EPA-AA-TAEB-80-8
The Contribution of Heavy-Duty Vehicles
to the New York City Emission Inventory
Lois Platte
February 1980
Office of Air, Noise, and Radiation
Office of Mobile Source Air Pollution Control
Motor Vehicle Emission Laboratory
Emission Control Technology Division
Technology Assessment and Evaluation Branch
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Recently, the EPA Administrator signed a regulation setting standards
for hydrocarbons (HC) at 1.3 g/BHP-hr and carbon monoxide (CO) at 15.5
g/BHP-hr for 1984 and later model year heavy duty vehicles (HDV). The
benefit of the new standards was evaluated in the supporting regulatory
analysis (Reference 1). The reduction in the total emission levels due
to the introduction of these standards was estimated on a national level
by combining the emission inventories of several regions. These regions
represent most of the major metropolitan areas in the U.S. that have
violations of the national ambient air quality standards (NAAQS) for
ozone and CO.
This combined inventory may account for a.large proportion of the total
U.S. population subjected to the high pollutant levels, but it may not
be the appropriate inventory for demonstrating the maximum emission
reduction achievable through the introduction of the new standards. The
inventory of an area characterized by a high traffic density with a
large number of HDV should be examined to approximate the maximum reduction
in total emissions that can be attributed to the new HDV standards. In
an effort to approximate this maximum reduction, the HC and CO inventories
for the New York City (NYC) area are examined in .this report.
The emission inventories for the New York area that are reported in this
paper have been provided by the City of New York Department of Environ-
mental Protection. The mobile source portion of these inventories are
based on the Mobile Source Emission Factors document (Reference 2). The
NYC inventories were developed using the worst case ambient temperature
conditions that are thought to represent the periods with the highest
frequency of violations of the NAAQS in NYC. Specifically, the mobile
source inventories were calculated assuming an ambient temperature of
70°F for HC and 30°F for CO. The vehicle miles traveled (VMT) values
used in the NYC inventories are the same as those used in the development of
the 1979 State Implementation Plans (Reference 3). All the information
provided by the New York Department of Environmental Protection is given
in the Appendix of this paper. . .;.'.
The NYC emission inventories include Manhattan and the counties of
Kings, Queens, Richmond, and Bronx. The city wide, 24 hour HC and CO
emission inventories for calendar year 1976 are summarized in Table 1. .
In 1976, HDVs accounted for approximately 5% of -the total VMT in NYC.
The HDVs contributed approximately 18% of the HC emissions and 16% of
the CO emissions from mobile sources in 1976. Relative to all emission
sources, the HDVs accounted for about 10% of the HC and 15% of the CO in
that same year.
Table 2 presents the corresponding inventories from the HDV regulatory
analysis for comparison to the NYC inventories. There are several
differences, besides the areas represented, in the way the two sets of
inventories were developed. These differences are listed in Table 3. A
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-3-
direct comparison of the absolute emission levels between the two inven-
tories is not recommended because of these differences. The effect of
these differences is that the NYC area inventories represent situations
which are close to the worst case. The regulatory analysis inventories
represent conditions that are average or most typical for the nation as
a whole. A comparison of the percent of emissions due to HDVs between
the NYC and regulatory analysis inventories is appropriate, if the
differences are kept in mind.
For the national inventory given in the regulatory analysis, the HDVs
account for 12% of the non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHC) and 15% of the CO
attributable to mobile sources. Approximately 4% of the NMHC and 13% of
the CO from all emission sources is attributable to the HDVs.
Comparison of Tables 1 and 2 indicates that HDVs account for a greater
percentage of the HC emission inventory in NYC than on the national
level. The percent of CO due to HDVs is similiar in both inventories.
This may be due in part to the fact that these CO inventories represent
a large area. HDVs may account for a greater percentage of the CO
inventory in a smaller local area, since CO is often a localized problem.
CO inventories have been developed by the City of New York Department of
Environmental Protection for the congested central business districts
(CBD) of Manhattan. The Manhattan inventories will be examined to
determine whether the HDVs contribute to the total inventory at a greater
percentage in the Manhattan CBDs than in NYC as a whole.
