251
241
232
224
216
209
203
197
191
186
181
177
173
169
165
161
157
154
150
147
144
141
138
135
132
129
126
124
122
120
119
117
117
116
116
116
116
116
9
5015
457
431
4W
385
365
346
329
314
300
287
276
265
256
247
239
231
224
218
212
206
201
196
192
187
183
179
175
171
167
163
159
156
152
149
146
143
140
138
136
134
132
132
131
131
131
131
131
9
2525
447
421
398
376
357
339
322
307
294
281
270
260
250
241
234
226
220
213
208
202
197
192
188
183
179
175
171
167
163
159
156
152
149
146
143
140
137
135
133
131
129
129
128
128
128
128
128
10
5015
706
665
627
592
560
531
505
481
459
439
420
404
388
374
362
350
339
329
320
311
303
295
287
280
273
267
260
254
248
242
236
231
225
220
215
210
206
202
199
196
194
193
192
192
192
192
192
10
2525
694
653
616
582
551
522
496
472
451
431
413
397
382
368
355
344
333
323
314
305
297
290
282
275
269
262
256
250
244
238
232
226
221
216
211
206
202
198
' 195
192
190
189
188
188
188
188
188
11
5015
774
729
688
650
615
583
554
528
503
481
461
443
426
411
397
384
372
361
,351
341
332
323
315
308
300
293
286
279
272
266
259
253
247
241
236
231
226
222
218
215
213
211
211
211
211
211
211
11
2525
761
717
676
638
604
573
544
518
495
473
453
435
419
404
390
377
365
355
345
335
326
318
310
302
295
288
281
274
267
261
255
248
243
237
232
227
222
218
214
211
209
207
207
206
206
206
206
12
5015
843
794
749
707
669
635
603
574
548
524
502
482
464
447
432
418
405
393
382
371
361
352
343
335
,327
i?l&!
311
304
296
289
282
276
269
263
257
251
246
242
238
234
232
230
229
229
229
229
229
12
2525
828
780
736
695
658
624
593
564
539
515
493
474
456
440
424
411
398
386
375
365
355
346
337
329
321
313
305
298
291
284
277
271
264
258
252
247
242
237
233
230
227
225
225
225
225
225
225
13
5015
1118
1052
992
938
887
841
800
761
726
695
666
639
615
593
573
554
537
521
506
492
479
467
455
444
433
423
412
402
393
383
374
365
357
348
341
333
326
320
315
310
307
305
304
304
304
304
304
13
2525
1098
1034
975
921
872
827
786
748
714
683
654
628
604
583
563
544
527
512
497
484
471
459
447
436
425
415
405
395
386
376
367
359
350
342
334
327
320
314
309
304
301
299
298
298
298
298
298
Page 4
6/27/96
Test Standards and Calculations
-------
§85.1
5.1
(ii) ASM2525 and ASM5015 Carbon Monoxide (%CO) Table
Column #
ETW
1750
1875
2000
2125
2250
2375
2500
2625
2750
2875
3000
3125
3250
3375
3500
3625
3750
3875
4000-
4125
4250
4375
4500
4625
4750
4875
5000
5125
5250
5375
5500
5625
5750
5875
6000
6125
6250
6375
6500
6625
6750
6875
7000
7125
7250
7375
7500
21
5(115
fl.RO
0.75
0.71
0.68
0.64
0.61
0.59
0.56
0.54
0.52
0.50
0.48
0.46
0.45
0.44
0.42
0.41
0.40
0.39
0.3X
0.37
0.36
0.36
0.35
0.34
0.34
0.33
0.32
0.32
0.31
0.30
0.30
0.29
0.29
0.2K
0.28
0.27
0.27
0.26
0.26
0.26
0.26
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
21
2525
0.77
0.73
0.69
0.66
0.62
0.59
(1.57
0.54
0.52
0.50
0.48
0.46
0.45
0.43
0.42
0.41
0.40
0.39
0.38
0.37
0.36
0.35
0.35
0.34
0.33
0.33
0.32
0.31
0.31
0.30
0.30
0.29
0.29
0.28
0.28
0.27
0.27
0.26
0.26
0.26
0.26
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
22
5015
1.26
1.19
1.13
1.07
1.02
0.97
0.93
0.89
0.85
0.82
0.79
0.76
0.73
0.71
0.69
0.67
0.65
0.63
0.62
0.60
0.59
0.58
0.57
0.55
0.54
0.53
0.52
0.51
0.50
0.49
0.48
0.47
0.46
0.45
0.44
0.44
0.43
0.42
0.42
0.41
0.41
0.40
0.40
0.40
0.40
0.40
0.40
22
2525
1.22
1.16
1.09
1.04
0.99
0.94
0.90
0.86
0.82
0.79
0.76
0.73
0.71
0.69
0.67
0.65
0.63
0.61
0.6(1
0.58
0.57
0.56
0.55
0.54
0.53
0.52
0.51
0.50
0.49
0.48
0.47
0.46
0.45
0.44
0.44
0.43
0.42
0.42
0.41
0.41
0.41
0.40
0.40
0.40
0.40
0.40
0.40
23
5015
1.64
1.55
1.47
1.39
1.32
1.26
1.20
1.15
1.10
1.05
1.01
0.98
0.94
0.91
0.88
0.86
0.83
0.81
0.79
0.77
0.75
0.74
0.72
0.70
0.69
0.67
0.66
0.65
0.63
0.62
0.61
0.59
0.58
0.57
0.56
0.55
0.54
0.53
0.52
0.52
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.50
0.50
0.5(1
23
2525
1.83
1.72
1.63
1.54
1.47
1.39
1.33
1.27
1.21
1.16
1.12
1.08
1.04
1.00
0.97
0.94
0.92
0.89
0.87
0.85
0.83
0.81
0.79
0.77
0.76
0.74
0.73
0.71
0.70
0.68
0.67
0.65
0.64
0.63
0.62
0.61
0.60
0.59
0.58
0.57
0.57
0.56
0.56
0.56
0.56
0.56
0.56
24
5015
2.02
1.91
1.81
1.71
1.62
1.54
1.47
1.41
1.34
1.29
1.24
1.19
1.15
1.11
1.08
1.05
1.02
0.99
0.96
0.94
0.92
0.89
0.87
0.85
0.84
0.82
0.80
0.78
0.77
0.75
0.73
0.72
0.70
0.69
0.67
0.66
0.65
0.64
0.63
0.62
0.61
0.61
0.61
0.61
0.61
0.61
0.61
24
2525
2.43
2.29
2.17
2.05
1.94
1.85
1.76
1.68
1.60
1.54
1.48
1.42
1.37
1.32
1.28
'1.24
1.20
1.17
1.14
1.11
1.08
1.06
1.03
1.01
0.99
0.97
0.95
0.92
0.90
0.89
0.87
0.85
0.83
0.81
0.80
0.78
0.77
0.76
0.74
0.73
0.73
0.72
0.72
0.72
0.72
0.72
0.72
25
5015
2.21
2.09
1.97
1.87
1.77
1.69
1.61
1.53
1.47
1.41
1.35
1.30
1.26
1.21
1.17
1.14
1.11
1.08
1.05
1.02
l.(X)
0.97
0.95
0.93
0.91
0.89
0.87
0.85
0.83
0.81
0.80
0.78
0.76
0.75
0.73
0.72
0.71
0.69
0.68
0.67
0.67
0.66
0.66
0.66
0.66
0.66
0.66
25
2525
2.73
2.58
2.43
2.30
2.18
2.07
1.97
1.88
1.80
1.72
1.66
1.59
1.53
1.48
1.43
1.39
1.35
1.31
1.28
1.24
1.21
1.18
1.16
1.13
1.10
1.08
1.05
1.03
1.01
0.99
0.97
0.94
0.92
0.91
0.89
0.87
0.85
0.84
0.83
0.82
0.81
0.80
0.80
0.80
0.80
0.80
0.80
26
5015
2.78
2.63
2.48
2.35
2.23
2.12
2.02
1.92
1.84
1.76
1.69
1.63
1.57
1.52
1.47
1.42
1.38
1.34
1.31
1.27
1.24
1.21
1.18
1.15
1.13
1.10
1.08
1.05
1.03
1.01
0.99
0.97
0.94
0.92
0.91
0.89
0.87
0.86
0.84
0.83
0.82
0.82
0.82
0.81
0.81
0.81
0.81
26
2525
3.64
3.43
3.24
3.06
2.90
2.76
2.62
2.50
2.39
2.29
2.19
2.11
2.03
1.96
1.89
1.84
1.78
1.73
1.68
1.64
1.60
1.56
1.52
1.48
1.45
1.42
1.38
1.35
1.32
1.29
1.26
1.24
1.21
1.18
1.16
1.13
1.11
1.09
1.08
1.06
1.05
1.04
1.04
1.04
1.04
1.04
1.04
27
5015
2.97
2.81
2.65
2.51
2.38
2.26
2.15
2.115
1.96
1.88
1.80
1.74
1.67
1.62
1.56
1.52
1.47
1.43
1.39
1.36
1.32
1.29
1.26
1.23
1.20
1.17
1.15
1.12
1.10
1.07
1.05
1.03
1.01
0.98
0.96
0.94
0.93
0.91
0.90
0.88
0.88
0.87
0.87
0.87
0.86
0.86
0.86
27
2525
3.94
3.71
3.51
3.32
3.14
2.98
2.84
2.70
2.58
2.47
2.37
2.28
2.20
2.12
2.05
1.98
1.92
1.87
1.82
1.77
1.72
1.68
1.64
1.60
1.57
1.53
1.49
1.46
1.43
1.39
1.36
1.33
1.30
1.27
1.25
1.22
1.20
1.18
1.16
1.14
1.13
1.12
1.12
1.12
1.12
1.12
1.12
28
5015
3.16
2.98
2.82
2.67
2.53
2.4(1
2.29
2.18
2.09
2.00
1.92
1.84
1.78
1.72
1.66
1.61
1.56
1.52
1.48
1.44
1.40
1.37
1.34
1.30
1.28
1.25
1.22
1.19
1.16
1.14
1.11
1.09
1.07
1.04
1.02
l.(H)
0.98
0.96
0.95
0.94
0.93
0.92
0.92
0.92
0.92
0.92
0.92
28
2525
4.24
4.00
3.77
3.57
3.38
3.21
3.05
2.91
2.78
2.66
2.55
2.45
2.36
2.28
2.20
2.13
2.07
2.01
1.95
1.90
1.85
1.81
1.76
1.72
1.68
1.64
1.60
1.57
1.53
1.50
1.46
1.43
1.40
1.37
1.34
1.31
1.28
1.26
1.24
1.23
1.21
1.20
1.20
1.20
1.20
1.20
1.20
29
5015
3.54
3.34
3.16
2.99
2.83
2.69
2.56
2.44
2.33
2.23
2.14
2.06
1.99
1.92
1.86
1.80
1.74
1.69
1.65
1.61
1.56
1.53
1.49
1.46
1.42
1.39
1.36
1.33
1.30
1.27
1.24
1.21
1.19
.1.16
1.14
1.11
1.09
1.07'
1.06
1.04
1.03
1.02
1.02
1.02
1.02
1.02
1.02
29
2525
4.85
4.57
4.31
4.08
3.86
3.66
3.48
3.32
3.17
3.03
2.91
2.79
2.69
2.60
2.51
2.43
2.36
2.29
2.22
2.16
2.11
2.06
2.01
1.96
1.91
1.87
1.82
1.78
1.74
1.70
1.66
1.62
1.59
1.55
1.52
1.49
1.46
1.43
1.41
1.39
1.37
1.36
1.36
1.36
1.36
1.36
1.36
30
5015
3.92
3.70
3.49
131
3.13
2.98
2.83
2.70
2.58
2.47
2.37
2.28'
2.20
2.12
2.05
1.99
1.93
1.87
1.82
1.77
1.73
1.68
1.64
1.61
1.57
1.53
1.50
1.46
1.43
1.40
1.37
1.34
1.31
1.28
1.25
1.23
1.20
1.18
1.16
1.15
1.14
1.13
1.12
1.12
1.12
1.12
1.12
30
2525
5.45
5.14
4.85
4.58
4.34
4.12
3.91
3.73
3.56
3.41
3.27
3.14
3.02
2.91
2.82
2.73
2.64
2.57
2.49
2.43
2.36
2.31
2.25
2.19
2.14
2.09
2.04
2.00
1.95
1.90
1.86
1.82
1.78
1.74
1.70
1.66
1.63
1.60
1.57
1.55
1.54
1.52
1.52
1.52
1.52
1.52
1.52
31
5015
4.31
4.06
3.83
3.63
3.44
3.26
3.10
2.96
2.83
2.71
2.60
2.50
2.40
2.32
2.24
2.17
2:11
2.05
1.99
.1.94
1.89
1.84
.1.80
1.76
1.72
1.68
1.64
1.60
1.56
1.53
1.49
1.46
1.43
1.40
1.37
1.34
1.31
1.29
1.27
1.25
1.24
1.23
1.23
1.22
1.22
1.22
1.22
31
2525
6.06
5.70
5.38
5.09
4.82
4.57
4.35
4.14
3.95
3.78
3.62
3.48
3.35
3.23
3.12
3.02
2.93
2.85
2.77
2.69
2.62
2.55
2.49
2.43
2.37
2.32
2.26
2.21
2.16
2.11
2.06
2.01
1.96
1.92
1.88
1.84
1.80
1.77
1.74
1.72
1.70
1.68
1.68
1.68
1.68
1.68
1.68
35
5015
5.07
4.78
4.51
4.26
4.04
3.83
3.65
3.48
3.32
3.18
3.05
2.93
2.82
2.72
2.63
2.55
2.47
2.40
2.33
2.27
2.21
2.16
2.11
2.06
2.01
1.96
1.92
L87
1.83
1.79
1.75
1.71
1.67
1.63
1.60
1.57
1.54
1.51
1.48
1.46
1.45
1.44
