EPA-AA-TAEB-80-11
A Study of Exhaust Emissions from Twenty High
   Mileage Oldsmobile Diesel Passenger Cars.
                     by
              John T. White III
                Gary T. Jones
                 March, 1980
         Test and Evaluation Branch
    Emission Control Technology Division
Office of Mobile Source Air Pollution Control
     Office of Air, Noise, and Radiation
    U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

-------
ABSTRACT

This  paper  describes  the  results  of  an  exhaust  emission  testing  program
conducted by EPA on twenty diesel-powered Oldsmobile passenger cars.  Each was
a full-size  1978 model  equipped with the 350 CID  engine (Family Designation:
830J9).   The  primary  purpose  of  this  program was  to  assess  the  emission
durability  of  this  engine  which  was  originally  designed   to operate  on
gasoline.   Secondary  objectives  included  an   evaluation   of  fuel  economy,
measurement  of  particulate  emissions and gathering of  samples for subsequent
Ames Test analyses.

The test vehicles were drawn from the general public in the Detroit area using
direct mail  solicitation.   Only  vehicles with over 40,000  miles  were sought.
This  resulted in  an  average odometer  reading  for the  test fleet of  48,195
miles. The  tests performed  included the Federal Test  Procedure, the Highway
Fuel Economy Test and several short tests.  The program began in December 1979
and was completed in February, 1980.  Testing was performed at the EPA's Motor
Vehicle Testing Laboratory in Ann Arbor.

The average  emission  test  results were quite similar  to  those resulting from
the Certification  process at  4,000 miles.  Thus, it  appears that the 350 CID
Oldsmobile  diesel   engine   demonstrates  virtually  no  emission  deterioration
while in-use over  its  "useful  life".  City  and Highway fuel economy values
were  also   found   to   correspond  closely  with  those   published   in  the
1978 Gas Mileage Guide.   Average  particulate emissions of  these  diesels were
found to  be  approximately  50% greater than the initial standard of 0.6 g/mile
which is  to  become effective with the 1982 model year.  Results from analyses
of  the  Ames  Test  samples  have  not been received  and will be  treated  as  a
supplement to this report.

-------
Introduction

Although  the  diesel  engine  has  long  been  recognized  as a  durable  and
fuel-efficient powerplant, its  use  in passenger cars had been limited because
of a number  of  factors,  primarily,  weight, cost  and noise. Prior to the 1978
model  year,   there  were  no  major   American   manufacturers  involved  in  the
production of diesel  passenger cars.   The  changing economic and  political
situation,   especially   with  regard   to   energy   costs   and   fuel  economy
legislation,   has  made this  concept more feasible.   With  the introduction of
General Motors'  5.7 liter  (350  CID) diesel  engine, the  possiblity of large
numbers  of  diesel-powered   passenger  cars  in  operation  became  real.   The
initially  rapid  sales rate  of  these vehicles was further  enhanced  by rising
gasoline  prices  and  fears  of  fuel shortages.   Currently,  sales  of  these
vehicles  total about  300,000 units  per year.  While this represents only about
3% of  the passenger car market, sales of diesels have been so successful that
General Motors  has  predicted that  up to 30 percent  of  its  production may be
committed to diesels in the next three to four years.

Although the Oldsmobile diesel successfully completed all requirements for EPA
certification,  there  is  little  known about  the emission  characteristics  of
these  engines  once  they have been  used by private  owners.   There  is  concern
not only  for the  regulated  pollutants,  but also for particulate emissions for
which  there  was no  standard  in 1978.  The type of particulate matter produced
by  internal  combustion  engines is  known  to   cause  genetic damage  to living
cells  and diesel  engines have  been found to  produce a  significantly  greater
amount  of particulates  than  gasoline  engines.  At  this time, some of these
1978 versions are reaching the 50,000 miles prescribed as their "useful life".

On the  basis of  the facts above, an EPA test program was designed during the
Fall of 1979.   The  primary  purpose  of this program was to assess the emission
durability of the  Oldsmobile 350  CID  diesel engine.   Secondary  objectives
included  an  evaluation  of fuel economy, measurement  of  particulate  emissions
and gathering  of  samples for subsequent Ames test  analyses.  Since this was
the first program  in which  test vehicles would  be recruited directly  from
private owners, close attention  would also be paid to documenting procurement
techniques and  recording response  rates.   The test  plan  provided  for twenty
in-use  diesel-powered  Oldsmobile passenger cars.   Each of  these was  .to  have
accrued  at  least 40,000 miles.    The  vehicles would  be  procured  from  the
general public  and  tested  at  the  Motor Vehicle  Emission Laboratory  in Ann
Arbor.

Vehicle Procurement  Technique

Over a two  month period, solicitation  packages were mailed  to owners of 301
Oldsmobiles  and  27  Peugeots*.    This   represented  all  such  1978   models
registered in Wayne, Oakland, Macomb, St. Clair, Lapeer,  and Livingston County
as of  September  1979.   Names  and  addresses  of owners  of  candidate vehicles
were purchased  from R.L.  Polk Co.  at an average cost of $.85 per name.   The
package included  a  letter and a postpaid reply card with which an owner could

*  Volkswagen owners were not sought for this  program because the VIN
   does not  include  an identifier to separate  diesels from gasoline
   engines.

