vvEPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Air and Radiation
EPA420-R-98-018
September 1998
Office of Mobile Sources
IRAQ
Transportation Air Quality Center
Index of Transportation
Measure Quantification
Efforts: Methodology
Matrix
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Index of Transportation Measure Quantification Efforts:
Methodology Matrix
Regional and State Programs Division
Office of Mobile Sources
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
NOTICE
This technical report does not necessarily represent final EPA decisions or positions.
It is intended to present technical analysis of issues using data which are currently available.
The purpose in the release of such reports is to facilitate the exchange of
technical information and to inform the public of technical developments which
may form the basis for a final EPA decision, position, or regulatory action.
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Index of Transportation
Measure Quantification
Efforts: Methodology Matrix
Final Report
Prepared for
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Regional and State Programs Division
2000 Traverwood Drive
Ann Arbor
Michigan 48105
Preparedly
ARCADIS Geraghty & Miller, Inc.
555 Clyde Avenue
Mountain View
California 94043
Tel 650 961 5700
Fax 650 254 2496
CXrFtef.;
SJ007262
Data
30 September 1998
Authors:
Daniel R Luscher
Douglas A. Coteman
Diana K Popek
Fanta Kamakate
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Date: 20 January 1999
Subject: Requested documents
From: IRAQ Center
Office of Mobile Sources
To: Barb Laurenson
Kaiser Permanente
1950 Franklin Street, 12th Floor
Oakland, CA 94612
Please find enclosed the documents that you requested through the EPA's Transportation Air
Quality Information Request Line.
1) Quantification of Episodic Control Programs; EPA 420-R-97-006
2) Voluntary Mobile Source Programs: Crediting Innovation and Experimentation;
EPA420-K-97-004
3) Driving Alone brochure; EPA 420-F-95-011
4) Transportation Control Measure Information Documents; EPA 420-R-92-006
5) Benefits Estimates for Selected TCM Programs; EPA 420-R-98-002 (was 94-006)
The Episodic Emissions Control Programs factsheet can be downloaded from the TRAQ Center
website at, www.epa.gov/oms/transp/traqvolm.htm in either PDF or text only format.
Quantification document (waiting to hear from Matt)
Thank you for your request.
G:\RSPD\TMIG\STI_TEAM\TRAQ\TRAQROLL\REQLETTR. WPD
7
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1. Introduction
As the importance of transportation measures and voluntary measures in air quality programs increases,
a growing body of research focuses on the quantitative .evaluation and analysis of these measures. The purpose
of this work assignment is to develop a comprehensive index of methodologies used in assessing transportation
measures and other non-mandatory programs. Quantification refers to any effort to numerically evaluate
transportation measures (or other related measures) in terms of developing air quality benefits, program costs,
VMT reductions, trip reductions, and/or cost-effectiveness.
2. WA Task 2 results
The results of WA Task 2 are embodied in the extensive matrix shown in Attachment 2 (and provided
on the accompanying diskette in both WordPerfect and Excel format). The matrix lists transportation measures
and voluntary measures along with the types of methodologies used to quantify them, and a description of the
strengths and weaknesses of each methodology. In addition, the matrix lists specific reports and studies that
have utilized each methodology for a particular transportation measure, along with particular advantages and
disadvantages of the methodology as used in that particular research or evaluation study. Reports that analyze
several transportation measures were placed in each of those transportation measure categories.
ARCADIS Geraghty & Miller developed this matrix through a detailed review of transportation
measure quantification literature collected under a previous work assignment (0-04). (For more information
on that work assignment, see "Index of Transportation Measure Quantification Efforts: Final Report for Task
2 and Task 3," prepared by Acurex Environmental Corporation for USEPA, September 30,1997.)
The methodology matrix provides a clearly organized, easy-to-use summary of available
methodologies for evaluating a given transportation measure, strengths and weaknesses of those methodologies,
and examples of research and evaluation efforts that have utilized each of those methodologies. Local planners
using this matrix should easily be able to obtain important comparative information on transportation measures
and voluntary measures of interest to them, and on the particular methodologies used to estimate or evaluate
the travel and emissions impacts of these measures.
The completed methodology matrix covers 27 different transportation measures, and summarizes and
analyzes 38 distinct quantification methodologies, as shown in Figures 1 and 2. Note mat the methodologies
listed in Figure 2 are shown in the same heirarchical order in which they appear (where applicable) within each
transportation measure. The methodology matrix describes the use of these methodologies in 102 documents.
These documents are listed in Attachment 1.
The methodology matrix reveals certain strengths and weakness of the transportation measure
quantification literature. Certain transportation measures, including HOV facilities, telecommuting, and
ridesharing, have been analyzed by many researchers, using a variety of analytical techniques. Others have not
received the same amount of attention. In particular, Intelligent Transportation Systems are only recently
moving from "crystal ball" discussions to analytically rigorous emissions quantification. In addition, shuttle
projects have received limited attention.
Similarly, certain methodologies have been used extensively in the literature. Travel demand models
have been used to provide detailed travel and emissions impact assessments for a wide variety of transportation
measures. Many planners and researchers, however, have found sketch planning tools to provide the right
balance between cost and accuracy. Advanced analytical models that integrate existing models, or that rely on
1
. ' 9
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the "next generation" of travel and emissions models, will assume increasing importance in evaluating
transportation measures in the future.
3. Recommendations for further EPA research
This Work Assignment effort produced an extensive matrix for planners and policy makers to use when
they need to evaluate the travel and emissions impacts of their own existing or planned transportation measures.
Additional efforts to compile and index the existing literature on transportation and voluntary measure
quantification efforts could focus on the following areas:
• Procurement and analysis of additional documents. Because the literature on transportation
measures is developing rapidly, many valuable quantification efforts have been completed in the past
year and were therefore not available during the literature collection portion of WA 0-04. Identifying
these most recent research efforts, and preparing methodology matrix entries for them, would help keep
the methodology matrix as up-to-date as possible, particularly for those segments of the literature that
are developing most rapidly (ITS, for example).
• Preparation of methodology matrix entries for additional documents already identified. While
ARCADIS Geraghty & Miller succeeded in this Work Assignment in analyzing a very large portion
of the best transportation measure quantification documents collected in WA 0-04, available fimding
did not allow us to analyze all of the documents. Preparing methodology matrix entries for more
documents from WA 0-04 would create additional value and comprehensiveness for the methodology
matrix.
• Document procurement support for planners. The methodology matrix developed in this Work
Assignment will allow local planners and policy makers to identify documents that may be most useful
to them, but some of the documents may be difficult to obtain. Providing a document procurement
service that helps planners obtain documents they are interested in could provide an efficient means
of disseminating research results, and represent part of a "full-service" approach to helping local
planners. However, copyright issues would need to be carefully worked out
• Prepare analysis of previous research resuits targeted to SIP credit issues. In many cases, existing
research results and methodologies may help planners and policy makers quantify the emissions
impacts of their own local transportation measures, but in ways that may not meet EPA's standard for
establishing State Implementation Plan emissions credit. A focused review and critique of selected
quantification methodologies with SIP crediting requirements in mind (e.g., evaluating whether the
emissions reductions are surplus and enforceable) will help local planners in working with EPA to
create SIP-creditable transportation programs.
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Figure 1. Transportation measures included in methodology matrix
Alternative Commute Programs
Alternative Transportation-Friendly Workplace
Bicycles
Clean Fuel Fleets
Compressed Work Week/Flex Time
Congestion Pricing
Database/ Information
Emissions Fees
Employee Commute Subsidies
Episodic/ Seasonal Controls
Feebate
Fuel Tax Increases
General
High-Occupancy Vehicle Facilities
Intelligent Transportation Systems
Intermodal
Local Land Use/Urban Design
Market Incentives
Parking Pricing/Parking Management
Regional Land Use / Growth Management
Rideshare
Scrappage
Shuttles/Station Cars
Telecommuting
Traffic Management
Trip Reduction
VMTFees
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Figure 2. Heirarchy of quantification methodologies included in matrix
Modeling
1 Integrated travel demand, mode choice, traffic simulation, and emissions model
2 Integrated planning/simulation model
3 Travel demand/mode choice model
4 Modal emissions model
5 Conventional transportation planning network model
6 Vehicle queuing model
7 Freeway throughput model
8 Travel cost model
9 Demand elasticity model
10 Economic scrappage supply curve model
11 Vehicle fleet characterization and emissions model
12 Emission dispersion model (used for freeways)
Statistical and empirical analysis
13 Statistical analysis of average speed of congestion pricing scenarios
14 Use of economic theory to estimate congestion price levels
[ 5 Statistical analysis of the impacts of land use characteristics and TDM strategies on mode choice
16 Empirical analysis of the impacts of personal preference and workplace conditions on mode choice
17 Statistical analysis of factors affecting travel behavior
18 Parking supply and demand model
Analysis of existing programs
19 Analysis of existing prograra(s) using travel diaries
20 Empirical analysis of employer-based trip reduction program
21 Empirical analysis of transportation measure implementation programs
22 Empirical analysis of transportation measure demonstration projects
23 Statistical analysis of employer ridesharing initiatives
Sample survey analysis
24 Sample surveys of ridematching database program success
25 Sample survey of customer travel patterns and preferences at shopping centers
26 Sample survey of employer trip reduction program cost
27 Sample survey analysis of existing program(s)
28 Transportation survey analysis
29 Sample surveys
General evaluation and analysis
30 Macro-level analysis
31 Evaluative matrix
32 Cross-sectional analysis of bicycle facilities
33 Sketch planning
34 Employer TDM cost-effectiveness model
35 Case study analysis
36 Policy analysis of transportation measures
37 Process analysis of transportation measure planning and implementation
38 Comparison and analysis of other studies
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ATTACHMENT 1
Report Bibliography
The following documents were reviewed and summarized in the Attachment 2 methodology matrix.
"A Case for Freeway Mainline Metering." Haboian, Kevin A. Parsons Brinckerhoff Quade& Douglas. In
Transportation Research Record 1494,199S.
"A Micro-Analysis of Land Use and Travel in Five Neighborhoods in the San Francisco Bay Area."
Kitamura, Ryuichi, et al. Institute of Transportation Studies, UC Davis. November, 1994.
"A Survey and Analysis of Employee Responses to Employer-Sponsored Trip Reduction Incentive
Programs." Schreffler, Eric N., and Mortero, Jose. COMSIS Corp. California Air Resources Board,
Contract No. A983-187. February 1994.
"Air Quality Impacts of HOV Facilities." Chatterjee, Aun. et al. University of Tennessee. Transportation
Research Board 960425, January 1996.
"Air Quality Offsets for Parking." Loudon, William, et al. In Transportation Research Record 1232,1992.
"An Analysts of the Effectiveness of High Occupancy Vehicle Lanes." Dahlgren, J. W. Institute of
Transportation Studies, UC Berkeley. UCB-ITS-DS-94-2, 1994.
"An Assessment of IVHS-APTS Technology Impacts on Energy Consumption and Vehicle Emissions of
Transit Bus Fleets." Jolibois, Sylvan C. Jr., and Adib Kanafani. California PATH Research Report
August 1994.
"An Assessment of the Land Use - Transportation System and Travel Behavior." McNally, Michael G., and
AnupKulkami. U.C.Irvine. TRB971120,January 1997.
"An Assessment of Transportation Control Measures, Transportation Technologies, and Pricing/Regulatory
Policies." Euritt, Mark A., et al. University of Texas, Austin, Center for Transportation Research/Tellus
Institute. CTR SEDC-1, June 1995.
"An Economic Analysis of Scrappage." Hahn, Robert W. American Enterprise Institute, July 1993.
"An Employer Panel for Evaluating the Effectiveness of Trip Reduction Incentives." Giuliano, Genevieve,
and Wachs, Martin. In Panels for Transportation Planning and Applications, ed. T.F. Golob, et al, 1997.
"Analysis of Indirect Source Trip Activity: Regional Shopping Centers." Prepared by JHK & Associates
and K.T. Analytics for the California Air Resources Board. ARB-R-94/510, November 1993.
"AQMD Survey Follow-Up." Ernst & Young. For South Coast Air Quality Management District, 1992.
"Assessing the Emission Impacts of IVHS in an Uncertain Future." Washington, Simon P., Randall
Guensler, and Daniel Sperling. University of California Transportation Center. Working Paper UCTC No.
298,1993.
"Assessment of High-Occupancy Vehicle Facilities in North America: Executive Report." Tumbull,
Katherine. Texas Transportation Institute. Prepared for Federal Transit Administration, August 1992.
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"Assessment of Travel Demand Management Approaches at Suburban Activity Centers." Bhatt, KJran, and
Higgins, Thomas. K.T. Analystics. U.S. DOT, July 1989.
"Bay Bridge Congestion Pricing Project: Lessons Learned to Date." Frick, Karen, et al. Metropolitan
Transporation Commission. Transportation Research Board Paper 961317,1996.
"Cashing Out Employer-Paid Parking: A Precedent for Congestion Pricing?" Shoup, Donald. University of
California, Los Angeles. Contained in Transportation Research Board SR 242,1994.
"Comparative Assessment of Travel Characteristics for Neotraditional Designs." McNally, Michael and
Sherry Ryan. Institute of Transportation Studies. In Transportation Research Record 1400.
"Congestion Pricing and Motor Vehicle Emissions: An Initial Review." Guensler, Randall and Daniel
Sperling. In Curbing Gridlock: Peak-Period Fees to Relieve Traffic Congestion. Vol.2. Transportation
Research Board Special Report 242, 1994.
"Cost-Effectiveness of Private Employer Ridesharing Programs: An Employer's Assessment." Wegmann,
Frederick!. University of Tennessee. In Transportation Research Record 1212,1989.
"Critical Analysis of Sketch-Planning Tools for Evaluating the Emission Benefits of Transportation Control
Measures." Crawford, Jason A., and Raymond A. Krammes. Prepared by Texas Transportation Institute
for FHWA, FHWA/TX-92/1279-5, December 1993.
"Demand Elasticity Under Time-Varying Prices: Case Study of Day-of-Week Varying Tolls on Golden
Gate Bridge." Gifford, Jonathan L. and Scott W. Talkington. George Mason University, 1996.
"Effect of Urban Development Patterns on Transportation Energy Use." Cheslow, Melvyn D., and J. Kevin
Neels. In Transportation Research Record 764, 1980.
"Effects of Variable Work Hour Programs on Ridesharing and Organizational Effectiveness: A Case Study,
Ventura County." Freas, Alyssa M. and Stuart M. Anderson. Commuter Transportation Services, Inc. In
Transportation Research Record 1321,1991.
"Emissions Impacts of Intelligent Vehicle Highway Systems." Washington, Simon, Randall Guensler, and
Daniel Sperling. U.C. Davis Institute of Transportation Studies, UCD-RP-13-93, 1993.
"Employee Trip Reduction Programs: An Evaluation." Orski, C. Kenneth. In Transportation Quarterly,
Vol. 47, No. 3, July 1993.
"Employee Trip Reduction Without Government Mandates: Cost and Effectiveness Estimates From
Chicago." Pagano, Anthony and JoAnn Verdin. University of Illinois at Chicago. Transportation Research
Board Paper 971281,1997.
"Energy Efficiency in the U.S. Economy, Technical Report One: Energy, Emissions, and Social
Consequences of Telecommuting." U.S. Department of Energy, DOE/PO-0026, June 1994.
"Environmental Considerations for Planning Advanced Traffic Management Systems." Kraft, Walter H.,
and William A. Redl. In Resource Papers/or the 1994 HE International Conference, 1994.
"Estimating an Emissions Supply Function from Accelerated Vehicle Retirement Programs." Alberini,
Anna et al. Resources for the Future, January 1994.
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"Estimating the Travel and Parking Demand Effects of Employer-Paid Parking." Willson, Richard. UCTC
No. 39, University of California Transportation Center, Berkeley, 1992.
"Evaluating the Effectiveness of Transportation Control Measures for San Luis Obispo County, California."
Morrow, David D., San Luis Obispo Air Pollution Control District, 1992.
"Evaluating the Seattle 1-5 North HOV Lane 2+ Occupancy Requirement Demonstration." Tumbull,
Katherine F. et al. Texas Transportation Institute. January 1993.
"Evaluating Travel and Air Quality Cost-Effectiveness of Transportation Demand Management Projects."
Schreffler, Eric N., Therese Costa, and Carl B. Moyer. In Transportation Research Record 1520,1996.
"Evaluation of Congestion Pricing Alternatives in the Twin Cities." Lari, Adeel Z. and Kenneth R.
Buckeye. Minnesota Department of Transportation, January 1997.
"Evaluation of Employee Trip Reduction Programs Based on California's Experience with Regulation XV."
Orski, C. Kenneth. Institute of Transportation Engineers, January 1994.
"Evaluation of Employer-Sponsored Ridesharing Programs in Southern California." Ferguson, Erik T.,
Georgia Institute of Technology. In Transportation Research Record 1280,1990.
"Evaluation of Travel Demand Management Measures to Relieve Congestion." Kuzmyak, J.R., and E.N.
Schreffler. Prepared by COMSIS Corp. for FHWA. FHWA/SA-90/005; DOT-T-90-14. February 1990.
"Feasibility of Employee Trip Reduction as a Regional Transportation Control Measure." Lupa, Mary R.
University of Illinois at Chicago. In Transportation Research Record 14S9.
"Framework for Evaluating Transportation Control Measures: Mobility, Air Quality, and Energy
Tradeoffs." Euritt, Mark A., et al. University of Texas, Austin, Center for Transportation Research,
SWUTC-94-60034-1, July 1994.
"Freeway Congestion Pricing: Another Look." Levinson, Herbert. Transporation Research Board Paper
940977, January 1994.
"Freeway Ramp Metering Effects in Denver." Corcoran, Lawrence J. and Gordon A. Hickman. ITE 1989
Compendium of Technical Papers.
"High-Occupancy Vehicle Project Case Studies: Historical Trends and Project Experiences." Tumbull,
Katherine. Texas Transportation Institute. Prepared for Federal Transit Administration, August 1992.
"HOV Lanes and Ramp Metering: Can They Work Together for Air Quality?" Shoemaker, Bill R. and
Edward C. Sullivan. Transportation Research Board Paper 940444. January 1994.
"If You Build Them, Commuters Will Use Them: Cross-sectional Analysis of Commuters and Bicycle
Facilities." Nelson, Arthur C., and David Allen. Georgia Institute of Technology. TRB 970132, January
1997.
"Impacts of Center-Based Telecommuting on Travel and Emissions: Analysis of the Puget Sound
Demonstration Project" Henderson, Dennis K., and Mohktarian, Patricia L. Institute of Transportation
Studies, University of California, Davis. Vol. 1, 1996.
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"Impacts of Compressed Work Week on Vehicle Trips and Miles Traveled: Final Report" School of
Urban and Regional Planning, University of Southern California, for the California Air Resources Board.
Contract No. A132-136, October 1994.
"Impacts of Congestion Pricing on Transit and Carpool Demand and Supply." Kain, John. Harvard
University, TRB 940444,1994.
"Implementing Effective Travel Demand Management Measures: Inventory of Measures and Synthesis of
Experience." COMSIS Corporation. USDOT, DOT-T-94-02, September 1993.
"Improving the Effectiveness of Ridesharing Programs." Stevens, William F. Transportation Quarterly,
Vol. 44 No. 4, October 1990.
I
"Intelligent Transportation Systems Impact Assessment Framework: Final Report." Volpe National
Transportation Systems Center, September 30,1995.
"ITS Benefits: Continuing Successes and Operational Test Results." Prepared by Mitretek Systems for
Federal Highway Administration. Draft, September 19,1997.
"Land Use Regulations to Promote Ridesharing: An Evaluation of the Seattle Approach." McCutcheon,
Melody, and Jeffrey Hamm. Transportation Quarterly, Vol. 37 No. 4, 1983.
"Managing Transportation Demand: Markets Versus Mandates." Giuliano, Genevieve, and Martin Wachs.
Reason Foundation. Policy Insight No. 142, September 1992.
f
"Meeting Clean Air Act Emissions Standards: A Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Car Scrappage."
DeCardy, Christopher. Harvard University, April 1994.
"Methodological Issues in the Estimation of the Travel, Energy, and Air Quality Impacts of
Telecommuting.1' Mokhtarian, Patricia L. et al. Transportation Research A. Vol. 29A, No. 4,1995.
"Methodology for Evaluating ATIS Impacts on Air Quality." Al-Deek, H. et al. Journal of Transportation
Engineering, Vol. 121, No. 4, pp. 376-384, Jul/Aug 1995.
"Negative Impacts of HOV Facilities on Transit" Vuchic, Vukan R., et al. University of
Pennsylvania/University of Delaware. TRB 950543. January 1995.
"Overview of die Georgia Tech GIS-Based Modal Emissions Model." Guensler, Randall, et al. Georgia
Tech Research Partnership. April 1997.
"Parking Subsidies and Travel Choices: Assessing the Evidence." Willsqn, Richard W. and Donald C.
Shoup. In Transportation, Vol. 17,1990.
"Potential Contributions of Intelligent Vehicle/Highway Systems (TVHS) to Reducing Transportation's
Greenhouse Gas Production." Shladover, Steven E. PATH, Institute of Transportation Studies, U.C.
Berkeley. August 1991.
"Potential Emission and Air Quality Impacts of Intelligent Vehicle-Highway Systems." Ostria, Sergio, and
Michael F. Lawrence. In Transportation Research Record 1444, 1994.
"Ramp Metering: Does it Really Work?" Robinson, James, and Mark Doctor. FHWA/ITE 1989
Compendium of Technical Papers.
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"Reducing Drive-Alone Rates at Small Employer Sites: Costs and Benefits of Local Trip Reduction
Ordinances: Pasadena Towers Case Study." Stewart, Jacqueline. In Transportation Research Record
1433, 1994.
"Rideshare Placement Mesurement: A Proposed Standard Methodology." King, Michael, and Barbara
Alderson. California State University at Chico, June 1995.
"Sacramento Regional Spare the Air 1996: A Report on Two Public Opinion Surveys." Lamare, Jude, The
Cleaner Air Partnership. 1997.
"SB 836 Evaluation Methodology. Baseline and Methodology to Measure the Effectiveness of Voluntary
Ridesharing and Other Rule 2202 Replacement Measures," Final Report Schreffler, Eric et al, for Regional
Transportation Agencies' Coalition. July 1997.
"Selection and Evaluation of Travel Demand Management Measures." Taylor, Christopher J., et al. TRB
Paper 971114, January 1997.
"Simple Methodologies for Quantifying VT and VMT Reductions from Transportation Control and Growth
Management Measures for Developing Local Trip Reduction Ordinances." Evans, V. and D. Morrow.
Sonoma Technology, Inc. Air & Waste Management Assoc. 1993.
"South Coast Air Quality Management District Regulation XV Cost Survey." Ernst & Young. For South
Coast Air Quality Management District, 1992.
"TCM Analyst 1.0 and User's Guide." Crawford, Jason A., et al. Texas Transportation Institute. For the
Federal Highway Administration, November 1994.
"Testing the Impact of Alternative Land Use Scenarios Using a Travel Demand Forecasting Model." Steiss,
Todd Alan. Baltimore Metropolitan Council, Transportation Planning Division. Transportation Research
Board Paper 960898:
"The Determinants of Ridesharing: Literature Review." Hwang, Keith and Genevieve Giuliano.
University of California Transportation Center, UCTC 38, May 1990.
The Effect of HOV Lanes in Reducing Emissions." Bieberitz, John A. ITE 1993 Compendium of
Technical Papers.
"The Effectiveness of Ridesharing Incentives." Brownstone, David, and Thomas F. Golob. In Regional
Science and Urban Economics, Vol. 22, 1992.
"The Effectiveness of Telecommuting as a Transportation Control Measure." Sampath, Srikanth, S.
Saxene, and P. Mokhtarian. In Transportation Planning and Air Quality: Proceedings of the National
Conference, American Sociaty of Civil Engineers, 1991.
"The Effectiveness of Transportation Control Measures in Reducing Congestion and Improving Air
Quality." Loudon, William R., et al. JHK & Associates. Air & Waste Management Association Annual
Meeting & Exhibition, AWMA 93-RP-149.05,1993.
"The Effects of Land Use and Travel Demand Management Strategies on Commuting Behavior: Final
Report." Prepared by Cambridge Systematics, Inc. and Deakin, Harvey, Skabardonis, Inc. for the U.S.
Department of Transportation, November 1994.
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"The Effects of New High-Occupancy Vehicle Lanes on Travel and Emissions." Johnston, Robert A., and
Raju Ceerla. In Transportation Research A, Vol. 30 No. 1, pp. 35-50,1996.
"The Equity and Cost Effectiveness of Employee Commute Options Programs." Farkas, Z. Andrew.
Morgan State University. TRB 960078, January 1996.
"The Impacts of Various Land Use Strategies on Suburban Mobility." Middlesex Somerset Mercer
Regional Council (MSM). For the Federal Transit Administration. December 1992.
"The Influence of Employer Ridesharing Programs on Employee Mode Choice." Ferguson, Erik.
Transportation, Vol. 17,1990.
"The Los Angeles County Route 14 Vanpool and Buspool Demonstration Project: An Analysis of its
Effectiveness in Reducing Long Distance Commuter Trips." Blanchard, Donna et al. Transportation
Research Board. July 1993.
"The Odds on TODs: Examining the Potential of Transit-Oriented Development in the San Francisco Bay
Area." Luscher, Dan. Harvard University, April 1995.
"The Travel and Emissions Impacts of Telecommuting for the State of California Telecommuting Pilot
Project" Koenig, Brett E., et al. Transportation Research, Vol 4 no. 1. pp. 13-32,1996.
Transit-Oriented Development in the Sun Belt" Messenger, Todd, and Reid Ewing. In Transportation
Research Record 1552,1996.
"Transportation-Related Impacts of Compressed Work Week: The Denver Experiment" Atherton, Terry
J., et al. In Transportation Research Record 845,1982. .
"Transportation-Related Land Use Strategies to Minimize Motor Vehicle Emissions: An Indirect Source
Research Study." Dagang, Deborah A. JHK & Associates, Inc. For California Air Resources Board. June
1995.
"Transportation Control Measure Analysis Procedures." Austin, Barbara S., et al. Systems Applications
International/ California Air Resources Board. SYSAPP-91/141, Nov 1991.
"Transportation Control Measures Analyzed for the Washington Region's 15 Percent Rate of Progress
Plan." FHWA/Metropolitan Washington Council of Governments, February 1995.
'Transportation Control Measures for the San Francisco Bay Area: Analysis of Effectiveness and Costs."
Harvey, G., and E. Deakin. For Bay Area Air Quality Management District, October 1991.
Transportation Demand Management Cost-Effectiveness Model for Suburban Employers." Dagang,
Deborah A. JHK & Associates. In Transportation Research Record 1404.
Transportation Demand Management: Case Studies of Medium-Sized Employers." Rutherford, G. Scott
et al. In Transportation Research Record 1459.
"Transportation Pricing and Travel Behavior." Harvey, Greig W. In Curbing Gridlock: Peak-Period Fees
to Relieve Traffic Congestion. Vol. 2. Transportation Research Board Special Report 242,1994.
Transportation Pricing Strategies for California: An Assessment of Congestion, Emissions, Energy and
Equity Impacts." California Air Resources Board, Report No. 92-316, June 1995.
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"Travel Behavior as a Function of Accessibility, Land Use Mixing, and Land Use Balance: Evidence from
the San Francisco Bay Area." Kockelman, Kara M. University of California, Berkeley. TRB 970048.
"Travel Markets: An Approach to TCM Effectiveness Evaluation." Torluemke, Donald A. Ekistic
Mobility Consultants, 1992.
"Travel, Emissions, and Consumer Benefits of Advanced Transit Technologies in the Sacramento Region."
Johnston, Robert and Caroline Rodier. University of California, Davis. California PATH Research Report,
July 1996.
"Uncertain Air Quality Impacts of Automobile Retirement Programs." Shi-Ling Hsu and Daniel Sperling.
In Transportation Research Record 1444,199S.
"Using Residential Patterns and Transit to Decrease Auto Dependence and Costs." Holtzclaw, John. For
Natural Resources Defense Council, June 1994.
"Vehicle Scrappage: An Alternative to More Stringent New Vehicle Standards in California." Lyons,
James, etal. Sierra Research. For Texaco Inc. SR95-03-02. March 1995.
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Transportation Control Measures: Methodology Matrix
Transportation
.;-;i;SM8a8U|)l|i|
Alternative
Commute
Programs
Alternative
Transporta-
tion-Friendly
Workplace
^Meth"pdl6;loHy|;,
Process
analysis of
transportation
measure
planning and
Implementation
Travel demand/
mode choice
model
':ffi&*f*K - £»**/ $s'.*2 /&«3£ « V" 3. *;&?$ &t?
Explains lessons
learned during the
planning and
Implementation of
an actual trans-
portation measure,
such as reactions
to expect from the
public and funding
sources
Provides pros and
cons of planning
and
implementation
methods
Somewhat appli-
cable to multiple
regions
Analyst can vary
Input parameters
Does not necessarily
help quantify VT,
VMT, or emissions
reductions from the
TCM implementation
Cost can vary greatly
Requires region-
specific household
survey, land use,
socioeconomic, and
travel cost data
Requires complex
computer model
Potentially high cost
to use
tMfjTSj^S&SfS^&sli
Transportation Control
Measures Analyzed for
the Washington
Region's 15 Percent
Rate of Progress Plan.'
FHWA/Metropolitan
Washington Council of
Governments, February
1995.
"Implementing Effective
Travel Demand
Management
Measures: Inventory ol
Measures and
Synthesis of
Experience.' COMSIS
Corporation. USOOT,
September 1993.
DOT-T-94-02.
Provides compre-
hensive
evaluation of the
selection and
quantification
process
performed by the
MWCOQ for
assessing various
TCM measures
Summarizes
broad range of
TDM measures,
provides example
case study
analyses of each,
and uses
computer model
to benchmark the
effectiveness of
each TDM
^p|a^^|fdy§
Addresses the strengths
and weaknesses of the
bottom-up, multiple
committee planning
process used by the
COG
Provides extensive, dear
detail (and strengths and
weaknesses) of both the
evaluation tools used and
each specific TCM
evaluation method
Estimates VT, VMT, &
emission reductions and
cost-effectiveness
Excellent overview of the
range of TDMs possible;
provides description,
nature of effectiveness,
application setting,
effectiveness potential.
and cost
Uses actual case studies
to Inform the use of a
computer model for
forecasting TDM •
effectiveness
Provides a road-map to
Implementing TDMs
Requires an extensive
study of already-
performed process
Use of the model
requires local Input
parameters to forecast
local effectiveness
Model does not
incorporate an
emissions calculation
module
Most analysis is at the
employer-level rather
than the area-level
^^^^^y^il
None (factors
analyzed are
applicable to each
transportation
measure analyzed
during the process)
Level of service
provided by
employer:
information,
matching services,
preferential parking,
ride home programs
dac
dac
-------
Transportation,
:|:Swia8§|pl
Alternative
Transporta-
r
lion-Friendly
Workplace
/jfc-fc— » V
(cont.j
Travel demand/
mode choice
model (cont.)
•
*A Survey and Analysis
of Employee
Responses to
Employer-Sponsored
Trip Reduction
Incentive Programs.'
Schreffler, Eric N., and
Mortero, Jose.
COMSIS Corp.
California Air
Resources Board,
February 1994.
Contract No. A983-1B7.
"Selection and
Evaluation of Travel
Demand Management
Measures.' Taylor,
Christopher J.,etal.
TRB Paper 971114,
January 1997.
Describes results
of new survey
data regarding
employee travel
aehavlor; uses
mode choice and
travel demand
model to predict
Impacts of certain
employer-based
transportation
measures
Uses Travel
Demand
Evaluation Model
developed by
COMSIS to
evaluate trie
Impact of
transportation
measures on
mode choice and
VT for the
Syracuse, NY
metropolitan area
Clearly explains the
process that was used:
survey data acquisition,
mode choice computa-
tion, end TCM effective-
ness model use
Data requirements are
more readily available
than other models
User-friendly model Is
available for outside use;
users guide Is also
available
Survey links Incentives
directly to Impacts on
travel behavior
Model Includes an
awareness sub-model
that simulates how many
people know about the
possible transportation
measures available to
them
Uses joumey-to-work
census data to develop
estimates of zone-to-
zone travel
Evaluates both area-wide
programs and employer-
based programs
Assesses revenue
generation potential and
transit subsidies
Does not accurately
address trip-chaining
and VMT reductions
(only trips)
Household conditions
are not extensively
accounted for
Cost-effectiveness
was not calculated
Employer-level
analyses only, with
focus upon Incentive
TCMs
Sufficiently detailed
|oumey-to-worK
census data may not
be available for all
cities: Syracuse has
this data available due
to a pilot program
Requires assuming
some estimates of
effectiveness
Does not quantify
emissions reductions
Guaranteed ride
home
Company vanpools
Preferential parking
Parking fees for
ridesharers
Carpool subsidies &
transportation
allowances
Transit fare levels
and travel time
HOV lane time
savings
Parking costs
Employer transit
encouragement level
dac
dac
-------
TO
Transportation
^Measureflt
Alternative
Transporta-
tion-Friendly
Workplace
(cont.)
\ • ••/
s'iiSt'SsIS^®™-!
jWBinpooipgy.s
Travel demand/
mode choice
model (cont.)
Empirical
analysis of the
impacts of
personal
preference and
workplace
conditions on
mode choice
Somewhat
applicable to
multiple regions
(but likely to be
influenced heavily
by local factors of
the study area)
Can be replicated
(at moderate to
high cost)
Does not require
extensive
computer model
Uses actual
survey data
Requires large data
collection process to
generate statistically
significant results
Personal preference
and workplace
conditions difficult to
impact through
public policy
Transportation Control
Measures for the San
Francisco Bay Area:
Analysis of
Effectiveness and
Costs.' Harvey. Q..
and E. Deakln. For
Bay Area Air Quality
Management District,
October 1991.
•
The Influence of
Employer Rldesharing
Programs on Employee
Mode Choice.'
Ferguson, Erik.
Transportation, vo\ 17,
1990.
Describes use
and results of a
travel demand
model employed
to model the VT,
VMT, and emis-
sion reductions of
various
transportation
measures in the
San Francisco
Bay Area
Analyzes
aggregate-level
data compiled by
a large Southern
California regional
rtdesharing
agency; assesses
impact of
employer
characteristics on
employee mode
split
Utilized high-quality
household travel survey
data and advanced
modeling capabilities
Emissions calculation
uses standardized
methods, but takes Into
account more subtle
effects of emissions
generation
Provides succinct, dear
data on results of study,
Including cost-
effectiveness estimates
Analyzes a large data set
comprising almost 10%
of Los Angeles area
workforce
Utilizing existing agency
database Is a cost-
effective approach
Less accurate than
disaggregated (employee
by employee) data
Includes cost-
effectiveness estimations
Does not provide
detail on model
operation
Some findings may
have been contra-
dicted by more recent
studies (e.g., study
finds that large corp-
orations have better
success with rideshare
programs)
Aging data source:
1985 survey data
Los Angeles area
factors may be
uncharacteristic of
other regions, so
results may not be
applicable elsewhere
Employer-derived data
was acquired using
different methods
No estimates of
emissions Impacts
Many; not specified
•
Level of employer
effort to encourage
ridesharing
Size of firm
dee
dac
9/30/98
Page 3
-------
Alternative
Transporta-
tion-Friendly
Workplace
(cent.)
Empirical
analysis of
transportation
measure
Implementation
programs
Empirical
analysis of
transportation
measure
demonstration
projects
Somewhat appli-
cable to multiple
regions
Can be replicated
(at moderate cost)
Does not require
extensive
computer model
Requires little or
no new data
acquisition
Relatively low cost
Shows actual
potential of
transportation
measures
Requires large data
collection process to
generate statistically
significant results
Case study results
do not necessarily
apply to other
regions
•An Employer Panel for
Evaluating the
Effectiveness of Trip
Reduction Incentives.'
Qluliano, Qehevleve,
and Wachs. Martin. In
Panels for
Transportation Planning
and Applications, ed.
T.F.Golob.etal, 1997.
'Evaluation of Travel
Demand Management
Measures to Relieve
Congestion.'
Kuzmyak. J.R., and
E.N. Schreffler.
Prepared by COMSIS
Corp. for FHWA.
FHWA/SA-90/005;
DOT-T-90-14.
February 1990.
Discusses results
collected on
Southern
California
employment sites
subject to
SCAQMD
Regulation XV,
and assesses the
relative
effectiveness of
trip reduction
strategies
Performs case
studies of the
effectiveness of
11 transportation
demand
management
programs
Utilizes the largest trip
reduction measure
database available In the
world
Panel method allows for
assessing before-and-
after-TCM conditions
Shows potential for
reduction In commute-
based trips due to
Implementation of
transportation measures
Provides high level of
detail about the specific
programs Implemented
Database does not
provide exceptional
detail; report does not
contain details of the
level of Incentive
support provided to
employees
Only generalized
effectiveness results
are shown
TCMs were not always
implemented at the
time of the survey
Generally does not
evaluate specific TCM
individually; programs
of multiple TCMs are
evaluated for
effectiveness
Does not quantify
emission reductions
Trip reductions based
upon vehicle
occupancy assumpt-
ions for each mode
choice (csrpool,
vanpool, transit)
Not described
dec
Not applicable In
context of specific
transportation
measures
dac
-------
Transportatlori
VS-Measu'fe|p;f
Alternative
Transporta-
tion-Friendly
Workplace
(cont.)
Employer TDM
cost-
effectiveness
model
Estimates
reduction In and
costs of dally trips
and peak period
trips
Aids employer
determination of
cost-effectiveness
of TDM measures
for their particular
worksite
Results may vary
widely from one
employer to the next
Many Inputs may be
difficult for
employers or
planners to quantify
sSjfti ^^^*ii^c^KI^^££«S'^^^S(f5^
Transportation
Demand Management
Cost-Effectiveness
Model for Suburban
Employers.* Dagang,
Deborah A. JHK&
Associates. In
Transportation
Research Record 1404.
Reports on the
development of a
model to
Individually
evaluate the cost-
effectiveness of
15 different
employer-based
TDM measures In
suburban settings
Focus on suburban
employ ert reflects
different travel-related
characteristics of
suburban and urban
areas
Spreadsheet-based
model Is user-friendly
and readily accessible for
use at the site-specific
level; model makes
sensitivity analysis
relatively simple
Eight transportation
environments were
defined to represent
various combinations of
transportation service
characteristics
For employers without
access to entire range of
data necessary to
operate model, default
values are included
Most employers
surveyed to develop
model were unable to
provide detailed cost
Information on the
TDM measures they
had Implemented
Does not calculate
emissions directly
Potential for regional
bias, as model was
developed In part
based on a survey of
suburban San
Francisco Bay Area
employers; model also
used the SCAQMD
Regulation XV and
Pima Association of
Governments Travel
Reduction Program
employer plan
databases
Only some TDMs
Included In model
provide for estimates
of VT reductions
Use of default values
could diminishes
accuracy of estimates
for some users
Suburban employer-
based TDM
measures
Dally trips and peak
period trips
Costs and cost-
effectiveness
o
dkp
9/30/98
PageS
-------
Transportation;;
Alternative
Transporta-
tion-Friendly
Workplace
/^ftnt I
^VVlllf^
Process
analysis of
transportation
measure
planning and
implementation
Comparison
and analysis of
other studies
Explains lessons
learned during the
planning and
Implementation of
an actual
transportation
measure, such as
reactions to
expect from the
public and funding
sources
Provides pros and
cons of planning
and implementa-
tion methods
Relatively
Inexpensive and
simple to conduct,
because It
requires no
primary research
Provides an
Introduction to the
range of results
produced by
different studies,
which could be
used If other
directly applicable
research is not
available
Identifies
advantages and
disadvantages of
several
methodologies
m&Su&aiSm
Does not necessarily
help quantify VT,
VMT, or emissions
reductions from the
TCM Implementation
Cost can vary greatly
Results are not
directly applicable to
other regions (they
do not Incorporate
characteristics of
other regions)
Unlikely to provide
precise estimates
Transportation Control
Measures Analyzed for
the Washington
Region's 15 Percent
Rote of Progress Plan.'
FHWA/Metropolitan
Washington Council of
Governments, February
1995.
'An Assessment of
Transportation Control
Measures,
Transportation
Technologies, and
Pricing/Regulatory
Policies.' Euritt, Mark
A.,etal. University of
Texas, Austin, Center
for Transportation
Research/Tellus
Institute. CTRSEDC-
1, June 1995.
'Assessment of Travel
Demand Management
Approaches at
Suburban Activity
Centers.' Bhatt, Kiran,
and Higglns, Thomas.
K.T. Analystlcs. U.S.
DOT, July 1989.
•KBO^BBBHiaM^
Provides
comprensnsivs
evaluation of the
selection and
quantification
process
performed by the
MWCOOfor
assessing various
transportation
measures
Assesses several
studies that
analyze a host of
transportation
measures,
technology
options, and
policies for total
effectiveness and
costs/benefits
Surveys research
studies and
interviews TCM
program
coordinators to
provide an
overview of the
range of
effectiveness of
employer-based
TCM programs
yjjjljjfjllggljjljgjgjfjfgj^^jgjja^' MI'H-U.Him'UflM.IB-SUn*,™,...,*™, Wlrrr-rnrrr-, r ffi ,,mf 1
Addresses the strengths
and weaknesses of the
bottom-up, multiple
committee planning
process used by the
COQ
Provides extensive, dear
detail (and strengths and
weaknesses) of both the
evaluation tools used and
each specific TCM
evaluation method
Estimates VT, VMT, &
emission reductions and
cost-effectiveness
Provides a solid overview
of the range (and effects)
of transportation measure
options, as well as
technology and policy
options
Focuses upon energy
efficiency Impacts In
addition to emissions and
VMT
Provides a large number
of case study examples
of both effective and
Ineffective TCM
programs
Makes recommendations
to employers on how to
develop a TCM program
Provides a good checklist
of topics to address when
developing a TCM
program
^^••^•^^^^^•^••^^•^^••^•^^••^••i^^^EB^HBM
Requires an extensive I None (factors
study of already-
performed process
Report does not
contain a methodology
for evaluating new
TCM plans, but follow-
on report focuses
upon these strategies
Estimates may be too
rough to apply to other
programs In other
regions
Report does not
contain a methodology
for forecasting the
effectiveness of new
TCM plans
Only generalized
evaluation of TCM
effectiveness •
analyzed are
applicable to each
transportation
measure analyzed
during the process)
Impacts: vehicle
trips, vehicle miles
traveled, and
emissions
Costa
Relative
effectiveness of
various
transportation
measure programs
Implementation
mechanisms
dec
dac
dac
-------
Transportation]
^Meawflreygl
Alternative
Transporta-
tion-Friendly
Workplace
leant \
tWUI Hi/
Bicycles
?Methooology«
j*:*rw •*- .f"fc.-!P* :?, "ftf, *-*.&»$|
Comparison
and analysis of
other studies
(cont.)
Travel demand/
mode choice
model
?-,&&-Z~-S!?':-'f-''ii'i&*£'^*3>4A*£
^Advantages safe
Somewhat appli-
cable to multiple
regions
Analyst can vary
Input parameters
Requires region-
specific household
survey, land use,
socioeconomic, and
travel cost data
Requires complex
computer model
Potentially high cost
to use
"Managing
Transportation
Demand: Markets
Versus Mandates.'
Qlullano, Genevteve,
and Martin Wachs.
Reason Foundation.
Policy Insight No. 142,
September 1992.
The Equity and Cost
Effectiveness of
Employee Commute
Options Programs.'
Farkas, Z. Andrew.
Morgan State
University. TRB
960078, January 1996.
'Implementing Effective
Travel Demand
Management
Measures: Inventory of
Measures and
Synthesis of
Experience.' COMSIS
Corporation. USDOT,
September 1993.
DOT-T-94-02.
