EPA-AA-TEB-80-11
A Study of Exhaust Emissions from Twenty High
Mileage Oldsmobile Diesel Passenger Cars.
by
John T. White III
Gary T. Jones
March, 1980
Test and Evaluation Branch
Emission Control Technology Division
Office of Mobile Source Air Pollution Control
Office of Air, Noise, and Radiation
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
-------
ABSTRACT
This paper describes the results of an exhaust emission testing program
conducted by EPA on twenty diesel-powered Oldsmobile passenger cars. Each was
a full-size 1978 model equipped with the 350 CID engine (Family Designation:
830J9). The primary purpose of this program was to assess the emission
durability of this engine which was originally designed to operate on
gasoline. Secondary objectives included an evaluation of fuel economy,
measurement of particulate emissions and gathering of samples for subsequent
Ames Test analyses.
The test vehicles were drawn from the general public in the Detroit area using
direct mail solicitation. Only vehicles with over 40,000 miles were sought.
This resulted in an average odometer reading for the test fleet of 48,195
miles. The tests performed included the Federal Test Procedure, the Highway
Fuel Economy Test and several short tests. The program began in December 1979
and was completed in February, 1980. Testing was performed at the EPA's Motor
Vehicle Testing Laboratory in Ann Arbor.
The average emission test results were quite similar to those resulting from
the Certification process at 4,000 miles. Thus, it appears that the 350 CID
Oldsmobile diesel engine demonstrates virtually no emission deterioration
while in-use over its "useful life". City and Highway fuel economy values
were also found to correspond closely with those published in the
1978 Gas Mileage Guide. Average particulate emissions of these diesels were
found to be approximately 50% greater than the initial standard of 0.6 g/mile
,which is to become effective with the 1982 model year. Results from analyses
of the Ames Test samples have not been received and will be treated as a
supplement to this report.
-------
Introduction
Although the diesel engine has long been recognized as a durable and
fuel-efficient powerplant, its use in passenger cars had been limited because
of a number of factors, primarily, weight, cost and noise. Prior to the 1978
model year, there were no major American manufacturers involved in the
production of diesel passenger cars. The changing economic and political
situation, especially with regard to energy costs and fuel economy
legislation, has made this concept more feasible. With the introduction of
General Motors' 5.7 liter (350 CID) diesel engine, the possiblity of large
numbers of diesel-powered passenger cars in operation became real. The
initially rapid sales rate of these vehicles was further enhanced by rising
gasoline prices and fears of fuel shortages. Currently, sales of these
vehicles total about 300,000 units per year. While this represents only about
3% of the passenger car market, sales of diesels have been so successful that
General Motors has predicted that up to 30 percent of its production may be
committed to diesels in the next three to four years.
Although the Oldsmobile diesel successfully completed all requirements for EPA
certification, there is little known about the emission characteristics of
these engines once they have been used by private owners. There is concern
not only for the regulated pollutants, but also for particulate emissions for
which there was no standard in 1978. The type of particulate matter produced
by internal combustion engines is known to cause genetic damage to living
cells and diesel engines have been found to produce a significantly greater
amount of particulates than gasoline engines. At this time, some of these
1978 versions are reaching the 50,000 miles prescribed as their "useful life".
On the basis of the facts above, an EPA test program was designed during the
Fall of 1979. The primary purpose of this program was to assess the emission
durability of the Oldsmobile 350 CID diesel engine. Secondary objectives
included an evaluation of fuel economy, measurement of particulate emissions
and gathering of samples for subsequent Ames test analyses. Since this was
the first program in which test vehicles would be recruited directly from
private owners, close attention would also be paid to documenting procurement
techniques and recording response rates. The test plan provided for twenty
in-use diesel-powered Oldsmobile passenger cars. Each of these was to have
accrued at least 40,000 miles. The vehicles would be procured from the
general public and tested at the Motor Vehicle Emission Laboratory in Ann
Arbor.
Vehicle Procurement Technique
Over a two month period, solicitation packages were mailed to owners of 301
Oldsmobiles and 27 Peugeots*. This represented all such 1978 models
registered in Wayne, Oakland, Macomb, St. Clair, Lapeer, and Livingston County
as of September 1979. Names and addresses of owners of candidate vehicles
were purchased from R.L. Polk Co. at an average cost of $.85 per name. The
package included a letter and a postpaid reply card with which an owner could
* Volkswagen owners were not sought for this program because the VIN
does not include an identifier to separate diesels from gasoline
engines.
-------
report vehicle information and express his willingness to participate. A
brochure was also included describing the EPA laboratory and its operation.
Owners whose cars were ultimately chosen were offered the basic incentives of
a $50 Savings Bond, a loan car and a full tank of fuel upon return of their
vehicle. EPA also offered to exchange cars at their convenience and promised
a summary of the test results on their vehicle. Copies of these letters and
the reply postcard are attached as Appendix A.