-------
report  vehicle  information  and  express  his  willingness  to  participate.  A
brochure  was  also included  describing the EPA  laboratory and its operation.
Owners whose  cars were ultimately chosen were offered the basic incentives  of
a  $50  Savings Bond,  a loan  car  and  a full tank of  fuel  upon return of their
vehicle.  EPA also offered to exchange cars at their convenience and promised
a  summary of  the test results on  their  vehicle.   Copies of these letters and
the reply postcard are attached as Appendix A.

Responses were  received  from  175 Oldsmobile owners  and  14  Peugeot owners.
Figure  1 is  a histogram  of  the  responses versus  time  for  the Oldsmobiles.
Over  70% of  the  responses were  received within ten days  of  the mailing.   Of
these  responses,  most indicated  a willingness to participate  in our program.
Thus,  a  positive  response rate  of 48% and 35%, respectively  was  obtained  of
all Oldsmobile  and Peugeot owners contacted.  Since EPA  was  seeking vehicles
with  the highest  mileage,  these  responses were ranked  by odometer readings".
Figure  2 is  a  histogram of  the mileages reported  by  the Oldsmobile owners.
Darkened  squares  indicate  the vehicles which were ultimately  tested.   All  of
the test vehicles were full-size Oldsmobiles (88, 98, Custom Cruiser) with the
350  CID  engine  (Family  Designation:  830J9).  None  of  the  Peugeot  owners
reported  odometer readings  over  the 40,000 miles which  was  established as a
cutpoint  for  "high mileage".  In  a follow-up mailing  to  positive respondents
who  were not  chosen,  EPA  thanked  them  for their  interest,  described  the
current  program,  and  offered them a chance to update the information on their
vehicle.

As  an  additional  evaluation  of  the  procurement  techniques,  40  special
solicitation  packages were sent out.  Each of these was paired with a standard
package  which was also  sent to  the  owner in the same Zip Code.  The special
package included an original typed letter with the owners' name and address, a
handwritten signature, and a reference to his Oldsmobile.  The standard letter
was printed and only  included "Dear Vehicle  Owner"  and "your vehicle" in its   j
opening.  The response rate  from  the  special packages  was 45% while that for
the 40 standard packages  was 40%.  Thus,  it  appears that the extra effort  in
this area was unwarranted in terms of response rate.

The actual  acquisition of  the vehicles was handled by Emission Factor Program
personnel.   Two  1979 Cutlasses  were  leased  for  use as  leaner  cars.   Lee
Oldsmobile,  the lessor, also  purchased and mailed  the  bonds.  Test vehicles
were brought  in at a  rate of two per week with an average time from pick up  to
return of 4  days.  The twenty vehicles  required 40  exchanges of cars.  23__of
these^  were  handled  at  the _ owner's ....residence or  placeof  business.   The
"remaining  transfers  were  conducted  at  MVEL.   Both  the loaners  and  test
vehicles  were washed, vacuumed and filled with fuel before they were given  to
the participant.

At  the initial  meeting,  the principal  driver  was asked  to  complete a short
questionnaire  and  fill out several forms related to the exchange of vehicles.
Copies of these are attached in Appendix B.  Only two exchanges were aborted.
One occurred  when the  participant was  not  at home for  a scheduled meeting.
The  other  was  postponed  by  the owner  in  advance.    In general,  vehicle
procurement was quite successful.

-------
Participant Profile

Almost all of the vehicle owners are involved in outside sales or commute long
distances  to  work.   All said  they  were concerned with  fuel  economy  and half
kept  detailed records  of  fuel  usage.  Most  owners  were satisfied  with the
performance  of  their  vehicle's engine  although  some  had  experienced major
problems with injector pumps,  injectors, transmissions  and  cooling  lines,  as
well as minor annoyances such as oil leaks.   All felt that they had maintained
their vehicles  in accordance with manufacturer's  recommendations.   A listing
of these responses is attached as Appendix C.

Vehicle Testing

Once each  vehicle was  acquired, appropriate sections of  a  standard  MVEL test
data  sheet  were  completed  and  the  keys   delivered to  the Evaluation  and.
Development  (E&D) group  for  testing.  An E&D technician prepared  the vehicle'.
by rotating  tires (when necessary)  and increasing  tire pressure to 45 psi.
Fluid levels  were also checked and corrected.  No other underhood checks were
conducted.  The vehicles were tested using tank fuel whenever possible.  Extra
fuel (Diesel #2) was added from laboratory supplies when necessary to complete
the sequence.  No fuel was drained nor was the 40% level requirement  observed.
Preconditioning consisted of a single LA-4 cycle  on  the dynamometer followed
by a  12-24 hour soak period.  The dynamometer  settings  used were as follows:

                              Inertia Weight      Horsepower
Oldsmobile 98                     4500              12.5
Oldsmobile 88 (Sedan, Coupe)       4500              11.8
Oldsmobile 88 (Station Wagon)     5000              11.3

Each vehicle was tested twice using the following sequence:

1.   1979  FTP for light  duty diesels.  This included particulate sampling but
     does not require evaporative emission measurements.

2.   "50 Cruise" Test.   This  short cycle employs garage instruments to measure
     tailpipe concentrations  of HC  and CO during the  50 mph preconditioning
     for the HFET.

3.   Highway Fuel Economy Test (also with particulate sampling).

4.   Four-Speed Idle Test.   This  short test is comprised of four steady state
     modes.   Idle in neutral,  2500  rpm in neutral,  idle in neutral, and idle
     in drive.  Garage instruments  are used to sample tailpipe concentrations
     of HC and CO for each mode.

