EPA-AA-TEB-86-01
   Vehicle Fuel Weathering  Effects
 With Operating Temperatures on the
        Road and Dynamometer
                 by

        Edward Anthony Barth


             March 1986
     Test and Evaluation Branch
Emission Control Technology Division
      Office of Mobile Sources
  Environmental Protection Agency

-------
                            ABSTRACT

     Several short  test programs were conducted  to investigate
the  effect  of gasoline fuel weathering,  as measured  by  Reid
Vapor Pressure  (RVP),  as the vehicle was driven.   In the first
program,  one  vehicle  was  driven  on  a  dynamometer   through
repetitive  sequences  of FTPs and LA-4s until three quarters of
the fuel was used.  This was followed by a road test program of
four vehicles.   Finally,  a series of  FTP temperature  studies
were conducted with two of these  vehicles for comparison  with
the  road  temperature  data   and  to  quickly  quantify   the
temperature effects due to placement of the cooling  fan  and due
to the auxilary fan used for testing.

     The  overall  conclusion for  the fuel  weathering  tests  on
the  dynamometer was that  a typical  summer blend of commercial
unleaded  fuel  (RVP of  11.7 psi) would weather to approximately
9.0 psi as a vehicle was driven from full to the  40% level.   In
the  road  tests the 11.7  psi  fuel weathered  to  an average  of
10.7 psi at the 40% level.

     For the road  tests, a road route similar to the LA-4  but
with  less   idle   time  was  developed.    The  fuel  RVP   was
periodically measured  as  the  vehicle was  operated.   Fuel  and
vehicle operating  temperatures were  recorded on  the  road  for
later comparisons with dynamometer data.

     The FTP temperature study of two vehicles on a dynamometer
showed that lowering the fan to the floor reduced the tank fuel
temperature rise on the two vehicles  by 3 to  6°F.   The  use  of
an  auxiliary  fan  at  the  side  of  the  vehicle  reduced  the
temperature rise by 8 to 12°F.

-------
Background

     During  the  past two  decades, commercial  fuel  volatility,
as measured  by Reid  Vapor  Pressure (RVP),  has  been  increasing.
Higher levels of RVP are known to cause increases in the levels
of  evaporative  emissions.   However,  estimates of  the  in-use
evaporative  effects  have  been  difficult  to  quantify  due  to
interactive  effects  of  both  temperature  and   fuel   RVP  on
emissions.

     These  short  test   programs   were  undertaken  to  quantify
these  effects  and  to  provide input  for  current  in-use  test
programs.  These  included  several road and  chassis  dynamometer
studies  of  fuel  weathering   and  fuel   temperatures  and   a
refueling emissions test.

Test Vehicles

     Four  typical  late  model  vehicles  were  used  for  these
programs.  However,  all  of the vehicles were  only used in the
fuel weathering study on the road.

         1984 Ford Escort,  1.6 liter,  4-cylinder
         1983 Plymouth Reliant, 2.2 liter,  4-cylinder
         1983 Buick Skylark, 2.8 liter,  v-6
         1979 Ford Granada, 302 CID,  V-8

     All  of  these   vehicles   were  equipped  with   automatic
transmissions.   A  more  detailed  description  of  each  vehicle,
including its evaporative emission family,  is  given  in Appendix
A.

     Although  the   fuel   weathering  tests  did   not  directly
require   temperature    measurements,   the   vehicles    were
instrumented to  provide a  data base of operating  temperatures
to  support   subsequent  test  efforts  and  analysis.   All  four
vehicles  were   instrumented to  monitor several  internal  fuel
tank  temperatures,  ambient  temperature  underneath  the  fuel
tank,  vehicle  ambient,  external  carburetor bowl  temperature,
and  oil  temperature.    The   Escort,   Reliant,   and   Skylark
catalysts  had  been  previously  instrumented   to  monitor  six
internal catalyst temperatures.

-------
Test Programs and Results

     The individual test programs and results are  summarized in
the   sections   below   in   chronological   order.     Detailed
descriptions of  the individual test programs  and test  results
are given  in the appendices.   To insure the  integrity  of these
volatile fuel  samples,  all samples were  drawn off through the
fuel  line  near  the  tank using  the  positive  displacement  of
water technique.   The RVP analysis was  done  according to  ASTM
procedure D323.

Fuel Weathering During Dynamometer Tests

     The evaporative  emissions  and the tank fuel RVP data  were
obtained on  the  1983 Buick Skylark as  it was  driven from 100
percent fill down  to  40 percent full.*   All driving was done on
the dynamometer using the LA-4  cycle.  The basic test  sequence
used  to simulate  vehicle operation was a diurnal  heat  build
from 60°F to  84°F  in the  SHED,  an FTP,  hot  soak in the SHED,
three consecutive  LA-4s,  and  then  a  soak at  55°F in  a  cooled
SHED to chill  the  fuel  for the next diurnal heat build.**   The
sequence was  repeated  until  40 percent  fuel remained.and the
vehicle was soaked at 55°F between test sequences.

     The FTP  followed  by a soak  and  three  consecutive  LA-4s
does  not mimic  the  typical  in-use   operation of  trips  with
intervening soak periods.  This type of vehicle  operation would
tend to heat  the  fuel  more,  thus increasing fuel weathering.
The sequence was  followed to minimize test  time and  determine
the worst case emissions.  The detailed  test plan is  given in
Appendix B.

