REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE ON
    ECOLOGICAL END POINTS
           Work Assignment WA-87-45

                   for the

      Science-Policy Integration  Branch
       Regulatory Integration Division
   Office of Policy, Planning and Evaluation
    U.S.  Environmental Protection Agency
                   Under

              Contract #68-01-7002
   AMERICAN MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS, INC,

             September 30, 1987

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                               CONTENTS

       TOPIC                                                PAGE

Introduction	    1
Project Methodology	%	    4
Endpolnt Presentation 	    9
Conclusions	   25

Appendix A	   Al
Appendix B	   81
                                FIGURES

       NUMBER                                               PAGE

Figure 3.1	    11
Figure 3.2	    16
Figure 3.3	    21

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                               1.  INTRODUCTION
    The  Office of Policy, Planning and Evaluation (OPPE) asked AMS to conduct
a   literature   review  and  summarize  ecological  end  points  measured  by

researchers and used by analysts 1n ecological risk assessment.


    OPPE's goal 1n conducting the review was to support the Office of Research
and  Development  1n establishing ecological risk assessment guidelines and In

arranging  a  series  of  workshops  on  ecological  end  point  selection and
measurement.    The  review  was  also  designed  to  aid  the Office of Toxic

Substances  in  preparing for U.S. leadership at a meeting of the Organization
for  Economic  Cooperation  and  Development  (OECD)  on  test methods used to

predict ecological effects.


    AMS focused Its efforts so as to:

    o  Identify  and analyze publications, especially review articles, dealing
       with  ecological  end  points,  changes, or effects associated with the
       release of stressors into the environment.

    o  Prepare  and  submit  a  research file of notable documents not readily
       available in EPA's main or toxics libraries.

    o  Develop and present a list of significant end points categorized by the
       following  organizational  levels: organism, population, community, and
       ecosystem.

    o  Summarize the results of the review, emphasizing the range and types of
       end points identified in the literature.


    This  document presents the results of the literature review and a summary

of project findings.  It 1s organized into four sections and one appendix:


    o    Chapter  1,  this  section,  introduces the project and describes the
         document format

    o    Chapter  2  presents  the project methodology and our approach to the
         literature review

    o    Chapter  3  presents  the  ecological  endpoints according to several
         categorization schemes

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    o    Chapter  4  presents  our  conclusions   and   suggestions  for  future
         directions.

    o    Appendix  A  presents  an  alphabetized, numbered bibliography of our
         best references.

    o    Appendix  B  presents  an alphabetized,  annotated bibliography of our
         best references.


    Before  proceeding  to  our project methodology,  1t 1s essential to define
the  term "ecological endpolnt" and review some  related Issues, since the term

1s  somewhat  new,  and since 1t appears to have  multiple meanings even within

the Agency.


    We began with the following working definition:


    o    an  ecological  endpolnt  is  a biological  result attributable to the
         influence of one or more anthropogenic  stressors.


    The  definition  falls  to fully address a number of related issues, among

which are:


    o    the  ultimacy  of the endpolnt — since natural systems have few real
         stopping  points  (e.g., "sinks" for toxic  pollutants), 1n what sense
         can an endpolnt represent the "end" of  any  chain of effects?

    o    whether  endpoints  are  blotic  and/or  abiotic ~ in our review, we
         focused  solely  on  the  blotic realm  and  Ignored physical endpoints
         (e.g.,  siltatlon  is  a physical endpolnt  of clearcut operations; an
         adverse  change  in  a  nearby  aquatic  community  is the ecological
         endpoint).

    o    the criteria for "good" endpoints — these  may include measurability,
         predictability,  "biological  relevance",  societal significance, and
         others.

    o    variability  —  natural variability of each ecological endpoint must
         be  characterized,  and  a  baseline must  be established, before the
         endpolnt can have much meaning.

    o    reversibility  —  some  view  endpoints  as measures of irreversible
         damages  only;    others would extend their use to measure ecological
         features   which  recover  relatively  rapidly  after  removal  of  a
         stressor.


    Resolution  of  these  issues and development of a final definition of the

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term  "ecological  endpoint"  was  beyond  the  scope  of  this brief project.
Clearly,  collegia!  development of an agreed-upon definition should be a high
priority for the proper Agency workgroup.

    Another  useful  definition of the term may spring from its functional use
in Agency efforts:

    o    An ecological endpoint is a specific, adverse ecological effect
         evaluated in a risk assessment framework.

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                            2.   PROJECT METHODOLOGY
    The  project  had  three main  task  areas,  other  than initially setting the
project scope and finally preparing  this  report.   The  tasks were to:


    o    Identify, Review, and Summarize  Endpoint  Literature,

    o    Prepare a Research File of  Documents  Not  Available at EPA, and
    o    Develop a Categorized List  of  Significant Endpoints.


    In  order  to  accomplish  these tasks,   AMS  conducted both automated and

manual  literature  searches, developed a reference  file,  and examined several
endpolnt   categorization   schemes.   The  following  sections  discuss  our

methodology for each of these efforts in  turn.


Description of Literature Searches


    We  began  with  automated searches of selected  on-line bibliographic data

bases:


    o    BIOSIS
    o    ENVIROLINE (Environment Abstracts)
    o    Environmental Bibliographies
    o    NTIS
    o    Pollution Abstracts
    o    Water Resources Abstracts


We used carefully-chosen keywords  to direct our search.   Among these were:
    o    Biomonitorlng
    o    Ecological Toxicology
           "        Endpoint
                    Indicator
           11        Risk Assessment
           "        Disturbance
    o    Risk
o    Natural Resource  Damage
o    Hazard Assessment
o    Impact Prediction
o    Ecosystem Resilience
o    Environmental  Effects
6    Ecorisk
o    Eco risk
    We also used a number of combinations of keywords  for certain searches:


    o    prediction or consequence or final  result
    o    ecological risk or ecological  technology

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    o    natural resource damage or ecological toxicology
    o    natural resource damage or ecorisk or eco risk
    o    environmental risk or environment
    o    end point or consequence or prediction
    o    (end point or endpoint or ecological or environmental or prediction)
         and (literature review or annotated bibliography)
    o    (environment  or  ecology)  and  (effect  or  impact) and (literature
         review or annotated bibliography).


    The  automated  keyword  searches,  conducted  both  at AMS and at the EPA

headquarters  library,  varied  in  terms of the number of citations produced.

Either they produced voluminous and fairly irrelevant listings, or they failed
to  generate  any references.  The term "ecological endpoint" is too new to be

represented in automated environmental bibliographic data bases.


    We" also  conducted  automated  searches  by  author  for Bormann, Cairns,

Connell,  Miller,  and  Sheehan.    These  searches  revealed useful  bodies of

literature.


    We employed a number of manual search methods.  These included:


    o    searches of reference sections of key publications:
         ~ Barnthouse et a!., 1986
         -- Connell and Miller, 1984
         — Sheehan et al., 1984
         — Westman, 1985

    o    reliance on key publications:
         — American Society for Testing and Materials
         ~ Ann Arbor Science Publishers
         — Environmental Management
         — Environmental Pollution
         — Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry
         — EPA Guidelines and supporting technical documents
         — John Wiley and Sons
         — Journal of Environmental Management
         « SCOPE series (esp. 5, 8, 12, 15, 20, and 22)

    o    use of a previously-developed list of general references

    o    reference  to  all  documents  specifically  mentioned  by  the  Task
         Manager.


    In all of the searches, we focused on review articles and syntheses rather

than  on primary research literature.  We relied primarily on the AMS library,
                                                                                        5

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the EPA headquarters library, and  the OTS library.

Development of Reference File

    As  suitable  references  were  obtained and reviewed, copies of essential
articles  were  reproduced.    A  working  reference   file  was  developed and
maintained  1n  dBASE-III  Plus® so  as  to  create  an  automated,  annotated
bibliography as a final project deliverable (see appendix B).

    For  each  article  or book entered Into the reference file, the following
dBASE-III Plus elements were recorded:

    o    Author
    o    Title
    o    Publication/Publisher
    o    Date
    o    Organizational Level (e.g., populational)
    o    Stressor Category (e.g.,  pesticides)
    o    Abstract

    With  these  essential  fields, the bibliographic data base is amenable to
searches   by   Agency   staff  who  may  be  oriented  towards  a  particular
environmental  stressor  (e.g., pesticides).     The   data base structure also
supports  searches  by  ecolegists  who  may  be most Interested in ecological
endpoints at one organizational level (e.g., the organismal level).

Development of Endpoint Categorization Schemes

    As   the   project  progressed,  we  developed and  tested  a  number  of
categorization  schemes for endpoints.  Each was designed to provide structure
to  what was otherwise a long and  disorganized 11st of ecological effects.  As
a preliminary framework, we investigated a simple one-dimensional scheme based
on the organizational level most closely associated with each endpoint:

         Organism - Population - Community - Ecosystem

    A   potential   weakness   in    this   categorization  scheme  is  that  a
reductionist's  approach  could blur  the  boundaries  between organizational

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levels.      For  example,  One  could  attribute  ecosystem,  community,  and
population-level  effects  to  a  mere summation of impacts at the organism or
biochemical  level.  Although the boundaries between the organizational levels
are  not  entirely  clear-cut,  we  believe  that  this  categorization scheme
provides a useful framework for spanning a wide range of ecological endpoints.

    During  our  search  we  realized that the working/research definitions of
"community"  and "ecosystem" were quite similar, and that endpoints were often
referred  to  as  "community/ecosystem effects".  The only major difference in
the  working  definitions  of  these  terms  appears to be one of scale.  This
peculiarity  of  the  literature  led  to  the  eventual  consolidation of the
community and ecosystem levels in our categorization schemes.

    Since  categorization by organizational level alone revealed few patterns,
we developed a two-dimensional scheme based on the organizational level and on
the  environmental  stressor  associated with each endpoint.  In a preliminary
version   of  this  two-dimensional  scheme,  we  used  seven  main  "stressor
categories".    Later,  we  refined this further and created a total of eleven
stressor categories:

    o  pesticides                                o  acid deposition
    o  metals                                    o  radiation
    o  synthetic organic compounds               o  thermal
    o  petroleum and related hydrocarbons        o  physical habitat
    o  nutrients and deoxygenating substances       destruction
    o  phytotoxicants and air pollutants         o  other stressors

    The  categories  used  by the Ecological Risk Workgroup of the Comparative
Risk Project were the basis for our categories of environmental stressors.  We
mapped  each Comparative Risk Project problem area to a stressor category, and
only  omitted  those  problem  areas  for  which  the  environmental risks are
negligible (e.g., indoor air, workplace exposure).

    Finally,  in  our  last categorization method, we added a dimension to the
two-dimensional  categorization  scheme by subdividing the ecosystem/community
organizational  level  into  three distinct ecosystem categories (Fresh Water,
Marine-Estuarine,  Terrestrial).  The three dimensional scheme was designed to
reveal  any  patterns  1n  which  certain  endpoints  might be most frequently

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associated with  particular ecosystem  types.

    The  next  section  presents  the  endpoints  found  in  the literature review,
arranged according to each of the categorization schemes just described.

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                           3.  ENDPOINT PRESENTATION

    The  literature  review  began  with  development of a set of fairly broad
ecological  endpoints  arranged according to the organizational level at which
each  endpoint  most  frequently  occurs.    This list of general endpoints is
displayed   in Figure 3-1.  Since most ecological problems are case-specific, a
prescriptive,  all-encompassing  list  of  endpoints is difficult to assemble.
New  endpoints  will  arise with new technologies and with new applications of
old  technologies.    Previously unrecognized endpoints may even come to light
"suddenly"  as  apparent  tolerances  or assimilative capacities are exceeded.
Using  a generic  list, like figure 3-1, will not restrict future risk analysts
(or  managers)  to  a  limited,  and  potentially  inflexible  set of specific
endpoints.

    There   are  two  ways  in  which the list in Figure 3-1 falls short of its
potential,  however.    The first is that the endpoints are all fairly general
arid  not linked to specific, real-world examples or biota.  The second is that
the  list   of  general  endpoints does not identify the anthropogenic stressor
which is effecting the ecological endpoint.

    Figure  3-2   shows  a categorization scheme for ecological endpoints which
addresses   both   weaknesses  of  the  general list.  Each column of the figure
identifies  a  major  anthropogenic  stressor  group.    Each  row  presents a
different level of biological organization.  In each case, the endpoints shown
in  Figure  3-2   are more specific than the general endpoints listed in Figure
3-1.    An  additional feature of figure 3-2, is the linkage of the entries in
each cell,  by the numbers shown in parentheses, to particular references found
in Appendix A of  this document.

    A  few  caveats are in order with respect to this two-dimensional matrix of
specific endpoints.  The first is that our literature review focused mainly on
summary  articles and  syntheses.   Therefore, our specific endpoint examples
reflect  some  of the  biases  of  the  authors of the reviews (e.g., aquatic
toxicology)  and  cannot  be  considered comprehensive.  The second is that we
could  not  apply a  consistent  criterion of "societal significance" to each
endpoint  example — the entries in the matrix, therefore, reflect concerns of

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the scientific community.   Figure  3-2  should  be used to increase understanding
of  some  specific   adverse  ecological  effects  associated  with  particular
stressor  categories,   but   it  may  need   further  refinement  as  a  list of
ecological endpoints.

    Finally,  we  investigated  one  additional  dimension  in our approach to
categorizing the endpoints.  This  dimension involved the particular ecosystems
in  which  certain   endpoints  are most   likely,  to be effected.  The goal in
creating another matrix was to  investigate patterns in which certain endpoints
might  be  associated   most frequently with particular ecosystems.  One way of
addressing  this  issue  is  shown  in Figure  3-3.  In this figure, the rows
represent  three  major ecosystem  types and the columns indicate anthropogenic
stressor groups as  in  figure 3-2.

    The   figure   shows   that there are  some  broad  differences  between
terrestrial,  aquatic,  and  marine  ecosystems.    In the literature, certain
endpoints  are often discussed  in  the  context of certain ecosystems.  While we
used  only  three-  broad ecosystem types,  it is possible to map the ecological
effects  literature to  more  specific  ecosystems.  For example, the sixteen
specific  ecosystem designations  used by  the Ecological Risk Workgroup of the
Comparative  Risk Project may provide  a good framework for organizing proposed
endpoints by ecosystem.

