United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Office of Information
Resources Management and
Office of Toxic Substances
Washington DC 20460
EPA 540/1-86/61
(OSWER Directive 9285.6-1)
November 1986
Superfund
xvEPA
Superfund Risk Assessment
Information Directory
EPA 540-01-86-061
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UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20460
DEC I 7 1986
OFFICE OF
SOLID WASTE AND EMERGENCY RESPONSE
MEMORANDUM
SUBJECT: Distribution of the Superfund Risk Assessment
Information Directory and the Public Health Risk
Evaluation Database
FROM: Henry L. Longest II, Director
Office of Emergency and Remedial Response
TO: Addressees
I am transmitting to you the Superfund Risk Assessment
Information Directory and the Public Health Risk Evaluation
Database. These items were developed by the Office of
Emergency and Remedial Response, in cooperation with other
EPA program offices. They supplement the Superfund Public
Health Evaluation Manual (transmitted to you in my memo of
November 7, 1986) tnat provides detailed guidance on how
to conduct public health evaluations as part of the feasibility
study process at Superfund sites. Together, this guidance
and information should enhance the quality and consistency
of assessments of risk to human health and the environment
conducted at Superfund sites and should be of assistance
as considerations of risk join considerations of technology
in making cleanup decisions.
Superfund Risk Assessment Information Directory
The Superfund Risk Assessment Information Directory
identifies and describes sources of information that should
be useful in conducting public health evaluations or
environmental assessments. The Directory presents information
that fall in the following categories: automated data bases;
data files and tapes; models; manuals, directories, and
periodicals; publications; and human resources. While the
Directory identifies information sources that may be used in
an assessment of risk to human health and the environment,
it does not provide the actual risk assessment-related
information itself. The user of the Directory is simply
referred to the sources of information and places where
those sources can be obtained.
-------
Sufficient background information on the risk assesssment
process and its general information .requirements is provided
so that the Directory can be easily used by individuals
with varying degrees of risk assessment experience.
Public Health Risk Evaluation Database
The Public Health Risk Evaluation Database (PHRED)
is designed to provide chemical, physical and toxicologica1
data and health-based standards or criteria for chemicals
that are typicallly found at Superfund sites. In addition
to providing access to this information, the program has
been designed to allow the user to both store and print
selected fields of information for reporting purposes.
The personal computer software package can be used on an
IBM PC/XT/AT or compatible PC/XT/AT. We plan to periodically
update the data disk as new information becomes available.
The instructional guidance that has been provided with
the software disks provides a general description of the
system and how to use it. The system has been designed to
be user-friendly with step-by-step instructions.
Conclusion
We will be sending additional copies of the Superfund
Risk Assessment Information Directory as well as the
Superfund Public Health Evaluation Manual to the Regions
over the next few weeks. In addition to this effort of
guidance development, OERR will be presenting a training
course on the public health evaluation process in each
Region during the next 2-3 months. Additional details
on this training will be forthcoming. Any questions or
comments with regard to these materials or training
should be directed to Dr. Craig Zamuda (382-2201) of the
Policy Analysis Staff for OERR.
Attachments
Addressees
Director, Emergency & Remedial Response Division, Region II
Director, Hazardous Waste Management Division, Region III
Director, Waste Management Division, Regions I, IV, V, VI,
VII & VIII
Director, Toxics and Waste Management Division, Region IX
Director, Hazardous Waste Division, Region X
Director, Environmental Services Division, Regions I, VI, & VII
Branch Chief, Waste Management Division, Regions I & V
Branch Chief, Office of Emergency and Remedial Response, Region II
Branch Chief, Hazardous Waste Management Division, Region III
Branch Chief, Air and Waste Management Division, Regions IV, VI,
VII & VIII
Branch Chief, Toxics and Waste Management Division, Region IX
Branch Chief, Hazardous Waste Division, Region X
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cc:
Russ Wyer, OERR
Tim Fields, OERR
Steve Lingle, OERR
Arthur Weissman, OERR
Craig Zamuda, OERR
Steve Dorrler, OERR
Jack Stanton, OWPE
Gene Lucero, OWPE
Marcia Williams, OSW
Peter Preuss, OHEA
Mike Cook, ODW
Penny Fenner-Crisp, ODW
Don Clay, OTS
Susan Sherman, OPP
Vic Kimm, OPTS
Dick Morgenstern, OPPE
Sheldon Myers, ORP
Rebecca Hamner, OWEP
Maryann Froehlich, OA
Chuck Elkins, OTS
Arnie Edelman, OTS
Lee DeHines, Region IV
Susan Deihl, Region IV
Director-, Environmental Services Division, Regions II
III, IV, V, VIII, IX, & X
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OSWER Directive 9285.6-1
SUPERFUND RISK ASSESSMENT INFORMATION DIRECTORY
Office of Emergency and Remedial Response
Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Washington, D.C. 20460
November 1986
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OSWER Directive 9285.6-1
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This document was prepared by EPA's Office of Emergency and Remedial
Response (OERR). Dr. Craig Zamuda of OERR's Policy Analysis Staff was the EPA
Project Officer.
The efforts of several additional major contributors were instrumental in
the development of this directory, including:
James Lounsbury
Stacey Katz
Steve Golian
Chuck Nauman
Linda Bailey
Will Laville
John Koutsandreas
Steve Hoover
Dave Mayer
Paul Fuschini
Joselle Gatrelle
Loretta Marzetti
Rick Johnson
Peg Hall
Michael Gruber
Deborah Martin
Jack Keeley
Frank Kover
Suzan Deihl
Hugh Masters
Arnie Edelman
Michael Shapiro
Martin Halper
Linda Travers
Laurence Rosenstein
David Dull
Peter Preuss
Penny Fenner-Crisp
Edward Klein
Jay Benforado
Brint Bixler
Bill Lappenbush
Louis P. True
OERR
Office of Policy, Planning, and Evaluation (OPPE)
OERR
Office of Research and Development (ORD)
ORD
ORD
ORD
Office of Toxic Substances (OTS)
OTS
OTS
Office of Information Resources Management (OIRM)
OIRM
OIRM
Office of Policy, Budget and Program Management
Office of Solid Waste
OPA
Robert S. Kerr Environmental Research Laboratory
OTS
Region IV
Edison Environmental Research Laboratory
OTS
OTS
OTS
OTS
OTS
OTS
ORD
Office of Drinking Water
OTS
ORD
CH2M Hill
CH2M Hill
Office of Pesticide Programs
ICF Incorporated assisted OERR in development of this document, in
partial fulfillment of Contract No. 68-01-7090. The ICF effort was directed
by Mr. Jeff Goodman and Dr. Mike Lowe. Other ICF staff who contributed to the
development of this document include Steve Wyngarden, Mark Fraga, and Robin
Durst.
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OSWER Directive 9285.6-1
PREFACE AND EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The Risk Assessment Information Directory identifies and describes
sources of information that should be useful in conducting EPA-related risk
assessments. The Directory presents information sources that fall in the
following categories: automated data bases; data files and tapes; models;
manuals, directories, and periodicals; publications; and human resources.
Where applicable, the content of individual information sources within each of
these categories is summarized and related to the major procedural steps in
performing a risk assessment (i.e., hazard identification, dose-response
assessment, exposure assessment, and risk characterization). Information
useful for accessing, obtaining, or locating each of the information sources
is also presented. The overall purpose of the Directory is to facilitate the
performance of EPA-related risk assessments by helping individuals find
information that may be needed in order to complete a successful assessment.
Topics covered by the information sources presented in the Directory are
broad in scope, including physical and chemical properties of chemical
substances; epidemiologic, toxicity, and pharmacological data; environmental
characteristics; environmental effects of chemical substances; and human
health risks caused by exposure to carcinogenic and noncarcinogenic
substances. One particular use of the Risk Assessment Information Directory
will be to identify information sources to assist in performing site-specific
public health evaluations under the Comprehensive Environmental Response,
Compensation, and Liability Act. Specifically, this directory will help fill
information needs that arise in conducting risk assessments as spelled out in
the Superfund Public Health Evaluation Manual, EPA's detailed guidance on how
to perform public health evaluations at Superfund sites. Because of its broad
scope, however, the Directory will also be helpful in carrying out other
Superfund activities -- even those not directly related to risk assessment.
The Risk Assessment Information Directory has been developed for use by a
diverse audience, including EPA regional staff, state Superfund program staff,
federal and state remedial contractors, and potentially responsible parties.
Sufficient background information on the risk assessment process and its
general information requirements is provided so that the directory can be
easily used by individuals with varying degrees of risk assessment experience.
While the Directory identifies information sources that may be used in a risk
assessment, it does not provide the actual risk assessment-related information
itself. The user of the Directory is simply referred to other sources of
information and places where those sources can be obtained. Finally, the
Directory is not intended to reflect EPA policy on preferred sources of
information to be used in conducting EPA-related risk assessments.
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OSWER Directive 9285.6-1
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION 1-1
1.1 Objectives 1-1
1.2 Use of the Directory 1-2
2. INFORMATION RESOURCES AND THE RISK ASSESSMENT PROCESS 2-1
2.1 Hazard Identification 2-1
2 .2 Dose-Response Assessment 2-7
2. 3 Exposure Assessment 2-9
2.4 Risk Characterization 2-13
3. DATA BASES 3-1
3.1 EPA Data Bases 3-1
3.2 Non-EPA Data Bases 3-16
3.3 Addresses of Online Services and Producers 3-40
3.4 Access to Data Bases Through EPA Libraries 3-46
4. DATA FILES AND TAPES 4-1
4.1 EPA Data Files and Tapes 4-1
4.2 Non-EPA Data Files and Tapes 4-7
4.3 Addresses for Data File and Tape Contacts 4-9
5. MODELS 5-1
5.1 EPA Models : 5-1
5.2 Non-EPA Models 5-16
5.3 References and Documentation of Models 5-21
6. MANUALS, DIRECTORIES, AND PERIODICALS 6-1
6.1 Manuals 6-1
6. 2 Directories 6-5
6 .3 Periodicals 6-7
7. PUBLICATIONS 7-1
7 .1 Specific Citations 7-1
7.2 General References to Publications 7-7
8. HUMAN RESOURCES: OFFICES AND PERSONNEL 8-1
8.1 Regional 8-1
8.2 Headquarters 8-4
9. SUBJECT INDEX 9-1
10. GLOSSARY and DEFINITIONS OF ACRONYMS 10-1
APPENDICES
A. INFORMATION RESOURCE MATRICES (RESOURCES vs. DATA CATEGORIES) A-l
A.I Development of Data Categories and Subcategories. A-l
A.2 Non-Bibliographic Data Base Matrix A-6
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OSWER Directive 9285.6-1
TABLE OF CONTENTS
(Continued)
A. 3 Bibliographic Data Base Matrix A-8
A.4 Manual Source Matrix A-9
B. INFORMATION RESOURCE MATRICES (RESOURCES vs. ATTRIBUTES) B-l
B.I Information Resources/Attributes Matrix Outline B-l
B.2 Data Base System Attributes Matrix B-5
B.3 Data Base Search Attributes Matrix B-7
C. INFORMATION RESOURCES AND THE SUPERFUND PUBLIC HEALTH
EVALUATION MANUAL C-l
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OSWER Directive 9285.6-1
LIST OF EXHIBITS
Number Page
1-1 Organization of the Risk Assessment Information Directory 1-4
1-2 Use of the Risk Assessment Information Directory 1-6
2-1 Information Elements Associated with EPA Risk Assessment
Process 2-2
C-l Steps Involved in the Superfund Public Health Evaluation
Process C-2
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OSWER Directive 9285.6-1
1-1
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 OBJECTIVES
This directory provides guidance on sources of information that should
prove useful in conducting EPA-related risk assessments. Categories of
information sources in the directory include: data bases; data files and
tapes; environmental and dose-response models; manuals, directories, and
periodicals; publications; and human resources. The directory's overall
approach is to identify information categories related to each major element
of risk assessment, to list key information sources appropriate for each
category, and to describe major features of each information source.
The principal elements of risk assessment, i.e. hazard identification,
dose-response assessment, exposure assessment, and risk characterization, are
drawn directly from EPA's risk assessment guidelines.1-1 The guidelines are
based in part on recommendations developed by the National Academy of
Sciences.2-1 Both EPA and the National Academy draw important distinctions
between risk assessment and risk management. Risk assessment involves
characterizing problems -- their nature, severity, and probability of
occurrence. By contrast, risk management is the process of deciding what to
do about those problems. This directory identifies information sources for
assessing risks, not for managing them.
Risk assessment is growing in importance as a tool to aid in
decision-making at EPA. Virtually every environmental statute the Agency
implements can employ risk assessment techniques to assist regulatory and
response programs. This risk assessment directory is intended to assist in
the broad range of risk assessments with which EPA may be involved.
Risk assessment activities are important in various parts of Superfund
related activities, including both the removal and remedial programs. Being
able to quantify possible human risks at Superfund sites is an important
component of the risk management decision making process when considering
removal or remedial actions to protect populations at risk. The risk
assessment directory could be helpful in quantifying such risks, as well as
being useful in evaluating possible adverse environmental effects at Superfund
sites. In addition, portions of this directory may be helpful to Superfund
activities not directly related to risk assessment. For example, information
on physical/chemical properties of hazardous substances could prove useful in
identifying appropriate treatment technologies for remedial response
alternatives or in performing natural resource damage assessments.
1J 51 Federal Register 33492-34003 and 51 Federal Register 34014-34025.
2J National Academy of Sciences, Risk Assessment in the Federal
Government. National Academy Press. 1984.
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OSWER Directive 9285.6-1
1-2
One particular Superfund-related use of the Risk Assessment Information
Directory will be to identify information sources to assist in performing
site-specific public health evaluations under the Comprehensive Environmental
Response Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA). Public health evaluation is
an important component of the Superfund remedial process. In particular, the
evaluation is important in both the remedial investigation (RI) and
feasibility study (FS) phases of cleanup at remedial sites. EPA has developed
several guidance documents to support the Superfund public health evaluation
process. Chapter 5 of EPA's Guidance on Feasibility Studies Under CERCLA
describes what the public health evaluation process is. By contrast, the
Superfund Public Health Evaluation Manual provides detailed guidance on how
to conduct the evaluation.
To supplement these guidance documents, there are two primary information
sources for conducting Superfund public health evaluations. Appendices to the
Superfund Public Health Evaluation Manual provide toxicity and physical/chem-
ical properties data for the hazardous substances most likely to be found at
Superfund sites. These data have been assembled into a personal computer soft-
ware package named the Public Health Risk Evaluation Data Base (PHRED). A com-
panion document to the public health evaluation manual, the Superfund Exposure
Assessment Manual, provides detailed information- for evaluating: the type and
extent of contaminant release from a site to environmental media; the environ-
mental transport and transformation of contaminants following their release;
and the concentration of contaminants at human exposure points. This manual
provides an overall framework for conducting the exposure assessment portion
of a public health evaluation and presents state-of-the-art methods for
conducting the various component analyses that comprise an exposure assessment.
Although the Superfund Public Health Evaluation Manual and its two
primary information sources should be sufficient to conduct risk assessments
at many sites, there will be instances where additional information sources
may be necessary to complete the evaluation process. In such instances the
Risk Assessment Information Directory provides a guide to the various risk
assessment information sources that can supplement the primary information
sources, site-specific data, and professional judgment that are necessary for
a successful public health evaluation.
1.2 USE OF THE DIRECTORY
The Directory is organized into ten chapters and three appendices.
Chapter 2 develops a conceptual flow chart for conducting risk assessments
and identifies information categories related to each major risk assessment
element. It further identifies which information sources are related to each
category. Chapters 3-8 provide descriptive information on the six
categories of information sources in the directory: data bases; data files
and tapes; models; manuals, directories, and periodicals; publications; and
human resources. Chapters for the first three categories -- data bases, data
files and tapes, and models -- are divided into sections describing
EPA-developed information/resources and other information/resources.
Chapter 9 is a subject index and Chapter 10 is a glossary of terms and
acronyms in typical usage in the field of risk assessment and to the
Directory. Appendix A provides more detailed information about the types
of information found in each data base by categories or subcategories, and
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OSWER Directive 9285.6-1
1-3
Appendix B provides information about the data bases that makes it easier
to access or use them. Finally, Appendix C is a more specific version of
Chapter 2 which has been tailored for the performance of risk assessments
under the Superfund public health evaluation process.
Exhibit 1-1 arrays by chapter and describes the types of information
sources contained in the directory. In general the information sources can be
divided into two types. The first type includes data bases, files and tapes,
and models. These sources of information typically contain highly detailed
and chemical-specific data. Much of the available information from these
sources is automated, i.e. accessible by computer. In particular, many of the
environmental models are computer-based. Therefore this type of information
source would most likely be used to respond to highly specific information
needs.
The second type of information source includes manuals, directories,
periodicals, publications, and human resources. While perhaps more varied in
nature than the first type of information source, the second type of
information source is best suited for cases involving less specific or less
structured information requests. To obtain information of a more general
nature, for example, it may be most appropriate to consult a guidance manual.
An individual would likely be contacted to help solve a problem or identify
additional information sources.
To use the directory a user would first decide whether his/her
information need could be met by either the first or second type of
information source described above. If the information need were highly
specific and/or related to chemical-specific data, i.e. answerable by the
first type of information source, the user would follow a two-step procedure.
First, he/she would consult Chapter 2 to determine the information category
where his/her information need could be satisfied. These categories are
summarized in Exhibit 2-1. Once a category (or categories) was identified,
the user would refer to the remainder of Chapter 2 to learn which specific
data bases, data files and tapes, and environmental models relate to the
appropriate information category.
The second step would be to refer to later chapters that contain
descriptions of specific information sources. Chapters 3 and 4 describe
individual data bases and data files and tapes, respectively. Each of these
chapters has a heading for EPA information sources (e.g. data bases) and
non-EPA information sources. Underneath each heading, specific sources are
listed and described alphabetically. In addition to these brief descriptions,
Appendices A and B contain summaries of specific data categories and system
attributes to help the user select among specific sources. Chapter 5
describes environmental models and is organized into sections on EPA and
non-EPA models.
If a user's information need were more general, i.e. answerable by the
second type of information source, he/she would immediately consult Chapter 6,
7, or 8 respectively. Chapter 6 lists manuals, directories, and periodicals,
each alphabetically. Chapter 7 lists specifically-cited publications organized
by the four major risk assessment categories: hazard identification, dose-
response assessment, exposure assessment, and risk characterization; Chapter 7
also presents generically-referenced publications (i.e., families of related
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EXHIBIT 1-1
ORGANIZATION OF THE RISK ASSESSMENT INFORMATION DIRECTORY
TYPE Of
INFORMATION
RESOURCE
Data Bases,
Fi les and Tapes
Models
RELEVANT
CHAPTER(S)
2, 3, H, and
Appendices A&B*
5
DESCRIPTION OF INFORMATION RESOURCES AS CONTAINED IN THE
Banks of data segregated into specific categories under
response, exposure assessment, and risk characterization
Computerized and desk top models related to exposure and
DIRECTORY
hazard identification, dose
dose-response assessment
ManuaIs.
Directories, and
Pe r i od i caIs
Guidance manuals, instruction handbooks, information directories, and periodic
publications (e.g., newsletters) related to the overall risk assessment process
Pub Iicat ions
General literature references segregated into publications useful for hazard
identification, dos.e-response assessment, exposure assessment, and risk
characterization
Human Resources
EPA headquarters and regional personnel designated as contact points for risk
assessment issues
* Refer to Exhibit 1-2 for a flow diagram showing how Chapters 2, 3, and 4 and Appendices A and B are related.
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OSWER Directive 9285.6-1
1-5
documents). Chapter 8 provides the names of regional and headquarters EPA
staff who can assist with risk assessment information. The organization of
the directory is summarized in Exhibit 1-1 which lists the types of
information that can be found in the various chapters. Exhibit 1-2 is a flow
chart that illustrates how the various chapters of the directory might be used
in searching for specific information.
Suppose for example a user wanted to find out more information about a
contaminant that he/she knew very little about. A search for information
would probably begin in Chapter 2 of the Directory. It might be necessary to
better identify the hazardous substance by going to the appropriate heading
(2.1 Hazard Identification; 2.1.1 Substance Identification). Under that
subcategory the user would find the various data bases (listed as EPA or
non-EPA) and data files and tapes that traditionally contain relevant
information [Chemical Abstract System (CAS) numbers; synonyms; etc.]. If the
user was unfamiliar with the listed information sources, it would then be
appropriate to go to Chapter 3 of the Directory to review short descriptions
of.the sources, or to Appendices A or B of the Directory for more information
about the actual contents of the sources or about the characteristics of the
sources themselves, respectively. In this manner, first identifying a
potential information source in the appropriate subcategory of Chapter 2 and
then characterizing that source in the subsequent chapters or appendices, a
user would be able to gather the information required for making a decision
about which specific source or sources would be most helpful in conducting a
risk assessment.
In actuality, it will not always be necessary for a user of the Risk
Directory to go stepwise through the entire Directory. Someone familiar with
the layout of the Directory should be able to go directly to those information
categories of interest in order to find relevant sources.
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EXHIBIT 1-2
USE OF THE RISK ASSESSMENT INFORMATION DIRECTORY
CHAPTER 6:
MANUALS.
DIRECTORIES &
PERIODICALS
CHAPTER 7:
PUBLICATIONS
CHAPTER 8:
• HUMAN
RESOURCES
NO
IDENTIFY
INFORMATION
NEED
DOES
iNFORMATIOt
NEED REQUIRE
DETAILED AND/OR
CHEMICAL-
SPECIFIC
DAT>
V
YES
CONSULT CH.2
TO IDENTIFY
SPECIFIC SOURCES
BY CATEGORY
REFER TO
LATER CHAPTERS
AND APPENDICES
FOR DESCRIPTIONS
CHAPTER 3:
DATA BASES
CHAPTER 4:
DATA FILES
AND TAPES
CHAPTER 5:
MODELS
APPENDICES A & B:
INFORMATION
MATRICES
SELECT
SPECIFIC SOURCE
APPROPRIATE
TO NEED
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Risk Assessment
Information Categories
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OSWER Directive 9285.6-1
2-1
CHAPTER 2
INFORMATION RESOURCES AND
THE RISK ASSESSMENT PROCESS
The information sources useful for any risk assessment are dictated by
the nature of the particular task or question being addressed. There are many
different types of risk assessment activities either ongoing or under
development, and they often require process or site specific data unique to
the effort. Consequently, in order to create a manageable directory of
sources, it is necessary to define the type of risk assessment activities the
directory is targeted toward.
EPA has functionally adopted the risk assessment strategy and terminology
set out in a recent review of risk assessment activities in the federal
government (National Academy of Sciences [NAS], 1984) . 1J As set out in the
NAS committee's recommendations, the procedural steps required to describe the
risks associated with a chemical hazard include the following:
• Hazard Identification
• Dose-Response Assessment
• Exposure Assessment
• Risk Characterization
This chapter of the Directory summarizes the available information re-
sources that might be of use in performing these tasks. Exhibit 2-1 is an out-
line of the EPA-adopted steps in risk assessment and identifies by sub-headings
potential information required for each step. For each of the sub-headings of
information requirements, there is a descriptive statement about the purpose
and type of information needed, followed by a listing of the major relevant
data bases and data files and tapes. Chapters 3 and 4 of the Directory can
then be used to characterize more fully, and gain access to, particular infor-
mation resources. It should be emphasized that the steps of a risk assessment
as outlined in Exhibit 2-1 do not necessarily always take place or follow in
the diagramed order. For example, it might be necessary to perform the expo-
sure assessment prior to the dose-response assessment in order to determine if
any potential hazard exists for a population of concern. If it is unlikely
that such a hazard exists because the population of concern would not be
exposed, then there would be no need to perform the dose-response assessment.
In addition to the lists of resources in this Chapter, further information
can be obtained from models; manuals, directories, and periodicals; publica-
tions; and human resources which are listed and described in Chapters 5 through
8 of the directory.
2.1 HAZARD IDENTIFICATION
Hazard identification is the first of four major steps in performing a
risk characterization under the current EPA supported guidelines. As such,
hazard identification is primarily directed toward establishing what the human
1J National Academy of Sciences, Risk Assessment in the Federal
Government. National Academy Press. 1984.
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EXHIBIT 2-1
INFORMATION ELEMENTS ASSOCIATED WITH EPA RISK ASSESSMENT PROCESS
HAZARD
IDENTIFICATION
Substance Identification
Physical/Chemical Properties
Hazard Characterization
o Epidemiologic Data
o Toxicity Data
- Animal Bioassay Data
(Chronic Toxicity)
- Short Term Studies
(Acute/Subchronic
Toxicity)
Comparison of Molecular
Structures
DOSE-RESPONSE
ASSESSMENT1
Pharmacological Data
o Low-Dose Extrapolation
o Animal-to-Human Dose
Extrapolation
° Duration Extrapolation
° Route Extrapolation
EXPOSURE
ASSESSMENT1
Physical/Chemical
Properties
Environmental Characteristics
Chemical Concentrations
in Environmental Media
o Partitioning
o Transport/Transformation
Population at Risk
Exposure
o Route
o Magnitude
o Duration
RISK
CHARACTERIZATION
Environmental Effects
o Aquatic
o Terrestrial
Human Risk Assessment
o Carcinogens
o Noncarcinogens
The order of Dose-Response Assessment and Exposure Assessment may be in reverse
of that shown.
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OSWER Directive 9285.6-1
2-3
health hazards are with respect to a specific chemical. In order to estimate
the hazards, four types of information are commonly used:
• Substance Identification
• Physical/Chemical Properties
• Hazard Characterization
• Comparisons of Molecular Structures
These types of approaches are listed below as sub-categories with various
relevant information resources.
2.1.1 Substance Identification
The information resources listed below are useful in identifying a
chemical substance. Data items that may be obtained from these sources
include such identifiers as CA Index Name, CAS Registry Number, synonyms,
molecular formulas, chemical descriptions/compositions, and chemical
production data.
EPA Data Bases (see Section 3.1)
• CHEMD • ORALTOX
CICIS • TSCA INITIAL INVENTORY
• GI • TSCA PLUS
• OHM-TADS
Non-EPA Data Bases (see Section 3.2)
• ACS JOURNALS ONLINE • DARC
• CA SEARCH • ENVIRONMENTAL FATE DATA
• CHEMICAL EXPOSURE BASES
CHEMICAL EXPOSURE; • HAZARDLINE
CHEMICALS IN HUMAN • HEILBRON
TISSUES AND FLUIDS • LOG P DATABASE
CHEMLINE • NPIRS
• CRGS • OHS-MSDS
• CHEMSEARCH • RNSS
• CHEMSIS • RTECS
• CHEMZERO • TOXICOLOGY DATA BANK
EPA Data Files and Tapes (see Section 4.1)
TSCA PREFERRED NAME FILE AND SYNONYM FILE
2.1.2 Physical/Chemical Properties
The data bases listed under this heading are useful sources of
information for physical/chemical properties, which may be needed to identify
the hazards of a contaminant.
EPA Data Bases (see Section 3.1)
• CHEMD • PHRED
• GEMS • SPHERE
• OHM-TADS • TSDF
• PDMS
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2-4
OSWER Directive 9285.6-1
HAZARDLINE
HEILBRON
LOG P DATABASE
NPIRS
OHS-MSDS
RNSS
Non-EPA Data Bases (see Section 3.2)
• CA SEARCH •
• CASSI •
• CESARS •
• CHEMLINE • •
• CHEMTRAN •
• CIS
• DORTMUND VLE DATA BANK
• ENVIRONMENTAL FATE
DATA BASES
EPA Data Files and Tapes (see Section 4.1)
• WATER SOLUBILITY DATA
2.1.3 Hazard Characterization
One may characterize the expected health hazards associated with exposure
to a contaminant based on analysis of previously collected epidemiologic and
toxicity data.
Epidemiologic Data
Epidemiologic data include information on the exposure and
toxic responses of human and/or animal populations to chemical
substances. They may include information on the frequency and
geographic distribution of an observed health effect within a
population. The following are data bases, files, and tapes that are
useful sources of epidemiologic data.
EPA Data Bases (see Section 3.1)
CECATS
CSDCLEANS
CRIB
EPACASR
Non-EPA Data Bases (see Section 3.2)
CESARS •
CHEMICAL EXPOSURE •
• CTCP •
• ENVIRONMENTAL FATE •
DATA BASES •
HAZARDLINE •
• NOHS
GI
HEOX
OHM-TADS
SPHERE
- DERMAL ABSORPION DATA BANK
NOES
OCIS
OHS-MSDS
RTECS
TOXICOLOGY DATA BANK
TOXLINE
- RPROJ
EPA Data Files and Tapes (see Section 4.1)
• EPID
• FILES OF EXPOSURE ASSESSMENTS FOR EXISTING CHEMICALS
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OSWER Directive 9285.6-1
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- Toxicity Data
Toxicity data include information on the response of an
organism to a dose of a chemical substance through various routes
of exposure. Such data may be for chronic toxicity or
acute/subacute toxicity.
- Animal-Bioassay Data (Chronic Toxicity)
Chronic toxicity data pertain to the response of an
organism to repeated, long-term exposure to a contaminant. The
length of exposure and time for response may vary with the
particular organism involved. The following are information
resources for chronic toxicity or animal-bioassay data.
EPA Data Bases (see Section 3.1)
• AIR TOXICS CLEARINGHOUSE • OHM-TADS
CECATS • ORALTOX
CRIB • PDMS
EEFIS • RAD
EPACASR • SPHERE
• GI • STARA
• GTDMIS • WBC
• IRIS •
Non-EPA Data Bases (see Section 3.2)
AGRICOLA •
AQUALINE
ASFA
BIOSIS •
CBDS •
CESARS •
CCRIS •
CHEMICAL EXPOSURE •
CHEMICAL EXPOSURE: •
CHEMICALS IN HUMAN •
TISSUES AND FLUIDS
CTCP
ENVIROLINE
ENVIRONMENTAL FATE
DATA BASES
- BIOLOG
HSDB
HAZARDLINE
MEDLINE
NIOSHTIC
NPIRS
NTIS
OHS-MSDS
PASCAL
PROFILE
RTECS
TOXICOLOGY DATA BANK
TOXLINE
- KEEP
- CBAC
- RPROJ
- TD3
EPA Data Files and Tapes (see Section 4.1)
GASTRO-INTESTINAL
EFFECTS LITERATURE
ITC CHEMICAL SCORES
TSCA NEW CHEMICALS
TSCA SECTION 4
CHEMICAL BIBLIOGRAPHIES
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Short-Term Studies (Acute/Subacute Toxicity)
Acute/subacute toxicity refers to the immediate or short
term toxicological response of an organism to either a single
dose or relatively few doses of a chemical substance. Useful
information resources for these types of data include the
following.
EPA Data Bases (see Section 3.1)
ACUTE HAZARDS DATA
AIR TOXICS CLEARINGHOUSE
• CECATS
• CSDCLEANS
• DEEP
• EEFIS
• EPACASR
• GENERAL RADIATION
HEALTH IMPACT
EVALUATION
Non-EPA Data Bases (see Section 3.2)
• ASFA •
• BIOSIS •
• CESARS •
CHEMICAL EXPOSURE •
CHEMICAL EXPOSURE:
CHEMICALS IN HUMAN
TISSUES AND FLUIDS •
CHEMLINE •
CIS
• CLEARINGHOUSE ON •
HEALTH INDEXES
CTCP
• ENVIROLINE
• ENVIRONMENTAL FATE
DATA BASES
GI
HEOX
IRIS
NEUROTOXICITY DATA
OHM-TADS
ORALTOX
PDMS
PDAS
RAD
SPHERE
STARA
HSDB
HAZARDLINE
MEDLINE
NIOSHTIC
NPIRS
OHS-MSDS
PASCAL
PROFILE
RTECS
TOXICOLOGY DATA BANK
TOXLINE
- KEEP
- CBAC
- TOXICOLOGY BIBLIOGRAPHY
- TD3
EPA Data Files and Tapes (see Section 4.1)
• ETHOX
• FILES OF EXPOSURE ASSESSMENTS FOR EXISTING CHEMICALS
• GASTRO-INTESTINAL EFFECTS LITERATURE
• ITC CHEMICAL SCORES
TSCA NEW CHEMICALS
• TSCA SECTION 4 CHEMICAL BIBLIOGRAPHIES
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2.1.4 Comparisons of Molecular Structures
The potential hazards associated with a given chemical substance may be
identified by evaluating the hazards of other substances with similar molecular
structures or similar components (functional groups) of molecular structures.
Data bases that contain information to assist in comparing molecular
structures between different chemical substances include the following.
EPA Data Bases (see Section 3.1)
CHEMD
OHM-TADS
Non-EPA Data Bases (see Section 3.2)
• ACS JOURNALS ONLINE
CA SEARCH
• CASSI
• CESARS
CHEMLINE
CHEMSEARCH
CHEMSIS
CHEMTRAN
• CHEMZERO
• DARC
ENVIRONMENTAL FATE
DATA BASES
- DATALOG
- CHEMFATE
HAZARDLINE
HEILBRON
LOG P DATABASE
RNSS
SANSS
2.2 DOSE-RESPONSE ASSESSMENT (Toxicokinetics and Bioeffects)
Many factors must be taken into consideration when evaluating dose-
response data for use in risk assessments. In the minority of toxic chemicals
that will be encountered, epidemiologic data may make it possible to predict
dose-responses based upon knowledge of exposures and health effects in humans.
Various factors, including age, illness, genetic variability, etc., combine to
make such estimations complex, but less uncertain than estimations of human
responses to specific exposure levels based solely upon animal experiments.
The four primary dose-response tasks related to risk assessments are the
following:
• Low-Dose Extrapolation
• Animal-to-Human Dose Extrapolation
• Duration Extrapolation
• Route Extrapolation
Animal experimental data may be the only biological information available
about the toxic effects of a chemical. Extrapolations of such data must be
used to predict human responses, usually without sufficient knowledge of
species differences. Consequently, various adjustments are made for size
differences, or to account for differences in metabolic rates. In addition,
extrapolations of dose-response relationships may be required, even when human
experimental data are available, to account for differences in dose levels,
periods of exposure, and routes of exposure for the test individual(s) and
those expected for other individuals. The types of information resources
available to help make these extrapolations as scientific as possible are
listed below in each category.
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2.2.1 Low-Dose Extrapolation
Low-dose extrapolation involves estimating the human response to a given
chemical dose based upon observed human responses at higher dose levels. Such
extrapolations may require considerable adjustment to account for the
differences between humans at an exposure point and the human(s) for which
such "high-dose" data are available. Data bases that may be useful in
performing high to low-dose extrapolations are listed below.
EPA Data Bases (see Section 3.1)
CRIB
• EERF
GENERAL RADIATION
HEALTH IMPACT
EVALUATION
GTDMIS
ORALTOX
PDMS
SPHERE
STARA
HAZARDLINE
RTECS
TOXICOLOGY DATA BANK
TOXLINE
Non-EPA Data Bases (see Section 3.2)
• CBDS
• CHEMICAL EXPOSURE
• CHEMICAL EXPOSURE:
CHEMICALS IN HUMAN
TISSUES AND FLUIDS
2.2.2 Animal-to-Human Dose Extrapolation
Human responses to a chemical dose may be estimated from non-human
experimental data, taking into account differences in size, metabolic rates,
and other factors. The following are data bases that contain animal
experimental data, as well as information useful in extrapolating those data
to human.dose-response relationships.
EPA Data Bases (see Section 3.1)
• GTDMIS • SPHERE
• ORALTOX • STARA
Non-EPA Data Bases (see Section 3.2)
ASFA
• CBDS
• CHEMICAL EXPOSURE
2.2.3 Duration Extrapolation
Dose-response studies covering relatively short periods are frequently
inadequate for evaluating chronic exposures. Therefore, longer term
dose-response or dose-severity relationships must be inferred from subchronic
and shorter term studies. Data bases that may be useful in carrying out such
a "duration extrapolation" are listed below.
• TOXICOLOGY DATA BANK
TOXLINE
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2-9
EPA Data Bases (see Section 3.1)
• CSDCLEANS • PDAS
• DEEP • RAD
• GTDMIS .• SPHERE
• IRIS • STARA
• NEUROTOXICITY DATA • TSCATS
• ORALTOX
Non-EPA Data Bases (see Section 3.2)
• CBDS • CHEMLINE ,
• CCRIS • RTECS
• CHEMICAL EXPOSURE • TOXLINE
2.2.4 Route Extrapolation
There may be instances when an investigator desires dose-response
information for a given route of exposure, but only has available information
pertaining to a different route of exposure. For these cases, if sufficient
data are available, response data can be extrapolated across different routes
of exposure. The following data bases contain dose-response data for various
exposure routes, which may facilitate making route extrapolations:
EPA Data Bases (see Section 3.1)
• INHALATION LITERATURE • RAD
• IRIS • SPHERE
• NEUROTOXICITY DATA • TSCATS
• ORALTOX
Non-EPA Data Bases (see Section 3.2)
• CBDS • HAZARDLINE
• CCRIS • RTECS
CHEMICAL EXPOSURE • TOXLINE
• CHEMLINE
2.3 EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT
The primary purpose of an exposure assessment is to estimate the actual
concentration of a chemical to which humans might be exposed. Occasionally,
there may be analytical data on exposure levels at human receptors, but more
typically the exposure must be estimated based upon reported chemical
concentrations in the environmental media of concern.
The following subcategories list types of information and data which can
be used to make exposure assessments when chemical concentration data are
incomplete:
• Physical/Chemical Properties
• Environmental Fate and Transport Characteristics
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OSWER Directive 9285.6-1
Chemical Concentrations in Environmental Media
Population at Risk
Exposure Route, Magnitude, and Duration
Information resources that are useful in performing exposure assessments
are listed below by sub-categories.
2.3.1 Physical/Chemical Properties
The data bases listed below are useful sources of information for
physical/chemical properties which may be needed to determine the
environmental fate and transport of a contaminant.
EPA Data Bases (see Section 3.1)
• CHEMD
• GEMS
OHM-TADS
• PDMS
Non-EPA Data Bases (see Section 3.2)
CA.SEARCH
CASSI
CESARS
CHEMLINE
CHEMTRAN
CIS
DORTMUND VLE DATA BANK
ENVIRONMENTAL FATE
DATA BASES
PHRED
SPHERE
TSDF
HAZARDLINE
HEILBRON
LOG P DATABASE
NPIRS
OHS-MSDS
RNSS
2.3.2 Environmental Fate and Transport Characteristics
These characteristics refer to features of a chemical (e.g., partition
coefficients, retardation factors, bioaccumulation factors, and degradation
rates) and to the transport mechanisms in effect as a chemical migrates
through various environmental media. See Chapter 5 of this Directory for a
listing of environmental fate and transport models. The documentation to
such models frequently contains substantial data bases of environmental fate
and transport information.
2.3.3 Chemical Concentrations in Environmental Media
Chemical concentrations in environmental media are important in two
different respects. First, concentrations at exposure points must be
determined in order to estimate human health risks and environmental effects.
Second, chemical concentrations in environmental media are important factors
affecting the transport of a constituent to an exposure point. The following
are information resources that contain data on chemical concentrations in the
ambient environment, quality data for waste streams released to the
environment, and observations of various environmental characteristics that
may impact a chemical's concentration (e.g., stream flow rates and atmospheric
dispersion data).
