REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE ON
ECOLOGICAL END POINTS
Work Assignment WA-87-45
for the
Science-Policy Integration Branch
Regulatory Integration Division
Office of Policy, Planning and Evaluation
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Under
Contract #68-01-7002
AMERICAN MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS, INC,
September 30, 1987
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CONTENTS
TOPIC PAGE
Introduction 1
Project Methodology % 4
Endpolnt Presentation 9
Conclusions 25
Appendix A Al
Appendix B 81
FIGURES
NUMBER PAGE
Figure 3.1 11
Figure 3.2 16
Figure 3.3 21
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1. INTRODUCTION
The Office of Policy, Planning and Evaluation (OPPE) asked AMS to conduct
a literature review and summarize ecological end points measured by
researchers and used by analysts 1n ecological risk assessment.
OPPE's goal 1n conducting the review was to support the Office of Research
and Development 1n establishing ecological risk assessment guidelines and In
arranging a series of workshops on ecological end point selection and
measurement. The review was also designed to aid the Office of Toxic
Substances in preparing for U.S. leadership at a meeting of the Organization
for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) on test methods used to
predict ecological effects.
AMS focused Its efforts so as to:
o Identify and analyze publications, especially review articles, dealing
with ecological end points, changes, or effects associated with the
release of stressors into the environment.
o Prepare and submit a research file of notable documents not readily
available in EPA's main or toxics libraries.
o Develop and present a list of significant end points categorized by the
following organizational levels: organism, population, community, and
ecosystem.
o Summarize the results of the review, emphasizing the range and types of
end points identified in the literature.
This document presents the results of the literature review and a summary
of project findings. It 1s organized into four sections and one appendix:
o Chapter 1, this section, introduces the project and describes the
document format
o Chapter 2 presents the project methodology and our approach to the
literature review
o Chapter 3 presents the ecological endpoints according to several
categorization schemes
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o Chapter 4 presents our conclusions and suggestions for future
directions.
o Appendix A presents an alphabetized, numbered bibliography of our
best references.
o Appendix B presents an alphabetized, annotated bibliography of our
best references.
Before proceeding to our project methodology, 1t 1s essential to define
the term "ecological endpolnt" and review some related Issues, since the term
1s somewhat new, and since 1t appears to have multiple meanings even within
the Agency.
We began with the following working definition:
o an ecological endpolnt is a biological result attributable to the
influence of one or more anthropogenic stressors.
The definition falls to fully address a number of related issues, among
which are:
o the ultimacy of the endpolnt — since natural systems have few real
stopping points (e.g., "sinks" for toxic pollutants), 1n what sense
can an endpolnt represent the "end" of any chain of effects?
o whether endpoints are blotic and/or abiotic ~ in our review, we
focused solely on the blotic realm and Ignored physical endpoints
(e.g., siltatlon is a physical endpolnt of clearcut operations; an
adverse change in a nearby aquatic community is the ecological
endpoint).
o the criteria for "good" endpoints — these may include measurability,
predictability, "biological relevance", societal significance, and
others.
o variability — natural variability of each ecological endpoint must
be characterized, and a baseline must be established, before the
endpolnt can have much meaning.
o reversibility — some view endpoints as measures of irreversible
damages only; others would extend their use to measure ecological
features which recover relatively rapidly after removal of a
stressor.
Resolution of these issues and development of a final definition of the
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term "ecological endpoint" was beyond the scope of this brief project.
Clearly, collegia! development of an agreed-upon definition should be a high
priority for the proper Agency workgroup.
Another useful definition of the term may spring from its functional use
in Agency efforts:
o An ecological endpoint is a specific, adverse ecological effect
evaluated in a risk assessment framework.
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2. PROJECT METHODOLOGY
The project had three main task areas, other than initially setting the
project scope and finally preparing this report. The tasks were to:
o Identify, Review, and Summarize Endpoint Literature,
o Prepare a Research File of Documents Not Available at EPA, and
o Develop a Categorized List of Significant Endpoints.
In order to accomplish these tasks, AMS conducted both automated and
manual literature searches, developed a reference file, and examined several
endpolnt categorization schemes. The following sections discuss our
methodology for each of these efforts in turn.
Description of Literature Searches
We began with automated searches of selected on-line bibliographic data
bases:
o BIOSIS
o ENVIROLINE (Environment Abstracts)
o Environmental Bibliographies
o NTIS
o Pollution Abstracts
o Water Resources Abstracts
We used carefully-chosen keywords to direct our search. Among these were:
o Biomonitorlng
o Ecological Toxicology
" Endpoint
Indicator
11 Risk Assessment
" Disturbance
o Risk
o Natural Resource Damage
o Hazard Assessment
o Impact Prediction
o Ecosystem Resilience
o Environmental Effects
6 Ecorisk
o Eco risk
We also used a number of combinations of keywords for certain searches:
o prediction or consequence or final result
o ecological risk or ecological technology
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o natural resource damage or ecological toxicology
o natural resource damage or ecorisk or eco risk
o environmental risk or environment
o end point or consequence or prediction
o (end point or endpoint or ecological or environmental or prediction)
and (literature review or annotated bibliography)
o (environment or ecology) and (effect or impact) and (literature
review or annotated bibliography).
The automated keyword searches, conducted both at AMS and at the EPA
headquarters library, varied in terms of the number of citations produced.
Either they produced voluminous and fairly irrelevant listings, or they failed
to generate any references. The term "ecological endpoint" is too new to be
represented in automated environmental bibliographic data bases.
We" also conducted automated searches by author for Bormann, Cairns,
Connell, Miller, and Sheehan. These searches revealed useful bodies of
literature.
We employed a number of manual search methods. These included:
o searches of reference sections of key publications:
~ Barnthouse et a!., 1986
-- Connell and Miller, 1984
— Sheehan et al., 1984
— Westman, 1985
o reliance on key publications:
— American Society for Testing and Materials
~ Ann Arbor Science Publishers
— Environmental Management
— Environmental Pollution
— Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry
— EPA Guidelines and supporting technical documents
— John Wiley and Sons
— Journal of Environmental Management
« SCOPE series (esp. 5, 8, 12, 15, 20, and 22)
o use of a previously-developed list of general references
o reference to all documents specifically mentioned by the Task
Manager.
In all of the searches, we focused on review articles and syntheses rather
than on primary research literature. We relied primarily on the AMS library,
5
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the EPA headquarters library, and the OTS library.
Development of Reference File
As suitable references were obtained and reviewed, copies of essential
articles were reproduced. A working reference file was developed and
maintained 1n dBASE-III Plus® so as to create an automated, annotated
bibliography as a final project deliverable (see appendix B).
For each article or book entered Into the reference file, the following
dBASE-III Plus elements were recorded:
o Author
o Title
o Publication/Publisher
o Date
o Organizational Level (e.g., populational)
o Stressor Category (e.g., pesticides)
o Abstract
With these essential fields, the bibliographic data base is amenable to
searches by Agency staff who may be oriented towards a particular
environmental stressor (e.g., pesticides). The data base structure also
supports searches by ecolegists who may be most Interested in ecological
endpoints at one organizational level (e.g., the organismal level).
Development of Endpoint Categorization Schemes
As the project progressed, we developed and tested a number of
categorization schemes for endpoints. Each was designed to provide structure
to what was otherwise a long and disorganized 11st of ecological effects. As
a preliminary framework, we investigated a simple one-dimensional scheme based
on the organizational level most closely associated with each endpoint:
Organism - Population - Community - Ecosystem
A potential weakness in this categorization scheme is that a
reductionist's approach could blur the boundaries between organizational
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levels. For example, One could attribute ecosystem, community, and
population-level effects to a mere summation of impacts at the organism or
biochemical level. Although the boundaries between the organizational levels
are not entirely clear-cut, we believe that this categorization scheme
provides a useful framework for spanning a wide range of ecological endpoints.
During our search we realized that the working/research definitions of
"community" and "ecosystem" were quite similar, and that endpoints were often
referred to as "community/ecosystem effects". The only major difference in
the working definitions of these terms appears to be one of scale. This
peculiarity of the literature led to the eventual consolidation of the
community and ecosystem levels in our categorization schemes.
Since categorization by organizational level alone revealed few patterns,
we developed a two-dimensional scheme based on the organizational level and on
the environmental stressor associated with each endpoint. In a preliminary
version of this two-dimensional scheme, we used seven main "stressor
categories". Later, we refined this further and created a total of eleven
stressor categories:
o pesticides o acid deposition
o metals o radiation
o synthetic organic compounds o thermal
o petroleum and related hydrocarbons o physical habitat
o nutrients and deoxygenating substances destruction
o phytotoxicants and air pollutants o other stressors
The categories used by the Ecological Risk Workgroup of the Comparative
Risk Project were the basis for our categories of environmental stressors. We
mapped each Comparative Risk Project problem area to a stressor category, and
only omitted those problem areas for which the environmental risks are
negligible (e.g., indoor air, workplace exposure).
Finally, in our last categorization method, we added a dimension to the
two-dimensional categorization scheme by subdividing the ecosystem/community
organizational level into three distinct ecosystem categories (Fresh Water,
Marine-Estuarine, Terrestrial). The three dimensional scheme was designed to
reveal any patterns 1n which certain endpoints might be most frequently
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associated with particular ecosystem types.
The next section presents the endpoints found in the literature review,
arranged according to each of the categorization schemes just described.
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3. ENDPOINT PRESENTATION
The literature review began with development of a set of fairly broad
ecological endpoints arranged according to the organizational level at which
each endpoint most frequently occurs. This list of general endpoints is
displayed in Figure 3-1. Since most ecological problems are case-specific, a
prescriptive, all-encompassing list of endpoints is difficult to assemble.
New endpoints will arise with new technologies and with new applications of
old technologies. Previously unrecognized endpoints may even come to light
"suddenly" as apparent tolerances or assimilative capacities are exceeded.
Using a generic list, like figure 3-1, will not restrict future risk analysts
(or managers) to a limited, and potentially inflexible set of specific
endpoints.
There are two ways in which the list in Figure 3-1 falls short of its
potential, however. The first is that the endpoints are all fairly general
arid not linked to specific, real-world examples or biota. The second is that
the list of general endpoints does not identify the anthropogenic stressor
which is effecting the ecological endpoint.
Figure 3-2 shows a categorization scheme for ecological endpoints which
addresses both weaknesses of the general list. Each column of the figure
identifies a major anthropogenic stressor group. Each row presents a
different level of biological organization. In each case, the endpoints shown
in Figure 3-2 are more specific than the general endpoints listed in Figure
3-1. An additional feature of figure 3-2, is the linkage of the entries in
each cell, by the numbers shown in parentheses, to particular references found
in Appendix A of this document.
A few caveats are in order with respect to this two-dimensional matrix of
specific endpoints. The first is that our literature review focused mainly on
summary articles and syntheses. Therefore, our specific endpoint examples
reflect some of the biases of the authors of the reviews (e.g., aquatic
toxicology) and cannot be considered comprehensive. The second is that we
could not apply a consistent criterion of "societal significance" to each
endpoint example — the entries in the matrix, therefore, reflect concerns of
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the scientific community. Figure 3-2 should be used to increase understanding
of some specific adverse ecological effects associated with particular
stressor categories, but it may need further refinement as a list of
ecological endpoints.
Finally, we investigated one additional dimension in our approach to
categorizing the endpoints. This dimension involved the particular ecosystems
in which certain endpoints are most likely, to be effected. The goal in
creating another matrix was to investigate patterns in which certain endpoints
might be associated most frequently with particular ecosystems. One way of
addressing this issue is shown in Figure 3-3. In this figure, the rows
represent three major ecosystem types and the columns indicate anthropogenic
stressor groups as in figure 3-2.
The figure shows that there are some broad differences between
terrestrial, aquatic, and marine ecosystems. In the literature, certain
endpoints are often discussed in the context of certain ecosystems. While we
used only three- broad ecosystem types, it is possible to map the ecological
effects literature to more specific ecosystems. For example, the sixteen
specific ecosystem designations used by the Ecological Risk Workgroup of the
Comparative Risk Project may provide a good framework for organizing proposed
endpoints by ecosystem.