Compares
congestion pricing
with Regulation
XV for the
Southern
California area;
describes pros
and cons of each
measure and
discusses
Implications
Analyzes the
results of surveys
and transportation
measure
modeling studies
performed for the
Baltimore and
Philadelphia
regions
Summarizes
broad range of
TOM measures,
provides example
case study
analyses of each,
and uses
computer model
to benchmark the
effectiveness of
each TDM
Provides typology of
transportation measures
and Identifies
effectiveness and
common barriers to
Implementation
Simple side-by-slde
comparison of VMT
reduction and cost-
effectiveness for each
transportation measure
Makes policy recom-
mendations to improve
each transportation
measure
Shows different methods
of using the same model:
Travel Demand
Evaluation Model
developed by COMSIS
Provides a discussion of
social equity
considerations based on
a survey of the two
regions
Excellent overview of the
range of TDMs possible;
provides description,
nature of effectiveness.
application setting.
effectiveness potential.
and cost
Uses actual case studies
to Inform the use of a
computer model for
forecasting TOM
effectiveness
Provides a road-map to
Implementing TDMs
Provides little detail
about logistics of
Implementing the
policy recommenda-
tions
Does not quantify
emission reductions
Philadelphia modeling
assumed average
vehicle riderehlp
targets were reached
and results are only
applicable relative to
each scenario
Baltimore modeling did
not estimate emissions
reductions
Use of the model
requires local Input
parameters to forecast
local effectiveness
Model does not
incorporate an
emissions calculation
module
Most analysis Is at the
employer-level rather
than the area-level
Direct vs. indirect
implementation
Market-based vs.
performance-based
Implementation
Efficiency and equity
considerations
Rldeshare promotion
level
Parking charge level
Transit subsidy
levels
Work schedule
flexibility
Bicycle mode share
- «
dac
dac
dac
9/30/98
Page?
-------
-rrar.sporte.bn
:i''i?:We«iiu?e^|[;
Bicycles
(cont)
^flS^fslSSBw
ParWng supply
and demand
model
Statistical
analysis of the
impacts of land
use
characteristics
and TDM
strategies on
mode choice
isi-ijiisSswis«Bi*
Somewhat
applicable) to
multiple regions
Analyst can vary
Input parameters
Identifies land use
and urban design
characteristics
that are supportive
of walk/bike mods
choice.
Standard analysis
of variance using
principle compo-
nents allows
examination of the
effects of land use
and TDM
Incentive
strategies on
mode choice
Individually and in
combination.
Results transfer-
able to other
urban areas In
terms of relative
ranking of
Importance of the
land use and TDM
factors analyzed.
Requires computer
model
Potentially high cost
to use
Precise causality
and individual
Impacts of factors
such as transit
availability or urban
density on mode
choice cannot be
measured due to
limitations of the
database
Potential for need to
conduct extensive
field research to
determine land use
characteristics at
each sample work
site.
Cannot be used to
determine land use
and urban design
characteristics'
Impact on a specific
mode choice
i^iMi ^ i i&iliiiil
EjjjjggfSSSgSgggiBgjjisgsSfSm
•Air Quality Offsets for
Parking.* Loudon,
William, etal. In
Transportation
Research Record 1232,
1992.
The Effects of Land
Use and Travel
Demand Management
Strategies on
Commuting Behavior
Final Report'
Prepared by Cambridge
Systematics, Inc. and
Deakln, Harvey,
Skabardonls, Inc. for
the U.S. Department of
Transportation.
November 1994.
-
I^KI^^P^^^MHI^Hml^^HH^iBiPimi
Develops and
uses parking
supply model for
downtown
Portland to
estimate CO
emissions
Develops an
Integrated
database of land
use
characteristics
and travel
demand
management
(TDM) strategies
(for a sample of
•employment
locations) to
determine the
combined Impacts
of TDM programs,
land use, and
urban design on
employee travel
behavior.
"—————•——" •*
Uses observed price and
travel time sensitivities
Uses proven models of
travel behavior
Incorporates integrated
CO emissions model
Added land use and site
Information from field
observation to the
•Regulation XV dataset
of the South Coast Air
Quality Management
District (which Included
aggregate employee
travel characteristics and
employer Incentive
programs)
<
Requires parking
database: number of
spaces, location, type,
use patterns
Requires travel
database: time of
arrival, travel & work
mode split
Study conducted In
Los Angeles County,
and thus may be less
applicable In more
dense urban areas
with factors such as
higher average density
and transit service.
Share of work trips
made by bicycle as a
percentage of the total
trips in the data set Is
small, making
Identification of work
site characteristics
that encourage
utilization of bikes
difficult.
Did not address
residential trip end of
commute, midday
travel, or trip chaining
as factors which
Influence mode choice
To simplify a
complicated data
collection process,
somewhat arbitrary
indicators were used
for assessment of a
site's urban design
and land use
characteristics.
•••^H^aiMaHHaKH^M
Travel time A cost
Land use and urban
design of worksite
TOM incentive
strategies
dee
dkp
-------
Transportation
XJH&&&
Bicycles
(cont.)
;* Mothoddlaciy c
rn:i'^£r.''iF£f-*|iiMl-li;';r1^K'j>.
Empirical
analysis of
transportation
measure
Implementation
programs
Empirical
analysis of
transportation
measure
demonstration
projects
Sample survey
of customer
travel patterns
and prefer-
ences at
shopping
centers
Somewhat
applicable to
multiple regions
Can be replicated
(at moderate cost)
Does not require
extensive
computer model
Requires little or
no new data
acquisition
Relatively low cost
Shows actual
potential of
transportation
measures
Somewhat
applicable to
multiple regions
(but Influenced by
local factors of the
study area)
Does not require
an extensive
computer model
Requires large data
collection process to
generate statistically
significant results
Case study results
do not necessarily •
apply to other
regions
Requires large data
collection process to
generate statistically
significant results
Moderate to high
cost
<&&*&i&t8&lWwfsm
"1 wsSSWE f EKsOP i>»*i{ ' 3 KKOffiEiTB
l^imliiN^p
•An Employer Panel for
Evaluating the
Effectiveness of Trip
Reduction Incentives.'
Oluliano, Qenevleve,
and Wachs, Martin. In
Panels for
Transportation Planning
end Applications, ed.
T.F. Qolob, et al, 1997.
•Evaluation of Travel
Demand Management
Measures to Relieve
Congestion.'
Kuzmyak, J.R., and
E.N. Schreffler.
Prepared by COMSIS
Corp. for FHWA.
FHWA/SA-90/005;
DOT-T-90-14.
February 1990.
•Analysis of Indirect
Source Trip Activity:
Regional Shopping
Centers.* JHK&
Associates/ K.T.
Analytics/ California Air
Resources Board.
November 1 893. ARB-
R-94/510.
Discusses results
collected on
Southern
California
employment sites
subject to
SCAQMD
Regulation XV.
and assesses the
relative
effectiveness of
trip reduction
strategies
Performs case
studies of the
effectiveness of
11 transportation
demand
management
programs
Surveyed
customers of
regional shopping
centers to
determine
potential Impact
of various travel
reduction
measures
Utilizes the largest trip
reduction measure
database available in the
world
Panel method allows for
assessing before-and-
after-TCM conditions
Shows potential for
reduction in commute*
based trips due to
|i«i*ilji_iM_n_rLlji.fltj-Ln. _n.f
rnplementanon of
transportation measures
Provides high level of
detail about the specific
programs implemented
Uses actual survey data
(including customer
demographic and stated
preference data)
Developed calculation
methodologies specific to
each trip reduction
measure, using site-
specific data
Compares data between
shopping centers In
different land-use types
Database does not
provide exceptional
detail; report does not
contain details of the
level of Incentive
support provided to
employees
Only generalized
effectiveness results
are shown
TCMs were not always
Implemented at the
time of the survey
Generally does not
evaluate specific TCM
individually; programs
of multiple TCMs are
evaluated for
effectiveness
Does not quantify
emission reductions
Trip reductions based
upon vehicle
occupancy
assumptions for each
mode choice (carpool,
vanpool. transit)
Assumptions are
required to translate
stated preference data
to expected outcome
Does not quantify
emission reductions
x&jf&jtft AM -*•*
Not described
Not applicable In
context of specific
transportation
measures
Distance of travel for
consumers
^\
dae
dac
dac
9/30/98
Page 9
-------
Transportation
'•• "Measure f=:
Bicycles
(cent.)
f ^&'A^p~3£jj$$.,
^ethoiiiiiip
Cross-sectional
analysis of
bicyda facilities
Sketch
planning
SfAdviihtaltiilll1
0feSs^KjgaSsi«te
5 or Hpwoaoiogy,;?;
Low cost to
perform (I'
database la
available)
Simple tools can
generate planning-
level estimates of
transportation
measure effective-
ness at low cost
Generalized tools
can be somewhat
applicable to
multiple regions
Analyst can vary
input parameters
Requires
considerable
database
Study results do not
necessarily apply to
other regions
Sketch planning
results are usually
not the most
accurate, depending
on the input
parameters
MEffln^S^^piffRffJE^a^^m^^B 1
•If You Build Them,
Commuters Will Use
Them: Cross-sectional
Analysis of Commuters
and Bicycle Facilities.'
Nelson, Arthur C., and
David Allen. Georgia '
Institute of Technology.
TRB 970132, January
1997.
•Evaluating the
Effectiveness of
Transportation Control
Measures for San Luis
Oblspo County,
California.* Morrow,
David D., San Luis
Oblspo Air Pollution
Control District 1992.
Analyzed a 1 Identifies some Important
database of 18
US cities to
determine which
factors most
Influence
Increased bicycle
use
Develops and
uses a calculation
methodology for
estimating the trip
reduction and air
quality benefits of
bicycle facility
Improvements In
San Luis Oplspo
County
factors affecting bicycle
use, as well as several
that do not affect bicycle
use
Methodologies are
developed specifically for
the bicycle facility
Improvement program
Explains calculation
process In detail
Does not assets many
factors that could
Influence bicycle use
Cannot predict
effectiveness of new
facilities
Does not perform
before-and-after
analysis of actual In-
use facilities
Requires larger
database to perform
more rigorous analysis
Requires extensive,
region-specific Infor-
mation to accurately
estimate benefits and
effectiveness of the
program
Assumes a level of
program participation
(as required by the
measure)
'•fe >"" ,. S
factors Analyzed^
BIkeway miles per
100,000 population
Terrain type
Annual rain days
Percent students
Mean high-
temperature
Many; not specified
da
da<
-------
Transportation'
JSMeafurlii
•- -i^:-: - - -~_--ite'" ^n«~vi
Bicycles
(cent.)
Sketch
planning (cent)
i'lOY-Mothiidblbgy^r
||o^iigplibg>;^,
'Simple Methodologies
for Quantifying VT and
VMT Reductions from
Transportation Control
and Growth Manage-
ment-Measures for
Developing Local Trip
Reduction Ordinances.'
Evans, V. and D.
Morrow. Sonoma
Technology, Inc. Alr&
Waste Management
Assoc. 1993.
Describes
development of
simple method-
ologies for
quantifying
reductions In
vehicle trips (VT)
and vehicle miles
traveled (VMT)
from TCMs, for
use In a plannlng-
level context;
developed
originally for the
South Coast Air
Basin
RSS!eliSSS:t5f'?£3»;SKIiEC;«fi5j '
QKsHsS^MJ^iKBgJSSJsSJBftJgjS ?
Methods to quantify VT
and VMT reductions from
TCMs were based upon
relatively simple methods
for estimating emissions
and Individual TCM
effectiveness developed
prior to this report for the
South Coast AQMD
Performance-based
approach was developed
rather than use
mandated transportation
performance standards
Actual experience data
used as much as
possible: estimated trip
reduction levels from
each TCM was collected
from other studies, and
plannlng-level analysis
uses site-specific data
Inputs, thus offering
increased precision In
emissions estimates
Ranges In VT reductions
estimates address the
Interactive impacts of the
application of multiple
transportation measures
Equivalency factor used
to convert VMT to VT can
account for region-
specific average trip
lengths
Expected reductions In
VT and VMT from
TCMs were estimated
based upon a general
survey, so for a
particular location
different assumptions
may be needed
Applicability to other
regions outside
California limited by
report's use of
transportation data
and emissions factors
in the analysis which
were quantified using
BURDEN and EMFAC
runs for 1994
Does not Incorporate
any consideration of
cost-effectiveness
Wgy|f.^.>i-v;v'f^|
lllpll^iyiftg
Employee partici-
pation (percentage
and frequency)
Trip length
Bike parking facilities
Existence/extent of
bike path system
Existence of shower
facilities
dkp
9/30/98
Page 11
-------
Transportation
Measure ^
Bicycles
(cont.)
» afc Aifc^JrL •*!&-&
Methodology;
Sketch
planning (cont.)
Process
analysis of
transportation
measure
planning and
implementation
t Advantages '^
~«, , *H8S2S?*» v
Explains lessons
learned during the
planning and
implementation of
an actual
transportation
measure, such as
reactions to
expect from the
public and funding
sources
Provides pros and
cons of planning
and implementa-
tion methods
^ytlffiSs^Sw?!^
Does not necessarily
help quantify VT,
VMT, or emissions
reductions from the
TCM Implementation
Cost can vary greatly
^^P^BS^I^SSwr
'Evaluating Travel end
Air Quality Cost-
Effectiveness of
i ransponanon oemano
Management Projects.'
Schreffler, Eric N.,
Theresa Costa, and
Carl B. Moyer. In
Transportation
Research Record 1520,
1996.
Transportation Control
Measures Analyzed for
the Washington
Region's 15 Percent
Rate of Progress Plan.*
FHWA/Metropolltan
Washington Council of
Governments, February
1995.
-
aKKsSJ^EraMslSi
Describes simple
methodologies
used to evaluate
nmljmtm t\ iMftAtfl
projects Tunoeo
by the AB 2766
vehicle
registration fee
program In
Southern
California
Provides
comprehensive
evaluation of the
selection and
quantification
process
performed by the
MWCOG for
assessing various
TCM measures
iliii^lHIKll
Methodology can be
used to evaluate prior
projects or proposed
feitmirA nrji.lji.MjM.
Tuiure projects
Uses available EMFAC
emission rates to
calculate ROQ, PM10,
NOx.andCO
Study develops
standardized worksheet
to evaluate projects
Study points out
drawbacks of self-
reported project results
Addresses the strengths
and weaknesses of the
bottom-up, multiple
committee planning
process used by the
COG
Provides extensive, dear
detail (and strengths and
weaknesses) of both the
evaluation tools used and
each specific TCM
evaluation method
Estimates VT. VMT. &
emission reductions and
cost-effectiveness
Methodology relies on
participation data
provided by project
proponents, whtan
may not always be
unbiased
EMFAC7E factors are
California-specific
Requires an extensive
study of already-
performed process
jplprV*-:. ::;%,!
iaKtSBl^'sSfsJsSs^
Trips reduced
Trip length
Prior travel mode
None (factors
analyzed are
applicable to each
transportation
measure analyzed
during the process)
drt
dec
-------
Transportation
' ., •• -^ "-.&'•< s-Wi-Ji-f,
r-fWeasurelfiJ-
Bicycles
(cont.)
Clean Fuel
Fleets
|Methodbiogyl
Comparison
and analysis of
other studies
Parking supply
and demand
model
||pi|i||Ko|oiiyJ;
Relatively
inexpensive and
simple to conduct,
because it
requires no
primary research
Provides an
introduction to the
range of results
produced by
different studies,
which could be
used if other
directly applicable
research Is not
available
Identifies
advantages and
disadvantages of
several
methodologies
Somewhat
applicable to
multiple regions
Analyst can vary
input parameters
^fPi^^i^^
Results are not
directly applicable to
other regions (they
do not Incorporate
characteristics of
other regions)
Unlikely to provide
precise estimates
f
Requires computer
model
Potentially high cost
to use
'An Assessment of
Transportation Control
Measures, Transport-
ation Technologies,
and Pricing/Regulatory
Policies.' Euritt, Mark
A., eta). University of
Texas, Austin, Center
for Transportation
Research/Tellus
Institute. CTR SEDC-
1, June 1995.
'Assessment of Travel
Demand Management
Approaches at
Suburban Activity
Centers.' Bhatt, Klran,
and Hlgglns, Thomas.
K.T. AnalysBcs. U.S.
DOT, July 1989.
'Air Quality Offsets for
Parking.' Loudon,
William, etal. In
Transportation
Research Record 1232,
1992.
Assesses several
studies that
analyze a host of
transportation
measures,
technology
options, and
policies for total
effectiveness and
costs/benefits
Surveys research
studies and
Interviews TCM
program
coordinators to
provide an
overview of the
range of
effectiveness of
employer-based
TCM programs
Develops and
uses parking
supply model for
downtown
Portland, Oregon
to estimate CO
emissions
Provides a solid overview
of the range (and effects)
of transportation measure
options, as well as
technology and policy
options
Focuses upon energy
efficiency Impacts In
addition to emissions and
VMT
Provides a large number
of case study examples
of both effective and
Ineffective TCM
programs
Makes recommendations
to employers on how to
develop a TCM program
Provides a good checklist
of topics to address when
developing a TCM
program
Uses observed price and
travel time sensitivities
Uses proven models of
travel behavior
Incorporates Integrated
CO emissions model
Report does not
contain a methodology
for evaluating new
TCM plans, but follow-
on report focuses
upon these strategies
Estimates may be too
rough to apply to other
programs In other
regions
Report does not
contain a methodology
for forecasting the
effectiveness of new
TCM plans
Only generalized
evaluation of TCM
effectiveness
Requires parking
database: number of
spaces, location, type.
use patterns
Requires travel
database: time of
arrival, trave & work
mode split
$j^.-.Va.-.:V.s
Pla^^na^Mi
-------
Transportation
,:;;, MeaJwfailE
Clean Fuel
Fleets (cont.)
Compressed
Work Week/
Flex Time
Comparison
and analysis of
other studies
Travel demand/
mode choice
model
;Advahtaga» '
Relatively
Inexpensive and
simple to conduct,
because It
requires no
primary research
Provides an
introduction to the
range of results
produced by
different studies,
which could be
used if other
directly applicable
research Is not
available
Identifies
advantages and
disadvantages of
several
methodologies
Somewhat
applicable to
multiple regions
Analyst can vary
input parameters
Results are not
directly applicable to
other regions (they
do not Incorporate
characteristics of
other regions)
Unlikely to provide
precise estimates
=•.
Requires region-
specific household
survey, land use,
socloeconomlc. and
travel cost data
Requires complex
computer model
Potentially high cost
to use
'An Assessment of
Transportation Control
Measures,
Transportation
Technologies, and
Pridng/neguiatory
Policies.' Eurftt, Mark
A., eta). University of
Texas, Austin, Center
for Transportation
Research/Tellus
Institute. CTR SEDC-
1, June 1995.
•Implementing Effective
Travel Demand
Management
Measures: Inventory of
Measures and
Synthesis of
Experience.' COMSIS
Corporation. USDOT,
September 1893.
DOT-T-94-02.
Assesses several
studies that
analyze a host of
transportation
measures,
technology
options, and
policies for total
effectiveness and
costs/benefits
Summarizes
broad range of
TOM measures,
provides example
case study
analyses of each,
and uses
computer model
to benchmark the
effectiveness of
each TDM
Provides a solid overview
of the range (and effects)
of TCM options, as wall
as technology and policy
options
Focuses upon energy
efficiency Impacts In
addition to emissions and
VMT
Excellent overview of the
range of TDMs possible;
provides description,
nature of effectiveness,
application setting,
effectiveness potential,
and cost
Uses actual case studies
to Inform the use of a
computer model for
fn.j.o-n.iiallfui TftfcJ
lOrecasnng IUM
effectiveness
Provides a road-map to
Implementing TDMs
Report does not
contain a methodology
for evaluating new
TCM plans, but follow-
on report focuses
upon these strategies
Estimates may be too
rough to apply to other
programs In other
regions
Use of the model
requires local Input
parameters to forecast
local effectiveness
Model does not
Incorporate an
emissions calculation
module
Most analysis Is at the
employer-level rather
than the area-level
&?-V.w>r ' •» •:- ;.-
factors Analyzed
rt'S-j^WTj*'' --•';-••<(•••••"• ••-.:•..-• r. f---
Impacts: vehicle
trips, vehicle miles
traveled, and
emissions
f*MM4*
Costs
4/40, 3/36, and 9/80
work weeks
Participation levels
dao
dac
-------
Transportation
.:. >Measure;f
-------
Compressed
Work Week/
Flex Time
(cont.)
Travel demand/
mode choice
model (cont)
Parking supply
and demand
model
Somewhat
applicable to
multiple regions
Analyst can vary
Input parameters
Requires computer
model
Potentially high cost
to use
Transportation Control
Measures for the San
Francisco Bay Area:
Analysis of
Effectiveness and
Costs.* • Harvey. Q..
and E. Deakln. For
Bay Area Air Quality
Management District,
October 1991.
•Air Quality Offsets for
Parking." Louden,
William, etal. In
Transportation
Research Record 1232,
1992.
Describes use
and results of a
travel demand
model employed
to model VT,
VMT.and
emission
reductions of
various
transportation
measures In the
San Francisco
Bay Area
Develops and
uses parking
supply model for
downtown
Portland to
estimate CO
emissions
Utilized high-quality
household travel survey
data and advanced
modeling capabilities
Emissions calculations
use standardized
methods, but takes Into
account more subtle
effects of emissions
generation
Provides succinct, dear
data on results of study,
Including cost-
effectiveness estimates
Uses observed price and
travel time sensitivities
Uses proven models of
travel behavior
Incorporates Integrated
CO emissions model
Does not provide
detail on model
operation
Requires parking
database: number of
spaces, location, type,
use patterns
Requires travel
database: time of
arrival, trave & work
mode split
Many; not specified
dao
Time of arrival (in
downtown area)
dac
-------
Transportation
Measure
Compressed
Work Week/
Flex Time
(cont.)
Methodology
Statistical
analysis of the
impacts of land
use character-
istics and TDM
strategies on
mode choice
Advantages •
of Methodology
Use of Principle
Components
Analysis
generated
composite
variables (groups
of land use
characteristics
with similar
Impacts)
Standard analysis
of variance using
principle
components
allowed
examination of the
effects of land use
and TDM
incentive
strategies on
mode choice
Individually and in
combination.
Results
transferable to
other urban areas
in terms of relative
ranking of
importance of the
land use and TDM
factors analyzed.
Disadvantages
of Methodology
Precise causality
and Individual
impacts of factors
such as transit
availability or urban
density on mode
choice cannot be
measured due to
limitations of the
database
Potential for need to
conduct extensive
field research to
determine land use
characteristics at
each sample work
site.
Cannot be used to
determine land use
and urban design
characteristics'
impact on a specific
mode choice
& * *=• ~ ?
•K. r "-, .W ..-K,
a Report =^ * ~
The Effects of Land
Use and Travel
Demand Management
Strategies on
Commuting Behavior.
Final Report'
Prepared by Cambridge
Systematics, Inc. and
Deakln, Harvey,
Skabardonls, Inc. for
the U.S. Department of
Transportation,
November 1994.
* *~ *,.-, "- \
^Description ",
Develops an
integrated
database of land
use
characteristics
and travel
demand
management
(TDM) strategies
(for a sample of
employment
locations) to
determine the
combined impacts
of TDM programs.
land use, and
urban design on
employee travel
behavior.
A?-
x Advantages ot Study
Added land use and site
Information from field
observation to the
•Regulation XV* dataset
of the South Coast Air
Quality Management
District (which Included
aggregate employee
travel characteristics and
employer incentive
programs)
Disadvantages
o! Study
Study conducted In
Los Angeles County,
and thus may be less
applicable In more
dense urban areas
with factors such as
higher average density
and transit service.
Did not address
residential trip end of
commute, midday
travel, or trip chaining
as factors which
influence mode choice
To, simplify a
complicated data
collection process,
somewhat arbitrary
Indicators were used
for assessment of a
site's urban design
and land use
characteristics.
N >
Factors Analyzed
Land use and urban
design of worksite
TDM Incentive
strategies
dkp
9/30/98
Page 17
-------
Transportation
- Measure
Compressed
Work Week/
Flex Time
[cont.)
f **••••/
*
Methodology
Empirical
analysis of the
Impacts of
personal
preference and
workplace
conditions on
mode choice
Analysis of
existing
program(s)
using travel
diaries
Advantages
of Methodology
Somewhat
applicable to
multiple regions
(but likely to be
influenced heavily
by local factors of
the study area)
Can be replicated
(at moderate to
high cost)
Does not require
extensive
computer model
Uses actual
survey data
Analyzes actual
CWW/flex time
programs
Addresses travel
behavior patterns
Can differentiate
between work and
nonwork travel,
and between
weekday and
weekend travel
Disadvantages "
of Methodology ~
Requires large data
collection process to
generate statistically
significant results
Personal preference
and workplace
conditions difficult to
Impact through
public policy
Potential high cost
associated with
implementing travel
diaries
Does not address
total demand for
CWW/flex time
Applicability of
results to other
regions and
conditions Is
uncertain
v-.
4**w|f, Report; la'UIJ
The Influence of
Employer Ridesharing
Programs on Employee
Mode Choice.'
Ferguson, Erik.
Transportation, vol 17.
1990.
'Impacts of
Compressed Work
Week on Vehicle Trips
and Miles Traveled:
Final Report.' School
of Urban and Regional
Planning, University of
Southern California, for
the California Air
Resources Board,
October 1994.
Contract No. A1 32-136.
\ T >-f' "** 1 /
rl! Description^'
Analyzes
aggregate-level
oata compueo oy
a large Southern
California regional
ridesharing
agency; assesses
Impact of
employer
characteristics on
employee mode
split
Evaluates the
effectiveness of
CWW schedules;
quantifies VT,
VMT.
* ' ,''.!> < *
\ Advantages of Study
Analyzes a large data set
comprising almost 10%
of Los Angeles area
workforce
Utilizing existing agency
database Is a cost-
effective approach
Less accurate than
disaggregated (employee
by employee) data
Includes cost-
effectiveness estimations
Controls for individual
and household
characteristics to Isolate
independent effect of
work schedules on VT
and VMT
Differentiated between
•4/4O* and '9/80' CWW
schedules
Sample size (and
therefore cost) can be
varied based on level of
statistical accuracy
desired
Disadvantages
'Sffof Study, ?
Some findings may
have been
contradicted by more
recent studies (e.g.,
study finds that large
corporations have
better success with
rideshare programs)
Aging data source:
1985 survey data
Los Angeles area
factors may be
uncharacteristic of
other regions, so
results may not be
applicable elsewhere
Employer-derived data
was acquired using
different methods
No estimates of
emissions impacts
Does not directly
calculate emissions
Impacts
Large sample size is
needed to provide
statistically robust
results
Travel diaries rely on
honest recordkeeping
by study respondents
• i
Factors Analyzed
Level of employer
effort to encourage
ridesharing
Size of firm
Type of CWW
schedule
Individual and
household
characteristics
dao
dri
-------
Transportation
Measure
Compressed
WorkWeek/
Flex Time
(cont.)
'.- ''.V '
Methodology
Empirical
analysis of
transportation
measure
implementation
programs
Empirical
analysis of
transportation
measure
demonstration
projects
[Advantages .
of Methodology
Somewhat
applicable to
multiple regions
Can be replicated
(at moderate cost)
Does not require
extensive
computer model
Requires little or
no new data
acquisition
Relatively low cost
Shows actual
potential of
transportation
measuress
• Disadvantages »
of Methodology;!
Requires large data
collection process to
generate statistically
significant results
Case study results
do not necessarily
apply to other
regions
t^l^^i^^XiiJjn^
••'"'—] frf. .iia, H.. .^.iv~-~ .iij|i! £!'• "Hcfj^Jy-.:
.iflpgftRepory^lj
"An Employer Panel for
Evaluating the
Effectiveness of Trip
Reduction Incentives.'
Gluliano. Genevleve,
and Wachs, Martin. In
Panels for
Transportation Planning
and Applications, ed.
T.F. Qotob, et al, 1997.
•Evaluation of Travel
Demand Management
Measures to Relieve
Congestion.*
Kuzmyak, J.R., and
E.N. Schreffler.
Prepared by COMSIS
Corp. for FHWA.
FHWA/SA-90/005;
DOT-T-90-14.
February 1990.
ji)Mi,»iifer.
;||y^ip|oi|fe.
Discusses results
collected on
Southern
California
employment sites
subject to
SCAQMD
Regulation XV.
and assesses the
relative
effectiveness of
trip reduction
strategies
Performs case
studies of the
effectiveness of
11 transportation
demand
management
programs
5;m.T: ;'.v:-v:-^:!
^Advantages orstudy
Utilizes the largest trip
reduction measure
database available in the
world
Panel method allows for
assessing before-and-
after-TCM conditions
Shows potential for
reduction in commute-
based trips due to
Implementation of TCMs
Provides high level of
detail about the specific
programs implemented
Disadvantages
'of Study '
Database does not
provide exceptional
detail; report does not
contain details of the
level of Incentive
support provided to
employees
Only generalized
effectiveness results
are shown
TCMs were not always
implemented at the
time of the survey
Generally does not
evaluate specific TCM
Individually; programs
of multiple TCMs are
evaluated for
effectiveness
Does not quantify
emission reductions
Trip reductions based
upon vehicle
occupancy
assumptions for each
mode choice (carpool.
vanpod. transit)
i
Factors Analyzed
Not described
Not applicable in
context of specific
transportation
measures
dac
dac
9/30/98
Page 19
-------
Transportation
Measure ;
Compressed
Work Week/
Flex Time
(cont.)
,.f:v;.f:;f«t&p:
Methodology
Empirical
analysis of
transportation
measure
demonstration
projects (cont)
J; Advantages %
of Methodology
iiDlsadvantegMpI
^^^^S
Transportation-Related
Impacts of Compressed
WorkWeek: The
Denver Experiment*
Atherton, Terry J., et al.
In Transportation
Research Record 845,
1982.
•Effects of Variable
Work Hour Programs
on Ridesharing and
Organizational
Effectiveness: A Case
Study, Ventura
County.* Freas, Atyssa
M. and Stuart M.
Anderson. Commuter
Transportation
Services, Inc. In
Transportation
'Research Record 1321,
1991.
'm^fifyifKffM^Ai
|li;i»e|i|aig§|
Provides before
and after
comparison of
travel behavior for
an experimental
compressed-work
week program for
federal
employees In
Denver
Assesses several
impacts of a pilot
employer-based
voluntary
compressed work
week program In
Ventura County
lliiii^iN:I(^ill
Before-and-after
approach (with a control
group) accurately
assesses changes In
travel
Utilizes actual travel
diaries and surveys to
track travel patterns
Identifies some non-work
travel impacts of
compressed work weeks
Information was complete
and accurate due to
government workplace
focus
Case study was carefully
designed to achieve
easily obtainable, useful
information at the end of
the study
Studied the impact of
CWW on not only
commutes, but also
employee performance.
office performance, and
supervisor perspectives
£p Disadvantages '
iiii|^fiS*U
-------
Transportation
; Measure "
Compressed
Work Week/
Flex Time
(cont.)
Methodology
Sketch
planning
Advantages "'
of Methodology
Simple tools can
generate plannlng-
level estimates of
transportation
measure
effectiveness at
low cost
Generalized tools
can be somewhat
applicable to
multiple regions
Analyst can vary
input parameters
; Disadvantages J
"~o» Methf^Jjbgylf
Sketch planning
results are usually
not the most
accurate, depending
on the Input
parameters
'MmmyS^tifkKM^'
wmmj. •nfPprkipsigsgr;
TCM Analyst 1.0 and
User's Guide.'
Crawford, Jason A., et
al. Texas
Transportation Institute.
For the Federal
Highway
Administration,
November 1994.
.^ff&jfjFK^fgf: llm
Describes a
computerized
sketch planning
tool. TCM Analyst
1.0, Including
Input data
requirements,
methods of use,
and an overview
of the model's
structure and
calculation
procedures
| Advantages of Study-
Provides a useful and
relatively easy Instruction
manual for using TCM
Analyst 1.0
Uses MOBILESa output
data (emission factors)
as Inputs to the model.
providing more accurate
emission benefit
calculations for each
TCM
Disadvantages :;
f'SRiljipfStudy;"" ;!';|-
Program only models
limited TCMs and
cannot model multiple
TCM packages
Requires several runs
with MOBILESa to
obtain Input emission
factors
Modeling on regional
(rather than
microscale) basis only
• Factors Analyzed
Not stated
dac
9/30/98
Page 21
-------
Transportation
Measure :,
Compressed
Work Week/
Flex Time
[cont.)
Methodology
Sketch
planning (cont.)
Advantages .
'of Methodology'
Disadvantages*'
Jot Methodology^
5
, ; j. fKf , ^
.f^lReport'£;fe
•Simple Methodologies
for Quantifying VT and
VMT Reductions from
Transportation Control
and Growth
Management Measures
for Developing Local
Trip Reduction
Ordinances.' Evans.
V. and D. Morrow.
Sonoma Technology.
Inc. Air & Waste
Management Assoc.
1993
i> *V~ I
S Description '
Describes
development of
simple
methodologies for
quantifying
reductions In
vehicle trips (VT)
and vehicle miles
traveled (VMT)
from TCMs, for
use In a planning-
level context;
developed
originally for the
South Coast Air
Basin
^ *
) Advantage* of Study
Methods to quantify VT
and VMT reductions from
TCMs were based upon
relatively simple methods
for estimating emissions
and Individual TCM
effectiveness developed
prior to this report for the
South Coast AQMD
Performance-based
approach was developed
rather than use
mandated transportation
performance standards
Actual experience data
used as much as
possible: estimated trip
reduction levels from
each TCM was collected
from other studies, and
planning-levet analysis
uses site-specific data
inputs, thus offering
increased precision In
emissions estimates
Ranges In VT reductions
estimates address the
Interactive Impacts of the
application of multiple
TCMs
Equivalency factor used
to convert VMT to VT can
account for region-
specific average trip
lengths
Disadvantages
'
-------
Transportation
Measure
Compressed
WorkWeek/
Flex Time
(cont.)
\ r
• .'• - ^-f.:
Methodology
Sketch
planning (cont.)
Advantages
of Methodology
• Disadvantages
of Methodology -,
* % Re'port^fM-
•Critfcal Analysis of
Sketch-Planning Tools
for Evaluating the
Emission Benefits of
Transportation Control
Measures.' Crawford,
Jason A., and
Raymond A. Krammes.
Prepared by Texas
Transportation Institute
forFHWA.FHWA/TX-
92/1279-5. December
1993.
-?.*>- ~>
' Description -
Critical analysis
and sensitivity
analysis (using
data for El Paso,
Texas) of San
Diego Association
of Governments
(SANOAQ)TCM
Tools method and
the Systems
Applications
International (SAI)
method;
summarized In
TRR 1472
i-
(Advantages of Study
Provides a thorough
review of the state of the
practice (as of 1993)
Identifies weaknesses In
the SANDAG and SAI
methods as well as
strengths
Provides detailed sketch-
planning analysis for El
Paso, Texas
Disadvantages
, - of Study! ;;i%
Many of the Inputs to
the SANDAG and SAI
models are difficult to
quantify
The SANDAG and SAI
models do not fully
account for indirect
Impacts and latent
travel demand
I
:. Factors Analyzed
Vehicle trips
VMT
Average vehicle
speed
Emissions (HC. CO,
NOx)
dri
9/30/98
Page 23
-------
Transportation
Measure
Compressed
Work Week/
Flex Ti me
'cent I
kc«m.;
Methodology;
Employer TDM
cost-
effectveness
model
•Advantages
61 Methodology
Estimates
reduction In and
costs of daily trips
and peak period
trips
Aids employer
determination of
cost-effectiveness
of TDM measures
for their particular
worksite
Disadvantages
of Methodology
Results may vary
widely from one
employer to the next
Many Inputs may be
difficult for
employers or
planners to quantify
r* . Report <• V*
Transportation
Demand Management
Cost-Effectiveness
Model for Suburban
Employers.' Dagang,
Deborah A. JHK &
Associates. In
Transportation
Research Record 1404.
t
r Description "
Reports on the
development of a
model to
Individually
evaluate the cost-
effectiveness of
15 different
employer-based
TDM measures In
suburban settings
I Advantages of Study
Focus on suburban
employers reflects
(fifferent travel-related
characteristics of
suburban and urban
areas
Spreadsheet-based
model is user-friendly
and readily accessible for
use at the site-specific
level; model makes
sensitivity analysis
relatively simple
Eight transportation
environments were
defined to represent
various combinations of
transportation service
characteristics
For employers without
access to entire range of
data necessary to
operate model, default
values are included
Disadvantages
7 of Study- ••;••-
Most employers
surveyed to develop
model were unable to
provide detailed cost
Information on the
TDM measures they
had Implemented
Does not calculate
emissions directly
Potential for regional
bias, as model was
developed In part
based on a survey of
suburban San
Francisco Bay Area
employers; model also
used the SCAQMD
Regulation XV and
Pima Association of
Governments Travel
Reduction Program
employer plan
databases
Only some TDMs
included In model
provide for estimates
of VT reductions
Use of default values
could diminishes
accuracy of estimates
for some users
t
Factors A/talyzed
Suburban employer-
based TDM
measures
Dally trips and peak
period trips
Costs and cost-
effectiveness
dkp
-------
Transportation
Measure
Compressed
Work Week/
Flex Time
(cont.)
% ^ 1
Methodology
Process
analysis of
transportation
measure
planning and
Implementation
Comparison
and analysis of
other studies
Advantages
of Methodology
Explains lessons
learned during the
planning and
Implementation of
an actual
transportation
measure, such as
reactions to
expect from the
public and funding
sources
Provides pros and
cons of planning
and
Implementation
methods
Relatively
Inexpensive and
simple to conduct,
because It
requires no
primary research
Provides an
introduction to the
range of results
produced by
different studies,
which could be
used if other
directly applicable
research is not
available
Identifies
advantages and
disadvantages of
several
methodologies
Disadvantages r_
of Methodology.,
Does not necessarily
help quantify VT,
VMT, or emissions
reductions from the
TCM Implementation
Cost can vary greatly
Results are not
directly applicable to
other regions (they
do not incorporate
characteristics of
other regions)
Unlikely to provide
precise estimates
' -5 fV* ,7! " * _
^Vfiiport^v
Transportation Control
Measures Analyzed for
the Washington
Region's 15 Percent
Rate of Progress Ran.'
FHWA/Metropolitan
Washington Council of
Governments, February
1995.
'An Assessment of
Transportation Control
Measures,
Transportation
Technologies, and
Pricing/Regulatory
Policies.* Euritt. Mark
A., etal. University of
Texas, Austin, Center
for Transportation
Research/Tellus
Institute. CTRSEDC-
1. June 1995.
•Assessment of Travel
Demand Management
Approaches at
Suburban Activity
Centers.* Bhatt, Kiran,
and Higgins, Thomas.
K.T. AnalysUcs. U.S.
DOT, July 1989.
, )
'5 Description5"1
Provides
comprehensive
evaluation of the
selection and
quantification
process
performed by the
MWCOGfor
assessing various
TCM measures
.-
Assesses several
studies that
analyze a host of
transportation
measures,
technology
options, and
policies for total
effectiveness and
costs/benefits
Surveys research
studies and
interviews TCM
program
coordinators to
provide an
overview of the
range of
effectiveness of
employer-based
TCM programs
r •"» , %
} Advantages'of Study "
Addresses the strengths
and weaknesses of the
bottom-up, multiple
committee planning
process used by the
COQ
Provides extensive, dear
detail (and strengths and
weaknesses) of both the
evaluation tools used and
each specific TCM
evaluation method
Estimates VT, VMT, &
emission reductions and
cost-effectiveness
Provides a solid overview
of the range (and effects)
of TCM options, as well
as technology and policy
options
Focuses upon energy
efficiency impacts in
addition to emissions and
VMT
Provides a large number
of case study examples
of both effective and
Ineffective TCM
programs
Makes recommendations
to employers on how to
develop a TCM program
Provides a good checklist
of topics to address when
developing a TCM
program
Disadvantages
- " L of Study
Requires an extensive
study of already-
performed process
Report does not
contain a methodology
for evaluating new
TCM plans, but follow-
on report focuses
upon these strategies
Estimates may be too
rough to apply to other
programs in other
regions
Report does not
contain a methodology
for forecasting the
effectiveness of new
TCM plans
Only generalized
evaluation of TCM
effectiveness
i
Factors Analyzed
None (factors
analyzed are
applicable to each
transportation
measure analyzed
during the process)
Impacts: vehicle
trips, vehicle miles
traveled, and
emissions
Costs
Relative
effectiveness of
various
transportation
measure programs
Implementation
mechanisms
dac
dac
dac
9/30/98
Page 25
-------
Transportation
Measure
Compressed
WorkWeek/
Flex Time
(cont.)
"4"-*>*>^
Congestion
Pricing
, A
Methodology
Comparison
and analysis of
other studies
(cont.)
Integrated
travel demand,
mode choice.
traffic
simulation, and
emissions
model
Travel demand/
mode choice
model
> , Advantages ,
of Methodology
If developed, an
Integrated model
to simulate
demand, mode
choice, traffic
simulation, and
emissions could
avoid some of the
shortcomings
Inherent In
applying travel
and emissions
models
sequentially
Somewhat
applicable to
multiple regions
Analyst can vary
Input parameters
Disadvantages -/
: of Methodology *'
Integrated model has
not yet been
developed and would
be costly to develop
Requires region-
specific household
survey, land use,
sodoeconomic, and
travel cost data
Requires complex
computer model
Potentially high cost
to use
'"$ •••••- A' '£•"*"" "•
vK-fe jjtpprt«1'«£ ,4'
The Equity and Cost
Effectiveness of
Employee Commute
Options Programs.*
Farkas, Z. Andrew.
Morgan State
University. TRB
960078. January 1996.
'Framework for
Evaluating
Transportation Control
Measures: Mobility, Air
Quality, and Energy
Tradeoffs.* Euritt.Mark
A., etal. University of
Texas, Austin. Center
for Transportation
Research, Jul 94.
SWLrrC-94-60034-1
•Transportation Pricing
Strategies for
California: An
Assessment of
Congestion, Emissions,
Energy and Equity
Impacts.* California Air
Resources Board, June
1995. Report No. 92-
316.
/'ipyv -»,\
I Description;^
Analyzes the
results of surveys
and transportation
measure
modeling studies
performed for the
Baltimore and
Philadelphia
regions
Proposes that an
Integrated model
should be
developed, but
the performed
analysis uses
current models
sequentially
Develops and
uses a
comprehensive
travel demand
model to estimate
the impacts of
multiple
transportation
measures
f' "f " "
I Advantages of Study •
Shows different methods
of using the same model:
Travel Demand
Evaluation Model
developed by COMSIS
Provides a discussion of
social equity
considerations based on
a survey of the two
regions
Provides a framework for
the development of a
future Integrated
transportation and
emissions model
Uses actual, available
price elasticities
Establishes base case by
comparing to actual
travel data
Explores interrelations
between pricing
strategies
" Disadvantages [
•>; of Study I *
Philadelphia modeling
assumed average
vehicle ridershlp
targets were reached
and results are only
applicable relative to
each scenario
Baltimore modeling did
not estimate emissions
reductions
Performed analysis
not transferable to
other situations
Does not model
specific travel
corridors (requires
additional model for
this purpose)
Relies on uncertain
forecasts of travel
demand
; " *
Factors Analyzed
Rkfeshare promotion
level
Parking charge level
Transit subsidy
levels
Work schedule
flexibility
Vehicle operating
cost levels
Vehicle occupancy
rates
Price level, period
and location of
application
Price elasticity
Interrelationships
between pricing
strategies
dac
dac
dac
-------
Transportation
/Measure ;
Congestion
Pricing
(cont.)
Methodology
Travel demand/
mode choice
model (cont.)
Advantages
of Methodology
: Disadvantages K
of Methodology r
•Implementing Effective
Travel Demand
Management
Measures: Inventory of
Measures and
Synthesis of
Experience.' COMSIS
Corporation. USDOT,
September 1993.
DOT-T-94-02.
The Effectiveness of
Transportation Control
Measures In Reducing
Congestion and
Improving Air Quality."
London, William R., et
al. JHK& Associates.
Air A Waste
Management
Association Annual
Meeting & Exhibition
1993. AWMA93-RP-
149.05.
Transportation Control
Measures for the San
Francisco Bay Area:
Analysis of
Effectiveness and
Costs.* Harvey, Q.,
and E. Deakln. For
Bay Area Air Quality
Management District,
October 1991.