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OSWER Directive 9285.6-1
EPA Data Bases (see Section 3.1)
• AIR TOXICS CLEARINGHOUSE
• EERF
ERFD
GEMS
Non-EPA Data Bases (see Section 3.2)
• DMS
• MWDI
NEDRES
• NGWIC
• NPIRS
• SIRS
MICROBIOLOGICAL DATA
PDMS
STORET
TSDF
WDSD
WATER RESOURCES ABSTRACTS
WRSIC
WATERLINE
WATSTORE
EPA Data Files and Tapes (see Section 4.1)
• CHAMP •
CHEMICALS IDENTIFIED •
IN HUMAN BIOLOGICAL MEDIA
EPID
SAROAD
Non-EPA Data Files and Tapes (see Section 4.2)
ADR
AOWF
BASIC WELL DATA FOR
PROFESSIONAL PAPER
796
GEOECOLOGY DATA BASE
INDEX TO GEOLOGIC MAPS
NASQAN
MIXING HEIGHT STUDIES
STABILITY ARRAY
SUMMARY OF THE MONTHLY
CO-OP ELEMENT FILE
SURFACE AIRWAYS OBSERVATIONS
U.S. SOIL TEMPERATURES
VOLATILE ORGANIC CHEMICALS
IN THE ATMOSPHERE: AN
ASSESSMENT OF AVAILABLE
DATA
2.3.4 Population at Risk
The information resources listed in this section are useful in identifying the
size, location, and other characteristics of a human population within a given
area. Information included in these data bases include such items as census
results, land and water use data, and human health monitoring data for a particular
population. These data are helpful in determining the population that may be
exposed to a contaminant released in the environment.
EPA Data Bases (see Section 3.1)
EERF
ERFD
GEMS
GENERAL RADIATION
HEALTH IMPACT
EVALUATION
• PERMDATA
• RAD
WBC
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OSWER Directive 9285.6-1
Non-EPA Data Bases (see Section 3.2)
POPLINE
EPA Data Files and Tapes (see Section 4.1)
• EPID . • SM/HD
RESOURCE CONSERVATION
RECOVERY ACT
NOTIFICATION DATA FILE
Non-EPA Data Files and Tapes (see Section 4.2)
GEOECOLOGY DATA BASE
• INDEX TO GEOLOGIC MAPS
2.3.5 Exposure Route, Magnitude, & Duration
An exposure route is the mode by which humans or environmental entities
are exposed to a chemical substance. For example, human and animal exposure
routes include inhalation, ingestion, and direct (dermal) contact. The
magnitude of exposure reflects the amount of chemical intake or extent of
direct contact by an organism. Exposure magnitudes are dependent on the
length of time, or duration, that an organism takes in or remains in contact
with a substance. Parameters useful in assessing exposure routes, magnitudes,
and durations include dermal absorption data; oral intake data; toxicological
data in dose-duration terms; and experimental and real-life bioassay data
involving known exposure routes and durations. These types of data are
available through the following information resources.
EPA Data Bases (see Section 3.1)
• CRIB
• GI
GTDMIS
INHALATION LITERATURE
• NATIONAL HUMAN ADIPOSE
TISSUE DATA
Non-EPA Data Bases (see Section 3.2)
• BIOSIS
• CBDS
• CESARS
• CHEMICAL EXPOSURE
• CHEMICAL EXPOSURE:
CHEMICALS IN HUMAN
TISSUES AND FLUIDS
• CIS
CLEAINGHOUSE ON
HEALTH INDEXES
• CTCP
OHM-TADS
ORALTOX
PDMS
SPHERE
STARA
WBC
EMBASE
ENVIRONMENTAL FATE
DATA BASES
HAZARDLINE
MEDLINE
NGWIC
NPIRS
NIOSHTIC
PASCAL
RTECS
TOXICOLOGY DATA BANK
TOXLINE
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2-13
EPA Data Files and Tapes (see Section 4.1)
• CHEMICALS IDENTIFIED IN HUMAN BIOLOGICAL MEDIA
• NHMP
2.4 RISK CHARACTERIZATION
The risk characterization estimates the health risks to humans and/or the
environment at chemical concentration levels determined in the exposure
assessment. As such, the risk characterization often relies upon various
assumptions made in the exposure assessment, upon estimations made in the
dose-response assessment, and upon conclusions reached in the hazard
identification procedures. The risk characterization should address all types
of risks including:
• Environmental Effects (aquatic and terrestrial)
• Human Risk Assessment (carcinogens and noncarcinogens)
Models of risk characterization and references to standards used in
making risk characterizations are listed below within sub-categories.
2.4.1 Environmental Effects
Environmental effects include changes in aquatic and terrestrial natural
resources brought about by exposure to chemical substances. Knowledge of such
effects may be important in analyzing chemical migration pathways and
potential human exposures; however, knowledge of environmental effects is also
important in analyzing the non-human risks of a chemical release. Information
that can be found in the following data bases includes data on natural
resource injuries caused by exposure to chemicals.
EPA Data Bases (see Section 3.1)
• EEFIS
• OHM-TADS
ORALTOX
PDMS
STORET
Non-EPA Data Bases (see Section 3.2)
AQUALINE
ASFA
BIOSIS
CBDS
CHEMICAL EXPOSURE
• NIH/EPA CIS
• NPIRS
• TOXICOLOGY DATA BANK
EPA Data Files and Tapes (see Section 4.1)
• ECOLOGICAL EFFECTS DATA
Non-EPA Data Files and Tapes (see Section 4.2)
• GEOECOLOGY DATA BASE
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2.4.2 Human Risk Assessment
Toxic effects to humans can be separated into either carcinogenic or
noncarcinogeic effects, and different methods are used to characterize health
risks for exposure to carcinogens and noncarcinogens.
- Carcinogens
The following information resources contain data helpful in
characterizing human health risks caused by exposure to carcinogenic
substances. Data included in these resources include research
results on carcinogenic effects, testing and regulatory activities
involving carcinogens, and toxicity data for potential carcinogenic
effects (e.g., ten percent effective doses and carcinogenic potency
factors).
EPA Data Bases (see Section 3.1)
CARCINOGENICITY
LITERATURE
CECATS
EPACASR
• GTDMIS
• IRIS
• SPHERE
Non-EPA Data Bases (see Section 3.2)
• BIOSIS
• CANCERLIT
• CBDS
CESARS
CCRIS
CHEMICAL EXPOSURE
• CHEMICAL EXPOSURE:
CHEMICALS IN HUMAN
TISSUES AND FLUIDS
CHEMLINE
• CIS
CLEARINGHOUSE ON
HEALTH INDEXES
• EMBASE
• ENVIRONMENTAL FATE
DATA BASES
• HAZARDLINE
MEDLINE
• NIOSHTIC
NOES
• NOHS
• NPIRS
OCIS
OHS-MSDS
• PASCAL
• RTECS
• TOXICOLOGY DATA BANK
• TOXLINE
EPA Data Files and Tapes (see Section 4.1)
• POTENTIAL SUBSTANTIAL RISKS
- Non-Carcinogens
The data bases listed below contain information needed to
characterize human health risks for exposure to noncarcinogenic
chemicals. Similar to the data bases cited above for assessing'
carcinogenic effects, these data bases include research results on
noncarcinogens and their health effects, relevant testing and
regulatory activity information, and toxicity data for
noncarcinogenic effects (e.g., minimum effective dose values and
acceptable intake levels).
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OSWER Directive 9285.6-1
EPA Data Bases (see Section 3.1)
CECATS
DEEP
EPACASR
GENERAL RADIATION
HEALTH IMPACT
EVALUATION
GI
GTDMIS
HEOX
IRIS
Non-EPA Data Bases (see Section 3.2)
BIOSIS
CESARS
• CCRIS
CHEMICAL EXPOSURE
CHEMICAL EXPOSURE:
CHEMICALS IN HUMAN
TISSUES AND FLUIDS
CLEARINGHOUSE ON
HEALTH INDEXES
• CTCP
• EMIC
ENVIRONMENTAL FATE
DATA BASES
ETIC
HAZARDLINE
EPA Data Files and Tapes (see Section 4.1)
• POTENTIAL SUBSTANTIAL RISKS
NEUROTOXICITY DATA
OHM-TADS
PERMDATA
PDAS
PHRED
RAD
SPHERE
STARA
WBC
MEDLINE
NIOSHTIC
NOES
NOHS
NPIRS
OCIS
OHS-MSDS
PASCAL
RTECS
TOXICOLOGY DATA BANK
TOXLINE
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Data Bases
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CHAPTER 3
DATA BASES
This chapter contains more complete descriptions of the different data
bases cited in Chapter 2. It is divided into four main sections:
3.1 EPA Data Bases
3.2 Non-EPA Data Bases
3.3 Producers and Online Services ,
3.4 Access to Data Bases Through EPA Libraries
Automated EPA and Non-EPA data bases are listed and briefly described in
Sections 3.1 and 3.2, respectively.1-1 Some of the items included in this
chapter as data bases (e.g., IRIS, OCIS, DARC) are actually ancillary automated
systems which facilitate the research and manipulation of data; these systems
can be distinguished from sources of data by their description as "indexing,"
"tracking," or "search system" under "Type." After the description of each
data base, references for additional information are given. For most of the
EPA data bases, the EPA office where the data base resides and a responsible
person are provided. For the non-EPA data bases, as well as for a few of the
EPA data bases, the data base producer and the name of an online service for
accessing the data base are cited. The addresses and telephone numbers of
these producers and online services are given in Section 3.3. Section 3.4
lists data bases that may be accessed and searched through each of the EPA
libraries.
3.1 EPA DATA BASES
The following are EPA data bases that may be useful in performing risk
assessments. Most of these data bases were identified through EPA's
"information Systems Inventory," an agency-wide compilation of data bases,
models, and other information systems.2-1 The data bases below were selected
from this large inventory because they were identified, by the people who use
them, as having the primary purpose of risk assessment.
ACUTE HAZARDS DATA
Subject: Acute Toxicity of Substances
Content: This microcomputer-based data base on the acute toxicity of various
chemical substances has been developed by OTS in support of an
Agency-wide activity following the Bhopal, India tragedy. This data
base will be used to develop materials to circulate to states and
localities concerning a list of 400 chemicals identified by EPA as
being potentially of concern if released to the environment.
1J For the purpose of this directory, manual data bases are considered
data files and are presented separately in Chapter 4.
2J More information on the Information Systems Inventory is available
through EPA's Office of Information Resources Management, Information
Management Branch.
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Holder: Economics and Technology Division, U.S. EPA
Responsible Person: Nilesh Patel
FTS Phone: 8-382-3718
AIR EMISSIONS FROM TREATMENT STORAGE AND
DISPOSAL FACILITIES FOR HAZARDOUS WASTE (TSDF)
Subject: Air Emissions
Type: Non-bibliographic
Content: The TSDF, which is currently under development, will contain
information about industrial facilities which treat, store, or
dispose of hazardous waste. Data to be compiled in TSDF include
company names, locations, and descriptions, the size of each site,
waste stream compositions, and physical-chemical properties. In
addition, air emission models and dispersion models will be
included. The TSDF will be used to generate air emission
inventories to support future air pollution regulations.
Holder: Office of Air and Radiation
Responsible' Person: Gene Smith
FTS Phone: 8-629-5571
AIRBORNE PARTICULATE AND PRECIPITATION DATA (ERFD)
Subject: Atmospheric Radiation-Data
Type: Non-bibliographic
Content: This data base contains data on gross beta and gamma concentra-
tions in samples of airborne particulates and precipitation.
Monitoring results are given in terms of maximums, minimums, and
averages. The location of the sampling point (city and state) is
also included.
Holder: Office of Radiation Programs
Responsible Person: Gerry Luster
FTS Phone: 8-534-7615
AIR TOXICS CLEARINGHOUSE
Subject: Toxic Air Pollutants
Type: Bibliographic and Information Search
Content: This data base was developed to help exchange information among
state and local environmental agencies and the EPA. The contents
include over 60,000 records on subjects like: control programs,
correspondence, publications, reports, and data of states'
developed and developing programs. This data base contains the
same information as the National Air Toxics Clearinghouse (NATICH)
described later in this section. Therefore, if the Air Toxics
Clearinghouse proves difficult to access through the contacts
outlined below, one can attempt to access NATICH.
Time Span: Varies w/file
Updating: Varies w/file
Holder: Office of Air Programs. U.S. EPA
Online Service: Government access through Account with EPA. On EPA IBM
Mainframe. Private access through NTIS.
Contact: Dave Patrick or Karen L. Blanchard
(919) 541-5519
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CARCINOGENICITY LITERATURE
Subject: Carcinogenicity
Type: Bibliographic
Content: OTS's Health and Environmental Review Division (HERD) has
developed a microcomputer-based summary of literature citations
relating to chemical carcinogenicity. Currently, the data base
consists of more than 2,000 records covering approximately 600
chemicals.
Holder: Office of Toxic Substances, HERD
Responsible Person: Samir Zakhari
FTS Phone: 8-382-4295
CBI GLOBAL
Subject: Environmental and Health Effects
Type: Indexing System
Content: This system, when completely loaded, will be the Confidential
Business Information (CBI) version of the GLOBAL Indexing System
(see below). It will consist of GLOBAL plus TSCA CBI information
of the same type.
Holder: Office of Toxic Substances, Information Management Division
Responsible Person: Michele Zenon
FTS Phone: 8-382-3534
CECATS
see CSB EXISTING CHEMICAL ASSESSMENT TRACKING SYSTEM
CHEMD
- see OTS CHEMICAL DIRECTORY
CHEMICALS IN COMMERCE INFORMATION SYSTEM (CICIS)
Subject: Chemical Manufacturing and Importation
Type: Non-bibliographic
Content: CICIS contains manufacturing information on chemicals approved for
production under TSCA. As of July 1980, it lists chemicals
manufactured in or imported to the U.S. for commercial use, the
amount of production or import in 1977, and the locations of
production. Information considered trade secret by the chemical
industry is included in a confidential version of CICIS known as
the Confidential Business Information (CBI) Inventory, which may
only be accessed by cleared individuals with a need to know.
Holder: Office of Toxic Substances
Responsible Person: Maureen Guild.
FTS Phone: 8-382-3623
CSB EXISTING CHEMICAL ASSESSMENT TRACKING SYSTEM (CECATS)
Subject: Chemical-Specific Hazard Information
Type: Document tracking
Content: CECATS is an automated document tracking system designed to aid
the Chemical Screening Branch (CSB) in reviewing data on existing
chemicals and selecting those substances that require additional
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attention by the Office of Toxic Substances (OTS). The system pro-
vides storage, retrieval, verification trails, data manipulation,
and report generation for information on existing chemicals
associated with: TSCA Section 8(e) submissions, For Your Informa-
tion (FYI) submissions, Chemical Hazard Information Profiles
(CHIP), Pre-Chip screenings, and Substitute Hazard Profiles. These
sources provide information on chemical identities, health and
environmental effects, chemical uses, and market information.
Information on the status of a chemical within OTS is also provided.
Holder: Office of Toxic Substances
Responsible Person: James Darr
FTS Phone: 8-382-3470
CLINICAL STUDIES DIVISION, CLEANS CLEVER CLINICAL STUDY DATA (CSDCLEANS)
Subject: Human Health Effects From Airborne Contamination
Type: Non-bibliographic
Content: This data base contains human health related data generated from
the Clinical Studies Division Chapel Hill Facility. These studies
involve experiments in which human subjects perform a variety of
maneuvers while residing in polluted or clean air chambers. Data
maintained in the system include pulmonary function measurements,
heart, stress, and other medical information. Results of the
pulmonary studies are used in support of air quality standards.
Holder: Office of Health Research
Responsible Person: John O'Neil
FTS Phone: 8-629-2602
CRITERIA REFERENCE INFORMATION BANK (CRIB)
Subject: Air Quality and Health Effects
Type: Bibliographic
Content: The CRIB data base contains bibliographic information identifying
sources cited in air quality criteria and health assessment
documents. This information is retrievable by author, title, and
keyword-in-context. A full text of the document is available,
although no abstracts are provided.
Holder: Office of Health and Environmental Assessment
Responsible Person: Doug Fennell
FTS Phone: 8-629-3789
DYER EEG EVOKED POTENTIAL (DEEP)
Subject: Nervous System Health Effects
Type: Non-bibliographic
Content: Data are maintained on the physiological consequences of acute
and/or chronic toxicant exposure on nervous system functions.
Holder: Office of Health Research
Responsible Person: Robert Dwyer
FTS Phone: 8-629-2760
EASTERN ENVIRONMENTAL RADIATION FACILITIES (EERF) SAMPLE DATA BASE
Subject: Environmental Radiation Monitoring Data
Type: Non-bibliographic
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OSWER Directive 9285.6-1
3-5
Content: On regular schedules, about a dozen environmental sampling
networks submit samples to the Eastern Environmental Radiation
Facilities for analysis of radiation levels. These samples are
from a wide variety of media (e.g., soil, surface water, ground
water, drinking water, and air). This data base contains the
results of these sample analyses.
Holder: Office of Radiation Programs
Responsible Person: Jon Broadway
FTS Phone: 8-534-7615
EPA CHEMICAL ACTIVITIES STATUS REPORT (EPACASR or CASR)
Subject: Chemistry
Type: Reference (Bibliographic)
Content: This data base contains more than 19,000 references to over 8,000
chemical substances review or under review by the U.S. EPA in the
course of its regulatory activities and scientific research. A
summary of EPA activities is provided with each named substance.
Time Span: Up to February, 1984
Updating: It is not updated
Responsible Person: Doug Sellers
Telephone: (202) 382-2320
ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS/FATE INFORMATION SYSTEM (EEFIS)
Subject: Chemical Fate; Environmental Effects
Type: Non-Bibliographic (Textual-Numeric)
Content: EEFIS provides user-friendly, menu-driven access through any
IBM-compatable personal computer to chemical fate and environmental
effects information on selected chemicals. The data base contains
a variety of information resources, published and unpublished, such
as journal articles, correspondence, tables, FYI studies submitted
to EPA by industry, non-CBI Section 8(d) studies, and Section 4
information. EEFIS contains chemical fate and environmental
effects data (1) on chemicals identified for priority testing
consideration by the interagency testing committee; (2) on
chemicals for which EPA's Test Rules Development Branch has
internally generated tests rules or has received requests from
other program offices to promulgate test rules; and (3) generated
as a result of EPA's requiring testing under Section 4 of TSCA.
Holder: Office of Toxic Substances, Existing Chemical Assessment Division
Responsible Person: John D. Walker
Telephone: (202) 475-8160
ERFD
- see AIRBORNE PARTICULATE AND PRECIPITATION DATA
GENERAL RADIATION HEALTH IMPACT EVALUATION
Subject: Radiation Exposure Assessment
Type: Non-bibliographic
Content: This system is used to assess health impacts resulting from
environmental radiation from sources such as radon in surface
-------
OSWER Directive 9285.6-1
3-6
water, drinking water, and air. Information in the system is also
used to assess health effects of gamma radiation levels measured by
TLD dosimeters.
Holder: Office of Radiation Programs
Responsible Person: D. Norwood
FTS Phone: 8-534-7615
GLOBAL INDEXING SYSTEM (GI)
Subject: Environmental and Health Effects
Type: Document Indexing/Bibliographic
Content: This system stores and retrieves various Office of Toxic
Substances (OTS) documents and studies collected under TSCA Section
8(d). It covers the 20,000 documents existing in the OTS public
files including all original submissions and all TSCA rulemaking
records. The GI system also covers the submissions on health and
safety studies for about 330 substances listed under the TSCA
Section 8(d) reporting rule. GI is a document search and review
system consisting of a pointer to a fiche copy. Searches can be
conducted by using chemical identifiers (e.g., names and CAS
numbers), submitting company names, and document identification
data.
Holder: Office of Toxic Substances
Responsible Person: Doug Sellers
FTS Phone: 8-382-2320
GENETIC TOXICOLOGY DIVISION BIOASSAY SYSTEM (GTDMIS)
Subject: Health Effects
Type: Non-bibliographic
Content: This system contains the results of testing various chemical
compounds in numerous biological test systems for detecting
carcinogenicity or mutagenicity. The results are entered from
in-house research (HERL-Genetic Toxicology Division), National
Cancer Institute reports, and other published genetic toxicology
literature.
Holder: Office of Health Research
Responsible Person: Mike Waters
FTS Phone: 8-629-2537
GRAPHICAL EXPOSURE MODELING SYSTEM (GEMS)
Subject: Environmental Fate and Transport; Populations at Risk
Type: Non-Bibliographic
Content: This data base contains 12 datasets and fosters rapid access to 11
environmental fate and transport models designed to assess risks
from waste sites which are migrating through various environmental
media. The GEMS fate and transport models are discussed in Chapter
5. The data sets include:
CHEMEST Validation. Includes information on solubility, log P,
boiling point, and vapor pressure of various substances. -•
ECONOMIC CENSUS 1977. • Contains information on manufacturers,
industry, and transportation from 1977.
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OSWER Directive 9285.6-1
3-7
GEOECOLOGY DATA BASE. Contains county level data from selected
areas on agriculture, climate, vegetation, soils, population, water
quality, and wildlife.
GAGE. Contains stream flow rates from approximately 99,500
stations throughout the U.S.
IFDPIR. Contains facility data for approximately 28,000
dischargers, excluding POTWS.
- IFDIND. Contains facility data for approixmately 12,000
discharges who discharge through other facilities, usually POTWS.
MARF 1980 Census. Contains a variety of location identification
information, population counts by race, the numbers of families for
, all 50 states.
. METEOROLOGICAL DATA. Contains data for 394 weather stations in
the continental U.S.
POTWS. Contains 1982 survey data from 33,000 publically owned
treatment works in the U.S.
REACH. Contains stream reach information, including cataloging
unit, segment number, and location for approximately 68,000 reaches
throughout the country.
WATER SUPPLY. Contains the number of surface water utilities, the
total population served, the number of intake points, and the
number of STORET water quality stations associated with surface
water utilities.
Holder: Office of Toxic Substances
Exposure Evaluation Division
Telephone: (202) 382-3928
HEOX (Oxidants)
Subject: Photochemical Oxidants Health Effects
Type: Non-bibliographic
Content: This system contains data gathered as part of the oxidant research
program, which is concerned with the atmospheric processes, health
and environmental impacts, and control of photochemical oxidants.
Ozone is the most abundant photochemical oxidant and is of major
concern for health and environmental effects. Nitrogen oxides and
volatile organic compounds, which are precursors of ozone and other
oxidants, are also being evaluated under this research program.
Holder: Office of Health Research
Responsible Person: Richardson Dickerson
FTS Phone: 8-629-2909
INDUSTRIAL STUDIES DATA BASE (ISDB)
Subject: Hazardous Waste Management
Type: Non-bibliographic
Content: The ISDB contains data extracted from RCRA 3007 questionnaires,
sampling and analysis reports, industry contacts and literature.
The data tracks the manufacturing processes for specific organic
chemicals, the types and amounts of waste streams produced, and how
those waste streams are managed. Data on industries for the
following substances are included in the ISDB so far: chlorinated
organics,. organic pesticides, carbamate pesticides, dyes,
chlorinated aromatics, pigments, plastics, and resins.
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OSWER Directive 9285.6-1
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Holder: Office of Solid Waste
Responsible Person: Robert M. Scarberry
FTS Phone: 8-382-4768
INHALATION LITERATURE
Subject: Inhalation toxicity
Type: Non-bibliographic
Content: This microcomputer based compilation contains information from the
open literature on inhalation toxicity. It includes approximately
500 records on 100 chemicals.
Holder: Health and Environmental Review Division
Responsible Person: Ernest Falke
FTS Phone: 8-382-3430
THE INTEGRATED RISK INFORMATION SYSTEM (IRIS)
Subject: Risk characteristics of chemicals
Type: Search system
Content: IRIS contains results of carcinogenic bioassays, dose-related
responses, toxicity levels, reference doses, and other parameters
used to control exposure. The system is organized on a chemical
basis and the user .can call up a chemical by name and review all
material pertinent to it. IRIS should be online in October or
November of 1986, and will contain authoritative information on
about 200 compounds. Designed as an electronic loose-leaf
notebook, IRIS can be accessed through commercial E-mail lines, and
provides users with the ability to access, copy, and print
information from the data base, while data entry access is limited
to maintain the integrity of the file.
Holding Office: Office of Health and Environmental Assessment
Responsible People: Mary Wigginton (FTS 8-382-7315) for status and access
information; Jeffrey Swartout (FTS 8-684-7811) for
scientific issues and accuracy of reference doses
LAKE ANALYSIS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (LAMS)
Subject: Surface Water Quality Data
Type: Non-bibliographic
Content: LAMS includes all water quality data gathered by the EPA Office of
Research and Development research program administered by the Large
Lakes Research Station, Grosse lie, MI since 1971. This data base
also includes water quality data since 1968 for the Canadian Great
Lakes.
Holder: Office of Environmental Processes and Effects Research
Responsible Person: William Richardson
FTS Phone: 8-226-7811
LEVEL 8(A)
- see TSCA 8(a) LEVEL A INFORMATION SYSTEM
MEGA-X LIST
Subject: Chemical Information Index
Type: Information Indexing
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OSWER Directive 9285.6-1
3-9
Content: An index of all the chemicals in the CECATS System (see above)
that have CAS numbers is being expanded into a system, known as the
"Mega-X," which is being developed as the beginning of a master
index to OTS information resources.
Holder: Office of Toxic Substances, Existing Chemicals Assessment Division
Responsible Person: James Darr
FTS Phone: 8-382-3470
MICROBIOLOGICAL DATA
Subject: Microbiological Organisms
Type: Non-bibliographic
Content: OTS's Health and Environmental Review Division (HERD) is
developing a microcomputer version of an NIH mainframe system
consisting of data on the characteristics of various
microbiological organisms. This system will be used by OTS in
future reviews of altered microorganisms proposed for commercial
introduction and reviewed under TSCA Section 5. The system is
scheduled to be running in October 1986.
Holder: Office of Toxic Substances, HERD
Responsible Person: Mark Segal
FTS Phone: 8-382-3502
NATIONAL AIR TOXICS INFORMATION CLEARING HOUSE (NATICH)
Subject: Toxic Air Pollutants
Type: Reference-Search System
Content: This information was developed to assist state and local air
pollution control agencies exchange information on matters
pertaining to toxic air pollutants. The contents include:
Pollutant-specific information
Source-specific information
Information related to methods development activities
Listings of ongoing research and regulatory development
projects
Regulatory program development information
Bibliographic information
List of agency sources, contact persons and telephone numbers.
This data base contains the same information as the Air Toxics
Clearinghouse described earlier in this section. Therefore, if
NATICH proves difficult to access through the contacts outlined
below, one can attempt to access the Air Toxics Clearinghouse.
Holder: Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards (OAQPS), Pollutant
Assessment Division.
Responsible Person: Karen Blanchard
FTS Phone: 629-5519
NATIONAL HUMAN ADIPOSE TISSUE DATA
Subject: Chemicals in Adipose Tissue
Type: Non-bibliographic
Content: OTS's Exposure Evaluation Division (EED) maintains a data base of
levels of chemicals measured in human adipose tissue. This data
base consists of approximately 22,000 citations covering 20
chemicals.
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OSWER Directive 9285.6-1
3-10
Holder: Office of Toxic Substances, EED
Responsible Person: Janet Remmers
FTS Phone: 8-382-3583
NEUROTOXICITY DATA
Subject: Neurotoxicity evaluations
Type: Bibliographic and Non-bibliographic
Content: The Toxic Effects Branch of OTS is developing this microcomputer-
based data base of evaluated neurotoxicity data. This data base
will cover the many chemicals reviewed by OTS for neurotoxicity
under the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA). The database
consists of records at the chemical level, individual article
level, and at the experimental observational level. The database
should be implemented by summer 1986.
Holder: Health and Environmental Review Division
Responsible Person: Michael Cimino
FTS Phone: 8-382-3451
OCEAN DATA EVALUATION SYSTEM (ODES)
Subject: Municipal Effluent Monitoring Data
Type: Non-bibliographic
Content: This data base contains municipal wastewater effluent monitoring
data. Under Section 301(h) of the Clean Water Act, dischargers
with 301(h) modified permits are required to submit these
monitoring data in order to demonstrate compliance with the law.
Holder: Office of Water (Marine and Estuarine Management)
Responsible Person: Allison Duryee
FTS Phone: 8-755-4911
OIL AND HAZARDOUS MATERIALS-TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE DATA SYSTEM (OHM-TADS)
Subject: Environment; Toxicology
Type: Non-Bibliographic (Textual-Numeric)
Content: A database containing data gathered from published literature on
1334 materials that have been designated oil or hazardous
materials. Provides technical support for dealing with potential
or actual dangers resulting from the discharge of oil or hazardous
substances. Up to 126 data fields, some textual and some numeric,
may be present for each record (i.e., one material). A record
includes identification of the substance (Chemical Abstracts
Service registry number, common and trade names, and chemical
formula), physical properties, uses, toxicity, handling procedures,
and suggested methods for disposing of spilled materials. Emphasis
is placed on the effects of these substances on water quality.
Updating: About 50 new entries each year
Producer: U.S. EPA
Online Service: Chemical Information System, Inc. (CIS); Information
Consultants, Inc. (ICI)
ORALTOX
Subj ect: Acute Oral Toxicity
Type: Non-bibliographic
-------
OSWER Directive 9285.6-1
3-11
Content: ORALTOX contains acute oral toxicity data for rats, wild birds,
and wild mice. The data are sorted according to CAS number,
chemical name, and the number of carbons in the chemical formula.
All of the data are from literature, with rat toxicity data taken
from the Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances and bird
and mice data taken from literature by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife
Service. Data for about 20,00.0 chemicals are listed in ORALTOX.
Holder: Office of Toxic Substances
Responsible Person: Richard Clements
FTS Phone: 8-382-4270
OTS CHEMICAL DIRECTORY (CHEMD)
Subject: Physical-Chemical Properties
Type: Non-bibliographic
Content: CHEMD will provide a common storage and retrieval capability for
chemical structures for chemicals in all OTS automated systems. It
will provide chemical structure and substructure search features
with sophisticated graphics capabilities.
Holder: Office of Toxic Substances
Responsible Person: Michele Zenon
FTS Phone: 8-382-3534
PENTA
Subject: Chemical Case Histories
Type; Indexing System
Content: PENTA is an enhanced version of the Technical Data Indexing System
(TDIS). It contains scientific- and regulatory information on all
Premanufacturing Notifications, exemption applications, and notices
reviewed under the new chemicals and follow-up review process. The
data base is designed so that cases can be quickly isolated and
referenced by their pertinent properties. The objective of PENTA
is to automate descriptive information for each case and to provide
reviewers information on how similar cases were handled in the
past. This system contains confidential business information.
Holder: Office of Toxic Substances, Information Management Division
Responsible Person: Michele Zenon
FTS Phone: 8-382-3534
PERMDATA MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (PERMDATA)
Subject: Radon Monitoring Data
Type: Non-bibliographic
Content: This data base contains information on radon measurements in air.
Data include the sample location, the on and off dates and times
for the sample, total sample runtime, the thermoluminescent
dosimetry (TLD) detector number and its measures dose rate, alpha
and gamma TLD readouts, calibration factors, and radon
concentrations.
Holder: Office of Radiation Programs
Responsible Person: Richard D. Hopper
FTS Phone: 8-545-2463
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OSWER Directive 9285.6-1
3-12
PESTICIDE DOCUMENT MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (PDMS)
Subject: Pesticides
Type: Bibliographic
Content: The PDMS data base is an on-line index to some 200,000 studies of
the properties and effects of pesticides. These are mostly unpub-
lished documents, submitted by the pesticide industry to support
regulatory decisions by the Office of Pesticide Programs. Microform
copies of all indexed documents are maintained in OPP offices. The
index supports searching by chemical, subject, and a wide range of
other bibliographic and non-bibliographic attributes of each
document. Due to widespread claims of data confidentiality by their
submitters, ready access to PDMS documents is restricted to EPA
staff cleared for access to FIFRA confidential business information.
Holder: Office of Pesticide Programs
Responsible Person: John Carley
FTS Phone: 8-557-3240
PESTICIDE INCIDENT MONITORING SYSTEM (PIMS)
Subject: Pesticide Incident Data
Type: Non-bibliographic
Content: The PIMS contains and retrieves data on "incidents" involving
pesticides. The system develops and maintains reporting sources,
monitors suspected incidents and provides confirmatory analyses and
data on circumstances of the incident.
Holder: Office of Pesticide Programs
Responsible Person: Jerome Blondell
FTS Phone: 8-557-0320
PHYSIOLOGICAL DATA ACQUISITION SYSTEM (PDAS)
Subject: Health Effects
Type: Non-bibliographic
Content: The PDAS contains real-time physiological data (e.g., pulmonary
function, heart, and stress measurements) from subjects who perform
• various tests while enclosed in chambers exposing them to various
levels of pollutants. One of the pollutants studied is ozone.
Holder: Office of Health Research
Responsible Person: John O'Neil
FTS Phone: 8-629-2602
PUBLIC HEALTH RISK EVALUATION DATA BASE (PHRED)
Subject: Chemical, physical, and toxicological data and health-based
standards
Type: Non-bibliographic with source citations
Content: This personal computer software package is designed to provide
chemical, physical, and toxicological data and health-based
standards and criteria for over 400 chemicals that may be found at
Superfund sites. The package is intended to accompany the
Superfund Public Health Evaluation Manual (Office of Solid Waste
and Emergency Response Directive 9285.4-1) which is also the source
of most of the data. More detailed information about specific
types of data in the data base can be found in the manual, and
footnotes and data sources are included throughout the data.
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OSWER Directive 9285.6-1
3-13
Holder: Office of Emergency and Remedial Response, Policy Analysis Staff
Responsible Person: Craig Zamuda
FTS Phone: 8-382-2201
RADIATION (RAD)
Subject: Non-Ionizing Radiation Health Effects
Type: Non-bibliographic
Content: This system contains data from an EPA program to evaluate the
significance and dose-response characteristics of radiofrequency
radiation (including microwaves) exposure. This program is
intended to provide the scientific basis for decision-making, as
well as EPA guidance, on radiofrequency radiation. Data in RAD are
useful in identifying and explaining the underlying mechanisms for
biophysical interactions, as well as enable better prediction of
risks for humans.
Holder: Office of Health Research
Responsible Person: Richard Phillips
FTS Phone: 8-629-2771
Contains data
effects of over
organisms
SCIENTIFIC PARAMETERS FOR HEALTH AND THE ENVIRONMENT,
RETRIEVAL AND ESTIMATION (SPHERE)
Subject: Biomedicine; Chemistry-Properties; Environment; Toxicology
Type: Reference (Bibliographic); Non-Bibliographic (Textual-Numeric)
Content: Contains 5 files of information on the health and environmental
effects of chemical substances. Data are extracted from the
published literature.
AQUATIC INFORMATION RETRIEVAL DATA BASE (AQUIRE).
on acute, chronic, bioaccumulative, and sublethal
2500 chemical substances on freshwater and marine
(excluding bacteria, birds, and aquatic mammals).
DERMAL ABSORPTION DATA BASE. Contains information on the
qualitative and quantitative health effects of approximately 650
chemical substances administered to humans and test animals via the
dermal route.
ENVIROFATE. Contains information on the environmental fate or
behavior (i.e., transport and degradation) of chemicals released
into the environment. Chemicals selected for inclusion are
produced in quantities exceeding 1 million pounds per year. Data,
extracted from published literature, include environmental
transformation rates (e.g., biodegradation, oxidation, hydrolysis)
and physical and chemical properties (e.g., water solubility, vapor
pressure).
GENETOX. Contains mutagenicity information on 3170 chemicals that
were tested against 38 biological systems. Data are extracted from
published literature.
INFORMATION SYSTEM FOR HAZARDOUS ORGANICS IN WATER (ISHOW).
Contains melting point, boiling point, partition coefficient, acid
dissociation constant, water solubility, and vapor pressure data
for more than 5400 chemicals.
Time Span: 1970-present
Updating: Periodically, as new data become available
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OSWER Directive 9285.6-1
3-14
Producer: U.S. EPA
Online Service: Chemical Information System, Inc., (CIS); Information
Consultants, Inc. (ICI)
STARA
- see STUDIES ON TOXICITY APPLICABLE TO RISK ASSESSMENT
STORAGE AND RETRIEVAL OF WATER QUALITY INFORMATION (STORET)
Subject: Water Quality Data
Type: Non-bibliographic
Content: STORET contains water quality data used by State and EPA analysts
in making water pollution control decisions (e.g., issuing NPDES
permits, establishing water quality standards for toxic pollutants,
evaluating the effectiveness of regulatory programs, and assessing
concentrations of toxic pollutants). Data contained in STORET
include aquatic biological data, hydrologic data, stream reach
data, and other related information. Approximately 60 million
observations of water quality parameters measured at about 200,000
monitoring sites in the U.S. are included in the data base, along
with information on how and where the data were obtained.
Holder: Office of Water
Responsible Person: Phillip Lindestruth
FTS Phone: 8-382-7220
STUDIES ON TOXICITY APPLICABLE TO RISK ASSESSMENT (STARA)
Subject: Toxicological Data
Type: Non-bibliographic
Content: This system contains available quantitative toxicological data on
all EPA priority pollutants (water quality and air lists). Data
are extracted from peer-reviewed studies which are screened for
appropriateness for human health risk estimation. Related software
procedures (WYLBUR EXEC) allow generation of formatted tables of
the original data, tables of data in human equivalent
(dose-duration) terms, and graphs of severity versus dose and
duration.
Holder: Office of Health and Environmental Assessment
Responsible Person: Richard Hertzberg
FTS Phone: 8-684-7582
TSCA INITIAL INVENTORY
Subject: Chemical Industry; Toxicology
Type: Non-Bibliographic (Textual-Numeric)
Content: Contains information on the approximately 56,000 chemical
substances in commerce in the U.S. covered in the Toxic Substances
Control Act (TSCA) Initial Inventory published June 1, 1979. Each
record, providing information on one substance, includes the
Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) Registry Number, preferred name,
molecular formula, and synonyms. Synonyms in the records are only
those received in the inventory reports; additional synonyms
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OSWER Directive 9285.6-1
3-15
provided in the corresponding printed version are not included.
Confidential substances and definitions of complex substances are
also excluded.
Time Span: Inventory current as of May 1, 1983
Updating: Irregularly
Producer: U.S. EPA
Online Service: DIALOG
TSCA 8(a) LEVEL A INFORMATION SYSTEM (LEVELS(A))
Subject: Chemical Use and Exposure
Type: Non-bibliographic
Content: The Preliminary Assessment Information Rule (PAIR), under section
8(A) of TSCA, requires chemical manufacturers to submit general use
and exposure data to EPA on approximately 250 chemicals. The
information submitted includes data on the quantities of chemicals
manufactured, amounts directed to certain classes of use, and
potential exposures and environmental releases associated with the
manufacturing or processing of the chemicals. The LEVEL8(A)
Information System contains these data collected under the PAIR.
Holder: Office of Toxic Substances
Responsible Person: Maureen Guild
FTS Phone: 8-382-3623
TSCA PLUS
Subject: Chemical Identification, Manufacturing, and Use
Type: Non-Bibliographic
Content: This data base lists chemicals in the TSCA initial inventory of
1976, plus additions as of 1981, and includes plant and production
data exclusive to SDC Information Services. The chemical records
in the data base include molecular formula, registry number,
chemical name, synonyms, and data on manufacturers, amount produced
and used. Name, contact person, address, and number of substance
producers are also included.
