United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Office of Mobile Sources
Emission Control Technology Division
2565 Plymouth Road
Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105
EPA 460/3-85-005
August 1985
&EPA
Air
Size Specific Total Particulate Emission
Factors for Mobile Sources
-------
EPA 460/3-85-005
Size Specific Total Particulate Emission Factors for
Mobile Sources
by
Energy and Environmental Analysis, Inc.
1655 North Fort Myer Drive
Arlington, Virginia 22209
Contract No. 68-03-1865
Work Assignment 1
EPA Project Officer: Mark Wolcott
Technical Representative: Robert I. Bruetsch
Prepared for
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Office of Mobile Sources
Emission Control Technology Division
2565 Plymouth Road
Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105
August 1985
-------
This report was furnished to the Environmental
Protection Agency by Energy and Environmental
Analysis, Inc., 1655 North Fort Myer Drive,
Arlington, Virginia, in fulfillment of Work
Assignment 1 of Contract No. 68-03-1865. The
contents of this report are reproduced herein as
received from Energy and Environmental Analysis,
Inc. The opinions, findings, and conclusions
expressed are those of the authors and not
necessarily those of the Environmental Protection
Agency. Mention of company product names is not to
be considered as an endorsement by the Environmental
Protection Agency.
Publication No. 460/3-85-005
-------
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
1. INTRODUCTION 1-1
2. PROJECTING SIZE SPECIFIC TOTAL PARTICULATE
EMISSION FACTORS 2-1
2.1 Overview of Methodology 2-1
2.2 Light-Duty Vehicles and Light-Duty Trucks
I and II 2-5
2.2.1 Lead Emission Factors 2-6
2.2.1.1 Mis fueling and Fuel Switching 2-10
2.2.2 Organic and Sulfate Emission Factors 2-11
2.2.2.1 Control System Fractions 2-11
2.2.2.2 Organic and Sulfate Emission
Factor Components 2-13
2.2.3 Diesel Emission Factors (Light-Duty) 2-16
2.3 Heavy-Duty Vehicles 2-17
2.3.1 Lead Emission Factor Components 2-18
2.3.2 Organic Emission Factor Components 2-19
2.3.3 Sulfate Emission Factor Components 2-20
2.3.4 Diesel Particulate Emission Factors 2-21
2.4 Motorcycle Emission Factors 2-21
2.5 Brake and Tire Wear Particulate Emission
Factor Components 2-22
3. EXAMPLE CALCULATION OF AUTOMOBILE PARTICULATE
EMISSIONS LESS THAN 10 MICRONS 3-1
REFERENCES R-l
APPENDIX A A-l
-------
LIST OF TABLES (cont'd)
Page
2-19 Rates of Misfueling (r^) For Different Vehicle Classes 2-44
2-l9a Rates of Misfueling (r^) For Different Vehicle
Ages and Classes 2-45
2-20 Average Data on Particulate Size Distribution 2-46
2-21 Low Altitude HDDV Conversion Factors 2-48
2-22 Fraction of Lead Burned That is Emitted, as 2-49
2-23 Fraction of Catalyst Equipped Vehicles With
Catalyst Removed, P^ 2-50
3-1 Example Calculations Light-Duty Vehicle Particulate
Emission Rate Less Than 10 Microns For the Year 1985 3-7
A-l Average Annual Mileage By Vintage For Heavy-Duty Trucks A-l
A-2 Projections of Heavy-Duty Vehicles in Operation A-2
-------
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
1. INTRODUCTION 1-1
2. PROJECTING SIZE SPECIFIC TOTAL PARTICULATE
EMISSION FACTORS 2-1
2.1 Overview of Methodology 2-1
2.2 Light-Duty Vehicles and Light-Duty Trucks
I and II 2-5
2.2.1 Lead Emission Factors 2-6
2.2.1.1 Mis fueling and Fuel Switching 2-10
2.2.2 Organic and Sulfate Emission Factors 2-11
2.2.2.1 Control System Fractions 2-11
2.2.2.2 Organic and Sulfate Emission
Factor Components 2-13
2.2.3 Diesel Emission Factors (Light-Duty) 2-16
2.3 Heavy-Duty Vehicles 2-17
2.3.1 Lead Emission Factor Components 2-18
2.3.2 Organic Emission Factor Components 2-19
2.3.3 Sulfate Emission Factor Components 2-20
2.3.4 Diesel Particulate Emission Factors 2-21
2.4 Motorcycle Emission Factors 2-21
2.5 Brake and Tire Wear Particulate Emission
Factor Components 2-22
3. EXAMPLE CALCULATION OF AUTOMOBILE PARTICULATE
EMISSIONS LESS THAN 10 MICRONS 3-1
REFERENCES R-l
APPENDIX A A-l
-------
LIST OF TABLES
Page
2-1 Emission Factors of Motor Vehicle Engine Total
Particulate Emissions 2-25
2-2 Lead Content of Gasoline 2-27
2-3 Fraction of Light-Duty Vehicle Model Year Sales Equipped
With Different Emission Control (Low-Altitude Non-
California 2-28
2-4 Fleet Sales Fractions Light-Duty Vehicles 2-29
2-5 Travel Weighting Factor Calculation Light-Duty Vehicles 2-30
2-6 City/Highway Combined On-Road Fuel Economy (Miles/
Gallons 2-31
2-7 Fuel Economy Correction Factors at Various Speeds, Cs
(Normalized to 32.7 Miles/Hour-Cyclic Driving) 2-32
2-8 Fraction of Light-Duty Truck I Model Year Sales Equipped
With Different Emission Control Systems (Low-Altitude
Non-California 2-33
2-9 Fleet Sales Fractions Light-Duty Trucks I 2-34
2-10 Travel Weighting Factor Calculation Light-Duty
Gas Trucks I 2-35
2-11 Fraction of Model Year Sale of Light-Duty Trucks II
By Emission Control Systems 2-36
2-12 Fleet Sales Fractions Light-Duty Trucks II 2-37
2-13 Travel Weighting Factor Calculation Light-Duty
Gas Trucks II 2-38
2-14 Travel Weighting Factor Calculation Light-Duty
Diesel Trucks I and II 2-39
2-15 Fleet Sales Fractions Heavy-Duty Gasoline Vehicles
(HDGV) 2-40
2-16 Travel Weighting Factor Calculation Heavy-Duty
Gasoline Vehicle (HDGV) 2-41
2-17 Travel Weighting Factor Calculation For Heavy-Duty
Diesel Vehicles in Calendar Year 1987 2-42
2-18 Travel Weighting Factor Calculation Motorcycles 2-43
-------
1. INTRODUCTION
The following material was developed to predict total particulate
emission factors for gasoline and diesel fueled on-road vehicles, trucks
and motorcycles at various vehicle speeds for particles in the respir-
able size range (less than 10 microns). Particulate emissions from
these vehicles may also be determined at other size intervals less than
10 microns (e.g.,. less than 7.5, 5, or 2.5 microns).
User inputs to the equations to determine these emission factors include
area travel fractions by vehicle class, vehicle miles traveled, vehicle
speed, particle size limits of interest and calendar year.
This report presents particulate emission factor equations as the sum of
individual masses of lead salt, organic and sulfate components for
leaded and unleaded gasoline fueled vehicles. Composite (i.e., total
particulate mass) equations are presented for diesel fueled vehicles and
motorcycles, and tire and brake wear particulate. These equations are
subsequently accompanied by tabulated emission factors which may be
inserted into the appropriate particulate component equations. Fleet
sales fractions and travel fractions by model year are included for each
vehicle class. The fractions within each vehicle class that are
equipped with different emission control systems also are provided.
Cumulative distributions of particle size for leaded and unleaded
gasoline and diesel fuel are presented both graphically and tabularly.
Also, for the benefit of the user, an example calculation of particulate
emissions from light-duty vehicles is provided.
1-1
-------
The procedure herein can be used to project automotive particulate
emissions by those agencies developing State Implementation Plans for
particulate matter or by other interested parties within or outside the
EPA concerned with size specific particulate emission factor projections
for mobile sources.
This document is an updated version of an April 1984 report prepared by
the Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Mobile Sources. It has
been revised to include estimates of travel fractions and fleet
characteristics from the June 1984 EPA report, User's Guide to MOBILES
44 /
(Mobile Source Emissions Model), EPA 460/3-84-002. Revised estimates
of emission control technology fractions also have been included. The
methodology presented in this document is consistent with the procedure
outlined in the April 15, 1983 EPA report, Supplementary Guidelines for
Lead Implementation Plans — Updated Projections for Motor Vehicle Lead
Emissions which also was recently updated by Energy and Environmental
457
Analysis, Inc. That report can be used to project the lead component
of total particulate emissions for vehicles using leaded and unleaded
gasoline. In addition to the lead component, the methodology outlined
in this document can be used to develop estimates of three other components
of particulate emission factors. Emission factors for organics, sulfates
on the Federal Test Procedure (FTP) cycle, and heavy-duty gasoline trucks
came from the Draft Study of Particulate Emissions From Motor Vehicles
(for Section 214 of the Clean Air Act), by the Environmental Sciences
Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. EPA, July
g /
1983. Sulfates on the Sulfate Emission Test (SET) cycle and motorcycle
emission factors came from the March 1981 EPA report, Compilation of Air
2/
Pollutant Emission Factors; Highway Mobile Sources EPA-460-3-81-005.
Light- and heavy-duty diesel particulate emission factors are referenced
*/ = Reference at end of text.
1-2
-------
from the Draft Diesel Particulate Study, Emission Control Technology
Division, Office of Mobile Sources, Office of Air and Radiation, U.S.
4/
EPA, October 1983. Emission factor estimate updating is an ongoing
process and, in many cases, these values are based on testing of only a
few vehicles.
This document has been revised to reflect changes in the lead content of
gasoline. On March 7, 1985, EPA issued regulations which require petroleum
refiners to drop the average lead content of leaded gasoline to 0.5 g/gallon
by July 31, 1985 and 0.1 g/gallon by January 1, 1986 to: 1) reduce the
health hazards associated with lead, and 2) to discourage the practice
of misfueling which deteriorates the efficiency of vehicle emission control
systems. (See Federal Register, Volume 50, No. 45, March 7, 1985.)
1-3
-------
2. PROJECTING SIZE SPECIFIC TOTAL PARTICIPATE EMISSION FACTORS
This report provides a methodology to project areawide total particulate
emissions from mobile sources in a given calendar year. Particulate
emissions can consist of lead salts, organics and sulfate emissions.
The relative amounts vary for different vehicle types, emission control
strategies and vehicle operating modes. Analysis of lead particulate
indicates that most of the exhausted lead appears as salts, PbClBr.
Therefore, estimates of the mass of lead particulate will be consider-
ably larger than those predicted by the lead document, which predicts
the mass of lead alone. Organic emissions include both soluble organics
and elemental carbon and are important contributors to total particulate
emissions from all vehicles, especially diesels. Sulfate emissions,
mostly from unleaded gasoline-fueled vehicles equipped with catalysts,
also are important contributors to total vehicular particulate emis-
sions.
Section 2.1 provides an overview of: 1) the methodology used to calcu-
late total areawide particulate emissions, and 2) the computations
required to estimate the individual emission factor components by
vehicle category and type of particulate. The detailed emission factor
component equations for light-duty vehicles and light-duty trucks are
discussed in Section 2.2. Equations for heavy-duty vehicles are
described in Section 2.3. Section 2.4 presents the calculations
required for motorcycles and Section 2.5 provides brake and tire wear
particulate emission factor components.
2.1 OVERVIEW OF METHODOLOGY
Areawide particulate emissions (shown in Equation (2-1)) are a function
of calendar year, average vehicle speed, vehicle class travel fractions,
the particle size range of interest and the vehicle class emissions
2-1
-------
associated with the calendar year and vehicle speed. With the excep-
tions of the vehicle class emission factors, all of the above parameters
are inputs selected by the user on an areawide basis to obtain the
desired output of mobile source particulate emissions for the area of
interest.
EF
pm,n , s
\s
Zt, EF. + EF, . (M_) + EF . (2-1)
i,n i,n,s brakes B tires
where EF = size specific all-vehicle class total particulate
' ' emission factor on January 1 of calendar year n at
vehicle speed s (g/mile)
i = vehicle class designator; 1 = light-duty vehicles
(LDV), 2 = light-duty trucks I (LDT1) , 3 = light-
duty trucks II (LDT2) , 4 = heavy-duty gas vehicles
(HDGV), 5 = heavy-duty diesel vehicles (HDDV) ,
6 = motorcycles (MC)
s = vehicle speed; avg. Federal Test Procedure (FTP) =
19.6, avg. Sulfate Emissions Test (SET) = 34.8
(miles/hr); (Note: The FTP and SET are driving
cycles used for the determination of emission
factors.)
t. = area travel fraction of vehicle class i in calendar
i,n
year n
EF = particulate emission factor for vehicle class i in
'n>S calendar year n at vehicle speed s (g/mile)
EF, . = airborne brake wear particulate emission factor
component = 0.0128 grams/mile; this emission factor
component is assumed to be the same for all vehicle
classes, vehicle speeds and calendar years (all i,
s, and n) due to lack of separate information for
each i, s, and n
EF = airborne tire wear particulate emission factor
res component = 0.002 grams/mile; this emission factor
component is assumed to be the same for all vehicle
classes, vehicle speeds and calendar years (all i,
s, and n) due to lack of separate information for
each i, s, and n
2-2
-------
>L = fraction of airborne particles less than a user-
specified size cutoff (0.1-lOp) that are
attributable to vehicle brake wear, from Table 2-20
or Figure 2-4
The vehicle classes for which emission factor estimates may be obtained
include: 1) light-duty vehicles (passenger cars), 2) light-duty trucks
I (0-6000 Ibs. GVWR), 3) light-duty trucks II (6001-8500 Ibs. GVWR),
4) heavy-duty gas vehicles (greater than 8,501 Ibs. GVWR), 5) heavy-duty
diesel vehicles (greater than 8,501 Ibs. GVWR), and 6) motorcycles.
