EPA-AA-TEB-84-5
A. Study of Exhaust Emissions from Forty High
Mileage 1981 Passenger Cars
by
John C. Shelton
April 1984
Test and Evaluation Branch
Emission Control Technology Division
Office of Mobile Sources
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
-------
ABSTRACT
This paper describes Che results of an exhaust emission testing program
conducted on forty 1981 passenger cars. The primary purpose of this
program was to examine the emission performance of high-mileage
vehicles. Secondary objectives included an assessment of the condition
and performance of the emission-related components and the collection of
information for development and improvement of I/M programs. The work
was performed by Automotive Testing Laboratories (ATL) at the
Transportation Research Center in East Liberty, Ohio.
The test vehicles were drawn from the general public in the Columbus,
Ohio area using direct mail solicitation. Only vehicles with over 60,000
miles were sought. This resulted in an average odometer reading for the
fleet of 71,410. The tests performed included the Federal Test
Procedure, the Highway Fuel Economy Test and several short tests. The
program began in July, 1983 and was completed in November, 1983.
The results of this program indicate that some of these vehicles are
capable of maintaining low emission levels although high levels are also
possible due to emission control component failure, engine wear,
deterioration and tampering* The average emission test results were
significantly higher than the standards under which they were certified
and somewhat higher than the averages of comparable in-use vehicles at
lower mileages. The data indicate 80%, 127, and 45% of the cars were
above the Federal standards for HC, CO, and NOX, respectively and 35%,
35% and 15% exceeded twice the standards for HC, CO and NOX,
respectively. City and Highway fuel economy values were also found to be
lower than those published in the 1981 Gas Mileage Guide.
-------
Introduction
Few data are currently available on late model, in-use vehicles beyond
the 50,000 mile "useful life" defined by Federal Regulations. Because
approximately half of the passenger cars registered today have passed
that point, this category of vehicles has a significant impact on ambient
air quality. In this project, emission data were collected on a sample
of 1981 model year vehicles which have exceeded 60,000 odometer miles.
The test results will be used to support estimates of future emission
levels from vehicles with this type of control technology.
Purpose
The purpose of this program was four-fold:
1. To gather advanced information on high mileage vehicles in order
to better predict future emissions from vehicles which have
accumulated mileage at a more normal rate.
2. To identify weaknesses and potential failure areas in emission
control systems so that the effectiveness of the regulatory
process can be enhanced.
3. To provide information for development and improvement of
inspection/maintenance programs.
4. To provide information regarding the capability of restorative
maintenance to reduce emission levels.
Program Design
This work was performed by Automotive Testing Laboratories (ATL) at the
Transportation Research Center . of Ohio under EPA Contract No.
68-03-3157. Forty vehicles of the 1981 model year with over 60,000 miles
were sought at random from a direct mailing. The vehicles selected were
in customer use and were tested "as-received" in order to reflect
differences in usage, maintenance and repair. Vehicles which failed
their as-received test by over 200% received an R/M sequence. Names and
addresses of owners of 1981 model year passenger cars in the area of
Columbus, Ohio were purchased from R.L. Polk Co. Solicitation packages
were mailed to 6,162 owners at random. The package included a letter and
a postpaid reply card with which an owner could report certain vehicle
information and express his willingness to participate. A copy of this
package is included as Appendix A. Since we were seeking vehicles with
the highest mileage, ATL ranked the positive responses by odometer
reading. No attempt was made to procure a sample which represented
national sales. Owners of vehicles with the highest readings were
contacted and offered an incentive package consisting of a $100 Savings
Bond, a loan car and a full tank of fuel upon return of their vehicle.
ATL also offered to exchange cars at the owner's convenience and promised
a summary of the test results on their vehicle:.
-------
At the initial meeting, the principal driver was asked to complete a
short questionnaire and fill out several forms related to the exchange of
vehicles. Examples of these are included as Appendix B.
Once each vehicle was acquired, an AIL technician prepared it for
testing* Fluid levels were checked and corrected but no other underhood
activities were conducted. A sample of the drained fuel was analyzed for
lead content. Preconditioning consisted of the first 505 seconds of the
Federal Driving Cycle on the dynamometer or driving for 10 minutes on
city streets. This was followed by a 12-24 hour soak period.
Each vehicle was tested as-received in the following sequence:
1. Federal Test Procedure (without heat-build or measurement of
evaporative emissions).
2. "Bagged Idle" test. During this three minute idle test the
exhaust emissions are gathered through the CVS. The FTP
instruments are used to analyze the diluted sample.
3. "50 MPH Cruise" Test. This short cycle employs garage
instruments to measure tailpipe concentrations of HC and CO
during the 50 mph preconditioning for the HFET.
4. Highway Fuel Economy Test.
5. Four-Mode Idle Test. This short test is comprised of four
steady state modes: Idle in neutral, 2500 rpm in neutral, idle
in neutral, and idle in drive. Garage instruments are used to
sample tailpipe concentrations of HC and CO for each mode.
6. Loaded Two-Mode Test. Sampling is done as before using garage
instruments. The first mode is 30 mph at 9 actual dynamometer
horsepower. The second mode is idle in neutral.
7. Restart Idle Test. This idle test consists of two operating
modes. At the end of the 6-minute Idle period, the engine is
shut off. The vehicle is immediately restarted using the
hot-start procedure and the engine is brought up to 2500 rpm
(+300 rpm). Emissions are measured within 30 seconds. The
engine is then returned to idle neutral and idle emissions are
measured within 30 seconds. Garage instruments are used to
sample tailpipe concentrations of HC and CO for each mode.
8. A complete underhood inspection was performed after the emission
tests.
9. Vehicles which failed their as-received emission test by over
200% received restorative maintenance and were retested.
-------
The FTP and HFET data are used for comparison with certified emission
levels and to help project future levels of air quality due to vehicles
of the 1981 model year. The inspections and short cycles provide
information for development and improvement: of Inspection/Maintenance
programs.