1.43
1.43
1.43
1.43
1.43
32
2525
7.26
6.84
6.45
6.10
5.78
5.48
5.21
4.96
4.73
4.53
4.34
4.17
4.01
3.87
3.74
3.62
3.51
3.40
3.31
3.22
3.13
3.05
2.98
2.90
2.83
2.77
2.70
2.64
2.58
2.51
2.46
2.40
2.34
2.29
2.24
2.19
2.15
2.11
2.07
2.04
2.02
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
33
5015
5.26
4.96
4.68
4.43
4.20
3.98
3.79
3.61
3.45
3.30
3.17
3.04
2.93
2.83
2.73
2.65
2.57
2:49
2.43
2.36
2.30
2.24
2.19
2.14
2.09
2.04
1.99
1.95
1.90
1.86
1.82
1.77
1.74
1.70
1.66
1.63
1.60
1.57
1.54
1.52
1.50
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
1.49
33
2525
7.44
7.05
6.68
6.34
6.00
5.69
5.41
5.15
4.92
4.70
4.51
4.33
4.17
4.02
3.88
3.76
3.64
3.54
3.44
3.34
3.25
3.17
3.09
3.02
2.95
2.87
2.81
2.74
2.68
2.61
2.55
2.49
2.43
2.38
2.33
2.28
2.23
2.19
2.15
2.12
2.10
2.08
2.08
2.08
2.08
2.08
2.08
34
5015
8.02
7.56
7.14
6.75
6.40
6.07
5.78
5.51
5.26
5.03
4.83
4.64
4.47
4.31
4.17
4.04
3.91
3.80
3.70
3.60
3.51
3.42
3.34
3.26
3.18
3.11
3.03
2.97
2.90
2.83
2.77
2.70
2.64
2.59
2.53
2.48
2.43
2.39
2.35
2.32
2.29
2.28
2.27
2.27
2.27
2.27
2.27
34
2525
9.90
9.90
9.90
9.66
9.14
8.67
8.25
7.85
7.50
7.17
6.87
6.60
6.35
6.13
5.92
5.73
5.55
5.39
5.24
5.09
4.96
4.83
4.71
4.60
4.49
4.38
4.28
4.18
4.08
3.98
3.89
3.80
3.71
3.62
3.54
3.47
3.40
3.34
3.28
3.23
3.20
3.17
3.17
3.17
3.17
3.17
3.17
Page 5
6/27/96
Test Standards and Calculations
-------
§85.1
§85.1
(iii) ASM2525 and ASM5015 Nitric Oxide (% NO) Table
Column #
EIW
1750
1875
2000
2125
2250
2375
2500
2625
2750
2875
3000
3125
3250
3375
3500
3625
3750.
3875
4000
4125
4250
4375
4500
4625
4750
4875
5000
5125
5250
5375
5500
5625
5750
5875
6000
6125
6250
6375
6500
6625
6750
6875
7000
7125
7250
7375
7500
41
5015
1212
1142
1077
1018
964
915
869
828
791
756
725
696
670
647
625
605
586
569
553
538
524
510
498
486
474
463
452
441
431
420
410
401
391
383
374
366
359
352
346
341
338
335
335
335
335
335
335
41
2525
1095
1031
973
920
871
827
786
749
715
684
656
630
607
585
566
547
531
515
501
487
475
463
451
440
430
420
410
400
391
382
373
364
356
348
340
333
326
320
315
311
307
305
305
305
305
305
305
42
5015
1819
1713
1616
1527
1446
1372
1304
1242
1186
1134
1088
1045
1006
970
937
907
879
853
829
807
786
766
747
728
711
694
677
661
646
631
616
601
587
574
561
549
538
528
519
512
507
503
502
502
502
502
502
42
2525
1642
1547
1460
1380
1307
1240
1179
1123
1072
1026
984
945
910
878
848
821
796
773
751
731
712
694
677
661
645
630
615
600
586
573
559
546
534
522
510
499
489
480
473
466
461
458
457
457
457
457
457
43
5015
2272
2181
2058
1944
1839
1744
1657
1577
1504
1438
1378
1323
1273
1227
1184
1146
1110
1077
1046
1017
990
964
939
916
893
872
850
830
810
790
771
752
734
717
701
685
671
658
647
638
631
626
624
625
625
625
625
43
2525
2114
1991
1877
1774
1678
1592
1512
1440
1374
1313
1258
1208
1163
1121
1082
1047
1014
984
956
930
905
882
859
838
818
798
778
760
741
723
706
689
673
657
642
628
615
604
593
585
578
574
573
573
573
573
573
44
5015
2725
2649
2499
2360
2232
2115
2009
1912
1823
1742
1668
1601
1539
1483
1432
1384
1340
1300
1262
1227
1194
1162
1132
1104
1076
1049
1023
998
974
950
926
904
882
860
840
822
804
788
775
763
755
749
747
747
747
747
747
44
2525
2587
2435
2295
2167
2050
1943
1845
1756
1675
1601
1533
1471
1415
1363
1316
1273
1233
1195
1161
1128
1098
1069
1042
1015
990
966
942
919
896
874
853
832
812
793
774
757
741
727
714
704
696
691
689
689
689
689
689
45
5015
3178
3117
2941
2776
2625
2487
2361
2246
2142
2046
1959
1879
1806
1740
1679
1623
1571
1523
1479
1437
1398
1360
1325
1291
1259
1227
1196
1167
1138
1109
1082
1055
1029
1004
980
958
937
919
902
889
879
872
870
870
870
870
870
45
2525
3060
2879
2713
2561
2422
2295
2179
2073
1976
1888
1808
1734
1667
1606
1550
1498
1451
1407
1365
1327
1291
1257
1224
1193
1163
1134
1106
1078
1051
1025
1000
975
951
928
906
886
867
850
835
823
813
807
805
805
805
805
805
46
5015
3631
3586
3383
3192
3018
2859
2714
2581
2460
2350
2249
2157
2073
1997
1926
1862
1802
1747
1695
1647
1602
1559
1518
1479
1441
1405
1369
1335
1301
1269
123-7
1206
1176
1147
1120
1094
1070
1049
1030
1014
1003
995
992
992
992
992
992
46
2525
3532
3323
3131
2955
2794
2646
2512
2389
2277
2175
2082
1997
1920
1849
1784
1724
1669
1618
1570
1526
1484
1444
1406
1370
1336
1302
1269
1237
1206
1176
1147
1118
1090
1064
1039
1015
993
973
956
941
931
924
921
921
921
921
921
47
5015
4084
4054
3824
3609
3411
3231
3066
2916
2779
2654
2539
2435
2340
2253
2174
2100
2033
1970
1912
1857
1806
1757
1711
1666
1624
1583
1542
1503
1465
1428
1392
1357
1323
1290
1259
1230
1203
1179
1158
1140
1127
1118
1115
1115
1115
1115
1115
47
2525
4005
3767
3548
3348
3165
2998
2845
2706
2579
2463
2357
2260
2172
2092
2018
1950
1887
1829
1775
1724
1677
1632
1589
1548
1508
1470
1433
1397
1362
1327
1294
1261
1230
1199
1171
1144
1119
1096
1077
1060
1048
1040
1037
1037
1037
1037
1037
48
5015
4990
4990
4707
4441
4197
3974
3771
3585
3416
3261
3120
2992
2874
2767
2668
2578
2494
2417
2345
2277
2214
2154
2096
2042
1989
1938
1889
1840
1793
1747
1703
1659
1617
1577
1539
1503
1469
1439
1413
1391
1374
1364
1360
1360
1360
1360
1360
48
2525
4950
4655
4384
4136
3909
3701
3512
3339
3181
3037
2906
2787
2677
2577
2486
2401
2323
2251
2184
2122
2063
2007
1953
1903
1854
1806
1760
1715
1672
1629
1587
1547
1508
1471
1435
1401
1371
1343
1318
1298
1283
1273
1269
1269
1269
1269
1269
49
5015
4990
4990
4778
4578
4395
4228
4076
3936
3809
3669
3510
3366
3234
3113
3002
2900
2806
2719
2638
2562
2490
2423
2359
2297
2238
2180
2125
2070
2017
1966
1916
1867
1820
1774
1731
1690
1653
1619.
1590
1565
1546
1534
1530
1531
1531
1531
1531
49
2525
4960
4738
4535
4349
4179
4024
3881
3752
3579
3417
3270
3135
3012
2899
2796
2701
2614
2533
2457
2387
2320
2258
2198
2140
2085
2032
1980
1930
1881
1833
1786
1740
1697
1654
1614
1577
1542
1510
1483
1460
1443
1432
1428
1428
1428
1428
1428
50
5015
4990
4990
4919
4853
4792
4736
4685
4639
4596
4484
4290
4114
3952
3804
3669
3544
3429
3323
3224
3131
3044
2961
2883
2807
2735
2665
2597
2530
2466
2403
2341
2282
2224
2168
2116
2066
2020
1979
1943
1913
1890
1875
18-70
1874
1874
1874
1874
50
2525
4980
4906
4838
4776
4720
4668
4620
4577
4374
4176
3996
3832
3681
3544
3418
3302
3195
3096
3003
2917
2836
2759
2686
2616
2549
2483
2420
2359
2298
2240
2183
2127
2074
2022
1973
1927
1884
1846
1813
1785
1764
1750
1745
1745
1745
1745
1745
51
5015
4990
4990
4990
4990
4990
4990
4990
4990
4990
4892
4680
4488
4311
4150
4002
3867
3741
3625
3517
3416
3321
3230
3145
3063
2983
2907
2833
2760
2690
2621
2554
2489
2426
2366
2308
2254
2204
2159
2119
2087
2062
2046
2040
2045
2045
2045
2045
51
2525
4990
4990
4990
4990
4990
4990
4990
4990
4772
4556
4359
4180
4016
3866
3728
3602
3485
3377
3276
3182
3094
3010
2930
2854
2780
2709
2640
2573
2507
2443
2381
2321
2262
2206
2152
2102
2056
2014
1977
1947
1924
1909
1904
1904
1904
1904
1904
Page 6
6/27/96
Test Standards and Calculations
-------
§85.1 §85.1
(b) Test Score Calculation
(I) Exhaust Gas Measurement Calculation.
(i) Measurement Start. The analysis and recording of exhaust gas concentrations
shall begin 15 seconds after the applicable test mode begins, or sooner if the
system response time (to 100%) is less than 15 seconds. The analysis and
recording of exhaust gas concentrations shall not begin sooner than the time
period equivalent to the response time of the slowest transducer.
(ii) Sample Rate. Exhaust gas concentrations shall be analyzed at a minimum rate of
once per second.
(iii) Emission Measurement Calculations. Partial stream (concentration) emissions
shall be calculated based on a running 10 second average. The values used for
HC(j), CO(j), and NO(j) are the raw (uncorrected) tailpipe concentrations.
I HC(j) * DCF(j)
(A) AvgHC = •
10 .....•
X C0(j) * DCF(j)
(B) AvgCO =
j
I N0(j) * DCF(j)
(C) AvgNO = ^ - jg -
(iv) Dilution Correction Factor. The analyzer software shall multiply the raw
emissions values by the Dilution Correction Factor (DCF) during any valid ASM
emissions test. The DCF accounts for exhaust sample dilution (either intentional
or unintentional) during an emissions test. The analyzer software shall calculate
the DCF using the following procedure, and shall select the. appropriate vehicle
fuel formula. If the calculated DCF exceeds 3.0 then a default value of 3.0 shall
be used.