5.   Loaded   Two-Mode   Test.    Sampling  is  done  as   before  using  garage
     instruments.   The  first  mode  is  30  mph  at  9  actual  dynamometer
     horsepower.  The second mode is idle in neutral.

6.   Extra Highway Fuel Economy Cycle (for Ames sampling only).

The  testing  itself  was  quite  successful.   Only one  attempt  was aborted,  and
two tests were voided.

-------
      Emission Test Results

      Complete  FTP and HFET  results for  each vehicle  are  attached as Appendix  D.
      FTP  results  and HFET  fuel  economy values  are  displayed  as  histograms  in
      Figures 3-8.   Except for HC results  on  two vehicles,  all FTP emission values
      have been  within the 1978 Federal Standards  under which they were certified.
      Despite  their high  mileage,  the average  emissions levels  of  these vehicles
      were not  very different  from the levels of  Emission  Data  vehicles tested  at
      4000 miles.   It  has also been found  that the gaseous  emission values gathered
      in this  program  compare closely to other diesel testing performed in the  FY75
      and FY77  Emission Factors programs.   In the FY77  program, a total of nineteen
      Mercedes  Benz and  one  Peugot diesel were  tested.   In the  preceding program,
      all twenty  were  Mercedes Benz.  The  model years ranged from 1964 to 1977  with
      several  mileages  exceeding  100,000.   Listed  in  Table  1 are the  average
      emission values  of:  1) the original 1978  Oldsmobile  4000  mile certification
      tests,  2) the vehicles tested in this program and,  3) the vehicles tested  in
      the FY75 and FY77 Emission Factors programs.
                                         Table 1
                                                        Average Test Results
                           N
Odom
	FTP (g/mi)	
 HC      CO     NO
                            Fuel Economy (mpg)
                             FTP     HFET
Cert/F.E. Guide  (Sedan)    1     4,000      .78     1.8    1.90
This program  (Sedans)     18     48782      .80     1.6    1.35
                                        21     30
                                        21.5   31.6
Cert/F.E. Guide  (Wagon)    1     4,000

This program  (Wagons)      2     42905
1.30     2.1    1.60

1.06     1.9    1.84
                                        19  >
                                        19.8
                                     27

                                     28.7
FY75 Emission Factors     20     76473
(20 Mercedes-Benz diesels)
FY77 Emission Factors     20     86318
(19 Mercedes Benz, 1 Peugeot diesel)
 .80     2.2    1.60
1.12     2.9    1.43
                                        23.9


                                        24.2
                                     29.8


                                     31.3
      The  data  generated from the short cycle  tests  showed very low emissions with
      little variance  from vehicle to vehicle.  These results will not be displayed
      in chart form but  can be found in Appendix E.

-------
   Table 2  is a listing  of  particulate emissions from vehicles  in this program
   compared  to  results  from  selected  Light  Duty  Certification  Development
   Vehicles.
                                         Table 2

                                       FTP           Percent of        HFET
                                   Particulates    1982 Standard    Particulates
                                      (g/mi)         of .6 g/mi         (g/mi)

Average of the twenty Oldsmobile
  Diesels in this program:             .85              1A2              .45

Certification vehicles
1979 Oldsmobile 350                    .84              140              .40
1979 Oldsmobile 260            -        .73              122              .45
1979 Chevy Pick-up                     .59             .  98              .33
1979 Dodge Pick-up                     .61              102              .33
1979 V.W. Dasher                       .32               53              .25
1979 V.W. Rabbit                       .23               38              .11
1979 Peugeot 540D                      .29        .       48              .20
1979 Mercedes Benz 240D                .35               58              .25
1979 Mercedes Benz 300D                .83              138              .53
   As these results show, levels of particulate emissions from these high mileage
   Oldsmobiles were above  the 1982 standard.  However,  when  these vehicles were
   produced, no such standard existed and probably no real effort was expended on
   reducing  particulate  emissions.   In  the  search for  a  correlation  between
   particulates  and  unburned  hydrocarbons,  no  realistic relationship  could be
   found on  these twenty  vehicles.   Also evident  in our sample  is  the  lack of
   dependence on mileage for particulate emissions.
   Fuel Economy
   Miles-per-gallon (mpg)  figures  over  both  the FTP and HFET were calculated for
   each  test  sequence.   The  average  fuel  economy of the sedans  and  wagons were
   compared to  the appropriate  values  listed in  EPA's  Gas Mileage Guide.   This
   showed that the sedans  average about 102%  of  the Guide's FTP values and 105%
   of  the  HFET.   The  two  wagons  average  104% and 106%  of  the  Guide's  FTP and
   HFET values,  respectively.   The questionnaire completed by each vehicle owner
   included questions which  asked  for the owners  estimate  of fuel economy under

-------
city, highway, and  combined  driving conditions.   Of those that responded, the
sedan owners' figures were  100% of the Guide values  for the FTP,  and 94% for
the  HFET  and 99% for the combined  mileage value.  The  two  wagon  owners gave
only combined mileage values  which were 116% of  the comparable value obtained
from Guide results.  Responses  of  the owners were also compared to the actual
test numbers  generated  in this  program.   In this case, the  estimates  by the
Sedan owners  were 98% of  the FTP, 89% of  the HFET and 95%  of  the combined.
These values  are shown graphically in  Figure 9.   The estimates by the wagon
owners were  111% of the actual  combined.   One reason for the  seemingly high
estimates  for  combined   city/highway  operation  may be  that  these  owners
operated  their  vehicles  on  the  highway  more  often  than the  55/45  mix
prescribed for the combined  value.