'Description-
Summarizes
broad range of
TDM measures,
provides example
case study
analyses of each,
and uses
computer model
to benchmark the
effectiveness of
each TDM
Describes a
developed
transportation
demand model
that integrates
emissions
calculations;
provides example
calculations from
the model
Describes use
and results of a
travel demand
model to model
VT, VMT, and
emission
reductions of
various
transportation
measures In the
San Francisco
Bay Area
I Advantages of Study "
Excellent overview of the
range of TDMs possible;
provides description.
nature of effectiveness.
application setting,
effectiveness potential,
and cost
Uses actual case studies
to Inform the use of a
computer model for
forecasting TDM
effectiveness
Provides a road-map to
Implementing TDMs
Model has a user manual
that leads the analyst
step-by-step through the
Input of data for region
specific analyses
Contains extensive cost-
effectiveness module
Can be used at either
regional or a smaller area
or location
Includes exhaust and
evaporative emissions
Utilized high-quality
household travel survey
data and advanced
modeling capabilities
Emissions calculations
use standardized
methods, but take Into
account more subtle
effects of emissions
generation
Provides succinct, clear
data on results of study.
Including cost-
effectiveness estimates
• : Disadvantages
'^7of Study
Use of the model
requires local Input
parameters to forecast
local effectiveness
Model does not
incorporate an
emissions calculation
module
Most analysis is at the
employer-level rather
than the area-level
Use of the model
requires local Input
parameters to forecast
local effectiveness;
default values may not
be sufficient
Does not provide
detail on model
operation
i
Factors Analyzed
Travel and traffic
Impact
Cost-effectiveness
Participation level
Many; not specified
dac
dac
dac
9/30/98
Page 27
-------
Transportation
Measure
Congestion
Pricing
(cont)
:Meth»dologjy
Travel demand/
mode choice
model (cant)
Travel cost
model
i Advantages
of Methodology
Most accurate
way of measuring
true travel costs a
priori
Allows
comparison ot
rnultipls scenarios
Disadvantages,
of Methodology*
Results do not
necessarily apply to
other regions
Requires extensive
Information gathering
* f.' i H ~ / • -
'#'$,Hi*oif£fe&
Transportation Pricing
and Travel Behavior.*
Harvey. Craig W. In
Cubing Gridlock:
Peak-Period Fees to
Re/love Traffic
Congestion. Vol.2.
Transportation
Research Board
Special Report 242,
1994.
•Impacts of Congestion
Pricing on Transit and
Carport Demand and
Supply.* Kaln.John.
Harvard University.
1994. TRB 94O444.
"tCoefcflpHonf-!
Overview paper
on the effects of
t/aitsportatlon
system pricing on
activity patterns
and travel
behavior; some
emissions results
Uses economic
theory of travel '
demand, supply,
and pricing, as
wallas
assumptions
about the value of
time to estimate
total travel costs
to commuters
\ «w- „
} Advantages of Study r
Paper presents modeling
results from the San
Francisco Bay Area
Pricing Study using the
STEP model
Quantifies VMT. trips,
fuel usage. ROQ. CO,
NQx.andC02
Shows quantifled travel
and emissions modeling
results that correspond to
specific, dearly defined
pricing proposals
Compares impact of
various Income groups
Provides excellent
discussion of total costs .
of travel and relationship
between congestion
pricing and transit use
Disadvantages
f*ijof Study, ; -
Use of model
developed for San
Francisco Bay Area
may limit usefulness of
results to other regions
Study acknowledges
that the STEP model
does not accurately
account for regional
growth or employment
allocation, and treats
time of day in a
simplified way
Requires many
assumptions that
could significantly
affect results, Including
relationship between
price level and traffic
flow speed
Does not quantify
emission reductions
i
Factors Analyzed
VMT
Vehicle trips
Fuel usage
Emissions (ROQ,
CO.NOx.CO2)
Congestion price
level
Row speed
Parking price level
Transit service level
Personal value of
time
drl
dac
-------
Transportation
Measure •
Congestion
Pricing
(cont.)
.Methodology
Demand
elasticity model
"Advantages :
of Methodology :
Simple model
based on
economics
fundamentals,
using readily
available data,
that captures
primary
determinants of
travel behavior
Can vary Inputs to
model based on
level of complexity
desired
(Disadvantages;
of Methodology
Model may fall to
account for non-price
determinants of
travel behavior, or
other congestion
pricing program
design details
^:ReporV tf
•Demand Elasticity
Under Time-Varying
Prices: Case Study of
Day-of-Week Varying
Tolls on Golden Qate
Bridge.' Glfford,
Jonathan L. and Scott
W. Talkington. George
Mason University,
1996.
7' Description' T
Provides a survey
overview of
literature on road
pricing; develops
a demand
elasticity model to
analyze travel
demand under
time-varying
pricing using data
from the Golden
Gate Bridge In
1979-1984
\
'"'Advantages of Study.,
Presents correlation
between time-varying
pricing and traffic
patterns; indirectly
Illustrates change in VT
Data used are from
actual applied day-of-
week varying pricing
Disadvantages
'*"; of Study
Focus on aggregate
travel behavior
precludes analysis
about the details of
travel preferences
Results have limited
application to other
regions, as local
variables such as
limited transit
alternatives may have
influenced model
results
Use of single case
study over period of
one price change
limits results
applicability In other
situations
Elasticity estimates do
not include costs of
travel other than toll
and gas, and Include
no assessment of
possible mode shifts
Does not quantify
emissions
',•
Factors Analyzed
Travel demand
characteristics
Level of toll
Gasoline price
Price elasticity of
traffic
V
dkp
9/30/98
Page 29
-------
Transportation
Measure
Congestion
Pricing
(cont.)
\^ * r
Methodology
Statistical
analysis of
average speed
of congestion
pricing
scenarios
Advantages .
of (Methodology ,
Existing
knowledge of
speed/emissions
relationships can
be used to
estimate the
emissions Impact
of 'peak-
spreading'
resulting from
congestion pricing
Actual travel data
and congestion
pricing scenarios
can be compared
.-, Disadvantage*,.;-
of Methodology
Speed/emissions
relationships under
real-world conditions
are difficult to
characterize
accurately and are
somewhat poorly
understood
Modal effects are not
directly addressed In
'average speed*
analysis
May only address
'peak-spreading'
emissions Impact,
not the trip-reduction
and mode shift
impacts of
conflcfttion Diidnn
W1 BJJ*D9WM 1 plH^UI'^
'
&'£&&
'Congestion Pricing
and Motor Vehicle
Emissions: An Initial
Review.' Guensler,
Randall and Daniel
Sperling. In Cutting
Gridlock: Peak-Period
Fees to Relieve Traffic
Congestion. Vol.2.
Transportation
Research Board
Special Report 242,
1994.
&&£•'•
Examines the air
quality Impacts
likely to result
from congestion
pricing; focuses
on the effects of
postulated
changes In
average vehicle
operating speeds
on emission rates
by looking at four
congestion pricing
scenarios
'Advantages of Study
Utilizes data from
existing study on
changes In travel
behavior as Input to
analysis
Statistical analysis Is
fairly simple and could be
replicated for any data
sets from travel demand
and emission rate models
Incorporates uncertainty
associated with the use
of speed correction
factors
Disadvantages
l<* of Study; '.,*
•Bootstrap' statistical
approach to
extrapolate data
resulted In highly
sample-dependent
numbers, thus test
samples may not have
been representative of
the fleet
Impact of flow
smoothing not wen
represented In an
average speed
modeling regime that
la based on a limited
number and variety of
test cycles
Changes In average
vohlfln tBnaAri irifilrt
significantly different
percentage changes in
emission rates for
older and newer
vehicles, thus fleet
composition must be
considered In
congestion pricing
scenarios
Study did not Include
sensitivity analysis of
the models-how
sensitive mode's are
to errors In estimation
of the Independent
variable (average
speed)
Factors Analyzed
Average speed
changes and
associated emission
rate changes
Congestion pricing
scenarios: targeted
freeway pricing,
partial freeway
pricing.
comprehensive
freeway pricing,
comprehensive
pricing
dkf}
-------
Transportation
Measure
Congestion
Pricing
(cont.)
Methodology
Use of
economic
theory to
estimate
congestion
price levels
Evaluative
matrix
Advantages
of Methodology,
Based upon sound
economic theory
Relatively easy
and inexpensive
to perform
Somewhat
applicable to
multiple regions
_
Matrix of
evaluative criteria
which details and
compares
congestion pricing
options could be
applied to other
regions
Relatively flexible
in level of
complexity and
number of
evaluation criteria
or pricing
scenarios input
into matrix
Disadvantages :
of Methodology f^
Real life conditions
may not be easily
accounted for by
theory
Theoretical analysis
based on models,
not actual
congestion pricing
project data
Relatively extensive
location-specific
study conducted
from which matrix
numbers were
developed
•Freeway Congestion
Pricing: Another Look.'
Levinson, Herbert.
Transportation
Research Board Paper
940977, January 1994.
'Evaluation of
Congestion Pricing
Alternatives In the Twin
Cities.* Lari. Adee) Z.
and Kenneth R.
Buckeye. Minnesota
Department of
Transportation. January
1997.
Identifies the
appropriate level
of congestion
charges based
upon the marginal
cost of driving
Study evaluated
the relative
relationships and
impacts of eleven
congestion pricing
options in the
Twin Cities
metropolitan area
for 1995-96 using
statistically
modeled data.
public outreach
data, and overall
feasibility studies
1 Advantages of Study!
:!.»6S-*.:'J"!.s -h-jri „.,.:•. T? !-:::-«' J: r •»" "!•».-« tii...-4* sis: "-
Analysis based upon
economic theory and
Highway Capacity
Manual speed-flow data
Compared eleven
different congestion
pricing scenarios for the
Twin Cities area against
one another according to
same criteria
Air quality impacts
measured in percent
reductions in
hydrocarbons (PM peak
period only)
-plpliadyantages" f;'
Does not address
political acceptability
or tolling options
available for
congestion pricing
Prices resulting from
the study may need to
be adjusted downward
to minimize the
adverse impacts on
traveling
Does not quantify
emissions
Unclear from this brief
evaluative report how
matrix numbers were
quantified
Matrix developed
specifically from a
congestion pricing
study for the Twin
Cities metropolitan
area, and thus results
and recommendations
may only be applicable
to Mirmeapolis/St.
Paul area
{Factors Analyzed
Variation In speed-
flow relationships
Congestion relief
Mode shift potential
Local street impacts
Air quality
Improvements
Social and
geographical equity
Land use/economic
Impacts
Public acceptability
Technical feasibility
Revenue and costs
Operational
effectiveness
dao
dkp
o
9/30/98
Page 31
-------
Transportation
Measure
Congestion
Pricing
[cortt.)
\W1Wf-g
Mathodology
Process
analysis of
transportation
measure
planning and
Implementation
Advantages
of Methodology
Explains lessons
teamed during the
planning and
implementation of
an actual
transportation
measure, such as
reactions to
expect from the
public and funding
sources
.
Disadvantages
of Methodology^
Does not necessarily
help quantify VT.
VMT. or emissions
reductions from the
TCM Implementation
* "*i i Av ^"k Sj yfi'tf*
&>*•* -Jffirt, ^L*1 *" * I ?%&Wh|sSii
*•„ +1 JtoPMgffliefe
•Bay Bridge Congestion
Pricing Project
Lessons Learned to
Date.' Prick, Karen, et
at. Metropolitan
Transportation
Commission, 1996.
Transportation
Research Board paper
961317.
Transportation Control
Measures Analyzed for
the Washington
Region's 15 Percent
Rate of Progress Plan.*
FHWA/Metropolttan
Washington Council of
Governments, February
1995.
rf *' r T*V 8.03., „
foe.|ip^t
Reviews and
assesses the
process by which
the Bay Area
Congestion
Pricing Task
Force examined
the viability of
variable tolls on
the San Francisco
Bay Bridge
Provides
comprehensive
evaluation of the
selection and
quantification
process
performed by the
MWCOQfor
assessing various
TCM measures
In $i} $ « ,,A t
^ Advantages of Study
Develops detailed,
valuable lessons learned
during the
implementation of this
specific congestion
pricing TCM
Makes recommendations
on how to develop a
congestion pricing TCM
that gains the approval of
the public and public
officials
Addresses the strengths
and weaknesses of the
bottom-up, multiple
committee planning
process used by the
COO
Provides extensive, dear
detail (and strengths and
weaknesses) of both the
evaluation tools used and
each specific TCM
evaluation method
Estimates VT, VMT, &
emission reductions and
cost-effectiveness
Disadvantages
- v|0fstiidyK .
Doea not evaluate the
end result
effectiveness: VT,
VMT, emissions
reduced
Requires an extensive
study of already-
performed process
•
s
Factors Analyzed
Public reaction to the
measure under
varying tod levels
and alternative
commute options
Allocation of toll
monies and equity
issues
None (factors
analyzed are
applicable to each
transportation
measure analyzed
during the process)
dac
dac
-------
Transportation
: Measure 3? f
Congestion
Pricing
(eont.)
': -, , ; jipjy'ia.:;
Methodology
Comparison
and analysis of
other studies
;;|f Advantages iw.;
of Methodology r
Relatively
Inexpensive and
simple to conduct,
because It
requires no
primary research
Provides an
Introduction to the
range of results
produced by
different studies.
which could be
used If other
directly applicable
research Is not
available
Identifies
advantages and
disadvantages of
several
methodologies
,>
^iDisadvantag'estt
ffg^^iif
Results are not
directly applicable to
other regions (they
do not incorporate
characteristics of
other regions)
Unlikely to provide
precise estimates
' ;"sY.;."e;* '1*^5" '•™*i-**y3'---f- U-^-H^/iyiVi'i
*An Assessment of
Transportation Control
Measures,
Transportation
Technologies, and
Pricing/Regulatory
Policies.* Euritt. Mark
A., at at. University of
Texas, Austin. Center
for Transportation
ResearctvTellus
Institute. CTRSEDC-
1, June 1995.
'Demand Elasticity
Under Time-Varying
Prices: Case Study of
Day-cf-WeeK Varying
Tolls on Golden Gate
Bridge.' Glfford,
Jonathan L and Scott
W. Talklngton. George
Mason University,
1996.
•Managing
Transportation
Demand: Markets
Versus Mandates.*
Glullano, Qenevieva,
andMarUnWachs.
Reason Foundation,
September 1992.
Policy Insight No. 142.
•i'SiOaflcflatioivr'a
iE5*53*Sw**?«« £!$s!Et
Assesses several
studies that
analyze a host of
transportation
measures,
technology
options, and
policies for total
effectiveness and
costs/benefits
Provides a survey
overview of
literature on road
pricing; develops
a demand
elasticity model to
analyze travel
demand under
time-varying
pricing using data
from the Golden
Gate Bridge In
1979-1984
Compares
congestion pricing
with Regulation
XV for the
Southern
California area;
describes pros
and cons of each
measure and
discusses
Implications
Advantage, of Study
;~&^*^*K*L~S*^^---n.~'2n,*'*tf!?::
Provides a solid overview
of the range (and effects)
of TCM options, as well
as technology and policy
options
Focuses upon energy
efficiency Impacts in
addition to emissions and
VMT
Survey Includes both
theoretical and applied
work
Provides typology of
TCMs and identifies
effectiveness and
common barriers to
Implementation
Simple side-by-side
comparison of VMT
reduction and cost-
effectiveness for each
TCM
Makes policy
recommendations to
Improve each TCM
i H Disadvantages «
Report does not
contain a methodology
for evaluating new
TCM plans, but follow-
on report focuses
upon these strategies
Estimates may be too
rough to apply to other
programs In other
regions
Focus on aggregate
travel behavior
precludes analysis
about the details of
travel preferences
Results limited In
Indirect applicability to
congestion pricing on
bridges
Provides little detail
about logistics of
Implementing the
policy
recommendations
Does not quantify
emission reductions
';.: • . • . ?
«; • :> "
-|Factor» Analyzed
Impacts: vehicle
trips, vehicle miles
traveled, and
emissions
Costs
Travel demand
characteristics
Level of toll
Gasoline price
Price elasticity of
traffic
Direct vs. indirect
Implementation
Market-based' vs.
performance-based
implementation
Efficiency and equity
considerations
dac
dkp
dac
9/30/98
Page 33
-------
Transportation
.Measure •
Congestion
Pricing
(cent.)
Database/
Information
Methodology ,
Comparison
and analysis of
other studies
(eont.)
Empirical
analysis of
transportation
measure
demonstration
projects
Advantages *
o! Methodologyf
Requires little or
no new data
acquisition
Relatively low cost
Shows actual
potential of
transportation
measures
i:i Disadvantages i;
|g|i|)i|joi^
Case study results
do not necessarily
apply to other
regions
.:Sl|iiliefiSll||i;iiifiiH|il
Transportation Pricing
and Travel Behavior.*
Harvey, Greig W. In
Cutting Gridlock-
Peak-Period Fees to
Relieve Traffic
Congestion. Vol.2.
Transportation
Research Board
Special Report 242.
1994.
•Evaluation of Travel
Demand Management
Measures to Relieve
Congestion.*
Kuzmyak. J.R.. and
E.N. Schreffler.
Prepared by COMSIS
Corp. for FHWA.
FHWA/SA-90/005;
DOT-T-90-14.
February 1990.
|*fbl*crlptio"ri||"
v^^:*:«;.r£;;;|-j;.^;?>r^hr^WRr:"
Overview paper
on the effects of
transportation
system pricing on
activity patterns
and travel
behavior; some
omissions results
Performs case
studies of the
effectiveness of
11 transportation
demand
management
programs
JSJ jL-3: ifcTfej :„,•;;:::; K.MSS f^^Si :» • "•
Advant-gea of Study
Paper reviews empirical
results and anecdotal
from several
transportation pricing
projects and studies
Review of existing results
focuses on aggregate
demand elasticity
Shows potential for
reduction In commute-
based trips due to
Implementation of
transportation measures
Provides high level of
detail about the specific
programs implemented
|i;d|M«tyante9«i:||.
Wide variability of
results reviewed limits
their usefulness
Generally does not
evaluate specific
transportation
measure Individually;
programs of multiple
transportation
measures are
evaluated for
effectiveness
Does not quantify
emission reductions
Trip reductions based
upon vehicle
occupancy
assumptions for each
nude choice (carpool.
vanpooi, transit)
[Factors Analyzed
Aggregate demand
elasticity
Not applicable in
context of specific
transportation
measures
drl
dac
-------
Transportation
Measure ':
Database/
Information
(cont.)
Emissions
Fees
.
:" '•:".~fi'---
Methodology.':..
Sample
surveys of
ridematching
database
program
success
Travel demand/
mode choice
model
Advantages
of Methodology
Uses statistically
representative
sample population
to make estimates
of overall impact
of ridematching
services on
ridesharing
Sample size (and
therefore cost)
can be varied
based on level of
statistical
accuracy desired
Surveys can be
done periodically
to determine
changes In
rideshare
placement rates
over time, and
Impacts of special
promotions such
as 'Try Transir
weeks
Somewhat
applicable to
multiple regions
Analyst can vary
Input parameters
Disadvantages "
>f Methodology
Surveys can entail
significant costs
•Revolving door*
characteristic of
ridesharing programs
can be difficult to
address with
accuracy
Relationship
between rldasharing
participation, VMT.
and emissions
requires additional
analysis
If surveys are
performed differently
in different regions,
direct comparisons
of results may not be
valid
Requires region-
specific household
survey, land use.
sodoeconomlc, and
travel cost data
Requires complex
computer model
Potentially high cost
to use
•*rA * •» V^ ^"j r Jk** i
<% -f ("*•>« ifp^'e -it
W*&&&
"Rideshare Placement
Measurement A
Proposed Standard
Methodology.' King,
Michael, and Barbara
Aldarson. California
State University at
CrUco. June 1995.
Transportation Pricing
Strategies for
California: An
Assessment of
Congestion. Emissions,
Energy and Equity
Impacts.* California Air
Resources Board, June
1995. Report No. 92-
316.
-^"ff - r-
_Ji ^-*- 1£, •"
^D«Jcrlptlon%-
Devetops
methodology for
quantifying
rideshare
placement levels
for ridematching
services;
discusses pilot
testing of
methodology
(note: this
methodology is
currently used by
RIDES for Bay
Area Commuters
In the San
Francisco Bay
Area).
Develops and
uses a
comprehensive
travel demand
model to estimate
the Impacts of
multiple
transportation
measures
-'s. ' 1 ~ "~ ,-
~ Advantage* of Study*
Survey methodology Is
generic and can be
applied to any region
Methodology
distinguishes between
three types of rideshare
placements (trial,
maintenance, and
ongoing) to reflect their
different impact on travel
and emissions
Establishes base case by
comparing to actual
travel data
Explores Interrelations
between pricing
strategies
'Disadvantages
,*r|ui of Study! ...<4
Only quantifies
rideshare placement;
does not directly
quantify VMT and
emissions Impact
Does not contain a
highway-network
model to include level-
of-service changes
Forecasts rely on
estimations of
changes In household
travel data
,, Factors Analyzed
Rideshare placement
rate (trial.
maintenance, and
ongoing)
Survey response
rate
Statistical sampling
error
Fee level as a
function of mileage.
make, model &
model year
Price elasticity
Interrelationships
between pricing
strategies
dri
dac
9/30/98
Page 35
-------
Transportation
* Measure "•'
Emissions
Fees (cont.)
Employee
Commute
Subsidies
Methodology
Travel demand/
mode choice
model (cont.)
Travel demand/
mode choice
model
";; Advantages
of Methodology;
Somewhat
applicable to
multiple regions
Analyst can vary
input parameters
, •> , ,.,J:...-.,-f^i:!"
- ^Disadvantages!!
t^f Methodologx;!?
Requires region-
specific household
survey, land use,
sodoeconomlc, and
travel cost data
Requires complex
computer model
Potentially high cost
to use
Transportation Pricing
and Travel Behavior.*
Harvey. Greig W. In
Curbing Gridlock:
Peak-Period Fees to
Relieve Traffic
Congestion. Vol.2.
Transportation
Research Board
Special Report 242,
1994.
'Implementing Effective
Travel Demand
Management
Measures: Inventory of
Measures and
Synthesis of
Experience.* COMSIS
Corporation. USDOT,
September 1993.
DOT-T-94-02.
Overview paper
on the effects of
transportation
system pricing on
activity patterns
and travel
behavior; some
emissions results
Summarizes
broad range of
TDM measures,
provides example
case study
analyses of each.
and uses
computer model
to benchmark (tie
effectiveness of
each TDM
Paper presents modeling
results from the San
Francisco Bay Area
Pricing Study using the
STEP model
Quantifies VMT. trips.
fuel usage. ROQ, CO,
NOx,andCO2
Shows quantified travel
and emissions modeling
results that correspond to
specific, dearly defined
pricing proposals
Excellent overview of the
range of TOMs possible;
provides description,
nature of effectiveness.
application setting,
effectiveness potential.
and cost
Uses actual case studies
to inform trie use of a
computer model for
forecasting TDM
effectiveness
Provides a road-map to
Implementing TDMs
j;:p;Dlsadvantagefpy:
Use of model
developed for San
Francisco Bay Area
may limit usefulness of
results to other regions
Study acknowledges
that the STEP model
does not accurately
account for regional
growth or employment
allocation, and treats
time of day In a
simplified way
Use of the model
requires local input
parameters to forecast
local effectiveness
Model does not
incorporate an
emissions calculation
module
Most analysis is at the
employer-level rather
than the area-level
fe$;'!;.,^-k :"$-•• '
i^actorfAnatyVed ,
VMT
Vehicle trips
Fuel usage
Emissions (ROQ,
CO, NOx, CO2)
Subsidy level
Average vehicle
ridership
drt
dac
-------
Transportation
Measure '
Employee
Commute
Subsidies
(cent.)
Methodology '
Travel demand/
mode choice
model (cent)
Advantages
of Methodology
- • Disadvantages 1
ofMcthpdology'l
• HS«S«is|§MSgSEH|pi?I
'immmm>m^m»
"A Survey and Analysis
of Employee
Responses to
Employer-Sponsored
Trip Reduction
Incentive Programs.*
Schreffler, Eric N.. and
Mortero, Jose.
COMSIS Corp.
California Air
Resources Board,
February 1994.
Contract No. A983-187.
•Selection and
Evaluation of Travel
Demand Management
Measures.* Taylor,
Christopher J.. at al.
TRB 971 114. January
1997.
IllDeserlpJoigft
Describes results
of new survey
data regarding
employee travel
behavior; uses
mode choice and
travel demand
model to predict
Impacts of certain
employer-based
transportation
measures
Uses Travel
Demand
Evaluation Model
developed by
COMSIS to
evaluate the
impact of
transportation
measures on
mode choice and
VT for the
Syracuse. NY
metropolitan area
f||<^toge«$<«ii0^|
Clearly explains the
process that was used:
survey data acquisition.
mode choice
computation, and TCM
effectiveness model use
Data requirements are
more readily available
than other models
User-friendly model is
available for outside use;
users guide Is also
available
Survey links Incentives
directly to Impacts on
travel behavior
Model Includes an
awareness sub-model
that simulates how many
people know about the -
possible TCMs available
to them
Uses joumey-to-work
census data to develop
estimates of zone-to-
zone travel
Evaluates both area-wide
programs and employer-
based programs
Assesses revenue
generation potential and
transit subsidies
'Disadvantages ,~
& &0T Study rtyr
Does not accurately
address trip-chaining
and VMT reductions
(only trips)
Household conditions
are not extensively
accounted for
Cost-effectiveness
was not calculated
Employer-level
analyses only, with
focus upon Incentive
TCMs
Sufficiently detailed
joumey-to-work
census data may not
be available for all
cities: Syracuse has
this data available due
to a pilot program
Requires assuming
some estimates of
effectiveness
Does not quantify
emissions reductions
I Factors Analyzed
Guaranteed ride
home
Company vanpools
Preferential parking
Parking fees for
ridesharers
Carpool subsidies &
transportation
allowances
Transit fare levels
and travel time
HOV lane time
savings
Parking costs
Employer transit
encouragement level
dac
dac
9/30/98
Page 37
-------
Transportation
MBBSure a
Employes
Commute
Subsidies
(cent.)
Methodology
Travel demand/
mode choice
model (cent)
li^ntiigerli
f;ol;HleWiodolbgy|
Dlsadvantagfls.;
ofMethodoloflyV
• V" -Sosi: 'Sjj • iui «i-- -T " is* ; iJi««#! »i )»i ™ ?;»( S'™
'
Transportation Control
Measures for trie San
Francisco Bay Area:
Analysis of
Effectiveness end
Costs.* Harvey. Q.,
.and E. Deakln. For
Bay Area Air Quality
Management District,
October 1991.
Describes use
and results of a
travel demand
model to model
VT.VMT.and
emission
reductions of
various
transportation
measures In the
San Francisco
Bay Area
WttzedMdh-quaUtf
household travel survey
data and advanced
modeling capabilities
Emissions calculations
uses standardized
methods, but takes into
account more subtle
effects of emissions
generation
Provides succinct, dear
data on results of study,
Including cost-
effectiveness estimates
•ftWiil^i&gMpi|'
Does not provide
detail on model
operation
f-f&tt:;^ **^..:^]l- \ i • •
M«||pMafW^,-\«
il^torjyAiih(»<|
Many; not specified
dae
-------
Transportation
Measure
Employee
Commute
Subsidies
(cont.)
Methodology
Statistical
analysis of the
impacts of land
use
characteristics
and TDM
strategies on
mode choice
Advantages ,
of Methodology
Use of Principle
Components
Analysis
generated
composite
variables (groups
of land use
characteristics
with similar
Impacts)
Standard analysis
of variance using
principle
components
allowed
examination of the
effects of land use
and TDM
Incentive
strategies on
mode choice
Individually and in
combination.
Results
transferable to
other urban areas
in terms of relative
ranking of
importance of the
land use and TDM
factors analyzed.
-- Disadvantages .
61 Methodologyl
Precise causality
and individual
impacts of factors
such as transit
availability or urban
density on mode
choice cannot be
measured due to
limitations of the
database
Potential for need to
conduct extensive
field research to
determine land use
characteristics at
each sample work
site.
Cannot be used to
determine land use
and urban design
characteristics'
Impact on a specific
mode choice
^ii^iffiWi^pMp^
The Effects of Land
Use and Travel
Demand Management
Strategies on
Commuting Behavior:
Final Report*
Prepared by Cambridge
Systematic*, Inc. and
Deakin, Harvey.
Skabardonls, Inc. for
the U.S. Department of
Transportation,
November 1994.
^AsljKGfeyjSiiJVi,,:!*.*'
Develops an
Integrated
database of land
use
characteristics
and travel
demand
management
(TDM) strategies
(for a sample of
employment
locations) to
determine the
combined Impacts
of TDM programs,
land use, and
urban design on
employee travel
behavior.
Adv«ntege« of Study [ri
Quantified interactive
effect of financial
incentives and one or
more land use site
characteristics.
Added land use and site
information from field
observation to the
•Regulation XV dataset
of the South Coast Air
Quality Management
District (which Included
aggregate employee
travel characteristics and
employer Incentive
programs)
? Disadvantages vl
Study conducted In
Los Angeles County,
and thus may be less
applicable In more
dense urban areas
with factors such as
higher average density
and transit service.
Did not address
residential trip end of
commute, midday
travel, or trip chaining
as factors which
influence mode choice
To simplify a
complicated data
collection process.
somewhat arbitrary
Indicators were used
for assessment of a
site's urban design
and land use
characteristics.
j$'iV&r-"'"'..- '•
1 Factors Analyzed
Land use and urban
design of worksite
TDM Incentive
strategies
'•<•
dkp
9/30/98
Page 39
-------
Transportation
Measure
Employee
Commute
Subsidies
(cont.)
Methodology''
Empirical
analysis of the
impacts of
personal
preference and
workplace
conditions on
mode choice
Parking supply
and demand
modal
„ Advantage*
of ^ethodology':
Somewhat
applicable to
multiple regions
(but likely to be
influenced heavily
by local factors of
the study area)
Can be replicated
(at moderate to
high cost)
Does not require
extensive
computer model
Uses actual
survey data
Somewhat
applicable to
multiple regions
Analyst can vary
Input parameters
Disadvantages^'
fofMeOiodologyf
Requires large data
collection process to
generate statistically
significant results
Personal preference
and workplace
conditions difficult to
impact through
public policy
Requires computer
model
Potentially high cost
to use
•
jiteT- * W£ S> ¥%!'
«WTleBM^Pk
•3*383* r Vf "PfWWsSW1
The Influence of
Employer RWesharing
Programs on Employee
Mode Choice.*
Ferguson, Erik.
Transportation, voM7,
1990.
'Air Quality Offsets for
Parking.* Loudon.
William, eta). In
Transportation
Research Record 1232.
1992.
t*i%^^£"%£
. DwcflptlonK
Butt p*- -k*.^*"}^ rt?7>5pt 5
Analyzes
aggregate-level
data compiled by
a large Southern
California regional
ridesharing
agency; assesses
Impact of
employer
characteristics on
employee mode
spilt
Develops and
uses parking
supply, model for .
J_umfc%tuM
uuvviiiumi
Portland to
estimate CO
emissions
^M% UV r^l
^<%tagesof8tudyf
Analyzes a large data set
comprising almost 10%
of Los Angeles area
workforce
Utilizing existing agency
database Is a cost-
effective approach
Less accurate than
disaggregated (employee
by employee) data
Includes cost-
effectiveness estimations
Uses observed price and
travel time sensitivities
Uses proven models of
travel behavior
Incorporates Integrated
CO emissions model
Disadvantages "
fr^of,«tjidyi't^f
Some findings may
have been
contradicted by more
recent studies (e.g..
study finds that large
corporations have
better success with
rideshare programs)
Aging data source:
1985 survey data
Los Angeles area
factors may be
uncharacteristic of
other regions, so
results may not be
applicable elsewhere
Employer-derived data
was acquired using
different methods
No estimates of
emissions impacts
Requires parking
database: number of
spaces, location, type,
use patterns
Requires travel
database: time of
arrival, travel & work
mode split
«,
factors Analyzed
Level of employer
effort to encourage
ridesharing
Size of firm
Price level
dao
dac
-------
Transportation
Measure
Employee
Commute
Subsidies
(cont.)
.: - --. •" .-
Methodology
Empirical
analysis of
transportation
measure
implementation
programs
'-;_ Advantages
of Methodology
Somewhat
applicable to
multiple regions
Can be replicated
(at moderate cost)
Does not require
extensive
computer model
Disadvantages
of Methodology,
Requires large data
collection process to
generate statistically
significant results
-,,.*. 4H .«,->, I, *\
^llReoortiMl-
•An Employer Panel for
Evaluating the
Effectiveness of Trip
Reduction Incentives.*
GluDano, Genevleve,
and Wachs, Martin. In
Panels for
Transportation Planning
and Applications, ed.
T.F. Gotob.etal. 1997.
•Employee Trip
Reduction Without
Government Mandates:
Cost and Effectiveness
Estimates From
Chicago.' Pagano,
Anthony and JoAnn
Verdin. University of
Illinois at Chicago.
Transportation
Research Board Paper
971281.1997.
.
* s* •"•** ^
f Description j
Discusses results
collected on
Southern
California
employment sites
subject to
SCAQMO
Regulation XV.
and assesses the
relative
effectiveness of
trip reduction
strategies
Evaluated the
cost and
effectiveness of
employee trip
reduction
programs through
the use of an
Independent
evaluation of
demonstration
projects
implemented in
the Chicago area
r -"" „ £? ' "** «
* * , if, .
i Advantages of Study
Utilizes the largest trip
reduction measure
database available In the
world
Panel method allows for
assessing before-and-
after-TCM conditions
Estimates planning.
maintenance, and
voluntary Implementation,
and incentive costs for
trip reduction programs
Intensive data collection,
especially for cost
estimates, including
before and after surveys
and interviews of
program administrators
participating In the
demonstration projects
Addresses statistical
relationships of
organization type to costs
and outcomes, of costs
to strategies and
incentives, of outcomes
to strategies and
incentives, and of cost to
outcomes
Addresses differences in
outcome by
organizational type
(factory vs. office)
Disadvantages £
^Sof Study, f%\
Database does not
provide exceptional
detail: report does not
contain details of the
level of Incentive
support provided to
employees
Only generalized
effectiveness results
are shown
TCMs were not always
implemented at the
time of the survey
Made generalized
assumption of staff
costs needed to
implement trip
reduction programs
Intensive data
collection requires
demonstration project
and surveys, or
application of Chicago
area data
Results have limited
application to other
regions, as local
Chicago variables
such as availability of
transit alternatives
may have influenced
model results
>
Factors Analyzed
Not described
Trip reduction
program
implementation
process utilized
Obstacles and
success factors
Program costs end
effectiveness
dac
dkp
9/30/98
Page 41
-------
Transportation
Measure
Employee
Commute
Subsidies
[cont.)
»*"*••••/
Methodology^
Empirical
analysis of
transportation
measure
demonstration
projects
Sketch
planning
.
v Advantages ^
iWMe^o|o£y|
Requires little or
no new data
acquisition
Relatively low cost
Shows actual
potential of
transportation
measures
Simple tools can
generate plannlng-
level estimates of
transportation
measure
effectiveness at
low cost
Generalized tools
can be somewhat
applicable to
multiple regions
Analyst can vary
Input parameters
il Dlsadvantagea i
%sai6&sG8S$$&.
Case study results
do not necessarily
apply to other
regions
Sketch planning
results are usually
not the most
accurate, depending
on the input
parameters
•Evaluation of Travel
Demand Management
Measures to Relieve
Congestion.'
Kuzmyak, J.R., and
E.N. Schreffler.
Prepared by COMSIS
Corp. for FHWA.
FHWA/SA-9Q/005;
DOT-T-90-14.
February 1990.
•Evaluating the
Effectiveness of
Transportation Control
Measures for San Luis
Oblspo County,
California' Morrow.
David D., San Luis
Obtepo Air Pollution
Control District, 1992.
Performs case
studies of the
effectiveness of
11 transportation
demand
management
programs
Develops ssid
uses a calculation
methodology for
estimating the trip
reduction and air
quality benefits of
employer trip
reduction
requirements In
San Luis Oblspo
County
l!Jl?(ijia>'*ii!r=l^:*!"i ''--V'" Si-3" 5:*«:?jf UJ:!.-f: '-.-'&:.
Shows potential for
reduction In commute-
based trips due to
Implementation of
transportation measures
Provides high level of
detail about the specific
programs Implemented
Methodologies are
developed specifically for
the employer trip
reduction program
Explains calculation
process In detail
h -;** j- -. ^.i;;.-:: - -• ;^^.,;
stsf Dl»advtntepM'y-^':
Generally does not
evaluate specific
transportation
measure Individually;
programs of multiple
transportation
measures are
evaluated for
effectiveness
Does not quantify
emission reductions
Trip reductions based
upon vehicle
occupancy
assumptions for each
mode choice (carpool,
vanpool, transit)
Requires extensive,
region-specific
Information to
accurately estimate
benefits and
effectiveness of the
program
Assumes a level of
program participation
(as required by the
measure)
f Factors Analyzed
Not applicable In
context of specific
transportation
measures
Many; not specified
dac
dac
-------
Transportation
Measure .
Employee
Commute
Subsidies
(cont.)
\ ™r* ""/
Methodology'1
Employer TDM
cost-
effectiveness
model
;: Advantages' ".'
of Methodology
Estimates
reduction in end
costs of dally trips
and peak period
trips
Aids employer
determination of
cost-effectiveness
of TDM measures
for their particular
worksite
• , Disadvantages •
: of Methodology!
Results may very
widely from one
employer to the next
Many Inputs may be
difficult for
employers or
planners to quantify
Transportation
Demand Management
Cost-Effectiveness
Model for Suburban
Employers.* Dagang,
Deborah A. JHK &
Associates. In
Transportation
Research Record 1404.
SfKirfwti^i 'TsiA
Reports on the
development of a
model to
Individually
evaluate the cost-
effectiveness of
15 different
employer-based
TDM measures In
suburban settings
:^:!A;dwntagM:of:stuclyl=;
Focus on suburban
employers reflects
different travel-related
characteristics of
suburban and urban
areas
Spreadsheet-based
model is user-friendly
and readily accessible for
use at the site-specific
level; model makes
sensitivity analysis
relatively simple
Eight transportation
environments were
defined to represent
various combinations of
transportation service
characteristics
For employers without
access to entire range of
data necessary to
operate model, default
values are included
'*»•£ Disadvantages •• :
Most employers
surveyed to develop
model were unable to
provide detailed cost
information on the
TDM measures they
had Implemented
Does not calculate
emissions directly
Potential for regional
bias, as model was
developed In part
based on a survey of
suburban San
Francisco Bay Area
employers; model also
used the SCAQMD
Regulation XV and
Plrna Association of
Governments Travel
Reduction Program
employer plan
databases
Only some TDMs
included In model
provide for estimates
of VT reductions
Use of default values
could diminishes
accuracy of estimates
for some users
l
; Factors Analyzed
Suburban employer-
based TDM
measures
Daily trips end peak
period trips
Costs and cost-
effectiveness
dkp
.
•;
9/30/98
Page 43
-------
Transportation
.Measure
Employee
Commute
Subsidies
[cont.)
Methodology
Process
analysis of
transportation
measure
planning and
Implementation
Comparison
and analysis of
other studies
Advantages
of Methodology
Explains lessons
learned during the
alarming and
Implementation of
an actual
transportation
measure, such as
reactions to
expect from the
public and funding
sources
Provides pros and
cons of planning
and
Implementation
methods
Relatively
Inexpensive and
simple to conduct,
because it
requires no
primary research
Provides an
introduction to the
range of results
produced by
different studies.
which could be
used if other
directly applicable
research Is not
available
Identifies
advantages and
disadvantages of
several
methodologies
Disadvantages "
of Methodology t
Does not necessarily
help quantify VT,
VMT, or emissions
reductions from the
transportation
measure
Implementation
Cost can vary greatly
Results are not
directly applicable to
other regions (they
do not Incorporate
characteristics of
other regions)
Unlikely to provide
precise estimates
f*& j> >jj f ^ ;* _ 'j
"JS&iUff?*1*1^-
Transpoftation Control
Measures Analyzed for
the Washington
Region's 15 Percent
Rate of Progress Plan.*
FHWA/Metropolitan
Washington Council of
Governments, February
1995.
"An Assessment of
Transportation Control
Measures,
Transportation
Technologies, and
Pricing/Regulatory
Policies.' EurittMark
A., etal. University of
Texas, Austin, Center
for Transportation
Research/Tellus
Institute. CTRSEDC-
1, June 1995.
- ^ #
^pMcripflonlt*
Provide*
comprehensive
evaluation of the
selection and
quantification
process
performed by the
MWCOGfor
assessing various
transportation
measures
Assesses several
studies that
analyze a host of
transportation
measures,
technology
options, and
policies for total
effectiveness and
costs/benefits
f. ,
Advantage* of Study >
Addresses the strengths
and weaknesses of the
bottom-up, multiple
committee planning
process used by the
COO
Provides extensive, dear
detail (and strengths end
weaknesses) of both the
evaluation tools used and
each specific
transportation measure
evaluation method
Estimates VT. VMT, and
emission reductions and
cost-effectiveness
Provides a solid overview
of the range (and effects)
of TCM options, as well
as technology and policy
options
Focuses upon energy
efficiency impacts In
addition to emissions and
VMT
Disadvantage*
s;1fa[0f Study t
Requires an extensive
study of already
performed process
Report does not
contain a methodology
for evaluating new
TCM plans, but follow-
on report focuses
upon these strategies
Estimates may be too
rough to apply to other
programs in other
regions
r1
Factor* Analyzed
None (factors
analyzed are
applicable to each
transportation
measure analyzed
during the process)
Impacts: vehlde
trips, vehicle miles
traveled, and
emissions
Costs
dac
dac
-------
Transportation
Measure v
Employee
Commute
Subsidies
(cont.)
Methodology
Comparison
and analysis of
other studies
(cont.)
; Advantages i'J
of Methodology:;:
Disadvantages, •
« of Methodology ?$
'
,-~ .'#.••' fl>^s
r"J4>Repo|fl%f
•Assessment of Travel
Demand Management
Approaches at
Suburban Activity
Centers.* Bhatt, Kiran.
and Higglns, Thomas.
K.T. Analystics. U.S.
DOT. July 1989.
'Managing
Transportation
Demand: Markets
Versus Mandates.*
Gluliano, Genevieve,
and Martin Wachs.
Reason Foundation.
Policy Insight No. 142.
September 1992.
The Equity and Cost
Effectiveness of
Employee Commute
Options Programs.*
Farkas, Z. Andrew.
Morgan State
University. TRB
960078. January 1996.
«. 1 / $ t
,E Description r.
Surveys research
studies and
Interviews TCM
program
coordinators to
provide an
overview of the
range of
effectiveness of
employer-based
TCM programs
Compares
congestion pricing
with Regulation
XV for the
Southern
California area;
describes pros
and cons of each
measure and
discusses
Implications
Analyzes the
results of surveys
and transportation
measure
modeling studies
performed for the
Baltimore and
Philadelphia
regions
} '
Advantages of Study :
Provides a large number
of case study examples
of both effective and
ineffective TCM
programs
Makes recommendations
to employers on how to
develop a TCM program
Provides a good checklist
of topics to address when
developing a TCM
program
Provides typology of
transportation measures
and Identifies
effectiveness and
common barriers to
implementation
Simple side-by-side
comparison of VMT
reduction and cost-
effectiveness for each
transportation measure
Makes policy
recommendations to
Improve each
transportation measure
Shows different methods
of using the same model:
Travel Demand
Evaluation Model
developed by COMSIS
Provides a discussion of
social equity
considerations based on
a survey of the two
regions
,: ^Disadvantages
'T-Jfeof Study; „>'-
Report does not
contain a methodology
for forecasting the
effectiveness of new
TCM plans
Only generalized
evaluation of TCM
effectiveness
Provides little detail
about logistics of
Implementing the
policy
rocommonuanons
Does not quantify
emission reductions
Philadelphia modeling
assumed average
vehicle ridership
targets were reached
and results are only
applicable relative to
each scenario
Baltimore modeling did
not estimate emissions
reductions
; ')
Factors Analyzed
Relative
effectiveness of
various
transportation
measure programs
Implementation
mechanisms
Direct vs. Indirect
implementation
Market-based vs.
performance-based
Implementation
Efficiency and equity
considerations
Rldeshare promotion
level
Parking charge level
Transit subsidy
levels
Work schedule
flexibility
dac
dac
dac
*
9/30/98
Page 45
-------
Transportation
• Measure: S
Episodic/
seasonal
controls
Methodology:;
Sample survey
analysis of
existing
program(s)
JJf
•fibf
Use-
pop
mat
ovai
epls
conl
Sanr
then
can
tast
stall
accu
Surv
done
dvahtaget ;:;
*Bift|doiptiy|
isample
latlonto
» estimates of
all Impact of
xfic/seaonal
rots
pie size (and
rfore cost)
>e varied
d on level of
tical
racy desired
jyscanba
periodically
to determine
changes In
program
etfec
time
iveness over
i: Disadvantages^
^jijijjjtijjjl
Surveys can entail
significant costs
Daily travel patterns
are Influenced by so
many things that
Isolating the Impact
of episodic programs
can be difficult to
address with
accuracy through
statistical sampling
If surveys are
performed differently
In different regions,
direct comparisons
of results may not be
valid
•Sacramento Regional
Spare the Air 1996: A
Report on Two Public
Opinion Surveys."
