United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Region I
J.F. Kennedy Federal Building
Boston, MA 02203
EPA 901/9-79-007
March 1979
&EPA
Air
VOC Emissions Reduction
Study for Oxidant Attainment
in Massachusetts, Rhode Island,
and Connecticut
Final
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
1. REPORT NO.
..EPA 901/9-79-007
2.
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION-NO.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
5. REPORT DATE
VOC Emissions Reduction Study for Oxidant Attainment March 1979
in Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR(S)
Peter J. Drivas, Robert J. Gordon and Katherine Wilson
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Pacific Environmental Services, Inc.
1930 14 th Street
Santa Monica, California 90404
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-02-2606, Assignment No. 23
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Environmental Protection Agency
Region I
J.F. Kennedy Federal Building
Boston, Massachusetts 02203
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
16. ABSTRACT
A review was conducted of available models which relate ozone concentrations to VOC
and NOX emissions. The city-specific version of the Empirical Kinetic Modeling
Approach (EKMA) was recommended as the most appropriate model for New England with
reasonable input and computer requirements. This model was applied to Bridgeport-New
Haven, CT; Providence, RI; Boston, MA; Springfield, MA; and Worcester, MA to compute
VOC emission reductions necessary to achieve current and future Federal Oxidant
Standards. The ozone design values and transported ozone values were selected to re-
flect the maximum requirement for VOC emission reduction. All 03 monitoring data for
Massachusetts, Connecticut and Rhode Island were adjusted to a common basis by taking
into account EPA calibration audits and changes in calibration procedures.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.IDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
c. COSATI Field/Group
Air Pollution
Ozone
Mathematical Models
New England
8. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
Unlimited
19. SECURITY CLASS (This Report)
Unclassified
21. NO. OF PAGES
58
20. SECURITY CLASS (Thispage)
Unclassified
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
-------
EPA 901/9-79-007
VOC EMISSIONS REDUCTION STUDY FOR OXIDANT ATTAINMENT IN
MASSACHUSETTS, RHODE ISLAND, AND CONNECTICUT
By
Peter J. Drivas, Robert J. Gordon and Katherine W. Wilson
Pacific Environmental Services, Inc.
1930 14th Street
Santa Monica, CA 90404
CONTRACT NO. 68-02-2606
ASSIGNMENT NO. 23
Prepared for
Environmental Protection Agency
Region I
J.F. Kennedy Federal Building
Boston, Massachusetts 02203
March 1979
-------
This air pollution report is issued by Region I, Environmental
Protection Agency, to assist state and local air pollution control
agnecies in carrying out their program activities. Copies of this
report may be obtained, for a nominal cost, from the National Tech-
nical Information Service, 5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield,
Virginia 22151.
This report was furnished to the Environmental Protection
Agency by Pacific Environmental Services, Inc., Santa Monica,
California, in fulfillment of EPA contract number 68-02-2606,
assignment number 23. This report has been reviewed by Region I,
EPA and approved for publication. Approval does not signify that
the contents necessarily reflect the views and policies of the
Environmental Protection Agency, nor does mention of commercial
products constitute endorsement for us,e.
Region I Publication No. EPA 901/9-79-007
-------
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Section Page
1.0 INTRODUCTION 1-1
2.0 REVIEW OF AVAILABLE MODELS 2-1
2.1 Model Descriptions 2-1
2.2 Recommendation of Appropriate Model 2-5
3.0 QUALITY ASSURANCE REVIEW OF 03 MONITORING DATA 3-1
4.0 MODEL APPLICATION 4-1
4.1 Model Application 4-1
4.2 Bridgeport-New Haven, Connecticut 4-2
4.3 Providence, Rhode Island 4-5
4.4 Boston, Massachusetts 4-8
4.5 Springfield, Massachusetts 4-12
4.6 Worcester, Massachusetts 4-12
4.7 New England Standard Ozone Isopleths 4-16
5.0 CONTROL STRATEGY EVALUATIONS 5-1
APPENDIX - CITY-SPECIFIC OZONE ISOPLETH CURVES A-l
-------
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
Figure Page
2-1 Standard Ozone Isopleth Conditions 2-2
4-1 Relationship Between Urban and Receptor Areas 4-4
4-2 New England'Standard Ozone Isopleths 4-18
LIST OF TABLES
Table Page
2-1 Input Requirements of the City-Specific EKMA Model 2-4
3-1 Ozone Audits 1975-1977 for Southern New England 3-2
3-2 Massachusetts Adjusted 03 Values 3-4
3-3 Connecticut Adjusted 0, values 3-5
4-2 City-Specific EKMA Parameters for Bridgeport-New Haven .. 4-6
4-3 Adjusted Hourly (h Data (ppm) for July 20, 1976 4-7
4-4 City-Specific EKMA Parameters for Providence 4-9
4-5 Adjusted Hourly 0^ Data (ppm) for August 26, 1976 4-10
4-6 City-Specific EKMA Parameters for Boston 4-11
4-7 Adjusted Hourly 03 Data (ppm) for August 5, 1976 4-13
4-8 City-specific EKMA Parameters for Springfield 4-14
4-9 Adjusted Hourly 03 Data (ppm) for July 27, 1976 4-15
4-10 City-Specific EKMA Parameters for Worcester 4-17
5-1 City-Specific EKMA Parameters 5-2
5-2 Calculated VOC Emission Reductions 5-3
11
-------
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Air quality data from Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and
Connecticut have shown violations of the current Federal 1-hour
o
averaged oxidant standard of 160 fig/m (0.08 ppm). In order to
meet the requirements of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1977, the
states must regulate emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOC)
or oxides of nitrogen (NOX) in order to attain the Federal oxidant
standard. Currently, the most effective technique is to reduce
VOC emissions. Thus, appropriate methodology must be used to esti-
mate the reduction of VOC emissions necessary to attain the current
and future oxidant standards.
