EPA-460/3-76-029
October 1976
ANALYSIS
OF
GM FUEL
ECONOMY
SURVEYS
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Office of Air and Waste Management
Office of Mobile Source Air Pollution Control
Emission Control Technology Division
Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105
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EPA-460/3-76-029
ANALYSIS
OF
GM FUEL
ECONOMY
SURVEYS
by
Dr. Ronald F. Janz
Mobile Systems Group
Aerospace Corporation
ElSegundo, California 90245
Contract No. 68-01-0417
EPA Project Officer: J.D. Murrell
Prepared for
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Office of Air and Waste Management
Office of Mobile Source Air Pollution Control
Emission Control Technology Division
Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105
October 1976
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This report is issued by the Environmental Protection Agency to report
technical data of interest to a limited number of readers. Copies are
available free of charge to Federal employees, current contractors
and grantees, and nonprofit organizations - as supplies permit - from
the Air Pollution Technical Information Center, Environmental Protec-
tion Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, or from the
National Technical Information Service, 5285 Port Royal Road, Spring-
field, Virginia 22151.
This report was furnished to the Environmental Protection Agency by Aero-
space Corporation, El Segundo, California, in fulfillment of Contract No.
68-01-0417. The contents of this report are reproduced herein as received
from Aerospace Corporation. The opinions, findings, and conclusions ex-
pressed are those of the author and not necessarily those of the Environmen-
tal Protection Agency. Mention of company or product names is not to be con-
sidered as an endorsement by the Environmental Protection Agency.
Publication No. EPA-460/3-76-029
11
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FOREWORD
This report, prepared by The Aerospace Corporation for the U. S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Emission Control Technology Division,
presents the results of an evaluation of seasonal, topographical, and geo-
graphical effects on fuel economy of in-use vehicles manufactured by the
General Motors Corporation.
The results of the study are presented in five sections. Sections 1
and 2 briefly summarize the study results and approach. A discussion of
the data and methods of analysis is included in Sections 3 and 4. Section 5
presents the detailed study results.
111
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT
During the course of this study, Mr. J. Dillard Murrell of the
Environmental Protection Agency's Emission Control Technology Division,
who served as EPA Project Officer for the study, provided valuable guidance
and assistance. His efforts are gratefully acknowledged.
Dr. Ronald F. Janz was principally responsible for the analysis
effort reported herein. The following technical personnel of The Aersopace
Corporation also made valuable contributions to the analysis performed under
this contract:
William M. Smalley
Patricia L. McGill
Esther Lamken
Siumay Cheung
Kenneth A. Glaser
Charles J. Teenor
Edward V. Sakaguchi
Lester Forrest, Director
Vehicle Performance Office
Approved by
Merrill G. Hinton, Group Director
Mobile Systems
iTph/Meltzer, GeneraVMart-Sger
;nt and Energy .Conservation
vision
v
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CONTENTS
FOREWORD iii
ACKNOWLEDGMENT v
SUMMARY xi
1. INTRODUCTION 1
2. DATA ACQUISITION AND ANALYSIS 3
3. METHODS 13
4. RESULTS 17
4. 1 Carline Class Harmonic Mean Fuel
Economy Comparisons *•'
4. 2 Division and Fleet Sales Weighted Mean
Fuel Economy Comparisons 27
APPENDIXES
A. LISTING OF DATA BASE A-1
B. FUEL ECONOMY SCATTER PLOTS B-1
C. FORMULAS FOR COMPUTING FUEL ECONOMY
AND TESTING FOR SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCES
IN FUEL ECONOMY C- 1
NOTES N- 1
GLOSSARY G- 1
Vll
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FIGURES
Appendix B Fuel Economy Scatter Plots for Carline Classes Studied
Carline Class Code 13000313 B-5
Carline Class Code 13000323 B-13
Carline Class Code 14000612 B-21
Carline Class Code 14000912 B-29
Carline Class Code 14500912 B-37
Carline Class Code 15250914 B-45
Carline Class Code 15251212 B-53
Carline Class Code 23000313 B-61
Carline Class Code 23000323 B-69
Carline Class Code 24000911 B-77
Carline Class Code 24500911 B-85
Carline Class Code 24501211 B-93
Carline Class Code 25251111 B-101
Carline Class Code 25251212 B-109
Carline Class Code 34000711 B-117
Carline Class Code 34501011 B-125
Carline Class Code 35251012 B-133
Carline Class Code 35501411 B-141
Carline Class Code 35501412 B-149
Carline Class Code 44500912 B-157
Carline Class Code 45001413 B-165
Carline Class Code 45251014 B-173
Carline Class Code 45501412 B-181
Carline Class Code 65501512 B-189
VT.11
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TABLES
2- 1. GM Data Codes 4
2-2. Inertia Weight - GM Body Type Relationship
(1975 Model Year) 5
2-3. Model Codes 8
2-4. Projected 1975 Model Year Sales Data (from EPA
Certification Test Data Base - California and
Federal Light Duty Vehicles) 10
2-5. Carline Class Identification 11
3-1. Carline Classes That Contain at Least 20 Cars 15
4-1. GM Fuel Economy Study, Harmonic Mean Fuel
Economy Comparisons (N = 5) 18
4-2. GM Fuel Economy Study, Harmonic Mean Fuel
Economy Comparisons (N = 10) 22
4-3. GM Fuel Economy Study, Division Sales Weighted
Harmonic Mean Fuel Economy Comparisons 29
4-4. GM Fuel Economy Study, Fleet Sales Weighted
Harmonic Mean Fuel Economy Comparisons 31
A 1. GM Data Base Listing (Vehicle Data) A-5
A-2. GM Data Base Listing (Seasonal, Geographical Data) .... A-33
IX
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SUMMARY
Current Product Engineering, Engineering Staff, General Motors
Corporation conducted three fuel economy surveys of 1975 GM private
passenger car owners. The objective of these surveys was to determine what
kind of fuel economy 1975 GM customers were experiencing. Data from this
survey for 1532 cars formed the basis for this study. Additional seasonal,
topographical, and geographical data associated with the locations of the
owners were acquired from the literature and added to the GM data base.
Carline classes were then defined which contained cars with the following
parameters in common: GM Division, Inertia Weight, Engine Displacement-
Number of Carburetor Barrels (CID-BBL), Transmission Type, and Axle
Ratio. Harmonic mean fuel economies were computed for groups of cars
within each carline class. These groups were associated with extreme ranges
in each of eight seasonal, topographical, and geographical parameters. The
dependence of fuel economy on these parameters was determined by comparing
fuel economies between groups. Sales weighted harmonic mean fuel economies
were computed for analogous groups at the division and fleet level.
Preliminary results indicate an increase in fuel economy with an
increase in average miles traveled per day for all carline classes. It was
also found that temperature and population (i. e. , urban/highway driving
conditions) have a lesser influence on fuel economy, but that a larger data
base is required in order to properly evaluate this result.
XI
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SECTION 1
INTRODUCTION
The objective of this study was to analyze GM customer fuel economy
data for seasonal, topographical, and geographical effects on fuel economy of
in-use vehicles. Data which characterize season, topography, and geography
(such as temperature or elevation) were hand-transcribed from the literature
and incorporated into a GM fuel economy survey data base. While this
involved a substantial effort, it was justified on the basis that these data could
be used to identify fundamental relationships between fuel economy and key
parameters or combinations of parameters.
There are many automobile design parameters which also affect fuel
economy. Those which -were singled out for this study are as follows: inertia
weight, engine displacement (CID), number of carburetor barrels (BBL),
transmission type, and axle ratio. There are other design parameters, of
course, which also may have an effect on fuel economy such as the number of
gears in the transmission, whether or not the car is air-conditioned, and so
forth. However, in this study the latter parameters were assumed to have a
secondary effect on fuel economy.
In order to separate the effect on fuel economy of the above design
parameters from the effect of seasonal, topographical, and geographical
parameters, cars of common inertia weight, engine displacement, number of
carburetor barrels, transmission type, and axle ratio were grouped into
classes. Any change in fuel economy within a class was then attributed to an
effect other than a change in automobile design. Harmonic mean fuel
economies were computed for subgroups of cars within individual carline
classes. A chi-square distributed statistic was used to test the hypothesis
that the mean fuel economies for these groups were equal. The test that was
used (Appendix C) is asymptotic in nature and is not strictly applicable to the
small groups of cars that were analyzed in this study. Therefore, the results
of this study should be considered preliminary in nature.
-------
A larger data base is required to substantiate these preliminary
results as well as to allow the application of multiple level hypothesis testing.
Such testing could be used to distinguish between parameters that affect fuel
economy and to determine the relative importance of these parameters as
determinants of fuel economy.
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SECTION 2
DATA ACQUISITION AND ANALYSIS
The GM data base supplied by the EPA Project Officer consisted of
data acquired in three separate surveys: a 1975 Winter Survey consisting of
cars with an average initial odometer reading of 2535, a 1975 Spring-Summer
Survey consisting of cars with an average initial odometer reading of 2600,
and a 1975 Spring-Summer Survey consisting of cars with an average initial
odometer reading of 6050. In order to minimize differences in fuel economy
resulting from the "green car effect, " only data from the first two surveys
were used in this analysis. There were a total of 1745 cars in this reduced
data set. Some of these cars were eliminated because of missing or erroneous
data and because it was not possible to obtain certain seasonal, topographical,
or geographical data associated with the locations of some of the car owners.
After eliminating these cars, there remained a total of 1532 cars for analysis.
A partial listing of the data contained in the reduced data base is
given in Table A-1 of Appendix A. Axle ratio and transmission type have been
recoded for the purposes of this study. The codes for Division, Body Type,
CID-BBL, Axle Ratio, and Transmission Type are given in Table 2-1.
A list of the data that were added to the data base for the purposes
of this study is contained in Table A-2 of Appendix A. The first column of
information in this table consists of inertia weights for each car. These
weights were obtained from Body Type and Division using Table 2-2.
The "Season" parameter in the second column of Table A-2 is equal
to either "S" or "W" depending on whether the data were obtained from the
Spring-Summer Survey or the Winter Survey. This parameter is used to
determine the weather parameters discussed below.
The third column of this table contains average miles per day
(abbreviated AMPD). This value was obtained from the initial and final
odometer readings and the dates of the initial and final tank fills.
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Table 2- 1. GM Data Codes
DIVISION
BODY TYPE
CID-BBL
ODE
1
2
3
4
6
CODE
Chevrolet 1
Pontiac 2
Oldsmobile 3
Buick 4
Cadillac 5
6
7
8
9
11
Intermediate
Standard
Luxury
Fleetwood 75
Riviera, Toronado, Eldorado
Sporty (Camaro, Firebird)
Special Intermediate
Sub compact
Compact
Monza, Starfire, Skyhawk
CODE
2
3
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
140-1
140-2
231-2
250-1
260-2
262-2
350-2
350-4
400-2
400-4
454-4
455-4
500-5
AXLE RATIO
TRANSMISSION TYPE
CODE
1
2
3
4
5
2.56
Z.73
2. 92, 2.93
3.08
3.42
CODE
1
2
Automatic
Manual
Cubic Inch Displacement - Number of Carburetor Barrels
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Table 2-2. Inertia Weight - GM Body Type Relationship (1975 Model Year)
GM Division Code
GM Body Type Code
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
(Intermediate)
(Standard)
(Luxury)
(Fleetwood 75)
(Riviera, Toronado,
Eldorado)
(Camaro, Firebird)
(Special Intermed. )
(Subcompact)
(Compact)
1
(Chev)
4500
(a)
4000
4500
3000
4000
2
(Pontiac)
4500
(a)
4000
4500
3000
4000
3
(Olds)
4500
(a)
5500
5500
4000
4
(Buick)
4500
(a)
5500
5000
4000
6
(Cadillac)
5500
5500
5500
11. (Monza, Starfire,
Sky hawk)
3500
3500
3500
lBody type includes a range of inertia weights; 5250 assumed for this data group.
-------
The population values in the fourth column of Table A-2 correspond
to the city in which the driver resides. These values were obtained from the
1976 Commercial Atlas and Marketing Guide.
The fifth column of Table A-2 contains a code which indicates
whether or not the city is a suburb of a larger city (the letter S indicates that
it is a suburb). The actual populations of suburbs do not represent the general
population density of the area. Therefore, in the statistical analysis which
was performed on these data the populations of suburbs were arbitrarily con-
sidered to be equal to 100,000.
The sixth column in Table A-2 contains a terrain "index" that is
used as a measure of local topography. Values for this index were obtained
2
from The National Atlas of the United States of America. The code that was
used is as follows:
Slope
"A" - more than 80 percent of area gently sloping
"B" - 50-80 percent of area gently sloping
"C" - 20-50 percent of area gently sloping
"D" - less than 20 percent of area gently sloping
Local Relief
"1" - 0-100 feet
"2" - 100-300 feet
"3" - 300-500 feet
"4" - 500-1000 feet
"5" - 1000-3000 feet
"6" - over 3000 feet
Due to the limited number of cars available in the data base, only "Slope"
was used as an indication of the terrain in the analysis.
The elevation data (feet above sea level) in the seventh column of this
table were obtained from the same source as population (see above).
The weather data in the eighth, ninth, tenth, and eleventh columns
were obtained from Climatological Data, National Summary. Average values
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•were used for the months of December 1974 or June 1975, depending on the
value of the Season parameter discussed above. (The assumption -was made
that these months characterized the local climate during the duration of the
Winter and Spring-Summer surveys respectively, since the ranges in dates
between initial mailing of the surveys to General Motors' customers and
accepting responses for these surveys •were November 1974 through February
10, 1975 and May 1, 1975 through July 31, 1975.) The units for these quanti-
ties are as follows: temperature — UC, relative humidity - %, precipitation
and snow/ice - mm. (The last quantity was not used in this analysis. )
The last column contains a four-digit model code. The first digit
corresponds to General Motors. The second digit corresponds to a specific
>'s
division of General Motors. The last two digits correspond to the specific
model within this division. The correspondence between this code and car
model is given in Table 2-3 along with Body Type. The relationship between
the latter quantity and model was used to determine the four-digit model
designation listed for each car in Table A-2 (Appendix A). Unfortunately,
knowledge of the division and body type does not allow a distinction between
Vegas, Vega Wagons, and Monzas, for example. (All have Body Type 8 as
indicated in Table 2-3. ) Whenever a situation like this occurred, the lowest
model number was used. That is, in the above example, all Chevrolets with
Body Type 8 were given the code 2402 corresponding to Vegas. This model
code was introduced into the data base solely for the purpose of determining
total sales of cars in each carline class. (Projected 1975 model year sales
data were provided by the EPA Project Officer by model for California and
Federal Light Duty Vehicles. ) The method which was used to determine total
sales for a given class can best be explained by the following example. One
of the classes consisted of two models: 2407 and 2412. According to Table
2-3 this class could conceivably contain the following models: Chevelle (Malibu,
Laguna); Chevelle Wagon; and Monte Carlo. The total sales for this class
code was developed in conjunction with other EPA studies. Consequently,
the Division Code does not correspond to the one in the GM data base (see
Table 2-1).
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Table 2-3. Model Codes
Division
Code
2 Buirk
3 Cadillac
4 Chevrolet
Oldsmobile
o Pontiac
Body Type
11
9
9
1
1
2
3
2
5
3
5
3
4
8
8
9
6
1
1
2
2
11
9
1
1
2
3
2
5
11
9
6
1
1
7
2
2
1
1
Model
Code
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
01
02
03
04
05
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
Sky hawk
Apollo
Skylark
Century /Regal
Century Wgn
Le Sabre
Electra
Estate Wgn
Riviera
Seville
Calais/Devi lie
Eldorado
Fleetwood Brougham
Fleetwood 75
Chevette
Vega
Vega Wgn
Monza
Nova
Camaro
Chevelle (Malibu, Laguna)
Chevelle Wgn
Chevrolet (Caprice, Impala,
Chevrolet Wgn
Corvette
Monte Carlo
Starfire
Omega
Cutlass
Cutlass Wgn
Delta 88
Ninety-Eight
Cust. Cruiser Wgn
Toronado
Astre
Astre Safari
Sunbird
Ventura
Firebird
Lemans
Lemans Wgn
Grand Prix
Pontiac- (Bonneville, Catalina
Grandville)
Pontiac Wgn
Grand AM
Trans AM
Bel Air)
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was assumed to be equal to the sum of the sales for these models including
both California and Federal Light Duty Vehicles. The sales data that -were
used in this analysis are given in Table 2-4. As implied by this table, one
additional complication occurred with respect to the treatment of the sales
data, that is: some of the carline classes contained identical models. For
the purpose of computing sales weighted harmonic mean fuel economy (see
Appendix C), it was therefore necessary to combine these carline classes
into single classes and associate a single sales value (Table 2-4) with each
of the combined classes.
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Table 2-4. Projected 1975 Model Year Sales Data (from EPA Certification
Test Data Base —California and Federal Light Duty Vehicles)
-, -i -L
Number Class I. D. a Class Sales, % Division Sales, % Fleet Sales, %
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
130003131
13000323)
140006121
140009121
14500912
15250914)
152512121
23000313)
23000323)
24000911
24500911)
24501211)
25251111)
25251212)
34000711
34501011
35251012
35501411
35501412
44500912
45001413
45251014
45501412
7. 13
8.99
17.43
19-77
3.31
2.40
6.58
4.79
(c)
9-00
3. 19
2.40
0.79
5.49
0.20
4.64
3.89
53.32
17.08
15.38
14.22
100.00
Refer to Table 2-5 for an explanation of the Class I. D.
For those models that were represented in each carline class.
"Data not available; zero value adopted for sales summation.
10
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Table 2-5. Carline Class Identification
DIVISION-
(INERTIA WEIGHT)/10
CID-BBL
-AXLE RATIO
TRANSMISSION TYPE
Example
13000313
This is a. Chevrolet •which weighs 3000 pounds, has a 140 cubic inch displacement
engine, a 2 barrel carburetor, automatic transmission, and an axle ratio equal
to 2.92a
Refer to Table 2- 1.
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SECTION 3
METHODS
The dependence of fuel economy, that is, miles per gallon (mpg)
on eight seasonal, topographical, and geographical parameters was investi-
gated in this study. The method utilized for establishing this dependence
involved the following steps:
a. Definition of a Carline Class. Carline classes were
initially defined so that the dependence of fuel economy
on seasonal, topographical, and geographical effects
could be separated from, the dependence of fuel
economy on the design of the car. Five parameters
were used to define a carline class: (1) Division of
General Motors, (2) Inertia Weight, (3) Engine-
Carburetion Design (CID-BBL), (4) Transmission
Type (Manual versus Automatic), and (5) Axle
Ratio (one of five values).
b. Choice of Minimum Cars per Class. It was decided to
consider only carline classes with at least 20 cars.
There were three considerations that suggested this
would be a reasonable number of cars per class:
1. No fewer than five cars could be used in a given
group within a carline class to compute a
harmonic mean fuel economy (see Appendix C)
and determine statistically whether this mean
value was significantly different from another
harmonic mean fuel economy.
2. A sufficient number of cars per class would be
required so that two groups of cars, containing
at least five cars each, could be identified in
such a manner that the ranges in a given parame-
ter associated with each group did not overlap.
This criteria would necessarily apply to all
eight parameters for each class.
3. As many cars as possible in the data base would
be included in the study.
13
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The first two considerations clearly suggest large
classes, while the third consideration suggests small
classes. A value of 20 cars per class was chosen as
a reasonable compromise.
c. Determination of Carline Classes. A computer pro-
gram was written which searched the data base for
combinations of the five parameters (which define a
carline class) that were common to at least 20 cars.
The results of this search are shown in Table 3-1.
As indicated in this table, 24 classes were found that
satisfied this criteria. These 24 carline classes
include 69 percent of the cars in the data base.
d. Determination of Carline Class Harmonic Mean Fuel
Economies. A computer program was written that
performs the following computations: for each class
of cars it determines N number of cars which are
associated with extreme values of each of the eight
seasonal, topographical, and geographical parameters.
(For example, with N=5, the program would identify
those cars associated with the five highest and five
lowest values of each parameter in each class. ) The
program then computes harmonic mean fuel economies
for each grouping of N cars. Sales weighted harmonic
mean fuel economies (see Appendix C) were not com-
puted at a carline class level since frequently the
same models were not present in the extreme parame-
ter ranges. Under these circumstances, differences
in sales weighted fuel economies would be, at least
partially, the result of differences in model mix rather
than the parameter under investigation.
e. Determination of Division and Fleet Sales Weighted
Harmonic Mean Fuel Economies. Sales weighted
harmonic mean fuel economies were computed at both
the division'1' and fleet level. In order to assure that
each carline class contained at least three cars in the
extreme parameter ranges at the division level, it was
necessary to increase the number of cars in each
extreme to as many as 104. A corresponding analysis
at the fleet level indicated that 479 cars would be
required so that all 24 carline classes contained at
least three cars in each extreme parameter range.
This was not done for the Cadillac Division since only one carline class was
available for that division.