Lamare, Jude. The
Cleaner Air
Partnership. 1997.
Summarizes
findings regarding
public
participation In
Sacramento's
Spare the Air
program, based
on telephone
Interviews
Generates estimates of
awareness of program
and participation In
program (In terms of trips
reduced)
By Identifying reasons for
program participation,
and how participants
shifted trips, study results
can be used to Improve
episodic program design
ASbliidvantiage^Bf
Telephone survey
responses may be
biased for several
reasons
Uses only brief
telephone Interviews
Survey repondents
may not be statistically
representative of
regional population
Only uses survey data
from one smog
episode ma given
year, with no control
group
Unable to assess with
confidence the
relationship between
program
characteristics and
program effectiveness
$••"••.• •; ~ -j
Factors Analyzed
Awareness of
episodic program
Participation in
episodic program
drl
-------
Transportation
Measure ;':
Feebate
Fuel Tax
Increases
' '' •"•!,.' "1-\ ?.''.
Methodology;;
Comparison
and analysis of
other studies
Travel demand/
mode choice
model
;> Advantages
of Methodology
Relatively
inexpensive and
simple to conduct,
because It
requires no
primary research
Provides an
introduction to the
range of results
produced by
different studies,
which could be
used if other
directly applicable
research is not
available
Identifies
advantages and
disadvantages of
several
methodologies
Somewhat
applicable to
multiple regions
Analyst can vary
input parameters
• • Disadvantages ;;
;4b|tMetho1*olog>ffE?
Results are not
directly applicable to
other regions (they
do not Incorporate
characteristics of
other regions)
Unlikely to provide
precise estimates
Requires region-
specific household
survey, land use,
socioeconomic, and
travel cost data
Requires complex
computer model
Potentially high cost
to use
*An Assessment of
Transportation Control
Measures,
Transportation
Technologies, and
Pricing/Regulatory
Policies.' Euritt.Mark
A., etal. University of
Texas, Austin. Center
for Transportation
ResearctvTellus
Institute. CTRSEDC-
1, June 1995.
Transportation Pricing
Strategies for
California: An
Assessment of
Congestion, Emissions,
Energy and Equity
Impacts.* California Air
Resources Board, June
1995. Report No. 92-
316.
Assesses several
studies that
analyze a host of
transportation
measures.
technology
options, and
policies for total
effectiveness and
costs/benefits
Develops and
uses a
comprehensive
travel demand
model to estimate
the impacts of
multiple
transportation
measures
^Advantages of Study
Provides a solid overview
of the range (and effects)
of TCM options, as well
as technology and policy
options
Focuses upon energy
efficiency Impacts in
addition to emissions and
VMT
Establishes base case by
comparing to actual
travel data
Explores interrelations
between pricing
strategies
*e Disadvantages
' ^ofswdy -•*,*-
Report does not
contain a methodology
for evaluating new
TCM plans, but follow-
on report focuses
upon these strategies
Estimates may be too
rough to apply to other
programs in other
regions
Does not contain a
highway-network
model to include level-
of-service changes
Forecasts rely on
estimations of
changes in household
travel data
. > .
Factors Analyzed
Impacts: vehicle
trips, vehicle miles
traveled, and
emissions
Costs
Tax level
Price elasticity
Interrelationships
between pricing
strategies
dac
dac
9/30/98
Page 47
-------
Transportation
' <' Measure:!?'
Fuel Tax
Increases
(cont.)
^»w ••«^
T'V * i
Methodology
Travel demand/
mode choice
model (cont.)
Advantages
of Methodology
^OlsadvantogesJ
of Mathodology y
j>T"?f r
j|Pf al^eport ?§f ;f|i
The Effectiveness of
Transportation Control
Measures In Reducing
Congestion and
Improving Air Quality.*
Loudon, William R., et
al. JHK& Associates.
Air & Waste
Management
Association Annual
Meeting & Exhibition
1993. AWMA93-RP-
149.05.
Transportation Pricing
and Travel Behavior.'
Harvey, QrelgW. In
Curbing Gridlock:
Peak-Period Fees to
Relieve Traffic
Congestion. Vol. 2.
Transportation
Research Board
Special Report 242,
1994.
'j^tr/« *
'M?*SfIP!onj^
Describes a
developed
transportation
demand model
that Integrates
emissions
calculations)
provides example
calculations from
the model
Overview paper
on the effects of
transportation
system pricing on
activity patterns
and travel
behavior, some
emissions results
J- ! -* *-
; Advantages of^Study, *
Model has a user manual
that leads the analyst
step-by-step through the
input of data for region
specific analyses
Contains extensive cost-
effectiveness module
Can be used at either
regional or a smaller area
or location
Includes exhaust and
evaporative emissions
Paper presents modeling
results from the San
Francisco Bay Area
Pricing Study using the
STEP model
Quantifies VMT. trips,
fuel usage, ROQ. CO.
NOx.andCO2
Shows quantified travel
and emissions modeling
results that correspond to
specific, clearly defined
pricing proposals
^ptsadvantaget -
*i3'dS£#l«tudy,- i
Use of the model
requires local Input
parameters to forecast
local effectiveness;
default values may not
be sufficient
Use of model
developed for San
Francisco Bay Area
may limit usefulness of
results to other regions
Study acknowledges
that the STEP model
does not accurately
account for regional
growth or employment
allocation, and treats
time of day in a
simplified way
f • - •
Factors Analyzed
Tax level
VMT
Vehicle trips
Fuel usage
Emissions (ROQ,
CO.NOx.C02)
dac
drt
-------
c»
Transportation
Measure
Fuel Tax
Increases
(cont.)
General
. ' '•• "'••<•. F :""-.'
Methodology
Comparison
and analysis of
other studies
Travel demand/
mode choice
model
Advantages
of Methodology
Relatively
Inexpensive and
simple to conduct,
because It
requires no
primary research
Provides an
Introduction to the
range of results
produced by
different studies.
which could be
used If other
directly applicable
research Is not
available
Identifies
advantages and
disadvantages of
several
methodologies
Somewhat
applicable to
multiple regions
Analyst can vary
Input parameters
/Disadvantages -
of Methodology
Results are not
directly applicable to
other regions (they
do not Incorporate
characteristics of
other regions)
Unlikely to provide
precise estimates
Requires region-
specific household
survey, land use,
sodoeconomic. and
travel cost data
Requires
complicated
computer model
Potentially high cost •
to use
JS,
Report -^
•An Assessment of
Transportation Control
Measures,
Transportation
Technologies, and
Pricing/Regulatory
Policies.1 Euritt.Martc
A..etal. University of
Texas, Austin, Center
for Transportation
Research/Tellus
institute. CTRSEDC-
1, June 1995.
"Transportation Pricing
and Travel Behavior."
Harvey, Greig W. In
Cutting Gridlock:
Peak-Period Foes to
Relieve Traffic
Congestion. Vol.2.
Transportation
Research Board
Special Report 242.
1994.
Travel Markets: An
Approach to TCM
Effectiveness •
Evaluation.'
Torluemke, Donald A.
Ekistic Mobility
Consultants, 1992.
-" n- <"
;; Description
Assesses several
studies that
analyze a host of
transportation
measures',
technology
options, and
policies for total
effectiveness and
costs/benefits
Overview paper
on the effects of
transportation
system pricing on
activity patterns
and travel
behavior; some
emissions results
Describes a TDM
evaluation
methodology and
model (GRACIE)
that utilizes
travel market*
characteristics
rather than origin-
destination data
to classify trips
»i
} Advantages of Study1
Provides a soOd overview
of the range (and effects)
of TCM options, as well
as technology and policy
options
Focuses upon energy
efficiency Impacts in
addition to emissions and
VMT
Paper reviews empirical
results and anecdotal
from several
transportation pricing
projects and studies
Review of existing results
focuses on aggregate
demand elasticity
Travel market
segmentation provides
useful groupings with
similar consumer
attributes that can be
affected homogeneously
byTDMs
Travel markets are more
easily understood
Disadvantages
'- 1 of Study
Report does not
contain a methodology
for evaluating new
TCM plans, but follow-
on report focuses
upon these strategies
Estimates may be too
rough to apply to other
programs in other
regions
'
Wide variability of
results reviewed limits
their usefulness
Travel market data is
lacking; requires
converting origin-
destination data to
travel market data
Does not show results
of using the model
)
Factors Analyzed
Impacts: vehicle
trips, vehicle miles
traveled, and
emissions
Costs
Aggregate demand
elasticity
Travel market
characteristics
dac
drl
dac
9/30/98
Page 49
-------
Transportation
Measufo '
General
(cent.)
High-
Occupancy
Vehicle
Facilities
s\; -
' Methodology;
Modal
emissions
model
Integrated
travel demand,
mode choice,
traffic
simulation, and
emissions
model
b, Advantages
of Methodology1
A modal
emissions model.
which estimates
emissions as a
function of vehicle
operating modes
rather than
average vehicle
speeds, would
greatly Improve
the evaluation of
transportation
measures that
affect the modal
operation of
vehicles
if developed, an
integrated model
to simulate
demand, mode
choice, traffic
simulation, and
emissions could
avoid some of the
shortcomings
inherent In
applying travel
and emissions
models
sequentially
„• Disadvantages-,';
. rof Methodology. 4?
An emissions model,
unless Integrated
with a travel model,
does not calculate
travel activity
Impacts of
transportation
measures
Modal emissions
models are still In the
development stage
Integrated model has
not yet been
developed and would
be costly to develop
£Gi^^St£li^
^^^iWw^^p*
•Overview of the
Georgia Tech GIS-
Based Modal
Emissions Model.'
Guerwler, Randall, et
al. Georgia Tech
Research Partnership.
AprB1997.
'Framework for
Evaluating
Transportation Control
Measures: Mobility, Air
Quality, and Energy
Tradeoffs.' Eurltt, Mark
A., eta). University of
Texas, Austin, Center
for Transportation
Research, Jul 94,
SWUTC-84-60034-1
'
&&!8$&E&
** * "TT$ ^TjS-v1 "
Describes
Georgia Tech's
development of a
motor vehicle
emissions modal
within a
geographic
Information
system (GIS)
framework
Proposes that an
integrated model
should be
developed, but
the performed
analysis uses
current models
sequentially
4&<£ ' t j- •} v
1 «*?* *~•* f -t * ed analysis
not transferable to
other situations
i
, Factors Analyzed
Reel composition
Vehicle activity
Emission rates
Vehicle operating
cost levels
Vehicle occupancy
rates
drl
-------
Transportation
Measure
High-
Occupancy
Vehicle
Facilities
(cont \
\w«it.j
; ;
Methodology
Integrated
planning/
simulation
model
Travel demand/
mode choice
model
Advantages
of Methodology
Combines the
strengths of
regional
transportation
planning models
and traffic
simulation models
Somewhat
applicable to
multiple regions
Analyst can vary
Input parameters
Somewhat
applicable to
multiple regions
Analyst can vary
input parameters
". Disadvantages "
- of Methodology f
Requires very
detailed Input data
Requires complex
computer model
Potentially high cost
louse
Requires region-
specific household
survey, land use,
socloecortomic, and
travel cost data
Requires complex
computer model
Potentially high cost
to use
•* rl * •*- -* ^ w
,
-------
Transportation
. Measure ":'
Hlgh-
)ccupancy
/ahicla
' *0lllvlv
Jk— «.* \
cont.)
i
,fc^h_— —^^^^^ i^—^^.
Methodology i
Travel demand/
mode choice
model (cont)
Vehicle
queuing model
Advantages '
of Methodology
Calculates
aggregate vehicle
delay (not just
Individual vehicle
travel time)
Applicable to any
highway
Analyst can vary
input parameters
Relatively low cost
to use
'' Disadvantages :-,<
> of Mothodologjpl
Requires computer
model
Theoretical rather
than empirical
Requires many
simplifying
assumptions
KC-V'/J-U: -J--;^^!- £rv*,I' js'S-''
i^ljeporticfe
The Effects of New
High-Occupancy
Vehicle Lanes on
Travel and Emissions.*
Johnston, Robert A.,
and Raju Ceerfa In
Transportation
Research A. vol. 30 no.
1. pp. 35-50. 1996.
•
.
•Selection and
Evaluation of Travel
Demand Management
Measures.* Taylor.
Christopher J.,etal.
TRB 971 114, January
1997.
•An Analysis of the
Effectiveness of High
Occupancy Vehicle
Lanes.* Dahlgren, J.
W. Institute of
Transportation Studies,
UC Berkeley. 1994.
UCB-ITS-DS-94-2.
^'vl-^-fe
^DMCflpffoifK'
Reviews past
modeling efforts
and travel
demand
simulations of
HOV lanes,
including
Interactions
between HOV
lanes, pricing
measures, transit
expansion, and
transit-oriented
development
Uses Travel
Demand
Evaluation Model
developed by
COMSISto
evaluate the
Impact of
transportation
measures on
mode choice and
VT for the
Syracuse, NY
metropolitan area
Develops and
uses extensive
freeway queuing
model that
simulates the
addition of HOV
or general
purpose lanes
[VJ -.'•'' ,. •-, - -.v
V Advantages of Study
Incorporates feedback
procedure to account for
potential Induced travel
demand resulting from
new HOV lanes
Compares HOV lanes
with other transportation
strategies, Including
pricing, transit
improvements, and
transit-oriented
development
Uses available
EMFAC7E emission
rates to calculate TOG,
NOx.andCO
Uses Joumey-to-work
census data to develop
estimates of zone-to-
zone travel
Evaluates both area-wide
programs and employer-
based programs
Assesses revenue
generation potential and
transit subsidies
Uses range of travel
mode (HOV or LOV)
sensitivities
Addresses impact on
route choice, travel time,
induced trips & growth
Incorporates integrated
emissions model
Requires limited data
' Disadvantages
• v,.;^of Study; "•-,;
Results are geared
toward specific
Sacramento policy
proposals, and are not
directly transferable to
other areas
EMFAC7E factors are
California-specific
Sufficiently detailed
Joumey-to-work
census data may not
be available for all
cities: Syracuse has
this data available due
to a pilot program
Requires assuming
some estimates of
effectiveness
Does not quantify
emissions reductions
Assumes bottleneck
creates delay (not
maximum flow
capacity)
i-
" Factors Analyzed
Travel
characteristics:
VMT. total v ehfde
hours, vehicle hours
of delay, transit trips,
HOV trips
Emissions: TOG,
CO. NOx
Transit fare levels
and travel time
HOV lane time
savings
Parking costs
Employer transit
encouragement level
Percentage of HOV
drivers
Initial vehicle delay
Number of lanes
Travel time
elasticities
drl
dac
dac
-------
Transportation
Measure
High-
Occupancy
Vehicle
Facilities
(conU
I Wilt./
Methodojogy
Freeway
throughput
model
Emission
dispersion
model (used for
freeways)
Empirical
analysis of
transportation
measure
implementation
programs
Advantages
of Methodology
May be applicable
to actual corridors.
given accurate
knowledge of key
assumptions
Low to moderate
cost
Readily available
models
Applicable to any
highway
Analyst can vary
Input parameters
Relatively low cost
to use
Somewhat
applicable to
multiple regions
Can be replicated
(at moderate cost)
Does not require
extensive
computer model
Disadvantages _
of Methodology ,
Assumptions are
required that may
heavily impact the
results
Requires computer
model
Requires many
simplifying
assumptions
Requires large data
collection process to
generate statistically
significant results
- ,. _ *•_*
_-s Report 'V-tH.
•Negative Impacts of
HOV Facilities on
Transit' Vuchlc.
Vukan R., et al.
University of
Pennsytvanla/Universit
y of Delaware. January
1995. TRB 950543.
'Air Quality Impacts of
HOV Facilities.'
Chatteijee. Aun. et al.
University of
Tennessee, January
1996. TRB 960425.
•Evaluating the Seattle
1-5 North HOV Lane 2+
Occupancy
Requirement
Demonstration.*
Tumbull, Katherine F.
etal. Texas
Transportation Institute.
January 1993.
,-*£ •*• >n».
• Description ";
Surveyed the
quantity and
quality of bus and
HOV lanes in
several cities;
modeled
differences in
Impacts between
bus-only and
HOV lanes
Uses an
emissions
dispersion model
to estimate CO
andNOx
concentrations
along a freeway
with HOV lanes
Summarizes the
Impact (on the
HOV lane and
general purpose
lanes) of a
demonstration
project which
lowered the
minimum vehicle
occupancy
requirement on
the 1-5 North HOV
lanes in Seattle
from 3 or more
persons per
vehicle to 2 or
more persons per
vehicle
"• ,
', Advantages of Study
Provides quantitative and
qualitative arguments for
bus-only lanes
Results are consistent
with actual demonstration
project findings, and
show potential to reduce
VMT
Establishes and upper
and lower bound on
emission concentration
Impacts due to HOV
lanes
Includes impacts of latent
demand
Provides overview of
general trends and
Impacts of a reduction In
HOV lane requirements
Information evaluated in
study was obtained
through special surveys
and from ongoing
monitoring efforts by
Washington State's
Department of
Transportation
Disadvantages ;
*' -of Study •:.: -j"
Amount and
composition of latent
demand for freeway
use is assumed
Shifts In passengers
from SOV to HOV
lanes are assumed
Does not model
emissions
Highly theoretical
study with idealized
conditions; does not
use actual data
Assumes mode choice
splits
Factors under study in
travel corridor may
have been influenced
and confounded by
additional variables
Changes In travel
characteristics as a
result of demonstration
project may not have
emerged immediately
after implementation.
and thus may not
show up in evaluation
Analysis limited by
availability of data.
especially for the
period Immediately
preceding the start of
the demonstration
Factors Analyzed
Addition of bus-only
or HOV lane
Conversion of bus-
only or HOV lane
Bus-only lanes vs.
multiple passenger
lanes
Impact of changing
HOV lane vehicle
occupancy
requirements
Traffic levels and
traffic conditions
during morning and
afternoon peak hours
and peak periods
dao
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9/30/98
Page 53
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Transportation
Measure
High-
Occupancy
Vehicle
Facilities
fcont )
^Wwlll*^
Methodology
Case study
analysis
Advantages
of Methodology
Analyzing case
studies Is
relatively easy and
Inexpensive
Different case
studies can be
compared to
determine factors
Influencing the
effectiveness of
an HOV strategy
. , Disadvantages -
of Methodology
Case-study analysis
frequently does not
provide rigorous
quantitative results
Effectiveness of
case studies may be
due to local factors
specific to that case
"U'";"K Report "Vrv
•High-Occupancy
Vehicle Project Case
Studies: Historical
Trends and Project
Experiences.' Tumbull,
Katherine. Texas
Transportation Institute.
Prepared for Federal
Transit Administration.
August 1982.
'" Description j •
Presents the
examination of
historical trends
and currant
experiences with
HOV projects on
freeways or In
separate rtghts-of-
way in selected
case studies
nationwide; looks
specifically at air
quality and
emissions effects
in a Houston case
study
v
t ' i ,
\ Advantages of Study :
Selected case studies
evaluated represent a
mix of old and new
protects, HOV design
treatments, and
geographic coverage
Provides a summary of
the experience to date
with a variety of HOV
projects In North
America.
Utilizes existing data
from case studies, such
as mode choice surveys
of HOV facility users to
draw general conclusions
Identifies measures of
effectiveness for use In
evaluating each of the
factors analyzed, and
provides examples of
how the case studies
relate to the different
measures
Disadvantages
' " ;of Study f ::
Conclusions and
comparisons drawn
from relatively little
data In some cases
Effectiveness of HOV
faculties not calculated
In terms of emissions
but are generally given
In before-and-after
person and vehicle
volume comparisons
and percentages
relative to general
traffic lanes
Compares case
studies of ongoing
projects of differing
ages, and In different
locations (each with
unique factors such as
weather, transit
issues, and public
opinions); thus,
conclusions drawn
could include errors in
consistency or
comparability of data
Does not provide
\
Factors Analyzed
Person movement
capacity and per-
lane efficiency of the
freeway facility
Bus service
operating efficiencies
Travel time savings
and trip time
reliability
Air quality and
energy impacts
Impacts oh the
operation of the
freeway general-
purpose lanes
Safety
Public support
Cost-effectiveness
dkp
-------
Transportation
Measure
High-
Occupancy
Vehicle
Facilities
(cent.)
' V- ^ '•':,
Methodology
Case study
analysis (cont.)
"
Sketch
planning
/ Advantages
of Methodology
Simple tools can
generate planning-
level estimates of
transportation
measure
effectiveness at
low cost
Generalized tools
can be somewhat
applicable to
multiple regions
Analyst can vary
input parameters
- Disadvantages
of Methodology
Sketch planning
results are usually
not the most
accurate, depending
on the Input
parameters
JV r '
'V Report*^
•Assessment of High-
Occupancy Vehicle
Faculties in North
America: Executive
Report* Tumbull,
Katherine. Texas
Transportation Institute.
Prepared for Federal
Transit Administration.
August 1992.
TCM Analyst 1.0 and
User's Guide/
Crawford. Jason A., et
al. Texas
Transportation Institute.
For the Federal
Highway
Administration.
November 1994.
!,
^Description" s
Included in a
series of reports
prepared as part
of a three-year
assessment
Describes a
computerized
sketch planning
tool. TCM Analyst
1.0, including
Input data
requirements.
methods of use,
and an overview
of the model's
structure and
calculation
procedures
\f
'} Advantages of Study
Selected case studies
evaluated represent a
mix of old and new
projects. HOV design
treatments, and
geographic coverage
Provides a summary of
the experience to date
with a variety of HOV
projects in North
America.
Utilizes existing data
from case studies, such
as mode choice surveys
of HOV facility users to
draw general conclusions
Identifies measures of
effectiveness for use in
evaluating each of the
factors analyzed, and
provides examples of
how the case studies
relate to the different
measures
Provides a useful and
relatively easy Instruction
manual for using TCM
Analyst 1.0
Uses MOBILESa output
data (emission factors)
as Inputs to the model.
providing more accurate
emission benefit
calculations for each
TCM
Disadvantages i;:
J-of Studyji J-:fi
Conclusions and
comparisons drawn
from relatively little
data In some cases
Effectiveness of HOV
facilities not calculated
in terms of emissions
but are generally given
in before-and-after
person and vehicle
volume comparisons
and percentages
relative to general
traffic lanes
Compares case
studies of ongoing
projects of differing
ages, and In different
locations (each with
unique factors such as
weather, transit
issues, and public
opinions); thus,
conclusions drawn
could Include errors in
consistency or
comparability of data
Does not provide
emissions estimates
Program only models
limited TCMs and
cannot model multiple
TCM packages
Requires several runs
with MOBILESa to
obtain Input emission
factors
Modeling on regional
(rather than
mlcroscale) basis only
H.
i
Factors Analyzed
Person movement
capacity and per-
lane efficiency of the
freeway facility
Bus service
operating efficiencies
Travel time savings
and trip time
reliability
Air quality and
energy Impacts
Impacts on the
operation of the
freeway general-
purpose lanes
Safety
Public support
Cost-effectiveness
Not stated
dkp
dac
9/30/98
Page 55
-------
Transportation
!: Measure "<
High-
Occupancy
Vehicle
Facilities
'eont \
^wWI I»J
" ' ' ', *' * •' -"'
Methodology
Process
analysis of
transportation
measure
planning and
Implementation
,
Comparison
and analysis of
other studies
>• Advantages
of Methodology
Explains lessons
learned during the
planning and
Implementation of
an actual
transportation
measure, such as
reactions to
expect from the
public and funding
sources
Provides pros and
cons of planning
and
Implementation
methods
Relatively
inexpensive and
simple to conduct,
because It
requires no
primary research
Provides a review
of the results
produced by
different HOV
facilities In North
America, which
could be used if
other directly
applicable
research is not
available
Identifies
advantages and
disadvantages of
several
methodologies
'Dlsadyantages^
•^l^^fiftsfe.'
Does not necessarily
help quantify VT,
VMT, or emissions
reductions from the
transportation
measure
Implementation
Cost can vary greatly
Results are not
directly applicable to
other regions (local
Inputs may play a
significant role in
determining the
travel and emissions
Impacts of HOV
facilities)
Unlikely to provide
precise estimates
£|^ft4&4&£#*
Transportation Control
Measures Analyzed for
the Washington
Region's 15 Percent
Rate of Progress Plan.'
FHWA/Metropolitan
Washington Council of
Governments, February
1995.
•An Assessment of
Transportation Control
Measures.
Transportation
Technologies, and
Pricing/Regulatory
Policies.* Euritt,Mark
A., etal. University of
Texas, Austin, Center
for Transportation
Research/Tellus
Institute. CTRSEDC-
1, June 1995.
The Effects of New
High-Occupancy
Vehicle Lanes on
Travel and Emissions.*
Johnston, Robert A.,
and Raju Ceeria. In
Transportation
Research A, vol. 30 no.
1, pp. 35-50. 1996.
3f&fr. "•••'
}' if^lf *o|]Btiidy:' . „" ;.
Requires an extensive
study of already-
performed process
Report does not
contain a methodology
for evaluating new
TCM plans, but follow-
on report focuses
upon these strategies
Estimates may be too
rough to apply to other
programs in other
regions
I
t ' "
•Factors Analyzed
None (factors
analyzed are
applicable to each
transportation
measure analyzed
during the process)
Impacts: vehicle
trips, vehicle miles
traveled, and
emissions
Costs
Various travel
characteristics,
depending on the
specific study
reviewed
dac
dac
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-------
Transportation
Measure
High-
Occupancy
Vehicle
Facilities
(cent.)
Methodology
Comparison
and analysis of
other studies
(cont.)
Advantages
of Methodology
Disadvantages
of Methodology
Report
'Assessment of High-
Occupancy Vehicle
Facilities In North
America: Executive
Report' Tumbull.
Katharine. Texas
Transportation Institute.
Prepared for Federal
Transit Administration,
August 1992.
'HOV Lanes and Ramp
Metering: Can They
Work Together for Air
Quality?* Shoemaker,
Bill R. and Edward C.
Sullivan.
Transportation
Research Board Paper
940444. January 1994.
Description
Summarizes an
assessment of
HOV lane
projects on
freeways or
separate rights-of-
way in North
America; includes
suggested
procedures for
evaluating HOV
projects
(summarizes four
other reports
prepared as part
of the same
three-year
assessment)
J
Comments on the
analysis process
used to assess
the air quality
impacts of HOV
land and ramp
metering projects,
and examines the
degree to which
these measures
are effective and
compatible where
jointly applied to
improve freeway
operations
i Advantages of Study
Identifies clear objectives
for developing HOV
facilities and
corresponding measures
of effectiveness, as well
as general threshold
guidelines (ranges) and
data needs
Details suggested
approach for evaluating
operating HOV projects
Focuses on overall
impacts of HOV facilities
on person and vehicle
movement, cost
effectiveness.
implementation risks and
flexibility, and use
Extensive data collection
done which provides a
large data set detailing
the status of HOy
facilities in North America
(including HOV utilization
by passengers and
vehicles)
Illustrates the process of
analysis and decision-
making, as well as the
key role of analytical
modeling, required in the
San Francisco Bay Area
to gain approval for HOV
lane and ramp metering
projects at the regional
level
Examines the
interrelationships, and
potentially perverse
effects, between HOV
lanes and ramp metering
Disadvantages
of Study
Compares case
studies of ongoing
projects of differing
ages, and in different
locations (each with
unique factors such as
weather, transit
issues, and public
opinions); thus,
conclusions drawn
could Include errors in
consistency or
comparability of data
Conclusions and
comparisons drawn
from relatively little
data In some cases
Does not provide
emissions estimates
Identifies need for
estimating
disaggregate mode-
specific emission
factors, including
vehicle fleet
characteristics, and
(dentines difficulties in
doing so
•
Factors Analyzed
Design treatments.
operating scenarios.
enforcement
techniques,
utilization levels, and
genera) experiences
with HOV facilities
Institutional
arrangements
associated with the
development and
operation, historical
trends in use, and
impacts of the
facilities
\ j
Interrelationships
between HOV lanes
and ramp metering
V
-------
Transportation
Measure
High-
Occupancy
Vehicle
Facilities
(cont.)
A**""1**/
Intelligent
Transporta-
tion Systems
Methodology
Comparison
and analysis of
other studies
(cont.)
Integrated
planning/
simulation
model
Advantages
of Methodology
Combines the
strengths of
regional
transportation
planning models
and traffic
simulation models
Somewhat
applicable to
multiple regions
Analyst can vary
input parameters
Disadvantages
of Methodology -..
Requires very
detailed input data
Requires complex
computer model
Potentially high cost
totse
.. !....' ' .. i .
Report
The Effect of HOV
Lanes in Reducing
Emissions/ Bieberilz,
John A. ITE1993
Compendium of
Technical Papers.
•Intelligent
Transportation Systems
Impact Assessment
Framework: Final
Report.' Votpe
National Transportation
Systems Center,
September 30, 1995
: Description
Describes and
assesses
analyses of
several HOV
demonstration
projects to inform
estimates of a
HOV lane use in
the Milwaukee
area
Describes
development and
application of an
analytical tool to
predict ITS
impacts, with a
focus on
Advanced Traffic
Management
Systems
: Advantages of Study
Compares data from
demonstration projects in
several cities
Estimates Include traffic
growth rates
Model integrates
transportation planning
and traffic simulation in
an iterative fashion, and
includes emissions and
fuel consumption
modules
Report describes use of
model to analyze the
potential use of ITS in the
I-880 corridor in Alameda
County, California,
modeling ramp metering.
traffic signal coordination,
integrated traffic
management, incident
management, and HOV
lanes
Emissions module uses
accepted EMFAC and
MOBILE factors
Disadvantages
of Study
Does not provide cost-
effectiveness of HOV
lanes
Assumes HOV lanes
are constructed on all
segments of the
freeways In the
Milwaukee area
Relatively high cost
and complexity
Locally specific Input
data makes the I-880
results of limited use In
other areas
i
Factors Analyzed
Traffic growth rates
Operational
Measures of
Effectiveness: VMT.
traffic volume,
average vehicle
speed, vehicle hours
of delay, fuel
consumption
Emission Measures
of Effectiveness:
CO. HC, NOx
Safety Measures of
Effectiveness:
personal injury
levels, property
damage, total
accidents
dac
drl.
-------
Transportation
Measure
Intelligent
Transporta-
tion Systems
(cont.)
Methodology
Travel demand/
mode choice
model
Advantages
of Methodology
Somewhat
applicable to
multiple regions
Analyst can vary
input parameters
Disadvantages
of Methodology
Requires region-
specific household
survey, land use.
socioeconomic, and
travel cost data
Requires
complicated
computer model
Potentially high cost
to use
Report
•Transportation Control
Measures for the San
Francisco Bay Area:
Analysis of
Effectiveness and
Costs.' Harvey. G..
and E. Deakln. For
Bay Area Air Quality
Management District,
October 1991.
Travel, Emissions, and
Consumer Benefits of
Advanced Transit
Technologies in the
Sacramento Region.'
Johnston, Robert and
Rodier, Caroline.
University of California,
Davis. California PATH
Research Report, July
1996.
Description
Describes use
and results of a
travel demand
model to model
VT. VMT, and
emission
reductions of
various
transportation
measures in the
San Francisco
Bay Area
Uses
comprehensive
Sacramento
Regional Travel
Demand Model
(SACMET 95) to
estimate the
possible future
impact of ITS on
travel mode.
emissions, and
consumer welfare
Advantages of Study
Utilized high-quality
household travel survey
data and advanced
modeling capabilities
Emissions calculations
uses standardized
methods, but takes into
account more subtle
effects of emissions
generation
Provides succinct, dear
data on results of study,
including cost-
effectiveness estimates
Appendices provide
thorough explanation of
modeling equations.
assumptions and
variables
Explores interrelations
between income level
and consumer welfare
Disadvantages
of Study
Does not provide
detail on model
operation
Model is not integrated
with a land use model;
effects of major
changes in
transportation network
are not taken in
account
Use of the model
requires local input
parameters to forecast
local effectiveness
More research is
necessary to generate
useful results
Factors Analyzed
Many; not specified
Vehicle miles and
total hours traveled
Hours of delay and
free flow
Transportation mode
split: single
occupant shared
ride, transit, walk,
bike
dac
fk
9/30/98
Page 59.
-------
Transportation
Measure
Intelligent
Transporta-
tion Systems
(cent.)
Methodology
Vehicle
queuing model
Empirical
analysis of
transportation
measure
demonstration
projects
Advantages
of Methodology
Calculates vehicle
delay and vehicle
speeds, to which
emission factors
can be applied
Applicable to any
roadway or
roadway type
Analyst can vary
input parameters
Relatively low cost
to use
Requires littls or
no new data
acquisition
Relatively low cost
Shows actual
potential of
transportation
measuress
Disadvantages
of Methodology
Queuing model Is
theoretical in nature
rather than empirical
It Is difficult to check
results of theoretical
ITS studies against
empirical results due
to the relatively low
current level of ITS
deployment
Requires computer
model
Requires many
simplifying
assumptions
Case study results
do not necessarily
apply to other
regions
.. : • - ;J . ; . .
....'.;' Report .'":v';-,.
•Methodology for
Evaluating ATIS
Impacts on Air Quality.'
AJ-Deek, H. et al.
Journal of
Transportation
Engineering, vol. 121,
no. 4, Jul/Aug 1995, pp.
376-384.
'Environmental
Considerations for
Planning Advanced
Traffic Management
Systems.' Kraft.
Walter H.. and William
A. Red), In Resource
Papers for the 1994
ITE International
Conference. 1994.
'Description
Presents an
analytical method
for evaluating the
emissions Impact
of rerouting traffic
guided with ATIS
(using a
deterministic
queuing model).
and applies the
method to a
simple network.
Evaluates CO,
VOC. and NOx
impact.
Reviews
environmental
factors related to
ITS strategies,
and presents a
case study of
New Jersey DOT
I-80 Metropolitan
Area Guidance
Information and
Control (MAGIC)
project
\s.
Advantages of Study
UsesMOBILESa
emission factors to
estimate CO, VOC, and
NOx Impacts
Estimates impacts of
ATIS at different levels of
market penetration and in
different years
Can be applied to simple
or complex road
networks
Combines general
discussion with case
study results from an
actual ITS project
Evaluates changes in
VMT and emissions (CO,
HC, and NOx) at the
corridor level
Includes cost/benefit
analysis results
Tracks changes in VMT
and emissions impacts
over time
Disadvantage*
: : F of Study
Does not account for
transient emissions
associated with
acceleration
Emissions calculation
methodology and
results not presented
In great detail
Factors Analyzed
ATIS market
penetration level
Road network
characteristics
Traffic incident
characteristics
Land use and
physical features
Emissions (CO, HC,
NOx)
Benefit/cost ratio
drl
7.V.SBTV.
-------
Transportation
Measure
Intelligent
Transporta-
tion Systems
(cont.)
Methodology .
Empirical
analysis of
transportation
measure
demonstration
projects (cont.)
Sketch
planning
Advantages
of Methodology
Simple tools can
generate planning-
level estimates of
transportation
measure
effectiveness at
low cost
Generalized tools
can be somewhat
applicable to
multiple regions
Analyst can vary
input parameters
Disadvantages
of Methodology
Sketch planning
results are usually
not the most
accurate, depending
on the input
parameters
The relatively low
current level of ITS
deployment makes
validation of sketch
planning results
difficult
Requires many
simplifying
assumptions
Report
•ITS Benefits:
Continuing Successes
and Operational Test
Results.* Prepared by
Mitretek Systems for
Federal Highway
Administration. Draft.
September 19, 1997.
"Potential Emission and
Air Quality Impacts of
Intelligent Vehicle-
Highway Systems.'
Ostria, Sergio, and
Michael F. Lawrence.
In Transportation
Research Record 1444,
1994.
Description
Highlights existing
and predicted ITS
benefits Identified
from a variety of
ITS
Implementation
programs.
focusing on U.S.
DOT-funded Reid
Operational Tests
and other
programs
resulting from
recent federal
initiatives
Discusses sho; i-
term and long-
term impacts of
ITS technology
bundles on trips.
mode split, and
emissions at a
regional and
corridor level
' Advantages of Study
Reports benefits from a
variety of projects
covering a variety of ITS
technologies
Includes ITS benefits
related to safety, time,
throughput, cost,
customer satisfaction,
energy, and environment
Describes quantified
emissions impacts for
projects in Seattle,
Boston, Oklahoma, New
Jersey, Los Angeles, and
Abeline (Texas)
Includes example
emissions results for
Advanced Traveler
Information Systems.
electronic toll collection,
and traffic signal systems
Provides a broad initial
assessment of the
expected direction of
impact (positive.
negative, insignificant,
uncertain) of ITS bundles
on travel behavior and
emissions (HC, CO,
NOx)
Utilizes solid a priori
reasoning to predict
impacts
Disadvantages
f of Study
Reports results but
does not show
analysis methods or
calculations
Not all reported results
have been validated
for completeness and
reliability
Discussion is
theoretical rather than
empirical
Does not estimate the
magnitude of travel or
emissions impacts
Evaluates ITS
technology bundles
rattier than individual
ITS technologies or
ITS-related policy
options
Factors Analyzed
Varies depending on
project summarized,
but can include:
VMT, vehicle trips,
vehicle speeds, fuel
usage, emissions
(HC, CO, Nox)
Traffic flow
Vehicle trips
Trip distance
Mode shifts
Emissions (HC. CO.
NOx)
drl
drl
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Page 61
-------
Transportation
Measure
Intelligent
Transporta-
tion Systems
(cont.)
\ I
Methodology
Sketch
planning (cont)
Advantages
of Methodology
Disadvantages
of Methodology
tu ;:jj.f,'Report:v^'VC^
•Potential Contributions
of intelligent
Vehicle/Highway
Systems (IVHS) to
Reducing
Transportation's
Greenhouse Gas
Production.*
Shladover. Steven E.
PATH. Institute of
Transportation Studies.
U.C. Berkeley. August
1991.
'Assessing the
Emission Impacts of
IVHS in an Uncertain
Future.* Washington.
Simon P., Randall
Guensler, and Daniel
Sperling. University of
California
Transportation Center.
Working Paper UCTC
No. 298, 1993.
•-.-':• " ,. •!'..' '
Description
Identifies role of
ITS In affecting
travel demand
and supply and
categorizes
subtypes of ITS
Summarizes the
likely Impacts of
three ITS
technology
bundles
(Advanced Traffic
management
Systems.
Advanced
Traverier
Information
Systems, and
Advanced Vehicle
Control Systems)
under different
sets of current
and future
assumptions
t • f. .'
'• Advantages of Study
Good categorization of
various subtypes of ITS
Identifies dearly how ITS
influences short-term
travel patterns and
reduces traffic Incidents
Provides background for
evaluating a range of
emissions impacts of ITS
Assesses potential
changes in ITS
emissions impacts due to
future changes in vehicle
fleet composition and
driver behavior
Highlights potential
synergies among ITS
technologies and policy
options
Disadvantages
- ,.,£„; of Study ., 1
Provides little
quantification of VMT
and delay reductions.
no emissions
reductions
Inconclusive evidence
for effect on
greenhouse gases,
since long-term effects
of ITS are unknown
Does not address
specific policies or
programs that would
impact vehicle fleet
composition and driver
behavior
Assesses trie
expected direction, but
not the magnitude, of
ITS emissions impacts
Does not draw upon
data from specific
existing ITS projects
t
Factors Analyzed
Several subtypes of
ITS
Travel impacts
Emissions Impacts
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Page 62
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Transportation
Measure
Intelligent
Transporta-
tion Systems
(cont.)
Methodology
Sketch
planning (cont.)
Process
analysis of
transportation
measure
planning and
Implementation
Advantages
of Methodology
Explains lessons
learned during the
planning and
implementation of
an actual
transportation
measure, such as
reactions to
expect from the
public and funding
sources
Provides pros and
cons of planning
and
implementation
methods
Disadvantages
of Methodology
Does not necessarily
help quantify VT,
VMT, or emissions
reductions from the
transportation
measure
implementation
Cost can vary greatly
1
Report
'Emissions Impacts of
Intelligent Vehicle
Highway Systems.'
Washington. Simon.
Randall Guensler, and
Daniel Sperling. U.C.
Davis Institute of
Transportation Studies,
UCD-RP-13-93. 1993.
Transportation Control
Measures Analyzed for
the Washington
Region's 15 Percent
Rate of Progress Plan.'
FHWA/Metropolitan
Washington Council of
Governments, February
1995.
Description
A preliminary
assessment of
emissions
impacts of ITS
technology
bundles
Provides
comprehensive
evaluation of the
selection and
quantification
process
performed by the
MWCOG for
assessing various
transportation
measures
;
Advantages of Study
Provides framework for
evaluating emissions
impacts of ITS
Discusses potential ITS
impacts of VMT, trip-end
emissions, engine idling,
diurnal and refueling
emissions, and modal
emissions activity
Identifies role of ITS in
reducing emissions
impacts associated with
non-recurrent traffic
congestion
Addresses potential role
of ITS technologies in
implementing demand
management strategies
such as congestion
priding and preferential
tieatment of shared
modes
Addresses the strengths
and weaknesses of the
bottom-up, multiple
committee planning
process used by the
COG
Provides extensive, dear
detail (and strengths and
weaknesses) of both the
evaluation tools used and
each specific
transportation measure
evaluation method
Estimates VT, VMT. and
emission reductions and
cost-effectiveness
Disadvantages
of Study
Assesses the
expected direction, but
not the magnitude, of
ITS emissions impacts
Does not draw upon
data from specific
existing ITS projects
Requires an extensive
study of already-
performed process
-
Factors Analyzed
VMT
Vehicle trips
Modal emissions
activity
•
None (factors
analyzed are
applicable to each
transportation
measure analyzed
during the process)
•»•»
.c
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Transportation
Measure
Intelligent
Transporta-
tion Systems
(cont.)
*"*"""/
Methodology
Comparison
and analysis of
other studies
Advantages
of Methodology
Relatively
Inexpensive and
simple to conduct,
because it
requires no
primary research
Provides a review
of the results
produced by
different HOV
facilities in North
America, which
could be used if
other directly
applicable
Mp#|«,*%#«M«lw
research Is not
available
Identifies
advantages and
disadvantages of
several
methodologies
Disadvantages
of Methodology
Results are not
directly applicable to
other regions (they
do not Incorporate
characteristics of
other regions)
Unlikely to provide
precise estimates
• - . .,--...•
i Report
'An Assessment of
Transportation Control
Measures,
Transportation
Technologies, and
Pricing/Regulatory
Policies.' Euritt. Mark
A., etal. University of
Texas, Austin, Center
for Transportation
Research/Tellus
Institute. CTR SEDC-
1. June 1995.
'An Assessment of
IVHS-APTS
Technology Impacts on
Energy Consumption
and Vehicle Emissions
of Transit Bus Fleets.*
Jolibois, Sylvan C. Jr.,
and Adib Kanalani.
California PATH
Research Report.
August 1994.
, . . -
, Description
Assesses several
studies that
analyze a host of
transportation
measures,
technology
options, and
policies for total
effectiveness and
costs/benefits
Examines the
potential impacts
of Advanced
Public
Transportation
Systems (APTS)
technologies in
terms .of vehicle
emissions, air
quality, and fuel
consumption
through a
research review.
and makes
subsequent policy
recommendations
i - ' .