Results
The program began in July, 1983. It was conducted sucessfully
accordance with the design and was completed in November, 1983.
in
Of the 6,162 solicitation packages sent out, responses were received from
3004 owners. This, total of 49 percent was 11 percent higher than in our
1980 model year vehicle program but consistent with the approximately 50
percent response rate experienced in other similar programs. No
follow-ups, either by mail or phone, were part of the plan.
Figure 1 displays the number and type of responses versus time.
Eighty-two percent of the responses were received within nine days of the
mailing. Of the total responses, 66 percent indicated a willingness to
participate in our program, although, because of the mileage requirement,
only one percent were both willing and able to participate. Only
acceptable vehicles with over 60,000 miles were tested with an average
odometer reading for_ the fleet of 71,410.
ID
TOTAL RESPONSES
JO
3-s «•
10
Undeliverable or no longer
f^f^^^^^f^^^t
Not willing
0.0
s.o
10.0 ic.o ao.o »«.o JD.O
Number of Days Since Mailing
Figure 1. Response Race Versus Time
Although no attempt was made to procure a sample which represented
national sales, the fleet tested reasonably reflects the national
population for the 1981 model year as reported by the Automotive News.
While there were some shortages of General Motors, Ford, and
miscellaneous imports and an over-representation of Chrysler, Toyota and
-------
Honda these were probably due to the relative strengths of dealers In the
Columbus area. Table 1 presents the sample share versus the market share.
Table 1
Sample Share versus Market Share (1981 Model Year)
Market
General Motors
Ford
Chrysler
AMC
Da t sun
Honda
VW
Toyota
Misc. Imports
Emission Test Results
Sample
35%
10
17
0
8
8
2
20
0
100%
45%
16
9
2
6
4
2
7
9
100%
A summary of the results from the FTP and HFET tests are shown in Table
2. FTP and HFET results for each vehicle are attached as Appendix C.
FTP results for individual pollutants are displayed in ranked order in
Figures 2 through 4.
Table 2
Average Test Results versus Standards
FTP Emissions Fuel Economy
% % of Guide
IN Odom H£ CO NOx Pass FTP HFET
This program 40 71,410 0.96 9.9 1.27 18 90 92
Stds/Guide - — .41 3.4* 1.0 100 100 100
Note: Emission results are in grams per mile, fuel economy is in miles
per gallon.
*Some vehicles received CO waiver to 7.0 (gm/m:L)
-------
Figure 2. FTP HC Levels in
Ascending Order
Figure 3. FTP CO Levels in
Ascending Order
H.I
J.M
HC
1981 Standard
im.m tf.m ».• ac.a :».• ac.
NUMBER OF VEHICLES
>•••
3
fc
CO
1981 Standard*
S.B IB • IK.B !••• 1C.* JIB.! JC.al H*.
NUMBER OF VEHICLES
*Some vehicles received CO waiver to 7.0 (gm/ol)
Figure 4. FTP NOx Levels in
Ascending Order
S.M
H.M
3.M
I .1
NO,
1981 Standard
NUMBER OF VEHICLES
-------
Miles-per-gallon (mpg) figures for both the FTP and HFET were
calculated. The average fuel economy was compared to the appropriate
values listed in EPA's 1981 Gas Mileage Guide. Figures 5 and 6 are
histograms of fuel economy as a percent of guide value. The distribution
of the values appear to be reasonable and consistent with the results of
earlier work.
Idle vs. FTP Emissions
As can be expected, there was a reasonable correlation between results of
the FTP and the results of the idle test. Shown in Figures 7 and 8 are
plots of FTP emission levels versus results of a basic idle test. Using
the typical cutpoints of 250 ppm for HC and 2.5% for CO, Table 3 displays
the amount of excess FTP emissions identified by the Idle Test. Excess
emissions are the amount of FTP emissions above certification levels.
Table 3
Excess FTP Emissions Identified by the Idle Test
1981 MY High Mileage Passenger Cars (N=40)
HC gm/mi CO gm/mi
N Avg. _%_ N Avg %
Total Excess FTP Emissions 32 0.71 100 29 7.05 100
Failed 4 Mode Idle Test 0 - 0 2 25.08 24
Passed 4 Mode Idle Test* 40 0.57 100 38 4.06 76
* 2nd Neutral of 4 Mode Idle 250ppm, HC and 2.50% CO
Underhood Inspection
Each of the vehicles was tested in "as-received" condition to gather data
representative of normal use. An underhood inspection of emission
related components and adjustments was also conducted to evaluate the
degree of any maladjustments, disablements, inadequate maintenance,
defects, unusual deterioration or misbuilds. Any abnormal physical
condition or a measured value outside an allowable range was coded as a
failure.
Results from past programs have shown that vehicles which are in proper
operating order normally produce the lowest emission levels. Six of the
vehicles in this effort were found to be in proper order and although
only two passed their emission standards, all six were low emitters. A
summary of these findings is contained in Appendix D. Typical problems
include basic timing, idle speed, choke settings, PCV valve plugging and
EGR tampering.
-------
Average FE - 90% of Guide Value
-------
10
M.I
a.BB
u
33
a.Ba
i .1
209
m 1981 Federal Standard (.41 gm/mi)
as SB 7c
II
i as ICB i7B ai
Idle Test Results for HC (ppm)
Figure 7. Results of Idle Test Versus FTP Values for HC
o
u
CU
E-
""2
2C.B
aa.B
IS.B
4.39
IB.B
S.B
B.B
2.58
M
M M
1981 Federal Standard
0 . BOB a . BCB • . I BB B . I SB B . 2BB B . 1SB B . 3BB
Idle Test Results for CO (%)
Figure 8. Results of Idle Test Versus FTP Values for CO
* Some vehicles received CO waiver to 7.0 (gm/mi)
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11
Misfueling
Fuel samples were drawn from each of the vehicles and examined for lead
content. In addition, filler necks were examined and the PLUMBTESMO
(lead sensitive paper applied to the tailpipe) test was conducted. None
of the vehicles were found to show positive signs of using leaded fuel.