Pacific Environmental Services, Inc. (PES) was contracted by
EPA Region I to provide assistance in estimating the VOC emission
reductions necessary to attain the oxidant standard in Massachusetts,
Rhode Island, and Connecticut. The scope of work was to review
available models which relate ozone concentrations to VOC and NOX
emissions, to perform a quality assurance examination of ambient
ozone monitoring data in southern New England, to apply an appro-
priate model to various geographic areas in New England, and to
evaluate VOC emission control strategies based on the model results.
1-1
-------
2.0 REVIEW OF AVAILABLE MODELS
A number of techniques have been developed for relating
emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOC) and nitrogen oxides
(NOX) to ambient ozone concentrations. These techniques range
from simple algebraic expressions to sophisticated photochemical
air quality simulation models which require a large computer.
2.1 MODEL DESCRIPTIONS
1 2
The most simple models, rollback and Appendix J, consider
only changes in VOC emissions in their application and ignore the
important effects of NO emissions on photochemical oxidant forma-
A
tion. These models are very simple to use, but are not sound
theoretically. Rollback assumes a completely linear relationship
between ozone concentrations and VOC emissions, while Appendix J
uses an empirically-derived curve of maximum 0, concentrations.
In particular, EPA has recommended that Appendix J, due to its
technical limitations, not be used for oxidant control strategy
evaluations.
The Empirical Kinetic Modeling Approach (EKMA) does consider
the effects of both VOC and NO emissions on ozone concentrations
rt
and treats the chemistry of photochemical smog formation in some
detail. Thus, EKMA is theoretically more sound than rollback or
Appendix J. The standard EKMA technique involves the use of a
set of maximum ozone isopleths (based on Los Angeles parameters),
as shown in Figure 2-1. These standard ozone isopleths are used
in a nomographic procedure to estimate VOC (or NOV) emission
A
reductions, and thus the standard EKMA technique is fairly simple
to use.
However, the standard EKMA method cannot incorporate local
emissions or meteorological conditions and can treat the problem
2-1
-------
ro
i
rv>
i.n
n
.24
«.zi
it
..I I.JI 1.41 t.JII
12
l.tl l.M
020HE IWICTH ciMOiTiom
Figure 2-1.
-------
of ozone transport only in a superficial manner. To overcome these
difficulties, a city-specific version5 of EKMA has been developed
which can explicitly incorporate ozone and precursor transport
(both surface and aloft), local light intensity and mixing height
values, and (to a limited extent) local VOC and N0₯ emissions. The
A
local parameters are input into a computer program which produces
a set of maximum ozone isopleths that are specific to the region of
interest. These city-specific ozone isopleths are then used in a
nomographic manner, similar to the standard EKMA technique, to esti-
mate VOC (or NOX) emission reductions necessary to attain the am-
bient oxidant standard. The input requirements of the city-specific
EKMA technique are described in Table 2-1-
The most sophisticated photochemical air quality simulation
models numerically solve fundamental conservation-of-mass equations
and simulate chemistry, emissions, and atmospheric transport pro-
cesses with detailed spatial and temporal resolution. These models
are considered the most theoretically sound for prediction of ozone
concentrations. However, these photochemical models require
emissions, meteorological, and air quality data with considerable
spatial and temporal resolution, and may have extensive computer
storage and running time requirements. The spatial resolution
required is typically 1 km x 1 km, and the temporal resolution
required is hourly.
There are two major types of photochemical models: Lagrangian
7-9
and Eulerian. Lagrangian models (also known as "trajectory" models)
estimate the concentration of ozone and other chemical species
within a specified parcel of air. These models "follow" a specific
air parcel and estimate pollutant concentrations within the
selected parcel during subsequent hours. The city-specific EKMA
method can be considered as a simplified Lagrangian model with very
coarse resolution of emissions.
2-3
-------
Table 2-1.
INPUT REQUIREMENTS OF THE CITY SPECIFIC EKMA MODEL
Data Required
Values Used in
Standard Isopleths
Source of City-Specific
Value
Light intensity as
defined by latitude,
longitude, and day
of year
Mixing height data
Relative emission rates
Ozone concentration
transported into
city
34°N, 118°W
June 21
Dilution rate = 3£/nr
Emission rates after
8 a.m. LOT are zero
0.0 ppm
Latitude and longitude
are determined using a
local map; day of year is
based on times of highest
measured Og data
Local mixing height
measurements or data
from Holzworth6
Local emissions and
meteorological data
Ambient measurements
2-4
-------
Eularfan models (also called "grid" models)10"12 calculate
pollutant concentrations at fixed locations in space at specified
times. The concentrations estimated at each location result from
interaction among emissions, chemical reactions, and transport and
dilution introduced by prevailing meteorological conditions. Some
Eulerian and Lagrangian models are capable of providing vertical
(as well as horizontal) resolution of pollutant concentrations by
using a vertical "stack" of grid cells.
2.2 RECOMMENDATION OF APPROPRIATE MODEL
Although the sophisticated photochemical air quality simulation
models provide the most sound theoretical relationship between VOC
and NO emissions and ambient ozone concentrations, the input
A
requirements of such models would require extensive additional
effort. For example, an emission inventory for every 1 km x 1 km
square area in southern New England would probably be necessary.
Also, the computer time and storage requirements would be extensive
for running such a model for a large number of control strategy
evaluations.
Ths most appropriate model with reasonable input and computer
requirements is the city-specific version of the Empirical Kinetic
Modeling Approach (EKMA). This model can incorporate local light
intensity and mixing height parameters, and can explicitly treat
the important problem of ozone transport. The city-specific EKMA
technique can also be apecifically applied to different urban areas
in southern New England.