     The results are  tabulated in Appendix C.   They show  that
the key test  parameter,  vehicle fuel tank RVP,  did exhibit  a
marked  change.   It went  from  an  initial 11.37 psi RVP  at the
100% fill to 9.94  psi  RVP at  52% full  and ended at  8.83 psi RVP
at the 31%  fill level.  No post-test RVP  analysis was  possible
*    The LA-4 fuel consumption was  estimated  from the FTP  data
     and then both  of these were  used to estimate  the  vehicle
     fuel tank level.

**   The  cooling  in  the  SHED  permitted  two  FTP's   to  be
     conducted each day.

-------
since  there  was insufficient fuel  in the vehicle  to obtain  a
valid  fuel  sample.    In this  drive  down  test  sequence,  the
vehicle  did not  return  to  the  pretest  baseline  evaporative
emission levels, presumably, due  in part to  the combination of
small vapor volume  in the initial  tests after the  100  percent
fill and of the continued fuel weathering.  However,  this does
not  appear  to  adequately  explain  the  change  in  hot  soak
emissions.  Exhaust  emissions  and  fuel  economy were reasonably
consistent.  The spread  in baseline evaporative emissions, 9.17
grams to 14.96 grams, should be viewed with caution since the
canister  was  air  purged prior  to  the  9.17  gram  level  and,
therefore, may have been at  an uncharacteristic level.

     To  confirm  the  baseline emission  levels  and  permit direct
comparison  of  the  100%  fill  test  with  standard  evap  tests,
three  additional  tests were added.   These were two evap tests
with standard vehicle  soak  temperature  and  one at a  55°F soak
temperature.  These  results are  also tabulated in  Appendix C.
They  show that  the  vehicle  did  return to  the  much  higher
baseline evap  levels and that the  two  100%  fill tests (chilled
and unchilled vehicle) are reasonably consistent.

     Although the preceding  showed  a  fuel  weathering  effect
(change  in  RVP),  the  use  of  an  FTP,  hot  soak  and  three
consecutive LA-4s (without  soaks)  for mileage  accumulation was
known  to have  exaggerated the worst case condition by  tending
to  excessively  heat  the fuel and  possibly  cause  it to boil.
Therefore,  additional  testing was  conducted using  actual road
route with soak time between mileage accumulation segments.

Fuel Weathering.Road Test

     As  noted above,  the principal  difference between the road
testing  and  the dynamometer tests was that  there was  soak time
between  the individual  mileage  accumulation  segments.   A route
was  developed  to meet the  emission factor criteria of three
trips  per  day  (26  total miles)  with  an average   speed  of  25
mph.   This was  to  simulate one  trip  to work and  a two trip
segment  home.   The  morning trip  was  later  lengthened  to 12.1
miles to  more closely approach the FTP distance of 11.1  miles.

     Approximately  20   different   routes were laid  out  and
checked  with  vehicle  equipped with  a   fifth-wheel  to  record
vehicle  speed and actual driving patterns for  each  route.  The
final  selection  was  8.9  miles  long  with three 30-second idle
periods  interspersed  to make the   trip time  25  minutes.   To

-------
facilitate  comparisons  with  dynamometer  data,  the speeds  and
driving patterns  of this cycle  were chosen to  approximate the
LA-4.   The  principal   difference  was   that  the  LA-4   has
considerably  more  idle  time.   For the  longer morning  route,
three  miles  of  start-stop  driving were  added to this  basic
cycle.  Copies of these two routes are given in Appendix D.

     For this test  program,  the  four instrumented vehicles  were
driven over the  12.1  mile route  in  the morning and twice  over
the  8.9  mile route in  the  late  afternoon until 60 percent of
the fuel was  consumed.   To minimize  the  number of RVP samples
and the volume  of  fuel  removed  from the  tank as  samples,  only
six  RVP  samples  were  taken.   These   consisted  of  replicates
immediately  after  filling,  at  70  percent   full,  and  at  40
percent full.   All  vehicle  soaks  would be outside in a  sunny
parking area.   The detailed test plan is given in Appendix E.

     The vehicles  were  driven  in convoy  for the three  trips
each  day.   Vehicle  operating  temperatures  were  recorded  as
recorder   availability   permitted.    The   Escort   developed
driveability  problems and  was  deleted from  the   test  program
after  the  70  percent sample  point.   The  results are  summarized
below.
                     Road Test Trip Summary
                 Trip
         7:00 a.m.
         4:00 p.m.
         5:00 p.m.
12.1 miles
 8.9 miles
 8.9 miles
                                          Average Trip Time

                                          34 minutes
                                          25 minutes
                                          25 minutes
                          Fuel  Analysis
                         RVP at (%)  full
         July 23 July 30
       Estimate
       at 40%  August 2  August 5  August 7
Escort
Reliant
Skylark
         11.6    11.2
         (100%)
11.4
(100%;

11.4
(100%;
11.2
(68%;

11.1
(63%;
10.6
(40%;

10.8
(40%;
                                  10.7
                                  (33%)
                                            10.4
                                            (30%)
Granada  11.6    11.0     10.7    10.1
         (100%)  (53%)    (40%)   (8%)
Note:  Fuel at dispensing nozzle was 11.7 psi
                                   10.1
                                   (21%)

                                    9.8
                                   (14%)

-------
     A detailed  listing of the  trips  and days driven  for  each
vehicle is given in Appendix F.  The fuel  levels were  estimated
from the individual trip mileage,  total  mileage,  and total  fuel
consumption.  The  RVP  at  40%  was estimated  by  interpolating
these results.   The  official meteorological data  for  this  time
period is  given in Appendix  G.   Some  of  the  temperature  data
for  the  Reliant  and  Skylark  were  later  tabulated  for   the
analysis  of  vehicle  fuel  temperatures  and  are  listed  in
Appendix H.