Time Span: 1976-present
Updating: Continuously
Producer: Office of the Toxic Substances
Online Service: SDC Information Services
TSCA TEST SUBMISSIONS (TSCATS)
Subject: Chemical Test Results
Type: Chemical Indexing
Content: The TSCATS data base represents 'a compilation of testing data
gathered by EPA from chemical manufacturers and processors. It is
designed to provide indexing terms and descriptors that will enable
users to conduct focused searches of industry submissions under
TSCA. Each record in the data base contains essential chemical
tracking information (document number, title, microfiche number,
TSCA section code, CAS number), and descriptors for subject
category (health effects, environmental effects, environmental
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OSWER Directive 9285.6-1
3-16
fate) and various aspects of the experimental design (study type,
subject organism/test system, route of exposure, test substance).
The system documents approximately 1500 tests for 1232 chemicals.
Holder: Office of Toxic Substances, Information Management Division
Responsible Person: Doug Sellers
FTS Phone: 8-382-2320
TSDF
- see AIR EMISSIONS FROM TREATMENT STORAGE AND DISPOSAL FACILITIES FOR
HAZARDOUS WASTE
WHOLE-BODY COUNT AND BIOASSAY (WBC)
Subject: Radionuclide Intake by Humans
Type: Non-bibliographic
Content: This data base, which is-under development, will hold data on
ingested and inhaled radionuclide levels in humans (radiation
workers and the general public) relative to Nevada Test Site
operations and laboratory activities. These data have been
collected since 1963 and are being extracted from reports, internal
memoranda, monitoring logs, and raw data. Mobilized whole body
counters are being developed for future data collection in the
field.
Holder: Office of Monitoring Systems and Quality Assurance
Responsible Person: Anita Mullen
FTS Phone: 8-545-2597
3.2 NON-EPA DATA BASES
The following are automated non-EPA data bases. Some of the data bases
below were identified through personal interviews with EPA and non-EPA
employees. Most of the'data bases, however, were selected from other data
base directories3J because of their apparent usefulness in performing risk
assessments. The information on each data base was taken directly from these
other directories, which should be consulted for further information on -these
and other data bases.
ACS JOURNALS ONLINE
Subject: Chemistry Journals
Type: Full Text
Content: This data base contains over 50,000 articles (full text) from 18
journals published by the American Chemical Society. The journals
covered are: (1) Accounts of Chemical Research, (2) Analytical
3J Cuadra Associates, Inc. 1985. Directory of Online Databases,
Volume 6, Number 3. LC Catalog Number 79-54776. Santa Monica, CA.
Zaronzny, Sharon and Monica Honer. 1984. The Federal Data Base Finder,
A Directory of Free and Fee-Based Data Bases and Files Available from the
Federal Government. 1984-85 Edition. Information USA, Inc. Potomac, MD.
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OSWER Directive 9285.6-1
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Chemistry (only research papers), (3) Biochemistry, (4) Chemical
Reviews, (5) Environmental Science and Technology (1982-Present,
only research papers), (6) Inorganic Chemistry, (7) Journal of
Agricultural and Food Chemistry, (8) Journal of the American
Chemical Society (July 1980-Present), (9) Journal of Chemistry and
Engineering Data, (10) Journal of Chemical Information and Computer
Science, (11) Journal of Medicinal Chemistry (1976-present), (12)
Journal of Physical Chemistry, (13) Langmuir (1985-present), (14)
Macromolecules, and (15) Organometallics (1982-present). For the
Journal of The American Chemical Society, Journal of Organic
Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry, and Organometallics, the Registry
Numbers assigned by Chemical Abstracts Service are included.
Producer: American Chemical Society
Online Service: Bibliographic Retrieval System (BRS)
AGRICOLA
Subject: Agriculture, Food Sciences and Nutrition
Type: Reference (Bibliographic)
Content: This data base contains citations to government reports,
monographs, journal literature, serials, etc., in agriculture and
other related areas. This information has been acquired by The
National Agricultural Library for use by The U.S. Department of
Agriculture. Covered topics include animal sciences, chemistry and
engineering, food and human nutrition, forestry, natural resources,
pesticides, soils and fertilizers, water resources, impact of
chemicals in living organisms.
Time Span: 1970-present
Updating: Approximately 12,000 records/month
Producer: U.S. Department of Agriculture, National Agriculture Library
Online Service: Bibliographic Retrieval System (BRS) and DIALOG
AIR/WATER POLLUTION REPORT
Subject: Air and Water Laws and Regulations
Type: Full Text
Content: This data base contains Air/Water Pollution Report (full text),
which is a newsletter that covers air and water pollution. It
concentrates on environmental laws and regulations, especially on
the Clean Air and Clean Water Acts.
Time Span: 1982-present
Updating: Every week
Producer: Business Publishers, Inc.
Online Service: NewsNet, Inc.
AQUALINE
Subject: Environment, Aquatic Sciences
Type: Reference (Bibliographic)
Content: This data base includes over 87,000 citations, with abstracts, to
literature (worldwide) on aspects of waste water, water, and the
aquatic environment. Relevant topics are: (1) surface water, (2)
waste water treatment, (3) groundwater, (4) water sampling and
analysis, (5) groundwater pollution, (6) drinking water quality,
(7) sludge utilization and other related topics.
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Time Span: 1960-present
Updating: Approximately 550 records/month
Online Service: DIALOG
AQUATIC SCIENCES AND FISHERIES ABSTRACTS (ASFA)
Subject: Aquatic Sciences
Type: Reference (Bibliograhic)
Content: This data base contains citations with abstracts to literature on
science, technology, and management of marine, brackish, and
freshwater environments. It includes these and related subjects:
agriculture; aquatic biology; ecology and ecosystems; environmental
studies; fisheries; limnology; marine biology, pollution, and
technology; and water pollution.
Time Span: 1978-present
Updating: About 3000 records a month
Producer: Cambridge Scientific Abstracts, Intergovernmental Oceanographic
Commission, United Nations
Online Service: DIALOG, CISTI
BIOSCIENCES INFORMATION SERVICE (BIOSIS)
Subject: Life Sciences
Type: Bibliographic
Content: BIOSIS contains citations and abstracts from Biological Abstracts,
Biological Abstracts/Reports, Reviews, Meetings, and Bioresearch
Index. Together, these publications constitute a major
English-language service providing comprehensive worldwide coverage
of research in the life sciences.
Time Span: 1969 to present
Online Service: DIALOG
CANCER LITERATURE (CANCERLIT; formerly CANCERLINE)
Subject: Cancer
Type: Bibliographic
Content: CANCERLIT contains about 521,000 references dealing with various
aspects of cancer. All references have English abstracts. Over
3,500 U.S. and foreign journals, as well as selected monographs,
meeting papers, reports, and dissertations are abstracted for
inclusion in CANCERLIT.
Time Span: 1963-present
Updating: Monthly (5,000 additions per month)
Online Service: National Library of Medicine
CARCINOGENESIS BIOASSAY DATA SYSTEM (CBDS)
Subject: Toxicology
Type: Numeric
Content: This data base contains data on approximately 600 chemical
compounds being tested for toxicity. Data is mostly carcinogenic
results of tests on rats exposed to environmental chemicals.
Retrievable information includes: specific animal, dose of
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chemical, animal age, results, organs affected and kinds of tumors.
Examples of chemicals tested include compounds in pesticides and
over-the-counter drugs. CBDS is searchable in batch mode.
Time Span: 1973-present
Updating: Monthly
Online Service: National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences
CAS ONLINE (also known as CA SEARCH)
Subject: Chemistry
Type: Reference (Bibliographic)
Content: This data base contains citations to literature in chemistry;
organic, analytical, physical, applied, macromolecular, biochemical,
and chemical engineering. Covers journals, monographs, conference
proceedings, technical reports. Contains bibliographic information
and keyword index entries from the printed Chemical Abstracts,
CAS-assigned subject terms, and Registry Numbers.
Time Span: 1967-present
Updating: BRS and CISTI about 40,000 records per month; DIALOG, Data-Star,
ESA-IRS, JICST, SDC about 19,000 records every two weeks.
Producer: Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS)
Online Service: Bibliographic Retrieval System (BRS), CISTI, DIALOG, Systems
Development Corporation (SDC)
CHEMICAL ABSTRACTS SERVICE SOURCE INDEX (CASSI)
Subject: Chemistry
Type: Reference (Bibliographic)
Content: This data base covers scientific and technical literature relevant
to chemistry, chemical engineering, and the chemical sciences.
Time Span: 1900-present
Updating: Quarterly
Producer: Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS)
Online Service: Systems Development Corporation (SDC)
CHEMICAL CARCINOGENESIS RESEARCH INFORMATION SYSTEM (CCRIS)
Subject: Toxicology
Type: Reference (Bibliographic); Non-Bibliographic (Textual-Numeric)
Content: This data base contains bibliographic references and data
extracted from literature on test conditions and results of
carcinogenicity, tnutagenicity, and tumor production of 882
chemicals. Data sources include environmental surveys, National
Institute of Health sponsored studies, and international journals
on cancer research.
Time Span: 1971-present
Updating: Two times per year
Producer: U.S. National Institutes of Health
Online Service: Chemical Information System, Inc. (CIS)
CHEMICAL EVALUATION SEARCH AND RETRIEVAL SYSTEM (CESARS)
Subject: Chemical Properties, Environmental Fate, and Toxicology
Type: Non-Bibliographic (Textual-Numeric)
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Content: Contains toxicological data on approximately 195 chemicals. Data
items covered include physical and chemical properties, toxicity,
carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, teratogenicity, and environmental
fate. Data are from literature which are referenced to source
documents.
Time Span: 1962-present
Updating: Annually
Producer: Michigan Department of Natural Resources
Online Service: Chemical Information System, Inc. (CIS); Information
Consultants, Inc. (ICI)
CHEMICAL EXPOSURE
Subject: Effects of Contaminants on Animals and Humans
Type: Reference (Bibliographic)
Content: Contains data from journal articles, conferences, and reports.
Traces toxic chemicals and other substances to evaluate their
effects. Includes information on chemical properties, synonyms,
CAS Registry Numbers, formulas, tissue measured, analytical method
used, demograhics, keywords, systemic names, etc. Has all the
information one needs when examining toxicity of various substances
and their effects on animals and humans.
Time Span: 1974-present
Updating: Annually
Producer: Oak Ridge National Library, Chemical Effects Information Center
Online Service: DIALOG
CHEMICAL EXPOSURE; CHEMICALS IN HUMAN TISSUES AND FLUIDS
Subject: Toxicology
Type: Reference (Bibliographic); Non-Bibliographic (Textual-Numeric)
Content: Contains citations to literature on over 1000 chemicals that have
been identified in human biological media and reported effects of
metals, pesticides, and other substances on the human body. Each
record includes bibliographic information, Chemical Abstracts
Service systematic name and Registry Number, chemical properties,
formulas, synonyms, tissue levels measured, analytical method used,
number and sex of cases, demographic information on sources of
samples, health effects, geographic location, and animal studied.
Time Span: 1974-present
Updating: About 2000 records a year
Producer: Science Applications International Corp.
Online Service: DIALOG, U.S. DOE (RECON)
CHEMICAL INFORMATION SYSTEM (CIS)
Subject: Chemistry
Type: Reference (Bibliographic)
Content: This data base provides cross-reference to all citations of a
chemical or class of chemicals cited in the Federal Register (FR)
since January 1, 1978. Each mention of a substance in the Register
results in a citation in the data base, with a description of the
FR article as it concerns the cited substance or substances, the
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agency or agencies involved, the actions being taken or proposed,
significant dates, and the affected sections of the CFR (Code of
Federal Regulations).
Time Span: 1978-present
Updating: Continuously
Producer: NIH/EPA Chemical Information System
User Support
Computer Sciences Corporation
Online Service: Chemical Information System, Inc.
CHEMICAL REGULATIONS AND GUIDELINES SYSTEM (CRGS)
Subject: Chemical Regulations
Type: Reference (Bibliographic)
Content: This data base provides an index to U.S. Federal regulatory
material on the control of chemical substances and covers federal
statutes, promulgated regulations, available federal guidelines,
standards, and support documents. CRGS follows the regulatory
cycle and includes an up-to-date reference to each document,
including main documents and revisions published in the Federal
Register. Each chemical cited in a regulatory document is indexed
by name, CAS Registry Number, and a chemical role tag. The latter
shows the context in which the substances appear in the document.
Citations show publication title, date, abstract, index terms and
chemical identifiers.
Time Span: May 1981-present
Updating: Monthly
Producer: CRC Systems, Inc.
Online Service: DIALOG
CHEMICAL REGULATION REPORTER
Subject: Current Developments in Chemical Industry and Regulation
Type: Full Text
Content: Contains full text of the current developments section of Chemical
Regulation Reporter, covering legislative, regulatory, and industry
activities related to control of chemicals in the air, water, land,
and workplace. Includes control of pesticides, chemical testing,
transportation of hazardous materials, waste disposal, and
recordkeeping. Primary source is the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency.
Time Span: 1982-present
Updating: Weekly
Producer: Bureau of National Affairs
Online Service: Mead Data Central
CHEMLAW
Subject: Chemical Regulations
Type: Reference (Bibliographic)
Content: This data base covers U.S. agencies' regulations relating-to the
manufacture, storage, use, transportation and disposal of chemical
substances. Available with summaries, CFR title headings, CFR
citations, promulgating agency and statutory authority.
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Producer: The Bureau of National Affairs, Inc.
Online Service: DIALOG
CHEMLINE
Subject: Chemical Dictionary
Type: Source (Numeric)
Content: Contains over 500,000 records on chemical substances found in the
following data bases: TOXLINE; TOXBACK 65; TOXBACK 74; MEDLINE;
and TDB data bases; also, the EPA Toxic Substances Control Act
Inventory. Also contains National Library of Medicine file
locators and limited ring information. This data base helps the
user in searching the other MEDLARS data base by providing synonyms
and CAS Registry Numbers, the use of which can increase retrieval
in those data bases. CHEMLINE can also be searched to locate
classes of chemical substances.
Time Span: 1965-present
Producer: U.S. National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute,
International Cancer Research Data Bank Program
Online Service: National Library of Medicine, DIALOG (CHEMLINE is under the
name CHEMNAME in DIALOG), SDC Information Service (CHEMLINE
is under the name CHEMDEX in SDC)
CHEMSEARCH
Subject: Chemistry-Structure & Nomenclature
Type: Non-Bibliographic (Textual-Numeric)
Content: Contains nomenclature information by substances not yet entered in
CHEMSIS that have appeared in the most recent 3 updates of CA
SEARCH. Elements of data include CAS Registry Number, molecular
formula, and systematic names from the Chemical Abstracts Substance
Index.
Time Span: Most recent 3 updates of CA SEARCH
Updating: Every 2 weeks
Online Service: DIALOG
CHEM SINGLY INDEXED SUBSTANCES (CHEMSIS)
Subject: Chemistry-Structure & Nomenclature
Type: Non-Bibliographic (Textual-Numeric)
Content: This data base includes CAS Registry Number, molecular formula,
systematic names from the Chemical Abstracts Substance Index,
synonyms, and ring data. Additional search terms generated by
DIALOG for this database are also included.
Time Span: 1967-present
Updating: Current collective index period, irregularly; earlier periods, not
updated.
Online Service: DIALOG
CHEMTRAN
Subj ect: Chemistry-Properties
Type: Non-Bibliographic (Textual-Numeric)
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Content: Is a component of a process simulation system that combines data
on physical properties of compounds and constants with the software
necessary to perform vapor-liquid equilibrium calculations. Data
on 857 compounds cover molecular weight, normal boiling points ,
critical properties, ideal gas heat capacities, acentric factors,
solubility parameters, liquid density, vapor pressures, and heats
of vaporization. The user may also supply a 2-dimensional chemical
structure for any compound not in the file and the system will
estimate the physical properties of that compound.
Updating: Monthly
Online Service: ChemShare Corporation; Control Data Corporation; General
Electric Information Services Company
CHEMZERO
Sub ject: Chemistry-Structure & Nomenclature
Type: Non-Bibliographic (Textual-Numeric)
Content: Contains nomenclature information for over 1 million chemical
substances that are not cited in Chemical Abstracts. The following
data items from the Reigstry Nomenclature and Structure Service are
included: CAS Registry Number, molecular formula, systematic names
from the Chemical Abstracts Substance Index, and synonyms.
Additional search terms generated by DIALOG for this database are
also included.
Time Span: 1965-present
Updating: Irregularly
Online Service: DIALOG
CLEARINGHOUSE ON HEALTH INDEXES
Subject: Health
Type: Reference (Bibliographic)
Content:
Time Span:
Updating:
Online Service:
This data base contains citations and abstracts of literature about
health indexes. The system includes both published and unpublished
materials in a variety of languages; book reviews; information about
forthcoming conferences, meetings, seminars, etc., relating to the
development and/or application of health measures; and a bulletin
board file with information pertaining to the development of health
indexes such as forthcoming books, libraries, and technical
information centers. "Health indexes" refers to the overall health
of an individual or group, and concerns measures of health, not
disease. Examples of topics covered include: number of cancer
deaths, life expectancy, quality of life, and biometry. The data
base contains multidisciplinary materials in fields such as
sociology, psychology, economics and political science.
1973-present
Cont inuously
Department of Health and Human Services
Office of Analysis and Epidemiology
CLINICAL TOXICOLOGY OF COMMERCIAL PRODUCTS (CTCP)
Subject: Toxicology
Type: Non-Bibliographic (Textual-Numeric)
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Content: A database system that contains chemical and toxicological
information on over 20,000 commercial products derived from 3000
chemicals. Records can be retrieved by manufacturer, trade name,
manufacturer's approved usage, date of most recent change in
chemical formulation, chemical names of ingredients, and Chemical
Abstracts Service Registry Number. Includes data on toxicity,
symptoms, and treatments.
Time Span: 1984
Updating: Data from monthly bulletins added quarterly; is completely
replaced with each new edition.
Producer: U.S. EPA; U.S. Food and Drug Admin., U.S. National Institutes of
Health
Online .Service: Chemical Information System, Inc. (CIS)
COMPLIANCE ALERT: FEDERAL REGISTER DIGEST
Subject: Energy; Environment; Government-U.S. Federal; Safety
Type: Reference (Bibliographic)
Content: Contains summaries of federal regulations pertaining to the
environment, waste management, energy, and the Occupational Safety
and Health Administration (OSHA). Covers relevant sections of the
Federal Register and the Code of Federal Regulations.
Time Span: 1984-present
Updating: Weekly
Producer: Bureau of Law & Business, Inc.
Online Service: CompuServe Consumer Information Service; NewsNet, Inc.
COMPLIANCE MANAGEMENT REPORT
Subject: Compliance with Environmental and Safety Requirements
Type: Full Text
Content: Contains full text of Compliance Management Report, a newsletter
on legal and practical problems encountered in complying with
federal laws and regulations in the environmental protection and
occupational health and safety areas. Covers air pollution,
hazardous materials and wastes, and technologies supporting
compliance with regulations.
Time Span: 1984-present
Updat ing: Monthly
Producer: Bureau of Law & Business, Inc.
Online Service: NewsNet, Inc.
PARC
Subject: Chemical Structure
Type: Search System
Content: DARC is an integrated chemical search system which operates on the
(1) almost seven million chemical compounds in the Chemical
Abstracts Service; (2) the almost four million compounds in the
Index Chemicals Online file; and (3) the 40,000 compounds and
40,000 complete low resolution mass spectra in the SPECTRA file
(NIH-EPA Mass Spectra Data Center). Searching is done on
structures, substructures, and Markush Formulae.
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Time Span: 1965-present
Updating: Monthly (depends on specific file)
Online Service: Questel, Inc.
QMS
Subject: Hydrologic and Water Quality Data
Type: Non-Bibliographic (Numeric)
Content: Contains hydrologic and water quality data collected from field
work and laboratory tests by the U.S. Geological Survey, National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, and Environmental
Protection Agency. Software systems allow users to analyze time
series data, land segments hydrologic response, washoff and routing
in channels and reservoirs, and momentum equations.
Online Service: Hydrocomp, Inc.
DORTMUND VLE DATA BANK
Subject: Chemistry-Properties
Type: Non-Bibliographic (Numeric)
Content: Contains over 10,000 sets of vapor-liquid equilibrium data for
approximately 1200 chemicals. Each set of data contains either
isobaric or isothermal data for binary, ternary, or quarternary
systems. Sources of data include over 2400 technical journal
articles and dissertations.
Time Span: 1890-present
Updating: Twice a year
Producer: University of Dortmund
Online Service: ChemShare Corporation
EMBASE
Subject: Human Medicine
Type: Bibliographic
Content: EMBASE provides bibliographic references and abstracts for
literature on human medicine and related disciplines. Subject
coverage includes the basic biological sciences with some relevance
to human medicine, such as articles on drugs and potential drugs.
Normally excluded are articles on nursing, dentistry, psychology,
paramedical professions, podiatry, and optometry.
Time Span: 1974 to present
Updating: 235,000 records added annually
Online Service: DIALOG
ENVIROLINE
Subject: Environment
Type: Reference (Bibliographic)
Content: Contains citations to a broad range of issues and topics related
to the environment and the management and use of natural resources.
Major topic areas included are air, water, and noise pollution;
management of renewable and non-renewable resources of the land and
water; chemicals, and biological and radiological contaminants.
Covers all types of printed literature, including conference papers,
research reports, government documents, and journal articles.
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Time Span: 1971-present
Updating: About 600 records, a month
Online Service: DIALOG
ENVIRONMENT REPORTER
Subject: Current Developments in Environmental Management
Type: Source (Full Text)
Content: Contains full text of the current developments section of
Environment Reporter, covering state and federal legislative,
regulatory, and judicial activities related to pollution control
and the environment. Includes developments concerning air and
water pollution, hazardous wastes, solid wastes, mining, land use,
and sewage treatment.
Time Span: 1982-present
Updating: Weekly
Producer: The Bureau of National Affairs, Inc.
Online Service: Mead Data Central
ENVIRONMENTAL BIBLIOGRAPHY
Subject: General Environmental References
Type: Reference (Bibliographic)
Content: Contains citations to literature on the environment, including
water, air, soil, and noise pollution, solid waste management,
health hazards, urban planning and other related topics.
Time Span: 1973-present
Updating: About 4000 records every 2 months
Online Service: DIALOG
ENVIRONMENTAL FATE DATA BASES
Subiect: Chemistry-Properties; Environment; Toxicology
Type: Reference (Bibliographic); Non-Bibliographic (Textual-Numeric)
Content: Consists of 3 interrelated files of information on the fate (i.e.,
transport and degradation) of organic chemicals released in the
environment.
DATALOG. Contains over 48,000 records covering over 4000 organic
chemicals and metals. Each record provides the chemical name,
molecular formula, Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) Registry
Number, and one or more of 18 data items relevant to the
environmental fate of the chemical (e.g., water solubility, octanol/
water partition coefficient, vapor pressure, soil adsorption,
Henry's Law constant, biodegradation, hydrolysis). Each record
also contains an abbreviated, reference to the source article.
CHEMFATE. Contains actual data derived from the literature
pertinent to the fate of over 465 representative chemicals listed
in DATALOG. Categories of data include chemical identification
information (e.g., molecular formula, molecular weight, chemical
name, synonyms); chemodynamic properties (e.g., log octanol/water
partition coefficient, log acid.dissociation constant, soil
adsorption, ultra-violet absorption, vapor pressure, solubility in
water); transport properties (e.g., bioconcentration, evaporation
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from water, Henry's Law constant, soil column transport);
laboratory degradation data; and environmental measurements (e.g.,
air, biota, water and soil monitoring, and data from field
studies). Each record also includes the CAS Registry Number, data
type, reference to the source article, and a summary of
experimental design, methods, and results.
BIOLOG. Contains citations to literature on microbial degradation
and toxicity. Records are organized by CAS Registry Number and by
6 categories.
Updating: Periodically, as new data become available
Producer: Syracuse Research Corporation
Online Service: Syracuse Research Corporation
ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH NEWS
Subject: Environment
Type: Reference (Bibliographic)
Content: The data base is not a bibliographic or abstracting service, but
rather an environmental news alert. News stories appear weekly in
the data bank, totalling approximately 15 new headlines each week.
Ev.ents covered include committee recommendations, activities, state
and local actions, regulatory testing requirements, agency
personnel changes and court rulings.
Time Span: December 1981-present
Updating: Continuously
Producer: Occupational Health Services, Inc.
Online Service: Occupational Health Services, Inc.
ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGEN INFORMATION CENTER (EMIC)
Subject: Genetic toxicology of chemicals
Type: Bibliographic
Content: Includes references indexed from journals, magazines, and
professional presentations throughout the world. Contains
approximately 60,000 references.
Time Span: 1968-present
Updating: Monthly
Online Service: National Library of Medicine
ENVIRONMENTAL TERRETOLOGY INFORMATION CENTER (ETIC)
Subject: Valuative of Chemical-Physical-Biological Agents for Teratogenic
Activity
Type: Bibliographic
Content: Includes over 40,000 references pertaining to the biochemical
agents for terretology.
Time Span: 1950-present
Updating: Monthly
Online Service: National Library of Medicine
HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES DATA BANK (HSDB)
Subject: Chemical Data
Type: Non-Bibliographic (Textual-Numeric)
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Content: This data base contains data on more than 4100 substances that are
of known or potential toxicity and to which substantial popualtions
are exposed. Covers environmental health, standards, and
regulations, monitoring and analysis, and safety and handling.
Producer: National Library of Medicine
Online Service: National Library of Medicine
HAZARDLINE
Subject: Chemistry-Properties; Environment; Toxicology
Type: Non-Bibliographic (Textual-Numeric)
Content: Contains regulatory, health, and precautionary data on over 75,000
hazardous chemicals. Includes chemical name; chemical formula;
synonyms, including brand and trade names; Chemical Abstracts
Service (CAS) Registry Number; identification number from the
Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances (see RTECS); U.S.
Department of Transportation (DOT) UN/PLACARD number; U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) hazardous waste number; a
physical description of the substance; chemical and physical
properties; incompatibility with other chemical substances;
emergency procedures in the event of personal contact; route of
entry of the substance into the body; permissible exposure levels,
including carcinogenic, mutagenic, and teratogenic data, CERCLA
Hazard Ratings, EPA reportable quantities, Food and Drug
Administration (FDA) acceptable daily intake and food tolerances;
level of danger to life or health; relevant federal regulations and
abstracts of state laws on hazardous materials, transportation,
storage, and state right-to-know laws; and guidelines and
procedures for dealing with hazardous leaks, spills, and waste
disposal. Users can retrieve data on specific chemical substances
by searching on various criteria, including chemical name, synonym,
keyword, chemical formula, CAS Registry Number, RTECS number, or
symptoms of exposure. Sources of data include (OSHA) and EPA
standards and regulations, as well as National Institute of
Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) criteria documents.
Updating: Most services, daily; Mead Data Central, quarterly
Producer: Occupational Health Services, Inc.
Online Service: Bibliographic Retrieval System (BRS); Executive Telecom
System, Inc.; Mead Data Central
HEILBRON
Subject: Chemistry-Properties
Type: Non-Bibliographic (Textual-Numeric)
Content: Contains physical and chemical properties data on approximately
70,000 important substances selected by a panel of experts.
Includes molecular weight and formula; melting, freezing, and
boiling point; solubility; relative density; optical rotation;
dissociation constants; and Chemical Abstracts Service Registry
Number, derivative names, synonyms, and variant compounds.
Time Span: Current information
Updating: Every 6 months
Online Service: DIALOG
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INSTRUCTIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION SYSTEM (IRIS)
Subject: Educational Materials and Institutions Concerning Water Resources
Type: Reference (Bibliographic, Referral)
Content: Contains citations, with abstracts, to educational and
instructional materials (both print and non-print) on water quality
and water resources. Topics covered include water quality, water
resources, water pollution control, water treatment, waste
disposal, wastewater treatment, water quality monitoring, safety,
standards, pesticides and toxic substances.
Time Span: 1979-present
Updating: About 1300 records a year
Online Service: CompuServe Consumer Information Service
LEXIS
Subject: Court Cases
Type: Full-Text
Content:
and Actions
Time Span:
Updat ing:
Online Service:
LEXIS contains the full-text court decisions for complete legal
cases and relevant text from a few pending cases. The court cases
included in LEXIS are from both federal and local levels taking
place in the entire U.S. as well as internationally (court cases
from Great Britain and France are included). In addition to court
case actions, LEXIS contains the full-text of other legal-related
non-case law material including college law reviews, Commerce
Clearinghouse Materials, American Bar Association publications, and
publications from the Bureau of National Affairs.
State court cases are from approximately 1976 to present; federal
court cases are from the 1800's to present. An effort is under
way to include court cases dating back to the mid 1700's.
As court cases are decided
Mead Data Central
LOG P DATABASE
Subject: Chemistry-Properties
Type: Non-Bibliographic (Numeric)
Content: Contains about 27,500 records providing partition coefficients
(log P values) and related data for over 13,000 organic compounds
in about 300 solvents. Includes compound name, log P value,
Chemical Abstracts Service Registry Number, molecular formula,
chemical name, Wiswesser Line Notation (WLN), Acid Dissociation
Constant (PKA), and citations to source documents. Data can be
used to predict properties (e.g., absorption, solubility) and
interactions of substances in chemical and biological procedures
and processes.
Time Span: 1965 to date
Updating: About 1250 records twice a year
Producer: Pomana College Medical Chemistry Project
Online Service: Technical Database Services, Inc.
MASTER WATER DATA INDEX (MWDI)
Subject: Aquatic Sciences
Type: Non-Bibliographic (Textual-Numeric)
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Content: Contains about 500,000 sites throughout the U.S. from which water
data (both surface and ground) is collected. Site information
includes: location, organization collecting information, status of
collection project and water quality parameter data. The data base
can be searched by geographical area, type of site, and
longitude/latitude position.
Time Span: 1976-present
Online Service: U.S. Geological Survey
NAWDEX Program Office
MEDLINE
Subject: Medical
Type: Bibliographic
Content: MEDLINE contains approximately 600,000 references to biomedical
journal articles published in the current and two preceeding
years. An English abstract, if published with the article, is
frequently included. The articles are from 3,000 journals
published in the U.S. and to foreign countries, as well as from
selected monographs.
Time Span: 1966 to present
Updating: Monthly
Online Service: National Library of Medicine
NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL DATA REFERRAL SERVICE (NEDRES)
Subject: Environment; Information Systems & Services-Directories
Type: Reference (Bibliographic, Referral)
Content: Contains over 13,000 descriptions of sources of publicly available
environmental data collected by environmental satellites,
oceanographic vessels, weather stations, buoys, and environmental
observers. Type of data sources covered include computer-readable
data files, printed publications, data file documentation (e.g.,
manuals, codebooks), and organizations that provide environmental
data. Covers climatological, meteorological, oceanographic,
geophysical, geological, geographic, hydrological and limnological
data. Each record includes title or name of data source;
descriptions of purpose and general characteristics of the data;
data collection methods; data processing and quality control; time
period; geographic area; names of observed or computed parameters
and variables; general descriptors such as chemical compound and
biological organism names; availability of data (e.g., contact
person or organization and volume, media, and conditions of use);
principal investigator(s); program, project name or acronyms, and
contract or grant; processing organization (if different from
contact); related publications; and discipline, type, and
organization codes.
Time Span: 1974-present
Updating: Quarterly
Producer: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National
Environmental Data Referral Service
Online Service: Bibliographic Retrieval System (BRS)
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NATIONAL GROUNDWATER INFORMATION CENTER DATA BASE (NGWIC)
Subject: Ground and Surface Water Use
Type: Bibliographic
Content: The NGWIC data base contains references on the occurrence and
utilization of surface and ground water, and on water well
technology. Indexed titles include trade and technical journals
and newsletters, books, and government documents. Because EPA
established the National Groundwater Information Center, there is
special emphasis in the data base on EPA-sponsored reports.
Time Span: Depends on the journal; some since 1990
Updating: Monthly
Online Service: National Water Well Association
NATIONAL OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE SURVEY (NOES)
Subject: Exposure Assessment
Type: Non-Bibliographic
Content: The content of this information resource is the same as the NOHS
data base described immediately below, except NOES covers the time
frame 1981-1983 and NOHS covers 1970-1974.
Time Span: 1981-1983
Online Service: David Sundin, National Institute for Occupational Safety and
Health, (513) 684-4491
NATIONAL OCCUPATIONAL HAZARD SURVEY (NOHS)
Subject: Exposure Assessment
Type: Non-Bibliographic
Content: The content of this data base, available on printout, lists either
industries or occupations for which the NOHS indicated a potential
exposure to the listed agents. The survey data were collected
during the period 1972 to 1974 from a sample of 4,636 businesses
employing nearly 900,000 workers. Exposure estimates were derived
based on observed uses of a specific agent, and observed uses of a
product known or suspected to contain an agent.
Time Span: 1970-1974
Online Service: David Sundin, National Institute for Occupational Safety and
Health, (513) 684-4491
NATIONAL PESTICIDE INFORMATION RETRIEVAL SYSTEM (NPIRS)
Subject: Pesticide Chemical and Registration Data
Type: Non-Bibliographic
Content: This data base contains information that describes the key
characteristics of pesticides. Included are approximately 50,000
products registered by the EPA as well as thousands of state
registrations. One valuable source of information about pesticides
that is available on-line through NPIRS is the Pesticide Fact
Sheets. These fact sheets are prepared as new pesticides are first
registered, or as registration standards or special reviews are
completed for old pesticides. Each fact sheet summarizes the
following characteristics of a pesticide chemical: chemical
description and characteristics; use patterns and formulations;
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toxicological characteristics; physiological and behavioral characteristics;
environmental fate and effects; ground-water concerns; food residue
tolerances; reported incidents; EPA's regulatory position and supporting
rationale; and major gaps in the supporting data base.
Producer: Purdue University
Time Span: 1982-present
Updating: Weekly
Online Service: Martin Marietta Data Systems
NATIONAL TECHNICAL INFORMATION SERVICE (NTIS)
Subject: Science & Technology
Type: Reference (Bibliographic)
Content: Contains over 1 million citations, most with abstracts, to
unrestricted technical.reports from U.S. and non-U.S.
government-sponsored research, development, and engineering
analyses. The unpublished U.S. reports are prepared by federal,
state, and local agencies and their contractors or grantees. Major
areas covered include the biological, social, and physical sciences,
mathematics, engineering, and business information. Includes
announcements of computer-readable software and data files, U.S.
government-owned inventions, selected reprints, federally-sponsored
translations, and some non-English-language reports.
Time Span: 1974-present
Updating: About 5000 records a month
Online Service: Bibliographic Retrieval System (BRS); CISTI; DIALOG; Mead
Data Central; Systems Development Corporation (SDC)
Information Services; TECH DATA (a special BRS) •
NEXIS
Subject: Business News
Type: Full Text
Content: NEXIS is a full-text data base containing current business news
from printed sources such as magazines (e.g., Business Week),
newspapers (e.g., the New York Times and Washington Post),
newsletters, and government documents.
Time Span: Generally from 1975 to present, but this may vary for particular
publications
Updating: Daily or weekly depending on the timing of different publications
Online Service: Mead Data Central
NIOSHTIC
Subject: Toxicology
Type: Reference (Bibliographic)
Content: Contains more than 100,000 bibliographic citations and abstracts
of occupational safety and health materials pertaining mainly to
toxicology. Input is gathered from U.S. and foreign literature,
the personnel files of several distinguished people in the fields,
and foreign trade. ,-
Time Span: 1975-present
Updating: About 500 to 1,000 records a month
Online Service: National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health
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Occupational Health Services Material Safety Data Sheet (OHS-MSDS)
Subject: Chemical and Safety Information
Type: Non-Bibliographic (Textual-Numeric)
Content: This data base contains chemical and safety information required
by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration for more than
75,000 substances. Includes substance identification, physical
data, fire and explosion data, toxicity and heath effects, and
spill and leak procedures.
Online Service: Occupational Health Services, Inc.
OSHA COMPUTERIZED INFORMATION SYSTEM (OCIS)
Subject: Industrial Chemicals
Type: Search System
Content: The system contains 17 separate data bases covering a wide range
of subjects. Files include results of laboratory samples, hazardous
waste site activities, and industrial activities. Also included in
the data bases are references, letters of correspondence between
OSHA and industries, and records of industrial chemical
activities. Total references are approximately 275,000.
1981-present
Monthly
OSHA Analytical Laboratory
Time Span:
Updating:
Online Service:
PASCAL
Subject: Physical, Earth, and Life Sciences; Engineering Science
Type: Bibliographic
Content: PASCAL is a multidisciplinary data base containing over 5 million
citations. Subjects include physical science (e.g., atoms and
molecules; general physical, analytical, inorganic, and organic
chemistry), earth science (e.g., stratigraphy and hydrology), life
sciences (e.g., human diseases, genetics, and animal biology), and
engineering science (e.g., pollution, mechanical industries, and
transportation). PASCAL is a French database, but over 70 percent
of the citations are in English.
Time Span: 1973-present
Updating: Approximately 500,000 new citations each year.
Producer: Centre de Documentation Scientifique et Technique
Online Service: Questel, Inc.
POLLUTION ABSTRACTS
Subject: Pollution Research, Sources, and Controls
Type: Reference (Bibliographic)
Content: Contains citations, with abstracts, to the worldwide technical and
non-technical literature on pollution research, sources, and
controls. Covers air, water, land, thermal, noise, and
radiological pollution; pesticides; sewage and waste treatment;
environmental action; and toxicity and health.
Time Span: 1970-present
Updating: Most services, about 1500 records-every 2 months; BRS, monthly
Producer: Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
Online Service: Bibliographic Retrieval System (BRS); DIALOG
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POPULATION INFORMATION ONLINE (POPLINE)
Subject: Population/Demography
Type: Bibliographic
Content: Popline contains about 147,200 citations and abstracts to journal
articles, monographs, and technical reports in the field of
population, including basic research in demography.
Time Span: 1970-present
Updating: Monthly
Online Service: National Library of Medicine
PROFILE
Subject: Toxicology
Type: Non-Bibliographic
Content: .PROFILE was developed to provide a structured method for
abstracting, storing, and retrieving toxicological data. It
contains chemicals found in the urban atmosphere, water, coal, and
as environmental pollutants; including many organic compounds but
less than ten inorganic compounds, pesticides, and metals. PROFILE
data records contain information on a total of about 300 chemicals.
Time Span: 1981-present
Updating: Updated as results of new literature searches are completed.
Online Service: Systems Application, Inc.
REGISTRY NOMENCLATURE AND STRUCTURE SERVICE (RNSS)
Subject: Chemistry-Structure & Nomenclature
Type: Non-Bibliographic (Textual-Numeric)-
Content: Contains data that are based on the Chemical Abstracts Service
(CAS) Registry Nomenclature and Structure Service, an authority
file of names and structural data that have been registered by
CAS. The coverage and size of the data bases on each online
service are somewhat different, but entries have in common the
following data items: full nomenclature and synonyms; substructure
search via nomenclature; preferred, alternate, replaced, and
replacing Registry Numbers; molecular formula; and ring system
information. The data bases available through RNSS include:
CHEMDEX. Covers all substances cited in Chemical Abstracts,
1972 to date.