No filler necks were found to be altered.- This was not considered
unusual in that the proportion of all vehicles which have been aisfueled
might not be properly represented in a voluntary program sponsored by EPA.
Comparison With Results of Other Programs
EPA has conducted several test programs which sampled comparable 1981
models. During these earlier programs, 367 vehicles from the 1981 model
year were tested. The average mileage for this sample was.11,133 miles.
Of this sample, 56% met their standard with average HC and CO levels
slightly above the standard. Average NOX emissions were below the
standard. These results are listed in Table 4 and are plotted in Figures
9-11.
Other results were obtained from recent programs known as EF-I & EF-II.
These programs included 366 vehicles from the 1981 model year which were
tested at EPA's Ann Arbor facility. A random sample drawn from within 20
miles of Ann Arbor was obtained using the State of Michigan registration
list. The testing was completed in 1983. Results from this program are
also listed in Table 4 and plotted in Figures 9-11.
As can be seen from Table 4, the averago emission levels of these
vehicles show a definite trend toward higher levels as the vehicles
accumulate mileage. Restorative maintenance indicated the primary causes
for these differences can be attributed to deterioration of the engine or
problems with the control systems.
Table 4
Average Test Results From Three Sources
of Emission Factor Data
FTP % Fuel Economy
N Odom HC CO NOx Pass FTP HFET
Earlier EF 367 11,133 .49 6.1 .73 56 89 90
Ann Arbor (EF1.2) 366 33,102 .62 8.4 .86 32 94 97
This program 40 71,410 .96 9.9 1.27 18 90 92
Note: Emission results are in grams per mile, fuel economy is in percent
of 1981 Gas Mileage Guide Value.
-------
Figure 9. Relationship of
Average HC Levels to
Odometer Reading
Figure 10. Relationship of
Average CO Levels to
Odometer Reading
12
2.00
* 1.00
u
33
HC
This Program
^
1981 Standard
.a IB.B 2B.B 3B.B MB.B SB.B 60.B 7B.B BB.B
Odometer In Thousands
2S.B
2B.B
15.B
IB.B
5.0
B.B
CO
This Program
6.1 8.4
Old El' EF 1,2
_1981 Standard*
a.a IB.B an.a SB.a HB.B sa.a GB.B 70. a ea.a
Odometer In Thousands
* Some vehicles received CO waiver to 7.0 (gm/mi)
Figure 11. Relationship of
Average NOx Levels to
Odometer Reading
I .SB
.00
This Program
1.27
1981 Standard
0.0 10.0 2O. B 30.0 M0.0 S0.0 BCI.0 70.0 00.0
Odometer In Thousands
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13
Conclusions
The results of this program indicate that some of these vehicles are
capable of maintaining low emission levels although high levels are also
possible due to emission control component failure, engine wear,
deterioration and tampering* The average emission test results of these
high-mileage 1981 models were significantly higher than those resulting
from the EPA Certification tests. Considering the results from other
studies on 1981 models at lower mileage, there is also a clear trend
toward increasing emission levels with age, mileage and the associated
degradation of components and adjustments. The data indicate 80%, 72%
and 45% of the cars were above the Federal standards for HC, CO, and
NOx, respectively and only 35%, 35% and 15% exceeded twice the
standards for HC, CO, and NOX, respectively. City and Highway fuel
economy values were also found to be significantly lower than those
published in the 1981 Gas Mileage Guide.
-------
APPENDIX A
14
UNITED STATES
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
and
Automotive Testing Laboratories, inc.
PO. Box 289
East liberty. Ohio 43319
FIRST-CLASS MAIL
U.S. POSTAGE •
PAID
East Liberty. Ohio
Permit No. 8
Automotive
(614)221-0334
wrotormine
(Coiumou*)
(Eovuewtv)
NO POSTAGE
NECESSARY
IP MAILED
IN THE
UNITED STATES
BUSINESS REPLY MAIL
PIRST CLASS PERMIT NO. i SAST uaeBTv. OHIO
POSTAGE WILL BE PAID 8Y ADDRESSES:
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
c/o
Automotive Testing Laboralorits, Inc.
P.O. Box 289
Eaat Liberty, Ohio 43319
Odometer reading
miles
odonttvt vtftdHVQ wtMttMi* oc not you cnocwo to petftlclpAto)
D Yes. I am interested in this program.
O Sorry, I have chosen not to participate.
D I would like more information.
O | no longer own a 1981 vehicle.
Telephone Best time to call
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15
>
UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
ANN ARBOR. MICHIGAN 481O5
OFFICE OF
AIR. NOISE AND RADIATION
Dear Vehicle Owner
The Environmental Protection Agency is conducting an important air pollution
study. The actual work will be performed under contract by Automotive Testing
Laboratories (ATL) at the Transportation Research Center of Ohio. You have
been selected as a possible participant in this program, in which an official EPA
fuel economy and emissions test would be performed on your vehicle. You may
be able to help us and be rewarded for your cooperation.
Our current program involves 1981 vehicles with high odometer readings.
If your vehicle qualifies, we will offer you the following incentives to
participate:
1. The use of a late-model, fully insured loaner car with a full tank of fuel.
We will exchange vehicles at a time and place of your choice.
2. A $100 U.S. Savings Bond.
3. Return of your vehicle with a full tank of fuel.
4. The results of the emission and fuel economy tests.
No unusual operations will be performed on your vehicle and it will be fully
insured for the entire test period, which will take approximately one week. If
you are willing to participate, a representative of ATL will be in touch with you
to ask questions about your vehicle.
Please complete and return the enclosed postpaid reply card as soon as pos-
sible, even if you choose not to participate or if your odometer reading is not
high. Other programs are planned for which you may be eligible.
The enclosed information sheet answers questions people often ask about this
program. If you have any additional questions, please feel free to call Priscilla
Bruce of ATL at 221-0336 or John Shelton of my staff at (313) 668-4200. They will
be able to answer any questions you may have.
We look forward to receiving your reply card or a telephone call very soon.