The exhaust emission factors for each vehicle class for a given calendar
year (EF. ) are broken down into component emission factors in Equation
i,n, s
(2-2). The components represent the masses of lead salt, organic and
sulfate emissions from both leaded and unleaded gasoline fueled vehicles
and total particulate mass from diesel vehicles—all of which are multiplied
by the fraction of total vehicles of a given model year designed for use
on these three fuel types. The sum of these components for each model
year is also multiplied by the fraction of the vehicle class travel
(disaggregated by gasoline and diesel fuel types for all vehicle categories
except light-duty vehicles) that is attributable to that model year in
the calendar year of interest. For example, the component (EF. . , T)
!» J » *-int L
represents the emissions in grams per mile of lead salts (k=l) from vehicle
class i emitted from model year j gasoline vehicles that are on the road
in calendar year n and are designed for use on leaded fuel. These emission
components must be summed up over the twenty model years prior to the
calendar year of interest to include all the contributing fractions of
emissions from vehicles on the road.
^ f
ri,n,s ' 2- (EFi,j,k!,n,L + EFi>j>k2>L + EF£> j>k;}>L) (FL> if j
j=n-19 L
+ (EFi,j,k!,n,NL + EFi>j>k2>NL + EFi?j^jNL)(FNL>i,j
2-3
-------
>L = fraction of airborne particles less than a user-
specified size cutoff (0.1-lOy) that are
attributable to vehicle brake wear, from Table 2-20
or Figure 2-4
The vehicle classes for which emission factor estimates may be obtained
include: 1) light-duty vehicles (passenger cars), 2) light-duty trucks
I (0-6000 Ibs. GVWR), 3) light-duty trucks II (6001-8500 Ibs. GVWR) ,
4) heavy-duty gas vehicles (greater than 8,501 Ibs. GVWR), 5) heavy-duty
diesel vehicles (greater than 8,501 Ibs. GVWR), and 6) motorcycles.
The exhaust emission factors for each vehicle class for a given calendar
year (EF. ) are broken down into component emission factors in Equation
i, n, s
(2-2). The components represent the masses of lead salt, organic and
sulfate emissions from both leaded and unleaded gasoline fueled vehicles
and total particulate mass from diesel vehicles — all of which are multiplied
by the fraction of total vehicles of a given model year designed for use
on these three fuel types. The sum of these components for each model
year is also multiplied by the fraction of the vehicle class travel
(disaggregated by gasoline and diesel fuel types for all vehicle categories
except light-duty vehicles) that is attributable to that model year in
the calendar year of interest. For example, the component (EF. . , T)
1> 3 > K»n> L
represents the emissions in grams per mile of lead salts (k=l) from vehicle
class i emitted from model year j gasoline vehicles that are on the road
in calendar year n and are designed for use on leaded fuel. These emission
components must be summed up over the twenty model years prior to the
calendar year of interest to include all the contributing fractions of
emissions from vehicles on the road.
EF
,
i,n,s " .2- j>k2)NL + EFif j,k3,NL> ] »i,j,
(2-2)
2-3
-------
different for various conditions of vehicle driving cycle (speed) and
load. For the purposes of this report, however, typical or average
conditions are presented to facilitate the determination of vehicle
particulate emissions versus particle size.
Particle size distributions for leaded, unleaded and diesel fueled
vehicles and brake wear particles are contained in Table 2-20 and also
in Figures 2-1, 2-2, 2-3, and 2-4 (no distributions are available for
tire wear particulate). Typically, the average diameter of particles
emitted from vehicles fueled with leaded gasoline are the largest,
particles emitted from vehicles fueled with unleaded gasoline are
somewhat smaller and particles emitted from diesel fueled vehicles are
smaller yet. Some of the data for the size distribution of lead parti-
cles are conflicting (e.g., Moran et al, 1971 which shows a larger
fraction of the lead in smaller size ranges than the other leaded
gasoline references). Thus, these data are less certain than those for
unleaded and diesel particles. References for those reports used in the
determination of particle size distributions of leaded, unleaded and
diesel fueled vehicle emissions and brake wear emissions are listed in
Table 2-20.
Values for frL , M^ „, M^ c, M^, and >L should be expressed as dimen-
sionless fractions of total particulate by weight emitted below a given
size cutoff. Values may be read directly from Table 2-20 for the data
points listed therein, or may be read off the graphs of continuous
cumulative particle size distributions in Figures 2-1, 2-2, 2-3, and 2-4
for interpolated size cutoffs (e.g., 6.5 u, 2.5y).
2.2 LIGHT-DUTY VEHICLES AND LIGHT-DUTY TRUCKS I AND II
This section presents the lead, sulfate and organic emission factor
equations for gasoline-fueled light-duty vehicles and light-duty trucks
I and II. In addition, composite particulate emission factors are
2-5
-------
presented for light-duty diesel vehicles and light-duty diesel trucks.
The fractions of light-duty vehicles and light-duty trucks by model year
which operate on leaded or unleaded gasoline or diesel fuel are presented
in Tables 2-4, 2-9, and 2-12. Tables 2-5, 2-10, 2-13, and 2-14 contain
information on light-duty vehicle and light-duty truck travel fractions
from model years n to n-19. To remain consistent with the data used in
MOBILE3, travel fractions are assumed to be identical for gas and diesel
light-duty vehicles; but separate travel fractions are used to characterize
gasoline versus diesel light-duty trucks I and light-duty trucks II.
2.2.1 Lead Emission Factors
Lead emission factors are calculated in the same manner as in the recent
report entitled, Supplementary Guidelines for Lead Implementation Plans
— Updated Projections for Motor Vehicle Lead Emissions,hereinafter
referred to as the "lead document." These lead emission estimates are
multipled by a factor of 1.557 to account for the halogens, typically
bromine and chlorine, which combine with lead to form total lead salt
particulate emissions. This factor was obtained from a report by the
Ethyl Corporation entitled Composition, Size, and Control of Automotive
Exhaust Particulates, and is the ratio of PbClBr mass to Pb mass based
111
on FTP results of 16 test vehicles.
LDV (Pre-1971) and LPT (Pre-1971); Leaded Fuel
For i=l,2,3 j=n-19,...,1970 k=l Cs=from Table 2-7 asltj = (0.75) :
E*i, j.ki.n.L. - [pbLjn(0.887)(ML) + (2-3a)
(0.75K1.557)
PS in IIIHM ^1 (0-75H
PbNL)n(0.113)(MNL|NC)J (Ec>i)j
2-6
-------
where a = fraction of lead burned that is exhausted; for
all non-catalyst vehicles and for catalyst
vehicles using unleaded gasoline a . . = 0.75
(i.e., 75 percent); for catalyst vehicles using
unleaded gasoline in 1975-1980, a - . = 0.40; for
sz, j
catalyst vehicles using leaded gasoline in 1981 and
later, a . = 0.44 (see Table 2-22)
C = speed-dependent fuel economy correction factor
based on steady cruise or cyclic driving; available
from Table 2-7 (nondimensional)
Pb = lead content of unleaded gasoline in calendar year n
'n from Table 2-2 (g/gal)
Pb = average lead content of leaded gasoline in calendar
'n year n from Table 2-2 (g/gal)
E . . = city/highway combined on-road fuel economy for model
' year j and vehicle class i from Table 2-6 (miles/
gallon)
M - fraction of particles less than a user specific
size cutoff (O.l-lOli) that are emitted from
vehicles that are fueled with leaded gasoline, from
Table 2-20 or Figure 2-1
M^ „ = fraction of particles less than a user specified
' size cutoff (0.1-lOy ) that are emitted from
catalyst vehicles that are fueled with unleaded
gasoline, from Table 2-20 or Figure 2-2
M = fraction of particles less than a user specified
' size cutoff (0.1-lOp ) that are emitted from non-
catalyst vehicles that are fueled with unleaded
gasoline, from Table 2-19 or Figure 2-2
LDV (MY 1971-1974) and LPT (MY 1971-1978); Leaded Fuel
For i»l,2 j-1971,...,1974 k=l Cs=from Table 2-7 asl ;=0.75:
and For i = 3 j-1971, . . . ,1978 '
EFi,j,kln,L " [pbL,n(.916)(ML) + (2-3b)
(0-75)(1.557)
PK rn n«AUM >
PbNL>n(0.084)(MNL>NC)
2-7
-------
LDV (MY 1975+) and LPT (MY 1979+) ! Leaded Fuel
For i=l,2 j=1975,...,n k=l Cs= from Table 2-7 asi}j=0.75:
and For i=3 j=1979,...,n
EFi,j,kln,L « [pbL,n(0.724)(ML) + (2-4)
LDV (MY 1975+) and LPT (MY 1975 + ) ; Unleaded Fuel
For 1=1,2,3 j=1975,...,n k=l Cs=from Table 2-7 ag=from Table 2-22
PbL>n(ri)(ML)(l-Pi)(Fi>j>NL>cAT)(as>2>j)] Ee|:"
where r£ = misfueling rate for vehicle class i from Table 2-19
P£ = fraction of catalyst equipped vehicles with catalysts
removed from Table 2-23
The calculation of area lead particulate emissions necessitates the
determination of the percentage of burned lead exhausted (a ). A value
for a of 0.75 (i.e., 75 percent of the lead burned is exhausted) should
s
be used for non-catalyst equipped, gasoline-powered vehicles. The 0.75
value is based on tests which measured exhaust emissions under cyclic
driving conditions and found that 17 percent of the lead is retained by
the engine (in the oil and combustion chamber) and 8 percent is retained
by the muffler and exhaust pipes. For gasoline powered vehicles
equipped with catalysts, a value of a =0.40 for 1975 to 1980 and a =0.44
s s
2-8
-------
for 1981 and later model year vehicles that have been misfueled, should
be used. (For properly fueled catalyst vehicles the values of a for
s
all model years is 0.75.) The value of a was computed from lead
retention of monolithic and pelleted catalysts, respectively, and
weighted for the sales mix of these catalysts in each time frame. The
values of a are not assumed to vary with speed, since a is more
S S
correlated with driving mode, e.g., acceleration, cruise or decelera-
tion, rather than speed alone, and little data is available to make a
S
sensitive to all of these variables.
Combined city/highway fuel economy (E ) is yet another factor
c»i» j
affecting area lead particulate emissions. Fuel economy versus model
year is provided in Table 2-6.
Lead particulate emissions can be determined at any speed by using
Equations (2-3), (2-4), and (2-5) (for light-duty vehicles and trucks)
and the appropriate value of the speed dependent fuel economy correction
factor (C ) for the vehicle speed of interest. Values of C at various
S S
speeds are provided in Table 2-7. It should be noted that average
vehicle speed and C can be determined for an area by either of two
S
approaches. One approach is to base C on the average vehicle speed for
S
the area of concern. The average area vehicle speed should be a weight-
ed average based on average speeds and VMT data for the various roadway
classifications, such as limited access (greater than 5 mph), suburban
roads (35 mph) and urban streets (25 mph or less). The other approach,
which is considered more accurate, is to determine C and area emissions
s
separately for each roadway classification (and average speed).
Area lead particulate emissions also are dependent upon the lead content
of gasoline in a given calendar year. Values for the lead content of
leaded (PbT ) and unleaded gasoline (Pb_,T ) are contained in Table
L,n NL,n
2-2. Values for future years will be updated as new information becomes
available.
2-9
-------
2.2.1.1 Misfueling and Fuel Switching
EPA has observed that misfueling rates (i.e., percentage of vehicles
designed for use on unleaded gasoline that use leaded gasoline) are
dependent on vehicle mileage and increase with vehicle mileage accumu-
lation. Strictly speaking, this dependence on mileage should be
reflected in the calculation of particulate emissions, with each model
year receiving its own misfueling rate. However, this further compli-
cates an already complex calculation. To give the user a choice, this
report offers both the option of using a single average misfueling rate
for all model years of a given vehicle class and exact misfueling rates
for each vehicle class by vehicle age. The single average rates are
determined for the weighted average mileage accumulated for each vehicle
class and are listed in Table 2-19 for inspection and maintenance (I/M)
and non-I/M areas. In other words, in the calculation of emission
factors from 1975 on, the misfueling rate (r.) depends only on which
vehicle class (i) is being considered and whether the area of interest
has an I/M program. As a result, misfueling rates and particulate
emissions will be slightly overestimated, with the degree of overestima-
tion declining with later evaluation years and essentially disappearing
in 1995. For users who desire more accuracy, Table 2-19a gives exact
misfueling rates for different vehicle ages and classes affected by
misfueling.
The use of leaded gasoline on vehicles designed for unleaded fuel
results in lead salt emissions. Since most of these vehicles have
catalysts, the lead results in poisoning of the catalyst so that organic
particulate emissions can be assumed to increase to the levels found
with non-catalyst vehicles. Also, catalyst poisoning should result in
no sulfur dioxide oxidation to sulfates. Sulfate levels are therefore
assumed to be the same as those from non-catalyst vehicles.
