EPA-AA-TEB-83-4
Procurement of Privately-Owned
Passenger Cars Using In-House Resources
by
Thomas C. Bejma
and
Rosemarie Demyan
September, 1983
Test and Evaluation Branch
Emission Control Technology Division
Office of Mobile Sources
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
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ABSTRACT
This report describes the effort to procure 104 high mileage, in-use,
privately-owned (1980-81) passenger cars for an exhaust emission testing
project. This project, known as "EF-II", was conducted at EPA's Motor
Vehicle Emission Laboratory (MVEL). The primary objective of this program
was to measure regulated pollutants from a random sample of vehicles.
The information gathered is being used to predict future emission levels
from these categories of vehicles once they obtain the same mileage under
more normal driving conditions. The secondary objective was the
assessment of the feasibility of performing such a program without
contracting for all or part of the work.
The test vehicles were selected from owners who lived within a 20 mile
radius of MVEL. Names were chosen at random from the State Motor Vehicle
Registration list. Direct mail solicitation was the primary method of
contact. Telephone follow-ups were used to reach those vehicle owners
who did not respond to the initial mailing. The first car was delivered
for testing on April 12, 1982 and the program was completed on September
30, 1982.
Overall, the program was successful in showing that a large scale
procurement activity can be performed using in-house resources. The
positive features of this method include flexibility, speed, and close
involvement. On the other hand, the cost savings in performing the
program in-house were relatively minor in comparison to the difficulties
involved in dealing directly with the public.
Although we would not recommend that this type of effort routinely be
performed by government personnel, it could be much more effective than a
contract for smaller programs of immediate need.
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INTRODUCTION
In order to assess the most cost-effective method of obtaining
privately-owned, in-use vehicles for testing at the Motor Vehicle
Emission Laboratory, a vehicle procurement program was planned which
would use only Federal employees and intramural funding. The purpose of
this type of program was to determine the feasibility of such a method
rather than using contracts, as have been used in the past for large
scale Emission Factor programs. There were a number of significant
problems encountered in this entirely in-house effort. Incentives,
loaner cars, tune-up parts, and liability were the major ones. This
report will provide an account of how these problems were solved.
PLANNING
A PERT chart (Figure 1) was prepared as the first step in the procurement
process which gave the deadlines for each step in order to begin the
program on schedule. There were two differences between this chart and
the actual steps taken: one was that there was no advertising of the
test program: solicitation was only done through mailings and phone
calls. The other difference was that the registration lists were
obtained from EPA's Manufacturers Operations Division. They obtain
listings directly from the State of Michigan as part of their Recall
Program. This saved both time and expense. The entire process proceeded
as scheduled.
STAFFING
A staff was assembled using experienced personnel .supplemented by
temporary employees and student aids. A chart of the planned
organization and a listing of the categories of personnel is shown by
Figure 2. In the actual conduct of the program, the QC functions were
performed by the Project Manager and his assistant, eliminating the need
for those two positions. Moreover, the personnel assigned to this
project were not always fully utilized and were often involved in other
activities. Overall, each tested vehicle resulted in approximately 30
person-hours of effort, not including testing resources.
TEST VEHICLE SELECTION
Vehicles were first selected on a purely random basis within each model
year. Other than safety related items, the only rejection criterion, was
odometer reading. Vehicles from the 1980 model year were to have
accumulated at least 40,000 miles. For 1981 models, the minimum was
25,000. This method eliminated the need to weight the sample by other
selection criteria and simplified the procurement process. There was no
need to fill certain cells by quotas. In order to maintain the maximum
level of randomness possible, direct mail solicitation was used. Only
candidates who had received one of the letters were eligible to
participate. A copy of the solicitation letter and enclosures are
contained in Appendices A, B, and C.
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TEST VEHICLE rat-cjaagyc FOR s?-ri
PERT CHART
FIGURE 1
Official
Go-Ahead
1* f Escimace of \ ">
Resources Require
Flow Chart of
Overall Program
/ Loaner Cars
1 Available
\(fast start-up)
Data Sheets
Developed
2./IJ!