Responses were received from 175 Oldsmobile owners and 14 Peugeot owners.
Figure 1 is a histogram of the responses versus time for the Oldsmobiles.
Over 70% of the responses were received within ten days of the mailing. Of
these responses, most indicated a willingness to participate in our program.
Thus, a positive response rate of 48% and 35%, respectively was obtained of
all Oldsmobile and Peugeot owners contacted. Since EPA was seeking vehicles
with the highest mileage, these responses were ranked by odometer readings.
Figure 2 is a histogram of the mileages reported by the Oldsmobile owners.
Darkened squares indicate the vehicles which were ultimately tested. All of
the test vehicles were full-size Oldsmobiles (88, 98, Custom Cruiser) with the
350 CID engine (Family Designation: 830J9). None of the Peugeot owners
reported odometer readings over the 40,000 miles which was established as a
cutpoint for "high mileage". In a follow-up mailing to positive respondents
who were not chosen, EPA thanked them for their interest, described the
current program, and offered them a chance to update the information on their
vehicle.
As an additional evaluation of the procurement techniques, 40 special
solicitation packages were sent out. Each of these was paired with a standard
package which was also sent to the owner in the same Zip Code. The special
package included an original typed letter with the owners' name and address, a
handwritten signature, and a reference to his Oldsmobile. The standard letter
was printed and only included "Dear Vehicle Owner" and "your vehicle" in its
opening. The response rate from the special packages was 45% while that for
the 40 standard packages was 40%. Thus, it appears that the extra effort in
this area was unwarranted in terms of response rate.
The actual acquisition of the vehicles was handled by Emission Factor Program
personnel. Two 1979 Cutlasses were leased for use as leaner cars. Lee
Oldsmobile, the lessor, also purchased and mailed the bonds. Test vehicles
were brought in at a rate of two per week with an average time from pick up to
return of 4 days. The twenty vehicles required 40 exchanges of cars. 23 of
these were handled at the owner's residence or place of business. The
remaining transfers were conducted at MVEL. Both the loaners and test
vehicles were washed, vacuumed and filled with fuel before they were given to
the participant.
At the initial meeting, the principal driver was asked to complete a short
questionnaire and fill out several forms related to the exchange of vehicles.
Copies of these are attached in Appendix B. Only two exchanges were aborted.
One occurred when the participant was not at home for a scheduled meeting.
The other was postponed by the owner in advance. In general, vehicle
procurement was quite successful.
-------
Participant Profile
Almost all of the vehicle owners are involved in outside sales or commute long
distances to work. All said they were concerned with fuel economy and half
kept detailed records of fuel usage. Most owners were satisfied with the
performance of their vehicle's engine although some had experienced major
problems with injector pumps, injectors, transmissions and cooling lines, as
well as minor annoyances such as oil leaks. All felt that they had maintained
their vehicles in accordance with manufacturer's recommendations. A listing
of these responses is attached as Appendix C.
Vehicle Testing
Once each vehicle was acquired, appropriate sections of a standard MVEL test
data sheet were completed and the keys delivered to the Evaluation and
Development (E&D) group for testing. An E&D technician prepared the vehicle
by rotating tires (when necessary) and increasing tire pressure to 45 psi.
Fluid levels were also checked and corrected. No other underhood checks were
conducted. The vehicles were tested using tank fuel whenever possible. Extra
fuel (Diesel #2) was added from laboratory supplies when necessary to complete
the sequence. No fuel was drained nor was the 40% level requirement observed.
Preconditioning consisted of a single LA-4 cycle on the dynamometer followed
by a 12-24 hour soak period. The dynamometer settings used were as follows:
Inertia Weight Horsepower
Oldsmobile 98 4500 12.5
Oldsmobile 88 (Sedan, Coupe) 4500 11.8
Oldsmobile 88 (Station Wagon) 5000 11.3
Each vehicle was tested twice using the following sequence:
1. 1979 FTP for light duty diesels. This included particulate sampling but
does not require evaporative emission measurements.
2. "50 Cruise" Test. This short cycle employs garage instruments to measure
tailpipe concentrations of HC and CO during the 50 mph preconditioning
for the HFET.
3. Highway Fuel Economy Test (also with particulate sampling).
4. Four-Speed Idle Test. This short test is comprised of four steady state
modes. Idle in neutral, 2500 rpm in neutral, idle in neutral, and idle
in drive. Garage instruments are used to sample tailpipe concentrations
of HC and CO for each mode.
5. Loaded Two-Mode Test. Sampling is done as before using garage
instruments. The first mode is 30 mph at 9 actual dynamometer
horsepower. The second mode is idle in neutral.