CHEMLINE. Covers substances appearing with a CAS Registry
Number in any National Library of Medicine data base or in the
Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) Inventory of the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency. Each entry contains the
information listed above, as well as locators pointing to the
data bases in which the substance is referenced.
CHEMNAME. Covers substances that have been cited 2 or more
times in Chemical Abstracts, from 1967 to date. Additional
search terms generated by DIALOG specifically for CHEMNAME are
also included.
CHEMICAL NOMENCLATURE. Covers all substances cited in-
Chemical Abstracts from 1967 to date.
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REGISTRY FILE. Covers all substances registered by CAS since
1965. Structure searching is conducted either by selecting
structure fragments from a menu, using a graphics tablet and
stylus, or typing commands on the keyboard. Retrieved
Registry Numbers can then be transferred to the CA FILE for
retrieving bibliographic information.
Time Span: DIALOG, NLM, STN International, 1965 to date; DATA-STAR,
1967-present; SDC, 1972-present
Updating: Varies by online service, from quarterly to less frequently
Producer: Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS)
Online Service: DIALOG; National Library of Medicine; SDC Information
Services; STN International (under the name REGISTRY FILE)
REGISTRY OF TOXIC EFFECTS OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES (RTECS)
Sub j e'ct: Toxicology
Type: Non-Bibliographic (Textual-Numeric)
Content: Contains over 110,000 unevaluated toxicological measurements
pertaining to approximately 73,000 chemicals. Each entry contains
the Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) name and registry number,
synonyms, molecular formula, and one or more measures of toxicity,
including acute and chronic in vivo data, in vitro mutagenesis
data, and skin and eye irritation data.
Updating: Quarterly
Producer: U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, National Institute for
Occupational Safety and Health
Online Service: Chemical Information System, Inc., (CIS)
SOILS INFORMATION RETRIEVAL SYSTEMS (SIRS)
Subject: Soil Characteristics
Type: Reference (Bibliographic); Non-Bibliographic (Textual-Numeric)
Content: Contains 20,000 records compiled from the Soil Conservation
Service's reports on the characteristics and interpretive properties
of all soils in the United States. Examples of soil information
include use restrictions, potential habitat, description of soil
and much more. Information is organized only by soil series.
Updating: About 4000 revisions a month
Online Service: ETIS
STRUCTURE AND NOMENCLATURE SEARCH SYSTEM (SANSS)
Subject: Chemical Properties
Type: Indexing System
Content: SANSS is a component of the NIH/EPA Chemical Information System
(CIS), and serves as an index to most of the other CIS components
as well to over 100 other important sources of information on
environmentally significant chemicals. These sources include EPA
reports, state documents, and international lists. Included for
each chemical are names, synonyms, molecular formulas, and
structural images.
Online Service: Chemical Information System (CIS), Information Sciences
Corporation
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TOXICOLOGY DATA BANK
Subject: Toxicology
Type: Non-Bibliographic (Textual-Numeric)
Content: Contains data on more than 4100 substances that are of known or
potential toxicity and to which substantial populations are
exposed. Approximately 96 data elements are grouped into several
classes of information, including:
Substance Identification Information. Includes Chemical Abstracts
Service name and Registry Number, synonyms, and molecular formula.
Manufacturing/Use Information. Includes probable method of
manufacture, manufacturers, major uses, and production data.
Chemical and Physical Properties. Includes boiling point, melting
point, and solubility.
Toxicity/Biomedical Effects. Includes human and non-human
toxicity, minimum fatal dose, antidote and emergency treatment, and
pharma.cokinetics.
Environmental Fate/Exposure Potential Information. Includes
average daily intake, probable routes of human exposure, and body
burden.
Monitoring and Analysis Methods. Includes sampling procedures,
analytic procedures, and clinical laboratory methods.
Additional references. Includes special reports and test status.
Information has been extracted from the published literature and
reviewed by subject specialists before being entered into the
database. The sources used are listed in the record so that users
can obtain more detailed information from these original sources.
Updating: About 200 new and revised records a quarter
Producer: National Library of Medicine
Online Service: National Library of Medicine
TOXLINE
Subject: Biomedicine; Pesticides; Toxicology
Type: Reference (Bibliographic)
Content: Contains citations, with abstracts, to the literature in all areas
of toxicology, including chemicals and Pharmaceuticals, pesticides,
environmental pollutants, and mutagens and teratology. Comprises
discrete files:
ABSTRACTS ON HEALTH EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS (HEEP).
Contains records from the BIOSIS PREVIEWS database. Covers effects
of environmental chemicals or substances, other than medicinals, on
human health.
CHEMICAL-BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES (CBAC). Contains records from
Chemical Abstracts that cover interactions of chemical substances
with biological systems in vivo and in vitro. All records contain
CAS registry numbers.
HAYES FILE ON PESTICIDES. Contains citations to published
articles on health aspects of pesticides. Is essentially a
backfile for Pesticides Abstracts (see below). Does not include
abstracts (1940-1968).
HAZARDOUS MATERIALS TECHNICAL CENTER BULLETIN (HMTC). Contains
citations to published literature on the management of hazardous
materials, including disposal, storage, and transportation.
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PESTICIDES ABSTRACTS. Corresponds to a publication, formerly
known as Health Aspects of Pesticide Abstract Bulletin (HAPAB),
prepared by the Environmental Protection Agency. Covers published
reports on the epidemiological effects of pesticides on humans, from
more than 1000 journals published in the U.S. and other countries.
TOXIC MATERIALS INFORMATION CENTER FILE (TMIC). Contains
citations and abstracts on toxic materials prepared by the TMIC.
Oak Ridge National Laboratory (1940 to 1973).
TOXICITY BIBLIOGRAPHY. Is a subset of the MEDLINE database.
Covers adverse effects, toxicity, or poisoning caused by drugs and
chemicals, as well as disease conditions induced by chemical
substances. All records contain Chemical Abstracts Service
Registry Numbers (1965 to date).
TOXICOLOGY/EPIDEMIOLOGY RESEARCH PROJECTS (RPROJ). Contains
descriptions of research projects supported by research grants and
contracts programs of the Public Health Service, or conducted
intramurally by the U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH) and
the National Institute of Mental Health in the areas of toxicology
and epidemiology.
TOXICOLOGY DOCUMENT AND DATA DEPOSITORY (TD3). Contains citations
to the report literature dealing with toxicology and related
subjects. Information is obtained from the NTIS database (1979 to
date).
Time Span: Varies by file
Updating: About 12,000 records a month
Producer: National Library of Medicine
Online Service: National Library of Medicine
WASTE MANAGEMENT AND RESOURCE RECOVERY
Subject: Waste Management; Resource Recovery
Type: Reference (Bibliographic)
Content: Contains citations, with abstracts, to the worldwide literature
covering solid, liquid, hazardous, and nuclear waste management;
water quality; toxic substances; land reclamation; and resources
recovery. Emphasis in these areas is on air pollution, agricultural
engineering, civil engineering, food science, geology, and nuclear
science. Sources include government reports, journal articles,
monographs, proceedings, news items, patents, and other databases.
Time Span: March 1971-present
Updating: Every 2 weeks, about 30,000 records a year
Online Service: International Research & Evaluation
WATER DATA SOURCES DIRECTORY (WDSD)
Subject: Aquatic Sciences
Type: Reference (Bibliographic)
Content: Contains information on over 700 organizations that are water data
users and collectors. Organizations include consultants,
businesses, universities and governmental agencies. Data includes
background information on each listing, and the name, address and
phone number of a contact person in each organization. WDSD can be
searched by geographical area, agency code, or multistate
organizations.
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Updating: Continuously
Producer: U.S. Geological Survey
NAWDEX Program Office
WATER DATA STORAGE AND RETRIEVAL SYSTEM (WATSTORE)
Subject: Aquatic Sciences and Water Resources
Type: Non-Bibliographic (Textual-Numeric)
Content: This database stores the hydrologic data collected by the U.S.
Geological Survey at more than 70,000 water sites nationwide.
system consists of several files. The Station Header File
Updating:
Producer:
The
contains identification, location and physical descriptions of
sites for which data is stored. The Daily Values Files contains
river stages, streamflow values, water temperatures, specific
conductance values, sediment concentrations and discharges, and
other parameters that are measured on a daily schedule. The Peak
Flow File contains peak streamflow and stage values for surface
water sites. The Unit Values File contains stream discharge
values, temperatures, and other parameters that are measured on a
schedule more frequently than .daily. The Water-Quantity File
contains results of chemical, physical, biological and
radiochemical analyses for both.surface and ground waters. The
Ground-Water Site Inventory File contains inventory information
such as site location and identification data, we11-construction
data, geohydrologic characteristics, -and other data pertinent to
wells, springs, and other sources of ground water.
Frequently
U.S. Geological Survey
Water Data Exchange Office
WATER RESOURCES ABSTRACTS
Subject: Aquatic Sciences; Water Resources
Type: Reference (Bibliographic)
Content: Contains about 180,000 citations, with abstracts, to scientific
and technical literature on the water-resource-related aspects of
the physical, social, and life sciences. Also covers related
engineering and legal aspects of the characteristics, conservation,
control, use, and management of water resources. Topics covered
include the nature of water and water cycles; water quality
management and protection; and water resources planning.
Time Span: 1968 to date
Updating: About 500 records a month
Producer: U.S. Geological Survey
Online Service: DIALOG; U.S. Department of Energy (RECON)
WATER RESOURCES SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION CENTERS (WRSIC)
Subject: Aquatic Sciences
Type: Reference (Bibliographic)
Content: Contains 140,000 abstracts, indexes and citations to materials in
the following fields: nature of water; resources data; water
cycles; engineering works; water supply augmentation and
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conservation; water quality management, control and protection;
manpower, grants and facilities; and scientific and technical
information. WRSIC also maintains a data base of information about
current water resources projects.
Time Span: 1968-present
Updating: About 10,000 records a month
Online Service: DOE (RECON); DIALOG (File 17)
WATERLINE
Subject: Ground-Water Quality and Quantity
Type: Full Text
Content: Provides access to a wide variety of information on the quality
and quantity of U.S. ground-water resources. Includes full text of
relevant state and federal regulations covering ground-water
leasing and public information brochures on ground water.
Updating: Irregularly
Producer: National Water Well Association
Online Service: CompuServe Consumer Information Service
WATERNET
Subject: Water Quality
Type: Reference (Bibliographic)
Content: Contains citations, with abstracts, to literature on water
quality, analytical procedures for water quality testing, water
system materials, and environmental issues related to water.
Includes these specific topics: the drinking water industry, water
pollution, health effects, toxicology. Items are selected from
books, conference proceedings, journals, newsletters, standards,
handbooks, water quality standard test methods.
Time Span: 1971-present
Updating: Quarterly; about 5000 records a year
Producer: American Water Works Association
Online Service: DIALOG
WETLAND VALUES BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATABASE
Subject: Aquatic Sciences; Wetlands
Type: Reference (Bibliographic)
Content: Contains approximately 4000 citations, with abstracts, to
literature on functions and values of wetlands in the U.S. Covers
food chain, habitat, human use, hydrologic and water quality
values, as well as wetland value assessment techniques, and related
bibliographies.
Time Span: 1950-present
Updating: Monthly
Producer: U.S. Army Corp of Engineers, U.S. Dept. of the Interior
Online Service: U.S. Department of Energy
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3.3. ADDRESSES OF ONLINE SERVICES AND PRODUCERS
This section contains an alphabetical listing of online services and the
producers of the data bases described above.
American Water Work Association
Technical Library
6666 West Quincy Avenue, Denver, Colorado 80235
Telephone: (303) 794-7711
Telex: 45-0895
American Chemical Society
1155 16th Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20036
Telephone: (202) 872-8066; (800) 424-6767
Telex: 440159 ACSPUI
Bibliographic Retrieval System (BRS)
1200 Route 7, Latham, New York 12110
Telephone: (518) 783-1161; (800) 227-5277; (800) 553-5566 (N.Y. only)
TWX: (710) 444-4965
Bureau of Law and Business, Inc.
64 Wall Street, Madison, Connecticut 06443
Telephone: (203) 245-7448
The Bureau of National Affairs, Inc.
Data Base Publishing Unit
1231 25th Street, NW
Washington, DC 20037
Telephone: (202) 452-4132; (800) 862-4636
Telex: 892692
Business Publishers, Inc.
951 Pershing Drive
Silver Spring, MD 20910
Telephone: (301) 587-6300
Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
5161 River Road
Bethesda, MD 20816
Telephone: (301) 951-1400; (800) 638-8076
Telex: 898452 DISCING BHDA
Chemical Abstracts Service
2540 Olentangy River Road
P.O. Box 3012
Columbus, OH 43210
Telephone: (614) 421-3600; (800) 848-6533
Telex: 6842086 CHMAB
TWX: (810) 482-1608
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Chemical Information System, Inc.
Computer Sciences Corporation
P.O. Box 2227
6565 Arlington Blvd.
Falls Church, VA 22046
Telephone: (703) 237-2000
ChemShare Corporation
P.O. Box 1885
Houston, TX 77001
Telephone: (713) 627-8945
CISTI
Client Services CAN/OLE and CAN/SDI
National Research Council Canada
Ottawa, Ontario K1A OS2
Canada
Telephone: (613) 993-1210
Telex: 0533115
CompuServe Consumer Information Service
5000 Arlington Centre Blvd.
Columbus, OH 43220
Telephone: (614) 457-8600; (800) 848-8990
Control Data Corporation
P.O. Box 0
Minneapolis, MN 55440
Telephone: (612) 853-8100;
(800) 328-1870
DIALOG Information Services, Inc.
3460 Hillview Avenue
Palo Alto, CA 94304
Telephone: (415) 858-3785; (800) 334-2564
Telex: 334499 DIALOG
TWX: (910) 339-9221
ElC/Intelligence Inc.
48 West 38th Street
New York, NY 10018
Telephone: (212) 944-8500;
Telex: 668298
(800) 223-6275
Environmental Quality
Instructional Resources Center
The Ohio State University
1200 Chambers Road, Room 310
Columbus, OH 43212
Telephone: (614) 422-6717
Environmental Studies Institute
2074 Alameda Padre Serra
Santa Barbara, CA 93103
Telephone: (805) 965-5010
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Executive Information Service
John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
P.O. Box 437
One Wiley Drive
Somerset, NJ 08873
Telephone: (212) 850-6360
Executive Telecom System, Inc.
9585 Valparaiso Court
Indianapolis, IN 46268
Telephone: (317) 872-2045; (800) 421-8884
General Electric Information Services Company
401 North Washington Street
Rockville, MD 20850
Telephone: (301) 340-4000
Telex: 898431
Hydrocomp, Inc.
201 San Antonio Circle
Mountain View, CA 94040
Telephone: (415) 948-3919
Telex: 348357
Information Consultants, Inc.
1133 15th Street, N.W.
Suite 300
Washington, D.C. 20005
Telephone: (202) 822-5200
Information Sciences Corporation
2135 Wisconsin Ave., N.W.
Washington, D.C. 20007
Telephone: (202) 298-6200
International Research and Evaluation
21098 IRE Control Center
Eagan, MN 55121
Telephone: (612) 888-9635
Telex: 29-1008
Martin Marietta Data Systems
6303 Ivy Lane
Greenbelt, MD 20770
Telephone: (301) 982-6500
Mead Data Central
P.O. Box 933
Dayton, OH 45401
Telephone: (513) 859-1611; (800) 227-4908
National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences
Toxicology Research and Testing Service
MD 18-01, P.O. Box 12233
Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
Telephone: (919) 541-3418
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National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
4676 Columbia Parkway
Cincinnati, Ohio 45226
Telephone: (513) 684-4491
National Library of Medicine
Toxicology Information Program
8600 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20209
Telephone: (301) 496-6193
National Technical Information Service
Database Services Division
5285 Port Royal Road
Springfield, VA 22161
Telephone: (703) 487-4807
Telex: 899405
National Water Well Association
500 West Wilson Bridge Road
Worthington, OH 43085
Telephone: (614) 761-1711
NewsNet, Inc.
945. Haverford Road
Bryn Mawr, PA 19010
Telephone: (215) 527-8030; (800) 345-1301
Oak Ridge National Laboratory
Environmental Mutagen Information Center
Building 9224
P.O. Box Y
Oak Ridge, TN 37831
Telephone: (615) 574-7871
Occupational Health Services, Inc.
400 Plaza Drive
P.O. Box 1505
Secaucus, NJ 07094
Telephone: (201) 865-7500; (800) 223-8978
Telex: 4754124
OSHA Analytical Laboratory
P.O. Box 15200
1781 S. 300 West
Salt Lake City, UT 84115
Telephone: FTS-588-4270; (801) 524-4270
Pomona College Medicinal Chemistry Project
Seaver Chemistry Laboratory
Claremont, CA 91711
Telephone: (714) 621-8000
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Questel, Inc.
1625 Eye Street, N.W.
Suite 719
Washington, B.C. 20006
Telephone: (202) 296-1604; (800) 424-9600
Science Applications International Corporation
Health and Environmental Information
300 South Tulare Avenue
Oak Ridge, TN 37830
Telephone: (615) 576-6024
Systems Development Corporation (SPG) Information Services
2500 Colorado Avenue
Santa Monica, CA 90406
Telephone: (213) 453-6194; (800) 421-7229; (800) 352-6689 (in CA)
Telex: 652358
TWX: (910) 343-6643
Sigma Data Services Corp.
5515 Security Lane
Rockville, MD 20852
Telephone: (301) 231-0644
Telex: 898435
State of Michigan
Department of Natural Resources.
Office of Materials Control
P.O. Box 30028
Lansing, MI 48909
Telephone: (517) 373-2190
STN International
c/o Chemical Abstracts Service
2540 Olentangy River Road
P.O. Box 3012
Columbus, OH 43210
Telephone: (614) 421-3600; (800) 848-6533
Telex: 6842086 CHMAB
TWX: (810) 482-1608
Syracuse Research Corporation
Merrill Lane
Syracuse, NY 13210
Telephone: (315) 425-5100
Technical Database Services, Inc.
10 Columbus Circle, Suite 2300
New York, NY 10019
Telephone: (212) 245-0044
Telex: 238790 NYK
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U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
Waterways Experiment Stations
Environmental Lab
P.O. Box 631
Vicksburg, MS 39180
Telephone: (601) 634-3774
U.S. Dept. of Agriculture
National Agriculture Library
Information Systems Division
Room 203
Beltsville, MD 20705
Telephone: (301) 344-3813
TWX: (710) 828-0506 USDA NAL
U.S. Dept. of Energy
Office of Scientific and.Technical Information
P.O. Box 62
Oak Ridge, TN 37831
U.S. Dept. of Energy
RECON
P.O. Box 62
Oak Ridge, TN 37830
Telephone: (615) 576-1303
U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services
Public Health Service
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances
4676 Columbia Parkway
Cincinnati, OH 45226
Telephone: (513) 684-8317
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
Office of Analysis and Epidemiology
300 East-West Highway, RM 27
Hyattsville, MD 20782
Telephone: (301) 436-7035
U.S. Dept. of the Interior
Geological Survey
Water Resources Scientific Information Center
425 National Center
Reston, VA 22902
Telephone: (703) 860-7455
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
CIS Project
PM-218
401 M Street, SW
Washington, DC 20460
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U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Air Pollution Technical Information Center
Library MD-35
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
Telephone: (919) 541-2777
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Emergency Response Division
401 M Street, SW
Washington, DC 20460
Telephone: (202) 382-7933; (800) 368-3432
i
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency .
Office of Pesticides and Toxic Substances
Chemical Information Branch
401 M Street, SW, MS-TS793
Washington, DC 20460
Telephone: (202) 382-3524; (800) 424-9065
Telex: 892758
U.S. Food and Drug Administration
200 C Street, SW
Washington, DC 20204
U.S. Geological Survey
NAWDEX Program Office and
Water Data Exchange Office
421 National Center
Reston, VA 22092
Telephone: (703) 648-5677
U.S. National Institutes of Health
9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20205
Telephone: (301) 496-4235
3.4 ACCESS TO DATA BASES THROUGH EPA LIBRARIES
Several of the data bases cited in Sections 3.1 and 3.2 may be accessed
through the EPA Library System, which consists of a total of 28 different
libraries located at EPA Headquarters, Regional Offices, and Laboratories.
Upon request from EPA employees, the libraries can perform searches of those
data bases for which they have access at no cost to. the employee. This
section lists which data bases may be searched through each of the EPA
libraries.*-1 Information in this section is based on results of a survey
completed in October, 1985 by EPA's Information Management and Services
Division, Information Services Branch.
hj Although there are certain EPA data bases that may be accessed
through EPA libraries (e.g., GEMS and PDMS), the libraries primarily provide
access to non-EPA data bases. In general, it is necessary to contact the
office responsible for a particular data base in order to make arrangements
for accessing EPA data bases.
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Some of the data bases listed below are individual data bases (e.g.,
HAZARDLINE) and additional information on each of these is presented in
Sections 3.1 or 3.2 under the respective data base names. Other data bases
listed below are actually the names of collections of data bases available
through non-EPA online services (e.g., DIALOG and BRS data bases). An
exhaustive list of all the individual data bases making up these various data
'base collections is not provided in this directory. However, Section 3.2 does
provide additional information on some of these individual data bases, which
are identified in Section 3.2 as being available through the particular online
service of interest.
Athens Environmental Research Laboratory Library
Non-EPA Data Bases (see Section 3.2):
DIALOG Information Services, Inc. Data Bases
Address: College Station Road
Athens, GA 30613
(FTS) 8-250-3324
Central Regional Laboratory Library
Non-EPA Data Bases (see Section 3.2):
NGWIC
Address: 839 Bestgate Road
Annapolis, MD 21401
' (FTS) 8-922-3752
Cincinnati Environmental Research Center Library
Non-EPA Data Bases (see Section 3.2):
CAS ONLINE
DIALOG Information Services, Inc. Data Bases
HAZARDLINE
National Library of Medicine Data Bases
NGWIC
Address: 26 West St. Clair Street
Cincinnati, OH 45268
(FTS) 8-684-7701
Note: The Las Vegas Environmental Monitoring and Support Laboratory Library
conducts data base searches through the Cincinnati Library.
Corvallis Environmental Research Laboratory Library
Non-EPA Data Bases (see Section 3.2):
CIS
DIALOG Information Services, Inc. Data Bases
NGWIC
National Library of Medicine Data Bases
U.S. DOE (RECON)
Address: 200 SW 35th Street
Corvallis, OR 97330
(FTS) 8-420-4731
Duluth Environmental Research Laboratory Library
Non-EPA Data Bases (see Section 3.2):
Bibliographic Retrieval System Data Bases
Address: 6201 Congdon Boulevard
Duluth, MN 55804
(FTS) 8-783-9538
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Gulf Breeze Environmental Research Laboratory Library
Non-EPA Data Bases (see Section 3.2):
DIALOG Information Services, Inc. Data Bases
National Library of Medicine Data Bases
NGWIC
Address: Sabine Island
Gulf Breeze, FL 32561
(FTS) 8-686-9011
Headquarters Law Library
Non-EPA Data Bases (see Section 3.2):
NEXIS
1 NGWIC
Address: 401 M St. SW, Room 2902
Washington, DC 20460
(FTS) 8-382-5919
Headquarters Main Library
Non-EPA Data Bases (see Section 3.2):
CAS ONLINE
CIS
DIALOG Information Services, Inc. Data Bases
HAZARDLINE
NEXIS/LEXIS
NGWIC
News Net, Inc. Data Bases
Address: 401 M St. SW, Room M2904
Washington, DC 20460
(FTS) 8-382-5922
Headquarters Office of Pesticides and Toxic Substances Library
EPA Data Bases (see Section 3.1):
GEMS
PDMS
Non-EPA Data Bases (see Section 3.2):
Bibliographic Retrieval System Data Bases
CAS ONLINE
CIS
DIALOG Information Services, Inc. Data Bases
HAZARDLINE
NGWIC
NEXIS
National Library of Medicine Data Bases
NPIRS
OHS-MSDS
Systems Development Corporation Data Bases
Address: 401 M St. SW, Room E447
Washington, DC 20460
(FTS) 8-382-3568
Narragansett Environmental Research Laboratory Library
Non-EPA Data Bases (see Section 3.2):
NGWIC
Address: South Ferry Road
Narragansett, RI 02882
(FTS) 8-838-5087; Ext. 265 or 268
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National Enforcement Investigation Center Library
EPA Data Bases (see Section 3.1):
OHM-TADS
Non-EPA Data Bases (see Section 3.2):
Bibliographic Retrieval System Data Bases
CAS ONLINE
CIS
DIALOG Information Services, Inc. Data Bases
HAZARDLINE
News Net, Inc. Data Bases
NEXIS
NGWIC
National Library of Medicine Data Bases
Address: Building 53, Box 25227
Denver Federal Center
Denver, CO 80225
(FTS) 8-234-5765
Region 1 Library
Non-EPA Data Bases (see Section 3.2):
Bibliographic Retrieval System Data Bases
CAS ONLINE
CIS
DIALOG Information Services, Inc. Data Bases
NGWIC
National Library of Medicine Data Bases
Address: -JFK Federal Building, Room 2100-B
Boston, MA 02203
(FTS) 8-223-5791
Region 2 Field Office Library
Non-EPA Data Bases (see Section 3.2):
DIALOG Information Services, Inc. Data Bases
NGWIC
Address: Edison, NJ 08813
(FTS) 8-340-6762
Region 2 Library
Non-EPA Data Bases (see Section 3.2):
DIALOG Information Services, Inc. Data Bases
NGWIC
Address: 26 Federal Plaza
New York, NY 10278
(FTS) 8-264-2881
Region 3 Library
Non-EPA Data Bases (see Section 3.2):
CIS
DIALOG Information Services, Inc. Data Bases
HAZARDLINE
National Library of Medicine Data Bases
NGWIC
OHS-MSDS
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Address: Curtis Building, 3PM24
6th and Walnut Streets
Philadelphia, PA 19106
(FTS) 8-597-0580
Region 4 Library
EPA Data Bases (see Section 3.1):
GEMS
PDMS
Non-EPA Data Bases (see Section 3.2):
CAS ONLINE
CIS
DIALOG Information Services, Inc. Data Bases
HAZARDLINE
NGWIC
NEXIS
National Library of Medicine Data Bases
NPIRS
OHS-MSDS
Systems Development Corporation Data Bases
Address: 345 Courtland Street NE
Atlanta, GA 30365
(FTS) 8-257-4216
Region 5 Library
Non-EPA Data Bases (see Section 3.2):
Bibliographic Retrieval System Data Bases
CIS
DIALOG Information Services, Inc. Data Bases
NEXIS
NGWIC
Systems Development Corporation Data Bases
Address: 230 South Dearborn St., Room 1420
Chicago, IL 60604
(FTS) 8-353-2022
Region 6 Library
Non-EPA Data Bases (see Section 3.2):
NGWIC
Address: 1201 Elm Street
First International Building
Dallas, TX 75270
(FTS) 8-729-7341
Region 7 Library
Non-EPA Data Bases (see Section 3.2):
NEXIS
NGWIC
Address: 324 East llth Street
Kansas City, MO 64106
(FTS) 8-758-3497
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Region 8 Library
Non-EPA Data Bases (see Section 3.2):
DIALOG Information Services, Inc. Data Bases
NGWIC
Address: 1860 Lincoln Street
Denver, CO 80295
(FTS) 8-327-2560
Region 9 Library
Non-EPA Data Bases (see Section 3.
CIS
DIALOG Information Services,
NGWIC '
OHS-MSDS
Address: 215 Fremont Street
San Francisco, CA 94105
(FTS) 8-454-8255
2):
Inc. Data Bases
Region 10 Library
Non-EPA Data Bases
(see Section 3.2):
CIS
DIALOG Information Services, Inc. Data Bases
NGWIC
NEXIS
NLM
Address: Region 10 Information Center, M/S 541
1200 Sixth Ave.
Seattle, WA 98101
(FTS) 8-399-1289
Research Triangle Park Library
EPA Data Bases (see Section 3.1):
OHM-TADS
Non-EPA Data Bases (see Section 3.2):
Bibliographic Retrieval System Data Bases
CAS ONLINE
CIS
DIALOG Information Services, Inc. Data Bases
HAZARDLINE
NGWIC
National Library of Medicine Data Bases
Address: Library Services, MD-35
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
(FTS) 8-629-2777
Note: There are two other libraries at the Research Triangle Park Facility:
the Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards Library and the
Meteorology Division Library. Neither of these two libraries have
online access to data bases.
Robert S. Kerr Environmental Research Laboratory Library
Non-EPA Data Bases (see Section 3.2):
CIS
NGWIC
Address: P.O. Box 1198
Ada, OK 74820
(FTS) 8-743-2241
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Data Files
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OSWER Directive 9285.6-1
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CHAPTER 4
DATA FILES AND TAPES
This chapter contains brief descriptions of the data files and tapes
cited in Chapter 2. For the purposes of this directory, a collection of
information is designated a data file rather than a data base if: (1) the
data are stored in a manual file and not retrievable through a computerized
system; (2) the information it contains is the result of a distinct, one-time
data-collection effort (e.g., environmental radiation data collected following
the accident at the Three Mile Island Nuclear Reactor); or (3) the data
contained are no longer being actively updated. A data tape is considered a
set of data stored on magnetic tape which is not accessible through any online
service.
The chapter is organized with EPA data files and tapes presented in
Section 4.1, and data files and tapes available through other organizations
presented in Section 4.2 The citation for each data file and tape includes a
brief description of the file/tape content, format, and availability. A point
of contact for additional information (EPA Office, other government agency,
responsible person's name, or commercial information service) is also provided
for each data file and tape. Section 4.3 provides the addresses of all
contacts mentioned in the included descriptions.
4.1 EPA DATA FILES AND TAPES
CANAL
- see LOVE CANAL AND DATA HANDLING SYSTEM
CHEMICALS IDENTIFIED IN HUMAN BIOLOGICAL MEDIA
Subject: Body-Burden Data
Type: Non-bibliographic
Content: This comprehensive data source includes information on chemicals
that have been identified in human tissues and bodily fluids and
wild animal populations. This continuing acquisition is intended to
facilitate a more relevant assessment of human exposure to
xenobiotics by providing a centralized source of body-burden data.
The data base is published on an annual basis in tabular format with
indices and chemical listings that allow for specific searching.
The 1984 version contains 1,900 citations covering 1,600 chemicals
in human populations and 5,800 chemicals in animals.
Contact: Cindy Stroup, FTS 8-382-3891
Exposure Evaluation Division
COMMUNITY HEALTH AIR MONITORING PROGRAM (CHAMP)
Subject: Ambient Air Monitoring Data
Type: Non-bibliographic
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Content: CHAMP contains ambient air monitoring results, in terms of five
minute values and hourly averages with peak five minute values, for
16 parameters. The data were collected to support epidemiological
studies in approximately 21 cities.
Contact: Jose Sune, FTS 8-629-3127
Office of Monitoring Systems and Quality Assurance
ECOLOGICAL EFFECTS DATA
Subject: Experimental data on compounds
Type; Non-bibliographic
Content: This data file contains experimental results obtained by the Fish
and Wildlife Service Lab in Denver, Colorado under the Sponsorship
of OTS. Included are approximately 5,000 experimental results on
1,850 compounds.
Contact': Charles Aver, FTS 8-382-3464
Health and Environmental Review Division
ECOTOXICOLOGICAL DATA ON ETHOXYLATED SURFACTANTS (ETHOX)
Subject: Acute and Chronic Toxicity
Type: Non-bibliographic
Content: This manual data base contains acute and chronic toxicity data for
ethoxylated surfactants. The data are sorted according to chemical
structure features of the various chemicals including number of
carbons, number of Ethoxylate units, and terminal functional group.
Most of the data are on acute toxicity for aquatic species, although
there are some data on chronic toxicity for terrestrial species
(e.g., crabs). Approximately 400 records are included in the data
base, most of which are unpublished data supplied by the Shell Oil
Company.
Contact: Richard G. Clements, FTS 8-382-4270
Office of Toxic Substances
EPA BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATA FILE
Content: The data file contains citations, with abstracts, for all U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency and its predecessor agencies'
reports entered into the NTIS collection.
Availability: NTIS, CP T02, mag tape. Source tape is in COSATI character
set. Character set restricts preparation to 9 track one-half
inch tape only.
Contact: NTIS
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES (EPID)
Subject: Exposure Assessment
Type: Non-bibliographic
Content: The EPID system contains data extracted from questionnaire
responses from population surveys of health status. These data are
concerned with acute respiratory disease incidence, asthma--attack
frequency, and' physiologic monitoring results. General
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OSWER Directive 9285.6-1
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environmental data are also contained in the system including
demographic information, socio-economic characteristics, and ambient
air quality data.
Contact: William Nelson, FTS 8-629-2330
Office of Health Research
FILES OF EXPOSURE ASSESSMENTS FOR EXISTING CHEMICALS
Subject: Exposure Assessment
Type: Non-bibliographic
Content: This source of information is a hardcopy file of all exposure
assessments done by the Office of Toxic Substances, Chemical
Engineering Branch, of Chemicals being considered for regulatory
action under TSCA sections 4 and 6. The file consists of internal
reports and contractor studies. Reports generally cover workplace
exposure and/or estimates of releases to the environment from
industrial/commercial facilities. The file covers about 40
chemicals/classes.
Contact: R. Craig Matthiessen, FTS 8-382-3694
Office of Toxic Substances
GASTRO-INTESTINAL EFFECTS LITERATURE
Subject: Gastro-Intestinal Effects
Type: Bibliographic
Content: OTS's Health and Environmental Review Division (HERD) has developed
a compilation of reports of gastro-intestinal effects of chemicals
extracted from the open literature. This data file consists of
6,000 records covering approximately 2,000 chemicals.
Holder: Office of Toxic Substances, HERD
Responsible Person: David Gould .
FTS Phone: 8-382-3399
ITS CHEMICAL SCORES
Subject: Biological Effects of Chemicals
Type: Non-Bibliographic
Content: An Interagency Testing Committee (ITC) has used a scoring system
since 1977 to aid in the selection of chemicals to be recommended
for testing. The scoring system is used to rank chemicals on the
basis of their exposure and biological effects potential. Such a
system ranks the chemicals and allows those of highest priority to
be selected for detailed review and consideration by the Committee.
To date there have been three rounds of scoring covering thousands
of chemicals.
Contact: Robert Brink
Office of Toxic Substances, FTS 8-382-3820
LOVE CANAL AND DATA HANDLING SYSTEM (CANAL)
Subject: Environmental Monitoring Data
Type: Non-bibliographic
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OSWER Directive 9285.6-1
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Content: This data base contains all of the data collected in the course of
intensive monitoring done in the fall of 1980 in the Love Canal, New
York area.
Contact: Steve Bromberg, FTS 8-629-2919
Office of Monitoring Systems and Quality Assurance
NATIONAL HUMAN MILK MONITORING PROGRAM (NHMP)
Subject: Milk Sampling Data
Type: Non-bibliographic
Content: This data base contains concentrations of chlorinated hydrocarbon
insecticides and PCB residues found in human milk samples provided
by about 3,000 volunteers randomly selected from the entire
continental U.S.
Contact: Jerome Blondell, FTS 8-557-0320
Office of Pesticide Programs
OIL AND HAZARDOUS MATERIALS SPILL INFORMATION RETRIEVAL SYSTEM (OHM-SIRS)
Content: Included are 10,600 records of data on such items as: names of
materials spilled; location and date of spill occurrence; quantity
spilled and quantity entering water; source of spill; cause of
spill; damages caused by spill; actions taken and by whom; and,
comments for the period July 1, 1972 to December 31, 1974.
Availability: NTIS, CP T01, 1 reel mag tape. Available only in 9 track,
1600 bpi, odd parity, EBCDIC.
Contact: NTIS
POTENTIAL SUBSTANTIAL RISKS
Subject: Chemical Health Risks
Type: Manual File of Chemical Information
Content: This source contains notifications required of manufacturers who
receive or possess information which reasonably supports a
conclusion that a chemical presents a substantial risk. As of
January 1986, OTS had received 580 notifications. In addition, OTS
has received 470 other notifications, on a For Your Information
(FYI) basis, that did not specifically cite Section 8(e).
Currently, about 40-50 section 8(e) notifications are received a
year.
Contact: David Williams, FTS 8-382-3468
Existing Chemicals Assessment Division
RESOURCE CONSERVATION RECOVERY ACT NOTIFICATION DATA FILE
Content: This file contains data compiled for the Resource Conservation
Recovery Act. EPA Form 8700-12, Notification of Hazardous Waste
Activity, was used to collect the data. The file was updated with
information compiled from Applications for Hazardous Waste Permits,
EPA Form 3510-3. The data includes names and addresses of facility
owners and operators, as well as facility contacts' names and phone
numbers. The data indicates whether a facility is a generator,
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OSWER Directive 9285.6-1
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treatment, storage or disposal facility, and/or transporter of
hazardous waste. Code numbers of waste handled, taken from 40 CFR
Part 261, are also listed.
Availability: NTIS, CP T02, mag tape. Source tape is in the EBCDIC
character set. Tapes can be prepared in most standard 7 or 9
track recording modes for one-half inch tape.
Contact: NTIS
STORAGE AND RETRIEVAL OF AEROMETRIC DATA (SAROAD).
National Air Data Branch
Content: SAROAD is a storage and retrieval system for air quality data.
Data are reported to EPA by the states from about 4,000 reporting
facilities nationally. Criteria pollutants are well covered, though
not all pollutants are monitored at all sites.
Contact: Jake Summers, National Air Data Branch, U.S. EPA
SURVEY METER AND HISTORICAL DOSIMETRY DATA BASE (SM/HD)
Subject: Gamma Radiation Measurements
Type: Non-bibliographic
Content: This data base contains gamma radiation measurements taken in the
1950's and 1960's as part of a surveillance of the Nevada Nuclear
Weapons Test Site. Geographic areas included in the surveillance
include Nevada, Utah, Arizonia, Idaho, and California.
Contact: Gilbert Potter, FTS 8-545-2321
Office of Monitoring Systems and Quality Assurance
THREE MILE ISLAND ENVIRONMENTAL RADIATION (TMI RAD)
Subject: Environmental Radiation Measurements
Type: Non-bibliographic
Content: This data file contains environmental radiation data collected
following the March 28, 1979 accident at the Three Mile Island
Nuclear Reactor in Pennsylvania. Data from EPA, the Public Health
Service, the Nuclear Regulatory Commission, the Department of
Energy, the State, and the utility itself are included.
Contact: William Kirk, FTS 8-590-4866
Office of Radiation Programs
TSCA (TOXIC SUBSTANCES CONTROL ACT) CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES INVENTORY: INITIAL
INVENTORY AND CUMULATIVE SUPPLEMENT TWO, PLANT SITE INFORMATION FILE
Content: The TSCA Chemical Substances Inventory: Initial Inventory and
Cumulative Supplement Two, Plant Site Information File lists names
and addresses for more than 6000 processors and manufactures of
chemicals. This file, with the Production Information File along
with the TSCA Preferred Name file and Synonym file, provides the
complete Toxic Substances Control Act.