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GENERAL ORGANISMAL ENDPOINTS
Altered Behavioral Responses
Foraging/Feeding Effectiveness
o search
o detection
o capture
o ingestion
o food selection
Photo-geo-chem1co-thermal taxes
o response to pheromones
o response to odors
o avoidance/attraction
o response to temperature and salinity gradients
Reproductive
o mating/courtship
o offspring raising (maternal/paternal behavior)
Predator Avoidance
o activity levels (more or less conspicuous)
o reaction time
o use of shelter/evasive behavior
Migratory Behavior (drcadian Rhythms, Seasonal Movements)
Aggressiveness/Social Interactions/Territoriality
Altered Metabolism/Homeostasis
Thermo/Osmo Regulation
02 Consumption
Food Conversion Efficiency (ingestion/digestion/assimilation)
Enzyme/Protein Activation/Inhibition
Hormone Balances
Bioaccumulation/Body Burden
Changes in Stamina
FIGURE 3-1
11
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GENERAL ORGANISMAL ENDPOINTS (Contl;
Altered Reproductive Success
Sexual Maturity
Conception/Implantation
Parturition
Altered Growth and Development
Size at Age
Morphological Abnormalities
Decreased Disease Resistance
Direct Tissue/Organ Damage
Lesions
Tumors
Death
FIGURE 3-1
12
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GENERAL POPULATION ENDPOINTS
Alterations in;
Survival/Mortality
Fecundity
Population Density
Abundance/Standing Crop
Age Structure and Recruitment
Gene Pool
Growth/Decline Rates and Cycles
Intra-Species Competition
Population Behavior
Social Structure
Aggregation
Avoidance
Territoriality
Courtship and Breeding
Feeding
Susceptibility to Predation
Migration/Immigration/Emigration
Sex Ratio
Dramatic population booms (algal bloom)
Dramatic population crashes (fish kill)
FIGURE 3-1
13
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GENERAL COWUNITY/ECQSYSTEM ENDPOINTS
Changes in;
Community Composition
Increased generalists/decreases in specialists
Increased non-sensitive species/decreases in sensitive species
Changed species richness/abundance
Changed dominance
Changed diversity and evenness
Biomass
Trophic Interactions/Food Web Structure
Inter-Species Competition
Predator/Prey Relationships and Numbers
Grazing/Herblvory
Parasite/Host Relationships
Symbiotic Relationships
Successional Patterns
" Spatial Structure and Arrangement
Stability (Persistence, Resistance, Resilience)
Colonizati on/Decoloni zation
Organic Decomposition/Biodegradation
Nutrient Retention
Nutrient Cycling/Energy Flow
Nitr1ficat1on/Denitr1fication
Nutrient Leaching/Loss
Productivity
Primary production (Photosynthesis)
Secondary production
Respiration
FIGURE 3-1
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STRESSOR CATEGORY
E
C
o
s
Y
S
T
E
M
C
O
M
M
C
N
I
T
Y
PESTICIDES
METALS
SYNTHETIC ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
O
R
G
A
N
I
Z
A
T
I
O
N
A
L
L
E
V
E
L
BtonugnUfcuwn
PCM Resurgence (Development of Raelcacc)
New PHI Emergence
Decreased Competition ban Old Pew
Decreased Ecosyitem Control on New Pen Species
Secondary Poisoning
Detraction of Non-Target Ponni
Beneficial Insects
WiWUfc (Fun, Amphibians. Reptile*. BMi. Mammala)
Mfcrobei/lnvcrlebnles
rDyloptukioo/ZoopUolaon
Decreased rnoUMynmesis
BdCn
ntty/Bcoiysieai SubiUqr
Abend Nutria* Cycling
• Removal of Dariiivores
• OuwgedPruiiary Production
(2,4-6.13.15.21 J4.28.29JI.39)
Oecreuca Fbh AbumkoGB
Reduced Colonization or Cokniuaiao Failure
Decreased Species Abundance
Decreased Species Diversity
Local Exlinctioo of Sensitive Specie*
Reduced Carbon Fixation (Photosynthesis)
Bio«nignifiralino
Fluctuating Specia Canpoiitian
Decreased Evenness
dunged Densities
Reduced Btomass/Sumlini Crop
Reduced Photosynthesis Capability
ftodCtuun Disruption
Changed Harveaable Yield
(6.H.23)
Altered Community Structure
Potential for Btonugnincaiioo
Food Chain Disruption
(6.J3.2S.39)
P
O
P
V
L
A
T
I
O
N
Reduced Reproductive CapadQt ta Bink (Eipedtny Bird and Fhb
Eaun)
• Delayed Breeding
• RaUunloLayEgga/llcdueedEg|l¥oductk»
Efevatod Mortalily/Reduecd Survival
ul*iiDar^liu^EiUiKlion
popuUliom)
)
• looened Embtyenk Mortality
• Future lo Reoea
Inacawd Body Burden ta Seed-Eating Ormuanm
tocrcaMd Monality oTSeniidve Spccka
DrimaocPopulaitaiFlunualioni
• BWKflU
• FathKUh
• Algal BkwoM
Reduced Fecundity Wl*«* Mortality
AkcredSesR*Uo
Attend Social Structure
Altered dene Pool
(2.4-6,13.15.21.24,28.29.31.39)
BMi
(Alfaeaodhve
odu
iblubtuoa/RMlucedfti
Inhibilioa of Fkh
hkibUkn of Mi
Decmied Hatchlu« Survival
Reduced llaichability
Premature Hatching
haujted Sinffplibilily lo Predato
(6.13.23)
AIMC
baaud Timor Incidence
haeited Teniogenk: AhnonnaUa>>
AipuUtkMt Declinec (madly due lo reduced fecundity)
• Premature Bam, Sponuaeoui Abortion. Fcul RcMrpdoa
• Deactied lUtdnbiliiy. Pranioin HudUng. Deattted
SurvtviltoSihnonidi
• DecRafed aiatitM fa> fj fr^tffft
• Reduced Phyioplankton Abunluce
. Increaaed StiUbirth. In Mink, Ferrete. wd Pifanatei
• Smallor Ulten at Canlik and Rododa
SeaMrdKUk
(13.21.25.31)
O
R
G
A
N
I
S
M
Ilg, Cd. Pb mostly, although otben may apply.
By design ant application, pesticide* induce • broad spectrum of aefective
and noA-iekctive biocidal effecto. There k wide variability la tpeciea
Kmitivuy and In loxicity of different pertlcida to • particular specie*.
Nerve bnpube Interference
• Behavioral Change* (Activity Leveh. FeediafJ
• Death by Respiratory Failure
• • Reduced Learning Capacity
Accumulation of LipophUic/IVnistenl Compound
Induction of Steroid Hormone Metabolism
• Altered Endocrine Rinciion (Especially Thyroid Ruction)
Altered Enzyme Production
Reproductive Inhibilioa
• Reduced Fertility
• Behavioral Changes
• Reduced Offspring Viability
Excessive Weight Loss (Especially Birds); Reduced Growth Rates; Tumor
Formation; Lower Stress Tolerance: Mutations
(2.4-6,13.13.21.24.28,29.31.39)
terrestrial effect! are documented.
BiotccumulaUoa and Long Term Storage; Uver Damage (general
degeneration, fioy inclusion); Kidney Djniuaction (Finconi lyD
Hypaumioa Anemia; Emaciation/Anemia: CanfiovascuurTouctty
(mwcardial infafction): Nervom Syilem Damage (e.g.. demyelmation.
panlhaia): Suppieased Growth; Suppreased Reproductive Abnormalitiec
Impaired Learning Behavior. Impaired Heeding Behavior. Imptired
Refponse lo External Stimuli; Lowered Activity Levels;
* General Streu Response:
- Depressed Reproductive Capacity
•• Depressed Growth
-• Increased Oxygen Consumption
- Reduced Disease Resistance
- Weight Loss/Ijnacialion
- Increased AdYenal/Piuiilary Activity
» These general stress response! are in addition to direct loxicity.
Duplication of already- listed effects ia intentional. (13.28,olhers)
nuiujflotuppnMion
Storage in ratty Time (Bioaccumulation AND BioconcenlratJon)
Weight Low
Reduced Growth
Decreased Fertility
Cucinogenecii
Teralogeneiis/Develcpmegt^Abnonnafitiea
Bmbryonic Mortality
Premature Abortion
Some Neurotonic Activity
Dermal Lesions
Liver Neown
Pbcental Transfer
Mammary Transfer
Death
(6.13.21,23)
(T.
FIGURE 3-2
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STRESSOR CATEGORY
E
C
o
s
Y
S
T
E
M
•••i*
C
O
M
M
U
N
I
T
Y
PETROLEUM AND RELATED HYDROCARBONS
NUTRIENTS AND DEOXYGENATING
SUBSTANCES
PHYTOTOXICANTS AND AIR POLLUTANTS
O
R
G
A
N
I
Z
A
T
8
O
N
A
L
V
E
L
ColliMe ofStructure tnd Function
• Estuaries
- StUmuita
- Mangroves
Ahered VvWSalMty/NuWent Regan*
Reduced Photosynthesis
Reduced Microphyte Deasttej
hcreated Utter Fall
(3.13.19.20.29)
Increased DBCax/Palhogca Incidence; Increased Plant Bmnass; Algal
Blooms; Aquatic Organism Kiln (rob. ttelUish. other invertebrate*);
Decreased Energy Utilization Efficiency; Reorganized Puudaonfc tnd
Bendiic Community Structure; Increased rlMosyntheiis/Ftimary Pro-
duction: Attend Zoopknkioa: PhytopUnkian R«Uo; Lowered Energy
Convereian Efficiency. Reduced Decomposition Rales; Abend Nutria*
Cycling; Decreased Specie* Richness and Diversity: Increased PUal
Biomas* (Due ID Increase in Primary Production); Increased Herbivore
Biomass; Increased Predator Biomatc Decreased Speciet Richness;
Decreased Specie* Divenity; Changed Community Metabolism:
Changed Conumnity Sbucuc; Community/Ecocyilem Collapte;
FroducUga of Reduced Compound* (e.|., Hydrogen SiUfide)
Reduced Walct Quality Capacity to Support Dnirable Biota
• Deemed DtHotved O«ygo>
• locRatedNkrileCoaECDiraiion
• Ioo««cdA>amoohllQ-CanLeKlloCIi)oraniiieaodNimiumine
FonoaUoo
• locrraudToilcHilogaiCainpouadilorictcoceorCl.
(3.6,12-14.25)
PUnti:
Reduced Sensitive Specie* Abundance*
Reduced Specie* Divenity
leu of Ovenioiy/Ciaopy
Reduced Biomast
Reduced NulricnJ Cycling
tocre«$cd Diseue/tau
Reduced PboUKynthctii
Reduced Yields
Deocaud Conmunity/Ecosyilem SUbilily
mcreattd Nutrient Lou/Lurching
(11.2S.3I.40)
P
O
P
U
L
A
T
I
O
N
SetbMDecUaoi
- Reduced Fecundity
• Reduced Survival
Mangrove Population Daclm*
Polychaele Populatioo Booms
Reduced Diunlved Oiygen
StinuUied Algal Growth it Lower Cononlntlaai
Inhibited Algal Growth at Higher Concentrationc
IncnMcd Tumor Incidence in Amphibian*
(3.13.29)
Avoidancc/Annctkn of Fkh
Altered Migraiory Pauen* of R»h and Lobtlen
Docnwed Scuilive Specie* (Sahnonid Population*)
IncmMd Non-Sensitive Specie* (Cyprinid Population)
Akend Ptubooic Migration (Vertical)
Reduced Fecundity of Fab Due to Hydrogen SuoKfc
• Reduced Egg Viability
• Reduced Fry Survive]
Akemd Age Sbucture of Hch
(3,6,12- HJtS)
Abend Gene Pool
- Development of Raknanre fa Some Planu
PopuUtion Decline ta ScnsUve Specie*
• Conifen
• Oytlen
Increaaed TroU Mortality
Incnaaed Cratlacean Mortality
(13JS.31)
O
R
G
A
N
I
S
M
Dccre**ed Growth Rale*
Deiived Developmenl and Manaity
High MoiUuty 10 Sea Birds
Aonvny. Embryoloiicily; O
• General Sons Response
guUlory Imbala
Oiygen Cootumpdoo; Reduced Disease Resistence; Weight Loss;
fenttogenesis
Carcinogenesis
Altered Behavior (Feeding and Perception)
Pnytmoiicity
- Increased TOiar Deformities; Increased Susceptibility 10 Insect
Pmlauoo, Increased Seedling Mortality; Reduced Pbotocyniheiic
Capacity; Reduced Growth
Death
* These general sliest responses are in addition to direct toxkity.
Duplication of already-listed effects is intentional. (3 13 29)
Vlit maiprtty of unicologicil eflects are due lo dcpreued oxygen level*
indNOTduebiu^anipouDdslbcnacrvoi. Tbercrore,inoficodpoint>
sre refkaed above die crgafflsm level. Some loiteity may be
iDribuied to ndoi compounds like Hydrogen Sulfkfe.
Avoidance Behavior
Reduced Phytiologic Activity
Aspbyxiation
Reduced Growth or Some Fish (Hydrogen Sulfide)
Secondary ToxicUy of Reducing Environment
Death
(3,6,12 14.25)
Plants:
Chlorosis and Neoosis of Leaf Tissue
Leaf. Flower, or Frail Abscission
Epinasuc Curvature of Leaf Stem*
Reduced Growth
Btoaccumulauon
Needle Banding and Die-Off
Atacd Development
Reduced Photosynthesis Output
Genenl Suns Response
- Alieral Energy/Metabolic Stale
-• Reduced Reproductive Capacity
- Reduced Growth
- Reduced Disease/Parasitism Resistance
Inhibited Carbohydrate Metabolism
Animals:
R«piratory/Caidiovascular Aggravation
Eye Irritation
Possible Contact Oxidanl britauon
Dulh lo Insects, Fish (13,19,25,31)
FIGURE 3-2 (cont.)