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                         GENERAL ORGANISMAL  ENDPOINTS

Altered Behavioral Responses
         Foraging/Feeding Effectiveness
         o    search
         o    detection
         o    capture
         o    ingestion
         o    food selection
         Photo-geo-chem1co-thermal taxes
         o    response to pheromones
         o    response to odors
         o    avoidance/attraction
         o    response to temperature and salinity gradients
         Reproductive
         o    mating/courtship
         o    offspring raising (maternal/paternal behavior)
         Predator Avoidance
         o    activity levels (more or less conspicuous)
         o    reaction time
         o    use of shelter/evasive behavior
         Migratory Behavior (drcadian Rhythms, Seasonal Movements)
         Aggressiveness/Social Interactions/Territoriality
Altered Metabolism/Homeostasis
         Thermo/Osmo Regulation
         02 Consumption
         Food Conversion Efficiency (ingestion/digestion/assimilation)
         Enzyme/Protein Activation/Inhibition
         Hormone Balances
Bioaccumulation/Body Burden
Changes in Stamina
                                  FIGURE 3-1

                                                                                    11

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                     GENERAL ORGANISMAL ENDPOINTS (Contl;
Altered Reproductive Success
         Sexual Maturity
         Conception/Implantation
         Parturition
Altered Growth and Development
         Size at Age
         Morphological Abnormalities
Decreased Disease Resistance
Direct Tissue/Organ Damage
         Lesions
         Tumors
Death
                                  FIGURE 3-1

                                                                                      12

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                         GENERAL POPULATION ENDPOINTS

Alterations in;
    Survival/Mortality
    Fecundity
    Population Density
    Abundance/Standing Crop
    Age Structure and Recruitment
    Gene Pool
    Growth/Decline Rates and Cycles
    Intra-Species Competition
    Population Behavior
         Social Structure
         Aggregation
         Avoidance
         Territoriality
         Courtship and Breeding
         Feeding
    Susceptibility to Predation
    Migration/Immigration/Emigration
    Sex Ratio
Dramatic population booms (algal bloom)
Dramatic population crashes (fish kill)
                                  FIGURE 3-1

                                                                                   13

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                     GENERAL COWUNITY/ECQSYSTEM ENDPOINTS

Changes in;
    Community Composition
         Increased generalists/decreases in specialists
         Increased non-sensitive species/decreases in sensitive species
         Changed species richness/abundance
         Changed dominance
         Changed diversity and evenness
    Biomass
    Trophic Interactions/Food Web Structure
    Inter-Species Competition
    Predator/Prey Relationships and Numbers
    Grazing/Herblvory
    Parasite/Host Relationships
    Symbiotic Relationships
    Successional Patterns
   " Spatial Structure and Arrangement
    Stability (Persistence, Resistance, Resilience)
    Colonizati on/Decoloni zation
    Organic Decomposition/Biodegradation
    Nutrient Retention
    Nutrient Cycling/Energy Flow
         Nitr1ficat1on/Denitr1fication
         Nutrient Leaching/Loss
    Productivity
         Primary production (Photosynthesis)
         Secondary production
    Respiration
                                  FIGURE 3-1

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                                                                                            STRESSOR CATEGORY
               E
               C
               o
               s
               Y
               S
               T
               E
               M

               C
               O
               M
               M
               C
               N
               I
               T
               Y
                                          PESTICIDES
                                                                                             METALS
                                                                                                                                     SYNTHETIC ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
      O
      R
      G
      A
      N
       I
      Z
      A
      T
       I
      O
      N
      A
      L

      L
      E
      V
      E
      L
     BtonugnUfcuwn
     PCM Resurgence (Development of Raelcacc)
     New PHI Emergence
         Decreased Competition ban Old Pew
         Decreased Ecosyitem Control on New Pen Species
     Secondary Poisoning
     Detraction of Non-Target Ponni
         Beneficial Insects
         WiWUfc (Fun, Amphibians. Reptile*. BMi. Mammala)
         Mfcrobei/lnvcrlebnles
         rDyloptukioo/ZoopUolaon
     Decreased rnoUMynmesis
            BdCn
                     ntty/Bcoiysieai SubiUqr
     Abend Nutria* Cycling
        • Removal of Dariiivores
        • OuwgedPruiiary Production
                    (2,4-6.13.15.21 J4.28.29JI.39)
                                                                     Oecreuca Fbh AbumkoGB
                                                                     Reduced Colonization or Cokniuaiao Failure
                                                                     Decreased Species Abundance
                                                                     Decreased Species Diversity
                                                                     Local Exlinctioo of Sensitive Specie*
                                                                     Reduced Carbon Fixation (Photosynthesis)
                                                                     Bio«nignifiralino
                                                                     Fluctuating Specia Canpoiitian
                                                                     Decreased Evenness
                                                                     dunged Densities
                                                                     Reduced Btomass/Sumlini Crop
                                                                     Reduced Photosynthesis Capability
                                                                     ftodCtuun Disruption
                                                                     Changed Harveaable Yield
                                                                                               (6.H.23)
                                                                              Altered Community Structure
                                                                              Potential for Btonugnincaiioo
                                                                              Food Chain Disruption
                                                                                                                                                            (6.J3.2S.39)
P
O
P
V
L
A
T
I
O
N
Reduced Reproductive CapadQt ta Bink (Eipedtny Bird and Fhb
Eaun)
   • Delayed Breeding
   • RaUunloLayEgga/llcdueedEg|l¥oductk»
Efevatod Mortalily/Reduecd Survival
   ul*iiDar^liu^EiUiKlion
    popuUliom)
                          )
   • looened Embtyenk Mortality
   • Future lo Reoea
Inacawd Body Burden ta Seed-Eating Ormuanm
tocrcaMd Monality oTSeniidve Spccka
DrimaocPopulaitaiFlunualioni
   • BWKflU
   • FathKUh
   • Algal BkwoM
Reduced Fecundity Wl*«* Mortality
AkcredSesR*Uo
Attend Social Structure
Altered dene Pool

             (2.4-6,13.15.21.24,28.29.31.39)
     BMi
     (Alfaeaodhve
    odu
          iblubtuoa/RMlucedfti
    Inhibilioa of Fkh
    hkibUkn of Mi
    Decmied Hatchlu« Survival
    Reduced llaichability
    Premature Hatching

haujted Sinffplibilily lo Predato

                        (6.13.23)
                                 AIMC
baaud Timor Incidence
haeited Teniogenk: AhnonnaUa>>
AipuUtkMt Declinec (madly due lo reduced fecundity)
  • Premature Bam, Sponuaeoui Abortion. Fcul RcMrpdoa
  • Deactied lUtdnbiliiy. Pranioin HudUng. Deattted
    SurvtviltoSihnonidi
  • DecRafed aiatitM fa> fj fr^tffft
  • Reduced Phyioplankton Abunluce
  . Increaaed StiUbirth. In Mink, Ferrete. wd Pifanatei
  • Smallor Ulten at Canlik and Rododa

SeaMrdKUk
                                                                                                                                                              (13.21.25.31)
              O
              R
              G
              A
              N
              I
              S
              M
                                                                      Ilg, Cd. Pb mostly, although otben may apply.
      By design ant application, pesticide* induce • broad spectrum of aefective
      and noA-iekctive biocidal effecto. There k wide variability la tpeciea
      Kmitivuy and In loxicity of different pertlcida to • particular specie*.

      Nerve bnpube Interference
        • Behavioral Change* (Activity Leveh. FeediafJ
        •  Death by Respiratory Failure
      • •  Reduced Learning Capacity
      Accumulation of LipophUic/IVnistenl Compound
      Induction of Steroid Hormone Metabolism
        •  Altered Endocrine Rinciion (Especially Thyroid Ruction)
      Altered Enzyme Production
      Reproductive Inhibilioa
        •  Reduced Fertility
        •  Behavioral Changes
        • Reduced Offspring Viability
      Excessive Weight Loss (Especially Birds); Reduced Growth Rates; Tumor
      Formation; Lower Stress Tolerance: Mutations

                     (2.4-6,13.13.21.24.28,29.31.39)
                                                               terrestrial effect! are documented.

                                                               BiotccumulaUoa and Long Term Storage; Uver Damage (general
                                                               degeneration, fioy inclusion); Kidney Djniuaction (Finconi lyD
                                                               Hypaumioa Anemia; Emaciation/Anemia: CanfiovascuurTouctty
                                                               (mwcardial infafction): Nervom Syilem Damage (e.g.. demyelmation.
                                                               panlhaia): Suppieased Growth; Suppreased Reproductive Abnormalitiec
                                                               Impaired Learning Behavior. Impaired Heeding Behavior. Imptired
                                                               Refponse lo External Stimuli; Lowered Activity Levels;
                                                               * General Streu Response:
                                                                 - Depressed Reproductive Capacity
                                                                 •• Depressed Growth
                                                                 -• Increased Oxygen Consumption
                                                                 - Reduced Disease Resistance
                                                                 - Weight Loss/Ijnacialion
                                                                 - Increased AdYenal/Piuiilary Activity

                                                               » These general stress response! are in addition to direct loxicity.
                                                                 Duplication of already- listed effects ia intentional.     (13.28,olhers)
                                                                nuiujflotuppnMion
                                                                Storage in ratty Time (Bioaccumulation AND BioconcenlratJon)
                                                                Weight Low
                                                                Reduced Growth
                                                                Decreased Fertility
                                                                Cucinogenecii
                                                                Teralogeneiis/Develcpmegt^Abnonnafitiea
                                                                Bmbryonic Mortality
                                                                Premature Abortion
                                                                Some Neurotonic Activity
                                                                Dermal Lesions
                                                                Liver Neown
                                                                Pbcental Transfer
                                                                Mammary Transfer
                                                                Death
                                                                                                                                                                           (6.13.21,23)
(T.
                                                                                                       FIGURE  3-2

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                                                                                   STRESSOR CATEGORY
        E
        C
        o
        s
        Y
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        E
        M
       •••i*
        C
        O
        M
        M
        U
        N
        I
        T
        Y
              PETROLEUM AND  RELATED HYDROCARBONS
                                                                                   NUTRIENTS AND  DEOXYGENATING
                                                                                                SUBSTANCES
                                                                                                                                   PHYTOTOXICANTS AND AIR  POLLUTANTS
O
R
G
A
N
I
Z
A
T
8
O
N
A
L
V
E
L
               ColliMe ofStructure tnd Function
                 • Estuaries
                 - StUmuita
                 - Mangroves
               Ahered VvWSalMty/NuWent Regan*
               Reduced Photosynthesis
               Reduced Microphyte Deasttej
               hcreated Utter Fall
                          (3.13.19.20.29)
                                                               Increased DBCax/Palhogca Incidence; Increased Plant Bmnass; Algal
                                                               Blooms; Aquatic Organism Kiln (rob. ttelUish. other invertebrate*);
                                                               Decreased Energy Utilization Efficiency; Reorganized Puudaonfc tnd
                                                               Bendiic Community Structure; Increased rlMosyntheiis/Ftimary Pro-
                                                               duction: Attend Zoopknkioa:  PhytopUnkian R«Uo; Lowered Energy
                                                               Convereian Efficiency. Reduced Decomposition Rales; Abend Nutria*
                                                               Cycling; Decreased Specie* Richness and Diversity: Increased PUal
                                                               Biomas* (Due ID Increase in Primary Production); Increased Herbivore
                                                               Biomass; Increased Predator Biomatc Decreased Speciet Richness;
                                                               Decreased Specie* Divenity; Changed Community Metabolism:
                                                               Changed Conumnity Sbucuc; Community/Ecocyilem Collapte;
                                                               FroducUga of Reduced Compound* (e.|., Hydrogen SiUfide)
                                                               Reduced Walct Quality Capacity to Support Dnirable Biota
                                                                 • Deemed DtHotved O«ygo>
                                                                 • locRatedNkrileCoaECDiraiion
                                                                 • Ioo««cdA>amoohllQ-CanLeKlloCIi)oraniiieaodNimiumine
                                                                   FonoaUoo
                                                                 • locrraudToilcHilogaiCainpouadilorictcoceorCl.
                                                                                           (3.6,12-14.25)
                                                                        PUnti:

                                                                          Reduced Sensitive Specie* Abundance*
                                                                          Reduced Specie* Divenity
                                                                          leu of Ovenioiy/Ciaopy
                                                                          Reduced Biomast
                                                                          Reduced NulricnJ Cycling
                                                                          tocre«$cd Diseue/tau
                                                                          Reduced PboUKynthctii
                                                                          Reduced Yields
                                                                          Deocaud Conmunity/Ecosyilem SUbilily
                                                                          mcreattd Nutrient Lou/Lurching
                                                                                                                                                 (11.2S.3I.40)
P
O
P
U
L
A
T
I
O
N
 SetbMDecUaoi
    - Reduced Fecundity
    • Reduced Survival
 Mangrove Population Daclm*
 Polychaele Populatioo Booms
 Reduced Diunlved Oiygen
 StinuUied Algal Growth it Lower Cononlntlaai
 Inhibited Algal Growth at Higher Concentrationc
 IncnMcd Tumor Incidence in Amphibian*
                             (3.13.29)
 Avoidancc/Annctkn of Fkh
 Altered Migraiory Pauen* of R»h and Lobtlen
 Docnwed Scuilive Specie* (Sahnonid Population*)
 IncmMd Non-Sensitive Specie* (Cyprinid Population)
 Akend Ptubooic Migration (Vertical)
 Reduced Fecundity of Fab Due to Hydrogen SuoKfc
    • Reduced Egg Viability
    • Reduced Fry Survive]

 Akemd Age Sbucture of Hch
                                                                                                   (3,6,12- HJtS)
         Abend Gene Pool
         - Development of Raknanre fa Some Planu

         PopuUtion Decline ta ScnsUve Specie*
         • Conifen

         • Oytlen

         Increaaed TroU Mortality

         Incnaaed Cratlacean Mortality
                                                                                                                                                       (13JS.31)
        O
        R
        G
        A
        N
         I
        S
        M
             Dccre**ed Growth Rale*
             Deiived Developmenl and Manaity
             High MoiUuty 10 Sea Birds
    Aonvny. Embryoloiicily; O
• General Sons Response
                                    guUlory Imbala
          Oiygen Cootumpdoo; Reduced Disease Resistence; Weight Loss;
     fenttogenesis
     Carcinogenesis
     Altered Behavior (Feeding and Perception)
     Pnytmoiicity
       - Increased TOiar Deformities; Increased Susceptibility 10 Insect
         Pmlauoo, Increased Seedling Mortality; Reduced Pbotocyniheiic
         Capacity; Reduced Growth
     Death

     * These general sliest responses are in addition to direct toxkity.
       Duplication of already-listed effects is intentional.      (3 13 29)
Vlit maiprtty of unicologicil eflects are due lo dcpreued oxygen level*
indNOTduebiu^anipouDdslbcnacrvoi. Tbercrore,inoficodpoint>
sre refkaed above die crgafflsm level. Some loiteity may be
iDribuied to ndoi compounds like Hydrogen Sulfkfe.

Avoidance Behavior
Reduced Phytiologic Activity
Aspbyxiation
Reduced Growth or Some Fish (Hydrogen Sulfide)
Secondary ToxicUy of Reducing Environment
Death
                                                                                                  (3,6,12 14.25)
Plants:
    Chlorosis and Neoosis of Leaf Tissue
    Leaf. Flower, or Frail Abscission
    Epinasuc Curvature of Leaf Stem*
    Reduced Growth
    Btoaccumulauon
    Needle Banding and Die-Off
    Atacd Development
    Reduced Photosynthesis Output
    Genenl Suns Response
    - Alieral Energy/Metabolic Stale
    -• Reduced Reproductive Capacity
    - Reduced Growth
    - Reduced Disease/Parasitism Resistance
    Inhibited Carbohydrate Metabolism
Animals:
    R«piratory/Caidiovascular Aggravation
    Eye Irritation
    Possible Contact Oxidanl britauon
    Dulh lo Insects, Fish          (13,19,25,31)
                                                                                         FIGURE  3-2  (cont.)