Availability: NTIS, CP T02, mag tape. Source tape is in EBCDIC character
set. Tapes can be prepared in most standard 7 or 9 track
recording modes for one-half inch tape.
Contact: NTIS
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OSWER Directive 9285.6-1
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TSCA (TOXIC SUBSTANCES CONTROL ACT) CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES INVENTORY: INITIAL
INVENTORY AND CUMULATIVE SUPPLEMENT TWO. PRODUCTION INFORMATION FILE
Content: The TSCA Chemical Substances Inventory: Initial Inventory and
Cumulative Supplement Two, Production Information File contains
production information for more than 50,000 chemicals. This file
includes Manufacturing Identification Numbers (MID) but not
manufacturer names and locations. The TSCA Chemical Substances
Inventory Initial Inventory Cumulative Supplement Two, Plant Site
Information File tape must be used to find this information. The
MID links the production figure to the plant sites. See also TSCA
Chemical Substances Inventory and Cumulative Supplement Two,
Preferred Name File and Synonym File to obtain the complete
inventory.
Availability: NTIS, CP T02, mag tape. Source tape is in EBCDIC character
set. Tapes can be prepared in most standard 7 or 9 track
recording modes for one-half inch tape.
Contact: NTIS
TSCA (TOXIC SUBSTANCES CONTROL ACT) CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES INVENTORY: INITIAL
INVENTORY AND CUMULATIVE SUPPLEMENT TWO, PREFERRED NAME FILE AND SYNONYM FILE
Content: The Toxic Substances Control Act Chemical Substances Inventory:
Initial Inventory and Cumulative Supplement Two, Preferred Name File
and Synonym File lists names for more than 50,000 chemicals
substances. File 1 includes: TSCA CAS Registry Numbers (a listing
of chemical names by CAS Registry No.), and File 2 includes: TSCA
Synonyms (an alphabetical listing of synonyms). See also the TSCA
Chemical Substances Inventory. Initial Inventory and Cumulative
Supplement Two - Plant site Information File and Production
Information file to obtain the complete inventory.
Availability: NTIS, CP T02, mag tape. Source tape is in EBCDIC character
set. Tapes can be prepared in most standard 7 or 9 track
recording modes for one-half inch tape.
Contact: NTIS
TSCA (TOXIC SUBSTANCES CONTROL ACT) NEW CHEMICALS
Content: This source contains information collected on chemicals proposed
for manufacture which are not included on the July 1979 inventory of
existing chemicals. Producers of such new chemicals are required to
notify OTS at least 90 days prior to manufacture, providing
information about the chemical, its intended production and use, and
any available health and safety information (Section 5 of TSCA).
Those manufacturers seeking an exemption from premanufacture review
for test marketing purposes can apply for such exemption 45 days in
advance of test marketing. Exemptions from the full 90-day review
have recently been established for certain polymers and low volume
chemicals. As of March 28, 1986, OTS had received 6,721
Premanufacturing Notification (PMN) submissions, 379 test marketing
exemption (TME) requests, and 243 low volume and polymer exemption
applications. Currently about 1,600 PMN, 60 TME, and 475 low volume
and polymer exemption requests are received each year.
Contact: Wendy Cleland-Hamnett, FTS 8-382-3725
Chemical Control Division
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OSWER Directive 9285.6-1
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TSCA SECTION 4 CHEMICAL BIBLIOGRAPHIES
Subject: Chemical Data
Type: Bibliographic
Content: The Test Rules and Development Branch within OTS maintains complete
bibliographies on all TSCA Section 4 chemicals. Section 4
authorizes EPA to require the development of any needed new test
data on chemicals that may pose an unreasonable risk or ones that
have high exposure or high release. To date, OTS has received 620
studies on 58 different Section 4 chemicals, and many more tests are
underway.
Contact: Harriet Corbet
Office of Toxic Substances, FTS 8-382-8140
WATER SOLUBILITY DATA
Type: Non-Bibliographic
Content: This collection of more than 3,000 records includes published
values on water solubility data, intended to provide rapid access to
such information for assessment purposes.
Contact: Robert Lipnick, FTS 8-382-4274
Health and Environmental Review Division
4.2 NON-EPA DATA FILES AND TAPES
ANNUAL OBSERVATION WELL FILE (AOWF)
Content: Historical file of groundwater level measurements and producing
formations for all declared groundwater basins in New Mexico.
Contact: James Hudson, U.S. Geological Survey, (505) 766-2011
AUTOMATIC DIGITAL RECORDER TAPES (ADR)
Content: Water data such as river stages, temperature, groundwater levels,
specific conductivity, and dissolved oxygen are punched on paper
tape in the file in raw form.
Contact: Charles R. Showen, U.S. Geological Survey, (703) 860-6871
BASIC WELL DATA FOR PROFESSIONAL PAPER 796
Content: The coverage is of spatial distribution of permeability for the
Atlantic Coastal Plain from North Carolina to New York.
Contact: Donald J. Dolnack, U.S. Geological Survey, (703) 860-6031
GEOECOLOGY DATA BASE (SAS Format)
Content.: The Geoecology Data Base represents a unique compilation of
computerized environmental data for research and development. The
system is designed to provide rapid access to data at appropriate
spatial and temporal scales for environmental impact assessment and
planning. Data are stored at the county level of resolution for
the conterminous United States. The Geoecology Data Base-contains
selected data on terrain and soils, water resources, forestry,
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OSWER Directive 9285.6-1
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vegetation, agriculture, land use, wildlife, air quality, climate,
natural areas, and endangered species. Basic files on human
population are also included to complement the environmental files.
Availability: NTIS, CP T02, mag tape. Source tape is an IBM/SAS formatted
file.
Contact: NTIS
INDEX TO GEOLOGIC MAPS
Content: The index has been developed as a data base and data base
management system that provides three main capabilities. Geoindex
consists of fixed-length records that supply the following
information on published maps: unique numeric identifier, state,
author, year, title, county or counties, publisher, series,
emphasis, area covered by the map, coverage in latitude and
longitude, center point in latitude and longitude, depositories,
type of base map, and plate number.
Contact: Yula Sakss, U.S. Geological Survey (703) 860-7297
NATIONAL STREAM QUALITY ACCOUNTING NETWORK (NASQAN), GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
Content: The data base is a subset of the U.S. Geological Survey's
WATSTORE. A uniform water quality parameter list includes
information on instantaneous discharge, specific conductance,
temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, fecal streptococcal and fecal
coliform bacteria, suspended sediment, etc.
Contact: James Schornick, Dick Smith, Water Resource Division, USGS
MIXING HEIGHT STUDIES
Content: The data utilized in generating this file are hourly surface
weather observations and upper air observations. The major
parameters that make up this file are date, morning type indicator,
morning mixing depth, morning average wind speed through mixing
depth, morning average surface wind speed, afternoon type
indicatory, afternoon mixing depth, afternoon average wind speed
through mixing depth, and afternoon average surface wind speed.
Data is from 1960 to 1964 and various later periods of record.
Contact: National Climatic Data Center
STABILITY ARRAY (STAR)
Content: The STAR output consists of frequency and percent frequency tables
of wind direction versus wind speed for each stability category.
These star data may be summarized on a monthly, seasonal, or annual
basis. The major parameters that make up this file are wind
direction, stability class, wind speed frequencies, station ID, and
beginning and ending year.
Contact: National Climatic Data Center
SUMMARY OF THE MONTH CO-OP ELEMENT FILE
Content This file contains monthly averages or totals of daily data that
are measured primarily by cooperative stations. The major
parameters that make up this file are monthly: maximum and minimum
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OSWER Directive 9285.6-1
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temperatures; mean temperature with departure from normal; total
snowfall and maximum snow depth; total precipitation with departure
from normal; extreme high and low temperatures; freeze data;
evaporation; and total heating degree days and cooling degree
days. Data is from 1876 to present, and is updated monthly.
Contact: National Climatic Data Center
SURFACE AIRWAYS OBSERVATIONS
Content: The major parameters that make up this file are time; ceiling
height; horizontal visibility; weather; wind direction and speed;
dry-bulb, wet-bulb, and dew-point temperatures; relative humidity;
sea level pressure and station pressure; and total sky cover and
total opaque sky cover. Data is from 1948 through present, and is
updated monthly.
Contact: National Climatic Data Center
U.S. SOIL TEMPERATURES
Content: The primary source of information for this file is daily
measurements taken by Federal government, state government and
university sponsored Agriculture Research and Experiment stations
who are part of the cooperative station network. The major
parameters that make up this file are depth of soil temperature
measurement, and daily temperatures. Data is from 1967 to the
present, and is updated annually.
Contact: National Climatic Data Center
VOLATILE ORGANIC CHEMICALS IN THE ATMOSPHERE: AN ASSESSMENT OF AVAILABLE DATA
Content: A significant body of information is currently available to
characterize the burden of possibly-hazardous organic chemicals
(HOCs) in ambient environments. However, these data have not been
accessible in an organized format, and no attempt had been made to
study their significance or to integrate them into a useful and
cohesive document. In this study, ambient data, primarily from the
years 1970 through 1980, from 241 references covering 151 chemicals
were collected and collated into a computer-accessible data base.
Data acquisition has been limited primarily to a few geographical
regions, and most sampling programs have been performed in the
warmer months and during daylight hours. Specific recommendations
are made for future studies regarding data reporting. A strategy
for an effective national monitoring program was presented.
Availability: NTIS, CP T02, mag tape. Source tape is in ASCII character
set. Character set restricts preparation to 9 track, one-half
inch only.
Contact: NTIS
4.3 ADDRESSES FOR DATA FILE AND TAPE CONTACTS
National Air Data Branch
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, MD-14
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
Telephone: (919) 541-5582
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National Climatic Data Center
User Services Branch
Federal Building
Asheville, NC 28801
Telephone: (704) 259-0682
National Technical Information Service (NTIS)
U.S. Department of Commerce
Springfield, Virginia 22161
Telephone: (703) 487-4650
Telex: 89-9405
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Headquarters
Including: Office of Health Research
Office of Monitoring Systems and Quality Assurance
Office of Pesticide Programs
Office of Radiation Programs
Office of Toxic Substances
401 M Street, S.W.
Washington, D.C. 20460
Telephone: (202) 755-9112
U.S. Geological Survey
Water Resources Scientific Information Center
425 National Center
Reston, Virginia 22902
Telephone: (703) 648-6818
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Models
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CHAPTER 5
MODELS
This chapter lists numerous exposure assessment (environmental fate and
transport) and dose-response models which may be useful in performing risk
assessments. The section is organized with EPA models presented in Section
5.1 and "non-EPA" models presented in Section 5.2. Within each section, the
models are further grouped into particular types (e.g., atmospheric, surface
water, ground-water fate and dose-response models) with all the models of a
given type listed alphabetically. Refe'rences for additional information for
each model are given by either providing an office and an individual's name to
contact, or by citing a literature reference. These literature citations are
fully referenced in Section 5.3.
The list of models presented in this section is far from an exhaustive
compilation of all exposure assessment models; nor does the list below
represent all the different types of models which may be useful in risk
assessment (e.g., pharmacokinetic models). Instead, this section describes
accepted, commonly-used environmental fate and transport and dose-response
models that were either: (1) identified through interviews with EPA and
non-EPA employees; (2) taken from the list of EPA's "risk assessment" models
compiled in the Information Systems Inventorylj; or (3) selected from EPA or
non-EPA publications and references using professional judgment on the
applicability of a model in the risk assessment process. There are countless
other models besides those listed below which may also be acceptable and may
in fact be more applicable or useful for a given situation.
5.1 EPA MODELS
5.1.1 Atmospheric Fate Models
BOXMDD80
• Contains population retrieval • Exposure routine is included
program • Available on GEMS
• Applicable primarily to regions
containing many diffuse emission
sources
• Steady-state, Gaussian distribution
1J The Information Systems Inventory is an EPA-wide compilation of data
bases, models, and other information systems which can be segregated into
groups having the same purpose (e.g., information systems for the purpose of
risk assessment). More information on this inventory is available through
EPA's Office of Information Resources Management, Information Management
Branch.
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OSWER Directive 9285.6-1
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Reference: Hanna, 1972
Contact for access to GEMS:
Loren Hall, EPA
(202) 382-3931
CLIMATOLOGICAL DISPERSION MODEL (COM)
Long-term seasonal or annual
Point or area sources
Gaussian plume model
Simulates non-conservative
pollutants
Can simulate turbulence over
urban areas
Outputs long-term average con-
centrations at user-specified
receptors
Requires stability array data
FORTRAN V program language; has
been implemented on the UNIVAC 1110
22K bytes storage required
Software available as part of
UNAMAP package for $420
A modified version (CDMQC)
includes calibration of individual
point and area source contribution
lists and of averaging time trans-
formations.
Documentation: Busse and Zimmerman, 1976
Software: Computer Products, NTIS, Springfield, Virginia 22161
CRSTER
• Modified steady state Gaussian Plume algorithm.
• Estimates ground level concentrations resulting from up to 19 colocated
elevated stack emissions.
• Terrain adjustment can be made.
• Prints out the highest and second highest 1-hour, 3-hour and 24-hour
concentrations; also gives annual mean concentrations at 180 receptors.
Documentation: U.S. EPA, 1977.
INDUSTRIAL SOURCE COMPLEX
Long-term or short-term, point •
area, or line sources, single or •
multiple sources
Models gravitational settling of •
particulates, providing deposition
Release rates can be varied as a •
function of time
Not applicable to complex terrain •
May provide overly conservative
short-term maximum values for calm
wind conditions
Documentation: Bowers et al. 1979
Software: Computer Products, NTIS, Springfield, Virginia 22161
Requires stability array data
Extensive input data required to
make use of sophisticated features
FORTRAN IV program language, has
been implemented on UNIVAC 140
Approximately 65 K bytes storage
required
Available through GEMS
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5-3
OSWER Directive 9285.6-1
POINT SOURCE DISCHARGE -- CONCENTRATION AT A DISTANCE (PTDIS)
Steady-state Gaussian plume model
Point source
Accommodates limit to upward
vertical mixing
Short-term
Assumes conservative pollutant
Produces estimates of hourly
concentrations at a user-selected
downwind distance
Available through GEMS
FORTRAN IV Program, applicable
to wide range of computers; has been
implemented on UNIVAC 1110
Approximately 12 K bytes memory
required
Software available as part of
UNAMAP package, for $420.
References: Turner and Busse 1973, General Software Corporation 1982
Software: Computer Products NTIS, Springfield, Virginia 22161
POINT SOURCE DISCHARGE -- MAXIMUM CONCENTRATION (PTMAX)
Steady-state Gaussian plume model
Point-source
Short-term
Assumes conservative pollutant
Produces maximum hourly concen-
trations for each stability and
wind speed, location of maximum
concentration
Available through GEMS
FORTRAN IV Program, applicable
to wide range of computers; has
been implemented on UNIVAC 1110
Approximately 12 K bytes memory
required
Software available as part of
UNIMAP package, for $420
References: Turner and Busse, 1973, General Software Corporation, 1982
Software: Computer Products, NTIS, Springfield, Virginia 22161
PTMTP
• Estimates the concentration from a number of point sources at a number of
arbitrarily located receptors at/or above ground level.
• Hourly meteorological data are used.
• Hourly concentrations and averages over any averaging time from 1 to 24 hours
can be obtained.
• Downwind and crosswind distances are determined for each source receptor pair.
Documentation: Turner and Busse, 1973.
POINT, AREA. LINE SOURCE ALGORITHM (PAL)
A short-term Gaussian steady-state algorithm.
Estimates concentrations of stable pollutants for point, line and area
sources.
Valuable emission rate along line source can be included.
Intended for smaller scale analysis such as for shipping centers, airports
and single plants.
Hourly concentrations are estimated.
Documentation: Peterson, 1978.
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OSWER Directive 9285.6-1
5-4
RAM
A Gaussian plume short term multiple source air quality algorithm.
Estimate concentrations of stable pollutants from urban point and area
sources.
Hourly meteorological data are used.
Allows determination of downwind receptor locations to ensure good area
coverage with minimum number of receptors.
Docutnentation: Turner and Novak, 1978.
TEXAS EPISODIC MODEL (TEM)
Steady state model
Point or area sources
Short-term - 10 minutes to 24 hours
Produces maximum and average
concentrations over time periods
selected by user
User can select up to 2500 down-
wind receptor points, according to
an automatic or specific grid array
Handles nonconservative pollutants
Up to 24 meteorologic scenarios can
be input for a single run
FORTRAN program applicable to a
wide range of computer types; has
been implemented on Burroughs
6810/11
Requires approximately 26 K bytes
memory
Engineering, meteorology,
atmospheric transport background
useful
Reference: Christiansen, 1976
VALLEY
May require careful analysis of
output by experienced air quality
modeler
FORTRAN V program, applicable to
wide range of computers
Approximately 13 K bytes memory
required
Software available as part of
UNAMAP series, for $420
Short- or long-term •
Simulates plume impaction in
complex terrain
Provides screening estimates of •
worst-case short-term concentrations
Provides annual average concen- •
trations
112-receptor grid •
Accommodates nonconservative
pollutants
Requires stability array data for
long-term option
Requires user-input worst-case
meteorological data for short-term
screening option
Documentation: Burt, 1977.
Software: Computer Products, NTIS, Springfield, Virginia 22161
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5.1.2 Surface Water Fate Models
CHANNEL TRANSPORT MODEL (CHNTRN)
• Time-varying, 1-dimensional model
• Models organic pollutants
• Second-order decay mechanisms
• Models rivers, lakes, estuaries,
and coastal waters
• Can be coupled with a hydrodynamic
model, CHNHYD, for estimation of
flow dynamics where such data is
not available
Requires extensive data input,
and extensive setup time
Has not been field tested and
documentation is currently under
review
FORTRAN IV program language
Applicable to IBM 3933 computer,
and others
Reference: Yeh 1982
Documentation: Dr. G.T. Yeh
Environmental Sciences Division
Oak Ridge National Laboratory
P.O. Box X
Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830
(615) 574-7285
CHEMICAL AND STREAM QUALITY MODEL (TOXIWASP)
Time-varying, 3-dimensional model
Comprehensive second-order decay
kinetics for organic pollutants
Models rivers and estuaries and
it can be applied to lakes
Very data intensive model
Applicable to IBM 370 or PDF 11/70
Software in FORTRAN IV; requires
64 K byte memory
Requires 150-300 man hours for setup
Documentation and Software:
Robert Ambrose
Center for Water Quality Modeling
U.S. EPA
Athens, Georgia 30612
(404) 546-3546
CHEMICAL TRANSPORT AND ANALYSIS PROGRAM (CTAP)
Steady state, 3-dimensional
compartmenta1 model
Complex computer program
Contains comprehensive second-
order decay kinetics for organics
(most models only have first-order
kinetics)
Models organic chemicals
Suitable for freshwater, non-tidal
aquatic systems
Requires extensive data input
Has been incorporated into EPA-
OTS GEMS system
An estimated 350 man hours required
for installation and setup, assuming
all data is.readily available
Well documented and recommended
for use over most other models
Available on magnetic tape for
installation on mainframe or small
computers (e.g., PDP-11 or HP 3000);
batch version requires 64 K bytes
memory at a minimum, more for
complex modeling
Also available in interactive
version, requiring 164 K bytes
memory plus 2 K bytes for each
chemical and 2.5 K bytes for each
environment -•
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OSWER Directive 9285.6-1
5-6
Reference: Burns et al. 1982
Documentation: ORD Publications, Center for
Environmental Research Information
U.S. EPA
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
513-684-7562; or
Center for Water Quality Modeling
Environmental Research Laboratory
U.S. EPA
Athens, Georgia 30613
404-546-3585
DYNHYD3
• A simple 2-dimensional hydrodynamic model capable of handling variable
tidal cycles, wind, and unsteady inflows.
• Updated from the Potomac Dynamic Estuary Model (DEM).
• Has the ability to produce an output file that can be linked with WASPS
(described near the end of this section) to supply the flows and volumes;
to the water quality model.
• Designed for the DOS environment on the IBM PC XT/AT family of micro-
computers and compatible systems.
• Language: FORTRAN 77
• Approximate run time using sample data sets: 16 minutes.
Contact: Center for Water Quality Modeling
Environmental Research Laboratory
U.S. EPA
Athens, Georgia 30613
404-546-3585
ENHANCED STREAM WATER QUALITY MODEL (QUAL2E)
• A steady state model for conventional pollutants in branching streams and
well mixed lakes.
• Includes conservative substances, temperature, coliform bacteria, bio-
chemical oxygen demand, dissolved oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, and algae.
• Widely used for waste load allocation and permitting in the United States
and other countries.
• Designed for the DOS environment on the IBM PC XT/AT family of micro-
computers and compatible systems.
• Approximate run time observed using sample data sets: 1 minute.
Contact: Center for Water Quality Modeling
Environmental Research Laboratory
U.S. EPA
Athens, Georgia 30613
404-546-3585
EXPOSURE ANALYSIS MODELING SYSTEM (EXAMS)
• • Subject: Synthetic Organic Chemicals in Aquatic Systems
• Simulation model
• 1-2 or 3 dimensional
• Runs analyses of initial conditions, time variations, steady state analysis
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OSWER Directive 9285.6-1
5-7
• Uses a set of fundamental process models that accept standard chemical
parameters and limnological data as input parameters
• DAC-VAX family of computers and IBM PC compatibles
• FORTRAN 77 standard
• Available through GEMS
Contact: Dr. Lawrence Burns
Office of Environmental Processes and Effects Research
Environmental Research Laboratory
Athens, Georgia (404) 546-3511
HYDROLQGICAL SIMULATION PROGRAM - FORTRAN (HSPF)
• Time-varying, 1-dimensional model • Requires extensive data input
• Designed for year-round simulation • Most suitable to minicomputers
• Models organic pollutants (e.g., HP 3000, PRIME, HARRIS) as
• Second-order decay mechanisms model utilizes direct access input-
• Models non-tidal rivers and streams output, which can be costly on main-
and mixed lakes frame computers
• Has been used on IBM 370 series • Requires 250 K bytes of overlay-
computers type storage
Reference: Johanson et al. 1980
Software: Center for Water Quality Modeling
Environmental Research Laboratory
U.S. EPA
Athens, Georgia 30613
404-546-3585
PROBABILISTIC DILUTION MODEL (PPM)
• Estimates the percent of time a • Contains averages of mean and low
given concentation -level may be flows of streams in major river
exceeded in receiving streams basins of U.S., broken down by
• Model estimates based on statis- direct and indirect dischargers
tical distribution of daily and standard industry classifica-
volume flows and on solution of tion codes
mass balance dilution evaluation • Designed for use on personal
computers
Holding Office: Office of Toxic Substances
Responsible Person: Karen Hammerstrom
FTS Phone: 8-382-3896
METALS EXPOSURE ANALYSIS MODELING SYSTEM (MEXAMS)
• Steady state, 3-dimensional • Complex metal dynamics
compartmental model requiring extensive data input
• Complex computer program • Can be used with mainframe or
• A combination of two models small (e.g., PCP 11/70 or HP 3000
(MINTEQ and EXAMS) designed for computers)
modeling of metal loadings • Interactive format
• Suitable for freshwater, non-tidal • Contains data base with thermo-
aquatic systems dynamic properties of 7 metals
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5-8
Further information:
Documentation:
Yasuo Onishi
Battelle, Pacific Northwest Laboratories
Richland, Washington 99352
509-376-8302
Center for Water Quality Modeling, EPA
Environmental Research Laboratories
Athens, Georgia
404-546-3585
MICHIGAN RIVER MODEL (MICHRIV)
• Steady-state, 1-dimensional model
• Computer program written in FORTRAN
• Similar to SLSA but can model more
than one reach
• Intended for metals
• Models rivers and streams
Reference: Delos et al. 1984
Technical Assistance Available from:
Easy to set up and use
Requires minimal computer
programming
Bill Richardson
U.S. EPA
Environmental Research Laboratory-
Duluth
Large Lakes Research Station
(see Section 5.1.3)
SEDIMENT-CONTAMINANT TRANSPORT (SERATRA)
• Time-varying, 2-dimensional model
(longitudinal and vertical)
• Complex sediment transport
mechanisms
• Second-order decay mechanisms for
organic pollutants
• Models rivers and lakes
References: Onishi and Wise 1982a
Onishi and Wise 1982b
Document at ion: ORD Publications
Center for Environmental
U.S. EPA
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
413-684-7562
Technical Assistance: Robert Ambrose
U.S. EPA, Athens
Center for Water
Athens, Georgia
404-546-3546
Requires extensive data input
Computer program written in FORTRAN
preprocessor language FLECS, in
batch mode
Has been field tested and is
available for use
Requires an estimated 750 man
hours for setup, assuming all
required data are readily available
Research Information
Env. Research Lab
Quality Modeling
30613
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OSWER Directive 9285.6-1
5-9
TIME-DEPENDENT. THREE-DIMENSIONAL TRANSPORT MODEL
• Calculates hydrodynamic transport • User-specified options permit
of conservative and non-conserva- application to conservative sub-
tive substances in surface water stances (e.g., chloride) and non-
bodies conservative substances (e.g.,
• Estimates time-dependent suspended solids)
concentrations
Holding Office: Office of Environmental Processes and Effects Research
Responsible Person: J.F. Paul
FTS Phone: 8-838-5087
TIME-DEPENDENT. THREE-DIMENSIONAL, VARIABLE-DENSITY HYDRODYNAMIC MODEL
• Estimates the movement of • Various user-specified versions
pollutants in thermal discharges to consider the receiving waters
in harbors, bays, lake basins, in different ways (e.g., water
entire lakes, estuaries, marine surface treated as a rigid lid
coastal areas, etc. or a free-surface, or bottom
• Calculates velocities, tempera- boundary condition specified
tures, and salinity as no-slip or slip)
• Results of model can be used as
input to a separate transport model
Holding Office: Office of Environmental Processes and Effects Research
Responsible Person: J.F. Paul
FTS Phone: 8-838-5087
TOXIC ORGANIC SUBSTANCE TRANSPORT AND BIOACCUMULATIQN MODEL (TOXIC)
• Quasi-dynamic, 3-dimensional • Applicable to IBM 370 and 750
compartment model Prime systems
• Program language is FORTRAN • FORTRAN program in batch mode
• Complex biological uptake • User support is limited; no user
mechanisms manual is available
• Models pesticides in reservoirs
and aquatic impoundments
• Only time-varying functions for
loading, not flows
• Good for biological accumulation
but lacking in chemical fate
mechanisms
Reference: Schnoor et al. 1981
Software: Jerry Schnoor
Civil and Environmental Engineering
Energy Engineering Division
University of Iowa
Iowa City, Iowa 52248
- 319-353-7262
TOXIWASP
- see CHEMICAL AND STREAM QUALITY MODEL
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OSWER Directive 9285.6-1
5-10
TRANSIENT ONE-DIMENSIONAL DEGRADATION AND MIGRATION MODEL (TODAM)
Time varying, 1-dimensional model
Second-order decay mechanisms
Models river and estuarine systems
Exterior hydrodynamic model (e.g.,
EXPLORE) is required to provide
channel and flow characteristics
to TODAM
Requires extensive data input
Complex FORTRAN program, written
in the preprocessor language FLECS,
or in FORTRAN IV
Applicable to VAC or PDC 11/70
computers (batch mode)
TODAM has been applied; however
documentation is currently under
review; release date unknown
Reference: Onishi et al. 1982
Further Information: Yasuo Onishi
Battelle-Pacific Northwest Laboratories and ICF Northwest
Richland, Washington 99352
509-376-8302
WATER QUALITY ANALYSIS SIMULATION PROGRAM (WASP3)
• A generalized modeling framework for contaminant fate and transport in
surface waters.
• Based on a flexible compartment modeling approach, which allows WASPS to
be applied in one, two, or three dimensions.
• Problems that have been studied using WASPS include biochemical oxygen
demand-dissolved oxygen dynamics, nutrients and eutrophication, bacterial
contamination, and toxic chemical movement.
• Can be used with subroutines selected from a library or written by user
(e.g., TOXIWASP described earlier in this section).
• Designed for the DOS environment on the IBM PC XT/AT family of micro-
computers and compatible systems.
• Language: FORTRAN 77
Contact: Center for Water Quality Modeling
Environmental Research Laboratory
U.S. EPA
Athens, Georgia 30613
404-546-3585
WATER QUALITY ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY (WQAM)
• Steady-state, 1-dimensional model •
• Requires only desk top calculations •
• Provides canonical information
• Models, lakes, rivers, and •
estuaries
Easy to set up and use
No computer programming needed;
requires only hand calculator
Recommended if time, costs, or
information are restrictive
Reference: Mills et al. 1982
Documentation: ORD Publications
U.S. EPA, Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
513-684-7562
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OSWER Directive 9285.6-1
5-11
WATER QUALITY MODELING SYSTEM FOR THE GREAT LAKES (WQMSGL)
• Consits of three subsystems which • Can be applied to most water
allow user to develop, calibrate, quality problems, constituents,
and verify water quality models and interactions
for aquatic systems
• Developed to serve EPA's research
mandates for the Great Lakes, but
applicable to any surface water
system
Holding Office: Office of Environmental Processes and Effects Research
Responsible Person: William Richardson
FTS Phone: 8-226-7811
5.1.3 Unsaturated Zone and Groundwater Fate Models
• A geochemical model capable of calculating equilibrium aqueous specia-
tion, adsorption, gas phase partitioning, solid phase saturation states,
and precipitation-dissolution of 11 metals (arsenic, cadmium, chromium,
copper, lead, mercury, nickel, selenium, silver, thallium, and zinc).
• Can solve a broad range of chemical equilibrium problems for surface and
ground waters.
• Contains an extensive thermodynamic data set.
• Designed for the DOS environment on the IBM PC XT/AT family of micro-
computers and compatible systems.
• Language: . FORTRAN 7 7.
• Approximate run time using sample data sets: 4 minutes.
Contact: Center for Water Quality Modeling
Environmental Research Laboratory
U.S. EPA
Athens, Georgia 30613
404-546-3585
PESTICIDE ROOT ZONE MODEL (PRZM)
• Simulates the vertical movement of pesticides in unsaturated soil within and
below the plant root zone, and extending to the water table.
• Uses generally available input data that are reasonable in spatial and
temporal requirements.
• Consists of hydrology and chemical transport components that simulate runoff,
erosion, plant uptake, leaching, decay, foliar wash off,'and volatilization of
a pesticide.
• Designed for the DOS environment on the IBM PC XT/AT family of micro-
computers and compatible systems.
• Language: FORTRAN 77.
• Approximate run time using sample data sets: 8 minutes.
Contact: Center for Water Quality Modeling
Environmental Research Laboratory
U.S. EPA
Athens, Georgia 30613
404-546-3585
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OSWER Directive 9285.6-1
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PESTICIDES ANALYTICAL TRANSPORT SOLUTION (PESTAN) or ANALYTIC TRANSIENT 1,2.3-
DIMENSIONAL MODEL (AT123D)
Predicts pesticide and organic
pollutant movement to ground water
Environmental and chemical data
input interactively
Available through GEMS
Version in GEMS features an auto-
mated link with Seasonal Soil
Model (SESOIL) to allow modeling
of chemicals moving from the un-
saturated zone into ground water
Holding Office: Office of Environmental Processes and Effects Research
Responsible Person: David M. Walters
FTS Phone: 8-743-2261
REGULATOR AND TREATMENT ZONE MODEL (RITZ)
• Models pollutant transport by
leaching and volatilization
• Estimates biological degradation
of the pollutant
Considers the effect of an oil
phase on pollutant transport
Holding Office: Office of Environmental Processes and Effects Research
Responsible Person: Tom Short
FTS Phone: 8-743-2234
SEASONAL SOIL COMPARTMENT MODEL (SESOIL)
Integrated into GEMS
Versatile, easy to use
Fortran program language; has been
implemented on IBM 370, VAX 11/780
Produces contaminant concentration
distribution in unsaturated zone,
quality of ground water runoff
Long-term fate simulations
Accounts for numerous hydrologic,
meteorologic characteristics of site
Accounts for numerous transfer,
transformation processes: absorp-
tion volatilization, degradation,
biodegradation
Models organics, inorganics
Handles up to 3 layers of soil
types, permeabilities
Documentation: Bonazountas and Wagner, 1981
Contact for access to GEMS system: Mr. Loren Hall
U.S. EPA, Exposure Evaluation
Division
Washington, D.C.
202-382-3931
SIMULATED WASTE ACCESS TO GROUND WATER (SWAG)
• Predicts organic pollutant •
transport to groundwater
• Three compartment analytical •
computer model
Considers transformations in
the soil-geological matrix
Data is input interactively by
the user -•
Holding Office: Office of Environmental Processes and Effects Research
Responsible Person: David M. Walters
FTS Phone: 8-743-2261
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OSWER Directive 9285.6-1
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THREE-DIMENSIONAL PLUMES IN UNIFORM GROUND-WATER FLOW (PLUME2D)
• Estimates concentration distribu-
tion in a leachate plume emanating
from a point source
• Includes both linear absorption
and first-order reactions
Holding Office: Office of Emergency Processes and Effects Research
Responsible Person: Carl Enfield
FTS Phone: 8-743-2334
5.1.4 Exposure Assessment Models
ATMOSPHERIC DISPERSION OF RADIONUCLIDES (AIRDOSE-EPA)
• Estimates annual intakes and • Atmospheric dispersion, wet
exposures from the atmospheric and dry deposition, and food
release of radionuclides pathway models included
• The intake estimates provided • Radionuclide chain ingrowth
as inputs to DARTAB to assess and decay considered
individual or collective doses/ • Environmental removal taken
risks associated with chronic into account
releases
Holding Office: Office of Radiation Programs
Responsible Person: Christopher Nelson
FTS Phone: 8-557-9380
COHORT ANALYSIS OF INCREASED RISKS OF DEATHS (CAIRO) MODEL
• Estimates human health risks
produced in a population after
exposure to a given radiation
level
Holding Office: Office of Radiation Programs
Responsible Person: Neal S. Nelson
FTS Phone: 8-557-9380
DOSE AND RISK ASSESSMENT TABULATION (DARTAB)
• Computes fatal cancers and
genetic defects from radiological
concentrations on the ground
surface, and in air, water, and
vegetation
• Used in conjunction with
RADRISK information to provide
risk assessment information for
AIRDOSE-EPA and PRESTO-EPA
Holding Office: Office of Radiation Programs
Responsible Person: Christopher Nelson
FTS Phone: 8-557-7380
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OSWER Directive 9285.6-1
5-14
HIGH LEVEL RADIOACTIVE WASTE-RESPOSITORY RISK MODEL (REPRISK)
• Calculates expected genetic and • Expected events include shaft
somatic health effects at a and borehold leakage, and bulk
generic high level radioactive rock transport
waste geologic repository • Releases are from destruction
• Estimates radionuclide releases of waste packages or disturbance
to air, land surface, and rivers of a contaminated repository
or lakes from a repository as a backfilled tunnel
repository as a result of
expected and accident events
• Accidents considered include
human intrusion, faults,
meteorites, and volcanoes
Holding Office: Office of Radiation Programs
Responsible Person: Daniel Egan
FTS Phone: 8-557-8610
LOW-LEVEL RADIOACTIVE WASTE ENVIRONMENTAL TRANSPORT AND RISK ASSESSMENT CODE
(PRESTO-EPA)
• Calculates health effects to • RADRISK data required to
an exposed population from run the model
radioactivity escaping from
a shallow-land or deep geologic
burial site
• DARTAB used as a subroutine to
calculate fatal cancers and genetic
defects
Holding Office: Office of Radiation Programs
Responsible Person: G. Lewis Meyer
FTS Phone: 8-557-8610
MAXIMUM INDIVIDUAL DOSE MODEL (MAXDOSE)
• Models geological events and • Estimates contaminated areas
health effects associated with and individual risk
accidental releases from a • Considers leaching and dis-
nuclear waste repository solution as waste escape
• Calculates set of dose rates mechanisms
at different times and distances
Holding Office: Office of Radiation Programs
Responsible Person: Daniel Egan
FTS Phone: 8-557-8610
MIXTURE AND SYSTEMIC TOXICANT RISK MODEL (MSRM)
• Estimates human health risk • Non-cancer risk assessment
from exposure by any route models and estimation categories
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OSWER Directive 9285.6-1
5-15
Contains statistical methods
and extrapolation models for
using available toxicological
and epidemiological data
Cancer risk models included
for completeness, but
developed elsewhere
Applicable for single chemicals
and mixtures
Estimation methods include those
in EPA Risk Assessment Guidelines
for Comparison
Holding Office: Office of Health and Environmental Assessment
Responsible Person: Richard Hertzberg
FTS Phone: 8-684-7582
PLUTONIUM AIR INHALATION DOSE (PAID)
• Calculates dose rates and
doses resulting from the acute
or chronic lifetime inhalation
or ingestion of transuranic
radioisotopes
Holding Office: Office of Radiation Programs
Responsible Person: Neal Nelson
FTS Phone: 8-557-9380
PRESTO-EPA
- see LOW-LEVEL RADIOACTIVE WASTE ENVIRONMENTAL TRANSPORT AND RISK
ASSESSMENT CODE
RADIONUCLIDE DOSE RATE/RISK (RADRISK)
• Estimates health risk due to
inhalation or ingestion of
radionuclides for arbitrary
exposure periods
• End result in set of values
relating fatal cancers and
genetically significant
radiation doses to a unit of
radionuclide intake
A greatly revised combination
of two previously existing
programs - INREM II and CAIRO
Health risk from external
exposure also estimated by
CAIRO using dose rates from
DOS FACTER
Holding Office: Office of Radiation Programs
Responsible Person: Christopher B. Nelson
FTS Phone: 8-557-9380
REPRISK
- see HIGH LEVEL RADIOACTIVE WASTE REPOSITORY RISK MODEL
SLUDGE PROGRAM-HEALTH IMPACTS (SPHI)
• Assesses adverse human health
effects from contaminants in
sewage sludge
• Considers sludge distributed and/
or marketed to public for use
in vegetable gardens and lawns
Contaminants taken into account
include metals, PCBs, and
pathogens
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OSWER Directive 9285.6-1
5-16
Holding Office: Office of Solid Waste
Responsible Person: Ken Shuster
FTS Phone: 8-382-3345
5.1.5 Multi-Media Models
ENVIRONMENTAL PARTITIONING MODEL (ENPART)
• Uses physical/chemical properties to estimate partitioning between air,
water, and river sediment (i.e., estimates mass distribution between these
three components).
• Estimates environmental persistence.
• Available on GEMS.
