EPA-AA-TEB-511-83-4
EPA Evaluation of the Atomized Vapor Injector Device Under
Section 511 of the Motor Vehicle Information
and Cost Savings Act
by
John C. Shelton
February 1983
Test and Evaluation Branch
Emission Control Technology Divison
Office of Mobile Sources
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
-------
EPA Evaluation of the Atomized Vapor Injector Device Under Section 511 of
the Motor Vehicle Information and Cost Savings Act
The Motor Vehicle Information and Cost Savings Act requires that EPA
evaluate fuel economy retrofit devices and publish a summary of each
evaluation in the Federal Register.
EPA evaluations are originated upon the application of any manufacturer
of a retrofit device, upon the request of the Federal Trade Commission,
or upon the motion of the EPA Administrator. These studies are designed
to determine whether the retrofit device increases fuel economy and to
determine whether the representations made with respect to the device are
accurate. The results of such studies are set forth in a series of
reports, of which this is one.
The evaluation of the "Atomized Vapor Injector" device was conducted upon
the application of the inventor. This device is a vapor air bleed which
bubbles air through a 50/50 mixture of water and alcohol. This vapor is
said to cause more efficient combustion by "atomizing" the gasoline
droplets and lowering the engine temperature. This is claimed to improve
fuel economy and reduce emissions.
1. Title:
Application for Evaluation of Atomized Vapor Injector Under Section
511 of the Motor Vehicle Information and Cost Savings Act
THE INFORMATION CONTAINED IN SECTIONS TWO THROUGH FIVE WHICH FOLLOW WAS
SUPPLIED BY THE APPLICANT.
2. Identification Information:
a. Marketing Identification of the Product:
Atomized Vapor Injector
b. Inventor and Patent Protection:
(1) Inventor
Lewis J. Schneller
2019 West Sussex Avenue
Missoula, MT 59801
(2) Patent
"N/A" [A copy of the patent was not submitted.]
-------
c. Applicant;
(1) Name and address
Lewis J. Schneller
2019 West Sussex Avenue
Missoula, MT 59801
(406) 728-2752 or
(406) 721-1330, ext. 266
(2) Principals
Lewis J. Schneller
2019 West Sussex Avenue
Missoula, HT 59801
(3) Lewis J. Schneller is authorized to represent Atomized
Vapor Injector in communication with EPA.
d. Manufacturer of the Product:
(1) Based on the information in the application, the
manufacturer of the product has not yet been determined.
3. Description of Product:
a. Purpose:
"With the ever-increasing cost of gasoline, combined with the
potential international oil supply system bordering on
international crisis and the subsequent possible gas rationing,
the need for a gas saver like a water/alcohol injector appears
to be a matter, of being at the right place at the right time;
i.e., the time is ripel The challenge exists to develop a
readily available and inexpensive water/alcohol injection system
to increase not only fuel conservation, but to increase engine
operation efficiency as well. If for no other reason, it may
become readily apparent that water/alcohol injection systems
should be a mandatory requirement on all gas-powered vehicles,
if only to prevent unnecessary engine repairs due to excessive
carbon accumulation.
"Presently, there are a few varieties of water/alcohol injectors
on the market today, ranging in price from $29.95 to nearly
$400.00 per unit. Some of the proposed advantages of the
Atomized Vapor Injector are the following:
"(1) Since the container for AVI is accomplished by recycling
used hospital I.V. bottles, not only does this process
contribute to our national philosophy of energy
-------
conservation through recycling, but the I.V. hospital
bottle seems to be an ideal container for the successful
operation of a water/alcohol injector. The many personal
testimonials and independent testing results by the City of
Missoula's Street Maintenance Department seem to support
this statement.
"(2) Since the AVI unit is the only glass container on the
market today, it has an inherent advantage over all other
units made of opaque plastic. AVI can be visually
monitored during operation, thereby eliminating any need to
install an expensive warning light system to warn the
vehicle operator when the water/alcohol solution becomes
too low for satisfactory operation. Because AVI is a glass
container with graduated milliliter marketings, the vehicle
operator can very easily monitor the desired consumption
rate (approximately 100 ml of water/alcohol solution per 20
gallons of gasoline consumed) by simply adjusting the
needle valve setting to correspond to the recommended
consumption rate. No other water/alcohol injection system
has these advantages.
"(3) The glass hospital I.V. bottle is designed to significantly
exceed the maximum safety requirements for safe and durable
operation. In the event of defect, a used hospital I.V.
bottle is easily replaceable and inexpensive.
"(4) The simplistic design and operation of AVI water/alcohol
injectors easily lends itself to satisfactory assembly and
distribution programs by handicapped people. Successful
experimentation with this concept has already been
demonstrated with Missoula's Opportunity Workshop employing
disabled adults.
"(5) Atomized Vapor Injectors lends itself to a variety of
creative marketing programs, especially when viewed in
light of our current local and national economic
predicament. The potential exists for creating employment
and services that may serve as a shining example of
reflecting America's original philosophy of fostering
independence through the spirit of innovation and novel
creativity for self-determination. (Please find proposed
budget analysis and marketing format enclosed for your
convenience.)" [This document is found in Attachment A].
b. Theory of Operation:
"Atomized Vapor Injector is a hydroautomization system which
adds a 50/50 water/alcohol vapor to an engine's intake system.
A water/alcohol vapor injector produces a more efficient fuel
-------
burn by atomizing Che gasoline droplets and lowering the
engine's temperature. This process will not only improve an
engine's overall performance and increase gas mileage rates, but
will also increase the engine's life span by eliminating
excessive carbon deposits. This water/alcohol injection system,
AVI, uses engine vacuum pressure to pull outside air through the
glass I.V. hospital reservoir containing a 50/50 water/alcohol
solution which is attached to the car under the hood. This
causes the solution of water and alcohol to bubble and splash
within the vacuum chamber forming a mist of water and alcohol
droplets and vapor in the upper part of the glass reservoir.