Sincerely,
Ralph C. Stahman, Chief
Test and Evaluation Branch
Enclosures
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16
UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
ANN ARBOR. MICHIGAN 49103
MOTOR VEHICLE EMISSION TESTING PROGRAMS Qrf>et o,
AlP. NOISC ANO "AQlAT'CN
Questions and Answers
1. Must I participate In this program?
No, your cooperation in this program is completely voluntary. If, for any reason,
you decide not to participate, please let us know on the enclosed postpaid reply
card.
2. Why should I participate?
In addition to a $100.00 U.S. Savings Bond, a leaner vehicle and a full tank of
gasoline, your participation will benefit you indirectly by helping EPA under-
stand and improve the quality of the air in and around your city.
3. How long will the test program take?
The test program takes approximately 1 week. The length of time is dependent
on how many other cars are being tested.
4. Will my vehicle be mistreated in any way?
No, every aspect of the test program has been designed to duplicate everyday
operation.
5. Exactly what will be done to my vehicle?
A complete underhood inspection will be performed. The vehicle must be
commpletely cooled off before the test can begin. This requires that the vehicle
not be started for 12 to 36 hours to simulate overnight parking. Once the vehicle
is sufficiently cooled off, it will be pushed onto a dynamometer. Although the
vehicle doesn't actually move during the test, the dynamometer is a type of
treadmill which simulates conditions which would normally be encountered on
the road. A hose is connected to the exhaust pipe to collect the exhaust. A
specially trained driver then starts the vehicle and "drives" it through a "driving
cycle" which represents typical operation in urban, suburban and rural areas.
Throughout this time, a portion of the exhaust gases is collected for subsequent
exhaust analysis. This analysis allows us to calculate the quantity of exhaust
emissions emitted by your vehicle. Values for the city and highway fuel economy
are also calculated.
(over)
-------
17
8. How many milts wilt my vehicle bt driven during the program?
Your vehicle will be driven approximately 100 odometer miles during the testing.
The majority of these miles will be accumulated indoors on the dynamometer. A
10 minute road test might precede the dynamometer testing.
7. How will my vehicle be protected while in your possession?
In addition to providing insurance, we will store your vehicle indoors while the
testing is being conducted. If required to be parked outside, your vehicle will be
located in a locked and secure area at ATL's Motor Vehicle Emission Laboratory
which is located at the Ohio Transportation Research Center in East Liberty, Ohio.
3. What happens to the information obtained from my vehicle?
The information collected as a result of this program is used to determine the
emissions performance of in-use vehicles and its effect on air quality. The data
from your vehicle are combined with data from other vehicles in this area in order
to obtain a statistically valid sample.
9. How can I obtain the results from the testing of my vehicle?
If you request, after the completion of the testing you can obtain the results on
your vehicle. We will forward them to you as soon as all the data have been pro-
cessed.
10. What happens if my vehicle fails to meet any emission standards?
We expect that a certain proportion of the vehicles will fail to meet one or more of
the emission standards. However, none of the information collected from this
program will be used against individual vehicle owners.
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. VEHICLE OWNER QUESTIONNAIRE
DATA SUKET
APPENDIX 5
18
t « ' at-
\ w u .
I *4r*U (4 H W r»
CONTRACT wi we; gi a* as-
NUMBER HZ C «» > 2 Hr*HM
I ._ — •'" ^^MH^^fc . ^^_:^^_ ^<^a|^^^^^^ • —
•^••••••lll^llillliaa^lP^^^^^^^^s^
• 14) «• • M
1) wiut is tl«« brand naaw o< th« fuel you norawiJy us* (M* list iwlow)?
Jl H«wo you. or othor*. «v«r nocicatt a Uydroqsn auifid* (rattan *«q*)
odoe in the v«hicl« «jUMwst?
31 • Havo you av«r uii'H qasonoi in this v«nici«?
•4) If you nav» us«rt s^*olMi. a) Haw* you notiesd any dl(far«iics in
ci»« v»nicl« asrforiMnea?
b) Hav* you notiesd any di£fsr«nca in
fu«i aeonoMy?
•
5) now lon^ 490 did you purchafl* th« v«nici« to b« esstad?
.._ 3
1 (n*war)
3 (occasionally)
S (don't know)
1 ln«v*r}
2 ««ldo»t
3 (occasionally)
4 (frvnuenely)
S (Han't know)
i (n«v*r us«U uftu* r%iwv SDAUM u%^v r**s»«jifi •••.tin U&MV r%»*>w aoftun uz^
Artec AMOCO mju cuuuc riju rnu HOBX MOIXL SHEL SHELL UNIO '.nzcw
AACO ARCS CSNO C3HCCO QENC CEMCO WTO *OTOR SHC SINCLAIR VZCX VTCXT7A
A5HL ASHIAMO C3OW CSOWM CULT CULT PSXM PCMMEtS SZ7E SITS "AMI ^WUS
3Cl«A 90NATICE OEM OCUT HtSS »ESS ?HII. 7HIU.I7S SXTZ. SXEU.Y CE7H ZSPHY^
S? 39 ENCO ENCO :-!UOS MUOSON SCOT SCOTT STAN STAKOAAO •• OTHER
CXrV CHEVRON £SSO £330 HAAS HAAS SEM SEAM SUMO SUNOCO 'JMOf 'JMCNCUH
C1TC <_ •_ "1*13 FfyQ p*rvo|f HART MAATd SHAM SHAMAOCX TEXA TSXACO VJUIX VARIOUS
•• IT 9MMO IS 'OTHER*. THEN CKtEX THE FUU, BMMO NAME VtHIClX OHME> USES.
-------
VEHICLE OWNER QUESTIONNAIRE
DATA' SHEET'
19
fOtlNT
'CORTRACTJ
NQMBER
6) On a yearly aaaia. how many chouaanda of ailaa U thAa vafticla drivwi?