2-10
-------
Discretionary fuel switching (i.e., percentage of vehicles designed for
use on leaded gasoline that use unleaded gasoline) is assumed to equal
11.3 percent of the leaded fleet prior to 1971, and 8.4 percent from
1971 to 1974 for the LDV and LDT I categories. The discretionary rate
for the LDT II class is 8.4 percent from 1971 to 1978, and 27.6 percent
thereafter. For the LDV and LDT1 classes, discretionary switching is
assumed to be 27.6 percent after 1974. These discretionary rates apply
only to the lead salt component of light-duty vehicle and light-duty
truck I and II emissions. The misfueling rates employed here were used
in the December 1983 EPA report, Anti-Tampering and Anti-Mis fueling
Current and Projected Trends in Light-Duty Vehicle Fuel Switching, June
II
Programs to Reduce In-Use Emissions from Motor Vehicles,
EPA-AA-TSS-83-10. The discretionary fuel switching rates were
obtained from Energy and Environmental Analysis, Inc., Assessment of
Currei
1984.
2.2.2 Organic and Sulfate Emission Factors
2.2.2.1 Control System Fractions
Organic and sulfate emissions of gasoline-fueled vehicles depend on the
type of vehicle emission control system in addition to the vehicle model
year. The fraction of vehicles with different emission control systems
to which different emission factors are applied are handled similarly to
the fleet sales fractions for leaded, unleaded and diesel vehicles
versus model year. The main difference is that these are fractions of
the total number of vehicles designed for use of unleaded fuel and not
the total number of vehicles in each vehicle class. These fractions are
listed in Tables 2-3, 2-8, and 2-11 for light-duty vehicles and light-
duty trucks I and II, respectively. These vehicle classes have a
relatively wide range of control technology and, as a result, have a
wide range of emission factor estimates. It should be noted that a
small number of non-catalyst equipped vehicles have been certified for
use on unleaded gasoline since 1975. These vehicles constitute a very
2-11
-------
small percentage of the total non-catalyst fleet, but are nonetheless
considered in this report and have been given their own control system
fraction category (F.^j>NL>NOCAT).
The light-duty vehicle and truck emission control system fractions were
obtained from the "sales-weighted" EPA emission factor in-use vehicle
test data base. This data base contains gasoline-fueled vehicle mixes
approximating the sales mixes for the 1975 through 1982 model years.
All vehicles and trucks prior to 1975 models are assumed to be designed
for use on leaded fuel (i.e., no diesel or catalyst vehicles). Emission
control system fractions for 1983 and later LDVs are determined from
recent projections by Energy and Environmental Analysis, Inc. in a report
38/
entitled, Forecasts of Emission Control Technology 1983-1990.
Data for 1975 through 1978 light-duty truck I technology fractions were
obtained by combining EPA fuel economy data base sales figures by engine
displacement and model type and Federal Certification Test Results for
these years from the Federal Register, Volume 40, No. 48, March 11,
1975;9' Volume 41, No. 46, March 8, 1976; Volume 42, No. 110, June 8,
1977;H/ and Volume 43, No. 181, September 18, 1978.12/ The certification
data provided emission control systems by model type and engine displacement
which were matched with fuel economy sales fractions. These two data
sources also served as the basis for deriving the 1979-1981 light-duty
truck technology fractions.
Data for 1982 through 1984 light-duty trucks I and II technology frac-
tions were obtained by subtracting California sales figures by engine
family from Federal sales figures given in the EPA Certification data
base for those years. Forecasts of post-1984 light-duty truck I and II
technology fractions were developed internally and are consistent with
data used for EPA emission factor projections.
2-12
-------
2.2.2.2 Organic and Sulfate Emission Factor Components
Organic and sulfate emission factors for light-duty vehicles and light-
duty trucks vary by model year, control system, vehicle speed and fuel
type (leaded versus unleaded). These emission factors are derived from
emission test data and are listed in Table 2-1 in terms of grams per
mile. This table of emission factors is used in the following sets of
equations to calculate LDV and LDT organic and sulfate emission factor
components. (Table 2-1 also refers the user to the proper equation(s)
listed below to which each emission factor should be applied.)
Organic Emission Factor Components
LDV and LDT (Pre-1970); Leaded Fuel.Avg. Speed = All
For i=l,2,3 j=n-19,...,1969 k=2:
EFi,j,k2,L ' 0.193 ML (g/mile) (2-6)
LDV AND LDT (1971-1974): Leaded Fuel.Avg. Speed = All
For i=l,2,3 j=1970, . . . , 1974 k=2 :
°-068 ML (g/mile) (2-7)
LDV and LDT (1975+): Leaded Fuel.Avg. Speed = All
EFi,j,k2,L = °-030 ML (g/mile) (2-8)
2-13
-------
LDV and LPT (1975 + ) ; Unleaded Fuel.Avg. Speed = All
EFi,j,k2,NL " (l-^)(Fi,j,CAT)(0.017)(MNL>c) (2-9)
(ri)(Fi>j>CAT)(0.068)(ML) + (Fi}j,NL,NOCAT)CO.030)(MNL>NC)
where F^ ; c^T = fraction of the unleaded vehicle class i
fleet equipped with a catalyst in model year j
Fi i NL NOCAT = fraction of the unleaded vehicle class i fleet
without a catalyst in model year j
Sulfate Emission Factor Components
LDV and LPT (All Model Years); Leaded Fuel.Avg. Speed = 19.6 mph
For i=l,2,3 j=n-19,...,n k=3 s=19.6:
EFi»J»k3,L = °-°02 ML (g/mile) (2-10)
LDV and LPT (All Model Years); Leaded Fuel.Avg. Speed = 34.8 mph
For i=l,2,3 j=n-19,...,n k=3 s=34.8
EF " O-OO1 M (g/mile) (2-11)
i,j,k3,L " O-OO1 ML
2-14
-------
LDV and LPT (1975+); Unleaded Fuel.Avg. Speed = 19.6
For i=l,2,3 j=1975,...,n k=3 s=19.6
(2-12)
* (Fi,j,CAT/AIR)(0.016)(MNL>c)
* NC)J
•i- (ri)(0.002)(ML)
where Fifj,CAT/NOAIR = fraction of the unleaded vehicle class i fleet
equipped with a catalyst but no air pump in
model year j; this includes oxidation catalyst
vehicles with no air pump
Fi i CAT/AIR = fraction of the unleaded vehicle class i fleet
equipped with a. catalyst and an air pump in
model year j; this includes oxidation catalyst
^Fi i OCAT/AIR) an(* three-way plus oxidation
catalyst (Fj^ J^WCAT/OXCAT^ vehicles with air
pumps
LDV and LPT (1975+) ; Unleaded Fuel Avg. Speed = 34.8 mph
For i=l,2,3 j=1975,...,n k=3 s=34.8 r£ = from Table 2-19:
(1-ri) [(Fi,j>NL,NOCAT)(0.001)(MNL>NC) (2-13)
(Fi,j,OXCAT>(0.005)(MNL>c) + (Fitj,3WCAT>(0.001)(MNL>c)
(Fi,j,OXCAT/AIR^O-020^MNL,C> +
(0.025)(MNL>C)1 + (ri)(0.001)(ML)
2-15
-------
where Fi,j,oXCAT = fraction of the unleaded vehicle class i equpped
with an oxidation catalyst but no air pump in
model year j
F£ j 3WCAT = fraction of the unleaded vehicle class i equipped
with a three-way catalyst in model year j; note
these vehicles are sometimes equipped with air
pumps that are usually only used during vehicle
start-up; therefore, the vehicle category as a
whole is assumed to emit sulfates at the same rate
as non-air pump-equipped vehicles for emission
factor consideration
Fi i OXCAT/AIR = fraction of the unleaded vehicle class i equipped
with an oxidation catalyst and an air pump in
model year j
2.2.3 Diesel Emission Factors (Light-Duty)
Diesel particulate emission factors for different model years are listed
separately for light-duty vehicles and light-duty trucks in Table 2-1.
These emission factors are derived from test data and are used in the
equations below to calculate total diesel particulate emission factor
components for LDVs and LDTs. (Table 2-1 also refers the user to the
proper equation below to which each emission factor should be applied.)
LDV (Pre-1981): Diesel Fuel
For i=l j=n-19,...,1980:
EFi,j,D = °-700 MD (g/nile) (2-14)
where MQ = fraction of particles less than a user-specified
size cutoff (0.1-lOP) that are emitted from vehicles
that are fueled with diesel fuel, from Table 2-20 or
Figure 2-3
LDV (1981-1986): Diesel Fuel
For i=l j=1981,...,1986:
EFi,j,D = 0.300 MD (g/mile) (2-15)
2-16
-------
LDV (1987+): Diesel Fuel
For i=l j=1987,...,n:
EFi,j,D = °-200 MD (g/mile) (2-16)
LPT (Pre-1981); Diesel Fuel
For 1=1,2,3 j=n-19,...,1980:
EFi,j,D = 0.800 MD (g/mile) (2-17)
LPT (1981-1986); Diesel Fuel
For i=l,2,3 j=1981,...,1986:
EFi,j,D = °-3°0 MD (g/mile) (2-18)
LPT (1987+) ; Diesel Fuel
For i=2,3 j=1987,...,n:
EFi,j,D = °-260 MD (g/mile) (2-19)
2.3 HEAVY-DUTY VEHICLES
This section presents the lead, sulfate and organic emission factor
component equations for gasoline-fueled heavy-duty vehicles. Composite
particulate emission factor components for heavy-duty diesel vehicles
also are provided. These emission factor components are then used in
conjunction with estimates of sales fractions of heavy-duty vehicles by
model year and fuel type (Table 2-15) and travel fractions by vintage
(Tables 2-16 and 2-17) to calculate total emission factors. As shown in
Table 2-15, heavy-duty gasoline vehicles use leaded gasoline prior to
1987. The fraction of unleaded vehicles from 1987 on represents the
2-17
-------
8,501-14,000 Ibs percentage of heavy-duty gasoline vehicles, and is based
on the assumption that the more stringent emission standards currently
proposed for 1987 and later heavy-duty gasoline vehicles in the 8,501 to
14,000 Ibs range will require the use of oxidation catalysts and air
injection. Heavy-duty gasoline vehicles above 14,000 Ibs are assumed to
consist entirely of leaded gasoline vehicles for all model years. The
reader also should note that the travel fractions for heavy-duty diesel
trucks in Table 2-17 are specific to calendar year 1987 and are therefore
presented for example only. These fractions shift from one calendar
year to the next due to the increasing penetration of diesels in the
lower mileage, lighter weight categories of heavy-duty trucks (which
consists of all vehicles over 8,500 Ibs. GVW). To calculate heavy-duty
diesel travel fractions in a particular year of interest other than 1987,
the reader needs to use the projections of diesel heavy-duty vehicles
in-use by GVW category and the estimates of diesel heavy-duty vehicle
mileage accumulation by GVW category which are contained in Appendix A.
Table 2-6 presents data on heavy-duty truck fuel economy. Estimates of
misfueling for heavy-duty gas vehicles under 14,000 Ibs GVW (after model
year 1986) are contained in Tables 2-19 and 2-19a. The effect of
discretionary fuel switching has not been incorporated in the heavy-duty
vehicle emission factor equations due to the lack of data on the current
fuel purchase behavior of owners of heavy-duty vehicles. However, as
new data become available these equations will be revised accordingly.
2.3.1 Lead Emission Factor Components
The following equations are used to derive lead emission factor components
for heavy-duty gas vehicles operated on leaded and unleaded gasoline:
2-18
-------
HDGV (Pre-1987): Leaded Fuel
For i=4 j=n-19,...,1986 k=l ag = from Table 2-22:
EFi j k n>L = (asl.jHpbL.n)d-557) (^ (J
Ec,4,j
HDGV (1987+); Unleaded Fuel
For i=4 j=1987,...,n k=l ag = from Table 2-2 r4 = from Table 2-19:
(MNL,C) (2-21).
+ Cr4Has2tj)(PbLtn)(1.557) ( }
Ec,4a,j
HDGV (1987-t-); Leaded Fuel
For i=4 j=1987,...,n k=l as = from Table 2-22:
*4a represents the fuel economy for HDGV1 after 1986.
**4b represents the fuel economy for HDGV2 after 1986.
2.3.2 Organic Emission Factor Components
Organic emission factors for heavy-duty gasoline vehicles are listed in
Table 2-1 in g/mile. These factors are used in the equations below to
calculate the total HDG organic emission factor component. The reader
should note that the HDG organic emission factors listed in Table 2-1
were derived assuming a constant 5.0 rapg for HDG vehicles of all model
years. Therefore, the equations below have been adjusted by the factor
(5.0/EC 4 ;) to account for the HDG fuel economy values currently used
in MOBILES.
2-19
-------
HDGV (Pre-1987); Leaded Fuel
For i=4 j=n-19,...,1986 k=2:
EFi,j,k2,L = 0.370 (ML) (g^pr> (2-23)
HDGV (1987-t-); Unleaded Fuel
For i=4 j=1987,...,n k=2 r4 = from Table 2-19:
L = F(l-r4)(0.054)(MNL c) + (r4) (0.163) (ML)1 (_ 5'° ) (2-24)
L _ J ^-c^a, j_
HDGV (1987-*-); Leaded Fuel
For i=4 j=1987,...,n k=2:
EFi,j>k2,L = 0.370 (ML) (F^-T) (2-25)
2.3.3 Sulfate Emission Factor Components
Sulfate emission factors for HDG vehicles also are listed in Table 2-1
and are used in the following equations to produce HDG sulfate emission
factor components. As with the HDG organic emisison factor components,
the equations below contain the adjustment factor (5.0/EC 4 ;) to
reflect the HDG fuel economy values currently used in MOBILES.