This mist is then drawn by the vacuum pressure through a plastic
hose which is then connected to any intake manifold suction hose
(the positive crankcase valve is the most desirable
connection). This connection is made by very easily cutting the
rubber vacuum hose with a sharp knife and then inserting the
plastic "T". The plastic needle valve can then be easily
adjusted to allow just the right amount of water/alcohol vapor
to pass into the combustion chamber (best results are derived by
adjusting consumption rate to allow 100 milliliters per 20
gallons of gasoline)."
Construction and Operation;
"The Atomized Vapor Injector consists of a recycled hospital
I.V. bottle secured in a plastic holder, which is then attached
under the hood to the inside of the engine compartment. A high
quality rubber stopper with two holes is placed in the opening
of the glass I.V. bottle. An 8 inch plastic tube with a plastic
air-stone (aerator) on one end of the tube is attached to the
rubber stopper, with the plastic air-stone (aerator) placed near
the bottom of the bottle. Now a plastic needle valve is
attached in the remaining opening in the rubber stopper, with a
high quality four foot plastic tube attached to the other end of
the plastic needle valve. All that remains is to insert the
black plastic "T" into the rubber vacuum hose. Make sure that
the four foot plastic tube between the AVI unit itself is
completely straight, with no up or down bends in it, and that it
is not in contact with any super-hot surfaces, as this may cause
the plastic tube to collapse. The AVI unit itself should be
installed lower than the "T" connection, as this facilitates
vapor rising upward. It is also advisable to operate the AVI
unit on the top half of the reservoir, as the vaporizing process
diminishes on the bottom half of the bottle. This establishes
another need to have a glass container for visual monitoring, as
the glass container should be refilled when it is half-empty.
The unit's effectiveness diminishes on the bottom half of the
bottle."
-------
d. Specific Claims for the Product;
"The introduction of AVI's water/alcohol vapor into the fuel air
mixture through a vacuum line leading to an engine's intake
system produces a cooling effect that increases the mixture
density, extending the burning rate, and improving combustion
efficiency. This process helps to eliminate engine ping
(predetonation) and dieseling (after running of motor). Since
steam is a good cleaning process, this helps to dissolve carbon
deposits on the spark plugs and cylinder walls of older
vehicles, and prevents carbon build-up in newer vehicles.
Engine horsepower and octane can be increased because less fuel
is needed to produce the same amount of energy when using a
water/alcohol injector."
e. Cost And Marketing Information:
"Please see attached marketing and sales schedule [Attachment
A]. Mr. Larry Wilkinson of Edwin K. Williams and Company,
Missoula, Montana, had indicated a willingness to undertake this
aspect of AVI." The listed cost of the unit is $29.95 each.
4. Product Applicability, Installation, Operation, Safety and
Maintenance;
a. Applicability;
"Atomized Vapor Injector is designed to be implemented on all
gas-powered vehicles. The only known restriction today is that
certain vehicles with little or no extra available space in the
engine compartment cannot accomodate insertion of a quart
container the size of AVI. AVI is presently considering the
feasibility of manufacturing units smaller than its present size
with 1/2 quart containers in order to accommodate vehicles with
less available engine space.
"It is not known whether operation of a water/alcohol injector
is adversely affected by adverse weather conditions, types of
driving or topographical differences."
b. Installation - Instructions, Equipment, and Skills Required;
"Please see attached installation instructions." [Attachment A]
c. Operation;
"Please see attached operation instructions." [Attachment A]
-------
d. Effects on Vehicle Safety;
"It is not known whether the use of this product could result in
any unsafe conditions for the vehicle occupants, or persons or
property in close proximity."
e. Maintenance;
"There is no maintenance schedule or procedure for successful
operation of AVI."
5. Effects on Emissions and Fuel Economy;
a. Unregulated Emissions;
"Information unavailable."
b. Regulated Emissions and Fuel Economy;
"Please see independent testing results of the City of Missoula
Street and Maintenance Department." [Attachment A]
THE FOLLOWING SECTIONS CONTAINS EPA'S ANALYSIS OF THIS DEVICE.
6. Analysis
a. Description of Device;
The device is basically a controlled air bleed device where the
air is bubbled through a mixture of alcohol and water. The
resulting vapor is introduced into the intake manifold through
vacuum line between the PCV valve and the carburetor.
b. Applicability Installation, Operation, Safety and Maintenance;
(1) Applicability;
The applicability of the device "to be implemented on all
gas-powered vehicles" is judged valid for all gasoline fuel
vehicles presently being produced.
(2) Installation - Instructions, Equipment and Skills Required;
The installation instructions are included in Attachment
A. They appear to be complete and only average ability and
simple tools are required for the installation.
-------
(3) Device Operation;
No specific instructions were provided for operation of a
vehicle with the device, and none were judged to be
required. However, we have some concern for the
recommendations made for the fluid. The applicant states
you can use any alcohol additive like gasohol or gas line
antifreeze. Gasohol normally contains 90% gasoline and
could not be used. Gas line anti-freeze is almost entirely
alcohol and would have to be mixed with water to obtain the
50/50 mixture.
(4) Effects on Vehicle Safety;
The applicant states "It is not known whether the use of
this product could result in any unsafe conditions for the
vehicle occupants or persons or property in close
proximity". The addition of the device probably would not
affect the vehicle safety.
(5) Maintenance;
The applicant states that "There is no maintenance schedule
or procedure for successful operation of the Atomized Vapor
Injector". He states "The glass container should be
refilled when half empty". This appears to be the only
maintenance required.
Since the device does not contain an inlet air filter, the
mixture would be exposed to contamination from oil and gas
fumes, dirt, road salt and bugs.
Effects on Emissions and Fuel Economy;
(1) Unregulated Emissions;
The applicant did not furnish any information on
unregulated emissions. The small flow of alcohol/water
mixture probably would have little or no effect on
unregulated emissions.
(2) Regulated Emissions and Fuel Economy;
The applicant did not submit test data in accordance with
the Federal Test Procedure and the Highway Fuel Economy
Test. These two test procedures are the primary ones
-------
recognized by EPA for evaluation of fuel economy and
emissions for light duty vehicles.* Although the applicant
did submit data from on-the-road tests the results were
inconclusive because the program was not sufficiently
controlled nor extensive enough to adequately quantify the
worth of the device. Moreover, this testing did not
include any measurements of exhaust emissions.