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STRESSOR CATEGORY
O
R
G
A
N
I
Z
A
T
1
O
N
A
L
L
E
V
E
L
E
C
O
S
Y
S
T
E
M
C
O
M
M
U
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1
T
Y
ACID DEPOSITION
RADIATION
THERMAL
Increased Mcul Solubility; Increased Metal Tostcby
Dumped Pood Cluira/Nuiricnl Cycling; UniofZooplukioniLoHof
Rih (Upper Ixvel Comurnen), Decreased Dccornpoicr Activity
Severely AUacd Ecayuan SDUCOR: Deaa»edDrvmay; Decreased
Speciet Abundance (e.g.. certain phytopUnkion: zoopUnkion; bauan
(tin*): Shift Toward Extreme OUgotrophy
Reduced NiMranl/Miaenl Availability: Reduced Reminenltulio) of
Detritus
Reduced Itotecynlhetfc Capacity: Shift b Primary Production
Latt of Buffering Capacity
I TERRESTRIAL (PLANTS) I
Reduced Undanury Due to Production of Secondary Defense
Compounds by TRa
Habitat Alteration/Lou of Sizable Wildlife Habitat
Reduced Timber Biomass
Nutrient Leaching from Soil
Reduced Pbobxyntheik/Producnvity
(6..3J3.29.31)
Attend ConmnuiHy Structure (ShnpliffcaUoo of Structure)
• Loss of Canopy Layer
• rrogrcuivc Shift 10 Smiller tana
area to Shrubs to Herbs to Man 10 Uchem)
• Shin ban Specials tt to Oenenliiti
Decieaud PholayMhait: RapbtUon Ratio
Reduced Bionuu/Yield
Reduced Productivity
Nutrient Loo from System
• Reduced CancUyio Support Ecmntcm
Attend Food Cbaina
• Mifpunaoc of Higbtr Level Carnryore*
Communuy/EGoijnicm CoUapw
(13.31.40)
Reduced Ttee BiocMss
bcnased AouMic Macropoyle Bkniai
toucascd riiiuary Production
Donated Spccia Diveniy
Docieased ^ecies AbuDdmce
Dtnupled Food Web
Aquatic Organism Kilb (Ecpecially Motion Reibiettd PortM)
Decreaud Seeoodaiy Produetivily (e. j.. Rth BionuM)
Increxed Secooduy PnxSucUvUy (e.g.. PUnt Bionuu)
Reduced Sytlem Stability
• BoonVBuM Cyck*
(4.13.J5.36)
| AQUATIC
EiHrpaled Fiah PopuUdooi
• High Larval Mortality
• Severe Loa of Recruitment
Altered Gene Pool fa Rib
Attend Age Structure of Fbb
Dtp fcaod PovtopUakloa PoyulMioai
Depleted Zooplankwa Foputatio
Depleted BonOiitFaum
Depfclcd Macrophyte Pt
EitremBFOrjulMionDie
•Deplettd F«h and Reptile Populadom
• Reduced Pecundiry
• Reduced Survival (locreaied MutaDH)
• Reduced Recruitment
Altered Ah Age Structure
Altered Gene Pool
• Shift TowecdSmauermdivldaib In Some Tree*
Depleted Tree Fepuhoom
• Reduced Survival
I TERRESTRIAL (R-ANTS) I
Reduced Reproductive Suceeti
Reduced Suodbfi Crop
Reduced Survival
Reduced ReoviiincM
AkeredOeoePDol
(6.13.25.31)
• Note: Some SpiclM May Gucriacenipulau^a Growth Due to Ac
bcrease in Fecundity (Larger Brood Size, uxreawd Survival).
(13.31.40)
bcreafcdMacrorjhyic Population
bcreawd SuaceptibUiy to Predation
• More Active and More Contpicuom
Akend Gene Pool
Dacreaud Population Deuity of Sensitive Spccia («.«.. Salmonid)
hcreKcd Popultlioo Dcatity of Non-Sensitive Specie* (e.g.. Carp)
Reduced Poikikxhom Fecundity
Decreased Amhibian Survival
bcrcawd Bacterial and Blue Green Algae Population
EiGOMive Wanning Can Cause
• Man Eitiipationi of PoikUotbenM, MKrophytea, Sborelte
TreeKandlnhibilamiX AtgilBloami.FtthlCiUi.Bic.
Avoidaace/Aaraaion Bated on Preferred Tempentun
Qtaaged Reproductive Behavior in Fun
Charged Zooplankton Migntioo
haeated Palhogen/Disetse Incidence
(3.4.13.15.36)
| AQUATIC J
Abnormal Fhh Larval Pevelppuent
Eotanced Metal BioavaOabiltymnfciiy
DeterianUonofGilli
• Deotaaod Rap iratory/OimoregulalOTy EfBctency
• Greater AhaninumluftuB io Body
Death (uuaUy by Aiphysialion)
| TERRESTRIAL (PLANTS)I
bcrrated Cell and Surface Damage
• NecrotuVSeDecceace of Leave*, Flowed, Fruit, Branches
• Deformed New Growth
• Leaching of Minerals and Organic Compound! bom Vegetative Growth
Reduction of Stresi Tolerance
• Increased Drought Susceptibility
• Increased Disease/Parasite Susceptibility
• Increased Air Polluum/Phyloloxicam Sensitivity
Enhanced Production of Secondary Defense Compounds
Decreased Reproductive Capacity
• Decreased Pollen Viability
• Decreased l-ood/TniiU'roducuon (6,13,25,29,31)
knizatiao ofTeWue Water (ftee Radical Formation)
« Severe Tissue Oxidation
• CelLTtuue, Organ Damage
Nucleic Acid Damage
• Muiaikm
• Tumor Formation
Enzyme/Protein Inhibition
• Metabolic Inhibition
• Aboonnal Growrh/Develooroent
'Reduced Reproductive Capacity
• Reduced Fish Egg Hauttbility (Marine and Freshwuer)
» Increased AboormaUtJei in Progeny
• Reduced Fertility
Reduced Disease Resktence
Accumulation of Radioactivity
Dealh
•Note: Some Individuals of Some Species May Experience Repro-
ductive Enhancemenl
(13.31.40)
Metajbolic Changes
• Enzyme Inacuvatioo/Ovcr Production
• Increased Metabolic Rale
Reduced Reproductive Capacity
• Reduced Hatchability/Viability of Fish Eggi
• Disrupted Embryonic and Larvral Development
• Disrupted Gonad Development and Spawning
• Increased I of Utters/Year and Reduced* offty/Uner
« Reduced Survival of Young
Changed Behavior
• Abidance/Attraction Dependeal on Preferred Temperature
• Increased Activity
• Interrupted Dofmint Cycles
Enucialion of Adult Fish
Larger Body Size at Maturity
increased Susceptibilily to Parasitism
Increased Susceptibility to Disease
Death
(3.4.13.36)
oo
FIGURE 3-2; (cont.)
-------
STRESSOR CATEGORY
E
C
o
s
Y
S
T
E
M
C
O
M
M
U
N
I
T
Y
PHYSICAL HABITAT DESTRUCTION
OTHER STRESSORS
O
R
G
A
N
I
Z
A
T
I
O
N
A
L
L
E
V
E
L
Altered BiomaM, Altered Trophic loumctioa/rood Web
Structure; Altered Inier-Specici Competition; Attend Predator/Prey
Relationship* ind Numbers; Altered Grazmg/Herbivory; Altered
Symbiosis; Altered Succeukntl Ptoemi; AIlCTttiom of Spatial Stmcnic
tod Arrangement Altered Subility (Penitlence. Resilience, Reutencek
Abend Cotonrzation/HccolonizauDa: Altered Organic Deoompatilioa/
Biodegradation; Altered Nutrient Retention: •
Abend Nmrienl Cycling/Energy Row
• Nitrificalioa/Denilrificilion
• Nutrient Leaching/Lou;
Altered Productivity
• Primary Production (FboMyndMli)
• Secondary Production;
Attend Retpintion;
Attend Community Competition
• hmud GenenUttt/Deaufed SpecUUi M
• Incmud Non-temiuVe Spedei/Decreafei in SernWve Specie*
• Ctunged Specie* Richnew/AbukUnoe
• duofed Dankuuue
• Changed DlvenUy end Evenae**
(tnukiplelexb)
Fesl/Pmtile Outbcuki
Aboed Trophic ReUionsUp*
• Trophic ShiAmg/Subititiuliaa
• Food Chain Dinuption
Loaf of Genetic Matenal
General Community/Eco* yuan Endpofata
P
O
P
u
L
A
T
I
O
N
Abend SavivaVMaKJIty
Abend Fecundity
Abend Population Demily
Abend Abundaoce/SuDding Crop
Abend Age Suuctun ond Htmiaaa*
Abend Gene foot'
Abend Growtti/DecUne RMa tod Cycfca
Akend Inm-SpedM Competiikn
Social Structure
Aggregation
Avoidance
TenitorUlity
Courahip «ad Bnedbf
u of Impacted Speck* (And Local Bxtbdlom)
- AllendOfTcpring Survival
- kkrnjpled Breeding Cycle/Riaialf
• Reduced Roource Av
• AUeftOPreo^uir/FreyReUtiooihipi
• AheredDiieueRMiiUnce/r^UiogenAlMDdince
• locre**od EtnignUoQ
AberedSmcepdbUityloPreduioo
Abend SciRMto
Onmitic Population Boom* (algal bloom)
Dramatic Population Cradm (nib kill)
(muMpklexti)
O
R
G
A
N
I
S
M
DbectElbc*
- Phydcal Impact of Machinery/Structural (L
etc.)
- Pbyilcal Impact of New Ctmmnanrea
• Abmion
• Liuig/Gill/OculaTSurfKBiaogging
• auugedTempennie/Salioity/Oxygen/Eoergy/WMef Regime
• Reduced Resource Availability
• Rxxt/ShelKi AvailabUity
• BreedingMerting Area AvaUabilily
- inhibukmofEjlaTMlSamiJi(e.g,lJghUPhotoperiodRe.poMe)
- Restricted Mobility
• Migration
• Diurnal Movemeal
- InwcwedSttcM Level/Decreased StnssToleranee
• dunged Availability to Predalon
- lntrodudionwRauspemk>n/Keacuvatioa of Tonic Ireulti
(3.13.31. text*)
Death or Reductka ta Funen of Endemic or Introduced Individuate Due to:
• Predation
• Competition SDCH for Rcfourcei
Fbod/Sbeoa/Sutatrale Availability
Breeding/Nening Area Availability
• Increased Overall Suen Level
Bioeagmeerad OrganJun
DeamorRetkvXiooinFirDeuorFjuiankorEngimeredbdividualiDueto:
• Pradalion
' • Competition for Resource*
FDod/Sheher/Subtlnle Availability
Breeding/Netting Area Availability
• Increased Overall Strc»» Level
• Introduction of Potential Pathogens
FIGURE 3-2 (cont.)
-------
-20
-------
STRESSOR CATEGORY
1'ESTIOIDES
METALS
SYNTHETIC ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
E
C
d
s
Y
S
T
E
M
T
Y
P
E
Bkxnagnincaiion
Pat Resurgence
New Pesi Emergence
• Decreased Competition from Old Pest Species
• Decreased Ixosyslem Control (e.g., Predalion) oo New Pesi Specks
Destruction of Non-Target Organisms
Secondary Poisoning ofPrcdalon
Decreased Community/Ecosystem Diversity
Decreased Community/Ecosystem Stability
Reduced Reproductive Capacity In Sink (KqNon and Oime Fowl)
• Delayed Breeding
• Failure to Lay Eggs/Reduced Egg Production
• Eggshell Thinning/Breakage
• Increased Embryonic Mortality
• Failure to Renal
• Reduced Survival of Offspring
Population Decline in Upper Level Carnivore*
Bird Kills
Population Decline/Local Extinction of SenUve Specie*
Btomigniflcalkn
Food Chain Disruption
Reduced Harvesuble Yield
Reduced Bioraass/Slanding (
Reduced Photosynthetic Cap,
Local Extinction of Specie* (Especially High Level Carnivores)
Bird Kite
Lost of Canopy Layer in Forest!
Progressive Selection for Smaller Forma
CTreu -*• Shrub* —tv Herb* —f> Mosses —*> Lichens)
Elevated MamnaHan/Avian Mortality
Decnuai Coannunhy/Ecmyctan Stability
Increased Tenlogenesis
Increased Tumor Incidence
Increased Stillbirths in Mink. Ferrets, and Primate*
Decreased Litter Size* in Canids and Rodents
Reduced Photosynthesis
Altered Conmuniiy Structure
Potential for Btomagnificauoa
Reduced Community/Ecosystem Stability
F
R
E
S
H
W
A
T
E
R
BwrnagnUicaiion
AlieredNuniaii Cycling
Altered Primary Production
Destruction of Non-Target Organomi
Decreased Ommunily/hcoiyilaD Dtvcnky
Decreased Communily/Goosysian Subitty
Fish Kills
Population Decline* m Upper Level Carnivores
Altered Gene Pool*
Attend Sex Ratio
BtanagniOcatkm
Decrased Hsh Abundance
Reduced Cokmbalion or Cokxuutton FaUure
Dccfccsod Spocioi Abundance
Local Eitinctioa of Species (Especially High Level Camivora)
Reduced Carbon Fiuiioa (FbotosynlbaU)
Fluctuating Species Composition
Dccreated Community/Ecosyi tan Stability
FBB and Bird Klltt
Increased Tenuogenesis
Increased Tumor Incidence
Reduced Reproductive Capacity in Fbh (Especially Saimoofcfc)
• Decreased Mating iiequcncy
• Dccreated Hatchabiiily
• Premature Hatching
• Decreased Fry Survival
Reduced Phylopbakton Abundance
Reduced Primary Production
Attend Community Structure
Reduced Communily/Ecotysuan Stability
BkuccumuUlkn/Potenlkl BiomagniGcalioo
M
A
R
I
N
E
E
S
T
U
A
R
I
N
E
Similar to fresh Water EndpoinB
Similar to Fresh Water Endpoinls
Population Declines in Sensitive Species
Seabird Kills
Reduced Primary Production
Bioaccumulalion/Poleruial BromagnUicalion
FIGURE 3-3
-------
STRESSOR CATEGORY
PETROLEUM AND RELATED HYDROCARBONS
NUTRIENTS AND
DEOXYGENATINC SUBSTANCES
PHYTOTOXICANTS AND AIR POLLUTANTS
E
C
O
s
Y
S
T
E
M
T
Y
P
E
T
E
R
R
E
S
T
R
1
A
L
Primarily perceived is in Aquatic/Marine problem. Very
little literature available on impacts u terrestrial bbu above
the organism level. Chronic effect* ttudie* «n terrestrial
biota ire also quite rare.