14
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Table 3-1. Carline Classes That Contain at Least 20 Cars
CLASS CODE NUMBER OF CARS
13000313 26
13000323 22
14000612 32
14000912 40
14500912 77
15250914 37
15251212 25
23000313 34
23000323 25
240009H 48
24500911 44
24501211 49
25251111 35
25251212 22
34000711 30
34501011 35
35251012 59
35501411 59
35501412 51
44500912 42
45001413 42
45251014 70
45501412 74
65501512 83
15
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The sales weighted values presented should be
interpreted with caution since there were generally
an insufficient number of carline classes to represent
the divisions adequately.
f. Determination of the Test Statistic for Evaluating
Differences in Fuel Economy. It can be shown that the
"Test Statistic" denoted "G" in Appendix C is distributed
as a chi-square with a level of confidence and 1 degree
of freedom. For a = 0. 95, y2 = 3. 84146. If G exceeds
this value, the hypothesis that two harmonic mean fuel
economies under investigation are the same is rejected
at a 95-percent confidence level.
Values for this statistic were computed for each pair
of mean fuel economies for each of the seasonal,
topographical, and geographical parameters for each
carline class.
16
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SECTION 4
RESULTS
4. 1 CARLINE CLASS HARMONIC MEAN FUEL ECONOMY
COMPARISONS
The main results of this study are displayed in Tables 4-1 and 4-2
for N=5 and N=10 respectively. An asterisk next to the "Test Statistic" is
used to flag significant differences between mean fuel economies. Note that
for some of these carline classes the upper bound in AMPD (average miles
per day) is quite large. At first it was assumed that this was due to
erroneous data that should be deleted from the data base. However, in all
cases it was found that these large values occurred over relatively short
periods of time, indicating long trips. The data were therefore assumed to
be accurate. Note also that the lower bound on population (Range 2) is fre-
quently equal to 100,000. This occurs because of the suburbs in the data
base that are all assigned this population.
Comparing Table 4-1 with Table 4-2, it is evident that, while the
mean fuel economies depend to a certain extent on the number of cars that
are used in the extreme parameter ranges, those mean fuel economies which
differ significantly with five cars in the extreme parameter ranges generally
differ significantly with ten cars in the extreme parameter ranges as well.
Consequently, the discussion that follows will be confined to Table 4-2. As
indicated in this table, it was found that fuel economy increases significantly
with increasing AMPD for all 24 carline classes. While this trend in the
data was anticipated, it was not expected to dominate generally over other
factors that are known to affect fuel economy also. (See discussion below.)
Occasional differences in fuel economy with respect to elevation,
precipitation, relative humidity, terrain (local slope), and zip code were
detected. For example, consider Class 24500911 which exhibits a difference
17
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Table 4-1. GM Fuel Economy Study
Harmonic Mean Fuel Economy Comparisons (N = 5)
DATE n776
SALES WEIGHTED
NUMBED OF CARS IN
MUMPER OF CASS IN
CRITICAL VALUE CF
PASAMETEF
Trey STAT
CLASS
13C JO 31 ?
13CC0323
oo
PAPAVt: TEP
ZICCCCF
POPULATION
SLCFE
ELEVATION
HU"In ITY
PRECIPITATION
TEMPEP-ATLRF
A^FP
7IPCOCE
POPULATION
SLCFE
ELEVATICC
HUMIDITY
PPECIFITATICN
TEMPFSATUPF
7IFCCCE
POPULATION
SLOPE
ELEVATION
HUMCITY
PRECIPITATION
APPD
ZIPCOOE
POPULATION
SLOPF
ELEVATION
HUMPITY
PP-ECIFITATICN
TEMPEPATUPE
AJ'PO
ZIPCCCE
POPULATION
SLCFE
ELEVATION
HUMDIT Y
PPECIDITATICN
amt i
ANGE 2
TIC AT ...
PANGfl
2828,
1?0,
Al ,
25,
56,
9,
4.200C ,
9.32;:,
1^467,
15C,
Al,
12,
1,
0,
2.4c:c,
9.63.. C,
40 -+8,
45G,
Al,
9,
62,
9,
4. 20 CO ,
a . 2 L : o ,
11367,
161,
All
10,
54,
7,
4.2C3C,
9.35CO,
2C52,
189,
Al ,
1C,
47,
9,
5
5 SIGNIFICANCE LEVEL
RANGE2
132.5)
2132)
12)
14C )
65)
36)
- . 4 . J J )
1 3 . 4 (-. 3 u )
4391:1
6233)
32)
65)
611
iwl
-.5.3:)
22.3U3)
11714)
3 C 3 C )
Al)
67)
7. )
6 J )
-.2000)
1 5 . : 4 : G )
15236)
2t95)
Al)
45)
63)
33)
-1 . 53C j )
13.8500)
1373:)
7:01
Al)
45)
66)
34)
92337,
216300,
C3,
938,
81,
163,
21. 83 3C,
65.27C j,
93341,
i : : o c c ,
05,
439:,
78,
i:i.
2:.2o:o,
65. 7833,
617?8,
15:030,
04,
as:,
12,
14J,
22.3C33,
44. ooo: ,
76134,
35:000,
C5,
2013,
S"«,
118,
2.. 6033 ,
41. 8330,
^:9C7,
35C3C:,
c*,
16::,
88,
t 179,
3.8
99U9)
3330COO)
C4)
73CO)
88)
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26.7.o.)
92.5:CC)
99207)
535CC:)
C5)
5TC:i
88)
154)
24.1GuC)
6C8. CC 0 j)
96466)
7^5:uj)
04)
134:)
90)
222)
28.1000)
57.2130)
84315)
3J3CCOC)
04)
52flO)
9:)
162)
27.500C)
1C7.8303)
998G2)
352CCCO)
C6)
6CJ8)
91)
233)
MFAN r«PGl MEAN MFG2 TEST STATISTIC
19.
13,
19.
13.
19.
17.
.7,
4156
9fc9<«
8636
2763
57J6
9449
6793
17.0313
25.6C99
22.63J6
22.7438
23.9862
21. 5466
22.3788
19.9157
19.8463
16.8329
16.87m
14.5662
15.4822
15.4848
14.7767
13.8:84
11.9132
11.3595
14.5:82
13.2191
11.4735
12.1515
12.6C48
12.3689
12.5223
15.3241
12.132J
1J.3986
12.1786
11.9627
19.8638
2 J .4145
19.1712
17.3563
I°.9o39
19.6955
19,419J
21.8918
2J.6C4G
22.7384
22.2821
2.1. 2 149
22.48*9
21.47.9
23.5855
25.7016
16.2864
15.C7-*;
13.7546
12.4671
15.2357
16.4577
16.2499
16.6151
12.9989
11.89:4
11.9935
12.9985
11.3499
,8212
,9572
13.
13.
li».1627
ll.<«599
1J.3995
Il.fl32i»
12.C397
1..7127
r r, 7 c
. w ' -
.67Cc
.3176
. 3 9 L fc
1 .7596
. C J 3 <«
.225^
.0738
.i:51
.;<*:«
1.71^(43
fl.2668'
. 2 K •:
2.1655
. 255
-------
Table 4-1. GM Fuel Economy Study
Harmonic Mean Fuel Economy Comparisons (N = 5) (Continued)
1525091"+
15251212
23C00313
2300C323
24C30911
24500911
TEMPERATURE (
AMPO (
ZIFCCDE
POPULATION
SLCFE
ELEVATION
HUMIDITY
PRECIPITATION
TEMPERATURE
AMPD
ZIPCOCE
POPULATION
SLOPE
ELEVATION
HUFICITY
PRECIPITATION
TEMPERATURE
AKPD
ZIPCODE
POPULATION
SLOPE
ELEVATION
HUMIDITY
PRECIPITATION
TEMPERATURE
AMPD
ZIPCCDE
POPULATION
SLOPE
ELEVATION
HUfICITY
PRECIPITATION
TEMPERATURE
flMPD
ZIPCCDE
POPULATION
SLCFE
ELEVATION
HUMIDITY
PRECIPITATION
TEMPERATURE
AMPD
ZIPCCDE
POPULATION
SLOPE
ELEVATION
HUMIDITY
PRECIPITATION
TEMPERATURE
AMFD
t -5.1.000,
i 6. 24 w u t
42M,
2QC,
Alt
1C,
65,
3,
-4. 7COC ,
9.8130,
11*055,
ioc.
Al,
40,
64,
22,
-4.2000,
9.5700,
2158,
300,
Al,
19,
1,
0,
-3.COOO,
6.7900,
4C11,
200,
Al,
13,
It
0,
-6.9000,
10. =330,
6040,
522,
Al,
5,
49,
10,
-6.9000 ,
5.4433,
11501,
207,
Alt
5,
6 It
9,
.9COO,
9.4830,
-1.9000
12.153C)
13021)
683)
Al)
57)
68)
49)
-1.2; jo
13.1500)
17236)
903)
32)
400)
71)
39)
-.230C)
22.3900)
b877)
4061)
A2)
35)
64)
37)
6.9030)
13.2233)
33494)
floOO)
A2)
50)
56)
33)
1.10 JO)
20 . 9730)
15775)
2149)
Al)
19)
64)
29)
-1.9U-)
14.9600)
24263)
463)
Al)
17)
73 )
37)
5.91.00)
15.3903)
26. 70QC,
72. 390C,
69030,
163;03C,
C3,
990,
S3,
156,
22.3033,
59.25CO,
70549,
1COOOO,
C5,
HOC,
32,
128,
19.9000,
13C. 8033,
91793,
53 50 CO,
C5,
1155,
80,
132,
22.30CO,
33.25QC,
93033,
174323,
C5,
900,
83,
132,
£2. 303C,
49.4200,
82931,
700030,
C5,
1539,
82,
146,
23.2000,
58.4600,
73044,
1483CO,
C4,
1230,
«o.
1<<1,
24. 1000,
I 82.89GO,
2 7 . 5 D 0 u )
270.CCCC)
97411)
30CCOC3)
05)
1680)
91)
222)
28.1003)
151.2500)
97470)
360C33)
05)
1450)
85)
197)
24.3000)
394.CGOO)
98273)
3520uOO)
D5)
2030)
87)
165)
24.7003)
580. 0 Jt3)
98148)
7030CO)
C5)
6748)
87)
192)
27.3300)
243.0u3C)
98632)
1600000)
06)
6271)
87)
182)
26.4;OC)
92.3700)
98499)
560000)
C5)
3368)
83)
179)
27.3CCO
188.5000)
11.1890
1J.3265
11.8270
13.2492
11.1317
11.4914
12.3446
11.5333
11.5810
10.4928
11.7292
12.3009
11.9538
13.1065
13.4C38
12.7708
11.7580
13.7002
23.9044
20.3242
16.8742
19.5630
17.5251
17.2148
17.0305
15. 7867
26.0967
24.4340
21.8437
24.1355
23.3263
19.7324
18.2965
18.9691
12. 3306
15.6702
13.7129
13.3048
14.5370
14.5639
12.0447
9.1898
13.6769
15.3293
13.0301
10.8401
13.3753
12.9121
13.2C57
11.2853
11. 8458
14.96-43
12.1283
1-.9668
11.9114
12.7668
10.87=8
11.4684
12. 5349
12.3301
H.327C
12.2370
13. C1C1
11.6093
11.9011
13.C453
13.7097
15.2865
16.7879
16.1436
13.C971
17.3904
18.7839
18.6091
17.48CC
22.1412
19.7766
21. C464
23.7199
23.2193
18.7651
21.8052
24. 846C
24.7980
14.5639
12.65C5
14.15:5
lv.729o
13.2687
1 ?. 2334
13.3994
15.0266
12. 7563
11.3279
14.7696
15.3350
12.6834
13.4847
12.4841
15.4210
.2957
34.9261'
.1C26
3.84C2
1.5743
3.1329
1.9718
.C133
1.5253
6.2838»
1.48CC
.0024
.4628
2.4304
2.5335
.3689
1.6351
2C.6576'
12.3374*
15.6486'
.3112
.8622
.9472
.3702
.0438
12.7366'
1C.2844'
1.431C
.1339
2.6746
.435C
.5795
9.3077'
4.C625'
3.7242
5.5299'
.1323
2.0989
4.6898'
1.2212
1.1554
23.6529'
.3891
8.5248*
1.5734
14.6277*
.1116
.2165
.4429
8.5448*
-------
Table 4-1. CM Fuel Economy Study
Harmonic Mean Fuel Economy Comparisons (N = 5) (Continued)
31.501211
25251111
25251212
34000711
34501011
35251C12
355JH.11
ZIPCC^E
POPULATION
SLOPE
ELEVATION
HUMILITY
PCtCIPITATTCN
TEMpr-ATurE
AMPC
ZIPCOCE
POPULATION
SLCFE
ELEVATION
HUMIDITY
PRECIPITATION
TEMPERATURE
AMPD
ZIPCODE
POPULATION
SLOPE
ELEVATION
HUMIDITY
PRECIPITATION
TEMFERATLRF
AHPD
ZIPCOOE
POPULATION
SLOPF
ELEVATION
HUHTITY
PRECIPITATION
TEMPERATURE
AMPD
ZIPCCCF
POPULATION
SLOPE
ELEVATION
HUMIDITY
PRECIPITATION
TEMPERATURE
AMPC
7IPCODE
POPULATION
SLOPE
ELEVATION
HUMIDITY
PRECIPITATION
TEMPERATURE
AMPD
ZIPCCDE
POPULATION
SLOPE
ELEVATION
HUMIDITY
170 It
2JG,
Al.
11,
33,
C ,
3.eojo,
11.5300,
7121,
125,
Al,
7,
65,
21,
-1.713C,
13.2000,
1940,
1212,
Al,
20,
64,
9,
-4.2000,
5.3500,
1824,
5?7,
Al,
18,
66,
15,
-3.60CG,
7.0700,
2153C,
165,
Al,
5,
33,
11,
3.90GC,
7.94JG,
1844,
110,
Al,
7,
52,
14,
-1.700G,
5.670G,
1633.
4:C,
Al,
9,
16,
153<«2)
1878)
Al)
20)
67)
41)
5.9C3:)
15. 4500)
11364)
3300)
Al)
25)
67)
82)
. 3CJO)
17.4630)
14141)
4174)
12)
44)
68)
71)
.3*30)
21.2900)
14617)
3452)
A2)
1C2)
70)
37)
5.91.00)
14.2603)
28779)
971)
Al)
257)
67)
53)
5.6JOO)
1&.363O
7090)
1500)
All
35)
65)
61)
.3io: )
13.9SOO)
o773)
i : j o )
Al)
30)
b4)
77315,
54;3cc,
C4,
960,
7°,
156,
22.3GGC,
69.13G2,
54303,
232000,
C4,
980,
eo*
160.
22.4033,
113.60CO.
45662,
100030,
C4,
760,
8C,
143,
2:. 5300,
65.4400,
69601,
223303,
C3,
951,
80,
154,
23.200C,
44.3300,
75231,
373000,
C4,
1289,
79,
139,
27.1030,
54.95CC,
49779,
345300,
C4,
106C,
eo.
163,
26.GCOO,
106.3800.
77376,
844431,
65,
1236,
8C,
94553)
352CC30)
04)
1373)
83)
192)
27.3CC3)
127.7503)
98020)
560COO)
04)
14C3)
85)
222)
28.1CCC)
231.25001
70072)
9250001
C5)
1600)
88)
3121
26.3300)
101.7500)
98615)
56C033)
06)
214E)
84)
183)
26.4000)
133.0000)
81501)
850000)
C5)
4596)
80)
287)
27.60uO)
72.44CC)
79701)
56LJCJ)
04)
2779)
91)
180)
27.5000)
276.5300)
99336)
3030000)
C5)
310G)
91)
11.C896
11.854;
13. 869*
11.7395
13. 395J
13.4777
12.1254
13.9549
11.3563
12.5601
11.874J
12. 3264
11. 3449
12.1275
11.2689
11.5852
10.7513
11.4683
11.3766
13.5422
13.9408
12.4667
13.6825
9.767G
14.9213
15.9473
14.1536
14.0345
14.1649
14.4355
13.7303
12.3139
14.0492
14.9229
12.9581
12.5364
14.2611
13. QC 55
13.2832
13.2726
14.1294
14.5963
13.7221
13.4046
12.5948
14.3625
11.6726
11.4701
13.4617
13.9703
11.6949
13.9335
1 1 . 4 '. 5 j
11.C657
12.52U
12.57b4
12.8537
11.6223
12.1312
12.6447
14. -.525
13.4596
10.2454
9.8164
12.;249
11.9998
12.1138
13.5.67
1 3.8983
12.3278
10.3905
i:.s:47
11.7375
11.5316
11.2C43
12.447C
12. 7991
14.3762
12.91oO
14.3598
14.7841
14.I564
14.4t.57
13.9943
16.3375
1-..9141
14.7799
12.9873
i '* . 7 ; „ 3
12.9499
14.C777
14.4C69
14.9389
13.6975
13.62^4
12.5491
13.3462
12.1822
13.8C80
14.11.2
14.9270
11.5150
13.7767
11.6979
11.4b36
12.2899
1 .4^)18
.7798
1.914J
1.3C4«
1
.
7.CS96
.3312
19.417C*
3.444C
4.11C4"
.0927
.4657
. 3 : : c
o.2«u2»
1 7 . : 0 1 8 •
.9392
.2222
1.4:5:
.5132
2.8555
2.71C3
13.6185'
.1573
12.277:»
.0146
.8726
.0:37
C** ^ c
. o t
.0636
13.1852'
3.9>«64»
.0320
.0005
5.6176'
.8408
.5072
2.2569
3.6839
.5853
.6794
.C827
.0045
.4141
1.182?
9.2455'
16.0766'
15.9801'
.coc:
.077J
.93M
-------
Table 4-1. GM Fuel Economy Study
Harmonic Mean Fuel Economy Comparisons (N = 5) (Concluded)
.55531412
4453G 912
45C 31417
45251C14
455C1412
65501512
PRECIPITATION (
TEMPERATURE <
ACFC t
7IPCOCE (
POPULATION (
j L CF E (
ELEVATION (
HUMICITY (
PRECIPITATION (
TEM PE9 A TUC F (
AMFC (
ZIPCCCE t
POPULATION (
SLCPF (
ELEVATION <
HUM CITY (
PRECIPITATION (
T EM PE - A TU1* F (
A"PD (
7IPCODE (
POPULATION (
SLOPE (
ELEVATION (
HUMOITY (
PRECIPITATION (
TEMFERATURr (
AfP? (
7IPCCCE (
POPULATION (
SLOPE (
ELEVATION (
HUMIDITY (
PRECIPITATION (
TEMPERATURE (
AMFD (
ZIPCCCE (
POPULATION (
SLOPE (
ELEVATION (
HUMIDITY (
PRECIPITATION (
TEMPERATURE (
APFO (
ZIPCCCE (
POPULATION (
SLOPE (
ELEVATION (
HUP I n IT Y (
PFECIDf TAT ION (
TEMPERATURE (
AMFC (
f
-1.900G
1 ?. 1800
11545
120
Al
20
54
3
- 4 . 7u 0 C
5 . 7 3 0 0
150 1
336
Al
6
62
53
-2.=c,:
3. 130C
18 ' 1
145
Al
7
44
4
-.8CGC
11.24::
11758
250
Al
20
53
0
-4. 2COC
8. 480,0
197C
14G
Al
5
16
0
-8.1000
12.5100
194C
6CC
Al
1C
39
C
-1.9000
5.0430
3C )
-.7033)
14 . 3. C 0 )
1 0 )
A2)
160)
7 '-j )
41 )
- . 7 L 0 0 )
23.4200)
14226)
65C)
Al)
203)
72)
46)
-2.0:3:)
11.24::)
6450)
1C33)
Al)
24)
65)
3)
-1 .7330 )
16.7930)
7712)
1600)
Al)
25)
51)
1)
-.4C03)
11 .860 3)
153,
27.23CO,
92. 22::,
75220,
54.325,
C3,
1176,
83,
146,
23.1333,
131.3330,
55139,
925330,
84,
937,
77,
163,
22.43.3,
57.7530,
78332,
222333,
C4,
1230,
32,
152,
21. 60.3,
70.89::,
.7,8&2°»
"''" S3!
1097,
ee.
152,
25. 70:0,
134. 17CC,
85252,
85oOCC,
C4,
1253,
34,
179,
26. CO 30 ,
132.8333,
94386,
2750333,
C5,
2726,
83,
182,
26. 7000,
84. 2900,
239)
30.3000)
147.830:)
81625)
3444C1)
Ci)
6186
91
16C
2 7 . 2 3 Q j
4bl .5000
770C7)
8 r 8 '" " 0 " )
~C4)
1700)
85)
2C3)
26.7C33)
112.200C)
99233)
75801JO)
04)
2216)
88)
192)
26.7303)
163.6:3.)