A few air-bleed devices tested by EPA have shown small
improvements in emissions or fuel economy by leaning out
the rich air/fuel mixtures of vehicles which were produced
prior to emission standards. Without even using a device,
however, these results could be approximated by adjusting
the idle mixture screws. With the leaner calibrations of
recent years, even these few devices would not show
improvements and may cause driveability problems. Most of
the current models now employ feedback carburetor systems.
As a result, any changes attributable to the device would
automatically be negated by the controls.
Several other devices tested by EPA have introduced liquids
or vapors into the combustion chamber. In sufficient
quantities, water injection can extend the detonation
limits of the engine. This allows modifications or
adjustments which can improve fuel economy (although
usually at the expense of emission levels). In the case of
the Atomized Vapor Injector, however, the amount of liquid
introduced is relatively small. The device is stated to
use 100 ml of liquid per 20 gallon tank of gasoline. For a
vehicle achieving 20 miles per gallon, this rate is only
0.25 ml of liquid per mile. At this level, the energy
content of the alcohol would have no discernible effect.
The amount of water is also insignificant, especially
considering that the applicant does not specify any engine
parameter adjustments.
*The requirement for test data following these procedures is stated in
the policy documents that EPA sends to each potential applicant. EPA
requires duplicate test sequences before and after installation of the
device on a minimum of two vehicles. A test sequence consists of a cold
start FTP plus a HFET or, as a simplified alternative, a hot start LA-4
plus a HFET. Other data which have been collected in accordance with
other standardized procedures are acceptable as supplemental data in
EPA's preliminary evaluation of a device.
-------
10
(3) EPA Testing;
Because the test data submitted with the application was
inconclusive, we asked that the applicant conduct
appropriate testing at an independent laboratory (see
Attachment B). A test plan was submitted by the applicant
and approved by EPA (see Attachment C). Our evaluation of
this test plan was conducted and transmitted in a letter of
September 10, 1982 (see Attachment D). A second letter was
sent November 2, 1982 also requesting additional test data
(see Attachment E). At a later time, the applicant
contacted EPA by telephone and stated he would not be able
to supply any additional test data because of cost
considerations. Therefore, lacking any data or reasonable
theories to substantiate the applicant's claims, no EPA
testing of the Atomized Vapor Injector was performed.
7. Conclusion
The evaluation of the Atomized Vapor Injector was based on the
information submitted by the applicant, EPA's engineering judgment,
and the results of EPA's evaluation of similar products. The overall
conclusion from the EPA evaluation is that there is no reason to
expect that the device will significantly improve the fuel economy or
performance of a vehicle. Any changes in emission levels would be
due solely to the air bleed aspect of the device.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Merrill W. Korth, Emission Control
Technology Division, Office of Mobile Sources, Environmental Protection
Agency, 2565 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, (313) 668-4299.
-------
11
List of Attachments
Attachment A Letter of June 24, 1982 from Lewis J. Schneller to
EPA. This document contains the original application.
Attachment B Letter of July 16, 1982 from EPA to Lewis J. Schneller
evaluating his original application.
Attachment C Letter of September 2, 1982 from Lewis J. Schneller to
EPA. This document includes a proposal for testing
the device from Olson Engineering, Inc.
Attachment D Letter of September 10, 1982 from EPA to Lewis J.
Schneller evaluating the test plan.
Attachment E Letter of November 2, 1982 from EPA to Lewis J.
Schneller.
-------
Attachment A
12
Atomized Vapor Inlectors
Federal I.D. #81-0393244
2019 West Sussex Avenue
Missoula, Montana 59801
June 24, 1982
United States Environmental Protection Agency
Motor Vehicle Emission Laboratory
Emission Control Technology Division
2565 Plymouth Road
Ann Arbor,- Michigan 48105
Attention: Mr. Merrill W. Korth
Dear Mr. Korth:
I am writing this letter to formally submit my application
to you in order to obtain EPA test requirements for an
approved EPA evaluation of ray water/alcohol injector called
Atomized Vapor Injectors (AVI).
On June 11, 1982, I received a letter from the Honorable Pat
Williams, Western Montana Congressman, detailing efforts on
his behalf to obtain EPA test requirements and application
format for my water/alcohol injector, AVI. Congressman
Williams also included a letter with pertinent information
submitted to Ms. Diane Hicks, Congressional Liasion Office
of the Environmental Protection Agency, 401 "M" Street S.W.,
Washington, D.C., from you. I have included a copy of both
of these letters for your convenience.
Also, please be advised that I have already received a will-
ingness from the Private Industries Council of Montana, Inc.,
517 Power Block Building, Helena, Montana, 59624, to under-
take .the funding requirements necessary to obtain independent
testing data prior to marketing Atomized Vapor Injectors.
In your letter to Ms. Hicks, you stated that you could assist
in the development of a satisfactory test plan. This service
would be most desirable, as I am sure the Private Industries
Council, of Montana would positively respond to an EPA approved
testing format for my water/alcohol injector. Furthermore,
I would greatly appreciate your suggestions as to which
independent testing laboratory would be most desirable to
conduct the testing of my product.
Also, please be advised that I have included an independent
testing format provided by the City of Missoula Street
Maintenance Department for your convenience.
-------
13
United States Environmental Protection Agency
Mr. Merrill W. Korth
June 24, 1982
Page Two
Thank you for any consideration you may give to my proposal,
and please do not hesitate to contact me for any further
assistance. I hope to hear from you soon.
:erely,
.ewis JJ Schneller
1406)728-^752, or
;406)721-1330/266(message phone)
-------
14
PAT WILLIAMS ^ ,™, „
MONTANA ^^sJjg.Tt^T EDUCATION AND LABOR
imocr ^^ggpr ILXM«HTARY, SCCONDI-TV AMD
_
CONGRESS OP THE UNITED STATES
HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES INTERIOR
o.c. sals WASHINGTON, D.C. 2051S
(202)22*4211 MMV AND
Mr. Lewis J. Schneller
2019 West Sussex Avenue
Missoula, Montana 59801
Dear Lewie:
I've finally been able to obtain EPA's test requirements
for your water/alcohol injectors. I'm enclosing the entire
packet of information which EPA made available to me.