6. Extra Highway Fuel Economy Cycle (for Ames sampling only).
The testing itself was quite successful. Only one attempt was aborted, and
two tests were voided.
-------
Emission Test Results
Complete FTP and HFET results for each vehicle are attached as Appendix D.
FTP results and HFET fuel economy values are displayed as histograms in
Figures 3-8. Except for HC results on two vehicles, all FTP emission values
have been within the 1978 Federal Standards under which they were certified.
Despite their high mileage, the average emissions levels of these vehicles
were not very different from the levels of Emission Data vehicles tested at
4000 miles. It has also been found that the gaseous emission values gathered
in this program compare closely to other diesel testing performed in the FY75
and FY77 Emission Factors programs. In the FY77 program, a total of nineteen
Mercedes Benz and one Peugot diesel were tested. In the preceding program,
all twenty were Mercedes Benz. The model years ranged from 1964 to 1977 with
several mileages exceeding 100,000. Listed in Table 1 are the average
emission values of: 1) the original 1978 Oldsmobile 4000 mile certification
tests, 2) the vehicles tested in this program and, 3) the vehicles tested in
the FY75 and FY77 Emission Factors programs.
Table 1
Average Test Results
N
Odom
FTP (g/mi)-
HC
CO
NO
Fuel Economy (mpg)
FTP HFET
Cert/F.E. Guide (Sedan) 1 4,000 .78 1.8 1.90
This program (Sedans) 18 48782 .80 1.6 1.35
21 30
21.5 31.6
Cert/F.E. Guide (Wagon) 1 4,000 1.30 2.1 1.60
This program (Wagons) 2 42905 1.06 1.9 1.84
19
19.8
27
28.7
FY75 Emission Factors 20 76473 .80 2.2 1.60
(20 Mercedes-Benz diesels)
FY77 Emission Factors 20 86318 1.12 2.9 1.43
(19 Mercedes Benz, 1 Peugeot diesel)
23.9
24.2
29.8
31.3
The data generated from the short cycle tests showed very low emissions with
little variance from vehicle to vehicle. These results will not be displayed
in chart form but can be found in Appendix E.
-------
Table 2 is a listing of particulate emissions from vehicles in this program
compared to results from selected Light Duty Certification Development
Vehicles.
Table 2
FTP
Particulates
(e/mi)
Percent of
1982 Standard
of .6 g/mi
HFET
Particulates
(g/mi)
Average of the twenty Oldsmobile
Diesels in this program:
.85
142
.45
Certification vehicles
1979 Oldsmobile 350
1979 Oldsmobile 260
1979 Chevy Pick-up
1979 Dodge Pick-up
1979 V.W. Dasher
1979 V.W. Rabbit
1979 Peugeot 540D
1979 Mercedes Benz 240D
1979 Mercedes Benz 300D
.84
.73
.59
.61
.32
.23
.29
.35
.83
140
122
98
102
53
38
48
58
138
.40
.45
.33
.33
.25
.11
.20
.25
.53
As these results show, levels of particulate emissions from these high mileage
Oldsmobiles were above the 1982 standard. However, when these vehicles were
produced, no such standard existed and probably no real effort was expended on
reducing particulate emissions. In the search for a correlation between
particulates and unburoed hydrocarbons, no realistic relationship could be
found on these twenty vehicles. Also evident in our sample is the lack of
dependence on mileage for particulate emissions.
Fuel Economy
Miles-per-gallon (mpg) figures over both the FTP and HFET were calculated for
each test sequence. The average fuel economy of the sedans and wagons were
compared to the appropriate values listed in EPA's Gas Mileage Guide. This
showed that the sedans average about 102% of the Guide's FTP values and 105%
of the HFET. The two wagons average 104% and 106% of the Guide's FTP and
HFET values, respectively. The questionnaire completed by each vehicle owner
included questions which asked for the owners estimate of fuel economy under
-------
city, highway, and combined driving conditions. Of those that responded, the
sedan owners' figures were 100% of the Guide values for the FTP, and 94% for
the HFET and 99% for the combined mileage value. The two wagon owners gave
only combined mileage values which were 116% of the comparable value obtained
from Guide results. Responses of the owners were also compared to the actual
test numbers generated in this program. In this case, the estimates by the
Sedan owners were 98% of the FTP, 89% of the HFET and 95% of the combined.
These values are shown graphically in Figure 9. The estimates by the wagon
owners were 111% of the actual combined. One reason for the seemingly high
estimates for combined city/highway operation may be that these owners
operated their vehicles on the highway more often than the 55/45 mix
prescribed for the combined value.