7) Whara is eha driving 'ton* 7 a) Clcy axpraaawaya
alMt all. >7S%
•oati 73-SU
•OMI S0-71\
litrl* or »oo«i< 20% b) Major city tcraaca
e) Ocn«r city •cx*«ca
Al Rural «xpr««»May*
•) QCIMT rural ro*d«
d) How i* cn« Asvinq dona? «) To and fna work
«Ino*t ail: >7Ti«
•MCI 75-51%
•MI SO-21%
littl« or MfMt C :o\ b) Sl»oppinq and «rrand«
cj away)
1 (priaairily «xpraacway«)
•
-------
VEHICLE OWNER QUESTIONNAIRE
DATA SHEET
20
i«
4) Drivwr only
Hew i* chia <**fticl,«
79%
CI 79-51%
i SO- 21%
Utcl* or noiMi < 2O%.
1 Ulaaac 4ilJ
2 (•OK)
1
4 (littO.* or non«>
aj Orivwr ana an* p*aa«nq«r
cj Driver «nd 2 or «oe* p«*a«nq«xs
(lleula or non«)
L (ala»a« Ul)
2 (nea«)
) (SOM) .
4 (lie-ela or nan* I
4) Onv«r ony «ien *avy
1 (4law*e all)
2 (aoa*)'
(aeav*)
4 (licel* or non*)
3riv«r. paaa*na.«r 400. caroo
2 (aoae)
1 (*eaw)
4 (Uctia or non*)
11) On 4 typical day, how aaay crip* tra
(On* erxp ia d*cin«d 4a A —
L ;seldom)
2 (one* ac rvic«»
3 C-fi :iA*a)
4 («vary dayI
la full cfirocsi* *ce«l«c»cion
-/ou new
pwrfananca prool
poor 4cc«i*racion
knock or ?ioa
-------
VEHICLE UWNEft QUESTIONNAIRE
DATA SHEET
21
CONTRACT
NUMBEft 1
14) Overall. 4ra you raaaonaaly *acla
-------
VEHICLE OWNER QUESTIONNAIRE
DATA SHEET
22
23) MM UM **Mml* «v»r h«d MJO* diano La 4) Ca^lac
*ny at dM folloviaf *n**7
b) CoaUaf «r*c«
a) fusl iy«c«a
4) Cxteucc *y«c*H
«) No 4«a«f«
2) Ooa't tawv
24) rtM ei« CACftlytic conv«rt«r «v«r b««n cipUod an cita v«hicl«?
:i> w«s ;.•»• ««Uei« t««c«d U • pr«viou» WA ^ceqraa?
Zol <«• «ny MUCMMnea p»riornwd
-------
VEHICLE OWNER QUESTIONNAIRE
DATA SHECT
23
10) Oo you accurately haap racorda o« ttta fual •cnnoay on tftia vahiela?
3D Ara you concamad wicfl cno fual acoNoay at eftia wanicla?
12) Oaca «± IMC city or tcaca aalaaiana iaaaacsiaa« . ^^^
" *• b) Yaar
U) Old your vafcieia paaa or fail cha inapaction?
34> «) Ooaa youc odoawcar indicaca eha trua nuatoar of aiiaa on yow? car?
bl If ito, spacify *pyco«iaaca eoeal nunoar of aijas enis vaniela iwa
baan drivan.
3 (no)
I (yaa)
2 (no)
1 (paaa)
2 (fail)
J (don't know)
4 (noc mquixad)
S (navar Inapaccad)
1 (yaa)
2 (no)
(T
G
-------
24
A) Hov cfcea.is the car w« are cesco.r.g tuned up?
l (at lease every six)
aonths)
2 (7 co 12 souths)
3 '(Less often thas once
•per year) .
4 (According co ovners
sanual)
5 (Too n»v co be tunad)
6 ("Khan Seeded")
7 (Other)
3 (Don't Know)
9 (Not Applicable)
5) now long ago was* che last cuae up?
1 (b aonciis or* less)
2 (7 co 12 aonths) (2)
3 (longer than 12 aonths^
3 (Doa't Know) .
9 (Not Applicable)
C) r-Tho did che lasc rune up?
i (car dealer)
2 (service station) j
3 (independent garage)
i (self or other family ;(3)
7 (Other)
S (Dos't K
D) We are inceresced in che
fuel ecsnoey people actually
get vitk cheir cars. Kow
many oiles per gallon do
, you gee vich chis car?
! (Inter "98- if Don't Know)
: (Ir.cer ~99~ if Koc Applicable)
a) in che ci.cy?
b) on che highway
c) conbined city
& highway
1 1 !
1 i
Fl
(5-7
(3-5
-------
25.
10
15
20
••as unieAdte gasolin* usually
been used in this car?
2 (So)
8 (Don't Knee)
9 (Not Applicable)
(10)
Unleaded, gas is -ore
expensive than leaded
and ac ciaes has been
hard to- find.
a) Have you ever used
leaded gasoline in
this car?
b) If yes,
how often?
1 (yes)
2 (no)
8 (don't know)
9 (Not Applicable)
50 (50 or core") .
51 (Never)
52 (Seldon)
53 (Occasionally)
5A (Treo.ueutly.)
99 (Don't Know or
not Applicable)
C12-13
IV -2 1
80
-------
26
TEST NO.:
TEHTQ.g
CUSTOMER CONTRACT
MAMS;
1L
LhoZL
I ff);<-
& A*
ADDRESS:
CITI; Cs.
STATE:
ZIP CODES
HOME PHONE:
WORK PHONE:
nvre/TTMB-IHj
BOND INFORMATION
mm.
S.S. I:
CTTTS
CO-OWNER OR BENEFICIARY:
NUMBEB OP BONDS: L
STATE:
DENOMDIITIOM!
OFFICE OSE
PAGE.
DATS
BY
PAINT
OK_CHJPS
LEFT REAS FENDES ^ Li.