,., ,, [CO2]measured _
~
[CO2lmeasured + [CO]measured
Where [CO2]measured and [CO]measured are the instantaneous
ASM emissions test readings.
(B) Calculate [CO2ladjusted using the following formulas.
(1) For Gasoline:
(C02]adjusted = [ 4.644+1.88x]
(2) For Methanol or Ethanol:
[C02]adjusted = [ 4.73+1.88x]
Page 7 6/27/96 Test Standards and Calculations
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§85.1 §85.1
(3) For Compressed Natural Gas (CNG):
(4) For Liquid Propane Gas (LPG):
[C02]adjusted = [ 5.39+1.88x]*100
(C) Calculate the DCF using the following formula:
[CO2]adiusted
[CO2] measured
(v) NO Humidity Correction Factor. The NO measurement shall be adjusted based
on relative humidity using a correction factor Kh, calculated as follows:
Kh =
- 0.0047(H-75)
(B) H = Absolute humidity in grains of water per pound of dry air.
(4?.478)Ra*Pd
~ PB-(Pd*Ra/100)
(C) Ra = Relative humidity of the ambient air, percent.
(D) Pd = Saturated vapor pressure, mm Hg at the ambient dry bulb
temperature. If the temperature is above 86°F, then it shall
be used in lieu of the higher temperature, until EPA supplies
final correction factors.
(E) PB = Barometric pressure, mm Hg.
(2) Pass/Fail Determination. A pass or fail determination shall be made for each applicable
test mode based on a comparison of the applicable test standards and the measured value
for HC, CO, and NO as described in §85. l(b)( l)(iii). A vehicle shall pass the test mode
if the emission values for HC, Cd.'and NO are simultaneously below or equal to the
applicable short test standards for all three pollutants. A vehicle shall fail the test mode if
the values for HC, CO, or NO, or any combination of the three, are above the applicable
standards at the expiration of the test time.
Page 8 6/27/96 Test Standards and Calculations
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§85.2 §85.2
§85.2 Test Procedures
(a) General Requirements.
(1) Vehicle Characterization. The following information shall be determined for the vehicle
being tested and used to automatically select the dynamometer power absorption settings:
(i) Vehicle type: LDGV,LDGT1,LDGT2,HDGT, and others as needed
(ii) Chassis model year
(iii) Make
(iv) Model
(v) Number of cylinders
(vi) Cubic inch or liters displacement of the engine
(vii) Transmission type
(viii) Equivalent Test Weight.
(2) Ambient Conditions. The ambient temperature, absolute humidity, and barometric
.pressure shall be recorded continuously during the test cycle or as a single set of readings
up to 4 minutes before the start of the driving cycle.
(3) Restart. If shut off, the vehicle shall be restarted as soon as possible before the test and
shall be running for at least 30 seconds prior to the start of the ASM driving cycle.
(4) Void Test Conditions. The test shall immediately end and any exhaust gas measurements
shall be voided if the instantaneous measured concentration of CO plus CO2 falls below
six percent or the vehicle's engine stalls at any time during the test sequence.
(5) Vehicle Brakes. The vehicle's brakes shall not be applied during the test ij'odes. If the
vehicles brakes are applied during testing the mode timer shall be reset to zero (tt = 0).
(6) Test Termination. The test shall be aborted or terminated upon reaching the overall
maximum test time.
(b) Vehicle Pre-inspection and Preparation.
(1) Accessories. All accessories (air conditioning, heat, defogger, radio, automatic traction
control if switchable, etc.) shall be turned off (if necessary, by the inspector).
(2) Exhaust Leaks. The vehicle shall be inspected for exhaust leaks. Audio assessment
while blocking exhaust flow, or gas measurement of carbon dioxide or other gases shall
be acceptable. Vehicles with leaking exhaust systems shall be rejected from testing.
(3) Fluid Leaks. The vehicle shall be inspected for fluid leaks. Vehicles with leaking engine
oil, transmission fluid, or coolant shall be rejected from testing.
(4) Mechanical Condition. Vehicles with obvious mechanical problems (engine,
transmission, brakes, or exhaust) that either create a safety hazard or could bias test
results shall be rejected from testing.
(5) Operating Temperature. The vehicle shall be at normal operating temperature prior to the
start of the test. The vehicle temperature gauge, if equipped and operating, shall be
checked to assess temperature. Vehicles in overheated condition shall be rejected from
testing.
6/27/96 Test Procedures
-------
§85.2 §852
(6) Tire Condition. Vehicles shall be rejected from testing if tread indicators, tire cords,
bubbles, cuts, or other damage are visible. Vehicles shall be rejected from testing if they
have space-saver spare tires or if they do not have reasonably sized tires on the drive axle
or axles. Vehicles may be rejected if they have different sized tires on the drive axle or
axles. In test-and-repair facilities, drive wheel tires shall be checked with a gauge for
adequate tire pressure. In test-only facilities, drive wheel tires shall be visually checked
for adequate pressure level. Drive wheel tires that appear low shall be inflated to
approximately 30 psi, or to tire side wall pressure, or vehicle manufacturer's
recommendation. Alternatively, vehicles with apparent low tire pressure may be rejected
from testing.
(7) Gear Selection. The vehicle shall be operated during each mode of the test with the gear
selector in drive for automatic transmissions and in second (or third if more appropriate)
for manual transmissions for the loaded modes.
(8) Roll Rotation. The vehicle shall be maneuvered onto the dynamometer with the drive
wheels positioned on the dynamometer rolls. Prior to test initiation, the rolls shall be
rotated until the vehicle laterally stabilizes on the dynamometer. Vehicles that cannot be
stabilized on the dynamometer shall be rejected from testing. Drive wheel tires shall be
dried if necessary to prevent slippage.
(9) Vehicle Restraint. Testing shall not begin until the vehicle is restrained. Any restraint
system shall meet the requirements of §85.3(a)(5)(ii). In addition, the parking brake
shall be set for front wheel drive vehicles prior to the start of the test, unless parking
brake functions on front axle or if is automatically disengaged when in gear.
(10) Vehicle Conditioning.
(i) Queuing Time. When a vehicle waits in a queue more than 20 minutes or when a
vehicle is shut-off for more than 5 minutes prior to the test, vehicle conditioning
shall be performed for 60 seconds, as specified in §85.2(b)(10)(ii)(C).
Emissions may be monitiored during this cycle and if passing readings are
obtained, as specified for the ASM cycle in §85.2(d), then the cycle may be
terminated and the respective ASM mode skipped.
(ii) Discretionary Preconditioning. At the program's discretion, any vehicle may be
preconditioned using any of the following methods:
(A) Non-loaded Preconditioning. Increase engine speed to approximately
2500 rpm, for up to 4 minutes, with or without a tachometer.
(B) Loaded Preconditioning. Drive the vehicle on the dynamometer at 30
miles per hour for up to 240 seconds at road-load.
(C) ASM Preconditioning. Drive the vehicle on the dynamometer using either
mode of the ASM test as specified in §85.2(d).
(D) Transient Preconditioning. After maneuvering the vehicle onto the
dynamometer, drive a transient cycle consisting of speed, time,
acceleration, and load relationships such as the IM240.
(c) Equipment Preparation and Settings.
(1) Analyzer Warm-Up. Emission testing shall be locked out until the analyzer is warmed-up
and stable. The analyzer shall reach stability within 30 minutes from startup. If an
' analyzer does not achieve stability within the allotted time frame, it shall remain locked
out from testing. The instrument shall be considered "warmed-up" when the zero and
Page 10 6/27/96 Test Procedures
-------
§85.2 §85.2
span readings for HC, CO, NO, and CO2 have stabilized within the accuracy values
specified in §85.3(c)(3) for five minutes without adjustment (this does not require span
gas verification of warm-up, but provides the quality assurance method for checking).
(2) Emission Sample System Purge. While a lane is in operation, the sample system shall be
continuously purged after each test for at least 15 minutes if not taking measurements.
(3) Probe Insertion. The sample probe shall be inserted into the vehicle's tailpipe to a
minimum depth of 10 inches. If the vehicle's exhaust system prevents insertion to this
depth, a tailpipe extension shall be used.
(4) Multiple exhaust pipes. Exhaust gas concentrations from vehicle engines equipped with
functionally independent multiple exhaust pipes shall be sampled simultaneously.
(5) Analyzer Preparation. The analyzer shall perform an automatic zero, an ambient air
reading, and an HC hang-up check prior to each test. This process shall occur within
two minutes of the start of the test.
(i) Automatic Gas Zero. The analyzer shall conduct automatic zero adjustments
using the zero gas specified in §85.4(d)(2)(iii). The zero adjustment shall include
the HC, CO, CO2, and NO channels. Bottled or generated zero air may be used.
(ii) Ambient Air Reading. Filtered ambient air shall be introduced to the analyzer
before the sample pump, but after the sample probe, hose, and filter/water trap.
The analyzer shall record the concentrations of the four measured gases, but shall
make no adjustments.
(iii) HC Hang-up Determination. The analyzer shall sample ambient air through the
probe to determine background pollution levels and HC hang-up. The analyzer
shall be locked out from testing until (1) the sample through probe has less than
15 ppm HC, 0.02% CO, and 25 ppm NO; and, (2) the residual HC in the
sampling system (probe sample - ambient air reading) is less than 7 ppm.
(6) Cooling System. When ambient temperatures exceed 72°F, testing shall not begin until
the cooling system blower is positioned and activated. The cooling system blower shall
be positioned to direct air to the vehicle cooling system, but shall not be directed at the
catalytic converter.
(7) Dynamometer Warm-Up. The dynamometer shall be automatically warmed-up prior to
official testing and shall be locked out until it is warmed-up. Dynamometers resting (not
operated for at least 30 seconds and at least 15 mph) for more than 30 minutes shall pass
the coast-down check specified in §85.4(b)( 1) prior to use in testing.. As specified in
§85.4(a)(2), control charts may be used to demonstrate allowing a longer duration of
inactivity before a required warm-up.
(8) Load Setting. Prior to each mode, the system shall automatically select the load setting of
the dynamometer from a look-up table supplied by EPA or the state.
(9) Engine Speed. Engine speed measurement equipment shall be attached on all 1996 and
newer light duty vehicles and trucks, and in test-and-repair programs, engine speed shall
also be monitored on all pre-1996 vehicles. Starting in 1998, the SAE-standardized OBD
plug shall be used on 1996 and newer vehicles. Engine speed measurement equipment
shall meet the requirements of §85.3(c)(5).
Page 11 6/27/96 Test Procedures
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§85'2 §85.2
(d) Test Procedures.
The test sequence shall consist of either a single ASM mode or both ASM modes described in
§85.2(d)(l) and (2), and may be performed in either order (with appropriate chnage in transition
requirements in §85.2(d)(l)(iv)). Vehicles that fail the first-chance test described in §85.2(d)
shall receive a second-chance test if the conditions in §85.2(e) apply. The test timer shall start
(tt=0) when the conditions specified in §85.2(c)(2) and §85.2(c)(3) are met and the mode timer
initiates as specified in §85.2(d)(l) or §85.2(d)(2). The test sequence shall have an overall
maximum test time of 290 seconds (tt=290). The test shall be immediately terminated or aborted
upon reaching the overall maximum test time.
(1) ASM5015 Mode.
(i) The mode timer shall start (mt=0) when the dynamometer speed (and
corresponding power) is maintained within 15±1.0 miles per hour for 5
continuous seconds. If the inertia simulation error exceeds the tolerance specified
in §85.3(a)(4)(ii)(A) (or §85.3(a)(4)(ii)(B) if used) for more than 3 consecutive
seconds after the mode timer is started, the test mode timer shall be set to mt=0.
Should this happen a second time, the test shall be aborted. The dynamometer
shall apply the correct torque for 15.0 mph for the torque at any testing speed
within the tolerance of 15±1.0 miles per hour (i.e., constant torque load over
speed range). The torque tolerance shall be ± 5% of the correct torque at 15 mph.