.You will notice that the EPA will also evaluate your device
upon submission of an application and the results of your inde-
pendent tests.
I hope this covers what you'll need to have the necessary
tests run in order to begin marketing. Please let me know if
I can be of further assistance.
Best regards.
Sincerely,
Pat Williams
Enclosures
-------
\ UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
3 15
\ ^V+.f ANN ARBOR. MICHIGAN 48105
May 10, 1982
OFFICE OF
Ms. Diane Hicks AIR. NOISE AND RADIATION
Environmental Protection Agency
Congressional Liasion Office
401 "M" Street, S.W.
Washington, DC 20460
Dear Ms. Hicks:
Except for this first sentence, these documents are identical to those we
send to a device manufacturer who is interested in an EPA evaluation of
his device. The Environmental Protection Agency is charged by
Congressional mandate to evaluate fuel economy and emission control
devices. While the EPA does not actually "approve" such devices, it does
conduct evaluation's for the purpose of increasing the common knowledge in
the area. For this reason, the outcome of any testing by ETA becomes
public information. It is this information which may be cited, although
no claims can be made that any EPA findings constitute "approval" of the
device or system.
Enclosed with this letter is a packet of materials which you will need to
apply for an ZPA evaluation of your device. This packet .consists of
1) an application format, 2) a document entitled "EPA Retrofit and
Emission Control Device Evaluation Test Policy", 3) "Basic Test Plans and
Testing Sequences", and 4) a copy of the applicable Federal Regulations.
Engine oils, oil additives, and other lubricants do not fall under the
provisions of Section 511 of the Motor Vehicle Information and Cost
Savlrgs Act. Recently, there has been confusion over the wording in the
regulation that gives- EPA the authority to evaluate fuel additives.
Until we are able to eliminate this confusion by modifying the regula-
tion, we cannot accept applications for evaluations of fuel additives.
If you wish to improve the credibility - of your oil or fuel additives by
performing tests on your own, we will try to help by commenting on your
test plans.
In order for the EPA to conduct an evaluation of your device, we must
have an application. Once you have reviewed all the documents in the
packet, you should prepare an application in accordance with ' the guide-
lines of the application format. A critical part of the application is
the substantiating test data. The required test results will have to be >
obtained at a laboratory of your choice. Such testing would be conducted
at your expense. A list of laboratories, which are known to have the
equipment and personnel to perform acceptable tests, has been included in
the enclosed packet. The laboratory list is revised periodically, so be
certain that the list you are using is current. Please allow EPA to
comment on your test plan before beginning testing at an independent
laboratory. If you desire, we can assist in the development of a satis-
factory test plan.
-------
16
There are, however, several aspects concerning testing at an outside
laboratory which I would like to* bring to your attention at this time:
Minimum Test Requirements - Although different types of devices may
require a more complex test plan, the minimum we require involves two
vehicles and two test sequences run in duplicate. The vehicles
should be selected from those listed in Table 1; if possible. Each
vehicle is to be set to manufacturer's tune-up specifications for the
baseline tests.
The tests are conducted in a "back-to-back" manner, once with the
vehicle in baseline condition, and again with the device installed
with no vehicle adjustments between tests. If installation of the
device also involves some adjustments, e.g. timing, fuel-air mixture,
choke or idle speed, another test sequence with only these adjust-
ments should be inserted between the first and last. If mileage
accumulation is necessary in order to realize the full benefit, the
same number of miles that are accumulated before the test runs must
also be accumulated before baseline runs. In addition, the method of
mileage accumulation should be kept constant. Also, as a minimum,
the test sequence shall consist of a hot-start LA-4 portion (bags 1
and 2) of the Federal Test Procedure (FTP) and a Highway Fuel Economy
Test (HFET). The details of these tests are contained in the
enclosed packet. Although only a hot-start FTP is required to
minimize the costs to you, you are encouraged to have the entire
cold-start test performed, since any confirmatory testing and evalua-
tion performed by EPA will be based on the complete FTP, and you may
wish to know how a vehicle with your device performs over this
official test. As a final requirement, the personnel of the outside
laboratory you select should perform every element of your test
plan. This includes preparation of the test vehicle, adjustment of
parameters, and installation of the device.
Submission of Data - We require that all test data obtained from the
outside laboratories in support of your application be submitted to
us. This includes any results you have which were declared void or
invalid by the laboratory. We also ask that you notify us of the
laboratory you have chosen, when testing is scheduled to begin, what
tests you have decided to conduct, allow us to maintain contact with
the laboratory during the course of the testing, and allow the test
laboratory to directly answer any questions at any time about the
test program. ,
Cost of the Testing - The cost of the minimum test plan (two
vehicles, two test sequences in duplicate) described above should be
less than £3000 per vehicle and less than 1^6000 for the total test at
any of the laboratories on the list. It should be recognized that
additions to the minimum test plan (such as mileage accumulation,
parameter adjustment, or additional testing) will result in addi-
tional costs. In any case, you will have to contact them individ-
ually to obtain their latest prices.
-------
17
Outcome of the Testa - In Border for EPA to best utilize our facil-
ities, confirmatory testing will be performed only on those devices
that demonstrate a statistically significant improvement in fuel
economy or emissions based on data from an EPA-recognized independent
laboratory. We have established some guidelines which will help you
determine whether the test results with your device should be consid-
ered encouraging. These values have been chosen to assure both of us
that a real difference in fuel economy exists, and that we are not
seeing only the variability in the results. The table below presents
the minimum number of cars that need to be tested for varying degrees
of fuel economy improvement, assuming a typical amount of variability
in fuel economy measurement. For a minimum test plan which was con-
ducted on a fleet of two cars, the average improvement should be at
least 62. If at least a 62 difference in average fuel economy can be
shown, then we would be able to say statistically at the 802 con-
fidence level that there is a real improvement.
Similarly, we would expect a minimum of 32 improvement for a fleet of
5' vehicles. Test results which display a significant increase in
emission levels should be reason for concern.
