EPA-450/3-77-022c
October 1977
RELATION
OF OXIDANT LEVELS
TO PRECURSOR EMISSIONS
AND METEOROLOGICAL
FEATURES -
VOLUME III: APPENDICES
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Office of Air and Waste Management
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
-------
EPA-450/3-77-022c
Final Report September 1977
THE RELATION OF OXIDANT LEVELS TO
PRECURSOR EMISSIONS AND
METEOROLOGICAL FEATURES
Volume III: Appendices (Analytical Methods
and Supplementary Data)
By: F. L. LUDWIG P. B. SIMMON R. L. MANCUSO and J.H.S. KEALOHA
SRI International
E. REITER
Colorado State University
Prepared for:
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
OFFICE OF AIR QUALITY PLANNING AND STANDARDS
RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK, NORTH CAROLINA 27711
Attention: MR. PHILLIP L. YOUNGBLOOD
CONTRACT 68-02-2084
SRI Project 4432
Approved by:
R.T.H. COLLIS, Director
Atmospheric Sciences Laboratory
RAY L. LEADABRAND, Executive Director
Electronics and Radio Sciences Division
SRI International
Menlo Park, California 94025 • U.S.A.
-------
CONTENTS
APPENDICES
A DATA SELECTION AND METHODOLOGY FOR TRAJECTORY ANALYSIS .... A-1
1. Overall Approach A-3
2. Data Requirements and Sources A-3
3. Definition of the Air's Meteorological and
Chemical History A-13
a. Trajectory Calculations A-13
b. Anthropogenic Pollutant Emissions A-16
c. Temperature Index A-16
d. Humidity Indices A-16
e. Insolation Index A-19
f. Precipitation Index A-20
g. Atmospheric Stability Index A-21
4. Computer Compilation of Information A-21
5. Composite Indices A-2l
6. Weighting of Indices A-22
7. Statistical Analysis A-22
B METEOROLOGICAL AND EMISSION INDEX COMPUTER PROGRAM B-l
C COMPUTATION OF MONTGOMERY STREAM FUNCTIONS C-l
D DAILY WEATHER AND PEAK-HOUR OZONE MAPS FOR 1974 D-1
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ILLUSTRATIONS
A-l Frequency Distributions of Daily Maximum Hour-Average
Ozone Concentrations A-4
A-2 An Example of a Weather Map Like Those Used for These Studies. . A-10
A-3 A Section of the Map of Emission Densities by County A-ll
A-4 Schematic Diagram of Wind Averaging Scheme Used in the
Trajectory Calculation Model A-14
A-5 Parameters Used by the Heffter and Taylor Trajectory
Calculation Model A-15
B-l Flow Chart for Program METINDX B-5
iii
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TABLES
A-l Dates Selected For Detailed Analysis From Upper 20th Percentile. . . A-5
A-2 Dates Selected For Detailed Analysis From Lower 20th Percentile. . . A-6
A-3 Dates Selected For Detailed Analysis From Those Within
10 Percentile of the Median A-7
A-4 Summary of Data Used A-9
A-5 Median Emission Density For Various Map Symbols A-12
A-6 Seasonal Correction Factors For HC and NO Emission Densities. . . . A-17
x
A-7 Diurnal Correction Factors For HC and NO Emission Densities .... A-18
x
A-8 Values of Precipitation Index Associated With Different Types
and Intensities of Precipitation A-21
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Appendix A
DATA SELECTION AND METHODOLOGY FOR
TRAJECTORY ANALYSIS
A-l
-------
Appendix A
DATA SELECTION AND METHODOLOGY FOR TRAJECTORY ANALYSIS
1. Overall Approach
As noted in the Introduction to Volume I of this report, one of the
basic approaches used in this research was to investigate the rela-
tionships between observed ozone concentrations at rural locations and
the past history of the air. Such an approach has several steps:
e Select suitable sites.
« Select suitable cases.
a Construct trajectories for the selected cases.
e Specify the meteorological conditions prevailing along each
trajectory
e Specify the pollutants introduced into the air along each
trajectory
It is the purpose of this appendix to describe the methods used during
each step of this approach.
The selection of cases for study has been discussed in Volume I of
this report. To a large extent the selections were made so that the
cases included a large number of examples with relatively high ozone
concentrations, while still maintaining examples of mid-range and low
concentrations. The frequency distributions of peak-hour ozone concen-
trations (see Figure A-l) served as a basis for the case selection.
Half the cases were chosen from those with concentrations in the highest
20 percent. The remaining cases were chosen more-or-less equally from
among those with peak-hour concentrations in the lowest 20 percent and
those with midrange (between the 40th and 60th percentiles) values. The
chosen days are enumerated in Tables A-l through A-3.
2. Data Requirements and Sources
A large volume of specialized data was required to determine the
air trajectories and evaluate the conditions occurring along those tra-
jectories. The important types of data include:
• Emissions data
e Surface and upper-air wind observations
a Conventional surface meteorological observations;
e.g., temperature, humidity, cloud cover
a Observed ozone concentrations
A-3
-------
UJ
e>
DC
LU
DC
O
X
<
300
200
100
80
60
40
20
300
200
100
80
60
40
20
300
200
100
80
60
40
20
300
200
100
80
60
40
20
1 f
(a) McHENRY
(85 days)
I I I
I I I I I II
I I I I I I I I f
(b) QUEENY
(115 days)
(c) WOOSTER
(80 days)
(d) YELLOWSTONE LAKE
(142 days)
I I
r i i i i ir i r
TTTI r i i r
I I
2 5 10 20 30 50 70 80 90 95 98
PERCENT OF DAYS LESS THAN ORDINATE VALUE
FIGURE A-l FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTIONS OF DAILY MAXIMUM HOUR-AVERAGE
OZONE CONCENTRATIONS
A-4
-------
Table A-l
DATES SELECTED FOR DETAILED ANALYSIS FROM UPPER 20TH PERCENTILE
McHenry (> 95 ppb)
1974
Date
7/04
7/05
7/06
7/07
7/08
7/10
7/11
7/12
7/13
7/14
7/16
7/18
8/23
8/24
8/27
Hour (s )
LST
13
20,23
21
22
21
13
19
22
19
16
22
15,16
16
23
14
Max.
cone.
(Ppb)
165
147
201
273
347
225
151
177
242
275
174
96
101
98
100
Queeny (>83ppb)
1974
Date
6/28
7/10
7/11
7/15
7/18
7/21
7/22
7/24
7/25
7/26
7/27
7/31
8/05
8/19
9/07
Hour (s )
LST
18
17
18
19
19
15
14
12
16
15
16
14
17
14
18
Max.
cone.