Advantages of Study
Provides a solid overview
of the range (and effects)
of TCM options, as well
as technology and policy
options
Focuses upon energy
efficiency impacts in
addition to emissions and
VMT
Provides a qualitative
assessment of Intelligent
Vehicle-Highway
Systems technologies on
air quality and energy
consumption In both
short and long term
Presents review of
certain APTS program
areas, specifically transit
operations of motorized
bus fleets
Provides ratios of transit
bus emissions to auto
emissions (per
passenger and per
vehicle) for HC. CO,
NOx. and PM
Disadvantages
of Study
Report does not
contain a methodology
for evaluating new
TCM plans, but follow-
on report focuses
upon these strategies
Estimates may be too
rough to apply to other
programs in other
regions
Report does not
contain a methodology
for quantification of
emissions from
specific transportation
measures
Emissions ratios may
be based on overly
optimistic ridership
estimates
•'
Factors Analyzed
Impacts: vehicle
trips, vehicle miles
traveled, and
emissions
Costs
Impacts of Advanced
Public Transportation
Systems (APTS)
technologies on
vehicle emissions
and fuel
consumption
Smart Traveler.
Smart Vehicle, and
Smart Intermodal
systems
dac
dkp
-------
Transportation
Measure
Intermodal
Methodology
Empirical
analysis of
transportation
measure
demonstration
projects
Advantages
of Methodology
Requires little or
no new data
acquisition
Relatively low cost
Shows actual
potential of
transportation
measures
Disadvantages
of Methodology
Case study results
do not necessarily
apply to other
regions
Report
'Evaluation of Travel
Demand Management
Measures to Relieve
Congestion.'
Kuzmyak, J.R., and
E.N. Schreffler.
Prepared by COMSIS
Corp. for FHWA.
FHWA/SA-90/005;
DOT-T-90-14.
February 1990.
Description
Performs case
studies of the
effectiveness of
1 1 transportation
demand
management
programs
Advantages of Study
Shows potential for
reduction in commute-
based trips due to
implementation of
transportation measures
Provides high level of
detail about the specific
programs implemented
Disadvantages
of Study
Generally does not
evaluate specific
transportation
measure Individually;
programs of multiple
transportation
measures are
evaluated for
effectiveness
Does not quantify
emission reductions
Trip reductions based
upon vehicle
occupancy
assumptions for each
mode choice (carpool,
vanpool. transit)
Factors Analyzed
Not applicable in
context of specific
transportation
measures
dac
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Page 65
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Transportation
Measure
Local Land
Use/Urban
Design
Methodology
Travel demand'
(node choice
model
Advantages,
. of Methodology
State-of-the-art
method of
analyzing
individual travel
behavior
Model's structure
and parameters
oftar considerable
insight into what
factors influence
travel mode
selection, and
therefore can be
used to evaluate
different scenarios
and details in
program design
Travel demand
models can bo
used to evaluate
combinations of
transportation
measures as well
as individual
measures
Can be used to
isolate the impact
of land use
changes on a
transportation
network,
minimizing other
factors such as
other
transportation
measures
Disadvantages
of Methodology -
Requires region-
specific household
survey, land use,
socioeconomic, and
travel cost data
Requires complex
computer model
Potentially high cost
to use
Does not directly
provide emissions
estimates
Precision of analysis
will depend on
accuracy of both
growth projections
and estimates of
'holding capacity* of
targeted household
and employment
growth transfer
zones
Report "
'The Effectiveness of
Transportation Control
Measures In Reducing
Congestion and
Improving Air Quality.'
Loudon, William R.. et
al. JHK & Associates.
Air & Waste
Management
Association Annual
Meeting & Exhibition
1993. AWMA93-RP-
149.05.
"Testing the Impact of
Alternative Land Use
Scenarios Using a
Travel Demand
Forecasting Model.*
Steiss, Todd Alan.
Baltimore Metropolitan
Council, Transportation
Planning Division.
Transportation
Research Board Paper
960898.
„
Description ••
Describes a
developed
transportation
demand model
that Integrates
emissions
calculations;
provides example
calculations from
the model
Used travel
demand
forecasting model
software to
analyze four
different land use
alternatives in the
Baltimore
metropolitan area
:• 'vsj.idMWi'-'.'JMH
nXLW'XE&mm 1 .- ,.s^vaiU.iitf*3aifcU» vb ***.*——
- ~l ' • :l i- ' -
Advantages of Study
Model has a user manual
that leads the analyst
step-by-step through the
Input of data for region
specific analyses
Contains extensive cost-
effectiveness module
Can be used at either
regional or a smaller area
or location
Includes exhaust and
evaporative emissions
Travel forecasting model
used was MINUTP, a
typical and familiar model
to planning agencies in
the Baltimore region
(thus no learning curve),
and techniques for
evaluating model output
had already been
established
Study compared baseline
transit network
projections and 1)
Baltimore's long-range
plan without TCMs, 2)
Plan with TCMs, 3) land
use alternatives
separately and in
composite
Emissions can be
calcujated,:for. each lanjd^
use alternative
Disadvantages
••*.- •;'• * of Study .' >.Jv ;
Use of the model
requires local input
parameters to forecast
local effectiveness;
default values may not
be sufficient
*
More sophisticated
land use model not
utilized due to time
constraints
Emissions actually
calculated for
composite of land use
alternatives only
-•.
Factors Analyzed
Commute trip 'eng!h
reduction through
new zoning controls
VMT, VT. and transit
ridership
Land use
alternatives: 'Inside
Beltway.' 'Fixed
Transit,'
'Community'
development and a
composite scenario
.-j^wn'-rv •••' — f
c':..:
dkp
*""
-------
Transportation
Measure
Local Land
Use/Urban
Design
(cont.)
Methodology .
Conventional
transportation
planning
network model
Advantages
of Methodology
Can be used to
Isolate the effect
on travel patterns
of different street
layouts for
neotraditional a/id
conventional
neighborhoods
Disadvantages
of Methodology
Hypothetical
modeling exercise;
does not use actual
performance data
from existing
neotraditional and
conventional
developments
Models do not
account for many
aspects of local land
use strategies, such
as mixed land uses,
street characteristics
like street and lane
width and
landscaping, and
differences in
development
densities and
parking availability
Modeling analysis of
a local street
network does not
account for
nteraction between
neighborhood and
regional travel
Report
•Comparative
Assessment of Travel
Characteristics for
Neotraditional
Designs.' McNally.
Michael and Sherry
Ryan. Institute of
Transportation Studies.
In Transportation
Research Record 1400.
>
Description
Evaluates the
performance
differences of two
hypothetical
street networks
designed to
replicate a
neotraditional and
a conventional
suburban
community;
determines that
neotraditional
street networks
can improve
transportation
system
performance
Advantages of Study
Uses generalized,
hypothetical
transportation network
designs in order to
generate broad
conclusions rather than
localized network-specific
conclusions
Examines effect
neotraditional design has
on reducing vehicle
kilometers and vehicle
hours traveled
Generates results
consistent with earlier
findings by others
To isolate the impact of
the street layout, all other
aspects of the modeled
communities are held
coristant '
Disadvantages
of Study
The study does not
calculate emissions
directly; transportation
impacts are measured
in terms of vehicle
kilometers traveled.
average trip lengths,
and congestion on
links and at
intersections
Model does not take
Into account narrower
rights-of-way and
denser grid that
usually typify
neotraditional
developments;
assumed equal trade-
off
Because hypothetical
subarea is only 0.5
square miles, many
assumptions need to
be made about
external trips
Trip generation rates,
other travel
parameters, and
friction factors which
were adopted from the
City of Irvine could
have introduced some
error, as they were
developed for a study
area larger than that
used in this exercise
Factors Analyzed
Transportation
systems of
hypothetical
neotraditional and
conventional
subdivisions
Vehicle kilometers
traveled
Mean trip length by
trip type
Intersection capacity
utilization (ICU)
• |
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Transportation
Measure
Local Land
Use/Urban
Design
(cont.)
» 9
Methodology
Statistical
analysis of
factors
affecting travel
behavior
Advantages
of Methodology
Utilizes actual
data from travel
diaries, surveys,
and/or local and
household
characteristics
Relatively simple
approach (does
not require
computer
modeling)
Some results may
have applicability
to other regions
Disadvantages
of Methodology
Complexity of
relationship between
travel behavior and
urban form can
make it difficult to
achieve statistically
significant results
Causality can be
difficult to establish
Uncertain
applicability to
multiple regions (but
can be duplicated at
moderate cost, if
necessary)
<
Report :
•A Micro-Analysis of
Land Use and Travel In
Five Neighborhoods In
the San Francisco Bay
Area.* Kltamura,
Ryuichl, et al. Institute
of Transportation
Studies. UC Davis.
November, 1994.
•Using Residential
Patterns and Transit to
Decrease Auto
Dependence and
Costs.' Holtzclaw.
John. For Natural
Resources Defense
Council, June 1994.
„
~ Description
Analyzes surveys
of five Bay Area
neighborhoods;
assesses impact
of land use
characteristics
and attitudes on
travel behavior
Evaluates the
effects of
neighborhood
characteristics
(density, transit
accessibility.
neighborhood
shopping, and
pedestrian
accessibility) on
household vehicle
ownership and
VMT. based on
data from 27
neighborhoods in
California.
Advantages of Study
Utilizes actual survey
data from five different
neighborhoods for
comparison
Distinguishes between
impact of land use
characteristics, attitudes,
and income
Explores multiple
variables (household
size, profession.
environmental attitude,
time pressure, etc.)
Explores some key
relationships between
often-overlooked
neighborhood
characteristics and travel
behavior
Uses Innovative
techniques to account for
transit accessibility,
neighborhood shopping.
and pedestrain
accessibility
Uses data from a wide
variety of California
neighborhoods, from
central city to suburban
fringe
, Disadvantages ,
;;j£li;of8iudy "( •
More research Is
necessary to reach
conclusions that are
useful to land use
planners
Diaries and surveys
require time-intensive,
methodical approach
Evaluates VMT per
household, but does
not estimate emissions
impacts directly
Study does not
account for several
potentially important
neighborhood
characteristics,
Including parking
availability and
proximity to the urban
center
Results may not be
applicable outside of
California
.•
.Factors Analyzed
Land use
characteristics
(access to transit,
sldewalk/bikeway
availability, etc.)
Personal attitudes
related to
environment.
mobility, etc.
Annual VMT per
household
Household vehicle
ownership
Neighborhood
characteristics
(density, transit
accessibility.
neighborhood
shopping, and
pedestrian
accessibility)
Household Income
dao
dri
-------
Transportation
Measure
Local Land
Use/Urban
Design
(cont.)
Methodology
Statistical
analysis of
factors
affecting travel
behavior (cont.)
Advantages
of Methodology
'Disadvantages
of Methodology
Report
•Effect of Urban
Development Patterns
on Transportation
Energy Use.' Cheslow,
Melvyn D., and J. Kevin
Neels. In
Transportation
Research Record 764,
1980.
'The Odds on TODs:
Examining the Potential
of Transit-Oriented
Development in the
San Francisco Bay
Area.' Luscher, Dan.
Harvard University,
April 1995.
Description
Addresses the
Influence of travel
patterns on
energy use, and
analyzes the
relationships
between these
travel
characteristics
and measures of
urban form
Quantifies VMT
impact of
hypothetical
transit-oriented
developments
based on
regression
analysis;
estimates costs
and benefits of
transit-oriented
development:
shorter version
appears in
Berkeley Planning
Journal, vol. 9,
1995.
Advantages of Study
Analyzes actual trip data
from a pooled sample of
interview surveys In eight
standard metropolitan
statistical areas (SMSAs)
nationwide
Focuses on variation in
fuel use between
different neighborhoods
and metropolitan areas
Identifies key
relationships between
neighborhood
characteristics and total
travel
Uses hypothetical transit-
oriented developments
that are similar to actual
developments being built
Estimates a range of
travel impacts per transit-
oriented development as
well as for the San
Francisco Bay region as
a whole
Disadvantages
'•V- of Study .....'
Does not define
exactly how urban
structure may affect
travel characteristics
Study sample Included
few metropolitan
areas, and was
therefore unable to
pinpoint the urban-
scale characteristics
that distinguished the
different metropolitan
regions
Study does not include
mixed land-use
scenarios, or walking
trips In travel
characteristics
analyzed
Does not address
economic and social
costs and feasibility of
implementing changes
in urban development
patterns
Does not estimate
emissions impacts
directly
Results assume very
widespread
implementation of
transit-oriented
development
Results may not be
applicable outside of
California
Factors Analyzed
Land use
characteristics
Household travel
patterns
Transportation
energy use
Annual VMT per
household
Household income
Neighborhood
characteristics
(density, transit
accessibility,
distance from central
business district)
i
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9/30/98
Page 69
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Transportation
Measure
Local Land
Use/Urban
Design
(cent.)
\ f
Methodology
Statistical
analysis of
factors
affecting travel
behavior (cont.)
Advantages
of Methodology
Disadvantages^
of Methodology
, **-•.",*. - -v- . . -
Report
Travel Behavior as a
Function of Accessi-
bility. Land Use Mixing.
and Land Use Balance:
Evidence from the San
Francisco Bay Area.*
Kockelman. Kara M.
University of California.
Berkeley. TRB
970048.
"An Assessment of the
Land Use -
Transportation System
and Travel Behavior.*
McNally, Michael G..
and Anup Kulkami.
U.C.Irvine. TRB
971 120. January 1997.
Transit-Oriented
Development in the
Sun Belt.* Messenger,
Todd. and Reid Ewing.
In Transportation
Research Record 1552.
1996.
t Description
Correlates land
use and travel
behavior
databases for the
San Francisco
Bay Area to
determine the
Impact of land
use mix, balance,
and accessibility
on travel patterns
Correlates land
use,
socioeconomic,
and travel
behavior
databases for
Orange County
neighborhoods to
determine the
impact of land
use on travel
patterns
Determined the
minimum housing
and workplace
density required
to support a Qiven
transit service
level in the Dade
County. Florida
area
\ f >* i '_ jn, *•'
Advantages of Study -
Utilizes 1990 census and
hectare-level land-use
description data from
actual surveys for
accurate characterizat-
ions of local populations
and land use zones
Develops descriptive
definitions for
characterizing land use
data (accessibility, mix.
and balance) to more
accurately determine the
influence of land use on
travel behavior
Results may not be
heavily influenced by
local conditions
Uses comprehensive list
of indices to evaluate
neighborhood
characteristics (e.g..
population density,
number of 3-way
Intersections, etc.) and
cluster them into 3
distinct themes
Studied socioeconomic
demographics In
conjunction with land use
patterns to determine
which is more influential
on trip patterns
Provides detailed
equations used to
calculate results
Allows for interactive
effects between variables
Utilizes traffic analysis
zone data from the
1 Disadvantages '
"i' ^pfSttdy-. ' f
Similar data may not
be available In the
same format in other
areas
Results show
elasticities of VMT,
auto ownership, and
personal vehicle
choice with respect to
land use accessibility,
mix. and balance, but
do not calculate VMT
or emission reductions
from these
characteristics
Cannot investigate
correlation between
household income and
choice of
neighborhood theme
Quantifies only trip
rate and mode share
Accuracy may be very
region-specific
Does not quantify
travel or emission
reductions
Factors Analyzed
Land use access-
ibility, mix, and
balance
Income per house-
hold member
Auto ownership
Household size
Job and population
density
Neighborhood
network
characteristics
•
Socioeconomic
demographics
Land use types
Accessibility
,
Residence and work-
place density
Automobile
ownership
Rail availability
Parking charge
dac
dac
dac
-------
(Transportation
Measure
Local Land
Use/Urban
Design
(conl.)
Methodology
Statistical
analysis of the
impacts of land
use
characteristics
and TDM
strategies on
mode choice
Advantages
of Methodology
Use of Principle
Components
Analysis
generated
composite
variables (groups
of land use
characteristics
with similar
impacts)
Standard analysis
of variance using
principle
components
allowed
examination of the
effects of land use
and TOM
Incentive
strategies on
mode choice
individually and in
combination.
Results
transferable to
other urban areas
in terms of relative
ranking of
importance of the
land use and TDM
factors analyzed.
Disadvantages
of Methodology
Precise causality
and individual
impacts of factors
such as transit
availability or urban
density on mode
choice cannot be
measured due to
limitations of the
database
Potential for need to
conduct extensive
field research to
determine land use
characteristics at
each sample work
site.
Cannot be used to
determine land use
and urban design
characteristics'
impact on a specific
mode choice
Report
The Effects of Land
Use and Travel
Demand Management
Strategies on
Commuting Behavior:
Final Report"
Prepared by Cambridge
Systematics, Inc. and
Deakin. Harvey,
Skabardonis, Inc. for
the U.S. Department of
Transportation,
November 1994.
Description
Develops an
integrated
database of land
use
characteristics
and travel
demand
management
(TDM) strategies
(for a sample of
employment
locations) to
determine the
combined impacts
of TDM programs,
land use, and
urban design on
employee travel
behavior.
Advantages of Study
Added land use and site
information from field
observation to the
•Regulation XV dataset
of the South Coast Air
Quality Management
District (which included
aggregate employee
travel characteristics and
employer incentive
programs)
Disadvantages
of Study I
Study conducted In
Los Angeles County,
and thus may be less
applicable in more
dense urban areas
with factors such as
higher average density
and transit service.
Did not address
residential trip end of
commute, midday
travel, or trip chaining
as factors which
influence mode choice
To simplify a
complicated data
collection process,
somewhat arbitrary
indicators were used
for assessment of a
site's urban design
and land use
characteristics.
Factors Analyzed
Land use and urban
design of worksite
TDM Incentive
strategies
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Transportation
Measure
Local Land
Use/Urban
Design
(cont.)
\ ^ /
Methodology
Empirical
analysis of
transportation
measure
demonstration
projects
Sketch
planning
Advantages
of Methodology
Requires little or
no new data
acquisition
Relatively low cost
Shows actual
potential of
transportation
measures
Identifies barriers
to implementing
transportation
measures
Simple tools can
generate plannlng-
level estimates of
transportation
measure
effectiveness at
low cost
Generalized tools
can be somewhat
applicable to
multiple regions
Analyst can vary
Input parameters
Disadvantages
of Methodology
Case study results
do not necessarily
apply to other
regions
Sketch planning
results are usually
not the most
accurate, depending
on the input
parameters
r *
• <"?" Report* •
"Land Use Regulations
to Promote
Ridesharing: An
Evaluation of the
Seattle Approach.'
McCutcheon. Melody,
and Jeffrey Hamm.
Transportation
Quarterly, vol. 37 no. 4,
1983.
Transportation-Related
Land Use Strategies to
Minimize Motor Vehicle
Emissions: An Indirect
Source Research
Study.* Oagang,
Deborah A. JHK&
Associates, Inc. For
California Air
Resources Board. June
1995.
Description
Evaluates the
effectiveness of
developer-based
land use
regulations to
promote
ridesharing in
Seattle's central
business district
Based upon a
review of relevant
literature, case
studies, and a
travel survey
study, this report
recommends
community-level
performance
goals, and
presents
appropriate
transportation-
related land use
strategies and
implementation
mechanisms
,-
Advantages of Study
Identifies barriers to
enforcing parking
management practices at
businesses; suggests
improvements
Performance goals are
expressed as annual VT
per household, annual
VMT per household,
modal shares, and
estimated related
vehicular emissions
Addresses differences in
community type, as three
ranges of performance
goals for urban and
suburban areas and two
ranges of performance
goals for exurban/rural
areas are specified
Recommended
community- wide
packages of
transportation-related
land use strategies
address difficulty of
quantifying reductions in
VT and emissions from
individual strategies
applied separately or on
a site-specific basis
, Disadvantages .
"t^ef Study- 3
Does not quantify trip,
VMT, or emissions
reductions
Study was performed
before significant data
existed on the
effectiveness of the
whole program
Applicability of
performance goals and
strategy
recommendations to
regions outside
California limited by
study's use of primarily
Califomlan
communities case
studies and data
Performance goals,
strategies, and
implementation
mechanisms do not
include consideration
of cost-effectiveness
Performance goal
development can not
use available
BURDEN activity data.
as it is not specific
enough to allow
accurate segmentation
by type of community
within a metropolitan
area
' ''• i
Factors Analyzed
Availability of nearby
parking
Developer
cooperation with
requirements
Transportation-
related land use
strategies
dac
dkp
-------
Transportation
Measure
Local Land
Use/Urban
Design
(cent.)
Methodology
Sketch
planning (cont.)
Advantages
of Methodology
Disadvantages
of Methodology
Report
'Simple Methodologies
for Quantifying VT and
VMT Reductions from
Transportation Control
and Growth
Management Measures
for Developing Local
Trip Reduction
Ordinances.' Evans,
V. and D. Morrow.
Sonoma Technology,
Inc. Air & Waste
Management Assoc.
1993
I
Description
Describes
development of
simple
methodologies for
quantifying
reductions in
vehicle trips (VT)
and vehicle miles
traveled (VMT)
from TCMs, for
use in a planning-
level context;
specifically
analyzes
pedestrian
Improvements
Advantages of Study .
Methods to quantify VT
and VMT reductions from
TCMs were based upon
relatively simple methods
for estimating emissions
and individual TCM
effectiveness developed
prior to this report for the
South Coast AQMD
Performance-based
approach was developed
rather than use
mandated transportation
performance standards
Actual experience data
used as much as
possible: estimated trip
reduction levels from
each TCM was collected
from other studies, and
planning-level analysis
uses site-specific data
inputs, thus offering (
Increased precision In
emissions estimates
Ranges in VT reductions
estimates address the
interactive impacts of the
application of multiple
TCMs
Equivalency factor used
to convert VMT to VT can
account for region-
specific average trip
lengths
Disadvantages
"of Study
Expected reductions in
VT and VMT from
TCMs were estimated
based upon a general
survey, so for a
particular location
different assumptions
may be needed
Applicability to other
regions outside
California limited by
report's use of
transportation data
and emissions factors
in the analysis which
were quantified using
BURDEN and EMFAC
runs for 1994
Does not incorporate
any consideration of
cost-effectiveness
Factors Analyzed
Employee
participation
(percentage and
frequency)
Trip length
Existence/extent of
pedestrian path
system
Existence of shower
facilities
: . 0
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Transportation
Measure
.ocal Land
Use/Urban
design
cont.)
Methodology
'rocess
analysis of
ransportation
measure
banning and
mplementation
Comparison
and analysis of
other studies
1
. Advantages
of Methodology
Explains lessons
learned during the
planning and
mplementation of
an actual
transportation
measure, such as
reactions to
expect from the
public and funding
sources
Provides pros and
cons of planning
and
implementation
methods
Relatively
inexpensive and
simple to conduct,
because It
requires no
primary research
Provides a review
of the results
produced by
different HOV
facilities in North
America, which
could be used if
other directly
applicable
research is not
available
Identifies
advantages and
disadvantages of
several m
rheuradolbgles
Disadvantages
of Methodology
Does not necessarily
help quantify VT.
VMT. or emissions
reductions from the
transportation
measure
implementation
Cost can vary greatly
Results are not
directly applicable to
other regions (they
do not incorporate
characteristics of
other regions)
Unlikely to provide
precise estimates
•",, '" Report c'r's
Transportation Control
Measures Analyzed for
the Washington
Region's 15 Percent
Rate of Progress Plan.'
FHWA/Metropolitan
Washington Council of
Governments, February
1995.
'An Assessment of
Transportation Control
Measures.
Transportation
Technologies, and
Pricing/Regulatory
Policies.' Euritt. Mark
A., et al. University of
Texas, Austin, Center
for Transportation
Research/Tellus
Institute. CTRSEDC-
1, June 1995.
•• i-.'-r-; jn*!-8«O V( -*•" .MM^^rti
Description
Provides
comprehensive
evaluation of the
selection and
quantification
process
performed by the
MWCOG for
assessing various
transportation
measures
Assesses several
studies that
analyze a host of
transportation
measures,
technology
options, and
policies for total
effectiveness and
costs/benefits
Ba^nv*.... - •, -• . •'.«
,,-
Advantages of Study
Addresses the strengths
and weaknesses of the
bottom-up, multiple
committee planning
process used by the
COG
Provides extensive, dear
detail (and strengths and
weaknesses) of both the
evaluation tools used and
each specific
transportation measure
evaluation method
Estimates VT, VMT, and
emission reductions and
cost-effectiveness
Provides a solid overview
of the range (and effects)
of TCM options, as well
as technology and policy
options
Focuses upon energy
efficiency Impacts In
addition to emissions and
VMT
• ••. • -»t*y»*j
.Disadvantages
", >* of Study ,
Requires an extensive
study of already-
performed process
Report does not
contain a methodology
for evaluating new
TCM plans, but follow-
on report focuses
upon these strategies
Estimates may be too
rough to apply to other
programs in other
regions
; '. t- 'r-^««-- *VT*** ••" "
'•' •'•'} "'* '
Factors Analyzed
None (factors
analyzed are
applicable to each
transportation
measure analyzed
during the process)
Impacts: vehicle
trips, vehicle miles
traveled, and
emissions
Costs
'..*„»**,„,
dac
dac
-------
Transportation
Measure
Local Land
Use/Urban
Design
(cont.)
Methodology
Comparison
and analysis of
other studies
(cont.)
Advantages
of Methodology
Disadvantages
of Methodology
Report i
"Transportation-Related
Land Use Strategies to
Minimize Motor Vehicle
Emissions: An Indirect
Source Research
Study.* Dagang,
Deborah A. JHK &
Associates, Inc. For
California Air
Resources Board. June
1995.
Description .
Based upon a
review of relevant
literature, case
studies, and a
travel survey
study, this report
recommends
community-level
performance
goals, and
presents
appropriate
transportation-
related land use
strategies and
implementation
mechanisms
Advantages of Study
Includes an extensive
literature review matrix
and annotated
bibliography summarizing
quantifiable effectiveness
data of transportation-
related land use
strategies in local,
national, and
international cases -
Preliminary estimates of
Individual transportation-
related land use strategy
effectiveness are
developed from the
literature review
Utilized as a resource an
existing detailed
examination of travel
data and transportation
arid land use •
characteristics in
California (by John
Holtzclaw for the Natural
Resources Defense
Council, 1994)
Travel and land use data
from selected Portland,
Oregon, and Canadian
cities were examined to
provide a basis of
comparison for the
characteristics found in
the Califomian case
studies
Disadvantages ;
of Study
Much of literature on
transportation-related
land use strategies
does not contain
analyses of modeled
or empirical data, thus
somewhat limiting
scope of data included
Literature survey does
not contain emissions
estimates, but
subsequent sketch
planning focuses on
emissions related to
VTandVMT
performance goals
Factors Analyzed
Transportation-
related land use
strategies
Land use and
transportation
characteristics'
impact on creation
and support of public
transit systems and
pedestrian-
accessible
communities
i f
'-f\
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Transportation
Measure
Market
Incentives
-•:• i :'<•• i::
Methodology
Travel demand/
mode choice
model
Sample survey
of customer
travel patterns
and
preferences at
shopping
centers
Advantages
of Methodology
Somewhat
applicable to
multiple regions
Analyst can vary
input parameters
Somewhat
applicable to
multiple regions
(but Influenced by
local factors oi the
study area)
Does not require
an extensive
computer model
Disadvantages
of Methodology
Requires region-
specific household
survey, land use,
socioeconomlc. and
travel cost data
Requires
complicated
computer model
Potentially high cost
to use
Requires large data
collection process to
generate statistically
significant results
Moderate to high
cost
f
Report i^/'
•Selection and
Evaluation of Travel
Demand Management
Measures.* Taylor.
Christopher J.. at al.
TRB 971 114. January
1997.
Transportation Control
Measures for the San
Francisco Bay Area:
Analysis of
Effectiveness and
Costs.* Harvey. Q..
and E. Deakln. For
Bay Area Air Quality
Management District.
October 1991.
'Analysis of Indirect
Source Trip Activity:
Regional Shopping
Centers.' Prepared by
JHK & Associates and
K.T. Analytics for the
California Air
Resources Board.
ARB-R-94/510,
November 1993.
-y
• , Description
Uses Travel
Demand
Evaluation Model
developed by
COMSISto
evaluate the
Impact of
transportation
measures on
mode choice and
VT for the
Syracuse. NY
metropolitan area
Describes use
and results of a
travel demand
model to model
VT, VMT, and
emission
reductions of
various
transportation
measures in the
San Francisco
Bay Area
Surveyed
customers of
regional shopping
centers to
determine
potential impact
of various travel
reduction
measures
* -i. * A
Advantages of Study,,
Uses joumey-to-work
census data to develop
estimates of zone-to-
zone travel
Evaluates both area-wide
programs and employer-
based programs
Assesses revenue
generation potential and
transit subsidies
Utilized high-quality
household travel survey
data and advanced
modeling capabilities
Emissions calculations
uses standardized
methods, but takes into
account more subtle
effects of emissions
generation
Provides succinct, clear
data on results of study,
including cost-
effectiveness estimates
Uses actual survey data
(including customer
demographic and stated
preference data)
Developed calculation
methodologies specific to
each trip reduction
measure, using site-
specific data
Compares data between
shopping centers In
different land-use types
Disadvantages '•-
> ~\: of study r|rl
Sufficiently detailed
joumey-to-work
census data may not
be available for all
cities: Syracuse has
this data available due
to a pilot program
Requires assuming
some estimates of
effectiveness
Does not quantify
emissions reductions
Does not provide
detail on model
operation
Assumptions are
required to translate
stated preference data
to expected outcome
Does not quantify
emission reductions
_ . iiiiM^niiiT • i- -T •••-•t-r • • " iii'ij*fi Jliii -ill'' ..».£(' , ...'lifers* :ti8iJ»t-.-i*-.MtiBiB3H5"":
.I ' j,..
Factors Analyzed
Transit fare levels
and travel time
HOV lane time
savings
Parking costs
Employer transit
encouragement level
Many; not specified
Transit
subsidy/validation
•BB^BHSJSBI^MAW****H***|R*BB*M|^«
dac
dac
dac
-------
Transportation
Measure
Market
Incentives
(cent.)
Methodology
Process
analysis of
transportation
measure
planning and
implementation
Comparison
and analysis of
other studies
Advantages
of Methodology
Explains lessons
learned during the
planning and
implementation of
an actual
transportation
measure, such as
reactions to
expect from the
public and funding
sources
Provides pros and
cons of planning '
and
implementation
methods
Relatively
inexpensive and
simple to conduct,
because it
requires no
primary research
Provides an
introduction to the
range of results
produced by
different studies.
which could be
used if other
directly applicable
research is not
available
Identifies
advantages and
disadvantages of
several
methodologies
Disadvantages
of Methodology
Does not necessarily
help quantify VT,
VMT. or emissions
reductions from the
transportation
measure
implementation
Cost can vary greatly
Results are not
directly applicable to
other regions (they
do not Incorporate
characteristics of
other regions)
Unlikely to provide
precise estimates
Report :•;•.. ;
Transportation Control
Measures Analyzed for
the Washington
Region's 15 Percent
Rate of Progress Plan.'
FHWA/Metropolitan
Washington Council of
Governments, February
1995.
•Managing
Transportation
Demand: Markets
Versus Mandates.'
Giuliano, Genevieve,
and Martin Wachs.
Reason Foundation.
Policy Insight No. 142,
September 1992.
'The Equity and Cost
Effectiveness of
Employee Commute
Options Programs.'
Farkas, Z. Andrew.
Morgan State
University. TRB
960078. January 1996.
Description .
Provides
comprehensive
evaluation of the
selection and
quantification
process
performed by the
MWCOG for
assessing various
transportation
measures
Compares
congestion pricing
with Regulation
XV for the
Southern
California area;
describes pros
and cons of each
measure and
discusses
Implications
Analyzes the
results of surveys
and transportation
measure
modeling studies
performed for the
Baltimore and
Philadelphia
regions
Advantages of StuCy
Addresses the strengths
and weaknesses of the
bottom-up, multiple
committee planning
process used by the
COG
Provides extensive, dear
detail (and strengths and
weaknesses) of both the
evaluation tools used and
each specific
transportation measure
evaluation method
Estimates VT. VMT. and
emission reductions and
cost-effectiveness
Provides typology of
transportation measures
and identifies effective-
ness and common bar-
riers to implementation
Simple side-by-side
comparison of VMT
reduction and cost-
effectiveness for each
transportation measure
Makes policy
recommendations to
improve each
transportation measure
Shows different methods
of using the same model:
Travel Demand
Evaluation Model
developed by COMSIS
Provides a discussion of
social equity considera-
tions based on a survey
of the two regions
Disadvantages ;
I of Study •
Requires an extensive
study of already-
performed process
Provides little detail
about logistics of
implementing the
policy
recommendations
Does not quantify
emission reductions
Philadelphia modeling
assumed average
vehicle ridership tar-
gets were reached and
results are only applic-
able relative to each
scenario
Baltimore modeling did
not estimate emissions
reductions
Factors, Analyzed
None (factors
analyzed are
applicable to each
transportation
measure analyzed
during the process)
Direct vs. indirect
implementation
Market-based vs.
performance-based
implementation
Efficiency and equity
considerations
Rideshare promotion
level
Parking charge level
Transit subsidy
levels
Work schedule
flexibility
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Transportation
Measure
Parking
Pricing/
Parking
Management
.„,•..:.,•,.£•
Methodology
Travel demand/
mode choice
model
UMAJMBBB
Advantages
of Methodology
Somewhat
applicable to
multiple regions
Analyst can vary
input parameters
BfBewiMiflHi
Disadvantages
of Methodology
Requires region-
specific household
survey, land use, •
socloeconomic, and
travel cost data
Requires complex
computer model
Potentially high cost
to use
•B-itfMiMSBPHWB
,. , Report
•Transportation Pricing
Strategies for
California: An
Assessment of
Congestion, Emissions,
Energy and Equity
Impacts.' California Air
Resources Board, June
1995. Report No. 92-
316.
'Implementing Effective
Travel Demand
Management
Measures: Inventory of
Measures and
Synthesis of
Experience.' COMSIS
Corporation. USDOT,
September 1 993.
DOT-T-94-02.
'The Effectiveness of
Transportation Control
Measures in Reducing
Congestion and
Improving Air Quality.'
Loudon, William R., et
al. JHK & Associates.
Air & Waste
Management
Association Annual
Meeting & Exhibition
1993. AWMA93-RP-
149.95^
KH#flW'W^**-'''*J" "*
, -
' Description ,
Develops and
uses a
comprehensive
travel demand
model to estimate
the impacts of
multiple
transportation
measures
Summarizes
broad range of
TDM measures,
provides example
case study
analyses of each,
and uses
computer model
to benchmark the
effectiveness of
each TDM
Describes a
developed
transportation
demand model
that integrates
emissions
calculations;
provides example
calculations from
the model
-
Advantage* of Study,
Uses actual, available
price elasticities
Establishes base case by
comparing to actual
travel data
Explores interrelations
between pricing
strategies
Excellent overview of the
range of TDMs possible;
provides description.
nature of effectiveness,
application setting.
effectiveness potential.
and cost
Uses actual case studies
to inform the use of a
computer model for
forecasting TDM
effectiveness
Provides a road-map to
implementing TDMs
Model has a user manual
that leads the analyst
step-by-step through the
Input of data for region
specific analyses
Contains extensive cost-
effectiveness module
Can be used at either
regional or a smaller area
or location
Includes exhaust and
evaporative emissions
Disadvantages
* £ of 'Study" : '
Does not contain a
highway-network
model to include level-
of-service changes
Forecasts rely on
estimations of
changes in household
travel data
Use of the model
requires local input
parameters to forecast
local effectiveness
Model does not
incorporate an
emissions calculation
module
Most analysis is at the
employer-level rather
than the area-level
Use of the model
requires local input
parameters to forecast
local effectiveness;
default values may not
be sufficient
Factors Analyzed
Price level, period
and location of
application
Price elasticity
Interrelationships
between pricing
strategies
Fee level
Fee level during
commute trip parking
times
dec
dac
dac
r
-------
Transportation
Measure
Parking
Pricing/
Parking
Management
(cont.)
Methodology
Travel demand/
mode choice
model (cont.)
Advantages
of Methodology
Disadvantages
of Methodology
Report ,
Transportation Control
Measure Analysis
Procedures.* Austin,
Barbara S., et a).
Systems Applications
International/California
Air Resources Board.
Nov1991.SYSAPP-
91/141.
Description
Describes a
developed
transportation
demand model
and explicitly
discusses the
calculation
methodology
used for several
transportation
measures
Advantages of Study
Model quantifies key
secondary effects of
TCMs (e.g. new
carpooling programs may
attract transit riders
rather than SOV riders)
Presents all the primary
equations and variables
used to calculate the
effects of TCMs
Contains a step-by-step
process for evaluating
packages of TCMs
Explains multi-attribute
analyses as applied to
multiple TCM packages
•
Disadvantages
of Study ;,
Use of the model
requires local input
parameters to forecast
local effectiveness;
default values may not
be sufficient;
participation level data
is required; base
cases need to match
real conditions
Model does not cover
all TCMs. but can be
modified to do so
Temporal treatment is
limited to on-peak/off-
peak, no spatial
treatment
Emissions calculations
are not explicitly
described in the same
fashion as travel
effects
Factors Analyzed
Level of people
affected by parking
measures
Availability of
spillover parking
Interaction with
rideshare & transit
programs
Price level
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Transportation
Measure
Parking
Pricing/
Parking
Management
fcont.)
\w***"*/
Methodology
Travel demand/
mode choice
model (cont.)
Advantages
of Methodology
Disadvantages
of Methodology
'!'
. , ' Report' 1;*i;.,
*A Survey and Analysis
of Employee
Responses to
Employer-Sponsored
Trip Reduction
Incentive Programs.*
Schretfler, Eric N., and
Mortero, Jose.
COMSIS Corp.
California Air
Resources Board,
February 1994.
Contract No. A983-1 87.
•Estimating the Travel
and Parking Demand
'Effects of Employer-
Paid Parking.' Willson.
Richard. UCTCNo. 39.
University of California
Transportation Center,
Berkeley, 1992.
Description ,
Describes results
of new survey
data regarding
employee travel
behavior; uses
mode choice and
travel demand
model to predict
impacts of certain
employer-based
transportation
measures
Uses a
multinomial logit
model to estimate
the influence of
employer-paid
parking on the
mode of
transportation
used to the
workplace
Advantages of Study,
Clearly explains the
process that was used:
survey data acquisition.
mode choice
computation, and TCM
effectiveness model use
Data requirements are
more readily available
than other models
User-friendly model is
available for outside use;
users guide is also
available
Survey links incentives
directly to impacts on
travel behavior
Model includes an
awareness sub-model
that simulates how many
people know about the
possible TCMs available
to them
Explains the main
variables and equations
used to compute
probabilities
Includes impact of
complementary
transportation measures
such as rideshare
incentives and flextime
Disadvantages t
J lot; Study:; ;.rt%
Does not accurately
address trip-chaining
and VMT reductions
(only trips)
Household conditions
are not extensively
accounted for
Cost-effectiveness
was not calculated
Employer-level
analyses only, with
focus upon incentive
TCMs
Data set not
developed for this
particular modeling
effort and missing key
variables such as
vehicle availability per
household
Model mostly useful in
metropolitan area
where parking market
is more developed
•j Factors Analyzed
Guaranteed ride
home
Company vanpools
Preferential parking
Parking fees for
ridesharers
Carpool subsidies &
transportation
allowances
Transportation mode
(solo, carpool. or
transit)
Cars per 100
employees
Elasticity of demand
for each mode
dac
(k
-------
Transportation
Measure
Parking
Pricing/
Parking
Management
(cont.)
Methodology
Travel demand/
mode choice
model (cont.)
Advantages
of Methodology
,
Disadvantages
of Methodology
^..
Report
•Selection and
Evaluation of Travel
Demand Management
Measures.* Taylor.
Christopher J.. et al.
TRB 971 114. January
1997.
Transportation Control
Measures for the San
Francisco Bay Area:
Analysis of
Effectiveness and
Costs.* Harvey. G.,
andE. Deakln. For
Bay Area Air Quality
Management District,
October 1991.
,
Transportation Pricing
and Travel Behavior.*
Harvey. Greig W. In
Cutting Gridkxk
Peak-Period Fees to
Relieve Traffic
Congestion. Vol.2.
Transportation
Research Board
Special Report 242,
1994.
Description
Uses Travel
Demand
Evaluation Model
developed by
COMSIS to
evaluate the
Impact ol
transportation
measures on
mode choice and
VT for the
Syracuse, NY
metropolitan area
Describes use
and results ol a
travel demand
model to model
VT. VMT. and
emission
reductions of
various
transportation
measures in IM
San Francisco
Bay Area
Overview paper
on the effects of
transportation
system pricing on
activity patterns
and travel
behavior; some
emissions results
Advantages of Study
Uses Joumey-to-work
census data to develop
estimates of zone-to-
zone travel
Evaluates both area-wide
programs and employer-
based programs
Assesses revenue
generation potential and
transit subsidies
Utilized high-quality
household travel survey
data and advanced
modeling capabilities
Emissions calculations
uses standardized
methods, but lakes into
account more subtle
effects*of emissions
generation
Provides succinct, dear
data on results of study,
Including cost-
effectiveness estimates
Paper presents modeling
results from the San
Francisco Bay Area
Pricing Study using the
STEP model
Quantifies VMT. trips.
fuel usage, ROG, CO,
NOx. and CO2
Shows quantified travel
and emissions modeling
results that correspond to
specific, clearly defined
pricing proposals
Disadvantages
of Study
Sufficiently detailed
|oumey-to-work
census data may not
be available for all
cities: Syracuse has
this data available due
to a pilot program
Requires assuming
some estimates of
effectiveness
Does not quantify
emissions reductions
Does not provide
detal on model
operation
Use of model
developed for San
Francisco Bay Area
may limit usefulness of
results to other regions
Study acknowledges
that the STEP model
does not accurately
account for regional
growth or employment
allocation, and treats
time of day In a
simplified way
i
Factors Analyzed
Transit fare levels
and travel time
HOV lane time
savings
Parking costs
Employer transit
encouragement level
Many; not specified
VMT
Vehicle trips
Fuel usage
Emissions (ROG.
CO. NOx. CO2)
dac
dac
drl
W 30/98
HI
-------
m
Transportation
Measure
Parking
Pricing/
Parking
Management
(cent )
|VVIH-/
|l| *?4&«jr...Jg
1
Methodology
ParWng supply
and demand
model
Empirical
analysis ol
transportation
measure
Implementation
vograms
AtWBE
Advantages
ol Methodology
Somewhat
applicable to
multiple regions
Analyst can vary
Input parameters
Somewhat
applicable to
multiple regions
Can be replicated
[at moderate cost)
Does not require
extensive
computer model
Disadvantages
of Methodology
Requires computer
model
Potentially high cost
louse
Requires large data
collection process to
generate statistically
significant results
-
Report ..,,
"Air Ouaity O«sets tor
Parking.* Louden.
WWam. etal. In
Transportation
Research Record 1232,
1992.
'An Employer Panel for
Evaluating the
Effectiveness ol Trip
Reduction Incentives.'
QluVano. Qenevieve,
and Wachs. Martin. In
Panels lor
Transportation Planning
and Applications, ed.
T.F. Gotob. el al, 1997.
•Reducing Drive-Alone
Rates at Small
Employer Sites: Costs
and Benefits of Local
Trip Reduction
Ordinances: Pasadena
Towers Case Study.*
Stewart. Jacqueline. In
Transportation
Research ftecortf 1433.
1994.
•fl»«TO.*m^ •**
Description .
Develops and
uses parking
supply model for
oowniown
Portland to
estimate CO
emissions
Discusses results
collected on
Southern
California
ofnpioym6n! sties
subject to
SCAQMD
Regulation XV.
and assesses the
relative
effectiveness of
trip reduction
strategies
Evaluates the
cost effectiveness
of a building-
based trip
reduction plan
Implemented In
compliance to a
local ordinance in
Pasadena,
California
BtMHMi. •*«"•>•" *
i ...
Advantages of Study
Uses observed price and
travel tbne sensitivities
Uses proven models of
travel behavior
Incorporates Integrated
CO emissions modal
Utilizes the largest trip
reduction measure
database available In the
world
Panel method allows for
assessing before-and-
after-TCM conditions
Attltudinal survey
includes the Influences of
building tenant company
size as well as schedule
and lifestyle of
employees
t*~ ' v
f. -.-~».