HDGV (Pre-1987); Leaded Fuel
For i=4 j=n-19,...,1986 k=3:
EFi,j,k3,L = 0.006 (ML) (^^^fr) (2-26)
c»*> J
HDGV (1987*); Unleaded Fuel
For i=4 j=1987,...,n k=3 r4 = from Table 2-19:
EFi.i.k^L f(l-r4)(0.048)(MNL c) + (r4) (0.006) (ML)1 L ^°. ) (2-27)
'-" Jf L ' -1 ^-c^ajj
2-20
-------
HDGV (1987+) ; Leaded Fuel
For i=4 j=1987, ...,n k=3 :
°'006 (ML> (- (2'28)
2.3.4 Diesel Particulate Emission Factors
Diesel particulate emission factors (measured in g/mile) for heavy-duty
diesei vehicles are derived with the following equations:
HDDV (All Model Years); Diesel Fuel
For i=5 j=n-19, . . . ,n:
EF5,j,D = °-7 MD
-------
Council, Inc. In 1978, more stringent control of motorcycle emis-
sions caused nearly all motorcycle manufacturers to build 4-stroke vehicles
for on-road usage. Therefore, it is assumed that all motorcycles from
1978 on are 4-stroke vehicles since nearly all 2-stroke mileage is
accumulated off-road.
The equations below present the lead emission factor component calcu-
lations for motorcycles. Due to the absence of catalyst emission controls
on motorcycles, organic and sulfate emission factor components are not
calculated.
MC (Pre-1978); Leaded Fuel
For i=6 j=n-19,...,1977:
EF6,j,L = [(0.466X0.046) + (0.534)(0.330)J (ML) (2-30)
= 0.198 ML (g/mile)
MC (1978+) ; Leaded Fuel
For i=6 j=1978,...,n:
EF6 ; T = 0.046 Mr (g/mile) (2-31)
w 9 j j J_i u
2.5 BRAKE AND TIRE WEAR PARTICULATE EMISSION FACTOR COMPONENTS
Additional sources of motor vehicle particulate emissions include brake
and tire wear emission components. Limited testing has been performed
to estimate the contributions of brake and tire wear emissions to the
total light-duty vehicle particulate emission rate. No data exist on
the rate at which light-duty trucks, heavy-duty vehicles, or motorcycles
emit brake and tire wear emissions. The user should be aware that brake
and tire wear particulates are emitted from these vehicle classes at
different rates than the light-duty vehicle rate, but since no data exists,
the light-duty vehicle rate is used to estimate their contribution to
total particulate emission rates.
2-22
-------
Brake, wear emissions from light-duty vehicles have been measured in a
recent study and have been found to consist of significant quantities of
particulate in the airborne particle size range. Airborne particulate
emission rates for brake wear particles as measured on braking cycles
representative of urban driving averaged 0.0128 grams per mile for light-
40/
duty gasoline vehicles. Particle size distribution for brake wear
particulate (M^) is included in this reference and is summarized in Table
2-20. The rate of 0.0128 g/mile times the appropriate fraction of >L
for the particle size cutoff of interest should be added to any calculation
of particulate emissions less than 10 microns for all classes of vehicles.
In the example calculation in Section 3-0 of this report, for example,
>L = 0.98, the brake wear particulate emission rate is therefore 0.0125
g/mile and the total light-duty vehicle particulate emission rate is
0.0726 g/mile. In this particular example, therefore, brake wear emissions
account for 17 percent of the total particulate emission rate.
Tire wear particulate is generally larger in size than brake wear particulate
and therefore consists of fewer particles in the airborne size range.
Emission rates for airborne tire wear particulate for light-duty vehicles
41 /
has been estimated at 0.002 g/mile. This rate should be added to
calculations of particulate emissions less than 10 microns for all classes
of vehicles. The addition of 0.002 g/mile in the example calculation in
Section 3-0 indicates that airborne tire wear particulate accounts for
about 3 percent of the total light-duty particulate emission rate.
No data on airborne particle size distribution are available for analyses
of tire wear particulate emission rates at smaller particle size cutoffs
(i.e., 2.5 microns or 7 microns). The user should either interpolate
between zero and 10 microns to determine the appropriate emission rate
for the distribution of tire wear particles below the desired size cutoff
(e.g., at 7 microns tire wear emissions = 0.0014 g/mile and at 2.5 microns
tire wear emissions = 0.0005 g/mile) or simply neglect tire wear particulate
since it is likely to be negligible in these smaller particle size ranges.
2-23
-------
Another source of particulate emissions for which emission factors could
be developed is reentrained particulate from particles that have been
deposited on road surfaces or possibly road material itself. While
467 477
information is available on these reentrained particulates, they
are not considered to be directly emitted by mobile sources and
therefore are not included in this report.
2-24
-------
TABLE 2-1
EMISSION FACTORS OF MOTOR VEHICLE ENGINE TOTAL PARTICULATE EMISSIONS
Applicable
Model Year(s)
Particulate
Component
Control
System
Type of
Fuel Used
Vehicle
Speed
(MPH)
Emission
Factor
(grams /mile)
Light-Duty Gasoline Vehicles and Trucks:
Pre-1970
1970-1974
1975+
1975+
1975+
1975+
All
1975+
Pre-1975
1975+
1975+
1975+
1975+
1975+
1975+
1975+
1975+
1975+
1975+
Organic
Organic
Organic
Organic
Organic
Organic
Sulfate
Sulfate
Sulfate
Sulfate
Sulfate
Sulfate
Sulfate
Sulfate
Sulfate
Sulfate
Sulfate
Sulfate
Sulfate
Light-Duty Diesel Vehicles
Pre-1981
1981-1986
1987+
Pre-1981
1981-1986
1987+
All LDDV
All LDDV
All LDDV
All LDDV
All LDDV
All LDDV
NOCAT
NOCAT
NOCAT
CAT
CAT
NOCAT
NOCAT
CAT
NOCAT
CAT/NOAIR( f )
CAT/AIR(g)
NOCAT
NOCAT
NOCAT
OXCAT/NOAIR
3WCAT
OXCAT/AIR
3WCAT/AIR
CAT
and Trucks :
_
-
-
-
-
-
Leaded
Leaded
Leaded
Unleaded
Leaded
Unleaded
Leaded
Leaded
Leaded
Unleaded
Unleaded
Unleaded
Leaded
Unleaded
Unleaded
Unleaded
Unleaded
Unleaded
Leaded
Diesel
Diesel
Diesel
Diesel
Diesel
Diesel
All
All
All
All
All
All
19.6
19.6
34.8
19.6
19.6
19.6
34.8
34.8
34.8
34.8 .
34.8
34.8
34.8
All
All
All
All
All
All
0.193
0.068
0.030
0.017
0.068
0.030
0.002
0.002
0.001
0.005
0.016
0.002
0.001
0.001
0.005
0.001
0.020
0.025
0.001
0.700
0.300
0.200
0.800
0.300
0.260
(2-
(2-
(2-
(2-
(2-
(2-
(2-10)
(2-
(2-
(2-
(2-
(2-
(2-
(2-
(2-
(2-
(2-
(2-
(2-
-6)
-7)
-8)
-9)
-9)
-9)
(2-12)
12)
11)
12)
12)
12)
11)
13)
13)
13)
13)
13)
13)
(2-14)
(2-15)
(2-16)
(2-17)
(2-18)
(2-19)
8
8
8(a)
8(b)
8(c)
8(a)(h)
8
8(d)
2
8
8
8(e)
2
2
2
2
2
2
2(d)
4
4
4
4
4
4
-------
TABLE 2-1 (cont'd)
EMISSION FACTORS OF MOTOR VEHICLE ENGINE TOTAL PARTICULATE EMISSIONS
I
to
Applicable Particulate
Model Year(s) Component
Heavy-Duty
Pre-1987
1987+
1987+
1987+
Pre-1987
1987+
1987+
Heavy-Duty
All
Motorcycles
All
All
Gasoline Trucks;
Organic
Organic
Organic
Organic
Sulfate
Sulfate
Sulfate
Diesel Trucks:
All HDDT@
*
4-Stroke
2-Stroke
Control
System
NOCAT
CAT/AIR
CAT/AIR
NOCAT
NOCAT
CAT/AIR
NOCAT
_
-
Type of
Fuel Used
Leaded
Unleaded
Leaded
Leaded
Leaded
Unleaded
Leaded
Diesel
Leaded
Leaded
Vehicle
Speed
(MPH)
All
All
All
All
All
All
All
All
All
All
0.370 (2-23) 8
0.054 (2-24) 8
0.163 (2-24) (i)
0.370 (2-25)
0.006 (2-26) 8
0.048 (2-27) 8
0.006 (2-27) 8
0.700* (2-29)
0.046 (2-30M2-31) 2
0.330 (2-30) 2
(a) Ratio 1.5/3.4 of 1970-74 organic value.
(b) Combined value of organic from catalyst/no air and catalyst/air vehicles.
(c) Same as 1970-74 no catalyst leaded organic value.
(d) Misfueled vehicles.
(e) Same as no catalyst leaded value.
(f) Includes oxidation catalyst vehicles and three-way catalyst vehicles without air pumpts.
(g) Includes oxidation catalyst vehicles and three-way plus oxidation catalyst vehicles with air pumps.
(h) Value should actually be higher for the light-duty truck II class (much like the 1970-74 organic
value) but no data exist.
(i) Letter from Phil Lorang, July 12, 1984.
*g/Bhp-hr
-------
TABLE 2-2
LEAD CONTENT OF GASOLINE
Leaded Gasoline* Unleaded Gasoline
Year (g/gal) (g/gal)
1974 1.79 0.014
1975 1.82 0.014
1976 2.02 0.014
1977 2.03 0.014
1978 1.94 0.014
1979 1.85 0.014
1980 1.38 0.014
1981 1.15 0.014
1982 1.24 0.014
1983 1.14 0.014
1984 1.10 0.014
1985 0.50 0.014
1986 0.10 0.014
1987 0.10 0.014
1988 0.10 0.014
1989 0.10 0.014
1990 0.10 0.014
*1974-1982: Lead content based upon data submitted to EPA on historical
sales data for leaded gasoline and data indicating the actual pooled
average lead content. The value for unleaded gasoline is based on
recent MVMA fuel surveys.
1983-1990: Lead content based upon requirements for average lead
content of leaded gasoline. During the first half of 1983, small
refineries were subject to a pooled average lead standard. Recent EPA
regulations require refiners to reduce the lead content of leaded
gasoline to 0.5 g/gal by July 31, 1985 and to 0.1 g/gal by January 1,
1986 and thereafter. (See Federal Register, Vol. 50, No. 45, March 7,
1985.)
2-27
-------
TABLE 2-3
FRACTION OF LIGHT-DUTY VEHICLE MODEL YEAR SALES EQUIPPED WITH
DIFFERENT EMISSION CONTROL SYSTEMS
(Low-Altitude Non-California)
Pre-
1975 1975 1976
ro
oo
L.l.J
F1,J.NL,NOCAT
Fl.j,OXCAT/NOAIR
F1.J,OXCAT/AIR
F1,J.3WCAT
F1,J,3WCAT/OXCAT
FD,1,J
Fl,J,CAT
F1,J,CAT/NOAIR
Fl,CAT/AIR
1.000 .128
0 .081
0 .597
0
0
0
.134
.020
.637
.322 .343
0
0
0
0
1977 1978 1979
.158 .126 .097
000
.650 .650 .640 .421
.350 .350 .345
0 0 .015
000
.004 .009 .028
1980
0
0
.421
.514
.053
.012
.034
1981
0
0
.033
.099
.263
.605
.061
1982
0
0
0
.142
.313
.545
.046
1983
0
0
0
.109
.244
.647
.053
1984
0
0
0
0
.396
.604
.060
1985
0
0
0
0
.532
.468
.066
1986
0
0
0
0
.587
.414
.073
1987
0
0
0
0
.641
.359
.080
1988+
0
0
0
0
.704
.296
.090
0 .003 .003
0 .919 .980 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000
0 .597 .637 .650 .650 .655 .474 .296 .149 .194 .237 .381 .450 .518 .554
0 .322 .343 .350 .350 .345 .526 .704 .851 .806 .763 .691 .587 .482 .446
SOURCES: U.S. EPA Emission Factor In-Use Test Vehicle Data Base.
EEA Forecasts of Emission Control Technology 1982-1990 (used for years 1982-1988+) .
U.S. EPA Fuel Economy Data Base.
NOTES: Model year columns do not add up to 1.000. Only F . and F
are fractions of all unleaded LDVs. ' '* D.
are fractions of all LDVs. All other systems
-------
TABLE 2-4
FLEET SALES FRACTIONS
Light-Duty Vehicles
Nonleaded Gasoline
Model
Years
Pre-1975
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995+
Where F.TT .
NL,1
F, ,
J. i. O\~ k. .1.VJL1 W J. LJlS V
Fleet' FNL,l,i*
0.000
0.869
0.863
0.838
0.865
0.875
0.966
0.939
0.954
0.947
0.940
0.934
0.927
0.920
0.910
0.900
0.887
0.887
0.886
0.886
0.885
0.885
= Estimated fract
nonleaded gasol
= Estimated fract
Leaded Gasoline
Fraction of LDV
Fleet, F
>->t j »j
1
000
0.128
0.134
0.158
0.126
0.097
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
Diesel Fraction
of LDV Fleet,
FD,1.J**
0.000
0.003
0.003
0.004
0.009
0.028
0.034
0.061
0.046
0.053
0.060
0.066
0.073
0.080
0.090
0.100
0.113
0.113
0.114
0.114
0.115
0.115
Estimated fraction of the LDV model year fleet which use
leaded gasoline
Estimated fraction of the LDV model year fleet which use
diesel fuel
*Percentages of gasoline vehicles requiring leaded and nonleaded fuel
obtained from Energy and Environmental Analysis, Inc., "The Highway
Fuel Consumption Model: Tenth Quarterly Report," November 1983.