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                                                                                          STRESSOR  CATEGORY
     O
     R
     G
     A
     N
      I
     Z
     A
     T
      1
     O
     N
     A
     L

     L
     E
     V
     E
     L
              E
              C
              O
              S
              Y
              S
              T
              E
              M

              C
              O
              M
              M
              U
              N
              1
              T
              Y
                                   ACID DEPOSITION
                                                                                       RADIATION
                                                                                    THERMAL
    Increased Mcul Solubility; Increased Metal Tostcby
    Dumped Pood Cluira/Nuiricnl Cycling; UniofZooplukioniLoHof
     Rih (Upper Ixvel Comurnen), Decreased Dccornpoicr Activity
    Severely AUacd Ecayuan SDUCOR: Deaa»edDrvmay; Decreased
     Speciet Abundance (e.g.. certain phytopUnkion: zoopUnkion; bauan
     (tin*): Shift Toward Extreme OUgotrophy
    Reduced NiMranl/Miaenl Availability: Reduced Reminenltulio) of
     Detritus
    Reduced Itotecynlhetfc Capacity: Shift b Primary Production
    Latt of Buffering Capacity
  I TERRESTRIAL (PLANTS) I
   Reduced Undanury Due to Production of Secondary Defense
     Compounds by TRa
   Habitat Alteration/Lou of Sizable Wildlife Habitat
   Reduced Timber Biomass
   Nutrient Leaching from Soil
   Reduced Pbobxyntheik/Producnvity

                                   (6..3J3.29.31)
Attend ConmnuiHy Structure (ShnpliffcaUoo of Structure)
   • Loss of Canopy Layer
   • rrogrcuivc Shift 10 Smiller tana
    area to Shrubs to Herbs to Man 10 Uchem)
   • Shin ban Specials tt to Oenenliiti
Decieaud PholayMhait: RapbtUon Ratio
Reduced Bionuu/Yield
Reduced Productivity
Nutrient Loo from System
   • Reduced CancUyio Support Ecmntcm
Attend Food Cbaina
   • Mifpunaoc of Higbtr Level Carnryore*
Communuy/EGoijnicm CoUapw
                        (13.31.40)
Reduced Ttee BiocMss
bcnased AouMic Macropoyle Bkniai
toucascd riiiuary Production
Donated Spccia Diveniy
Docieased ^ecies AbuDdmce
Dtnupled Food Web
Aquatic Organism Kilb (Ecpecially Motion Reibiettd PortM)
Decreaud Seeoodaiy Produetivily (e. j.. Rth BionuM)
Increxed Secooduy PnxSucUvUy (e.g.. PUnt Bionuu)
Reduced Sytlem Stability
  • BoonVBuM Cyck*
                                                                                    (4.13.J5.36)
   | AQUATIC
           EiHrpaled Fiah PopuUdooi
             • High Larval Mortality
             • Severe Loa of Recruitment
           Altered Gene Pool fa Rib
           Attend Age Structure of Fbb
           Dtp fcaod PovtopUakloa PoyulMioai
           Depleted Zooplankwa Foputatio
           Depleted BonOiitFaum
           Depfclcd Macrophyte Pt
           EitremBFOrjulMionDie
•Deplettd F«h and Reptile Populadom
  • Reduced Pecundiry
  • Reduced Survival (locreaied MutaDH)
  • Reduced Recruitment
Altered Ah Age Structure
Altered Gene Pool
  • Shift TowecdSmauermdivldaib In Some Tree*
Depleted Tree Fepuhoom
  • Reduced Survival
    I TERRESTRIAL (R-ANTS) I
           Reduced Reproductive Suceeti
           Reduced Suodbfi Crop
           Reduced Survival
           Reduced ReoviiincM
           AkeredOeoePDol
                                (6.13.25.31)
• Note: Some SpiclM May Gucriacenipulau^a Growth Due to Ac
       bcrease in Fecundity (Larger Brood Size, uxreawd Survival).
                        (13.31.40)
bcreafcdMacrorjhyic Population
bcreawd SuaceptibUiy to Predation
  • More Active and More Contpicuom
Akend Gene Pool
Dacreaud Population Deuity of Sensitive Spccia («.«.. Salmonid)
hcreKcd Popultlioo Dcatity of Non-Sensitive Specie* (e.g.. Carp)
Reduced Poikikxhom Fecundity
Decreased Amhibian Survival
bcrcawd Bacterial and Blue Green Algae Population
EiGOMive Wanning Can Cause
  • Man Eitiipationi of PoikUotbenM, MKrophytea, Sborelte
    TreeKandlnhibilamiX AtgilBloami.FtthlCiUi.Bic.
Avoidaace/Aaraaion Bated on Preferred Tempentun
Qtaaged Reproductive Behavior in Fun
Charged Zooplankton Migntioo
haeated Palhogen/Disetse Incidence
                  (3.4.13.15.36)
|  AQUATIC J
                 Abnormal Fhh Larval Pevelppuent
                 Eotanced Metal BioavaOabiltymnfciiy
                 DeterianUonofGilli
                    • Deotaaod Rap iratory/OimoregulalOTy EfBctency
                    • Greater AhaninumluftuB io Body
                 Death (uuaUy by Aiphysialion)
                 | TERRESTRIAL (PLANTS)I
                 bcrrated Cell and Surface Damage
                   • NecrotuVSeDecceace of Leave*, Flowed, Fruit, Branches
                   • Deformed New Growth
                   • Leaching of Minerals and Organic Compound! bom Vegetative Growth
                 Reduction of Stresi Tolerance
                   • Increased Drought Susceptibility
                   • Increased Disease/Parasite Susceptibility
                   • Increased Air Polluum/Phyloloxicam Sensitivity
                 Enhanced Production of Secondary Defense Compounds
                 Decreased Reproductive Capacity
                   • Decreased Pollen Viability
                   • Decreased l-ood/TniiU'roducuon    (6,13,25,29,31)
                                                                    knizatiao ofTeWue Water (ftee Radical Formation)
                                                                      « Severe Tissue Oxidation
                                                                      • CelLTtuue, Organ Damage
                                                                    Nucleic Acid Damage
                                                                      • Muiaikm
                                                                      • Tumor Formation
                                                                    Enzyme/Protein Inhibition
                                                                      • Metabolic Inhibition
                                                                      • Aboonnal Growrh/Develooroent
                                                                    'Reduced Reproductive Capacity
                                                                      • Reduced Fish Egg Hauttbility (Marine and Freshwuer)
                                                                      » Increased AboormaUtJei in Progeny
                                                                      • Reduced Fertility
                                                                    Reduced Disease Resktence
                                                                    Accumulation of Radioactivity
                                                                    Dealh

                                                                    •Note: Some Individuals of Some Species May Experience Repro-
                                                                          ductive Enhancemenl
                                                                                              (13.31.40)
                                                              Metajbolic Changes
                                                                 • Enzyme Inacuvatioo/Ovcr Production
                                                                 • Increased Metabolic Rale
                                                              Reduced Reproductive Capacity
                                                                 • Reduced Hatchability/Viability of Fish Eggi
                                                                 • Disrupted Embryonic and Larvral Development
                                                                 • Disrupted Gonad Development and Spawning
                                                                 • Increased I of Utters/Year and Reduced* offty/Uner
                                                                 « Reduced Survival of Young
                                                              Changed Behavior
                                                                 • Abidance/Attraction Dependeal on Preferred Temperature
                                                                 • Increased Activity
                                                                 • Interrupted Dofmint Cycles
                                                              Enucialion of Adult Fish
                                                              Larger Body Size at Maturity
                                                              increased Susceptibilily to Parasitism
                                                              Increased Susceptibility to Disease
                                                              Death

                                                                                      (3.4.13.36)
oo
                                                                                              FIGURE   3-2; (cont.)

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                                                 STRESSOR CATEGORY
        E
        C
        o
        s
        Y
        S
        T
        E
        M

        C
        O
        M
        M
        U
        N
        I
        T
        Y
                   PHYSICAL  HABITAT DESTRUCTION
                                                                                 OTHER STRESSORS
O
R
G
A
N
I
Z
A
T
I
O
N
A
L

L
E
V
E
L
     Altered BiomaM, Altered Trophic loumctioa/rood Web
     Structure; Altered Inier-Specici Competition; Attend Predator/Prey
     Relationship* ind Numbers; Altered Grazmg/Herbivory; Altered
     Symbiosis; Altered Succeukntl Ptoemi; AIlCTttiom of Spatial Stmcnic
     tod Arrangement Altered Subility (Penitlence. Resilience, Reutencek
     Abend Cotonrzation/HccolonizauDa: Altered Organic Deoompatilioa/
     Biodegradation; Altered Nutrient Retention:           •
     Abend Nmrienl Cycling/Energy Row
       • Nitrificalioa/Denilrificilion
       • Nutrient Leaching/Lou;
     Altered Productivity
       • Primary Production (FboMyndMli)
       • Secondary Production;
     Attend Retpintion;
     Attend Community Competition
       • hmud GenenUttt/Deaufed SpecUUi M
       • Incmud Non-temiuVe Spedei/Decreafei in SernWve Specie*
       • Ctunged Specie* Richnew/AbukUnoe
       • duofed Dankuuue
       • Changed DlvenUy end Evenae**

                          (tnukiplelexb)
                                                                        Fesl/Pmtile Outbcuki
                                                                        Aboed Trophic ReUionsUp*
                                                                          • Trophic ShiAmg/Subititiuliaa
                                                                          • Food Chain Dinuption
                                                                        Loaf of Genetic Matenal
                                                                        General Community/Eco* yuan Endpofata
P
O
P
u
L
A
T
I
O
N
Abend SavivaVMaKJIty
Abend Fecundity
Abend Population Demily
Abend Abundaoce/SuDding Crop
Abend Age Suuctun ond Htmiaaa*
Abend Gene foot'
Abend Growtti/DecUne RMa tod Cycfca
Akend Inm-SpedM Competiikn
    Social Structure
    Aggregation
    Avoidance
    TenitorUlity
    Courahip «ad Bnedbf
             u of Impacted Speck* (And Local Bxtbdlom)
  - AllendOfTcpring Survival
  - kkrnjpled Breeding Cycle/Riaialf
• Reduced Roource Av
• AUeftOPreo^uir/FreyReUtiooihipi
• AheredDiieueRMiiUnce/r^UiogenAlMDdince
• locre**od EtnignUoQ
     AberedSmcepdbUityloPreduioo
     Abend SciRMto
     Onmitic Population Boom* (algal bloom)
     Dramatic Population Cradm (nib kill)
                                         (muMpklexti)
        O
        R
        G
        A
        N
        I
        S
        M
              DbectElbc*
                 - Phydcal Impact of Machinery/Structural (L
                  etc.)
         - Pbyilcal Impact of New Ctmmnanrea
            • Abmion
            • Liuig/Gill/OculaTSurfKBiaogging
         • auugedTempennie/Salioity/Oxygen/Eoergy/WMef Regime
         • Reduced Resource Availability
            • Rxxt/ShelKi AvailabUity
            • BreedingMerting Area AvaUabilily
         - inhibukmofEjlaTMlSamiJi(e.g,lJghUPhotoperiodRe.poMe)
         - Restricted Mobility
            • Migration
            • Diurnal Movemeal
         - InwcwedSttcM Level/Decreased StnssToleranee
         • dunged Availability to Predalon
         - lntrodudionwRauspemk>n/Keacuvatioa of Tonic Ireulti

                             (3.13.31. text*)
                                                            Death or Reductka ta Funen of Endemic or Introduced Individuate Due to:
                                                             • Predation
                                                             • Competition SDCH for Rcfourcei
                                                                Fbod/Sbeoa/Sutatrale Availability
                                                                Breeding/Nening Area Availability
                                                             • Increased Overall Suen Level

                                                            Bioeagmeerad OrganJun

                                                            DeamorRetkvXiooinFirDeuorFjuiankorEngimeredbdividualiDueto:
                                                             • Pradalion
                                                            ' • Competition for Resource*
                                                                FDod/Sheher/Subtlnle Availability
                                                                Breeding/Netting Area Availability
                                                             • Increased Overall Strc»» Level
                                                             • Introduction of Potential Pathogens
                                                         FIGURE  3-2  (cont.)

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-20

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                                                                                           STRESSOR  CATEGORY
                                       1'ESTIOIDES
                                                                                                        METALS
                                                                                                                                       SYNTHETIC ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
E
C
d
s
Y
S
T
E
M

T
Y
P
E
                Bkxnagnincaiion
                Pat Resurgence
                New Pesi Emergence
                  • Decreased Competition from Old Pest Species
                  • Decreased Ixosyslem Control (e.g., Predalion) oo New Pesi Specks
                Destruction of Non-Target Organisms
                Secondary Poisoning ofPrcdalon
                Decreased Community/Ecosystem Diversity
                Decreased Community/Ecosystem Stability


                Reduced Reproductive Capacity In Sink (KqNon and Oime Fowl)
                  • Delayed Breeding
                  • Failure to Lay Eggs/Reduced Egg Production
                  • Eggshell Thinning/Breakage
                  • Increased Embryonic Mortality
                  • Failure to Renal
                  • Reduced Survival of Offspring
                Population Decline in Upper Level Carnivore*
                Bird Kills
                Population Decline/Local Extinction of SenUve Specie*
                                                                        Btomigniflcalkn
                                                                        Food Chain Disruption
                                                                        Reduced Harvesuble Yield
                                                                        Reduced Bioraass/Slanding (
                                                                        Reduced Photosynthetic Cap,
                                                                        Local Extinction of Specie* (Especially High Level Carnivores)
                                                                        Bird Kite
                                                                        Lost of Canopy Layer in Forest!
                                                                        Progressive Selection for Smaller Forma
                                                                          CTreu -*• Shrub* —tv Herb* —f> Mosses —*> Lichens)
                                                                        Elevated MamnaHan/Avian Mortality
                                                                        Decnuai Coannunhy/Ecmyctan Stability
                                                                                                                          Increased Tenlogenesis
                                                                                                                          Increased Tumor Incidence
                                                                                                                          Increased Stillbirths in Mink. Ferrets, and Primate*
                                                                                                                          Decreased Litter Size* in Canids and Rodents
                                                                                                                          Reduced Photosynthesis
                                                                                                                          Altered Conmuniiy Structure
                                                                                                                          Potential for Btomagnificauoa
                                                                                                                          Reduced Community/Ecosystem Stability
F
R
E
S
H

W
A
T
E
R
BwrnagnUicaiion
AlieredNuniaii Cycling
Altered Primary Production
Destruction of Non-Target Organomi
Decreased Ommunily/hcoiyilaD Dtvcnky
Decreased Communily/Goosysian Subitty
Fish Kills
Population Decline* m Upper Level Carnivores
Altered Gene Pool*
Attend Sex Ratio
BtanagniOcatkm
Decrased Hsh Abundance
Reduced Cokmbalion or Cokxuutton FaUure
Dccfccsod Spocioi Abundance
Local Eitinctioa of Species (Especially High Level Camivora)
Reduced Carbon Fiuiioa (FbotosynlbaU)
Fluctuating Species Composition
Dccreated Community/Ecosyi tan Stability
FBB and Bird Klltt
Increased Tenuogenesis
Increased Tumor Incidence
Reduced Reproductive Capacity in Fbh (Especially Saimoofcfc)
 • Decreased Mating iiequcncy
 • Dccreated Hatchabiiily
 • Premature Hatching
 • Decreased Fry Survival
Reduced Phylopbakton Abundance
Reduced Primary Production
Attend Community Structure
Reduced Communily/Ecotysuan Stability
BkuccumuUlkn/Potenlkl BiomagniGcalioo
            M
            A
            R
            I
            N
            E

            E
            S
            T
            U
            A
            R
            I
            N
            E
                      Similar to fresh Water EndpoinB
                                                                                      Similar to Fresh Water Endpoinls
                                                                                                                             Population Declines in Sensitive Species
                                                                                                                             Seabird Kills
                                                                                                                             Reduced Primary Production
                                                                                                                             Bioaccumulalion/Poleruial BromagnUicalion
                                                                                                   FIGURE   3-3

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                                                                                               STRESSOR  CATEGORY
                      PETROLEUM AND RELATED HYDROCARBONS
                                                                                     NUTRIENTS AND
                                                                             DEOXYGENATINC SUBSTANCES
                                                                                                                                                    PHYTOTOXICANTS AND AIR POLLUTANTS
     E
     C
     O
     s
     Y
     S
     T
     E
     M

     T
     Y
     P
     E
                 T
                 E
                 R
                 R
                 E
                 S
                 T
                 R
                  1
                 A
                 L
          Primarily perceived is in Aquatic/Marine problem. Very
          little literature available on impacts u terrestrial bbu above
          the organism level. Chronic effect* ttudie* «n terrestrial
          biota ire also quite rare.