Holding Office: Office of Toxic Substances
Exposure Evaluation Division
Responsible Person: Russell Kinerson
FTS Phone: 8-382-3928
5.2 NON-EPA MODELS
5.2.1 Atmospheric Fate Models
TEXAS CLIMATOLOGICAL MODEL CONTROL (TCM)
• Long-term (seasonal or annual) •' Requires stability array data
• Gaussian dispersion • FORTRAN program language; has
• Two pollutants per run been implemented on Burroughs
• Includes option for simulation of 6810/11
urban area turbulence classes • Batch mode
• Handles nonconservative pollutants • 17K bytes memory required
• Point or area sources • Technical background in
• Up to 2500 receptor locations on meteorology, air pollution useful
downwind user-specific grid
• Outputs average concentration data
Document at ion: Texas Air Control Board, 1980
5.2.2 Surface Water Fate Models
ESTUARY AND STREAM QUALITY MODEL (WASTOX)
• Time-varying, 3-dimensional model • Very data intensive model
• Sophisticated second-order organic • User must provide hydrodynamic
decay kinetics flows between model compartments
• Models rivers, lake and estuaries • Applicable to IBM 370 or POP
11/70 systems
• Fortran IV program requires 32
K bytes storage
• Requires 150-300 man hours for setup
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OSWER Directive 9285.6-1
5-17
Documentation and Software: Dr. John Connolly
Environmental Engineering and Science
Manhattan College
Bronx, New York 10471
(212) 920-0276 or:
Dr. Parraely H. Pritchard
Environmental Research Laboratory
Gulf Breeze, Florida 32561
(904) 932-5311
FINITE ELEMENT TRANSPORT MODEL (FETRA)
• Time-varying, 2-dimensional model • Input data requirements are
(longitudinal and lateral) extensive
• Second-order decay mechanisms for • Computer program written in
organic pollutants FORTRAN IV
• Models rivers, estuaries, coastal • Can be used on IBM, VAX or CDC-
systems, and completely mixed lakes 7600 computers
• Can be coupled with EXPLORE-I • Has been field validated
hydrodynamic model to generate flow • Setup and execution time require-
velocities where these are unknown ments are large
Reference: Onishi et al. 1981
Further Information: Yasuo Onishi
Battelle-Pacific Northwest Laboratories and ICF Northwest
Richland, Washington 99352
509-376-8302
SIMPLIFIED LAKE/STREAM ANALYSIS (SLSA)
• Steady-state, 1-dimensional model • Easy to set up and use
• Solution either by desk top • Computer programming not
calculations or simple (hand necessary; if used, only 280 bytes
calculator) FORTRAN program are required, suitable for micro-
• Suitable for simplified lake and computers
river systems • Well documented and suggested for
use before using a more sophisti-
cated model
Reference: HydroQual 1982
Documentation: William Gulledge
2581 M Street, N.W.
Washington, D.C. 20037
202-887-1183
WASTOX
- see ESTUARY AND STREAM QUALITY MODEL
5.2.3 Unsaturated Zone and Groundwater Fate Models
COUPLED FLUID. ENERGY AND SOLUTE TRANSPORT (CFEST) COMBINED WITH UNSAT-1D
• 3-dimensional • Has been field verified for
• Accommodates heterogeneous, arsenic and organic wastes
anisotropic, multilayered soil • Sorption, degradation mechanisms not
configurations incorporated
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5-18
OSWER Directive 9285.6-1
Handles saline aquifers as well
as fresh water
Transport mechanisms of dispersion,
advection simulated
Documentation: Gupta et al. 1982
Time-variant release and flow
rates
Combination covers unsaturated and
saturated zones
ESTAN
One-dimensional
Organic substances
Degradation is simulated
Provides pollutant velocity, dis-
tribution, and concentration data
Accommodates various release rates,
schedules
Reference: Enfield et al., 1982
FINITE-ELEMENT MODEL OF WASTE (FEMVASTE)
and
FINITE ELEMENT MODEL OF WATER FLOW (FEMWATER)
Considered a screening model
Rapid evaluations
Inexpensive, easy to use; requires
only-hand-held calculator
Has been field verified with
pesticides
Two-dimensional
Interzone transfer is modeled
Incorporates convection, dispersion
Simulates degradation of non-
conservative substances
Absorption is accounted for
Capable of modeling layered,
heterogeneous soil zones
FEMWATER is a model for ground
water flow, while FEMWASTE simulates
the transport/fate of contaminants
Documentation: Yeh and Ward 1981
Information: Dr. George T. Yeh
Oak Ridge National Laboratory
Environmental Science Division
P.O. Box X
Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830
615-574-7285
Has been implemented on IBM 360
May require background in hydro-
geology, differential equations,
programming
Field verified
LEACHATE PLUME MIGRATION MODEL (LPMM)
• Continuous source model
• Dispersion is simulated
• Degradation processes accounted for
• A simplistic model; results may not
be as sophisticated as necessary for
Level III work
Can be used in nomographic, hand-
held calculator, or computer form
Relatively easy to use
References: Kent et al. 1982
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5-19
OSWER Directive 9285.6-1
RANDOM WALK SOLUTE TRANSPORT MODEL (RWSTM)
One or two-dimensional
Time-variant release rates
Accommodates well-injected release
Incorporates dispersion, retar-
dation
Handles nonconservative pollutants
Accounts for well pumping
Documentation: Prickett et al. 1981
Requires mathematical programming,
hydrogeological knowledge on part
of user
Has been field validated
Provides contaminant concentration
at user-selected points
SANDIA WASTE ISOLATION FLOW AND TRANSPORT MODEL (SWIFT)
3-dimensional
Transport processes of advectionj
dispersion simulated
Sorption, degradation processes
accounted for
Appropriate for waste-injection,
waste-isolation modeling
Has been field verified
Has associated user's guide in
self-teaching format
Fortran program; has been
implemented on various CDC systems
including CDC 7600
1984 version to be released late '
1984, or 1985
Document at ion: Reeves and Cranwell 1981; Finley and Reeves 1978
Software: National Energy Software Center
Argonne National Laboratories
Argonne, Illinois 60439
Information: Intera Environmental Consultants, Inc.
11999 Katy Freeway, Suite 610
Houston, Texas 77079
5.2.4 Dose-Response Models
GAMMA MULTIHIT -MODEL
Generalization of One-Hit Model
Assumes that a response requires
more than one hit (dose)
Exhibits a greater variety of
behavior than one-hit model
Can accomodate a wider range
of data than one-hit or multistage
models
Excess risk is convex for more
than one hit, concave for less than
one, linear for one hit
Inconclusive for a negative or
non-integer number of hits
Resembles curves with thresholds
at low levels
May "manufacture" a background
rate even with no evidence of one
Determination of formulae for
confidence intervals is problematic
Less problematic when additive
background is incorporated
References: For specific applications see the "hit theory" in Iverson and
Arley, 1950 or the "particle theory" in Cornfield, 1954. The gamma multihit
model is described in Chesson et al., 1984.
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OSWER Directive 9285.6-1
5-20
LOGIT MODEL
Extrapolations will be close to
gamma-multihit model
Similar to Probit Model (see •
below) but approaches zero more
slowly
Low dose linearity implies a
concave dose response curve at
higher doses
References: Worcester and Wilson, 1943 and Berkson, 1944. A more general
model of which both Probit and Logit models are special cases was proposed in
Prentice, 1976. See also Chesson et al., 1984.
MULTISTAGE MODEL
•' A form of the Weibeull model
(see below)
• Accounts for cancer death rate
proportional to some power of age
• Assumes that a cell goes
through a variable number of
distinct stages in a specific
order before becoming cancerous
• Assumes rate within each stage
is constant and related to dose
References: Armoitage and Doll, 1961 and Crump et al., 1976.
Ghesson et al., 1984.
Recommended for low-risk assess-
ment of cancer
Estimation is more complicated
than with other models
Uses computer program GLOBAL79
to calculate confidence intervals
See also
ONE-HIT MODEL
• Linear at low doses, concave at
high doses (sometimes called
("linear model")
• Assumes a response after a
single biologically effective
unit of dose
Reference: Chesson et al., 1984.
PROBIT MODEL
• Tolerance distribution model
• Assumes tolerance to follow a
lognormal distribution
Provides a conservative estimate
of risk at low doses
Has been used to describe "time
to response" data
Tends to give a high VSD
References: Finney, 1971. A more general model of which both Probit and
Logit models are special cases was proposed in Prentice, 1976. The Probit
model is described in Chesson et al., 1984.
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OSWER Directive 9285.6-1
5-21
WEIBULL MODEL
Tolerance distribution model
suggested by human cancer
incidence patterns
Assumes cancer begins in a
single cell
Assumes individual cells in a
tissue behave independently
Accounts for external forces
like death of some persons in
sample set by non-measured causes
before cancer could be diagnosed
Low dose linearity implies a
concave dose response curve at
higher doses
References: Suggested in Cook et al., 1969. See also Chesson et al., 1984.
5.3 REFERENCES AND DOCUMENTATION OF MODELS
Armitage P., Doll R. 1961. Stochastic models for carcinogenesis.
Proceedings 4th Berkeley Symposium IV, pp. 19-38.
In:
Berkson J. 1944. Application of the logistic function to bioassay.
J. American Statistical Association 39:134-167.
Bonazountas M., Wagner J. 1981. SESOIL, a seasonal soil compartment
model. Cambridge, Massachusetts. A.D. Little Inc. for U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency. Contract No. 68-01-6271.
Bowers J.F., et al. 1979. Industrial source complex (ISC) dispersion
model user's guide, volumes I and II. Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency. EPA 450/4-79-030. As reviewed in: Bonazountas M., Fiksel
J., et al. 1982. Environmental mathematical pollutant fate modeling
handbook/catalogue (Draft). Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Office of Policy and Resource Management. Contract No. 68-01-5146.
Burns L.A., Cline D.M., Lassiter R.R. 1982. Exposure Analysis Modeling
System (EXAMS) user manual and system documentation. Athens, GA:
Environmental Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency. EPA-600/3-82-023. As reviewed in: Versar
Inc. 1983. Methodology for assessing exposures to chemical substances via
the ingestion of drinking water. Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency. Contract No. 68-01-6438.
Burt E. 1977. VALLEY model user's guide. Washington, DC: U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency. EPA-450/2-77-018. As reviewed in: U.S.
EPA. 1982. Environmental Modeling Catalogue. Washington, DC: U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency. Information Clearing House. PM-211A.
Busse A.D., Zimmerman J.R. 1976. User's guide for the climatological
dispersion model. Research Triangle Park, NC: U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency. EAP-R4-73-024. As reviewed in: Bonazountas M., Fiksel J., et al.
1982. Environmental mathematical pollutant fate modeling handbook/catalogue
(Draft). Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of
Policy and Resource Management. Contract No. 68-01-5146.
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OSWER Directive 9285.6-1
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Chesson J., Zanetos M.A. 1984. Documentation of High- to Low-Dose
Extrapolation Models Used in Quantitative Risk Assessment: Assessment of
Models. Draft Final Report. Batelle. Washington, DC: Office of Toxic
Substances, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Contract No. 68-01-6721.
Christiansen J.H. 1976. Design and application of the Texas episodic
model. Proceedings of the Conference on Environmental Modeling and
Simulation. Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
EPA-600/9-76-016. As reviewed in: U.S. EPA. 1982. Environmental Modeling
Catalogue. Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
Information Clearing House. PM-211A.
Cook P.J., Doll R., Fellingham S.A. 1969. A mathematical model for the
age distribution of cancer in man. Int. J. Cancer 4:93-112.
Cornfield J. 1954. Measurement and comparison of toxicities: the
quantal response. In: Statistics and Mathematics in Biology. Kempthorne 0.,
Baneroft T.A., Gowen J.W., and Lush J.L., eds. Ames: Iowa State College
Press, pp. 327-344.
Crump K.S., Hoel D.G., Langley C.H., Peto R. 1976. Fundamental
carcinogenic processes and their implications for low dose risk assessment.
Cancer Research 36:2973-2979.
Delos C.G., Richardson W.L., DePinto J.V., et al. 1984. Technical
guidance manual for performing wasteload allocations, book II: streams and
rivers. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Water Regulations
and Standards. ,Water Quality Analysis Branch. Washington, DC.
Enfield C.G., Carsel R.F., Cohen S.Z., Phan T., Walters D.M. 1982.
Approximating pollutant transport to ground water. Ground Water 20(6) 711-722.
Finley N.C., Reeves M. 1978. SWIFT self-teaching curriculum.
Washington, DC: Nuclear Regulatory Commission. NUREG/CR-1968, SAND 81-0410.
As reviewed in: Lo T.Y.R., Scott B.H., Benhamin R.R. 1983. Remedial action
assessment models for hazardous waste sites. Review draft. Athens, GA: U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency. Contract No. 68-03-3116.
Finney D.J. 1971. Probit analysis (3rd edition). London: Cambridge
University Press.
General Software Corporation. 1982. Graphical exposure modeling system
(GEMS) user's guide. Washington, DC: Office of Pesticides and Toxic
Substances, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Contract No. 68-01-6618.
Gupta S.K., Kincaid C.T., Meyer P.R., Newbill C.A., Cole C.R. 1982. A
multi-dimensional finite element code for the analysts of coupled fluid,
energy, and solute transport (CFEST). Richland, WA: Battelle Pacific
Northwest Laboratory. PNL-2939. As reviewd in: Lo T.Y.R., Scott B.H.,
Benjamin R.R. 1983. Remedial action assessment models for hazardous waste
sites. Review draft. Athens, GA: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
Contract No. 68-03-3116.
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OSWER Directive 9285.6-1
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HydroQual, Inc. 1982. Application guide for CMA - HydroQual chemical
fate models. Prepared for: Chemical Manufacturers Association, Washington,
DC. As reviewed in: Dixon, et al., 1985. Methodology for assessing
exposures to chemical substances via the ingestion of drinking water.
Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Contract No.
68-01-6271. NTIS PB 86-132156.
Iverson S., Arley N. 1950. On the mechanism of experimental
carcinogenesis. Acta Path. Micro Scan, 27:1-31.
Johnanson R.C., Imhoff G.C., Davis H.H. 1980. Hydrocomp Inc. Users
manual for hydrological simulation program -- FORTRAN (HSPF). Athens, GA:
Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
EPA-600/9-80-015. As reviewed in: Dixon, et al., 1985. Methodology for
assessing exposures to chemical substances via the ingestion of drinking
water. Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Contract No.
68-01-6271. NTIS PB 86-132156.
Kent D.C., Pettyjohn W.A., Witz F., Prickett T. 1982. Prediction of
leachate plume migration and mixing in ground water. Solid and Hazardous
Waste Research and Development Annual- Symposium proceedings. Columbus, OH:
National Water Well Association. As reviewed in: Versar Inc. 1983.
Theoretical evaluation of sites located in the zone of saturation. Draft
final report. Chicago, IL: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Contract
No. 68-01-6438.
Konikow L.F., Bredehoeft J.D. 1974. Computer model of two-dimensional
transport and dispersion in ground water. Washington, DC: .U.S. Geological
Survey. Techniques of Water Resource Investigation, Book 7, Chapter 2. As
reviewed in: Versar Inc. 1983. Theoretical evaluation of sites located in
the zone of saturation. Draft final report. Chicago, IL: U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency. Contract No. 68-01-6438.
Mills W.B., Dean J.D., Porcella D.B., et al. 1982. Water quality
assessment: a screening procedure for toxic and conventional pollutants:
part 1. Tetra Tech, Inc. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
Environmental Research Laboratory. Office of Research and Development.
Athens, Georgia. Contract No. 68-03-2673.
Onishi Y., Wise S.E. 1982a. Battelle Pacific Northwest Laboratories.
Mathematical model, SERATRA, for sediment-contaminant transport in rivers and
its application to pesticide transport in Four Mile and Wolf Creeks in Iowa.
Athens, GA: Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency. EPA-600-3/82-045. As reviewed in: Versar Inc. 1983. Methodology
for assessing exposures to chemical substances via the ingestion of drinking
water. Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Contract No.
68-01-6271.
Onishi Y., Wise S.E. 1982b. Battelle Pacific Northwest Laboratory.
User's manual for the instream sediment-contaminant transport model SERATRA.
Athens, GA: Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency. EPA-600-3/82-055. As reviewed in: Versar Inc. 1983. Methodology
for assessing exposures to chemical substances via the ingestion of drinking
water. Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Contract No.
68-01-6438.
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OSWER Directive 9285.6-1
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Peterson, William B. 1978. User's Guide to PAL-A Gaussian-Plume
Algorithm for Point, Area and Line Sources, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, Environmental Monitoring Series
EPA-600/4-78-013 (NTIS PB-274-054).
Prentice R.L. 1976. A generalization of the probit and logit methods
for dose response curves. Biometrics 32:761-768.
Prickett T.A., Maymik T.G., Lonnquist C.G. 1981. A "random-walk" solute
transport model for selected groundwater quality evaluations. Champaign, IL:
Illinois Department of Energy and Natural Resources. ISWS/BUL-65/81. As
reviewed in: Versar' Inc. 1983. Theoretical evaluation of sites located in
the zone of saturation. Draft final report. Chicago, IL: U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency. Contract No. 68-01-6438.
Reeves M., Cranwell R.M. 1981. User's manual for the Sandia
Waste-Isolation Flow Transport model (SWIFT). Washington, DC: Nuclear
Regulatory Commission. NUREG/CR-2324, SAND81-2516. As reviewed in: Lo
T.Y.R., Scott B.H., Benjamin R.R. 1983. Remedial action assessment models
for hazardous waste sites. Review draft. Athens, GA: U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency. Contract No. 68-03-3116.
Schnoor J.L., Rao N., Cartwright K.J., Noll R., Ruiz-Calzada C. 1981.
Verification of a toxic organic substance transport and bioaccumulation
model. Final report. Athens, GA: Office of Research and Development, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency. Grant No. R-806059-02. As reviewed in:
Dixon et al., 1985. Methodology for assessing exposures to chemical
substances via the ingestion of drinking water. Washington, DC: U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency. Contract No. 68-01-6271. NTIS PB 86-132156.
Texas Air Control Board. 1980. User's guide to the Texas Climatological
Model. Austin, TX: Texas Air Control Board. As reviewed in: U.S. EPA.
1982. Environmental Modeling Catalogue. Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency. Information Clearing House. PM-211A.
Turner D.B., Busse A.D. 1973. User's guides to the interactive version
of three point source dispersion programs: PTMAX, PTDIS, and PTMTP
(preliminary draft). Research Triangle Park, NC: U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency. EPA/DF-81/OOlf. As reviewed in: Bonazountas M., Fiksel
J., et al. 1982. Environmental mathematical pollutant fate modeling
handbook/catalogue (Draft). Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Office of Policy and Resource Management. Contract No. 68-01-5146.
Turner, D. Bruce, and Joan Hreako Novak. 1978. User's Guide for RAM.
Vol. I, Algorithm Description and Use, EPA-600/8-78-016a (NTIS PB-294-791).
Vol. II, Data Preparation and Listings, EPA-600/8-78-016b (NTIS PB-294-792),
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC.
U.S. EPA. 1985. Modeling Remedial Actions at Uncontrolled Hazardous
Waste Sites, EPA/540/2-85/001 (NTIS PB 85-211357).
U.S. EPA. 1977. Monitoring and Data Analysis Division. Research
Triangle Park, NC. User's Manual for Single Source (CRSTER) Model,
EPA-450/2-77-013 (NTIS PB-271-360).
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Worcester J., Wilson E.B. 1943. The determination of LD50 and its
sampling error in bioassay. Proceedings of National Academy of Sciences
29:79-85.
Yeh G.T., Ward D.S. 1981. FEMWASTE: A finite-element model of waste
transport through saturated-unsaturated porous media. Oak Ridge National
Laboratory, Environmental Services Division: Publication No. 1462,
ORNL-5602. 137 p. As seen in: Versar Inc. 1983. Theoretical evaluation of
sites located in the zone of saturation. Draft final report. Chicago, IL:
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Contract No. 68-01-6438.
Yeh G.T. 1982. Oak Ridge National Laboratory. CHNTRN: a chemical
transport model for simulating sediment and chemical distribution in a
stream/river network. Washington, DC: Office of Pesticides and Toxic
Substances, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Contract No.
W-7405-eng-26. As reviewed in: Dixon, et al., 1985. Methodology for
assessing exposures to chemical substances via the ingestion of drinking
water. Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Contract No.
68-01-6271. NTIS PB 86-132156.
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Manuals, Directories,
Periodicals
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OSWER Directive 9285.6-1
6-1
CHAPTER 6
MANUALS, DIRECTORIES, AND PERIODICALS
This chapter presents manuals, directories, and periodicals that are
useful sources of information in performing risk assessments. Manuals are
considered documents with the purpose of giving guidance or instructions for
earring out a specific function, such as conducting public health evaluations
under Superfund or using a particular modeling system. Directories are
compilations of information resources, names and addresses, or chemical
activity status reports. Periodicals are regularly published newsletters,
bulletins, and reports that also contain information relevant to risk
assessments.
Manuals are listed in Section 6.1, directories are presented in Section
6.2, and periodicals are in Section 6.3. Because these information resources
are typically broad in scope with information that may be useful throughout
the risk assessment process, they are not categorized according to specific
risk assessment steps (i.e., hazard identification, dose-response assessment,
exposure assessment, and risk characterization as described in Chapter 2).
For each manual, directory, and periodical, a brief description of its content
is given along with a full bibliographic reference or point of contact.
6.1 MANUALS
The Endangerment Assessment Handbook
This document, which was prepared and distributed by EPA's Office of
Waste Programs Enforcement (OWPE), provides guidance to EPA regional, state,
and contractor personnel on conducting endangerment assessments and preparing
the necessary documentation. Its primary purpose is to assist individuals in
the preparation of endangerment assessment documents to satisfy enforcement
needs. The handbook explains the use of an endangerment assessment as an
enforcement tool, its relationship to other documents which may be prepared
for a specific site, and instructions for preparing the endangerment
assessment document.
Reference: PRC Engineering. 1985. Submitted to the Office of Waste
Programs Enforcement, U.S. EPA., Contract No. 68-01-7037.
Graphical Exposure Modeling System (GEMS) User's Guide
This handbook describes the GEMS, an interactive computer system
developed in the Exposure Evaluation Division of the Office of Toxic
Substances. The purpose of the document is to describe GEMS from the user's
point of view. It is intended to serve as a comprehensive guide to the use of
GEMS by personnel without great knowledge of computer programming.
Reference: General Software Corporation. 1984. Submitted to the
Office of Pesticides and Toxic Substances, U.S. EPA.
Contract No. 68-01-6618.
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Guidance on Feasibility Studies Under CERCLA
This document provides guidance for the preparation of feasibility
studies required under the revised National Oil and Hazardous Substances
Pollution Contingency Plan. It provides project managers and decision makers
in government and industry with guidelines for developing and evaluating
alternative remedial responses to uncontrolled releases of hazardous
substances. In conjunction with other publications in this series, it will
assist in meeting the national goal of adequately protecting public health,
welfare, and the environment.
Reference: U.S. EPA, 1985. Guidance on Feasibility Studies Under
CERCLA. Office of Emergency and Remedial Response,
Washington, B.C.
Guidance on Remedial Investigations Under CERCLA
This document provides guidance on the conduct of remedial investigations
in support of feasibility studies under Superfund and the National Contingency
Plan. Essential steps in the remedial investigation process are described and
the document identifies important factors, information, and analysis needs to
scope the investigations; prepare all necessary plans (health and safety,
sampling, data management); conduct the site assessment; and evaluate and
present results. The guidance document provides government and private
personnel with the means to plan, prepare, conduct, and conclude remedial
investigations consistent with hazardous waste site clean-up legislation and
site-specific requirements.
Reference: U.S. EPA, 1985. Guidance on Remedial Investigations
Under CERCLA. Office of Emergency and Remedial Response,
Washington, D.C.
A Manual for the Preparation of Engineering Assessments
The manual contains models used by the Office of Toxic Substances'
Chemical Engineering Branch to assess occupational exposure and environmental
releases.
Reference: William Burch, Chemical Engineering Branch, Economics and
Technology Division, U.S. EPA Office of Toxic Substances.
Telephone FTS 382-3664
OTS Exposure Assessment Manuals
EPA's Office of Toxic Substances (OTS) has developed a series of manuals
outlining methods for assessing exposure to chemical substances. The series
consists of five volumes, the first providing an introduction to the overall
exposure assessment process and, as noted by the following references,
subsequent volumes pertain to exposure assessments conducted for different
purposes.
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References: Callahan, et al., 1985. Methods for Assessing Exposure
to Chemical Substances, Vol. 1: Introduction. EPA
560/5-85-001. NTIS PB 86-107083.
Freed, et al., 1985. Methods for Assessing Exposure to
Chemical Substances, Vol. 2: Methods for Assessing
Exposure to Chemical Substances in the Ambient
Environment. EPA 560/5-85-002. NTIS PB 86-107067.
Adkins, et al., 1985. Methods for Assessing Exposure to
Chemical Substances, Vol. 3: Methods for Assessing
Exposure from Disposal of Chemical Substances. EPA
560/5-85-003. NTIS PB 86-107059.
Dixon, et al., 1985a. Methods for Assessing Exposure to
Chemical Substances, Vol. 4: Methods for Enumerating and
Characterizing Populations Exposed to Chemical
Substances. EPA 560/5-85-004. NTIS PB 86-107042.
Dixon, et al., 1985b. Methods for Assessing Exposure to
Chemical Substances, Vol. 5: Methods for Assessing
Exposure to Chemical Substances in Drinking Water. EPA
560/5-85-005. NTIS PB 86-132156.
Shultz, et al., 1985. Methods for Assessing Exposure to
Chemical Substances, Vol. 6: Methods for Assessing
Occupational Exposure to Chemical Substances. EPA
560/5-85-006. (NTIS PB number to be assigned.)
Superfund Exposure Assessment Manual
This manual presents an integrated methodology designed to guide the
execution of four major component analyses required in support of Superfund
site Remedial Investigations and Feasibility Studies: (1) analysis of toxic
contaminant releases from a subject site; (2) determination of the
environmental fate of such contaminants; and (3) evaluation of•human
population exposure. The first three analyses are conducted as components of
the site Remedial Investigation. The last is executed as part of the
Feasibility Study.
Reference: Versar, Inc., 1986. Submitted to the Office of Toxic
Substances, Exposure Evaluation Division, U.S. EPA.
Contract Numbers: 68-01-6271, Task No.: 59; 68-03-3149,
Work Assignment No.: 23-2
Superfund Public Health Evaluation Manual
This manual establishes a framework for analyzing public health risks at
Superfund sites and for developing design goals for remedial alternatives that
are based on applicable or relevant and appropriate requirements of other
laws, where available, or risk analysis where those requirements are not
available. These procedures were developed by EPA's Office of Emergency and
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Remedial Response in conjunction with an Agency-wide Working Group, which
included representatives from the program offices, the Office of Research and
Development, the Office of Policy, Planning and Evaluation, and several
Regional offices. The procedures provided in the manual are designed to
conform to EPA's risk assessment guidelines. The manual provides a range of
analytical requirements that may be needed at a particular site.
Reference: U.S. EPA. 1986. Office of Emergency and Remedial
Response. Submitted by IGF Inc. under Contract Number:
68-01-7090
Toxicology Handbook, Principals Related to Hazardous Waste Site Investigations
This handbook describes the processes and procedures involved in
collecting and interpreting the information needed to perform a toxicity
assessment as part of a risk assessment. It is prepared and distributed by
the EPA's Office of Waste Programs Enforcement. The handbook is intended to
provide an introduction to the toxicity assessment process and some of the
major elements involved.
Reference: • PRC Engineering. 1985. Submitted to the Office of Waste
Programs Enforcement, U.S. EPA. Contract No. 68-01-7037.
The Use of Risk Assessment in EPA Regional Operations
This report examines the nature and use of risk assessment in U.S. EPA
Regional operations. The report was done to clarify what the term "risk
assessment" means in the context of current Regional policies and procedures.
It focuses on the use of risk assessment to estimate human health impacts from
toxic chemical exposures in site-specific situations. It is based on a survey
of regulatory programs at a "typical" Regional office - Region IV, located in
Atlanta, Georgia. From the survey results, the step-by-step process involved
in site-specific risk assessment is defined. The report also presents
recommendations for ensuring the scientific quality and consistency of
site-specific risk assessments.
Reference: U.S. EPA. November 1985. Region 4. EPA 904/5-85-140.
User Guide to Chemical Activity Status Report (CASR)
This manual describes the scope and organization of information contained
in CASR as well as the basic search and display techniques. The manual also
lists some sample searches done on specific chemicals and shows displays from
the searches.
Reference: Computer Sciences Corp. 1985. Prepared by EPA CIS User
Support Group. Contract No. 6639-151.
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6.2 DIRECTORIES
Chemical Activities Status Report, Fourth Edition, Volumes I & II
These reports summarize EPA's chemical related activities. The reports
are organized into three sections which include: 1) an alphabetized chemical
name reference listing; 2) a chemical name synonym list, and; 3) an EPA
chemical activities report arranged sequentially by CAS Registry Number. It
is prepared and distributed by the Chemical Policy and Coordination Staff of
OTS.
Reference: U.S. EPA. 1985. Prepared by Chemical Coordination Staff
of the Office of Toxic Substances. February.
Directory of Online Data Bases
This publication provides brief summaries of 2764 data bases and files
available through online services. Brief introductory material about online
data base services is also included. Online services are indexed by
telecommunication networks through which they are available.
Reference: Cuadia Associates, Inc. 1985 (Vol. 6, Number 3). LC
Catalog No. 79-54776. Santa Monica, CA.
Groundwater Management: The Use of Numerical Models, 2nd Edition
This monograph discusses ground-water models and their applications in
the management of water resource systems. The kinds of models that have been
developed, their availability, data and technical expertise requirements and
their specific and general roles in ground-water management are discussed.
The first chapters are dedicated to brief reviews of ground-water systems,
ground-water management, and the basic mathematic equations used in
ground-water modeling. The appendix contains a comprehensive list of models,
a bibliography and a list of model contact addresses.
Reference: Paul van der Heijde, Yehuda Bachmat, John Bredehoeft,
Barbara Andrews, David Holz, and Scott Sebastian. 1985.
American Geophysical Union -- Water Resources Monograph
5. American Geophysical Union, Washington, D.C.
Industry Program Interaction Matrix; A Guide to Agency Personnel Who Are
Familiar with Selected Industries
This document identifies headquarters and regional/lab personnel who may
have current information concerning specific segments of industry. The
document contains a matrix which lists 81 industry categories and their
subcategories, along with the name, phone number, and organization of the EPA
personnel who are responsible for that category or subcategory. Report is
prepared and distributed by the Chemical Coordination Staff of the Office of
Pesticides and Toxic Substances.
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Reference: U.S. EPA. 1984. Prepared by Chemical Coordination Staff
of the Office of Pesticides and Toxic Substances. June.
Information Resources in Toxicology
This book is a succinct guide to major sources of information in the
field of toxicology. It deals with sources relevant to chemical, physical and
biological hazards to man, although the chemical hazards have been
emphasized. Brief descriptions are provided for books, special monographs,
popular literature, periodicals, journal articles, abstracts, data bases,
organizations, relevant legislation and regulations, educational institutions,
and other directories. Although the book focuses on toxicology in the United
States, one chapter is devoted to International Activities. Appendices
include a directory of poison control centers and a list of selected
abbreviations.
Reference: Phillip Wexler, 1982. Elsevier Publishing Co. Inc., New
York.
NIOSH Publication Catalog
This publication is a cumulative catalog of all National Institute for
Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) numbered publications, hazard
evaluation and technical assistance reports, contract reports, industry-wide
study reports, control technology reports, and miscellaneous reports
(educational and training materials). The publications listed are generally
not available from NIOSH and must be purchased from the Government Printing
Office (GPO) or the National Technical Information Service (NTIS).
Instructions for ordering from GPO and NTIS are provided.
Reference: U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services (Sixth edition).
1984. OHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 84-118.
NTIS - Directory of Computerized Data Files
This publication provides current information on the availability and
content of Federal, machine-readable data files which are available from
NTIS. Technical reports are not described. Data file abstracts are presented
in sections for Economics, Social Sciences and Science and Technology. Data
files are also indexed by agency, as well as NTIS order number and subject.
All of the data files listed are available for purchase from NTIS.
Reference: U.S. Department of Commerce. 1985. PB 85-155174.
ORD Topical Directory
This directory provides a comprehensive alphabetical listing of areas in
which the EPA Office of Research and Development has technical expertise. The
individuals who are active in these areas are listed along with telephone
numbers, office locations, and, if applicable, laboratory locations.
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Reference: U.S. EPA. Office of Research and Development/Office of
Research Planning and Management/Center for Environmental
Research Information (CERI).
OTS Information Architecture Notebook
This handbook was originally prepared for internal uses within the EPA
Office of Toxic Substances (OTS). The handbook contains information on data
bases and reference materials which are useful in the review and analysis of
the effects of chemical substances on human health and the environment.
Reference: U.S. EPA. 1983. Report-prepared by Office of Toxic
Substances. Contract No. 68-01-6651.
The Federal Data Base Finder
This publication identifies over 3,000 free and fee-based data bases and
files available from the Federal Government. It is divided into sections for
government-controlled data bases (searchable directly through Federal
Agencies); commercial data bases (containing government-supplied data
available through commercial vendors); and government data files and tapes
(sold to the public from various organizations and departments).
Reference: Zaronzny, Sharon and Monica Honer. 1984 (1984-5
Edition). Information USA. Potomac, Md.
The Status of Chemicals in the Special Review Program, Registration Standards
Program, and Data Call-In Program
~t
This report contains a listing of all chemicals which have been, or are
being handled under the Special Review Process; an alphabetical listing of
chemicals active in the Registration Standard Development Process; and
identification of the chemicals which are processed in the Data Call-In
program. The lists.of chemicals are maintained and distributed by the Office
of Pesticides Programs and are updated semi-annually.
Reference: U.S. EPA. 1985. Prepared by the Office of Pesticide
Programs on a semi-annual basis.
6.3 PERIODICALS
Accomplishments Under the New Chemical Program
This bulletin is an annual summary of actions taken under Section 5 of
TSCA. It contains a listing of the formal and informal regulatory actions, as
well as the Premanufacturing Notifications (PMN's) withdrawn. Each PMN entry
includes a brief description of the Agency's findings on the potential risk of
the chemical, the types of toxic data reviewed, the action taken by EPA, and
the final disposition of the PMN.
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Reference: U.S. EPA, Chemical Control Division. Contact: Wendy
Cleland-Hammett, FTS Phone: 8-382-3784
Chemicals-in-Progress Bulletin
The Office of Toxic Substances (OTS) publishes the above, which
summarizes developments within OTS pertaining to the Toxic Substances Control
Act (TSCA). Information within the Bulletin includes current as well as
near-term plans. The Bulletin is published on a monthly basis.
Reference: U.S. EPA. Office of Toxic Substances, TSCA Assistance
Office (TS-799). Phone: 800-424-9065.
CIS News
CIS News, published by Chemical Information Systems (CIS), Inc., is a
monthly newsletter tailored specifically to developments, updates and future
plans within CIS. The information contains notes on data bases, meetings,
seminars, and major company events.
Reference: Chemical Information Systems, Inc.
7215 York Road
Baltimore, MD 21212
Existing Chemicals Assessment Division (EGAD) Quarterly Report
This report summarizes the status of all chemicals in the OTS assessment
process. The reports are designed for internal OTS purposes. An abbreviated,
tabular version of the Quarterly Report is also published every two months as
the Bi-Monthly Assessment Report.
Reference: U.S. EPA, Existing Chemicals Assessment Division.
Contact: Jeanette Wiltse, FTS Phone 8-382-3832
Office of Toxic Substances (OTS) Report Bibliographies
The Information Management Division maintains bibliographies of OTS
publications. These are updated on a periodic basis.
Reference: U.S. EPA, Information Management Division.
Contact: Geraldine Nowak, FTS Phone: 8-382-3568
Risk Assessment Review
This publication intends to serve as a forum for information exchange on
risk assessment activities and developments. The Review is the product of a
cooperative effort between the Office of Research and Development and the
Regional Risk Assessment Network. The information covered includes reviews of
current and future programs related to risk assessment. It is published on a
monthly basis.
Reference: U.S. EPA, Office of Health and Environmental Assessment,
Office of Research and Development. To be added to the
mailing list, contact: CERI Distribution, 26 W. St.
Clair, Cincinnati, OH, 45268.
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Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) Annual Report
This report summarizes EPA's activities under TSCA during the last
current fiscal year, and includes not only direct rule-making activities, but
also such items as data collection procedures, risk evaluation strategies,
rule-making processes, policy statements, enforcement activities, and any
litigation. There have been 8 annual reports since TSCA took effect in
January, 1977, fulfilling the Congressional reporting requirements under
sections 9(d), 28(c), and 30 of the Act.
Reference: U.S. EPA, Office of Program Management and Evaluation.
Contact: Brenda Kover, FTS Phone: 8-382-3784
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Publications
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CHAPTER 7
PUBLICATIONS
Bibliographic references to general literature, textbooks, and other
publications that are useful risk assessment information resources are listed
in this chapter. Specifically-cited and titled publications and more
generically-referenced resources are included in Sections 7.1 and 7.2
respectively. Although the publications itemized in Section 7.1 are generally
applicable to more than one step in the risk assessment.process, these
specifically-cited publications are grouped with those related to hazard
identification in Section 7.1.1; publications related to dose-response
assessment in Section 7.1.2; exposure assessment publications in Section
7.1.3; and publications related to risk characterization in Section 7.1.4.
Chapter 2 of this directory describes the purpose of these different risk
assessment steps and the types of information needed to accomplish each. The
generically-referenced resources in Section 7.2 may contain various individual
components under each title and are thus too broad in their applications to be
placed into one specific section.
The publications listed below were identified, through interviews with
EPA and non-EPA employees, as commonly used risk assessment references or were
extracted from publication lists from other known documents related to risk
assessment. Additional bibliographic references for specific exposure
assessment and dose-response models are given in Chapter 5, and additional
references for manuals and directories are given in Chapter 6.
7.1 SPECIFIC CITATIONS
7.1.1 Publications Related to Hazard Identification
Browning E., 1979. Toxicity of Industrial Metals. New York:
Appleton-Century-Crofts.
Clayton, G.D., and Clayton, F.E., eds., 1981. Patty's Industrial Hygiene
and Toxicology. John Wiley & Sons, New York, 3rd edition.
Dawson, et al., 1980. Physical/Chemical Properties of Hazardous Waste
Constituents. Prepared by Southeast Environmental Research Laboratory for
U.S. EPA.
Food and Drug Administration, 1970. Radiological Health Handbook:
Bureau of Radiological Health. Rockville, Maryland.
GCA Corporation, 1982. Evaluation and Selection of Models for Estimating
Air Emissions from Hazardous Waste Treatment, Storage, and Disposal
Facilities. Prepared for U.S. EPA, Office of Solid Waste, Washington, D.C.
Gosselin, R.E., Smith, R.P., and Hodge, H.C. .1984. Clinical Toxicology
of Commercial Products. Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, 5th ed.
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Grain, C.F., 1982. Vapor Pressure. Chapter 14 in Lyman et al., Handbook
of Chemical Property Estimation Methods, McGraw-Hill, 1982.
IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to
Humans. International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France (continuing
series)..
Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, 1978. John Wiley &
Sons, Inc., New York, 3rd edition.
Lyman, et al., 1982. Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods.
McGraw-Hill, New York.
Mackison, F.W., Stricoff, R.S., Partridge, L.J., and Little, A.D., 1980.
NIOSH/OSHA Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. U.S. Department of Health,
Education, and Welfare, National Institute for Occupational Safety and
Health. Publication No. 78-210.
Mills, W.B., Dean, J.D., Porcella, D.B., et al., 1982. Water Quality
Assessment: A Screening Procedure for Toxic and Conventional Pollutants,
Parts One and Two. Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Athens, GA. EPA 600/6-82-004 a and b.