Minimum Fuel Economy Improvements versus Size of Test Fleet
Fleet Size Average Improvement Required
2 52
3 52
4 42
5 3Z
10 22
Once we receive your application, it will be reviewed to determine if it
meets the requirements listed in the format-. Please do not submit con-
fidential, trade secret, or proprietary information as EPA cannot assure
that such information can be protected in all situations. If your
application is not complete, we will ask you to submit further informa-
tion or data. After any missing information has been submitted, your
application will be reconsidered, and once it meets our requirements, you
will be advised of our decision whether or not EPA will perform any con-
firmatory testing. Any EPA testing will be performed at no cost to you
and you will be given the opportunity to concur with our test plan. Once
this testing is complete, an evaluation report will be written. If no
further testing is required, the report will be written solely on the
basis of the test data submitted and our.engineering analysis.
EPA intends to process your application in as expeditious a manner as
possible. We have established a goal of twelve weeks from the receipt of
a complete application to the announcement of our report. The attainment
of this objective requires very precise scheduling, and we are depending
on the applicant to respond promptly to any questions, or to submit any
requested data. Failure to respond in a timely manner will unduly delay
the process. In the extreme case, we may consider lack of response as a
withdrawal of the application.
-------
18
I hope the information above and Chat contained in the enclosed documents
will aid you in the preparation of an acceptable application for an EPA
evaluation of your device. I will be your contact with EPA during this
process and any subsequent EPA evaluation. . My address is EPA, Motor
Vehicle Emission Laboratory, 2565 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, Michigan,
A8105. The telephone number is (313) 668-4299. Please contact me if you
have any questions or require any further information.
Sincerely,
Merrill W. Korth, Device Evaluation Coordinator
Emission Control Technology Division
.Enclosures
-------
19
AVI - Lewis J. Schneller
1. Title; The following is an application for evaluation
of Atomized Vapor In lectors under Section 511 of the
Motor Vehicle Information and Cost Savings Act.
2. Identification Information;
a. Marketing Information; This water/alcohol injector
system will be marketed under the trade name of
Atomized Vapor Injectors; Federal I.D. #81-0393244.
b. Inventor and Patent Protection; NA
(1) Lewis J. Schneller, 2019 West Sussex Avenue,
Missoula, Montana 59801, designer and sole proprietor
of Atomized Vapor Injectors.
c. Applicant;
(1) Name and address of individual applying for this
evaluation:
Lewis J. Schneller
2019 West Sussex Avenue
Missoula, Montana 59801
(2) Principal officers and/or owners of this organiza-
tion : '
Lewis J. Schneller
2019 West Sussex Avenue
Missoula, Montana 59801
(3) The person who is authorized to represent Atomized
Vapor In lectors in communications with the EPA:
Lewis J. Schneller
2019 West Sussex Avenue
Missoula, Montana 59801
Phone: (406)728-2752 or
Message: (406)721-1330, ext. 266
-------
20
d. Name and address of the individual or corporation who
is (or will be) manufacturing the product: This
information is undecided at this time, although,
because of the simplistic design and operation of
AVI, we have successfully experimented untilizing
emotionally and physically disabled adults for
assembly and distribution procedures at Missoula's
Opportunity Workshop, 1005 Marshall Street, Missoula,
Montana 59801. Mrs. Donna Booth was the supervisor
in charge of this operation.
3. Description:
a. Purpose; with the ever-increasing cost of gasoline,
combined with the potential international oil supply
system bordering on international crisis and the
subsequent possible gas rationing, the need for a gas
saver like a water/alcohol injector system appears to
be a matter of being at the right place at the right
time; i.e., the time is ripel The challenge exists
to develop a readily available and inexpensive water/
alcohol injection system to increase not only fuel
conservation, but to increase engine operation efficiency
as well. If for no other reason, it may become readily
apparent that water/alcohol injection systems should be
a manditory requirement on all gas-powered vehicles,
if only to prevent unnecessary engine repairs due to
excessive carbon accumulation.
-2-
-------
21
Presently, there are a few varieties of water/
alcohol injectors on the market today, ranging in
price from $29.95 to nearly $400.00 per unit. Some
of,,the proposed advantages of the Atomized Vapor
In lector are the following:
(1) Since the container for AVI is accomplish-
ed by recycling used hospital I.V. bottles, not only
does this process contribute to our national philosophy
of energy conservation through recycling, but the I.V.
hospitai bottle seems to be an ideal container for
the successful operation of a water/alcohol injector.
The many personal testimonials and independent test-
ing results by the City of Missoula1s.Street Mainten-
ance Department seem to support this statement.
(2) Since the AVI unit is the only glass
container on the market today, it has an inherent
advantage over all other units made of opaque plastic.
AVI can be visually monitored during operation, thereby
eliminating any need to install an expensive warning
light system to warn- the vehicle operator when the
water/alcohol solution becomes too low for satisfactory
operation. Because AVI is a glass container with
graduated milliliter markings, the vehicle operator
can very easily monitor the desired consumption rate
(approximately 100 ml of water/alcohol solution per
20 gallons of gasoline consumed) by simply adjusting
-3-
-------
22
the needle valve setting to correspond to the recommend-
ed consumption rate. No other water/alcohol injection
system has these advantages i
(3) The glass hospital I.V. bottle is designed to
significantly exceed the maximum safety requirements
for safe and durable operation. In the event of defect,
a used hospital I.V. bottle is easily replaceable and
inexpensive.
(4) The simplistic design and operation of AVI
water/alcohol injectors easily lends itself to satis-
factory assembly and distribution programs by handi-
capped people. Successful experimentation with this
concept has already been demonstrated with Missoula's
Opportunity Workshop employing disabled adults.
(5) Atomized Vapor Injectors lends itself to a
variety of creative marketing programs, especially
when viewed in light of our current local and national
economic predicament. The potential exists for creat-
ing employment and services that may serve as a shining
example of reflecting America's original philosophy of
t
fostering independence through the spirit of innovation
end novel creativity for self-determination. (Please
find proposed budget analysis and marketing format
enclosed for your convenience.)
b. Theory of Operation: Atomized Vapor In lectors is a
hydroautomization system which adds a 50/50 water/alcohol
-4-.