(ii) The dynamometer power shall be automatically selected from an EPA-supplied or
EPA-approved look-up table, based upon the vehicle identification information
described in §85.2(a)(l). Vehicles not listed in the look-up table and for which
ETW is not available shall be tested using the following default settings:
Default ASM5015 Actual Horsepower Settings
For 8.6" Dynamometers HP5015g
•I Vehicle Type
Number of Cylinders-*
Sedans
Station Wagons
Mini-vans
Pickup Trucks
Sport/Utility
Full Vans
3
7.9
8.1
10.2
9.6
10.1
10.3
4
11.4
11.7
14.1
13.1
13.4
13.9
5&6
13.8
13.8
15.8
16.4
15.5
17.7
8
16.4
16.1
17.9
19.2
19.4
19.6
>8
16.0
16.1
18.2
21.1
21.1
20.5
Default ASM5015 Actual Horsepower Settings
For 20" Dynamometers HP50152Q
4, Vehicle Type
Number of Cylinders-*
Sedans
Station Wagons
Mini-vans
Pickup Trucks
Sport/Utility
Full Vans
3
8.1
8.3
10.4
9.8
10.5
10.8
4
11.8
12.1
14.5
13.4
13.8
14.4
5&6
14.3
14.2
16.3
16.8
15.9
18.2
8
16.9
16.6
18.5
19.8
19.9
20.2
>8
16.6
16.6
18.7
21.7
21.7
21.1
If the dynamometer speed or torque falls outside the speed or torque tolerance for
more than 2 consecutive seconds, or for more than 5 seconds total, the mode
timer shall reset to zero and resume timing. The minimum mode length shall be
determined as described in §85.2(d)(iii). The maximum mode length shall be 90
seconds elapsed time (mt=90).
Page 12
6/27/96
Test Procedures
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§85.2 §85-2
During the 10 second period used for the pass decision, the dynamometer speed
shall not fall more than 0.5 mph (absolute drop, not cumulative). If the speed at
the end of the 10 second period is more than 0.5 mph less than the speed at the
start of the 10 second period, testing shall continue until the speed stabilizes
enough to meet this criterion.
The ten second emissions window shall be matched to the corresponding vehicle
speed trace time window. This shall be performed by subtracting the nominal
response time for the analyzers from the mode time to determine the time for the
corresponding vehicle speed.
(iii) The pass/fail analysis shall begin after an elapsed time of 25 seconds (mt=25). A
pass or fail determination shall be made for the vehicle and the mode shall be
terminated as follows:
(A) The vehicle shall pass the ASM5015 mode and the mode shall be
immediately terminated if, at any point between an elapsed time of 25
seconds (mt=25) and 90 seconds (mt=90), the 10 second running average
measured values for each pollutant are simultaneously less than or equal to
the applicable test standards described in §85.l(a).
(B) The vehicle shall fail the ASM5015 mode and the mode shall be terminated
if the requirements of §85.2(d)(l)(iii)(A) are not satisfied by an elapsed time
of 90 seconds (mt=90).
(iv) Upon termination of the ASM5015 mode, the vehicle shall immediately begin
accelerating to the speed required for the ASM2525 mode. The dynamometer
torque shall smoothly transition during the acceleration period and shall
automatically reset to the load required for the ASM2525 mode as specified in
§85.2(d)(2)(i) once the roll speed specified in §85.2(d)(2)(i) is achieved.
(2) ASM2525 Mode.
(i) The mode timer shall start (mt=0) when the dynamometer speed (and
corresponding power) are maintained within 25±1.0 miles per hour for 5
continuous seconds. If the inertia simulation error exceeds the tolerance specified
in §85.3(a)(4)(ii)(A) (or §85.3(a)(4)(ii)(B) if used) for more than 3 consecutive
seconds after the mode timer is started, the test mode timer shall be set to mt=0.
Should this happen a second time, the test shall be aborted. The dynamometer
shall apply the correct torque for 25.0 mph for the torque at any testing speed
within the tolerance of 25±1.0 miles per hour (i.e., constant torque load over
speed range). The torque tolerance shall be ± 5% of the correct torque at 25 mph.
(ii) The dynamometer power shall be automatically selected from an EPA-supplied or
EPA-approved look-up table, based upon the vehicle identification information
described in §85.2(a)(l). Vehicles not listed in the look-up table and for which
ETW is not available shall be tested using the following default settings:
Page 13- 6/27/96 Test Procedures
-------
§85.2
§85.2
Default ASM2525 Actual Horsepower Settings
For 8.6" Dynamometers HP2525s
^Vehicle Type
Number of Cylinders-*
Sedans •
Station Wagons
Mini-vans
Pickup Trucks
Sport/Utility
Full Vans
3
6.7
6.8
8.8
8.0
8.8
9.0
4
9.5
9.7
11.7
10.9
11.2
11.6
5&6
11.5
11.5
13.2
13.6
12.9
14.7
8
13.7
13.4
14.9
16.0
16.1
16.3
>8
13.3
13.3
15.3
17.8
17.8
17.2
Default ASM2525 Actual Horsepower Settings
For 20" Dynamometers HP25252Q
4-Vehicle Type
Number of Cylinders-^
Sedans
Station Wagons
Mini-vans
Pickup Trucks Di-
sport/Utility
Full Vans
3
6.9
7.0
8.9
8.1
8.9
9.1
4
10.1
'10.4
12.5
11.4
11.8
12.5
5&6
12.3
' 12.2
14.0
14.4
13.6
15.5
8
14.5
14.2
15.9
16.9
17.1
17.3
>8
14.3
14.4
16.3
18.8
18.8
18.3
If the dynamometer speed or torque falls outside the speed or torque tolerance for
more than two consecutive seconds, or for more than 5 seconds total, the mode
timer shall reset to zero and resume timing. The minimum mode length shall be
determined as described in §85.2(d)(2)(iii). The maximum mode length shall be
90 seconds elapsed time (mt=90).
During the 10 second period used for the pass decision, the dynamometer speed
shall not fall more than 0.5 mph (absolute drop, not cumulative). If the speed at
the end of the 10 second period is more than 0.5 mph less than the's^eed at the
start of the 10 second period, testing shall continue until the speed stabilizes
enough to meet this criterion.
(iii) The pass/fail analysis shall begin after an elapsed time of 25 seconds (mt=25). A
pass or fail determination shall be made for the vehicle and the mode shall be
terminated as follows:
(A) The vehicle shall pass the ASM2525 mode if, at any point between an
elapsed time of 25 seconds (mt=25) and 90 seconds (mt=90), the 10-
second running average measured values for each pollutant are
simultaneously less than or equal to the applicable test standards described
in §85.1(a). If the vehicle passed the ASM5015 mode, as described in
§85.2(d)(l)(iii), the ASM2525 mode shall be terminated upon obtaining
passing scores for all three pollutants. If the vehicle failed the ASM5015
mode, the ASM2525 mode shall continue for an elapsed time of 90
seconds (mt=90).
(B) The vehicle shall fail the ASM2525 mode and the mode shall be terminated
if the requirements of §85.2(d)(2)(iii)(A) are not satisfied by an elapsed
time of 90 seconds (mt=90).
(e) Second Chance Tests.
Page 14
6/27/96
Test Procedures
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§85.2 §85.2
(1) If the vehicle fails the first-chance test, the test timer shall reset to zero (tt=0) and a
second-chance test shall be performed, except as noted below. The second-chance test
shall have an overall maximum test time of 145 seconds (tt=145) if one mode is repeated,
an overall maximum time of 290 seconds (tt=290) if two modes are repeated.
(2) Repetition or extension of failed modes for two mode ASM tests. Except in the case of
vehicles subject to preconditioning specified in §85.2(b)(10(i), if at least 90 seconds of
loaded preconditioning is performed, as specified in §85.2(b)(10)(ii), then the second-
chance test may be omitted.
(i) If the vehicle failed only the first mode (ASM5015) of the first chance test, then
that mode shall be repeated upon completion of the second mode (ASM2525).
The repeated mode shall be performed as described in §85.2(d)( 1) except that the
provisions of §85.2(d)(l)(iv) shall be omitted. The test will terminate when the
mode ends or when the vehicle passes, whichever occurs first.
(ii) If the vehicle is failing only the second mode (ASM2525) of the first chance test,
then the second mode shall not end at 90 seconds but shall continue for up to 180
seconds. Mode and test timers shall not reset but rather continue up to 180
seconds. The provisions of §85.2(d)(2) shall continue to apply throughout the
180 second test period.
(iii) If the vehicle failed both modes (ASM5015 and ASM2525) of the first chance
test, then the vehicle shall receive a second-chance test for the ASM5015. If the
vehicle fails the second-chance ASM5015, then the vehicle shall fail the test.
Otherwise, the vehicle shall also receive a second-chance ASM2525.
(3) Repetition of failed modes for single mode ASM tests.
(ii) If the vehicle is failing at the end of the mode then the test mode shall not end at
90 seconds but shall continue for up to 180 seconds. Mode and test timers shall
not reset but rather continue up to 180 seconds. The provisions of §85.2(d)(l) or
§85.2(d)(2) shall continue to apply throughout the 180 second test period.
Page 15 6/27/96 Test Procedures
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§85J §85.3
§85.3 Test Equipment Specifications
(a) Dynamometer Specifications.
(1) General Requirements
(i) Only one diameter of dynamometer shall be used in a program.
(ii) The dynamometer structure (e.g., bearings, rollers, pit plates, etc.) shall
accommodate all light-duty vehicles and light-duty trucks up to 8500 pounds
GVWR.
(iii) Dynamometer ASM load horsepower (HP5015 or HP2525) shall be automatically
selected based on the vehicle parameters in the test record.
(iv) All dynamometers shall have an identification plate permanently affixed showing
at a minimum, the dynamometer manufacturers name, the system provider's
name, production date, model number, serial number, dynamometer type,
maximum axle weight, maximum HP absorbed, roll diameter, roll width, base
inertia weight, and electrical requirements.
(v) Alternative dynamometer specifications or designs may be allowed if proposed by
a state and upon a determination by the Administrator that, for the purpose of
properly conducting an approved short test, the evidence supporting such
deviations show that proper vehicle loading will be applied.
(2) Power Absorption.
(i) Vehicle Loading. The vehicle loading used during the ASM driving cycles shall
follow the equation in §85.3(a)(2)(ii) at 15 and 25 mph!. Unless otherwise noted,
any horsepower displayed during testing shall be expressed as HP.
(ii) fflP = THP - PLHP - CTRL
HP = fflP + PLHP
Where:
HP = The actual Horsepower value contained in the look-up table for a
vehicle being tested (using the ASM5015 or 2525) on a
dynamometer with the specified diameter rollers. The actual
horsepower is the sum of the indicated horsepower and the parasitic
losses (PLHP)
IHP = Indicated Horsepower value set on the dynamometer.
THP = Total Horsepower for an ASM test includes indicated, tire losses,
and parasitics. This value is independent of roll size.
GTRL = Generic Tire/Roll Interface Losses at the specified speed (15 or 25
mph) on a dynamometer with the specified diameter rollers.
PLHP = Parasitic Losses Horsepower due to internal dynamometer friction.
A value is specific to each individual dynamometer and speed.
(iii) Range of Power Absorber. The range of the power absorber shall be sufficient to
simulate the load required to perform an ASM5015 and an ASM2525 on all light-
duty vehicles and light-duty trucks up to 8500 pounds GVWR. The power
absorber shall absorb, at 14 mph and above, a minimum of 25 horsepower
continuously for a steady-state test of at least 5 minutes, with 3 minutes between
each test.
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§85.3
(iv) Parasitic Losses. The parasitic losses (PLHP) in each dynamometer system
(including but not limited to windage, bearing friction, and system drive friction)
shall be characterized at 15 and 25 mph upon initial acceptance, and during each
dynamometer calibration. The parasitic power losses shall be determined as
indicated in §85.4(b)(2).
(v) Power Absorber. Only electric power absorbers shall be used unless alternatives
are proposed by the state and approved by the Administrator. The power
absorber shall be adjustable in 0.1 hp increments at both 15 MPH and 25 MPH.
The accuracy of the power absorber (PAU + parasitic losses) shall be ±0.25
horsepower or ±2% of required power, whichever is greater, in either direction of
rotation. For field auditing the accuracy shall be ±0.5 horsepower.
(vii) Accuracy Over the Operating Range. The dynamometer's accuracy when warm,
shall not deviate more than ±0.5 horsepower over the full ambient operating range
of 35°F to 1 10°F. This may be accomplished by intrinsic design or by software
correction techniques. At any constant temperature, the dynamometer shall have
an accuracy of ±0.5 horsepower within 15 seconds of the start of the test, and
shall have an accuracy of ±0.25 horsepower within 30 seconds of the start of the
test. For temperatures outside the specified range, the dynamometer shall provide
correction or proceed with a manufacturer warm-up sequence until full warm
condition has been reached.
(3) Rolls.