Disadvantages
: of Study
Requires parking
database: number of
spaces, location, type.
use patterns
Requires travel
database: time of
arrival, trave A work
mode split
Database does not
provide exceptional
detail; report does not
contain details ol the
level of Incentive
support provided to
employees
Only generalized
effectiveness results
are shown
TCMs were not always
implemented at the
time of the survey
Uses small data sets
therefore results vary
widely with the
behavior of a few
Individuals
Does not establish a
standard to evaluate
average vehicle
ridership results
obtained
Results may not be
transferable to other
flmpjpy.ar sites or
regions
Does not quantify
emission impacts
Factors Analyzed
Price level
Not described
Program cost and
distribution of cost
Benefits to
developer, tenants
and city
Average vehicle
ridership
• ^•pjp^'lf!?^'**"^"?.'
dac
dac
-------
Transportation
Measure
Parking
Pricing/
Parking
Management
(cont.)
» /
Methodology
Empirical
analysis ol
transportation
measure
demonstration
projects .
Transportation
survey analysis
Advantages
of Methodology
Requires little or
no new data
acquisition
Relatively low cost
Shows actual
potential ol
transportation
measures
Identifies barriers
to Implementing
transportation
measures
Somewhat
applicable to
multiple regions
(but Influenced by
local factors of the
study area)
Can be replicated
(at moderate cost)
Does not require
extensive
computer model
Disadvantages
of Methodology
Case study results
do not necessarily
apply to other
regions
Requires large data
collection process
-
Report
'Evaluation of Travel
Demand Management
Measures to Relieve
Congestion.*
Kuzmyak, J.R.. and
E.N. Schreffler.
Prepared by COMSIS
Corp. for FHWA.
FHWA/SA-90/D05;
DOT-T-90-14.
February 1990.
'Land Use Regulations
to Promote
Ridesharing: An
Evaluation of the
Seattle Approach.'
McCutcheon. Melody.
and Jeffrey Hamm.
Transportation
Quarterly, vol. 37 no. 4,
1983.
•Cashing Out
Employer-Paid Parking:
A Precedent for
Congestion Pricing?'
Shoup. Donald.
University of California,
Los Angeles. 1994.
Contained In
Transportation
Research Board SR
242.
Description .
Performs case
studies of the
effectiveness of
11 transportation
demand
management
programs
' '
Evaluates the
effectiveness of
developer-based
land use
regulations to
promote
rkJesharing In
Seattle's central
business district
Uses
transportation
survey data to
assess vehicle
trip. VMT. and
fuel use changes
if cash payments
were made
available to
employees in lieu
of subsidized
parking
Advantages of Study
Shows potential lor
reduction in commute-
based trips due to
Implementation of
transportation measures
Provides high level of
detail about the specific
programs implemented
Identifies barriers to
enforcing parking
management practices at
businesses; suggests
improvements
Uses actual
transportation behavior
data for the Los Angeles
region In addition to
available supplementary
data
Requires only simple
calculations
Provides rebuttals to
arguments against cash
payments
Disadvantages
of Study
Generally does not
evaluate specific
transportation
measure individual!/;
programs ol multiple
transportation
measures are
evaluated for
effectiveness
Does not quantify
emission reductions
Trip reductions based
upon vehicle
occupancy
assumptions for each
mode choice (carpool.
vanpool. transit)
Does not quantify trip.
VMT. or emissions
reductions
Study was performed
before significant data
existed on the
effectiveness of the
whole program
Requires care when
Inferring applicability of
results to other regions
Factors Analyzed
Not applicable In
context of spocilic
transportation
measures
Availability of nearby
parking
i 1
Developer
cooperation with
requirements
Value of parking
subsidy
Level of cash
payments in lieu ol
parking subsidy
dac
dac
dac
WJO/98
-------
Transportation
Measure
Parking
Pricing/
Parking
Management
trnnt \
[com.)
Methodology
Transportation
survey analysis
(coot.)
Sketch
planning
Advantage*
of Methodology
Simple tools can
generate planning-
level estimates of
transportation
measure effective-
ness at low cost
Generalized tools
can be somewhat
applicable to
multiple regions
Analyst can vary
Input parameters
Disadvantages
of Methodology
Sketch planning
results are usually
not the most
accurate, depending
on the Input
parameters
_.
.
Report
•Analysis of Indirect
Source Trip Activity:
Regional Shopping
Centers.' Prepared by
JHK & Associates and
K.T. Analytics for the
California Air
Resources Board.
ARB-R-94/510.
November 1993.
TCM Analyst 1.0 and
User's Guide.*
Crawford. Jason A., et
al. Texas
Transportation Institute.
For the Federal
Highway
Administration.
November 1994.
•Critical Analysis of
Sketch-Planning Tools
for Evaluating the
Emission Benefits of
Transportation Control
Measures.* Crawford.
Jason A., and
Raymond A. Krammes.
Prepared by Texas
Transportation Institute
for FHWA. FHWA/TX-
92/1279-5. December
1993.
Description
Surveyed
customers of
regional shopping
centers to
determine
potential Impact
of various travel
reduction
measures
Describes a
computerized
sketch planning
tool. TCM Analyst
1.0. Including
Input data
requirements.
methods of use.
and an overview
of the model's
structure and
calculation
procedures
Critical analysis
and sensitivity
analysis (using
data for El Paso.
Texas) of San
Diego Association
of Governments
(SANDAG) TCM
Tools method and
the Systems
Applications
International (SAI)
method;
summarized in
TRR 1472
Advantages of Study
Uses actual survey data
(Including customer
demographic and stated
preference data)
Developed calculation
methodologies specific to
each trip reduction
measure, using site-
specific data
Compares data between
shopping centers In
different land-use types
Provides a useful and
relatively easy Instruction
manual for using TCM
Analyst 1.0
Uses MOBILESa output
data (emission factors)
as Inputs to the model.
providing more accurate
emission benefit
calculations for each
TCM
Provides a thorough
review of the state of the
practice (as of 1993)
Identifies weaknesses In
the SANDAG and SAI
methods as well as
strengths
Provides detailed sketch-
planning analysis lor El
Paso, Texas
Disadvantages
of Study ,
Assumptions are
required to translate
stated preference data
to expected outcome
Does not quantify
emission reductions
Program only models
limited TCMs and
cannot model multiple
TCM packages
Requires several runs
with MOBILESa to
obtain input emission
factors
Modeling on regional
(rather than
microscale) basis only
Many of the inputs to
the SANDAG and SAI
models are difficult to
quantify
The SANDAG and SAI
models do not fully
account for Indirect
impacts and latent
travel demand
Factors Analyzed
Parking fee level
Amount of other
nearby parking
Proximity of potential
high-occupancy
preferred parking
Not stated
Vehicle trips
VMT
Average vehicle
speed
Emissions (HC. CO,
NOx)
dai
dac
drl
-------
Transportation
Measure
Parking
Pricing/
Parking
Management
(cont.)
\w ""/
Methodology
Process
analysis of
transportation
measure
planning and
Implementation
Comparison
and analysis of
other studies
Advantages
of Methodology
Explains lessons
learned during the
planning and
Implementation ol
an actual
transportation
measure, such as
reactions to
expect from the
public and funding
sources
Provides pros and
cons of planning
and
Implementation
methods
Relatively
inexpensive and
simple to conduct.
because It
requires no
primary research
Provides a review
of the results
produced by
different HOV
facilities in North
America, which
could be used If
other directly
applicable
research Is not
available
Identifies
advantages and
disadvantages of
several
methodologies
Disadvantages
of Methodology
Does not necessarily
help quantify VT.
VMT, or emissions
reductions from the
transportation
measure
implementation
Cost can vary greatly
Results are not
directly applicable to
other regions (they
do not Incorporate
characteristics ol
other regions)
Unlikely to provide
precise estimates
Report
•Transportation Control
Measures Analyzed for
the Washington
Region's 15 Percent
Rate of Progress Plan.*
FHWA/Metrooolitan
Washington Council of
Governments, February
1995.
"An Assessment of
Transportation Control
Measures,
Transportation
Technologies, and
Pricing/Regulatory
Policies.' Euritt. Mark
A.,elal. University of
Texas, Austin. Center
lor Transportation
Research/Tellus
Institute. CTRSEDC-
1, June 1995.
Description
Provides
comprehensive
evaluation of the
selection and
quantification
process
performed by the
MWCOGtor
assessing various
transportation
measures
Assesses several
studies that
analyze a host of
transportation
measures,
technology
options, and
policies tor total
effectiveness and
costs/benefits
-
Advantages of Study
Addresses the strengths
and weaknesses of the
bottom-up, multiple
committee planning
process used by the
COO
Provides extensive, dear
detail (and strengths and
weaknesses) of both the
evaluation tools used and
each specific
transportation measure
evaluation method
Estimates VT. VMT. and
emission reductions and
cost-effectiveness
Provides a solid overview
of the range (and effects)
of TCM options, as well
as technology and policy
options
Focuses upon energy
efficiency impacts in
addition to emissions and
VMT
Disadvantages
of Study
Requires an extensive
study of already-
performed process
Report does not
contain a methodology
for evaluating new
TCM plans, but follow-
on report focuses
upon these strategies
Estimates may be too
rough to apply to other
programs in other
regions
Factors Analyzed
None (factors
analyzed are
applicable to each
transportation
measure analyzed
during the process)
Impacts: vehicle
trips, vehicle miles
traveled, and
emissions
Costs
dac
dac
W 30/98
I'agc US
-------
Transportation
Measure
Parking
Pricing/
Parking
Management
[cont.)
Methodology
Comparison
and analysis of
other studies
(oonl.)
Advantages
of Methodology
Disadvantages
of Methodology
—
Report
•Assessment of Travel
Demand Management
Approaches at
Suburban Activity
Centers.' Bhatt. Klran.
and Higgins, Thomas.
K.T. Analystics. U.S.
DOT. July 1989.
•Parking Subsidies and
Travel Choices:
Assessing the
Evidence.* WiHson.
Richard W. and Donald
C. Shoup. In
Transportation, vol. 17.
1990.
Description
Surveys research
studies and
Interviews TCM
program
coordinators to
provide an
overview of the
range of
effectiveness of
employer-based
TCM programs
Reviews empirical
case studies of
the relationship
between
employer-paid
parking and solo
commuting
Advantages of Study
Provides a large number
of case study examples
of both effective and
ineffective TCM
programs
Makes recommendations
to employers on how to
develop a TCM program
Provides a good checklist
of topics to address when
developing a TCM
program
Draws out analogous
results from a variety of
existing case studies to
show range of Impacts of
employer-paid parking
and solo driving
Case studies cover a
variety of locations
(downtown and
suburban), employer
types (public and private)
and employee categories
(professional and clerical)
Case study results are
reinforced by survey
findings cited In the paper
Provides an estimated
range for the elasticity ol
demand for solo driving
with respect to parking
price
Disadvantages
of Study
Report does not
contain a methodology
for forecasting the
effectiveness of new
TCM plans
Only generalized
evaluation of TCM
effectiveness
Because most case
studies are from Los
Angeles, results may
not be representative
of other areas
Range of results Is
very wide, so the
results cannot directly
be used to accurately
estimate the impacts
of another program
Does not quantify VMT
or emissions impacts
Factors Analyzed
Relative
effectiveness of
various
transportation
measure programs
Implementation
mechanisms
Existence of
employer-paid
parking
Travel mode (solo
driver, non-solo
driver)
dac
drl
-------
Transportation
Measure
Parking
Pricing/
Parking
Management
frnnt \
(com.j
Methodology
Comparison
and analysis ol
other studies
(conl.)
Advantages
of Methodology
Disadvantages
of Methodology
Report
•The Equity and Cost
Effectiveness ol
Employee Commute
Options Programs.'
Farkas. Z. Andrew.
Morgan State
University. TRB
960078. January 1996.
Transportation Pricing
and Travel Behavior.'
Harvey. Greig W. In
Cutting QrtdkKk:
Peak-Period Fees to
Relieve Traffic
Congestion. Vol.2.
Transportation
Research Board
Special Report 242,
1994.
Description
Analyzes the
results ol surveys
and transportation
measure
modeling studies
performed lor the
Baltimore and
Philadelphia
regions
Overview paper
on the effects ol
transportation
system pricing on
activity patterns
and travel
behavior; some
emissions results
Advantages of Study
Shows different methods
of using the same model:
Travel Demand
Evaluation Model
developed by COMSIS
Provides a discussion of
social equity
considerations based on
a survey of the two
regions
Paper reviews empirical
results and anecdotal
from several
transportation pricing
projects and studies
Review of existing results
focuses on aggregate
demand elasticity
Disadvantages
of Study
Philadelphia modeling
assumed average
vehicle ridership
targets were reached
and results are only
applicable relative to
each scenario
Baltimore modeling did
not estimate emissions
reductions
Wide variability of
results reviewed limits
their usefulness
Factors Analyzed
RkJeshare promotion
level
Parking charge level
Transit subsidy
levels
Work schedule
flexibility
Aggregate demand
elasticity
dac
dil
M/UI/VK
H7
-------
Transportation
Measure
Regional
Land Use/
arowth
Management
Methodology
Conventional
ransportalton
planning
network model
Statistical
anal/sis of
(actors
affecting travel
behavior
Advantages
of Methodology
Can be used to
solate the effect
on travel patterns
of different land
use patterns
Utilizes actual
data from travel
diaries, surveys,
and/or local and
household
characteristics
Relatively simple
approach (does
not require
computer
modeling)
Some results may
have applicability
to other regions
Disadvantages
of Methodology
Hypothetical
modeling exercise;
does not use actual
performance data
from existing
neighborhoods
Models do not
account for many
aspects of land use
strategies, such as
mixed land uses.
street characteristics
like street and lane
width and
landscaping, and
differences in
development
densities and
parking availability
Modeling analysis of
a local street
network does not
account (or
Interaction between
neighborhood and
regional travel
Complexity of
relationship between
travel behavior and
urban form can
make It difficult to
achieve statistically
significant results
Causality can be
difficult to establish
Uncertain
applicability to
multiple regions (but
can be duplicated at
moderate cost, if
necessary)
Report
The Impacts of
Various Land Use
Strategies on Suburban
Mobility.1 Middlesex
Somerset Mercer
Regional Council
(MSM). For the
Federal Transit
Administration.
December 1992.
•Using Residential
Patterns and Transit to
Decrease Auto
Dependence and
Costs.* Hottzdaw.
John. For Natural
Resources Defense
Council. June 1994.
Description
Examines the
Interaction
between
suburban land
use trends and
regional traffic
conditions
utilizing three
different models
of high density.
mixed-use
centers; tested
the model's
transportation
effects on Trenton
and New
Brunswick
suburban region
Evaluates the
effects of
neighborhood
characteristics
(density, transit
accessibility.
neighborhood
shopping, and
pedestrian
accessibility) on
household vehicle
ownership and
VMT. based on
data from 27
neighborhoods in
California.
Advantages of Study
Used TransCAD
transportation modeling
package, which
Incorporates land use
elements fan a GIS format
with a traditional four-
step transportation
planning model
Regional transportation
model used to evaluate
effects of the 3 mixed-
use centers (transit.
short-drive, and walking)
Includes modeling of trip
generation, distribution.
mode split, and route
assignment
Explores some key
relationships between
often-overlooked
neighborhood
characteristics and travel
behavior
Uses Innovative
techniques to account for
transit accessibility.
neighborhood shopping.
and pedestrain
accessibility
Uses data from a wide
variety of California
neighborhoods, from
central city to suburban
(rings
Disadvantages
of Study
Regkxtwlde tripmaklng
formulas concentrated
on suburban practices
and do not provide a
good reflection of
urban tripmaking
conditions
Study does not
calculate emissions
directly; transportation
Impacts are measured
in Vehicle Trips and
Vehicle Miles Traveled
Model assumes that
al new development
locates in cities or In
higher-density, mixed-
use centers
Evaluates VMT per
household, but does
not estimate emissions
impacts directly
Study does not
account for several
potentially Important
neighborhood
characteristics,
Including parking
availability and
proximity to the urban
center
Results may not be
applicable outside of
California
Factors Analyzed
Transportation
affects of suburban,
higher density.
mixed use centers,
measured In:
vehicle trips, level ol
vehicle miles
traveled, level of
delay experienced,
and average speed
Annual VMT per
household
Household vehicle
ownership
Neighborhood
characteristics
(density, transit
accessibility,
neighborhood
shopping, and
pedestrian
accessibility)
Household Income
dkp
dtl
-------
Transportation
Measure
Rldeshara
Methodology
Travel demand/
mode choice
model
Advantages
of Methodology
Somewhat
applicable to
multiple regions
Analyst can vary
input parameters
Disadvantages
of Methodology
Requires region-
specific household
survey, land use,
socioeconomic, and
travel cost data
Requires complex
computer model
Potentially high cost
louse
Report
•Implementing Effective
Travel Demand
Management
Measures: Inventory ol
Measures and
Synthesis ol
Experience.' COMSIS
Corporation. USDOT,
September 1993.
DOT-T-94KK.
•The Effectiveness of
Transportation Control
Measures in Reducing
Congestion and
Improving Air Quality.'
Loudon. William R . et
al. JHK & Associates.
Air & Waste
Management
Association Annual
Meeting & Exhibition
1993. AWMA93-RP-
149.05.
Description
Summarizes
broad range of
TDM measures.
provides example
case study
analyses of each,
and uses
computer model
to benchmark the
effectiveness of
each TDM
Describes a
developed
transportation
demand model
that Integrates
emissions
calculations;
provides example
calculations from
the model
Advantages of Study
Excellent overview of the
range of TDMs possible;
provides description.
nature of effectiveness.
application setting,
effectiveness potential.
and cost
Uses actual case studies
to Inform the use of a
computer model for
forecasting TDM
effectiveness
Provides a road-map to
implementing TDMs
Model has a user manual
that leads the analyst
step-by-step through the
input of data for region
specific analyses
Contains extensive cost-
effectiveness module
Can be used at either
regional or a smaller area
or location
Includes exhaust and
evaporative emissions
Disadvantages
of Study
Use of the model
requires local Input
parameters to forecast
local effectiveness
Model does not
Incorporate an
emissions calculation
module
Most analysis is at the
employer- level rather
than the area-level
Use of the model
requires local input
parameters to forecast
local effectiveness;
default values may not
be sufficient
Factors Analyzed
Level of service
provided by
employer:
Information,
matching services.
preferential parking.
ride home programs
Average vehicle
ridership
Employee Incentives
• .
Oac
dac
W.IO/'JH
-------
Transportation
Measure
Rldesrtara
fcont.)
\VVP "v
Methodology
Travel demand/
mode choice
model (cent.)
Advantages
of Methodology
Disadvantages
of Methodology
Report
Transportation Control
Measure Analysis
Procedures.* Austin,
Barbara S., et al.
Systems Applications
International/California
Air Resources Board.
Nov1991 SYSAPP-
91/141.
Description
Describes a
developed
transportation
demand model
and explicitly
discusses the
calculation
methodology
used for several
transportation
measures
Advantages of Study
Model quantifies key
secondary effects of
TCMs (e.g. new
carpoollng programs may
attract transit riders
rather than SOV riders)
Presents all the primary
equations and variables
used to calculate the
effects of TCMs
Contains a step-by-step
process for evaluating
packages of TCMs
Explains multi-attribute
analyses as applied to
multiple TCM packages
Disadvantages
' of Study
Use of the model
requires local Input
parameters to forecast
local effectiveness;
default values may not
be sufficient;
participation level data
Is required; base
cases need to match
real conditions
Model does not cover
all TCMs. but can be
modified to do so
Temporal treatment Is
limited to orvpeak/olt-
peak. no spatial
treatment
Emissions calculations
are not explicitly
described in the same
fashion as travel
effects
Factors Analyzed
Effect of park and
ride lots
Formation ol new
versus existing
carpools
Oac
-------
Transportation
Measure
Rldeshare
(cont.)
Methodology
Travel demand/
mode choice
model (cont.)
Advantages
of Methodology
Disadvantages
of Methodology
Report
'A Survey and Analysis
of Employee
Responses to
Employer-Sponsored
Trip Reduction
Incentive Programs.*
Schreffler, Eric N., and
Mortero. Jose.
COMSIS Corp.
California Air
Resources Board.
February 1994.
Contract No. A983- 187.
•Selection and
Evaluation of Travel
Damand Management
Measures.* Taylor.
Christopher J.. at al.
TRB 971114. January
1997.
Description
Describes results
ol new survey
data regarding
employee travel
behavior; uses
mode choice and
travel demand
model to predict
Impacts of certain
employer-based
transportation
measures
Uses Travel
Demand
Evaluation Model
developed by
COMSIS to
evaluate the
Impact ol
transportation
measures on
mode choice and
VT for the
Syracuse. NY
metropolitan area
Advantages of Study
Clearly explains the
process that was used:
survey data acquisition.
mode choice
computation, and TCM
effectiveness model use
Data requirements are
more readily available
than other models
User-friendly model is
available for outside use;
users guide is also
available
Survey links Incentives
directly to impacts on
travel behavior
Model Includes an
awareness sub-model
that simulates how many
people know about the
possible TCMs available
to them
Uses joumey-to-work
census data to develop
estimates of zone-to-
zone travel
Evaluates both area-wide
programs and employer-
based programs
Assesses revenue
generation potential and
transit subsidies
Disadvantages
of Study
Does not accurately
address trip-chaining
and VMT reductions
(only trips)
Household conditions
are not extensively
accounted for
Cost-effectiveness
was not calculated
Employer-level
analyses only, with
focus upon incentive
TCMs
Sufficiently detailed
Journey-to- work
census data may not
be available for all
cities: Syracuse has
this data available due
to a pilot program
Requires assuming
some estimates of
effectiveness
Does not quantify
emissions reductions
Factors Analyzed
Guaranteed ride
home
Company vanpools
Preferential parking
Parking fees for
ridesharers
Carpool subsidies &
transportation
allowances
,.
Transit (are levels
and travel time
HOV lane time
savings
Parking costs
Employer transit
encouragement level
dac
dac
I'agc VI
-------
Transportation
Measure
Rldesharo
cont.j
i"^" ""/
Methodology
Travel demand/
mode choice
modal (cent.)
Empirical
anal/sis of the
impacts of
personal
preference and
workplace
conditions on
mode choice
Advantages
of Methodology
Somewhat
applicable to
multiple regions
(but likely to be
influenced heavily
by local factors of
the study area)
Can be replicated
(at moderate to
high cost)
Does not require
extensive
computer model
Uses actual
survey data
Disadvantages
of Methodology
f
Requires large data
collection process to
generate statistically
significant results
Personal preference
and workplace
conditions difficult to
Impact through
public policy
Report
'Transportation Control
Measures for the San
Francisco Bay Area:
Analysis of
Effectiveness and
Costs.' Harvey. G..
and E. Deakln. For
Bay Area Air Quality
Management District.
October 1 991.
•Improving the
Effectiveness of
Rideshartng Programs."
Stevens. William F.
Transportation
Quarterly, October
1990. Vol. 44 No. 4.
Description
Describes use
and results of a
travel demand
model to model
VT. VMT. and
emission
reductions of
various
transportation
measures In the
San Francisco
Bay Area
Describes the
methodology and
results of a
survey to
determine which
personal
preference and
workplace factors
affect rideshare
participation
_
Advantages of Study
Utilized high-quality
household travel survey
data and advanced
modeling capabilities
Emissions catculatior »
uses standardized
methods, but takes Into
account more subtle
effects of emissions
generation
Provides succinct, clear
data on results of study.
Including cost-
effectlveness estimates
Uses actual data from a
survey of current and
past rideshare
participants as well as a
random sample of
potential participants
Survey instrument
developed through focus
groups and interviews for
better results
Disadvantages
of Study
Does not provide
dataU on model
operation
Some findings may
have been
contradicted by more
recent studies (e.g..
study finds that large
corporations have
better success with
rideshare programs)
•'
Factors Analyzed
Many; not specified
Rideshare logistics
and personal
flexibility
Monetary: parking,
fuel
Interpersonal issues
("having someone lo
talk to')
Altruism
dac
dac
-------
Transportation
Measure
Rldeshare
(cont.)
Methodology
Empirical
analysis of the
impacts of
personal
preference -and
workplace
conditions on
mode choice
(cont.)
Advantages
of Methodology
Disadvantages
of Methodology
Report
'The Influence of
Employer FUdesharing
Programs on Employee
Mode Choice.'
Ferguson. Erik.
Transportation, vol 17.
1990.
Description
Analyzes
aggregate-level
data compiled by
a large Southern
California regional
rtdesharing
agency; assesses
impact of
employer
characteristics on
employee mode
split
Advantages of Study
Analyzes a large data set
comprising almost 10%
of Los Angeles area
workforce
Utilizing existing agency
database is a cost-
effective approach
Less accurate than
disaggregated (employee
by employee) data
Includes cost-
effectiveness estimations
Disadvantages
of Study
Some findings may
have been
contradicted by more
recent studies (e.g..
study finds that large
corporations have
better success with
rideshare programs)
Aging data source:
1985 survey data
Los Angoles area
factors may be
uncharacteristic of
other regions, so
results may not be
applicable elsewhere
Employer-derived data
was acquired using
different methods
No estimates of
emissions impacts
Factors Analyzed
Level of employer
effort to encourage
ridesharing
Size of firm
dac
-------
Transportation
Measure
Rldeshare
(conl.)
Methodology
Empirical
analysis of the
impacts of
personal
preference and
workplace
conditions on
mode choice
(cont.)
Empirical
analysis ol
transportation
measure
Implementation
programs
Advantages
of Methodology
Somewhat
applicable to
multiple regions
Can be replicated
(at moderate cost)
Does not require
extensive
computer model
Disadvantages
of Methodology •
Requires large data
collection process to
generate statistically
significant results
"'
Report '
*Tha Effectiveness of
Rktesharing
Incentives.'
Brownstone. David,
and Thomas F. Gotob.
In Regional Science
and Urban Economics.
vol. 22, 1992.
'An Employer Panel tor
Evaluating the
Effectiveness ol Trip
Reduction Incentives.'
Qlullano. Ganevteve,
and Wachs. Martin. In
Panels for
Transportation Planning
and Applications, ed.
T.F. Gotob.etal. 1997.
!,
Description -,
Evaluates the
travel Impacts ol
certain Incentives
designed to
promote
rktesharing
(carpoollng and
vanpooling) on
work trips, using
data from a- study
of fun-time
workers'
commuting
behavior In the
Los Angeles area
Discusses results
collected on
Southern
California
employment sites
subject to
SCAQMO
Regulation XV.
end assesses the
relative
effectiveness of
trip reduction
strategies
- ..
Advantages of Study
Analysis Is based on a
rich data set
Evaluates potential
Impact on rideshartng of
employer-provided
preferential parking and
HOV lanes
Provides Insight Into
which household
characteristics and
employer characteristics
Influence rideshartng
Utilizes the largest trip
reduction measure
database available In the
world
Panel method allows for
assessing bekxe-and-
after-TCM conditions
Disadvantages
(; of Study .4
Does not directly
quantify VMT or
emissions impacts
Conclusions may not
apply to areas other
than Southern
California
Database does not
provide exceptional
detail; report does not
contain details of the
level of incentive
support provided to
employees
Only generalized
effectiveness results
are shown
TCMs we>*> not always
Implemented at the
time of the survey
Factors Analyzed
Mode choice (always
rtdeshare.
sometimes
rtdeshare, always
drive alone)
Individual
characteristics
(Income, age,
gender)
Commute
characteristics
(distance. HOV lane
available)
Employer Incentives
(flexible schedule.
preferential parking,
cost subsidy.
guaranteed ride
home)
Employer size
Not described
drt
dac
-------
Transportation
Measure
Rldeshare
(cent.)
Methodology
Empirical
analysis of
transportation
measure
implementation
programs
(cont.)
Empirical
analysis of
transportation
measure
demonstration
projects
Advantages
of Methodology
Requires tittle or
no new data
acquisition
Relatively low cost
Shows actual
potential of
transportation
measures
Identifies barriers
to implementing
transportation
measures
Disadvantages
of Methodology
Case study results
do not necessarily
apply toother
regions
Report
•The Los Angeles
County Route 14
Vanpooi and Buspool
Demonstration Project:
An Analysis of Its
Effectiveness In
Reducing Long
Distance Commuter
Trips.* Blanchard.
Donna et al.
Transportation
Research Board. July
1993.
'Evaluation ol Travel
Demand Management
Measures to Relieve
Congestion.*
Kuzmyak. J.R.. and
E.N. Schreffler.
Prepared by COMSIS
Corp. for FHWA.
FHWA/SA-90/005;
DOT-T-90-14.
February 1990.
•Land Use Regulations
to Promote
Rktosharing: An
Evaluation of the
Seattle Approach.*
McCutcheon. Melody.
and Jeffrey Hamm.
Transportation
Quarterly, vol. 37 no. 4.
1983.
Description
Addresses the
effectiveness ol a
demonstration
vanpooland
buspod project.
an Incentive-
based program
established to
relieve congestion
and Improve air
quality along the
Los Angeles
County Route 14
corridor
Performs case
studtesofthe
effectiveness of
11 transportation
demand
management
programs
Evaluates the
effectiveness of
developer-based
land use
regulations to
promote
rideshartngin
Seattle's central
business district
Advantages of Study
Calculates the total
number of vehicle trips
and vehicle miles
traveled reduced, by
origin and destination, of
program participants
Phase II follow-up project
to Include computerized
tracking program and
data collection
Shows potential for
reduction In commute-
based trips due to
Implementation of
transportation measures
Provides high level of
detail about the specific
programs Implemented
Identifies barriers to
enforcing parking
management practices at
businesses; suggests
Improvements
Disadvantages
of Study
Does not provide
emissions estimates
Requires costly
administration.
tracking and data
collection efforts:
participant program
exit information often
incomplete
Report does not
contain details of
participants' prior
mode choice or
commute length
Generally does not
evaluate specific
transportation
measure Individually;
programs of multiple
transportation
measures are
evaluated for
effectiveness
Does not quantify
emission reductions
Trip reductions based
upon vehicle
occupancy
assumptions for each
mode choice (carpool.
vanpool. transit)
Does not quantity trip.
VMT. or emissions
reductions
Study was performed
before significant data
existed on the
effectiveness of the
whole program
Factors Analyzed
Vanpool and buspool
Incentives: rider
rebate, child care
bonus, and
emergency
(guaranteed) rides
home
Program
participation
Cost-effectiveness
Not applicable in
context of specific
transportation
measures
Availability of nearby
parking
Developer
cooperation with
requirements
dkp
dac
dac
V/.IO/'JB
Huge «
-------
Transportation
Measure
Rldesharo
(conl.)
1 1
Methodology
Empirical
analysis of
transportation
measure
demonstration
projects (coot.)
Statistical
analysis of
employer
ride sharing
initiatives
Advantages
of Methodology
Utilizes large
database of
existing employers
that implement
transportation
measures
Relatively low-cost
(provided data
does not need to
be coflectad)
Disadvantages
of Methodology
May not assess
causes of statistical
significance found
Results not
necessarily
applicable to other
regions
Report
Transportation-Related
Impacts of Compressed
WorkWaek: The
Denver Experiment*
Atherton. Terry J.. et at.
In Transportation
Research Record 845,
1982.
•Evaluation of
Employer-Sponsored
RkJesharing Programs
in Southern California.*
Ferguson. Erik T.,
Georgia Institute of
Technology. In
Transportation
Research Record 1200,
1090.
Description
Provides before
and alter
comparison of
travel behavior for
an experimental
compressed-work
week program for
federal
employees In
Denver
Analyzes
database of
surveys of
employer-
sponsored
rktosharing
programs In
Southern
California to
determine
relevant factors
on effectiveness
<
Advantages of Study
Before-and-after
approach (with a control
group) accurately
assesses changes In
travel
Utilizes actual travel
diaries and surveys to
track travel patterns
Identifies some non-work
travel Impacts of
compressed work weeks
Information was complete
and accurate due to
government workplace
locus
Utilizes large existing
database for the region.
Increasing validity of
results
Assesses cost-
effectiveness at varying
program sizes
Assesses Interaction
between alternative work
schedules and
rideshartng
Attempts to explain
reasons behind statistical
significance of certain
factors
Disadvantages
of Study
Private organizations
may not respond as
well to requirements to
implement
compressed work
week plans
Sample database may
be biased (they were
all clients of a
centralized ridesharfng
agency)
Primarily analyzes
employer-based
measures only
Factors Analyzed
9/80 schedule vs.
4/40 schedule
Level and type of
direct ridesharing
incentives
Firm size and type
Dollars spent on
rideshare programs
dac
dac
-------
Transportation
Measure
Rideshare
(conl.)
Methodology
Sample
surveys
Advantages
of Methodology
Uses statistically
representative
sample population
to make estimates
of Impact of
ridesharing
strategies on the
ridesharing
participation and
effectiveness
Sample size (and
therefore cost)
can be varied
based on level of
statistical
accuracy desired
Surveys can be
done periodically
to determine
changes In
ridesharing raleb
over time, and
impacts of special
promotions such
as 'Try Transit*
weeks
Disadvantages
of Methodology
Surveys can entail
significant costs
•Revolving door*
characteristic of
ridesharing programs
can be difficult to
address with
accuracy
Relationship
between ridesharing
participation. VMT.
and emissions
requires additional
analysis
If surveys are
performed differently
In different regions,
direct comparisons
of results may not be
valid
Survey results can
be subject to various
kinds of response
bias
Report
'Rideshare Placement
Mesurement: A
Proposed Standard
Methodology.* King,
Michael, and Barbara
Alderson. California
State University at
Chlco, June 1995.
'Cost-Effectiveness of
Private Employer
Ridesharing Programs:
An Employer's
Assessment.*
Wegmann. Frederick J.
University of
Tennessee. In
Transportation
Research Record 1212,
1989.
Description
Develops
methodology for
quantifying
rideshare
placement levels
for ridematchlng
services;
discusses pilot
testing of
methodology
(note: this
methodology Is
currently used by
RIDES tor Bay
Area Commuters
In the San
Francisco Bay
Area).
Conducts and
analyzes sample
surveys with the
aim of
documenting the
cost and benefits
available to
private-sector
employers
through the
operation of
employer
ridesharing
programs
Advantages of Study
Survey methodology Is
generic and can be
applied to any region
Methodology
distinguishes between
three types ol ridasha/e
placements (trial,
maintenance, and
ongoing) to reflect their
different impact on travel
and emissions
Survey methodology Is
generic and can be
applied to any region
Diverse study sample
included respondents
from throughout the U.S.,
and represented
companies In central
business districts, within
city limits, and In
suburbs, from a diversity
of Industry types
Disadvantages
of Study
Only quantifies
rideshare placement;
does not directly
quantify VMT and
emissions impact
Only quantifies
rideshare cost-
effectiveness to
employers; does not
directty quantify VMT
and emissions impact
Quantitative estimates
ol ridesharing benefits
are very difficult to
make; therefore.
further follow up with a
subset of the sample
surveyed was required
to convert general
estimates of benefits
Into annual monetary
values
Most benefits cited by
respondents were of
an intangible nature;
therefore, the data
base necessary to
generate cost-benefit
analyses does not
exist
Factors Analyzed
Rideshare placement
rate (trial.
maintenance, and
ongoing)
Survey response
rate
Statistical sampling
error
Employer ridesharing
costs, including
vanpoofing and
vanpooling subsidy
costs; employer
parking costs
Ridesharing cost-
effectiveness
Ridesharing benefits
drl
dkp
y/.w/yti
Page
-------
Transportation
Measure
Rldeshare
(cont.)
Methodology
Sketch
planning .
Advantages
of Methodology
Simple tools can
generate planning-
level estimates of
transportation
measure
effectiveness at
low cost
Generalized tools
can be somewhat
aorrticable to
multiple regions
Analyst can vary
input parameters
Disadvantages
of Methodology
Sketch planning
results are usually
not the most
accurate, depending
on the Input
parameters
Report
•TCM Analyst 1.O and
User's Guide.*
Crawford. Jason A., at
al. Texas
Transportation Institute.
For the Federal
Highway
Administration.
November 1994.
Description
Describes a
computerized
sketch planning
tool, TCM Analyst
1.0. Including
Input data
requirements,
methods of use.
and an overview
of the model's
structure and
calculation
procedures
Advantages of Study
Provides a useful and
relatively easy Instruction
manual for using TCM
Analyst 1.0
Uses MOBILESa output
data (emission factors)
as inputs to the model,
providing more accurate
emission benefit
calculations for each
TCM
Disadvantage*
' of Study
Program only models
limited TCMs and
cannot model multiple
TCM packages
Requires several runs
with MOBILESa to
obtain input emission
(actors
Modeling on regional
(rather than
mtcroscale) basis only
Factor* Analyzed
Not staled
dac
-------
Transportation
Measure
Rldeshare
(cont.)
Methodology
Sketch
planning (cont.)
'
Advantages
of Methodology
Disadvantages
of Methodology
Report
•Simple Methodologies
lor Quantifying VT and
VMT Reductions from
Transportation Control
and Growth
Management Measures
for Developing Local
Trip Reduction
Ordinances.* Evans,
V. and O. Morrow.
Sonoma Technology.
Inc. Air & Waste
Management Assoc.
1093
Description
Describes
development of
simple
methodologies for
quantifying
reductions in
vehicle trips (VT)
and vehicle miles
traveled (VMT)
from TCMs. for
use In a plannlng-
level context;
developed
origtnaBy for the
South Coast Air
Basin
,
Advantages of Study
Methods to quantify VT
and VMT reductions from
TCMs were based upon
relatively simple methods
for estimating emissions
and Individual TCM
effectiveness developed
prior to this report for the
South Coast AQMD
Performance-based
approach was developed
rather than use
mandated transportation
performance standards
Actual experience data
used as much as
possible: estimated trip
reduction levels from
each TCM was collected
from other studies, and
ptanning-level analysis
uses site-specific data
Inputs, thus offering
Increased precision in
emissions estimates
Ranges in VT reductions
estimates address the
interactive Impacts of the
application of multiple
TCMs
Equivalency factor used
to convert VMT to VT can
account for region-
specific average trip
lengths
Disadvantages
of Study
Expected reductions In
VT and VMT from
TCMs were estimated
based upon a general
survey, so for a
particular location
different assumptions
may be needed
Applicability to other
regions outside
California limited by
report's use ol
transportation data
and emissions factors
hi the analysis which
were quantified using
BURDEN and EMFAC
runs for 1994
Does not Incorporate
any consideration of
cost-effectiveness
Factors Analyzed
Employee
participation
(percentage and
frequency)
Employer trip-
reduction plan
Distance to work
Distance to and
existence ot Park-n-
Ridetots
dkp
•H 10/98
-------
Transportation
Measure
Rideshare
cont.)
Methodology
Sketch
planning (cont.)
Advantage*
of Methodology
Disadvantages
of Methodology
Report
'Evaluating Travel and
Air Quality Cost-
Effectiveness of
Transportation Demand
Management Projects.*
Schreffler. Eric N..
Therese Costa, and
Carl B. Mover. In
Transportation
Research Record 152O.
1996.
•Critical Analysis of
Sketch-Planning Tools
for Evaluating the
Emission Benefits of
Transportation Control
Measures.* Crawford.
Jason A., and
Raymond A. Krammes.
Prepared by Texas
Transportation Institute
for FHWA. FHWA/TX-
92/1279-5. December
1993.
Description
Describes simple
methodologies
used to evaluate
projects funded
by the AB 2766
vehicle
registration tee
program in
Southern
California
Critical analysis
and sensitivity
analysis (using
data for El Paso,
Texas) of San
Diego Association
of Governments
(SANDAG) TCM
Tools method and
the Systems
Applications,
International (SAI)
method;
summarized In
TRR 1472
Advantage* of Study
Methodology can be
used to evaluate prior
projects or proposed
future projects
Uses available EMF/.C
emission rates to
calculate ROQ. PM10.
NOx. and CO
Study develops
standardized worksheet
to evaluate projects
Study points out
drawbacks of self-
reported project results
Provides a thorough
review of the state of the
practice (as of 1993)
Identifies weaknesses in
the SANDAG and SAI
methods as well as
strengths
Provides detailed sketch-
planning analysis lor El
Paso. Texas
Disadvantage*
of Study :
Methodology relies on
participation data
provided by project
proponents, which
may not always be
unbiased
EMFAC7E factors are
California-specific
Many of the inputs to
the SANDAG and SAI
models are difficult to
quantify
The SANDAG and SAI
models do not fully
account tor Indirect
impacts and latent
travel demand
Factor* Analyzed
Trips reduced
Trip length
Prior travel mode
Vehicle trips
VMT
Average vehicle
speed
Emissions (HC. CO.
NOx)
drl
dil
-------
Transportation
Measure
Rideshare
(conl.)
Methodology
Employer TOM
cosl-
effectiveness
model
Advantages
of Methodology
Estimates
reduction in and
costs ol daily trips
and peak period
trips
Aids employer
determination ol
cost-elf ectiveness
of TOM measures
for their particular
worksite
Disadvantages
of Methodology
Results may vary
widely from one
employer to the next
Many Inputs may be
difficult for
employers or
planners to quantify
Report
•Transportation
Demand Management
Cost-Effectiveness
Model for Suburban
Employers.* Oagang.
Deborah A. JHK &
Associates. In
Transportation
Research Record 1404.
Description
Reports on the
development of a
model to
Individually
evaluate the cost-
effectiveness of
15 different
employer-based
TDM measures in
suburban settings
Advantages of Study
Focus on suburban
employers reflects
different travel-related
characteristics of
suburban and urban
areas
Spreadsheet-based
model is user-friendly
and readily accessible for
use at the site-specific
level; model makes
sensitivity analysis
relatively simple
Eight transportation
environments were
defined to represent
various combinations of
transportation service
characteristics
For employers without
access to entire range of
data necessary to
operate model, default
values are Included
Disadvantages
of Study
Most employers
surveyed to develop
model were unable to
provide detailed cost
Information on the
TOM measures they
had implemented
Does not calculate
emissions directly
Potential for regional
bias, as model was
developed in part
based on a survey of
suburban San
Francisco Bay Area
employers; model also
used the SCAQMD
Regulation XV and
Pima Association of
Governments Travel
Reduction Program
employer plan
databases
Only some TDMs
included In model
provide for estimates
of VT reductions
Use of default values
could diminishes
accuracy of estimates
for some users
Factors Analyzed
Suburban employer-
based TDM
measures
Daily trips and peak
period trips
Costs and cost-
effectiveness
dkp
I'.ipc HM
-------
Transportation
Measure
Rideshare
cent.)
1 /
Methodology
Process
analysis of
transportation
measure
planning and
mplemenlalion
Comparison
and analysis ol
other studies
Advantages
of Methodology
Explains lessons
learned during the
planning and
implementation of
an actual
transportation
measure, such as
reactions to
expect from the
puttie and funding
sources
Provides pros and
cons of planning
and
implementation
methods
Relatively
inexpensive and
simple to conduct,
because it
requires no
primary research
Provides a review
of the results
produced by
different HOV
facilities In North
America, which
could be used if
other directly
applicable
research Is not
available
Identifies
advantages and
disadvantages of
several
methodologies
Disadvantages
of Methodology
Joes not necessarily
help quantify VT.
VMT. or emissions
reductions Irom the
ransportation
measure
mplementalion
Cost can vary greatly
Results are not
directly applicable to
other regions (they
do not incorporate
characteristics ol
other regions)
Unlikely to provide
precise estimates
-
Report
Transportation Control
Measures Analyzed for
the Washington
Region's 15 Percent
Rate of Progress Plan.*
FHWA/Melrcpolitan
Washington Council of
Governments. February
1995.
'An Assessment of
Transportation Control
Measures,
Transportation
Technologies, and
Pricing/Regulatory
Policies.' Euritt. Mark
A..elal. University of
Texas. Austin, Center
for Transportation
Research/Tellus
Institute. CTRSEDC-
1, June 1995.