92335)
3000020)
06)
4061)
91)
189)
27.2000)
314.5COC)
94702)
33 0 GOuO )
05)
3 3 0 : )
88)
312)
30 . 320G)
432. C jCO)
95825)
8 3 3 C o 0 0 )
04)
4498)
88)
192)
28.6003)
742.C30C)
11.3837
13.2836
11.6428
13.8232
12.9182
9.6«79
10.2928
11.1289
11. 7685
1 2 . : 4 8 1
9.7392
12 . 4244
13.2751
12.1147
11.2962
11.5164
13.1703
12.3096
13.2613
13.4333
13 . 8547
12. 4197
11.4641
9. 3737
10.4751
13.7225
9.6365
9.5235
11.9252
12.3262
12.8949
11 . 8263
11. 7918
11.7314
9.0610
11.0318
11.4789
13.4895
I'O. C:34
12.6733
11 .6882
11.2559
9.0181
13.3809
11.5849
11.1129
13 .8296
13.9149
13.3556
13.9527
3.7383
1 ^. 1160
12.0237
14. 1.341
11 .5458
i:.235o
9.9427
11.2647
12.2433
13. 3419
i: . 3476
14. 3875
12. 7254
11.4320
10. 76.0
11.9960
11.4746
11. -967
1 i. 3427
1 ?.6297
9.8165
12. 544C
13 . 6183
9.9249
11.1.199
13.8133
12.3815
13. 2084
13.8677
11.3092
12. J02C
13.9197
9. 8343
11. 2552
13.8111
14. 8064
11.6882
9.3082
9.8972
11. 7353
13.8242
9.7726
11.9.o2
12. 7623
11. us;
1 j . 3444
i:.4,33
1 ; .6623
12. 412;
13.2291
11 . .414
12.4j78
1.G556
3.C30-6
7.0102'
.2406
18.3188'
.03C5
.3653
.5796
1.2437
2.6251
4C .9741*
.0582
2.7897
.5023
.1742
.o:c =
1.6335
.8331
3.1799
6.4622'
1.3146
2.6636
.i;i =
5.8324*
ol .4315*
1.1564
.241:
.lie;
3.3797
2.2958
.2871
1.0234
24.3634'
.3177
4.1978*
.375C
6.3419*
6.7738*
2.6623
.35C9
29.1816*
.5651
1.1743
.4418
.3239
4.2688*
.0387
36.2664*
-------
Table 4-2. GM Fuel Economy Study
Harmonic Mean Fuel Economy Comparisons (N = 10)
D A T t ", i : 7 e,
SALES KEISHT^C
NUMBED CF CA-:
CRITICAL VALUE
]Tt sflM^F 1
N PACflKETEP -ANGt ?
P T^ST STATISTIC AT
1 ;
LFVEL
3.841.46
CLASS
RANGE
13COC 323
tSJ
14.JC bl2
• o:c 912
ZIPCCCF
POPULATION
SLOFF
t Lcl/ATICK
HU"IOITY
P R E C T P I T A T I C N
TEMPERATURE
flNFC
7.IPCCDE
POPULATION
SLOPE
r LtVATICN
H'JMflT Y
PCECI PITATICN
TEMFC ft ATIJF.F
Af PIT
7 TofcrE
POPULATION
SLOPE
ELKV A TICK
HUPICIT Y
P-ECICITATICN
TEMPF.CATURF
ANPD
7IPCOGE
POPUL A T 1C h
SLCFf
ELEVATION
PRECIPITATION
1>r'MF~RA7U£-F
A*PD
ZIPCCCE
PO°ULATICN
^ L C F E
ELEVATICN
PRECIPITATION
2828,
12C,
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56,
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23.1532
19.4737
11. 8957
13.5269
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18 . 051C
19. 3855
16.692C
22.9769
22.6739
22.5172
2 1 . 9 1 4 -j
22.4327
21 .2.25
21.2-30
19.63u2
15. g894
15.6:63
15.4l4l
16.114,
15.5927
13.8158
12. 8285
13.2894
11. 35^9
14.4235
13.1313
12.0. SI
12.1936
12. 4536
12. 3752
10.975U
11.3C78
1^.1579
1 2 . G fc 0 2
11 . 5985
11.7871
12.1239
18.5535
19.5621
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2 j . 1558
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21.6.70
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15. 8953
15.5334
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1 ^ . f . = 9 9
14. 4537
15.84^7
16. 291J
16.624 J
15. 1126
11.6*26
12.4771
12.7749
12. 42 38
13.8534
14. C149
1 3.9519
11.8539
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12.8169
12. 2344
11.4526
13. 1186
STATISTIC
1 . 8 * 5 t
. u: v 7
.C "4t
.Jit*1
2.787«
.2311.
1 .0491
. : 8 i 7
.1-15
'
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1.0194
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.-*77?
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14.65BC*
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3.1075
19.326!'
. c ; 2 3
31.277."
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1.2,72
-------
Table 4-2. GM Fuel Economy Study
Harmonic Mean Fuel Economy Comparisons (N = 10) (Continued)
1525091'+
15251212
23-00 313
ro
OJ
230JC323
240Q..911
24503911
•j-pf.' (IT; Af U=E
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POPULATION
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TEMPERATURE
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ELEVATION
HUMC ITY
PRECIPITATION
TEMPERATURE
APPO
ZIPCODE
POPULATION
SLCFE
ELEVATION
HUMILITY
PRECIPITATION'
TEMPERATURE
AMPC
ZIPCODE
POPULATION
SLCFE
ELEVATION
HUMIDITY
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TEMP^ATUFE
AfFC
ZIPCOCE
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SLOPE
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HUMIDITY
PRECIPITATION
TEMPE^ATL'-E
AMPO
ZIPCOCE
POPULATION
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ELEV-ATICN
HU f I H IT Y
PRECIPITATION
TFMFESATUkE
A1PD
-5.40 ::,
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9.5700,
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-6.9000,
5.440 0,
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9.4800,
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12.9-u-) (
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72) (
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17.3900) (
37C76) (
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92) (
591) (
74) (
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1.93 Jo) (
35.3800) (
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33. 39CO,
50034,
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11.3515
13.3721
11.4969
12.6634
11.8748
11. 7148
11. 7314
11.9538
11.7822
11.4454
11.9294
12.2675
12.0949
12.4773
12. 6638
11.542:
12.0132
11.2472
19.2497
20 .2486
17.4517
18.4884
18.3732
17.4595
16.9098
16.5895
24.2318
22.4398
21. 2114
22.7516
21.0902
19.7528
19.0755
19.7532
12.1645
14.7725
12.7239
13.2772
14.1143
12.6549
10.8059
13.9246
13.4C20
14.6284
12.2674
11.4668
12.9339
12.4635
13.7605
11.3577
12.4053
11 . bcP2
11 1 5121
11. 9331
12.6772
11 . 6338
12. 0158
12. 0 154
12.9547
12.4-26
12.1112
12. 7456
12.5618
11. 5321
13.1451
13.5518
1 3. 5323
18.^872
15. 7851
18.5229
17. C887
18.4937
19.3982
19.2287
2:. 8372
23. 3083
21. 2016
21. 8093
21. 7862
23.8187
23. 1533
24 . 1892
23. 3419
14.1920
12.7404.
13. 5161
I4.24bl
11 .4867
13.2184
13.7507
15.2366
12.7548
11.4343
14.0782
14.9055
12.6966
12.74-+6
13.4198
15. 3G42
1.6601
23.4513*
.1.936
2.5614
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2.5165
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5.1259*
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.OG79
1.74CC
2.8971
3.6649
6.3346*
1.0214
24.7:06*
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1.1970
.0128
1.7253
1.2380
16.0464*
11.5727*
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.2930
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4 . 0 !• 4 C *
16.4937*
5.1578*
4.9849*
5.6126*
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1.8397
4.4732»
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7.7142*
15.3325*
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13.944!"
6.2296*
15 .979"*
. 0464
.3785
.2556
17.5253*
-------
Table 4-2. CM Fuel Economy Study
Harmonic Mean Fuel Economy Comparisons (N = 10) (Continued)
il4r, ,1211
35251111
25251 212
711
345ui;il
1Cl2
355ul41
zicccTr. <
FCPiJLlTICt (
SLOP? (
F Lr VATIC N (
H'JPlrITV (
P^CTTTA! TCN
TCM°"ATUCF (
Afc~ t
7 ID^nr c
POPULATION t
SLOPE (
F L C V A T I C t (
HIJMICTT Y
PCECI PIT ATTCC (
TfcMFr^AIUKF (
APPD
7IFCCCE (
POPULATION (
SLQFr (
ELEVATION (
HUCKITY (
PSECJPITATICN
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A^IPD (
ZTPCCCE (
POPULATION (
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PSECIPITATICN (
TEHPFKATURF (
ftMPD (
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POPULATION I
SLOPE t
ELEVATION (
HUMIDITY (
PfiECIPTT4TICN (
TEMPS -flTURE
AMPD t
ZIPCCDE (
POPULATION
SLOFF
ELEVATION
HUKirlTY
PRECIPITATION
TEMP- SATU-F
ft KPC
7IPCCCC
POPULATION
SLCFE
ELEVATION
HUM PITY
17.1,
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41,
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11-3518
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13.9963
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14.6629
14.8717
14.3779
14.6679
13.8866
15.22«»7
14.8163
12.8549
13.2899
14.6642
14.3924
13.5^74
14.3498
13.4C97
12.8556
12.4979
13.9JG4
14.1252
13.6483
13.2375
13.1479
13.7246
11.7827
11.8826
11.4106
13.5293
11.3206
11.3663
11.8771
12. •IS-^J
12. '•-'37
12.1647
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13.S5B2
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12 . /u42
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13.6331
11.85.3
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11. 1876
11.6379
11. 63rt4
11.2575
11.8915
12.5554
14.3521
13.9185
14. 1757
14.1401,
14.9218
14. Iu55
14.5327
15.7993
lH.5737
13.8546
13.2228
14. 5927
15.9289
14. 3536
It. SDL 3
14.86J3
13.2866
13.94^5
12.9833
12.8231
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13:7480
14. 1233
14. 8867
12. 3789
11.5615
12. 1414
12. 2i.l4
12.8737
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3 '. 2 A 3 4
.: ° 7 7
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27.9391'
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Il!oi52»
11.83C9'
2.3717
1.7*28
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1 .7611
13.2681'
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1 . 1 3 5 ?
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1.4478
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4 . 4476'
1.5381
1.3259
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13 .6592'
19.5236'
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1.0369
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19 .5 5 C f-. '
28.8691'
.4112
7.4384»
.7211
.6123
2.33C I
-------
Table 4-2. GM Fuel Economy Study
Harmonic Mean Fuel Economy Comparisons (N = 10) (Concluded)
PRECIPITATION
35531*12
POPULATION
SLCPE
ELEVAT ION
HU"ICITY
PRECIPITATION
**500912
*5 GO li*l 3
CSJ
AMPD
ZIPCCCE
POPULATION
SLOPE
E LEV AT ICN
HUMIDITY
PRECIPITATION
TEMPERATURE
AMPO
7IPCCCF
POPULATION
SLCFE
ELEVATION
HUMIDITY
PRECIPITATION
TEMPERATURE
*5251Ci*
*55jl*l2
65501512
ZIPCODE
FCPULATICN
SLOPE
ELEVATION
HUMCITY
PRECIPITATION
TEMPERATURE
• AMPC
ZIPCOCE
POPULATION
SLCFE
ELEVATION
HUMIDITY
PRECIPITATION
TEMPERATURE
AMPO
ZIPCCCE
POPULATION
SLOPE
t LEVATICN
HUP IDTTY
PRECIPITATION
TEMPERATURE
AKFO
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38.6733,
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13.9855
11.7577
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11. 3C08
11.2837
11. 8629
11.9883
11.9335
11.2318
11.8826
9.5269
13.75o6
ll.**79
13.2718
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12.6531
11.0968
13.9362
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10.7238
ll.*632
11.0C55
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13. 7**6
11.679*
3.9908
13.1320
12. 1819
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11. 11*5
11. 3515
13.9129
11 . 6*86
11. 1359
11.2591
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12. 5159
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11.321,6
12. 56*1
11. *235
13.9383
12.2*93
13.5961
13.9771
11.3562
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13.6665
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12.2379
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11. 8389
11.3837
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11 .b*61
13.8320
11.9*26
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10.8227
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i: . litci
13. 1328
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12.7579
11.2272
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11.1387
11. 3350
11.7710
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11. 3266
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.*923
.9
-------
due to terrain. For locations in which more than 80 percent of the area is
gently sloping (Slope = A), fuel economy for this class was found to be
significantly less than for locations in which less than 80 percent of the area
is gently sloping (Slope ranges from B to D). This example illustrates one
of the reasons it was decided to generate scatter plots of individual car fuel
economy versus values of each of the eight parameters under investigation
for each carline class. Such plots not only illustrate trends, but can also be
used to explain anomalous results. Such a plot for fuel economy versus the
terrain index (Slope) for carline Class 24500911 is given in Appendix B
(along with all of the other scatter plots). Note that the correlation coeffi-
cient for these data is equal to 0. 1825. However, since the 95-percent
confidence interval for this coefficient (refer to the figure) contains zero,
the correlation is not significant. That is, while examining extremes in the
data may result in significant differences in mean fuel economy, the data
itself do not exhibit any significant trend.
The only carline class that did not exhibit a significant correlation
coefficient with respect to AMPD was Class 23000313 (see Appendix B).
Note, however, that this was due to a single car where fuel economy was
unusually low for the relatively high miles per day traveled.
A detailed analysis was not made of significant differences in fuel
economy with respect to those parameters (such as elevation) that occurred
infrequently. It was noted, however, that in all four carline classes in
which fuel economy increased significantly with increasing zip code, the
mean value for average miles per day traveled by those drivers located in
high zip code areas was substantially higher than the mean value for average
miles per day traveled by drivers located in low zip code areas.
Next to AMPD, differences in mean fuel economy with respect to
population occurred most frequently (nine carline classes, refer to
Table 4-2). In all nine cases, fuel economy in densely populated areas was
found to be significantly less than fuel economy in sparsely populated areas.
In four of these carline classes, the data exhibited a significant negative
26
-------
correlation (Appendix B), confirming the tests for differences between fuel
economies in extreme population ranges. However, in all but two of the
nine classes, it was also found that the mean value for AMPD in the densely
populated areas was substantially less than in the sparsely populated areas.
In the remaining two classes, the mean value for AMPD was actually
greater in the heavily populated areas. Both AMPD and urban versus high-
way driving conditions associated with the population density of the area in
which the car was driven have an effect on fuel economy. In order to deter-
mine whether population effects related to driving conditions are affecting
the fuel economy of the carline classes in this study, a larger data base is
required that would provide a sufficient number of cars per class so that
two-way statistical tests could be performed.
Next to population, differences in mean fuel economy with respect
to temperature occurred most frequently (seven carline classes, refer to
Table 4-2). In all seven cases, fuel economy in a warm climate was found
to be significantly greater than fuel economy in a cool climate. In all seven
carline classes, the data exhibited a significant positive correlation
(Appendix B), confirming the tests for differences between fuel economies
in extreme temperature ranges. Again, however, AMPD was consistently
higher in the warm climate areas. In four cases, the difference in AMPD
could easily account for the increased fuel economy. A larger data base is
required to determine whether it is temperature or AMPD that is the domi-
nant factor influencing fuel economy for these carline classes. It would not
be surprising to find an increase in fuel economy in a warm climate because
of the reduction in time intervals associated with engine warmup.
4.2 DIVISION AND FLEET SALES WEIGHTED MEAN FUEL
ECONOMY COMPARISONS
Division and fleet sales weighted harmonic mean fuel economies
are listed in Tables 4-3 and 4-4. These values were computed using the
formulas of Appendix C. The trends, of course, are the same as those
27
-------
exhibited by the carline classes. That is, fuel economy apparently increases
with increasing average miles per day and temperature, and decreases with
increasing population. As indicated in Section 4. 1, however, further
analysis is required before it can be concluded that temperature and popula-
tion are influencing the fuel economy of th.ese carline classes rather than
average miles per day.
28
-------
Table 4-3. GM Fuel Economy Study
Division Sales Weighted Harmonic Mean Fuel Economy Comparisons
DATE S1676
SALES MEISHTEO
YES
NUMBER OF CARS IN PARAMETER RANGL 1
NUMBER OF CARS IN PARAMETER RANGE 2
100
100
DIVISION
1
PARAMETER
ZIPCOOE
POPULATION
SLOPE
ELEVATION
HUMIDITY
PRECIPITATION
TEMPERATURE
AMPO
SWMPG1
12.8968
13.8469
12.9469
13.1508
13.2248
12.7795
12. 3412
11. 79 62
SHMPG2
13.1448
12.6206
12.9966
13.2294
12.7368
13.5126
14.0209
14.2534
RANGE 1
2052,
100,
Al,
9,
h
-5.4000,
6.2400,
402G1)
16500 )
B2I
544)
73)
72)
4.)
24.)
RANGE 2
53213, 99SG2)
100000, 3520030)
32, 06)
745, 73001
76, 91)
103, 222)
16.4000, 29.10CO)
35.3G&J, 608.0000)
NUMBER OF CARS IN PARAMETER RANGE 1
NUMBER OF CARS IN PARAMETER RANGE 2
96
96
tsj
vO
DIVISION
PARAMETER
ZIPCOOE
POPULATION
SLOPE
ELEVATION
HUMIDITY
PRECIPITATION
TEMPERATURE
AMPO
SWMPG1
13.0954
14.0723
13.2171
13.1569
13.2902
13.4553
12. 8403
12.2477
SWMPG2
13.8334
12.7273
13.3896
13.5151
13.3400
13.5028
13.8642
14.6989
RANGE 1
( 1701,
( 125,
Al,
i5:
0,
-6.9000,
5.3800,
32653 )
20800)
A2)
287)
72)
74)
13.)
26.)
RANGE
48221,
100000,
82,
690,
76,
103,
19.8COG,
36.6730,
2
98632)
3520000)
06)
67-48)
88)
312)
28. 1070)
580.0000)
NUMBER OF CARS IN PARAMETER RANGE 1
NUMBER CF CARS IN PARAMETER RANGE 2
80
80
CIVISICN
3
PARAMETER
ZIPCOOE
POPULATION
SLOPE
ELEVATION
HUMIDITY
PRECIPITATION
TEMPERATURE
AMPO
SHMPG1
12.9482
1^.0249
13.5157
12.6785
13.2898
13.2018
12.5193
12.0319
SHMPG2
14.1830
13.0969
12.9768
13.3728
13.4654
13.2221
14.0356
14.4567
RANGE 1
1603,
110,
Al,
if;
0,
-4. 7000,
5.6700,
27&2)
20003)
B2)
406)
71)
72)
5.)
24.)
RANGE
48197,
100000,
( 82,
720,
76,
115,
20.9030.
42.3900,
99336)
80830CO)
06)
6186)
91)
297)
30. 3000)
461.5000)
-------
Table 4-3. GM Fuel Economy Study
Division Sales Weighted Harmonic Mean Fuel Economy Comparisons (Continued)
mm
&
m
DIVISION
7.IPCODE
POPULATION
SLOPE
ELEVATION
HUMIDITT
PRECIPITATION
TEMPERATURE
AMPO
SHMPG1
11.10 n
11.5752
11.2656
11.0898
11.6737
11.7359
1 3 . 92 89
10.U17
SHMPG2
11.6126
11.0902
11.3878
11.7510
10.8396
11.3^9^
11.6385
12.5228
RANGE 1
1501,
InO.
Al.
5,
16,
0,
-8. 1000,
8. 1300,
U530<»>
52500)
595)
76)
60)
28 I I
RANGc
«»8Q55,
100000,
82,
620,
78,
102,
(,.9000,
32.2100,
2
99238)
8380000)
06)
i*061)
91)
312)
30.3003)
<«32.i)OC3)
-------
Table 4-4. GM Fuel Economy Study
Fleet Sales Weighted Harmonic Mean Fuel Economy Comparisons
OflTt 31676
SALES HEI3HTED YES
NUMBER Cf CARS IN PAR.AMcT^R RANGE 1 480
NUMBER OF CAiiS IN PARAMETER RANGE 2 480
FLEET PARAMETER SHMPG1
1 ZIPCODE 12.617&
POPULATION 13.4052
SLOPE 12.8449
ELEVATION 12.8233
HUMIDITY 13.0696
PRECIPITATION 12.7942
TEMPERATURE 12.2497
AMPO 11.89K*
SWHPG2
13.191+2
12.<»336
12.9609
13.0280
12.58^6
12.9284
13.5669
14.0325
RANGE 1
1501,
100,
Al,
5,
S;
8. 1000,
£.0400,
H30C8)
52500)
82)
590)
74)
82)
8.)
29.)
RANG£
47371,
100000,
82,
620,
75,
101,
15. 9000,
33.3903,
99802)
30800001
06)
7330)
91)
312)
30. 3003)
742. 00 :0)
-------
APPENDIX A
LISTING OF DATA BASE
A-l
-------
APPENDIX A
LISTING OF DATA BASE
This appendix contains two tables. Included in Table A-i is a
partial listing of the original GM data supplied by the EPA Project Officer
for each car that -was used in this study. The seasonal, topographical, and
geographical data that were either computed directly from data in Table A-l
or acquired from the literature are included in Table A-2.
A-3
-------
Table A.-1. GM Data Base Listing (Vehicle Data)
IS ION
MPG
BODY TYPE C1D-3:1L AXlc RATIO
CITY
STATE
ZIP
1
2
3
4
'3
6
7
3
9
iu
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
•21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
H
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
4.
4.
3.
4.
4.
2.
6.
4.
4.
4,
4.
1.
3.
4.
4.
4.
1.
2.
4.
3.
4.
4.
4.
4.
4.
4.
3.
3.
1.
2.
2.
1.
4.
3.
4.
4.
6.
4.
3.
2.
3.
3 .
4.
4.
3.
4.
1.
1 1 .
-------
Dl
52
53
56
57
5*
59
60
ol
62
fai
64
65
66
67
68
63
7J
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
7=5
79
80
81
82
83
8t
85
36
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
9*
95
96
97
98
99
iog
101
102
103
104
105
106
•J
*
J.
*•.
1
. •
1.
1 .
3.
4.
3.
3.
«!-.
4.
4.
4.
3.
1.
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4.
3.
2.
1.
2.
2.
3.
4.
1.
3.
3.
3.
4.
3.
4.
I:
4.
1.
2.
4.
2.
1.
3.