Local Impacts on Community
• Dccr«B«lComnii«uty Stability
Increased Uaer Fall
Increased Plant Biomass
Increased Herbivore Biomafl
Increased Predttcr Biotnasi
Altered Community Structure
Atend Community Metabolism
Decreawd Specie* Richneu
Deoeaaed Specie* Divenky
Decreased Community/B«).yneoi Stability
Reduced Sensitive Specta Abundance (PUno, Especially Conifcn)
Reduced Speclet DJvenity
Una of Overtlory/Canopy (Foretll)
Reduced Biomau (Plants)
Reduced FnolMyntbetia
Reduced Yield*
Reduced Communlry/Ecoiystem Subility
Altered Nutrient Cycling
Inoeased Nutrient Losi/Uacaing
Inoeated Respiratory/CirdiovaKular Probkro*
Increased Contact Olidalini
F
R
E
S
H
W
A
T
E
R
Collapse of Community Structure and Ruction
AtottJWHcT/Stliniiy/NualaitKejtoe
Reduced HbototyntlMxis
Reduced Macrophyle Density
Reduced Water Quality Due to Reduced DtaorvodOiygco
• Decreased Oiygen Availability
• Increased Concentration of Reduced-feral Chemical Speck*
• Increased Coocentralkw of Tortc Halogens (Especially
Chlorinated Specie*)
Waterfowl Population Crashes
• Direct Toniclly
• Reduced Reproductive Capacity
Reduced Water Quality/Capacity la Support DsirtWB ffltoU
» Detreaicd Dtoolved Otygen/DcoraSed Oiygen Availability
• Increased Concentration* of Reduced-form Chemical Spccitf
• Increased Conccamiona of To»ic Halogen* (Efpecially
Chlorinated Specks)
Reduced Decomp«iuon
Altered Nutrient Cycling
Increased Plant BiomaM
Increased Duease/Patbogg) Incidence
Altered Zooplankton: Pnyloplaiuaoo Ratio
Increased PhodxvnUkuil
Lowered Energy Convenion Efliciency
Depleted PopulaUonf of Sentilive Speciei
Predoroinandy a Tenettrial Category. EffeCU 10 AqUlUC
Environmenu arise mostly bom atmospheric drrxKitjoa OfflieSlon
(e.g. fcutoaie Drift, Heavy Metal Fallout. Acid Precipitation) into the
Aqueous Media. Atmospheric conditions ako affect the equilibrium
itauu of compounds in water but impacts are noted more
frequently under outer specific MICUOT categories.
Some Fish, Shellfish, and Crustacean
are Directly Attributable to Influx of Air
Emergent Macrophyte Population Decline*
Altered Nutrient Cycling
Decline*
M
A
R
I
N
E
E
S
T
U
A
R
I
N
E
Collapse of Community Structure and Function
Aketed Waw/Salinity/Nuirient Regime
Reduced Photosynthesia
Reduced Macrophyte Density
Reduced Water Quality Due to Reduced Dissolved Oxygen
• Decreased Oxygen Availability
• Increased Concenlration of Reduced-form Cbonical Species
• Increased ConcemrationsorToxic Halogens (Especially
Chlorinated Species)
Waterfowl and Seabird Population Crashes
• Direct Tojicity
• Reduced Reproductive Capacity
Similar to IVesh Water Aquatic on Local Scale.
Predominantly a Terrestrial Category. Effects to Aquatic
Environments arise mostly from atmospheric deposition of tlresson
(e g.-PetuCiile Drift, Heavy Metal Fallout, Acid Precipitation) into the
Aqueous Media. Atmospheric conditions also affect the equilibrium
status of compounds in water but impacts are noted more
frequently under other specific Hressor categories.
• Some Fish. Shellfish, and Crustacean Population Declines
are Directly Attributable to Influx of Aire Pollutants
• Emergent Macrophyte Population Declines
• Altered Nutrient Cycling
I\J
FIGURE 3-3 (CONT,)
-------
STRESSOR CATEGORY
ACID DEPOSITION
RADIATION
THERMAL
E
C
O
s
Y
S
T
E
M
T
Y
P
E
T
E
R
R
E
S
T
R
I
A
L
Waldslerberi/DeforefUiion
Reduced Underslary Due to Production of Secondary Defence
Compounds by Trees
Successive Removal or Sensitive Specie* Until Ecosystem Collapse*
Habitat Alteration/Low of Suitable Wildlife llabilal
Reduced Timber Biocnass
Nutrient Leaching Cram Soil
Reduced Photosynthesis/Productivity
Decreased Stability
Bf^hfff^ Decompoflitioo
Simpliricalioa or Forest Structure
• Loss or Canopy Layer
• Progressive Selection of Smaller Ptanl Forms
(Trees -»> Shrubs -»• Herbi -»*• MOM -¥• Lichens)
• Shin from Specialists 10 Generalistt
Decreased Photosynthesis: Respiration Ratio
Reduced Biomass/Productivity
Reduced Timber YieU
Nutrient Lost From System
• Reduced Ability to Support Ecosystem
Altered Food Chains
• Lou of High Level Carnivorea
Buaccumulation of Radioactivity
Conununity/Ecotyslem CoUapie
Depleted Pofxilalions of Sensitive Specie*
Local Extinction of Sensitive Special
hv-rf.f^H Generalisl PopuUlioos
Attend Gene Pool
• Selection for Smaller Individuals
General Greenhouse Effect, Polar Ice Cap Men, Set Level
Rise, etc.
F
R
E
S
H
W
A
T
E
R
Increased Metal Solubility
• Increased Metal To* icity
Disrupted Food Chains/Nutrient Cycling
• LoffofZoopUnkton
• Loss of Fish (Upper Level Consumers)
• Decreased Decomposer Activity
Reduced Secondary Productivity
Severely Altered Ecosystem Structure
• Decreased Diversity
• Decreased Species Abundance (e.g.. Cerl
Zooplanklon; Bottom Fauna)
• SUB Toward Extreme Ollgotrophy
Reduced Nutrient/Mine..! Availability
• Reduced Remlneralizalioo of Detritus
Reduced Pnotosynlhcuc Capacity
• Shift in Primary Production
Lou of Buffering Capacity
Simplified Punt Communities
Decreased Photosynthesis: Respiration Ratio
Reduced Plan! and Animal Biomasa
Reduced Productivity
Altered Food Chains
• Disappearance of Higher Level Carnivore*
Community Ecosystem Collapse
Depleted Populations of Sensitive Special
• fish
• Rentiles
Local Extinction of Sensitive Spedei
hcretsed Qenentisl Population
Altered Age Structure to Hsh Populations
Conununity/EcosystBni
Reduced Tree Biomau Surrounding the Water
Increased Macrophyle Biooiass
Increased Primary Production
Decreased Specie* Diversity
Decreased Specie* Abundance
Disrupted Food Web
Aquatic Organism Kills (Especially Motion Restricted Forms)
Decreased Secondary Productivity (e.g.. Fish Biomtss)
Increased Secondary Productivity
Reduced System Stability
• Boom/Buil Cycles
M
A
R
I
N
E
E
S
T
U
A
R
I
N
E
Not much information; local effects probably similar
to Fresh Water effects.
Same as Freth Water Aquatic,
Not much information, although similar to Fresh Water Aquatic,
ro
CO
FIGURE 3-3 (CONT.)
-------
STRESSOR CATEGORY
PHYSICAL HABITAT DESTRUCTION
OTHER STRESSORS
E
C
O
S
Y
S
T
E
M
T
Y
P
E
ro
T
E
R
R
E
S
T
R
I
A
L
F
R
E
S
H
W
A
T
E
R
M
A
R
I
N
E
E
S
T
U
A
R
I
N
E
Decreased Reproductive Success
Population Fluctuations Due lo:
- literal food supply
- change ta predator / prey dyntmlci
Attend kumpedfic Dynamic*
Migration / Avoidance Behavior
From Runoff
Changea In Primary Productivity
i Due to Nutrient Enrichment
DCS ouciioa or Bcmbic Organisms
Specie* Shim Due lo Changes In Salinity and Oxygen Regime*
ElTectt Auocitted With Rewspcnskw of Toxia In SedimeM
PopuUlion FhirhMltom Due to Introduced OrgMJMU
Effect* of None Pollution
reputation Decline) Ron Harvesting by Humana
Population Ftuctuationa Due lo Introduced Orguustm
EffecaofNo!»ePo«luIion
Population Declint* Bom Harvesting by Humana
Masa Groundings of CeUcea
Populalioo Declines From Harvesting by Humana
FIGURE 3-3 (CONT.)
-------
4. CONCLUSIONS
A number of conclusions arise from the results of this literature review
project. The conclusions address several topics:
Literature Review Methodology
It is clear that the .term "endpoint" or "end point" is not common yet in
scientific or environmental regulatory literature. A recommended approach for
further literature reviews is to approach the subject by focusing on each
particular environmental stressor, since each stressor (e.g., acid deposition)
has a wealth of literature associated with it. The process will be
time-consuming, but the resultant list of endpoints will be quite thorough.
Categorization Schemes
There may be more appropriate ways to structure lists or matrices of
endpoints. A particularly useful approach may be to emphasize the ecosystems
in which certain endpoints are likely to occur. Our three-dimensional matrix
did not address ecological endpoints for the three ecosystem categories at the
populational and organismal levels. Categorizing organism- and population-
level endpoints according to the ecosystems in which they are most likely to
occur may be .a promising line of research.
On the other hand, a more clear-cut definition of the term "ecological
endpoint" and its meaning in Agency activities may be a higher priority.
Selection of Ecological Endpoints for Risk Assessments
As the literature review revealed more and more adverse ecological Impacts
of anthropogenic stressors, it became apparent that the "societal
significance" of each impact varied greatly. Some impacts would be very hard
to value in quantitative terms, while others (e.g., fish kills of commercially
important species) lend themselves easily to development of monetary
equivalents. It is apparent that only certain ecological impacts should be
25
-------
termed "ecological endpoints".
Since there are so many potential ecological Impacts of anthropogenic
stressors, a strict criterion of "societal significance" may be applied to
determine which impacts can truly be classed as "endpoints". The application
of this criterion and the selection of endpoints for risk assessments is a
sensitive task, since it falls somewhere between the realms of risk management
and risk assessment. Analysts trained 1n ecological/environmental science may
not be able to gauge political defensibility of chosen endpoints, while
managers may lack a critical ability to discern which potential endpoints are
of real biological significance.
Suggested Future Directions
This literature review of ecological endpoints revealed a wealth of
potential endpoints, and a number of ways they can be systematized. Rather
than expend significant effort in further attempts to systematize the numerous
potential endpoints, it seems worthwhile to achieve consensus on definitional
issues. An appropriate Agency workgroup should perhaps be convened to define
the meaning of the term and the formal relationship of "ecological endpoints"
to the ecological risk assessment process.
One useful research project may be to examine in detail legal cases in
which compensatory payments were awarded for environmental damages. The legal
literature likely contains a small number of clearly-defined,
legally-defensible ecological endpoints. Using the courts as a test of the
"societal significance" of an endpoint would severely restrict the volume of
potential endpoints to be investigated. It may prove to be a fruitful line of
investigation.
-------
APPENDIX A. BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
I. Barnthouse, L.W. and G.W. Suter II. 1986. User's Manual for Ecological
Risk Assessment. ORNL-6251. Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge,
Tennessee. 220 p.
2. Barrett, G.W. 1968. The effect of an acute Insecticide stress on a
serai-enclosed grassland ecosystem. Ecology 49(6): 1019-1035.
3. Barrett, G.W. and R. Rosenberg. 1981. Stress Effects on Natural
Ecosystems. John Wiley and Sons, Chichester. 305 p.
4. Bishop, W.E., R.D. Car dwell, and B.B. Heidolph (eds). 1983. Aquatic
Toxicology and Hazard Assessment: Sixth Symposium. (STP 802).
American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia. 560 p.
5. Brown, A.W.A. 1978. Ecology of Pesticides. John Wiley and Sons, New York.
525 p. .
6. Butler, G.C. (ed). 1978. Principles of Ecotoxlcology. Scientific
Committee on Problems in the Environment (SCOPE 12). John Wiley and
Sons9 Chichester. 350 p.
7. Cairns, J. Jr. 1979. Ha2ard evaluation with microcosms. Intern. J.
Environ. Stud. 13: 95-99.
8. Cairns, J. Jr. 1981. Biological Monitoring, Part VI - future needs. Water
Res. 15: 941-952.
9. Cairns, J. Jr. and J.R. Pratt. 1986. Ecological Consequence Assessment:
effects of bioengineered organisms. Water Res. Bulletin 22(2):
171-182.
10. Cairns, J. Jr., K.L. Dickson, and A.W. Maki (eds). 1978. Estimating the
Hazard of Chemical Substances to Aquatic Life. (STP 657) American
Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia. 278 p.
11. Calms, J. Jr. and W.H. van der Schalie. 1980. Biological Monitoring,
Part I - early warning systems. Water Res. 14: 1179-1196.
12. Cairns, V.W., P.V. Hodson, and J.O. Nriagu (eds). 1984. Contaminant
Effects on Fisheries. Advances in Environmental Science and Technology
Series, Volume 16. John Wiley and Sons, New York. 333 p.
13. Connell, D.W., and G.J. Miller. 1984. Chemistry and Ecotoxlcology of
Pollution. John Wiley and Sons, Mew York. 444 p.
L4. Hakanson, L. 1980. An ecological risk index for aquatic pollution
control. A Sedimentological Approach. Water Res. 14: 975-1001.
15. Haranons, A.S. (ed). 1981. Methods for Ecological Toxicology. A Critical
Review of Laboratory Multispecies Tests. Ann Arbor Science Publishers,
Ann Arbor. 307 p.
Al
-------
16. Herricks, E.E. and J. Cairns, Jr. 1982. Biological Monitoring, Part III -
receiving system methodology based on community structure. Water Res.
16: 141-153.
17. Hurlbert, S.H. 1975. Secondary effects of pesticides on aquatic
ecosystems. Residue Rev. 57: 81-148.
18. Jernelov, A. and R. Rosenberg. 1976. Stress tolerance of ecosystems.
Environ. Conserv. 3(1): 43-46.
19. Keller, T. 1978. Wintertime Atmospheric Pollutants - do they affect the
performance of deciduous trees in the ensuing growing season? Environ.
Pollut. 16: 243-247.