Means Co Issue
Incentives
Solicicacion
Package
Core
Personnel
Assigned
Approval to
Advertise
Work Area
Outfitted
Wort Area
Identified
Basic Staff
Trained
Basic Staff
on Hand
Full Staff
On Hand
full Scaff
Trained
Full Scale
Operation
'^\ Leaner Fleet
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TEST VEHICLE PROCUREMENT FOR EF-II
FIGURE 2
Quality Control
.Auditor *
.Clerk *
PROPOSED ORGANIZATION CHART
Management
.Project Manager
(Tom Bejma)
.Assistant '
(Matt Macocha)
Inspection and
Maintenance
.Lead Mechanic
(Steve Dorer)
.Mechanic
.Mechanic
.Mechanic's Helper
Vehicle Acquisition
.Clerk
LISTING OF PERSONNEL
Position
Project Manager
Assistant
QC Auditor
QC Clerk
Lead Mechanic
Mechanic
Mechanic
Mechanic's Helper
Procurement Clerk
Job Title
Engineer or Technician
Engineer or Technician
Engineer or Technician
Technician
Technician
Technician
Technician
Student Aide
Clerk or Clerk/Typist
GS Level Appointment
13
7-11
5-9
3-5
9 or 10
9
9
1
3,4 or 5
PFT
PFT
TFT
TFT
PFT
TFT
TFT
TFT
TFT
Hours
1560
1560
1040
1040
. 430
1040
870
1040
1040
*These two positions were not required in the actual conduct of the program.
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INCENTIVES
A schedule of incentives was devised which was thought to provide the
maximum response to the program. Owners of eligible vehicles were
offered the following: 1) computerized tune-up of their vehicle, 2) a
full tank of gas upon return of the vehicle, 3) the results of the fuel
economy and emission tests, and 4) either a check for $25 per day for
each day the vehicle was in this test facility or a check for $10 per day
plus a loaner vehicle. However, in each case, the maximum cash value of
the incentive was listed as $150.
The tune-up appeared to enhance the response rate, as evidenced by the
comments of various owners. For an average cost of $35 per vehicle, it
was a small cost relative to the overall incentive cost of $140 per
vehicle. The purchasing of the tune-up parts was accomplished through
the use of "blanket purchase order agreements" and supplemented with
"petty cash".
Payment of cash incentives was accomplished through the use of Government
checks. Cash transactions are very difficult for the government due to
the monumental amounts of security and bookkeeping required. Originally
it was thought that issuing checks would be a problem also. However,
very few complaints were received from participants even though it took
from four to six weeks after their vehicles were returned before they
received their checks. To issue Government checks, purchasing approval
authority was provided to the Program Manager and to the Project Manager
up to a maximum of $250. With this approval, the checks were
requisitioned from the Cincinnati Accounting Office through the use of
SF-44's. The only difficulty encountered was the late mailing of several
checks due to a misunderstanding at the accounting office in Cincinnati
where the checks originated. Appendix D is a summary of the total
incentive costs of the program. This includes parts cost, incentive
payments, and gas costs.
In April 1982, the following vehicles were leased from Sample Enterprises
for use as loaners: 1981 Mercury Lynx, 1981 Ford Fairmont, and 1981
Dodge Omni. On July 1, EPA's Operational Characteristics Survey (OCS)
study provided two addditional loaner vehicles. Each was equipped with
instrumentation to measure different parameters of vehicle operation.
These two cars, a 1981 Chevette and a 1981 Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme,
were also leased from Sample Enterprises. Since the drivers of these
vehicles were required to perform some additional tasks related to the
study, $20 was offered as additional incentive. In mid-July, two
additional loaner cars, a 1981 Malibu Classic and 1981 Grand Prix, were
leased from Budget Rent-A-Car. These vehicles were necessary because of
the need for additional and larger vehicles, comparable to the large
vehicles which participants brought in for testing. Thus, for most of
the program there was a fleet of seven loaner cars.
Each of the loaner vehicles was fully insured by the lessor. The
government is a self-insured entity and was responsible for any and all
damage to participants' vehicles while in its possession. Each vehicle
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was equipped with an automatic transmission and air conditioning. Most
were four door models. Some minor damage to several of the participants
vehicles was taken care of to their satisfaction. No damage occurred to
any of the loaner vehicles during this program.