LEFT DOORS y. ,,
LEFT FRONT FENDEB •, ,
HOOD >^ 1
CHILL >^
FRONT BUMPEB ^< , ,. , „
RIGHT FRONT FENDER ^ , ,
SIGHT DOORS Ari._,..J
HIGHT REAR FENDER , t [
TRUNK LID ^. ..J.-,,
BODY STYLE 2DH £@f
VIM •9-(*'l. 3 ^
ODOMETER ^ 7 J 7 O
ENGINE FAMILY /?*'*' T
CERTIFICATION "FED "/ CAL
VEHICLE INSPECTION
OTHER
,„ .^ BEA« END
HEAR BOMPEH
TOP
_, . WINDOW GLASS
ANTENNA
_ HIIB CAPS
MIRRORS
,„. INTSHIQH
? fl fa / . TAPS DECK/CB
LICENSE NO.
SED WAG TIRE MFR. .
i^t^Z^/^TJIHE SIZH
7 . TIRS CONDITION
"'^ ~" -r' EXHAUST LEAK
ALT OTH ISSP. INITIALS
PAINT
OK CHIPS OTHER
rf* L f
^".
t^.
• '_
^
^r
^
tS
vr« /**"^S^
I MM t _J*0T
^^9 ^** '/ 1 C? C/ ^?
a^sp,/;
!± /9 -/??*. , -
DON'T TEST ROTATH^OK>
DON»T TEST HEPAI?^".
v^
AMENDMENTS 4/OR COMMENTS:
AGREED TO: %
[DATE], BY
[INITIALS]
ODOMETER:
CONDITION:
CONDITION WHEN RETURNED
DA'-fE:
INHiLALS:
Automotive Testing Laboratories.Inc.
P.O. Box 289, East Liberty, OH 43319
-------
I'AfiTXCXPANT VEHZCL2 NO..
VEHICLE EXCHANGE AGREEMENT
Automotive Testing Laboratories. ISA, (ATL) As furnishing you a / O
Ax.' /"me**-*- fHodal-Ya«r) /Y'<<\3^ CMaka. Model! DrM • / ~y (Lie.ifT
as a temporary substitute vehicle or a replacement for your (p/ers;->*cfc».f <«•
(Modal-Year) C^ f UtS»*» (Make. Model) ///^U/^^Wy (Lie.g) auhjaet fca
the following terms and conditions:
You agree to be careful in the use of the loan vehicle and agree to return
it to ATL within_i___—.days, together with all tires, tools and accessories
and in as good interior, exterior and operating condition, normal wear and
tear excepted, as when it was received by you.
You also agree that it will not be used to carry passengers or property
for a consideration or to push or tow any vehicle or trailer. The loan
vehicle will be operated only by you or a member of your immediate family
provided that your permission is given and all such operators be at least
21 years of age and duly qualified and licensed.
You acknowledge personal liability for alJl charges, fines and costs for
parking, traffic or other legal violations assessed against the loan vehicle
while in your possession except where caused through fault of ATL; you
further acknowledge liability for any allowable legal fees incurred by
ATL collecting payment hereunder.
You agree to release and hold ATL harmless from any liability for loss of,
or damage to, any property left, stored or transported in vehicle by you
or any other person during or following the term of this agreement.
ATL, in turn, agrees to be fully responsible for any and all damage occurring
to your vehicle while in ATL's possession. Such possession is hereby
defined as care, control, custody, operation, inspection or storage between
the time the vehicle is received from you and the time it is returned.
ATL also agrees to indemnify and hold you harmless of any repairs, damage,
loss or liability sustained by you by reason of accident or damage to your
vehicle while in ATL's possession.
ATL further agrees to be careful in the uso of your vehicle and agrees to
return it to you in as good interior, exterior and operating condition,
normal wear and tear excepted, as when it was received by ATL.
In consideration of //9O.°° Qo?W I agree to loan my vehicle to
ATL for a time period noc EQ exceed ~7 aava unless otherwise agreed to.
I understand I am at liberty to demand the return of my vehicle at any time
and that ATL is obligated to honor such and return my vehicle within a
reasonable period of time regardless of the status.of testing. If in the
opinion of ATL my vehicle is unfit for testing, I waive consideration as
specified above.
Agreed to this
i^2^
r. Gaiidgly, President
Drivers lie. » /IG&tt* State
-------
Appendix C
Testing of High Mileage 1981 Posaanger Cars
Results of FTP «nd Highway Fuel BconaBy Teats
FTP
HTST
VEH MAKE
250 VW
251 HOND
252 BUIC
253 TOYO
254 CHEV
255 OATS
256 PLVM
257 CHEV
258 HOND
259 DODG
260 BUIC
261 TOYO
262 DATS
263 HOND
264 FORD
265 BUIC
266 MERC
267 BUIC
268 TOVO
269 OLDS
270 BUIC
271 MERC
272 PLVM
2/3 OLDS
2/* OLDS
275 PLVM
2/6 OLDS
2/7 TOVO
278 PONT
279 OLDS
280 DATS
281 FORD
282 WLTM
283 0006
284 TOYO
285 TOVO
286 TOYO
287 BUIC
288 TOVO
289 PLVM
MDL
RABB
CIVI
SKYL
CELI
IMPA
210
HOKI
CHtV
CIVI
ARIE
REGA
CORO
310
CIVI
THUN
REGA
COUG
CENT
CORO
OMEG
CENT
LYNX
RELI
DELT
CUTL
RELI
NINE
CORO
LEMA
CUTL
210
ESCO
HORI
ARIE
STAR
CELI
STAR
SKYL
STAR
HELI
C1U
105
91
151
144
305
85
105
9b
91
15b
231
89
91
81
302
231
255
231
89
151
231
98
135
307
231
15b
307
89
231
231
85
98
105
156
79
144
79
151
79
135
MILE
61b94
/1119
61125
70/44
70712
63508
65114
69833
66359
67729
6741(1
71650
87957
67066
65037
64007
107936
86713
71632
88390
61847
61^66
65847
76/12
75246
68225
69/19
74104
74336
67438
65375
64521
63393
B0386
86084
87240
64857
84096
75807
6l6b4
HC
.93
.54
2.82
.51
1.4b
.34
.91
.52
.42
.49
1.33
.38
.36
.21
2.83
1.14
3.6/
.6?