•
Description
Provides
comprehensive
evaluation of the
selection and
quantification
process
performed by the
MWCOG for
assessing various
transportation
measures
Assesses several
studies that
analyze a host of
transportation
measures.
technology
options, and
policies for total
effectiveness and
costs/benefits
Advantages of Study
Addresses the strengths
and weaknesses of the
bottom-up, multiple
committee planning
process used by the
COG
Provides extensive, dear
detail (and strengths and
weaknesses) of both the
evaluation tools used and
each specific
transportation measure
evaluation method
Estimates VT. VMT. and
emission reductions and
cost-effectiveness
Provides a solid overview
of the range (and effects)
of TCM options, as well
as technology and policy
options
Focuses upon energy
efficiency Impacts in
addition to emissions and
VMT
Disadvantages
of Study
Requires an extensive
study of already-
performed process
Report does not
contain a methodology
for evaluating new
TCM plans, but follow-
on report focuses
upon these strategies
Estimates may be too
rough to apply to other
programs In other
regions
Factors Analyzed
None (factors
analyzed are
applicable to each
transportation
measure analyzed
during the process)
Impacts: vehicle
trips, vehicle miles
traveled, and
emissions
Costs
dac
dac
-------
Transportation
Measure
Rldeshare
(conl.)
Methodology
Comparison
and analysis of
other studies
(conl)
Advantages
of Methodology
Disadvantages
of Methodology
Report
'Assessment of Travel
Demand Management
Approaches at
Suburban Activity
Centers.' Bhatt. Kiran,
and Higgins. Thomas.
K.T. Analystics. U.S.
DOT. July 1989.
•Parking Subsidies and
Travel Choices:
Assessing the
Evidence.' WUIson,
Richard W. and Donald
C. Shoup. In
Transportation, vol. 17,
1990.
Description
Surveys research
studies and
Interviews TCM
program
coordinators to
provide an
overview of the
range of
effectiveness of
employer-based
TCM programs
Reviews empirical
case studies of
the relationship
between
employer-paid
parking and solo
commuting
"
Advantages of Study
Provides a large number
of case study examples
of both effective and
Ineffective TCM
programs
Makes recommendations
to employers on how to
develop a TCM program
Provides a good checklist
of topics to address when
program
Draws out analogous
results from a variety of
existing case studies to
show range of Impacts of
employer-paid parking
and soto driving
Case studies cover a
variety ol locations
(downtown and
suburban), employer
types (public and private)
and employee categories
(professional and clerical)
Case study results are
reinforced by survey
findings cited in the paper
Provides an estimated
range for the elasticity of
demand for solo driving
with respect to parking
price
Disadvantages
of Study
Report does not
contain a methodology
lor forecasting the
effectiveness ol new
TCM plans
Only generalized
evaluation of TCM
effectiveness
Because most case
studies are from Los
Angeles, results may
not be representative
ol other areas
Range of results is
very wide, so the
results cannot directly
be used to accurately
estimate the impacts
of another program
Does not quantify VMT
or emissions impacts
Factors Analyzed
Relative
effectiveness of
various
transportation
measure programs
Implementation
mechanisms
Existence of
employer-paid
parking
Travel mode (solo
driver, non-solo
driver)
dac
dri
ic MM
-------
ransportatlon
Measure
Rldeshara
cont.)
Methodology
Comparison
and analysis ol
other studies
conl.)
Advantages
of Methodology
Disadvantages
of Methodology
Report
•Managing
Transportation
Demand: Markets
Versus Mandates."
Giuliano. Genevieve.
and Martin Wachs.
Reason Foundation.
Policy Insight No. 142.
September 1992.
•The Equity and Cost
Effectiveness ol
Employee Commute
Options Programs.*
Farfcas. Z. Andrew.
Morgan State
University. TRB
960078. January 1996.
"The Determinants of
Ridesharing: Literature
Review.* Hwang. Keith
and Genevieve
Giuliano. University ol
California
Transportation Center.
May 1990. UCTC 38.
Description
Compares
congestion pricing
with Regulation
XV for the
Southern
California area;
describes pros
and cons of each
measure and
discusses
Implications
Analyzes the
results of surveys
and transportation
measure
modeling studies
performed for the
Baltimore and
Philadelphia
regions
'
Reviews dozens
of studies in a
general
discussion of
ridesharing
Advantage* of Study
Provides typology of
transportation measures
and identifies effective-
ness and common bar-
riers to implementation
Simple side-by-side
comparison of VMT
reduction and cost-
effectiveness for each
transportation measure
Makes policy recom-
mendations to Improve
each transportation
measure
Shows different methods
of using the same model:
Travel Demand
Evaluation Model
developed by COMSIS
Provides a discussion of
social equity considera-
tions based on a survey
of the two regions
Integrates results and
citations of many papers
In a dear description of
each Issue Impacting
ridesharing. including
reasons for effectiveness
Describes effectiveness
of programs, as well as
employee and workplace
characteristics that are
favorable lor ridesharing
Describes some
interaction between other
transportation measures
(eg. HOV facilities) and
ridesharing
Disadvantages
of Study
Provides little detail
about logistics of
implementing the
policy
recommendations
Does not quantify
emission reductions
Philadelphia modeling
assumed average
vehicle ridership
targets were reached
and results are only
applicable relative to
each scenario
Baltimore modeling did
not estimate emissions
reductions
Comments about each
study may be too brief
to provide dear
guidance lor TCM
planning
Does not provide VMT
or emissions
reduction, only mode
share data
Factors Analyzed
Direct vs. indirect
Implementation
Market-based vs.
performance-based
implementation
Efficiency and equity
considerations
Rideshare promotion
level
Parking charge level
Transit subsidy
levels
Work schedule
flexibility
Many are briefly
touched upon
dac
dac
dac
-------
Transportation
Measure
Scrappage
Methodology
Economic
scrappage
supply curve
model
Advantages
of Methodology
A rigorous
approach based
on economic
fundamentals
Allows analyst to
estimate
scrappage
emissions
reductions for
various levels of
•bounty/ which is
a key program
design element
Relatively low cost
to use
Models ol this
type could be
extended to
evaluate Impacts
of other
transportation
measures thai
impact older
vehicles, such as
I/M and emissions
fees
Disadvantages
of Methodology
Level of precision
most applicable to
small-scale
programs, as models
of this type usually
will not capture price
effects on the used-
car market following
withdrawal of a large
traction of the .
existing old vehicles
Models of (his type
are theoretical rather
than empirical, and
therefore may not
accurately
characterise
participation rates
and other aspects of
real-world behavior
Remaining life and
usage of scrapped
vehicles, as well as
replacement vehicle
characteristics, are
fundamentally
difficult to estimate
with precision
—
Report
'An Economic Analysis
of Scrappage.* Harm.
Robert W. American
Enterprise Institute.
July 1993.
"Estimating an
Emissions Supply
Function from
Accelerated Vehicle
Retirement Programs.*
AlberW.Annaelal.
Resources for the
Future. January 1994.
Description
Estimates the
number and value
of old vehicles to
determine costs
and benefits of
scrappage
program
Study develops
methodology
which predicts
participation
rates, expected
remaining life.
and an emissions
supply function at
alternative offer
prices for several
types of pre-
19808 vehicle
scrap programs
Advantages of Study
Uses available
EMFAC7E emission
rates
Uses available fleet
composition figures
Uses available 'Gold
Book* vehicle value
figures
Analysis is based on
extensive surveys of old
vehicle owners and
vehicle emissions testing
data collected through a
particular scrappage
program
Study develops empirical
measure of the link
between vehicle
condition and expected
remaining life, and
owner's estimation of
vehicle value to
determine costs and
emission reduction
potential of program
Study conducts surveys
of participants and non-
participants for
information about
remaining life and usa -e
of scrapped vehicle
Disadvantages
of Study
Operating costs not
Included In economic
assessment
EMFAC7E factors are
California-specific
Assumes unknown
human factors and
behaviors
Survey data used is
specific to scrappage
program In Delaware
1992-93. so results
may not be applicable
to other regions and
programs
Sample of owners
surveyed did not
represent a random
sample of the
population of pre-1980
vehicle owners
Scope of data on
emissions of scrapped
vehicles is limited as
only a sample of
vehicles valued at less
than the bounty
amount offered were
tested
Assumes that
scrapped vehicle
replacement is from
"average* fleet in
terms of emissions
levels
Factors Analyzed
Fleet composition
Vehicle 'Gold Book1
value
Replacement vehicle
characteristics
Variable discount
rates
Interaction with I&M
programs
Individual owner
behavior and
vehicle's remaining
life
Minimum willingness
to accept bounty
amount; also
determined by blue
book value, condition
of car, and past and
future costs of
operating the car
dac
dkp
'*/ IO/VK
-------
Transportation
Measure
Scrappage
(conl.)
Methodology
Vehicle fleet
characteri-
zation and
emissions
nodal
Process
analysis of
transportation
measure
planning and
Implementation
Advantages
of Methodology
Utilizes standard
planning model
used by regulatory
agencies
High flexibility to
manipulate Input
data
Explains lessons
learned during trie
planning and
implementation of
an actual
transportation
measure, such as
reactions to
expect from the
public and funding
sources
Provides pros and
cons of planning
and
implementation
methods
Disadvantages
of Methodology
Requires detailed
understanding of
computer model's
methodologies and
source coda
Results are not
readily applicable to
other regions
Difficult and costly to
replicate
Does not necessarily
help quantity VT.
VMT, or emissions
reductions from trie
transportation
measure
implementation
Cost can vary greatly
~"
Report ;
•Vehicle Scrappage:
An Alternative to More
Stringent New Vehicle
Standards in
California.' Lyons,
James, et al. Sierra
Research. For Texaco
Inc. SR95 03-02.
March 1995.
Transportation Control
Measures Analyzed for
the Washington
Region's 15 Percent
Rate of Progress Plan.*
FHWA/Metropotilan
Washington Council of
Governments. February
1995.
Description i
Modifies source
code for
California-specific
EMFAC/BURDEN
fleet
characterization
and emissions
model to evaluate
the effect of
scrappage
programs on
emissions In the
South Coast Air
Basin
Provides
comprehensive
evaluation of the
selection and
quantification
process
performed by the
MWCOOfor
assessing various
transportation
measures
Advantages of Study
Use of EMFAC/BURDEN
makes analysis highly
consistent with California
Air Resources {Board's
fleet and emissions
characterizations, which
helps compare emissions
reductions to inventory
Allows considerable
flexibility In testing
specific scrappage
scenarios
Compares scrappage
scenarios to other
emission reduction
alternatives (e.g..
reduced standards)
Light-, medium-, and
heavy-duty programs
assessed
Addresses the strengths
and weaknesses of the
bottom-up, multiple
committee planning
process used by the
COG
Provides extensive, dear
detail (and strengths and
weaknesses) ol both the
evaluation tools used and
each specific
transportation measure
evaluation method
Estimates VT. VMT. and
emission reductions and
cost-effectiveness
Dlaadvanta '
*' of Study <; j
Does not Incorporate
actual elasticities
between scrappage
bounty and number of
vehicles scrapped
(elasticities are
assumed)
Requires an extensive
study of already-
performed process
Factors Analyzed
Age threshold for
scrapped vehicles
Number of total
vehicles scrapped
None (factors
analyzed are
applicable to each
transportation
measure analyzed
during the process)
dac
dac
-------
Transportation
Measure
Scrappage
(cent.)
Methodology
Comparison
and analysis ol
other studies
Advantage*
of Methodology
Relatively
inexpensive and
simple to conduct.
because it
requires ho
primary research
Provides a review
of the results
produced by
different HOV
facilities In North
America, which
could be used if
other directly
applicable
"•fT'TTj"1-™"
research Is not
available
Identifies
advantages and
disadvantages ol
several
methodologies
Disadvantages
of Methodology
Results are not
directly applicable to
other regions (they
do not incorporate
characteristics of
other regions)
Unlikely to provide
precise estimates
"
Report
•Meeting dean Air Act
Emissions Standards:
A Cost-Effectiveness
Analysis of Car
Scrappage.* DeCardy.
Christopher. Harvard
University. April 1994.
•An Assessment of
Transportation Control
Measures.
Transportation
Technologies, and
Pricing/Regulatory
Policies.' Euritt. Mark
A., etal. University of
Texas. Austin, Center
for Transportation
ResearctvTeMus
Institute. CTRSEDC-
1. June 1995.
•Uncertain Air Quality
Impacts of Automobile
Retirement Programs.*
Shi-Ling Hsu and
Daniel Sperling. In
Transportation
Research Record 1444,
1995.
Description
Compares 4
studies on
scrappage cost-
effectiveness;
proposes new
scrappage study
that would
develop accurate
Inputs for
calculating cost-
effectiveness
Assesses several
studies that
analyze a host of
transportation
measures.
technology
options, and
policies for total
effectiveness and
costs/benefits
-
Identifies and
analyzes the
areas of
uncertainty In
determining
emission impacts
of scrappage
programs
Advantages of Study
Provides several
estimates of cost-
effectiveness from each
study
Identifies reasons why 4
studies overestimate
cost-effectiveness of
scrapping
Performing the proposed
study would clarify
uncertainties in cost-
effectiveness
Focuses upon energy
efficiency impacts In
addition to emissions and
VMT
Provides a
comprehensive list of
parameters needed to
calculate the cost
effectiveness of a
scrappage program
Identifies the reasons
why previous estimates
are Inaccurate
Disadvantages
of Study
Estimates may still be
too rough to apply to
other programs in
other regions
Does not identify all
costs and benefits of
scrappage programs
Does not address
potential equity
Impacts of scrappage
Analyzes only HC
emissions
Report does not
contain a methodology
for evaluating new
TCM plans, but follow-
on report focuses
upon these strategies
Estimates may be too
rough to apply to other
programs In other
regions
Does not propose
suggestions to reduce
uncertainty
encountered in
previous studies
Impacts of regional
differences are not
thoroughly discussed
Factors Analyzed
Outside factors
affecting scrappage
programs (e.g I&M
programs)
Levels of partipalion
In scrappage
programs
Sources of data (e.g.
for emission rates.
MOBILE vs. actual
testing)
Level of bounty
offered
Affect of scrappage
programs on market
forces
Impacts: vehicle
trips, vehicle miles
traveled, and
emissions
Costs
Average annual
mileage and
remaining life of
retired autos
HC. NOx and CO
emissions of retired
autos
Annual mileago ol
replacement autos
and average
emissions
V/.10/98
I'JJJC II
-------
Transportation
Measure
Shuttles/
Station Cars
Methodology
Sample survey
ol customer
travel patterns
and
preferences at
shopping
centers
Sketch
planning
Advantages
of Methodology
Somewhat
applicable to
multiple regions
(but influenced by
local factors of the
study area)
Does not require
an extensive
computer model
Simple tools can
generate planning-
level estimates of
transportation
measure
effectiveness at
low cost
Generalized tools
can be somewhat
applicable to
multiple regions
Analyst can vary
Input parameters
Disadvantage*
of Methodology
Requires large data
collection process to
generate statistically
significant results
Moderate to high
cost
Sketch planning
results are usually
not the most
accurate, depending
on the input
parameters
-
Report
•Analysis of Indirect
Source Trip Activity:
Regional Shopping
Centers.' Prepared by
JHK & Associates and
K.T. Analytics for the
California Air
Resources Board.
ARB-R-94/510.
November 1993.
'Evaluating Travel and
Air Quality Cost-
Effectiveness of
Transportation Demand
Management Projects.'
Schreffler. EricN..
Therese Costa, and
Carl B. Moyer. In
Transportation
Research Record 1520.
1996.
Description
Surveyed
customers of
regional shopping
centers to
determine
potential Impact
ol various travel
reduction
measures
Describes simple
methodologies
used to evaluate
protects funded
by the AB 2766
vehicle
registration lee
program In
Southern
California
Advantages of Study
Uses actual survey data
(Including customer
demographic and stated
preference data)
Developed calculation
methodologies specific to
each trip reduction
measure, using site-
specific data
Compares data between
shopping centers In
different land-use types
Methodology can be
used to evaluate prior
projects or proposed
future projects
Uses available EMFAC
emission rates to
calculate ROG. PM10.
NOx.andCO
Study develops
standardized worksheet
to evaluate protects
Study points out
drawbacks of self-
reported project results
Disadvantages
jjj'jof Study.
Assumptions are
required to translate
stated preference data
to expected outcome
Does not quantify
emission reductions
Methodology relies on
participation data
provided by project
proponents, which
may not always be
unbiased
EMFAC7E factors are
California-specific
: i
Factors Analyzed
Availability ol nearby
transit
Availability of nearby
rail
Trips reduced
Trip length
Prior travel mode
dac
dri
-------
Transportation
Measure
Shuttles/
Station Cars
(cont.)
Telecom-
muting
Methodology
Process
analysis ol
transportation
measure
planning and
Implementation
Travel demand/
mode choice
model
Advantages
of Methodology
Explains lessons
learned during the
planning and
implementation ot
an actual
transportation
measure, such as
reactions to
expect from the
public and funding
sources
Provides pros and
cons ol planning
and
implementation
methods
Somewhat
applicable to
multiple regions
Analyst can vary
input parameters
Disadvantages
of Methodology
Does not necessarily
help quantify VT.
VMT, or emissions
reductions from the
transportation
measure
implementation
Cost can vary greatly
Requires region-
specific household
survey, land use.
socloeconomic, and
travel cost data
Requires complex
computer model
Potentially high cost
louse
Report
•Transportation Control
Measures Analyzed lor
the Washington
Region's 15 Percent
Rate of Progress Plan.'
FHWA/MelropoWan
Washington Council of
Governments. February
1995.
•Implementing Effective
Travel Demand
Management
Measures: Inventory of
Measures and
Synthesis of
Experience.* COMSIS
Corporation. USDOT.
September 1993.
DOT-T-94-02.
Description
Provides
comprehensive
evaluation of the
selection and
quantification
process
performed by the
MWCOG for
assessing various
transportation
measures ,
Summarizes
broad range ot
TDM measures.
provides example
case study
analyses of each.
and uses
computer model
to benchmark the
effectiveness ol
each TDM ,
Advantages of Study
Addresses the strengths
and weaknesses of the
bottom-up, multiple
committee planning
process used by the
COG
Provides extensive, dear
detail (and strengths and
weaknesses) of both the
evaluation tools used and)
each specific
transportation measure
evaluation method
Estimates VT. VMT. and
emission reductions and
cost-effectiveness
Excellent overview of the
range of TDMs possible;
provides description.
nature of effectiveness.
application setting.
effectiveness potential.
and cost
Uses actual case studies
to inform the use of a
computer model for
forecasting TDM
effectiveness
Provides a road-map to
implementing TDMs
Disadvantages
of Study
Requires an extensive
study of already-
performed process
Use of the model
requires local input
parameters to forecast
local effectiveness
Model does not
Incorporate an
emissions calculation
module
Most analysis is at the
employer-level rather
than the area-level
Factors Analyzed
None (factors
analyzed are
applicable to each
transportation
measure analyzed
during the process)
Participation levels
dac
dac
y/.iom
I (IV
-------
Transportation
Measure
Telecom-
muling
cont.)
Methodology
Travel demand/
mode choice
model (cont.)
Advantages
of Methodology
Disadvantages
of Methodology
-•
Report
'The Effectiveness of
Transportation Control
Measures In Reducing
Congestion and
Improving Air Quality.*
London. William R. el
al. JHK & Associates.
Air A Waste
Management
Association Annual
Meeting & Exhibition
1993. AWMA93-RP-
149.05.
•Transportation Control
Measure Analysis
Procedures.' Austin,
Barbaras., etal.
Systems Applications
IntemattonaVCaUfornia
Air Resources Board.
NOV1991.SYSAPP-
31/141.
Description .
Describes a
developed
transportation
demand model
that Integrates
emissions
calculations;
provides example
calculations from
the model
Describes a
developed
transportation
demand model
and explicitly
di8CU9869 trm
calculation
methodology
used for several
transportation
measures
"
Advantage* of Study
Model has a user manual
that leads the analyst
step-by-step through the
Input of data for region
specific analyses
Contains extensive cost-
effectiveness module
Can be used at either
regional or a smaller area
or location
Includes exhaust and
evaporative emissions
Model quantifies key
secondary effects of
TCMs (e.g. new
carpooUng programs may
attract transit riders
rather than SOV riders)
Presents all the primary
equations and variables
used to calculate the
effects of TCMs
Contains a step-by-step
process for evaluating
packages of TCMs
Explains multi-attribute
analyses as applied to
multiple TCM packages
Disadvantages
of Study
Use of the model
requires local input
parameters to forecast
local effectiveness;
default values may not
be sufficient
Use of the model
requires local Input
parameters to forecast
local effectiveness;
default values may not
be sufficient;
participation level data
Is required; base
cases need to match
real conditions
Model does not cover
all TCMs. but can be
modified to do so
Temporal treatment Is
limited to on-peak/off-
peak. no spatial
treatment
Emissions calculations
are not explicitly
described In the same
fashion as travel
effects
Factors Analyzed
Participation levels
Work and non-work
trip increases by the
telecommuter and
other household
members
Satellite centers
dac
dac
-------
Transportation
Measure
Telecom-
muting
(cont.)
Methodology
Empirical
analysis ol
transportation
measure
implementation
programs
Empirical
analysis ol
transportation
measure
demonstration
projects
Advantage*
of Methodology
Analyzes actual
telecommuting
programs
Addresses travel
behavior patterns
Does not require
extensive
computer model
Requires little or
no new data
acquisition
Relatively low cost
Shows actual
potential ol
transportation
measuress
Disadvantages
ol Methodology
Applicability ol
results to other
regions and
conditions Is
uncertain
Is not likely to
address total
demand lor
telecommuting
Case study results
do not necessarily
apply to other
regions
Report
*An Employer Panel for
Evaluating the
Effectiveness of Trip
Reduction Incentives.'
Gluliano. Genevieve,
and Wachs, Martin. In
Panels lor
Transportation Planning
and Applications, ed.
T.F. Gotob. et al. 1997.
'Impacts of Center-
Based Telecommuting
.on Travel and
Emissions: Analysis of
the Puget Sound
Demonstration Project.*
Henderson. Dennis K.,
and Mohktarian.
Patricia L. Institute of
Transportation Studies.
University of California.
Davis. 1996. Vol. 1.
Description
Discusses results
collected on
Southern
California
employment sites
subject to
SCAQMO
Regulation XV.
and assesses the
relative
effectiveness of
trip reduction
strategies
Analyzes the
Puget Sound
telecommuting
project data to
determine trip,
VMT. and
emissions
reduction
Advantages of Study
Utilizes the largest trip
reduction measure
database available In the
world
Panel method allows for
assessing before-and-
after-TCM conditions
Uses both case-study
and composite-average
approaches
Implemented travel diary
logs rather than surveys
Disadvantages
of Study
Database does not
provide exceptional
detail; report does not
contain details of the
level of Incentive
support provided to
employees
Only generalized
effectiveness results
are shown
TCMs were not always
implemented at the
time of the survey
Travel mode choice
impacts not
extensively studied
Study participants not
representative of
general workforce
Household members
not Included In study
Factors Analyzed
Not described
Center versus
Home-based
telecommuting
Center-based
telecommuting
versus not
telecommuting
Total VMT versus
number of cold starts
dac
dac
•WUI/VK
.: I I I
-------
Transportation
Measure
Telecom-
muling
(cont.)
Methodology
Empirical
analysis ot
transportation
measure
demonstration
projects (cont.)
Advantages
of Methodology
Disadvantages
ol Methodology
Report
'The Travel and
Emissions Impacts of
Telecommuting for the
State of California
Telecommuting Pilot
Project.* Koenig. Brett
E., et a).
Transportation
Research. 1996. Vol 4
no. 1.pp. 13-32.
Description
Analyzes the
State of California
telecommuting
project data to
determine trip.
VMT.and
emissions
reduction
Advantages of Study
Identifies the number of
and effects of non-
commute trips during
days in which
telecommuting took place
Implemented travel diary
logs to account for all
trips taken by study
parUpants
Actual vehicle model
year and speed data Is
used Instead of fleet
averages
Assesses the impact ot
lowered average speeds
caused by telecommuting
Analyzes exhaust.
running, and evaporative
losses
Participants were studied
before and after
telecommuting began
Disadvantages
of Study
Study participants are
not representative of
general workforce and
emission reductions
should not be applied
to whole population
Does not accurately
model emissions from
accelerations and
decelerations; only
average speed used
Travel mode choice
impacts not
extensively studied
Household are
members not included
In the study analysis
Does not model
indirect telecommuting
impacts (e.g.
residential location
shifts)
Factors Analyzed
Affect of
telecommuting on
non-commute trips
Average speeds, hot
and cold starts
Total VMT versus
number of cold starts
Variation between
before and after
telecommuting
groups
Time of day for trips
dac
-------
• * v
Transportation
Measure
Telecom-
muting
(conl.)
Methodology
Empirical
analysis ol
transportation
measure
demonstration
projects (cont.)
Advantages
of Methodology
Disadvantages
of Methodology
Report
The Effectiveness of
Telecommuting as a
Transportation Control
Measure.' Sampath.
Srikanth. S. Saxene.
and P. Mokhtarian. In
Transportation Planning
and Air Qualify:
Proceedings of lha
National Conference.
American Society ol
Civil Engineers. 1991.
Description
Examines the
potential of
telecommuting as
a strategy lor
managing travel
demand by
studying the
travel and air
quality
Implications of the
State of California
Telecommuting
Pilot Project
Advantages of Study
Evaluates the Index of
efficiency (ratio of
emissions reductions to
distance reduction) for
telecommuting's success
in reducing travel
Computes and compares
travel and emissions
evaluations from before
the telecommuting
project's Implementation.
as well as both commute
and stay-at-home days
once the program had
begun
Emissions analysis
includes conversion to
vehicle-based numbers
from person-based
telecommuting data using
'vehicle movement
profiles'
Uses accepted
EMFAC7D emission
factors
Disadvantages
of Study
Uses existing State ol
California
Telecommuting Pilot
Project data, thus may
have limited
replicability without
same type of data
from other
telecommuting
projects
EMFAC7D emission
factors are California-
specific
Only addresses the
direct air quality
impacts of
telecommuting (does
not address indirect
impacts such as net
air quality effects of
non-transportation
energy consumed
while telecommuting)
Factors Analyzed
Travel Factors and
Trip Characteristics
(Including: distance
traveled by auto.
number ol hoi and
cold starts, speed.
type of vehicle, and
ambient
temperature)
dkp
•i/UIWK
I I I
-------
Transportation
Measure
Telecom-
muting
conl.)
Methodology
Empirical
analysis of
reimportation
measure
demonstration
projects (cont )
Advantages
of Methodology
Disadvantage*
of Methodology
Report
•Methodological Issues
in the Estimation of the
Travel. Energy, and Air
Quality Impacts of
Telecommuting.*
Mokhtarian. Patricia L.
etal. Transportation
Research A. Vol. 29A.
No. 4. 1995.
Description
Examines existing
empirical findings
with respect to
the impacts ol
telecommuting on
travel, energy
use, and air
quality, by
addressing eight
telecommuting
pilot prelects that
included
evaluations of the
transportation-
related impacts of
telecommuting
,
Advantages of Study
Utilizes existing data
from telecommuting pilot
projects to draw general
conclusions on travel, air
quality and energy
Impacts in short and long
term
Selected pilot projects
evaluated represented a
mix of telecommuting
project evaluation
methodologies and
varied geographic
coverage
Presents an ideal method
for evaluating the
transportation Impacts of
telecommuting programs
Disadvantage*
; of Study
Study compared pilot
projects In different
locations (each with
unique factors such as
weather, transit
issues, and traffic
congestion levels);
therefore, conclusions
drawn could include
errors of comparability
of data
Pilot projects chosen
disproportionately
represent western
U.S.
Only one pilot project
included in study
quantified emissions
(used California
EMFAC7E and
BURDEN7E emissions
Inventory models)
Differences In data
and methodologies
from pilot projects
Influences precision In
evaluation of a number
of factors
Factors Analyzed
Travel Impacts:
commute, total
weekday, and
household travel
Energy impacts:
transportation.
household and net
energy
Air quality impacts
Potential long-term
Impacts
dkp
-------
Transportation
Measure
Telecom-
muting
(conl.)
Methodology
Macro-level
analysis
Sketch
planning
Advantages
of Methodology
Provides
estimates of
overall travel and
emissions Impacts
ot telecommuting
Applicable to
multiple
geographic areas
Simple tools can
generate ptanning-
level estimates of
transportation
measure
effectiveness at
tow cost
Generalized tools
can be somewhat
applicable to
multiple regions
Analyst can vary
input parameters
Disadvantages
of Methodology
Generally unable to
evaluate impacts of
smaller-scale
telecommuting
programs
Cannot be used to
evaluate impacts of
specific program
design elements on
telecommuting
Macro-level results
may have substantial
uncertainty
Sketch planning
results are usually
not the most
accurate, depending
on the Input
parameters
Report
•Energy Efficiency In
the U.S. Economy.
Technical Report One:
Energy, Emissions, and
Social Consequences
of Telecommuting.*
U.S. Department of
Energy. DOE/PO-0026.
June 1994.
TCM Analyst 1.0 and
User's Guide.'
Crawford. Jason A., et
al. Texas
Transportation Institute.
For the Federal
Highway
Administration.
November 1994.
Description
Evaluates, at the
national level, the
direct and indirect
effects of
telecommuting on
travel, traffic
congestion.
energy use. and
emissions; also
examines social
impacts.
Describes a
computerized
sketch planning
tool. TCM Analyst
1.0. Including
Input data
requirements.
methods of use.
and an overview
of the model's'
structure and
calculation
procedures
Advantage* of Study
Incorporates Indirect
Impacts such as latent
travel demand and urban
decentralization
Evaluates current and
projected future impacts
Uses MOBILE emission
factors
Includes sensitivity
analysis
Uses existing algorithms
such as the Roadway
Congestion Index
developed by the Texas
Transportation Institute
Provides a useful and
relatively easy instruction
manual for using TCM
Analyst 1.0
Uses MOBILESa output
data (emission factors)
as Inputs to the model.
providing more accurate
emission benefit
calculations for each
TCM
Disadvantages
of Study
Study does not
distinguish between
market-driven
telecommuting and
potential policy-driven
telecommuting (i.e.,
telecommuting
resulting from a
specific government
policy or program
Study does not show
results for individual
urban areas
Program only models
limited TCMs and
cannot model multiple
TCM packages
Requires several runs
with MOBILESa to
obtain input emission
factors
Modeling on regional
(rather than
mfcroscale) basis only
Factors Analyzed
Telecommuting
levels
Level of roadway
congestion
Latent travel demand
Location patterns
and urban density
Total hours of delay
Average speeds
Emissions (HC. CO.
NOx)
Monetized costs and
benefits
Not stated
drt
dac
I I %
-------
Transportation
Measure
Telecom*
muting
~~n* \
COM.)
Methodology
Sketch
planning (coot.)
Advantages
of Methodology
Disadvantages
of Methodology
-.
Rtport
Simple Methodologies
or Quantifying VT and
VMT Reductions from
Transportation Control
and Growth
Management Measures
lor Developing Local
Trip Reduction
Ordinances.* Evans,
V. and D. Morrow.
Sonoma Technology,
Inc. Air 4 Waste
Management Assoc.
1993
Description
Describes
development of
simple
methodologies for
quantifying
reductions In
vehicle trips (VT)
and vehicle miles
traveled (VMT)
from TCMs. for
use In a planning-
level context;
developed
originally for the
South Coast Air
Basin
.
Advantage* of Study
Methods to quantify VT
and VMT reductions from
TCMs were based upon
relatively simple methods
for estimating emissions
and Individual TCM
effectiveness developed
prior to this report for the
South Coast AQMD
Performance-based
approach was developed
rather than use
mandated transportation
performance standards
Actual experience data
used as much as
possible: estimated trip
reduction levels from
each TCM was collected
Irom other studies, and
planning-level analysis
uses site-specific data
Inputs, thus offering
Increased precision In
emissions estimates
Ranges In VT reductions
estimates address the
Interactive Impacts of the
application of multiple
TCMs
Equivalency factor used
to convert VMT to VT can
account lor region-
specific average trip
lengths
Disadvantages ,
> V<- of Study '.„„,... i
Expected reductions In
VT and VMT from
TCMs were estimated
based upon a general
survey, so for a
particular location
different assumptions
may be needed
Applicability to other
regions outside
California limited by
report's use of
transportation data
and emissions factors
In the analysis which
were quantified using
BURDEN and EMFAC
runs for 1994
Does not incorporate
any consideration of
cost-effectiveness
Factors Analyzed
Employee
participation
(percentage and
frequency)
Employer-
Implemented home-
based
telecommuting
program
dkp
-------
Transportation
Measure
Telecom-
muting
(cont.)
Methodology
Sketch
planning (cont.)
Advantages
of Methodology
Disadvantages
of Methodology
Report
"Evaluating Travel and
Air Quality Cost-
Effectiveness of
Transportation Demand
Management Projects.*
Schreffler. Eric N..
Therese Costa, and
Carl B. Mover. In
Transportation
Research Record 1520.
1996.
Description
Describes simple
methodologies
used to evaluate
projects funded
by the AB 2766
vehicle
registration fee
program in
Southern
California
Advantages of Study
Methodology can be
used to evaluate prior
projects or proposed
future projects
Uses available EMFAC
emission rates to
calculate ROG, PM10.
NOx, and CO
Study develops
standardized worksheet
to evaluate projects
Study points out
drawbacks of self-
reported project results
Disadvantages
, of Study
Methodology relies on
participation data
provided by project
proponents, which
may not always be
unbiased
EMFAC7E factors are
Calif omla-speci fie
Factors Analyzed
Trips reduced
Trip length
Prior travel mode
drl
I'agc 117
-------
Transportation
Measure
Telecom-
muting
(conl.)
|WW*»I*|
Methodology
Employer TDM
cost-
effectiveness
modal
Advantages
of Methodology
Estimates
reduction In and
costs of daily trips
and peak period
trips
Aids employer
determination of
cost-effectiveness
of TOM measures
for their particular
worksite
Disadvantages
of Methodology
Results may vary
widely from one
employer to the next
Many inputs may be
difficult for
employers or
planners to quantify
Report
Transportation
Demand Management
Cost-Effectiveness
Model for Suburban
Employers." Oagang,
Deborah A. JHK &
Associates. In
Transportation
Research Record 1404.
Description
Reports on the
development of a
model to
individually
evaluate the cost-
effectiveness of
15 different
employer-based
TOM measures in
suburban settings
Advantages of Study
Focus on suburban
employers reflects
different travel-related
characteristics of
suburban and urban
areas
Spreadsheet-based
model is user-friendly
and readily accessible for
use at the site-specific
level; model makes
sensitivity analysis
relatively simple
Eight transportation
environments were
defined to represent
various combinations of
transportation service
characteristics
For employers without
access to entire range of
data necessary to
operate model, default
values are included
Disadvantages
'T of Study
Most employers
surveyed to develop
model were unable to
provide detailed cost
Information on the
TOM measures they
had implemented
Does not calculate
emissions directly
Potential for regional
bias, as model was
developed in part
based on a survey of
suburban San
Francisco Bay Area
employers; model also
used the SCAQMD
Regulation XV and
Pima Association of
Governments Travel
Reduction Program
employer plan
databases
Only some TDMs
included In model
provide for estimates
of VT reductions
Use of default values
could diminishes
accuracy of estimates
for some users
Factors Analyzed
Suburban employer-
based TOM
measures
Daily trips and peak
period trips
Costs and cost-
effectiveness
s
dkp
-------
Transportation
Measure
Telecom-
muting
(cont.)
Methodology
Process
analysis of
transportation
measure
planning and
implementation
Comparison
and analysis of
other studies
Advantages
of Methodology
Explains lessons
learned during the
planning and
implementation of
an actual
transportation
measure, such as
reactions to
expect from the
public and funding
sources
Provides pros and
cons of planning
and
Implementation
methods
Relatively
inexpensive and
simple to conduct.
because it
requires no
primary research
Provides a review
of the results
produced by
different HOV
facilities in North
America, which
could be used if
other directly
applicable
research is not
available
Identifies
advantages and
disadvantages of
several
methodologies
Disadvantages
of Methodology
Does not necessarily
help quantify VT.
VMT. or emissions
reductions from the
transportation
measure
implementation
Cost can vary greatly
Results are not
directly applicable to
other regions (ttiey
do not incorporate
characteristics of
other regions)
Unlikely to provide
precise estimates
Report
•Transportation Control
Measures Analyzed for
the Washington
Region's 15 Percent
Rate of Progress Plan.*
FHWA/Metropolitan
Washington Council of
Governments, February
1995.
'An Assessment of
Transportation Control
Measures,
Transportation
Technologies, and
Pricing/Regulatory
Policies.* Euritt. Mark
A..etal. University of
Texas, Austin. Center
for Transportation
Research/Tellus
Institute. CTRSEDC-
1, June 1995.
Description •
Provides
comprehensive
evaluation of (tie
selection and
quantification
process
performed by the
MWCOG for
assessing various
transportation
measures ,
Assesses several
studies that
analyze a host of
transportation
measures.
technology
options, and
policies for total
effectiveness and
costs/benefits
Advantages of Study
Addresses the strengths
and weaknesses of the
bottom-up, multiple
committee planning
process used by the
COG
Provides extensive, dear
detail (and strengths and
weaknesses) of both the
evaluation tools used and
each specific
transportation measure
evaluation method
Estimates VT, VMT. and
emission reductions and
cost-effectiveness
Provides a solid overview
of the range (and effects)
of TCM options', as well
as technology and policy
options
Focuses upon energy
efficiency impacts in
addition to emissions and
VMT
Disadvantages
of Study
Requires an extensive
study of already-
performed process
Report does not
contain a methodology
for evaluating new
TCM plans, but follow-
on report focuses
upon these strategies
Estimates may be too
rough to apply to other
programs in other
regions
Factors Analyzed
None (factors
analyzed are
applicable to each
transportation
measure analyzed
during the process)
Impacts: vehicle
trips, vehicle miles
traveled, and
emissions
Costs
dac
dac
I'age 119
-------
Transportation
Measure
Telecom-
muting
V*An§ \
\*Vt**'f
Traffic
Management
Methodology
Comparison
and analysis of
other studies
cont.)
Integrated
planning/
simulation
model
Advantages
ol Methodology
Combines the
strengths of
regional
transportation
planning models
and traffic
simulation models
Somewhat
applicable to
multiple regions
Analyst can vary
input parameters
Disadvantages
of Methodology
Requires very
detailed input data
Requires complex
computer model
Potentially high cost
louse
Report
•Assessment of Travel
Demand Management
Approaches at
Suburban Activity
Centers.* Bhart. Kiran.
and Higgins. Thomas.
K.T. Analystics. U.S.
DOT. July 1989.
•Intelligent
Transportation Systems
Impact Assessment
Framework: Final
Report.* Volpe
National Transportation
Systems Center,
September 30, 1995
Description
Surveys research
studies and
interviews TCM
program
coordinators to
provide an
overview of the
range of
effectiveness of
employer-based
TCM programs
Describes
development and
application of an
analytical tool to
predict ITS
impacts, with a
focus on
Advanced Traffic
Management
Systems
Advantages of Study
Provides a large number
of case study examples
of both effective and
ineffective TCM
programs
Makes recommendations
to employers on how to
develop a TCM program
Provides a good checklist
of topics to address when
developing a TCM
program
Model Integrates
transportation planning
and traffic simulation in
an Iterative fashion, and
Includes emissions and
fuel consumption
modules
Report describes use of
model to analyze the
potential use of ITS in the
1-680 corridor In Alameda
County, California.
modeling ramp metering.
traffic signal coordination.
Integrated traffic
management. Incident
management, and HOV
lanes
Emissions module uses
accepted EMFAC and
MOBILE factors
Disadvantages
,. of Study
Report does not
contain a methodology
for forecasting the
effectiveness of new
TCM plans
Only generalized
evaluation of TCM
effectiveness
Relatively high cost
and complexity
Locally specific Input
data makes the 1-680
results of limited use in
other areas
Factors Analyzed
Relative effective-
ness of various
transportation
measure programs
Implementation
mechanisms
Operational
Measures of
Effectiveness: VMT.
traffic volume,
average vehicle
speed, vehicle hours
of delay, fuel
consumption
Emission Measures
of Effectiveness:
CO. HC. NOx
Safety Measures of
Effectiveness:
personal injury
levels, property
damage, total
accidents
dac
dil
-------
Transportation
Measure
Traffic
Management
(cont.)
Methodology
Travel demand/
mode choice
model
Advantages
of Methodology
Somewhat
applicable to
multiple regions
Analyst can vary
input parameters
Disadvantages
of Methodology
Requires region-
specific household
survey, land use.
socioeconomic, and
travel cost data
Requires complex
computer model
Potentially high cost
louse
Report
The Effectiveness of
Transportation Control
Measures In Reducing
Congestion and
Improving Air Quality-'
Loudon. William R..et
al. JHK & Associates.
Air & Waste
Management
Association Annual
Meeting & Exhibition
1993. AWMA93-RP-
149.05.
'Transportation Control
Measure Analysis
Procedures.* Austin,
Barbara S., et al.
Systems Applications
International/California
Air Resources Board.
Nov1991.SYSAPP-
91/141.
Description
Describes a
developed
transportation
demand model
that integrates
emissions
calculations;
provides example
calculations from
the model
Describes a
developed
transportation
demand model
and explicitly
discusses the
calculation
methodology
used for several
transportation
measures
Advantages of Study
Model has a user manual
that leads the analyst
step-by-step through the
input of data for region
specific analyses
Contains extensive cost-
effectiveness module
Can be used at either
regional or a smaller area
or location
Includes exhaust and
evaporative emissions
Model quantifies key
secondary effects of
TCMs (e.g. new
carpoding programs may
attract transit riders
rather than SOV riders)
Presents all the primary
equations and variables
used to calculate the
effects of TCMs
Contains a slep-by-step
process for evaluating
packages of TCMs
Explains multi-attribute
analyses as applied to
multiple TCM packages
Disadvantages
of Study
Use of the model
requires local input
parameters to forecast
local effectiveness;
default values may not
be sufficient
Use of the model
requires local input
parameters to forecast
local effectiveness;
default values may not
be sufficient;
participation level data
is required; base
cases need to match
real conditions
Model does not cover
all TCMs. but can be
modified to do so
Temporal treatment is
limited to on-peak/off-
peak. no spatial
treatment
Emissions calculations
are not explicitly
described in the same
fashion as travel
effects
Factors Analyzed
Signal timing
improvements (level
not stated)
Addition of a lane
dac
dac
P;ige 121
-------
Transportation
Measure
Traffic
Management
(cont.)
I /
Methodology
Travel demand/
mode choice
nodal (cont.)
Freeway
throughput
model
Parking supply
and demand
model
Advantages
of Methodology
May be applicable
to actual corridors.
given accurate
knowledge of key
assumptions
Low to moderate
cost
Somewhat.
applicable to
multiple regions
Analyst can vary
input parameters
Disadvantages
of Methodology
Assumptions are
required that may
heavily Impact the
results
Requires computer
model
Potentially high cost
to use
Report
'Transportation Control
Measures for the San
Francisco Bay Area:
Analysis of
Effectiveness and
Costs.* Harvey, G.,
and E. Oeakin. For
Bay Area Air Quality
Management District.
October 1991.
"A Case for Freeway
Mainline Metering.*
Haboian, Kevin A.
Parsons Brinckerhotf
Quade & Douglas. In
Transportation
Research Record 1494,
1995.
•Air Quality Offsets for
Parking.* Loudon,
William, et at. In
Transportation
Research Record 1232.
1992.
Description
Describes use
and results of a
travel demand
model to model
vT. VMT. and
emission
reductions of
various
transportation
measures in the
San Francisco
Bay Area
Uses INTRAS
freeway model to
measure the
impact of ramp
metering and
freeway
(mainline)
metering to
improve vehicle
travel times and
reduce traffic
delay
Develops and
uses parking
supply model lor
downtown
Portland to
estimate CO
emissions
Advantages of Study
Utilized high-quality
household travel survey
data and advanced
modeling capabilities
Emissions calculations
uses standardized
methods, but takes into
account more subtle
effects of emissions
generation
Provides succinct, clear
data on results of study.
including cost-
effectiveness estimates
INTRAS model simulates
vehicles as separate
units rather than groups,
improving simulation
Provides average vehicle
speeds on the freeway
for several scenarios and
metering configurations
Uses observed price and
travel time sensitivities
Uses proven models of
travel behavior
Incorporates integrated
CO emissions model
Disadvantage*
of Study
Does not provide
detail on model
operation
Does not clearly
explain fundamental
principle behind
effectiveness of
freeway metering
Does not assess
impact of vehicles
diverting around
metering point
Does not calculate
VMT or emission
reductions
Does not discuss ways
to counter political
resistance to freeway
metering
Requires parking
database: number of
spaces, location, type.
use patterns
Requires travel
database: time of
arrival, travel & work
mode split
Factors Analyzed
Many; not specified
Ramp metering
intervals
Mainline meter
activation thresholds
Average speed of
vehicles
dac
dac
dac
')/ lU/'JB
-------
Transportation
Measure
Traffic
Management
(cont.)