1C . 2 I
11 . ,'c
14.7'.
13. 2-,
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11.3-
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11. 7c
14.4i.
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1C. j. 0
13. 71
lc.1^
12.3c
11.d3
12.62
12.89
11.07
9.73
12.97
1*.3<»
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11.99
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2.
2.
2.
3.
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3.
5.
2.
2.
2.
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5.
1.
9.
2.
2.
1.
2.
7.
9.
6.
y .
5 .
11.
9.
3.
10.
v.
15.
9.
11.
9.
15.
1C.
9.
9.
10.
9.
14.
12.
9.
12.
11.
10.
14.
9.
14.
4.
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0.
: 4.
0.
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9.
5.
12.
11.
9.
12.
9.
9.
i .
1.
2.
2.
2.
3.
2.
2.
1.
1.
1 .
4.
3.
2.
4.
2.
2.
1.
2.
1.
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
4.
2.
2.
2.
4.
2.
2.
1.
2.
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2.
1.
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2.
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1.
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3£NN HGT1N
HENTIN
•HITISG
YORK CITY
NEW
NEW
STATES ISLAND
SCARSDALE
SCARSOALE
YONKERS
HIGHLAND FALL
MONROE
GREAT NECK
BROOKLYN
3AYS1DE
BLUSHING
N MERRICK
VALLEY STREAM
EAST rflLLISTG
^ILLISTON PK
CENTRAL [SLIP
DEER PARK
EAST NORTHPORT
S1ITHTOWN
HIC
-------
109
1 lu-
ll!
112
Hi
114
115
U6
117
US
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
13?
133
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
153
159
153
lol
162
163
1.
4.
3.
2.
4.
3.
1.
1.
2.
<-. .
2.
1.
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3.
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1.
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4.
1.
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BUFFALO
SSYDE*
A1HEPST
SSYOE-l
CHE^KTGWAGA
CHtEKTIWAGA
HILTON
SHORTSVILLE
SILVER LAKE
WILLIAMSON
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BETHEL PARK
CARNEGIE
N VERSAILLES
^QNRQtVILLE
PITTSBURGH
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BEDFORD
S HUNTINGDON
S HUNTIMGTQS
INDIANA
NEW CASTLE
NEW CASTLE
SHEFFIELD
ERIE
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GALLITZIN
EAST tfATERFOR
JONESTOWN
NEW CUHBERLAS
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2.
9.
10.
10.
11.
9.
14.
3.
5.
8.
3.
14.
9.
6.
3.
10.
7.
5.
8.
12.
3.
7.
5.
3.
9.
11.
b.
9.
15.
6.
11.
10.
12.
7.
10.
5.
9.
12.
1.
2.
2.
4.
2.
2.
3.
1.
2.
1.
1.
1.
5.
4.
1.
2.
4.
2.
4.
3.
4.
2.
2.
1.
1.
1.
5.
1.
2.
3.
1.
1.
4.
3.
2.
1.
1.
3.
2.
3.
1.
2.
3.
1.
1.
2.
2.
1.
1.
4.
1.
4.
1.
1.
1.
1. METAMORA
1. FLINT
1. FLINT
i. SAGINAW
i. SAGINAW
1. HOLT
2. LANSING
1. KALAMAZOO
2. BATTLE CREEK
2. BATTLE CREEK
1. BATTLE CREEK
1. CENTREVILLE
2. PLAINWELL
1. JACKSON
1. BLISSFIELD
1. MUNITH
1. GRAND RAPIDS
1. GRAND RAPIDS
1. GRAND RAPIDS
1. LAKE CITY
1. ATLANTA
1. ROGERS CITf
1. MAROUETTE
1. ANKENY
1. LORIHOR
1. W DES HOINES
2. DES MOINES
1. DES MOINES
1. DES MOINES
1. BODE
1. CLARION
1. SAC CITY
2. HULL
2. OAKLAND
1. DUBUQUE
1. ANANQSA
2. VINTQN
1. WELLMAN
1. CEDAR RAPIDS
:.. CEDAR RAPIDS
:,. CEDAR RAPIDS
:.. OTTUMWA
:,. SHEBOYGAN FLS
:.. WEST 3END
1. CUDAHY
MILWAUKEE
MILWAUKEE
A. MILWAUKEE
MILWAUKEE
BAYSIDE
1. BROWN DEER
2. MILWAUKEE
1. RACINE
2. MADISON
i. PLATTEVILLE
1. WOODVILLE
1. GREEN BAY
MI
MI
MI
MI
MI
MI
MI
MI
MI
MI
MI
MI
MI
MI
MI
MI
MI
MI
MI
MI
MI
MI
MI
IA
IA
IA
IA
IA
IA
IA
IA
IA
IA
IA
IA
IA
IA
IA
IA
IA
IA
IA
WI
WI
UI
WI
WI
Ml
WI
WI
W
W
W
W
W
W
48455
48504
43504
48602
48602
43842
48910
49004
49016
49017
49017
49032
49080
49201
49228
49259
49505
49506
49507
49651
49709
49779
49855
50021
50149
50265
50310
50312
50322
50519
50525
50583
51239
51560
52301
52205
52349
52356
52400
52402
52405
52501
53085
53095
53110
53207
53209
53212
53213
53217
53223
53227
53403
53713
53318
54028
54302
i
tv
-------
13C-
13C/
13CM
IJO-i
131*
1311
1312
131.
1316
1317
1316
131v
132C
1321
1322
1323
132'.
1325
132o
1327
1326
132V
1330
1331
1332
1333
133.
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2.
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1.
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3.
3.
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3.
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3.
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11.89
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10.99
18.77
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3.
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3.
6.
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2.
9.
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5.
2.
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3.
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9.
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9.
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7.
9.
3.
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5.
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9.
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6.
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1*.
8.
6.
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2.
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1361
1362
1363
136*
1365
1366
1367
1368
1369
1370
1372
1373
137
-------
l*ia
1*19
1*20
1*21
1*2*
1*27
1*23
1*29
1*30
1*31
1*32
1*33
1*3*
1*35
1*36
1*37
1*?8
1*39
1**0
1**1
1**2
1**3
1***
1**6
1**7
i**a
i**-j
1*30
1*51
1*52
1*53
1*5*
1*55
1*56
1*57
1*58
1*59
1460
1*61
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.464
.*65
466
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468
469
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1*72
1473
1474
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4.
1.
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1 J . v 7
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1C. -17
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11.08
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12.86
11.27
19.20
11.7d
a.6*
10.66
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12.45
13.37
9.31
11. lo
17.v7
9.1,2
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9.6^
i b . c *
8.v. 1
10.63
1*.93
l*.*i
20.13
9.11
23.26
13.9*
1*.33
15.39
15.57
13. 88
11.07
11.ul
19.91
19.aO
8.37
12.70
11.75
11.23
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12.*6
13.21
10.UC
7.6*
11.72
i .
7.
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1.
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1.
5.
3.
3.
11.
2.
2.
1.
7.
B.
2.
9.
2.
11.
3.
e.
7.
9.
1.
1.
2.
2.
2.
11.
11.
7.
3.
3.
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3.
5.
3.
3.
1.
13.
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1*.
li.
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10.
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15.
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9.
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9.
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9.
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3.
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7.
1C.
10.
10.
10.
1*.
8.
5.
9.
1*.
14.
10.
5.
14.
15.
15.
15.
10.
1.
2.
2.
1.
1.
2.
2.
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2.
2.
1.
2.
1.
*.
1.
1.
2.
3.
1.
3.
1.
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2.
3.
2.
2.
J:
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2.
2.
2.
*.
1.
2.
1.
1.
3.
1.
1.
1.
1.
3.
4.
4.
1.
1.
2.
2.
1.
2.
1.
1.
2.
2.
2.
2.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
i
A. •
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
2.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
2.
1.
2.
1.
1.
1.
2.
2.
1:
1.
1.
2.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
DALLAS
GIL^E^
MARSHALL
JASPER
ARLINGTON
CLE8LRSE
GAINESVILLE
HOUSTON
HTUSTCH
HOUSTON
HQUST3N
HOUSTON
HOUSTON
SPRINS
BRAZQ3IA
PASADENA
FRESNO
PORT ARTHUR
SAN ANTONIO
SAN ANTONIO
SAN ANTONIO
SAN ANTONIO
SAN ASTONIO
KINGSVILLE
CORPUS CHRISTI
BROWNSVILLE
GONZALES
LULING
AUSTIS
UVALOE
AMARILLO
LUBBOCK
ABILENE
MIDLAND
BIG SPRING
ODESSA
WESTMINSTER
LAKEWOOD
BOULDER
LAS ANIMAS
GRAND JUNCTION
PALISADE
WORLAMD
SHERIDAN
MOSCOW
BOUNTIFUL
SALT LAKE CTf
SCOTTSDALE
SUN CITY
ALBUQUERQUE
LAS VEGAS
CARLSBAD
HAWTHORNE
RENO
LOS ANGELES
LOS ANGELES
r<
TX
TX
TX
TX
TX
TX
TX
TX
TX
TX
TX
TX
TX
TX
TX
TX
TX
TX
TX
TX
TX
TX
TX
TX
TX
TX
TX
TX
TX
TX
TX
TX
TX
TX
TX
TX
CO
5°
CO
CO
CO
CO
WY
WY
ID
UT
UT
AR
AZ
NM
NM
NM
NV
NV
CA
CA
75240
73044
75670
75951
7o312
76315
76331
7o240
770C7
77018
77319
77322
77324
773*3
7Z376
77*22
77502
775*5
776*0
78209
78215
7S227
73228
78230
73363
78*10
78520 ^
7i629 7
7bo*8 w
7870* °
78801
79105
79*01
79601
79701
79720
79761
80030
80226
80302
81054
81501
81526
82401
82801
83843
34310
84115
85252
85351
37111
87701
98220
89*15
89502
90043
90066
-------
1*75
1*76
1*77
1*79
1*79
1*80
1*82
1*83
1*8*
1*35
1*87
1*88
1*89
1*90
1*92
1*93
1*9*
1*95
1*96
1*97
1*98
1*99
1500
1501
1502
1503
150*
1505
1506
1507
1508
1509
i510
1511
1512
1513
151*
1515
1516
1517
1518
1519
1520
j.521
1522
1523
152*
1525
1526
1527
1528
1529
1530
1531
1532
*.
3.
t.
*.
2.
2,
1.
1.
1.
1.
3.
1.
3.
1.
2.
1.
1.
2.
1.
11
1,
1,
1,
1,
1.
1,
1.
1.
2.
1.
li
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
2,
1.
1.
2.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1,
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
2.
1.
1.
1,
1.
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1.
2,
1,
1,
1,
1,
2,
1,
1,
LJS
L3S
"
ANGELES
ASGELES
HAWTHORNE
REOON90 KFACH
SAN PEDRO
M'DNTROSE
NORTHRIOGE
CANITD^ CNTRY
S.HERMAN OAKS
CMIND
ALHAM3RA
CARLS3AD
SAN DIEGO
SAN DIEGO
PALM SPRINGS
CGLTON
FONT ANA
Q/UVIcW
0 X N A R 0
QXNARD
PORTERVILLE
TULARE
BAKERSFIELD
OID3ECREST
ORANGE COVE
FRESNO
SALINAS
ATHERTON
SUNNYVALE
MARTINEZ
BERKELEY
BERKELEY
LOS GATOS
SANTA CLARA
SANTA CLARA
SAN JOSE
SAN JOSE
SAN JOSE
SAN J3SE
TWAIN HARTE
CITRUS HTS
SACRAMENTO
GLADSTONE
CORNELIUS
OAKRIDGE
KLAMATH FALLS
MOUNTLAKE TER
SEATTLE
W,OUNT VERNON
TAC 3^A
OLYMPIA
LDNGVIEW
E rtENATCHEE
SPOKANE
KENNE^ICK
CA
CA
CA
CA
CA
CA
CA
CA
CA
CA
CA
CA
CA
CA
CT
CA
CA
CA
CA
CA
CA
CA
CA
CA
CA
CA
CA
CA
CA
CA
CA
CA
CA
CA
CA
CA
CA
CA
CA
CA
CA
CA
CA
CA
3*
OR
OR
OR
WA
WA
VIA
WA
WA
WA
WA
WA
WA
WA
9J068
90220
90250
93277
9^278
90732
91020
9132*
91351
91*23
9171C
913C3
92008
92126
9213*
92262
9232*
92335
93322
93J30
93D30
93257
9327*
9330*
93555
936*6
93727
93901
9*025
9t08b
9*553
9*702
9*709
V5J3C
95051
95112
9512*
95127
95130
95333
95325
V7J27
97113
97*63
97601
93020
930*3
93122
9d273
98*99
98503
99o32
938C1
992C5
99336
-------
Table A-2. GM Data Base Listing (Seasonal, Geographical Data)
M UMBER
WT,
SEASON
t'lJPULAT ION S'JU'JRj TERRAIN ELEVATION TE1P REL HU1 PRECIP SNOW-ICE MODEL
1
z
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
4000.
4500.
5500.
soon.
4500.
5250.
5500.
550C.
5500.
3000.
4000.
450C.
4000.
4COO.
5500.
450C.
5000.
5000.
3500.
4000.
5000.
550C.
4000.
45JO.
4000.
5500.
4500.
3500.
5500.
550P.
3500.
3000.
5250.
4500.
4500.
5500.
4500.
4500.
5500.
40 K.
i250.
£250.
5250.
5pOC.
45)0.
4500 .
5500.
450C.
4000.
H
w
w
w
w
4
M
*
W
s
w
w
-------
50
51
52
53
5*
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
6*
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
7*
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
) 2
93
9*
95
96
97
98
99
iOO
1C1
102
103
1C *
i J 2
106
<«50C.
550C.
5250.
5500.
* 0 Jrt •
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50)0.
55 JO .
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i 5 0 ri .
3500.
525".
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30JC .
5Z50.
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550C.
5250.
*000 .
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5 ? 5^ •
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5500.
*530.
5500.
5500.
5500.
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*50C.
5500.
5250.
525C.
5250.
*50C.
',500.
5250.
5250.
5230.
525C.
5250.
5500.
5250.
550T .
550T .
5250.
5250.
-55£*
3500*.
*500.
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5250.
5250.
* 5 0^ .
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* 500 .
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w
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M
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^
W
4
w
M
W
w
w
rf
s
w
w
^
ri
w
^
w
w
w
w
M
S
w
M
W
j
W
M
W
Ml
W
4
w
J
w
w
w
^
^
w
w
4
w
w
w
w
4
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w
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M
3 -j . 6 7
27.95
2-.. 35
35. 12
<: 3 . 0 G
30.35
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c*. Hfc
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1 5 . 0 fc
18. OC
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35.32
3 J.08
Hi. 75
20.75
i3o .OC
62 . 2. . 66
27.25
3o.36
51. 31
13.26
2 i . * C
3 c . * t
V. 65
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*o90
2151
107COO
1.J700J
19000
70 J
• 31600
* C 0 G 0
3080000
b 030 jy»3
9030UOO
300000
183*5
183*5
2^1573
*6*0
2-. JOO
3763
10900
2600000
1700
17JO
1700
15COO
39300
2800
2800
1 d * 0 C
£3300
23500
175^0
9600
53000
53000
3900
1317
127000
i i 7uuC
16910
5653
5015
3-+800
60C
3522
21 50C 0
9732
11500
2986
50C
2810
nc
905
^500
*1 7*
22300
505JOO
M
S
M
S
N
N
S
s
N
N
N
S
S
S
s
s
N
N
S
hi
S
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
N
N
N
M
M
N
r\j
N
N
M
M
N
M
N
tq
M
N|
N
S
rt
S
Al
A2
A2
A2
Al
A2
A2
A2
Al
Al
Al
Al
A2
A2
A2
A2
33
33
Al
Al
32
B2
32
Al
Al
32
82
B2
62
82
82
82
32
32
B*
D5
8*
d*
83
33
33
3*
82
33
32
82
82
82
82
32
82
«2
92
32
83
32
32
6
211
50
50
67
173
90
*2
30
30
30
30
155
155
16
160
500
679
8*
66
50
50
2*0
60
20
119
119
15
8C
80
220
80
1*9
1*9
220
6*C
150
150
185
200
*00
703
398
1133
*06
*60
**3
*95
381
1015
690
1*50
928
820
13*1
6.00
600
3.9
*.l
*.l
*.l
3.9
*.l
3.8
3.8
*.2
*.2
*.2
*.2
*.2
20.7
*.2
*.2
*.2
*.2
*.2
*.2
*.2
*.2
*.2
*.2
*.2
*.2
20.7
*.2
*.2
*.2
*.2
*.2
*.2
*.2
-1.7
-1.7
-1.7
-1.7
-1.7
-1.7
*.2
-.9
-.9
-.9
-.9
-.9
-.9
-.9
-2.7
-.9
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un
-------
1361
1362
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1364
1365
1366
1367
1368
1369
1370
1371
1372
1373
1374
1375
1376
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1330
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1385
1386
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1392
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= 3.92
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2506
-------
APPENDIX B
FUEL ECONOMY SCATTER PLOTS
B-l
-------
APPENDIX B
FUEL ECONOMY SCATTER PLOTS
This appendix contains 192 scatter plots that illustrate the variation
between fuel economy (mpg) and each of eight parameters (population, zip
code, terrain index, elevation, relative humidity, precipitation, tempera-
ture, and average miles per day) for 24 carline classes that contain at least
20 cars. These carline classes have the following parameters in common:
Division (of General Motors), Inertia Weight, CID and BBL, Transmission
Type, and Axle Ratio. (Refer to Table 2-5 for an explanation of the class
code.) Also displayed on each plot is a correlation coefficient and a 95-
percent confidence interval for that correlation coefficient.
For each class of cars, the first plot shows mpg versus population
of the city in which the driver resides. Because of the large range in popu-
lation associated with this study, those cities with populations greater than
or equal to 100,000 are shown plotted as cities with exactly 100,000 people.
Actual populations were, of course, used in the computation of the correla-
tion coefficients and confidence intervals.
The second plot shows mpg versus the first digit of the zip code of
the driver's address. (The zip code scale includes "10" due to an idiosyn-
crasy in the plotting subroutine used.)
The third plot for each class of cars shows mpg versus the terrain
index. Actually, only that portion of the terrain index was used that corre-
sponds to the local slope of the city in which the driver resides. (Refer to
Section 2 for a more detailed discussion of this factor.)
The fourth plot shows mpg versus the average elevation above sea
level of the city in which the driver resides. Elevations greater than or
equal to 5000 feet are shown plotted at 5000 feet. Actual elevations were
used in the computation of the correlation coefficients and confidence
intervals.
B-3
-------
The fifth, sixth, and seventh plots for each class of cars show mpg
versus relative humidity, precipitation, and temperature respectively. These
weather data correspond to averages over the months of December 1974 or
June 1975 depending on whether the fuel economy data were acquired from
the low mileage winter survey or the low mileage spring-summer survey.
(Refer to Section 2 for further discussion of this factor.)
The eighth and final plot shows mpg versus miles per day averaged
over the duration of the test.
B-4
-------
52. GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG UERSUS POPULATION
48. CLASS 13000313
DATE 062476
44. CORRELATION COEFFICIENT =-.0291
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERUAL = (-.4118, .3623)
40.
36.
32.
28.
24. X
X *
Y v XX
&. XX
<£ y
° 20. X I
g XX
S X x X *
0 X
u- 16. X
o
ix X
ttf
I
01
X
12. ^ |0_ 20. 30. 40. 50. 60. 70. 80. 90. 100.
-•• POPULATION (THOUSANDS)
-------
<-,?. Gfl FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG UERSUS ZIP CODE
«„. CLASS 13000313
DATE 062476
44. CORRELATION COEFFICIENT =-.1135
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERUAL = (-.4798, .2864)
40.
36.
32.
28.
24. X
X X
<* X X X X
!*• *
5 xx
cc v
* X X *
£ 16. X X
I I I I I I I I I I I
0. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
-ZIP CODE (FIRST DIGIT)
tfl
-------
52. CM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
hPG UERSUS TERRAIN INDEX
48. CLASS 13000313
DATE 062476
44. CORRELATION COEFFICIENT =-.0399
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERUAL - <-. 4208, .3529)
40.
36.
32.
28.
X
24. X
-------
52. CM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG UERSUS ELEUATION
48. CLASS 13000313
DATE 062476
44. CORRELATION COEFFICIENT =-.1457
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERUAL = (-.5046. .2561)
40.
36.
32.
28.
X
24. x
XX
X X x
a
x
td
i
00
I2' 0. 500. 1000. 1500. 2000. 2500. 3000. 3500. 4000. 4500. 5000.
X - ELEUATION (FT)
-------
52.
48.
44.
40.
36.
32.
28.
GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG UERSUS RELATIUE HUMIDITY
CLASS 13000313
DATE 062476
CORRELATION COEFFICIENT = .0158
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE NTERUAL = (-.3738. .4007>
sD
24.
o
-------
24.
52. GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG UERSUS PRECIP TAT I ON
48. CLASS 13000313
DATE 062476
4,. CORRELATION COEFFICIENT = .2556
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERUAL = (-.1463, .5850)
40.
36.
3?.
w
I
ix X X
X7°- X *XX
5 x x
-------
52. GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG UERSUS TEMPERATURE
48. CLASS 13000313
DATE 062476
44. CORRELATION COEFFICIENT = .1998
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERUAL = (-.2033, .5450)
40.
36.
32.
28.
X
24. X
o
-------
44.