.31
3.54
.56
.ri6
l.OJ '
.b4
2.51
.51
1.83
.42
.38
.50
• 4£>
.49
.42
.43
.41
.31
.5J
.71
1.44
.7J
CO
14.41
3.37
9. / /
5.65
15.21
6.47
8.54
7.46
1.97
13.69
13.17
5.58
5.19
1.3?
19.11
16. 6/
25.24
7.39
, 5./2
12.48
13.97
9.13
6.28
2,44
46.14
10.04
11. ol
6.73
4.42
7.64
t , * -j
3.95
3.M
16.16
3.69
4.34
9.96
10.71
1H.64
8.03
NOX
.86
.90
.95
.77
.97
.88
2.33
.83
1.07
.79
.95
.64
1.20
.69
2.89
3.63
1.25
4.47
.73
3.21
1.04
.68
1.11
1.35
.^>'
2.06
.78
.38
.77
.84
. ?*!
1.07
1.39
1.20
.63
.64
.43
1.79
1.87
1.19
MPG
25.91
31.67
21.49
22.62
14.64
29.97
21.52
29.06
35. 7b
22.26
19.14
27.29
28.26
30.90
15.29
18.57
15.65
19.06
29.06
21.24
17.87
24.45
25.91
15.53
14.85
22.84
13.37
27.18
19.70
18.34
29 = 90
23.53
29.73
23.09
39.62
19.78
37.73
21.49
32.41
80.93
CYfE
25
34
22
25
16
36
25
30
34
23
21
34
32
33
16
21
18
21
34
24
21
30
25
17
21
23
17
34
21
21
36
30
28
23
39
25
39
24
39
23
HC
.16
.09
.04
.10
.09
.O/
.19
.08
.06
.11
.13
.07
.09
.03
.08
.08
.16
.10
.05
.10
.05
.30
.05
.13
.61
.09
.Ob
.07
.05
.16
.07
.09
.05
.24
.06
.05
.07
.05
.07
.0?
CO
3.4
.2
.1
1.3
3.0
1.3
.2
1.1
.1
6.4
2.0
1.6
.3
.1
.0
.9
.6
.7
.5
.2
1.0
2.5
.3
.2
8.3
.1
2.6
3.1
.3
3.7
1.8
.1
.1
.4
1.5
2.4
.2
.3
.0
NOX
.2?
.85
.46
1.06
.40
.83
3.96
.98
1.03
.64
.43
.69
1.19
.?4
4.36
4.35
3. IV
5.20
1.02
3.56
.46
,6a
1.22
1.119
.34
1.20
.50
.50
.31
.b3
1.28
1.55
.83
.75
.90
.44
1.35
2. /a
1.39
F.I.
41.40
41.B9
31.78
34.47
24.52
39. 16
C9.29
J9.29
47.78
3(1.28
29.22
37.83
J6.31
40.04
27.36
27.39
25.72
26.22
30.57
Jf.9^
39.411
25.17
22.01
30. 7b
22.14
37.07
29.64
25.67
3H.30
JM.Ho
46.87
3". 11
37.D6
£rt.04
53.16
£9.83
48.45
33.29
GUIDE
40
44
33
37
24
47
35
39
44
31
30
46
42
44
26
30
25
30
46
36
30
44
41
28
30
31
28
.46
30
30
47
44
43
31
54
35
54
36
54
34
Idle
HC
104
28
9
19
95
28
209
19
9
19
19
19
19
9
19
57
19
9
114
9
28
19
19
123
19
0
4
9
95
19
19
9
19
9
9
19
9
19
Test
00
2.50
.01
.01
.02
.39
.00
.00
.116
.00
.30
.ul
.00
.00
..11
.05
.00
.00
.00
.01
.10
.01
.00
.01
4.39
.01
.01
.00
.01
.02
.02
• ui
.01
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
MOTE: Exhaust emissions are in grams per mile while fuel economy Is in miles per gallon.
Shown in ppm for HC and in Z for CO.
Results from the idle test are
Iss
00
-------
U*olt» of tbe) LMd TMCS aai Oatarbood Zaapaetlov
29
VEH TEST
PB.F PB INOT FUEL CHKE IGNT EGR AIRP PCV EXHS EVAP MISC TWAY
250
250
251
252
252
253
254
254
255
256
256
257
258
259
26O
261
262
263
264
264
265
266
266
267
268
269
27O
271
272
272
273
274
275
276
277
273
279
2 BO
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
283
289
RECV
TST2
RECV
RECV
TST2
RECV
RECV
TST2
RECV
RECV
TST2
RECV
RECV
RECV
HECV
RECV
RECV
RECV
RECV
TST2
RECV
RECV
TST2
RECV
RECV
RECV
RECV
RECV
RECV
TST2
RECV
RECV
RECV
RECV
RECV
RECV
RECV
RECV
RECV
RECV
RECV
RECV
RECV
RECV
RECV
RECV
TST2
RECV
.COS
.COS
.001
.004
.004
.001
.OO1
.001
.007
-.032
.032
.034
.017
.022
.006
.012
.017
.022
.005
.005
.005
.003
.008
.001
.006
.014
.004
.001
.016
.016
.002
.008
.015
.015
.018
.018
.010
.003
.001
.001
.001
.001
.001
.001
.001
.001
.001
.021
PASS PASS
PASS PASS
PASS PASS
PASS PASS
PASS PASS
PASS PASS
PASS FAIL
PASS FAIL
PASS PASS
PASS PASS
PASS PASS
PASS FAIL
PASS PASS
PASS FAIL
PASS PASS
PASS PASS
PASS FAIL
PASS PASS
PASS PASS
PASS PASS
PASS PASS
PASS PASS
PASS PASS
PASS PASS
PASS FAIL
PASS FAIL
PASS PASS
PASS PASS
PASS PASS
PASS PASS
PASS PASS