2-5
-------
3.0 QUALITY ASSURANCE REVIEW OF 03 MONITORING DATA
Calibration techniques and existing audit results were reviewed
to determine if ambient ozone data measured in Connecticut, Rhode
Island, and Massachusetts were uniform and consistent during the
years 1975-1977. The ozone audit data were obtained from the EPA
Region I Surveillance and Analysis Laboratory in North Lexington,
Massachusetts. Data for 1975 were contained in a report "Ozone
Transport Study" by Dr. Thomas M. Spittler.13 Summaries of 1976 and
1977 audits were prepared for PES by the Surveillance and Analysis
Laboratory.
The EPA Surveillance and Analysis Laboratory, Connecticut, and
Rhode Island used the neutral-buffered KI (NBKI) calibration proce-
dure throughout all three years, 1975-1977. In Massachusetts, the
method of calibration was changed from NBKI to gas phase titration
and UV photometry on July 1, 1975.
In order to adjust all 03 monitoring data to a common basis,
the EPA calibration audits for each monitoring station were averaged
for each of the years 1975, 1976 and 1977. The results are shown
in Table 3-1, along with the number of audits and state averages.
Because of the change in calibration procedures in Massachusetts
in 1975, the audits before and after July 1, 1975 were averaged
and are reported separately in Table 3-1.
The EPA calibration audits in Table 3-1 were used to adjust
03 monitoring data from Connecticut, Rhode Island, and Massachusetts
to a common basis. Thus, all 0, monitoring data were adjusted to
the EPA NBKI calibration procedure. The adjustment was made
according to the following formula:
EPA 03 = Station 03/(1 + 0.01 A?)
where A% is the average audit difference as shown in Table 3-1.
3-1
-------
Table 3-1.
OZONE AUDITS 1975-1977 FOR SOUTHERN NEW ENGLAND
= 100 x (Station 03 - EPA 03)/EPA 03
Site
Connecticut
Bridgeport
Derby
Eastford
Enfield
Greenwich
Hamden
Hartford
Middletown
New Haven
Windsor
State Average
Massachusetts
Amherst
Ashland
Attleboro
Chi co pee
Danvers
Fairhaven
Framing ham
Medfield
Medford
Qu i ncy
Salem
Worcester
State Average
Rhode Island
Kent County
Providence
Scituate
State Average
1975
No.
0
0
3
5
0
4
0
4
4
4
1; 2*
0
0
0
0
0
l; 3*
0
1; 3*
1; 3*
1; 4*
1; 3*
0
5
4
Ave. A%
___
+ 1.0
- 0.3
+ 2.5
...
+ 1.2
+ 3.6
- 3.0
+ 0.83
- 6.7; - 2.6*
_
- 8.5; -12.2*
-10.5; -10.0*
- 2.5; - 4.6*
- 4.0; -16.1*
- 8.4; -15.3*
- 6.77; -10.13*
-11.7
- 8.7
-10.20
1976
No.
2
0
3
1
3
3
4
3
5
0
1
2
1
1
0
1
2
3
4
4
2
1
3
4
0
Ave. &%
- 9.2
___
+ 7.0
+ 4.2
- 6.8
+ 0.8
- 1.1
+ 3.3
- 0.1
- 0.24
- 6.8
- 3.1
- 8.0
+ 2.0
___
- 5.5
-15.5
-10.8
-16.8
- 5.1
-18.9
- 9.2
- 8.88
- 1.7
- 3.1
- 2.40
1977
No.
2
1
0
0
1
0
1
2
2
0
2
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
2
0
0
2
2
2
0
Ave. A%
+ 3.6
- 2.6
...
___
- 3.1
___
+ 2.6
- 0.4
- 0.5
- 0.07
-14.5
- 4.8
-13.5
-17.5
-12.58
+ 0.7
+ 2.1
---
+ 1.40
*First number refers to before July 1; second number refers to on or after
July 1.
3-2
-------
14
In 1978 results were published showing the need for a change
to a new reference procedure utilizing ultraviolet photometry, which
shows significantly less variability and greater accuracy than the
NBKI or gas phase titration (GPT) procedures. It was also noted
that a manual procedure utilizing boric acid (BAKI) instead of the
previous phosphate buffer (NBKI) also gave less bias and agreed well
with UV photometry. The BAKI method was proposed as an interim
reference standard, to be related to the UV standard whenever pos-
sible. Direct comparison of the new methods with the NBKI procedure
used in EPA Region I showed that the NBKI results required a downward
correction of 19 percent. This has accordingly been applied along
with the adjustments given in Table 3-1 to all the monitored ozone
values given in this report, starting with Tables 3-2 and 3-3.
The adjusted second-highest 0^ maxima for all monitoring
stations during 1975-1977 in Massachusetts are presented in Table
3-2. Those for Connecticut and Rhode Island are shown in Table 3-3.
3-3
-------
Table 3-2.
MASSACHUSETTS ADJUSTED 03 VALUES ( Mg/m3)
Second Highest Maxima by Station
Site
Amherst
Ashland
Attleboro
Boston
Cambridge
Chicopee
Danvers
Fairhaven
Fall River
Fitchburg
Framingham
Greenfield
Lowell
Med field
Medford
Needham
Pittsfield
Qu i ncy
Salem
Springfield
Waltham (0003)
Waltham (0004)
West Newbury
Worcester
1975
279
-
-
168
264
203
-
296
271
230
333
239
215
274
283
-
291
272
241
140
256
252
149
272
1976
320
295
290
-
-
292
-
327
287
296
319
331
275
370
305
104
240
295
322
-
348
-
348
327
1977
269
178
237
-
-
-
225
-
272
-
-
-
-
254
302
-
227
272
-
-
-
-
382
275
3-4
-------
Table 3-3.