          Local Impacts on Community
            • Dccr«B«lComnii«uty Stability
          Increased Uaer Fall
                                                                     Increased Plant Biomass
                                                                     Increased Herbivore Biomafl
                                                                     Increased Predttcr Biotnasi
                                                                     Altered Community Structure
                                                                     Atend Community Metabolism
                                                                     Decreawd Specie* Richneu
                                                                     Deoeaaed Specie* Divenky
                                                                     Decreased Community/B«).yneoi Stability
                                                           Reduced Sensitive Specta Abundance (PUno, Especially Conifcn)
                                                           Reduced Speclet DJvenity
                                                           Una of Overtlory/Canopy (Foretll)
                                                           Reduced Biomau (Plants)
                                                           Reduced FnolMyntbetia
                                                           Reduced Yield*
                                                           Reduced Communlry/Ecoiystem Subility
                                                           Altered Nutrient Cycling
                                                           Inoeased Nutrient Losi/Uacaing
                                                           Inoeated Respiratory/CirdiovaKular Probkro*
                                                           Increased Contact Olidalini
F
R
E
S
H

W
A
T
E
R
Collapse of Community Structure and Ruction
AtottJWHcT/Stliniiy/NualaitKejtoe
Reduced HbototyntlMxis
Reduced Macrophyle Density
Reduced Water Quality Due to Reduced DtaorvodOiygco
 • Decreased Oiygen Availability
 • Increased Concentration of Reduced-feral Chemical Speck*
 • Increased Coocentralkw of Tortc Halogens (Especially
     Chlorinated Specie*)
Waterfowl Population Crashes
 • Direct Toniclly
 • Reduced Reproductive Capacity
Reduced Water Quality/Capacity la Support DsirtWB ffltoU
 » Detreaicd Dtoolved Otygen/DcoraSed Oiygen Availability
 • Increased Concentration* of Reduced-form Chemical Spccitf
 • Increased Conccamiona of To»ic Halogen* (Efpecially
     Chlorinated Specks)
Reduced Decomp«iuon
Altered Nutrient Cycling
Increased Plant BiomaM
Increased Duease/Patbogg) Incidence
Altered Zooplankton: Pnyloplaiuaoo Ratio
Increased PhodxvnUkuil
Lowered Energy Convenion Efliciency
Depleted PopulaUonf of Sentilive Speciei
Predoroinandy a Tenettrial Category. EffeCU 10 AqUlUC
Environmenu arise mostly bom atmospheric drrxKitjoa OfflieSlon
(e.g. fcutoaie Drift, Heavy Metal Fallout. Acid Precipitation) into the
Aqueous Media. Atmospheric conditions ako affect the equilibrium
itauu of compounds in water but impacts are noted more
frequently under outer specific MICUOT categories.
   Some Fish, Shellfish, and Crustacean
   are Directly Attributable to Influx of Air
   Emergent Macrophyte Population Decline*

   Altered Nutrient Cycling
Decline*
                M
                A
                R
                 I
                N
                E

                E
                S
                T
                U
                A
                R
                I
                N
                E
        Collapse of Community Structure and Function
        Aketed Waw/Salinity/Nuirient Regime
        Reduced Photosynthesia
        Reduced Macrophyte Density
        Reduced Water Quality Due to Reduced Dissolved Oxygen
         • Decreased Oxygen Availability
         • Increased Concenlration of Reduced-form Cbonical Species
         • Increased ConcemrationsorToxic Halogens (Especially
             Chlorinated Species)
        Waterfowl and Seabird Population Crashes
         • Direct Tojicity
         • Reduced Reproductive Capacity
                                                                   Similar to IVesh Water Aquatic on Local Scale.
                                                         Predominantly a Terrestrial Category. Effects to Aquatic
                                                         Environments arise mostly from atmospheric deposition of tlresson
                                                         (e g.-PetuCiile Drift, Heavy Metal Fallout, Acid Precipitation) into the
                                                         Aqueous Media. Atmospheric conditions also affect the equilibrium
                                                         status of compounds in water but impacts are noted more
                                                         frequently under other specific Hressor categories.

                                                           • Some Fish. Shellfish, and Crustacean Population Declines
                                                             are Directly Attributable to Influx of Aire Pollutants

                                                           • Emergent Macrophyte Population Declines

                                                           • Altered Nutrient Cycling
I\J
                                                                             FIGURE  3-3  (CONT,)

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                                                                                                 STRESSOR CATEGORY
                                      ACID DEPOSITION
                                                                                                           RADIATION
                                                                                                                                                                          THERMAL
    E
    C
    O
    s
    Y
    S
    T
    E
    M

    T
    Y
    P
    E
                 T
                 E
                 R
                 R
                 E
                 S
                 T
                 R
                 I
                 A
                 L
      Waldslerberi/DeforefUiion
      Reduced Underslary Due to Production of Secondary Defence
         Compounds by Trees
      Successive Removal or Sensitive Specie* Until Ecosystem Collapse*
      Habitat Alteration/Low of Suitable Wildlife llabilal
      Reduced Timber Biocnass
      Nutrient Leaching Cram Soil
      Reduced Photosynthesis/Productivity
      Decreased Stability
      Bf^hfff^ Decompoflitioo
Simpliricalioa or Forest Structure
  • Loss or Canopy Layer
  • Progressive Selection of Smaller Ptanl Forms
     (Trees -»> Shrubs -»• Herbi -»*• MOM -¥• Lichens)
  • Shin from Specialists 10 Generalistt
Decreased Photosynthesis: Respiration Ratio
Reduced Biomass/Productivity
Reduced Timber YieU
Nutrient Lost From System
  • Reduced Ability to Support Ecosystem
Altered Food Chains
  • Lou of High Level Carnivorea
Buaccumulation of Radioactivity
Conununity/Ecotyslem CoUapie
Depleted Pofxilalions of Sensitive Specie*
Local Extinction of Sensitive Special
hv-rf.f^H Generalisl PopuUlioos
Attend Gene Pool
  • Selection for Smaller Individuals
 General Greenhouse Effect, Polar Ice Cap Men, Set Level
 Rise, etc.
F
R
E
S
H

W
A
T
E
R
Increased Metal Solubility
 • Increased Metal To* icity
Disrupted Food Chains/Nutrient Cycling
 • LoffofZoopUnkton
 • Loss of Fish (Upper Level Consumers)
 • Decreased Decomposer Activity
Reduced Secondary Productivity
Severely Altered Ecosystem Structure
 • Decreased Diversity
 • Decreased Species Abundance (e.g.. Cerl
      Zooplanklon; Bottom Fauna)
 • SUB Toward Extreme Ollgotrophy
Reduced Nutrient/Mine..! Availability
 • Reduced Remlneralizalioo of Detritus
Reduced Pnotosynlhcuc Capacity
 • Shift in Primary Production
Lou of Buffering Capacity
Simplified Punt Communities
         Decreased Photosynthesis: Respiration Ratio
         Reduced Plan! and Animal Biomasa
         Reduced Productivity
         Altered Food Chains
          • Disappearance of Higher Level Carnivore*
         Community Ecosystem Collapse
         Depleted Populations of Sensitive Special
          • fish
          • Rentiles
         Local Extinction of Sensitive Spedei
         hcretsed Qenentisl Population
         Altered Age Structure to Hsh Populations
Conununity/EcosystBni

Reduced Tree Biomau Surrounding the Water
Increased Macrophyle Biooiass
Increased Primary Production
Decreased Specie* Diversity
Decreased Specie* Abundance
Disrupted Food Web
Aquatic Organism Kills (Especially Motion Restricted Forms)
Decreased Secondary Productivity (e.g.. Fish Biomtss)
Increased Secondary Productivity
Reduced System Stability
  • Boom/Buil Cycles
                M
                A
                R
                 I
                N
                E

                E
                S
                T
                U
                A
                R
                 I
                N
                E
              Not much information; local effects probably similar
              to Fresh Water effects.
                                                                                       Same as Freth Water Aquatic,
                                                                                                                                       Not much information, although similar to Fresh Water Aquatic,
ro
CO
                                                                              FIGURE  3-3  (CONT.)

-------
                                                                                    STRESSOR  CATEGORY
                                                  PHYSICAL  HABITAT DESTRUCTION
                                                                              OTHER  STRESSORS
                            E
                            C
                            O
                            S
                            Y
                            S
                            T
                            E
                            M

                            T
                            Y
                            P
                            E
ro
                                      T
                                      E
                                      R
                                      R
                                      E
                                      S
                                      T
                                      R
                                      I
                                      A
                                      L
F
R
E
S
H

W
A
T
E
R
                                     M
                                     A
                                     R
                                      I
                                     N
                                     E

                                     E
                                     S
                                     T
                                     U
                                     A
                                     R
                                      I
                                     N
                                     E
           Decreased Reproductive Success

           Population Fluctuations Due lo:
            - literal food supply
            - change ta predator / prey dyntmlci

           Attend kumpedfic Dynamic*

           Migration / Avoidance Behavior
 From Runoff

Changea In Primary Productivity
                i Due to Nutrient Enrichment
           DCS ouciioa or Bcmbic Organisms

           Specie* Shim Due lo Changes In Salinity and Oxygen Regime*

           ElTectt Auocitted With Rewspcnskw of Toxia In SedimeM
                                                       PopuUlion FhirhMltom Due to Introduced OrgMJMU

                                                       Effect* of None Pollution

                                                       reputation Decline) Ron Harvesting by Humana
Population Ftuctuationa Due lo Introduced Orguustm

EffecaofNo!»ePo«luIion

Population Declint* Bom Harvesting by Humana
                                                       Masa Groundings of CeUcea

                                                       Populalioo Declines From Harvesting by Humana
                                                                                  FIGURE  3-3 (CONT.)

-------
                                4.  CONCLUSIONS
    A  number  of conclusions arise from the results of this literature review
project.  The conclusions address several topics:

Literature Review Methodology

    It  is  clear that the .term "endpoint" or "end point" is not common yet in
scientific or environmental regulatory literature.  A recommended approach for
further  literature  reviews  is  to  approach the subject by focusing on each
particular environmental stressor, since each stressor (e.g., acid deposition)
has  a  wealth  of  literature  associated  with  it.    The  process  will be
time-consuming, but the resultant list of endpoints will be quite thorough.

Categorization Schemes

    There  may  be  more  appropriate  ways  to structure lists or matrices of
endpoints.  A  particularly useful approach may be to emphasize the ecosystems
in  which certain endpoints are likely to occur.  Our three-dimensional matrix
did not address ecological endpoints for the three ecosystem categories at the
populational and organismal levels.  Categorizing organism- and population-
level  endpoints  according to the ecosystems in which they are most likely to
occur may be .a promising line of research.

    On  the  other  hand,  a more clear-cut definition of the term "ecological
endpoint" and its meaning in Agency activities may be a higher priority.

Selection of Ecological Endpoints for Risk Assessments

    As the literature review revealed more and more adverse ecological  Impacts
of   anthropogenic   stressors,   it   became   apparent  that  the  "societal
significance"  of each impact varied greatly.  Some impacts would be very hard
to value in quantitative terms, while others (e.g., fish kills of commercially
important   species)   lend  themselves  easily  to  development  of monetary
equivalents.    It  is apparent that only certain ecological  impacts should be
                                                                                      25

-------
termed "ecological endpoints".

    Since  there  are  so  many  potential ecological Impacts of anthropogenic
stressors,  a  strict  criterion  of "societal significance" may be applied to
determine  which impacts can truly be classed as "endpoints".  The application
of  this  criterion  and  the selection of endpoints for risk assessments is a
sensitive task, since it falls somewhere between the realms of risk management
and risk assessment.  Analysts trained 1n ecological/environmental science may
not  be  able  to  gauge  political  defensibility  of chosen endpoints, while
managers  may lack a critical ability to discern which potential endpoints are
of real biological significance.

Suggested Future Directions

    This  literature  review  of  ecological  endpoints  revealed  a wealth of
potential  endpoints,  and  a number of ways they can be systematized.  Rather
than expend significant effort in further attempts to systematize the numerous
potential  endpoints, it seems worthwhile to achieve consensus on definitional
issues.   An appropriate Agency workgroup should perhaps be convened to define
the  meaning of the term and the formal relationship of "ecological endpoints"
to the ecological risk assessment process.

    One  useful   research  project  may be to examine in detail legal cases in
which compensatory payments were awarded for environmental damages.  The legal
 literature    likely    contains    a   small   number   of   clearly-defined,
 legally-defensible  ecological  endpoints.   Using the courts as a test of the
 "societal  significance"  of an endpoint would severely restrict the volume of
 potential endpoints to be investigated.  It may prove to be a fruitful line of
 investigation.

-------
APPENDIX A.  BIBLIOGRAPHY

-------
I.  Barnthouse,   L.W.   and   G.W.  Suter  II.   1986.   User's  Manual  for Ecological
        Risk Assessment.  ORNL-6251.  Oak Ridge  National Laboratory, Oak Ridge,
        Tennessee.   220 p.

2.  Barrett,  G.W.     1968.    The  effect   of an  acute  Insecticide stress on a
        serai-enclosed  grassland ecosystem.   Ecology 49(6): 1019-1035.

3.  Barrett,  G.W.   and  R.   Rosenberg.     1981.    Stress  Effects  on Natural
        Ecosystems.  John Wiley and Sons, Chichester.  305 p.

4.  Bishop,  W.E.,   R.D.  Car dwell,   and  B.B.   Heidolph (eds).   1983.  Aquatic
        Toxicology    and Hazard  Assessment:    Sixth  Symposium.  (STP  802).
        American Society for Testing  and Materials, Philadelphia.  560 p.