     For comparison,  the  results of  a  previous  study of  the
loss of fuel volatility are  summarized, below.   For this  effort
the 60  gallons  of fuel in a fuel cart were heated to  92°F and
maintained at that temperature.  The fuel vapors were  vented to
the atmosphere through a carbon canister.

     Days Since Filling   Average RVP
             0               11.85
             1               11.27
             3               10.51

     Although  this  test  did   not  have   diurnal  temperature
changes, it shows  that the  fuel  weathering  is  sensitive  to
temperature (weathering is  also sensitive to fuel  RVP,  i.e. the
more  volatile  fuels  can  weather more)  since  the  fuel   had
remained at a relatively constant RVP while stored underground.

FTP Temperature Studies

     Several months  after  the fuel weathering  effects on the
road testing, there  was a  need to quantify the heating  of the
fuel  during  the  FTP  and  to  establish  the  effect  of   fan
placement and an auxiliary fan.   Of particular interest was the
effect  on  hot  soak  evaporative  emissions.    The  road  test
temperature data for  the Reliant and  Skylark were tabulated for
those  data   near   the  40%   fuel  level.*   FTP  tests   with
evaporative emissions were then conducted  on these two vehicles
to quickly quantify the effect  of  fan placement.   These results
are summarized below and tabulated in Appendix  I.

*    For the  FTP,  the  vehicle  is  drained and refueled  to the
     40% fuel level with chilled fuel.   A  diurnal  heat  build to
     84°F precedes the FTP driving cycle.

-------
                                                             8
        ;--              Fuel Tank Temperatures
Plymouth. Reliant       START FTP      END FTP           AT

Standard Fan           86.0°F          99.0°F          13.0°F
Floor Fan              86.0°F          92.5°F           6.5°F
Std. plus auxiliary    87.0°F          88.5°F           1.5°F

Buick Skylark

Standard Fan           86.0°F         100.0°F          14.0°F
Floor Fan              86.0°F          97.0°F          11.0°F
Std. plus auxiliary    85.5°F          91.5°F           6.0°F

    These  results  show  that  lowering the  fan  to  the  floor
reduced the  tank  fuel temperature rises  in the Reliant by  6°F
and  in  the  Skylark  by 3°F.   Adding  an  auxiliary cooling  fan
reduced the  tank  fuel temperature rise  in the Reliant  by 12°F
and in the Skylark by 8°F.

    The   comparable   road  test   data   that   most   closely
approximated these  test conditions  had a  temperature  rise  of
16°F on the Reliant and 12°F on the Skylark.  Road test  data we
have  observed  generally yield  a tank temperature rise on  the
order of 15 to 20°F during trips approximating the LA-4.

    For   these   FTP   temperature   studies    several    tank
thermocouples were  used.   The data presented here were  for  the
thermocouple installed in  the  fuel tank at the 20% fuel  level.
An  external  thermocouple  was  also  attached to  the  fuel  tank
with  a  magnet  and  used  a thermal   paste  to  insure  thermal
bonding.  This  magnetic thermocouple  is used  to monitor  fuel
temperatures on in-use vehicles and  was used to sense the fuel
temperature  for the fuel  heat  blanket during the diurnal heat
build.  It was  noted that when the vehicle  with chilled fuel
was  initially  hooked  up  to   the  temperature  recorders,  the
internal thermocouple read  3  to 6°F  lower  than the  external
unit.  As  the  fuel was heated to 60°F for the heat  build,  the
internal unit  read  1 to  2°F lower.    At  84°F,  the end of  the
diurnal heat build,  the  internal  thermocouple  was   1  to  2°F
higher  than  the external  thermocouple.   Thus  the temperature
change  for  the heat  build  for these tests  ranged from  26 to
30°F and are higher than the 24°F standard.

    Although hot  soak emissions  were  lower  when the  improved
cooling reduced  the  heating of the  fuel during  the FTP,  the
results were highly  vehicle  specific.   The  Reliant  had  the

-------
largest  reduction  in  fuel  tank temperature  rise yet  the  hot
soak  emissions  were  reduced  only slightly.   However,  for  the
Buick,  the  small change  in the  tank  temperature  reduced  hot
soak emissions by over 50%  using  the floor fan and by  over  90%
with  auxiliary  cooling.   These large  differences in  emissions
are probably  due to the effects of canister  loading  and  excess
capacity.