Conclusions
The average emission test results were quite similar to those resulting from
the Certification process at 4,000 miles. Thus, it appears that the 350 CID
Oldsmobile diesel engine demonstrates virtually no emission deterioration
while in-use over its "useful life". City and Highway fuel economy values
were also found to correspond closely with those published in the
1978 Gas Mileage Guide. Average particulate emissions of these diesels were
found to be approximately 42% greater than the initial standard of 0.6 g/mile
which is to become effective with the 1982 model year. HC and CO concentra-
tions from the short cycle tests corresponded well with gram per mile values
from the FTP in that both were quite low. The analyses of the Ames Test
Samples have not been received and will be treated as a supplement to this
report.
-------
Testing of High Mileage 1978 Oldsmobile Diesels
Response Rate
Figure 1
60 -
50 -
CO
0)
CO
§. 40
CO
0)
PS
"g 30 -
0)
1 20
2
10
/V//V, .
'/////
Posit
Respc
y//f
^///y/
/ Negat
^ Respc
'///(///,
±ve
nses
ive
>nses
/'/'/'/'//
Percentage of Response
(f\ O * CO
CO CM r-(-.r^ O
i 111 "1
Percent of Total Mailing
r-H r-i
CM »-l 00 t>» C
i III 1
<3 4-6 7-9 10-12
Response Time (Days)
Odometer
Distribution
Figure 2
30 i
S 25
CO
I
I 20
o>
H
m
o
Cu
M-l
O
0)
15 -
10 -
5 -
Vehicles tested
10 20 30 40 50 60
Odometer Reading (Thousands of Miles)
70
-------
10
Testing of High Mileage 1978 Oldsmobile Diesels
FTP Fuel Economy
Fig. 6 100-r
^1978 Standard
1.2 1.8
m/mile)
78 Standard-
2.0 3.0 15.0
2.0
»m/mile)
a
e
cd
01
o
p
0)
PM
75
50
25-
18 19
HFET Fuel Economy
Fig.7
20 21 22
FTP FE (mpg)
23 24
D.
e
rt
to
4J
c
0)
u
75-
50-
25-
0'
26 28 30 32 34 36 38
HFET (mpg)
Particulates
FiS-8 1001
75-
o 50
c
01
u
25
1982 Standard
0 .2 .4 .6 .8 1.0 1.2
FTP Particulates (gm/mile)
-------
11
Figure 9
Testing of High Mileage
1978 Oldsmobile Diesels
Comparison of Owner Perceived MPG to
Test and Fuel Economy Guide Values
35-1
o
iH
r-l
CO
O
a)
(0
m
30 -
25 -
20-
15-1
Vehicle Owners Responding:
Combined
16
| | Owner perceived fuel economy.
Test fuel economy (FTP,HFET).
Fuel Economy Guide values
-------
12
Appendix A
UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
ANN ARBOR. MICHIGAN 46105
OFFICE OF
AIR. NOISE AND RADIATION
Dear Vehicle Owner:
As I am sure you are aware, the nation's air pollution problem is a very
serious matter. You may be able to contribute significantly toward its im-
provement and be rewarded for your cooperation. The U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA) is currently involved in a number of programs to
reduce air pollution. One of these is to determine the emissions from in-use
passenger cars equipped with diesel engines. This testing will be conducted
at EPA's Motor Vehicle Emission Laboratory in Ann Arbor. A brochure des-
cribing our facility is enclosed.
Your vehicle has been randomly selected from registration listings as a possi-
ble vehicle for testing. If you are willing to participate, we will further
consider your vehicle on the basis of the information you provide us through
completing and returning the enclosed card. Once we obtain the information on
make, model, model year, engine size and accumulated miles of your vehicle, we
can randomly select a representative sample of vehicles for testing. Should
your vehicle be chosen, we will contact you to schedule the test and offer you
the following incentives to participate in this program: (1) a $50 United
States Savings Bond and (2) return of your vehicle with a full tank of fuel.
In addition, we will provide you with a late model, fully insured loaner
vehicle for you to use while your vehicle is undergoing the testing. If you
desire, we will deliver the loaner vehicle and pick up yours at a place and
time convenient to you. After the test, we will also return your car and pick
up the loaner vehicle in the same manner. You will also receive the results
of the emissions and fuel economy tests which will be performed on your vehi-
cle.
No unusual operations will be performed on your vehicle and it will be fully
insured for the entire test period. The testing will be conducted in our
laboratory under simulated driving conditions. The test will take 2 or 3 days
to complete due to the need to run one of the tests after the vehicle has been
parked overnight in the laboratory. However, your vehicle will probably
accumulate less than 100 total miles.
We ask you to complete and return the enclosed postpaid reply card at your
earliest convenience. If you have questions or would like any further infor-
mation, please contact Gary Jones at 668-4427.