5.  Brown, A.W.A. 1978.  Ecology  of Pesticides.  John  Wiley and Sons, New York.
        525 p.                     .

6.  Butler,  G.C.  (ed).     1978.    Principles  of Ecotoxlcology.  Scientific
        Committee  on   Problems   in the Environment (SCOPE 12).   John Wiley and
        Sons9 Chichester.  350 p.

7.  Cairns,  J.  Jr.    1979.    Ha2ard evaluation with  microcosms.  Intern. J.
        Environ. Stud.  13:  95-99.

8.  Cairns, J. Jr.  1981.  Biological  Monitoring, Part  VI - future needs.  Water
        Res.  15: 941-952.

9.  Cairns,  J.  Jr. and J.R. Pratt.   1986.  Ecological  Consequence Assessment:
        effects  of  bioengineered  organisms.     Water   Res.   Bulletin  22(2):
        171-182.

10. Cairns,  J.  Jr.,  K.L.  Dickson, and A.W. Maki  (eds).  1978.   Estimating the
        Hazard  of  Chemical  Substances   to Aquatic Life.  (STP 657)  American
        Society for Testing and  Materials,  Philadelphia.  278 p.

11. Calms,  J.  Jr.  and  W.H.  van der Schalie.  1980.   Biological Monitoring,
        Part I - early warning systems.  Water Res.  14: 1179-1196.

12. Cairns,  V.W.,  P.V.  Hodson,  and J.O.  Nriagu (eds).  1984.  Contaminant
        Effects on Fisheries.  Advances in Environmental Science and Technology
        Series, Volume 16.   John Wiley and Sons, New York.  333 p.

13. Connell,  D.W.,  and  G.J.  Miller.   1984.   Chemistry and Ecotoxlcology of
        Pollution.  John Wiley and Sons,  Mew York.  444 p.

L4. Hakanson,  L.    1980.     An  ecological  risk  index for aquatic pollution
        control.  A Sedimentological  Approach.   Water Res.  14: 975-1001.

15. Haranons,  A.S. (ed).  1981.   Methods  for Ecological  Toxicology.  A Critical
        Review of Laboratory Multispecies Tests.  Ann Arbor Science Publishers,
        Ann Arbor.  307 p.
                                                                                      Al

-------
16.  Herricks, E.E. and J. Cairns, Jr.  1982.  Biological Monitoring, Part III -
        receiving  system methodology based on community structure.  Water Res.
        16: 141-153.

17.   Hurlbert,  S.H.    1975.    Secondary  effects  of  pesticides  on aquatic
        ecosystems.  Residue Rev.  57: 81-148.

18.  Jernelov,  A.  and  R.  Rosenberg.   1976.  Stress tolerance of ecosystems.
        Environ. Conserv.  3(1): 43-46.

19.  Keller,  T.   1978.  Wintertime Atmospheric Pollutants - do they affect the
        performance of deciduous trees in the ensuing growing season?  Environ.
        Pollut.  16: 243-247.

20.  Kinako,  P.  D.S.    1981.   Short-term effects of oil pollution on species
        numbers  and  productivity of a simple terrestrial ecosystem.  Environ.
        Pollut.  Series A.  26: 87-91.

21.  Lamb,  D.W.  and  E.E.  Kenaga  (eds).  1981.  Avian and Mammalian Wildlife
        Toxicology:    Second  Conference.    (STP  757).  American Society for
        Testing and Materials, Philadelphia.  164 p.

22.  Matthews,  R.A.,  A.L.  Buikema  Jr.,  J.  Cairns Jr., and J.H. Rodgers Jr.
        1982.    Biological  Monitoring, Part IIA - receiving system functional
        methods, relationships and indices.  Water Res.  16: 129-139.

23.  Mclntyre,  A.D.  and  C.F.  Mills.   1975.  Ecological Toxicology Research.
        Effects  of Heavy Metal and Organohalogen Compounds.  Plenum Press, New
        York.  323 p.

24.  National  Academy of Sciences.  1981.  Testing for the Effects of Chemicals
        on Ecosystems.  National Academy Press, Washington, D.C.  pp. 31-76.

25.  Nurnberg,  H.W.  (ed).    1985.    Pollutants  and  Their  Ecotoxicological
        Significance.  John Wiley and Sons, Chichester.  514 p.

26.  O'Neill,  R.V.,  S.M.  Bartell  and  R.H.  Gardner.    1983.    Patterns  of
        toxicological  effects in ecosystems:  a modeling study.  Environ. Tox.
        and Chem.  2: 451-461.

27.  O'Neill,  R.V. and J.B. Waide.  1981.  Ecosystem theory and the unexpected:
        Implications  for  environmental  toxicology.    IN  Cornaby, B.W. (ed)
        Management  of  Toxic  Substances in Our Ecosystems.  Ann Arbor Science
        Publishers, Ann Arbor, Michigan,  pp. 43-73.

28.  Pearson,  J.G.,  R.B.  Foster,  and  W.E.  Bishop  (eds).    1982.  Aquatic
        Toxicology  and  Hazard  Assessment.    Proceedings of the Fifth Annual
        Symposium  on  Aquatic  Toxicology.    (STP  766)  American Society for
        Testing and Materials, Philadelphia.  400 p.

29.  Rand,  6.M.  and  S.R.  Petrocelli  (eds).   1985.  Fundamentals of Aquatic
        Toxicology.      Hemisphere   Publishing   Corporation,  New 'York  and
        McGraw-Hill International Book Company, Auckland.  666 p.
                                                                                    A2

-------
30. Rudd,  R.L.     1977.    Environmental   Toxicology.    A Guide to Information
        Sources.     Volume  7   in  the Man  and the Environment Information Guide
        Series.   Gale Research  Company, Detroit.  266 p.

31. Sheehan,   P.J.,  D.R.  Miller,  G.C.   Butler,  and P. Bordeau (eds).  1984.
        Effects   of Pollutants  at  the Ecosystem Level.   Scientific Committee on
        Problems   in  the  Environment.   (SCOPE  22).    John  Wiley  and Sons,
        Chichester. 443 p.

32. Sprague,   J.B.     1971.   Measurement  of pollutant toxidty to fish — III.
        Sublethal effects and "safe" concentrations.  Water Res.  5: 245-266.

33. Stephan,   C.E.     1986.     Proposed  goal of applied aquatic toxicology. IN
        Poston,   T.M. and R. Purdy (eds).   Aquatic Toxicology and Environmental
        Fate:    Ninth Volume.   (STP  921)  American  Society  for Testing and
        Materials,  Philadelphia,   pp 3-10.

34. Suffling,  R.    1980.   An index of ecological sensitivity to disturbance,
        based  on  ecosystem  age, and  related to landscape diversity.  J. of
        Environ.  Man.  10: 253-262.

35. Suter,  G.W.   II, D.S. Vaughan and R.H, Gardner.  1983.  Risk assessment by
        analysis   of  extrapolation error:    a  demonstration  for effects of
        pollutants on fish.  Environ. Toxlcol. and Chem.  2: 369-378.

36. Talmage,   S.S.   and   C.  Coutant.     1980.   Thermal effects.  Journal WPCF
        52(6): 1575-1616.

37. U.S.  EPA.    1987.    Unfinished  Business:    A comparative assessment of
        environmental  problems.    Appendix  III, Ecological Risk Group.  U.S.
        Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C.

38. Westman,    W.E.  1985.    Ecology,   Impact  Assessment,  and  Environmental
        Planning.  John Wiley and Sons,  New York.  532 p.

39. Whyte,  A.V.   and  I.  Burton (eds).   1980.  Environmental Risk Assessment.
        Scientific  Committee   on Problems in the Environment (SCOPE 15).  John
        Wiley and Sons, Chichester.  159  p.

40. Woodwell, G.M.  1970.  Effects of pollution on the structure and physiology
        of ecosystems. Science  168: 429-433.
                                                                                     A3

-------
APPENDIX B.  ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY

-------
                   ECOLOGICAL ENDPOINT LITERATURE REVIEW


RECORD NUMBER:  1

TOTAL NUMBER OF RECORDS:  40

AUTHOR:
Barnthouse, L.W. and G.W. Suter II.


TITLE:
User's manual -for ecological risk assessment.  ORNL-6251.


PUBLISHER:
Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee.
VOLUME AND/OR PAGES:              YEAR:
220 p.                            1986

KEYWORDS:
STRESSORS ADDRESSED:
Petroleum and Related Hydrocarbons, Synthetic Fuel;
APPLICABLE BIOLOGICAL LEVEL:
Population, Community, Ecosystem.
SYSTEM TYPE IMPACTED:
Aquatic, Terrestrial.
ABSTRACT:
    This publication represents the culmination of a 4—year
project on environmental risk analysis of synfuels development.
Since, when the project Mas initiated, ecological risk analyses of
this type had never been done, this work provides much needed
insight and experience to the field.  The authors introduce the
document with definitions, concepts and rationale for performing
the analysis, including one of the first attempts at defining
the term "ecological endpoint".  They continue with discussions of
the various types of analyses available.  The authors conclude
with a general discussion of their work and findings, and present
suggestions for furture directions.  The work is indeed a user's
manual outlining protocol for environmental risk assessments,
although the authors note that explicit procedures cannot be
provided since each application bears a unique set of issues.
Endpoints used in the synfuels project include:  reductions in
abundance and production of commercial or game species;
development of algal populations that detract from water use;
reductions in timber yield and undesirable changes in forest
compostion;  reductions in agricultural production;  and
reductions in wildlife populations.                                      „.

-------
                   ECOLOGICAL ENDPOINT LITERATURE REVIEW
RECORD NUMBER:  2

TOTAL NUMBER OF RECORDSs  40

AUTHOR:
Barrett, G.W.
TITLE:
The effect of an acute insecticide stress on a semi-enclosed
grassland ecosystem.

PUBLISHER:
Ecology.
VOLUME AND/OR PAGES:              YEAR:
49(6):1019-1035                   196B

KEYWORDS:
Carbamates, Sevin, Acute Stress.
STRESSORS ADDRESSED:
Pesticides  (Sevin).
APPLICABLE BIOLOGICAL LEVEL:
Organism, Population, Community, Ecosystem.
SYSTEM TYPE IMPACTED:
Terrestrial, Agricultural Fields.
ABSTRACT:
    This paper represents an individual research paper into
carbamate stress on a grain crop ecosystem.  The effects of
insecticide stress are evaluated in terms of productivity,
decomposition, biomass, species abundance, density* diversity,
and equitability.  Biota monitored include three mammalian
species, the endemic arthropod community, and the endemic plant
community.  Long-term side effects on litter decomposition,
arthropod density and diversity, and mammalian reproduction are
demonstrated.
                                                                        B2

-------
                   ECOLOGICAL ENDPOINT LITERATURE REVIEW
RECORD NUMBER:  3

TOTAL NUMBER OF RECORDS:  40

AUTHOR:
Barrett, G.W., and R. Rosenberg.
TITLE:
Stress Effects on Natural Ecosystems.
PUBLISHERS
John Mi ley and Sons, ChiChester.
VOLUME AND/OR PAGES:              YEAR:
385 p.                            1981

KEYWORDSs
Stress Ecology, Ecosystem Impacts, Stress Response.


STRE5SORS ADDRESSED:
General Stress, Radiation (Solar Input), Nutrients, Petroleum,
Thermal, Pesticides, Physical Destruction, Synthetic Organics.

APPLICABLE BIOLOGICAL LEVEL:
Organism, Population, Community, Ecosystem.
SYSTEM TYPE IMPACTED:
Old -fields, Marine, Freshwater, Mangroves, Forests.
ABSTRACT:
This book represents a collection of papers presented  at  a
symposium on stress ecology held in Jerusalem,  Israel,  from 119—16
September, 1978.  Topics discussed focus on responses  of  natural
ecosystems to both natural and anthropogenic perturbations with
special regard to the organism, population, community,
ecosystem-framework.  Initial chapters provide an overview of
stress ecology and various approaches to its study.  Later
chapters are devoted to terrestrial ecosystems  and  aquatic
ecosystems, respectively.  Final chapters present the  editors'
views on furture trends and research needs.

-------
                    ECOLOGICAL  ENDPOINT  LITERATURE  REVIEW


RECORD NUMBER:   4

TOTAL NUMBER OF  RECORDS!   40

AUTHOR:
Bishop, W.E., R.D.  Cardwell, and  B.B. Heidolph  (eds).
TITLE:
Aquatic Toxicology  and Hazard  Assessment:   Sixth  Symposium.
(STP 802).

PUBLISHER:
American Society  for Testing and  Materials,  Philadelphia.
VOLUME AND/OR PAGES:               YEAR:
560 p.                             1983

KEYWORDS:
STRE5SORS ADDRESSED:
Pesticides, Petroleum, Thermal,  Heavy  Metals,  General Stress,
Deoxygenating Substances.

APPLICABLE BIOLOGICAL LEVEL:
Organism, Population, Community,  Ecosystem.
SYSTEM TYPE  IMPACTED:
Aquatic
ABSTRACT:
    This work contains  a  wide  variety  papers,  ranging from
individual research  to  editorial  comment.   Some  articles are quite
informative in  identifying,  measuring,  and  predicting impacts of
stressors on natural and  laboratory ecosystems.   Others provide a
critical review and  assessment of the  state—of—the—art  (1981) in
aquatic toxicology.   A  few provide detailed information on
specific chemicals in laboratory  bioassays.  Stressors discussed
at the ecosystem/community level  include: streptomycin, malathion,
urban runoff, and waste water  treatment, petroleum, toxic
chemicals, and  general  stress. Temperature is addressed at the
population level.  Heavy  metals and dieldrin are covered at the
organism level.
                                                                          B4

-------
                   ECOLOGICAL ENQPOINT LITERATURE  REVIEW
RECORD NUMBER:  5

TOTAL NUMBER OF RECORDS!  40

AUTHOR:
Brown, A.M.A.
TITLE:
Ecology of Pesticides.
PUBLISHER:
John Wiley and Sons, New York.
VOLUME AND/OR PAGES:              YEAR:
525 p.                            1978

KEYWORDS:
STRESSQRS ADDRESSED:
Pesticides.
APPLICABLE BIOLOGICAL LEVEL:
Community.
SYSTEM TYPE IMPACTED:
Aquatic, Terrestrial.
ABSTRACT:
    This review o-f pesticide literature considers an extremely
wide range of affected biota.  The  book addresses the effects of
insecticides, herbicides, and fungicides separately, and then
describes observed impacts of each  sub—category in detail.
Effects seen at the community /ecosystem level  include:  pest
resurgence/resistance, new pest outbreaks,  reduction of species
diversity, removal of intra—species competition,  algal  blooms,
food chain transfers, biomagnification, bird kills, secondary
poisoning, and non-target organism  toxicity (to predaceous
insects, pollinators, earthworms, nematodes, soil microbes,
stream arthropods, crustaceans, fish,  birds, rabbits, and deer).
Although slightly dated, this work  provides a plethora of
information for interested students, researchers, and managers.
                                                                          B5

-------
                   ECOLOGICAL ENDPOINT LITERATURE REVIEW
RECORD NUMBER: . 6

TOTAL NUMBER OF RECORDS s  40

AUTHOR:
Butler, B.C.  (ed> .
TITLE:
Principles o-f Ecotoxicology.