(Ppb)
137
91
89
90
119
145
103
107
119
97
138
84
94
192
104
Wooster (>109ppb)
1974
Date
7/02
7/03
7/06
7/07
7/08
7/10
7/12
7/13
7/14
7/18
7/26
8/15
8/21
8/27
8/30
Hour (s )
LST
17
19
18
20
14
15
18
15
12
14
19
17
17
12
16
Max.
cone.
(ppb)
112
113
139
143
109
136
138
119
122
137
163
113
117
110
120
Yellowstone Lake (>76ppb)
1974
Date
6/03
6/04
6/20
6/27
6/29
7/07
7/09
7/12
7/17
7/18
7/20
7/21
7/22
7/24
10/28
Hour (s )
LST
18
13
14
23,24
13
17
15
19
13
17
19
17
14
19
15
Max.
cone.
(Ppb)
98
124
112
94
87
91
78
114
107
79
81
98
77
114
94
-------
Table A-2
DATES SELECTED FOR DETAILED ANALYSIS FROM LOWER 20TH PERCENTILE
McHenry (< 53ppb)
1974
Date
6/12
6/25
8/03
8/04
8/10
8/12
8/30
9/05
Hour (s )
LST
23
13,16
01,15
19
03,15
16
21
16
02
Max.
cone .
(Ppb)
43
44
44
53
52
33
49
37
Queeny (< 26ppb)
1974
Date
6/11
8/13
8/24
9/11
9/12
9/20
9/22
9/23
Hour (s )
LST
10
02
02
16
17
19,20
23,24
05
12,13
Max.
cone.
(ppb)
16
7
7
21
24
9
16
14
Wooster (< 57ppb)
1974
Date
6/16
6/19
6/22
6/25
6/26
7/01
8/29
9/01
Hour(s)
LST
14
14
13
12
19
14
01
19
Ha::.
cone.
(ppb)
55
57
46
45
45
56
28
30
Yellowstone Lake (< 36ppb)
1974
Date
5/31
6/23
8/01
9/20
9/25
10/13
10/14
10/19
Hour(s)
LST
19
19
13,14,15
16,18
15
12
16
15
13
Max.
cone.
(Ppb)
25
32
34
36
32
22
26
26
-------
Table A-3
DATES SELECTED FOR DETAILED ANALYSIS FROM THOSE
WITHIN 10 PERCENTILE OF THE MEDIAN
McHenry (67 to 79ppb)
1974
Date
6/13
6/18
6/22
7/17
7 22
8/16
8/18
Hour (s )
LST
23
17
12
20
15
14,16
15
Max.
cone.
(ppb)
67
67
72
74
68
78
69
Queeny (42 to 60ppb)
1974
Date
6/18
6/30
7/04
7/29
8/16
9/14
9/18
Hour (s ]
LST
14
07
16
14
15
17
17,19
Max.
cone.
(ppb)
59
60
60
46
45
42
49
Wooster (75 to 92ppb)
1974
Date
6/14
6/29
7/21
7/25
7/29
7/31
8/24
Hour (s )
LST
17
17
18
18
12
15
18
Max.
cone.
(ppb)
81
92
89
91
85
78
85
Yellowstone Lake
(48 to 60 ppb)
1974
Date
6/07
6/11
7/15
7/19
8/14
9/26
10/26
Hour (s )
LST
14
18
19
13
18,19
18
16
Max.
(ppb)
50
60
48
60
52
52
48
-------
Table A-4 shows where the data were acquired. The objective of the
analysis was to relate the rural oxidant concentrations to the impor-
tant chemical and meteorological events along the trajectories. Among
the factors known or strongly suspected to be involved in the production
of ozone in the atmosphere are the following:
• Emissions of oxides of nitrogen (NO )
X
s Emissions of hydrocarbons (HC)
• Insolation
• Temperature
• Humidity
• Precipitation
• Atmospheric stability
Not all these items are measured, so it was necessary to derive numerical
indices to represent them from those parameters which are measured.
The source of information used to derive the meteorological indices
(insolation, stability, precipitation, humidity, and temperature) was
the surface weather map. Figure A-2 shows a portion of a weather map
like those used in this study. At each of the plotted sites the following
information is available and was used as primary data for these studies:
• Temperature
• Dew point
• Cloud cover
• Current and recent precipitation; e.g., rain,
snow
• Cloud types
• Wind
Maps are available to represent conditions every 3 hours. This temporal
resolution is reasonably good, and is quite consistent with the trajectory
calculations where the location of the air is determined at 3-hour .
intervals. With the available weather maps, it was possible to determine
the above-listed parameters at the appropriate place on the trajectory,
although it was sometimes necessary to interpolate between maps and between
stations.
The other primary sources of useful data for the necessary indices
were the maps of NO^ and hydrocarbon emissions densities that were derived
from the information stored in the National Emissions Data System (NEDS).
These data were compiled and plotted by EPA for each U.S. county. Figure A-3
is a section from the map of hydrocarbon (HC) emission densities. Each
symbol, plotted near the center of the county it represents, indicates
A-8
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Table A-4
SUMMARY OF DATA USED
Data
Intervals/Dates
Form/Source
Emissions
inventory by
county
Computer compat-
ible: J. Mersch,
P. Youngblood,
EPA, Durham,
North Carolina
Surface
meteorological
analyses
3-hr intervals;
July 73-
December 74
Daily; 1973 and
1974
Microfilm, North
America: User
Services Branch,
National Climatic
Center, Asheville,
North Carolina
Daily Weather Map
Series
Upper-air
meteorological
analyses—
mandatory levels
6-hr intervals
(12-hr at higher
levels);
July 1973-
December 1974
Microfilm, North
America: User
Services Branch,
National Climatic
Center, Asheville,
North Carolina
Upper-air winds
for trajectory
computations
1974
Computer tape:
Dale Coventry,
EPA, Research
Triangle Park,
North Carolina
Ozone observa-
tions, SAROAD
stations east
of the Rockies
Hourly,
where
available;
July 1973-
December 1974
Computer printout
and tape:
P. Youngblood, EPA,
Durham, North Caro-
lina
A-9
-------
FIGURE A-2 AN EXAMPLE OF A WEATHER MAP LIKE THOSE USED FOR THESE STUDIES
A-10
-------
>
I
e -
FIGURE A-3 A SECTION OF THE MAP OF EMISSION DENSITIES BY COUNTY
-------
Table A-5
MEDIAN EMISSION DENSITY FOR VARIOUS MAP SYMBOLS
Map
Symbol
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
. J
NO Emission
X
1 _p
Density (ton yr"L mi )
0.129
0.626
1.14
1.70
2.22
2.97
4.12
6.38
10.3
17.6
25.2
31.1
36.9
43.6
53.3
66.9
81.1
108
187
658
HC Emission
Density (ton yr"^ mi"^)
0.172
0.853
1.53
2.29
3.03
3.85
5.09
7.30
10.3
15.5
20.4
23.2
27.0
31.3
39.1
53.5
77.2
116
193
779
A-12
-------
the annual countywide emission density. The emission densities were
divided into 20 categories or classes. Table A-5 gives the median
emission densities for both NOX and hydrocarbons for each category,
and the associated map symbol for each of these categories. The
class intervals represented by each symbol were chosen so that there
are 320 counties in each of the classes from A through I. The remaining
class, J, contains 28 counties.