Thank you for your cooperation; your willingness to participate is important
to the accuracy of our study. I am looking forward to your reply.
erely,
Charles L. Gray/ Director
Emission Control Technology Division
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13
Appendix A
Name Address
City S tat e ZIP_
Home Phone Best Time to Call
Business Phone Ext. Best Time to Call_
Make of Vehicle Model Year
Odometer Reading Engine Size
I j Yes, I would like to participate in the 'program.
[""I Sorry, I have chosen not to participate in the program
I would like to have more information.
OMB Approval 158-R0106
Postage and
Fees Paid
. Environmental
Official Business Protection
Penalty for Private Use Agency
»300 EPA 335
United States Washington DC 20460
cnvtroornttntfll Protection
Agency
EPA, MVEL, ECTD, TAEB-2Q
2i65 Plymouth Road
Ann Arbor, Ml 4B105
EPA FORM 1S20-B (REV. 1-7S»
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.14.
Appendix B
EPA DIESEL TESTING PROGRAM
Participant Information
NAME:
ADDRESS:
CITY: STATE: ZIP CODE;
HOME PHONE: WORK PHONE:
Bond Information
OWNER: S.S.#:
ADDRESS:
CITY: STATE: ZIP CODE:
CO-OWNER/BENEFICIARY:(Circle One)
Vehicle Information
MODEL YEAR: MAKE: MODEL:
VIN: LICENSE NO.:
ENGINE FAMILY: ODOM:
NOTES ON CONDITION OF TEST VEHICLE:
EPA REPRESENTATIVE: DATE:
PARTICIPANT'S SIGNATURE: DATE:
CONDITION OF VEHICLE UPON RETURN:
ODOMETER: DATE:
PARTICIPANT'S SIGNATURE:
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15
Appendix B
Vehicle Exchange Agreement
The U.S. Environmental Agency (EPA) is furnishing you a 1979 Oldsmobile
Cutlass (License No. ) as a temporary replacement for your
(License No. ). This agreement is subject to the
following terms and conditions:
1. You agree to be careful in the use of the loan vehicle and to return it
to an EPA representative within five days together with all tires, tools
and accesssories and in as good interior, exterior and perating condi-
tion, normal wear and tear excepted, as when it was received by you.
2. You also agree that it will not be used to carry passengers or property
for hire or to push or tow any vehicle or trailer. The loan vehicle may
also be operated by another person provided that your permission is
given. All such operators must be at least 21 years of age, duly quali-
fied and licensed and listed below.
3. You acknowledge personal liability for all charges, fines and costs for
parking, traffic or other legal violations assessed against the loan
vehicle while it is in your possession.
4. You agree to release and hold EPA harmless from any liability for loss
of, or damage to, any property left, stored or transported in vehicle by
you or any other person during or following the term of this agreement.
5. EPA, in turn, agrees to be fully responsible for any and all damage
occuring to your vehicle while in EPA's possession.
6. EPA also agrees to indemnify and hold you harmless of any repairs, da-
mage, loss or liability sustained by you by reason of accident or damage
to your vehicle while in EPA's possession.
7. EPA further agrees to be careful in the use of your vehicle and agrees to
return it to you in as good interior, exterior and operating condition as
when'it was received by EPA.
In consideration of a $50 Savings Bond, I agree to loan my vehicle to EPA for
this test program.
Owner's signature: Date:
EPA Representative: Date:
Principal Driver:
License Exp. Date
Other Drivers (note relationship to principal driver):
License Exp. Date
License Exp. Date
License Exp. Date
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-
-^
'
16
Appendix B
\ UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
u
ANN1 ARBOR. MICHIGAN 48105
OFFICE OF
AIR. NOISE AND RADIATION
To Whom It May Concern:
This 1979 Cutlass (VIN 3R47F9M515731, Michigan license plate JFM 448) has been
leased to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency in support of a vehicle
emission testing program. In turn, it has been loaned to the person identi-
fied below while his vehicle is being tested at our laboratory in Ann Arbor.
Besides this principal driver, other persons which have his permission are
also authorized to operate this vehicle. The names and license numbers of
these drivers are also listed below. This loan agreement is valid for five
days from the date shown.
If you have any questions, you may contact '" or at the
EPA at 668-4200. The home telephone numbers of each are ________ and
_ , respectively.
Owner's signature: __________________________ Date:
EPA Representative: ________________________________________ Date:
Principal Driver:
License Exp. Date
Other Drivers (note relationship to principal driver):
^_^__^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^_^_^ License Exp. .Date
License _______________________ Exp. Date
License Exp. Date
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17
Appendix 8
UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
ANN ARBOR. MICHIGAN 48105
OFFICE OF
AIR. NOISE AND RADIATION
March 7, 1980
Mr. John Doe
123 Any Street
Dieselville, USA
Dear Mr. Doe:
Listed below are the emission results on your 1978 Oldsmobile which was tested
in our laboratory.