-------
                                                             10
                           Appendixes
Appendix A               Test Vehicle Description
Appendix B               Fuel   Weathering   Effects    Detailed
                         Dynamometer Test Plan.
Appendix C               Fuel Weathering Results for Dynamometer
Appendix D               Morning and Afternoon Road Routes
Appendix E               Fuel Weathering Effects Detailed  Road
                         Test Plan
Appendix F               Fuel Tank RVP Versus Driving Distance
Appendix G-1,-2          July and August Meteorological Data
Appendix H-1,-2          Reliant    and    Skylark   Road    Test
                         Temperature Data
Appendix I-l,-2          Reliant  and  Skylark  FTP  Temperature
                         Study Results

-------
Make/Model
Test Para.
  inertia wt
HP@ SOmph

Fuel Tank
Capacity
Ford Escort
      APPENDIX A

Plymouth Reliant
Buick Skylark
Ford Granada
Model Year
Type
Veh. ID
In. Odom.
Engine
Type
Config.
Disp.
Fuel Met.
Erig. Fam
Evap. Fam
Emission
Control
System

Trans .

Tires
1984
4 dr hatchback
2FABP1342EX12355
6742 miles

Spark Ignition
tranverse 4
1.6 liters
2V Carb
EFM1.6V2GDK7
CM
air pump
EGR
3 -way cat

automatic
3-speed
P165/80R13
1983
4 dr sedan
1P3BP26C9DF251538
21224 miles

Spark Ignition
tranverse 4
2.2 liters
2V Carb
DCR2.2V2HAC3
DCRKA
air pump
EGR
oxid cat
3 -way cat
automatic
3-speed
P175/75R13
1983
4 dr sedan
1G4AB69X6DT404941
20985 miles

Spark Ignition
tranverse V-6
2.8 liters
2V Carb
DIG2.8V2NNA9
3B6-1B
air pump
EGR
oxid cat

automatic
3-speed
P185/80R13
1979
4 dr sedan
9W82F123952
37995 miles

Spark Ignition
V-8
302 CID
2V Carb
2V Carb

air pump
EGR
oxid cat

automatic
3-speed
ER 78x14
2375
6.4 hp

13 gal.
2750
8.0 hp

13 gal.
3000
7.3 hp

15 gal.
4000
11.1

19 gal.

-------
                           Appendix B

                     Fuel Weathering Effects
                       Detailed Test Plan
I.   Introduction

     The evaporative emissions and fuel tank RVP data  are  to be
obtained on  the  1983  Buick Skylark as  it  is driven from a 100%
fill  down  to 40%  fill.   All  driving will  be  done  on  the
dynamometer  using  the LA-4  cycle.   The vehicle will  be soaked
overnight in  the E&D  SHED at 55°F between driving  cycles.   The
vehicle will  undergo  the standard diurnal heat build  in an EOD
SHED,   three  LA-4s,   and then  soaked at  55°F.   This  sequence
will be repeated until 40% of the fuel remains.

II.  Vehicle Prep

     Insure thermocouples are still installed in fuel tank and
       that they function.

     Install thermocouple in engine oil.
     Install top heating blanket.
     Install tee in fuel line near gas tank.  Route a line to
       side of vehicle for fuel tank   RVP samples and install a
       shut off valve.  Provide a cap for valve outlet.

     Check integrity of fuel system.  Pressure check gas cap.

III. Testing

     A.  Pretest heat build check

         1.  Drain-vehicle
         2.  100% fill with chilled commercial unleaded.
         3.  Heat build from 60°F to 84°F in one hour.  Use
               both blankets.  Record settings for later use.
         4.  Draw off two samples from vehicle for RVP analysis
               and then top off tank
         5.  Prepare vehicle for heat build
         6.  When fuel temperature reaches standard test point
               (60°F)  begin heat build for diurnal emissions.
               Use upper blanket to assist as necessary.
         7.  FTP (Do not stop test if exhaust emissions test is
             voided.
         8.  Hot soak emissions evap test
         9.  Three LA-4s on dyno.  No exhaust emissions.  Car
               may be driven on dyno and off dyno to E&D SHED

-------
               for soak.  Do not use vehicle to set dyno
               horsepower.
        10.    Soak vehicle in E&D SHED until fuel and oil
                 temperatures are at approximately 55°F.
        11.  Repeat 5 through 10 until fuel is at approximately
               70% level .(end of 3rd. sequence)
        12.  At 70% level draw off two samples of fuel from fuel
               tank for RVP analysis.
        13.  Repeat 5 through 10 until fuel is below 40% level
               (See Tony Earth, Project Engineer)
        14.  Repeat 12 once.

B.   Preconditioning

         1.  Drain vehicle
         2.  Refuel to 40% with commercial unleaded
         3.  Single LA-4 prep
         4.  Soak in SHED until fuel and oil are at 55°F.
         5.  Standard diurnal (test to include normal fuel
               draining and 40% fill with chilled commercial
               unleaded gasoline), FTP with exhaust emissions
               and hot soak test emissions
         6.  Repeat 1 through 5 once.
         7.  Drain and 40% fill with chilled commercial
               unleaded gasoline.
         8.  Single LA-4 prep.
         9.  Soak at 55"F until 100% fill test.

NOTE 1:  Once the vehicle is fueled for this 100%  fill  test,  do
not drain or refuel vehicle for subsequent diurnal tests.

NOTE 2:  Gas cap is  put on vehicle for diurnal test immediately
following  100% fill.   Do  not  remove gas  cap  for  subsequent
diurnal heat builds.