3. Definition of the Air's Meteorological and Chemical History
a. Trajectory Calculations
The first step toward determining the meteorological and chemical
history of the air is to determine where it has been. The past
trajectory of the air arriving at a monitoring site at some specific
time must be calculated before its prior exposure to emissions and
meteorological events can be ascertained. The trajectory calculation
computer program used in these studies is a version of Heffter and Taylor's
(1975) model provided by Mr. Dale Coventry of EPA, Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
For these applications, the model used observed winds
within a "transport layer"to calculate the trajectories. As an example,
Figure A-4 illustrates the observed winds above a point on the ground.
The general form for the average wind calculation is:
where ^ is the vector average wind through the depth of the transport layer;
is the measured wind vector through the i*-*1 layer; and AHi is the depth
of that part of the i"1 layer that lies within the transport layer.
With reference to Figure A-5, the trajectory segments were calculated
from the transport layer winds according to the following formula:
I DAW
S -
.£ D.A.
where :
Is = trajectory segment
D = distance weighting factor
A- 13
-------
' v3 - j
At
i
j
i
j
AI
^ Vl
Vx'x'x builace /XXxVx'x'xV.
Average Wind.
<3
r
k
{2
r
L
xxxx'xxxx>'//xxx'//x'///xv surface Vxv,
r=5. AH-iVn + AHoV^ + AHqV^
y- ^ JJ
AH2
Source: Heffter and Taylor, 1975
FIGURE A-4 SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF WIND AVERAGING SCHEME USED IN THE
TRAJECTORY CALCULATION MODEL
A-14
-------
Ai
wi
R
Z
alignment weighting factor
1-0.5 sin GI
—*
3-hr distance displacement for V.
distance between W and wind observation
point (see Figure A-5)
angle between W. and line connecting the
trajectory segment origin and the wind
observation point (see Figure A-5)
indicates a summation over all observa-
tion points within a distance R of the
segment origin; following the example
of Heffter and Taylor, R was set equal '
to 300 nautical miles.
SEGMENT
ORIGIN
Source: Heffter and Taylor, 1975
FIGURE A-5 PARAMETERS USED BY THE HEFFTER AND TAYLOR
TRAJECTORY CALCULATION MODEL
A-15
-------
The lower bound of the transport layer was taken as 300 m.
An average afternoon mixing depth derived from the work of Holzworth
(1972) was used to define the top of the transport layer. This is the
approach suggested by Heffter and Taylor to eliminate surface frictional
effects and to account for the fact that regional-scale transport of
pollutants emitted into the boundary layer will occur through the maximum
depth to which those pollutants are mixed. The applications of this
project used summer afternoon mixing heights at each of the four sites.
These were obtained from Holzworth1s map by interpolation. The wind-aloft
data which were provided by Mr. Coventry come from 202 locations.*
About 30% of the stations reported more than twice per day. The data
were restricted to the area between 20° and 55° N latitude and 65° to
135° W longtitude.
b. Anthropogenic Pollutant Emissions
As noted earlier, the basic data used for estimating emissions
were the maps of annual countywide emission densities (see Figure A-3).
These maps provided estimates of annual emissions densities in the 20
categories given in Table A-5. These were corrected for seasonal and
diurnal effects. Table A-6 lists the seasonal correction factors that
were applied. It was assumed that the stationary source emissions do not
vary from month to month, but that the emissions from transportation
sources vary according to the annual distribution of traffic given by
the Federal Highway Administration (1973). According to Cavender,
Kircher, and Hoffman (1973), transportation sources account for 51.3% of
the NOX emissions and 55.9% of the hydrocarbons. The stationary and
transportation-related emissions were weighted accordingly in deriving
Table A-6.
Table A-7 gives the weighting factors used to account for
diurnal changes in the emission rates. The values were derived from
diurnal cycles of traffic and stationary source emissions, primarily
based on Los Angeles data (Reynolds et al., 1972; Roberts et al., 1971).
In the applications reported here, 3-hour running means were calculated
to correspond to the length of the trajectory segments. As was done to
obtain seasonal correction factors, estimates of the relative contri-
butions of transportation and stationary sources made by Cavender, Kircher,
and Hoffman (1973) were used in deriving Table A-7.
c. Temperature Index
The average temperature in degrees Farenheit was estimated
from the weather map for each 3-hour trajectory segment. These temper-
atures were used directly as indices of temperature.
d. Humidity Indices
Humidity indices were derived from the weather map data. Two
types of humidity were considered, absolute and relative. Dew point
temperature is a measure of absolute humidity and is plotted on the
weather maps, so it was convenient to use the average dew point temperature
In World Meteorological Organization Blocks 72, 74, and 76 Covering
United States, Canada and Mexico.
A-16
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Table A-6
SEASONAL CORRECTION FACTORS FOR HC AND NOY EMISSION DENSITIES
X
Month
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
HC
0.0800
0.0783
0.0822
0.0827
0.0854
0.0846
0.0861
0.0870
0.0836
0.0857
0.0828
0.0816
NOx
0.0802
0.0787
0.0823
0.0828
0.0853
0.0845
0.0859
0.0867
0.0836
0.0855
0.0829
0.0817
A-17
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Table A-7
DIURNAL CORRECTION FACTORS USED FOR HC AND NOX EMISSION DENSITIES
Hour
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
HC
0.01139
0.01139
0.01139
0.01139
0.01139
0.03627
0.05411
0.06909
0.06574
0.05841
0.05724
0.06022
0.06022
0.06022
0.06232
0.06727
0.07318
0.05113
0.03916
0.03089
0.02440
0.02440
0.02440
0.02440
NOX
0.01182
0.01182
0.01182
0.01182
0.01182
0.03877
0.05514
0.06889
0.06581
0.05909
0.05802
0.06076
0.06076
0.06076
0.06268
0.06722
0.07264
0.04829
0.03731
0.02972
0.02376
0.02376
0.02376
0.02376
A-18
-------
(in degrees Farenheit) for each 3-hour trajectory segment as the index
of absolute humidity.