CONNECTICUT ADJUSTED 03 VALUES (
Second Highest Maxima by Station
Site
Bridgeport
Danbury
Derby
Eastford
Enfield
Greenwich
Groton
Hamden
Hartford
Morris (Litchfield
County)
Middletown
New Britain
New Haven (0008)
New Haven (0123)
Stamford
Torrington
Windsor
1975
410
359
-
351
279
364
292
418
299
244
463
70
475
-
307
299
335
1976
399
371
446
341
332
408
353
377
343
310
392
-
-
373
-
-
-
1977
420
420
527
373
360
360
411
428
394
309
319
-
-
530
-
-
-
RHODE ISLAND ADJUSTED 03 VALUES ( M9/m3)
Second Highest Maxima by Station
Site
West Greenwich
(Kent County)
Providence
Scituate
1975
296
191
1976
323
287
-
1977
299
303
-
3-5
-------
4.0 MODEL APPLICATION
The city-specific version of the Empirical Kinetic Modeling
Approach CEKMA) was applied to the following five urban areas in
southern New England:
1. Bridgeport-New Haven, Connecticut
2. Providence, Rhode Island
3. Boston, Massachusetts
4. Springfield, Massachusetts
5. Worcester, Massachusetts
For each of these areas, separate city-specific ozone iso-
pleths were generated for both current and future 0, transport.
In addition, a general set of ozone isopleths appropriate to the
New England area were generated, which can be used in the same
manner as the standard EKMA isopleth curves.
4.1 METHODOLOGY
Because the southern New England area is heavily affected by
03 transport from the New York City area, the choice of an appro-
priate 0, design value is not simple. The normal selection of the
highest second-highest 0^ value may not result in the maximum reduc-
tion of VOC emissions necessary to attain the Federal oxidant
standard, especially if the high 03 values are due almost entirely
to transport. For example, the highest second-highest 07 value in
3
the New England area during 1975-1977 was 530 Mg/m (0.274 ppm)*
recorded in New Haven, Connecticut on July 16, 1977. However, since
the wind was from the southwest, this high value was probably caused
almost entirely by transport from the New York City area.
* Unless otherwise noted, all reported 03 concentrations have been
adjusted according to the EPA calibration audits in Table 3-1 and
also for the new reference procedure as discussed on the previous
page. 03 concentrations in ^q/nr can be converted to ppm by
dividing by 1960.
4-1
-------
The methodology used in all five urban areas which were
studied was to examine the conditions which would result in the
highest second-highest 03 design value after consideration of
transport. Specifically, the maximum values of the quantity
(D-AT) were determined, where D is the receptor 03 design value,
T is the transported 03 value, and A is the additivity factor,
assumed to be 0.45. This approach, in the standard EKMA applica-
tion, would result in the maximum reduction of VOC emissions
necessary to attain the Federal oxidant standard.
To determine the locations of the receptor and transport sites,
trajectory analysis was conducted which considered both resultant
wind data and hourly ambient ozone concentration data. In general,
a high-ozone trajectory was traced along the network of ambient
monitoring stations; the location of incoming transported CL data
did not logically correspond were eliminated from consideration.
4.2 BRIDGEPORT-NEW HAVEN. CONNECTICUT
The date of the second-highest value of (D-AT) for the Bridge-
port-New Haven urban area was May 24, 1977, with Eastford, Connec-
ticut as the receptor area. Adjusted hourly 03 data from May 24,
1977 are shown in Table 4-1; there is a clean tracing of a high-
ozone trajectory from Bridgeport and New Haven through Middletown
and towards Eastford. The relationship between the urban area and
receptor area is shown in Figure 4-1.
The adjusted 03 design value in Eastford was 0.190 ppm. The
most obvious site for obtaining transported 03 concentrations,
Greenwich, recorded somewhat lower 03 values than either Bridgeport
or New Haven; it is possible that Greenwich is so close to the
New York City urban area that the large NO emissions from the New
York City area actually suppress ozone concentrations in Greenwich.
4-2
-------
Table 4-1. ADJUSTED HOURLY 03 DATA (ppm) FOR MAY 24, 1977
OJ
Station
Br i dgeport , Conn .
Danbury, Conn.
Derby, Conn.
Eastford, Conn.
Fnfield, Conn.
Greenwich, Conn.
Groton, Conn.
Hartford, Conn.
Morris, Conn.
Middletown, Conn.
New Haven, Conn.
West Greenwich,
Rhode Island
07
.009
.024
.017
.016
.015
-
.020
.015
.032
.017
.000
.008
08
.016
.041
.029
.032
-
-
.028
.036
.052
.023
.005
.016
09
.028
.059
.045
.065
.056
-
.045
.059
.073
-
.015
.016
10
.035
.066
.061
.089
.091
.083
.068
-
.082
.048
.039
-
11
.062
.073
.062
.105
.120
.104
-
-
.089
.053
.061
.069
12
.108
.089
.104
.113
.125
.113
-
.095
.097
.075
.109
.069
13
.136
.101
.137
.124
.114
.104
.116
.099
.101
.100
.154
.081
14
.098
.109
.150
.138
.109
.092
.127
.095
.097
.132
.130
.113
15
.058
.101
.117
.150
.076
.062
.101
.101
.101
.119
.078
.122
16
.026
.117
.070
.190
.070
.033
.051
.142
.109
.082
.044
.089
17
.019
.085
.036
.190
.100
.017
.041
.118
.105
.049
.032
.057
18
.014
.049
.021
.142
.110
.008
.036
.066
.077
.028
.019
.036
-------
West Newburg.
Greenfield
Springfield
Fitchburg
6
0 10 20 30 40 50
One Inch Approximately 27.4 Miles
Figure 4-1. Relationships Between Urban and Receptor Areas
-------
For a reasonable transported 03 value, the maximum hourly 03 con-
centration in the Bridgeport-New Haven-Derby area was used; this
adjusted transported 03 value was 0.154 ppm recorded in New Haven.