PROCUREMENT TECHNIQUES
Over a 3-month period, March 29 to June 9, a total of 1200 solicitation
packages were mailed to owners of 1980 and 1981 automobiles. This
represented a random sample of 1980 and 1981 vehicles registered in
Washtenaw, Wayne, and Livingston Counties. Because this program was
accepting only high-mileage vehicles, this sample size of 1200 was chosen
based on an estimate that 1 in 10 vehicles would have accumulated the
minimum number of miles at the time of testing. The solicitation package
included an introductory letter, a list of questions and answers about
the program, and a postpaid reply card with which an owner could respond
to report his willingness to participate. Figure 3 is a flow chart of
the process.
The postage paid reply card offered five responses for the vehicle
owner: 1) Yes, my vehicle has accumulated over 40,000/25,000 miles and I
am interested, 2) Unfortunately, my vehicle has not accumulated over.
40,000/25,000 miles. However, I might be willing to participate in
future test programs., 3) Sorry, I have chosen not to participate, 4) I
would like more information, 5) I no longer own the vehicle.
The overall response rate for this test program was 88%. Figure 4
indicates the response rate for each method of procurement, i.e., initial
mailing, second mailing and phone calls. Over 50% of the responses were
received within the first two weeks of each mailing. Of these initial
responses, 13.5% indicated they had accumulated the appropriate mileage
and that they were willing to participate in our testing program. The
majority of the vehicle owners (54.7%), expressed an interest in the
program but had not accumulated the appropriate mileage. There were
12.2% who chose not to participate. Very few vehicle owners (3.5%)
requested more information while 11.6% responded that they no longer
owned the vehicle. Six percent of the letters were returned as
undeliverable.
Figure 5 is a piechart which categorizes the responses for the initial
mailings. From a total of 1200 letters mailed to vehicle owners, only
three postcards were returned with negative remarks about the testing
program and/or the EPA. Two weeks - after the letters were sent out, a
second mailing was sent to the vehicle owners who had not responded and
whose telephone numbers were not listed. This mailing resulted in
responses from an additional 19%. Thus, the total response rate for
mailings was 69%. Figure 6 is a cumulative graph of responses versus
time.
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FIGURE 3
VCUCLF. SOLICITATION PK,)CS2UKES TOR EF-II
File for
Possible
FoUov-Uo
-------
FIGURE 4
RESPONSE RflTES-EFlI
1 INITIflL MLNG-52X
2 SECOND MLNG-19Z
3 PHONE CflLLS-l8X
4 UNflBLE TO CONTRCT-12X
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10
FIGUilE 5
PROFILE OF TOTflL RESPONSES
1 ELIGIBLE-13.5X
2 INELIGI81E-5H.7X
3 NOT INTERESTED-12.2X
4 REQUEST INFO.-2.OX
5 NO LNGR OWN VEHICIE- 1 0.OX
6 UNflBLE TO CONTflCT-1 2.OX
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FIGURE 6
EF- ! PRFXLIREMENT RESULT!
H/H2
B/B2
j
ui
LI
m
"7
/_.
n
n
in
u
tr
L
n
n
BEJ .
SE3 . 0
3 PI .
0 .
0 . El
s:. 0
I 0 . tl
I S .
2£ . 13 30
C> H Y 5
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12
In addition to the two mailings, phone calls were made to the vehicle
owners who had not responded or who could not be contacted through the
mail. This solicitation resulted in a response rate of 18%. Figure 7
presents the results of the phone contacts. Finally, a list was compiled
of those cars which had not accumulated the appropriate mileage but could
possibly accumulate it prior to the completion of our test program.
Thus, the profile of the total responses for the EF-II test program is as
follows: 10% were interested in participating and, had accumulated the
appropriate mileage, 49.5% percent were interested in our test program
but had not accumulated the appropriate mileage, 15% were not interested
in participating in the test program, 3.5% required more information, 10%
no longer owned the correct vehicle, and 12% were not able to be reached
either by mailings or phone calls. Figure 8 illustrates the total
response profile.
Once the eligibility of a particular vehicle was established, the owner
was asked to bring his vehicle to MVEL. A meeting was scheduled at his
convenience. At this meeting, the owner was asked to complete a
questionnaire and sign a contract to exchange the vehicles (Appendix E).