Relative humidity was derived from the dew point and the ambient
temperature through the use of Teten's expression for the saturation vapor
pressure as a function of temperature (see Murray, 1967). The percent
relative humidty (RH) is given by:
RH = 100
where
T = dew point temperature
T = ambient temperature
e (T)= saturation vapor pressure at temperature T
S *,«, „ I"l7.269388 (T - 273.16)1 . -2
= 6107.8 exp " ^ dyne cm
L T - 35.OD -J
Use of the above expression for e0(T) (Teten's formula) required conversion
S
of the Fahrenheit temperatures to Celsius.
e. Insolation Index
This study used an insolation index based on one that
was originally developed by Ludwig and Dabberdt (1976) to provide a measure
of surface heating for determining Pasquill's (1961) atmospheric stability
classes. This approach requires that solar elevation and cloud cover
(as a fraction of the sky) be known. The following equation
approximately describes the flux density of solar energy received per unit
time on a horizontal surface:
Insolation strength = k(l - AN) sin « ,
where
k = a proportionality factor, depending on the solar
constant and atmospheric transmission
A = the average albedo or reflectance of the clouds
N = the fraction of the sky obscured by cloud
a = the elevation angle of the sun.
A-19
-------
The above expression is appropriate for averages over large
areas where the effect of irregular distribution of clouds is minimized.
Application of this expression in these studies meets this criterion.
If one considers only low and middle clouds to be significant in limiting
incoming solar radiation, it is reasonable to assign a reflectance of
about 0.5 to the clouds, and the incoming solar radiation will be
approximately proportional to an insolation parameter, I :
I = (1-0.5N) sin a
Ludwig and Dabberdt (1976) have discussed some observed relationships
between I and insolation when observed "opaque" cloud cover is used for
N. These applications use total sky cover for N if any low and/or middle
clouds were reported; otherwise it is assumed that any high clouds
present do not significantly attenuate the radiation. This approach
is qualitatively similar to that used by Turner (1964) in his algorithm
for estimating a solar heating index.
If it is assumed that the earth has a circular orbit, solar
elevation angle, a, can be calculated from the following expression:
a fa arcsin Jsin 5 sin $ + cos *"{ 1 cos & cos $> ,
where d = arctan {-tan 23.5° cos P*^* 10)ll
and
§ = the solar declination
$ = latitude
D = number of days since 1 January
H = local time = HZ - _^
15
L^ = west longitude (degrees)
Hz = Greenwich Standard Time (midnight = 24)
f. Precipitation Index
The precipitation index used here was derived from the con-
ventions used by the National Weather Service to report rain, snow, and
drizzle. The precipitation categories used by the Weather Service are
summarized in Table A-8, along with the indices that were assigned each
category for this study. The numbers assigned are based on definitions
of precipitation rates, given by the U.S. Air Force (1957) to its observers.
A-20
-------
g. Atmospheric Stability Index
Atmospheric stability index was determined from the observed
surface wind speeds and either the insolation index discussed above
(for daytime cases) or the cloud cover (for nighttime cases). The method
used for deriving stability from these other parameters has been described
in detail by Ludwig and Dabberdt (1972, 1976).
4. Computer Compilation of Information
After the primary emissions and meteorological data were tabulated,
they were processed using the computer program described in Appendix B.
Table A-8
VALUES OF PRECIPITATION INDEX ASSOCIATED
WITH DIFFERENT TYPES AND INTENSITIES OF PRECIPITATION
Intensity Category
Intermittent, slight
Continuous, slight
Intermittent, moderate
Continuous, moderate
Intermittent, heavy
Continuous, heavy
Slight
Moderate
Violent
Precipitation Type
Rain
2
5
7
12
20
25
--
--
- —
Snow
2
5
7
12
20
25
--
--
— —
Drizzle
1
2
3
4
5
6
--
—
™ "
Showers
--
—
--
--
--
--
5
15
25
5. Composite Indexes
It should be noted that the indices described above were all
compiled at 3-hour intervals over the 60-hour period preceding the
oxidant observation. Two types of emission index (hydrocarbons and
oxides of nitrogen) and six types of meteorological index (temperature,
relative and absolute humidity, insolation, precipitation, and stability)
were calculated for each of the 20 3-hour periods. Each of these 160 indices
A-21
-------
was considered a potential predictor in regression equations for describing
ozone concentrations. Inasmuch as there were 120 trajectories to be
considered, the number of indices had to be reduced. There are optimal
techniques for doing this using eigenvector analysis (see for example,
Lorenz, 1956), but these sometimes tend to obscure the physical rela-
tionships involved. Rather, the reduction was effected by simply
combining the 3-hour indices into 12-hour indices.
The possibilities for combining the indices are limitless, but not
all the possibilities can be justified on physical or mathematical
grounds. In a study such as this, the interpretability of the findings
is exceedingly important. For this reason the study was limited to
the use of simple time averages, weighted time averages, and a few other
simple linear combinations of the indices.
6. Weighting of Indices
It seems reasonable to assume that the more recent conditions have
a greater effect on the eventual ozone concentration than do the conditions
that prevailed earlier. Therefore, the indices that are used should
give the greatest weight to conditions during the 12 hours preceding the
observation and the least weight to conditions that occurred along the
trajectory 48 to 60 hours before. The following weighting scheme,
while arbitrary, does provide for this consideration:
Iw " [S- (6 - n) - ij 715
n=l
where T^ = weighted index
I = average index for the nth most recent
n
12-hour period of the trajectory
This weighting scheme was used in some of the analysis involving the
indices.
7. Statistical Analysis
For the studies discussed in Volume I of this report, only standard
statistical approaches were used. These included:
• Linear and rank correlation and linear regression of
observed oxidant concentration with the different
meteorological and chemical indices
• Multiple linear correlations and regressions between oxidant
concentration and combinations of indices
• Correlations between pairs of indices
e Factor analysis to derive composite meteorological indices.