Two areas of Manhattan are defined as CBDs. They are referred to as
downtown Manhattan and midtown Manhattan. The midtown area is bounded
by 30th and 60th Streets (midtown runs river to river). During business
hours, 7% of the total VMT in the midtown area is attributable to heavy
duty trucks and approximately 3% of the total VMT is due to buses. The
downtown area runs from Canal Street to the Battery. Approximately 10%
of the total VMT is due to HDVs in downtown Manhattan during business
hours. Buses account for 1.5% of the HDV VMT in downtown Manhattan
during business hours.
Table 4 presents a summary of the CO inventory for both these Manhattan
districts for the business period of 7AM - 6PM. Stationary source CO is
not included in the CBD inventories because the overwhelming proportion
of CO is due to mobile sources.
The HDV contribution to the CO levels in these CBDs represents 30% in
midtown Manhattan and 34% in the downtown area for 1976. Thus, HDVs
contribute significantly more CO to the total CO emission inventory in
these high traffic density areas than in NYC as a whole or in the national
inventory given the HDV regulatory analysis.
To illustrate, the future impact of the HDV regulations on the NYC
areas, the NYC and Manhattan inventories for mobile sources were projected
for 1990. The VMT growth rates and the ratios of 1990 to 1976 emission
factors that were used in the calculation of the future year inventories
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in the HDV regulatory analysis were applied to the NYC and Manhattan
inventories. The projected 1990 mobile source inventories for the NYC
areas are given in Table 5.
One measure of the benefit of the HDV regulations in 1990 is the percent
difference in the total emissions between a case of no further HDV
regulations beyond what is currently in existence and the case of the
newly imposed HDV regulations. The percent differences in total emissions
for these two cases are given in Table 6 for all the investigated NYC
areas and the combined areas used in the regulatory analysis.
These statistics illustrate that the impact of the HDV standards in
reducing the total HC and CO emissions burden can be greater than that
demonstrated in the regulatory analysis. Specifically, the CBD Manhattan
areas with their high traffic density and large number of HDVs represent
areas where the regulations have the potential for greater emission
reductions.
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Table 1
HC, CO Emission Inventory
Tons/Day
All New York City
Calendar Year 1976
Source
- ' Total Total
Pollutant HDG HDD Mobile Sources*
HC' 58.13 . 3.64 3A9.74 643.59
CO 535.30 29.59 3592.03 3803.42
HDV Emissions as Percent of Total Emissions
All New York City
Calendar Year 1976
Pollutant HDV/Tota'l Mobile HDV/Total Sources*
HC 17.7% 9.6%
CO 15.7% 14.9%
*The total emissions from all sources for 1976 were not available. The values in the
table were estimated using a ratio of total mobile source emissions to
total emissions from all sources for the calendar year 1975, See page
1 of the Appendix for the 1975 values.