20. Kinako, P. D.S. 1981. Short-term effects of oil pollution on species
numbers and productivity of a simple terrestrial ecosystem. Environ.
Pollut. Series A. 26: 87-91.
21. Lamb, D.W. and E.E. Kenaga (eds). 1981. Avian and Mammalian Wildlife
Toxicology: Second Conference. (STP 757). American Society for
Testing and Materials, Philadelphia. 164 p.
22. Matthews, R.A., A.L. Buikema Jr., J. Cairns Jr., and J.H. Rodgers Jr.
1982. Biological Monitoring, Part IIA - receiving system functional
methods, relationships and indices. Water Res. 16: 129-139.
23. Mclntyre, A.D. and C.F. Mills. 1975. Ecological Toxicology Research.
Effects of Heavy Metal and Organohalogen Compounds. Plenum Press, New
York. 323 p.
24. National Academy of Sciences. 1981. Testing for the Effects of Chemicals
on Ecosystems. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C. pp. 31-76.
25. Nurnberg, H.W. (ed). 1985. Pollutants and Their Ecotoxicological
Significance. John Wiley and Sons, Chichester. 514 p.
26. O'Neill, R.V., S.M. Bartell and R.H. Gardner. 1983. Patterns of
toxicological effects in ecosystems: a modeling study. Environ. Tox.
and Chem. 2: 451-461.
27. O'Neill, R.V. and J.B. Waide. 1981. Ecosystem theory and the unexpected:
Implications for environmental toxicology. IN Cornaby, B.W. (ed)
Management of Toxic Substances in Our Ecosystems. Ann Arbor Science
Publishers, Ann Arbor, Michigan, pp. 43-73.
28. Pearson, J.G., R.B. Foster, and W.E. Bishop (eds). 1982. Aquatic
Toxicology and Hazard Assessment. Proceedings of the Fifth Annual
Symposium on Aquatic Toxicology. (STP 766) American Society for
Testing and Materials, Philadelphia. 400 p.
29. Rand, 6.M. and S.R. Petrocelli (eds). 1985. Fundamentals of Aquatic
Toxicology. Hemisphere Publishing Corporation, New 'York and
McGraw-Hill International Book Company, Auckland. 666 p.
A2
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30. Rudd, R.L. 1977. Environmental Toxicology. A Guide to Information
Sources. Volume 7 in the Man and the Environment Information Guide
Series. Gale Research Company, Detroit. 266 p.
31. Sheehan, P.J., D.R. Miller, G.C. Butler, and P. Bordeau (eds). 1984.
Effects of Pollutants at the Ecosystem Level. Scientific Committee on
Problems in the Environment. (SCOPE 22). John Wiley and Sons,
Chichester. 443 p.
32. Sprague, J.B. 1971. Measurement of pollutant toxidty to fish — III.
Sublethal effects and "safe" concentrations. Water Res. 5: 245-266.
33. Stephan, C.E. 1986. Proposed goal of applied aquatic toxicology. IN
Poston, T.M. and R. Purdy (eds). Aquatic Toxicology and Environmental
Fate: Ninth Volume. (STP 921) American Society for Testing and
Materials, Philadelphia, pp 3-10.
34. Suffling, R. 1980. An index of ecological sensitivity to disturbance,
based on ecosystem age, and related to landscape diversity. J. of
Environ. Man. 10: 253-262.
35. Suter, G.W. II, D.S. Vaughan and R.H, Gardner. 1983. Risk assessment by
analysis of extrapolation error: a demonstration for effects of
pollutants on fish. Environ. Toxlcol. and Chem. 2: 369-378.
36. Talmage, S.S. and C. Coutant. 1980. Thermal effects. Journal WPCF
52(6): 1575-1616.
37. U.S. EPA. 1987. Unfinished Business: A comparative assessment of
environmental problems. Appendix III, Ecological Risk Group. U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C.
38. Westman, W.E. 1985. Ecology, Impact Assessment, and Environmental
Planning. John Wiley and Sons, New York. 532 p.
39. Whyte, A.V. and I. Burton (eds). 1980. Environmental Risk Assessment.
Scientific Committee on Problems in the Environment (SCOPE 15). John
Wiley and Sons, Chichester. 159 p.
40. Woodwell, G.M. 1970. Effects of pollution on the structure and physiology
of ecosystems. Science 168: 429-433.
A3
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APPENDIX B. ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
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ECOLOGICAL ENDPOINT LITERATURE REVIEW
RECORD NUMBER: 1
TOTAL NUMBER OF RECORDS: 40
AUTHOR:
Barnthouse, L.W. and G.W. Suter II.
TITLE:
User's manual -for ecological risk assessment. ORNL-6251.
PUBLISHER:
Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee.
VOLUME AND/OR PAGES: YEAR:
220 p. 1986
KEYWORDS:
STRESSORS ADDRESSED:
Petroleum and Related Hydrocarbons, Synthetic Fuel;
APPLICABLE BIOLOGICAL LEVEL:
Population, Community, Ecosystem.
SYSTEM TYPE IMPACTED:
Aquatic, Terrestrial.
ABSTRACT:
This publication represents the culmination of a 4—year
project on environmental risk analysis of synfuels development.
Since, when the project Mas initiated, ecological risk analyses of
this type had never been done, this work provides much needed
insight and experience to the field. The authors introduce the
document with definitions, concepts and rationale for performing
the analysis, including one of the first attempts at defining
the term "ecological endpoint". They continue with discussions of
the various types of analyses available. The authors conclude
with a general discussion of their work and findings, and present
suggestions for furture directions. The work is indeed a user's
manual outlining protocol for environmental risk assessments,
although the authors note that explicit procedures cannot be
provided since each application bears a unique set of issues.
Endpoints used in the synfuels project include: reductions in
abundance and production of commercial or game species;
development of algal populations that detract from water use;
reductions in timber yield and undesirable changes in forest
compostion; reductions in agricultural production; and
reductions in wildlife populations. „.
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ECOLOGICAL ENDPOINT LITERATURE REVIEW
RECORD NUMBER: 2
TOTAL NUMBER OF RECORDSs 40
AUTHOR:
Barrett, G.W.
TITLE:
The effect of an acute insecticide stress on a semi-enclosed
grassland ecosystem.
PUBLISHER:
Ecology.
VOLUME AND/OR PAGES: YEAR:
49(6):1019-1035 196B
KEYWORDS:
Carbamates, Sevin, Acute Stress.
STRESSORS ADDRESSED:
Pesticides (Sevin).
APPLICABLE BIOLOGICAL LEVEL:
Organism, Population, Community, Ecosystem.
SYSTEM TYPE IMPACTED:
Terrestrial, Agricultural Fields.
ABSTRACT:
This paper represents an individual research paper into
carbamate stress on a grain crop ecosystem. The effects of
insecticide stress are evaluated in terms of productivity,
decomposition, biomass, species abundance, density* diversity,
and equitability. Biota monitored include three mammalian
species, the endemic arthropod community, and the endemic plant
community. Long-term side effects on litter decomposition,
arthropod density and diversity, and mammalian reproduction are
demonstrated.
B2
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ECOLOGICAL ENDPOINT LITERATURE REVIEW
RECORD NUMBER: 3
TOTAL NUMBER OF RECORDS: 40
AUTHOR:
Barrett, G.W., and R. Rosenberg.
TITLE:
Stress Effects on Natural Ecosystems.
PUBLISHERS
John Mi ley and Sons, ChiChester.
VOLUME AND/OR PAGES: YEAR:
385 p. 1981
KEYWORDSs
Stress Ecology, Ecosystem Impacts, Stress Response.
STRE5SORS ADDRESSED:
General Stress, Radiation (Solar Input), Nutrients, Petroleum,
Thermal, Pesticides, Physical Destruction, Synthetic Organics.
APPLICABLE BIOLOGICAL LEVEL:
Organism, Population, Community, Ecosystem.
SYSTEM TYPE IMPACTED:
Old -fields, Marine, Freshwater, Mangroves, Forests.
ABSTRACT:
This book represents a collection of papers presented at a
symposium on stress ecology held in Jerusalem, Israel, from 119—16
September, 1978. Topics discussed focus on responses of natural
ecosystems to both natural and anthropogenic perturbations with
special regard to the organism, population, community,
ecosystem-framework. Initial chapters provide an overview of
stress ecology and various approaches to its study. Later
chapters are devoted to terrestrial ecosystems and aquatic
ecosystems, respectively. Final chapters present the editors'
views on furture trends and research needs.
-------
ECOLOGICAL ENDPOINT LITERATURE REVIEW
RECORD NUMBER: 4
TOTAL NUMBER OF RECORDS! 40
AUTHOR:
Bishop, W.E., R.D. Cardwell, and B.B. Heidolph (eds).
TITLE:
Aquatic Toxicology and Hazard Assessment: Sixth Symposium.
(STP 802).
PUBLISHER:
American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia.
VOLUME AND/OR PAGES: YEAR:
560 p. 1983
KEYWORDS:
STRE5SORS ADDRESSED:
Pesticides, Petroleum, Thermal, Heavy Metals, General Stress,
Deoxygenating Substances.
APPLICABLE BIOLOGICAL LEVEL:
Organism, Population, Community, Ecosystem.
SYSTEM TYPE IMPACTED:
Aquatic
ABSTRACT:
This work contains a wide variety papers, ranging from
individual research to editorial comment. Some articles are quite
informative in identifying, measuring, and predicting impacts of
stressors on natural and laboratory ecosystems. Others provide a
critical review and assessment of the state—of—the—art (1981) in
aquatic toxicology. A few provide detailed information on
specific chemicals in laboratory bioassays. Stressors discussed
at the ecosystem/community level include: streptomycin, malathion,
urban runoff, and waste water treatment, petroleum, toxic
chemicals, and general stress. Temperature is addressed at the
population level. Heavy metals and dieldrin are covered at the
organism level.
B4
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ECOLOGICAL ENQPOINT LITERATURE REVIEW
RECORD NUMBER: 5
TOTAL NUMBER OF RECORDS! 40
AUTHOR:
Brown, A.M.A.
TITLE:
Ecology of Pesticides.
PUBLISHER:
John Wiley and Sons, New York.
VOLUME AND/OR PAGES: YEAR:
525 p. 1978
KEYWORDS:
STRESSQRS ADDRESSED:
Pesticides.
APPLICABLE BIOLOGICAL LEVEL:
Community.
SYSTEM TYPE IMPACTED:
Aquatic, Terrestrial.
ABSTRACT:
This review o-f pesticide literature considers an extremely
wide range of affected biota. The book addresses the effects of
insecticides, herbicides, and fungicides separately, and then
describes observed impacts of each sub—category in detail.
Effects seen at the community /ecosystem level include: pest
resurgence/resistance, new pest outbreaks, reduction of species
diversity, removal of intra—species competition, algal blooms,
food chain transfers, biomagnification, bird kills, secondary
poisoning, and non-target organism toxicity (to predaceous
insects, pollinators, earthworms, nematodes, soil microbes,
stream arthropods, crustaceans, fish, birds, rabbits, and deer).
Although slightly dated, this work provides a plethora of
information for interested students, researchers, and managers.
B5
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ECOLOGICAL ENDPOINT LITERATURE REVIEW
RECORD NUMBER: . 6
TOTAL NUMBER OF RECORDS s 40
AUTHOR:
Butler, B.C. (ed> .
TITLE:
Principles o-f Ecotoxicology.
PUBLISHER:
Scientific Committee on Problems in the Environment, (SCOPE 12),
John Wiley and Sons, ChiChester.
VOLUME AND/OR PAGES: YEAR:
350 p. 1978
KEYWORDS:
STRESSORS ADDRESSED:
Pesticides, Metals, Synthetic Organics, Radiation, Petroleum,
Acid Deposition, Nutrients, Phytotoxicants and Air Pollutants.
APPLICABLE BIOLOGICAL LEVEL:
Organism, Population, Community, Ecosystem.
SYSTEM TYPE IMPACTED:
Aquatic, Estuarine, Marine, Terrestrial.
ABSTRACT:
This book was published with the objective of providing a
source—book on ecotoxicology for researchers, administrators,
advisors, regulators, and students. It is divided into 5
sections: environmental behavior of pollutants (chemical nature,
fate, transport, and distribution), dose-effect analysis,
experimental toxicology and field observations (general
toxicological principles, physical and chemical changes, and
effects on: terrestrial and aquatic animals, terrestrial and
aquatic plant communities, plankton communities, and
microorganisms), ecosystem responses, and editorial conclusions.
The book contains much deliberate overlap among chapters, but the
potential endpoints noted are too numerous to list in an abstract.
Excellent references accompany the book.
B6
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ECOLOGICAL ENDPOINT LITERATURE REVIEW
RECORD NUMBER: 7
TOTAL NUMBER OF RECORDS: 40
AUTHOR:
Cairns, J. Jr.
TITLE:
Hazard evaluation with microcosms.
PUBLISHER:
International Journal of Environmental Studies.
VOLUME AND/OR PAGES: YEAR:
13:95-99 1979
KEYWORDS:
Microcosm, Risk, Hazard Assessment, Biological Monitoring.
STRESSORS ADDRESSED:
General Chemical Stress (Pesticides, Synthetic Organic Compounds,
Metals).
APPLICABLE BIOLOGICAL LEVEL:
Community, Ecosystem.
SYSTEM TYPE IMPACTED:
General. Ecosystem (Microcosms) .
ABSTRACT:
This paper is an introduction to the use of microcosms as
tools for predicting ecological impacts of chemical substances.
The author discusses hazard evaluation and the need for
quick—responding test structures. Cairns mentions that
traditional measures of community structure, often used as
measures of pollutant impact (e.g., diversity) are not always
indicative of the status of community function (e.g., nutrient
transfer, energy dissipation). As a final note, the author
presents three indices that are indicative of community function:
the trophic index, the functional trophic index, and the viability
index.