The parameters used to generate the city-specific EKMA ozone
isopleths are shown in Table 4-2. The mixing heights were derived
from the average summer morning and afternoon mixing heights in
Holzworth for the Bridgeport-New Haven area. Emission parameters
were determined from countywide National Emission Data System
(NEDS) data and using a diurnal traffic curve for the Boston area.16
Only transport of ozone aloft was assumed; no surface transport
or precursor transport was used in the generation of the city-
specific isopleths.
It was assumed that the future transported 03 concentration
would be equal to the Federal ozone standard, thus maximizing the
VOC emission reductions required. Four city-specific EKMA curves
were run: (1) with current 03 transport = 0.154 ppm, (2) with
future 03 transport = 0.08 ppm, (3) with future transport =0.10
ppm, and (4) with future 03 transport = 0.12 ppm. The resulting
city-specific ozone isopleths are presented as Figures A-l to A-4
in the Appendix.
4.3 PROVIDENCE. RHODE ISLAND
The date of the second-highest value of (D-AT) for the Provi-
dence urban area was July 20, 1976, with Medfield, Massachusetts
as the receptor area. Adjusted hourly 03 data from July 20, 1976
are shown in Table 4-3, and a high-ozone trajectory is indicated
from West Greenwich, Rhode Island through Providence and towards
Medfield. The relationship between the urban area and the receptor
area is shown in Figure 4-1.
The adjusted 03 design value in Medfield was 0.189 ppm. For a
reasonable transport value, the highest 03 value of 0.169 ppm
4-5
-------
Table 4-2.
CITY-SPECIFIC EKMA PARAMETERS FOR BRIDGEPORT-NEW HAVEN
Urban Area: Bridgeport-New Haven, Connecticut
Latitude: 41° 15'N
Longitude: 73° 5'W
Date: May 24, 1977
Receptor Area: Eastford, Connecticut
03 Design Value: 0.190 ppm
03 Transport Aloft: 0.154 ppm
Mixing Heights: 700 m (0800) to 1,400 m (1,800)
Emissions: 8-9 9-10 10-11 11-12 12-13 13-18
NMHC 0.333 0.271 0.086 0.010 0.014 0
NO 0.333 0.271 0.101 0.011 0.010 0
4-6
-------
Table 4-3. ADJUSTED HOURLY 03 DATA (ppm) FOR JULY 20, 1976
Station
West Greenwich,
Rhode Island
Providence,
Rhode Island
Attleboro,
Massachusetts
Ashland,
Massachusetts
Medfield,
Massachusetts
07
.041
.021
.040
.044
.045
08
.070
.042
.069
.058
.075
09
.087
.054
.087
.063
.085
10
.095
.071
.092
-
.087
11
.099
.083
-
.082
.096
12
.103
.087
-
.087
.107
13
.120
.096
.105
.092
.109
14
.169
.117
.110
.100
.119
15
.140
.159
.152
.134
.123
16
.115
.126
.148
.182
.207
17
.095
.092
.110
.151
.189
18
.087
.079
.083
.111
.145
-------
recorded at West Greenwich was used. The parameters used to
generate the city-specific EKMA ozone isopleths are shown in Table
4-4. Mixing heights were derived from Holzworth6 and emissions
were approximated as a Gaussian distribution using a Boston diurnal
traffic curve.16 Only transport of ozone aloft was assumed. Four
cases were again run: current 03 transport of 0.169 ppm, and
0.08, 0.10, and 0.12 ppm future 03 transport. The resulting city-
specific ozone isopleths are presented as Figures A-5 to A-8 in
the Appendix.
4.4 BOSTON. MASSACHUSETTS
The date of the second-highest value of (D-AT) for the Boston
urban area was August 26, 1976, with West Newbury, Massachusetts
as the receptor area. Adjusted hourly 03 data from August 26,
1976 are shown in Table 4-5, and a high-ozone trajectory is indi-
cated from Medfield through Medford and Salem and towards West
Newbury. The relationship between the urban area and the receptor
area is shown in Figure 4-1.
The adjusted 03 design value in West Newbury was 0.177 ppm.
For a reasonable transport value, the high 03 value of 0.099 ppm
recorded at Medfield was used. The parameters used to generate
the city-specific EKMA isopleths are shown in Table 4-6. Mixing
heights were determined from Holzworth and emissions were approxi-
mated as a Gaussian distribution using a Boston diurnal traffic
curve. Only transport of ozone aloft was assumed. Four cases
were again run: current 03 transport of 0.099 ppm, and 0.08,
0.10, and 0.12 ppm future 03 transport. The resulting city-
specific isopleths are presented as Figures A-9 to A-12 in the
Appendix.
4-8
-------
Table 4-4.
CITY-SPECIFIC EKMA PARAMETERS FOR PROVIDENCE
Urban Area: Providence, Rhode Island
Latitude: 41° 50'N
Longitude: 71° 25'W
Date: July 20, 1976
Receptor Area: Medfield, Massachusetts
03 Design Value: 0.189 ppm
03 Transport Aloft: 0.169 ppm
Mixing Heights: 500 m (0800) to 1,200 m (1,800)
Emissions: 8-9 9-10 10-11 11-18
NMHC, NOV 0.317 0.165 0.064 0
4-9
-------
Table 4-5. ADJUSTED HOURLY 03 DATA (ppm) FOR AUGUST 26, 1976
Station
Amherst, Mass.
Eastford, Conn.
Ashland, Mass.
Attleboro, Mass.
Chlcopee, Mass.
Falrhaven, Mass.
Fltchburg, Mass.
Greenfield, Mass.
Lowell, Mass.
Medfleld, Mass.
Medford, Mass.
Pittsfleld, Mass.
Qulncy, Mass.
Salem, Mass.
Halt ham, Mass.
West Newbury, Mass.
Worcester, Mass.