Unburned
Hydrocarbons
(HC)
Your Vehicle:
1978 Standards:
.85
1.5
Carbon Oxides of
Monoxide Nitrogen
(CO) (NO )
A
1.65
15.0
EPA Fuel Economy Ratings:
Fuel Economy
City Highway
21.3
Sedan: 21
Station Wagon: 19
31.3
30
27
The emission results are in grams per mile while fuel economy is in miles per
gallon. Enclosed is an explanation of how the test was performed and the
Federal exhaust emission standards for passenger cars of recent model years.
We have begun processing the savings bond and you should receive it within a
week or two. Thank you very much for your participation in this program.
Sincerely yours,
Gary T. Jones
Technology Assessment and Evaluation Branch
Enclosure
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18
Appendix B
UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
ANN ARBOR. MICHIGAN 48105
OFFICE OF
AIR. NOISE AND RADIATION
Dear Vehicle Owner:
Thank you for your cooperation and willingness to participate in
our program. I regret that your vehicle has not been chosen for
testing. Our current effort involves only vehicles which have
accumulated a large number of miles. At this time, the cutoff point
is 40,000 miles. Should your vehicle become a candidate due to a
vacancy or cancellation in the current program, we will contact
you to reaffirm your willingness to participate. We may also need
additional vehicles for new programs and will keep your card on file.
If you have changed your address or would like to update your
vehicle information, please fill out the enclosed card and return it
at your earliest convenience. You may also contact me by telephone
at 668-4427 if you have any other questions.
Sincerely,
Gary T. Jones, Project Officer
Emission Control Technology Division
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Appendix C
Driving Pattern
Driving Purpose
'Owner Estimated
(J >.
>y 01
f /
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
88
88
98
Wgn
88
88
98
98
Wgn
98
88
98
98
88
88
98
88
88
88
88
*»
44866
44844
46712
44809
57169
53116
54300
50400
41000
44300
69050
50327
49116
44343
42159
42807
41282
49759
46501
47030
3N69N8M169662
3N69N8M1 39796
3X69N8M146026
3Q35N8X206077
3N69N8M167629
3N37N8M238062
3X69N8E148344
3X69N8E160153
3Q35N8X120515
3X69N8M2 12747
3L69N8M1 15049
3X69N8M235963
3X69N8M211569
3N69N8M235630
3N37N8M208132
3X69N8M152530
3N69N8M151298
3N69N8M239827
3N37N8M168314
3N69N8M185964
«U
tr
«?
5/78
12/77
11/78
9/78
3/78
7/79
4/78
5/78
11/78
7/78
10/77
7/78
5/78
10/78
5/78
1/78
1/78
9/78
3/78
3/78
C" / "C*
ff fc / \ "C
/
-------
Appendix C
if
<>
$
«/ of It
*V 47 at
J Z ff *
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
H.S.
P. A.
Inj.
t /
88 48866
88 44844
98 46712
Wagon 44809
88 57169
88 53116
98 54300
98 50400
Wagon 41000
98 44300
88 69050
98 50327
98 49116
88 44343
88 42159
98 42807
88 41282
88 49759
88 46501
88 47030
; Hard Starting
/
NO
YES
NO
YES
NO
YES
NO
YES
NO
NO
NO
YES
NO
NO
YES
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
f /
/
NA
H.S.
NA
P. A.
NA
R.I.
NA
HS
NA
NA
NA
P. A.
NA
NA
P. A.
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
; Poor Acceleration
; Injectors
e?
YES
YES
Mostly
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
Mostly
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
R.I.;
D.J
/ // S
**? ** \^l A
It* »o o
* Off do
O*> <*&
O * ff $
£/
0-6
24
0-6
Unknown
0-6
0-6
6-12
0-6
0-6
0-6
6-12
6-12
0-6
0-6
6-12
0-6
0-6
0-6
0-6
" 0-6
Rough Idle
/4
0-6
24
0-6
0-6
0-6
6-12
6-12
0-6
0-6
0-6
0-6
6-12
6-12
6-12
6-12
Unknown
Unknown
0-6
0-6
6-12
* o -> v &
A. _ JV"*\ <»<» ie
>yO .Jr <* <& "C O
O O Q t* *
^ ^* .ftr *i Q
6O ^ 60 -^ <» /k
C £J GT \> 0
/
NA
NA
Inj.
Other
TCL..F.P.
NA
O.L.
NA
NA
NA
T.C.L.
NA
NA
NA
O.L. Inj.
D
NA
NA
O.L.