Loaner vehicles were provided if the owner requested. Test vehicles were
brought in at a rate of 4 per week with an average time from pick up to
return of 7.0 days. A total of 104 cars were brought in for testing.
Four of the exchanges of cars took place at the owner's residence, while
the remaining exchanges occurred at MVEL. Both the loaners and test
vehicles were washed and refueled before they were given to the
participants. The majority of the meetings were successful although
there was some difficulty with cancellations or late arrivals.
PARTICIPANT PROFILE
Due to the fact that the testing program sought only high mileage
vehicles, it was found that the majority of the vehicle owners commuted
long distances to work or used the vehicle for business, i.e. sales.
Almost all of the vehicles were predominantly driven on city
expressways. Approximately 3/4 of the vehicle owners claimed they
maintained the vehicles in accordance with manufacturer's
recommendations. Almost all of the owners expressed concern for the fuel
economy and half kept detailed records of their fuel usage. The majority
of the owners were satisfied with their vehicle's engine performance,
although some had experienced major problems with carburetors,
transmissions, etc. Several vehicles had to have major repairs done
while in our test program. In general, these repairs involved
replacement of faulty parts which were covered under the emission
warranty or recalls for which the owners had neglected to have the work
performed.
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Overall, the program was successful in showing that a large scale
procurement activity can be performed using in-house resources. The
positive features of this method include flexibility, speed, and close
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13
FIGURE 7
PROFILE OF RESPONSES TO PHONE CflLLS FOR EF-II
1 ELIGIBLE-8.3X
2 INELIGIBLE-SI.72
3 NOT INTEflESTE0-2t .OX
NO LNGR OWN VEHICLE-3.32
FIGURE 8
PROFILE OF TOTRL RESPONSES
1 ELIGIBLE-13.SX
2 INELIGISLE-5H.72
3 NOT INTEBESTEO-12.2X
REQUEST INFO.-2.OX
5 NO LNGR OWN VEHICL£- 1 0.OX
S UNflBLE TO CONTfiCT-12.0X
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14
involvement. On the other hand, the cost savings in performing the
program in-house were relatively minor in comparison to the difficulties
involved in dealing directly with the public. The absolute savings
cannot be accurately determined due to the number of support personnel
used at various times during the program, e.g., the purchasing department
staff and resources, and significant overhead items such as phone, copy
machine, office supplies, etc.
While this effort was ultimately successful, it pointed out the rigidity
of the bureaucratic process. There can be a great deal of "red tape"
involved with simple tasks such as printing of forms. In addition, we
have to worry about "freezes" on certain actions, having the work done
only at specific locations, keeping below a certain dollar amount, etc.
Although we would not recommend that this type of effort routinely be
performed by government personnel, this type of effort could be much more
effective than a contract for smaller programs of immediate need.
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15
APPENDIX A
^
STATES ENVIRON MENTAL PROTECTIO
ANN ARBOR. MICHIGAN i3lC5
September 2, 1982 OFFICE OF
AIR. NOISE AND RADIATION
Debbie K. Zeeb
5370 Earhart Road
Ann Arbor, MI 48105
Dear Vehicle Owner:
As I am sure you are aware, the nation's air pollution problem is a very
serious matter. You may be able to contribute significantly toward its
improvement and be rewarded for your cooperation. The U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA) is currently involved in a number of programs to
reduce air pollution. One of these is to determine the emissions from
in-use passenger cars to assess how effective our current pollution con-
trol regulations are, and to see if any refinements to these regulations
are warranted. This testing will be conducted at EPA's Motor Vehicle
Emission Laboratory in Ann Arbor.
Your 1980 vehicle has been randomly selected from registration lists as a
candidate for testing. If you are willing to participate, we will fur-
ther consider your vehicle on the basis of the information you provide on
the enclosed postcard. Once we obtain the information on the accumulated
miles of your vehicle, we can randomly select a sample for testing.
Should your vehicle be chosen, we will contact you to schedule the test
at your convenience and offer you the following incentives:
1) Your vehicle will be tuned to manufacturer's
using computerized diagnostic equipment.
specifications
2)
It will be returned with a full tank of fuel.
3) You will receive the results of the emission and fuel economy
tests.