07
.006
.006
.001
.004
.002
.025
.007
.004
.007
.003
.000
.023
.002
.004
.000
.009
.002
08
.013
-
.006
.022
.008
.062
.039
.011
.013
.015
.010
.020
.012
.040
.006
.027
.015
09
.015
.041
.022
.053
-
.073
.053
.022
.027
.041
.034
.041
.036
.075
.030
.045
.045
10
.039
.052
-
.080
.056
.068
.066
.049
.048
.072
.073
.055
.055
.125
.052
.071
.055
11
_
.057
.061
.088
.083
.079
.088
.064
.075
.088
.109
.057
-
.160
.057
.093
.062
12
_
.061
.078
.089
.092
.088
.083
.080
.070
.099
.156
.062
.150
.175
.065
.120
.066
13
.087
.064
.076
.105
.073
.086
.066
-
.070
.093
.153
.064
.125
.145
.139
.177
.062
14
.120
.066
.079
.128
.079
.083
.066
.077
.077
.093
.151
.062
.068
.117
.127
.186
.066
15
.100
.066
.070
.099
.075
.086
.071
.111
.140
.091
.112
.058
.084
.110
.098
.120
.074
16
.074
.091
.059
.101
.083
.087
.071
.080
.111
.114
.103
.055
.079
.100
.074
.125
.069
17
.057
.093
.082
.111
.079
.054
.089
.049
.069
.111
.086
.046
.066
.087
.065
.120
.055
18
.050
.093
.075
.100
.052
.053
.053
.022
.044
.104
.049
.039
.070
.073
.069
.089
.055
-------
Table 4-6.
CITY-SPECIFIC EKMA PARAMETERS FOR BOSTON
Urban Area: Boston, Massachusetts
Latitude: 42° 22'N
Longitude: 71° 5'W
Date: August 26, 1976
Receptor Area: West Newbury, Massachusetts
03 Design Value: 0.117 ppm
03 Transport Aloft: 0.099 ppm
Mixing Heights: 450 m (0800) to 1,200 m (1,800)
Emissions: 8-9 9-10 10-11 11-18
NMHC, NOV 0.317 0.165 0.064 0
4-11
-------
4.5 SPRINGFIELD. MASSACHUSETTS
The date of the second-highest value of (D-AT) for the
Springfield urban area was August 5, 1976, with Greenfield as the
receptor area. Adjusted hourly 03 data from August 5, 1976
are shown in Table 4-7, and a high-ozone trajectory is indicated
from Enfield, Connecticut through Chicopee and Amherst towards
Greenfield. The relationship between the urban area and the
receptor area is shown in Figure 4-1.
The adjusted 03 design value in Greenfield was 0.169 ppm.
For a resonable transport value the high 63 value of 0.126 ppm
recorded in Enfield was used. The parameters used to generate the
city-specific EKMA isopleths are shown in Table 4-8. Mixing
heights were determined from Holzworth and emissions were approxi-
mated as a Gaussian distribution using a Boston diurnal traffic
curve. Only transport of ozone aloft was assumed. Four cases were
again run: current 03 transport of 0.126 ppm, and 0.08, 0.10,
and 0.12 ppm future 03 transport. The resulting city-specific
isopleths are presented as Figures A-13 to A-16 in the Appendix.
4.6 WORCESTER, MASSACHUSETTS
The date of the second-highest value of (D-AT) for the
Worcester urban area was July 27, 1976, with Fitchburg as the
receptor area. Adjusted hourly 03 data from July 27, 1976 are
shown in Table 4-9, and a high-ozone trajectory is indicated from
Eastford, Connecticut to Fitchburg. The relationship between the
urban area and the receptor area is shown in Figure 4-1.
The adjusted 03 design value in Fitchburg was 0.130 ppm.
For a reasonable transport value, the high 03 value of 0.125 ppm
recorded in Eastford was used. The parameters used to generate the
city-specific EKMA isopleths are shown in Table 4-10. Mixing
4-12
-------
Table 4-7. ADJUSTED HOURLY 03 DATA (ppm) FOR AUGUST 5, 1976
OJ
Station
Enfield, Conn.
Amherst, Mass.
Eastford, Conn.
Ashland, Mass.
Attleboro, Mass.
Chicopee, Mass.
Fair-haven, Mass.
Fitchburg, Mass.
Greenfield, Mass.
Lowell, Mass.
Medford, Mass.
Pittsfield, Mass.
Quincy, Mass.
Salem, Mass.
Waltham, Mass.
West Newhury, Mass.
Worcestpr, Mass.
07
.044
.026
.026
.046
.051
.010
.069
.049
.011
.019
.023
.021
.044
.033
.036
.036
.023
08
.050
.052
.021
.064
.060
.040
.071
.066
.027
.037
.044
.042
.060
.065
.053
.045
.030
09
.069
.074
.019
.079
.078
.055
.071
-
.058
.053
.068
.064
.092
.090
.084
.080
.043
10
.087
.096
.017
.080
.083
-
.069
-
.093
.062
.081
.083
.108
-
.095
.098
.066
11
.086
.109
.017
.078
.088
.097
.073
.066
.125
.062
.068
.088
.098
-
.085
.089
.066
12
.079
.106
.017
.076
.083
.092
.067
.073
.107
.066
.073
.094
.088
-
.088
.084
.071
13
.090
.103
.017
.084
.082
.0%
.064
.083
.107
.066
.076
.093
.083
-
-
.093
.075
14
.096
.111
.017
.094
.083
.097
.060
.092
.109
.071
.066
.097
.085
-
.088
.098
.080
15
.124
.120
.017
.110
.082
.101
.056
.100
.113
.074
.074
.109
.083
-
.098
.107
.086
16
.126
.126
.017
.119
.073
.139
.060
.101
.129
.075
.078
.124
.080
-
.100
.111
.088
17
.103
.184
.017
.101
.064
.139
.064
.122
.134
.058
.066
.122
.073
-
.080
.116
.087
18
.095
.156
.013
.096
.064
.123
.071
.117
.169
.075
.051
.110
.060
-
.067
.111
.077
-------
Table 4-8.