(i) Size and Type. The dynamometer shall be equipped with twin rolls. The rolls
shall be electrically or mechanically coupled side-to-side and front-to-rear. The
dynamometer roll diameter shall be between 8.5 and 21.0 inches. The spacing
between the roll centers shall comply with the equation in §85.3(a)(3)(ii) to within
0.5 inches and -0.25 inches of the calculated value. Fixed dynamometer rolls
shall have an inside track width of no more than 30 inches and outside track width
of at least 100 inches. Rolls moveable from side-to-side may be used if adequate
measures are taken to prevent tire damage from lateral vehicle movement and the
dynamometer sufficiently accommodates track widths of the full range of vehicles
to be tested on the dynamometer. Alternative track widths, roll sizes, and number
of rolls may be used if approved by the state and the Administrator and if
adequate measures are taken to prevent tire damage from lateral vehicle movement
and the dynamometer sufficiently accommodates track widths of the full range of
vehicles to be tested on the dynamometer.
(ii) Roll Spacing = (24.375+D) * Sin 3 1 .5 1 53
D = dynamometer roll diameter.
Roll spacing and roll diameter are expressed in inches.
(iii) Design! The roll size, surface finish, and hardness shall be such that tire slippage
is minimized under all weather conditions; that water removal is maximized; that
the specified accuracy of the distance and speed measurements are maintained;
and that tire wear and noise are minimized.
(4) Inertia.
(i) Base Inertia. The dynamometer shall be equipped with mechanical fly wheel(s) or
with full inertia simulation providing a total base inertia weight of 2000 pounds
±40 pounds. Any deviation from the 2000 pound base inertia shall be quantified
and the coast-down time shall be corrected accordingly. Any deviation from the
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§85.3 §85.3
stated inertia shall be quantified and the inertia simulation shall be corrected
accordingly. The actual inertia weight shall be marked on the IET plate required in
§85.3(a)(l)(iv).
(ii) Inertia/Inertia Simulation. The dynamometer shall be capable of conducting, at a
minimum, diagnostic level transient inertia simulations with an acceleration rate
between 0 and 3.3 miles per hour per second with a minimum load (power) of 25
horsepower at 14 mph over the inertia weight range of 2000 pounds to 6000
pounds. For the diagnostic level inertia simulation, the 25 horsepower criterion is
a requirement on acceleration only, while for the full inertia simulation option, the
requirement is for both acceleration and deceleration. Mechanical inertia
simulation shall be provided in 500 pound increments; electric inertia simulation
shall be provided in 1 pound increments. Any deviation from the stated inertia
shall be quantified and the inertia simulation shall be corrected accordingly.
Mechanical or electrical inertia simulation, or a combination of both, may be used,
subject to review and approval by the state.
(A) Diagnostic Level Simulation. ' !
1. System Response. The torque response to a step change shall be at
least 90% of the requested change within 300 milliseconds.
2. Simulation Error. An inertia simulation error (ISE) shall be
continuously calculated any time the actual dynamometer speed is
between 10 MPH and 66 MPH. The ISE shall be calculated by the
equation in §85.3(a)(4)(ii)(C), and shall not exceed 3% of the inertia
weight selected (IWS) for the vehicle under test.
(B) Full Inertia Simulation. (Recommended Option)
1. System Response. The torque response to a step change shall be at
least 90% of the requested change within 100 milliseconds after a step
change is commanded by the dynamometer control system, and shall
be within 2% of the commanded torque by 300 milliseconds after the
command is issued. Any overshoot of the commanded torque value
shall not exceed 25% of the torque value.
2. Simulation Error. An inertia simulation error (ISE) shall be
continuously calculated any time the actual dynamometer speed is
between 10 MPH and 60 MPH. The ISE shall be calculated by the
equation in §85.3(a)(4)(ii)(C), and shall not exceed 1% of the inertia
weight selected (IWS) for the vehicle under test.
(C) Inertia Simulation Error Calculation.
ISE = [(IWs-It)/(IWs)]*100
It = Im + (v) Jo (Fm ' Frl) dt
Where:
ISE = Inertia Simulation Error
IWS = Inertia Weight Selected
It = Total inertia being simulated by the dynamometer (kg)
It (Ib force) = It (kg) * 2.2046
Im = Base (mechanical inertia of the dynamometer (kg)
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§85.3
V
Fm
Frl
t
(5) Other Requirements.
§85.3
= Measured roll speed (m/s)
= Force measured by the load cell (translated to the roll
surface) (N)
= Road load force (N) required by IHP at the measure roll
speed (V)
= Time (sec)
(i) Vehicle Speed. The measurement of roll speed shall be accurate within 0.1 mph
over the full operating range. The dynamometer shall accommodate vehicle
speeds of up to 60 mph.
(ii) Vehicle Restraint. The vehicle shall be restrained during the driving cycle. The
restraint system shall be designed to insure that vertical and horizontal force on
the drive wheels does not significantly affect emission levels. The restraint
system shall allow unobstructed vehicle ingress and egress and shall be capable of
safely restraining the vehicle under all reasonable operating conditions without
damaging the suspension system.
(iii) Vehicle Cooling. The test system shall provide for a method to prevent
overheating of the vehicle. The test shall be conducted with the hood open and
the cooling system activated when ambient temperature exceeds 72°F. The
cooling method used shall direct air to the test vehicle's cooling system. The
cooling system capacity shall be at least 3000 SCFM within 12 inches of the
intake to the vehicle's cooling system. The cooling system shall avoid improper
cooling of the catalytic converter.
(iv) Four-Wheel Drive. If used, four-wheel drive dynamometers shall insure the
application of correct vehicle loading as defined in §85.3(a)(2), shall not damage
the four wheel drive system of the vehicle, and shall accomodate vehicles
equipped with anti-lock brakes and/or traction control. Front and rear wheel rolls
shall maintain speed synchronization within 0.2 mph.
(v) Installation. Either in-floor or above ground installations of the dynamometer are
acceptable. In all cases, installation must be performed so that the test vehicle is
approximately level (±5°) while on the dynamometer during testing.
(vi) Augmented Braking. Dynamometers shall apply augmented braking on major
decelerations during transient drive cycles, if such cycles are used in the program.
The dynamometer software shall provide a signal output to inform the operator
when augmented braking is activated.
(b) Emission Sampling System.
(1) The sampling system shall be designed to insure durable, leak free operation and be
easily maintained. Materials that are in contact with the gases sampled shall not
contaminate or change the character of the gases to be analyzed, including gases from
vehicles not fueled by gasoline (except diesels). The system shall be designed to be
corrosion-resistant and be able to withstand typical vehicle exhaust temperatures when the
vehicle is driven through the ASM test cycle for 290 seconds.
(2) The sampling system shall draw exhaust gas from the vehicle, shall remove particulate
matter and aerosols from the sampled gas, shall drain condensed water from the sample if
necessary, and shall deliver the resultant gas sample to the analyzers/sensors for analysis
and then deliver the analyzed sample directly outside the building. The sampling system
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6/27/96
Test Equipment Specifications
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§85.3
§85.3
shall, at a minimum, consist of a tailpipe probe, flexible sample line, water removal
system, a particulate trap, sample pump, and flow control components.
(3) Sample Probe.
(i) Insertion. The sample probe shall allow at least a 16 inch insertion depth of the
sample point into the vehicle's exhaust. In addition, the probe shall be inserted at
least 10 inches into the vehicle's exhaust. Use of a tailpipe extension is permitted
as long as the extension does not change the exhaust back pressure by more than
±1.0 inch of water pressure.
(ii) Retention. The probe shall incorporate a positive means of retention to prevent
it from slipping out of the tailpipe during use. High through-put test systems may
use alternative means to insure probe retention.
(iii) Flexibility. The probe shall be designed so that the tip extends 16 inches into the
tailpipe. The probe tip shall be shielded so that debris is not scooped up by the
probe when it is inserted into the tailpipe. High through-put test systems may use
alternative means to insure adequate probe insertion.
(iv) Probe Tip. Probe tips shall be designed and constructed to prevent sample
dilution.
(v) Materials. All materials in contact with exhaust gas prior to and throughout the
measurement portion of the system shall be unaffected by and shall not affect the
sample (i.e., the materials shall not react with the sample, and they shall not taint
the sample). Acceptable materials include stainless steel, Teflon, silicon rubber,
and Tedlar. Dissimilar metals with thermal expansion factors of more than 5%
shall not be used in either the construction of probes or connectors. The sample
probe shall be constructed of stainless steel or other non-corrosive, non-reactive
material which can withstand exhaust gas temperatures at the probe tip of up to
l,100°Ffor 10 minutes.
(vi) System Hoses and Connections. Hoses and all other sample handling
• components must be constructed of, or plated with a non-reactive, non-corrosive,
high temperature material which will not affect, or be affected by, the exhaust
constituents and tracer gases.
(vii) Dual Exhaust. The sample system shall provide for the testing of dual exhaust
equipped vehicles. When testing a vehicle with functional dual exhaust pipes, a
dual sample probe of a design certified by the analyzer manufacturer to provide
equal flow in each leg shall be used. The equal flow requirement is considered to
be met if the flow rate in each leg of the probe has been measured under two
sample pump flow rates (the normal rate and a rate equal to the onset of low
flow), and if the flow rates in each of the legs are found to be equal to each other
(within 15% of the flow rate in the leg having lower flow).
(4) Particulate Filter. The particulate filter shall be capable of trapping 97% of all particulate
and aerosols 5 microns or larger. The filter element shall not absorb or adsorb
hydrocarbons. The filter housing shall be transparent or translucent to allow the operator
to observe the filter element's condition without removing the housing. The filter element
shall be easily replaceable and shall provide for reliable sealing after filter element
changes.
(5) . Water Trap. The water trap shall be sized to remove exhaust sample water from vehicles
fueled with gasoline, propane, compressed natural gas, reformulated gasoline, alcohol
blends or neat, and oxygenated fuels. The filter element, bowl and housing shall be inert
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§85.3 §85 3
to these fuels as well as to the exhaust gases from vehicles burning these fuels. The
condensed water shall be drained from the water trap's bowl either continuously or
automatically on a periodic basis such that the following performance requirement is
maintained. Sufficient water shall be trapped, regardless of fuel, to prevent condensation
in the sample system or in the optical bench's sample cell.
(6) Low Row Indication. The analyzer shall lock out official testing when the sample flow
is below the acceptable level. The sampling system shall be equipped with a flow meter
(or equivalent) that shall indicate sample flow degradation when measurement error
exceeds 3% of the gas value used for checking, or causes the system response time to
exceed 13 seconds to 90 percent of a step change in input (excluding NO), whichever is
less.
(7) Exhaust Ventilation System. The high quantities of vehicle emissions generated during
loaded mode testing shall be properly vented to prevent buildup of hazardous
concentrations of HC, CO, CO2 and NOx. Sufficient ventilation shall be provided in the
station to maintain HC, CO, CO2 and NO levels below OSHA standards.
(i) . The ventilation system shall discharge the vehicle exhaust outside the building.
(ii) The flow of the exhaust collection system shall not cause dilution of the exhaust at
the sample point in the probe.
(iii) The flow of the exhaust collection system shall not cause a change of more than
±1.0 inches of water pressure in the vehicle's exhaust system at the exhaust
system outlet.
(c) Analytical Instruments.
(1) General Requirements.
(i) Measured Gases. The analyzer system shall consist of analyzers for HC, CO,
NO, and CO2, (O2 optional) and digital displays for exhaust concentrations of
HC, CO, NO, and CO2, and for vehicle speed.
(ii) Emission Accuracy. The system shall ensure that the analytical system provides
an accurate accounting of the actual exhaust emissions produced during the test,
taking into consideration the individual channel accuracies, repeatabilities,
interference effects, sample transport times, and analyzer response times.
(iii) Sample Rate. The analyzer shall be capable of measuring exhaust concentrations
of the gases specified in §85.3(c)( l)(i) at a minimum rate of once per second.
(iv) Alternative Equipment. Alternative analytic equipment specification, materials,
designs, or detection methods may be allowed if proposed by a state and upon a
determination by the Administrator, that for the purpose of properly conducting a
test, the evidence supporting such deviations will not significantly affect the
proper measurement of emissions.
(2) Performance Requirements.
(i) Temperature Operating Range. The analyzer system and all associated hardware
shall operate within the performance specifications described in §85.3(c)(3) at
ambient air temperatures ranging from 35°F to 110°F. Analyzers shall be
designed so that adequate air flow is provided around critical components to
prevent overheating (and automatic shutdown) and to prevent the condensation of
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§85-3 §85.3
water vapor which could reduce the reliability and durability of the analyzer. The
analyzer system shall otherwise include necessary features to keep the sampling
system within the specified range.