Inj.,TCL
**
/
/
Union 76
Tulsa
Boron
Union 76
Various
Various
Amoco
Various
Amoco
Tulsa
Gulf
Various
Various
Marathon
Gulf
Marathon
Union 76
Various
Various
Union 76
4
*/
/
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
Driveability
T.C.L.; Transmission Cooling Line
P.P.; . Fuel Pump
O.L.!
Oil Leaks
-------
Appendix D
Testing of High Mileage 1978 Oldsmobile Diesels
Model
88
Odometer
(miles)
44866
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
88
98
Wagon
88
88
98
98
Wagon
98
88
98
98
88
88
98
88
88
88
88
44844
46712
44809
57169
53116
54300
50400
41000
44300
69050
50327
49116
44343
42159
42807
41282
49759
46501
47030
Testtf
1
2
3
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
Results of FTP
FTP
HC
(e/mi)
0.85
0.87
0.92
0.71
0.66
0.73
0.68
1.57
1.42
0.64
0.60
0.56
0.54
1.02
1.03
0.87
0.64
0.61
0.86
0.86
0.87
0.74
1.69
1.59
0.60
0.62
0.79
0.88
1.21
1.11
0.62*
0.62*
0.60*
0.60*
0.60*
0.62*
0.71*
0.77*
0.57*
0.71*
CO
(e/mi)
1.5
1.5
1.6
1.6
1.7
1.6
1.5
2.2
211
1.6
1.7
1.4
1.5
2.2
2.2
1.9
1.9
1.6
1.5
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
2.2
2.1
1.6
1.5
1.7
1.7
1.8
1.6
1.3
1.3
1.6
1.5
1.4
1.4
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
NOx
(e/mi)
1.50
1.44
1.49
1.83
1.79
1.72
1.69
1.60
1.58
1.86
1.79
1.62
1.75
1.47
1.46
1.43
1.43
2.04
2.04
1.40
1.42
1.73
1.74
1.37
1.32
1.32
1.30
1.40
1.42
1.18
1.13
1.69
1.69
1.88
1.82
1.47
1.53
1.35
1.47
1.44
1.36
and Highway Fuel Economy Tests
MPG
21.2
20.2
21.1
18.4
20.1
20.4
21.1
18.8
19.2
21.5
20.7
22.0
21.4
21.0
20.9
20.8
20.8
20.5
20.9
21.7
21.2
22.3
22.2
21.5
22.0
21.1
20.8
21.1
21.4
22.0
23.1
21.7
21.7
21.6
22.4
21.5
20.9
23.0
20.9
23.4
24.6
Participates
(g/mi)
0.942
0.953
0.987
0.997
0.755
0.726
0.962
0.956
1.021
1.037
0.848
0.875
0.875
0.921
0.795
0.949
1.000
0.901
0.675
0.696
0.951
0.878
0.796
0.759
0.767
0.710
0.785
0.797
0.620
0.513
0.706
0.706
1.172
1.197
0.798
0.807
0.545
0.559
1.138
0.995
HC
(e/mi)
0.58
0.36
0.36
0.35
0.34
0.78
0.77
0.35
0.36
0.33
0.32
0.44
0.44
0.52
0.34
0.34
0.39
0.40
0.52
0.47
0.98
0.88
0.40
0.38
0.53
0.50
0.67
0.54
0.34*
0.31*
0.28*
0.28*
0.34*
0.31*
0.37*
0.37*
0.34*
0.34*
HFET
CO NOx
(B/mi) (e/mi)
1.0 1.25
1.0 1.43
1.0 1.44
0.9 1.46
0.9 1.48
1.1 1.27
1.2 1.28
0.9 1.48
1.0 1.59
0.9 1.15
1.0 1.31
1.1 1.17
1.1 1.12
1.1 1.24
1.1 1.24
0.9
1.0
0.9
0.9
1.0
1.0
1.4
1.3
0.9
0.9
1.0
0.9
1.0
1.0
0.8
0.7
0.8
0.8
0.9
0.9
0.8
0.8
.63
.63
.21
.17
.39
.41
.13
.13
.09
.11
.11
.12
.01
.03
.29
.15
.27
.27
.32
.28
.25
.20
1.0 1.27
1.0 1.17
Particulates
MPG
27.4
26.4
30.0
28.8
29.1
28.1
28.2
31.5
29.3
36.9
31.4
31.0
32.1
28.9
28.2
29.5
29.2
31.2
31.8
32.3
32.0
29.1
30.0
32.0
31.1
31.1
31.9
33.0
32.1
34.1
37.8
36.8
36.3
29.3
30.3
30.9
31.6
32.8
36.0
(e/mi)
0.472
0.512
0.540
0.398
0.370
0.443
0.458
0.608
0.688
0.480
0.507
0.502
0.428
0.557
0.587
0.493
0.485
0.335
0.341
0.641
0.533
0.394
0.392
0.396
0.379
0.450
0.410
0.279
0.291
0.356
0.331
0.582
0.562
0.387
0.374
0.319
0.320
0.523
0.506
*The Heated FID was not working properly during these tests. The values shown are based on the Heated FID to Cold FID ratio
from earlier tests.