Conclusions
The average emission  test  results were quite similar  to  those resulting from
the Certification process  at  4,000 miles.   Thus, it appears  that  the 350 CID
Oldsmobile  diesel  engine  demonstrates  virtually  no  emission  deterioration
while in-use  over its  "useful  life".   City  and Highway  fuel  economy values
were  also   found  to   correspond  closely  with  those  published   in  the
1978 Gas Mileage Guide.  Average  particulate  emissions of these diesels were
found to be approximately  42% greater than the initial standard of 0.6 g/mile
which is to become  effective  with the 1982 model  year.   HC  and CO concentra-
tions from the  short  cycle tests corresponded well with  gram per  mile values
from  the  FTP  in  that both were quite low.   The analyses  of the Ames Test
Samples have  not  been  received  and will  be  treated as a supplement  to this
report.

-------
                           Testing  of  High Mileage 1978 Oldsmobile Diesels
Response Rate      60

Figure  1
               CO
               0)
               to
               c
               o
               p.
               CO
               U-l
               o
               0)
               •i
               I
                   50 -
                  40 -
                   30 -
                   20
                   10 -
                                                 Positive

                                                 Responses



                                                 Negative

                                                 Responses
                           <3    4-6     7-9   10-12

                              Response  Time (Days)
                                                                39
    (D
    t\
    O
    rt>

    rt
    0>
   00
    (D
                                                               -20
    (D
    0)

14  o

i3  §
    (D
        1-21
                                                                        -11
                                                                             (D

                                                                             o
                                                                             (D

                                                                             rr

                                                                             o
                                                                             H
                                                                             O
                                                                             5"
                                                                            00
Odometer

Distribution

 Figure 2
                  30
               3  25 -
               to
               c
               o
               o.

               S  20
               pa

               4)
               o
               Cu
               M
               
-------
                         Testing of High Mileage 1978 Oldsmobile Diesels
Hydrocarbons
FTP Fuel Economy
Fig. 3

      iH   __
      a   75-
      B
      at
      en
          50-
      c
      0)

      S   25H
      
-------
                                   Figure 9


                            Testing'of High Mileage
                            1978 Oldsmobile Diesels

                     Comparison of Owner Perceived MPG to
                      Test and Fuel Economy Guide Values
                     35-1
                     30 -
                  co
                  o
                  
-------
                                Appendix A


          UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION  AGENCY

                          ANN ARBOR. MICHIGAN 48105
                                                                     OFFICE OF
                                                               AIR. NOISE AND RADIATION
Dear Vehicle Owner:
As  I am  sure you are  aware,  the  nation's  air pollution  problem is  a very
serious matter.   You may  be  able to contribute significantly  toward  its im-
provement  and  be rewarded  for  your  cooperation.    The  U.S.  Environmental
Protection  Agency (EPA)  is  currently  involved in  a  number of  programs  to
reduce air  pollution.   One of  these is to determine the emissions from in-use
passenger cars  equipped  with  diesel engines.  This testing  will  be conducted
at  EPA's  Motor  Vehicle Emission Laboratory in Ann  Arbor.   A brochure des-
cribing our facility is enclosed.

Your vehicle has been randomly selected from registration listings as a possi-
ble vehicle for  testing.   If  you are willing  to participate, we will further
consider your vehicle  on the  basis of  the  information you provide us through
completing and returning the enclosed card.   Once we obtain the information on
make, model, model year, engine size and accumulated miles of your vehicle, we
can randomly  select  a  representative sample of vehicles for testing.   Should
your vehicle be chosen, we will contact you to schedule the test and offer you
the  following incentives  to  participate in this  program:  (1)  a  $50  United
States Savings  Bond  and (2)  return of  your  vehicle  with a full tank of fuel.
In  addition,  we  will   provide  you  with  a  late model,  fully  insured  leaner
vehicle for you to use while  your  vehicle  is  undergoing the testing.  If you
desire, we  will deliver the leaner vehicle  and  pick up yours at  a place and
time convenient to you.  After the test, we will also return your car and pick
up the loaner vehicle  in the  same  manner.   You  will also receive the results
of the emissions  and fuel economy tests which will be performed on your vehi-
cle.

No unusual  operations  will be  performed on  your vehicle and it will be fully
insured  for the  entire  test  period.   The  testing will  be  conducted  in our
laboratory under simulated driving conditions.   The test will take 2 or 3 days
to complete due to the need to run one of the tests after the vehicle has been
parked  overnight  in  the  laboratory.   However,  your  vehicle will  probably
accumulate less than 100 total miles.

We ask you to  complete and return the enclosed postpaid reply  card  at your
earliest convenience.   If  you  have  questions or would like any further infor-
mation, please contact Gary Jones at 668-4427.

Thank you for your cooperation;  your willingness to  participate  is important
to the accuracy of our study.   I am looking forward to your reply.
      ely,
Charles L. Gray/ Direortor
Emission Control Technology Division

-------
                              Appendix A
Name
City_
Home  Phone
Business Phone
Make of Vehicle
Odometer Read ing_
       Address
 State
ZIP
        Best Time  to  Call
  _Ext.	Best Time to Call_


     Model             Year
           Engine  Size_
           Yes, I would like  to participate in  the program.


           Sorry, I  have chosen not  to  participate in  the program

      {""]  I would like to have more information.