B7
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ECOLOGICAL ENDPOINT LITERATURE REVIEW
RECORD NUMBER: 8
TOTAL NUMBER OF RECORDS: 40
AUTHOR:
Cairns, J. Jr.
TITLE:
Biological monitoring part IV — future needs.
PUBLISHER:
Mater Research.
VOLUME AND/OR PAGES: YEAR:
15:941-952 1981
KEYWORDS:
Biological Monitoring, Biomonitoring, Toxicity Testing,
Hazard Assessment, Impact Prediction, Ecosystem Testing.
STRESSORS ADDRESSED:
General Stress, Non-specific.
APPLICABLE BIOLOGICAL LEVEL:
Ecosystem.
SYSTEM TYPE IMPACTED:
Aquatic, General Ecosystem.
ABSTRACT:
This article represents the sixth paper in a series
investigating the role of biological monitoring as a scientific
and regulatory tool. The author discusses the advantages and
disadvantages of present toxicity testing procedures including
single—species tests, microcosms, mesocosms, and field tests.
Currently measurable "endpoints" are listed for each of the
preceeding methodologies. The author also addresses future needs
in the field of ecosystem monitoring and management. Included in
his discussion on the future use of biological monitoring are:
establishment of ecological resource areas; improvement of
mathematical models; standardization of methods for identifying
prioritizing, and implementing rehabilitation of damaged
ecosystems; development of better predictive capability; creation
of more watershed management groups; determination of ecosystem
assimilative capacity; and increased reliance on simultaneous
testing rather than tiered or sequential methods.
B8
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ECOLOGICAL ENDPOINT LITERATURE REVIEW
RECORD NUMBER: 9
TOTAL NUMBER OF RECORDS: 40
AUTHOR:
Cairns, J. Jr. and J.R. Pratt.
TITLE:
Ecological consequence assessment: effects of bioengineered
organisms.
PUBLISHER:
Water Resources Bulletin.
VOLUME AND/OR PAGES: YEAR:
22(2):171-182 1986
KEYWORDS:
Genetic Engineering, Ecosystem Assessment, Environmental Impact
Ecological Endpoint, Community Structure, Ecosystem Function
STRESSORS ADDRESSED:
Other Stressors (Genetically Engineered Organisms),
General Stress.
APPLICABLE BIOLOGICAL LEVEL:
Commun i ty, Ecosystem.
SYSTEM TYPE IMPACTED:
General Ecosystem
ABSTRACT:
This paper is a review o-f test methods currently available to
study impacts on the structure and-function of ecosystems.
Although primarily focusing on the release of genetically
engineered organisms (mostly bacteria), the methods discussed may
be applied to many types of ecological assessments. The authors
conclude that the present problem does not require the creation of
new test methods, but rather, the development of new
predictive models which address the potential risk o-f adverse
effects. The authors further conclude, because of the
site—specific nature of ecosytems and because of the legal
dominance over scientific judgement, that there should be no
prescriptive list of "ecological endpoints", only general
guidelines presented in case history format. In terms of
assessing impacts of genetically'engineered organisms, the authors
suggest study of the following attributes: transport of
dissemules, colonization potential, persistence, partitioning and
the critical compartment, transfer of genetic material to other
organisms, potential for seasonal dominace, probable recovery of
ecosystem if displaced in structure or function.
B9
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ECOLOGICAL ENDPOINT LITERATURE REVIEW
RECORD NUMBER: 10
TOTAL NUMBER OF RECORDS: 40
AUTHOR:
Cairns, J. Jr. and W.H. van der Schalie.,
TITLE:
Biological monitoring, part I — early warning systems.
PUBLISHER:
Water Ressearch.
VOLUME AND/OR PAGES: YEAR:
14:1179-1196 1980
KEYWORDS:
Biological Monitoring, Aquatic Toxicity Testing, Acute Toxicity.
STRESSORS ADDRESSED:
General Chemicals, Pesticides, Paper Mill Ef-fluents, Metals.
APPLICABLE BIOLOGICAL LEVEL:
Organism, Population, Community, Ecosystem.
SYSTEM TYPE IMPACTED:
Freshwater Aquatic.
ABSTRACT:
This paper is part of a series of reviews which seeks to
assess the following aspects of biomonitoring: the scientific
justification; the reliability; the general academic, industrial,
and regulatory acceptance of the methodolgy; the potential costs;
and the reasons for its minimal use by regulatory agencies and
industry. As Part I, the article introduces biomonitoring with a
definition and a brief history. The authors discuss various
toxicological agents and present a table of toxicant impacts on
several aquatic species. The authors then describe existing
biological monitoring systems and their level of success or
failure as "early warning systems" for toxic inputs to aquatic
systems.
BIO
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ECOLOGICAL ENDPOINT LITERATURE REVIEW
RECORD NUMBER: 11
TOTAL NUMBER OF RECORDS: 40
AUTHOR:
Cairns, J. Jr., K.L. Dickson, and A.M. Maki (eds).
TITLE:
Estimating the Hazard of Chemical Substances to .Aquatic Li-fi
(STP 657).
PUBLISHER:
American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia.
VOLUME AND/OR PAGES: YEAR:
278 p. 1978
KEYWORDS:
STRESSORS ADDRESSED:
General Chemical Stress.
APPLICABLE BIOLOGICAL LEVEL:
Organism, Population, Community, Ecosystem.
SYSTEM TYPE IMPACTED:
Aquatic.
ABSTRACT:
This book is a synopsis of a workshop to assess the state of
the art (1978) in aquatic toxicology. Topics discussed include:
toxicological effects, tests to determine impacts at each level of
biological organization, environmental concentration and fate,
hazard assessment, and an evaluation of existing predictive
methodologies. The work provides a good list of potentially
predictable, or at least measurable, ecological impacts ranging
from the biochemical to the ecosystem level. Endpoints that are
used in present studies include: acute lethality, cumulative
mortality (changed lifespan) , altered food conversion efficiency,
altered food selection (predator/prey), altered reproductive
success (changed fertility, courtship, mate selection, mating
behavior, conception/implantation success, and parturition), and
physiological/biochemical changes. Other endpoints mentioned are:
Altered behavior, bioaccumulation, biomagnification, increased
disease susceptibility, changes in mobility, declines in
harvestable yields, and changes in diversity, nutrient cycling,
productivity and energy flow.
Bll
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ECOLOGICAL ENDPOINT LITERATURE REVIEW
RECORD NUMBER: 12
TOTAL NUMBER OF RECORDS: 40
AUTHOR:
Cairns, V.W., P.V. Hodson, and J.Q. Nriagu (eds).
TITLE:
Contaminant Effects on Fisheries.
PUBLISHER:
John Wiley and Sons, New York. Advances in Environmental Scien
and Technology Series.
VOLUME AND/OR PAGES: YEAR:
Vol 16. 333 p. 1984
KEYWORDS:
STRESSORS ADDRESSED:
General Chemicals, Thermal, Physical Destruction (Exploitation),
General Stress.
APPLICABLE BIOLOGICAL LEVEL:
Organism, Population.
SYSTEM TYPE IMPACTED:
Freshwater, Marine.
ABSTRACT:
This book provides an in-depth view of fisheries biology with
respect to potential impacts to organisms and populations brought
on by various contaminants. The first chapters address fisheries
problems induced by chemical stressors. Discussion then proceeds
to epidemiology, histology, biochemistry, and physiology of
impacted fish. Final chapters explore the utility of population
and community—level indicators of chemical and other stressors.
Excellent references.
B12
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ECOLOGICAL ENDPOINT LITERATURE REVIEW
RECORD NUMBER: 13
TOTAL NUMBER OF RECORDS: 40
AUTHOR:
Connell, D.W. and G.J. Miller.
TITLE:
Chemistry and Ecotoxicology of Pollution.
PUBLISHER:
John Wiley and Sons, New York.
VOLUME AND/OR PAGES: YEAR:
444 p. 1984
KEYWORDS:
STRESSORS ADDRESSED:
Pesticides, Metals, Synthetic Organics, Acid Deposition, Thermal
Petroleum, Hydrocarbons, Nutrients, Radiation, Phytotoxicants
APPLICABLE BIOLOGICAL LEVEL:
Organism, Population, Community, Ecosystem.
SYSTEM TYPE IMPACTED:
Aquatic, Marine, Estuarine, Terrestrial.
ABSTRACT:
Originally intended as a textbook for ecological toxicology,
this book provides a comprehensive analysis of chemical
contaminants. The work is divided into three parts: 1) Principles
governing pollutant interaction with natural systems; 2) Chemical
behavior and ecotoxicology of the major pollutant classes
(deoxygenating substances, nutrients, pesticides, petroleum and
related hydrocarbons, polychlorinated biphenyls and other
synthetic organic compounds, metals, atmospheric pollutants and
phytotoxicants, thermal pollution, radiation, suspended solids);
and, 3) Applications to management issues. The authors provide
many examples of observed and potential impacts for specific
compounds compounds and situations. Possible endpoints noted in
this book are too many to list in a limited abstract. Excellent
reference sections are included.
B13
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ECOLOGICAL ENDPOINT LITERATURE REVIEW
RECORD NUMBER: 14
TOTAL NUMBER OF RECORDS: 40
AUTHOR:
Hakanson, L.
TITLE:
An ecological risk index for aquatic pollution control. A
sedimentological approach.
PUBLISHER:
Mater Research.
VOLUME AND/OR PAGES: YEAR:
14:975-1001. 1980
KEYWORDS:
Ecological Risk, Environmental Pollution Assessment,
Pollution Index.
STRESSORS ADDRESSED:
Metals, Synthetic Organic Compounds (PCBs), Pesticides
(Chlorinated Hydrocarbons), Petroleum and Related (PAHs).
APPLICABLE BIOLOGICAL LEVEL:
SYSTEM TYPE IMPACTED:
Aquatic, Marine.
ABSTRACT:
This paper does not address ecological endpoints. It does,
however, present an interesting concept in pollution monitoring: a
risk index. The index is to be used as an indicator o-f potential
environmental build-up of persistent compounds like PCBs, PAHs,
Metals, etc. Based on readily—sampled sediment levels, the index
Mas tested and was found to be well correlated to mercury levels
in fish. The results seem encouraging, and the index has found a
small acceptance in Sweden.
B14
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ECOLOGICAL ENDPOINT LITERATURE REVIEW
RECORD NUMBER: 15
TOTAL NUMBER OF RECORDS! 40
AUTHOR:
Mammons, A.S. (ed)o
TITLES
Methods for Ecological Toxicology.
A Critical Review of Laboratory Multispecies Tests.
PUBLISHER:
Ann Arbor Science Publishers, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
VOLUME AND/OR PAGES: YEAR:
307 p. 1981
KEYWORDS:
STRESSORS ADDRESSED:
Thermal, General Chemical, Pesticides, Metals, Synthetic Organic.
APPLICABLE BIOLOGICAL LEVEL:
Population, Community, Ecosystem.
SYSTEM TYPE IMPACTED:
Aquatic, Terrestrial, General Ecosystem.
ABSTRACT:
This book evaluates laboratory methods for measuring
ecological impacts and recommends tests most suitable for
predicting the effects of chemical substances on inter—specific
interactions, and ecosystem properties. . The work is the result of
a study undertaken to examine the potential for development and
standardization of tests for the effects of chemicals. Aquatic
systems, terrestrial systems, and mathematical models are
discussed separately with respect to strong points, weak points,
and needed research. Topics addressed include changes in
competition, parasitism, herbivory, sybiosis, behavior, predation,
survival, fecundity, food web structure, succession, diversity,
turnover rate, primary production, nutrient cycling, decompostion,
and community structure. The report also contains appendices
decribing test systems, tested components, measured responses,
approximate duration, cost, stressors, and validity. An excellent
set of references accompanies this book.
B15
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ECOLOGICAL ENDPOINT LITERATURE REVIEW
RECORD NUMBER: 16
TOTAL NUMBER OF RECORDS: 40
AUTHOR:
Herricks, E.E. , and J. Cairns Jr.
TITLE:
Biological monitoring part III- — Recieving system methodology
based on community structure.
PUBLISHER!
Water Research.
VOLUME AND/OR PAGES: YEAR:
16:141-153. 1982
KEYWORDS:
Biological Monitoring, Community Monitoring, Community Structure,
Biological Indices, Ecosystem Description.
STRESSORS ADDRESSED:
Physical Destruction, General Chemicals, Nutrients, Pesticides,
General Stressors (Point Source, Non—point Source Pollution).
APPLICABLE BIOLOGICAL LEVEL:
Community.
SYSTEM TYPE IMPACTED:
Aquatic, General Ecosystem.
ABSTRACT:
This article is the third in a series addressing biological
monitoring. In it, the authors discuss biomonitoring as a tool
•for describing community structure and reactions to stressful
insults. The paper outlines the various methods used to describe
aquatic community structure and provides an assessment of their
strong and weak paints. Potential community reactions (endpoints)
to insults include changes in: community zonation; species
richness (reduced overall species abundance with a few very
dominant species); changes in colonization, distribution,
extinction, organism life histories, resource allocation,
predatioh, competition and coevolution. The authors emphasize a
combination of descriptive and analytical approaches to classify
and monitor the state of any particular community.
B16
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ECOLOGICAL ENDPOINT LITERATURE REVIEW
RECORD NUMBER: 17
TOTAL NUMBER OF RECORDS: 40
AUTHOR:
Hurlbert, S.H.
TITLE:
Secondary effects of pesticides on aquatic ecosystems.
PUBLISHER:
Residue Reviews (Springer-Verlag, New York).
VOLUME AND/OR PAGES: YEAR:
57:81-148. 1973
KEYWORDS:
Aquatic Toxicology, Secondary Effects* Pesticide Toxicity.
STRESSORS ADDRESSED:
Pesticides.
APPLICABLE BIOLOGICAL LEVEL:
Organism, Population, Community.