4) You will be sent a check in the amount of $25 per day (up to a
maximum of $150) for each day your vehicle is being tested. If
you wish, we will provide you with a late model, fully insured
loaner car. In this case, the amount of the check will be $10
per day.
No unusual operations will be performed on your vehicle and it will be
fully insured tor the entire test period. The testing will be conducted
in our laboratory under simulated driving conditions. The tests will
take 4 to 7 days to complete due to the need to stabilize the vehicle
temperature before each test by parking it overnight in the laboratory so
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16
that we can measure normal start-up emissions. Your vehicle will prob-
ably accumulate less than 200 total miles. We would be happy to show you
our laboratory and how the testing is conducted, if you are interested.
For chis particular test program, we are planning to test only vehicles
with over 40,000 miles. However, even if your car has less than 40,000
miles, it is very important to the statistical accuracy of our study and
to assure that we do not follow—op with additional reminders, that you
complete and return the enclosed postpaid reply card at your earliest
convenience. A list of the questions most commonly asked about this
program is also enclosed. If you have additional questions or would like
any further information, please check the appropriate box on the postcard
or contact Rosemarie Demyan of my staff at 668-4416.
•I
Thank you for your cooperation. Your willingness to participate is
important to the accuracy of our study. I am looking forward to your
reply.
Sincerely,
Ralph C. Stahman, Chief
Test and Evaluation Branch
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17
APPENDIX B
MOTOR VEHICLE EMISSION TESTING PSOGHAMS
Questions and Answers
1. Must I participate in this program?
So, your cooperation in this program is completely voluntary. If,
for any reason, you decide not to participate, please let us know on
the enclosed postpaid reply card.
2. Why should I participate?
In addition to the loaner vehicle (or $25 per day), and a full tank
of gasoline, your participation will benefit you indirectly by
helping EPA understand and improve the quality of the air in and
around your city.
3. How long will the test program take?
The test program takes approximately 1 to 2 weeks. The length of
time is dependent on the number of tests required and how many other
cars are being tested.
4. Will ay vehicle be mistreated in any way?
JIo, every aspect of the test program has been designed to duplicate
everyday operation.
5. Exactly what will be done to ay vehicle?
An underhood inspection and routine maintenance, if necessary, will
be performed prior to each test. The vehicle must -be completely
cooled off before the test can begin. This requires that the
vehicle not be started for 12 to 36 hours to simulate overnight
parking. Once the vehicle is sufficiently cooled off, it will be
pushed onto a dynamometar. Although the vehicle doesn't actually
move during the test, the dynamometar is a type of treadmill which
simulates conditions which would normally be encountered on the
road. A hose is connected to the exhaust pipe co collect che
exhaust. A specially trained driver then starts the vehicle and
"drives" it through a "driving cycle" which represents typical
operation in urban, suburban and rural areas. Throughout this time,
a portion of the axhaust gases is collected for subsequent
analysis. This analysis allows us to calculate che quantity of
exhaust emissions emitted by your vehicle. Values for the city and
highway fuel economy are also calculated. Typically 2 to 3 of these
tast sequences will be performed on your car.
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18
6. How many miles will my vehicle be driven during che program?
Tour vehicle will be driven approximately 100 odometer miles during
che testing. The majority of these miles will be accumulated
indoors on the dynamometer. A 10 minute road test might precede the
dynamometer testing.
7. How will my vehicle be protected while in EPA's possession?
In addition to providing insurance, we will store jour vehicle
indoors while the testing is being conducted. If required to be
parked outside, your vehicle will be located in a locked and secure
area at the EPA Motor Vehicle Emission Laboratory.
3. What happens Co che information obtained from my vehicle?
The information collected as a result of this program is used Co
determine the emissions performance of in—use vehicles and its
effect on air quality. The data from jour vehicle are combined with
data from other vehicles in this area in order to obtain a
statistically valid sample.
9. How can I obtain che results from che testing of' my vehicle?
If you request, after Che completion of che cesting you can obtain
che results on your vehicle. We will forward chem co you as soon as
all che data have been processed.
10, What happens- if ay vehicle, fails to near any emission standards?
We expect chat a certain proportion of che vehicles will fail Co
meet one or more of che emission standards. However, none of che
information collected from chis program will be used against
individual vehicle owners.