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Table 2
NMHC, CO Emission Inventory
1000 Tons/Year
HDV Regulatory Analysis
Calendar Year 1976
Source
Total Total
Pollutant HDG HDD Mobile Sources
NMHC 424.0 98.0 4398.0 13267
CO 2340.0 109.0 16223.0 19330
HDV Emissions as Percent of Total Emissions
HDV Regulatory Analysis
Calendar Year 1976
Pollutant HDV/Total Mobile HDV/Total Sources
NMHC 11.9% 3.9%
CO 15.1% 12.7%
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Table 3
Differences in Assumptions
Used to Calculate 1976 Calendar Year Inventories
Hydrocarbons
Ambient Temperature
Average Speed
Mobile Source EFs
Inventory Time Period
Manhattan/NYC
Inventory
Total HC
HC - 70 F
CO - 30°F
Dependent on area
NYC ^19.6 mph
Midtown ^-6.5 mph
Downtown *>- 12. 9 mph
MOBILE1 for all
categories except
taxis, deterioration
higher than light
duty auto
NYC - 24 hours
CBDs - 7 AM - 6 PM
HDV Regulatory
Analysis Inventory
Non-methane HC
NMHC - 75 F
CO - 75°F
19.6 mph
Taxi deterioration equiv-
alent to light duty auto
24 hours
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Table 4
CO Emission Inventory
Tons/Day - Business Hours
Midtown, Downtown Manhattan
Calendar Year 1976
Source
Total
Area HDG HDD Mobile
Midtown 38.99 2.62 139.56
Downtown 12.43 0.61 38.85
HDV Emissions as Percent of Total Emissions
Midtown, Downtown Manhattan
Calendar Year 1976
Area HDV/Total Mobile
Midtown 29.8%
Downtown 33.6%
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Table 5
Projected HC, CO Emission Inventory - Assuming 1984 HDV Standards
Tons/Day
NYC, CBDs of Manhattan
Calendar Year 1990*
Pollutant, Area
Source
HDG
HDD
Total
Mobile
HC, NYC
CO, NYC
CO, Midtown
CO, Downtown
12.64
168.62
12.28
3.81
5.22
60.66
5.37
1.17
75.46
805.56
36.43
9.41
Projected HC, CO Emission Inventory
Assuming No Further HDV Standards
Tons/Day
NYC, CBDs of Manhattan
Calendar Year 1990*
Source
Pollutant, Area
HDG
HDD
Total
Mobile
HC, NYC
CO, NYC
CO, Midtown
CO, Downtown
22.24
413.52
30.12
9.35
7.46
60.66
5.37
1.17
87.30
1050.46
54.27
14.95
*Inventory was projected using VMT growth rates and emission factor ratios
from the HDV regulatory analysis. All taxi types were combined with
light duty autos.
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Table 6
Impact of 1984 HDV Regulations
on Projected Total Emissions
from Mobile Sources
Emission Reduction (%)
Pollutant Area Due to 1984 HDV Regulations*
HC NYC 13.6%
CO NYC 23.3%
CO Midtown Manhattan 32.-9%
CO Downtown Manhattan 37.1%
Regulatory Analysis
Emission Reduction (%)
Pollutant Due to 1984 HDV Regulations*
NMHC 11.3%
CO 22.7%
*lmpact is defined as: (E^ ^ _ E^/E^ Stnd
xlOO
where E is the projected 1980 mobile source emission inventory
assuming no new HDV standards are established.
and E is the projected 1990 mobile source emission inventory assuming
the new HDV standards are in effect.
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APPENDIX
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NEW YORK, CITY DEPARTMENT!^ OF; ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
EMISSIONS INVENTORY SUMMARY 1975
In Tons per Year .
SOURCE
SPACE HEATING
INCINERATION
MUNICIPAL
ON SITE
TRANSPORTATION
MOTOR VEHICLE
AIRCRAFT
' INDUSTRIAL PROC.
PWR. & STEAM GEN.
PWR. LILCO
CON-ED
. MNFG.
SOLVENT
EVAPORATION
INDUSTRY SPRAYING
AND COATING
, OTHER USES OF
SOLVENTS
GASOLINE STR &
MKT.
1
I TOTAL
.
SOp
37,743
1,622 .
240
2;400
507
520 ' ' '
40,299
149
. 83;480
PART.
5,969
8,871 .
5,579
£580
310
70
5;608
820
-'
34,807
NOx
; ' 53,087
1£46
§241
6,8,000
5091
3,350
69,209
121
t
207^045
HC
3,502
974
2,472
116,452 .-"''
6V185
12
966
10;556
14,788- -
38)180
2^140 .'