SYSTEM TYPE IMPACTED:
Aquatic.
ABSTRACT:
This paper represents a comprehensive review of secondary
effects on non—target organisms. Secondary effects are defined a<
changes in an ecosystem following and as aresult of direct
pesticide impacts on the growth, survival, or reproduction of
sensitive target and non-target species. Potential endpoints
mentioned include: zooplankton mortality, phytoplankton blooms,
changes in benthic algal communities, alteration of the
physical-chemical environment, prey increase following predator
removal, population increase following increased food
availability, intraspecific responses to primary effects of
pesicides, and decline of predation—dependent species. Examples
of specific chemicals and impacted species are presented.
B17
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ECOLOGICAL ENDPOINT LITERATURE REVIEW
RECORD NUMBER: 18
TOTAL NUMBER OF RECORDS: 40
AUTHOR:
Jernelov, A., and R. Rosenberg.
TITLE:
Stress tolerance o-f ecosystems.
PUBLISHER:
Environmental Conservation.
VOLUME AND/OR PAGES: YEAR:
3
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ECOLOGICAL ENDPOINT LITERATURE REVIEW
RECORD NUMBER: 19
TOTAL NUMBER OF RECORDS: 40
AUTHOR!
Keller, T.
TITLE:
Wintertime atmospheric pollutants — Do they affect the
performance of deciduous trees in the ensuing growing season.
PUBLISHERS
Environmental Pollution.
VOLUME AND/OR PAGES: YEAR:
16:243-247. 197B
KEYWORDS?
Stress Tolerance, Atmospheric Pollution, Atmospheric Fluorine,
Atmospheric Sulfur Dioxide, Winter Exposure.
STRESSORS ADDRESSED:
Phytotoxicants (Fluorine, Sulfur Dioxide).
APPLICABLE BIOLOGICAL LEVEL:
Organism, Population.
SYSTEM TYPE IMPACTED:
Forest, Terrestrial.
ABSTRACT:
This individual research paper presents evidence that
deciduous trees are adversely affected by fluorine and sulfur
dioxide pollution in the winter, even though the trees are
dormant. Results of the experiment indicate that both compounds
were concentrated in tree tissue, and were probably responsible
for poor "bud break" and undesirable bushy trunks the following
spring. The authors do note, however, that the poor performance
of the experimental trees could have been influenced by
unfavorable autumnal weather.
B13
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ECOLOGICAL ENDPOINT LITERATURE REVIEW
RECORD NUMBER: 20
TOTAL NUMBER OF RECORDS: 40
AUTHOR:
Kinako, P.D.S.
TITLE:
Short-term effects o-f oil pollution on species number and
productivity of a simple terrestrial ecosystem.
PUBLISHER:
Environmental Pollution (series A).
VOLUME AND/OR PAGES: YEAR:
26:87-91. 1981
KEYWORDS:
Oil Spill, Tropical Grassland, Oil Pollution.
STRESSORS ADDRESSED:
Petroleum (Crude Oil).
APPLICABLE BIOLOGICAL LEVEL:
Population, Community.
SYSTEM TYPE IMPACTED:
Tropical Grassland, .Terrestrial
ABSTRACT:
This article is an individual research paper describing the
effects of a crude oil spill on the number of plant species and
productivity in a tropical grass-herb community. Noted impacts
include the immediate extinction' of 50% of the herbaceous species,
and severely reduced productivity. Communities in lower serai
stages tended to be more adversely affected. The system suffered
complete collapse in some areas.
B20
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ECOLOGICAL ENDPOINT LITERATURE REVIEW
RECORD NUMBER: 21
TOTAL NUMBER OF RECORDS: 40
AUTHOR:
Lamb, D.W. and E.E. Kenaga.
TITLE:
Avian and Mammalian Wildlife Toxicology.
(STP 757)
PUBLISHER:
American Society for Testing and Materials.
VOLUME AND/OR PAGES: YEAR:
164 p. 1981
KEYWORDS:
STRESSORS ADDRESSED:
Pesticides, Metals, Synthetic Organic Compounds.
APPLICABLE BIOLOGICAL LEVEL:
Organism, Population.
SYSTEM TYPE IMPACTED:
Aquatic, Terrestrial.
ABSTRACT:
This book is a collection of discussion papers presented at a
symposium on wildlife and avian toxicology. Most articles address
correct or promising new laboratory procedures, but some report
observed toxicity for various mammalian and avian species.
Potential endpoints noted include: reproductive inhibition
(reduced hatching, reduced egg—laying, decreased hatchling
survival, premature hatching), reduced feeding, emaciation,
bioaccumulation, starvation, placental transfer, and adult
mortality in various commercial and game species.
B21
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ECOLOGICAL ENDPOINT LITERATURE REVIEW
RECORD NUMBER: 22
TOTAL NUMBER OF RECORDS: 40
AUTHOR:
Matthews, R.A.f A.L. Buikema Jr., J. Cairns Jrf and J.H. Rodgers
Jr.
TITLE:
Biological monitoring part IIA — Receiving system functional
methods, relationships and indices.
PUBLISHER:
Water Research.
VOLUME AND/OR PAGES: YEAR:
16:129-139. 1982
KEYWORDS:
Biological Monitoring, Biomonitoring. Community Structure,
Community Function, Pollution Stress.
STRESSORS ADDRESSED:
General Stress, Thermal, Synthetic Organic Compounds, Nutrients,
(Reducing Agents), Poisons, Inert Suspensions, Destruction.
APPLICABLE BIOLOGICAL LEVEL:
Community, Ecosystem.
SYSTEM TYPE IMPACTED:
Aquatic.
ABSTRACT:
This article is an addendum to the second paper in a series on
biological monitoring. The authors believe that structural
categorization must be combined with functional descriptions in
order to adequately predict, identify, and clasify ecosystem
disturbances. Structural descriptors of ecosystems presented in
the work include: species lists, diversity indices, distributional
patterns, indicator species, biomass, chlorophyll concentrations,
carotenoid concentrations, ATP indices, and DNA indices.
Functional descriptors include: colonization rates, recovery rates
to equilibrium species abundance, primary productivity,
respiration rates, and assi(Dilatory sulfate reduction rates.
Several specific changes in the above—listed indicators (i.e.,
endpoints) as related to specific stressors are given in the text.
Excellent references accompany the paper for future
investigations.
B22
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ECOLOGICAL ENDPOINT LITERATURE REVIEW
RECORD NUMBERS 23
TOTAL NUMBER OF RECORDS: 40
AUTHORS
Me Intyre, A.D. and C.F. Mills.
TITLE:
Ecological Toxicology Research.
Organohalogen Compounds.
PUBLISHER:
Plenum Press, New York.
E-f-fects of Heavy Metals and
VOLUME AND/OR PAGES:
323 p.
KEYWORDS:
YEAR:
1975
STRESSORS ADDRESSED:
Pesticides, Synthetic Organic Compounds, Metals.
APPLICABLE BIOLOGICAL LEVEL:
SYSTEM TYPE IMPACTED:
ABSTRACT:
This work was not reviewed but, upon scanning, seemed to be a
worthwhile source o-f endpoint prospects.
B23
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ECOLOGICAL ENDPOINT LITERATURE REVIEW
RECORD NUMBER: 24
TOTAL NUMBER OF RECORDS: 40
AUTHOR:
National Academy of Sciences.
TITLE:
Testing -for the Effects o-f Chemicals on Ecosystems.
PUBLISHER:
National Academy Press, Washington, D.C,
VOLUME AND/OR PAGES a YEAR:
pp. 31-76 1981
KEYWORDS:
STRESSORS ADDRESSED:
Hazardous Chemicals, Pesticides, Synthetic Organic Compounds,
Metals, Petroleum, Deoxygenating Substances.
APPLICABLE BIOLOGICAL LEVEL:
Population, Ecosystem.
SYSTEM TYPE IMPACTED:
Aquatic, Terrestrial, Marine.
ABSTRACT:
Discussion -focuses primarily on chemical effects, although
other stressors are considered, especially when impacts are
similar. Excellent: source -for re-ferences. The authors review
chemical toxicity, -various testing systems, assessment strategies,
vulnerable ecological parameters, and external -factors. This book
is aimed at identifying characteristics o-f ecological systems that
would indicate hazar-dous e-f-fects of chemicals beyond the single
species, establishing criteria for suitable testing schemes, and
evaluating 'the effectiveness of available test systems in
assessing effects o-f chemicals within ecosystems.
B24
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ECOLOGICAL ENDPOINT LITERATURE REVIEW
RECORD NUMBERS 25
TOTAL NUMBER OF RECORDS: A0
AUTHOR:
Numberg, H.W. (ed) .
TITLE:
Pollutants and Their Ecotoxicological Significance.
PUBLISHER:
John Wiley and Sons, Chi Chester.
VOLUME AND/OR PAGES: YEAR:
514 p. 1985
KEYWORDS:
STRESSORS ADDRESSEDs
Phytotoxicants and Air Pollutants, Metals, Pesticides,
Synthetic Organic Compounds (PCBs) , Nutrients.
APPLICABLE BIOLOGICAL LEVEL:
Organism, Population, Community, Ecosystem.
SYSTEM TYPE IMPACTED:
Aquatic, Terrestrial, Marine.
ABSTRACT:
A collection o-f individual papers, this book attempts to
assemble a number o-f expert opinions related to the broad field of
ecotoxicology. Discussion is subdivided into atmospheric,
aquatic, terrestrial, and human concerns. Excellent treatment is
given to effects o-f air pollutants and phytotoxicants on plants
and forests. Possible endpoints include: chlorosis and necrosis
o-f tissue, leaf-flower-fruit abscission, epinastic growth, reduced
yield, reduced biomass, accumulation of compounds in tissues,
impaired photosynthesis, growth retardation, leaf stippling, and
external lesions. Extensive treatment is also given to
eutrophication. Possible endpoints arising from this stressor
are: decreased Mater quality (reduced D.O. , increased toxic
halogen concentrations, occurrence of reducing conditions),
increased disease/pathogen incidence, mass mortality of fish and
other aerobic organisms, algal blooms, and reduced .game fish
populations. Metals endpoints include: decreased survival of
short-rooted macrophytes , bioaccumulation, biomagnification,
placental transfer, water acidification, altered genepools, and
altered metabolism. Additional endpoints mentioned are: avian
impacts (eggshell thinning, reduced hatching, increased chick
mortality, parent mortality), altered disease resistance, tumors, „,-
and mutations.
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ECOLOGICAL ENDPOINT LITERATURE REVIEW
RECORD NUMBER: 26
TOTAL NUMBER OF RECORDSs 40
AUTHOR:
O'Neill, R.V., S.M. Bartell, and R.H. Gardner.
TITLE:
Patterns of toxicological effects in ecosystems: a modeling
study.
PUBLISHER:
Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry.
VOLUME AND/OR PAGES: YEAR:
2:451-461 1983
KEYWORDS:
Ecological Risk, Simulation Model, Toxic Effects, Organics,
Heavy Metals, Pelagic Ecosystem Model.
STRESSORS ADDRESSED?
Heavy Metals (Cadmium, Mercury, Arsenic, Lead),
Synthetic Organic Compounds (napthalene, phenol).
APPLICABLE BIOLOGICAL LEVEL:
Population, Community, Ecosystem.
SYSTEM TYPE IMPACTED:
Pelagic Marine, Pelagic Aquatic."
ABSTRACT:
The authors investigate simulated responses to napthalene,
phenol, cadmium, mercury, arsenic, and lead stress on pelagic
systems using the SWACOM model. This model considers single
species toxicity data as well as synergistic and antagonistic
effects of chemicals in natural environments. Using general
assumptions (e.g., 'under most forms of stress, consumers decrease
grazing rates, increase respiration, and become more susceptible
to predation), the modelers are able to simulate responses to
stressdrs applied during different seasons. Results indicate that
stress applied during the spring reduces average producer and
grazer biomass. Later stresses reduce grazer biomass and permit
increased phytoplankton production. Increases in blue—green
production and decreases in game fish populations are also noted.
B26
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ECOLOGICAL ENDPOINT LITERATURE REVIEW
RECORD NUMBER: 27
TOTAL NUMBER OF RECORDS: 40
AUTHOR:
O'Neill, R.V.t and J.B. Waide.
TITLE:
Ecosystem theory and the unexpected: implications for
environmental toxicology.
PUBLISHER:
IN Cornaby, B.W. (ed). Management of Toxic Substances in Our
Environment. Ann Arbor Science Publishers, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
VOLUME AND/OR PAGES: YEAR:
pp. 43-73 1981
KEYWORDS:
Ecosystem Testing, Impact Prediction, Environmental Toxicology,
Ecosystem Measurement, Chemical Testing.
STRESSORS ADDRESSED:
Ecosystem Stress, Metals, Pesticides (Chlorinated Hydrocarbons),
Other Stressors (Introduced Species), General Chemicals.
APPLICABLE BIOLOGICAL LEVEL:
Ecosystem.
SYSTEM TYPE IMPACTED:
General Ecosystem.
ABSTRACT:
This article appears as a chapter in a book on managing toxic
substances. The authors argue that predictions of impacts, based
solely on measurements of subparts of the the system (single
species, Copulation, and community level tests), will be
inaccurate and cause risk managers to misjudge the actual
responses to toxic insults. Mercury and DDT are presented as
examples of substances that have affected ecosystems in
unanticipated ways. The authors discuss ecosystem "collapse",
including elimination of species, after the system receives a
stress. Of particular interest to man is the decline or
elimination of game, endangered, or economically valuable species.
Also mentioned are ecosystem destabilization and replacement of
species, as observed during the introduction of rabbits to
Australia and during the chestnut blight in the United States.
The authors state that higher—order effects (e.g., reduced
fecundity of birds of prey or high levels of mercury in swordfish,
due to bioaccumulation and biomagnification) are indicative of
system processes. Rate processes are proposed as a "most useful"
measuring posts for biochemical properties of intact systems.