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19
APPENDIX C
D
D
D
D
D
Telephone
Yes, my vehicle has accumulated over 40,000
miles and I am interested.
Unfortunately, my vehicle has not accumulated
40,000 miles. However, I might be willing to
participate in future programs.
Sorry, I have chosen not to participate
I would like more information
I no longer own this 1980 vehicle.
/ Best time to call
f/EPA
Official Susinaa
Penalty 'or Private U*
1300
Postage and
F««« Paid
Environ m VATII
Protection
Agency
SPA 335
Unittd Statea
Environmental Protection
Agency
EPA, MVEL, ECTD, TEB-13
2565 Plymouth Road
Ann Arbor, MI 48105
.'ORM 1320-9* 12-79)
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APPENDIX D
Direct Costs on a Per Vehicle Basis
EF-II
20
Tune-up Cash Gas(b)
Costs Incentive Incentive
Total
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
1980
1980
1980
1980
1980
1980
1980
1980
1980
1980
1980
1980
1980
1980
1980
1980
1980
1980
1980
1980
1980
1980
1980
1980
1980
1980
1980
1980
1980
1980
1980
1980
1980
1980
1980
1980
1980
1980
1980
1980
1980
1980
1980
1980
1980
1980
1980
1980
1980
1980
Mercury
Ford
Chevrolet
Plymouth
Buick
Chevrolet
Oldsmobile
Ford
Toyota
Chevrolet
Ford
Chevrolet
Lincoln
Ford
Honda
Pontiac
Ford
Oldsmobile
Chevrolet
Chevrolet
Plymouth
Chevrolet
Ford
Ford
Datsun
Ford
Chevrolet
Toyota
Buick
Ford
Buick
Chevrolet
Chevrolet
Chrysler
Ford
Mercury
Chevrolet
Chevrolet
Pontiac
Chevrolet
Chevrolet
Pontiac
Chevrolet
Dodge
Chevrolet
Ford
Chevrolet
Chevrolet
Chevrolet
Dpdi?e
Marquis
Fiesta
Malibu
Duster
Skylark
Citation
98
LTD
Corolla
Citation
Thunder bird
Citation
Versailles
Mustang
Accord
Phoenix
Fairmont SW
Cutlass
Camaro
Citation
Horizon
Chevette
Fairmont SW
Fairmont SW
300 SX
Fairmont SW
Citation
Tercel
Century
LTD
Century
Chevette
Citation
LeBaron
Fiesta
Zephyr
Chevette
Chevette
Phoenix
Citation
Citation
Sunbird
Citation
Omni
Chevette
Fairmont
Citation
Citation
Chevette
Omni
$14.00
13.66
109.39
18.43
12.47
10.66
41.56
10.91
81.99
19.23
10.59
5.00
12.12
33.35
19.33
23.92
57.44
23.06
39.39
55.99
22.41
8.15
9.34
9.34
25.35
32.87
17.25
8.24
16.95
35.37
20.61
5.00
5.00
28.55
5.00
31.61
31.50
19.61
80.92
8.15
31.34
71.04
5.00
5.00
31.50
31.'61
15.89
12.47
5.00
28.16
fc!25.00(a)
40,00
80.00
80.00
30.00
60.00
50.00
30.00
100.00(a)
50.00
40.00
75.00(a)
70.00
100.00(a)
100.00(a)
80.00
125.00(a)
100.00(a)
50.00
80.00
90.00
110.00(d)
60.00
60.00
80.00
90.00(d)
90.00
50.00
80.00
100.00(a)
100.00(a)
150.00
125.00(a)
100.00(a)
150.00(a)
125.00(a)
130.00
80.00
80.00
50.00
50.00
120.00
150.00(a)
100.00(a)
70.00
150.00(a)
50.00
100.00(a)
60.00(d)
80.00
^13.87
19.47
22.90
21.09
23.94
19.48
22.04
22.56
6.86
19.09
14.50
7.58
19.47
6.18
9.03
17.00
10.64
7.79
19.37
14.24
13.87
7.12
17.48
26.81
12.91
20.71
20.61
7.41
19.38
11.02
10.35
13.08
4.75
13.30
6.37
10.17
13.49
17.86
18.15'
14.20
21.00-
19.20
8.36
8.65
20.53
7.79
19.96
7.98
8.84
V..??