-------
                                            APPENDIX C
                                          Fuel Weathering
                                        1983 Buick Skylark
                                  11.8 psi RVP Commercial Unleaded
06-05-85
06-06-85
06-14-85
                             FTP Emissions
                                gms/mi
                                                      Evaporative Emissions
                                                            gms/test
Date
05-15-85
Teat No.
85-3637
HC
.24
CO
1.91
NO*
.32
MPG
21.8
Diurnal
3.03
Hot
6.
Soak
14
Total
9.17
Comments
baseline
05-16-85
05-21-85
05-21-85
05-21-85
05-22-85
05-22-85
05-23-85
05-23-85
05-23-85
05-24-85
05-24-85
05-30-85
05-31-85
85-3636
Fuel Supply
Vehicle 100%
85-3744
85-3745
85-3757
85-3758
Vehicle 57%
85-3759
85-3760
Vehicle 31%
85-3761
85-3850
.29

Full
.27
.21
.33
.27
Full
.31
.27
Full
.27
.30
3


1
1
3
1

2
2

2
2
.37


.99
.86
.08
.80

.89
.34

.09
.86
.35


.33
.30
.33
.35

.37
.35

.37
.31
21


21
21
21
21

21
21

21
21
.5


.4
.4
.1
.5

.1
.1

.2
.8
4.15


.73
1.40
.63
1.65

.64
1.62

.50
.71
10


2
2
3
2

2
1

1
1
.80


.67
.70
.14
.50

.43
.60

.48
.00
14.96


3.40
4.10
3.77
4.15

3.07
3.22

1.99
1.71
            Insufficient fuel for post-test RVP sample
85-3852
85-3853
85-4080
.26
.19
.28
3.01
1.78
2.53
.46
.36
.40
21.4
21.7
21.4
2.46
 .86
1.53
9.85
2.03
7.68
                                                                                    purged prior to prep

                                                                                  baseline

                                                                                  11.45 psi RVP at
                                                                                    dispenser
                                                                                  11.37 psi RVP

                                                                                  100% fill, chilled vehicle
                                                                                  89% full
                                                                                  79% full
                                                                                  68% full
                                                                                  9.94 psi RVP
                                                                                  52% full
                                                                                  41% full
                                                                                  8.83 psi RVP
                                                                                  26% full
                                                                                  15% full
12.31  baseline
 2.89  baseline w 100% fill
 9.22  baseline w 55°F soak

-------
                           APPENDIX D
                         Morning Route
            US  23/Highway Safety/Fire Station Route

Initial odometer	miles, reset and start stopwatch

     EPA to Plymouth Road (left turn)

         to US 23 (South)
         to Geddes (West)
         to Earhart (North)
         to Glacier Way  west
         to Marksbarry (North)

           stop and idle for  30 seconds  prior to next turn

         to Windemere (West)
         to Charter Place (Southwest)
         to Bardstown Trail  (North)
         to Windemere (West)
         to Barrister (North)
         to Larchmont (West)
         to Green (South)
         to Vintage Valley Loop (Circle)

           Stop and idle for  30 seconds  prior to next turn)

         to Green (North)
         to Hubbard (West)
         to Dean (North)

           Stop and idle for  30 seconds  prior to next turn)

         to Baxter (West)
         to Huron Parkway (North)
         to Nixon (South)
         to Plymouth Road (West)

     to EPA

         EPA to Plymouth Road (left turn)

         to Green (South)
         to Baxter (West)
         to Dean (South)
         to Hubbard (West)
         to Beal (North)
         to Fire Station (Left to Plymouth Road)
         Plymouth Road (East) to EPA

     to EPA

Final Odometer           miles.  Total Time

-------
                           APPENDIX D
                        Afternoon Route
                   US 23/Highway Safety/Route

Initial odometer	miles, reset and start stopwatch

     EPA to Plymouth Road (left turn)

         to US 23 (South)
         to Geddes (West)
         to Earhart (North)
         to Glacier Way West
         to Marksbarry (North)

           stop and idle for 30 seconds prior to next turn

         to Windemere (West)
         to Charter Place (Southwest)
         to Bardstown Trail (North)
         to Windemere (West)
         to Barrister (North)
         to Larchmont (West)
         to Green (South)
         to Vintage Valley Loop (Circle)

           Stop and idle for 30 seconds prior to next turn

         to Green (North)
         to Hubbard (West)
         to Dean (North)

           Stop and idle for 30 seconds prior to next turn

         to Baxter (West)
         to Huron Parkway (North)
         to Nixon (South)
         to Plymouth Road (West)

     to EPA

Final Odometer           miles.  Total Time 	

-------
                              APPENDIX E
                    Fuel Weathering Effects
                       Detailed Test Plan
I.    Introduction
     The evaporative emissions and fuel tank RVP data  are  to be
obtained on  four  vehicles as  they are driven from  a  100% fill
down to 40% fill.   The sequence will consist of  an  11-mile road
route, soak outside,  eight mile  road route,  soak outside,  eight
mile  road  route,  overnight  soak  outside.   This sequence  will
also  be  repeated until  40%  of  the  fuel remains.   The  average
speed on the road route will  be approximately 25  miles  per  hour.