40.
36.
32.
28.
CM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
riPG UERSUS MILES PER DAY
CLASS 13000313
DATE 062476
CORRELATION COEFFICIENT = .6972
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERUAL = < .4245, .8540)
I
H-fc-
ro
24.
a;
o
5
UJ
g
C3
fc
20.
16.
! 2.
0.
10.
X
X
20.
30.
40.
MILES PER DAY
I
50.
60.
70.
30.
90.
100.
-------
52. ' GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG UERSUS POPULATION
48. CLASS 13000323
DATE 062476
44. CORRELATION COEFFICIENT =-.1017
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERUAL = <-.5018, .3343)
40.
36.
32.
28. X
X
ta
S2o. X * 5
I x
LJ
OX v
n- 16. x X
C2
Q_
12. ^ {0_ ^o. 30. 40. 50. 60. 70. 80. 90. 100.
x •» POPULATION (THOUSANDS)
-------
57.
4P.
44.
40.
36.
32.
28.
GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG UERSUS ZIP CODE
CLASS 13000323
DATE 062476
CORRELATION COEFFICIENT =-.2015
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE I NTERUAL = (-.5743, .2405)
W
I
-------
52. GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG UERSUS TERRAIN INDEX
48. CLASS 13000323
DATE 062476
44. CORRELATION COEFFICIENT = .1621
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERUAL = <-.2785, .5464)
40.
36.
32.
28.
X X
*
24- |
£
a; X X
S 2,. *
O y-
-------
?,:,. GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG UERSUS ELEUATION
48. CLASS 13000323
DATE 062476
44. CORRELATION COEFFICIENT --.0132
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERUAL = (-.4324, .4107)
40.
32.
28.
X
24' x><
* x X
Q/ v^
41 XX
° 20.
5 x
O. "•
UJ
o x
^16.
CL
W
i
I I I I I I 1 I I I I
0. 500. 1000. 1500. 2000. 2500. 3000. 3500. 4000. 4500. 5000.
023 ELEUATION (FT)
-------
52. CM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG UERSUS RELATIUE HUMIDITY
48. CLASS 13000323
DATE 062476
44. CORRELATION COEFFICIENT --.0156
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERUAL = <-.4343, .4087)
40.
36.
32.
28.
24.
20.
5
° X
u- 16. x X
o
CL
X
X
X
X
x X
X
x x
X
X
X
td
12. ^0_ ^g. go. 65. 70. 75. 80. 85. 90. 95. 100.
x - RELATiUE HUMIDITY (PERCENT)
-------
52. CM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG UERSUS PRECIPITATION
48. CLASS 13000323
DATE 062476
44. CORRELATION COEFFICIENT = .0569
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERUAL = <-. 3736, .4673)
40.
36.
32.
28. X
X X
X
X X
" x X
?Q-
LU
£ 16. X
C3
fc
td
I
i_ta.
oo
I I I I I I I I I I
20. 40. SO. 80. 100. 120. 140. 160. 180. 200.
PRECIPITATION < MM)
-------
52. GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG UERSUS TEMPERATURE
48. CLASS 13000323
DATE 062476
44. CORRELATION COEFFICIENT = .2139
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERUAL = <-.2283, .5829)
40.
36.
32.
28. *
X X
x x
24. Xx
120-
o
-------
LU
5 is.
C9
Gr FUEL ECONOnY STUDY
F1PG UERSUS MILES PER DAY
CLASS 13000323
DATE 062476
CORRELATION COEFFICIENT = .4423
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERUAL = < .0255, .7281)
W
i
ro
o
1?.
28. X
X X
X
24. X, X
XX
x X x
20.
1 ? I I I I I I I I I I I
'* 0. 10. 20. 30. 40. 50. 60. 70. 80. 90. 100.
™ fllLES PER DAY
-------
28.
26.
24.
22.
GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
nPG UERSUS POPULATION
CLASS 14000612
DATE 062476
CORRELATION COEFFICIENT =-.1365
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERUAL = <-. 4631, .2228)
20.
w
I
Oi
-------
28. GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG UERSUS ZIP CODE
26. CLASS 14000612
DATE 062476
24. CORRELATION COEFFICIENT =-.0177
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERUAL = (-.3642. .3330)
20.
19.
X
'6-
5
-------
28. Gtl FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG UERSUS TERRAIN INDEX
26. CLASS 14000612
DATE 062476
24. CORRELATION COEFFICIENT =-.1804
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERUAL = (-.4978, .1796)
22.
20.
^ X
18.
X
DO
*
X
IS. X
X X
X
X X
X
14.
u *
o
-------
28. Gil FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG UERSUS ELEUATION
26. CLASS 14000612
DATE 062476
24. CORRELATION COEFFICIENT =-.3003
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE I NTERUAL = (-.5875. .0540)
2?.
20.
18.
X X
>«
1 R.
X
X
x
14.
X
£
o
512'
-------
28. GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG UERSUS RELATIUE HUMIDITY
26. CLASS 14000612
DATE 062476
24. CORRELATION COEFFICIENT --.1078
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE I NTERUAL = (-.4400, .2503)
22.
20.
X W
X X i
00
V Ul
A. V
18. *
x X x
x x x
X X
16. y X
*X X
X
x x x
14. X v
x
x
-------
Gfl FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG UERSUS PRECIPITATION
K. CLASS 14000612
DATE 062476
2«. CORRELATION COEFFICIENT = .3098
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERUAL = (-.0436, .5943)
22.
20.
X X '
X • °"
18. X
x^x* x
X
x >«<
X
14. X
X X
*
-
6
-------
28.
26.
24.
22.
GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG UERSUS TEMPERATURE
CLASS 14000612
DATE 062476
CORRELATION COEFFICIENT = .5174
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERUAL = ( .2058, .7337)
20.
to
18.
16.
14.
x
x
XX
x x
X
X
X
X
X
X
a
12.
o
LJ
K.
a
U- 10.
CD
CL
8.
X
-8.
-4.
X
X
0.
4.
8.
TEMPERATURE ( DEG C)
12.
16.
20.
24.
28.
-------
28. GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG UERSUS MILES PER DAY
?6. CLASS 14000612
DATE 062476
24. CORRELATION COEFFICIENT = .5737
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE I NTERUAL - < .2813, .7686)
22.
20.
19.
w
i
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00
xx x
1G- x „ x
X
X XX
X
14. Xx
* x
-------
28.
26.
24.
22.
20.
18.
CM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG UERSUS POPULATION
CLASS 14000912
DATE 062476
CORRELATION COEFFICIENT =-.2849
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE I NTERUAL = < -. 5478, .0292)
w
tvJ
vO
16.
14.
, -,
12.
X
X
X
X X £ X
X
X
X
10.
CD
D-
8.
0.
20.
30.
40.
50.
60.
70.
90.
POPULATION (THOUSANDS)
100.
-------
28
2B.
24.
27.
GM FUEL ECONOnY STUDY
MPG UERSUS ZIP CODE
CLASS 14000912
DATE 062476
CORRELATION COEFFICIENT = .2273
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE I NTERUAL = (-.0907, .5032)
20.
tfl
i
18.
16.
14.
o
5
<
X
X
X
X
1
1
1. 2. 3. 4.
ZIP CODE (FIRST DIGIT)
1
5.
1
6.
1
7.
1
8.
9.
-------
28. GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG UERSUS TERRAIN INDEX
2B. CLASS 14000912
DATE 062476
24. CORRELATION COEFFICIENT =-.2580
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERUAL = (-.5271. .0582)
22.
20.
18.
X
16. x X
X X
B
K x
14. v
S X
R X
X X X
I X M
LJ
° v ^ X
u- 10. X
C3 X
^ X
8. _'80 |.2 1.6 2. 2.4 2.8 3.2 3.6 4. 4.4 4.8
x » TERRAIN INDEX
td
i
OO
-------
28. GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG UERSUS ELEUATION
26. CLASS 14000912
DATE 062476
2<. CORRELATION COEFFICIENT - .0053
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERUAL = (-.3067. .3163)
22.
20.
18.
*X
X
16. Xx X
XX
x x
XX X
14. v
X x
X>^
XV V ""* * V
•V A. A. V^ A.
A ^>i
or
-------
28. GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG UERSUS RELATIUE HUMIDITY
26. CLASS 14000912
DATE 062476
24. CORRELATION COEFFICIENT = .0201
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERUAL = (-.2933, .3295)
22.
20.
18.
X X
X
XX
X X X
16. XX x
X X
X X
Xx X X >w
X * *
-------
2E.
24.
22.
20.
18.
GM FUEL ECONOnY STUDY
MPG UERSUS PRECIPITATION
CLASS 14000912
DATE 062476
CORRELATION COEFFICIENT =-.0078
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERUAL = (-.3185, .3045)
w
I
UJ
16.
14.
s12'
a
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g
"- 10.
8t 0.
20. 40. 60.
PRECIPITATION (MM)
X
X
X
X X
X
x x
X
X
X
X
100.
120.
140.
1BO.
180.
200.
-------
28. GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG UERSUS TEMPERATURE
26. CLASS 14000912
DATE 062476
24. CORRELATION COEFFICIENT = .2894
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERUAL = (-.0243, «5512)
22.
20.
18.
X
16. x XX
X X
X X
x x
x x
•x x £
cc x X
° 12. X X
I X *
u
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u- 10. X X
8. _^ -J,. o. 4. g. 12. 16. 20. 24. 28. 32.
x - TEMPERATURE (
W
i
OO
Ui
-------
2B. Gfl FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG UERSUS MILES PER DAY
2B. GLASS 14000912
DATE 062476
24. CORRELATION COEFFICIENT = .5721
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERUAL = < .3171, .7500)
20.
18.
X X
X
1C \s ^C
1 Da /S.
X X
x x
xxx
t«. x
. y Ay v^ ^"
w1 V ^> ^. ^c^
^
y
12. X Xx X
a
Ixl
8 ^>
"• '°- x
t X
r x
i i i i i i i i i i
10. 20. 30. 40. 50. 60. 70. 80. 90. 100.
MILES PER DAY
w
-------
26. GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG UERSUS POPULATION
24. CLASS 14500912
DATE 062476
22. CORRELATION COEFFICIENT --.2497
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERUAL = <-.4474, -.0288)
20.
16. X
X
\s #£ X
x
x x x x
X
H- >
-------
26. GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG UERSUS ZIP CODE
24. CLASS 14500912
DATE 062476
22. CORRELATION COEFFICIENT =-.0083
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERUAL = (-.2304, .2146)
18.
16.
14.
v
12.
Of
o X
§
Ul
g
LL. O
* o*
x x
X
X
X
x
X
X
X
X
X
M
X
X
X
X
^ X X
X X
X X
X X
2 x
X X
X
x
* x
X
X X
X
X
X
X
X X
X
^
^ X
^ V"
^x
X
X
X
X
*
X
g I I I I I I I I I I I
0< 0. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
•* ZIP CODE (FIRST DIGIT)
ttf
i
OJ
00
-------
26. GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG UERSUS TERRAIN INDEX
24. CLASS 14500912
DATE 062476
22. CORRELATION COEFFICIENT =-.0085
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERUAL = (-.2306, .2144)
20.
X w
IB. X
N
S ,0. «
I X *
g X
LL 8. X
CD
O-
td
i
OJ
vO
x *
x *
x
6. .'80 {.2 1.6 2. 2.4 2.8 3.2 3.6 4. 4.4 4.8
x - TERRAIN INDEX
-------
GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG UERSUS ELEUATION
24. CLASS 14500912
DATE 062476
27. CORRELATION COEFFICIENT =-.0376
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERUAL = (-.2580. .1865)
1B- x
X
16. X
X X XX Xy
X XXX X
X v
V X X
M- x X*O x
V* ' ' ^
O ., ?^ N^
x x $?
xX^ ^x X X
* X X X
€C v^
° 10. $ X X
§ x xx
HJ X x
g x x x
^ 8. X
CD
£
6- 0. 500. 1000. 1500. 2000. 2500. 3000. 3500. 4000. 4500. 5000.
X « ELEUATION CFT)
w
I
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26. GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG UERSUS RELATIUE HUMIDITY
24. CLASS 14500912
DATE 062476
22. CORRELATION COEFFICIENT =-.0991
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE I NTERUAL = (-.3147, .1262)
20.
16. X
X X
x x xx * X
x x xx x
14- x x x x
V ^ V
X X * xx x
V V A ^>
X X
17 x x X v X
I ^.-m S^ .* V" •"» A
X
v xXx v
X x v XX
a; X x x
o X XX
10. x
o X X X
-------
7B. Gh FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG UERSUS PRECIPITATION
24. CLASS 14500912
DATE 062476
22. CORRELATION COEFFICIENT = .0553
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERUAL = <-. 1693. .2745)
20.
'8- x
16. X
X X
X V v* X
X X X" X X
X x
X*V ^ ^
V V'N ^
x x X x xxx
^ N/ \^
«•**,«*"* *
12. x ^X X X X
a XX
0 10. xxx x
I x x x
UJ X y
g x x x
u- 8. X
C3
6- 0. 40. 80. 120. 160. 200. 240. 280. 320. 360. 400.
- PRECIPITATION *»•
-------
26.
24.
22.
20.
18.
GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG UERSUS TEMPERATURE
CLASS 14500912
DATE 062476
CORRELATION COEFFICIENT = .3458
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE I NTERUAL = ( .1335, .5277)
16.
12.
a/
-------
GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG UERSUS MILES PER DAY
2<1. CLASS 14500912
DATE 062476
„. CORRELATION COEFFICIENT = .4056
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERUAL = < .2012, .5761)
20.
18.
X
X
XX
X
x x
M' x x x
XX t>
X^x
„ v
^ '^^
x x x^- x
1 2.
x x x x
^vxxx x xx
a X X x
I 10. * x x
I x xx
x x
g
u- 8.
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fe
C I I I I I I I I I I I
0. 10. 20. 30. 40. 50. SO. 70. 80. 90. 100.
X - MILES PER DAY
w
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28. CM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG UERSUS POPULATION
26. CLASS 15250914
DATE 062476
24. CORRELATION COEFFICIENT =-.2621
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERUAL = (-.5402, =0677)
22.
20. td
ui
18.
16.
X X
X
14. X
X
X X XX
Q/ ^ )$C S/
g 17 * x *
-c 12- x x x
2 v x N
tu X x X X
g x x g
^ 10.
CD
Q- »^
X
,,|||||!lll
8. ^ Jo. 20. 30. 40. 50. 60. 70. 80. 90. 100.
•» POPULATION (THOUSANDS)
-------
2R. GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
P1PG UERSUS ZIP CODE
2B. CLASS 15250914
DATE 062476
24. CORRELATION COEFFICIENT = .0343
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERUAL = (-.2929, .3544)
77.
20.
18.
16.
X
X
XX
x x x x
XX *
tt
X
X
^
X
X
a
I
I I I I I ! I I I I I
0. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
~ ZIP CODE (FIRST DIGIT)
-------
28. * GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG UERSUS TERRAIN INDEX
26. CLASS 15250914
DATE 062476
24. CORRELATION COEFFICIENT = .0281
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERUAL = C-.2986, =3489)
22.
20.
18.
16.
s „ a x
x 12- x x
10.
w
4^
-vl
8- .'80 1.2 1.6 2. 2.4 2.8 3.2 3.6 4. 4.4 4.8
.80
TERRAIN INDEX
-------
28.
24.
GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
NRG UERSUS ELEUATION
CLASS 15250914
DATE 062476
CORRELATION COEFFICIENT = .2562
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERUAL = (-.0739. .5358)
20.
18.
w
I
£
-------
28. GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG UERSUS RELATIUE HUMIDITY
26. CLASS 15250914
DATE 062476
24. CORRELATION COEFFICIENT =-.0548
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERUAL = (-.3722, .2741)
22.
20.
18.
16.
x
X X
x
14.
y x
* x * 5Xx x
n
° 12. x X X
S x * *
LU v * vr
v
g x x x
U- 10.
w
I
XX
i r I I 'I I I I I I '
8. ^Q_ ^5. 60. 65. 70. 75. 80. 85. 90. 95. 100.
»" RELATIUE HUMIDITY (PERCENT)
-------
?P_ GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG UERSUS PRECIPITATION
2r,_ CLASS 15250914
DATE C?2476
CORRELATION COEFF
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERUAL = (-.3741, .2721)
24 CORRELATION COEFFICIENT =-.0570
22.
20. td
I
U1
o
18.
16.
x * *
x x
14. X
X
V ^
ot X xv X X x
§ ._ x x* X
12. X XX
I XX >< x 5 X
g x xx x
"- 10. v
a A
fc x
8- o. 40. 80. 120. 160. 200. 240. 280. 320. 360. 400.
X - PRECIPITATION
-------
28. GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG UERSUS MILES PER DAY
26. CLASS 15250914
DATE 062476
24. CORRELATION COEFFICIENT = .3654
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE NTERUAL = ( .0469, .6164)
22.
20.
18.
u- 10.
CD
16.
X
14.
X
X vy ^S ^>
* 5 ***** x
*
X
X X
8. b. 10. 20. 30. 40. 50. 60. 70. 80. 90. 100.
x '« MILES PER DAY
td
-------
2B. GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG UERSUS TEMPERATURE
2fi. CLASS 15250914
DATE 062476
24. CORRELATION COEFFICIENT = .2742
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERUAL = (-.0547, .5494)
22.
20.
18.
X * x
x x
X
*^r\ \S XX
g "x x * X xX x %
5"- X x x x
? * X V
UJ ?x _^r "
8 xx x xX
^ 10.
U X
t
8< -8. -4. 0. 4. 8. 12. 16. 20. 24- 28. 32.
'" TEHPERATURE (DEG C)
a
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28. GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG UERSUS POPULATION
26. CLASS 15251212
DATE 062476
24. CORRELATION COEFFICIENT = .0809
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERUAL = (-.3246, =4613)
22.
20.
18.
1B.
14. X X
X
a:
o _
o
-------
28. GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG UERSUS ZIP CODE
26. CLASS 15251212
DATE 062476
24. CORRELATION COEFFICIENT = .0955
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERUAL = (-.3114. .4728)
22.
20.
18.
16.
14.
* X
8
u- 10.
x x
X
X
0 12. X X ~ X
U)
td
lllllllllll
0. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
'"ZIP CODE (FIRST DIGIT)
-------
28. CM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG UERSUS TERRAIN INDEX
26. CLASS 15251212
DATE 062476
24. CORRELATION COEFFICIENT - .0835
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERUAL = (-,3222, .4634)
22.
20.
18.
16.
14.
v 8 X
X X
ft! y
-------
7R. GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG UERSUS ELEUATION
:.Cl. CLASS 15251212
DATE 062476
24. CORRELATION COEFFICIENT =-.1840
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERUAL = <-. 5399, .2277)
27.
20.
IB.
16.
X
14. X
X
X V \s ^
x * x x
g X X
0 12. X X X*
5 x
-------
28. GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG UERSUS RELATIUE HUMIDITY
26. CLASS 15251212
DATE 062476
24. CORRELATION COEFFICIENT =-.3226
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERUAL = (-.6366, .0832)
22.
18.
X X
16.
x x
* x
x^ x
x x
x x* x x
X
w
I
S x x x
g
^ 10. x
I xx
8. 50. 55. £0. 65. 70. 75. 80. 85. 90. 95. 100.
x «" RELATIUE HUniDITY (PERCENT)
-------
2e_ GM FUEL ECONOriY STUDY
MPG UERSUS PRECIPITATION
DATE 062476
CORRELATION COEFf
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERUAL = (-.2264, .5409)
2B_ CLASS 15251212
24. CORRELATION COEFFICIENT - .1854
22.
20.
18.
16.
14. X
X
S 12. **<
5
a
S
u. i o.
C3
8' 20. 40. 60. 80. 100. 120. 140. ISO. 180. 200. 220.
"' PRECIPITATION C Mil)
x X
X
X X
*$• x
X
X
Ul
c»
-------
28.
26.
24.
22.
20.
18.
GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MRG UERSUS TEMPERATURE
CLASS 15251212
DATE 062476
CORRELATION COEFFICIENT = .4423
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERUAL = < =0572, .7129)
w
I
Ul
x *
16.
14.
12.
o
-------
28. GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG UERSUS MILES PER DAY
2S. CLASS 15251212
DATE 062476
24. CORRELATION COEFFICIENT = .7334
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERUAL = < .4763, .8750)
22.
20.
18.
IB.
X
,4. x X
^ S\. «/ r\
X XX X
X
12. X X X X X
g XX
°
5
a
w
&
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x x
g x x
"• to.
u w
fc x x
70. 80. 90. 100.
8' 0. 10. 20. 30. 40. 50. SO.'
MILES PER DAY
-------
52. GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG UERSUS POPULATION
48. CLASS 23000313
DATE 062476
44. CORRELATION COEFFICIENT =-.2671
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERUAL = (-.5551, .0782)
40.
36.
32.
28.
X
24. X
X
X
-------
r-1?. Gf> FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG UERSUS ZIP CODE
CLASS 23000313
DATE 062476
„„. CORRELATION COEFFICIENT =-.2870
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERUAL = (-.5699, .0567)
40.
32.
28.
24. X
X
£ X
° 20. X X
S v
5 x x
x
tfl
g x x
u- 16.
'2- A. i. i i 4. 4. 4. ?. &. 4. !o.