S152.87
73.13
212.29
119.52
66.41
90.14
113.60
61.47
188.85
88.32
65.09
87.58
101.59
139.53
128.36
120.92
193.08
130.85
108.76
150.23
126.28
125.27
86.82
96.15
118,26
143.58
127.86
65.65
116.23
146.39
130.96
168.08
134.75
141.85
161.37
166.78
174.99
117.47
179.07
72.35
102.34
210.25
163.36
113.65
122.03
189.38
85.85
120.45
73.84
•">S ^,ft
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21
Direct Costs on a Per Vehicle Basis (Con't.)
EF-II
Tune—up Cash
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
1981
1981
1981
1981
1981
1981
1981
1981
1981
1981
1981
1981
1981
1981
1981
1981
1981
1981
1981
1981
1981
1981
1981
1981
1981
1981
1981
1981
1981
1981
1981
1981
1981
1981
1981
1981
1981
1981
1981
1981
1981
1981
1981
1981
Ford
Buick .
Chevrolet
Mercury
Ford
Ford
Dodge
Jeep
Mercury
Chevrolet
Toyota
Chevrolet
Chevrolet
Chevrolet
Dodge
Ford
Oldsmobile
Mercury
Chevrolet
Plymouth
Chevrolet
Toyota
Chevrolet
Oldsmobile-
Plymouth
Datsun
Chevrolet
Buick
Plymouth
Ford
Oldsmobile
Pontiac
Buick
Dodge
Ford
Ford
Mercury
Plymouth
Pontiac
Oldsmobile
Plymouth
Plymouth
Ford
Chevrolet
Escort
Regal
Monte Carlo
Lynx
Granada
Escort
Colt
Wag one er
Lynx
Citation
Corolla SW
Camaro
Caprice
Monte Carlo
Aries
Escort
Cutlass SW
Cougar
Monte Carlo
Horizon
Citation
Corolla
Chevette
Omega
Horizon
210
Monte Carlo
Century
Reliant
Escort
98
Phoenix
Skylark
Omni
Mustang
Escort
Lynx
Horizon
Grand Prix
98
Reliant
Horizon
LTD
Chevette
Costs
12.12
9.39
9.99
24.26
9.34
29.55
39.99
57.36
23,47
9.39
9.52
437.53(c)
12.30
17.57
11.00
25.34
12.60
9.86
36.28
31.64
33.19
9.52
567.6l(e)
12.47
26.81
8.66
31.66
21.81
21.72
184.00
31.25
8.15
36.08
37.00
5.00
46.49
21.02
25.07
34.68
33.65
21.78
25.27
37.05
9.26
Gas(b)
Incentive Incentive Total
50.00
70.00
75.00(a)
75.00(a)
lOO.OO(a)
70.00
125.00(a)
75.00(a)
70.00
100.00(a)
40.00
110.00
70.00
30.00
70.00
60.00
90.00
70.00
180.00(a)
100.00(d)
150.00(a)
60.00(d)
125.00(a)
30.00
150.00(a)
30.00
100.00
40.00
L50.00(a)
130.00
90.00
150.00(a)
90.00
90.00
100.00(d)
125.00(a)
140.00
90.00
90.00
70.00
90.00
50.00
70.00(d)
100.00(a)
21.66
19.95
14.16
9.31
10.26
13.96
5.68
13.02
13.77
10.17
18.62
17.85
17.47
21.66
15.67
12.06
23.97
16 . 62
19.10
19.38
9.67
23.74
6.27
13.49
7.41
16.05
9.89
18.53
5.80
22.61
24.51
8.65
14.63
19.00
11.02
6.27
7.51
8.45
24.03
26.40
22.04
21.94
22.51
7.22
83.78
99.34
99.15
108.57
119.60
113.51
170.67
145.38
107.24
119.56
68.14
565.38
97.87
69.23
96.67
97.40
126.57
96.48
235.38
151.02
192.86
93.26
698.88
55.96
184.22
54.71
141.55
80.34
177.52
336.61
145.76
166.80
140.71
146.00
116.02
177.76
168.53
123.52
148.71
130.05
133.82
97.21
129.56
116.48
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22
Direct Costs on a Per Vehicle Basis (Con't.)