II.  Vehicle Prep

     Insure thermocouples are  still  installed  in fuel tank  and
that they function.

     Install thermocouple in  engine oil.
     Install a thermocouple beneath fuel  tank.
     Install an ambient thermocouple shielded from the  sun.
     Install tee in fuel line near gas tank.   Route a line  to
     side of vehicle for fuel tank RVP samples and install  a
     shutoff valve.   Provide  a cap for valve outlet.

     Check integrity of fuel  system.   Pressure check gas  cap.

III. Testing - 100% Fill without evap or  emissions test

      1.   No preconditioning  required
      2.   Drain vehicle
      3.   100% fill with unchilled commercial unleaded
      4.   Draw off two samples of fuel for RVP analysis from
          refueling facility  through nozzle.
      5.   Draw off two samples from vehicle for RVP analysis
          and then top off tank
      6.   About 7:00 am, drive vehicle over 11 mile morning
          road route and record temperature
      7.   Soak outside until  approximately 4:00pm
      8.   Drive vehicle over  eight mile afternoon road route
          and record temperatures
      9.   Soak outside until  approximately 5:00pm
     10.   Drive vehicle over  eight mile road route and record
          temperatures
     11.   Soak outside until  next mornings road driving
     12.   Repeat 6 through 11 until fuel  is at approximately

-------
          the 70% level,  (end of 4th sequence)
     13.   At 70% level draw off two samples of fuel from fuel
          tank prior to the initial driving cycle of the day
     14.   Repeat 6 through 11 until fuel is a approximately the
          40% level.  (See Tony Barth, Project.Engineer)
     15.   Repeat 13 once.

Note 1:   Once the  vehicle is fueled  for  this 100%  fill  test,
do not drain or refuel vehicle for subsequent tests.

Note 2:   Gas cap  is  put on  vehicle  immediately  following 100%
fill.  Do not remove gas cap.

Note 3:   Testing will take about two weeks.

-------
                                    APPENDIX F
                 Reid Vapor  Pressure  (RVP)  of  Fuel  in Vehicle Tank
                                        vs
                                 Driving Distance
Date
Trip No.
Ford Escort
Plymouth Reliant  Buick Skylark   Ford Granada

7-23
7-24


7-25


7-26


7-30



7-31


8-1


8-2



8-5
8-6
8-7

8-29


1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1

2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1

2
3

1
1


% Fuel RVP % Fuel RVP
100% 11.6 100% 11.4
x 96
x 93
x 91
x 87
x 84
x 81
x 77
x 74
x 72
x 68
11.2 11.2
61
58
54
51
48
45
42
39
35

32
30
10.4
21

10.1
9.4
% Fuel RVP
100% 11.4
96
92
89
85
82 .
78
74
71
68
63
11.1
56
53
49


44
41
38
33
10.7
26
23

18
14
9.8

% Fuel RVP
100% 11.6
94
90
86
81
77
73
67
63
59
53
11.0
46
42
36
32
28
22
18
14
8
10.1
	






Note:  % full is at end of trip
       Trip ttl  Morning   7:00 am  12.1 miles
       Trip #2  Afternoon 4:00 pm   8.9 miles
       Trip #3  Afternoon 5:00 pm   8.9 miles

        Escort  mileage  accumulation  suspended  after  7-30  due  to  driveability
problems.   No fuel guantity data available.

-------
                                  APPENDIX  G-l
                          DEGREE DAY RECORD FOR PERIOD
                           1  JULY 1985 TO 31 JULY 1985
                     MIDNIGHT TO MIDNIGHT OBSERVATIONS (EST)
                        UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN, ANN ARBOR
  DATE   MAXIMUM(F)   MINIMUM(F)   MEAN(F)
                                              '  DEGREE DAYS
                                      HEATING     COOLING      COOLING
                                     (65F BASE)   (65F BASE)   (75F BASE)
JULY
 1
 2
 3
 k
 5
 6
 7
 8
 9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
2k
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
76.
81.
82.
84.
79.
76.
79.
92.
Bk.
77.
77-
Bk.
85-
Bk.
82.
75.
76.
80.

82!
79-
Ik.
73.
83.
89.
78.
81.
8k.
86.
7k.
57-
62.
58.
58.
61.
60.
53-
71.
6U.
61.
58.
62.
6k.
68.
61.
58.
5k.
56.
63.
67.
68.
56.
50.
51.
71.
62.
57-
61.
65-
60.
59.
66.5
71-5
70.0
71.0
70.0
68.0
66.0
81.5
74.0
69.0
67.5
73-0
7k. 5
76.0
71-5
66.5
65.0
68.0
73-5
74.5
73-5
65.0
61.5
67.0
80.0
70.0
69.0
72.5
75-5
67.0
61.5
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0.
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
3.5
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
3.5
1.5
6.5
5.0
6.0
5.0
3.0
1.0
16.5
9-0
k.O
2.5
8.0
9.5
11 .0
6.5
1.5
0.0
3.0
8.5
9.5
8.5
0.0
0.0
2.0
15.0
5.0
k.O
1.5
10.5
2.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
6.5
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
1 .0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
. 0.0
0.0
0.0
5.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.5
0.0
0.0
                                      SUMMARY