**Diesel and gasoline sales projections were made by EPA based on data
obtained from Energy and Environmental Analysis, Inc., "The Highway
Fuel Consumption Model: Tenth Quarterly Report," November 1983.
9-9O
-------
TABLE 2-5
TRAVEL WEIGHTING FACTOR CALCULATION*
Light-Duty Vehicles
Vehicle
Age
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20+
(a)
January 1
Fraction
Total
. Registration
0.028
0.107
0.100
0.094
0.088
0.080
0.075
0.069
0.062
0.056
0.050
0.043
0.037
0.031
0.024
0.018
0.012
0.008
0.006
0.008
(b)
Annual
Mileage
Accumulation
Rate
[(a)(b)/(SUM)]
Fraction of LDV
Travel by Model Year
m, . „ and m.
l.j.G
l.j.D**
12,818
12,639
11,933
11,268
10,639
10,045
9,485
8,955
8,455
7,983
7,538
7,117
6,720
6,345
5,991
5,657
5,341
4,043
4,762
4,496
358.9
1,352.4
1,193.3
1,059.2
936.2
803.6
711.4
617.9
524.2
447.0
376.9
306.0
248.6
196.7
143.8
101.8
64.1
32.3
28.6
36.0
0.038
0.142
0.125
0.111
0.098
0.084
0.075
0.065
0.055
0.047
0.040
0.032
0.026
0.021
0.015
0.011
0.007
0.003
0.003
0.004
SUM: 9,538.9
*Data derived from MOBILE3.
**Travel fractions are the same for diesel and gasoline fueled LDVs.
2-30
-------
TABLE 2-6
CITY/HIGHWAY COMBINED ON-ROAD FUEL ECONOMY
(miles/gallon)
Fuel Economy, Ec ^ j
Model
Year
Pre-1970
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995 +
LDV*
13.9
13.9
13.2
13.1
12.9
12.6
13.5
14.8
15.5
16.8
17.2
20.0
21.4
22.2
22.2
22.8
23.2
23.8
24.3
24.8
25.2
25.7
26.2
26.6
27.2
27.6
29.0
LDT1**
10.6
10.6
10.4
10.2
9.9
9.6
11.6
12.3
13.0
13.4
14.2
16.1
17.7
18.6
19.2
19.9
20.7
21.4
23.0
23.3
23.1
24.0
24.5
24.4
25.3
25.8
26.2
LDT2
7.9
7.9
7.7
7.4
7.0
6.9
8.8
9.7
9.4
9.6
9.8
11.5
13.3
13.6
13.7
13.9
14.0
14.3
14.5
14.7
14.9
15.2
15.4
15.7
15.9
16.2
16.4
HDGV1+
M
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
9.5
9.5
9.6
9.7
9.7
9.8
9.8
9.9
10.1
HDGV2
_
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
5.6
5.6
5.6
5.6
5.7
5.7
5.7
5.7
5.8
HDGV++
6.5
6.4
6.4
6.4
6.5
6.7
6.8
7.3
7.7
8.0
8.2
8.4
8.6
8.8
8.9
3.9
9.0
9.0
9.0
9.1
9.2
9.2
9.3
9.4
9.4
9.5
9.6
*Fuel economies for LDV's based on EPA memo from Karl H. Hellman to
Ralph C. Stahman regarding Light-Duty MPG, June 15, 1984.
**Fuel economies for LDT's drawn from the input data used to generate
"The Highway Fuel Consumption Model: Tenth Quarterly Report,"
prepared by Energy and Environmental Analysis, Inc.
+Fuel economies for Heavy-duty gasoline vehicles (HDGV) were derived
from figure presented in an EPA memo to Mark Wolcott from Cooper
Smith, dated July 2, 1984.
++Pre-1986 fuel economies are composites of HDGV1 and HDGV2.
2-31
-------
TABLE 2-7
FUEL ECONOMY CORRECTION FACTORS AT VARIOUS SPEEDS, C
(Normalized to 32.7 miles/hour-cyclic driving)
Speed (mph)
5
10
15
25
30
32.7
40
45
50
55
60
C
s
Cyclic Driving
0.323
0.553
0.692
07 on . _
0.885
0.963
1.000
__i 097 . —
1.053
1.073
1.078
1.063
1.023
C
s
Steady Cruise
0.467
0.709
0.997
___ ____! 1^1
. 1.248
1.294
1.303
1.288
1.256
1.210
1.159
1.104
-------
TABLE 2-8
FRACTION OF LIGHT-DUTY TRUCK I MODEL YEAR SALES EQUIPPED WITH
DIFFERENT EMISSION CONTROL SYSTEMS (LOW-ALTITUDE NON-CALIFORNIA)
K
U
I*
System
FL,2,j
F2,j,NL,NOCAT
F2,j,OXCAT/NOAIR
F2,j,OXCAT/AIR
F
2, J.3WCAT
F2,j,3WCAT/OXCAT
F^ „ .
D,2,j
F
2.J.CAT
F2,j,CAT/NOAIR
F2, CAT/AIR
Pre-
1975
1.000
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1975
.188
.123
.570
.307
0
0
.002
.877
.570
.307
1976
.088
.225
.504
.271
0
0
.003
.775
.50A
.271
1977
.038
.083
.596
.321
0
0
.005
.917
.596
.321
1978
.027
.069
.605
.325
0
0
.009
.930
.605
.325
1979
.03
.034
.561
.405
0
0
.028
.966
.561
.405
1980
.021
.027
.564
.409
0
0
.034
.973
.564
.409
1981
.026
.011
.574
.415
0
0
.060
.989
.574
.415
1982
.021
0
.066
.887
.027
.021
.080
1.000
.069
.931
1983
.022
0
.092
.687
.054
.167
.100
1.000
.073
.927
1984
0
0
.003
.595
.126
.276
.130
1.000
.056
.944
1985
0
0
0
.550
.150
.300
.160
1.000
.080
.920
1986
0
0
0
.550
.150
.300
.180
1.000
.080
.920
1987
0
0
0
.150
.350
.500
.210
1.000
.200
.800
1988+
0
0
0
.150
.350
.500
.240
1.000
.200
.800
Sources: U.S. EPA Emission Factor In-Use Test Vehicle Data Base.
U.S. EPA Fuel Economy Data Base.
U.S. EPA Federal Register: Federal Certification Test Results 1975-78 and 1982-84.
EEA Estimates of Emission Control Systems Projections.
Note: Model year columns do not add up to 1.000. Only F and F . are fractions of all LDTls. All other systems are
fractions of all unleaded LDTls. L* >J ' >J
-------
TABLE 2-9
FLEET SALES FRACTIONS
Light-Duty Trucks I
Unleaded Gasoline Leaded Gasoline
, Fraction of LDT1 Fraction of LDT1 Diesel Fraction of
vL!o Fleet, FWT Fleet, F . LDT1 Fleet, F_
Years NL, Z, j * L,2, j D,2
Pre-1975 0.000 1.000 0.000
1975 0.810 0.188 0.002
1976 0.909 0.088 0.003
1977 0.957 0.038 0.005
1978 0.964 0.027 0.009
1979 0.942 0.030 0.028
1980 0.945 0.021 0.034
1981 0.914 0.026 0.060
1982 0.899 0.021 0.080
1983 0.878 0.022 0.100
1984 0.870 0.000 0.130
1985 0.840 0.000 0.160
1986 0.820 0.000 0.180
1987 0.790 0.000 0.210
1988 0.760 0.000 0.240
1989 0.730 0.000 0.270 -
1990 0.706 0.000 0.294
1991 0.697 0.000 0.303
1992 0.688 0.000 0.312
1993 0.679 0.000 0.321
1994 0.670 0.000 0.330
1995+ 0.661 0.000 0.339
Where F..T „ = Estimated fraction of the LDT1 model year fleet which use
NL ,2 . , , , .
nonleaded gasoline.
F _ = Estimated fraction of the LDT1 model year fleet which use
' leaded gasoline.
F = Estimated fraction of the LDT1 model year fleet which use
' diesel fuel.
*Percentages of gasoline vehicles requiring leaded and unleaded fuel
obtained from Energy and Environmental Analysis, Inc., "The Highway
Fuel Consumption Model: Tenth Quarterly Report," November 1983.
**Diesel and gasoline sales projections were derived from MOBILE3.
2-34
-------
Vehicle
Age
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
TABLE 2-10
TRAVEL WEIGHTING FACTOR CALCULATION*
Light-Duty Gas Trucks I**
(a)
January 1
Fraction
Total
Registration
0.023
0.089
0.085
0.081
0.076
0.072
0.068
0.064
0.060
0.055
0.050
0.046
0.042
0.038
0.034
0.029
0.025
0.021
0.017
0.025
(b)
Annual
Mileage
Accumulation
Rate
[(a)(b)/(SUM)]
Fraction of
LDV Travel by
Model Year, m
2,j,G
17,394
17,079
15,839
14,690
13,624
12,636
11,719
10,868
10,080
9,348
8,670
8,041
7,457
6,916
6,415
5,949
5,517
5,117
4,746
4,402
400.1
1,520.0
1,346.3
1,189.9
1,035.4
909.8
796.9
695.6
604.8
514.1
433.5
369.9
313.2
262.8
218.1
172.5
137.9
107.5
80.7
110.1
0.036
0.135
0.120
0.106
0.092 .
0.081
0.071
0.062
0.054
0.046
0.039
0.033
0.028
0.023
0.019
0.015
0.012
0.009
0.007
0.010
SUM: 11,219.1
*Data derived from MOBILE3.
**Light-duty trucks I have a gross vehicle weight (GVW) rating of 6,000
pounds or less.
2-35
-------
TABLE 2-11
FRACTION OF MODEL YEAR SALE OF LIGHT-DUTY TRUCKS TI
BY EMISSION CONTROL SYSTEMS
System
F, . .
L,3,j
F3,j,NL,NOCAT
F
3,j,OXCAT
F3,j,OXCAT/AIR
F
3 , J , 3WCAT
F3,j,3WCAT/OXCAT
F „
D,3,j
F
3.J.CAT
F3,j,CAT/NOAlR
F3, CAT/AIR
Pre-
1975
1.000
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1975
1.000
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1976
1. 000
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1977
1. 000
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1978
.988
0
0
0
0
0
.012
0
0
0
1979
0
.008
.496
.496
0
0
.025
.992
.496
.496
1980
0
0
.500
.500
0
0
.050
1.000
.500
.500
1981
0
0
.500
.500
0
0
.050
1.000
.500
.500
1982
0
0
.222
.704
0
.074
.080
1.000
.222
.778
1983
0
0
.284
.577
.012
.127
.113
1.000
.293
.707
1984
0
0
0
.823
.003
.174
.147
1.000
0
1.000
1985
0
0
0
.800
0
.200
.180
1.000
0
1.000
1986
0
0
0
.800
0
.200
.194
1. 000
0
1.000
1987
0
0
0
0
.020
.980
.208
1.000
.020
.980
1988
0
0
0
0
.020
.980
.222
1.000
.020
.980
Sources: U.S. EPA Emission Factor In-Use Test Vehicle Data Base.
U.S. EPA Federal Register: Federal Certification Test Results 1982-84.
EF.A Estimates of Emission Control Systems Projections.
Note: Model year columns do not add up to 1.000. Only F - . and F , are fractions of all LDT2s. All other systems are
fractions of all unleaded LDT2s. ' >J ' >J
-------
TABLE 2-12
FLEET SALES FRACTIONS
Light-Duty Trucks II
Unleaded Gasoline
Model
Years
Pre-1975
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995 +
WHERE F.,T ..
NL,3
. L Ol_ U .^VJLJ W A. i_*AS A. 4-
Fleet« FNL,3,j*
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.972
0.966
0.940
0.920
0.900
0.870
0.840
0.820
0.790
0.760
0.730
0.706
0.697
0.688
0.679
0.670
0.661
= Estimated frac
1 A A
Leaded Gasoline
Fraction of LDT2
Fleet' FLt3.j**
1.000
0.998
0.997
0.995
0.991
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
Diesel Fraction of
LDT2 Fleet, F,
D.3.J**
0.000
0.002
0.003
0.005
0.009
0.028
0.034
0.060
0.080
0.100
0.130
0.160
0.180
0.210
0.240
0.270
0.294
0.303
0.312
0.321
0.330
0.339
'L,3
Estimated fraction of the LDT2 model year fleet which use
nonleaded gasoline.
Estimated fraction of the LDT2 model year fleet which use
leaded gasoline.
Estimated fraction of the LDT2 model year fleet which use
diesel fuel.
*Percentages of gasoline vehicles requiring leaded and nonleaded fuel
obtained from Energy and Environmental Analysis, Inc., "The Highway
Fuel Consumption Model: Tenth Quarterly Report," November 1983.