EF-II
Tune-up Cash Gas(b)
Costs Incentive Incentive Total
495
496
497
498
499
500
601
651
652
653
1981
1981
1981
1981
1981
1981
1980
1981
1981
1981
Chevrolet
Ford
Dodge
Ford
Dodge
Chevrolet
Dodge
Pontiac
Dodge
Chevrolet
Che vet te
Escort
Omni
Escort
Aries
Chevette
Omni
Grand Prix
Omni
Citation
8.00
22.99
20.57
23.01
25.58
8.15
31.50
11.43
27.00
16.04
130.00
90.00
130.00
150.00(a)
80.00
60.00(d)
110.00
90.00
150.00(a)
100.00
13.30
18.77
17.96
7.22
20.52
7.60
19.80
19.20
8.93
19.24
151.30
131.76
168.53
180.23
125.83
75.75
161.30
120.63
185.93
135.28
Total Cost (80 & 81) $3598.64 $9325.00 $1558.19 $14,465.19
Avg. Cost (80 & 81) $34.60 $89.64 $14.98 $139.09
(a) These vehicles were provided to us without the need for a loaner
vehicle.
(b) Cost of gas is actual cost to EPA - $.95 per gallon (includes loaner
gas cost).
(c) $394.00 in parts supplied by General Motors (ECM, Cat Conv., EGR.
Valve, Spark Plug Wires)
(d) These owners participated in the OCS Project. They received an
instrumented loaner vehicle and an additional $20.00 cash incentive.
(e) $550.00 in parts supplied by General Motors (closed-loop carburetor).
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23
APPENDIX E
Vehicle Test Agreement
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is furnishing you
a _______________ as a temporary replacement for your
This agreement is subject Co the following Cams and conditions:
1. You agree to be careful in the use of the loan vehicle and to return
it to an EPA. representative within seven days together with all
tires, tools, and accessories and in as good interior, exterior, and
operating condition, normal wear and tear accepted, as when it was
received by you.
2. You also agree that it will, not be used to carry passengers or prop-
erty for hire or to push or tow any vehicle or trailer.
3. You acknowledge personal liability for all charges, fines, and costs
for parking, traffic, or other legal violations assessed against the
loan vehicle while it is in your possession*
4. You agree to release and hold EPA harmless from any liability for
loss of, or damage to, any property left, stored or transported in
this vehicle by you or any other person during or following the term
of this agreement.
5. You agree to allow SPA to perform any repairs or maintenance on your
vehicle provided that such actions are conducted in accordance with
the manufacturer'3 recommendations and specifications.
6. EPA, in turn, agrees Co be fully responsible for any and all damage
occurring to your vehicle while in EPA's possession.
7. EPA also agrees Co indemnify and hold you harmless of any repairs,
damage, loss or liability sustained by you by reason of accident or
damage to your vehicle while in EPA'3 possession.
8. EPA further agrees to be careful in the use of your vehicle and
agrees to return it to you in as good interior, exterior, and operat-
ing condition as when it was received by EPA except for normal wear
and tear.
In consideration of this loaner vehicle and $10 per day (up Co a maximum
of $150) while my vehicle is being tested, I agree to loan it to EPA for
this test program.
Age Driver license #
Owner's signature; ' Dates
'7--- —
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24
Vehicle Test Agreement
This agreement is subject to the following terms and conditions;
1. EPA agrees to be fully responsible for any and all damage occurring
to your vehicle while in EPA's possession.
2. EPA also agrees to indemnify and hold you harmless of any repairs,
damage, loss or liability sustained by you by reason of accident or
damage to your vehicle while in EPA's possession.
3. EPA further agrees to be careful in the use of your vehicle and
agrees to return it to you in as good interior, exterior, and operat-
ing condition as when it was received by EPA except for normal wear
and tear.
4. You agree to allow EPA to perform any repairs or maintenance on your
vehicle provided that such actions are conducted in accordance with
the manufacturer's recommendations and specifications.
In consideration of $25 per day (up to a maximum of $150) while my
vehicle is being tested, I agree to loan it to EPA for this test program.
Owner's signature; Date:
r * ' __^_B-
EPA Representative; ' - ••r-"- '-- •- " -"~ Date;
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