Perry, R.H. and Chilton, C.H., eds., 1983. Chemical Engineers' Handbook,
McGraw-Hill, 5th Ed.
Plunkett, E.R., 1976. Handbook of Industrial Toxicology. New York:
Chemical Publishing Co., Inc.
RTECS (Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances). NIOSH
(published annually).
Sax, N.I., 1984. Dangerous Properties'of Industrial Materials. Sixth
edition. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co.
Shepard, T.H., 1980. Catalog of Teratogenic Agents. Third edition.
Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1980a. Ambient Water Quality
Criteria Documents for [Specific Chemical]. Office of Water Regulations and
Standards. NTIS PB 81-117251, for entire set.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1980b. Water Quality Criteria
Documents: Availability. Federal Register 45:79318-79379.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1981. Treatability Manual, Volume
I. Office of Research and Development, EPA 600/2-82-OOla. NTIS PB 80-223050.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1983. Technical Support Document
and Summary Table for the Ranking of Hazardous Chemicals Based on
Carcinogenicity, External Review Draft. Office of Health and Environmental
Assessment. OHEA-C-073.
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U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1984. Characterization of
Constituents from Selected Waste Streams Listed in 40 CFR Part 261. Office of
Solid Waste. Prepared by Environ Corporation.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1985a. Proposed Maximum
Contaminant Levels for Volatile Synthetic Organic Chemicals in Drinking
Water. Federal Register 50(219)46902-46933.
Verschueren, K. 1983. Handbook of Environmental Data for Organic
Chemicals. Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., New York, 2nd ed.
Weast, R.C., ed., 1979. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. CRC
Press, Inc. Boca Raton, FL.
Windholz et al., ed., 1983. The Merck Index. Merck & Company, Inc.,
Rahway, New Jersey, 10th ed.
7.1.2 Publications Related to Dose-Response Assessment
McLaughlin, T., 1984. Review of Dermal Absorption. EPA-600/8-84-033.
NTIS No. PB85-170694.
International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP), 1968. Report
of Committee IV on Evaluation of Radiation Doses to Body Tissues from Internal
Contamination Due to Occupational Exposure. ICRP Publication 10. Pergamon
Press, New York.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1986a. Guidelines for Carcinogenic
Risk Assessment. Federal Register 51:33992-34003.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1986b. Guidelines for Exposure
Assessment. Federal Register 51:34042-34054.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1986c. Guidelines for Mutagenicity
Risk Assessment. Federal Register 51:34006-34012.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1986d. Guidelines for the Health
Assessment of Suspect Developmental Toxicants. Federal Register
51:34028-34040.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1986e. Guidelines for the Health
Risk Assessment of Chemical Mixtures. Federal Register 51:34014-34025.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1985a. Health Effects Assessment
for [Specific Chemical]. [Note: 58 individual documents available for
specific chemicals or chemical groups.] NTIS PB 86-134111, for entire set.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1985b. Relative Carcinogenic
Potencies among 54 Chemicals Evaluated by the Carcinogen Assessment Group as
Suspect Human Carcinogens.
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U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1984. Summary Data Tables for
Chronic Noncarcinogenic Effects. Environmental Criteria and Assessment
Office. [Note: Prepared during reportable quantity adjustment process.]
U.S. Office of Science and Technology Policy, 1985. Chemic Carcinogens;
A Review of the Science and Its Associated Principles. Federal Register
50(50):10372-10442.
7.1.3 Publications Related to Exposure Assessment
Anderson, E., et al., 1985. Development of Statistical Distributions or
Ranges of Standard Factors Used in Exposure Assessments. EPA-600/8-85-010.
NTIS No. PB85-242667/AS.
Basta, D.J. and Bower, B.T., 1982. Analyzing Natural Systems. Resources
for the Future. Washington, D.C.
Bureau of the Census, 1984. Statistical Abstract of the United States
1984. 104th Edition.
Callahan, et al., 1979. Water-Related Environmental Fate of 129 Priority
Pollutants, Volumes I and II, Office of Water Planning and Standards, Office
of Water and Waste Management, U.S. EPA, EPA Contract Nos. 68-01-3852 and
68-01-3867.
Cowherd, Chatten, et al., 1985. Rapid Assessment of Exposure to
Particulate Emissions from Surface Contamination Sites. NTIS No. PB
192219/AS. EPA-600/8-85-002.
Cupitt, L.T., 1980. Fate of Toxic and Hazardous Materials in the Air
Environment. Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory, ORD, U.S. EPA, PB
80-22/948.
Dawson, Gaynor et al., 1985. Dioxin Transport from Contaminated Site to
Exposure Locations. EPA-600/8-85-012. NTIS No. PB85-214310/AS.
Dickson, K.L., Maki, A.W. and Cairns, J., 1982. Modeling the Fate of
Chemicals in the Aquatic Environment. Ann Arbor Science.
Donigian, A., et al., 1983. Rapid Assessment of Potential Groundwater
Contamination Under Emergency Response Conditions. EPA 600/8-83-030. NTIS
No. PB84-133123.
Fiserova-Bergerova, Vera, 1983. Modeling of Inhalation Exposure to
Vapors: Uptake, Distribution and Elimination. Volume 1. CRC Press, Inc.
Boca Raton, FL.
Food and Drug Administration, 1980. Fiscal Year 1979 Total Diet Studies
- Adult. NTIS. PB 83-112722.
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Freeze, R. and Cherry, J., 1979. Groundwater. Prentice-Hall, Englewood
Cliffs, New Jersey.
International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP), 1975. Report
of the Task Group on Reference Man. No. 23. Pergamon Press, New York.
International Standards Organization (ISO), 1981. Recommendations on
Size Definitions for Particle Sampling. Report of Ad Hoc Working Group to
Technical Committee 146 - Air Quality, ISO. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. (42), May
1981.
Jaber, et al., 1984. Data Acquisition for Environmental Transport and
Fate Screening. Office of Health and Environmental Assessment, U.S. EPA,
Washington, DC, EPA 600/6-84-009.
Kenaga, E.E. and Goring, C.A.I., 1978. Relationship Between Water
Solubility, Soil-Sorption, Octanol/Water Partitioning, and Bioconcentration of
Chemicals in Biota. In: Aquatic Toxicology, ASTM STP 707, J.G. Eaton, P.R.
Parrish, and A.G. Hendricks, Eds. American Society for Testing and Materials,
Philadelphia, PA.
Kimbrough, R. et al., 1984. Health Implications of 2,3,7,8-TCDD
Contamination of Residential Soil. J. of Tox. and Env. Health. Vol. 14, No.
1.
Mabey, et al., 1982. Aquatic Fate Process Data for Organic Priority
Pollutants. Prepared by SRI International, EPA Contract Nos. 68-01-3867 and
68-03-2981, prepared for Monitoring and Data Support Division, Office of Water
Regulations and Standards, Washington, DC.
Maki, A.W., Dickson, K.L., and Cairns, J., eds., 1980. Biotransforma-
tion and Fate of Chemicals in Aquatic Environments. American Society for
Microbiology, Washington, DC.
Menzer, R.E. and Nelson, J.O., 1980. Water and Soil Pollutants. Chapter
25 in Doull, J., Klaassen, C.D., and Amdur, M.D., Toxicology, MacMillan, 1980.
National Academy of Sciences, 1977. Drinking Water and Health. Volume
I. NRC Press, Washington, DC.
National Academy of Sciences, 1980. Drinking Water and Health. Volume
II. NRC Press, Washington, DC.
National Academy of Sciences, 1980. Drinking Water and Health. Volume
III. NRC Press, Washington, DC.
National Academy of Sciences, 1982. Drinking Water and Health. Volume
IV. NRC Press, Washington, DC.
National Academy of Sciences, 1983. Drinking Water and Health. Volume
V. NRC Press, Washington, DC.
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Nelson, D.W., Elrick, D.E., Tangi, K.K., Krai, D.M., and Hawkins, S.L.,
eds., 1983. Chemical Mobility and Reactivity in Soil Systems: Proceedings of
a symposium sponsored by the American Society of Agronomy and the Soil Science
Society of America. American Society of Agronomy, The Soil Science Society of
America, Madison, Wisconsin.
Swann, R.L. and Eschenroeder, A., 1983. Fate of Chemicals in the
Environment: Compartmented and Multimedia Models for Predictions. American
Chemical Society. Washington, B.C.
Tabak, H.H., Quave, S.A., Mashni, C.I., and Earth, E.F., 1981.
Biodegradability Studies with Organic Priority Pollutant Compounds. J. Water
Pollution Control Fed. 53(10):1503-1518.
Turner, D.B., 1970. Workbook of Atmospheric Dispersion Estimates.
AP-26, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Programs, Research
Triangle Park, North Carolina.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1984. Exposure Profiles for RCRA
Risk-Cost Analysis Model. Office of Solid Waste. Prepared by Environ
Corporation.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1980. Water Quality Criteria
Documents: Avaiability. Federal Register 45:79318-79379.
Walton, W.E. 1985. Practical Aspects of Ground Water Modeling.
National Water Well Association, Worthington, OH.
Whitmore, R.W., 1985. Methodology for Characterization of Uncertainty in
Exposure Assessments. EPA-600/8-85-009. NTIS No. PB85-240455/AS.
7.1.4 Publications Related to Risk Characterization
National Academy Press. 1985. Risk Assessment in the Federal Court.
Managing the Process. Committee on the Institutional Means for Assessment of
Risks to Public Health, Commission on Life Sciences, National Resource Council.
Schaum, J., 1984. Risk Analysis of TCDD Contaminated Soil.
EPA-600/8-84-031. NTIS No. PB85-145704/AS.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1986a. Guidelines for Carcinogen
Risk Assessment. Federal Register 51:33992-34003.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1986b. Guidelines for Exposure
Assessment. Federal Register 51:34042-34054.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1986c. Guidelines for Mutagenicity
Risk Assessment. Federal Register 51:34006-34012.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1986d. Guidelines for the Health
Assessment of Suspect Developmental Toxicants. Federal Register
51:34028-34040.
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U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1986e. Guidelines for the Health
Risk Assessment of Chemical Mixtures. Federal Register 51:34014-34025.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1985a. Proposed Rule: National
Oil and Hazardous Substances Pollution Contingency Plan. Federal Register
50:47912-47979.
U.S. Office of Science and Technology Policy, 1985b. Chemical
Carcinogens; A Review of the Science and Its Associated Principles. Federal
Register 50(50):10372-10442.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1984a. Risk Analysis of TCDD
Contaminated Soil. Prepared by the Exposure Assessment Group, Office of
Health and Environmental Assessment, Washington, D.C., EPA-600/8-84-031.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1984b. Risk Assessment and
Management: Framework for Decision Making. EPA-600/9-85-002.
Zamuda, C.D., 1986. The Superfund Record of Decision Process: Part I-The
Role of Risk Assessment. Chemical Waste Litigation Reporter, 11(6):847-859.
7.2 GENERAL REFERENCES TO PUBLICATIONS
Chemical Advisories
These advisories are non-regulatory informational documents, intended to
encourage voluntary risk-reduction actions by individuals or organizations in
instances where regulatory control is not appropriate or as interim measures
while regulatory action is pursued. They provide information to the public on
the toxic effects of chemicals of concern, routes of exposure, and alternative
methods of reducing risks.
Contact: Jeannette Wiltse, Existing Chemicals Assessment Division, U.S.
EPA. FTS Phone: 8-382-3832.
Chemical Hazard Information Profiles (CHIPs)
CHIPs are summaries of readily available information on the health and
environmental effects as well as the exposure potential of a chemical.
Various chemicals reviewed in the risk identification phase of the existing
chemical review process are chosen for a CHIP. Information for a CHIP is
gathered from various literature sources, data bases, companies, and other
government agencies. To date, 240 CHIPs have been prepared.
Contact: James Darr, Existing Chemicals Assessment Division, U.S. EPA.
FTS Phone: 8-382-3470.
Current Awareness Reports
OTS prepares these reports from its continuous surveys of published
literature. The reports are intended to identify potentially significant
risks and to document current knowledge of the cancer-causing ability of each
class of chemicals believed to have such effects.
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Contact: Joseph Arcos, Existing Chemicals Assessment Division, U.S.
EPA. FTS Phone: 8-382-3478.
Environmental Effects Assessment Documents
This resource is a compendium of procedures which the Environmental
Effects Branch employs to evaluate the environmental effects of chemicals.
Contact: James Gilford, Health and Environmental Review Division, U.S.
EPA. FTS Phone: 8-382-4237.
Health Effects Assessment Documents (HEAs)
HEAs summarize and evaluate information relevant to a preliminary interim
assessment of adverse health effects associated with individual chemicals.
The intent in these assessments is to suggest acceptable exposure levels
whenever sufficient data are available. Whenever possible, two categories of
exposure levels are estimated for systemic toxicants (toxicants for which
cancer is not the endpoint of concern). The first, the AIS or acceptable
intake subchronic, is an estimate of an exposure level that would not be
expected to cause adverse effects when exposure occurs during a limited time
interval. The second, the acceptable intake chronic (AIC), is similar in
concept to the acceptable daily intake. AIC's estimate exposure levels that
would not be expected to cause adverse effects when exposure occurs for a
significant portion of an individual's lifespan. HEAs are subject to EPA's
peer and administrative review process. In total, over 58 individual
documents are available for specific chemicals or chemical groups.
Contact: Craig Zamuda, Office of Emergency and Remedial Response,
Policy Analysis Staff, FTS Phone: 8-382-2201
HERD Science Issue Papers
These documents address some of the important issues which OTS encounters
in evaluating the risk of chemicals or determining the need for testing. The
papers include such issues as how to interpret various test data and how to
determine the combination of tests that will yield the most cost-effective,
high quality data. To date, approximately 6 Science Issue Papers have been
prepared.
Contact: C.C. Lee, Health and Environmental Review Division, U.S. EPA.
FTS Phone: 8-382-4241.
Industrial Process Profiles
These documents support the premanufacturing notification (PMN) review
process by describing the manufacturing processes which use a compound under
consideration, the actual materials used in each process, worker exposure to
the compound, and waste disposal and relevant technology.
Contact: Craig Matthiessen, Economic and Technology Division, U.S.
EPA. FTS Phone: 8-382-3694.
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Industrial Process Profiles for Environmental Use
These reports present the Chemical Engineering Branch's evaluation of
ways to predict the release potential for different chemical handling
processes. These documents are also utilized during the new chemical
Premanufacturing Notification (PMN) review process. To date, 9 process
release documents have been prepared.
Contact: Larry Longanecker, Economic and Technology Division, U.S.
EPA. FTS Phone: 8-382-7971.
Interagency Testing Commission (ITC) Information Reviews
These papers document the reviews of chemicals which ITC conducts in
deciding whether or not to recommend them for testing. These reviews contain
the following types of information: physical and chemical properties;
exposure data; biochemical, toxicological, and environmental information; 'and
observations in humans. To date, approximately 500 chemicals or groups of
chemicals have undergone initial reviews by ITC and of these about 100 have
been recommended for test rules development.
Contact: Robert Brink, Interagency Testing Committee. FTS Phone:
8-382-3915.
Production/Exposure Profiles
These documents are used both to support the new chemical review process
and to provide inputs into the CHIP reports. A profile of a particular
chemical contains the following types of information: production;
manufacturing and processing methods; intermediate and end uses; monitoring
data; human and animal exposure; disposal; names and locations of manufactures
and processors; and environmental fate. As of January 1986, 210 profiles have
been prepared.
Contact: Robert E. Lee, Economic and Technology Division, U.S. EPA.
FTS Phone: 8-382-3703.
Risk Assessments and Precursor Documents
These reports are developed through OTS's risk assessments of chemicals
of potential regulatory concern. Each of these assessments is made up of
numerous component analyses (e.g., exposure assessment, hazard assessment,
etc.) and may go through numerous versions. None of the component assessments
have ever been released by OTS and only two or three of the one to two dozen
risk assessments have been released (in conjunction with proposed regulatory
actions).
Contact: Jeannette Wiltse, Existing Chemicals Assessment Division, U.S.
EPA. FTS Phone: 8-382-3832.
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OSWER Directive 9285.6-1
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Section 8(e) and For Your Information (FYI) Status Reports
Status reports are prepared from all Section 8(e) notifications and FYI
submissions. Each report contains the CAS number, chemical name, information
type, or submission number and the OTS evaluation of the significance of the
submissions, including any recommended follow-up. As of January 1986, there
are status reports for 580 Section 8(e) submissions and a few more on the 470
FYI's.
Contact: David Williams, Existing Chemicals Assessment Division, U.S.
EPA. FTS Phone: 8-382-3468.
Technical Support Documents
These documents support the significant rule-makings undertaken by OTS by
providing evaluative information. They address such topics as the technical
basis for the action, the projected economic and regulatory impacts, and other
areas upon which OTS seeks comment.
Contact: Deborah Williams, Information Management Division, U.S. EPA.
FTS Phone: 8-382-3598.
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Human Resources
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OSWER Directive 9285.6-1
8-1
CHAPTER 8
HUMAN RESOURCES
OFFICES AND PERSONNEL
There will be occasions when the traditional information resources
detailed in the previous chapters of this Directory will not contain the data
required to characterize risks. At those times it may be helpful to access
particular EPA offices, or non-EPA individuals experienced with the problem
area. Toward this end, this chapter lists EPA individuals or offices that
have been identified as being likely sources of unique information or advice
concerning risk characterizations. It should be emphasized that individuals
listed have consented to the inclusion of their names under the understanding
that they will be contacted only when all other information resources have
proven to be inadequate.
8.1 REGIONAL
EPA's Regional Network for Risk Assessment Issues was developed two years
ago. The following people are designated by Regional Administrators to serve
as primary contacts for participating in agency wide risk assessment
initiatives. Many of them also chair their Region's cross-media committee for
addressing toxic chemical exposure issues, so they have an overall perspective
on risk assessment activities in their Region. Susan Deihl or Earl Bozeman
'should be contacted for further information, Region IV, FTS 257-3776.
Region I
Region II
Region III
Tom D'Avanzo FTS 223-4864
Chairman, Toxics Coordinating Committee
Air Management Division
John F. Kennedy Federal Building
Room 2203
Boston, Massachusetts 02203
Kevin Bricke, Chief FTS 264-4296
Policy and Program Integration Branch
26 Federal Plaza
Room 900
New York, New York 10278
Maria Pavlova, M.D., Ph.D. FTS 264-1918
Office of Emergency and Remedial Response
26 Federal Plaza
New York, New York 10278
Greene A. Jones, Director
Environmental Services Division
841 Chestnut Street
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19106
FTS 597-9378
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OSWER Directive 9285.6-1
8-2
Region IV
FTS 257-4727
Region V
Region VI
Region VII
FTS 257-3776
John A. Little
Deputy Regional Administrator
345 Courtland Street, N.E.
Atlanta, Georgia 30365
Susan Deihl
Risk Assessment Coordinator
Office of Policy and Management
345 Courtland Street, N.E.
Atlanta, Georgia 30365
David Dolan (5HW-13) FTS 886-5518
Pesticides and Toxic Substances Branch
Environmental Services Division
230 South Dearborn Street
Chicago, Illinois 60604
Jim Bob Sales (6AWHT)
Hazardous Materials Branch
1201 Elm Street
Dallas, Texas 75270
Jill Lyons
Toxics Coordinator
Air Branch
1201 Elm Street
Dallas, Texas 75270
William W. Rice
Deputy Regional Administrator
726 Minnesota Avenue
Kansas City, Kansas 66101
Bob Fenemore
Air and Toxics Division
726 Minnesota Avenue
Kansas City, Kansas 66101
FTS 729-9722
FTS 729-9187
FTS 757-2800
FTS 757-2835
Region VIII Jim Baker (8AW-WM)
FTS 564-1524
Region IX
Air and Waste Management Division
One Denver Place
Denver, Colorado 80202-2413
Suzanne Wuerthele, Toxicologist
(8AT-TS)
One Denver Place
Denver, Colorado 80202-2413
Arnold Den
Senior Science Advisor
Office of Policy and Management
215 Freemont Street
San Francisco, California 94105
FTS 564-1743
FTS 454-7487
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OSWER Directive 9285.6-1
8-3
Region X Gary O'Neal, Director
Air & Toxics Division
1200 Sixth Avenue
Seattle, Washington 98101
Dr. Dana Davoli, Toxicologist
1200 Sixth Avenue
Seattle, Washington 98101
FTS 399-1152
FTS 399-1757
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, RTF
Ila Cote, Toxicologist FTS 629-5645
(Mail Drop 12)
Office of Air Quality Planning
and Standards
Research Triangle Park, N.C. 27711
In addition to the Regional Network for Risk Assessment Issues outlined
above, there is also a Health Assessment Network which is a group of EPA staff
who are involved in various aspects of health/risk assessment and have
informally agreed to help each other find answers to specific technical
questions related to risk assessment. The range of specialties represented
in the network is quite broad -- exposure assessment, PCBs, ground-water
contamination, general toxicology, and statistics to name a few. As of early
1986, there were about 50 EPA staff members in the Health Assessment Network,
with representatives from all' the regional offices, headquarters, and several
field components. There were also about 20 people in the network who
represent external organizations such as state health departments, state
environmental protection organizations, and private contractors. For more
information about the Health Assessment Network, contact Suzanne Wuerthele,
Region VIII, FTS 564-1743.
The following EPA Regional personnel are designated contacts for air
toxics questions (only names and telephone numbers are given below; the
addresses for regional offices are given above for the risk assessment
contacts).
Region I Margaret McDonough
(617) 223-4870; FTS 223-4870
Beth Hasset
(617) 223-4880; FTS 223-4880
Region II Bob Kelly
(212) 264-2517; FTS 264-2517
Region III Iz Milner
(215) 597-9090; FTS 597-9090
Paul Racette
(215) 597-9009; FTS 597-9009
Region IV Doug Cook
(404) 347-2864; FTS 257-2864
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OSWER Directive 9285.6-1
8-4
Region V Harriet Croke
(312) 353-6009; FTS 353-6009
Region VI Jill Lyons
(214) 767-9187; FTS 729-9187
Region VII Bob Chans lor
(913) 236-2893; FTS 757-2893
Region VIII Dewitt Baulch
(303) 293-1761; FTS 564-1761
Region IX Tim Smith
(415) 974-8219; FTS 454-8219
Region X Dana Davoli
(206) 442-1757; FTS 399-1757 •
8.2 HEADQUARTERS
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
401 M Street, N.W.
Washington, D.C. 20460
Locator Phone No.: FTS 8-382-2090
Office of Emergency and Remedial Response
Craig D. Zamuda, Ph.D.
Policy Analysis Staff
FTS 8-382-2201
Office of Waste Programs Enforcement
Sheryl Sterling
Chief, Health Sciences Section
FTS 8-382-5646
Office of Pesticide and Toxic Substances
Arnold Edelman
Chemical Activity Coordination Group
FTS 8-382-2249
Terry 0*Bryan
OTS Chemical Assessment Desk
FTS 8-382-3483
[NOTE: The OTS Chemical Assessment Desk is an outreach service to
other EPA offices and regions to provide consultation and share
information on risk assessment activites for chemicals evaluated in
the OTS Existing Chemicals Program. The Desk also provides
estimates of chemical toxicity and environmental fate based on
structure-activity relationships in the absence of data, and offers
assistance in identifying related risk assessment activities in
other EPA program offices.]
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OSWER Directive 9285.6-1
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Office of Research and Development
Peter W. Preuss, Ph.D.
Director, Office of Health and Environmental Assessment
FTS 8-382-7315
William Farland, Ph.D.
Office of Health and Environmental Assessment
FTS 8-382-5898
[NOTE: Contact for cancer/mutagenicity/reproductive effects risk
assessment questions.]
Michael A. Callahan, Ph.D.
Office of Health and Environmental Assessment
FTS 8-475-8909
[NOTE: Contact for exposure assessment questions.]
Jerry F. Stara, Ph.D.
Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office
FTS 8-684-7531
[NOTE: Jerry Stara is located in Region V, 26 West Saint Clair
Street, Cincinnati, OH, 45268.]
Lester Grant, Ph.D.
Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office
FTS 8-629-4173
[NOTE: Lester Grant is located in Region IV, Hwy 54 and Alex Road,
Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711.]
Chris DeRosa
Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office
FTS 8-684-7534
Commercial (513) 569-7534
[NOTE: Chris DeRosa is located in Region V, 26 West St. Clair
Street, Cincinnati, OH, 45268.]
Office of Information Resources Management: Risk Assessment/Risk
Management Bulletin Board
The Office of Information Resources Management has established a
risk assessment and risk management "Bulletin Board" on EPA's
electronic mail (E-mail) system. Anyone in EPA with access to
E-mail can post messages on the bulletin board and read messages
posted by others. The Bulletin Board can be used to: post notices
of upcoming conferences, workshops, and other events; request
assistance from others on specific risk assessment or risk
management problems; inform others of useful information; and, in
general, promote further communication regarding risk-related
matters. For assistance in posting announcements or reading entries
on the Bulletin Board, contact Electronic Mail User's Support at FTS
8-382-5639 or Earl Bozeman, Region IV, FTS 8-257-3776.
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Subject Index
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OSWER Directive 9285.6-1
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CHAPTER 9
SUBJECT INDEX
Acronyms, 10-1--10-6 IRIS 3-8
Addresses, Data Bases, 3-40--3-46 Low-Dose Extrapolation, 2-8.
Addresses, Data Files and Tapes, 4-9--4-10 Manuals, 6-1--6-4
Animal-Bioassay Data, 2-5 Models, 5-1--5-23
Animal-to-Human Dose Extrapolation, 2-8 atmospheric fate, 5-1--5-4, 5-16
Air Toxics Contacts 8-3 dose-response, 5-19--5-21
CERCLA, 1-2, C-l EPA, 5-1--5-16
Chemical Concentrations in exposure, 5-13--5-16
Environmental Media, 2-10--2-11 ground water fate, 5-11--5-13, 5-17--5-19
Comparisons of Molecular Structures, 2-7 multi-media, 5-16
Data Bases, 3-1--3-40 non-EPA, 5-16--5-21
EPA, 3-1--3-16 references, 5-21--5-25
Non-EPA, 3-16--3-40 surface water fate, 5-5--5-11, 5-16--5-17
Definitions, 10-1--10-6 National Academy of Sciences, 1-1
Data Files and Tapes, • 4-1--4-9 OTS Chemical Assessment Desk, 8-4
EPA, 4-1--4-7 Periodicals, 6-7--6-9
Non-EPA, 4-7--4-9 Personnel, Human Resources, 8-1--8-5
Directories, 6-S--6-7 Physical/Chemical Properties, 2-3—2-4, 2-10
Dose-Response Assessment, 2-7--2-9 Population at Risk, 2-11--2-12
Environmental Effects, 2-13 Publications, 7-1--7-10
Environmental Fate and Transport References, 7-1--7-10
Characteristics, 2-10, 5-1 Regional Network for Risk
Environmental Risks, 2-13 Assessment Issues, 8-1
Epidemiologic Data, 2-4 Risk Assessment Process 1-1. 2-1, 2-2
EPA Libraries Risk Assessment/Risk Manage-
Data Base Access, 3-46--3-51 ment Bulletin Board, • 8-4
Exposure Assessment, 2-9--2-12, 5-1, 7-4 Risk Characterization, 2-12--2-14, 7-6
Glossary, 10-1--10-6 Short-Term Studies, 2-6
Hazard Characterization, 2-4--2-6 Structure Activity Relationships, 2-7
Hazard Identification, 2-1--2-7, 7-1 Substance Identification, 2-3
Health Assessment Network 8-3 Superfund Exposure
Human Risk Assessment, 2-14 Assessment Manual, 1~2, 6-3
carcinogens, 2-14 Superfund Public Health
non-carcinogens, 2-14 Evaluation Manual 1~2, 6-3, C-l
Information Systems Inventory 3-1 Toxicity Data, 2-5
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Glossary
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OSWER Directive 9285.6-1
10-1
CHAPTER 10
GLOSSARY AND DEFINITION OF ACRONYMS
Absorption: The uptake of a chemical substance through a membrane, by an
organism. Absorption may be represented quantitatively sometimes as rate.
ACS: American Chemical Society.
Acute/Subchronic Toxicity: Immediate or short term response of an organism
to a single dose of a chemical substance through various routes of exposure.
Refers to generalized toxic response with lethality usually being the observed
endpoint. Includes LD , LC , LD and other quantitative endpoints.
_> (J j u L*o
Adsorption Coefficient: This coefficient is a quantification of the
adherance of a substance to a surface. The transport, degradation, and
bioavailability of a substance are greatly affected by it's adsorption
properties.
AQUIRE: Aquatic Information Retrieval Data Base -- a component of SPHERE.
Behaviorial Toxicity: Behavioral manifestations of an organism's response
to a toxic substance.
Bioconcentration/Biomagnification: The uptake and retention of a chemical
substance in an organism or in organs or tissues of an organism
(bioconcentration). An increase in the tissue concentration of organisms
higher in the food chain (biomagnification).
Boiling Point: The boiling point is the temperature at which a liquid
under standard atmospheric pressure changes to the gaseous state.
CA Index Name: This is a unique, fully systematic name assigned by the
Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS). A CA Index Name may be made up of several
parts, each playing a specific role in the identification of a substance. The
CA Index Name is sometimes referred to as the CAS Preferred Name.
CAS: Chemical Abstracts Service.
CAS Registry Number: A number consisting of up to 9 digits is assigned by
the Chemical Abstracts Service to represent only one chemical substance,
insofar as that substance has been elucidated and defined. The CAS Registry
Number is usually separated into 3 portions by hypens. The first portion,
starting from the left, has up to 6 digits, the second portion has 2 digits
and the last portion consists of a single check digit which is used to
validate the entire Registry Number.
CBI: Confidential Business Information.
CDC: Center for Disease Control.
CERCLA: Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability
Act.
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OSWER Directive 9285.6-1
10-2
CHEMD: Chemical Directory Data Base.
Chemical description/composition: In certain substances, the CAS
Index/Preferred Name may not be sufficiently detailed enough to identify the
substance completely. The chemical description/composition name may be useful
for those substances.
Chemical Incompatibility: The capacity of a chemical substance to react
with another substance to produce an undesired product.
CHIP: Chemical Hazard Information Profile.
*
Chronic Toxicity: Response of an organism to repeated, long-term exposure
to a chemical substance.
Color: The aspects of a chemical substance that may be described in terms
of hue, lightness, and saturation. Includes both qualitative and quantative
descriptions.
CPSC: Consumer Product Safety Commission.
CSB: U.S. EPA Chemical Screening Branch.
Decomposition Temperature: The temperature at which heat causes the
chemical degradation of a substance into two or more substances.
Density: Density is the mass of a liquid, or gas per unit volume of that
substance.
DERMAL: A dermal exposure database -- a component of SPHERE.
DIALOG: A commercial vendor of on-line databases.
Dissociation Constant (K , K. ): The dissociation constant represents
the degree of ionization of acids and bases in solution. It is usually
reported as the negative logarithm of the constant.
Distribution: The internal transport and deposition of a chemical
substance in body fluids, tissues, and organs. Distribution can be reported
quantitatively.
DOE: U.S. Department of Energy.
EEFIS: Environmental Effects/Fate Information System.
ENVIROFATE: Environmental fate database -- a component of SPHERE.
Environmental Characteristics: These identify and characterize the medium
that becomes contaminated, such as air, ground and surface water, or soil.
This category would include such things as meteorological data (e.g., wind
speed and direction), surface and ground-water characteristics (e.g., such as
flow velocities), and soil types and characteristics.
EPACASR: EPA Chemical Activity Status Report.
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OSWER Directive 9285.6-1
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Epidemiology: Study of the relationships of the various factors
determining the frequency and distribution of diseases in a human community.
Excretion: Elimination of a chemical substance or its metabolites by an
organism. Excretion can be represented quantitatively and may include rate.
Extractability: This refers to the extractability of a substance by water
or other substances.
Eye Irritation: Reactions produced in the eye after exposure to a chemical
substance.
FDA: U.S. Food and Drug Administration.
Field Studies: An experiment in which organisms are exposed to a chemical.
substance in a natural habitat or in an artificial habitat that is located
outside the laboratory and operated under natural conditions.
Flammable Limits: Flammable limits denote the concentration range at which
the flammable or explosive mixture will ignite and continue burning.
Flash Point: The flash point is the temperature at which a liquid or
volatile solid gives off vapor suffient to form an ignitable mixture with air.
GEMS: Graphical Exposure Modeling System.
GENETOX: Genetic Toxicology System -- a component of SPHERE.
GLOBAL: An OTS indexing system of TSCA documents.
Henry's Law Constant: The Henry's Law Constant expresses the effect
pressure has on the solubility of a gas.
HERD: U.S. EPA Health and Environmental Review Division.
Hydrolysis Rate: The rate of reaction of a chemical substance with water
to form a new substance or substances.
ISHOW: Information System for Hazardous Organics in Water.
Melting Point: The melting point is the temperature at which a substance
changes from the solid to the liquid state.
Metabolism: The physical or chemical alteration of a chemical substance by
an organism.
Molecular Formula: This number is a systematic summation of the actual
numbers and kinds of options present in a molecule at a chemical substance.
Molecular Weight: A summation of the individual atmoic weights based on
the numbers and kinds of atoms present in a molecule of a chemical substance.
Mutagenicity: The capacity to cause an adverse effect on a genetic system.
NAS: National Academy of Sciences.
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OSWER Directive 9285.6-1
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NCI: National Cancer Institute.
NCR: National Contingency Plan.
Neurotoxicity: Observed effects to the nervous system caused by exposure
to a chemical substance. Includes effects to neuromuscular transmissions and
pathological changes in nerves, spinal cord, or brain.
NIH: National Institutes of Health.
NIOSH: National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health.
t
NOAA: National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration.
NTIS: National Technical Information Service.
Odor: A description of the smell of a chemical.
OHEA: U.S. EPA Office of Health and Environmental Assessment.
OHM-TADS: Oil and Hazardous Materials - Technical Assistance Data System.
OHR: U.S. EPA Office of Health Research.
Oncogenicity: Tumor formation observed in organisms in response to
exposure to a chemical substance. May include number, type, site, growth rate
and ability to metastasize of tumor.
OPP: U.S. EPA Office of Pesticide Programs.
ORD: U.S. EPA Office of Research and Development.
ORP: U.S. EPA Office of Radiation Programs.
OSHA: Occupational Safety and Health Administration.
OSW: U.S. EPA Office of Solid Wastes.
OTS: U.S. EPA Office of Toxic Substances.
Particle Size: The average diameter of the individual particles in a
particular solid.
Partition Coefficient (log P): The n-octanol/water partition, coefficient
is the ratio of a substance's concentration in water-saturated octanol divided
by it's concentration in octanol-saturated water at equilibrium. The
partition coefficient provides an indication of a substance's ability to
bioconcentrate in organisms and can also be used to calculate retardation
factors of various contaminants in ground water.
PENTA: An enhanced version of the Technical Data Indexing System (TDIS).
PHRED: Public Health Risk Evaluation Data; a database..
PMN: Premanufacturing Notification.
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OSWER Directive 9285.6-1
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pH: A value which represents the acidity or alkalinity of a solution. It
is defined as the logarithm of the reciprocal of the hydrogen ion
concentration.
Physical State: Whether or not the substance is a gas, liquid, or a solid
under ambient or other given conditions.
RCRA: Resource Conservation and Recovery Act.
Reproductive Toxicity: Observed effects on reproductive organs or
reproductive performance of an organism. Includes egg laying, fertilization,
number of offspring, and reproduction.
Relative Vapor Density: Relative Vapor Density is the ratio of the weight
of a gas to the weight of an equal quantity of air.
Route of Exposure: The route of exposure is the mode by which humans or
the environment is exposed to a chemical substance. For example, route of
exposure may be dermal contact or inhalation, and route of environmental
exposure may be air, water, or land.
RTECS: Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances.
Sensitization: A response of the immune system (an allergic reaction) of a
organism caused by its being exposed to a chemical substance.
Skin Irritation: Local inflammatory response of the skin observed after
exposure to a chemical substance. Exposure can be a single, repeated, or
prolonged contact.
Solubility: The solubility of a substance in water (or other solvent) is
the weight of the dissolved substance per volume water of solution in water
(or other solvent) when the solution is at equilibrium with an excess of the
substance, i.e., saturated at a specific temperature. This definition is
limited to homogeneous materials.
SPHERE: Scientific Parameters in Health and the Environment; Retrieval and
Estimation Databases.
Sublethal Toxicity: Response of an organism exposed to a chemical
substance that results in effects other than mortality including: behavioral,
reproductive, growth and physiological effects.
Sublimation Temperature: The temperature at which the partial pressure of
a vapor in equilibrium with a solid substance is equal to one atmosphere.
Synonyms: The chemical synonym may be a non-systematic chemical name, a
common name, a trade name, a class name, a code, or a trivial name.
TDIS: Technical Data Indexing System.
Teratogenicity: Abnormalities observed in offspring of females exposed in
utero, and developmental delays, or fetal death.
-------
OSWER Directive 9285.6-1
10-6
Transport/Transformation Characteristics and Partitioning: Partitioning
refers to the relative distribution of a chemical among environmental media
while transport refers to the potential movement of the chemical from one
media compartment to another. Transformation refers to a chemical's change in
structure. Major processes that effect transformation are photolysis,
oxidation, hydrolysis, biotransformation, and the transport media
characteristics.
TSCA: Toxic Substances Control Act.
TSCATS: Toxic Substances Control Act Test Submissions -- an indexing
system.
USDA: U.S. Department of Agriculture.
USGS: U.S. Geological Survey.
Vapor Pressure: The vapor pressure of a substance is the pressure which a
vapor, in a closed container and in equilibrium with its solid or liquid form,
exerts on the enclosing walls.
Viscosity: The internal resistance of a liquid substance to flow.
-------
Appendices
-------
OSWER Directive 9285.6-1
A-l
APPENDIX A
INFORMATION RESOURCE MATRICES
RESOURCES VS. DATA CATEGORIES AND SUBCATEGORIES
This appendix presents three sets of matrices which match data categories
and sub-categories (described below) against major information resources. The
purpose of the matrices is to document the types of information (i.e., data
categories or data sub-categories) available in the major information
resources. While non-bibliographic computerized information resources are
matched against data sub-categories, both bibliographic data bases and manual
resources are indexed by data categories only. It would have been technically
infeasible to match bibliographic data bases and manual resources against data
sub-categories.
The first set of matrices matches data subcategories against
computerized non-bibliographic data bases. This set of matrices establishes
the relationships between information resources and data by indicating the
specific types of data, i.e., data subcategories that are available in these
information resources. In using these matrices, users may want to consult
simultaneously the resource attributes matrices in Appendix B in order to
obtain a complete understanding about the availabilities as well as the
searchabilities of data bases.
The second set of matrices matches data categories against computerized
bibliographic data bases. This establishes the availabilities of major types
of data, i.e., data categories, in the bibliographic data bases. Again, users
are urged to consult the resource attributes matrices on bibliographic data
bases in Appendix B for a complete characterization of the source.
The third set of matrices in this section matches data categories
against manual information resources. A matrix outline is included in this
section. For each of these manual sources listed in the matrices, its major
search attributes are included and indexed. Wherever a manual source is
available at EPA, it is so indicated in the matrices.