-------
Appendix E
resting of High-Mileage 1978 Oldsmobile Diesels
Results of Short Cycle Tests
50 MPH Cruise
Four Speed Idle
Loaded 2-Mode
Veh.tf
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17"
18
19
20
Model
88
88
98
Wagon
88
88
98
98
Wagon
98
88
98
98
88
88
98
88
88
88
88
Odometer
(miles)
44866
44844
46712
44809
57169
53116
54300
50400
41000
44300
69050
50327
49116
44343
42159
42807
41282
49759
46501
47030
Test)?
1
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
3
1
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
HC
(ppm)
12
15
9
12
15
20
10
10
15
12
15
10
19
12
15
10
10
12
8 .
5
10
13
10
5
11
7
10
3
. 5
8
8
2
0
3
5
5
0
0
2
CO
(%)
.020
.020
.020
.050
.030
.040
.040
.040
.035
.040
.020
.040
.055
.250
.055
.040
.040
.040
.040
.040
.040
.025
.055
.050
.035
.040
.035
.022
.020
.035
.030
.018
.010
.020
.020 ,
.020
.010
.020
.010
Neutral
HC
(ppm)
15
12
10
15
40
12
18
9
10
10
0
15
20
12
20
10
10
12
8
10
10
15
5
8
15
8
10
20
8
8 :
8
0
0
2
8
8 .
0
0
5
CO
ill
.030
.020
.020
.050
.050
.040
.075
.040
.030
.040
.020
.075
.060
.060
.075
.045
.050
.040
.060
.040
.060
.060
.070
.040
.050
.040
.050
.030
.030
.030
.020
.018
.010
.020
.020
.025
.010
.020
.020
2500 RPM
HC
(ppm)
12
10
15
15
18
15
15
0
10
0
15
20
20
15
12
8
12
8
12
8
18
8
10
15
10
12
20
8
8
8
2
0
2
10
5
0
0
5
CO
ill
.150
.020
.050
.035
.050
.050
.040
.020
.045
.020
.050
.055
.040
.050
.050
.040
.040
.050
.Q30
.050
.061
.550
.040
.040
.060
.055
.030
.030
.030
.025
.018
.010
.022
.025
.020
.010
.030
.020
Neutral
HC
(ppm)
15
12
10
15
20
20
18
12
10
5
0
15
25
20
18
12
10
12
10
12
10
18
10
8
15
8
12
20
8
9
8
1
0
2
5
5
. 0
0
5
CO
1*1
.030
.010
.020
.050
.050
.075
.075
.050
.030
.035
.020
.065
.075
.060
.075
.050
.040
.045
.055
.030
.055
.062
.065
.055
.050
.040
.050
.030
.035
.025
.025
.018
.010
.018
.020
.020
.010
.020
.020
Drive
HC
iEEHl
15
13
10
18
19
20
18
15
10
8
0
15
25
20
18
12
15
12
12
12
10
17
8
10
18
10
12
25
8
8
8
2
0
2
8
5
0
0
5
CO
ill
.030
.020
.020
.050
.055
.060
.060
.060
.035
.050
.020
.060
.075
.060
.070
.055
.050
.046
.075
.040
.060
.060
.060
.050
.055
.060
.070
.030
.035
.030
.020
.020
.010
.022
.020
.020
.010
.020
.020
30 MPH
HC
(ppm)
15
12
10
15
15
18
15
12
0
8
0
10
20
20
18
12
0
8
12
10
10
8
0
19
8
10
20
10
8
8
2
0
2
8
5
0
0
5
CO
ill
.020
.050
.020
.030
.035
.050
.040
.040
.020
.035
.020
.040
.050
.050
.050
.040
.019
.040
.030
.040
.042
.040
.035
.040
.035
.045
.020
.025
.030
.030
.018
.020
.025
.025
.020
.010
.020
.020
Idle
HC
(ppm)
15
12
10
18
18
20
18
15
0
8
0
15
25
20
20
10
10
0
10
10
10
8
8
11
20
10
12
25
10
8
8
2
5
2
5
5
0
0
5
CO
ill
.030
.010
.020
.050
.040
.075
.055
.050
.030
.040
.020
.060
.060
.060
.070
.040
.040
.030
.055
.040
.060
.060
.065
.050
.050
.040
.055
.030
.030
.030
.025
.018
.020
.020
.020
.020
.010
.020
.020
------- |