PASS FAIL
PASS PASS
PASS PASS
PASS PASS
PASS PASS
PASS FAIL
PASS FAIL
PASS FAIL
PASS PASS
PASS PASS
PASS PASS
PASS PASS
PASS PASS
PASS PASS
PASS PASS
PASS PASS
PASS PASS
PASS
PASS
PASS
PASS
PASS
PASS
PASS
PASS
PASS
FAIL
FAIL
PASS
PASS
FAIL
FAIL
FAIL
PASS
PASS
PASS
PASS
FAIL
FAIL
FAIL
PASS
FAIL
PASS
PASS
FAIL
FAIL
FAIL
PASS
FAIL
FAIL
PASS
FAIL
PASS
FAIL
PASS
FAIL
PASS
FAIL
PASS
FAIL
FAIL
FAIL
PASS
PASS
FAIL
NA
NA
PASS
FAIL
FAIL
PASS
FAIL
FAIL
PASS
PASS
PASS
FAIL
PASS
PASS
FAIL
PASS
PASS
PASS
FAIL
FAIL
PASS
FAIL
FAIL
PASS
PASS
FAIL
PASS
FAIL
FAIL
FAIL
PASS
FAIL
PASS
FAIL
PASS
PASS
FAIL
PASS
PASS
PASS
PASS
PASS
PASS
PASS
FAIL
FAIL
FAIL
PASS
FAIL
FAIL
PASS
PASS
PASS
PASS
FAIL
FAIL
PASS
FAIL
FAIL
PASS
PASS
FAIL
FAIL
PASS
PASS
PASS
FAIL
FAIL
FAIL
PASS
PASS
PASS
FAIL
FAIL
PASS
PASS
FAIL
FAIL
PASS
FAIL
PASS
FAIL
FAIL
FAIL
PASS
FAIL
FAIL
PASS
FAIL
PASS
FAIL
PASS
FAIL
FAIL
FAIL
PASS
NA
NA
PASS
PASS
F-ASS
PASS
PASS
PASS
PASS
FAIL
FAIL
PASS
PASS
PASS
PASS
PASS
PASS
PASS
FAIL
FAIL
FAIL
FAIL
FAIL
F4IL
P4SS
FAIL
PASS
PASS
PASS
PASS
PASS
PASS
PASS
PASS
PASS
PASS
PASS
PASS
PASS
PASS
PASS
PASS
PASS
PASS
FAIL
FAIL
FAIL
PASS
NA PASS
NA PASS
NA PASS
PASS PASS
PASS PASS
PASS PASS
PASS FAIL
PASS FAIL
PASS PASS
PASS FAIL
PASS FAIL
PASS PASS
NA PASS
PASS PASS
FAIL PASS
PASS PASS
PASS FAIL
NA FAIL
PASS PASS
PASS PASS
FAIL PASS
PASS FAIL
PASS FAIL
PASS PASS
PASS PASS
PASS FAIL
FAIL PASS
PASS FAIL
PASS PASS
PASS PASS
PASS PASS
FAIL FAIL
PASS PASS
PASS PASS
PASS PASS
PASS FAIL
PASS PASS
PASS PASS
PASS FAIL
PASS PASS
FAIL FAIL
PASS PASS
PASS PASS
PASS PASS
PASS PASS
PASS FAIL
PASS FAIL
PASS PASS
PASS
PASS
PASS
PASS
PASS
PASS
PASS
PASS
PASS
PASS
PASS
PASS
PASS
PASS
PASS
PASS
PASS
PASS
PASS
PASS
PASS
PASS
PASS
PASS
PASS
PASS
PASS
PASS
PASS
PASS
PASS
PASS
PASS
PASS
PASS
PASS
PASS
PASS
PASS
PASS
PASS
PASS
PASS
PASS
PASS
PASS
PASS
PASS
PASS
PASS
PASS
PASS
PASS
PASS
FAIL
FAIL
PASS
PASS
PASS
PASS
PASS
PASS
PASS
PASS
PASS
PASS
PASS
PASS
FAIL
PASS
PASS
PASS
PASS
PASS
PASS
PASS
PASS
PASS
PASS
PASS
PASS
PASS
PASS
PASS
PASS
PASS
PASS
PASS
PASS
PASS
PASS
PASS
PASS
PASS
PASS
PASS
PASS PASS
PASS PASS
PASS NA
PASS PASS
PASS PASS
PASS FAIL
PASS PASS
PASS PASS
PASS NA
FAIL FAIL
FAIL FAIL
PASS PASS .
PASS NA
PASS NA
FAIL FAIL
PASS NA
PASS NA
PASS NA
PASS PASS
PASS PASS
PASS PASS
PASS PASS
PASS PASS
PASS PASS
PASS NA
PASS FAIL
PASS PASS
PASS PASS
PASS PASS
PASS PASS
PASS PASS
PASS PASS
PASS NA
PASS FAIL
PASS NA
PASS PASS
PASS PASS
PASS NA
PASS PASS
PASS PASS
PASS NA
PASS NA
PASS PASS
PASS NA
PASS PASS
PASS NA
PASS NA
PASS PASS
Legend:
PBF
PB
INOT
FUEL
CHKE
IGNT
EGR
AIRP
PCV
EXHS
EVAP
MISC
TWA*
Lead concent of as-received fuel (gui/gal)
Results of Plumbtasno cast
Induction system (heated air door & temperature sensors)
Fuel subsystem (carburetor, idle mixture, idle speed)
Choke subsystem (choke adjustment and components, fast idle speed)
Ignition system (distributor ass'y, Initial timing, spark plugs)
EGR system (EGR valve ass'y, initial ciaing, spark plugs)
Air injection system (air injection ass'y) valves, drive belt)
PVC system (PCV value, filter, hoses)
Exhaust system (manifold, tailpipe, auffler, catalyst)
Evaporative control system (canister, filter, hoses)
Engine Assembly (engine, cooling system, belt tension)
3-va> system (electronic control unit, 02 ,.n,or, och.r components
associated with the 3-way catalyst system)
------- |