(ii) Humidity Operating Range. The analyzer system and all associated hardware shall
operate within the performance specifications described in §85.3(c)(3) at a
minimum of 85% relative humidity throughout the required temperature range.
(iii) Interference Effects. The interference effects for non-interest gases shall not
exceed ±4 ppm for hydrocarbons, ±0.02% for carbon monoxide, ±0.20% for
carbon dioxide, and ±20 ppm for nitric oxide when using the procedure specified
in §85.4(d)(5)(iv). Corrections for collision-broadening effects of combined high
CO and CO2 concentrations shall be taken into account in developing the factory
calibration curves, and are included in the accuracy specifications.
(iv) Barometric Pressure Compensation. Barometric pressure compensation shall be
provided. Compensation shall be made for elevations up to 6000 feet (above
mean sea level). At any given altitude and ambient conditions specified in
§85.3(c)(2)(i) and (ii), errors due to barometric pressure changes of ±2 inches of
mercury shall not exceed the accuracy limits specified in §85.3(c)(3).
(v) System Lockout During Warm-up. Functional operation of the gas sampling unit
shall remain disabled through a system lockout until the instrument meets stability
and warm-up requirements. The instrument shall be considered "warm" when the
zero and span readings for HC, CO, NO, and CO2 have stabilized, within the
accuracy values specified in §85.3(c)(3) for five minutes without adjustment.
(vi) Zero Drift Lockout. If zero or span drift cause the optical bench signal levels to
move beyond the adjustment range of the analyzer, the system shall be locked out
from testing.
(vii) Electromagnetic Isolation and Interference. Electromagnetic signals found in an
automotive service environment shall not cause malfunctions or changes in the
accuracy in the electronics of the analyzer system. The instrument design shall
ensure that readings do not vary as a result of electromagnetic radiation and
induction devices normally found in the automotive service environment,
including high energy vehicle ignition systems, radio frequency transmission
radiation sources, and building electrical systems.
(viii) Vibration and Shock Protection. System operation shall be unaffected by the
vibration and shock encountered under the normal operating conditions
encountered in an automotive service environment.
(ix) Propane Equivalency Factor. The nominal PEF range shall be between 0.490 and
0.540. For each audit/calibration point, the nominal PEF shall be conveniently
displayed for the quality assurance inspector and other authorized personnel. If
an optical bench must be replaced in the field, any external labels shall be changed
to correspond to the nominal PEF of the new bench. The analyzer shall
incorporate an algorithm relating PEF to HC concentration. Corrections shall be
made automatically. The corrected PEF value may cover the range of 0.470 to
0.560.
(x) System Response Requirements. The response time from the probe to the display
for HC, CO, and CO2 analyzers shall not exceed 8 seconds for 90% of a step
change in input, nor shall it exceed 12 seconds to 95% of a step change in input.
The response time for a step change in O2 from 20.9% O2 to 0.1% O2 shall be
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§85.3 §85.3
no longer than 40 seconds. For NO analyzers, the response time, shall not exceed
12 seconds for 90% of a step change in input. The response time for a step
change in NO from a stabilized reading to 10% of that reading shall be no longer
than 12 seconds.
(3) Detection Methods. Instrument Ranges. Accuracy, and Repeatability.
(i) Hydrocarbon Analysis. Hydrocarbon analysis shall be determined by non-
dispersive infrared (NDIR) analyzer. The analyzer shall cover at least the range
of 0 ppm HC to 9999 ppm HC, where ppm HC is parts per million of
hydrocarbon volume as hexane. The accuracy of the instrument from 0-2000
ppm HC shall be ±3% of point or 4 ppm C6, whichever is greater. The accuracy
of the instrument between 2001 ppm HC and 5000 ppm HC shall be at least ±5%
of point. The accuracy of the instrument between 5001 ppm HC and 9999 ppm
HC shall be at least ±10% of point. The instrument shall comply with the quality
control specifications in §85.4(d).
(ii) Carbon Monoxide Analysis. Carbon monoxide analysis shall be determined by
non-dispersive infrared (NDIR) analyzer. The analyzer shall cover at least the
range of 0.00 % CO to 14.00% CO, where % CO is % volume CO. The
accuracy of the instrument between 0.01% and 10.00% CO shall be ±3% of point
or 0.02% CO, whichever is greater. The accuracy of the instrument between
10.01 % and 14.00% shall be at least ±5% of point. The instrument shall comply
with the quality control specifications in §85.4(d).
(iii) Carbon Dioxide Analysis. Carbon dioxide analysis shall be determined by non-
dispersive infrared (NDIR) analyzer. The analyzer shall cover at least the range
of 0.0 % CO2 to 18.0% CO2. The accuracy of the instrument between 0.01%
and 16.00% CO2 shall be ±3% of point or 0.3% CO2, whichever is greater. The
accuracy of the instrument between 16.01% and 18.00% shall be at least ±5% of
point. The instrument shall comply with the quality control specifications in
§85.4(d).
(iv) Nitric Oxide Analysis. The analyzer shall cover at least the range of 0 ppm NO to
5000 ppm NO, where ppm NO is parts per million nitric oxide. The accuracy of
the instrument between 0 and 4000 ppm shall be at least ±4% of point or 25 ppm
NO, whichever is greater. The accuracy of the instrument between 4001 and
5000 ppm shall be at least ±8% of point. The instrument shall comply with the
quality control specifications in §85.4(d).
(v) Oxygen Analysis, (optional) If an oxygen analyzer is included, the analyzer shall
cover at least the range of 0.0% O2 to 25.0% O2- The accuracy of the instrument
over this range shall be at least 5% of point or ±0.1% O2, whichever is greater.
The instrument shall comply with the quality control specifications in §85.4(d).
(vi) Repeatability. The repeatability for the HC analyzer in the range of 0-1400 ppm
HC shall be 2% of point or 3 ppm HC absolute, whichever is greater. In the
range of 1400-2000 ppm HC, the repeatability shall be 3% of point. The
repeatability for the CO analyzer in the range of 0-7.00% CO shall be 2% of point
or 0.02% CO absolute, whichever is greater. In the range of 7.00% to 10.00%
CO, the repeatability shall be 3% of point. The repeatability for the COa analyzer
in the range of 0-10.0% CO2 shall be 2% of point or 0.1% CO2 absolute,
whichever is greater. In the range of 10.0% to 16.0% CO2, the repeatability shall
be 3% of point. The repeatability of the NO analyzer shall be 3% of point or 20
ppm NO, whichever is greater. The repeatability of the O2 analyzer shall be 3%
of point or 0.1% O2, whichever is greater.
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§85'3 §85.3
(vii) Rounding Rule. Rounding beyond the decimal places shown in §85.3(c)(3) shall
follow the standard mathematical practice of going to the next higher number for
any numerical value of five or more. This shall also hold true for pass/fail
decisions. For example, if 2.00% CO passes and 2.01% CO fails, and the
reading is 2.0049%, the value shall be rounded down and the decision shall be a
pass. If the reading is 2.0050, the value shall be rounded up and the decision
shall be a fail. The value displayed and printed on the test report shall be
consistent with the value used for the pass/fail decision.
(4) Ambient Conditions. The current relative humidity, dry-bulb temperature, and
barometric pressure shall be measured and recorded prior to the start of every inspection
in order to calculate Kh (nitric oxide correction factor §85.1(b)(l)(v)).
(i) Relative Humidity. The relative humidity measurement device shall cover the
range from 5% to 95% RH, between 35°F -110°F, with a minimum accuracy of
±3% RH. Wet bulb thermometers shall not be used.
(ii) Dry-bulb Temperature. The dry-bulb temperature device shall cover the range
from 0°F - 140°F with a minimum accuracy of 3°F.
(iii) Barometric Pressure. The barometric pressure measurement device shall cover
the range from 610 mm Hg - 810 mm Hg absolute (24-32 inches), and 35°F -
110°F, with a minimum accuracy of ±3% of point or better.
(5) Engine Speed Detection. The analyzer shall utilize a tachometer capable of detecting
engine speed in revolutions per minute (rpm) with a 0.5 second response time and an
accuracy of ±3% of the true rpm. Starting in 1998, on vehicles equipped with onboard
diagnostic (OBD) systems, the engine speed shall be taken by connecting.to the SAE
standardized OBD link on 1996 and newer vehicles. RPM readings shall be recorded on
a second-by-second basis for the 10 second period upon which the pass/fail basis is
based.
•^ceiiv
(6) OBD Fault Code Retrieval. Starting in 1998, the system shall include the hardware and
software necessary to access the onboard computer systems on 1996 and newer vehicles,
determine OBD readiness, and recover stored fault codes using the SAE standardized
link.
(d) Automated Test Process Software and Displays.
(1) Software. The testing process, data collection, and quality control features of the
analyzer system shall be automated to the greatest degree possible. The software shall
automatically select the emission standards and set the vehicle load based on an EPA-
provided or approved look-up table. Vehicle identification information shall be derived
from a database accessed over a real-time data system to a host computer system. Entry
of license plate and all or part of the VIN shall be sufficient to access the vehicle record.
Provision shall be made for manual entry of data for vehicles not in the host computer
system.
(2) Test and mode timers. The analyzer shall be capable of simultaneously determining the
amount of time elapsed in a test (overall test time), and in a mode within that test (mode
time).
(3) Clocks and Timers. The clock used to check the coast-down time shall be accurate to
within 0.1% of reading between 0.5 and 100 seconds, with a resolution of 0.001
seconds. The test mode timers used shall be accurate to within 0.1% of reading between
10 and 1000 seconds with a resolution of 0.1 seconds.
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§85.3
.3
(4)
Driver's Aid. The system shall be equipped with a driver's aid that shall be clearly
visible to the driver as the test is performed. The aid shall continuously display the
required speed, the number of seconds into the test mode, the driver's actual speed/time
performance (a display showing the deviation between set-point and actual driving trace),
engine RPM, the use of augmented braking, and necessary prompts and alerts. The
driver's aid shall also be capable of displaying test and equipment status and other
messages as required. Dynamic information being displayed shall be refreshed at a
minimum rate of twice per second. Emissions values shall not be displayed during
official testing.
(5)
Minimum Analyzer Display Resolution. The analyzer electronics shall have sufficient
resolution to achieve the following:
HC
NO
CO
CO2
02
RPM
Speed
Load
Relative Humidity
Dry Bulb Temperature
Barometric Pressure
1
1
0.01
0.1
0.1
10
0.1
0.1
1
1
1
ppm HC as hexane
ppm NO
%CO
%CO2
% O2 (optional)
RPM
mph
hp
%RH
°F
mmHG
Page 25
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§85.4 §854
§85.4 Quality Control Requirements
(a) General Requirements
(1) Minimums. The frequency and standards for quality control specified here are minimum
requirements, unless modified as specified in §85.4(a)(2). Greater frequency or tighter
standards may be used as needed.
(2) Statistical Process Control. Reducing the frequency of the quality control checks,
modifying the procedure or specification, or eliminating the quality control checks
altogether may be allowed if the state demonstrates and the Administrator determines, for
the purpose of properly conducting an approved short test, that sufficient Statistical
Process Control (SPC) data exist to make a determination, that the SPC data support such
action, and that taking such action will not significantly reduce the quality of the
emissions measurements. Should emission measurement performance or quality
deteriorate as a result of allowing such actions, the approval shall be suspended and the
frequencies, procedures specifications, or checks specified here or otherwise approved
shall be reinstated, pending further determination by the Administrator.
(b) Dynamometer
(1) Coast Down Check.
(i) The calibration of each dynamometer shall be automatically checked every 72
hours in low volume stations (less than 4000 tests per year) and daily in high
volume stations by a dynamometer coast-down procedure equivalent to §86.118-
78 (for reference see National Vehicle and Fuel Emission Laboratory's Testing
Services Division test procedure TP-302A and TP-202) between the speeds of
30-20 mph if the ASM2525 is used and 20-10 mph if the ASM5015 is used. All
rotating dynamometer components shall be included in the coast-down check.
Speed windows smaller than ± 5 mph may be used provided that they show the
same calibration capabilities.
(ii) The base dynamometer inertia (2000 pounds) shall be checked at two random
horsepower settings for each speed range. The two random horsepower settings
shall be between 8.0 and 18.0 horsepower. A shunt resistor for a load cell
performance check shall not be used.
(iii) The coast-down procedure shall use a vehicle off-dynamometer type method or
equivalent. Using a vehicle to bring the dynamometer up to speed and removing
the vehicle before the coast-down shall not be permitted. If either the measured
30-20 mph coast-down time or 20-10 mph coast-down time is outside the
window bounded by the Calculated Coast-Down Time (CCDT) (seconds) ±7%
then it shall be locked out for official testing purposes until recalibration allows a
passing value.