                                               OMB  Approval  158-R0106
                           Official Business
                           Penalty for Private UM
                           $300
          United States
          Environmental Protection
          Agency
Washington OC 20460
                         Postage and
                         Fees Paid
                         Environmental
                         Protection •
                         Agency
                         EPA 335
                          EPA, MVEL,  ECTD,  TAEB-20
                          2565 Plymouth Road
                          Ann Arbor,  MI  48105
     EPA FORM 1J20-8 (REV. 1-7SI

-------
                              Appendix B
NAME:
ADDRESS:




CITY:
HOME PHONE:
OWNER:
ADDRESS:




CITY:
                       EPA DIESEL TESTING PROGRAM
                         Participant Information
                        STATE:
                                               ZIP CODE:
                                   WORK PHONE:
                            Bond Information
                                       S.S.#:
                      STATE:
                                              ZIP CODE:
CO-OWNER/BENEFICIARY: (Circle One)
                           Vehicle Information
MODEL YEAR:




VIN:
                        MAKE:
                          LICENSE NO. :
ENGINE FAMILY:
                                       ODOM:
NOTES ON CONDITION OF TEST VEHICLE:
                                                   MODEL:
EPA REPRESENTATIVE:
PARTICIPANT'S SIGNATURE:
                                               DATE:




                                               DATE:
CONDITION OF VEHICLE UPON RETURN:




ODOMETER:
                                        DATE:
PARTICIPANT'S SIGNATURE:

-------
                       Vehicle Exchange Agreement

The  U.S.  Environmental  Agency   (EPA)  is  furnishing  you  a  1979 Oldsmobile
Cutlass   (License   No.   	)  as  a  temporary  replacement   for   your
	  (License No.  	).   This agreement is subject to the
following terms and conditions:

1.   You agree  to  be careful in  the  use  of  the loan vehicle  and  to  return it
     to an  EPA  representative within five days together with  all  tires, tools
     and  accesssories and  in  as good  interior,  exterior  and perating condi-
     tion,  normal  wear  and tear excepted,  as when  it was received by  you.

2.   You also agree that it will not be  used  to carry passengers or property
     for hire or  to push or tow any vehicle or trailer.  The  loan vehicle may
     also  be operated  by  another  person  provided  that  your  permission  is
     given.  All  such operators  must be at least 21 years of  age, duly quali-
     fied and licensed and  listed below.

3.   You acknowledge  personal  liability for all charges,  fines  and costs  for
     parking,  traffic  or other  legal  violations  assessed against  the  loan
     vehicle while it is  in your possession.

4.   You  agree  to  release and hold EPA harmless from  any  liability for  loss
     of, or  damage to,  any property left, stored or transported in vehicle by
     you or  any other person during or following  the term of this agreement.

5.   EPA,  in turn,  agrees  to  be  fully  responsible  for  any and all damage
     occuring to your vehicle while in EPA's possession.

6.   EPA  also  agrees to- indemnify  and  hold you harmless  of  any repairs,  da-
     mage, loss or liability sustained by you by reason of accident  or damage
     to your vehicle while in EPA's possession.

7.   EPA further agrees  to be careful in the use of your vehicle and  agrees to
     return it to you in  as good interior, exterior and operating  condition as
     when' it was received by EPA.


In consideration of a $50 Savings Bond, I agree to loan my vehicle to EPA  for
this test program.

Owner's signature: 	Date: 	

EPA Representative: 	Date: 	

Principal Driver:

	License	 Exp. Date	
Other Drivers  (note relationship to principal driver):

___________________________________ License 	 Exp. Date

________________________________ License 	Exp. Date

	License	Exp. Date

-------
                                Appendix B



           UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL  PROTECTION AGENCY

                          ANN ARBOR. MICHIGAN 48105
                                                                     OFFICE OF
                                                               AIR. NOISE AND RADIATION
 To Whom It  May  Concern:



 This 1979 Cutlass  (VIN 3R47F9M515731, Michigan  license plate JFM 443)  has  been

 leased to  the  U.S.  Environmental  Protection  Agency in  support  of a  vehicle

 emission testing program.  In turn,  it  has been loaned  to the person identi-

 fied . below while his  vehicle  is  being  tested at our laboratory in Ann Arbor.

 Besides this principal  driver,  other persons  which have  his permission  are

 also- authorized to  operate this  vehicle.   The names and  license numbers  of

 these drivers  are  also listed below.   This  loan  agreement is valid  for  five

 days from the date shown.



 If you have  any questions,  you may contact           '   or            at the

 EPA  at  668-4200.   The  home  telephone numbers  of  each  are	and

_.	 ,  respectively.
 Owner's signature:	Date: 	

 EPA Representative:    •                                Date:   '

 Principal Driver:

 		License 	Exp. Date
 Other Drivers  (note relationship  to principal  driver):

 	License	 Exp.. Date

 	__	License 	Exp.  Date

      .	'	License	 Exp.  Date

-------
                                Appendix B



          UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY

                         ANN ARBOR. MICHIGAN  48105
                                                                     OFRCE OF
                                                               AIR. NOISE AND RADIATION
March 7, 1980
Mr. John Doe
123 Any Street
Dieselville, USA

Dear Mr. Doe:

Listed below are the emission results on your 1978 Oldsmobile  which was tested
in our laboratory.
  Unburned
„ ,     ,
Hydrocarbons
   (HC)
                                  Carbon    Oxides  of
                                 „    . ,  '  „ . .
                                 Monoxide   Nitrogen
                                   (CO)       (NO  )
                                               X
                                                           ,,  .,  _.
                                                           Fuel  Economy
                                                           - *-
                                                         City      Highway
Your Vehicle:

1978 Standards:
.85
1.5
1.65
15.0
1.40
2.0
                                                          21.3       31.3
               EPA Fuel Economy Ratings:           Sedan:    21         30

                                          Station Wagon:    19         27
The emission results are  in grams per mile while fuel  economy is  in miles  per
gallon.  Enclosed  is an explanation  of how  the test was  performed and  the
Federal exhaust emission standards  for passenger cars  of recent  model  years.
We have begun  processing  the savings  bond and you should receive it within a
week  or two.  Thank you  very much  for your participation  in this  program.