                              AVERAGE MAXIMUM=    80.1 F
                              AVERAGE MINIMUM"    60-5 F
                                 AVERAGE MEAN-    70.3 F


                                 TOTAL DEGREE DAYS
                            HEATING(65F BASE)-     7.0
                            COOLING(65F BASE)-   172.0
                            COOLING(75F BASE)=    13.0

-------
                                 APPENDIX G-?
                          DEGREE DAY RECORD FOR PERIOD
                           1  AUG. 1985 TO 31 AUG. 1985
                     MIDNIGHT TO MIDNIGHT OBSERVATIONS (EST)
                        UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN, ANN ARBOR
                                                     DEGREE DAYS
                                           HEATING     COOLING      COOLING*
  DATE   MAXIMUM(F)   MINIMUM(F)   MEAN(F)   (65F BASE)   (65F BASE)   (75F BASE)

AUG.  1      77-
      2      77-
      3      80.
      4      8k.
      5      73.
      6      79.
      7      85.
      8      86.
      9      85.
     10      84.
     11      79.
     12      79-
     13      89.
     14      82.
     15      70.
     16      77-
     17      79-
     18      81.
     19      69.
     20      66.
     21      70.
     22      73-
     23      75-
     2k      67.
     25      75-
     26      73.
     27      77.
     28      81.
     29      79.
     30      72.
     31      71.

                                      SUMMARY

                              AVERAGE MAXIMUM-    77.2 F
                              AVERAGE MINIMUM-    58.6 F
                                 AVERAGE  MEAN-    67.9 F

                                 TOTAL DEGREE DAYS
                            HEATING(65F BASE)-    17-5
                            COOLING (65F BASE)-   108.5
                            COOLING (75F BASE)-     1.5
56.
51.
54.
58.
65.
63.
64.
59.
62.
63.
56.
53-
64.
66.
61.
55.
56.
61.
54.
53.
56.
51-
57.
63.
59.
60.
59.
63.
64.
58.
54.
66.5
64.0
67.0
71.0
69.0
71.0
74.5
72.5
73-5
73.5
67-5 '
66.0
76.5
74.0
65.5
66.0
67.5
71.0
61.5
59-5
63.0
62.0
66.0
65.0
67.0
66.5
68.0
72.0
71.5
65-0
62.5
0.0
1.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
3.5
5.5
2.0
3.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
2.5
1.5
0.0
2.0
6.0
4.0
6.0
9.5
7.5
8.5
. 8.5
2.5
1.0
11.5
9-0
0.5
1.0
2.5
6.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
1.0
0.0
2.0
1.5
3.0
7.0
6.5
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
1.5
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0

-------
                              Appendix 1-1
                          1983  Plymouth  Reliant
                          2.2 Liter 4 cylinder

                          Commercial  Unleaded

                       DIURNAL
                                         FTP
                                                    HOT
Test No. and Fan
Position          Start  End
No. 86-1522       59.0
Std. Position

No. 86-1715       61.0
Std. Position

No. 86-1714
Fan on Floor

No. 86-1815       58.0
Aux. Fan

No. 86-1816       58.0
Std. Position
                     WT

               86.0  27.0


               88.0  27.0


        57.5   86.5  29.0


               87.0  29.0


               88.0  30.0
                  Start  23 Min  End    WT

                  85.0    94.0    98.0  13.0
                                                     SOAK
                  86.0
                  86.0
                  87.0
                  86.5
                    94.0
                    89.5
                    88.0
                    95.0
                 99.0  13.0
                 92.5
                 6.5
                 88.5   1.5
   Start  End

    99.0  94.0


    99.0  94.0


    93.0  91.5


    89.0  87.0
                100.0  13.5   100.5  95.0
                          gin/mi
                           FTP  Emissions
                                    Evaporative Grams
Date
Test No.
1-30-86   86-1522
Fan Standard Position

2-07-86   86-1715
Fan at Floor
HC

.53
CO   NOx
                  6.73 .77
            .56   6.92 .76
MPG

26.9


27.0
Diurnal Hot Soak   Total
                   6.83
        1.11
                         6.34   1.18
2-13-86   86-1714     .53   5.93 .80   26.8
Fan Standard position,  metal drain fittings
2-14-86   86-1815
Auxiliary Fan
            .62
2-19-86   86-1816     .57
Fan Standard Position
      6.10 .79   27.2
                  7.07 .75   27.5
                                     6.18
                  10.26
                                 .91
                .88
                         8.95   1.68
7.94
                                      7.52
                                      7.09
                   11.14
                                     10.63
Trit
        Fuel  Temperatures  on Road During Summer
           Ambient    Start    End       Fuel Level at End
7:00 am 12.1 miles   60°F       61°F      77°F          45%
4:00 pm  8.9 miles   79°F       82°F      98°F          42%
5:00 pm  8.9 miles   80°F       91°F     101°F          39%
Notes: Front wheel drive vehicle with fuel tank in front of rear axle.

8.9  mile  road  route driving  pattern  is  similar  to  LA-4  but  with
reduced idle  time.   12.1  mile  road  route  has  3  miles  of  low speed
start/stop driving added to 8.9 mile road route.  FTP at  23  minutes is
at  the end  of  bag  2  and start  of  the  10  minute soak.   Typically
driving times were 25  minutes  for  the  8.9 mile  route  and  34  minutes
for the 12.1 mile routs.