(A) Randomly select an IHP2525 value that is between 8.0 hp and 18.0 hp and
set dynamometer PAU to this value.
Coast-down dynamometer from 30-20 mph.
2 2,
32.2 J (V30 ' V20 J
CCDT @ 25 mph = 550 * (IHP2525 + PLHP25)
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§85-4 §85.4
Where:
•
DIW = Dynamometer Inertia Weight. Total "inertia" weight of
all rotating components in dynamometer.
V-JQ = Velocity in feet/sec at 30 mph.
V2Q _ Velocity in feet/sec at 20 mph.
IHP2525 = Randomly selected ASM2525 indicated horsepower.
PLHP25 = Parasitic Horsepower for specific dynamometer at 25
mph.
(B) Randomly select an IHP5Q15 value that is between 8.0 hp and 18.0 hp and
set dynamometer PAU to this value.
Coast-down dynamometer from 20-10 mph.
(0.5 * DIWN » 2 v
_[ 32.2 J (V20 • V1Q
CCDT@15mph= 550
Where:
DIW = Dynamometer Inertia Weight. Total "inertia" weight of
all rotating components in dynamometer.
V2Q = Velocity in feet/sec at 20 mph.
VJQ = Velocity in feet/sec at 10 mph.
IHP5Q15 = Randomly selected ASM5015 indicated horsepower.
PLHP 1 5 = Parasitic Horsepower for specific dynamometer at 1 5
mph.
(2) Parasitic Value Calculations.
(i) Parasitic losses shall be calculated using the following equations at 25 and 15
mph whenever a coast-down check is performed. The indicated horsepower
(IHP) shall be set to zero for these tests. This is only necessary if the coast-down
values do not verify in §85.4(b)(l)(iii) above.
(ii) Parasitic losses at 25 mph for a dynamometer with specified diameter rollers.
5 * DIWx o 9
J.J LJL YY \ # ,,. 2. V A
32.2 J (V30 " V20 >
PLHP25 =
550 * (ACDT)
Where:
DIW = Dynamometer Inertia Weight. Total "inertia" weight of
all rotating components in dynamometer.
VOQ = Velocity in feet/sec at 30 mph.
^20 = Velocity in feet/sec at 20 mph.
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§85.4
ACDT = Actual coast-down time required for dynamometer to
coast from 30 to 20 mph. ,'
(iii) Parasitic losses at 15 mph for a dynamometer with specified diameter rollers.
V 2 v 2,
32.2 J (V20 • V10 >
PLHPis =
(ACDT)
Where:
DIW = Dynamometer Inertia Weight. Total "inertia" weight of
all rotating components in dynamometer.
^20 = Velocity in feet/sec at 20 mph.
VIQ = Velocity in feet/sec at 10 mph.
ACDT = Actual coast-down time required for dynamometer to
coast from 20 to 10 mph.
(3) Roll Speed. Roll speed and roll counts shall be checked at least once per week by an
independent means (e.g., photo tachometer). Deviations greater than ±0.2 mph or a
comparable tolerance in roll counts shall require corrective action. Alternatively, a
redundant roll speed transducer independent of the primary transducer may be used in
lieu of the weekly comparison. Accuracy of redundant systems shall be checked
bimonthly.
(4) Load Measuring Device. If the dynamometer fails a coast-down check or requires a
recalibration for any other reason, the load measuring device shall be checked using a
dead- weight method or an equivalent procedure proposed by the state and approved by
.the Administrator. The check shall cover at least three points over the range of loads used
for vehicle testing. Dead weights shall be traceable to the National Institute of Standards
(NIST) and shall be accurate to within ±0. 1%. The dynamometer shall provide an
automatic load measuring device calibration and verification feature.
(5) Acceptance Check.
(i) Load Cell Verification (if equipped). This test confirms the proper operation of
the dynamometer load cell and associated systems. Weights in the proper range
shall be supplied by the system supplier. Weights shall be NIST traceable to
0.1% of point.
(A) Calibrate the load cell according to the manufacturer's direction.
(B) Using a dead weight method, load the test cell to 20%, 40%, 60%, and
80% (in ascending order) of the range used for ASM testing. Record the
readings for each weight. Remove the weights in the same steps
(descending order) and record the results.
(C) Perform steps A through B two more times (total of three). Calculate the
average value for each weight. Multiply each average weight from E by the
length of the torque arm.
(D) Acceptance Criteria: The difference for each reading from the weight shall
not exceed 1% of full scale.
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5.4
§85.4
(ii) Speedometer Verification. This test confirms the accuracy of the dynamometer's
speedometer. '
(A) Set dynamometer speed to 15 mph. Independently measure and record
dynamometer speed. Repeat at 25 mph.
(B) Acceptance Criteria: The difference for each reading from set dynamometer
speed shall not exceed 0.2 mph.
(iii) Parasitics Verification. Parasitic losses shall be calculated using the following
equations at 25 and 15 mph . The indicated horsepower (IMP) shall be set to
zero for these tests. Using time versus speed data from the system, calculate
PLHP for 25 mph and 15 mph.
(A) Parasitic losses at 25 mph for a dynamometer with specified diameter
rollers.
3TT^) * (V302 - V202)
PLHP25 = * 55^
Where:
DIW = Dynamometer Inertia Weight. Total "inertia" weight of
all rotating components in dynamometer.
VOQ = Velocity in feet/sec at 30 mph.
^20 = Velocity in feet/sec at 20 mph.
CDT = Coast-down time required for dynamometer to coast
from 30 to 20 mph.
(B) Parasitic losses at 15 mph for a dynamometer with specified diameter
rollers.
. 2 2
32.2 J (V20 • V10 )
PLHP15 = 55Q * (CDT)
Where:
DIW = Dynamometer Inertia Weight. Total "inertia" weight of
all rotating components in dynamometer.
^20 = Velocity in feet/sec at 20 mph.
V,Q = Velocity in feet/sec at 10 mph.
CDT = Coast-down time required for dynamometer to coast
from 20 to 10 mph.
(C) Acceptance Criteria: The difference between the externally calculated value
and the machine calculated value shall not exceed 0.25 HP.
(iv) Verify Coast-Down. The coast-down procedure shall use a vehicle off-
dynamometer type method or equivalent. Using a vehicle to bring the
dynamometer up to speed and removing the vehicle before the coast-down shall
not be permitted.
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§85.4 §85.4
(A) Randomly select an IHP2525 value that is between 8.0 hp^and 18.0 hp and
set dynamometer PAU to this value.
Coast-down dynamometer from 30-20 mph.
/O 5 * DIW\ 9 o
I\J.J JSL "T \ * /Tr Z \f Z\
[ 32.2 J (V30 " V20 >
CCDT@25mph= 550 * (IHP2525yy + PLHP25-yy)
Where:
DIW = Dynamometer Inertia Weight. Total "inertia" weight of
all rotating components in dynamometer.
V->Q = Velocity in feet/sec at 30 mph.
V2Q _ Velocity in feet/sec at 20 mph.
IHP2525 = Randomly selected ASM2525 indicated horsepower.
PLHP25 = Parasitic Horsepower for specific dynamometer at 25
mph.
(B) Randomly select an IHP5015 value that is between 8.0 hp and 18.0 hp and
set dynamometer PAU to this value.
Coast-down dynamometer from 20-10 mph.
(0.
(
v1S2im]*(V202-V102>
CCDT@15mph- 550 * (IHP5015yy + PLHPi5-yy)
Where:
DIW = Dynamometer Inertia Weight. Total "inertia" weight of
all rotating components in dynamometer.
V2Q = Velocity in feet/sec at 20 mph.
VJQ = Velocity in feet/sec at 10 mph.
IHP5015 = Randomly selected ASM5015 indicated horsepower.
PLHPis = Parasitic Horsepower for specific dynamometer at 15
mph.
(C) Acceptance Criteria: The measured 30-20 mph coast-down time and the 20-
10 mph coast-down time must be inside the window bounded by CCDT
(seconds) ±7%.
(c) Emission Sampling System.
(1) Leak Check. The entire sample system shall be checked for vacuum leaks on a daily
basis and proper flow on a continuous basis. This may be accomplished using a vacuum
decay method, reading a span gas, or other methods proposed by a state and approved by
the Administrator. The analyzer shall not allow an error of more than 1% of reading
using the high-range span gas described in §85.4(d)(2)(iii)(C). The analyzer shall be
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§85.4 §854
locked out from testing if the leak check is not performed when due or fails to pass the
check.
(2) Dilution. The flow rate on the analyzer shall not cause more than 10% dilution during
sampling of exhaust of a 1.6 liter engine a normal idle. Ten percent dilution is defined as
a sample of 90% exhaust and 10% ambient air.
(3) Dilution Acceptance Test.
(i) Set vehicle with 1.6 liter maximum engine displacement at factory -recommended
idle speed, OEM configuration exhaust system, transmission in neutral, hood up
(a fan to cool the engine may be used if needed). Set idle speed not to exceed 920
RPM. (Set for 900 RPM with a tolerance ± 20 RPM.)
(ii) With a laboratory grade analyzer system, sample the exhaust at 40 centimeters
depth with a flow sample rate below 320 liters per hour. Allow sufficient time for
this test. Record all HC, CO, NO, CO2, and O2 readings. A chart recorder or
electronically stored data may be used to detect the point of stable readings.
(iii) While operating the candidate analyzer system in a mode which has the same flow
rate as the official test mode, record the levels of HC, CO, NO, CO2, and Oi-
Ensure that the probe is installed correctly.
(iv) Repeat step (ii).
(v) Acceptance Criteria: If the difference of the readings between (ii) and (iv) exceed
five percent of the average of (ii) and (iv), repeat (ii), (iii), and (iv); otherwise
average (ii) and (iv) and compare with (iii). If (iii) is within 10 percent of the
average of (ii) and (iv), then the equipment meets the dilution specification.
(d) Analytic Instruments.
(1) General Requirements. The analyzer shall, to the extent possible, maintain accuracy
between gas calibrations taking into account all errors, including noise, repeatability,
drift, linearity, temperature, and barometric pressure.
(2) Two-Point Gas Calibration and Low-Range Audit.
(i) Analyzers shall automatically require a zero gas calibration and a high-range gas
calibration for HC, CO, NO, and CO2- The system shall also use a low-range
gas to check the calibration in the range of vehicle emission standards. In high
volume stations (4000 or more tests per year), analyzers shall be calibrated within
four hours before each test. In low volume stations (below 4000 tests per year),
analyzers shall be calibrated within 72 hours before each test. If the system does
not calibrate or is not calibrated, the analyzer shall lock out from testing until
corrective action is taken.
(ii) Gas Calibration and Check Procedure. Gas calibration shall be accomplished by
introducing span gases that meet the requirements of 85.4(d)(2)(iii) into the
calibration port. The pressure in the sample cell shall be the same with the
calibration gas flowing as with the sample flowing during testing. The analyzer
channels shall be adjusted to the center of the allowable tolerance range as a result
of the calibration. The system shall record the gas reading data from before the
adjustment and other data pertinent to control charting analyzer performance.
(A) Zero the analyzer and perform a leak check.
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§85.4 §854
(B) Calibrate the analyzer using the high-range calibration gas specified in
§85.4(d)(2)(iii).
(C) Introduce the low-range check gas specified in §85.4(d)(2)(iii). If the low-
range check gas readings differ from the label value by more than ±2%, the
analyzer shall be locked out from testing.
(iii) The following gases shairbe used for the 2-point calibration and low-range audit.
" (A) Zero Gas
O2 = 20.7%
HC < IppmTHC
CO < 1 ppm
CO2 < 400 ppm
NO < 1 ppm
N2 = Balance 99.99 % pure
(B) Low-Range Audit Gas
HC = 200 ppm propane
CO = 0.5. %
CO2 = 6.0 %"'c
NO = 300 ppm
N2 = Balance 99.99 % pure
(C) High-Range Calibration Gas
HC = 3200 ppm propane
CO = 8.0%
CO2 = 12.0 %
NO = 3000 ppm
N2 = Balance 99.99 % pure
(iv) Traceability. The audit and span gases used for the gas calibration shall be
traceable to National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) standards
±1%. Gases shall have a zero blend tolerance. Stations that use large capacity
gas bottles (size B or larger) and that provide a quality control check to insure
proper entry of gas values, may use gases with a blend tolerance of up to 5%.
Gases with a 5% blend tolerance may also be used by any station if the analyzer
system reads the bar-coded calibration gas bottle specifications and adjusts the
calibration accordingly.