PUBLISHER:
Scientific Committee  on  Problems  in  the Environment,  (SCOPE  12),
John Wiley and  Sons,  ChiChester.

VOLUME AND/OR PAGES:               YEAR:
350 p.                             1978

KEYWORDS:
STRESSORS ADDRESSED:
Pesticides,  Metals, Synthetic  Organics, Radiation, Petroleum,
Acid Deposition,  Nutrients,  Phytotoxicants and Air Pollutants.

APPLICABLE BIOLOGICAL LEVEL:
Organism, Population, Community,  Ecosystem.
SYSTEM  TYPE  IMPACTED:
Aquatic, Estuarine,  Marine,  Terrestrial.
ABSTRACT:
    This book  was published  with  the  objective of providing a
source—book  on ecotoxicology for  researchers, administrators,
advisors, regulators,  and  students.   It  is divided  into 5
sections: environmental  behavior  of pollutants  (chemical nature,
fate, transport,  and distribution), dose-effect analysis,
experimental toxicology  and  field observations  (general
toxicological  principles,  physical and chemical changes, and
effects on:  terrestrial  and  aquatic animals, terrestrial and
aquatic plant  communities, plankton communities, and
microorganisms),  ecosystem responses, and editorial conclusions.
The book contains much deliberate overlap among chapters, but the
potential endpoints noted  are too numerous to list  in an abstract.
Excellent references accompany the book.
                                                                         B6

-------
                   ECOLOGICAL ENDPOINT LITERATURE REVIEW
RECORD NUMBER:  7

TOTAL NUMBER OF RECORDS:  40

AUTHOR:
Cairns, J. Jr.
TITLE:
Hazard evaluation with microcosms.
PUBLISHER:
International Journal of Environmental Studies.
VOLUME AND/OR PAGES:              YEAR:
13:95-99                          1979

KEYWORDS:
Microcosm, Risk, Hazard Assessment, Biological Monitoring.


STRESSORS ADDRESSED:
General Chemical Stress (Pesticides, Synthetic Organic  Compounds,
Metals).

APPLICABLE BIOLOGICAL LEVEL:
Community, Ecosystem.


SYSTEM TYPE IMPACTED:
General. Ecosystem (Microcosms) .
ABSTRACT:
    This paper is an introduction to the use of  microcosms as
tools for predicting ecological impacts of chemical  substances.
The author discusses hazard evaluation and the need  for
quick—responding test structures.  Cairns mentions that
traditional measures of community structure, often used  as
measures of pollutant impact  (e.g., diversity) are not always
indicative of the status of community function  (e.g.,  nutrient
transfer, energy dissipation).  As a final note, the author
presents three indices that are indicative of community  function:
the trophic index, the functional trophic index, and the viability
index.
                                                                         B7

-------
                   ECOLOGICAL ENDPOINT LITERATURE REVIEW
RECORD NUMBER:  8

TOTAL NUMBER OF RECORDS:  40

AUTHOR:
Cairns, J. Jr.
TITLE:
Biological monitoring part IV — future needs.
PUBLISHER:
Mater Research.
VOLUME AND/OR PAGES:              YEAR:
15:941-952                        1981

KEYWORDS:
Biological Monitoring, Biomonitoring, Toxicity Testing,
Hazard Assessment,  Impact Prediction, Ecosystem Testing.

STRESSORS ADDRESSED:
General Stress, Non-specific.
APPLICABLE BIOLOGICAL LEVEL:
Ecosystem.


SYSTEM TYPE IMPACTED:
Aquatic, General Ecosystem.
ABSTRACT:
    This article represents the sixth paper in a series
investigating the role of biological monitoring as a scientific
and regulatory tool.  The author discusses the advantages and
disadvantages of present toxicity testing procedures including
single—species tests, microcosms, mesocosms, and field tests.
Currently measurable "endpoints" are listed for each of the
preceeding methodologies.  The author also addresses future needs
in the field of ecosystem monitoring and management.  Included in
his discussion on the future use of biological monitoring are:
establishment of ecological resource areas; improvement of
mathematical models; standardization of methods for identifying
prioritizing, and implementing rehabilitation of damaged
ecosystems; development of better predictive capability; creation
of more watershed management groups; determination of ecosystem
assimilative capacity; and increased reliance on simultaneous
testing rather than tiered or sequential methods.
                                                                         B8

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                   ECOLOGICAL ENDPOINT LITERATURE REVIEW
RECORD NUMBER:  9

TOTAL NUMBER OF RECORDS:  40

AUTHOR:
Cairns, J. Jr. and J.R. Pratt.
TITLE:
Ecological consequence assessment: effects of bioengineered
organisms.

PUBLISHER:
Water Resources Bulletin.
VOLUME AND/OR PAGES:              YEAR:
22(2):171-182                     1986

KEYWORDS:
Genetic Engineering, Ecosystem Assessment, Environmental  Impact
Ecological Endpoint, Community Structure, Ecosystem Function

STRESSORS ADDRESSED:
Other Stressors (Genetically Engineered Organisms),
General Stress.

APPLICABLE BIOLOGICAL LEVEL:
Commun i ty, Ecosystem.


SYSTEM TYPE IMPACTED:
General Ecosystem
ABSTRACT:
    This paper is a review o-f test methods currently  available to
study impacts on the structure and-function of ecosystems.
Although primarily focusing on the release of genetically
engineered organisms (mostly bacteria), the methods discussed may
be applied to many types of ecological assessments.   The authors
conclude that the present problem does not require the creation of
new test methods, but rather, the development of new
predictive models which address the potential risk o-f adverse
effects.  The authors further conclude, because of the
site—specific nature of ecosytems and because of the  legal
dominance over scientific judgement, that there should be no
prescriptive list of "ecological endpoints", only general
guidelines presented in case history format.  In terms of
assessing impacts of genetically'engineered organisms, the authors
suggest study of the following attributes: transport  of
dissemules, colonization potential, persistence, partitioning and
the critical compartment, transfer of genetic material to other
organisms, potential for seasonal dominace, probable  recovery of
ecosystem if displaced in structure or function.
                                                                          B9

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                   ECOLOGICAL ENDPOINT LITERATURE REVIEW
RECORD NUMBER:  10

TOTAL NUMBER OF RECORDS:  40

AUTHOR:
Cairns, J. Jr. and W.H. van der Schalie.,
TITLE:
Biological monitoring, part I — early warning systems.
PUBLISHER:
Water Ressearch.
VOLUME AND/OR PAGES:              YEAR:
14:1179-1196                      1980

KEYWORDS:
Biological Monitoring, Aquatic Toxicity Testing, Acute Toxicity.


STRESSORS ADDRESSED:
General Chemicals, Pesticides, Paper Mill Ef-fluents, Metals.


APPLICABLE BIOLOGICAL LEVEL:
Organism, Population, Community, Ecosystem.
SYSTEM TYPE IMPACTED:
Freshwater Aquatic.
ABSTRACT:
     This paper is part of a series of reviews which seeks to
assess the following aspects of biomonitoring: the scientific
justification; the reliability; the general academic, industrial,
and regulatory acceptance of the methodolgy; the potential costs;
and the reasons for its minimal use by regulatory agencies and
industry.  As Part I, the article introduces biomonitoring with a
definition and a brief history.  The authors discuss various
toxicological agents and present a table of toxicant impacts on
several aquatic species.  The authors then describe existing
biological monitoring systems and their level of success or
failure as "early warning systems" for toxic inputs to aquatic
systems.
                                                                         BIO

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                   ECOLOGICAL ENDPOINT LITERATURE REVIEW


RECORD NUMBER:  11

TOTAL NUMBER OF RECORDS:  40

AUTHOR:
Cairns, J. Jr., K.L. Dickson, and A.M. Maki (eds).
TITLE:
Estimating the Hazard of Chemical Substances to .Aquatic Li-fi
(STP 657).

PUBLISHER:
American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia.
VOLUME AND/OR PAGES:              YEAR:
278 p.                            1978

KEYWORDS:
STRESSORS ADDRESSED:
General Chemical Stress.
APPLICABLE BIOLOGICAL LEVEL:
Organism, Population, Community, Ecosystem.
SYSTEM TYPE IMPACTED:
Aquatic.
ABSTRACT:
    This book is a synopsis of a workshop to assess the state of
the art  (1978) in aquatic toxicology.  Topics discussed include:
toxicological effects, tests to determine impacts at each  level of
biological organization, environmental concentration and fate,
hazard assessment, and an evaluation of existing predictive
methodologies.  The work provides a good list of potentially
predictable, or at least measurable, ecological impacts ranging
from the biochemical to the ecosystem level.  Endpoints that are
used in present studies include: acute lethality, cumulative
mortality  (changed lifespan) , altered food conversion efficiency,
altered food selection (predator/prey), altered reproductive
success  (changed fertility, courtship, mate selection, mating
behavior, conception/implantation success, and parturition), and
physiological/biochemical changes.  Other endpoints mentioned are:
Altered behavior, bioaccumulation, biomagnification, increased
disease susceptibility, changes in mobility, declines in
harvestable yields, and changes in diversity, nutrient cycling,
productivity and energy flow.
                                                                         Bll

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                   ECOLOGICAL ENDPOINT LITERATURE REVIEW


RECORD NUMBER:  12

TOTAL NUMBER OF RECORDS:  40

AUTHOR:
Cairns, V.W., P.V. Hodson, and J.Q. Nriagu (eds).
TITLE:
Contaminant Effects on Fisheries.
PUBLISHER:
John Wiley and Sons, New York.  Advances in Environmental Scien
and Technology Series.

VOLUME AND/OR PAGES:              YEAR:
Vol 16.  333 p.                   1984

KEYWORDS:
STRESSORS ADDRESSED:
General Chemicals, Thermal, Physical Destruction  (Exploitation),
General Stress.

APPLICABLE BIOLOGICAL LEVEL:
Organism, Population.


SYSTEM TYPE IMPACTED:
Freshwater, Marine.
ABSTRACT:
    This book provides an in-depth view of fisheries biology with
respect to potential impacts to organisms and populations brought
on by various contaminants.  The first chapters address fisheries
problems induced by chemical stressors.  Discussion then proceeds
to epidemiology, histology, biochemistry, and physiology of
impacted fish.  Final chapters explore the utility of population
and community—level indicators of chemical and other stressors.
Excellent references.
                                                                        B12

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                   ECOLOGICAL ENDPOINT LITERATURE REVIEW
RECORD NUMBER:  13

TOTAL NUMBER OF RECORDS:  40

AUTHOR:
Connell, D.W. and G.J. Miller.
TITLE:
Chemistry and Ecotoxicology of Pollution.
PUBLISHER:
John Wiley and Sons, New York.
VOLUME AND/OR PAGES:              YEAR:
444 p.                            1984

KEYWORDS:
STRESSORS ADDRESSED:
Pesticides, Metals, Synthetic Organics, Acid Deposition, Thermal
Petroleum, Hydrocarbons, Nutrients, Radiation, Phytotoxicants

APPLICABLE BIOLOGICAL LEVEL:
Organism, Population, Community, Ecosystem.


SYSTEM TYPE IMPACTED:
Aquatic, Marine, Estuarine, Terrestrial.
ABSTRACT:
    Originally intended as a textbook for ecological toxicology,
this book provides a comprehensive analysis of chemical
contaminants.  The work is divided into three parts: 1) Principles
governing pollutant interaction with natural systems;  2)  Chemical
behavior and ecotoxicology of the major pollutant classes
 (deoxygenating substances, nutrients, pesticides, petroleum and
related hydrocarbons, polychlorinated biphenyls and other
synthetic organic compounds, metals, atmospheric pollutants and
phytotoxicants, thermal pollution, radiation, suspended solids);
and, 3) Applications to management issues.  The authors provide
many examples of observed and potential impacts for specific
compounds compounds and situations.  Possible endpoints noted in
this book are too many to list in a limited abstract.  Excellent
reference sections are included.
                                                                          B13

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                   ECOLOGICAL ENDPOINT LITERATURE REVIEW
RECORD NUMBER:  14

TOTAL NUMBER OF RECORDS:  40

AUTHOR:
Hakanson, L.
TITLE:
An ecological risk index for aquatic pollution control.  A
sedimentological approach.

PUBLISHER:
Mater Research.
VOLUME AND/OR PAGES:              YEAR:
14:975-1001.                      1980

KEYWORDS:
Ecological Risk, Environmental Pollution Assessment,
Pollution Index.

STRESSORS ADDRESSED:
Metals, Synthetic Organic Compounds (PCBs), Pesticides
(Chlorinated Hydrocarbons), Petroleum and Related  (PAHs).

APPLICABLE BIOLOGICAL LEVEL:
SYSTEM TYPE IMPACTED:
Aquatic, Marine.
ABSTRACT:
    This paper does not address ecological endpoints.  It does,
however, present an interesting concept in pollution monitoring: a
risk index.  The index is to be used as an indicator o-f potential
environmental build-up of persistent compounds like PCBs, PAHs,
Metals, etc.  Based on readily—sampled sediment levels, the index
Mas tested and was found to be well correlated to mercury levels
in fish.  The results seem encouraging, and the index has found a
small acceptance in Sweden.
                                                                        B14

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                   ECOLOGICAL ENDPOINT LITERATURE REVIEW
RECORD NUMBER:  15

TOTAL NUMBER OF RECORDS!  40

AUTHOR:
Mammons, A.S. (ed)o
TITLES
Methods for Ecological Toxicology.
A Critical Review of Laboratory Multispecies Tests.

PUBLISHER:
Ann Arbor Science Publishers, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
VOLUME AND/OR PAGES:              YEAR:
307 p.                            1981

KEYWORDS:
STRESSORS ADDRESSED:
Thermal, General Chemical, Pesticides, Metals, Synthetic Organic.


APPLICABLE BIOLOGICAL LEVEL:
Population, Community, Ecosystem.


SYSTEM TYPE IMPACTED:
Aquatic, Terrestrial, General Ecosystem.
ABSTRACT:
    This book evaluates laboratory methods for measuring
ecological impacts and recommends tests most suitable for
predicting the effects of chemical substances on inter—specific
interactions, and ecosystem properties. . The work is the result  of
a study undertaken to examine the potential for development and
standardization of tests for the effects of chemicals.  Aquatic
systems, terrestrial systems, and mathematical models are
discussed separately with respect to strong points, weak points,
and needed research.  Topics addressed include changes in
competition, parasitism, herbivory, sybiosis, behavior, predation,
survival, fecundity, food web structure, succession, diversity,
turnover rate, primary production, nutrient cycling, decompostion,
and community structure.  The report also contains appendices
decribing test systems, tested components, measured responses,
approximate duration, cost, stressors, and validity.  An excellent
set of references accompanies this book.
                                                                         B15

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                   ECOLOGICAL ENDPOINT LITERATURE REVIEW


RECORD NUMBER:  16

TOTAL NUMBER OF RECORDS:  40

AUTHOR:
Herricks, E.E. , and J. Cairns Jr.


TITLE:
Biological monitoring part III- — Recieving system methodology
based on community structure.