Sincerely yours,
Gary T. Jones
Technology Assessment and Evaluation Branch

Enclosure

-------
                           Appendix  B



     UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY

                    ANN ARBOR.  MICHIGAN  48105
                                                               OFFICE OF
                                                         AIR. NOISE AND RADIATION
Dear Vehicle Owner:

Thank you for your cooperation and willingness to participate in
our program.  I regret that your vehicle has not been chosen for
testing.  Our current effort involves only vehicles which have
accumulated a large number of miles.   At this time, the cutoff point
is 40,000 miles.  Should your vehicle become a candidate due to a
vacancy or cancellation in the current program,  we will contact
you to reaffirm your willingness to participate.  We may also need
additional vehicles for new programs  and will keep your card on file.
If you have changed your address or would like to update your
vehicle information, please fill out  the enclosed card and return it
at your earliest convenience.  You may also contact me by telephone
at 668-4427 if you have any other questions.

Sincerely,
Gary T. Jones, Project Officer
Emission Control Technology Division

-------
                                                        Appendix C
                                                     Driving Pattern
                                                                                                   07
                                                                 Driving Purpose
o    /Owner Estimated

01
02
03
04
05
06
m
U /
08
09
1 fi
1 1
12
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
•
Q
a/
? 3
88
88
98
Wgn
88
88
QO
yo
98
Wgn
QQ
QQ
98
QO
• yo
88
88
98
88
88
88
88
<#
' /
44866
44844
46712
44809
57169
53116
c/, onn
34 JUU
50400
41000
A A ^no
ftonsn
50327
A qi i f.
H y 1 1O
44343
42159
42807
41282
49759
46501
47030

3N69N8M169662
3N69N8M1 39796
3X69N8M146026
3Q35N8X206077
3N69N8M167629
3N37N8M238062
O.YAQMH171! /i ftO/, /.
jAoyiNoii.moj'tH
3X69N8E160153
3Q35N8X120515
^Y^QNftM? 1 97A7
^T AQNftMl 1 SOAQ
3X69N8M235963
°.YAQNRM9 1 1 *\(\Q
jAD yiNoriz 1 1 jo?
3N69N8M235630
3N37N8M208132
3X69N8M152530
3N69N8M151298
3N69N8M239827
3N37N8M168314
3N69N8M185964
«
•4
X
-f
Q, y
5/78
12/77
11/78
9/78
3/78
7/79
A /7H
H/ /O
5/78
H/78
7 /7ft
/ / /O
1O/77
iy/ / /
7/78
c /7ft
J/ /o
10/78
5/78
1/78
1/78
9/78
3/78
3/78
e?
S
S
S
M
A
A
S
S

A
A
M
S
A
M
M
A
/
Ł
>
i
^
S
S
S
L
L
L
S
S

L
L
S
S
L
S
L
L
•
^j
Ł
* ^
s
s
s
L
L
L
S
S

L
L
L
S
L
L
L
L
•
(^
S
S
L
L
L
L
L
S

L
L
L
S
L
L
S
L
'/'
L
M
L
S
A
1.
L
S

L
M
A
L
A
L
S
A
/
L
S
1.
S
L
L
L
S

L
I.
L
L
L
L
L
L
f ,
A
L
A
L
L
A
A
S

A
• S
L
M
L
S
S
L
Ł
/
tf
* J
L
S
L
M
L
L
L
S

L
S"
5
L
L
L
S
L
L
»
/ fl^
/ ^J
/ •&&
1 CO *^
i *f+J O
24
45
35
30
34
33
• in^
iUj
47
60
so
in
. 25
00
J J
24
20
50
20
25
50
30
Is
t) *»J ^
t? c

24.5
23
23
23.5
26
27
Legend;
S; Some (less than 20%)
L; Little (21% to 50%)
M; Most (51% to 75%)
A; All (more than 75%)

-------
Appendix  C

                                  -to
.* &
V F sf
^Y 9f Łf
/ A? /
01 88 48866
02 88 44844
03 98 46712
04 Wagon 44809
05 88 57169
06 88 53116
07 98 54300
08 98 50400
09 Wagon 41000
10 98 44300
11 88 69050
12 98 50327
13 98 49116
14 88 44343
15 88 42159
16 98 42807
17 88 41282
18 88 49759
19 88 46501
20 88 47030
H.S.; Hard Starting
Ł*
/
NO
YES
NO
YES
NO
YES
NO
YES
NO
NO
NO
YES
NO
NO
YES
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO

/'
•4
Ł
J fl.
fr
/
NA
H.S.
NA
P. A.
NA
R.I.
NA
HS
NA
NA
NA
P. A.
NA
NA
P. A.
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA

P. A.; Poor Acceleration
Inj.; Injectors
T.C.L.; Transmission
P.P. ; Fuel Pump

Cooling


Line

J / // // // t
o jv o ' o P S>
•* Ł> $ Ł> ,Ł9
O A) da ^0 "^ 40
tg Ay 40 A? 00 *v *& *«^ 40
*/ _C ^ cT . -^ . C
*7
YES
YES
Mostly
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
Mostly
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
R.I.;
D.;

O.L. ;

4?tf
0-6
24
0-6
Unknown
0-6
6-6
6rl2
0-6
0-6
0-6
6-12
6-12
0-6
0-6
6-12
0-6
0-6
0-6
0-6
' 0-6
Rough Idle
/-&
0-6
24
0-6
0-6
0-6
6-12
6-12
0-6
0-6
0-6
0-6
6-12
6-12
6-12
6-12
Unknown
Unknown
0-6
0-6
6-12

4?^ */.&
0-6 0-6
Never 0-6
Unknown 0-6
0-6 6-12
0-6 0-6
12 0-6
Unknown 0-6
0-6 0-6
Never O-6
12 0-6
Never 0-6
Never O-6
Unknown 0-6
Unknown O-6
12 0-6
Never 6-12
Unknown 0-6
Never 0-6
0-6 Or-6
12 0-6

49 O fir 'Of A; to JS
V .8 *y •  ^* V „«» 4> +* Ł
0 "* > «? ^
»Y 
-------
                                                                  Appendix D
                                                   Testing of High Mileage 1978 Oldamoblle  Diesels
Veh.

01
Odometer
(miles)

44866
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
88
98
Wagon
88
88
98
98
Wagon
98
88
98
98
88
88
98
88
88
88
88
44844
46712
44809
57169
53116
54300
50400
41000
44300
69050
50327
49116
44343
42159
42807
41282
49759
46501
47030
Testg

  1
  2
  3
  1
  2
  1
  2
  1
  2
  1
  2
  1
  2
  1
  2
  1
  2
  1
  2
  1
  2
  1
  2
  1
  2
  1
  2
  1
  2
  1
  2
  1
  2
  1
  2
  1
  2
  1
  2
  1
  2

HC
.8/mi)
0.85
0.87
0.92
0.71
0.66
0.73
0.68
1.57
1.42
0.64
0.60
0.56
0.54
1.02
1.03
0.87
	
0.64
0.61
0.86
0.86
0.87
0.74
1.69
1.59
0.60
0.62
0.79
0.88
1.21
1.11
0.62*
0.62*
0.60*
0.60*
0.60*
0.62*
0.71*
0.77*
0.57*
0.71*
Results
CO
(8/mi)
1.5
1.5
1.6
1.6
1.7
1.6
1.5
2.2
2J1
1.6
1.7
1.4
1.5
2.2
2.2
1.9
1.9
1.6
1.5
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
2.2
2.1
1.6
1.5
1.7
1.7
1.8
1.6
1.3
1.3
1.6
1.5
1.4
1.4
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
of FTP and Highway Fuel Economy Tests
FTP
NOx
(g/mi)
1.50
1.44
1.49
1.83
1.79
1.72
1.69
1.60
1.58
1.86
1.79
1.62
1.75
1.47
1.46
1.43
1.43
2.04
2.04
1.40
1.42
1.73
1.74
1.37
1.32
1.32
1.30
1.40
1.42
1.18
1.13
1.69
1.69
1.88
1.82
1.47
1.53
1.35
1.47
1.44
1.36

MPG
21.2
20.2
21.1
18.4
20.1
20.4
21.1
18.8
19.2
21.5
20.7
22.0
21.4
21.0
20.9
20.8
20.8
20.5
20.9
21.7
21.2
22.3
22.2
21.5
22.0
21.1
20.8
21.1
21.4
22.0
23.1
21.7
21.7
21.6
22.4
21.5
20.9
23.0
20.9
23.4
24.6
Partlculates
(8/mi)
_____
0.942
0.953
0.987-
0.997
0.755
0.726
0.962
0.956
1.021
1.037
0.848
0.875
0.875
0.921
0.795
0.949
1.000
0.901
0.675
0.696
0.951
0.878
0.796
0.759
0.767
0.710
0.785
0.797
0.620
0.513
0.706
0.706
1.172
1.197
0.798
0.807
0.545
0.559
1.138
0.995
HC
(g/mi)
0.58


0.36
0.36
0.35
0.34
0.78
0.77
0.35
0.36
0.33
0.32
0.44
0.44
0.52
	
0.34
0.34
0.39
0.40
0.52
0.47
0.98
0.88
0.40
0.38
0.53
0.50
0.67
0.54
0.34*
0.31*
0.28*
0.28*
0.34*
0.31*
0.37*
0.37*
0.34*
0.34*
CO
(e/mi)
1.0


1.0
1.0
0.9
0.9
1.1
1.2
0.9
1.0
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.1
0.9
1.0
0.9
0.9
1.0
1.0
1.4
1.3
0.9
0.9
1.0
0.9
1.0
1.0
0.8
0.7
0.8
0.8
0.9
0.9
. 0.8
0.8
1.0
1.0
HFET
NOx
(e/mi)
1.25


1.43
1.44
1.46
1.48
1.27
1.28
1.48
1.59
1.15
1.31
1.17
1.12
1.24
1.24
1.63
1.63
1.21
1.17
1.39
1.41
1.13
1.13
1.09
1.11
.11
.12
.01
.03
.29
.15
1.27
1.27
1.32
1.28
"1.25
1.20
1.27
1.17