(3) Five-Point Calibration Audit.
(i) Analyzers shall automatically require and successfully pass a five point gas audit
for HC, CO, NO, and CO2- For high volume stations, audits shall be checked
monthly. In low volume stations, analyzers shall undergo the audit procedure
every six months:;: ^ '"""".;/"•*•--••• T ""-."
(ii) Gas Audit Procedure; Calibration auditing shall be-aecomplished by introducing
audit gas through the probes The" pressure in the sample cell shall be the same -I
with the audit gas flowing as with the sample flowing during testing.
(A) Zero the analyzer and perform a leak check.
(B) Flow the low range audit gas specified in §85.4(d)(3)(iii) through the
' sample probe, ensuring that the tip is equal to ambient barometric pressure
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§85.4 §85.4
±0.1 inches Hg (a balloon teed into the gas flow line is an-acceptable
pressure indicator; the balloon should stand slightly erect).
(C) When the HC, CO, NO, and CO2 readings have stabilized (no less than 20
seconds of gas flow) record them as well as the PEF value at each audit
blend.
(D) Repeat steps B and C for each audit gas specified in §85.4(d)(3)(iii).
(E) Compare the readings with the audit gas values. Divide the HC reading by
its PEF using the following relationship:
Tolerance % = 100 * (Reading - Cylinder Value)
Cylinder Value
(F) If the tolerance exceeds ±4.0% for CO, CO2, and HC/PEF, or ±5.0% for
NO, then the analyzer shall fail the gas audit and shall be locked out from
testing until it passes.
(iii) The following gases shall be used for the five-point calibration audit.
(A) Zero Audit Gas
O2 = 20.7% (if O2 span is desired)
HC < O.lppmTHC
CO < 0.5 ppm
CO2 < 1ppm
NO < 0.1 ppm
N2 = Balance 99.99 % pure
(B) Low Range Audit Gas
HC = 200 ppm propane
CO = 0.5 %
CO2 = 6.0%
NO = 300 ppm
N2 = Balance 99.99 % pure
(C) Low-Middle Range Audit Gas
HC = 960 ppm propane
CO = 2.4%
CO2 = 3.6% •
NO = 900 ppm
N2 = Balance 99.99 % pure
(D) High-Middle Range Audit Gas.
HC = 1920 ppm propane
CO = 4.8 %
CO2 = 7.2%
NO = 1800 ppm
N2 = Balance 99.99 % pure
(E) High Range Audit Gas
HC = 3200 ppm propane
CO = 8.0%
CO2 = 12.0 %
NO = 3000 ppm
N2 = Balance 99.99 % pure
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§85.4 §85.4
(iv) Traceability. The gases used for the audit shall be traceable to National Institute
of Standards and Technology (NIST) standards ±1%. Gases shall have a zero
blend tolerance.
(4) Service. Repair and Modification.
(i) Each time an analyzer's emissions measurement system, sensor, or other related
electronic components are repaired or replaced, the calibration audit required in
§85.4(d)(3) shall be performed, at a minimum, prior to returning the unit to
service.
(ii) Each time the sample line integrity is broken, a leak check shall be performed
prior to testing.
(5) Acceptance Testing.
(i) Analyzer accuracy. This test confirms the ability of the candidate instruments to
read various concentrations of gases within the tolerances required by this
specification. The test compares the response of the candidate instrument with
that of standard instruments, and also estimates the uncertainty of the readings.
The analyzer shall be zeroed and gas calibrated using the high-range calibration
gas. The instrument shall be tested using propane,.carbon monoxide, carbon
dioxide, and nitric oxide in nitrogen, with a certified accuracy of ±1%, in the
following concentrations: 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%,
90% of full scale for the analyzers. Full scale is defined in §85.3(c)(3).
(A) Introduce the gases in ascending order of concentrations beginning with the
zero gas. Record the readings of the standard and candidate instruments to
each concentration value.
(B) After the highest concentration has been introduced and recorded, introduce
the same gases to the standard and candidate analyzers in descending order,
including the zero gas. Record the reading of analyzers to each gas,
including negatives (if any).
(C) Repeat steps A and B for the candidate only, four more times (total of five
times).
(D) Calculations:
1. Calculate the average value of each concentration for the readings of
the standard instruments.
2. Calculate the mean and standard deviation of each candidate's
readings for each concentration. Include both upscale and
downscale readings for the same gas concentration. (All
calculations may not be possible for zero concentrations.)
3. For each concentration, calculate the difference between the
candidate mean and the standard average.
4. For each concentration, compute the following:
(i) Yi = x + Ksd
(ii) Y2 = x-Ksd
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§85-4 §85.4
Where
Ksd = std dev * 3.5 for zero and the highest concentration value
Ksd = std dev * 2.5 for all other concentration values
x = mean (arithmetic average) of the set of candidate readings.
5. Compute the uncertainty (U) of the calibration curve for each
concentration as follows:
(i) Ui = concentration value - YI
(ii) U2 = concentration value - Y2
6. Acceptance Criteria:
(a) For each concentration, the differences calculated in Step 3
shall be no greater than the accuracy tolerances specified in
§85.3(c)(3) for each instrument.
(b) For each concentration, the uncertainties, (Ui and U2) shall be
no greater than the accuracy tolerances required in
§85.3(c)(3).
(ii) Analyzer System Repeatability. This test characterizes the ability of the
instrument to give consistent readings when repeatedly sampling the same gas
concentration.
(A) Using an 80% full scale gas, introduce the gas through the calibration port.
Record the readings.
(B) Purge with'ambient air for at least 30 seconds but no more than 60 seconds.
(C) Repeat steps A and B above four more times.
(D) Repeat steps A, B, and C, introducing the gas through the sample probe.
(E) Acceptance Criteria: The differences between the highest and lowest
readings from both ports shall not exceed the values specified in
§85.3(c)(3)(vi).
(iii) Analyzer System Response Time. This test determines the speed of response of
the candidate instrument when a sample is introduced at the sample probe.
(A) Gas calibrate the candidate instrument per the manufacturer's instructions.
(B) Using a solenoid valve or equivalent selector system, remotely introduce an
80% full scale gas to the probe. The gas pressure at the entrance to the
probe shall be equal to room ambient.
(C) Measure the elapsed time required for the instrument display to read 90%
and 95% of the final stabilized reading for HC, CO, CC«2 and NO.
(Optional: Also, measure the time required for the O2 analyzer to read 0.1%
O2). Alternatively the bench outputs may be recorded against a time base to
determine the response time. Record all times in seconds.
(D) Switch the solenoid valve to purge with zero air for at least 40 seconds but
no more than 60 seconds.
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§85'4 §85.4
(E) Measure the elapsed time required for the NO instrument display to read
10% of the stabilized reading in Step C. •
(F) Repeat steps A, B, and C, two more times (total three times).
(G) Acceptance Criteria: The response (drop time for O2 and NO; rise time for
HC, CO, CO2 and NO) times shall meet the requirement specified in
§85.3(c)(2)(x). The response time shall also be within ±1 second of the
nominal response time supplied by the equipment supplier for use in
§85.5(b)(5).
(iv) Analyzer Interference Effects. The following acceptance test procedure shall be
performed at 45°F, 75°F, and 105°F conditions, except as noted.
(A) Zero and span the instrument.
(B) Sample the following gases for at least one minute. Record the response of
each channel to the presence of these gases.
1. 16% Carbon Dioxide in Nitrogen.
2. 1600 ppmHexane in Nitrogen.
3. 10% Carbon Monoxide in Nitrogen.
4. 3000 ppm Nitric Oxide in Nitrogen.
5. 75 ppm Sulfur,Dioxide (SO2) in Nitrogen.
6. 75 ppm Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S) in Nitrogen.
(C) Water-Saturated Hot Air. Water-saturated hot air shall be drawn through
the probe from the top of a sealed vessel partially filled with water through
which ambient air will be bubbled. The water shall be maintained at a
temperature of 122°F ± 9°F. This test shall be performed at only the 75 "F,
and 105°F conditions.
(D) Acceptance Criteria: The interference effects shall not exceed the limits
specified in §85.3(c)(2)(iii).
(v) Electromagnetic Isolation and Interference. This test shall measure the ability of
the candidate instrument to withstand electromagnetic fields which could exist in
vehicle testing and repair facilities. For all tests described below, sample "Low-
Middle Range Audit Gas" specified in §85.4(d)(3)(iii)(C), at atmospheric
pressure, through the sample probe. Record analyzer reading during test periods.
(A) Radio Frequency Interference Test.
1. Use a test vehicle with an engine having a high energy ignition
system (or equivalent), a solid core coil wire and a 3/8" air gap.
Leave engine off.
2. Locate the candidate instrument within 5 feet of the ignition coil.
Gas calibrate the candidate instrument.
3. Sample gas specified above. Wait 20 seconds, and record analyzer
readings.
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§85.4 §854
4. Start engine. With the hood open and gas flowing to the analyzer,
cycle the engine from idle through 25 mph on the dynamometer at
ASM loads and record the analyzer readings.
5. Relocate the instrument to within 6 inches of one side of the vehicle
near the engine compartment. Follow procedure described in step 4
and record analyzer readings.
6. Relocate the instrument to within 6 inches of the other side of the
vehicle near the engine compartment. Follow procedure described
in step 4 and record analyzer readings.
7. Acceptance Criteria: The analyzer readings shall deviate no more
than 0.5% full scale.
(B) Induction Field Test. Use a variable speed (commutator type) hand drill
having a plastic housing arid rated at 3 amps or more. While the analyzer is
sampling the gas, vary the drill speed from zero to maximum while moving
from the front to the sides of the instrument at various heights.
Acceptance Criteria: The analyzer readings shall deviate no more than 0.5%
full scale.
(C) Line Interference Test. Plug the drill used in part B above into one outlet of
a #16-3 wire extension cord approximately 20 feet long. Connect the
instrument into the other outlet of the extension cord. Repeat part B above.
Acceptance Criteria: The analyzer readings shall deviate no more than 0.5%
full scale.
(D) VHP Band Frequency Interference Test. Locate both a citizens ban radio
(CB), with output equivalent to FCC legal maximum, and a highway patrol
transmitter (or equivalent) within 50 feet of the instrument. While the
analyzer is sampling the gas, press and release transmit button of the both
radios several times.
Acceptance Criteria: The analyzer readings shall deviate no more than 0.5%
full scale.
(E) Ambient Conditions Instruments. Upon installation and every six months
thereafter, the performance of the ambient conditions instruments shall be
cross checked against a master weather station.
Acceptance Criteria: The individual instruments shall be within the tolerance
specified in §85.3(c)(4).
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§85.5 §85.5
§85.5 Test Record Information
The following information shall be collected for each test performed (both passing and failing
tests), recorded in electronic form, and made available to EPA upon request.
(a) General Information.
(1) Test Record Number
(2) Inspection station and inspector numbers
(3) Test system number
(4) Dynamometer site
(5) Date of test
(6) Emission test start time and the time final emission scores are determined.
(7) Vehicle identification number,
(8) License plate number
(9) Test certificate number .
(10) Vehicle model year, make, and type
(11) Number of cylinders or engine displacement
(12) Transmission type
(13) Odometer reading
(14) Type of test performed (i.e., initial test, first retest, or subsequent retest)
(b) Ambient Test Conditions.
(1) Relative humidity (%)
(2) Dry-bulb temperature (°F):
(3) Atmospheric pressure (mm Hg)
(4) NO correction factor
(5) Nominal response time for each instrument (Transport + T90)
(c) ASM Mode or Modes. The following information shall be captured separately for each test mode
(ASM5015 and/or ASM2525) performed.
(1) Final HC running average (AvgHC) (ppm)
(2) Final CO running average (AvgCO) (%)
(3) Final NO running average (AvgNO) (ppm)
(4) Total horsepower used to set.the dynamometer,.(THP5015) (hp)
(5) Engine RPM running average corresponding to the final test score
(6) Dilution correction factor (DCF)
(d) Diagnostic/Quality Assurance Information.
(1) Test time (seconds)
(2) Mode time (seconds)
(3) Vehicle speed (mph) for each second of the test
(4) Engine RPM for each second of the test
(5) Dynamometer load (pounds) for each second of the test
(6) HC concentration (ppm) for each second of the test, not corrected for dilution
(7) CO concentration (%) for each second of the test, not corrected for dilution
(8) NO concentration (ppm) corrected for humidity for each second of the test, not corrected
for dilution
(9) CO2 concentration (%) for each second of the test
(10) O2 concentration (%) for each second of the test (optional)
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