214,227 ".;,
CO
13;772
22,713
8,241
1062,000
12,270
62
5^37 L
to
1
302
-
^124,497
9/25/78
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MOBILE SOURCE EMISSIONS PROJECTIONS FOR ALL NEW YORK CITY
HYDROCARBONS
JTONS/OAYJ 24 HOUR
NEW CAR EMISSION STANDARD TIMETABLE NO. 3: 1977 CLEAN AIR ACT AMMENOMEVTS
AMBIENT TEMP. 70.00
TRAFFIC DATA BASE! MVC73X24
y
-*
ITT
3
J
J
S
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
V
TEMP
70. F
70. F
70. F
70. F
70. F
70. F
70.F
70.F
70.F
70. F
70. F
70. F
70. F
70. F
70. F
70. F
70. F
70. F
YEAR
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
19BO
19P1
1982
1983
1984
19B5
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
AUTOS TAX-FM TX-NFM TAX-NH LDGT HDGT OIESELl ALL MOOES
288.69 14.2* 4.36 11.22 25. U 64.84 3,58
274.31 14.43 4.27 10.72 23.99 61.37 3,60
258.11 13.38 4.12 10.30 22.83 59.69 3.62
242.08 10.79 3.73 9.52 21.64 58.13 3.64
224.55 7.52 3.16 8.41 21.06 57.56 - 3.66
205.77 6.89 2.40 7.12 20.26 57.12 3.67
186.37 6.23 2.10 6.35 19.15 5<-.96 3.73
162.88 4.93 1.77 5.43 17.25 49.30 3.81
140.07 3.70 1.36 4.30 15.81 44.24 3.89
118.65 2.40 1.05 3.45 14.57 38.25 3.96
101.28 2.36 0.75 2.66 13.43 3<*.36 3.86
86.60 2.36 0.68 2.31 12.18 30.41 3.63
74.12 2.36 0.66 2.09 10.99 26.94 3.41
65.07 2.36 0.64 l.BB 9.99 25.39 3.21
56.72 2.37 0.64 1.78 9.07 23.66 3.08
53.06 2.37 0.64 1.72 8.2fl 22.43 2.97
50.37 2.37 0.64 1.70 7.52 21.59 2.88
48.16 2.37 0.64 1.70 6.95 21.04 2.R2
412.07
392.67
372. OS
349. 7<
325.91
303.22
278.89
245.37
213.39
182.33
158.69
138.17
120.57
108.55
97.32
91,46
87.07
83.70
TOTAL VMT
VHT
VHT
VMT
VHT
vHT
VHT
VHT
VMT
VKT
VMT
VHT
VHT
VHT
VHT
VHT
VHT
VMT
VHT
38242960.
38409232.
38575472*
38741760.
30907984*
39074224.
39240496.
39406768.
39572992.
39739296.
39905536.
40071776.
40238048.
40404299.
40570560.
40736800.
40903088.
41069312.
u>
I
N. Y. C. DEPT. OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTI3N / NOVEMBER 8, 1978
-------
MOBILE SOURCE EMISSIONS PROJECTIONS FOR ALL NEW YORK CITY
__CARBON_MONOX1DE
(TONS/DAY) 24 HOUR
-NFW CAP EMISSION STANDARD TIMETABLE NO. 3: 1977 CLEAN AIR ACT AMHENDM:fiTS
I
I.
-AMBIENT_JEM.E._-_3Q.OO _..TRAFFIC .DATA-BASE I_NYC73A2.4,_
1
ITT
!___
3
3
3
1
3
_J_.
3
3
3
L.3
3
.3.
3
)
3
3
1
..3
TEMP
30. F
30. f
30. F
L30.F_.
30. F
L30.E_.
30. F
, 30. f
30. F
30. F.
30. F
30. F
30. F
_10.i£j
30. F
30, F
30. F
.30.F .
_.._____ 1 !____ _
YEAR
1973
197*
1975
L1976
1977
1978
1979
_iie.o
19f»l
1982
1983
1984
1985
19P6
1987
. iq8n
J 009
1990
; t |
I AUTOS TAX-FM TX-NFM TAX-NM LDGT HDGT OIESELl ALL MODES
| .. . 1
12717.59 156,29 45.68 103.78 252.67 567.56 33.58
12695.38 156.02 45.33 104.20 25Q.12 556.23 3?. 70
12643.54 141.49 43.27 102.27 245.89 545.15 31.10
12544*06 109.85 38.55 95.10 239.59-535.30 .29.59
12419.55 69.41 31.26 83.14 235.67 529.27 28.26
12301.91 66,21 .22.98 .69.54. 232.44..S24.48 27.37
12186.19 68.07 21.04 63.75 227.93 515.63 26.85
|2007,0i 58.63 18.95 56.74 221. 8A_A98-02 ?6.60
11758.22 42.05 15.73 46,49 215.40 482.65 26.52
11503.13 22.84 11.62. 36.73 210.68 467.02 26.56..