-------
23
vapor to an engine's intake system. A water/alcohol
vapor injector produces a more efficient fuel burn
by automizing the gasoline droplets and lowering the
engine's temperature. This process will not only
improve an engine1^ over-all performance and increase
gas mileage rates, but will also increase the engine's
life span by eliminating excessive carbon deposits.
This water/alcohol injection system, AVI, uses engine
vacuum pressure to pull outside air through the glass
I.V. hospital reservoir containing a 50/50 water/
alcohol solution which is attached to the car under
the hood. This causes the solution of water and
alcohol to bubble and splash within the vacuum chamber
forming a mist of water and alcohol droplets and
vapor in the upper: part of the glass reservoir. This
mist is then drawn by the vacuum pressure through a
plastic hose which is then connected to any intake
manifold suction hose (the positive crankcase valve
is the ^nost desireable connection). This connection
is made by very easily cutting the rubber vacuum hose
with a sharp knife and then'inserting the plastic "T".
The plastic needle'valve can then be easily adjusted-"
to allow just the right amount of water/alcohol vapor
to pass into the combustion chamber (best results are
derived by adjusting consumption rate to allow 100
milliliters per 20 gallons of gasoline).
-5-
-------
24
c. Const ruction and Operation; The Atomized Vapor
Injector consists of a recycled hospital I.V. bottle
secured in a plastic holder, which is then attached
under the hood to the inside of the engine compartment.
A high quality rubber stopper with two holes is placed
in the opening of the glass I.V. bottle. An 8 inch
plastic tube with a plastic air-stone or airiator on
one end of the tube is attached to the rubber stopper,
with the plastic air-stone (airiator) placed near the
bottom of the bottle. Now a plastic needle valve is
attached in the remaining opening in the rubber stopper,
with a high quality four foot plastic tube attached to
the other end of the plastic needle valve. All that
remains is to insert the black plastic "T" into the
rubber vacuum hose. Make sure .that the four foot
plastic tube between the AVI unit itself is completely
straight, with no up or down bends in it, and that it
is not in contact with any super-hot surfaces, as this
may cause- the plastic tube to collapse. The AVI unit
itself should be installed lower than the "T" connect- ,
ion, as this facilitates vapor rising upward. It is
also advisable to operate the AVI unit on the top
half of the reservoir, as the vaporizing process
diminishes on the bottom half of the bottle. This
establishes another need to have a glass container
-6-
-------
25
for visual monitoring, as the glass container should
be refilled when it is half-empty. The unit's effect-
iveness diminishes on the bottom half of the bottle.
d. Specific Claims; The introduction of AVI's water/
alcohol vapor into the fuel air mixture through a
vacuum line leading to an engine's intake system
produces a cooling effect that increases the mixture
density, extending the burning rate, and improving
combustion efficiency. This process helps to elimin-
ate engine ping (predetonation) and diesling (after-
running of motor). Since steam is a good cleaning
process, this helps to dissolve carbon deposits on
the spark plugs and cylinder walls of older vehicles,
and prevents carbon build-up in newer vehicles.
Engine horsepower and octane can be increased because
less fuel is needed to produce the same amount of
energy when using a water/alcohol injector.
e. Cost and Marketing: Please see attached marketing
and sales schedule. Mr. Larry Wilkinson of Edwin K.
Williams and Company, Missoula, Montana, has indicated ,
a willingness to undertake this aspect of AVI.
4. Installation, Operation, Safety and Maintenance:
a. Applicability; Atomized Vapor In lectors is designed
to be implimented on all gas-powered vehicles. The
only known restriction today is that certain vehicles
-7-
-------
26
with little or no extra available space in the engine
compartment cannot accomodate insertion of a quart
container the size of AVI. AVI is presently consider-
ing the feasibility of manufacturing units smaller
than its present size with ^ quart containers in
order to accomodate vehicles with less available
engine space.
It is not known whether operation of a water/
alcohol injector is adversely affected by adverse
weather conditions, types of driving or topographical
differences.
b. Installation; Please see attached installation
instructions.
c. Operation; Please see attached operation instructions.
d. Safety; It is not known whether the use of this
product could result in any unsafe conditions for
the vehicle occupants, or persons or property in
close proximity.
e. Maintenance; There is no maintenance schedule or
procedure for successful operation of AVI.
Effects on Emmissions and Fuel Economy;
a. Unregulated Emmissions; Information unavailable.
b. Regulated Emmissions and Fuel Economy; Please see
independent testing results of the City of Missoula
Street and Maintenance Department.
-8-
-------
GAS SAVER
GAS SAVER
ATOMIZED VAPOR INJECTOR
(Water/Alcohol Vaporizer)
(Missoula Street Dept.
* Saves Gas tested)
* Increases Engine Power (RPM's)
* increases Gas Octane Rating
* Eliminates Carbon
* Eliminates Ping
* Easier Starts
* Cleaner Exhaust
* Cleaner Spark Plugs
* Easy to Install
* Economical
27
THIS ATOMIZED VAPOR INJECTOR is a hydroautomization system
which adds a 50/50 water/alcohol vapor to an engine's intake
system and produces the above-noted benefits. Water/alcohol
vapor produces; a more efficient fuel burning by "automizing"
the gasoline droplets and lowering the engines temperature.
This process .not only improves an engine's over-all perform-
ance, but increases the engine's life span by eliminating
carbon deposits.
OPERATIONAL INSTRUCTIONS; (Water/alcohol Formula)
Fill injector unit with a 50/50 ratio of water and
methol alcohol. There are many commercial outlets for your
alcohol supply, such as any gasoline additive like gasohol
or preventive gas line freeze.
INSTALLATION INSTRUCTIONS:
1. Attach unit to engine fire wall or fender (or any
available space) with sheet metal screws.
2. Next locate the positive crank case (PCV) line
which leads to the base of the carburetor. If your car is
not equiped with a PVC line, most vacuum lines will easily
SUf fj-CA^. • '
3. Now simply cut PVC line (rubber hose) with a knife
and insert plastic "T". ~ .