-------
                                    APPENDIX 1-2
                                 1983 Buick Skylark
                                    2.8  Liter  V-6

                                 Commercial Unleaded
                     Internal Fuel  Tank  Temperatures During FTP
                       DIURNAL
                                FTP
Test No. and Fan
Position          Start  End
86-1520
Std. Position
58.0
      WT

84.0  26.0
                      Start  23  Min  End
WT
 HOT SOAK

Start  End

101.0  96.5
86-1531 59.
FTP Emissions
86-1579 59.
Fan to Floor
86-1612
Std. Position
86-1817 60.
Aux . Fan
86.1818
Std. Position
Date Test No.
1-23-86 86-1520
Fan Standard Position
1-24-86 86-1531
Fan Standard Position
1-28-86 86-1579
Fan at Floor
1-29-86 86-1612
Fan Standard Position
2-14-86 86-1817
0 86.5 27.5

0 86.0 27.0

85.0 --

0 87.0 27.0

	 	

gin/mi
HC CO NOx
.21 3.30 .59

.20 2.95 .62

.22 3.74 .60

.20 3.50 .53
86.0

86.0

84.0

88.5

87.5

MPG
21.1

21.3

21.6

22.1
95.0 101.0 14.0 102.0

93.0 97.0 11.0 98.0

93.0 100.5 16.5 102.5

89.0 91.5 6.5 91.0

96.0 101.5 14.0 101.5

Evaporative Grams
Diurnal Hot Soak Total
4.93 10.85 15.78

5.02 10.43 15.46

5.03 4.80 9.83

5.91 12.72 18.63
97.5

93.0

97.5

89.0

97.0








, metal drain fittings
.16 1.86 .53
21.6
6.69 .96 7.65

Auxiliary Cooling Fans
2-19-86 86-1818
Fan Standard Position
.24 5.98 .61

Fuel Temperatures on
Trip Ambient Start
7:00 am 12.1 miles
4:00 pm 8.9 miles
5:00 pm 8.9 miles
63°F 61°F
73°F 80°F
75°F 87°F
21.3

5.69 14.22 19.91



Road During Summer
End Fuel Level at End
82°
92°
99°
F 44%
F 41%
F 38%


Notes:  All notes. Eor Reliant also apply to Skylark.

-------
                                    APPENDIX H-l
                                1983 Plymouth Reliant
                            2.2 Liter Inline 4-cylinder

                                                         Carb Bowl Temp °F
              :                       Fuel Temp °F                    Post Test
Date    Trip t  % Full  Ambient °F   Initial Final   Initial Final   Peak
07-24
07-24
07-24
07-25
07-25
07-25
07-26
07-26
07-26
07-30
07-30
07-30
07-31
07-31
07-31
08-01
08-01
08-01
08-02
08-02
08-02
08-06
0
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1

96%
93%
91%
87%
84%
81%
77%
74%
72%
68%
61%
58%
54%
51%
48%
45%
42%
39%
35%
32%
30%
21%


89
89
74
91
91
66
81
81
— _
77
75
66
65
66
60
79
80
59
81
80
65


85
95
75
90
97
71
81
90
__
77
86
66
67
74
61
82
91
59
79
92
67










__
89
93
84
77
80
77
98
101
78
99
101
84


92
153
74
91
162
72
87
157
__
80
148
66
72
143
62
85
150
60
83
143
68


107
111
107
105
110
94
108
100

96
97
84
85
84
83
100
100
82
100
99
87


—
174
156
162
157
149
157
156

148°
148°
154°
143°
141°
128°
151°
156°
145°
155°
157°
148°

NOTE :
       % full is at end of trip.  Ambient measured at vehicle.
TRIP f 1  Morning   7:00 am 12.1 miles
       2  Afternoon 4:00 pm  8.9 miles
       3  Afternoon 5:00 pm  8.9 miles

-------
                                    APPENDIX H-2
                              On-Road Fuel Temperatures
                                EPA Weathering Study
                                 1983 Buick Skylark
                                    2.8 Liter V-6
Date
Trip I  % Full  Ambient °F
Fuel Temp °F
Initial Final
    Carb Bowl Temp °F
                Post Test
Initial Final   Peak
7-24
7-24
7-24
7-25
7-25
7-25
7-26
7-26
7-26
07-30
07-30
07-30
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
96%
92%
89%
85%
82%
78%
74%
71%
68%
63%
56%
53%

90
89
79
93
95
68
75
73
60
70
70

85
95
76
90
100
68
72
77
65
70
80









75 70 112 154
80 80 109 155
86 150 114 160
07-31
        49%
08-01
08-01
08-01
08-02
08-02
08-02
08-06
08-07
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
1
44%
41%
38%
33% •
26%
23%
18%
14%
63
78
75
67
80
80
70
70
61
80
87
60
81
91
70
70
82
92
99
80
100
106


70
92
162
65
96
172


112
120
125
120
123
130


162
163
173
162
172
176


NOTE!
TRIP I
% full is at end of trip.  Ambient measured at vehicle.
1  Morning   7:00 am 12.1 miles
2  Afternoon 4:00 pm  8.9 miles
3  Afternoon 5:00 pm  8.9 miles

-------