Such processes include: nitrogen mineralization, substrate
decomposition, toxic bioaccumulation, total carbon dioxide efflux,
and leachate losses.
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ECOLOGICAL ENDPOINT LITERATURE REVIEW
RECORD NUMBER: 28
TOTAL NUMBER OF RECORDS: 40
AUTHOR:
Pearson, J.G., R.B. Foster, and W.E. Bishop (eds).
TITLE:
Aquatic Toxicology and Hazard Assessment: Fi-fth Annual Symposium
on Aquatic Toxicology. (STP 766).
PUBLISHER:
American Society -for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia.
VOLUME AND/OR PAGES: YEAR:
400 p. 1982
KEYWORDS:
STRESSORS ADDRESSED:
General Chemicals, General Stress.
APPLICABLE BIOLOGICAL LEVEL:
Organism, Population, Community, Ecosystem.
SYSTEM TYPE IMPACTED:
Aquatic, Marine.
ABSTRACT:
Representing the proceedings of a symposium, this book
addresses a wide variety of topics. The stated purpose of the
meeting was to evaluate state-of-the-art (1980) in newly-developed
tools capable of providing more rapid and accurate assessments of
aquatic hazards. Included papers range from individual research
articles to editorial comment. Potential endpoints mentioned are:
reduced reproductive success in fish (fry mortality, decreased fry
size and weight, fry deformities, reduced numbers of eggs, reduced
spawning, reduced hatchability, infertility), bioaccumulation,
changed fish generational reproductive success, lowered fish
biomass, reduced carbon fixation (photosynthesis), altered
successional patterns, community structure shifts (from
specialists to generalists), altered trophic state, and changed
predator/prey relationships. The authors suggest that a 10%
change in any of the parameters be considered a warning flag.
Especially interesting in terms of ecological indicators is the
work by Matthews et al., "A seasonal analysis of stress in a
stream ecosystem using a non—taxonomic approach." The indicators
discussed in this article point out underlying changes in
community structure and might be considered endpoints as well.
B28
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ECOLOGICAL ENDPOINT LITERATURE REVIEW
RECORD NUMBER: 29
TOTAL NUMBER OF RECORDS: 40
AUTHOR:
Rand, G.M. , and S.R. Petrocelli (eds).
TITLE:
Fundamentals of Aquatic Toxicology,
PUBLISHER:
Hemisphere Publishing Corporation, New York, and McGraw-Hill
International Book Company, Auckland.
VOLUME AND/OR PAGES: YEAR:
666 p. 1985
KEYWORDS:
STRESSORS ADDRESSED:
Pesticides, Metals, Synthetic Organic Compounds, Petroleum.
APPLICABLE BIOLOGICAL LEVEL:
Organism, Population, Community, Ecosystem.
SYSTEM TYPE IMPACTED:
Aquatic, Marine.
ABSTRACT:
Intended as a textbook on aquatic toxicology, this book
discusses: general ecotoxicological tenets, toxicity testing,
sublethal effects, specific chemical effects, chemical
distribution and fate, and hazard evaluation. The work provides a
definitive description of basic concepts and testing methods as
well as numerous examples of typical data and their
interpretation. The authors focus more on typical toxicological
issues (mortality, morbidity) rather than on ecosystem theory.
Most germane to ecological endpoint study are the sections on
sublethal effects of specific chemicals where many examples of
toxicant impacts are listed. Endpoints listed include: changed
behavioral responses (movement to or from stimuli, orientation to
gravity, migration, .feeding, mating, learning, social
interaction), tumor formation, anemia, kidney or liver
dysfunction, reduced growth, external lesions, increased disease,
reduced standing crop, reproductive inhibition, changed community
structure (diversity, richness, evenness, abundance), food chain
transfer, reduced ecosystem stability, and reduced photosynthetic
output. Excellent references accompany this book.
B29
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ECOLOGICAL ENDPOINT LITERATURE REVIEW
RECORD NUMBER: 30
TOTAL NUMBER OF RECORDSs 40
AUTHOR:
Rudd, R.L.
TITLE:
Environmental Toxicology. A Guide to Information Sources.
PUBLISHER:
Gale Research Company, Detroit, Michigan.
Man in the Environment Information Guide Series.
VOLUME AND/OR PAGES: YEAR:
Vol. 7, 266 p. 1977
KEYWORDS:
STRESSORS ADDRESSED:
APPLICABLE BIOLOGICAL LEVEL:
SYSTEM TYPE IMPACTED:
ABSTRACT:
This book, part of a series of library guide books, provides
bibliographic references and abstracts for researchers needing
information sources within a wide variety of topics. It contains
a categorized list of literature concerning environmental
toxicology and can be a useful aid in surveying pollution—related
topics. The annotated references may produce a good list of
endpoints/impacts/effects presented in the literature prior to
1977.
B30
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ECOLOGICAL ENDPOINT LITERATURE REVIEW
RECORD NUMBER: 31
TOTAL NUMBER OF RECORDS: 40
AUTHOR:
Sheehan, P.Jo, D.R. Miller, B.C. Butler, and P. Bordeau
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ECOLOGICAL ENDPOINT LITERATURE REVIEW
RECORD NUMBER: 32
TOTAL NUMBER OF RECORDS: 40
AUTHOR:
Sprague, J.B.
TITLE:
Measurement of pollutant toxicity to fish — III. Sublethal
effects and "safe" concentrations.
PUBLISHER:
Water Research.
VOLUME AND/OR PAGES: YEAR:
5:245-266. 1971
KEYWORDS:
Pollutant Impacts, Fish Biology, Toxicant Effects,
Pollution Biology,
STRESSORS ADDRESSED:
Metals, Pesticides, Nutrients and Deoxygenating Substances,
Thermal, Aquatic Pollution.
APPLICABLE BIOLOGICAL LEVEL:
Organism, Population, Community.
SYSTEM TYPE IMPACTED:
Aquatic, Marine.
ABSTRACT:
This paper is a review of sublethal effects of a wide variety
of stressors on fish. It is the third in a series of reviews of
aquatic toxicology research; the first article deals with acute
toxicity measuremnt (bioassay methods), the second with data
interpretation and application. Fairly comprehensive in scope,
this paper addresses the following topics with respect to toxicant
impacts: mode of action, biochemistry, physiology, histology,
growth, swimming ability (migratory and predator avoidance),
respiration efficiency, activity levels, disease resistance,
feeding and avoidance behavior, reproduction (spawning inhibition
and fry mortality), and community productivity. Several potential
"ecological endpoints" are presented for each topic, even though
the author does not specifically refer to them as such. The paper
address the establishment of safe toxicant levels and application
factors for chemicals in general. Also presented is a list of
additional reviews available for individual types of pollution.
B3,
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ECOLOGICAL ENDPOINT LITERATURE REVIEW
RECORD NUMBER: 33
TOTAL NUMBER OF RECORDS! 40
AUTHOR:
Stephan, C.E.
TITLE:
Proposed goal of applied aquatic toxicology.
PUBLISHER:
IN Poston, T.M. and R. Purdy (eds). Aquatic Toxicology and
Environmental Fate. American Society for Testing and Materials.
VOLUME AND/OR PAGES: YEAR:
Vol 9, pp. 3-10 1986
KEYWORDS:
STRESSORS ADDRESSED:
APPLICABLE BIOLOGICAL LEVEL:
SYSTEM TYPE IMPACTED:
ABSTRACT:
This work was unavailable throughout the study. It is
recognized as a potentially good endpoint reference and is
included in this bibliography as such.
B33
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ECOLOGICAL ENDPOINT LITERATURE REVIEW
RECORD NUMBER: 34
TOTAL NUMBER OF RECORDS: 40
AUTHOR:
Suffling, R.
TITLE:
An index of ecological sensitivity to disturbance, based on
ecosystem age, and related to landscape diversity.
PUBLISHER:
Journal of Environmental Management.
VOLUME AND/OR PAGES: YEAR:
10:253-262. 1980
KEYWORDS:
Ecological Sensitivity, Diversity Index, Landscape, Planning,
Information Statistic.
STRESSORS ADDRESSED:
General Disturbance, Physical Destruction.
APPLICABLE BIOLOGICAL LEVEL:
Ecosystem.
SYSTEM TYPE IMPACTED:
General Ecosystem.
ABSTRACT:
This article presents an index of ecosystem sensitivity based
on the premise that, following disturbance, old ecosystems are
less easily replaced than pioneer systems. The index is set up to
reflect relative sensitivities, taking into account the age
attributes of neighboring systems. The paper does not discuss
endpoints and should not be considered a source of endpoint
in-f nrmat ion.
B34
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ECOLOGICAL ENDPOINT LITERATURE REVIEW
RECORD NUMBER: 35
TOTAL NUMBER OF. RECORDS: 40
AUTHOR:
Suter, G.W. II, D.S. Vaughan, and R.H. Gardner.
TITLE:
Risk assessment by analysis of extrapolation error: a
demonstration -For effects of pollutants on fish.
PUBLISHER:
Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry.
VOLUME AND/OR PAGES: YEAR:
2:369-378 19B3
KEYWORDS:
Risk Assessment, Fish Toxicology, Chronic Toxicity,
Maximum Allowable Toxic Concentration
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ECOLOGICAL ENDPOINT LITERATURE REVIEW
RECORD NUMBER: 36
TOTAL NUMBER OF RECORDS: 40
AUTHOR:
Talmage, S., and C. Coutant.
TITLE:
Thermal effects.
PUBLISHER:
Journal of the Water Polloution Control Federation (WPCF)
VOLUME AND/OR PAGES: YEAR:
52(6):1575-1616 1980
KEYWORDS:
Literature Review, Thermal Pollution, Aqautic Ecology.
STRESSORS ADDRESSED:
Thermal.
APPLICABLE BIOLOGICAL LEVEL:
Organism, Population, Community.
SYSTEM TYPE IMPACTED:
Aquatic.
ABSTRACT:
This paper represents a thorough review o-f thermal pollution
effects on aquatic biota. Accompanying a list of 400 references,
the report addresss impacts to producers, consumers, decomposers,
parasites, "and diseases, at several levels of biological
organization. Discussion is quite comprehensive and the topics
covered are too numerous to list in a limited abstract. The
primary value of this work, however, lies not in its description
of impacts, but instead, in its role as a guide to the literature.
B36
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ECOLOGICAL ENDPOINT LITERATURE REVIEW
RECORD NUMBER: 37
TOTAL NUMBER OF RECORDS: 40
AUTHOR:
U.S. EPA.
TITLE:
Unfinished Business: A comparative assessment o-f environmental
problems. Appendix III. Ecological Risk Group.
PUBLISHER:
U.S. Environmental.Protection Agency, Washington, D.C.
VOLUME AND/OR PAGES: YEAR:
1987
KEYWORDS:
STRESSORS ADDRESSED:
Physical Habitat Destruction, Air Pollutants, Hazardous Waste,
Pesticides, Radiation, Petroleum, C02 and Ozone Depletion, More.
APPLICABLE BIOLOGICAL LEVEL:
Community, Ecosystem.
SYSTEM TYPE IMPACTED:
Aquatic Marine, Terrestrial, General Ecosystem.
ABSTRACT:
This publication was not gleaned of endpoints although it was
used to develop stressor categories and to provide other guidance.
Possible endpoints included in this work should be examined.
B37
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ECOLOGICAL ENDPOINT LITERATURE REVIEW
RECORD NUMBER: 38
TOTAL NUMBER OF RECORDSs 40
AUTHOR:
Westman, W.E.
TITLE:
Ecology, Impact Assessment, and Environmental Planning.
PUBLISHER:
John Wiley and Sons, New York.
VOLUME AND/OR PAGES: YEAR:
532 p. 1985
KEYWORDS:
STRESSORS ADDRESSED:
APPLICABLE BIOLOGICAL LEVEL:
SYSTEM TYPE IMPACTED:
ABSTRACT:
Not reviewed for ecological endpoints. This book was used as
a source of references (see especially Part V).
B38
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ECOLOGICAL ENDPOINT LITERATURE REVIEW
RECORD NUMBER: 39
TOTAL NUMBER OF RECORDSs 40
AUTHOR:
Whyte, A. V., and I. Burton
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ECOLOGICAL ENDPOINT LITERATURE REVIEW
RECORD NUMBER: 40
TOTAL NUMBER OF RECORDS? 40
AUTHOR:
Woodwell, G.M.
TITLE:
Effects of pollution on the structure and physiology o-f
ecosystems.
PUBLISHER:
Science.
VOLUME AND/OR PAGES: YEAR:
168:429-433 1970
KEYWORDS:
Pollution Stress, Ecosystem Structure, Radiation Impact,
Ecosystem Physiology, Ecosystem Disturbance.
STRESSORS ADDRESSED:
Radiation, Physical Destruction, Other Stressors, Pesticides,
General Stress.
APPLICABLE BIOLOGICAL LEVEL:
Population, Community, Ecosystem.
SYSTEM TYPE IMPACTED:
Terrestrial, General Ecosystem.
ABSTRACT:
This paper represents a review on pollution e-f-fects on
ecosystem structure and function. The author claims that changes
in natural ecosystems caused by many different types of
disturbances are similar and -follow predictable patterns. He
states that such patterns involve the simplification of the
structure of both plant and animal communities, shifts in the
ratio of gross production to respiration, and loss of all or part
of the inventory of nutrients. The impact of chronic irradiation
on a late successional pine—oak forest provides examples of such
change patterns. Along a gradient of increasing stress, the
forest strata are removed layer by layer, and selection is for
smaller species and smaller individuals within the species.
Sensitive species are eliminated, the canopy individuals are
removed, shrubs replace trees, herbs replace shrubs, and mosses
and lichens replace herbs. Appearance of progressively more
"generalist" species types is also noted as an effect of the
stress.
B40
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