- ZIP CODE (FIRST DIGIT)
-------
52. GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG UERSUS TERRAIN INDEX
48. CLASS 23000313
DATE 062476
44. CORRELATION COEFFICIENT - .2354
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERUAL = <-.1116. .5313)
40.
36.
32.
28.
24.
0 X
2Q. S x
x x
g x
^ 1S-
td
uo
12- .'SO X 1.2 1.6 2. 2.4 2.8 3.2 3.6 4. 4.4 4.8
•« TERRAIN INDEX
-------
•3?. GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG UERSUS ELEUATION
48. CLASS 23000313
DATE 062476
44. CORRELATION COEFFICIENT =-.1587
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE I NTERUAL = (-.4715, .1897)
40.
36.
32.
20.
24.
**
1 I I IX I I I I I I I
0. 400. 800. 1200. 1600. 2000. 2400. 2800. 3200. 3600. 4000.
- ELEUATION C FT)
-------
52. CM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG UERSUS RELATIUE HUMIDITY
48. CLASS 23000313
DATE 062476
44. CORRELATION COEFFICIENT = .2165
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERUAL = (-.1313. .5168)
40.
36.
32.
28.
24. X
X
X
S x x x x
O
tfl
20. v X
o •*• >
s * x x
g x x S xx x x
LL 16.
C3 v X
D- X
50. 55. 60. 65. 70. 75. 80. 85. 90. 95. 100.
'- RELATIUE HUMIDITY (PERCENT)
-------
GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
nPG UERSUS PRECIPITATION
48. CLASS 23000313
DATE 062476
44. CORRELATION COEFFICIENT = .1785
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERUAL = <-. 1 699. .4872)
40.
36.
32.
W
i
O
X
24. X
g x x x x
° 20. x x x X x
5 x x w x
S x x x
£ x x x * x x *
u- 16.
? x x X
fc X
12> 0. 20. 40. 60. 80. 100. 120. 140. 160. 180. 200.
" PRECIPITATION (MM)
-------
52.
48.
44.
40.
GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG UERSUS TEMPERATURE
CLASS 23000313
DATE 062476
CORRELATION COEFFICIENT = .1060
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE I NTERUAL - (-.2408, =4288)
36.
W
32.
28.
24.
5
S
g
C3
D_
20.
12. _
4_
4^
8.
12.
TEMPERATURE C DEG C)
X x
xxxxx
16.
20.
24.
28.
32.
36.
-------
GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG UERSUS MILES PER DAY
48. GLASS 23000313
DATE 062476
44. CORRELATION COEFE I C I ENT = .2117
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERUAL = (-.1362, .5131)
36.
X
X
S20. x * x * *
5 x x, x*
5 x xx
8 *>S< x * X x x
^ 16.
ff x x
X
a
i
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00
l2' 0. 10. 20. 30. 40. 50. 60. 70. * 80. 90. 100.
'" HILES PER DAY
-------
52.
48.
44.
40.
GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG UERSUS POPULATION
CLASS 23000323
DATE 062476
CORRELATION COEFFICIENT =-.1868
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERUAL = <-. 5419. .2249)
36.
td
32.
28.
24.
X
X
ot
-------
5.?. GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG UERSUS ZIP CODE
4B. CLASS 23000323
DATE 062476
4«. CORRELATION COEFFICIENT =-.5611
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE I NTERUAL - (. -. 7827, -. 21 33)
40.
36.
32.
28.
->x X X
5tf X
X
x x x *
20.
5
0 20.
g
"•
o
g.
td
i
-j
o
12- A. !. i. 3. i. 4. G. ^. a 4. lo.
"ZIP CODE (FIRST DIGIT)
-------
52. GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG UERSUS TERRAIN INDEX
48. CLASS 23000323
DATE 062476
44. CORRELATION COEFFICIENT =-.1183
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERUAL = (-.4905, .2904)
40.
3S.
32.
28.
24' x S *.
X
« x 8
° 20-
~T* w
8 x *
UJ
K X
O
"- IB. x
I X
12- !. |.2 !.4 |.e l.a i 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3.
x - TERRAIN INDEX
W
I
-------
52. GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG UERSUS ELEUATION
48. CLASS 23000323
DATE 062476
44. CORRELATION COEFFICIENT =-.1132
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERUAL = (-.4866. .2951)
40.
3F,.
3"1
j.. x
28.
X
X
24- X XX v
X XX
X
El
20.
tfl
X X X X
5 x
LU
B x
u 16- x
C3 .,
fc X
12> 0. 500. 1000. 1500. 2000. 2500. 3000. 3500. 4000. 4500. 5000.
X '" ELEUATION (FT)
-------
52. GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG UERSUS RELATIUE HUMIDITY
48. CLASS 23000323
DATE 062476
44. CORRELATION COEFFICIENT = .1718
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERUAL = <-.2396. .5309)
40.
36.
32.
X
28.
X
X
24- X X xx X
i X x x x x
5 " $ x x
I I I
50. 55. 60. 65. 70. 75. 80. 85. 90. 95. 100.
td
i
-vl
UJ
- RELATIUE HUMIDITY
-------
CM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG UERSUS PRECIPITATION
48. CLASS 23000323
DATE 062476
4«. CORRELATION COEFFICIENT = .3684
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERUAL = <-. 0313. .6665)
40.
36.
32.
28.
X
X
24 * X
24" K x
X •
a * X x x x
0 20. X
UJ
g X
i*- 16. x
fc X
12' i. 20. 40. 60. 80. 100. 120. 140. 160. 180. 200.
* « PRECIPITATION
-------
52. GH FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG UERSUS TEMPERATURE
48. CLASS 23000323
DATE 062476
44. CORRELATION COEFFICIENT - .5751
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE I NTERUAL = < . 2329, .7906)
40.
36.
tfl
i
-vl
01
32.
28.
24. v X
X
X
o
20.
UJ
Q/ X
o
u- 16. x
£ X
12. _g. _4_ (J). 4. 8. 12. 16. 20. 24. 28. 32.
x ,, TEMPERATURE (DEC C)
-------
,)A GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG UERSUS MILES PER DAY
4B. CLASS 23000323
DATE 062476
„,,. CORRELATION COEFFICIENT = .5768
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERUAL = < .2353. .7915)
40.
3?.
28.
X
X
-'"'• X v X X
X x X
X
a x x* X X
o X
20.
5 x x x
ai
8 x
u- 16. x
a X
1 •> I I I I I I I I I ' I
'*• 0. 10. 20. 30. 40. 50. 60. 70. 80. 90. 100.
•» niLES PER DAY
-------
26. GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG UERSUS POPULATION
24. CLASS 24000911
DATE 062476
22. CORRELATION COEFFICIENT =-.1326
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERUAL = (-.4016, .1574)
20.
18.
X X
X
16.
x x x x xx
xX x x X
14. *
x 5
X
12. x * X X 1
ex.
-------
GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
hPG UERSUS ZIP CODE
24. CLASS 24000911
DATE 062476
22. CORRELATION COEFFICIENT = .2531
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERUAL = (-.0335, .5012)
20.
16.
14.
X
x
'2- X * X X * *
X v
* X x
i n. i^
5 x
-------
26.
24.
22.
20.
GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG UERSUS TERRAIN INDEX
GLASS 24000911
DATE 062476
CORRELATION COEFFICIENT = .1110
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERUAL = (-.1788, .3830)
18.
16.
14.
12.
-------
26. GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG UERSUS ELEUATION
24. CLASS 24000911
DATE 062476
22. CORRELATION COEFFICIENT = .1378
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERUAL = (-.1523, .4060)
20.
18.
x x W
X
IB.
** $ ** X
14. X x X X
^
X
)2. & x Xx^
a xxx
5
-------
26. GH FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG UERSUS RELATIUE HUMIDITY
24. CLASS 24000911
DATE 062476
22. CORRELATION COEFFICIENT =-.3573
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERUAL = (-.5823,-. 081
20.
18.
1B.
X
w
x oo
X .- X X., x X
XX
x£ x
X v ^ *s
14. AX
W
X
X
12. X XX xXx Xx X **
X X
-------
26. CM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG UERSUS PRECIPITATION
CLASS 24000911
DATE 062476
22. CORRELATION COEFFICIENT =-.1518
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERUAL = (-.4179. .1383)
20.
18.
X
X X x * x x x x * x ^
x ** ** **
x xx
X
12. X X ^ X X
X
o
-------
2B. CM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG UERSUS TEMPERATURE
24. CLASS 24000311
DATE 062476
22. CORRELATION COEFFICIENT = .3960
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERUAL = ( .1261. .6114)
20.
18.
x x X x< v x
* x
v
tfl
i
oo
14. *
y
X
12. X * X X X XXX x X
K X XX
O
10. v
i *•
o
ui X
CK
O
LL 8.
CD
CL
6. _^ J4_ 0. 4. 8. 12. 16. 20. 24. 28. 32.
x "» TEMPERATURE ( DEC C)
-------
26.
24.
GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG UERSUS MILES PER DAY
CLASS 24000911
DATE 062476
CORRELATION COEFFICIENT = .5308
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERUAL = < .2905, .7082)
20.
IB.
12.
' Ni
<
X
X
X X x
x x
X
X
X
w
I
00
ac
oc
o
5
a.
LL!
10.
8.
C3
ft
6.
X
I I
0. 10.
20.
30.
40.
'" MILES PER DAY
50.
70.
80.
90.
100.
-------
28. GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG UERSUS POPULATION
26. CLASS 24500911
DATE 062476
24. CORRELATION COEFFICIENT =-.5436
35 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERUAL = <-.7237,-. 2942)
22.
20.
18. x
X
X
16. XX^ X
*x xx x x
x x
14-
* x 2
a; ^ «
-------
?n. GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG UERSUS ZIP CODE
7*. CLASS 24500911
DATE 062476
24. CORRELATION COEFFICIENT =-.0377
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERUAL = <-.3309, .2621)
22.
20.
W
i
00
0-
18. v
IS.
1 4.
tt
0. I. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.. 7. 8. 9. 10.
- ZIP CODE (FIRST DIGIT)
-------
28. GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
hPG UERSUS TERRAIN INDEX
26. CLASS 24500911
DATE 062476
24. CORRELATION COEFFICIENT = .1825
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERUAL = <-. 1209. =4548)
22.
20.
18. X
X
is. x x
* * x x
x x
14. X
X X
/\ O
-------
24.
22.
20.
18.
GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG UERSUS ELEUATION '
CLASS 24500911
DATE 062476
CORRELATION COEFFICIENT - .4792
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE I NTERUAL = < .2126. .6794)
X
X
X X
w
I
00
00
H.
5
-------
28. CM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG UERSUS RELATIUE HUMIDITY
26. CLASS 24500911
DATE 062476
24. CORRELATION COEFFICIENT =-.0001
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERUAL = (-.2970, .2968)
22.
20.
18. X
X
14.
W
i
oo
-o
X
16. X X
X
X X >
-------
28. GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG UERSUS PRECIPITATION
26. CLASS 24500911
DATE 062476
24. CORRELATION COEFFICIENT = .0627
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERUAL = (-.2386, . 353Q)
20.
18. X
X
,6. X X
\/ y
V As/ f *** vx
x x Xx x x x
14. X x
X v X
x x x
X x x X
X
R I I I I I I I X I I I I
"• 0. 20. 40. 60. 80. 100. 120. 140. 160. 180. 200.
X "' PRECIPITATION (MM)
Of
I 12-
o
a
LU
&
O
^ 10.
o
£
X
X
x x
x
X
-------
28. GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG UERSUS TEMPERATURE
26. CLASS 24500911
DATE 062476
24. CORRELATION COEFFICIENT =-.0558
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERUAL - (-.3469, .2452)
22.
20.
18.
16. X
X
14.
Of.
o
o
o x
^s 0^
X
x x xx
Xv/
X
X
1 1 i X I 1
4. 8. 12. 16. 20.
r— K/I n r~ n /N T i inil~ / PICO ON
W
I I I I I
24. 28. 32. 36. 40.
-------
7R. GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG UERSUS MILES PER DAY
CLASS 24500911
DATE 062476
24. CORRELATION CDEFF I C I ENT = .5708
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERUAL = C .3298. .7419)
20.
1R XXX
16. x
x x xx x *
x x "
1 4. X
x x
X X
x
o . *• v X
I 12' X X X # X
i x xx x
LJ
g X X
"- 10. X
cs
fc
>S I I I I I I I I I
10. 20. 30. 40. 50. 60. 70. 80. 90. 100.
'" MILES PER DAY
-------
28.
26.
24.
22.
20.
18.
GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG UERSUS POPULATION
CLASS 24501211
DATE 062476
CORRELATION COEFFICIENT =-.0175
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERUAL = <-.2972, .2650)
w
I
vO
to
16.
14.
X x
X
X
X
X
-------
28. GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG UERSUS ZIP CODE
7R. CLASS 24501211
DATE 062476
24. CORRELATION COEFFICIENT = .1354
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERUAL = <-. 1516. .4013)
22.
20.
r
18.
16. X
X X
X
14. X X X
x x x x
i '2' x i x x x
I x x x * x
LJ V A
a.
u. 10. *
fe X
o I I I I I I I I I I I
B- 0. i. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
X -ZIP CODE CFIRST DIGIT)
-------
2B. GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG UERSUS TERRAIN INDEX
26. CLASS 24501211
DATE 062476
24. CORRELATION COEFFICIENT = .0583
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERUAL = (-.2267, .3340)
22.
20.
18.
16.
14. X X X
XX X X
o
re "
CK
£ 10.
CD
Q.
w
vD
Ul
X
8- .'80 1.2 1.6 2. 2.4 2.8 3.2 3.6 4. 4.4 4.8
TERRAIN INDEX
-------
2e_ GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG UERSUS ELEUATION
26_ CLASS 24501211
DATE 062476
24. CORRELATION COEFFICIENT = .0450
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERUAL = <-.2392, .3221)
22.
70.
18.
16. X
Xx X
X
X
14. X X XX
X y X
-. ;x x ? x
§':- «- *x " »< *x
a x x
E 10. * x x
$ x
0- o. 200. 400. 600. 800. 1000. 1200. 1400. 1600. 1800. 2000.
* » ELEUATION (FT)
W
i
NO
-------
28. GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG UERSUS RELATIUE HUMIDITY
26. CLASS 24501211
DATE 062476
24. CORRELATION COEFFICIENT =-. 2832
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERUAL = <-.5228, -.0022)
22.
20.
18.
X
16.
x x x
X
x x" x
x x X x* x
C£ X X X A X
S 12. X X* XX^X x
g x x x« x
-------
7H.
26.
24.
22.
CM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG UERSUS PRECIPITATION
CLASS 24501211
DATE 062476
CORRELATION COEFFICIENT =-.0319
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE I NTERUAL = <-. 3103. .2515)
20.
18.
W
I
vO
00
16.
14. X X
X
tt
Q
5
-------
28. GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG UERSUS TEMPERATURE
26. CLASS 24501211
DATE 062476
24. CORRELATION COEFFICIENT - .0564
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERUAL = <-.2284, =3323)
22.
20.
18.
16.
14. X >X X
X X X
X X X X X><
g x x x x x
O V ^ V
12 *• v v V X -v^
~T X ^? V x
5 x x
° 10. X X
ca v
CL X
8. ^ J,. 8. 12. 16. 20. 24. 28. 32. 36. 40.
W
i
«• TEMPERATURE C DEG C)
-------
7R. CM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG UERSUS fllLES PER DAY
26. CLASS 24501211
DATE 062476
74. CORRELATION COEFFICIENT - .6757
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERUAL = < .4870, .8041)
77.
20.
I 8.
16.
14. XX X XX
X x x
"> ^ *• "X
X ^ ^* ^
x x x
12.
a x x
!io- x x Xx
& X
p I I I I I I I I I I I
°- 0. 10. 20. 30. 40. 50. 60. 70. 80. 90. 100.
X "' P1ILES PER DAY
X
X X
Xv
s\
w X
vs. x X
xx x^Sfc x v.
X
X
xx
^x x
X
V
X
X
O
o
-------
28. GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG UERSUS POPULATION
26. CLASS 25251111
DATE 062476
24. CORRELATION COEFFICIENT =-.5582
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERUAL = (-.7516,-.2764)
22.
20.
18.
16.
X
X
x x
— * x x*
X
X
X
x x
~x
X
&.
-------
28. GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG UERSUS ZIP CODE
26. CLASS 25251111
DATE 062476
24. CORRELATION COEFFICIENT = .3980
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERUAL = < .0746. .6456)
22.
20.
18.
IB.
14. X
X X $
« x * S
" 12. X X
5 X * X
5 x *
V *
g 5 x X
u. 10.
o 8
t X
8- A. i. 2. 4. i. 4. 4. ^. k 4. lo.
X » ZIP CODE (FIRST DIGIT)
to
o
N
-------
28. GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG UERSUS TERRAIN INDEX
26. CLASS 25251111
DATE 062476
24. CORRELATION COEFFICIENT =-.4285
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE NTERUAL = <-. 6665.-. 1 1 1 1
22.
20.
18.
16.
14.
§ x
-------
„. GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG UERSUS ELEUATION
CLASS 25251111
DATE 062476
24. CORRELATION COEFFICIENT =-.0976
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERUAL = (-.4173. .2436)
22.
20.
18.
1 P..
X
X
x x
\/- y
v/ A, ^ *S
x x x
x X
g x v x
0 12 X X X
5 x xx x
ff x
u x
a 'v, v
S .o. * x x
x x
& X X
e- Q. 200. 400. 600. 800. 1000. 1200. 1400. 1600. 1800. 2000.
X « ELEUATION < FT)
-------
28. GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG UERSUS RELATIUE HUMIDITY
26. CLASS 25251111
DATE 062476
24. CORRELATION COEFFICIENT = .0771
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERUAL = (-.2629, .4000)
22.
20.
X
X
X X
14. X Xx
XV Q *•
*s
xx
tt! ^ X
-------
28. GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
hPG UERSUS PRECIPITATION
26. CLASS 25251111
DATE 062476
24. CORRELATION COEFFICIENT = .2188
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERUAL = (-.1234, .5146)
27.
20.
18.
16.
X
X
X X
14. ^ X
X^ x
'x x
& >e<
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12. *C X
5 x x x x x
uj \S
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u- 10. *
C XX
R I I I I I I I I I I I
°' 0. 40. 80. 120. ISO. 200. 240. 280. 320. 360. 400.
X - PRECIPITATION (MM)
W
i
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2B. GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG UERSUS TEMPERATURE
26. CLASS 25251111
DATE 062476
24. , CORRELATION COEFFICIENT = .4985
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERUAL = ( .1981. .7132)
22.
20.
18.
16.
X
14. y
XX $ X
X
X X
XX
bd
o
-j
£ X X X
° 12. X X X
5 x x x x
§ X
u X v
&. v* X
S 10. * X
8. _4. ^,. 4. 8. 12. 16. 20. 24. 28. 32. 36.
x » TEMPERATURE
-------
28. GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG UERSUS MILES PER DAY
26. CLASS 25251111
DATE 062476
24. CORRELATION COEFFICIENT = .5480
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERUAL = ( .2627, .7452)
22.
20.
18.
16.
14.
«
a
0 12.
5
a
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u- 10.
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8- o.
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x xxx
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1 1 1
10. 20. 30.
X
x x
w
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00
X
X
40. 50. 60. 70. 80. 90. 100.
MILES PER DAY
-------
28. GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG UERSUS POPULATION
26. CLASS 25251212
DATE 062476
24. CORRELATION COEFFICIENT =-.3544
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERUAL = <-. 6751, .0790)
22.
20.
18.
16.
14.
X
-------
7M. GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG UERSUS ZIP CODE
?5. CLASS 25251212
DATE 062476
24. CORRELATION COEFFICIENT - .4775
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERUAL = < .0699. :7484)
22.
20.
18.
16.
X
14.
X
Sr X ^ ^ X
ox x
g X * *
Ul X
g ;„ *
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p I f I 1 1 I 1 1 I I I
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X "ZIP CODE CFIRST DIGIT)
-------
28. CM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG UERSUS TERRAIN INDEX
26. CLASS 25251212
DATE 062476
24. CORRELATION COEFFICIENT =-.1189
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERUAL = (-,5147, =3187)
22.
20.
18.
16.
14.
12.
5
S
10.
o
D-
td
8. .'80 !.2 1.6 2. 2.4 2.8 3.2 3.6 4. 4.4 4.8
TERRAIN INDEX
-------
28. GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG UERSUS ELEUATION
26. CLASS 25251212
DATE 062476
24. CORRELATION COEFFICIENT = .1619
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERUAL = < ~. 2788, „5^62)
22.
20.
18.
IE.
X
14.
X
X X X
12.
1 *• A-f V
5 xx **
flC
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to.
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X
XI
800. 10QO. 1200. 1400. 1600. 1800. 2000.
"' ELEUATION (FT)
g! I I II I I I I I I
°' 0. 200. 400. BOO.
-------
28. GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG UERSUS RELATIUE HUMIDITY
26. CLASS 25251212
DATE 062476
24. CORRELATION COEFFICIENT = .0801
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERUAL = C-.3535, .4853)
22.
20.
18.
16.
14.
I 12'
o
-------
28. GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG UERSUS PRECIPITATION
26. CLASS 25251212
DATE 062476
24. CORRELATION COEFFICIENT =-.1840
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERUAL = <-.5620. .2576)
22.