PUBLISHER!
Water Research.
VOLUME AND/OR PAGES:              YEAR:
16:141-153.                       1982

KEYWORDS:
Biological Monitoring, Community Monitoring, Community Structure,
Biological Indices, Ecosystem Description.

STRESSORS ADDRESSED:
Physical Destruction, General Chemicals, Nutrients, Pesticides,
General Stressors  (Point Source, Non—point Source Pollution).

APPLICABLE BIOLOGICAL LEVEL:
Community.


SYSTEM TYPE IMPACTED:
Aquatic, General Ecosystem.
ABSTRACT:
    This article is the third in a series addressing biological
monitoring.   In it, the authors discuss biomonitoring as a tool
•for describing community structure and reactions to stressful
insults.  The paper outlines the various methods used to describe
aquatic community structure and provides an assessment of their
strong and weak paints.  Potential community reactions (endpoints)
to insults include changes in:  community zonation; species
richness  (reduced overall species abundance with a few very
dominant species); changes in colonization, distribution,
extinction, organism life histories, resource allocation,
predatioh, competition and coevolution.  The authors emphasize a
combination of descriptive and analytical approaches to classify
and monitor the state of any particular community.
                                                                         B16

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                   ECOLOGICAL ENDPOINT LITERATURE REVIEW
RECORD NUMBER:  17

TOTAL NUMBER OF RECORDS:  40

AUTHOR:
Hurlbert, S.H.
TITLE:
Secondary effects of pesticides on aquatic ecosystems.
PUBLISHER:
Residue Reviews (Springer-Verlag, New York).
VOLUME AND/OR PAGES:              YEAR:
57:81-148.                        1973

KEYWORDS:
Aquatic Toxicology, Secondary Effects* Pesticide Toxicity.
STRESSORS ADDRESSED:
Pesticides.
APPLICABLE BIOLOGICAL LEVEL:
Organism, Population, Community.
SYSTEM TYPE IMPACTED:
Aquatic.
ABSTRACT:
    This paper represents a comprehensive review of secondary
effects on non—target organisms.  Secondary effects are defined a<
changes in an ecosystem following and as aresult of direct
pesticide impacts on the growth, survival, or reproduction of
sensitive target and non-target species.  Potential endpoints
mentioned include:  zooplankton mortality, phytoplankton blooms,
changes in benthic algal communities, alteration of the
physical-chemical environment, prey increase following predator
removal, population increase following increased food
availability, intraspecific responses to primary effects of
pesicides, and decline of predation—dependent species.  Examples
of specific chemicals and impacted species are presented.
                                                                         B17

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                   ECOLOGICAL ENDPOINT LITERATURE REVIEW
RECORD NUMBER:  18

TOTAL NUMBER OF RECORDS:  40

AUTHOR:
Jernelov, A., and R. Rosenberg.
TITLE:
Stress tolerance o-f ecosystems.
PUBLISHER:
Environmental Conservation.
VOLUME AND/OR PAGES:              YEAR:
3
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                   ECOLOGICAL ENDPOINT LITERATURE REVIEW
RECORD NUMBER:  19

TOTAL NUMBER OF RECORDS:  40

AUTHOR!
Keller, T.
TITLE:
Wintertime atmospheric pollutants — Do they affect the
performance of deciduous trees in the ensuing growing season.

PUBLISHERS
Environmental Pollution.
VOLUME AND/OR PAGES:              YEAR:
16:243-247.                       197B

KEYWORDS?
Stress Tolerance, Atmospheric Pollution, Atmospheric Fluorine,
Atmospheric Sulfur Dioxide, Winter Exposure.

STRESSORS ADDRESSED:
Phytotoxicants  (Fluorine, Sulfur Dioxide).
APPLICABLE BIOLOGICAL LEVEL:
Organism, Population.
SYSTEM TYPE IMPACTED:
Forest, Terrestrial.
ABSTRACT:
    This individual research paper presents evidence that
deciduous trees are adversely affected by fluorine and sulfur
dioxide pollution in the winter, even though the trees are
dormant.  Results of the experiment indicate that both compounds
were concentrated in tree tissue, and were probably responsible
for poor "bud break" and undesirable bushy trunks the following
spring.  The authors do note, however, that the poor performance
of the experimental trees could have been influenced by
unfavorable autumnal weather.
                                                                         B13

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                   ECOLOGICAL ENDPOINT LITERATURE REVIEW
RECORD NUMBER:  20

TOTAL NUMBER OF RECORDS:  40

AUTHOR:
Kinako, P.D.S.
TITLE:
Short-term effects o-f oil pollution on species number and
productivity of a simple terrestrial ecosystem.

PUBLISHER:
Environmental Pollution  (series A).
VOLUME AND/OR PAGES:              YEAR:
26:87-91.                         1981

KEYWORDS:
Oil Spill, Tropical Grassland, Oil Pollution.
STRESSORS ADDRESSED:
Petroleum (Crude Oil).
APPLICABLE BIOLOGICAL LEVEL:
Population, Community.
SYSTEM TYPE IMPACTED:
Tropical Grassland, .Terrestrial
ABSTRACT:
    This article is an individual research paper describing the
effects of a crude oil spill on the number of plant species and
productivity in a tropical grass-herb community.  Noted impacts
include the immediate extinction' of 50% of the herbaceous species,
and severely reduced productivity.  Communities in lower serai
stages tended to be more adversely affected.  The system suffered
complete collapse in some areas.
                                                                        B20

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                   ECOLOGICAL ENDPOINT LITERATURE REVIEW
RECORD NUMBER:  21

TOTAL NUMBER OF RECORDS:  40

AUTHOR:
Lamb, D.W. and E.E. Kenaga.
TITLE:
Avian and Mammalian Wildlife Toxicology.
(STP 757)

PUBLISHER:
American Society for Testing and Materials.
VOLUME AND/OR PAGES:              YEAR:
164 p.                            1981

KEYWORDS:
STRESSORS ADDRESSED:
Pesticides, Metals, Synthetic Organic Compounds.
APPLICABLE BIOLOGICAL LEVEL:
Organism, Population.


SYSTEM TYPE IMPACTED:
Aquatic, Terrestrial.
ABSTRACT:
    This book is a collection of discussion papers presented  at  a
symposium on wildlife and avian toxicology.  Most articles  address
correct or promising new laboratory procedures, but some report
observed toxicity for various mammalian and avian species.
Potential endpoints noted include: reproductive inhibition
(reduced hatching, reduced egg—laying, decreased hatchling
survival, premature hatching), reduced feeding, emaciation,
bioaccumulation, starvation, placental transfer, and adult
mortality in various commercial and game species.
                                                                         B21

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                   ECOLOGICAL ENDPOINT LITERATURE REVIEW


RECORD NUMBER:  22

TOTAL NUMBER OF RECORDS:  40

AUTHOR:
Matthews, R.A.f A.L. Buikema Jr., J. Cairns Jrf and J.H. Rodgers
Jr.

TITLE:
Biological monitoring part IIA — Receiving system functional
methods, relationships and indices.

PUBLISHER:
Water Research.
VOLUME AND/OR PAGES:              YEAR:
16:129-139.                       1982

KEYWORDS:
Biological Monitoring, Biomonitoring. Community Structure,
Community Function, Pollution Stress.

STRESSORS ADDRESSED:
General Stress, Thermal, Synthetic Organic Compounds, Nutrients,
(Reducing Agents), Poisons, Inert Suspensions, Destruction.

APPLICABLE BIOLOGICAL LEVEL:
Community, Ecosystem.


SYSTEM TYPE IMPACTED:
Aquatic.
ABSTRACT:
    This article is an addendum to the second paper in a series on
biological monitoring.  The authors believe that structural
categorization must be combined with functional descriptions in
order to adequately predict, identify, and clasify ecosystem
disturbances.  Structural descriptors of ecosystems presented in
the work include: species lists, diversity indices, distributional
patterns, indicator species, biomass, chlorophyll concentrations,
carotenoid concentrations, ATP indices, and DNA indices.
Functional descriptors include: colonization rates, recovery rates
to equilibrium species abundance, primary productivity,
respiration rates, and assi(Dilatory sulfate reduction rates.
Several specific changes in the above—listed indicators  (i.e.,
endpoints) as related to specific stressors are given in the text.
Excellent references accompany the paper for future
investigations.
                                                                        B22

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                   ECOLOGICAL ENDPOINT LITERATURE  REVIEW
RECORD NUMBERS  23

TOTAL NUMBER OF RECORDS:  40

AUTHORS
Me Intyre, A.D. and C.F. Mills.
TITLE:
Ecological Toxicology Research.
Organohalogen Compounds.

PUBLISHER:
Plenum Press, New York.
E-f-fects of Heavy Metals  and
VOLUME AND/OR PAGES:
323 p.

KEYWORDS:
 YEAR:
 1975
STRESSORS ADDRESSED:
Pesticides, Synthetic Organic Compounds, Metals.
APPLICABLE BIOLOGICAL LEVEL:
SYSTEM TYPE IMPACTED:
ABSTRACT:
    This work was not reviewed but, upon  scanning,  seemed to be a
worthwhile source o-f endpoint prospects.
                                                                          B23

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                    ECOLOGICAL ENDPOINT LITERATURE REVIEW
RECORD NUMBER:  24

TOTAL NUMBER OF RECORDS:   40

AUTHOR:
National Academy of  Sciences.
TITLE:
Testing -for the Effects o-f Chemicals on Ecosystems.
PUBLISHER:
National Academy Press, Washington, D.C,
VOLUME AND/OR PAGES a              YEAR:
pp. 31-76                          1981

KEYWORDS:
STRESSORS ADDRESSED:
Hazardous Chemicals, Pesticides, Synthetic Organic Compounds,
Metals, Petroleum,  Deoxygenating Substances.

APPLICABLE BIOLOGICAL LEVEL:
Population, Ecosystem.
SYSTEM TYPE IMPACTED:
Aquatic, Terrestrial, Marine.
ABSTRACT:
    Discussion -focuses primarily on chemical effects, although
other stressors are considered, especially when  impacts  are
similar.  Excellent: source -for re-ferences.  The  authors  review
chemical toxicity,  -various testing systems, assessment strategies,
vulnerable ecological parameters, and external -factors.  This book
is aimed at identifying characteristics o-f ecological systems that
would indicate hazar-dous e-f-fects of chemicals beyond the single
species, establishing criteria for suitable testing schemes, and
evaluating 'the effectiveness of available test systems in
assessing effects  o-f chemicals within ecosystems.
                                                                          B24

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                   ECOLOGICAL ENDPOINT LITERATURE REVIEW
RECORD NUMBERS  25

TOTAL NUMBER OF RECORDS:  A0

AUTHOR:
Numberg, H.W. (ed) .
TITLE:
Pollutants and Their Ecotoxicological Significance.
PUBLISHER:
John Wiley and Sons, Chi Chester.
VOLUME AND/OR PAGES:               YEAR:
514 p.                             1985

KEYWORDS:
STRESSORS ADDRESSEDs
Phytotoxicants and Air Pollutants, Metals, Pesticides,
Synthetic Organic Compounds (PCBs) , Nutrients.

APPLICABLE BIOLOGICAL LEVEL:
Organism, Population, Community, Ecosystem.
SYSTEM TYPE IMPACTED:
Aquatic, Terrestrial, Marine.
ABSTRACT:
    A collection o-f  individual papers, this book attempts to
assemble a number o-f expert opinions related to the broad field  of
ecotoxicology.  Discussion  is subdivided into atmospheric,
aquatic, terrestrial, and human concerns.  Excellent treatment is
given to effects o-f  air pollutants and phytotoxicants on plants
and forests.  Possible endpoints include:  chlorosis and necrosis
o-f tissue, leaf-flower-fruit abscission, epinastic growth,  reduced
yield, reduced biomass, accumulation of compounds in tissues,
impaired photosynthesis, growth retardation, leaf stippling, and
external lesions.  Extensive treatment is also given to
eutrophication.  Possible endpoints arising from this stressor
are: decreased Mater quality  (reduced D.O. , increased toxic
halogen concentrations, occurrence of reducing conditions),
increased disease/pathogen  incidence, mass mortality of fish and
other aerobic organisms, algal blooms, and reduced .game fish
populations.  Metals endpoints include: decreased survival  of
short-rooted macrophytes , bioaccumulation, biomagnification,
placental transfer,  water  acidification, altered genepools, and
altered metabolism.   Additional endpoints mentioned are: avian
impacts  (eggshell thinning, reduced hatching, increased chick
mortality, parent mortality), altered disease resistance, tumors,         „,-
and mutations.

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                   ECOLOGICAL ENDPOINT LITERATURE REVIEW


RECORD NUMBER:  26

TOTAL NUMBER OF RECORDSs  40

AUTHOR:
O'Neill, R.V., S.M. Bartell, and R.H. Gardner.
TITLE:
Patterns of toxicological effects in ecosystems: a modeling
study.

PUBLISHER:
Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry.
VOLUME AND/OR PAGES:              YEAR:
2:451-461                         1983

KEYWORDS:
Ecological Risk, Simulation Model, Toxic Effects, Organics,
Heavy Metals, Pelagic Ecosystem Model.

STRESSORS ADDRESSED?
Heavy Metals (Cadmium, Mercury, Arsenic, Lead),
Synthetic Organic Compounds (napthalene, phenol).

APPLICABLE BIOLOGICAL LEVEL:
Population, Community, Ecosystem.
SYSTEM TYPE IMPACTED:
Pelagic Marine, Pelagic Aquatic."
ABSTRACT:
    The authors investigate simulated responses to napthalene,
phenol, cadmium, mercury, arsenic, and lead stress on pelagic
systems using the SWACOM model.  This model considers single
species toxicity data as well as synergistic and antagonistic
effects of chemicals in natural environments.  Using general
assumptions  (e.g., 'under most forms of stress, consumers decrease
grazing rates, increase respiration, and become more susceptible
to predation), the modelers are able to simulate responses to
stressdrs applied during different seasons.  Results indicate that
stress applied during the spring reduces average producer and
grazer biomass.  Later stresses reduce grazer biomass and permit
increased phytoplankton production.  Increases in blue—green
production and decreases in game fish populations are also noted.
                                                                         B26

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                   ECOLOGICAL ENDPOINT LITERATURE REVIEW
RECORD NUMBER:  27

TOTAL NUMBER OF RECORDS:  40

AUTHOR:
O'Neill, R.V.t and J.B. Waide.


TITLE:
Ecosystem theory and the unexpected: implications for
environmental toxicology.

PUBLISHER:
IN Cornaby, B.W. (ed).  Management of Toxic Substances in Our
Environment.  Ann Arbor Science Publishers, Ann Arbor, Michigan.

VOLUME AND/OR PAGES:              YEAR:
pp. 43-73                         1981

KEYWORDS:
Ecosystem Testing, Impact Prediction, Environmental Toxicology,
Ecosystem Measurement, Chemical Testing.

STRESSORS ADDRESSED:
Ecosystem Stress, Metals, Pesticides (Chlorinated Hydrocarbons),
Other Stressors  (Introduced Species), General Chemicals.

APPLICABLE BIOLOGICAL LEVEL:
Ecosystem.