CITY SPECIFIC EKMA PARAMETERS FOR SPRINGFIELD
Urban Area: Springfield, Massachusetts
Latitude: 42° 5'N
Longitude: 72° 35'W
Date: August 5, 1976
Receptor Area: Greenfield, Massachusetts
03 Design Value: 0.169 ppm
03 Transport Aloft: 0.126 ppm
Mixing Heights: 500 m (0800) to 1,600 m (1,800)
Emissions: 8-9 9-10 10-11 11-18
NMHC, NOV 0.317 0.165 0.064 0
4-14
-------
Table 4-9. ADJUSTED HOURLY 03 DATA (ppm) FOR JULY 27, 1976
-p.
en
Station
Amherst , Mass.
Eastford, Conn.
Ashland, Mass.
Attleboro, Mass.
CMcopee, Mass.
Danvers, Mass.
Falrhaven, Mass.
Fitchburg, Mass.
Greenfield, Mass.
Lowell , Mass.
Med field, Mass.
Medford, Mass.
Pittsfleld, Mass.
Qulncy, Mass.
Waltham, Mass.
West Newbury, Mass.
Worcester, Mass.
07
.031
.034
.054
.044
.032
.041
.041
.054
.036
.020
.072
.024
.040
.043
.033
.036
.023
08
.048
.047
.070
.058
.045
.065
.039
.065
-
.030
.087
.042
.061
.062
.061
.045
.042
09
.070
.064
.078
.075
.067
.091
.043
.083
.066
.045
.100
.062
.062
.077
.075
.058
.062
10
.083
.072
.073
.083
.075
.108
.045
.099
.084
.062
.115
.076
.074
.091
.102
.089
.079
11
.092
.087
.070
.092
.083
.109
.047
.100
.102
.075
.126
.083
.084
.094
.104
.102
.093
12
.083
.095
.067
.097
.087
.111
.045
.110
.111
.071
.134
.092
.092
.097
.116
.111
.104
13
.087
.113
.064
.100
.096
.109
.039
.121
.102
.076
.139
.090
.100
.096
.120
.111
.106
14
.092
.125
.067
.079
.094
.112
.030
.121
.107
.084
.140
.092
.101
.099
.125
.111
.108
15
.096
.122
.071
.070
.097
.121
.030
.130
.111
.084
.146
.097
.106
.090
.137
.120
.121
16
.096
.133
.068
.073
.104
.112
.026
.127
.098
.094
.137
.093
.087
.076
.129
.129
.134
17
.092
.113
.067
.064
.109
.105
.024
.130
.080
.088
.145
.087
.066
.058
.138
.138
.134
18
.074
.091
.064
.062
.081
.112
.023
.124
.080
.087
.141
.096
.053
.049
.129
.129
.126
-------
Table 4-10.
CITY-SPECIFIC EKMA PARAMETERS FOR WORCESTER
Urban Area: Worcester, Massachusetts
Latitude: 42° 15'N
Longitude: 71° 50' W
Date: July 17, 1976
Receptor Area: Fitchburg, Massachusetts
03 Design Value: 0.130 ppm
0, Transport Aloft: 0.125 ppm
Mixing Heights: 500 m (0800) to 1,400 m (1,800)
Emissions: 8-9 9-10 10-11 11-18
NMHC, NOX 0.317 0.165 0.064 0
4-16
-------
heights were determined from Holzworth6 and emissions were approxi-
mated as a Gaussian distribution using a Boston diurnal traffic
curve. Only transport of ozone aloft was assumed. Four cases
were again run: current 03 transport of 0.125 ppm, and 0.08, 0.10,
and 0.12 ppm future Og transport. The resulting city-specific
isopleths are presented as Figures A-17 to A-20 in the Appendix.
4.7 NEW ENGLAND STANDARD OZONE ISOPLETHS
A general set of ozone isopleths, similar to the standard EKMA
curves, were generated with light intensity and dilution parameters
characteristic of the New England area. These New England standard
isopleths can be used in exactly the same manner as the standard
EKMA curves.
Two parameters were changed from the standard EKMA isopleths
to calculate the New England standard isopleths:
1. The light intensity was calculated for 42° 22' N. latitude
71° 5' W. longitude (Boston) instead of 34° N., 118° W.
(Los Angeles).
2. The dilution rate was increased to 7%/hour (i.e., doubling
over 10 hours) compared to the standard EKMA value of
3%/hour.
All other parameters (e.g., zero emissions, zero transport) were
identical to the standard EKMA curves. The New England standard
ozone isopleths are shown in Figure 4-2.
4-17
-------
.
1.21 t.AI » I.M 1.2* !.« l.M l.M |.
NCV CMM.W0
-------
5.0 CONTROL STRATEGY EVALUATIONS
The city-specific EKMA ozone isopleths presented in the Appen-
dix were used to estimate the VOC emission reductions necessary to
achieve current and future Federal oxidant standards. A Summary
of the locations and main parameters is presented in Table 5-1.
Emission reduction calculations were made not only for the present
Federal 03 standard of 0.08 ppm, but also for the possible future
03 standards of 0.10 ppm and 0.12 ppm. All calculations were made
for a NMHC/NOX ratio of 9.5:1. The results are presented in
Table 5-2.
For comparison, the standard EKMA ozone isopleths, shown in
Figure 3-1, and the New England standard ozone isopleths, shown in
Figure 4-2, were also used to calculate VOC emission reductions,
assuming an additivity factor of 0.45. It was assumed in all cases
that the future Oo transport would be equal to the Oo standard, thus
maximizing the VOC control required. Again, all calculations were
made for a NMHC/NO ratio of 9.5:1. These results are also presented
^
in Table 5-2.