4. Last, fill unit with. 50/50 mixture of water/alcohol,
start engine, and adjust bubbling process with needle valve
so that liquid is vigorously bubblinq. NOTE: For best re-
sults, unit should use 100ml. of mixture per 20 gallons of
gasoline and operate unit on top half of bottle only, as
vaporizer action diminishes on bottom half of bottle.
#&+
-------
28
Missoula, Montana
saaoi
STREET OEPARTMgNT
8oowo.«8rcadw.y
Phon«: 721-4700, g*t. 248
TEST RESULTS
WATEK VAl'OKIZOR
SUBMITTED TO TttE CITY FUK TESTING BY LEWIS SCHNELLEK, 728-2341
CONDITIONS.':
1. Pickup 010 (Vehicle Maintenn&ce department) with 50,000 + miles
2. Check 010 on 3 cope and tune engine
3. Check all tires, 32 Ibu.
4. Check wheel bearings
5. Install 1.1 gallons gas can with 3-way valve. Install at fuel
pump
6, All tests shall ho. made off _L_. i g4.s ^aiik
7. Highway test. shall bo nude n^ing wosc on Highway 10 toward
French town. Speed wichjn the city ahall be 30 mph and 50 mph
on Che highway
8.. City testing shall b« un ci ty streeta at a apeed of 20 to 25 mph
• 9. Temperature and wind Speed v/JlJ be recorded each test.
TEST I (ON HIGHWAY) 12-10-80
Base test without any sab-saving device.
Temperature 24", no wind
Speedometer after 50.966.6
Speedometer before 50,947.9
Base mileage 18.7 *
TEST I (ON HIGHWAY, USING WATEK VAPORIZER) 12-10-80
Temperature .30*, no wind
Speedometer aftar SI, 015, 7
Speedometer before 50,995.7
Mileage 20.0 ^ + /. J
-------
TEST RKSl'l.TS
page 2 29
TEST II (ON HIGHWAY, USING WATER VM'ORIZEK) 12-I.L-80
Temperature 4U", licud wind 7-9 mph
Speedometer aftur 5l,0bh,3
Speedometer before 5i,04'5.7
Milea*e 20. 6-
TEST I (IN CITY, USING WATKR VAPORiZEaj i2-22-«0
Tcmp«racurc 36*, no wind
Spaedbmetcr after 51.236,5
Speedonmccr bcforu 3', 221. 5
TEST II (IN CITY, WITHOUT WATER VAPOIUZKR)
Tempera Cure 41*, no wind
i
Speedometer after • 51,2.52.2
Speedometer bcfora 5L,237.4
% Mile age I A. a
NOTE; Vehicle was tested back on the .sci'i»j. Ail standard tests
were O.K.
REMARKS ; Katest City ilrlving *«> vehicle //.LO is not in a atop li
route. 1 believe the test will be more accurate.
TEST III (IN CITY, WITHOUT WATER VAi'Oki >;i- R) 1-5-81
Temperature 37°, no wind
Speedometer after 51.364.4
Speedometer .before 51,348.5
Mileaye . "l4,(J
-------
3Q
TEST IV (IN CITY, USING WATER VAPORIZKK)
Temperature 41*, no wind
1-5-81
Speedometer after
Speedometer before
Mileage
51 ,381.9
31,366.8
15.1
- -/-* a
TESTING DONE BV ROY WIU1ELM, VEHICLE MAINTENANCE SUPERVISOR
1-23-81
-------
31
ESTP1ATED PROJECTION AtfD FORECAST OF THREE YEARS EARNINGS
(Attach Narrative Explaining Eosis for Figures
Showing Receipts, Expenses, and Profits.)
YEAR /^ > /?XJ
Gross Receipts . . . . @. •'.''• f*". . . $M4 a
Merchandise Coat . . , ?. . **•.**, . . £e>^»f<^^_ 1*0
Cress Profit
Expenses:
Officers' Salaries (If Corporation) $ /•?, r^Pj. »•« •? *•?<><,*,*> ••? t <». * ^ o_r •_?
Snnloyee V.'ay.es . . . . '
Accounting 4 Legal Fees
Advertising . . . . «?, /fz.. .»<* L±?f.*±. J. •/•».> *
Telephone /.2+«.fo 3. •/++.•• ^ti»0.»»
Interest • I, J+* .*•*
Repairs ?**..<> ,
Taxes . . , 5^*••*.__ /•>«.»• 3.»+f...
Insurance J/"o,^<» 1C«.»* 7««.».
3ad Debts
-•'Miscellaneous (Postage,etc)^A*? 77/7^>.>o ^illJjHi£_ /T/r
Total Expenses ..<.... $ //» $ /7V
Le»a Income Taxes ...... 3.1 r/. » •
Net Profit After Taxes $ //. 7-». j^-' S
Less Withdrawals $ . $ $.
(Proprietorship/Partnership)
sun is large, please itemize.
I certify tha foregoing data fairly represents the financial situation
to the best of my knowledge.
/
-------
32
Attachment B
UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
ANN ARBOR. MICHIGAN 48105
July 16, 1982 OFFICE OF
AIR. NOISE AND RAOIATIG:
Mr. Lewis J. Schneller
2019 West Sussex Avenue
Missoula, Montana 59801
Dear Mr. Schneller:
Our engineering evaluation group has reviewed your application for an
evaluation of the Atomized Vapor Injector. Before your device can be
fully evaluated by EPA, you must submit data from exhaust emission and
fuel economy tests on at least two vehicles. These tests must be per-
formed at an independent laboratory recognized by EPA. I am enclosing a.
current list of these laboratories and other documents which define our
policy on acquistion of test data. This is the latest version of the
information I sent to you with the application format.
We have also reviewed the road test data you submitted but do not feel
that the program was sufficiently controlled or extensive enough to
accurately quantify the worth of your device. Moreover, this testing did
not include any measurements of exhaust emissions.
As you requested, we have also enclosed a set of test plans. Unfortu-
nately, none of the testing laboratories are located near you and we
cannot recommended one laboratory over another. Any of the ones on our
list will be satisfactory.
You are probably aware that the design of your device is quite similar to
a number of devices which are, or have been, on the market. We have also
included a listing of the devices which EPA has evaluated. Your device
would be categorized as a "vapor air bleed". Upon your request, I will
give you more information on any of these devices.