**Diesel and gasoline sales projections were derived from MOBILE3.
2-37
-------
TABLE 2-13
TRAVEL WEIGHTING FACTOR CALCULATION*
Light-Duty Gas Trucks II**
Vehicle
Age
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20+
(a)
January 1
Fraction
Total
Registration
0.023
0.089
0.085
0.081
0.076
0.072
0.068
0.064
0.060
0.055
0.050
0.046
0.042
0.038
0.034
0.029
0.025
0.021
0.017
0.025
(b)
Annual
Mileage
Accumulation
Rate
18,352
18,001
16,622
15,348
14,172
13,087
12,084
11,158
10,303
9,514
8,785
8,112
7,491
6,917
6,386
5,897
5,446
5,028
4,643
4,287
SUM:
(a)(b)
422.1
1,602.1
1,412.9
1,243.2
1,077.1
942.3
821.7
714.1
618.2
523.3
439.3
373.2
314.6
262.8
217.1
171.0
136.2
105.6
78.9
107.2
11,582.9
[(a)(b)/(SUM)]
Fraction of
LDT2 Travel by
Model Year, ra
3.J.G
0.
0.
0.036
0.138
122
,107
0.093
0.081
0.071
0.062
0.053
0.045
0.038
0.032
0.027
0.023
0.019
0.015
0.012
0.009
0.007
0.009
*Data derived from MOBILE3.
**Light-duty trucks II have a gross vehicle weight (GVW) rating of 6,001
to 8,500 pounds.
o _
-------
TABLE 2-14
TRAVEL WEIGHTING FACTOR CALCULATION*
Light-Duty Diesel Trucks I and II**
Vehicle
Age
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20+
(a)
January 1
Fraction
Total
Registration
0.023
0.087
0.083
0.079
0.075
0.071
0.066
0.062
0.058
0.054
0.049
0.045
0.041
0.037
0.033
0.029
0.025
0.020
0.016
0.025
(b)
Annual
Mileage ^
Accumulation
Rate
[(a)(b)/(SUM)]
Fraction of
LDDT I & II Travel by
Model Year, m. .
,j »
17,552
17,230
15,964
14,791
13,705
12,699
11,766
10,901
10,101
9,359
8,671
8,035
7,444
6,897
6,391
5,921
5,487
5,084
4,710
4,364
403.7
1,499.0
1,325.0
1,168.5
1,027.9
901.6
776.6
675.9
585.9
505.4
424.9
361.6
305.2
255.2
210.9
171.7
137.2
101.7
75.4
109.1
0.035
0.129
0.114
0.101
0.088
0.078
0.067
0.058
0.050
0.043
0.037
0.031
0.026
0.022
0.018
0.015
0.012
0.009
0.006
0.009
SUM:
11,622.4
*Data derived from MOBILE3.
**Light-duty trucks I and II have a gross vehicle weight (GVW) rating of
0-8,500 pounds.
-------
TABLE 2-15
FLEET SALES FRACTIONS
Heavy-Duty Gasoline Vehicles (HDGV)*
Model Unleaded Fraction of Leaded Fraction of
Years HDGV Fleet FNLt4>j** HDGV Fleet FL>4tj
Pre-1977 0.000 1.000
1977 0.000 1.000
1978 0.000 1.000
1979 0.000 1.000
1980 0.000 1.000
1981 0.000 1.000
1982 0.000 1.000
1983 0.000 1.000
1984 0.000 1.000
1985 0.000 1.000
1986 0.000 1.000
1987 0.823 0.177
1988 0.824 0.176
1989 0.825 0.175
1990 0.826 0.174
1991 0.828 0.172
1992 0.829 0.171
1993 0.833 0.167
1994 0.837 0.163
1995 0.840 0.160
*Heavy-duty gasoline vehicles have a gross vehicle weight (GVW) rating
greater than 8,501 pounds.
*The estimated fractions of the HDGV model year fleets which are gasoline-
powered are consistent with figures from M.C. Smith, "Heavy-Duty Vehicle
Emission Conversion Factors: 1962-1997," EPA-AA/SDSB-84-1, Office of
Mobile Sources, August 1984.
2-40
-------
Vehicle
Age
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20+
TABLE 2-16
TRAVEL WEIGHTING FACTOR CALCULATION*
Heavy-Duty Gasoline Vehicle (HDGV)**
(a)
January 1
Fraction
Total
Registration
0.000
0.148
0.126
0.107
0.092
0.078
0.067
0.058
0.049
0.041
0.036
0.030
0.026
0.022
0.020
0.016
0.014
0.012
0.010
0.049
(b)
Annual
Mileage
Accumulation
Rate
[(a)(b)/(SUM)]
Fraction of
HDGT Travel by
Model Year, m
4.J.G
0
19,967
18,077
16,365
14,815
13,413
12,143
10,993
9,952
9,010
8,156
7,384
6,685
6,052
5,479
4,960
4,490
4,065
3,680
3,332
0.0
2,955.1
2,277.7
1,751.1
1,363.0
1,046.2
813.6
637.6
487.6
369.4
293.6
221.5
173.8
133.1
121.0
79.4
62.9
48.8
36.8
163.3
0.000
0.227
0.175
0.134
0.105
0.080
0.062
0.049
0.037
0.028
0.023
0.017
0.013
0.010
0.009
0.006
0.005
0.004
0.003
0.013
SUM: 13,035.5
*Data derived from MOBILE3.
**Heavy-duty gasoline vehicles have a gross vehicle weight (GVW) rating
greater than 8,500 pounds.
2-41
-------
TABLE 2-17
TRAVEL WEIGHTING FACTOR CALCULATION*
For Heavy-Duty Diesel Vehicles in Calendar Year 1987
Vehicle
Age
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20+
(a)
January 1
Fraction
Total
Registration
0.000
0.166
0.13
0.115
0.097
0.080
0.067
0.056
0.047
0.040
0.033
0.027
0.023
0.019
0.015
0.013
0.011
0.009
0.008
0.034
(b)**
Annual
Mileage
Accumulation
Rate
0
67,910
61,749
56,155
51,073
46,457
42,260
38,447
34,982
31,832
28,968
26,363
23,995
21,43
19,883
18,101
16,41
15,007
13,665
12,444
0.0
11,273.1
8,521.4
6,457.8
4,954.1
3,716.6
2,831.4
2,153.0
1,644.2
1,273.3
955.9
711.8
551
415
298
235
181
135
109
423.1
SUM: 46,841.8
I(a)(b)/(SUM)!
Fraction of
HDTT 1 Travel by
Model Year, 015 ; j
0.
0.
0.000
0.241
,182
,138
0.106
0.079
0.060
0.046
0.035
0.027
0.020
0.015
0.012
0.009
0.006
0.005
0.004
0.003
0.002
0.009
*Data derived from MOBILES.
**The tabulated annual mileage accumulation rate is specific to CY 1987
only. The rate shifts from one year to the next due to the increasing
penetration of diesels in the lower mileage, lighter weight classes of
the heavy-duty truck category (which contains all vehicles with a GVW
rating over 8,500 pounds).
2-42
-------
Vehicle
Age
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20+
TABLE 2-18
TRAVEL WEIGHTING FACTOR CALCULATION*
Motorcycles
(a)
January 1
Fraction
Total
Registration
0.000
0.167
0.159
0.134
0.142
0.131
0.080
0.051
0.028
0.010
0.098
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
(b)
Annual
Mileage
Accumulation
Rate
0
4,100
2,800
2,100
1,600
1,200
800
600
400
200
200
200
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
SUM: 1,924.0
[(a)(b)/(SUM)]
Fraction of
MC Travel by
Model Year, m
6.J.G
0.0
685.7
, 445.7
281.0
227.0
157.8
63.7
30.4
11.1
2.1
19.6
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.000
0.356
0.232
0.146
0.118
0.082
0.033
0.016
0.001
0.010
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
*Data derived from MOBILE3.
2-43
-------
TABLE 2-19
RATES OF MISFUELING (r )
FOR DIFFERENT VEHICLE CLASSES*
I/M Non-I/M
Light-Duty Vehicles (i=l) 0.09 0.20
Light-Duty Trucks I (i=2) 0.20 0.46
Light-Duty Trucks II (i=3) 0.21 0.47
Heavy-Duty Gasoline Vehicles (i=4)** 0.19 0.40
Motorcycles (i=6) 0 0
*Values in this table are expressed as fractions of the total number
of vehicles in each class. Misfueling rates are determined for the
weighted average mileage accumulated for each vehicle class.
**Misfueling rates for Heavy-Duty Gasoline Vehicles pertain only to
heavy-duty gasoline vehicles 1 made after model year 1986.
SOURCES: The equations used to estimate misfueling as a function of
mileage for I/M and non-I/M areas are drawn from "Anti-
Tampering and Anti-Misfueling Programs to Reduce In-Use
Emissions from Motor Vehicles," EPA-AA-TSS-83-10, Office of
Mobile Sources, December 31, 1983.
Weighted average mileages by vehicle category are calculated
from data contained in MOBILE3.
:-v
-------
TABLE 2-19a
RATES OF MISFUELING (r^ FOR DIFFERENT VEHICLE AGES AND CLASSES*
Vphi rip
V CIIX 1. -LC
Age
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20+
LDV
Non-I/M
.04
.07
.10
.13
.16
.18
.21
.23
.25
.27
.29
.31
.33
. .34
.36
.37
.39
.40
.41
.42
I/M
.04
.05
.06
.07
.08
.09
.09
.10
.11
.11
.12
.12
.13
.13
.14
.14
.15
.15
.15
.16
LDTI
Non-I/M
.22
.27
.31
.35
.38
.42
.45
.47
.50
.52
.55
.57
.59
.60
.62
.64
.65
.66
.68
.69
LOT 1 1
I/M
.13
.14
.16
.17
.18
.19
.20
.21
.21
.22
.23
.24
.24
.25
.25
.26
.26
.26
.27
.27
Non-I/M
.23
.27
.32
.36
.39
.43
.46
.49
.51
.54
.56
.58
.60
.62
.63
.65
.66
.68
.69
.70
I/M
.13
.15
.16
.17
.18
.19
.20
.21
.22
.23
.23
.24
.25
.25
.26
.26
.26
.27
.27
.28
HDGV1
Non-I/M
.18
.23
.28
.32
.36
.39
.42
.45
.48
.50
.52
.54
.56
.57
.59
.60
.61
.62
.63
.64
I/M
.12
.13
.15
.16
.17
.18
.19
.20
.21
.22
.22
.23
.23
.24
.24
.25
.25
.25
.25
.26
*Values in this table are expressed as fractions of the total number of
vehicles in each class. Misfueling rates are determined for the
average mileage in each class. Misfueling rates are determined for
the average mileage accumulated by each vehicle class of each vehicle
age group.
**Misfueling rates for Heavy-Duty Gasoline Vehicles 1 (HDGV1) are
estimates for 1987 and later calendar years. Currently all HDGVls use
leaded fuel. (For example, for the year 1990, use the first three
values in either the non-I/M or I/M HDGV1 column. All HDGVls greater
than 3 years old in this case (i.e., pre-1987 vehicles) would have a
misfueling rate of zero since they do not require use of unleaded
fuel.
SOURCES: The equations used to estimate misfueling as a function of
mileage for I/M and non-I/M areas are drawn from "Anti-
Tampering and Anti-Misfueling Programs to Reduce In-Use
Emissions from Motor Vehicles," EPA-AA-TSS-83-10, Office of
Mobile Sources, December 31, 1983.
Weighted average mileages by vehicle category are calculated
from data contained in MOBILE3.
2-4S
-------
TABLE 2-20
AVERAGE DATA ON PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION
Cumulative Fraction of Particulate
Mass Smaller Than Diameter
Leaded Fuel, M^
Median Particle Fractions,
Ranges of M Values*
0.2 y 2 y 10 u
0.23 0.43 0.64
0.18-0.28 0.28-0.58 0.45-0.84
References: (author summary of) Ninomiya et al, 1970; Moran et al,
1971; Cental et al, 1973; Cantwell et al, 1972; Boyer and Laitiner,
1975; Habibi et al, 1970; Hirschler and Gilbert, 1964.
Cumulative Fraction of Particulate
Mass Smaller Than Diameter
Unleaded Fuel, MN
Ranges of M^ Valves**
Ranges of M^ Valves
0.2 u
0.87
0.86-0.88
0.42
0.29-0.55
2 y
0.89
0.84-0.94
0.66
0.52-0.80
10 y
0.97
0.84-1.00
0.90
0.63-1.00
References: (author summary of) Foster et al, 1976; Trayser et al,
1976; Foster et al, 1974; Melton et al, 1973; Habibi, 1973; Cental et
al, 1973.
*95 percent confidence intervals on mean of data.
**95 percent confidence intervals by "t" statistics,
2-46
-------
TABLE 2-20
AVERAGE DATA ON PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION (cont'd)
Cumulative Fraction of Particulate
Mass Smaller Than Diameter
Diesel Fuel, >L
M~
0.2 y
0.73
1.0 u
0.86
2.0 u
0.90
2.5 u
0.92
10 u
1.00
Ranges of M^
Values U 0.69-0.75 0.76-0.93 0.86-0.95 0.88-0.95 0.97-1.00
References: Breslin, et al, 1976; Hare, 1979, Bykowski, 1981; Bykowski,
1983; McCain and Faulkner, 1979; Vuk, et al, 1976; Begeman, 1979;
Carpenter and Johnson, 1979; Verrant and Kittelson, 1977.
Cumulative Fraction of Particulate
_^ Mass Smaller Than Diameter
Brake Wear
Particulate. M^ Q<43 v IA y 4.7 y TjL 10 u
Median Particle
Fractions, M^ 0.09 0.16 0.82 0.90 0.98
Ranges of M^
Values Not available
Reference: Cha et al, 1983.
Intermediate speed, no load, prechamber engine, 2D fuel.