As shown in Table 5-2, the differences between the three methods
of calculating VOC emission reductions were relatively small. For
the case of Worcester, Massachusetts the differences were slightly
larger but still quite small. In this case, the 03 design value was
essentially equal to the 0~ transport value, and it is possible that
the transport additivity factor of 0.45 used in the standard and New
England EKMA analyses may not be accurate.
In all cases, because of the ability of the city-specific EKMA
model to explicitly treat 03 transport and local light intensity,
emissions and meteorology, the VOC emission reductions calculated
.by the city-specific EKMA method should be regarded as the most
accurate values for attainment of the Federal oxidant standard.
5-1
-------
Table 5-1. CITY-SPECIFIC EKMA PARAMETERS
en
ro
Urban Area
Bridgeport-New Haven,
Connecticut
Providence, Rhode
Island
Boston, Massachusetts
Springfield,
Massachusetts
Worcester,
Massachusetts
Receptor Area
Eastford,
Connecticut
Medfleld,
Massachusetts
West Newbury,
Massachusetts
Greenfield,
Massachusetts
Fltchburg,
Massachusetts
Date
May 24, 1977
July 20, 1976
August 26, 1976
August 5, 1976
July 27, 1976
03 Design
Value (ppm)
0.190
0.189
0.177
0.169
0.130
03 Transport
Value (ppm)
0.154
0.169
0.099
0.126
0.125
-------
Table 5-2. CALCULATED VOC EMISSION REDUCTIONS
in
i
Urban Area
Bridgeport-
New Haven,
Connecticut
Providence,
Rhode Island
Boston,
Massachusetts
Springfield,
Masachusetts
Worcester,
Massachusetts
0.08 ppm 03 Standard
City-
Specific
EKMA
721
12%
71%
71*
61%
Standard
EKMA
69%
69%
71%
68%
54%
New England
EKMA
70%
69%
71%
68%
54%
0.10 ppm 03 Standard
City-
Specific
EKMA
68%
65%
64%
66%
45%
Standard
EKMA
67%
66%
69%
65%
40%
New England
EKMA
65%
63%
67%
63%
40%
0.12 ppm 03 Standard
City-
Specific
EKMA
60%
59%
61%
58%
24%
Standard
EKMA
62%
59%
64%
59%
15%
New England
EKMA
59%
56%
63%
55%
19%
-------
REFERENCES
1. de Nevers, N. and 0. R. Morris, "Rollback Modeling: Basic and
Modified," J. Air Pollut. Control Assoc., 2_5, 943-947 (1975)
2. Federal Register, 36, 15486-15506 (August 14, 1971)
3. Rhoads, R. G., "Clarification of Attainment/Nonattainment
Evaluation Guidance," U.S. EPA, OAQPS (August 16, 1978)
4. U.S. EPA, OAWM, OAWPS, MDAD, "Uses, Limitations and Technical
Basis of Procedures for Quantifying Relationships Between
Photochemical Oxidants and Precursors," Publication No. EPA-
450/2-77-021 a (November 1977)
5. Whitten, G. Z. and H. Hugo, "User's Manual for Kinetics Model and
Ozone Isopleth Plotting Package," Systems Applications, Inc.,
San Rafael, Ca., EPA No. 600/8-78-014a (July 1978)
6. Holzworth, G. C., "Mixing Heights, Windspeeds and Potential
for Urban Air Pollution Throughout the Continguous United States,"
U.S. EPA, AP-101 (January 1972)
7. Wayne, L. G., A. Kokin, and M. I. Weisburd, "Controlled Evalua-
tion of the Reactive Environmental Simulation Model (REM),
Volume I: Final Report," Pacific Environmental Services, Inc.,
Santa Monica, Ca., EPA-No. R4-73-013a (1973)
8. Eschenroeder, A. Q., J. R. Martinez, and R. A. Nordsieck,
"Evaluation of a Diffusion Model for Photochemical Smog Simula-
tion, Final Report," General Research Corporation, Santa Barbara,
Ca., EPA No. R4-73-012a (1972)
9. Sklarew, R. C., J. C. Wilson, and A. J. Fabrick, "Verification
of the MADCAP Model of Photochemical Air Pollution in the San
Diego Basin," Form and Substance, Westlake Village, Ca.,
Technical Report 10-77-01 (1977)
10. MacCracken, M. C. and G. D. Sauter, "Development of an Air
Pollution Model for the San Francisco Bay Area, Final Report
to the National Science Foundation," Lawrence Livermore Labora-
tory, Livermore, Ca., UCRL-41920, Volume 1 (1975)
-------
REFERENCES
11. Reynolds, S. D., M. K. Liu, T. A. Hecht, P. M. Roth, and
J. H. Seinfeld, "Urban Air Shed Photochemical Simulation Model
Study. Volume I: Development and Evaluation," Systems Applica-
tions, Inc., San Rafael, Ca., EPA No. R4-73-030a-e (1973)
12. McRae, G. J., and J. H. Seinfeld, California Institute of
Technology, Final Report to the California Air Resources Board,
in preparation (1979)
13. Spittler, Thomas M., "Ozone Transport Study," U.S. EPA Surveil-
lance and Analysis Laboratory, North Lexington, Massachusetts
(December 1975)
14. Federal Register 43 26971-26984, (June 22, 1978)
15. Cleveland, W. S., B. Kleiner, J. E. McRae, and J. L. Warner,
"Photochemical Air Pollution: Transport from the New York City
Area into Connecticut and Massachusetts," Science, 191,
179-181 (1976).
16. Tittmore, L. H. and M. R. Birdsall, "An Analysis of Urban Travel
by Time of Day," Federal Highway Administration No. FH-11-7519,
U.S. DOT, Washington, D.C. (January 1972)
-------
APPENDIX
CITY SPECIFIC OZONE ISOPLETH CURVES
-------
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