A-22
-------
The computer programs used in the statistical analyses are those
contained in the "Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS),"
as described by Nie et al. (1975). The routines from that package
that were used most were SCATTERGRAM, NONPAR COR, and REGRESSION. The
first provides a line printer display of a scatter diagram of two
variables, the correlation coefficient, and the best-fit linear regression
equation. The second calculates rank correlations. REGRESSION, which
provides multiple linear regression equations, was used in a stepwise
fashion in which different variables are added, one at a time, to the
regression equation. The first-step equation relates oxidant concentration
to the variable that explains most of the variance. The second step
forms a regression using the first selected variable and a new variable
that explains most of the remaining variance. Each step adds a new
variable, selected because it explains more of the remaining variance
than any of the other unused variables. This approach provides some
estimate of the relative importance of the various indices.
The SPSS programs provided information on the significance of
the correlation coefficients, the probable errors in the estimates of
the regression equation constants, and the standard error of the
values predicted by the regression equations.
A-23
-------
References
Cavender, J.H., D.S. Kircher, and A.J. Hoffman, 1973: National Air
Pollution Emissions Trends, 1940-1970, EPA Pub. No. AP-115, 52 pp.
Federal Highway Administration, 1973: Highway Statistics-
Lorenz, E.N., 1956: Empirical Orthogonal Functions and Statistical
Weather Prediction, Sci. Kept. No. 1, U.S. Air Force Contract
AF19(604) 1566. Defense Doc. Center No. 110268, 49 pp.
Ludwig, F.L. and W.F. Dabberdt, 1976: Comparison of Two Practical
Atmospheric Stability Classification Schemes in an Urban Application,
J. Appl. Meteorol.. 15, 1172-1176.
Murray, F.W., 1967: On the Computation of Saturation Vapor Pressure,
J. Appl. Meteorol.. 6, 203-204.
Nie, N.H., et al, 1975: SPSS, Statistical Package for the Social
Sciences (Second Ed.), McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 675 pp.
Pasquill, P., 1961: The Estimation of the Dispersion of Windborne
Material, Meteorol. Mag. (London). 90, 33-49.
Reynolds, S.D., et al, 1972: Evaluation of a Simulation Model for
Estimating Ground Level Concentrations of Photochemical Pollutants,
Mon. Tech. Prog. Narr. No. 8, Systems Applications Inc., Beverly
Hills, California.
Roberts, P.J.W., P.M. Roth, and C.C. Nelson, 1971: Contaminant Emissions
in the Los Angeles Basin—Their Sources, Rates and Distribution,
Appendix A of Development of a Simulation Model for Estimating
Ground Level Concentrations of Photochemical Pollutants, Report
71SA1-6, EPA Contract 70-148, Systems Applications Inc., Beverly
Hills, California, 86 pp.
Turner, D.B., 1964: A Diffusion Model for an Urban Area, J. Appl. Meteorol,
3, 83-91.
U.S. Air Force, 1957: Weather Observer on the Job Training Program
(OJT Prog. No. JP25251), 509 pp.
A-24
-------
Appendix B
METEOROLOGICAL AND EMISSION INDEX COMPUTER PROGRAM
B-l
-------
Appendix B
METEOROLOGICAL AND EMISSION INDEX COMPUTER PROGRAM
The computer program METINDX was developed to compute the meteorological
and emission indices. A flow chart of METINDX appears as Figure B-l,
and a listing of the program is given at the end of this appendix. The
following description outlines the sequence of operations that the
program performs in computing the indices.
For each trajectory, the first of 20 data sets containing 3-hour
values of each input parameter is read. The first data set corresponds
to the most recent 3-hour segment of the trajectory. The input
parameters include station; date; local and Greenwich time; latitude
and longitude; temperature; dew point; cloud cover; symbolic preci-
pitation type, frequency, and intensity; HC and NOX emissions map
symbols; wind speed; and ozone concentration. The 20 data sets comprising
each trajectory must be sequential in time; the program prints a
warning if the time of each data set is not 3 hours prior to the time
of the previous set or if the dates are not sequential.
The temperature and dew point for the first data set are converted
from Fahrenheit to Celsius, and their respective saturation vapor
pressures are computed. The ratio of the saturation vapor pressures
gives the relative humidity. Dew point is used as a measure of absolute
humidity.
In computing the emission density indices, HC and NOX map symbols
are matched with the annual emission densities that correspond to the
symbols. As discussed in Appendix A, these annual values are adjusted
by applying monthly and diurnal factors to represent the portion of
the annual emissions of each pollutant that is emitted during the time
and date of the trajectory segment. A 3-hour average is taken of the
diurnal adjustment factors, centered about the time of the data set.
The table of precipitation indices corresponding to precipitation
classes symbols given in Appendix A is used by the program METINDX to
convert the type (e.g. showers, drizzle) of precipitation that is occurring,
its intensity (light, moderate, or heavy), and its frequency of occurrence
(continuous or intermittent) to the appropriate value of the index.
For example, the program decodes the symbol IR- as rain, light, and
intermittent. Indices of type, intensity, and frequency are determined.
From these, the program derives the overall precipitation index; in
this case the value is 2 (see Table A-8, Appendix A).
B-3
-------
The solar declination angle is computed from the day of the year.
Using the solar declination angle, the hour of the day and the latitude
of the station, the sine of the solar elevation angle is calculated. The
insolation index is then computed.
Atmospheric stability is classified according to the table given by
Ludwig and Dabberdt (1972, 1976). Program METINDIX first checks to see
if the sky is overcast or if the solar elevation angle is less than or
equal to 15 degrees. If so, the stability is neutral. Otherwise, a
heating/cloud cover index is assigned according to whether there is strong,
moderate, or slight insolation during the daytime, or whether or not less
than half of the sky is covered by clouds during the nighttime. The wind is
classified according to speed, and a wind speed index is assigned. Using
the heating/cloud cover-index and the wind speed index, the stability
class is located from the table.
The program computes the indices discussed above for each 3-hour time
period, then reads the input data for the next time period. When all 20
data sets for a single trajectory have been read and the indices have been
computed, the program prints the output for the trajectory and writes it
on tape. Output includes the following parameters: all input parameters,
relative humidity index, HC and NO emission density indices, precipitation
index, insolation index, and stability index. METINDX then reads the
data set for the next trajectory, or terminates if no more data is to be
input.