Particulates
MPG
27.4


26.4
30.0
28.8
29.1
28.1
28.2
31.5
29.3
36.9
31.4
31.0
32.1
28.9
28.2
29.5
29.2
31.2
31.8
32.3
32.0
29.1
30.0
32.0
31.1
31.1
31.9
33.0
32.1
34.1
37.8
36.8
36.3
29.3
30.3
30.9
31.6
32.8
36.0
(B/mi)
0.472


0.512
0.540
0.398
0.370
0.443
0.458
0.608
0.688
0.480
0.5C7
0.502
0.428
0.557
0.587
0.493
0.485
0.335
0.341
0.641
0.533
0.394
0.392
0.396
0.379
0.450
0.410
0.279
0.291
0.356
0.331
0.582
. 0.562
0.387
0.374
0.319
0.320
0.523
0.506
          *The Heated FID was not working properly during these tests. The values shown are based on the Heated FID to Cold FID ratio
           from earlier  tests.

-------
                                                                    Appendix E
                                                   Testing of High-Mileage 1978 Oldsmobile Diesels
                                                            Results of Shore Cycle Tests
                                   50  MPH Cruise
                                                                        Four Speed Idle
Loaded 2-Mode
               Odometer
Veh.tf  Model   (miles)
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17'
18
19
20
88
88
98
Wagon
88
88
98
98
Wagon
98
88
98
98
88
88
98
88
88
88
88
44866
44844
46712
44809
57169
53116
54300
50400
41000
44300
69050
50327
49116
44343
42159
42807
41282
49759
46501
47030

Testfl
1
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
3
1
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
HC
(ppm)
12
15
9
12
15
20
10
10
15
12
15
10
19
12
15
10
10
12
8
5
10
13
10
5
11
7
10
3
5
8
8
2
0
3
5
5
0
0
2
CO
. 1*1
.020
.020
.020
.050
.030
.040
.040
.040
.035
.040.
.020
.040
.055
.250
.055
.040
.040
.040
.040
.040
.040
.025
.055
.050
.035
.040
.035
.022
.020
.035
.030
.018
.010
.020
.020
.020
.010
.020
.010
Neutral
HC
(ppm)
15
12
10
15
40
12
18
9
10
10
0
15
20
12
20
10
10
12
8
10
10
15
5
8
15
8
10
20
8
8 :
8
0
0
2
8
8 .
0
0
5
CO
1*1
.030
.020
.020
.050
.050
.040
.075
.040
.030
.040
.020
.075
.060
.060
.075
.045
.050
.040
.060
.040
.060
.060
.070
.040
.050
.040
.050
.030
.030
.030
.020
.018
.010
.020
.020
.025
.010
.020
.020
2500
HC
(ppm)
„
12
10
15
15
18
15
15
0
10
0
15
20
20
15
12
8
12
8
12
8
18
8
10
15
10
12
20
8
8
8
2
0
2
10
5
0
0
5
RPM
CO
(%)
~
.150
.020
.050
.035
.050
.050
.040
.020
.045
.020
.050
.055
.040
.050
.050
.040
.040
.050
.Q30
.050
.061
.550
.040
.040
.060
.055
.030
.030
.030
.025
.018
.010
.022
.025
.020
.010
.030
.020
Neutral
HC
(ppm)
15
12
10
15
20
20
18
12
10
5
0
15
25
20
18
12
10
12
10
12
10
18
10
8
15
8
12
20
8
9
8
1
0
2
5
5
. o
0
5
CO
(%)
.030
.010
.020
.050
.050
.075
.075
.050
.030
.035
.020
.065
.075
.060
.075
.050
.040
.045
.055
.030
.055
.062
.065
.055
.050
.040
.050
.030
.035
.025
.025
.018
.010
.018
.020
.020
.010
.020
.020
Drive
HC
(ppm)
15
13
10
- 18
19
20
18
15
10
8
0
15
25
20
18
12
15
12
12
12
10
17
8
10
18
10
12
25
8
8
8
2
0
2
8
5
0
0
5
CO
(%)
.030
.020
.020
.050
.055
.060
.060
.060
.035
.050
.020
.060
.075
.060
.070
.055
.050
.046
.075
.040
.060
.060
.060
.050
.055
.060
.070
.030
.035
.030
:.020
.020
.010
.022
.020
.020
.010
.020
.020
30 MPH
HC
(ppm)
15
12
10
15
15
18
15
12
0
8
0
10
20
20
18
—
12
0
8
12
10
10
8
0
19
8
10
20
10
8
8
2
0
2
8
5
0
0
5
CO
(%)
.020
.050
.020
.030
.035
.050
.040
.040
.020
.035
.020
.040
.050
.050
.050
—
.040
.019
.040
.030
.040
.042
.040
.035
.040
.035
.045
.020
.025
.030
.030
.018
.020
.025
.025
.020
.010
.020
.020
Idle
HC
(ppm)
15
12
10
18
18
20
18
15
0
8
0
15
25
20
20
10
10
0
10
10
10
8
8
11
20
10
12
25
10
8
8
2
5
2
5
5
0
0
5

CO
(%)
.030
.010
.020
.050
.040
.075
.055
.050
.030
.040
.020
.060
.060
.060
.070
.040
.040
.030
.055
.040
.060
.060
.065
.050
.050
.040
.055
.030
.030
.030
.025
.018
.020
.020
.020
.020
.010
.020
.020

-------