Samples for determining particle size distribution were collected by
running about 20 braking cycles weighted to be representative of urban
driving conditions.
-------
TABLE 2-21
LOW ALTITUDE HDDV CONVERSTION FACTORS*
Model Year Conversion Factor (CF;)
1951-1962 2.7420
1963-1965 2.7307
1966-1968 2.8267
1969-1971 3.0080
1972-1974 3.1917
1975-1979 3.1420
1980-1981 2.7780
1982-1984 2.5580
1985 2.4700
1986 2.4260
1987-1992 2.3600
1993-1996 2.3175
1997-2000 2.3100
*These factors are used to convert emissions in g/Bhp-hr to g/mile.
They are consistent with those contained in M.C. Smith, "Heavy-Duty
Vehicle Emission Conversion Factors: 1962-1977," EPA-AA-SDSB-84-1,
Office of Mobile Sourcs, August 1984.
2-48
-------
TABLE 2-22
FRACTION OF LEAD BURNED THAT IS EMITTED, as
asl,j* as2,j**
All years .75 1975-1980 .40
1981+ .44
; is used for all vehicles using unleaded gasoline and for
vehicles without catalysts using leaded gasoline.
**as2 i ^-s usfid for catalyst equipped vehicles using leaded gasoline.
2-49
-------
TABLE 2-23
FRACTION OF CATALYST EQUIPPED VEHICLES WITH CATALYST REMOVED,
Pl P2 and P3
I/M .017 .050
Non-I/M .045 .195
*Fractions obtained from "Anti-Tampering and Anti-Misfueling Programs to
Reduce In-Use Emissions From Motor Vehicles," U.S. EPA, December 1983.
-------
I ij>ure 2-1
LEADED GASOLINE ('ARTICULATE SIZE DISTRIBUTION
10
I
VJ1
rt I0°
•I
o
1.
•i ao
A.
(U
K .0
10
Q
;?, ••
i-
^1 A0
.1
i/i
10
30
20
o
»-«
I •
10
H
S
r>
u «
0
~r
3
T
6
~T
6
234667
PAUTIC1.I-J DIAMETER microns
T
0
10
-------
Figure 2-2
UNLEADED GASOLINE PARTJCULATE SIZE DISTRIBUTION
rt I0°
u
u
I.
•I 00
p.
o;
i-« eo
i
r\
o
70
•o
60
40
30
20
10
u o
r—•
a
5
5
a
in
. I
u
i-l
Legend
O Cotolysl
A Moncololyit
i
a
i
6
i
6
46671
PARTICLE DIAMETER microns
i
10
-------
Figure 2-3
DIESEL PARTICIPATE SIZE DISTRIBUTION
I
Jl
w
o
V
o.
P;
ui
H
Ul
80
3 70
•£ *°
I-
UI
UI *°
^4
UI 40
i-
30
20
10
O «
0
I
2
i
3
i
4
i
7
1 2 3 45 6 7 0
PARTICLE DIAMETER microns
i^
9
i
10
-------
I'igurc 2-4
BRAKE WEAR PARTICULATE SIZE DISTRIBUTION
100
I
Jt
1 2345676
PARTICLE DIAMETER microns
10
-------
3. EXAMPLE CALCULATION OF AUTOMOBILE PARTICULATE
EMISSIONS LESS THAN 10 MICRONS
PROBLEM
For an area characterized by light-duty vehicles driving under cyclic
conditions with an average speed of 19.6 miles per hour, calculate the
particulate emission rate of particles less than 10 y in diameter for
the year 1985. Assume an inspection and maintenance program has been
implemented in this area. The simplified misfueling rates from Table
2-19 will be used.
SOLUTION
Use equations (2-1), (2-2), (2-3), (2-4), (2-5), (2-6), (2-7), (2-8),
(2-9), (2-10), (2-12), (2-14), and (2-15).
Particulate Matter Size Cutoff = 10U
n=1985 i=l=LDV s=19.6 raph M^O.98
t. = 1.0 r. (from Table 2-19) = 0.09
1,1 JOJ 1
Base Equation (2-1): Total Particulate Emission Factors
Vehicle Exhaust Particulate Component and Airborne Brake
Wear Component and Airborne Tire Wear Component
EFPM10,1985,19.6 = C1.0)(EF1|1985>19.6) + (0.0128)(0.98) + (0.002)
3-1
-------
Total Vehicle Exhaust Part iculate Emission Component (2-2)*;
EF1,1985,19.6 " TT | * EFl,j,ko,L * EFl,j,k3,L>
j=TT66 L
where PbL,i985 =1.1 (g/gal)
PbNL,1985 = 0.014 (g/gal)
ML,10 ' °-64
MNL,C,10 = Oi97
MNL,C,10 = °-90
MD = 1.00
as = from Table 2-22
Cs = 0.79
Pi = 0.017
Using the following equations to plug into Equation (2-2) and sum over
the appropriate model years:
Lead Emission Factor Component (2-3a); Leaded Fuel
For j=1966-1970 k=l
,3,14,1985,1. = [(1.IX.887X0.64) + (0.014) (0.113) (0. 90) '
(0.75X1.557) _ .925
X (Ecl>j)(0.79) " Ec,i,3
*The numbers in ( ) in equation titles refer to the equations presented
in Section 2.
3-2
-------
Lead Emission Factor Component (2-3b); Leaded Fuel
For j=1971-1974 k=l
EF1, 3,1^,1985,1. = [(1.IX.916X0.64) + (0.014)(0.084) (0.90)]
(0.75X1.557) .955
X (EC)i>j)(0.79)
Lead Emission Factor Component (2-4); Leaded Fuel
For j=1975-1985 k=l
"1,3,^,1985,1, = [(1.0(0.724X0.64) + (0.014) (0.276) (0.90)J
(0.75)(1.557) .7586
X (Ec>i>j)(0.79) " Ec>i>j
Lead Emission Factor Component (2-5); Unleaded Fuel
For j=1975-1985 k=l
"l,j,k1,1985,NL " [(0.014)(0.91)(0.97)(0.75)
+ (1.1)(0.09)(0.64) (Fi>j>NL>NOCAT * (0.17)
(Fi,j,NL,CAT>) (°'75>
+ (1.0(0.09) (0.64X.983) (Fitj>NLfCAT)(a82,j)]
1.557
x
ECfl|j(0.79)
= 1 557| """" + Fi. j,NL,NOCAT + (.017) (Fjf j >NL> CAT^ -048) 4. (•062)Fi. j ,NL. CAT(as2, j) 1
Ec>1>j(0.79) J
Ec,i,j
3-3
-------
1985
1984
1983
1982
1981
1980
1979
1978
1977
1976
1975
.0731
.0731
.0731
.0731
.0731
.0682
.0682
.0682
.0682
.0694
.0717
Organic Emission Factor Component (2-6); Leaded Fuel
For j=1966-1969 k=2
EFl,j,k2,L • (0.193X0.64) = 0.124 (g/mile)
Organic Emission Factor Components (2-7): Leaded Fuel
For j=1970-1974 k=2
EFl,j,k2,L - (0.068X0.64) = 0.044 (g/mile)
Organic Emission Factor Component (2-8); Leaded Fuel
For j=1975-1985 k=2
EFl,j,k2L = (0.030X0.64) - 0.019 (g/mile)
3-4
-------
Organic Emission Factor Component (2-9); Unleaded Fuel
For j=1975-1985 k=2
EFl,j,k2,NL - (0.9lXFi,j,CAT>«>.017X0.97)
+ (0.09)(Flj j>CAT)(0.068X0.64)
* (Fl,j,NL,NOCAT>(0.030X0.90)
- (0.019)(FlfjfCAT) + (0.027)(F1>j)NL>NOCAT)
Sulfate Emission Factor Component (2-10); Leaded Fuel
For j=1966-1985 k=3
EFl,j,k3,L = (0.002X0.64) - 0.001 (g/mile)
Sulfate Emission Factor Component (2-12): Unleaded Fuel
For j=1975-1985 k=3
j|k3,NL = (0.91) [(F1}j>CAT/NOAIR>(0.005)(0.97)
* (Fl,j,CAT/AIR)(0.016)(0.97)
* (Fl, j,NL,NOCAT>(0-002^0-90M + (0.09) (0.002) (0.64)
= [(Fl,j,CAT/NOAIR)(0.004) + )FL% j,CAT/AIR)(0.016)
* (Fl,j,NL,NOCAT>(0-002)J + O-0001
Diesel Particulate Emission Factor Component (2-14)
For j=1966-1980
EFl,j,D = (0.700)(1.00) = 0.700 (g/mile)
3-5
-------
Diesel Particulate Emission Factor Component (2-15)
For j=1981-1985
EFl,j,D = (0.300X1.00) = 0.300 (g/mile)
Table 3-1 presents the inputs and the sequence of calculations necessary
to derive the LDV exhaust particulate emission factor components (using
the above equations) and the total LDV exhaust particulate emission rate,
EF1 1985 19.6' This estimate is then combined with the airborne brake
wear and airborne tire wear particulate components to obtain the total
LDV particulate emission rate:
EFPM10,1985,19.6 = (1.0X0.0581) + 0.0125 + 0.002 - 0.0726 (g/mile)
This example is an estimate of particulate emissions from light-duty
vehicles only. Therefore, the total emission rate from all vehicle
classes for an area in calendar year 1985 can be expected to be
considerably higher.
3-6
-------
TABLE 3-1
EXAMPLE CALCULATIONS
LIGHT-DUTY VEHICLE PAKTICULATE EMISSION RATE
LESS THAN 10 MICRONS FOR THE YEAR 1985
A. Emission Factor Component Calculation Inputs
Model
Year
1985
1984
1983
1982
1981
1980
1979
1978
1977
1976
1975
1974
1973
1972
1971
1970
1969
1968
1967
1966-
Age
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20+
mltj
0.038
0.142
0.125
0.111
0.098
0.084
0.075
0.065
0.055
0.047
0.040
0.032
0.026
0.021
0.015
0.011
0.007
0.003
0.003
0.004
FN
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
I..I.J *
.934
.940
.947
.954
.939
.966 C
.875 (
.865 (
.838 (
.863 (
.869 (
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
l.l.J
-
-
-
-
1.000
J.097
1.126
).158
).134
1.128
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
fcl
24.
23.
23.
22.
21.
19.
17.
16.
15.
14.
13.
12.
12.
13.
13.
13.
13.
13.
13.
13.
6
8
2
9
5
6
8
6
5
8
8
6
9
1
2
9
9
9
9
9
f
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
D.I.J F
.066
.060
.053
.046
.061
.034
.028
.009
.004
.003 (
.003 (
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
,1,CAT
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
).980
).919
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
F NOCAT
_
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
0.020
0.081
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
CAT/NOA1R
CAT/AIR
0.381
0.237
0.194
0.149
0.296
0.474
0.655
0.650
0.650
0.637
0.597
0.691
0.763
0.806
0.851
0.704
0.526
0.345
0.350
0.350
0.343
0.322
-------
TABLE 3-1 (cont'd)
EXAMPLE CALCULATIONS
LIGHT-DUTY VEHICLE PARTICULATE EMISSION RATE
LESS THAN 10 MICRONS FOR THE YEAR 1985
B. Emission Factor Component Summation Descriptions
Summation (1) calculates the emission factor component in Equations (2-3a), (2-3b), and (2-4) that are
used in Equation (2-2).
Summation (2) calculates the emission factor component in Equation (2-5) that is used in Equation (2-2).
Summation (3) calculates the emission factor component in Equations (2-6), (2-7), and (2-8) that are used
Y in Equation (2-2).
CD
Summation (4) calculates the emission factor component in Equation (2-9) that is used in Equation (2-2).
Summation (5) calculates the emission factor component in Equation (2-10) that is used in Equation (2-2).
Summation (6) calculates the emission factor component in Equation (2-12) that is used in Equation (2-2).
Summation (7) calculates the emission factor component in Equations (2-14) and (2-15) that are used in
Equation (2-2).
-------
TABLE 3-1
• «j
o
1985
1984
1983
1982
1981
1980
1979
1978
1977
1976
1975
1974
1973
1972
1971
1970
1969
1968
1967
1966-
SUM:
EXAMPLE CALCULATIONS
LIGHT-DUTY VEHICLE PART1CULATE EMISSION RATE
LESS THAN 10 MICRONS FOR THE YEAR 1985 (cont'd)
C. Emission Factor Component Calculations
(I)
0.0003
0.0004
0.0004
0.0003
0.0003
0.0024
0.0019
0.0015
0.0010
0.0007
0.0005
0.0002
0.0002
0.0003
0.0104
(2)
(L1'l.j,k1.1985,NL)
0.0001
0.0004
0.0004
0.0003
0.0003
0.0003
0.0003
0.0002
0.0002
0.0002
0.0002
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
(3)
(EF1 1 k L}
1 » J • K2 '
-
-
-
-
-
0.0001
0.0002
0.0002
0.0001
0.0001
0.0014
0.0011
0.0009
0.0007
0.0004
0.0009
0.0004
0.0004
0.0005
(A)
("'l.J.k2,NL)
0.0007
0.0025
0.0022
0.0020
0.0017
0.0015
0.0012
0.0011
0.0009
0.0008
0.0007
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
(5)
(Wl.J.k3.L>
-
-
-
-
-
0.00001
0.00001
0.00001
0.00001
0.00001
0.00003
0.00003
0.00002
0.00002
0.00001
0.00001
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
(6)
(EF )
1 .J ,k-,NL
(F
NL.1.J/V
0.0004
0.0017
0.0016
0.0015
0.0011
0.0008
0.0005
0.0005
0.0004
0.0003
0.0003
(7)
0.0008
0.0026
0.0020
0.0015
0.0018
0.0020
0.0015
0.0004
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
0.0029
0.0074
0.0153
0.00017
0.0091
0.0129
.0581 (g/mile) = EF
1.1985,19.6
-------
REFERENCES
1. Carey, Penny M., Supplementary Guidelines for Lead Implementation
Plans — Updated Projections for Motor Vehicle Lead Emissions,
EPA-450/2-3-002, OAR, QMS, ECTD, TSS for OAQPS, March 1983.
2. Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors: Highway Mobile
Sources, EPA 460/3-81-005, OAR, QMS, ECTD, TEB, March 1981.
3. Anti-Tampering and Anti-Mis fueling Programs to Reduce In-Use
Emissions From Motor Vehicles, EPA/AA/TSS-83-10, December 193.
4. Diesel Particulate Study (Draft), U.S. EPA, OAR, OMS, ECTD, SDSB,
October 1983.
5. Lorang, Philip A., White, John T., and Brzezinski, David J., In-Use
Emissions of 190 and 1981 Passenger Cars; Results of EPA Testing,
SAE Paper No. 820975, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, presented
at West Coast International Meeting, San Francisco, CA, August 1982.
6. The Impact of Light-Duty Diesel Particulate Standards on the Level
of Diesel Penetration in the Light-Duty Vehicle and Light-Duty Truck
Markets, Jack Faucett Associates report for EPA, January 1983.
7. Assessment o£ Current and Projected Future Trends in Light-Duty
Vehicle Fuel-Switching, Energy and Environmental Analysis, Inc.,
report for EPA, June 1984.
8. Draft Study of Particulate Emissions from Motor Vehicles, by the
Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory (for Section 214 of the
Clean Air Act), U.S. EPA, Office of Research and Development, Mobile
Source Emissions Research Branch, July 1983.
9. "Control of Air Pollution from New Motor Vehicles and New Motor
Vehicle Engines: Federal Certification Test Results for 1975 Model
Year," Federal Register, Vol. 40, No. 48, March 11, 1975.
10. "Control of Air Pollution from New Motor Vehicles and New Motor
Vehicle Engines: Federal Certification Test Results for 1976 Model
Year," Federal Register, Vol. 41, No. 46, March 8, 1976.
11. "Control of Air Pollution from New Motor Vehicles and New Motor
Vehicle Engines: Federal Certification Test Results for 1977 Model
Year," Federal Register, Vol. 42, No. 110, June 8, 1977.
R-l
-------
12. "Control of Air Pollution from New Motor Vehicles and New Motor
Vehicle Engines: Federal Certification Test Results for 1978 Model
Year," Federal Register, Vol. 43, No. 181, September 18, 1978.
13. 1983 Motorcycle Statistical Annual, Motorcycle Industry Council,
Inc., Research and Statistics Department, Governmental Relations
Office, Arlington, VA, June 1983.
14. Hare, Charles T., Characterization of Gaseous and Particulate Emissions
from Light-Duty Diesels Operated on Various Fuels, EPA-460/3-79-008,
Southwest Research Institute, report prepared for Office of Mobile
Sources, June 1979.
15. Bykowski, Bruce B., Characterization of Diesel Emissions from Operation
of a Light-Duty Diesel Vehicle on Alternate Source Diesel Fuels,
EPA-460/3-82-002, Southwest Research Institute, report prepared for
Office of-Mobile Sources, November 1981.
16. Bykowski, Bruce B., Petroleum Versus Alternate-Source Fuel Effects
on Light-Duty Diesel Emissions, EPA 460/3-83-007, Southwest Research
Institute, report prepared for Office of Mobile Sources, August
1983.
17. Bykowski, Bruce B., Characterization of Diesel Emissions as a Function
of Fuel Variables, EPA-460/3-81-015, Southwest Research Institute,
report prepared for Office of Mobile Sources, April 1981.
18. McCain, Joseph D., and M. Gregory Faulkner, Assessment of Diesel
Particulate Control: Particle Size Measurements, EPA-600/7-79-232c,
Southern Research Institute, report prepared for Office of Research
and Development, December 1979.
19. Begeman, C.R., and P,J. Groblicki, Particle Size Variation in Diesel
Car Exhaust, SAE Paper No. 790421, presented in Detroit, MI, February
26-March 2, 1979.
20. Carpenter, Kenneth, and John H. Johnson, Analysis of the Physical
Characteristics of Diesel Particulate Matter Using Transmission
Electron Microscope Techniques, SAE Paper No. 790815, presented in
Milwaukee, WI, September 10-13, 1979.
21. Verrant, John A., and David A. Kittelson, Sampling and Physical
Characterization of Diesel Exhaust Aerosols, SAE Paper No. 770720,
presented in Detroit, MI, February 1977.
22. Ter Haar, G.L., D.L. Lanane, J.N. Hu, and M. Brandt, Composition,
Size, and Control of Automotive Exhaust Particulates, Ethyl Corpora-
tion, report presented at the 64th Annual APCA Meeting, Atlantic
City, NJ, June 27-July 1, 1971.
R-2
-------
23. Breselin, J.A., A.J. Strazisar, and R.L. Stein, Size Distribution
and Mass Output of Participates From Diesel Engine Exhausts, report
prepared by Pittsburg Mining and Safety Research Center, Pittsburgh,
PA, U.S. Department of the Interior, Report of Investigation 8141.
24. Boyer, K.W., and H.A. Laitinen, "Automobile Exhaust Particulates,"
Environ. Sci. Technol., 9_(5):457-469, 1975.
25. Cantwell, E.N., E.S. Jacobs, W.G. Kunz, Jr., V.E. Liberi, Control
of Particulate Lead Emissions from Automobiles, SAE Paper No. 720672,
Detroit, MI, May 1972.
26. Foster, J.F., D.A. Trayser, C.W. Melton, and R.I. Mitchell, Chemical
and Physical Characterization of Automotive Exhaust Particulate
Matter in the Atmosphere, Fourth Annual Summary Report, prepared by
Battelle Columbus Laboratories, Columbus, OH, to Coordinating Research
Council (CRC-APRAC Project No. CAPE-19-70) and U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency (Contract No. 68-01-0279), July 1974.
27. Foster, J.F., D.A. Trayser, E.R. Blosser, F.A. Creswick, and D.F.
Miller, Chemical and Physical Characterization of Automotive Exhaust
Particulate Matter in the Atmosphere, Fifth Annual Summary Reported
prepared by Battelle Columbus Laboratories, Columbus, OH, to
Coordinating Research Council (CRC-APRAC Project No. CAPE-19-80),
March 1974.
28. Gentel, J.E., O.J. Manary, and J.C. Valenta, Characterization of
Particulates and Other Non-regulated Emissions from Mobile Sources
and the Effects of Exhaust Emissions Control Devices on these
Emissions, report prepared by The Dow Chemical Company, Midland,
MI, under Contract No. EHA-70-101 to the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Ann Arbor, MI, March 1973.
29. Habibi, K., "Characterization of Particulate Matter in Vehicle
Exhaust," Environ. Sci. Technolo.. 7^(3) :223-234, 1973.
30. Habibi, K., E.S. Jacobs, W.G. Kunz, Jr., and D.L. Pastell,
Characterization and Control of Gaseous and Particulate Exhaust
Emission from Vehicles, paper presented to the Air Pollution
Control Assn., San Francisco, CA, October 1970.
31. Hirschler, D.A., and L.F. Gilbert, "Nature of Lead in Automobile
Exhaust Gas," Arch. Environ. Health, 9_:297-313, 1964.
32. Kittelson, D.B., D.F. Dolan, and J.A. Verrant, Investigation of a
Diesel Exhaust Aerosol, SAE Paper No. 780109, Detroit, MI, February
1978.
R-3
-------
33. Melton, C.W., R. Mitchell, D. Trayser, and J. Foster, Chemical and
Physical Characterization of Automotive Exhaust Particulate Matter
in the Atmosphere, Final Summary Report, prepared by Battelle Columbus
Lab, Columbus, OH, to CRC (CRC-APRAC Project No. CAPE-19-70) and
EPA (Contract No. 68-02-0205), June 1973.
34. Moran, J.B., 0. Manary, R. Fay, and Mi Baldwin, Development of
Particulate Emission Control Techniques for Spark-Ignition Engines,
Final Report, prepared by Organic Chemicals Department, The Dow
Chemical Company, Midland, MI, under Contract EHS70-101, EPA, Ann
Arbor, MI, July 1971.
35. Ninomiya, J.S., W. Bergman, and B.H. Simpson, Automotive Particulate
Emissions, paper presented to the Second Int'l Clean Air Congress
of the Int'l Union of Air Pollution Prevention Assn., Washington,
D.C., December 1970.
36. Trayser, D.A., F.A. Creswick, E.R. Blosser, and D.F. Miller, Chemical
and Physical Characterization of Automotive Exhaust Particulate
Matter in the Atmosphere, Sixth and Final Summary Report, prepared
by Battelle Columbus Laboratories, Columbus, OH, to Coordinating
Research Council (CAPE-19-70), September 1976.
37. Vuk, C.T., M.A. Jones, and J.H. Johnson, The Measurement and Analysis
of the Physical Character of Diesel Particulate Emissions, SAE Paper
No. 760131, Detroit, MI, February 1976.
38. Duleep, K.G., Forecasts of Emission Control Technology 1983-1990,
Task 5 of EPA Contract No. 68-01-6558 (Work Assignment No. 35), by
Energy and Environmental Analysis, Inc., November 28, 1983.
39. Schneider, Eric W., "Detection of Leaded-Gasoline Usage in Catalyst-
Equipped Vehicles: A Gamma-Ray Transmission Gauge for Measuring
Catalytic Converter Lead Contamination," APCA Journal, Vol. 32,
No. 5, May 1982.
40. Cha, Soyoung, Philip Carter, and Ronald L. Bradow, Simulation of
Automobile Brake Wear Dynamics and Estimate of Emissions, SAE Paper
No. 831036, Dearborn, MI, June 1983.
41. Cadle, S.H., and R.L. Williams, "Gas and Particle Emissions from
Automobile Tires in Laboratory and Field Studies," J. Air Poll.
Control Assoc. , 2_8(5) :502-507, 1978.
42. Pierson, W.R., and W.W. Brachaczek, "Airborne Particulate Debris
from Rubber Tires," Rubber Chem. Technol., 47/5):1275-1229, 1974.
43. The Highway Fuel. Consumption Model; Tenth Quarterly Report, prepared
for the U.S. Department of Energy, by Energy and Environmental Analysis,
Inc., Arlington, VA, November 1983.
R-4
-------
44. User's Guide to MOBILE3 (Mobile Source Emissions Model), EPA
46013-84-002, June 1984.
45. .Energy and Environmental Analysis, Inc., "Supplementary Guidelines
for Lead Implementation Plans," prepared for the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, August 1985.
46. Size Specific Particulate Emission Factors for Industrial and Rural
Roads, draft report prepared for the Industrial Environmental
Research Laboratory, U.S. EPA, EPA Contract No. 68-02-3158, by
Midwest Research Institute, Kansas City, MO, June 7, 1984.
47. Paved Road Particulate Emissions — Source Category Report, draft
report prepared for the Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory,
U.S. EPA, EPA Contract No. 68-02-3158, by Midwest Research Institute,
Kansas City, MO, May 7, 1984.
R-5
-------
APPENDIX A
-------
TABLE A-l
AVERAGE ANNUAL MILEAGE BY VINTAGE FOR HEAVY-DUTY TRUCKS
Age
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20+
Class
2-B
18,352
16,946
15,648
14,449
13,342
12,320
11,376
10,504
9,700
8,956
8,270
7,637
7,052
6,511
6,012
5,552
5,126
4,734
4,371
4,036
Light
HDDV
45,544
39,671
34,558
30,092
26,213
22,834
19,898
17,332
15,098
13,152
11,456 •
9,979
8,693
7,572
6,596
5,746
5,005
4,360
3,798
3,308
Medium
HDDV
53,370
46,901
41,190
36,206
31,812
27,948
24,556
21,575
18,956
16,655
14,632
12,856
11,296
9,925
8,719
7,661
6,728
5,913
5,196
4,565
Heavy
HDDV
82,288
74,984
68,328
62,263
56,737
51,700
47,111
42,930
39,119
35,647
32,483
29,599
26,972
24,578
22,396
20,408
18,597
16,946
15,442
14,071
Source: MOBILE3.
A-l
-------
TABLE A-2
PROJECTIONS OF HEAVY-DUTY VEHICLES IN OPERATION
Year
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
Class
2-B
0.000
0.000
0.049
0.014
0.185
0.274
0.370
0.475
0.588
0.707
0.831
0.960
1.092
1.225
1.354
1.480
1.600
1.712
1.816
1.912
1.999
Light
HDDV
0.006
0.006
0.009
0.013
0.022
0.037
0.053
0.071
0.089
0.106
0.122
0.137
0.151
0.165
0.178
0.190
0.202
0.212
0.222
0.230
0.238
Medium
HDDV
0.112
0.124
0.135
0.141
0.153
0.166
0.177
0.185
0.193
0.201
0.208
0.215
0.222
0.229
0.237
0.245
0.253
0.261
0.269
0.276
0.283
Heavy
HDDV
1.521
1.581
1.599
1.592
1.641
1.719
1.816
1.927
2.041
2.151
2.258
2.362
2.471
2.581
2.693
2.807
2.914
3.015
3.108
3.194
3.273
Source: MOBILE3.
A-2
------- |