B-4
-------
READ DATA
FOR ONE TRAJECTORY
END
IS THERE
MORE DATA
ARE DATA
SETS SEQUENTIAL
IN TIME
PRINT WARNING
HUMIDITY
INDICES
1
Yes
P
CHANGE FARENHEIT TEMPERATURE AND
DEWPOINT TO CELSIUS
1
COMPUTE SATURATION VAPOR PRESSURE
1
COMPUTE RELATIVE HUMIDITY
AND RECORD DEWPOINT
1
1
FIGURE B-l FLOW CHART FOR PROGRAM METINDX
B-5
-------
EMISSION
DENSITY
INDICES
CONVERT MAP EMISSIONS SYMBOL TO AN
INDEX, THEN LOCATE EMISSION
DENSITY CORRESPONDING TO THAT
INDEX FOR EACH POLLUTANT
I
CHANGE LOCAL STANDARD TIME TO
DAYLIGHT TIME
I
COMPUTE 3-hr AVERAGE DIURNAL FACTOR
AND LOCATE MONTHLY FACTOR FOR EACH
POLLUTANT
COMPUTE EMISSION DENSITY INDEX
FOR EACH POLLUTANT
PRECIPITATION
INDEX
IS
WEATHER INPUT
IS
WEATHER RAIN, \ No
SNOW, DRIZZLE, OR
SHOWERS
SET
PRECIPITATION
INDEXED
FIGURE B-l FLOW CHART FOR PROGRAM METINDX (Continued)
B-6
-------
SET PRECIPITATION TYPE INDEX =
APPROPRIATE VALUE
I
IS PRECIPITATION LIGHT, MODERATE,
OR HEAVY? SET INTENSITY INDEX TO
APPROPRIATE VALUE
I
IS PRECIPITATION INTERMITTENT OR
CONTINUOUS? SET FREQUENCY INDEX
TO APPROPRIATE VALUE
I
COMBINE INTENSITY AND FREQUENCY
INDICES INTO A NEW INTENSITY TYPE
INDEX
I
COMBINE INTENSITY TYPE AND
PRECIPITATION TYPE INDICES TO
LOCATE PRECIPITATION INDEX VALUE
INSOLATION
INDEX
COMPUTE SOLAR DECLINATION ANGLE
I
COMPUTE SINE OF SOLAR
ELEVATION ANGLE
COMPUTE INSOLATION INDEX
FIGURE B-l FLOW CHART FOR PROGRAM METINDX (Continued)
B-7
-------
IS IT
OVERCAST
9
HEAT INDEX=4
IS IT
NIGHTIME
OF THE SKY CLOUD
COVERED
9
IS IT
NEAR SUNRISE
OR SUNSET
HEAT INDEX=5
HEAT INDEX=6
IS
INSOLATION
GREATER THAN
SLIGHT
HEAT INDEX=3
IS
INSOLATION
GREATER THAN
MODERATE
9
HEAT INDEX=2
HEAT INDEX=1
STABILITY
INDEX
FIGURE B-l FLOW CHART FOR PROGRAM METINDX (Continued)
B-8
-------
STABILITY
INDEX
SELECT STABILITY CATEGORY
ACCORDING TO HEAT AND WIND INDICES
PRINT OUTPUT
i
WRITE OUTPUT ON TAPE
FIGURE B-l FLOW CHART FOR PROGRAM METINDX (Concluded)
B-9
-------
LISTING OF PROGRAM METINDX
PROGRAM METINDX(INPUT,OUTPUT*TAPE6>
DIMENSION SMHCf13)»DHHC<24)tSMNOXll?)tDHNOX<24),IWX<4>•IDATEO)«
1IPKECIP<9,4),ICAT<3»2)»INDEX1<4),INDEX2<2)tINOEX3<20)iTABLEMC(20),
2TAB(_NOX (20)'STABLE (5.6) .DATA (21,21)
DATA IPKECIP/2»5»7tl2,20,25»0»0»0,2,5,7»l2»20»25iO»0»0»l»2t3»4»5t
16,0,0,0,0,0.0,0.0.0,5,15,25/
DATA ICAT/4,2,6,3,1,5/
DATA INUEX1/1HR,IHS»1HL*1HW/
DATA INL/EX2/1H-,1H»/
DATA lNuEX3/lHO,lHl»lH2,lH3,lM4,lH5,lH6.1M7»lHB,lH9,lHA,lHBtlHC,
11HO,1HE,1HF,1HG,1HH»1HI,1HJ/
DATA SMHC/.0800t.0783,.0822*.0827,,0854»,0846».0861».0870».0836..0
1857,.0828,.0816/
DATA DHHC/.01139,.01139,.01139,.01139,.01139,.03627,.05411,.06909,
1.06574,.05841,.0572*,.06022..06022,.06022,.06232*.06727,.07318,.05
2113,.03916,.03089,.02440,.02440,.024*0,.02440/
DATA SMNOX/.0802,.0787,.0823,.0828,.0853,.0845,.0859,.0867,.0836,.