11296.69 20.26 7.32 27.12 202.78 440.06 26.59
!lli6.16_2Q,13_._..6..02... 22,85 186.62 .306.31 ...26,65 .
1 955.51 20.14 5.63 2U.11 170.01 331.04 26.75
1 824.43 20.16 5.45 17.35 154.41 298.85 26.59
1 702.70 20.17 5.39 10.90 139.91 267.89 26.71
| 642.26 20.19 5.38 14.91 126.62 242.19 26. Rl
1 594.18 20.21 5.30 14.51 112. "4 210.43 26.90
| 557.95 20.22 5.39 14.51 104.10 205.86 26.98
3877.15
3039.97
3752. 12
3592.03..
3396.57
3246«e>
3109.47
2H87.79
2587.06
.2278.70
' 2 020..; 3
1764.75
1536.20
1347V?>
1178.68
1078.36
993.55
935.01
TOTAL VHT
VMT
VMT
VMT
_VHT_
VMT
.VHT
VMT
L_YMI_
VMT
VMJ_
VMT
VMT.
VMT
VMT
VMT
VMT
VMT
VHT.
38242960.
38409232.
38575472.
38741760.
38907984.
-39074224.
39240496.
39406768.
39572992.
.39739296.
39905536.
40071776.
40238048.
_4.040A288,J
40570560.
40736800.
40903088.
.41069312.
I
M
1
'
N. Y. C. PEPT. OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTF.ON / NOVEMBER 8, 1978^
-------
UQHILb SOimCt cMIbbiGNS MRuJ'-f. T luNS F0« MANHATTAN
CArt.H'N M3NIXIOO
(TLINS/OAYl 7AM - SPM
-NF.V* CAR LMISSIO'J STANDARD TIMETABLE HO. Js 1977 CLEAN AIR ACT AMMENUMESiS
-AMSIE.fT TEMP.
30.00
THAFFIC DATA 3ASE: MVS245
V
TT
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
V
TEMP
30. F
30. F
30. F
30. F
30. F
30. F
30. F
30. F
- 30. F
30. F
30. F
30. F
30. F
30. F
30. F
30. F
30. F
30. F
YEAR
1973
1074
1975
l'J76
1977
1978
1979
19UO
19tU
19U2
1903
1904
1985
1986
19U7
IStlH
1989
1990
4UTJS TAX-FM TX-NFM TAX-NM LDC.T HLiGT 01ESFL
58.82 37.90 11.15 1.38 10. .H <.3.3U 3.06
5H.U5 37.99 11.02 1.38 9.9b *2.0l 2.96
56. »6 34.54 10.50 1.32 9.7? 40.44 2.79
51.96 26,04 9.31 1.18 9'.<«5 3d. 99 2.62
46.54 li.22 7.37 0.95 9.13 37.92 2.48
42.33 14.88 5.16 0.75 tl.93 36.99 2.38
39.19 14.83 4.64 0.6H 8.b3 35.60 2.33
33.84 12.76 4.15 0.59 d.24 33.17 2.32
27.26 9.15 3.43 0.46 7.86 31.35 2.33
21.27 4.96 2.53 0.34 7.52 28.96 2.35
17.22 4.40 1.59 0.24 7.0) 26.54 2.36
14.40 4.37 1.31 0.21 6.45 22.87 2.36
12.23 4.37 1.22 0.18 '5.82 19.56 2.38
10.42 4.37 1.10 0.16 5.23 16.82 2.36
9.J2 4.37 1.17 0.16 4.64 14.33 2.37
B.43 4.37 1.16 J.15 4. IS 13. U 2.37
U.04 4.37 1.16 0.15 3.67 11.72 2.38
7.79 4.37 1.16 0.15 3.3't 10.32 ?..3b
ALL MODES
165.65
164.17
155.85
139.56
119.66
111.41
105.00
95.0Q
81.54
67.92
59.44
51. 96
45.76
40.54
36.5'j
33.01
31.49
30.01
TOTAL VMT
VMT
VMT
VMT
VMT
VMT
VMT
VMT
VMT
VMT
VMT
VMT
VMT
VMT
VMT
VMT
VMT
668634.