20.
18.
16.
14.
a X
cr
° 12.
5
5 3ss"
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u. 10.
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X
x*'
x ^ X
X
x
X
X
XL
81 0. 40. 80. 120. 160. 200. 240. 280. 320. 360. 400.
X « PRECIPITATION (MM)
-------
28. GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG UERSUS TEMPERATURE
26. CLASS 25251212
DATE 062476
24. CORRELATION COEFFICIENT = .3207
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERUAL = (-.1167, .6539)
•
22.
20.
18.
16.
X
14.
X
« x xx x
o X x
E * xx »
S x *
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^ 10-
td
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8. _^_ -4_ Q. 4. 8. 12. 16. 20. 24. 28. 32.
x
TEMPERATURE (DEC C)
-------
28. CM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG UERSUS MILES PER DAY
26. CLASS 25251212
DATE 062476
24. CORRELATION COEFFICIENT = .7169
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERUAL - ( .4232, .8743)
22.
20.
W
l
!-»•
H*
IB. <*"
16.
X
14.
X
% x X X X x
o X X
"12. xx
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S XX
8 x
"- 10.
ft 1 X i i i i i i i i i i
°' 0. 10. 20. 30. 40. 50. 60. 70. 80. 90. 100.
X - MILES PER DAY
-------
30. GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG UERSUS POPULATION
28. CLASS 34000711
DATE 062476
26. CORRELATION COEFFICIENT =-.3975
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERUAL = (-.6628,-.0434)
24.
22.
20.
X X
X
18. x
X
x x
16- x $
Xx * x x
* X
14. X
o
u- 12.
x
10. ^ JO. 20. 30. 40. 50. 60. 70. 80. 90. 100.
x - POPULATION (THOUSANDS)
-------
30. GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG UERSUS ZIP CODE
7B. CLASS 34000711
DATE 062476
26. CORRELATION COEFFICIENT =-.0806
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERUAL = (-.4284, .2880)
24.
22.
20.
x x
X
18. x
X
x x
16.
y v*
x x x x x
8 x x
x
M-
S x x
g x
"- 12.
'°- 0. I. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
- ZIP CODE (FIRST DIGIT)
W
00
-------
30. GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG UERSUS TERRAIN INDEX
28. CLASS 34000711
DATE 062476
26. CORRELATION COEFFICIENT =-.0322
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERUAL = (-.3879, .3320)
24.
22.
20.
X *
X
18. x
16.
K X X
-------
30. GN FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG UERSUS ELEUATION
vp. CLASS 34000711
DATE 062476
26. CORRELATION COEFFICIENT = .0128
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERUAL = (-.3491, .3714)
24.
22.
20.
X X
X
18. x
X
X
16.
£'4- *
S *
g X
^ 12.
'°- 0. 400. 800. 1200. 1600. 2000. 2400. 2800. 3200. 3600. 4000.
X - ELEUATION (FT)
td
I
-------
30. GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
nPG UERSUS RELATIUE HUMIDITY
28. CLASS 34000711
DATE 062476
28. CORRELATION COEFFICIENT - .1116
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERUAL = (-.2590, .4537)
24.
22.
20.
X
18. x
X
x S x
§ *
K XX
S M. X X X
x ^ X
8 X ><
LU X
X
o
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CD X
CL X
c X x
10- 50. 55. 60. 65. 70. 75. 80. 85. 90. 95. 100.
x - RELATIUE HUMIDITY (PERCENT)
W
-------
30. GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG UERSUS PRECIPITATION
28. CLASS 3400071 1
DATE 062476
26. CORRELATION COEFFICIENT =-.0855
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERUAL = (-.4324, .2835)
24.
22.
20.
X X
X
18. x
X
x x
16.
x x x
x xx x xx
g x x
5 M* x >^ x x x
UJ X X
g X x
"- 12.
a x
fc x x
10' 0. 20. 40. 60. 80. 100. 120. 140. 160. 180. 200.
X - PRECIPITATION (MM)
tri
N
-------
30. GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG UERSUS TEMPERATURE
28. CLASS 34000711
DATE 062476
26. CORRELATION COEFFICIENT - .0977
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERUAL - (-=2721, =4424)
24.
22.
20.
X
18. X
X
X X
16.
X
x x x x x
g X * *•
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C£ X.
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10. _^ ^ 4. 8. 12. 16. 20. 24. 28. 32. 36.
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TEMPERATURE (DEC C)
-------
30. CM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG UERSUS MILES PER DAY
28. CLASS 34000711
DATE 062476
2B. CORRELATION COEFFICIENT = .5461
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERUAL = < .2313. .7573)
24.
22.
20.
x X
18. x
X
X X
16.
tt
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° 14.
5
Id
8
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5 x x
X X
X X
X
vv xC
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in I > I I I I I I I I I
1U- 0. 10. 20. 30. 40. 50. 60. 70. 80. 90. 100.
- MILES PER DAY
-------
30. GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG UERSUS POPULATION
28. CLASS 34501011
DATE 062476
26. CORRELATION COEFFICIENT = .0192
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERUAL = (-.3160, . 3502)
24.
22.
w
l-t-
ro
20. ui
18. X
X ^
16. X X
X *
X X
I XX X
X
a:
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^ 12.
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CL
X
10. ^ J0. 20. 30. 40. 50. 60. 70. 80. 90. 100.
- POPULATION (THOUSANDS)
-------
30. en FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG UERSUS ZIP CODE
79. CLASS 34501011
DATE 062476
26. CORRELATION COEFFICIENT = .3412
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERUAL = < .0090, .6056)
24.
22.
20.
,8. X
O X
16. XX
S
xx
a § ¥ * X
° 14. * X
S fl x x
UJ * X
g
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X x *
'°- i. !. 2. I i. 4. 6. . ^. t k Ifl.
X "ZIP OODE (FIRST DIGIT)
w
I
-------
30. GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
UPC UERSUS TERRAIN INDEX
28. CLASS 34501011
DATE 062476
26. CORRELATION COEFFICIENT =-.3400
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERUAL = <-.6047,-.0076)
24.
22.
20.
18.
X \s
16. X
*
* X £ X X
° 14. * X
5 x *
CT 5? X
X
a:
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u- 12.
X
X
IV
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X
10. .'80 ).2 1.6 2. 2.4 2.8 3.2 3.6 4. 4.4 4.8
TERRAIN INDEX
-------
30. Gfl FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG UERSUS ELEUATION
?n. CLASS 34501011
DATE 062476
26. CORRELATION COEFFICIENT = .2441
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERUAL = (-.0970, .5339)
24.
22.
20.
18. X
16. X
X X
" X x x X
I" * * *x *
g
u- 12.
CD •£
& X 5fe
X
10* 0. 500. 1000. 1500. 2000. 2500. 3000. 3500. 4000. 4500. 5000.
X - ELEUATION (FT)
00
-------
ao. GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG UERSUS RELATIUE HUMIDITY
28. CLASS 34501011
DATE 062476
26. CORRELATION COEFFICIENT =-.1785
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERUAL = (-.4830, .1645)
24.
22.
20.
18.
X x
X x
16. XX
S
X x
S yXv X
*• X v * X
14. X X
S
X
10- 50 55. SO. 65. 70, 75. 80. 85. 90. 95. 100.
X
RELATIUE HUMIDITY (PERCENT)
-------
30. GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
NPG UERSUS PRECIPITATION
28. CLASS 34501011
DATE 062476
26. CORRELATION COEFFICIENT =-.0085
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERUAL = (-.3408, .3257)
24.
22.
20.
IS.
15.
9f
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5
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W
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X
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x x
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
0. 40. 80. 120. 160. 200. 240. 280. 320. 360. 400.
-' PRECIPITATION (MM)
-------
30. CM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG UERSUS TEMPERATURE
28. CLASS 34501011
DATE 062476
26. CORRELATION COEFFICIENT = .3639
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERUAL - < .0349. .6218)
24.
22.
20.
18.
X
IS. X*
8,4.
5 x
x
td
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,
X X
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,r. I I I I I I I I I I I
10- o. 4. 8. 12. 16. 20. 24. 28. 32. 36. 40.
- TEMPERATURE ( DEG C)
-------
30. GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG UERSUS MILES PER DAY
28. CLASS 34501011
DATE 062476
26. CORRELATION COEFFICIENT = .5010
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERUAL = < .2014, .7149)
24.
22.
20.
18.
xx *
16. X X
X X
X X
S XvXx x x xx< x
° 14. X * X
1 * x * x
x
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C3 v X
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c X x
X
in I I I I I I I I I I I
1U> 0. 10. 20. 30. 40. 50. 60. 70. 80. 90. 100.
X - MILES PER DAY
-------
30. GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG UERSUS POPULATION
28. CLASS 35251012
DATE 062476
26. CORRELATION COEFFICIENT = .0826
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERUAL = (-.1772, .3317>
24.
22.
20.
18.
16. X X
X ^
t¥ "tf V ?S
g *x x
0 14. X X< XX
srr J\, \/ \s O
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X X
W
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x
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10- o. X 10. 20. 30. 40. 50. 60. 70. 80. 90. 100.
- POPULATION (THOUSANDS)
-------
30. GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG UERSUS ZIP CODE
28. CLASS 35251012
DATE 062476
26. CORRELATION COEFFICIENT = .1179
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERUAL - (-.1425, .3630)
24.
27.
20.
td
OJ
X tf
•£ A A A. ^ A -.
S X v ^
14. X X X X X
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X "ZIP CODE (FIRST DIGIT)
-------
30.
28.
2B.
24.
22.
20.
GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG UERSUS TERRAIN INDEX
CLASS 35251012
DATE 062476
CORRELATION COEFFICIENT --.0269
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERUAL = (-.2811. .2307)
CO
18.
16.
5
-------
24.
7.7.
GP1 FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
nPG UERSUS ELEUATION
CLASS 35251012
DATE 062476
CORRELATION COEFFICIENT =-.0442
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE NTERUAL = (-.2969, .2143)
X
X
X
>
N ^ v
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% X x X X X
X
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400.
X
x
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xx
X
X
XlXx
800.
X
X
X
td
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70. ^
1200. 1600. 2000. 2400. 2800. 3200. 3600. 4000.
ELEUATION ( FT)
-------
30. GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG UERSUS RELATIUE HUMIDITY
28. CLASS 35251012
DATE 062476
26. CORRELATION COEFFICIENT =-.1866
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERUAL = (-.4225, .0730)
24.
22.
20.
18.
16.
T
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£12.
X
X
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XX
xx
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x
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£
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XX X
XX
X
X
td
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XX
10. 50 55. 60. 65. X70. 75. X 80. 85. 30. 95. 100.
-" RELATIUE HUMIDITY (PERCENT)
-------
30. GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
flPG UERSUS PRECIPITATION
?9. CLASS 35251012
DATE 062476
26. CORRELATION COEFFICIENT = .0597
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERUAL = (-.1994. .3111)
24.
22.
20.
18.
16.
14.
5
-------
so. GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG UERSUS TEMPERATURE
2S. CLASS 35251012
DATE 062476
26. CORRELATION COEFFICIENT = .3504
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERUAL - ( .1036, .5565)
24.
22.
20.
18.
16.
(a.
a:
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LU
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CD
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xx x x
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X
X
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x x
x
XX
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X X
X
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^
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X
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( X
- TEHPERATURE (DEC C)
A. 4. X 8. 12. Is. 20* k k 32. 36.
-------
28.
26.
24.
2?.
20.
1 3.
GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
flPG UERSUS MILES PER DAY
CLASS 35251012
DATE 062476
CORRELATION COEFFICIENT = .4644
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE I NTERUAL = < .2365. .6439)
W
X
IE.
0
5
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S,2.
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10.
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xxxx
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X X vX *X
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XXX
X
20.
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30.
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40.
« MILES PER DAT
I
50.
>^
I
60.
I
70.
I
80.
I
90.
x
x
x
100.
-------
2s. CM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG UERSUS POPULATION
24. CLASS 35501411
DATE 062476
22. CORRELATION COEFFICIENT =-.3060
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERUAL = <-.5213,-.0542)
20.
16. X X X X
X
x x x
X
14. X
XX x X
* x x
0 10.
5
5
CO
Q.
X
w
o I I I I I I I I I I I
6. o. 10. 20. 30. 40. 50. 60. 70. 80. 90. 100.
~ POPULATION (THOUSANDS)
-------
26. GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG UERSUS ZIP CODE
24. CLASS 35501411
DATE 062476
22. CORRELATION COEFFICIENT = .1810
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERUAL = (-.0788, .4177)
20.
16. x X X
X
u. * ! 5
x *
S? v V
?s X
12- * x x xxx
$ x x x v
* v X x *
Of x x X X
a o v
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10. * ^
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£ x x
g
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c I I I I I I i I I I I
fa- 0. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. | 9. 10.
X "ZIP CODE (FIRST DIGIT)
-------
26. GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG UERSUS TERRAIN INDEX
24. CLASS 35501411
DATE 062476
22. CORRELAT I ON COEFF I C I ENT = . 0 336
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERUAL = (-.2244, .2872)
20.
18.
- x
X
14. * *
12.
-------
2B. GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG UERSUS ELEUATION
24. CLASS 35501411
DATE 062476
22. CORRELATION COEFFICIENT =-.0273
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERUAL = (-.2814, .2304)
20.
18.
IK X
*^C
X
v X
XX X Xv X
14. x x X
X
A X ^ ^ V.
12- X x K ^ x
^ X x X x
"X
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^ 10. XC x
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o:
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^-8. x
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£
6> 0. 400. 800. 1200. 1600. 2000. 2400. 2800. 3200. 3600. 4000.
X ™ ELEUATION (FT)
td
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26. GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG UERSUS RELATIUE HUMIDITY
24. CLASS 35501411
DATE 062476
22. CORRELATION COEFFICIENT = .2294
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERUAL = <-.0283, =4586)
20.
16.
X
0 to.
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CD
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14. X x
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x x x
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X x xx x
X v
X X
x
6. in 55. 60. 65. 70. 75. 80. 85. 90. 95. 100.
50.
« RELATIUE HUMIDITY (PERCENT)
-------
26. GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG UERSUS PRECIPITATION
24. CLASS 35501411
DATE 062476
22. CORRELATION COEFFICIENT = .2440
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE I NTERUAL = (-.0129. .4707)
20.
18.
'6- XX<
tfl
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X
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X* xx x x
14. X x *
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XV^ x^ <^s
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a: X -^ X
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cc
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- 8. x
o
c I I I I I I I I I I I
b< 0. 40. 80. 120. 160. 200. 240. 280. 320. 360. 400.
X - PRECIPITATION (MM)
-------
26. GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG UERSUS TEMPERATURE
24. CLASS 35501411
DATE 062476
22. CORRELATION COEFFICIENT = .1611
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERUAL = <-.0991. .4006)
20.
18.
1G- x XX x
X
x x
X X X £ x
14. x x
x x x N x x
* x x x x x xx
12. X X
x x x
X
bd
I
XT' x XX
O XyX
10. X K
o
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a
LI- 8. X
CD
CL
I I I I I I I I I I I
6. _J,_ 5. 4. 8. 12. 16. 20. 24. 28. 32. 36.
x •» TEMPERATURE (DEC 0)
-------
7B. Gn FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG UERSUS MILES PER DAY
24. CLASS 35501411
DATE 062476
22. CORRELATION COEFFICIENT = .5513
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERUAL = < .3437, .7075)
20.
18.
'6- X X X £
X °°
X X
X X y X X X
14. X *
x x v x •>£
•^ >SN "• ^
X x X v X X X
x v x x x
17 V X
12' X * y X X
V /N ^ W
\X '^ '^*\f s ^
S x x x x
0 10. x X x x x
5
£ xx
a
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- 8. x
cs
fe
R I I I I 1 I I I 1 I I
b' 0. 10. 20. 30. 40. 50. 60. 70. 80. 90. 100.
X •» MILES PER DAY
-------
26. GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG UERSUS POPULATION
24. CLASS 35501412
DATE 062476
22. CORRELATION COEFFICIENT =-. 1359
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERUAL = (-.3967, .1451)
20.
18.
16.
X
X
14.
xx x x
X x X
6. b. 10. 20. 30. 40. 50. 60. 70. 80.
- POPULATION (THOUSANDS)
vD
'^- x x x xx I
**£ x x X x I
Si x x x
0 10. X
5 x x x
-------
26. GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG UERSUS ZIP CODE
2<. CLASS 35501412
DATE 062476
22. CORRELATION COEFFICIENT = .1705
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE I NTERUAL = (-.1103. .4260)
20.
18.
ic
16.
'2- x x
x
a X
g
" 10.
5
S x
g
u. 8. x X
C3
fc x
c I I I I I I I I I I I
°* 0. t. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
* "ZIP CODE (FIRST DIGIT)
X
X
X
X
x"
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
&
i
X
X
W
i
-------
26. GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG UERSUS TERRAIN INDEX
24. CLASS 35501412
DATE 062476
22. CORRELATION COEFFICIENT =-.0712
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERUAL = (-=3401, =2085)
20.
18.
16.
14. x
X
12.
8.
CD
CL
X
X
ct: v ^
g * X
10. *
5 x *
-------
26. Gil FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
flPG UERSUS ELEUATION
74. CLASS 35501412
DATE 062476
22. CORRELATION COEFFICIENT = .2631
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERUAL = <-. 0 1 35. .5023)
20.
18.
IS.
xxx*
M. X x X
x *x x
x XK
N
§ ~ * XX
"10. xx
5 * x
a v
LU *
u. 8. x X
o
fc X
6> 0. 500. 1000. 1500. 2000. 2500. 3000. 3500. 4000. 4500. 5000.
X « ELEUATION (FT)
-------
26. GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG UERSUS RELATIUE HUMIDITY
24. CLASS 35501412
DATE 062476
22. CORRELATION COEFFICIENT =-.0094
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE I NTERUAL = (-.2843, .2669)
20.
18.
16.
X
x
x* x*
x v xxx x
X
XX
10. X X
x "' ^ x S *"
xx Xxx
1
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en
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"- 8. X *
w
ui
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6. ^0. ^5. 60. 65. 70. ?5. 80. 85. 30. 95. 100.
x - RELATIUE HUMIDITY (PERCENT)
-------
26. GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG UERSUS PRECIPITATION
24. CLASS 35501412
DATE 062476
22. CORRELATION COEFFICIENT =-.2320
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE NTERUAL = (-.4771, .0465)
20.
18.
16.
X x ™
X
'«• x x
X
x x x
XX x
X
1 2. w X v^ y v
x. v ^ •*•*% •*•• X
^ X ^ x
g x X X
10. X X
6 x x x
UJ ^
§
^8. X
Q. V
n X
X
X
X
X
X
c I I I I I 1 1 I I I I
b- 0. 20. 40. 60. 80. 100. 120. 140. 160. 180. 200.
x - PRECIPITATION cnm
W
t
-------
26. CM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
hPG UERSUS TEMPERATURE
24. CLASS 35501412
DATE 062476
22. CORRELATION COEFFICIENT = .0273
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE I NTERUAL = <-. 2501. .3006)
20.
18.
16.
x
xx
XX
xx
XXX
Si * x X x
° 10. X X
5 x x
S x
(K
LL 8. X X
td
ui
ui
6. _^_ -4. o. 4. 8. 12. IS. 20. 24. 28. 32.
- TEMPERATURE (DEC C)
-------
7r>. GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG UERSUS MILES PER DAY
2,. CLASS 35501412
DATE 062476
2?. CORRELATION COEFF I C ENT = .5439
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERUAL = < .3157, .7127)
20.
18.
16.
X
x x x
xxx
X x X
X
K- x x*y xx x
* *
X
*
x
*
v X
x X X *
10. X X
x x x
S x
cz
o
u. 8. X
o
CL
td
Ul
I I I I I I I I I I I
0. 10. 20. 30. 40. 50. 60. 70. 80. 90. 100.
MILES PER DAY
-------
26. GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG UERSUS POPULATION
24. CLASS 44500912
DATE 062476
22. CORRELATION COEFFICIENT =-.1468
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERUAL = (-.4315, .1644)
20.
18.
X
16.
X X
" X v
x x
12. x
10.
o
-------
26. GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG UERSUS ZIP CODE
2«. CLASS 44500912
DATE 062476
22. CORRELATION COEFFICIENT = .1378
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERUAL = (-.1734, .4240)
20.
18.
IB.
td
(Jl
00
I x *
* x x xx
12. X X x X X
X x
• x «
0 10 X X
T O
a x x x
g x
"- 8.
C3
fc x x
R I I I ' I I I I I I I I
b> 0. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
X - ZIP CODE (FIRST DIGIT)
-------
26. CM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG UERSUS TERRAIN INDEX
24. CLASS 44500912
DATE 062476
22. CORRELATION COEFFICIENT =-.0151
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERUAL = (-.3175, .2902)
20.
18.
X
16.
X
V V
O
MV v
A v A
\J*
V 5?
12. * |
X
A
v
X
o
u- 8.
td
x
6. j. 1.2 1.4 l.B 1.8 2. 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3.
TERRAIN INDEX
-------
26.
24.
22.
20.
GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG UERSUS ELEUATION
CLASS 44500912
DATE 062476
CORRELATION COEFFICIENT = .1525
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE I NTERUAL = (-.1588. .4362)
18.
16.
12.
10.
S
X
X X
X X
xx x
X* X
X
V
\
X
^ 8.
ts
fc X
6'
0.