10855,.Ott29,.0817/
DATA DHNOX/.01182,.01182,.01182,.01182,.01182,.03877,.05514,.06889
1,.06581,.05909,.05802,.06076,.06076,.06076,.06268,.06722,.072f4,.0
24829,.03731,.02972,.02376,.02376,.02376,.02376/
DATA TAbLEHC/.172,.853.1.53,2.29,3.03,3.85,5.09,7.3,10.3,15.5,20.4
1,23.2,27.,31.3,39.1,53.5,77.2,116.,193.,779./
DATA TABLNOX/.129,.626,1.14,1.70,2.22,2.97,4.12,6.38,10.3,17.6,
125.2,31.1,36.9,43.6,53.3,66.9,81.1,108.,187..658./
DATA STABLE/1HA,1HA,1HB,1HC,1HC,1HB,1HB,1HC,IMC,1HD,1MB,iHC.lHC,
11HO,1MD,1HD,1HD,1HD,1HD,1HD.1HE,1HD,1MO,1HU.1HD»1HE,1HE,1HD,1HD,
21HD/
1 FORMATU3,IX,312*213,2F5.1,214.13,,1X» 4A1, 2(2X,A1), 13)
2 FORMATUX,*THERE ARE FEWER OR MORE THAN 20 DATA SETS IN THIS TRAJE
1CTORY*)
3 FORMAT(IX,»TH£ FOLLOWING DATA SET HAS NO EMISSION DENSITY MAP SYMB
10L FOR ONE POLLUTANT*)
4 FORMAT ( //,5X,«DATE«.3X,«TIME«,3Xi«TIME«f4X»»LAT»»3X,«LO
1NG*,2X,*CLOUD»,5X,»WX«,5X,«HC«,4X,»NOX»,3X,«WIND»,3X,«TEMP«,2X,
2*DEwPT«,5X.«HC*»4X,«NOX«,5X,«RH«,3X,»STAB«»2X»»INSOL»,lXt«PREcIP»,
3/lix.«(UST)«.4X,*(Z)«,2X,«(DEG)«,2Xt*(DEG)«t3X»»(.l)»t9Xi»(MAp)«,
42X,«(MAC)»,2X,»(KTS)*,2X,«(DEG)«,2X,»(DEG)»,2X,*INDEX»,2X,»INDEX»,
59X,«INDtX«,2X,«INDEX«,2X,»INDEX»,/)
5 FORMAT(lX,F8.o,2(2X,F5.0),2(2X,F5.1),2X,F5.0,3X,4A1,2(5X,A2),2X,
1F5.0»2(1X,F6.0),2F7.2,1X,F6.0,5X,A2,1X,F6.3,2X,F5.0)
6 FORMAT(IX,«THE TIME OF THIS DATA SET IS NOT 3 MRS BEFORE THE LAST
10ATA SET*)
7 FOHMATUX,«THE DATE OF THIS DATA SET SHOWS THAT THIS SET IS NOT 3
1HOURS BtFORE THE LAST»)
8 FORMAT<2X,"STATION « »,A3t2X,«OZONE = *,F5.0)
9 FORMAT(Ml)
5100 FORMAT(A3,13X,F5.1)
5250 FORMAT(IX,«BAO NEWS*)
5000 CALL MEMSETX1-999,,DATA,441)
C
C
c READ HEADER CARD
c
c
READ 5100,DUMMY,OZONE
IF(DUMMY.NE.3H ) GO TO 86
DATA(2,21)«OZONE
PRINT 4
B-10
-------
C READ DATA
C
DO 5050 Jj»li20
READ ItSTAt(IDATE(K)iK«l»3> tITIMEL*ITIMEZ*ALAT»ALON6»iTEMp,
UCUOt(IMX(K).K«1.4).IHC.NOX.IWS
IF(ITEMH.LE.O) GO TO 5050
IF(JJ.NE.l) 60 TO 5005
IF(sTA.tQ.STALAST) GO TO 5011
STALAST«STA
5011 DATA(l.«:l)«STA
5005 IF«STA.NE.STALAST> GO TO 86
ADUM-ALONG/15.
BDUM"ALAT«0.01745
SDUM«SIN(BOUM)
CDUM-COS(BDUM)
11 DATEJUL»30.5«(IDATE(2)-1)»IDATE<3)
IF(JJ.EU.l) GO TO 70
C CHECK TO BE SURE DATA SETS ARE SEQUENTIAL IN TIME
IF GO TO 70
71 PRINT 7
70 NEXTTMsITIMEZ - 3
PREVOT-UATEJUL
II2iIDATE(2)
II3«IOATE(3)
C
C
C HELAWfc HUMIDITY INDEX
C
C
C CHAN6E fARENHElT TEMPERATURE TO CELSIUS
TEMP-(ITEMP-32)«0.55556
DP»(IOEw-32)»o.55556
C COMPUTE SATURATION VAPOR PRESSURES
EST.6107.B«EXP«17.269388»TEMP)/(TEMP*237.3)>
ESbpn6107.8«EXP((17.269388»OP)/(DP*237.3»
C COMPUTE RELATIVE HUMIDITY
DATA(l8iJj)«100.«(ESOP/EST)
C
C
C EMISSION DENSITY INDICES
C
C
C ASSIGN THE PROPER INDEX TO THE MAP SYMBOL AND LOCATE THE EMISSION
C DENSITY CORRESPONDING TO THAT INDEX
DO 40 KBltZO
IF
-------
C CURVE VALUE IS APPLIED
45 ITM.ITIMEL'l
IF/3.
C COMPUTE EMISSION INDEX
DATA<16tJj)«SMHC(MONTH)»DDUM1*£DHC*33.3333
DATA(17*JJ)*SMNOX(MONTH)«DDUM2»EDNOX«33.3333
C
C
C PRECIPITATION INDEX
C
C
C CHECK TO SEE IF THERE IS NO WEATHER—IF SO SKIP CALCULATIONS AND
C SET INDtX « 0
DO 19 J«l,4
IFIINX(j).NE.O) GO TO 18
19 CONTINUE
INDEXP»UATA(2l,JJ)«0 $ GO TO 30
C INITIALIZE INDICES
18 IPTYP£»0 $ INT«0 $ IFREO«0
C FINQ OUT WHETHER PRECIP IS RAIN* SNOWt DRIZZLE* OR SHOWERS
DO 20 L*1.4
DO 21 K»l,4
IF(IMX(L).EG.INDEX1(K)) IPTYPEsK
21 CONTINUE
20 CONTINUE
IF(IPTYHE.NE.O) GO TO 29
INOEXPBUATA(2l,JJ>*0 I GO TO 30
C FIND OUT IF PRECIP IS LIGHT. MODERATE. OR HEAVY
29 DO 22 Kel,2
IF(IWX(4).EQ.INOEX2(K)) INT-K
22 CONTINUE
INT»INT»I
C FIND OUT IF PRECIP IS INTERMITTENT OR CONTINUOUS
DO 23 L-1.3
IF(IWX(L).EU.1HI> IFREQ-1
23 CONTINUE
IFREQ»IFREO*1
C CLASSIFY INTENSITY INTO ONE OF 9 TYPES
IFdPTYPE.EQ.4) GO TO 28
INTENS«ICAT(INT.IFREQ)
GO TO 2*
28 GO TO (25,26.27) INT
25 INTENSE S GO TO 24
26 INTENS'7 & GO TO 24
27 INTENS»9
C COMPUTE PRECIPITATION INDEX
24 DATA(21.JJ)«IPRECIP(INTENS.IPTYPE)
C
C
c INSOLATION INDEX
c
c
C COMPUTE SOLAR DECLINATION
30 H«ITIM£2-ADUM
TDELTA«-0.4348*COS(0.01721*(DATEJUL»10.))
B-12
-------
CDELTA«1,/SQRT DELTA«SDUM*COS<0.26l8»(H-l2.))«CDELTA»CDUM
C IF SINE OF SOLAR ELEVATION ANGLE IS LESS THAN ZEROt SET IT B
XALPHA=SALPHA
IF(XALPHA.LT.O.) XALPHA»0.