668634.
668634.
668634.
668634.
668634.
668634.
668634.
668634.
668634.
668634.
668634.
668634.
660634.
668634.
668634.
VMT » 668634.
VMT * 668634.
Ln
I
Y. C. t)LPT. CJF ENVIKIH.MINTAL PROIbCTlJN / 'OVEMliCR 8, 1978
-------
m
X
m
5
SOlHCL tMJSriIONri l"»"IJf r. T I'V
MfiHft'TTAN
'N MIINC'XIOE
(TTIS/DAYI /-AM -
-n
m
h-
vO
o -
.*
,T
to
o
OO '
vO
f ' "
1
Hi
1.377
ACT
D6TA H4SE: MVS245
..
_
TT
3
3
\
^
\
3
\
3
3
"3
t
3
J
3
J
TTMP
~ 3o. r "
'O!F
?o.r
30. t
30. H
30.1-
f 30. F
30. f
30.1
"30. r
30.1
3olr
VI M»
1973
1974
197r-
1976
J977
197K
} 979
1900
19"!:
E
1-IH7
I'M"
19-)u
- -
ftlJT'lS TAX-KM TX-NF'1 TAX-NN LPC.T HJGT UK-SVC
21.91 1.76 6.52 0.2^ 3.J7 13.76 j.71
23.92 1.76 0.51 3,. 13 3.3'i 13. 3/- 0.68
22.'»? 1.6J 0.49 J.2i> 3.JJ 1?.»M 0.6-i
21.07 1.22 3.43 0.20 2.'<7 12.43 0.61
11.13 0.72 0.34 3.16 2. TV 12.11 0.57
17.09 0.71 0.24 J.I? 2.73 11. H? 0.55
15.79 0.70 0.22 J.12 2.6V 11.40 0.5<»
13.63 0.61 0.20 J.1J 2.52 10.66 0.54
10.97 0.43 0.16 J.O') 2.4J 10.01 0.54
fl.05 0.2'« J.12 3.06 2.3J 9.37 0.54
6.91 0.21 O.Jfl 0.04 .?.!<» 8.61 0.54
5.?6 0.21 0.06 J.04 1.97 7.43 0.55
4. 'IB 0.21 O.U!i J.J.1 1..7H 6.?7 0.55"
[ 4.13 0.21 0.06 3.03 1.6J 5.'.»0 0.55
3.">6 J.21 0.06 J.O.1 1.41 4.M', 6.55
3.32 0.21 0.06 D.O) l.?7 4.7»2 0.55
3.16 0.21 J.06 J.JJ 1.12 ?.H5 U.55
3.J6 O.?l J.U6 3.U3 1.J2 3.56 u.55
ALL MQi.L-S
43.51
41.76
35.55
33.27
31.41
2H.25
24.60
21.18
in. 56
16.02
J2.07
10.67
«.7S
H.97'
n.40
TOTAL VMT
F VMT = 192126.
VMT = 192126.
VMT = 192126.
VMT « 192126.
VMT = 192126.
VMT = 192126.
VMT = 192126.
VMT * 192126.
VMT = 192126.
VMT = 192126.
VMT a 192126.
VMT « 192126.
"VMT" * 192T26.
VMT * 192126.
VMT - H2126.
VMT - 1"2_126.
VMT = 192126.
I
1
'
- - !
..
U. Y. C. D! IT. IF -MV|l"'t'T vjl,\L
N3VtM<\JP 0, 1978
------- |