*
xx x
X
td
200. 400. 600. 800. 1000.
ELEUATION C FT)
1200. 1400. 1600. 1800. 2000.
-------
26. CM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
flPG UERSUS RELATIUE HUM DI TY
24. CLASS 44500912
DATE 062476
22. CORRELATION COEFF I C ENT = .0684
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERUAL - (-.2406, . 3647)
20.
18.
1G.
X
X X
14- X X x
X X X X
% XX
x" x x x
12 x x x x
x x x
LjJ
Qi X
a
u- 8.
0 v
^ x X
i l I I I I I I I I I
6. L0 ^5_ so. 65. 70. 75. 80. 85. 90. 95. 100.
td
»• RELATIUE HUMIDITY (PERCENT)
-------
?e.
24.
2?.
20.
18.
GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG UERSUS PRECIPITATION
CLASS 44500912
DATE 062476
CORRELATION COEFF I C ENT =-.1749
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE I NTERUAL = < -. 4547. .1363)
16.
N
14.
12.
-------
26. GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG UERSUS TEMPERATURE
24. CLASS 44500912
DATE 062476
22. CORRELATION COEFFICIENT = .2054
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERUAL = <-.1051. .4794)
20.
18.
16.
y- V"
14- x x X x
V* x x ••x
12.
X X
X
X
X
* X
S 10.
o v
-------
„.. CM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG UERSUS MILES PER DAY
24. CLASS 44500912
DATE 062476
22. CORRELATION COEFFICIENT = .4031
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERUAL = ( .1130. .6299)
20.
18.
16.
14. x
1?.
° 10.
LU
K
O
"- 8.
x xx x x x x
X
XX X
X
"x *
5 \ x
I I I I I I I 1 I I
10. 20. 30. 40. 50. 60. 70. 80. 90. 100.
MILES PER DAT
tt
i
-------
28. GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG UERSUS POPULATION
26. CLASS 45001413
DATE 062476
24. CORRELATION COEFFICIENT = .3315
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE I NTERUAL = ( =0307, . 5773)
22.
20.
18.
16.
1 4
# X X
X
X
x
° 12. xx v x X
o X
;? vr v ^ \/
A y A
u
K v X
£ m X V X
"J- 10. ^- X _
td
(Jl
I I I I I I I I I -jf I
8. ^ Jo. 20. 30. 40. 50. 60. 70. 80. §0. 100.
x -• POPULATION (THOUSANDS)
-------
7f?. GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG UERSUS ZIP CODE
26. CLASS 45001413
DATE 062476
24. CORRELATION COEFFICIENT = .0324
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERUAL = (-.2742. .3331)
22.
20.
IB.
16.
O _ v- X
1 2. X
5 v v- ^ X
* x
O * y *
^ to. X x r;
I I I I I I I * I I I
0. t. 2. 3. -4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
- ZIP CODE (FIRST DIGIT)
-------
28. CM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG UERSUS TERRAIN INDEX
26. CLASS 45001413
DATE 062476
24. CORRELATION COEFFICIENT =-.1868
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERUAL = (-.4644, .1242)
22.
20.
18.
16.
14. X
X
O . _
1 2.
X
X
CE $ S
UJ A g
o X I
° 10. ^
£ x x
T;
X
td
x
8- .' 80 X 1 . 2 1.6 2. 2. 4 2. 8 3.2 3. 6 4. 4. 4 4. 8
- TERRAIN INDEX
-------
2R.
24.
22.
GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG UERSUS ELEUATION
CLASS 45001413
DATE 062476
CORRELATION COEFFICIENT =-.1898
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE I NTERUAL = (-.4668, .1211)
18.
co
16.
14. X
X
O
O
UJ
g
o
fc
12'
e.
xx
x
x
x
1
X
x
i
0. 400. 800. 1200.
- ELEUATION (FT)
2000. 2400.
2800.
3200.
3600. 4000.
-------
28. GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG UERSUS PELATIUE HUMIDITY
26. CLASS 45001413
DATE 06247S
24. CORRELATION COEFFICIENT = .1212
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERUAL = (-.1897= ,4100)
22.
20.
18.
16.
14- y X
x *XX
X
! l2' XXx xX x
g • x " 5 "X x xxx
CK v V
o X x X ,, $
u- 10. X X X
"X X
X
vD
X
^ I I I 1 v I I 1 1 I I I
8. 5Q_ 55. 60. 65. 70. 75. 80. 85. 90. 95. 100.
- RELATIUE HUMIDITY (PERCENT)
-------
28. GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG UERSUS PRECIPITATION
26. CLASS 45001413
DATE 062476
24. CORRELATION COEFFICIENT = .0896
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERUAL = C-.2204, .3831)
22.
20.
I 8.
IS.
14' x X
* X X *
X
ft-
5 x x
12. x XxX X X
5 x x
LJ i^N ^ - W
\x
UJ X
(V X y. X
yj; /N v* S/
o *» y A v v/
^-10. ^ ^
fp ?S
£ X x
X
pi I v I I I I I I 1 I 1
°- Q. 20. * 40. 60. 80. 100. 120. 140. 160. 180. 200.
X «" PRECIPITATION < MM)
W
-------
28. CM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG UERSUS TEMPERATURE
2B. CLASS 45001413
DATE 062476
24. CORRELATION COEFFICIENT = .4820
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERUAL = < .2087, .6855)
22.
20.
16.
14. x
X< X X
X
" ,, X v> X $
i * X x
o v v ^X v
£ *$ X>< x
X
xxX x x x
x x
X
8. _Jj_ ^ 4. X ^_ ]2_ ]6_ ^Q_ 24- ^8_ ^2. 36.
TEMPERATURE (DEC C)
-------
28.
26.
24.
22.
GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG UERSUS MILES PER DAY
CLASS 45001413
DATE 062476
CORRELATION COEFFICIENT - .5273
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE I NTERUAL = < .2660, .7164)
20.
td
18.
IK.
ar
-------
44.
40.
36.
32.
28.
24.
20.
GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG UERSUS POPULATION
CLASS 45251014
DATE 062476
CORRELATION COEFFICIENT - .0725
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE I NTERUAL = (-.1653, .3023)
w
I
h-fc-
^]
OO
16.
-------
,,,. GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG UERSUS ZIP CODE
4n. CLASS 45251014
DATE 062476
3R. CORRELATION COEFFICIENT = .0163
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERUAL = (-.2195. .2503)
32.
24.
70.
! G.
X
X
I x
cc
LJ
g£ Q
y V
"- 8. X X
fe X
4 1 I I I I 1 I I I I I
^'0. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. ?. 8. 9. 10.
X -ZIP CODE (FIRST DIGIT)
-------
44. GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG UERSUS TERRAIN INDEX
40. CLASS 45251014
DATE 062476
3B. CORRELATION COEFFICIENT =-.0253
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERUAL = (-.2588, .2109)
32.
28.
24.
20.
X
16.
12. i 5 * X
§ 1 * x
« g *
£8. s 8
£ x
4- .'80 1.2 1.6 2. 2.4 2.8 3.2 3.6 4. 4.4 4.8
x - TERRAIN INDEX
w
I
l-k.
^J
Ul
-------
„«. GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG UERSUS ELEUATION
40. CLASS 45251014
DATE 062476
36. CORRELATION COEFFICIENT --.0865
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERUAL = (-.3150, .1516)
32.
28.
24.
20.
16.
iv X X ,^^
* X X X*, *
O , -, ^ .XXV5. -^ «f X
XL,
*
A
o xx
iiJ X
X ^/ 5O
* x X
S xS
-------
44. GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG UERSUS RELATIUE HUNIDITY
40. CLASS 45251014
DATE 062476
36. CORRELATION COEFFICIENT =-.0953
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERUAL = (-.3231, =1429)
32.
28.
24.
20.
Q£ X X X X
° 12. xx$xi^Xx
o x XX X 8* g X
w x >
-------
«4. Gh FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG UERSUS PRECIPITATION
«n. CLASS 45251014
DATE 062476
36. CORRELATION COEFFICIENT =-.0668
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERUAL = (-.2971, .1708)
32.
28.
24.
20.
X
16.
-------
44. GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG UERSUS TEMPERATURE
40. CLASS 45251014
DATE 062476
36. CORRELATION COEFFICIENT = .0541
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERUAL = (-.1832. .2854)
32.
28.
24.
20.
16.
xx. x^x x x
.- ^ .,
o X x >TMx X
uj x X ^
O v &
u- 8. X^
D-
SI
. I I I I I I I I I I I
4- -8. -4. 0. 4. 8. 12. 16. 20. 24. 28. 32.
x » TEMPERATURE CDEC C)
-------
4«. CM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG UERSUS MILES PER DAY
40. CLASS 45251014
DATE 062476
36. CORRELATION COEFFICIENT - .5718
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERUAL = < .3891.
32.
26.
20.
I K.
C3
X*
y
8. X
X X X x
XX,, XX
00
o
I I I I 1 I I I I I I
0. 10. 20. 30. 40. 50. 60. 70. 80. 90. 100.
- MILES PER DAY
-------
26. GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG UERSUS POPULATION
24. CLASS 45501412
DATE 062476
22. CORRELATION COEFFICIENT =-.3157
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERUAL = <-.5076,-.0940)
20.
18.
16.
X
14.
XX
X
X
X
S x x
5 10" x x X X x x
Ul
C£
LJ- 8.
••••s
I X
i l I I I I I I I I I
6. 6. 10. 20. 30. 40. 50. 60. 70. 80. 90. 100.
x - POPULATION (THOUSANDS)
X
X
< X
x x
< V
\s <*f* >/
X
x x
X X
X
X
x
X
X
X
w
i-^-
00
-------
2B.
24.
22.
20.
18.
GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG UERSUS ZIP CODE
CLASS 45501412
DATE 062476
CORRELATION COEFFICIENT = .1348
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE I NTERUAL - <-. 0967, .3524)
16.
oo
ts>
12.
10.
-------
26. CM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
hPG UERSUS TERRAIN INDEX
24. CLASS 45501412
DATE 062476
22. CORRELATION COEFFICIENT = .0881
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERUAL - <-. 1433, .3104)
20.
18.
16.
X
X
14. X
X
* |
^ M
12- I X X
a. $ * X X
° 1°- M 3
58 x
<
I X
i l I I 1 I 1 I I I I
S. .'80 1.2 1.6 2. 2.4 2.8 3.2 3.6 4. 4.4 4.8
x «' TERRAIN INDEX
td
oo
OJ
-------
26. CM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG UERSUS ELEUAT10N
24. CLASS 45501412
DATE 062476
22. CORRELATION COEFFICIENT = .1754
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERUAL = (-. 0554. .3883)
20.
16.
td
I
I—**
CO
x
X
14. X
X
x * *xx x
v Xv X X
12' X ^ #X
X XVv X X
V *.*s w AA
A X ^ ^<
g XXX v X X
A >«J^ V
i"- ^x x% x
LJ ^( X^ Xx
a w
S8. * x
x
fc x
6- 0. 400. 800. 1200. 1600. 2000. 2400. 2800. 3200. 3600. 4000.
X - ELEUATION (FT)
-------
26.
24.
22.
20.
18.
GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG UERSUS RELATIUE HUMIDITY
CLASS 45501412
DATE 062476
CORRELATION COEFFICIENT =-.4280
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE I NTERUAL = <-. 5980. -. 221 1>
td
I
14.
X
X
12.
a
-------
26. CM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG UERSUS PRECIPITATION
24. CLASS 45501412
DATE 062476
22. CORRELATION COEFFICIENT =-.0210
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERUAL = (-.2483, .2085)
20.
18.
16.
X
X
14. X
X
X
w
I
H^
00
xx x
:$
,x-
X
~ x /x" y v, *• *
^S v <^- V vx
V* ^ tyt ' "^f
5 " x x ^X xx
S x x g x x
Se. x x
to X
& X
K I I I I I I I I I I I
0. 40. 80. 120. 160. 200. 240. 280. 320. 360. 400.
X - PRECIPITATION
-------
2B. GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG UERSUS TEMPERATURE
24. CLASS 45501412
DATE 062476
22. CORRELATION COEFFICIENT = . 1746
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERUAL = (-.0561, =3876)
20.
18.
16.
X
X
14. X
X
x * x v x x
x ^ x^
12- XX* 1< *XX-XXX
XVV
^.p^^-
^ v X X V XX
x X X x 0 x
O v* A
5 ^ x ^ x
8.
I
CK v ^y
a X X
W
I
H-fc.
oo
X
r~ I I I I I I I I I I 1
6. -J0_ -5. o. 5. 10. 15. 20. 25. 30. 35. 40.
~ TEMPERATURE ( DEC C)
-------
26. GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG UERSUS fllLES PER DAY
24. CLASS 45501412
DATE 062476
22. CORRELATION COEFFICIENT = .5232
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERUAL = < .3347, .6714)
20.
18.
16.
14. X
X
X X
xx X v x x
t2' v X ,X *XXXX * X *
v X
-------
26.
24.
22.
20.
CM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
riPG UERSUS POPULATION
CLASS 65501512
DATE 062476
CORRELATION COEFFICIENT =-.1158
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERUAL = <-.3234,
1024)
16.
W
i
H-*.
oo
14.
X
x
X
X
X
X
x
10-
o
-------
26. CM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
hPG UERSUS ZIP CODE
24. CLASS 65501512
DATE 062476
22. CORRELATION COEFFICIENT = .0660
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERUAL = (-.1518. .2777)
20.
1 fi.
16.
ttf
i
»-^
sO
o
M.
X
'2' 8
i r^ XN^^r"vr— > f—
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
3.
i r^t/-^ -r r^
X
X
x
X
X
S
X
X
X
1
4.
1 O 1 T \
X
Y\ V
\/ y A.
A s\
s\ ^ \s
» » i
X X «
v X
v? V
irf >*S A
^ ^
X x K
X
X
X
1 1 1 1 1
5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
I
10.
-------
26- GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG UERSUS TERRAIN INDEX
24_ GLASS 65501512
DATE 062476
22. CORRELATION COEFFICIENT =-.0057
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERUAL = (-.2211. =2103)
20.
18.
16.
14.
a.
° 10.
I
o
ai
K
o
U- 8.
C3
D_
c
x
)S<
X
X
x
x
w
I
xD
X
^ I I I I I I I I I I I
6- .80 1.2 1.6 2. 2.4 2.8 3.2 3.6 4. 4.4 4.8
TERRAIN INDEX
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2Fl. Gh FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG UERSUS ELEUATION
24. CLASS 65501512
DATE 062476
22. CORRELATION COEFFICIENT = .0543
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERUAL = (-.1633, .2669)
20.
18.
16.
M.
12.
ft
S 10.
5
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26. GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
(1PG UERSUS RELATIUE HUMIDITY
24. CLASS 65501512
DATE 062476
22. CORRELATION COEFFICIENT = .0083
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERUAL = (-.2078, =2236)
20.
16.
14.
X X
12. X
iy
I 10. X* x •• '• H*x
O X X ^xx X
K x
£ 8. X X X X
D-
X
1
X
X
X
xx xx
x x
x x x %
X X , v
x X xx
x x N
X>^
^ NX
X
x Xx
* X
X X
X
x x
X
W
I
H-*•
vO
OO
6- 50. 55. 60. 65. 70. 75. 80. 85. 90. 95. 100.
X - RELATIUE HUMIDITY (PERCENT)
-------
26. GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
f1PG UERSUS PRECIPITATION
24. CLASS 65501512
DATE 062476
22. CORRELATION COEFFICIENT =-.0477
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERUAL = (-.2607. .1697)
20.
18.
16.
14. v
X
12. x
X
X
a
° 10. #x
5
a
u
g
*k 8.
C3 X
fe
6- o.
x
x x x x
VX ^ ^ •tV'
^ "5c X \/ V ^
A « ^ V X X
V
y
X x * x, x X x x x xx x x x
x x^ x xx x 3
x x x x x x
x x x x x
X y v X X y
S\ J\ ^ x\
xXx x x x
V vy *
x * x x x x
x
x x x x
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ' 1
20. 40. 60. 80. 100. 120. 140. 160. 180.
W
i
h^-
vO
PRECIPITATION cnm
-------
26. CM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG UERSUS TEMPERATURE
24. CLASS 65501512
DATE 062476
22. CORRELATION COEFFICIENT =-.1175
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERUAL = (-,3250, =1007)
20.
16.
14. X X x
Ss? X X
12 XXX X X X XX x
XX X X ^ X X XX £
X x >$< X X
ffi X X X X X
f 10- x* * * Xx xx xx x
_1_ N/
S xx x x x
^ X
£ 8. XX XX
u X
D_
R I I I I I I I I 1 I I
b- -4. 0. 4. 8. 12. 16. 20. 24. 28. 32. 36.
X - TEMPERATURE (DEC C)
dd
I
(-*•
v£>
Ul
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26. GM FUEL ECONOMY STUDY
MPG UERSUS MILES PER DAY
24. CLASS 65501512
DATE 062476
22. CORRELATION COEFFICIENT = .2648
95 PERCENT CONFIDENCE INTERUAL - < .0521. .4545)
20.
18.
14. x X
x * xx
** xx ^ x x
X X ^X Xv X
X X X X X X XX
x x xx x x
XX X X X
J£ 10. x *x * - - x v
1 x xx x xx
x
£ 8. X X X x
o X
fc
o ! I I I I I I I I I I
0. 10. 20. 30. 40. 50. 60. 70. 80. 90. 100.
X « MILES PER DAT
W
I
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APPENDIX C
FORMULAS FOR COMPUTING FUEL ECONOMY AND TESTING FOR
SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCES IN FUEL ECONOMY
C-l
-------
APPENDIX C
FORMULAS FOR COMPUTING FUEL ECONOMY AND TESTING FOR
SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCES IN FUEL ECONOMY*
Harmonic Mean Fuel Economy
1
HMFE =
mpg
where
N
mpg =
1
N = number of cars per class
mpg. = miles/gallon for ith car in a class
Test Statistic
It can be shown that the following quantity is distributed as a chi-
square with a level of confidence and one degree of freedom:
r -/ 1
t-j - I =
\mPgi
"Extracted from Environmental Protection Agency Report No.
EPA-460/2-74-001, Appendix III.4
C-3
-------
where
N
J
NT = number of cars in Jth Subclass
mpgT = mpg for Jth Subclass
J
Sales Weighted Fuel Economy
SWMPG =
N.
where
mPg-• = fuel economy for the jth car in carline Class i
N. = number of cars in Class i
i
uj. = total sales of Class i cars relative to either a division
or the entire fleet
M = number of classes in a division or the entire fleet
SWMPG = sales weighted harmonic mean fuel economy for a
division or the entire fleet
C-4
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NOTES
1. 1976 Commercial Atlas and Marketing Guide, 107th Edition, Rand
McNally and Company, Chicago, Illinois (1976).
2. The National Atlas of the United States of America, U.S. Department
of Interior Geological Survey, Washington, B.C. (1970).
3. Climatological Data, National Summary, Vol. 25 (1974) and Vol. 26
(1975), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, U.S.
Department of Commerce.
4. M. E. Williams, J. T. White, L. A. Platte, and C. J. Domke,
Automobile Exhaust Emission Surveillance — Analysis of the FY 72
Program, Appendix III, Environmental Protection Agency Report
No. EPA-460/2-74-001 (February 1974).
N-l
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GLOSSARY
AMPD average miles per day
BBL (number of carburetor barrels)
CID (engine displacement)
EPA Environmental Protection Agency
GM General Motors (Corporation)
ID identification
mpg miles per gallon
G-l
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TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Initntctions on the reverse before completing)
1. REPORT NO.
2.
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
ANALYSIS OF GM FUEL ECONOMY SURVEYS
5.
1976
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR(S)
Ronald F. Janz
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO
ATR-77(7358-02)-l
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
The Mobile Systems Group
Environment and Energy Conservation Division
The Aerospace Corporation
El Segundo, California 90245
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
1 1. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-01-0417
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
EPA Office of Air and Waste Management
Office of Mobile Source Air Pollution Control
Emission Control Technology Division
Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
16. ABSTRACT
Data obtained by General Motors Corporation in three fuel economy surveys of 1975
GM private passenger car owners are analyzed to determine seasonal, bopographi-
cal, and geographical effects on the fuel economy of in-use vehicles. Data from the
GM survey for 1532 cars formed the basis for this study. Additional seasonal,
topographical, and geographical data associated with the locations of the owners
were acquired from the literature and added to the GM data base. Carline classes
are defined that contain cars with the following parameters in common: GM Division
Inertia Weight, CID-BBL, Transmission Type, and Axle Ratio. Within each carline
class, harmonic mean fuel economies are computed for groups of cars with
extreme ranges in each of eight seasonal, topographical, and geographical param-
eters. The dependence of fuel economy on these parameters is determined by
comparing fuel economies between groups. Sales weighted harmonic mean fuel
economies are computed for analogous groups at the division and fleet level.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
Automobile Fuel Economy
Seasonal, Topographical, and
Geographical Effects on Fuel Economy
GM Survey Data Correlations
b.IDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
In-Use Vehicle Fuel
Economy
GM Car Owner Data
Harmonic Mean Fuel
Economy Calculations
COSATI Held/Group
13F
21G
8. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
Unlimited
19. SECURITY CLASS (This Report/
Unclassified
21. NO. OF PAGES
20. SECURITY CLASS (This page)
Unclassified
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
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