Methodology
Empirical
analysis of
transportation
measure
demonstration
projects
Advantages
of Methodology
Requires little or
no new data
acquisition
Relatively low cost
Shows actual
potential of
transportation
measures
Disadvantages
of Methodology
Case study results
do not necessarily
apply to other
regions
Report
'Ramp Metering: Does
it Really Work?*
Robinson. James, and
Mark Doctor.
FHWA/ITE 1989
Compendium of
Technical Papers.
•Environmental
Considerations for
Planning Advanced
Traffic Management
Systems.' Kraft.
Walter H. and William
A. Redl. in Resource
Papers for the 1994
ITE International
Conference. 1994.
Description
Evaluates
effectiveness of
several ramp
metering projects
across the nation.
identifies
limitations and
issues for
implementation
,
Reviews
environmental
factors related to
ITS strategies.
and presents a
case study of
New Jersey DOT
1-80 Metropolitan
Area Guidance
Information and
Control (MAGIC)
project
Advantages of Study
Compares several types
of ramp-metering projects
under different
circumstances
Provides effectiveness in
terms of vehicle speed
increases or travel time
decreases as well as
reductions in accidents
Discusses types of ramp-
metering systems.
metering rates, ramp
geometries, and
diversion problems
Combines general
discussion with case
study results from an
actual ITS project
Evaluates changes In
VMT and emissions (CO.
HC. and NOx) at the
corridor level
Includes cost/benefit
analysis results
Tracks changes in VMT
and emissions impacts
over time
Disadvantages
of Study
Some of the projects
Implemented other
transportation
measures concurrently
with the ramp-metering
project, so it is difficult
to examine the
effectiveness of this
program only
Does not quantify VMT
or emissions
reductions
Emissions calculation
methodology and
results not presented
In great detail
Factors Analyzed
On-ramp queue
length
Wait times
Land use and
physical features
Emissions (CO. HC.
NOx)
Benefit/cost ratio
dac
drl
w.to/yx
Page 123
-------
Transportation
Measure
Traffic
Management
fcont )
\vwil*v
Methodology
Empirical
analysis of
transportation
measure
demonstration
projects (con!.)
Sketch
planning
Advantages
of Methodology
Simple tools can
generate planning-
level estimates of
transportation
measure
effectiveness at
low cost
Generalized tools
can be somewhat
applicable to
multiple regions
Analyst can vary
input parameters
Disadvantages
of Methodology
Sketch planning
results are usually
not the most
accurate, depending
on the input
parameters
Report
•ITS Benefits:
Continuing Successes
and Operational Test
Results.* Prepared by
Mitratek Systems for
Federal Highway
Administration. Draft.
September 19. 1997.
•TCM Analyst 1.0 and
User's Guide.'
Crawford. Jason A., et
al. Texas
Transportation Institute.
For the Federal
Highway
Administration,
November 1994.
Description
Highlights existing
and predicted ITS
benefits Identified
from a variety of
ITS programs,
including traffic
management
projects, focusing
on U.S. DOT-
funded Reid
Operational Tests
and other
programs
resulting from
recent federal
initiatives
Describes a
computerized
sketch planning
tool. TCM Analyst
1.0, including
input data
requirements,
methods of use,
and an overview
ol the model's
structure and
calculation
procedures
-
j Advantages of Study
Reports benefits from a
variety of projects
covering a variety of ITS
technologies, Including
several traffic
management strategies
Includes ITS and traffic
management benefits
related to safety, time.
throughput, cost.
customer satisfaction.
energy, and environment
Includes example
emissions results for
electronic toll collection
and traffic signal system
projects In Oklahoma,
New Jersey, Los
Angeles, and Abellne
(Texas)
Provides a useful and
relatively easy Instruction
manual for using TCM
Analyst 1.0
Uses MOBILESa output
data (emission factors)
as inputs to the model.
providing more accurate
emission benefit
calculations for each
TCM
Disadvantages
of Study
Reports results but
does not show
analysis methods or
calculations
Not all reported results
have been validated
for completeness and
reliability
Program only models
limited TCMs and
cannot model multiple
TCM packages
Requires several runs
with MOBILESa to
obtain Input emission
factors
Modeling on regional
(rather than
mlcroscale) basis only
Factors Analyzed
Varies depending on
project summarized.
but can include:
VMT, vehicle trips.
vehicle speeds, fuel
usage, emissions
(HC. CO. NOx)
Not stated
dri
dac
-------
Transportation
Measure
Traffic
Management
(conl.)
Methodology
Sketch
planning (cont.)
Process
analysis of
transportation
measure
planning and
Implementation
Advantages
of Methodology
Explains lessons
learned during ihe
implementation of
an actual
transportation
measure, such as
reactions from the
public and funding
sources, as well
as projected
versus actual
benefits
Provides pros and
cons of planning
and
implementation
methods
Disadvantages
of Methodology
Does not necessarily
help quantify VT.
VMT, or emissions
reductions from the
transportation
measure
Implementation
Report
•Potential Emission and
Air Quality Impacts of
Intelligent Vehicle-
Highway Systems.'
Ostria, Sergio, and
Michael F. Lawrence.
In Transportation
Research Record 1444.
1994.
"Freeway Ramp
Metering Effects in
Denver.' Corcoran,
Lawrence J. and
Gordon A. Hickman.
ITE 1989 Compendium
of Technical Papers.
Description
Discusses short-
term and long-
term Impacts of
ITS technology
bundles, including
traffic and
incident
management
systems, on trips,
mode split, and
emissions at a
regional and
corridor level
Reviews and
assesses the
implementation,
system
expansion.
projected and
actual benefits of
the freeway ramp
metering
demonstration
project begun in
1981 in the
Denver
metropolitan area
Advantages of Study
Provides a broad Initial
assessment of the
expected direction of
impact (positive,
negative, insignific.ip.1.
uncertain) of traffic and
Incident management
systems on travel
behavior and emissions
(HC, CO. NOx)
Utilizes solid a priori
reasoning to predict
impacts
Compares projected and
actual benefits. In
percentages, of
Increased speed,
reduced VHT, reduced
emissions, reduced
accidents, and minimized
diversion
Long term nature of the
demonstration project.
and subsequent
expansion of ramp
metering, demonstrated a
quantified level of
motorist and media
support, as well as a
measure of motorist
violation rates
Disadvantages
of Study
Discussion is
theoretical rather than
empirical
Does not estimate the
magnitude of travel or
emissions impacts
Evaluates traffic and -
Incident ii.anagement
systems mostly as an
ITS technology bundle
rather than as
individual ITS
technologies or
specific traffic
management
strategies
Does not evaluate the
end result
effectiveness In terms
of VT or VMT reduced
Factors Analyzed
Traffic flow
Vehicle trips
Trip distance
Mode shifts
Emissions (HC, CO,
NOx)
Speed increase
Reduced VHT.
emissions, and
accidents
Diversion
minimization
drl
dkp
Page 125
-------
Transportation
Measure
Traffic
Management
'cent )
LVVI 11. /
Methodology
Process
analysis of
transportation
measure
fanning and
mplementation
(cont.)
Comparison
and analysis of
other studies
Advantages
of Methodology
Relatively
Inexpensive and
simple to conduct.
because it
requires no
primary research
Provides a review
of the results
produced by
different HOV
facilities in North
America, which
could be used if
other directly
applicable
research Is not
available
Identifies
advantages and
disadvantages of
several
methodologies
Disadvantages
of Methodology
Results are not
directly applicable 10
other regions (they
do not Incorporate
characteristics of
other regions)
Unlikely to provide
precise estimates
Report
Transportation Control
Measures Analyzed for
the Washington
Region's 15 Percent
Rate of Progress Plan.*
FHWA/MetropoUtan
Washington Council of
Governments, February
1995.
'An Assessment of
VKinsportation Control
Measures.
Transportation
Technologies, and
Pricing/Regulatory
Policies.* Euritt. Mark
A., etal. University of
Texas, Austin. Center
for Transportation
Research/Tell us
Institute. CTRSEDC-
1. June 1995.
Description
Provides
comprehensive
evaluation of the
selection and
quantification
process
performed by the
MWCOGfor
assessing various
transportation
measures
Assesses several
studies that
analyze a host of
transportation
measures.
technology
options, and
policies for total
effectiveness and
costs/benefits
'Advantages of Study
Addresses the strengths
and weaknesses of the
bottom-up, multiple
committee planning
process used by the
COG
Provides extensive, dear
detail (and strengths and
weaknesses) of both the
evaluation tools used and
each specific
transportation measure
evaluation method
Estimates vT.VMT. and
emission reductions and
cost-effectiveness
Provides a solid overview
of the range (and effects)
of TCM options, as well
as technology and policy
options
Focuses upon energy
efficiency impacts in
addition to emissions and
VMT
Disadvantage*
of Study
Requires an extensive
study of already-
performed process
Report does not
contain a methodology
for evaluating new
TCM plans, but follow-
on report focuses
upon these strategies
Estimates may be too
rough to apply to other
programs in other
regions
Factors Analyzed
None (factors
analyzed are
applicable to each
transportation
measure analyzed
during trta process)
Impacts: vehicle
trips, vehicle miles
traveled, and
emissions
Costs
dec
dac
dkp
-------
Transportation
Measure
Traffic
Management
(cont.)
Trip
Reduction
(cont.)
Methodology
Comparison
and analysis ol
other studies
(cont.)
Travel demand/
mode choice
model
Advantages
of Methodology
Somewhat
applicable to
multiple regions
Analyst can vary
input parameters
Disadvantages
of Methodology
Requires region-
specific household
survey, land use,
sodoaconomic, and
travel cost data
Requires complex
computer model
Potentially high cost
louse
Report
*HOV Lanes and Ramp
Metering: Can They
Work Together lor Air
Quality?* Shoemaker.
Bill R. and Edward C.
Sullivan.
Transportation
Research Board Paper
940444. January 1994.
•Implementing Effective
Travel Demand
Management
Measures: Inventory of
Measures and
Synthesis of
Experience.' COMSIS
Corporation. USDOT.
September 1993.
DOT-T-94-02.
-•
Description
Comments on the
analysis process
used to assess
the air quality
impacts of HOV
land and ramp
metering projects.
and examines the
degree to which
these measures
are effective and
compatible where
jointly applied to
Improve freeway
operations
Summarizes
broad range of
TOM measures.
provides example
case study
analyses of each.
and uses
computer model
to benchmark the
effectiveness ol
each TOM
Advantages of Study
Illustrates the process of
analysis and decision-
making, as well as the
key role of analytical
modeling, required in the
San Francisco Bay Area
to gain approval for HOV
lane and ramp metering
projects at the regional
level
Examines the
Interrelationships, and
potentially perverse
effects, between HOV
lanes and ramp metering
Excellent overview of the
range of TDMs possible;
provides description.
nature of effectiveness.
pppNcfttion sflttlig
effectiveness potential.
and cost
Uses actual case studies
to inform the use of a
computer model for
forecasting TDM
effectiveness
Provides a road-map to
implementing TDMs
Disadvantages
of Study
Identifies need lor
estimating
disaggregate mode-
specific emission
factors. Including
vehicle fleet
characteristics, and
Identifies difficulties In
doing so
Use of the model
requires local input
parameters to forecast
local effectiveness
Model does not
incorporate an
emissions calculation
module
Most analysis is at the
employer-level rather
than the area-level
Factors Analyzed
Interrelationships
between HOV lanes
and ramp metering
Level of service
provided by
employer:
information,
matching services.
preferential parking.
ride home programs
dac
Page 127
-------
Transportation
Measure
Trip
Reduction
(conl.J
i***"1**^
-
Methodology
Travel demand/
mode choice
model (cent.)
Advantages
of Methodology
Disadvantages
of Methodology
Report
*A Survey and Analysis
of Employee
Responses to
Employer-Sponsored
Trip Reduction
Incentive Programs.*
Schreffler. Eric N.. and
Mortero, Jose.
COMSIS Corp.
California Air
Resources Board.
February 1994.
Contract No. A983-1 87.
1
t
Description
Describes results
of new survey
data regarding
employee travel
behavior: uses
mode) choice and
travel demand
model to predict
impacts of certain
employer-based
transportation
measures
Advantages of Study
Clearly explains the
process that was used:
survey data acquisition.
mode choice
computation, and TCM
effectiveness model -ise
Data requirements are
more readily available
than other models
User-friendly model is
available for outside use;
users guide Is also
available
Survey links Incentives
directly to impacts on
travel behavior
Model Includes an
awareness sub-model
that simulates how many
people know about the
possible transportation
measures available to
them
Disadvantages
of Study
Does not accurately
address trip-chaining
and VMT reductions
(only trips)
Household conditions
are not extensively
accounted for
Cost-effectiveness
was not calculated
Employer-level
analyses only, with
focus upon Incentive
TCMs
Factors Analyzed
Guaranteed ride
home
Company vanpools
Preferential parking
Parking fees lor
rkte sharers
Carpool subsidies &
transportation
allowances
dac
-------
Transportation
Measure
Trip
Reduction
(cent.)
Methodology
Empirical
analysis of (he
impacts of
personal
preference and
workplace
conditions on
mods choice
Advantages
of Methodology
Somewhat
applicable to
multiple regions
(but likely to be
influenced heavily
by local factors of
the study area)
Can be replicated
(at moderate to
high cost)
Does not require
extensive
computer model
Uses actual
survey data
Disadvantages
of Methodology
Requires large data
collection process to
generate statistically
significant results
Personal preference
and workplace
conditions difficult to
Impact through
public policy
'>
Report
•The Influence of
Employer Ridesharing
Programs on Employee
Mode Choice.*
Ferguson, Erik.
Transportation, vol 1 7.
1990.
Description
Analyzes
aggregate-level
data compiled by
a large Southern
California regional
ridesharing
agency; assesses
Impact of
employer
characteristics on
employee mode
split
Advantages of Study
Analyzes a large data set
comprising almost 10%
of Los Angeles area
workforce
Utilizing existing agency
database Is a cost-
effective approach
Less accurate than
disaggregated (employee
by employee) data
Includes cost-
effectiveness estimations
Disadvantages
of Study
Some findings may
have been
contradicted by more
recent studies (e.g.,
study finds that large
corporations have
better success with
rideshare programs)
Aging data source:
1985 survey data
Los Angeles area
factors may be
uncharacteristic of
other regions, so
results may not be
applicable elsewhere
Employer-derived data
was acquired using
different methods
No estimates of
emissions impacts
Factors Analyzed
Level of employer
effort to encourage
ridesharing
Size of firm
dac
9/.UV98
129
-------
Transportation
Measure
Trip
Reduction
(cont.)
i^***' i
Methodology
Statistical
analysis ol the
impacts ol land
use
characteristics
and TDM
strategies on
mode choice
Advantages
of Methodology
Identifies land usa
and urban design
characteristics
(hat are supportive
of walk/bike mode
choice.
Standard analysis
of variance using
principle
components
allows
examination of the
effects of land use
and TDM
incentive
strategies on
mode choice
individually and in
combination.
Results
transferable to
other urban areas
in terms of relative
ranking of
Importance of the
land use and TDM
factors analyzed.
Disadvantages
of Methodology
Precise causality
and individual
impacts of factors
such as transit
availability or urban
density on mode
choice cannot be
measured due to
limitations of the
database
Potential for need to
conduct extensive
field research to
determine land use
characteristics at
each sample work
site.
Cannot be used to
determine land use
and urban design
characteristics'
Impact on a specific
mode choice
Report
'The Effects of Land
Use and Travel
Demand Management
Strategies on
Commuting Behavior:
Final Report.*
Prepared by Cambridge
Systematlcs, Inc. and
Deakin. Harvey,
Skabardonis. Inc. for
the U.S. Department of
Transportation,
November 1994.
Description
Develops an
integrated
database of land
use
characteristics
and travel
demand
management
(TDM) strategies
(for a sample of
employment
locations) to
determine the
combined Impacts
of TDM programs.
land use. and
urban design on
employee travel
behavior.
'
•Advantages of Study
Added land use and site
information from field
observation to the
•Regulation XV dataset
of the South Coast Air
Quality Management
District (which Included
aggregate employee
travel characteristics and
employer Incentive
programs)
Disadvantages
of Study
Study conducted In
Los Angeles County,
and thus may be less
applicable In more
dense urban areas
with factors such as
higher average density
and transit service.
Share of work trips
made by bicycle as a
percentage of the total
trips In the data set is
small, making
Identification ol work
site characteristics
that encourage
utilization of bikes
difficult.
Did not address
residential trip end of
commute, midday
travel, or trip chaining
as factors which
Influence mode choice
To simplify a
complicated data
collection process.
somewhat arbitrary
Indicators were used
for assessment of a
site's urban design
and land use
characteristics.
Factors Analyzed
Land use and urban
design of worksite
TDM incentive
strategies
dkp
-------
Transportation
Measure
Trip
Reduction
(cent.)
Methodology
Empirical
analysis ol
employer-
based trip
reduction
program
Advantages
of Methodology
Somewhat
applicable to
multiple regions
Can be replicated
(at moderate cost)
Does not require
extensive
computer model
Disadvantages
of Methodology
Requires large data
collection process to
generate statistically
significant results
Report
"SB 836 Evaluation
Methodology; Baseline
and Methodology to
Measure the
Effectiveness ol
Voluntary Rldesharing
and Other Rule 2202
Replacement
Measures.* Final
Report. Schreffler, Eric
el al. tor Regional
Transportation
Agencies' Coalition.
July 1997.
Description
Describes
methodology for
evaluation of
voluntary
rideshartng In the
South Coast Air
Basin; Includes
review of current
employer trip
reduction program
evaluation
practices
./
Advantages of Study
Methodology Is rigorous
and uses multiple data
sources: a 'State of the
Commute* survey, an
employer worksite
activity survey, and an
employee AVR survey
Methodology Is designed
to compare voluntary
rktesharing with
mandatory rideshartng.
thus Isolating the relative
emissions impact of
rideshartng rules
Uses existing data
sources where possible
Attempts to Identify
causality
Methodology is designed
to meet EPA requirement
for State Implementation
Plan credit
Disadvantages
of Study
Extensive data
sources are required
Obtaining analogous
•before- and 'after-
data to compare
mandatory and
voluntary ridesharing
can be difficult
Data sources and
analysis are specific to
Southern California
Factors Analyzed
Primary measures:
vehicle trips. VMT.
emissions (CO,
VOC. NOx)
Secondary
measures: average
vehicle ridership.
mode split
drl
1'UjJC I .
-------
Transportation
Measure
Trip
deduction
'cont.)
Methodology
Empirical
analysis ol
employer-
based trip
reduction
program (com.)
Empirical
analysis of
transportation
measure
Implementation
programs
Advantages
of Methodology
Somewhat
applicable to
multiple regions
Can be replicated
(at moderate cost)
Does not require
extensive
computer model
Disadvantages
ol Methodology
Requires large data
collection process to
generate statistically
significant results
—
Report
'Employee Trip
Reduction Without
Government Mandates:
Cost and Effectiveness
Estimates From
Chicago.* Pagano.
Anthony and JoAnn
Verdin. University of
Illinois at Chicago.
Transportation
Research Board Paper
971281. 1997.
•An Employer Panel lor
Evaluating the
Effectiveness of Trip
Reduction Incentives.*
QiuUano. Qenevleve.
and Wachs. Martin. In
Panels tor
Transportation Planning
and Applications, ed.
T.F. Gotob.etal. 1997.
Description
Evaluated the
cost and
effectiveness of
employee trip
reduction
programs through
the use of an
Independent
evaluation of
demonstration
projects
Implemented In
the Chicago area
Discusses results
collected on
Southern
California
employment sites
subject to
SCAQMO
Regulation XV.
and assesses the
relative
effectiveness of
trip reduction
strategies
Advantages of Study
Estimates planning.
maintenance, and
voluntary Implementation,
and Incentive costs for
trip reduction programs
Intensive data collection.
especially for cost
estimates. Including
before and after surveys
and Interviews of
program administrators
participating in the
demonstration projects
Addresses statistical
relationships of
organization type to costs
and outcomes, of costs
to strategies and
Incentives, of outcomes
to strategies and
Incentives, and of cost to
outcomes
Addresses differences in
outcome by
organizational type
(factory vs. office)
Utilizes the largest trip
reduction measure
database available In the
world
Panel method allows for
assessing before-and-
after-TCM conditions
Disadvantage*
of Study
Made generalized
assumption of staff
costs needed to
Implement trip
reduction programs
Intensive data
collection requires
demonstration project
and surveys, or
application of Chicago
area data
Results have limited
application to other
regions, as local
Chicago variables
such as availability ol
transit alternatives
may have Influenced
model results
Database does not
provide exceptional
detail; report does not
contain details of the
level of Incentive
support provided to
employees
Only generalized
effectiveness results
are shown
TCMs were not always
implemented at the
time ol the survey
Factors Analyzed
Trip reduction
program
Implementation
process utilized
Obstacles and
success factors
Program costs and
effectiveness
Not described
Okp
dac
-------
Transportation
Measure
Trip
Reduction
(cont.)
Methodology
Empirical
analysis ol
transportation
measure
implementation
programs
(cont.)
Advantage*
of Methodology
Disadvantages
of Methodology
Report
•Reducing Drive-Atone
Rates at Small
Employer Sites: Costs
and Benefits of Local
Trip Reduction
Ordinances: Pasadena
Towers Case Study.*
Stewart. Jacqueline. In
Transportation
Research Record 1433.
t994.
Description
Evaluates the
cost effectiveness
ola building-
based trip
reduction plan
Implemented In
compliance to a
local ordinance in
Pasadena.
California
Advantages of Study
Attitudinal survey
includes the influences of
building tenant company
size as well as schedule
and lifestyle ol
employees
Disadvantages
of Study
Uses small data sets
therefore results vary
widely with the
behavior ol a few
Individuals
Does not establish a
standard to evaluate
average vehicle
ridership results
obtained
Results may not be
transferable to other
employer sites or
regions
Does not quantify
emission Impacts
Factors Analyzed
Program cost and
distribution of cost
Benefits to
developer, tenants
and city
Average vehicle
ridership
Ik
j
Page I 11
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Transportation
Measure
Trip
Reduction
cent.)
Methodology
Empirical
analysis of
transportation
measure
Implementation
programs
(cont.)
Empirical
analysis of
transportation
measure
demonstration
projects
Advantages
of Methodology
Requires little or
no new data
acquisition
Relatively low cost
Shows actual
potential ol
transportation
measures
Disadvantages
of Methodology
Case study results
do not necessarily
apply to other
regions
-
Report
•Feasibility ol
Employee Trip
Reduction as a
Regional
Transportation Control
Measure." Lupa, Mary
R University of Illinois
at Chicago. In
Transportation
Research Record 1459.
•Evaluation of Travel
Demand Management
Measures to Relieve
Congestion.*
Kuzmyak. J.R., and
E.N. Schroffler.
Prepared by COMSIS
Corp. lor FHWA.
FHWA/SA-90/005;
DOT-T-90-14.
February 1990.
Description
Conducts a policy
analysis of
employee trip
reduction, and a
preliminary cost
comparison of
employee trip
reduction among
transportation
measures
Performs case
studies of the
effectiveness of
11 transportation
demand
management
programs
Advantages of Study
Evaluates effectiveness
of employee trip
reduction measures on
improving air quality
according to relief of
traffic congestion, relief
of ROG, maintenance of
personal privacy and
autonomy, and according
to market-based VMT
pricing possibilities
Calculates the
megagrams per year
reduced of the pollutant
chosen to measure the
effectiveness of the
transportation measure.
as well as the cost of the
strategy
Determines that
employee trip reduction
strategies cannot
successfully be
separated from related
mode split component
strategies such as transit
expansion, transit user
subsidy, and parking fees
Shows potential for
reduction In commute-
based trips due to
Implementation of
transportation measures
Provides high level of
detail about the specific
programs implemented
Disadvantages
of Study
Does not evaluate
emissions other than
ROG
Generally does not
evaluate specific TCM
individually; programs
of multiple TCMs are
evaluated tor
effectiveness
Does not quantify
emission reductions
Trip reductions based
upon vehicle
occupancy
assumptions for each
mode choice (carpool.
vanpool, transit)
Factors Analyzed
Cost effectiveness of
employee trip
reduction
Effectiveness of
employee trip
reduction measures
on improving air
quality
Not applicable in
context of specific
transportation
measures
dkp
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Transportation
Measure
Trip
Reduction
(conl.)
Methodology
Statistical
analysis ol
employer
ridesharing;
initiatives
Sample survey
ol customer
travel patterns
and
preferences at
shopping
centers
Advantages
of Methodology
Utilizes large
database ol
existing employers
that implement
transportation
measures
Relatively low-cost
(provided data
does not need to
be collected)
Somewhat
applicable to
multiple regions
(but Influenced by
local (actors of the
study area)
Does not require
an extensive
computer model
Disadvantages
of Methodology
May not assess
causes ol statistical
significance found
Results not
necessarily
applicable to other
regions
Requires large data
collection process to
generate statistically
significant results
Moderate to high
cost
Report
'Evaluation of
Employer-Sponsored
Ridesharing Programs
In Southern California."
Ferguson. Erik T.,
Georgia Institute of
Technology. In
Transportation
Research Record 1280,
1990.
•Analysis of Indirect
Source Trip Activity:
Regional Shopping
Centers/ JHK A
Associates/ K.T.
Analytics/California Air
Resources Board.
November 1993. ARB-
R 94/5 10
Description
Analyzes
database of
surveys of
employer-
sponsored
ridesharing
programs In
Southern
CaMomlalo
determine
relevant factors
on effectiveness
Surveyed
customers of
regional shopping
centers to
determine
potential Impact
ol various travel
reduction
measures
Advantages of Study
Utilizes large existing
database for the region,
Increasing validity of
results
Assesses cost-
effectiveness at varying
program sizes
Assesses interaction
between alternative worK
schedules and
ridesharing
Attempts to explain
reasons behind statistical
significance of certain
factors
Uses actual survey data
(Including customer
demographic and stated
preference data)
Developed calculation
methodologies specific to
each trip reduction
measure, using site-
specific data
Compares data between
shopping centare In
different land-use types
Disadvantages
of Study
Sample database may
be biased (they were
all clients of a
centralized rktesharing
agency)
Primarily analyzes
employer-based
measures only
Assumptions are
required to translate
staled preference data
to expected outcome
Does not quantify
emission reductions
Factors Analyzed
Level and type of
direct ridesharing
Incentives
Firm size and type
Dollars spent on
rideshare programs
Distance ol travel for
consumers
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transportation
Measure
Trip
Reduction
(conl.)
Methodology
Sample survey
ol employer trip
reduction
program cos)
Sketch
planning
Advantages
of Methodology
Uses statistically
representative
sample population
to make estimates
ol overall impact
ol general trip
reduction
strategies such as
employer -based
trip reduction rules
Sample size (and
therefore cost)
can be varied
based on level of
statistical
accuracy desired
Surveys can be
done periodically
to determine
changes In
program
effectiveness over
time
Simple tools can
generate ptanning-
level estimates ol
transportation
measure
effectiveness at
low cost
Generalized tools
can be somewhat
applicable to
multifile regions
Analyst can vary
input parameters
Disadvantages
of Methodology
Surveys can entail
significant costs
If surveys are
performed differently
in differ ent regions.
direct comparisons
of results may not be
vaW
Survey results can
be subject to various
Units of response
Mas
Sketch planning
results are usually
not the most
accurate, depending
on the Input
parameters
Report
•South Coast Air
Quality (Management
District Regulation XV
Cost Survey.* and
•AQMD Survey Fotow-
Up.' Ernst A Young.
For South Coast Air
Quality Management
District. 1992.
•Critical Analysis ol
Sketch-Planning Tools
tar Evaluating the
Emission Benefits of
Transportation Control
Measures.' Crawford.
Jason A., and
Raymond A. Krammes.
Prepared by Texas
Transportation Institute
for FHWA. FHWA/TX-
92/1279-5. December
1993.
Description
Estimates cost of
complying with
South Coast Air
Quality
Management
District
Regulation XV trip
reduction rule
using employer
surveys: foMow-up
document
presents results
of on-slte
interviews of 17
companies
Critical analysis
and sensitivity
analysis (using
data for El Paso.
Texas) of San-
Diego Association
of Governments
(SANDAQ) TCM
Tools method and
the Systems
Appfcattona)
• •••Amntinmml JOAI\
iniemaDonaJ (ami)
method;
summarized In
TRR 1472
Advantages of Study
Survey methodology Is
generic and can be
appted to any region
Regulation XV
compliance paperwork
aBowed tor an exact
definition of the target
population*
AH affected companies
surveyed, not Jus) a
representative sample
Methodology combines
broad survey with
focused on-site
Interviews to gauge
vattdtty of responses
Provides a thorough
review of the stale of the
practice (as of 1993)
(denotes weaknesses In
the SANDAQ and SAI
methods as we! as
strengths
Provides detailed sketch-
planning analysis lor El
Paso. Texas
Disadvantages
of Study
Only quantifies cost of
ridesharing programs;
does not directly .
quantify trip reductions
or emissions
reductions
Accuracy of employer
responses is
questionable
Study results do not
alow characterization
ol the linkage between
a given company's
spending on a trip
reduction program with
the effectiveness of
that program
Many of the Inputs to
the SANDAG and SAI
models are difficult to
quantify
The SANDAG and SAI
models do not fully
account for Indirect
Impacts and latent
travel demand
Factors Analyzed
Cost of ridesharing
program (in $ per
employee)
Vehicle trips
VMT
Average vehicle
speed
Emissions (HC. CO.
NOx)
Oil
drl
-------
Transportation
Measure
Trip
Reduction
(conl.)
Methodology
Sketch
planning (cont.)
Advantages
of Methodology
Disadvantages
of Methodology
Report
•Simple Methodologies
for Quantifying VT and
VMT Reductions horn
Transportation Control
and Growth
Management Measures
lor Developing Local
Trip Reduction
Ordinances.* Evans.
V. and D. Morrow.
Sonoma Technology.
Inc. Air & Waste
Management Assoc.
1993.
Description
Describes
development of
simple
methodologies (or
quantifying
reductions In
vehicle trips (VT)
and vehicle miles
traveled (VMT)
from TCMs. for
use in a planning-
level context;
developed
originally for the
South Coast Air
Basin
Advantages of Study
Methods to quantify VT
end VMT reductions from
TCMs were based upon
relatively simple methods
for estimating emissions
and Individual TCM
effectiveness developed
prior lo this report for the
South Coast AQMD
Performance-based
approach was developed
rather than use
mandated transportation
performance standards
Actual experience data
used as much as
possible: estimated trip
reduction levels from
each TCM was collected
from other studies, and
planning-level analysis
uses site-specific data
inputs, thus offering.
increased precision In
emissions estimates
Ranges in VT reductions
estimates address the
Interactive Impacts of the
application of multiple
transportation measures
Equivalency factor used
to convert VMT to VT can
account for region-
specific average trip
lengths
Disadvantages
of Study
Expected reductions In
VT and VMT from
TCMs were estimated
based upon a general
survey, so for a
particular location
different assumptions
may be needed
Applicability to other
regions outside
California limited by
report's use of
transportation data
and emissions factors
in the analysis which
were quantified using
BURDEN and EMFAC
runs for 1994
Does not Incorporate
any consideration of
cost-effectiveness
Factors Analyzed
Employee
participation
(percentage and
frequency)
Trip length
Bike parking facilities
Existence/extent ol
bike path system
Existence ol shower
facilities
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-------
Transportation
Measure
Trip
Reduction
(cont.)
Methodology
Employer TDM
cost-
effectiveness
model
Advantages
of Methodology
Estimates
reduction in and
costs ol daily trips
and peak period
trips
Aids employer
determination ol
cost-effectiveness
of TOM measures
for their particular
worksite
Disadvantages
of Methodology
Results may vary
widely from one
employer to the next
Many Inputs may be
difficult for
employers or •
planners to quantify
Report
Transportation
Demand Management
Cost-Effectiveness
Model for Suburban
Employers.* Dagang,
Deborah A. JHK &
Associates. In
Transportation
Research Record 1404.
Description
Reports on the
development of a
model to
Individually
evaluate the cost-
effectiveness of
15 different
employer-based
TDM measures In
suburban settings
• Advantages of Study
Focus on suburban
employers reflects
different travel-related
characteristics of
suburban and urban
areas
Spreadsheet-based
model is user-friendly
and readily accessible for
use at the site-specific
level; model makes
sensitivity analysis
relatively simple
Eight transportation
environments were
defined to represent
various combinations of
transportation service
characteristics
For employers without
access to entire range of
data necessary to
operate model, default
values are Included
Disadvantages
of Study
Most employers
sun/eyed to develop
model were unable to
provide detailed cost
Information on the
TDM measures they
had Implemented
Does not calculate
emissions directly
Potential for regional
bias, as model was
developed in part
based on a survey of
suburban San
Francisco Bay Area
employers; model also
used the SCAQMD
Regulation XV and
Pima Association of
Governments Travel
Reduction Program
employer plan
databases
Only some TDMs
Included In model
provide for estimates
of VT reductions
Use of default values
could diminishes
accuracy of estimates
for some users
Factors Analyaad
Suburban errployer-
basedTDM
measures
Daily trips end peak
period trips
Costs and cost-
effect ivenoss
(Jk|j
-------
Transportation
Measure
Trip
Reduction
(com.)
Methodology
Case study
analysis
Policy analysis
of transpor-
tation
measures
Advantage*
of Methodology
Analyzing case
studies ol
transportation
projects Is
relatively easy and
inexpensive
Different case
studies can be
compared to
determine factors
influencing the
effectiveness ol
an transportation
measure
Addresses
political feasibility
ol transportation
measure
Implementation
and generalized
estimate of
success given
local travel
behavior and
characteristics
Relatively simple
and inexpensive
to conduct, as it
requires no
primary research
Disadvantages
of Methodology
Case-study analysis
frequently does not
provide rigorous
quantitative results
Effectiveness of
case studies may be
due to local factors
specific to that case
Unlikely to provide
estimates
Report
Transportation
Demand Management:
Case Studies ol
Medium-Sized
Employers.*
Rutherford. G. Scon et
at In Transportation
Research Record 1459.
•Feasibility of
Employee Trip
Reduction asa
Regional
Transportation Control
Measure.* Lupa, Mary
R. University ol IMnoto
at Chicago. In
Transportation
Research Record 1459.
Description
Presents travel
mode split results
tor 14 medium-
sized employers
that practice
various terms ol
transportation
demand
management
Conducts a policy
analysts ot
employee trip
reduction, and a
preliminary cost
employee trip
reduction among
transportation
measures
• Advantages of Study
Chosen companies
represent a variety of
locations, business type.
and transportation
measures.
Explains regional
variation of policy and
constraints for
transportation measures
(parking availability.
price, public
transportation network)
Analyzes shortcomings
to Inolrect transportation
measures such as
employee trip reduction
of employee trip
reduction as an evolving
TCM and an arena lor
strategic planning using
toots such as direct
political action, classic
economics, technological
buMng
Disadvantages
of Study
Data cotected do not
contribute to a dear
conclusion on the
most effective
transportation
measure
Does not provide
discussion of emission
benefits
Does not contain
cost/benefit analysis
Draws conclusions as
to feasibility ol
employee trip
reduction, but gives no
precise estimation ol
emissions
Factors Analyzed
Transportation mode
split: single
occupant vehicle.
transit, carpod
Employee
transportation
coordination support
time
Employee trip
reduction
k
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Page I (9
-------
Transportation
Measure
Trip
Reduction
front \
[\r\JI 1 1.|
Methodology
^rocass
analysis ol
ransportaUon
measure
planning and
implementation
Comparison
and analysis ol
other studies
t
Advantages
of Methodology
Explains lessons
learned during the
planning and
Implementation ol
an actual
transportation
measure, such as
reactions to
expect from the
public and funding
sources
Provides pros and
cons of planning
and
II « •!
impiemeniauon
methods
Relatively
inexpensive and
simple to conduct.
because it
requires no
primary research
Provides an
Introduction to the
range of results
produced by
different studies.
which could be
used If other
directly applicable
**t<»"*™7 "•ft*™*1 ••*•••*
research Is not
available
Identifies
advantages and
disadvantages ol
several
methodologies
Disadvantages
of Methodology
Does not necessarily
help quantify VT,
VMT. or emissions
reductions from the
TCM Implementation
Cost can vary greatly
Results are not
directly applicable to
other regions (they
do not incorporate
characteristics ol
other regions)
Unlikely to provide
precise estimates
-
Report
•Transportation Control
Measures Analyzed for
the Washington
Region's 15 Percent
Rate of Progress Plan.*
FHWA/MetropoMan
Washington Council of
Governments. February
1995.
*An Assessment of
Transportation Control
Measures.
Transportation
Technologies, and
Pricing/Regulatory
Policies.' Euritl. Mark
A., at at. University of
Texas. Austin. Center
lor Transportation
Research/TeOus
Institute. CTRSEDC-
1. June 1995.
'Assessment ol Travel
Demand Management
Approaches at
Suburban Activity
Centers.' Bhatt, Klran.
and Higglns. Thomas.
K.T. Analysttcs. U.S.
DOT. Jury 1989.
Description
Provides
comprehensive
evaluation ol the
selection and
quantification
process
performed by the
MWCOQfor
assessing various
uanSpOnatKjn
measures
Assesses several
studies that
analyze a host of
transportation
measures.
technology
options, and
policies for total
effectiveness and
costs/benefits
Surveys research
studies and
interviews TCM
program
coordinators to
provide an
overview of the
range of
effectiveness of
employer-based
TCM programs
Advantage* ol Study
Addresses the strengths
and weaknesses of the
bottom-up. mutUpto
committee planning
process used by the
COO
Provides extensive, dear
detail (and strengths and
weaknesses) of both the
evaluation tools used and
each specific TCM
evaluation method
Estimates VT, VMT. &
emission reductions and
oosl-«ftecUv«ness
Provides a sofld overview
of the rang* (and •Meets)
of transportation measure
options, as we* as
technology and policy
options
Focuses upon energy
efficiency Impacts In
addition to emissions and
VMT
Provides a large number
ol case study examples
of bo* effective and
Ineffective TCM
programs
Makes recommendations
to employers on how to
develop a TCM program
Provides a good checklist
of topics to address when
developing a TCM
program
Disadvantages
of Study
Requires an extensive
study of already-
performed process
Report does not
contain a methodology
for evaluating new
TCM plans, but foHow-
on report focuses
upon these strategies
Estimates may be too
rough to apply to other
programs In other
regions
Report does not
contain a methodology
lor forecasting the
effectiveness of new
TCM plans
Only generalized
evaluation of TCM
effectiveness
Factors Analyzed
None (factors
analyzed are
applicable to each
transportation
measure analyzed
during the process)
Impacts: vehicle
trips, vehicle miles
traveled, and
emissions
Costs
Relative
effectiveness of
various
transportation
measure programs
Implementation
mechanisms
dao
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Transportation
Measure
Trip
Reduction
(cont.)
Methodology
Comparison
and analysis of
other studies
(cont.)
Advantages
of Methodology
Disadvantages
of Methodology
Report
'Managing
Transportation
Demand: Markets
Versus Mandates."
Giuliano. Genevieve,
and Martin Wachs.
Reason Foundation.
Policy Insight No. 142.
September 1992.
•The Equity and Cost
Effectiveness of
Employee Commute
Options Programs.*
Farkas, Z. Andrew.
Morgan State
University. TRB
960078. January 1996.
•Evaluation of
Employee Trip
Reduction Programs
Based on California's
Experience with
Regulation XV.* Orski.
C. Kenneth. Institute of
Transportation
Engineers. January
1994.
Description
Compares
congestion pricing
with Regulation
XV for the
Southern
California area;
describes pros
and cons of each
measure and
discusses
implications
Analyzes the
results of surveys
and transportation
measure
modeling studies
performed for the
Baltimore and
Philadelphia
regions
Summarizes the
results of an '
evaluation of
employee trip
reduction
programs, based
on California's
experience with
Regulation XV
Advantagea of Study
Provides typology of
transportation measures
and Identifies
effectiveness and
common barriers to
implementation
Simple side-by-side
comparison of VMT
reduction and cost-
effectiveness for each
transportation measure
Makes policy
recommendations to
Improve each
transportation measure
Shows different methods
of using the same model:
Travel Demand
Evaluation Mode)
developed by COMSIS
Provides a discussion of
social equity
considerations based on
a survey of the two
regions
As their techniques and
targets are closely
parallel, empirical data
for Regulation XV was
used to represent
projected results of the
Federal Clean Air Act. so
lessons evaluated may
be relevant to other
metropolitan areas
Able to draw general
conclusions of employee
trip reduction program
effectiveness, based on
assessment of numerous
California studies
available at the time
Disadvantages
of Study
Provides little detail
about logistics of
Implementing the
policy
recommendations
Does not quantify
emission reductions
Philadelphia modeling
assumed average
vehicle ridership
targets were reached
and results are only
applicable relative to
each scenario
Baltimore modeling did
not estimate emissions
reductions
Report does not
contain a methodology
for evaluating new
TCM plans
California-specific
factors may influence
and limit applicability
of conclusions to other
regions
Factors Analyzed
Direct vs. Indirect
Implementation
Market-based vs.
performance-based
implementation
Efficiency and equity
considerations
Rideshare promotion
level
Parking charge level
Transit subsidy
levels
Work schedule
flexibility
South Coast Air
Quality Management
District Regulation
XV results to date
Areawide program
impact
Program costs and
effectiveness
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l'.ij;r 111
-------
Transportation
Measure
Trip
Reduction
(cont.)
VMT Fees
Methodology
Comparison
and analysis of
other studies
(conl.)
Travel demand/
mode choice
model
Advantages
of Methodology
Somewhat
applicable to
multiple regions
Analyst can vary
input parameters <
Disadvantages
of Methodology
Requires region-
specific household
survey, land use.
soctoeconomic. and
travel cost data
Requires complex
computer model
Potentially high cost
louse
Report
'Employee Trip
Reduction Programs:
An Evaluation.' Orski.
C.Kenneth. In
Transportation
Quarterly. Vol. 47. No.
3. Jury 1993.
Transportation Pricing
Strategies for
CaUtomia: An
Assessment of
Congestion. Emissions.
Energy and Equity
Impacts.* California Air
Resources Board. June
1995. Report No. 92-
316.
Description
Addresses
feasibility and
cost of attaining
the mode shift
goallnCAA
182(d)(t)(B). and
the resulting
Impact on
regional trip
volume, vehicle
miles traveled.
automotive
emissions, and air
quality if the goals
were met
Develops and
uses a
comprehensive
travel demand
model to estimate
the Impacts of
multiple
transportation
measures
Advantages of Study
As their techniques and
targets are closely
parallel, empirical data
for Regulation XV was
used to represent
projected results of the
Federal Clean Air Act. so
lessons evaluated may
be relevant to other
metropolitan areas
Able to draw general
conclusions of employee
trip reduction program
effectiveness, based on
assessment ol numerous
California studies
avalable at the time
Uses actual, available
price elasticities
Establishes base case by
comparing to actual
travel data
Explores Interrelations
between pricing
strategies
Disadvantages
of Study
California-specific
factors may Influence
end limit applicability
of conclusions to other
regions
Report does not
contain a methodology
for evaluating new
TCM plans
Does not contain a
highway-network
model to Include level-
of-service changes
Forecasts rely on
estimations of
changes in household
travel data
•
Factors Analyzed
South Coast Air
Quality Management
District Regulation
XV results to dale
Long-term program
effects on ritotxti
choice
Areawide program
impact
Program costs and
effectiveness
Fee level
Price elasticity
Interrelationships
between pricing
strategies
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