In order to maintain our overall schedule for evaluating devices, we need
to know when we will receive the above information. Please contact me by
August 9 with your choice of laboratories and a schedule for testing. We
expect that the results will be submitted to us by September 15, 1982.
If you have any question or require further information, please contact
me.
Sincerely,
V^ f) ,r
^
lerrill W. Korth
Device Evaluation Coordinator
Test and Evaluation Branch
Enclosures
-------
Attachment C 33
Lewis J. Schneller
Atomized Vapor Injectors
2024 South Avenue West
Missoula, Montana 59801
September 2, 1982
United States Environmental Protection Agency
Motor Vehicle Emission Laboratory
Emission Control Technology Division
2565 Plymouth Road
Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105
Attention: Mr. Merrill W. Korth
Dear Mr. Korth:
Please find enclosed the proposed testing format for Atomized
Vapor Injectors from Olson Engineering, Inc. As soon as I
can secure some financial assistance to defray the costs for
these testing requirements, please be assured that I will
proceed as soon as possible.
Thank you for all your assistance, and please do not hesitate
to offer any further suggestions.
Sincerely,
J. Schneller
i406) 728-2752 OR 728-2720
-------
Engineering Inc.
35
Automotive Researcn Center
15442 Chemical Lane, Huntir
Zio Code 92649. Telepnone (714) 891-4821. Telex 685-599
^^ I {j ^^ tp+ ^ "^^ ^ 15442 Chemical Lane, Huntington Beach. California
August 25, 1982
Mr. Lewis J. Schneller
Atomized Vapor Injectors
2019 West Sussex Avenue
Missoula, Montana 59801
Dear Mr. Schneller:
This letter will serve as a proposal to provide testing and
evaluation services to you as requested in your letter of
August 10, 1982.
Specifically, Olson Engineering, Inc. (OEI) will test and
evaluate the Atomized Vapor Injector (AVI) device as specified
in the EPA guideline for aftermarket vapor-air bleed device
evaluations to satisfy the requirements of Section 511. The
test program will utilize two vehicles as required of a type
compatible with the EPA test car fleet to insure that EPA
will have an available basis for comparison. Our normal
computer printout includes all the exhaust emission values
necessary as well as accurate fuel mileage figures calculated
from the emission test data by the carbon balance method.
The OEI test equipment and methodology is approved by EPA
and conforms to the accepted standards.
The test sequence will be as follows:
1. Obtain two test vehicles compatible with the
EPA fleet and suitable for use with the AVI
device, probably by renting.-
2. Inspect each vehicle for legality and compliance
with the manufacturers emission parameters.
3. Remove the cylinder head(s), inspect and photograph
the combustion chambers and piston crowns to determine
the deposit characteristics and levels.
4. Replace the cylinder head(s) and adjust to manufacturers
specifications.
5. Conduct "baseline" tests:
1 each 75 FTP CVS-II
1 each HFET
UAISONOFF1CE * 3901 VARSITY WIVE • ANN ABBOT. MICHIGAN 48104 • (3131 973-0310 TELEX 230-1 78
-------
36
Mr, Lewis Schneller
August 25, 1982
Page Two
6. Install the AVI device according to manufacturers
instructions.
7. Conduct on-road "conditioning" mileage accumulation
if required.
8. Conduct "device" test with the system fully
operational:
1 each 75 FTP CVS-II
1 each HFET
9. Conduct "device" test with the system fluid
resevoir dry but with the system otherwise
operational:
1 each 75 FTP CVS-II
1 each HFET
10. Remove the cylinder head(s), inspect and photograph
the combustion chambers and piston crowns with
particular regard to variations in deposit
characteristics.
11. Restore the vehicles to the original condition.
12. Analyze the test data and the deposit inspections
and prepare a comprehensive report.
Cost Analysis
The cost of the test program to satisfy the requirements of
Section 511 as outlined by EPA is based on renting two vehicles
for a period of four weeks, the testing, teardown (twice) of
the engines and the preparation of the final report. OEI does
not know of any requirement to accumulate mileage after install-
ation of the AVI device but that task is listed as item No. 7
in the test program and will be considered an option.
Basic cost for both vehicles: $11,750.00
Mileage Accumulation Option: $1.00/mile
-------
37
Mr. Lewis Schneller
August 25, 1982
Page Three
I hope that OEI may be of service to you and that your
project will be successful. Please do not hesitate to
call at any time if you have further questions.
Best regards',
H. James Law
Senior Project Engineer
HJL:rb
-------
38
ATTACHMENT D
September 10, 1982
Mr. Lewis J. Schneller
Atomized Vapor Injectors
2024 South Avenue West
Missoula, MT 59801
Dear Mr. Schneller:
We have evaluated your test plan which we received on September 7, 1982.
Our comments are as follows:
1. We require duplicate tests sequences on each vehicle at each
test point. Your plan indicated that only a single test se-
quence would be conducted.
2. While we do not require removal and inspection of the cylinder
head(s) for our purposes, we do not object. Our concern is that
no changes other than the installation of the device are made to
the vehicle during the testing portion of the program.
3. Step 9 of your plan requires that the vehicles is tested with
your device installed but with the reservoir dry. We do not
require this step for our evaluation.
We hope the above comments are helpful to you in conducting a test pro-
gram to evaluate the "Atomized Vapor Injector". We ask that you submit
the results from your tests by October 29, 1982. If you have any ques-
tions, please contact me at (313) 668-4299.
Sincerely,
Merrill W. Korth
Device Evaluation Coordinator
Test and Evaluation Branch
-------
UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY Attachment E
November 2, 1982
Mr. Levis J. Schneller
Atocized Vapor Injectors
2024 South Avenue West
Missoula, tlT 59801
Dear Mr. Sclmalleri
We still rave not received data from your test plan which we approved on
September 10* AS a result, ve lack test data which may support your
claiinc for the Atomised Vapor Injector.
As I explained in our earlier letters and telephone conversations, we arc
obligated to publish the results of our evaluation in the Federal Fleglc-
ter. We cannot
------- |