SYSTEM TYPE  IMPACTED:
General Ecosystem.
ABSTRACT:
    This article appears as a chapter in a book on managing toxic
substances.  The authors argue that predictions of impacts, based
solely on measurements of subparts of the the system  (single
species, Copulation, and community level tests), will be
inaccurate and cause risk managers to misjudge the actual
responses to toxic insults.  Mercury and DDT are presented as
examples of substances that have affected ecosystems  in
unanticipated ways.  The authors discuss ecosystem "collapse",
including elimination of species, after the system receives a
stress.  Of particular interest to man is the decline or
elimination of game, endangered, or economically valuable species.
 Also mentioned are ecosystem destabilization and replacement of
species, as observed during the introduction of rabbits to
Australia and during the chestnut blight in the United States.
The authors state that higher—order effects (e.g., reduced
fecundity of birds of prey or high levels of mercury  in swordfish,
due to bioaccumulation and biomagnification) are indicative of
system processes.  Rate processes are proposed as a "most useful"
measuring posts for biochemical properties of intact  systems.
Such processes include: nitrogen mineralization, substrate
decomposition, toxic bioaccumulation, total carbon dioxide efflux,
and leachate losses.

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                   ECOLOGICAL ENDPOINT LITERATURE REVIEW
RECORD NUMBER:  28

TOTAL NUMBER OF RECORDS:  40

AUTHOR:
Pearson, J.G., R.B. Foster, and W.E. Bishop (eds).


TITLE:
Aquatic Toxicology and Hazard Assessment: Fi-fth Annual Symposium
on Aquatic Toxicology.   (STP 766).

PUBLISHER:
American Society -for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia.


VOLUME AND/OR PAGES:              YEAR:
400 p.                            1982

KEYWORDS:
STRESSORS ADDRESSED:
General Chemicals, General Stress.
APPLICABLE BIOLOGICAL LEVEL:
Organism, Population, Community, Ecosystem.
SYSTEM TYPE IMPACTED:
Aquatic, Marine.
ABSTRACT:
    Representing the proceedings of a symposium, this book
addresses a wide variety of topics.  The stated purpose of the
meeting was to evaluate state-of-the-art (1980) in newly-developed
tools capable of providing more rapid and accurate assessments of
aquatic hazards.  Included papers range from individual research
articles to editorial comment.  Potential endpoints mentioned are:
reduced reproductive success in fish (fry mortality, decreased fry
size and weight, fry deformities, reduced numbers of eggs, reduced
spawning, reduced hatchability, infertility), bioaccumulation,
changed fish generational reproductive success, lowered fish
biomass, reduced carbon fixation (photosynthesis), altered
successional patterns, community structure shifts (from
specialists to generalists), altered trophic state, and changed
predator/prey relationships.  The authors suggest that a 10%
change in any of the parameters be considered a warning flag.
Especially interesting in terms of ecological indicators is the
work by Matthews et al., "A seasonal analysis of stress in a
stream ecosystem using a non—taxonomic approach."  The indicators
discussed in this article point out underlying changes in
community structure and might be considered endpoints as well.
                                                                        B28

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                   ECOLOGICAL ENDPOINT LITERATURE REVIEW
RECORD NUMBER:  29

TOTAL NUMBER OF RECORDS:  40

AUTHOR:
Rand, G.M. , and S.R. Petrocelli (eds).
TITLE:
Fundamentals of Aquatic Toxicology,
PUBLISHER:
Hemisphere Publishing Corporation, New York, and McGraw-Hill
International Book Company, Auckland.

VOLUME AND/OR PAGES:              YEAR:
666 p.                            1985

KEYWORDS:
STRESSORS ADDRESSED:
Pesticides, Metals, Synthetic Organic Compounds, Petroleum.
APPLICABLE BIOLOGICAL LEVEL:
Organism, Population, Community, Ecosystem.
SYSTEM TYPE IMPACTED:
Aquatic, Marine.
ABSTRACT:
    Intended as a textbook on aquatic toxicology, this book
discusses: general ecotoxicological tenets, toxicity testing,
sublethal effects, specific chemical effects, chemical
distribution and fate, and hazard evaluation.  The work provides a
definitive description of basic concepts and testing methods as
well as numerous examples of typical data and their
interpretation.  The authors focus more on typical toxicological
issues (mortality, morbidity) rather than on ecosystem theory.
Most germane to ecological endpoint study are the sections on
sublethal effects of specific chemicals where many examples of
toxicant impacts are listed.  Endpoints listed include: changed
behavioral responses (movement to or from stimuli, orientation to
gravity, migration, .feeding, mating, learning, social
interaction), tumor formation, anemia, kidney or liver
dysfunction, reduced growth, external lesions, increased disease,
reduced standing crop, reproductive inhibition, changed community
structure  (diversity, richness, evenness, abundance), food chain
transfer, reduced ecosystem stability, and reduced photosynthetic
output.  Excellent references accompany this book.
                                                                          B29

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                   ECOLOGICAL ENDPOINT LITERATURE REVIEW
RECORD NUMBER:  30

TOTAL NUMBER OF RECORDSs  40

AUTHOR:
Rudd, R.L.
TITLE:
Environmental Toxicology.  A Guide to Information Sources.
PUBLISHER:
Gale Research Company, Detroit, Michigan.
Man in the Environment Information Guide Series.

VOLUME AND/OR PAGES:              YEAR:
Vol. 7,  266 p.                   1977

KEYWORDS:
STRESSORS ADDRESSED:
APPLICABLE BIOLOGICAL LEVEL:
SYSTEM TYPE IMPACTED:
ABSTRACT:
    This book, part of a series of library guide books, provides
bibliographic references and abstracts for researchers needing
information sources within a wide variety of topics.  It contains
a categorized list of literature concerning environmental
toxicology and can be a useful aid in surveying pollution—related
topics.  The annotated references may produce a good list of
endpoints/impacts/effects presented in the literature prior to
1977.
                                                                         B30

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                   ECOLOGICAL ENDPOINT LITERATURE REVIEW


RECORD NUMBER:  31

TOTAL NUMBER OF RECORDS:  40

AUTHOR:
Sheehan, P.Jo, D.R. Miller, B.C.  Butler, and P. Bordeau 
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                   ECOLOGICAL ENDPOINT LITERATURE REVIEW
RECORD NUMBER:  32

TOTAL NUMBER OF RECORDS:  40

AUTHOR:
Sprague, J.B.
TITLE:
Measurement of pollutant toxicity to fish — III.  Sublethal
effects and "safe" concentrations.

PUBLISHER:
Water Research.
VOLUME AND/OR PAGES:              YEAR:
5:245-266.                        1971

KEYWORDS:
Pollutant Impacts, Fish Biology, Toxicant Effects,
Pollution Biology,

STRESSORS ADDRESSED:
Metals, Pesticides, Nutrients and Deoxygenating Substances,
Thermal, Aquatic Pollution.

APPLICABLE BIOLOGICAL LEVEL:
Organism, Population, Community.
SYSTEM TYPE IMPACTED:
Aquatic, Marine.
ABSTRACT:
    This paper is a review of sublethal effects of a wide variety
of stressors on fish.   It is the third in a series of reviews of
aquatic toxicology research; the first article deals with acute
toxicity measuremnt  (bioassay methods), the second with data
interpretation and application.  Fairly comprehensive in scope,
this paper addresses the following topics with respect to toxicant
impacts: mode of action, biochemistry, physiology, histology,
growth, swimming ability  (migratory and predator avoidance),
respiration efficiency, activity levels, disease resistance,
feeding and avoidance behavior, reproduction  (spawning inhibition
and fry mortality), and community productivity.  Several potential
"ecological endpoints"  are presented for each topic, even though
the author does not specifically refer to them as such.  The paper
address the establishment of safe toxicant levels and application
factors for chemicals in general.  Also presented is a list of
additional reviews available for individual types of pollution.
                                                                         B3,

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                   ECOLOGICAL ENDPOINT LITERATURE REVIEW
RECORD NUMBER:  33

TOTAL NUMBER OF RECORDS!  40

AUTHOR:
Stephan, C.E.


TITLE:
Proposed goal of applied aquatic toxicology.


PUBLISHER:
IN Poston, T.M. and R. Purdy (eds).  Aquatic Toxicology and
Environmental Fate.  American Society for Testing  and Materials.

VOLUME AND/OR PAGES:              YEAR:
Vol 9, pp. 3-10                   1986

KEYWORDS:
STRESSORS ADDRESSED:
APPLICABLE BIOLOGICAL LEVEL:
SYSTEM TYPE IMPACTED:
ABSTRACT:
    This work was unavailable throughout the study.   It is
recognized as a potentially good endpoint reference  and is
included in this bibliography as such.
                                                                           B33

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                   ECOLOGICAL ENDPOINT LITERATURE REVIEW
RECORD NUMBER:  34

TOTAL NUMBER OF RECORDS:  40

AUTHOR:
Suffling, R.
TITLE:
An index of ecological sensitivity to disturbance, based on
ecosystem age, and related to landscape diversity.

PUBLISHER:
Journal of Environmental Management.
VOLUME AND/OR PAGES:              YEAR:
10:253-262.                       1980

KEYWORDS:
Ecological Sensitivity, Diversity Index, Landscape, Planning,
Information Statistic.

STRESSORS ADDRESSED:
General Disturbance, Physical Destruction.
APPLICABLE BIOLOGICAL LEVEL:
Ecosystem.
SYSTEM TYPE IMPACTED:
General Ecosystem.
ABSTRACT:
    This article presents an index of ecosystem sensitivity based
on the premise that, following disturbance, old ecosystems are
less easily replaced than pioneer systems.  The index is set up to
reflect relative sensitivities, taking into account the age
attributes of neighboring systems.  The paper does not discuss
endpoints and should not be considered a source of endpoint
in-f nrmat ion.
                                                                         B34

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                   ECOLOGICAL ENDPOINT LITERATURE REVIEW


RECORD NUMBER:  35

TOTAL NUMBER OF. RECORDS:  40

AUTHOR:
Suter, G.W. II, D.S. Vaughan, and R.H. Gardner.
TITLE:
Risk assessment by analysis of extrapolation error: a
demonstration -For effects of pollutants on fish.

PUBLISHER:
Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry.
VOLUME AND/OR PAGES:              YEAR:
2:369-378                         19B3

KEYWORDS:
Risk Assessment, Fish Toxicology, Chronic Toxicity,
Maximum Allowable Toxic Concentration  
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                   ECOLOGICAL ENDPOINT LITERATURE REVIEW
RECORD NUMBER:  36

TOTAL NUMBER OF RECORDS:  40

AUTHOR:
Talmage, S., and C. Coutant.
TITLE:
Thermal effects.
PUBLISHER:
Journal of the Water Polloution Control Federation  (WPCF)
VOLUME AND/OR PAGES:              YEAR:
52(6):1575-1616                   1980

KEYWORDS:
Literature Review, Thermal Pollution, Aqautic Ecology.
STRESSORS ADDRESSED:
Thermal.
APPLICABLE BIOLOGICAL LEVEL:
Organism, Population, Community.


SYSTEM TYPE IMPACTED:
Aquatic.
ABSTRACT:
    This paper represents a thorough review o-f thermal pollution
effects on aquatic biota.  Accompanying a list of 400 references,
the report addresss impacts to producers, consumers, decomposers,
parasites, "and diseases, at several levels of biological
organization.  Discussion is quite comprehensive and the topics
covered are too numerous to list in a limited abstract.  The
primary value of this work, however, lies not in its description
of impacts, but instead, in its role as a guide to the literature.
                                                                        B36

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                   ECOLOGICAL ENDPOINT LITERATURE REVIEW
RECORD NUMBER:  37

TOTAL NUMBER OF RECORDS:  40

AUTHOR:
U.S. EPA.
TITLE:
Unfinished Business:  A comparative assessment o-f environmental
problems.  Appendix III.  Ecological Risk Group.

PUBLISHER:
U.S. Environmental.Protection Agency, Washington, D.C.


VOLUME AND/OR PAGES:              YEAR:
                                  1987

KEYWORDS:
STRESSORS ADDRESSED:
Physical Habitat Destruction, Air Pollutants, Hazardous  Waste,
Pesticides, Radiation, Petroleum, C02 and Ozone Depletion,  More.

APPLICABLE BIOLOGICAL LEVEL:
Community, Ecosystem.


SYSTEM TYPE IMPACTED:
Aquatic Marine, Terrestrial, General Ecosystem.
ABSTRACT:
    This publication was not gleaned of endpoints although  it was
used to develop stressor categories and to provide  other  guidance.
Possible endpoints included in this work should be  examined.
                                                                          B37

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                   ECOLOGICAL ENDPOINT LITERATURE REVIEW
RECORD NUMBER:  38

TOTAL NUMBER OF RECORDSs  40

AUTHOR:
Westman, W.E.
TITLE:
Ecology, Impact Assessment, and Environmental Planning.


PUBLISHER:
John Wiley and Sons, New York.
VOLUME AND/OR PAGES:              YEAR:
532 p.                            1985

KEYWORDS:
STRESSORS ADDRESSED:
APPLICABLE BIOLOGICAL LEVEL:
SYSTEM TYPE IMPACTED:
ABSTRACT:
    Not reviewed for ecological endpoints.  This book was used as
a source of references  (see especially Part V).
                                                                        B38

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                   ECOLOGICAL ENDPOINT LITERATURE REVIEW
RECORD NUMBER:  39

TOTAL NUMBER OF RECORDSs  40

AUTHOR:
Whyte, A. V., and I. Burton 
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                   ECOLOGICAL ENDPOINT LITERATURE REVIEW
RECORD NUMBER:  40

TOTAL NUMBER OF RECORDS?  40

AUTHOR:
Woodwell, G.M.
TITLE:
Effects of pollution on the structure and physiology o-f
ecosystems.

PUBLISHER:
Science.
VOLUME AND/OR PAGES:              YEAR:
168:429-433                       1970

KEYWORDS:
Pollution Stress, Ecosystem Structure, Radiation Impact,
Ecosystem Physiology, Ecosystem Disturbance.

STRESSORS ADDRESSED:
Radiation, Physical Destruction, Other Stressors, Pesticides,
General Stress.

APPLICABLE BIOLOGICAL LEVEL:
Population, Community, Ecosystem.
SYSTEM TYPE IMPACTED:
Terrestrial, General Ecosystem.
ABSTRACT:
    This paper represents a review on pollution e-f-fects on
ecosystem structure and function.  The author claims that changes
in natural ecosystems caused by many different types of
disturbances are similar and -follow predictable patterns.  He
states that such patterns involve the simplification of the
structure of both plant and animal communities, shifts in the
ratio of gross production to respiration, and loss of all or part
of the inventory of nutrients.  The impact of chronic irradiation
on a late successional pine—oak forest provides examples of such
change patterns.  Along a gradient of increasing stress, the
forest strata are removed layer by layer, and selection is for
smaller species and smaller individuals within the species.
Sensitive species are eliminated, the canopy individuals are
removed, shrubs replace trees, herbs replace shrubs, and mosses
and lichens replace herbs.  Appearance of progressively more
"generalist" species types is also noted as an effect of the
stress.
                                                                       B40

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