When scanning a matrix, the user may wish to use the Data Category and
Sub-Category definitions included Section A.I in order to decode the
information presented. (For this draft of the Directory, the matrices do not
include all information resources, but only 20-25 of the more useful data
bases.)
A.I DEVELOPMENT OF DATA CATEGORIES AND SUBCATEGORIES*
This section classifies user information requirements into the following
four major data categories:
* The data categories and subcategories described in this section were
developed from those given in the OTS Information Architecture Notebook, dated
1983.
-------
OSWER Directive 9285.6-1
A-2
• Hazard Identification
• Dose-Response Assessment
• Exposure Assessment
• Risk Characterization
Within each of the four major data categories, subcategories are identified.
A sub-category is not necessarily a data element; it may, in some cases,
represent a group of data elements.
The classification of data categories and subcategories is a complex and
difficult task. There is probably no one single "correct" way of categorizing
the types of technical data that are needed. Therefore, some of the data
categories were developed partially based on specific information
requirements for certain types of analyses as defined in Chapter 2.
However, certain data categories, e.g., Physical/Chemical Properties, may
reflect the traditional grouping of data elements from an information
management standpoint, and do not necessarily align themselves with specific
types of analyses. Physical/chemical properties data, for example, are used
in support of Hazard Identification and Exposure Assessment.
In determining how certain subcategories should be listed under a specific
data category, two factors were taken into consideration. First, a
sub-category is placed under a data category which, from a hierarchical.
standpoint, is the most logical parent of that subcategory. Second, if a
subcategory can be logically placed under more than one major category, that
subcategory is then listed under the more appropriate category.
To facilitate use and understanding of the data categories and their
sub-categories, several data organization techniques are used. First, a scope
note is included for each major data category, describing the scope or special
features of that category (a scope note is, nevertheless, not a definition
and, therefore, does not define a category). Second, a definition (in some
cases, a scope note) is developed for each subcategory (see Glossary). Third,
where a subcategory may be logically placed under more than a single major
category, the more appropriate category is chosen to incorporate that
sub-category and its definition. The same term is repeated under the less
appropriate category without a definition, and a "See" reference is used
referring the reader to the more appropriate category.
In using this section of the Directory, the following must be taken into
cons iderat ion:
1. For each data category, only those subcategories that are needed for
risk characterization are included. Therefore, a category may not include all
of the possible subcategories.
2. Some of the subcategories represent the types of information that are
not readily available in either the open literature or existing information
resources.
3. The definitions for the subcategories are not necessarily the types
of definitions that can be found in a text book or a dictionary. Many of the
definitions are scope notes describing what is covered under a subcategory.
-------
OSWER Directive 9285.6-1
A-3
A. 1.1 Hazard Identification
Data sub-categories that are listed below are those that are needed to
identify the hazard associated with a specific chemical.
SubCategories
1. Substance Identification
2. Physical/Chemical Properties
3. Hazard Characterization
4. Comparisons of Molecular Structures
1. Substance Identification. This involves the identification of a
substance based upon its commonly used names and synonyms, chemical formula
and composition, and Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) registry numbers.
2. Physical/Chemical Properties. These properties indicate the
potential for a chemical substance to migrate through environmental media as
well as the health effects that the chemical will have. Some
physical/cheimcal properties relevant to hazard identification include;
solubility, adsorbtion coefficient, hydrolysis rate, physical state, partition
coefficient, molecular weight, etc.
3. Hazard Characterization. This involves an assessment of various
hazards and health ef-fects associated with a specific chemical. The hazard
characterization can be done by using data from epidemiologic,
animal-bioassay, and short-term studies done for the chemical in question.
4. Comparisons of Molecular Structures. Because properties and
toxicities may sometimes be similar for different but related chemicals, it
may be necessary to compare chemical molecular structures. Molecular
structure information often makes it easier to make exact distinctions between
two chemicals with similar formulas.
A. 1.2 Dose-Response Assessment (Toxicokinetic and Bioeffects)
Study results on dose-response reactions of specific chemials often
contain raw pharmacological data which must be extrapolated in order to be
applied to risk assessments. Data subcategories listed below are the types of
operations that must be applied to pharmacological data in order to
extrapolate the results to risk characterization.
SubCategories
1. Low-Dose Extrapolation
2. Animal-to-Human Dose Extrapolation
3. Route Extrapolation
4. Duration Extrapolation
1. Low-Dose Extrapolation. Studies on health effects involving either
humans or laboratory animals exposed to doses higher than anticipated in the
environment. Mathematical extrapolation is necessary to estimate the response
at lower environmental doses.
-------
OSWER Directive 9285.6-1
A-4
2. Animal-to-Human Dose Extrapolation. Studies on health effects are
also often done with laboratory animals. Extrapolation of animal-dose
responses is necessary to use the study results to predict human dose
responses.
3. Route Extrapolation. Studies are occasionally unavailable for the
exposure route of interest, so dose-response relationships must be inferred or
extrapolated from data on another exposure route. This extrapolation is
usually used for estimating route- or media-specific criteria levels and
standards.
4. Duration Extrapolation. Dose-response studies covering relatively
short periods are frequently inadequate for evaluating chronic exposures.
Therefore, longer term dose-response or dose-severity relationships must be
inferred from subchronic and shorter term studies.
A. 1.3 Exposure Assessment
What the concentration will be at an exposure point and information on the
population susceptible to exposure can be determined by factors listed in the
subcategories below. The exposure to a contaminant can be through air, soil,
or water.
Subcategories
1. Physical/Chemical Properties
2. Environmental Fate and Transport Characteristics
3. Chemical Concentrations in Environmental Media
4. Population at Risk
5. Exposure Route, Magnitude & Duration
1. Physical/Chemical Properties. See Section A.1.1.
2. Environmental Fate and Transport Characteristics. These refer to
characteristics which determine environmental fate and transport of both the
chemical in question and of the environmental media through which transport is
ocurring. Relevant chemical characteristics include such parameters as
partition coefficient and solubility, while relevant environmental media
characteristics include such things as soil type and wind direction.
3. Chemical Concentrations in Environmental Media. These can be
determined through the use of fate and transport models and monitoring data.
Once they are determined, estimations of concentrations at specific exposure
points can be made to further characterize the risk.
4. .Population at Risk. In order to fully characterize a risk, it is
necessary to quantify the population susceptable to exposure. This can be
approached using information from a variety of sources, including zoning maps
or lists of ground or surface water users near a specific site.
5. Exposure, Route, Magnitude, & Duration These determine what
population will be exposed and to what magnitude the exposure will be. They
are determined by factors mentioned above along with data on environmental
persistence and bioaccumulation rates of specific chemicals.
-------
OSWER Directive 9285.6-1
A-5
A. 1.4 Risk Characterization
Once the concentration of a chemical substance at an exposure point is
estimated, it is then possible to determine health effects which may result.
The following sub-categories are various effects that a contaminant may have
on health.
Subcategories/Definitions
1. Environmental Effects
2. Human Risk Assessment
1. Environmental Effects. Environmental effects from exposure to
chemical substances include both aquatic and terrestrial effects. Aquatic
effects are those which occur on aquatic vertebrates and invertebrates as well
as vascular and non-vascular aquatic plants. Terrestrial effects are those
which occur on terrestrial vertebrates and invertebrates as well as vascular
and non-vascular terrestrial plants.
2. Human Risk Assessment. This involves a quantification of both
carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks. Human risk assessment is following
the exposure assessment which indicates exposure amounts, susceptable
populations, and durations of exposure.
-------
A.2 INFORMATION MATRIX—NON-BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATA
BASES VS. DATA SUBCATEGORIES
Data Base
EPA
CECATS
GTDMIS
OIIM-TAUt;
SPHtKE
- AQUIkli
- DADB
- ENVIKOI-'ATI-:
- CKNKTOX
- II.IIUW
Hazard
Identification
Substance
Identification
X
X
X
Physical/Chemical
Properties
X
X
X
Hazard
Characterization
EpidemioloQic
Date
X
X
X
X
Animal-
Bioassy
Data
X
X
X
X
X
Short-Term
Studies
X
X
X
X
X
Comparison of
Molecular
Structures
Oose-
Response
Assessment
Low-Dose
Extrapolation
X
Animal To Human
Dose
Extrapolation
X
Exposure
Assessment
thysical/Chemicel
Properties
X
X
X
Environmental
/ate and
Transport
Characteristics
X
c
«2
Chemical
Concentration
Environmen
Media
-
Population
at Risk
«*
Us
• 3*.
5r-
• ~3
ss°
x2
UJ
X
1
ft Ink
Characterization
Human
. Risk
Assessment
•
c
•
f»
o
c
u
k.
•
u
X
X
Non-
Carcinogens
-
X
X
X
—
Environment
Effects
X
X
-------
A.2 INFORMATION MATRIX— NON-BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATA
BASES VS. DATA SUBCATEGORIES (continued)
Data Base
Non-EPA
ENVIRONMENTAL
FATE DATA BASE
- CHEMFATE
HAZARDLINE
RTECS
TOXICOLOGY
DATA BANK
TOXLINE
Hazard
Identification
Substance
Identification
X
X
X
X
*
Exposure Ra
Magnitude <
Duration
Risk
Characterization
Human
, Risk
Assessment
Carcinogens
x •
X
X
X
N.on-
^arcinogens
X
X
X
X
-------
A.3. INFORMATION MATRIX—BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATA BASES
VS. DATA CATEGORIES
Data Ba>«
EPA
CRIB
EPA CASR
SPHERE
Non-EPA
ENVIRONMENTAL FATE DATA BASE
- CATALOG
- BIOLOG
ENVIROLINE
NIOSHTIC
TOXLINE
- HEEP
- CBAC
- HAYES FILE ON PESTICIDES
- HMTC
- PESTICIDES ABSTRACTS
- TMIC
- TOXICITY BIBLIOGRAPHY
- RPROJ
- TD3
Hazard
Identification
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Dose-Response
Assessment
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Exposure
Assessment
X
X
X
X
Risk
Characterization
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-------
A.4 INFORMATION MATRIX—MANUAL SOURCES
VS. DATA CATEGORIES
Title of Source
MANUALS •
ENDN'AG'SRMENT" ASSESSMENT HANDBOOK
GEMS USER'S GUIDE
GUIDANCE TO FEASIBILITY STUDIES UNDER
CERCLA
GUIDANCE ON REMEDIAL INVESTIGATIONS
UNDER CERCLA
SUMMARY CHEMICAL INFORMATION PROFILE
USERS MANUAL
3UPERFUND EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT MANUAL
SUPERFUND PUBLIC HEALTH EVALUATION
MANUAL
TOXICOLOGY HANDBOOK, PRINCIPALS RELATED
TO HAZARDOUS WASTE SITE INVESTIGATIC!
USERS GUIDE TO CASR
DIRECTORIES
CHEMICAL ACTIVITIES STATUS REPORT
EXTRAMURAL ACTIVITY REPORT
' DIRECTORY OF ONLINE DATA BASES
FEDERAL DATA BASE FINDER
GROUND WATER MANAGEMENT: THE USE OF
NUMERICAL MODELS
INDUSTRY PROGRAM INTERACTION MATRIX: A
GUIDE TO SELECTED PERSONNEL WHO ARE
FAMILIER WITH SELECTED INDUSTRIES
INFORMATION RESOURCES IN TOXICOLOGY.
MANAGER'S GUIDE TO EPA ACTIVITIES ON
• TOXIC AND HAZARDOUS CHEMICALS
NIOSH PUBLICATION CATALOG
NTIS DIRECTORY OF COMPUTERIZED DATA FILE
OTS INFORMATION ARCHITECTURE NOTEBOOK
THE STATUS OF CHEMICALS IN THE SPECIAL
REVIEW PROGRAM, REGISTRATION PROGRAM
AND DATA CALL-IN PROGRAM
Hazard
Identification
X
Y
X
X
X
X
s
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Y
Dose -Response
Assessment
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Y
Exposure
Assessment
X
X
x
x
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Hlsk
Characterization
X
x
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Y
-------
OSWER Directive 9285.6-1
B-l
APPENDIX B
INFORMATION RESOURCES MATRICES
RESOURCES VS. ATTRIBUTES
This appendix presents the resource attributes of the major computerized
data bases that can be used in support of the types of analyses required in
performing risk assessments. Noncomputerized resources are included in
Chapters 6 & 7 of the Directory since they have few significantly different
attributes.
i
There are two types of resource attributes that are used to describe a
computerized information resource, i.e., search attributes and system
attributes. While search attributes pertain mainly to the searchability and
retrieval features of the data, system attributes describe characteristics of
the system, including hardware and software used and access mode. The search
and system attributes of online data bases define for the user what features,
information, and capabilities are available. The intent of this appendix of
the Directory is to make the user aware of the variety of information
resources available, to help the user decide which attributes can facilitate
access, and to assist the user in selecting the most appropriate resource(s)
to solve the information problems.
This appendix contains three parts. The first part is the matrix outline,
listing resource attributes in a hierarchial format and includes definitions
(or sometimes scope notes) and codings for the attributes. Following the
definitions are two matrices matching search and system attributes against
computerized information resources. In these matrices, the attributes are
listed on the horizontal axis in the same sequence as they appear in the
hierarchial listing. The computerized information resources are placed on the
vertical axis of the matrix and are divided into, two main groups, i.e.,
bibliographic data bases and non-bibliographic data bases. Within each of
these two groups, the systems are listed in alphabetical sequence and are
divided into EPA and non-EPA data bases. In the matrix, the information
resources are either indexed by a "x" symbol or by some other alphanumeric
notation. For explanations on the notations used in the matrix, consult the
attributes definitions in this Appendix. (For this version of the Directory,
the matrices do not include all information resources, but only 20-25 of the
more useful data bases.)
B.I. INFORMATION RESOURCES/ATTRIBUTES MATRIX OUTLINE
Definitions for the column headings in the data base search and system
attribute matrix are provided below in the order in which they appear in the
matrix. A key is also provided for the various symbols entered in the matrix.
B.1.1 Search Attributes
1. Chemical Searching
2. Subject Searching
3. Alphanumeric Searching
4. Bibliographic Information Searching
-------
OSWER Directive 9285.6-1
B-2
5. Logical Searching
6. Search Aids
1. Chemical Searching - This column indicates whether or not there are
chemical-specific search and retrieval capabilities and, if so, what chemical
search options are available. Chemicals can be searched by:
S - substructure
CR - chemical reference number
NM - name match
2. Subject .Searching. An "X" in this column indicates that
specific concepts, .topics, and/or descriptions can be searched and retrieved.
3. Alpha/Numeric Searching. An "X" in this column indicates that
specific numeric or alpha-numeric data are available and can be searched and
retrieved.
4. Bibliographic Information. An "X" in this column means that
bibliographic information (referring to the document from which data were
extracted) can be either used as the object of a search and/or displayed in
retrieved records. This type of information may include such things as
author, title, year of publication, journal title (if applicable), language
type, and abstract.
5. Logical Searching. This column indicates whether or not there
may be manipulation of search terms to provide more specific or comprehensive
searches. Logical searching may be:
FS - field specific; capability to search selected specific fields
(indirect search or serial search)
BWF - Boolean logic within fields; using logical operations ("and,"
"or," and "not") to show relationships between sets of terms
involving the same field of data
BAF - Boolean logic across fields; logical operators can be used to
link separate fields.
6. Search Aids. This column shows whether or not there is tutorial
help available on searching the data base or on describing the file contents.
B.I.2 System Attributes
1. File Size and Use
-Number .of Records
-Number of Chemicals
2. Data Base Characteristics
-Update Cycle
-Cost
-Coverage Period
3. System Access
-Source
-------
OSWER Directive 9285.6-1
B-3
-Status
-Interactive
-Restricted Access
4. Hardware
-Computer Utilized
-Computer Owner
5. Software
-Program Language
-Command Language
6. System User Aids
1. File Size and Use. This denotes the number of records available in
the data base, where a record is a unit of related information (e.g., a record
is generally meant to include all the information stored for a particular
document in a bibliographic data base). It also denotes the number of unique
chemicals, substances, formulations, generic classes, etc., in a data base.
2. Data Base Characteristics
Update Cycle - Shows the frequency of additions to the records in
the data base. The key to the letters in this column is as follows:
C - closed
D - daily
W - weekly
BW- biweekly
M - monthly
BM- bimonthly
Q - quarterly
SA- semiannually
A - annually
I - irregular
Cost - Itemizes the cost (dollars) per connect hour. This does not
include subscription fees, print costs, or telecommunication fees.
Coverage Period - Shows the span of coverage represented by the data
base contents. No date on the most recent end of a range (e.g.,
1971-) indicates that coverage is to the present.
Content Type - This column denotes specific characteristics of the
date base's information according to:
U - unpublished data; data is not in the public domain (e.g.,
communications, private files, etc.)
0 - ongoing research; contains references to research which is in
progress
I - international sources; data taken from non-U.S. sources either
entirely or in addition to U.S. sources.
-------
OSWER Directive 9285.6-1
B-4
3. System Access
Source - Shows the availability of the data base to the end user,
where:
C = commercial
P = private
Status - Denotes the current availability of a data base, where:
D = developed
u = under development
Interactive - If this column is marked with an "X," the system
allows the user to input instructions, receive a response, and then
modify or manipulate the results.
Restricted Access - An "X" in this column indicates that the data
base is available to a limited user community (e.g., contains
confidential data, is available only for "in-house" use, etc.)
4. Hardware
Computer Utilized - This column denoted the specific hardware in
which the data base resides, where:
VAX = VAX 11/780
IBM = IBM
UNI = Univac
Computer Owner - This column shows the organization which owns or
leases the hardware, where:
EPA = EPA
C = contractor
D = developer of data base
5. Software
Program Language - This column shows the defined set of
characteristics and rules used for writing the computer routine
(e.g., COBOL, PL/1, BASIC).
Command Language - Provides direct interface with the central
processing unit and determines data entry and editing facilities,
submission and retrieval capabilities, and utility and data set
manipulation functions (e.g., TSO, ELHILL).
6. System User Aids - An "X" in this column indicates that there is
documentation available for the user to facilitate interaction with
the system. -
-------
B.2 INFORMATION MATRIX—DATA BASE SYSTEM ATTRIBUTES
Data Base
EPA
CECATS
EPA CASR
OHM- TADS
SPHERE
- AQUIRE
- CHEMFATE
~R§§O^TION
- GENETOX
- I SHOW
File Size
and Use
Number of
Records
5K
4K
1.3K
30K
6.2 K
3539
14K
Number of
Chemicals
]5K
4K
] .8 K
4]8
655
2800
]4K
Data Base
Characteristics
«.
*l
§o
D
I
C
C
C
**
M
o
o
Coverage
Period
1976-
1970-
]950-]976
1970-198]
1968-
1970-1981
0
a
•>*
Content T
u,o
u,o
u,o
o
o
0
0
System Access
Source
c
c
c
p
c
p
p
c
Status
D
D
D
U
D
U
U
U
Interactive
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Restrictive
Access
X
X
X
X
Hardware
Computer
Utilized
Computer
Owner
EPA
EPA
C
C
C
C
C
C
Software
Program
Language
Command
Language
eS
£<
«w
>.«.
CO «
3
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-------
B.2 INFORMATION MATRIX—DATA BASE SYSTEM ATTRIBUTES (continued)
Data Base
Non-EPA
CESARS
ENVIROLINE
HAZARDLINE
NIOSHTIC
RTECS
TOXUNE
Fife Size
and Use
Number of
Records
2]K
116K
1.3K
]02K
[400K
Number of
Chemicals
3K
1.3K
73K
Data Base
Characteristics
0 _
4_ 0
Cf> ^^
"^ ^J
s
M
D
BW
M
M
«
0
O
85
90
]20
22
55
Coverage
Period
]976-
197]-
]880-
]890-
1965-
0
a
•>»
Content T'
u,o
U,I,0
u.o
U,O.I
U,0,I
O.I
System Access
Source
c
c
c
c
c
c
Status
D
D
D
D
D
D
Interactive
X
X
X
X
X
Restrictive
Access
Hardware
Computer
Utilized
Computer
Owner
D
D
D
D
Software
Program
Language
Command
Language
CO «
X
X
X
X
X
-------
B.3 INFORMATION MATRIX—DATA BASE
SEARCH ATTRIBUTES
Data Base
EPA
CECATS
EPA CASK
OHM-TADS
SPHERE
- AQUIRE
- CHEMFATE
- DERMAL
ABSORPTION
- GENETOX
- ISHOW
Chemical Searching
CR
CR
CR,NM
CR,NM
CR
CR.NM
S,CR,NM
CR,NM
O
il
fa
a CB
V) 0
W
X
X
X
X
X
Alpha-Numeric 1
Searching 1
X
X
X
X
Bilbllographlc 1
Info Searching j
X
X
X
X
X
Logical Searching
FS
FS , BAF
FS,BWF,BAF
FS , BWF , BAF
FS,BWF
FS , BWF , BAF
FS, BWF, BAF
FS, BWF, BAF
Search Aids 1
X
X
X
X
X
-------
B.3 INFORMATION MATRIX—DATA BASE
SEARCH ATTRIBUTES (continued)
Data Base
Non-EPA
CESARS
ENVIROLINE
HAZARDLINE
NIOSHTIC
RTECS
TOXLINE
Chemical Searching
CR,NM
NM
CR,NM
CR.NM
S,CR,NM
CR,NM
Subject
Searching
X
X
X
X
X
Alpha-Numeric 1
Searching 1
X
X
Bilbllographic 1
Info Searching |
X
X
X
X
Logical Searching
FS,BWF,BAx
F5
FS , BWF , BAF
FS , BWF , BAF
FS, BWF, BAF .
\
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OSWER Directive 9285.6-1
C-l
APPENDIX C
INFORMATION RESOURCES AND THE
SUPERFUND PUBLIC HEALTH EVALUATION MANUAL
This appendix is intended to serve as a reference for information sources
when the Superfund Public Health Evaluation Manual and the Superfund Exposure
Assessment Manual do not contain the specific information required to evaluate
the potential risks posed by a chemical identified at a Superfund site. To
simplify the task of finding data, the information sources in this appendix of
the Directory are listed under sub-headings that reflect the five steps of the
public health evaluation process as described in Chapters 3 through 7 of the
Superfund Public Health Evaluation Manual. Specifically, the information
categories are related to the following functions:
• Selection of Indicator Chemicals
• Estimation of Exposure Point Concentrations of Indicator
Chemicals
• Estimation of Chemical Intakes
• Toxicity Assessment
• Risk Characterization
This appendix of the Directory summarizes available data bases and data
files and tapes to aid users of the Manual in finding specific sources of
information as needed. Other types of information resources, such as models,
manuals, directories, periodicals, general publications, and people, may also
be useful in providing needed information for the public health evaluation
process. For example, Health Effects Assessment Documents (see Section 7.2 of
this Directory) provide useful exposure level data. Therefore, the user of
this appendix should, in addition to reviewing the data bases and data files
and tapes identified here, review Chapters 5, 6, 7, and 8 of the Directory to
identify other important information resources.
Exhibit C-l outlines the steps of the public health evaluation process and
identifies potential information requirements associated with each step in the
process. For each of the sub-headings of information requirements, there is a
descriptive statement about the purpose and type of information needed,
followed by a listing of the major relevant data bases and data files and
tapes. Chapters 3 and 4 of the Directory can then be used to characterize
more fully and gain access to particular information resources.
C.I SELECTION OF INDICATOR CHEMICALS
The Superfund Public Health Evaluation Manual recommends that if there are
fewer than 10 to 15 chemicals actually identified at a hazardous waste site
all of them should be evaluated for their potential public health risk at the
site. For those circumstances when there are many chemicals at a site, the
Manual includes two information sources, Appendices C and D, which contain
information that allows the "highest risk" chemicals to be identified.
Appendix C contains data on the toxicity, mobility, and persistence of
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EXHIBIT C-1
STEPS INVOLVED IN THE SUPERFUND
PUBLIC HEALTH EVALUATION PROCESS
SELECTION
OF
INDICATOR
CHEMICALS
ESTIMATION
OF
EXPOSURE POINT
CONCENTRATIONS
ESTIMATION
OF
CHEMICAL
INTAKES
TOXICITY
ASSESSMENT
RISK
CHARACTERIZATION
• Toxicity
• Physical/
Chemical
Characteristics
Identify Exposure Pathways
Estimate Exposure Point
Concentratins
Compare to Requirements
Standards, and Criteria
Calculate Air Intake
Calculate Ground Water
Intake
Calculate Surface Water
Intake
Calculate Total Intake
• Carcinogenic Effects
• Non-Carcinogenic Effects
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OSWER Directive 9285.6-1
C-3
specific chemicals, whereas Appendix D presents more detailed methods for
deriving indicator scores for chemicals not listed in Appendix C. The
selection of indicator chemicals is based on contaminant toxicities and
physical/chemical properties, and useful sources for these two types of data
are presented separately below.
C.1.1 Evaluate Chemical Toxicity
Toxicity data include information on the response of an organism to a dose
of a chemical substance through various routes of exposure. Such data may be
for chronic toxicity or acute/subacute toxicity and may represent acute,
subchronic or chronic exposure durations. The following are data bases,
files, and tapes that are useful sources of toxicity data.
EPA Data Bases (see Section 3.1 for details)
• ACUTE HAZARDS DATA • HEOX
AIR TOXICS CLEARINGHOUSE • IRIS
• CECATS • NEUROTOXICITY DATA
• CRIB • OHM-TADS
• EEFIS • ORALTOX
CSDCLEANS • PDAS
• DEEP • PDMS
• EPACASR • PHRED
• GENERAL RADIATION HEALTH • RAD
IMPACT EVALUATION • SPHERE
GI • STARA
GTDMIS • WBC
Non-EPA Data Bases (see Section 3.2 for details)
ACS JOURNALS ONLINE • EMBASE
AGRICOLA • ENVIROLINE
• AQUALINE • ENVIRONMENTAL FATE DATA BASES
• ASFA • HSDB
• BIOSIS • HAZARDLINE
• CBDS • MEDLINE
• CCRIS • NIOSHTIC
• CESARS • NTIS
• CHEMICAL EXPOSURE • NPIRS
• CHEMICAL EXPOSURE: • OHS-MSDS
CHEMICALS IN HUMAN • PASCAL
TISSUES AND FLUIDS • PROFILE
• CHEMLINE • RTECS
• CLEARINGHOUSE ON • TOXICOLOGY DATA BANK
HEALTH INDEXES • TOXLINE
• CTCP
EPA Data Files and Tapes (see Section 4.1 for details)
ETHOX
• FILES OF EXPOSURE ASSESSMENTS FOR EXISTING CHEMICALS
• GASTRO-INTESTINAL EFFECTS LITERATURE
• ITC CHEMICAL SCORES
• TSCA NEW CHEMICALS
• TSCA SECTION 4 CHEMICAL BIBLIOGRAPHIES
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OSWER Directive 9285.6-1
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C.I.2 Physical/Chemical Properties
The data bases listed under this heading are useful sources of information
for physical/chemical properties, which may be needed to select indicator
chemicals.
EPA Data Bases (see Section 3.1 for details)
CHEMD
GEMS
OHM-TADS
PDMS
PHRED
SPHERE
TSDF
Non-EPA Data Bases (see Section 3.2 for details)
CA SEARCH
• CASSI •
• CESARS •
CHEMLINE
• CHEMTRAN •
• CIS •
DARC
DORTMUND VLE DATA BANK
• ENVIRONMENTAL FATE
DATA BASES
EPA Data Files and Tapes (see Section 4.1)
• WATER SOLUBILITY DATA
HAZARDLINE.
HEILBRON
LOG P DATABASE
NPIRS
OHS-MSDS
PASCAL
RNSS
C.2 ESTIMATION OF EXPOSURE POINT CONCENTRATIONS
This step in the process described in the Superfund Public Health
Evaluation Manual involves estimating baseline environmental concentrations of
indicator chemicals so that the extent and duration of human exposure can be
determined. Often at Superfund sites, contamination may not yet-have reached
a point of human exposure. In those cases, it is therefore necessary to
estimate where and to what extent exposure will take place. This can be done
through the use of chemical fate and transport models (see Chapter 5 of this
directory).
The steps involved in estimating exposure point concentrations in various
types of environmental media include:
• Identifying Exposure Pathways
• Estimating Exposure Point Concentrations
• Comparing to Requirements, Standards, and Criteria
Various types of data, including chemical and environmental media properties,
are needed to use fate and transport models to estimate exposure point
concentrations. Once the estimates are made, it is necessary to compare them
.to exposure limits for the chemicals.
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OSWER Directive 9285.6-1
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C.2.1 Identify Exposure Pathways
The pathway that a chemical will take towards an exposure point depends on
the characteristics of the site and of the transport media, be it air,
surface, or ground water. These characteristics include such things as ground
water flow direction or wind direction. The following informational resources
are useful in identifying exposure pathways. Because this step is highly site
specific, however, relatively few resources are listed.
EPA Data Bases (see Section 3.1)
• GEMS
• STORET
Non-EPA Data Bases (see Section 3.2)
• DMS • WATER RESOURCES ABSTRACTS
• MWDI • WRSIC
NERDES • WATERNET
• WDSD • WATSTORE
EPA Data Files and Tapes (see Section 4.1)
• SAROAD
Non-EPA Data Files and Tapes (see Section 4.2)
• AOWF • STAR
ADR • SUMMARY OF THE MONTHLY CO-OP
• BASIC WELL DATA FOR ELEMENT
PROFESSIONAL PAPER 796 • SURFACE AIRWAYS OBSERVATIONS
• GEOECOLOGY DATA BASE
• INDEX TO GEOLOGIC MAPS
C.2.2 Estimate Exposure Point Concentrations
Where monitoring data do not exist or where contaminants have not yet
reached exposure points, mathematical models can be used to predict
concentrations. Fate and transport models listed in Chapter 5 of this
directory can aid in this step.
In addition, there are several available data bases and data files and
tapes which contain information on chemical concentrations in environmental
media:
EPA Data Bases (see Section 3.1)
• AIRTOXICS CLEARINGHOUSE • MICROBIOLOGICAL DATA
• EERF • PDMS
• ERFD • STORET
• GEMS • TSDF
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OSWER Directive 9285.6-1
Non-EPA Data Bases (see Section 3.2)
DMS
MWDI
NEDRES
NGWIC
NPIRS
• SIRS
• WDSD
WATER RESOURCES ABSTRACTS
• WATERLINE
• WATSTORE
EPA Data Files and Tapes (see Section 4.1)
• CHAMP • EPID
• CHEMICALS IDENTIFIED • SAROAD
IN HUMAN BIOLOGICAL MEDIA
Non-EPA Data Files and Tapes (see Section 4.2)
ADR
AOWF
BASIC WELL DATA FOR
PROFESSIONAL PAPER 796
GEOECOLOGY DATA BASE
INDEX TO GEOLOGIC MAPS
NASQAN
MIXING HEIGHT STUDIES
STABILITY ARRAY
SUMMARY OF THE MONTHLY
CO-OP ELEMENT FILE
SURFACE AIRWAYS OBSERVATIONS
U.S. SOIL TEMPERATURES
VOLATILE ORGANIC CHEMICALS
IN THE ATMOSPHERE: AN
ASSESSMENT OF AVAILABLE DATA
C.2.3 Compare to Requirements, Standards, and Criteria
Once estimates of exposure point concentrations are made, it is necessary
to compare these estimates to existing health standards and limits for the
indicator chemicals. The following resources are useful in finding these data.
EPA Data Bases (see Section 3.1)
• EPACASR
• IRIS
Non-EPA Data Files (see Section 3.2)
• CHEMICAL REGULATION
REPORTER
• CHEMLAW
• CHEMLINE
• CRGS
• CTCP
• ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH
NEWS
PHRED
HSDB
HAZARDLINE
NIOSHTIC
OCIS
OHS-MSDS
RTECS
WATERLINE
WATERNET
C.3 ESTIMATION OF CHEMICAL INTAKES
In order to assess the potential adverse health effects associated with a
site, it is necessary to determine the amount of human exposure to the
indicator chemicals. Human exposure is expressed in terms of intake, which is
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OSWER Directive 9285.6-1
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the amount of substance taken into the body per unit body weight per length of
time. The intakes are calculated separately for various environmental media.
The steps involved in estimating overall intake are:
• Calculate Air Intake
• Calculate Ground Water Intake
• Calculate Surface Water Intake
• Combine Pathway-Specific Intakes to Yield Total Intake
Intake should be calculated both as subchronic daily intake (SDI) and as
chronic daily intake (GDI). This can be calculated from data on exposure
concentrations, and vital statistics on the exposed population.
C.3.1 Calculate Air Intake
Human intake of contaminants in air is dependant upon the contaminant
concentration, the frequency and volume of inhalations, the duration of
exposure, and particulate size. The following information resources are
useful in calculating air intakes.
EPA Data Bases (see Section 3.1)
• AIR TOXICS CLEARINGHOUSE • GEMS
CRIB • INHALATION LITERATURE
• ERFD • TSDF
EERF • WBC
Non-EPA Data Bases (see Section 3.2)
• NOHS
EPA Data Files and Tapes (see Section 4.1)
CHAMP
Non-EPA Data Files and Tapes (see Section 4.2)
• VOLATILE ORGANIC CHEMICALS IN THE ATMOSPHERE
C.3.2 Calculate Ground-Water Intake
Human exposure to contaminated ground water can occur from wells used as a
drinking water source. The degree of exposure depends on the concentration of
the contaminant in drinking water, the amount consumed per day, and the
duration of exposure. The following information resources are useful in
calculating ground water intakes.
EPA Data Bases (see Section 3.1)
• GEMS
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OSWER Directive 9285.6-1
C-8
Non-EPA Data Bases (see Section 3.2)
• MWDI
• WATERLINE
• WATERNET
• WATSTORE
C.3.3 Calculate Surface Water Intake
Intake of contaminants from surface water can occur from both ingestion of
surface water or from ingestion of contaminated fish. Intake from surface
water occurs when the surface water is used as a drinking water source. As
with ground water, the intake depends on the amount ingested per day and the
duration of exposure. Intake from contaminated fish depends upon the
contaminant concentrations in the fish, the amount of fish consumed, and the
duration of exposure. The following information resources can be used in
calculating intakes from surface water.
EPA Data Bases (see Section 3.1)
• -GEMS • STORE!
• LAMS
Non-EPA Data Bases (see Section 3.2)
• ASFA • WATERNET
• MWDI • WATSTORE
• WATERLINE . • WDSD
Non-EPA Data Files and Tapes
• NASQAN
• WATSTORE
C.3.4 Combine Pathway-Specific Intakes to Yield Total Intake
In this step, the above calculations of intake from air, ground, and
surface water are totaled to calculate an upper bound on the total exposure.
Section 5.5 of the Superfund Public Health Evaluation Manual gives details on
how this is accomplished. Information resources in the above three sections
can be used to determine total exposure.
C.4 TOXICITY ASSESSMENT
The toxicity assessment is done to determine critical toxicity values in
the Superfund health evaluation process. This information is used in
conjunction with results of the exposure assessment to characterize risk. In
the manual, reference doses (rfds), and evaluations by EPA's Carcinogen
Assessment Group reported in Health Effects Assessment Documents (HEAs) are
listed in Appendix C to serve as a consistent source of critical toxicity
values. In situations where Appendix C does not contain the necessary data
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OSWER Directive 9285.6-1
C-9
for all indicator chemicals at a site, the EPA Office of Environmental
Criteria and Assessment (Cincinnati) should be contacted. In addition, the
following information resources may be useful in conducting the toxicity
assessment.
EPA Data Bases (see Section 3.1)
• CECATS
• CSDCLEANS
CRIB
• DEEP
EPACASR
GI
GTDMIS
• GEMS
• HEOX
Non-EPA Data Bases (see Section 3.2)
• BIOSIS
• CBDS
• CCRIS
CESARS
CHEMICAL EXPOSURE
CHEMICAL EXPOSURE;
CHEMICALS IN HUMANS
TISSUES AND FLUIDS
• CHEMLINE
• CTCP
EMBASE
ENVIRONMENTAL FATE
DATA BASES
IRIS
NATIONAL HUMAN ADIPOSE
TISSUE DATA
OHM-TADS
ORALTOX
PDMS
PHRED
SPHERE
STARA
HSDB
HAZARDLINE
MEDLINE
NIOSHTIC
NPIRS
OHS-MSDS
PASCAL
•RTECS
TOXICOLOGY DATA BANK
TOXLINE
C.5 RISK CHARACTERIZATION
In the risk characterization step of the Manual, a comparison is made
between projected intakes and calculated risks in order to quantify the
overall risk. Different types of risk characterization include:
• Carcinogenic Effects
• Non-Carcinogenic Effects
The manual outlines different methods of characterizing risk for each type of
effect.
C.5.1 Carcinogenic Effects
The carcinogenic risk is dependant upon the chronic daily intakes of the
contaminant and the carcinogenic potency factor, values of which are listed in
Appendix C of the manual. In addition, other information resources which may
be useful in calculating carcinogenic effects are listed below.
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OSWER Directive 9285.6-1
EPA Data Bases (see Section 3.1)
• CARCINOGENICITY
LITERATURE
• CECATS
EPACASR
Non-EPA Data Bases (see Section 3.2)
GTDMIS
IRIS
SPHERE
BIOSIS
CANCERLIT
CBDS
CESARS
CCRIS
CHEMICAL EXPOSURE
CHEMICAL EXPOSURE;
CHEMICALS IN HUMAN
TISSUES AND FLUIDS
CHEMLINE
CIS
CLEARINGHOUSE ON
HEALTH INDEXES
EMBASE
ENVIRONMENTAL FATE
DATA BASES
HAZARDLINE
MEDLINE
NIOSHTIC
NOES
NOHS
NPIRS
OCIS
OHS-MSDS
PASCAL
RTECS
TOXICOLOGY DATA BANK
TOXLINE
EPA Data Files and Tapes (see Section 4.1)
• CHIPS
• POTENTIAL SUBSTANTIAL RISKS
C.5.2 Non-Carcinogenic Effects
The non-carcinogenic risk is dependant upon the exposure level, or intake,
and the acceptable level of intake for the contaminant. For assessing
teratogenic risk, the subchronic daily intake and the acceptable level of
intake are often used. Reference doses are listed, for some chemicals, in
Appendix C of the Superfund Public Health Evaluation Manual. In addition, the
following information resources may also provide useful data.
EPA Data Bases (see Section 3.1)
• CECATS
DEEP
EPACASR
• GENERAL RADIATION HEALTH
IMPACT EVALUATION
• GI
• GTDMIS
• HEOX
IRIS
NEUROTOXICITY DATA
• OHM-TADS
PERMDATA
PDAS
• RAD
• SPHERE
STARA
• WBC
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OSWER Directive 9285.6-1
Non-EPA Data Bases (see Section 3.2)
• BIOSIS •
• CESARS •
• CCRIS •
• CHEMICAL EXPOSURE
CHEMICAL EXPOSURE: •
CHEMICALS IN HUMAN •
TISSUES AND FLUIDS •
CLEARINGHOUSE ON
HEALTH INDEXES •
• CTCP •
• EMIC
• ENVIRONMENTAL FATE •
DATA BASES
• ETIC
HAZARDLINE
MEDLINE
NIOSHTIC
NOES
NOHS
NPIRS
OCIS
OHS-MSDS
PASCAL
PROFILE
RTECS
TOXICOLOGY DATA BANK
TOXLINE
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