C COMPUTE INSOLATION INDEX
DATA(20tJJ)s(l.-0.05*ICLD)*XALPHA
C
C
C STABILITY INDEX
C
C
C IS IT OVERCAST (CLOUD COVER GREATER THAN OR « 9/10)
IFCICLD.GE.9) GO TO 51
C IS IT NIGHTTIME
IF(sALPMA.LT.O.) GO TO 50
C IS IT NtAR SUNRISE OR SUNSET
IF(sALPhA.LE.0.25882) GO TO 51
C IS INSOLATION STRONGt MODERATE OR SLIGHT
IFUINSOL.LT.o.3) GO TO 52
IFCAINSOL.LE.0.55) GO TO 53
IHEAT"! $ GO TO 59
52 IHEAT»3 S GO TO 59
53 IHEAT»2 $ GO TO 59
51 IHEAT»4 S GO TO 59
50 IFCICLD.GE.5) GO TO 54
IHEAT-6 $ GO TO 59
54 IHEAT«5
C CLASSIFY SURFACE WINDS
59 IFdWS.LE.3) GO TO 60
IF(IMS.LE.6) GO TO 61
IF(IWS.LE.IO) GO TO 62
IF1IWS.LE.12) GO TO 63
IWINO »5 S GO TO 69
60 IWlNOal S GO TO 69
61 I*IND»2 $ GO TO 69
62 ININD>3 S GO TO 69
63 IWlNOa*
C SELECT STABILITY INDEX
69 STARnSTABLEdWIND,IHEAT)
C
C
C STORE RtST OF DATA IN ARRAY
C
C
DATA(liJJ)-lDATE(l)»lOOOO*IOATE(2)*100*IDATE(3)
DAfA(2tJJ)'ITlMEL S DATA(3tJJ)
DATA(4|JJ)«ALAT S DATA(5,JJ)"ALONG
DATA(6tJJ)8lCLD
ENCOOE(l»9tDATA(7tJJ)> IWX(l)
ENCoOE(lt9tOATA(6*JJ))lMX(2)
ENCODE(1.9.0ATA(9tJJ))IXX(3)
ENCODE(lt9tDATA(10*JJ))IMX(4)
ENCODE(1,9.DATA(11iJJ))IHC
ENCOUE(li9tUATA(12tJJ))NOX
DATA(13»JJ)'IWS
DATA(U»JJ)»ITEMP S DATA < 15, JJ) «IDEW
ENCODE(1,9»DATA(19»JJ))STAB
C
C
B-13
-------
c
c
c
PRINT OUTPUT
PRINT 5t(DATA(I.JJ)il=l»21)
5050 CONTINUE.
C
C
C
C
C
WRITE DATA FOR LAST TRAJECTORY ON TAPE
WRITE (b)((DATAilBl»21>.
GO TO 5000
86 IF(DUMMY.EQ.3H999) 60 TO 5200
PRINT 5250
5200 END FlLt 6
END FILE 6
STOP
END
B-14
-------
References
Ludwig, F.L. and W.F. Dabberdt, 1976: Comparison of Two Practical
Atmospheric Stability Classification Schemes in an Urban Appli-
cation, J. Appl. Meteorol., JJJ, 1172-1176.
Ludwig, F.L. and W.F. Dabberdt, 1972: Evaluation of the APRAC-1A Urban
Diffusion Model for Carbon Monoxide. Final Report, EPA and CRC
Contarct CAPA-3-68 (1-69)
B-15
-------
Appendix C
COMPUTATION OF MONTGOMERY STREAM FUNCTIONS
C-l
-------
Appendix C
COMPUTATION OF MONTGOMERY STREAM FUNCTIONS
The Montgomery stream function on an isentropic surface is defined as
M = gze + cpTg (C-l)
where g is the acceleration of gravity, ZA is the height of the isentropic
surface above sea level, c is the specific heat of air at constant pres-
sure, and TQ is the temperature of the isentropic surface.
Isentropic stream function values computed from Equation (1) are
highly sensitive to input errors. Values of ZQ and TQ, therefore, cannot
be read separately from sounding curves but have to be made consistent with
each other by using appropriate hydrostatic and thermodynamic equations
(Reiter, 1972). The following equation is suggested for the computation
of Montgomery stream functions from actual sounding data:
[We W*l
M = cpTQ + gZp + R [T] (lnp)ln |_1000 \ T? / J ,
-------
The temperature Tg of the isentropic surface is computed as
9 . 9b
T9 = Tb + (Ta - Tb> 8a - 9b , (C-3)
where subscripts a and b refer to parameter values observed at the two
significant points along the sounding above (a) and below (b) the isen-
tropic surface in question. The potential temperatures 9a and 6^ are
computed from Poisson's equation
PA = 1000
9 x° •' - (C-4)
K
where PQ and TQ are the pressures and temperatures of the significant
sounding point for which 9 is to be computed.
The value of [T] in Equation C-2 is determined by summing the
pressure-weighted temperatures of all significant points between the
standard isobaric surfaces p and pe. Since the distance between these
two pressure levels usually is small, it suffices to weight the tem-
peratures with respect to linear pressure rather than to the logarithm of
pressure, i.e., [T]/ yg [T]nnp)m The following equation has been
adopted:
+ TI+I
[T] =
l
J ,
(P) i=l L 2 pp - pQ
N
= 2(Pp1-pe) £ [(Ti * Ti+l)
N is the total number of significant points entering into the computation.
Two computer programs have been developed for a Hewlett-Packard 9820A
calculator. The first program allows the storage of up to 10 data points from
a sounding on one magnetic card. These data points are read into the
computer in the order of decreasing pressure values. The second program
processes data cards consecutively and prints the station identification
number, TQ, PQ, ZQ, and M.
The listings of the two programs follow.
C-4
-------
Program 1: Data Storage on Magnetic Cards
Line No. Program
Explanation
9
1
2
3
a-
o
18
TBL 4; TBL 5; CFG 2
IFFLG 2=0; GTO 3
REC "DA", R30
CFG 2; CFG 13; SPC 3; fl+X;
"ID. NO'VR&; PRT "ID. NO", R0
ENT "M3=", R(1+3X); PRT "MB*",
R(H3x)
R(2-i-3X)
EOT "TEMP**, RC3+3X); PRT
"TbMP=u9 R(3+3X)
IF PJS 13=?).; GTO 4
SFG 2; GTO 1
END; GTO 3
Clear all registers.
Station identification number
Pressure (mb) of sounding
data point
Height (m) of standard level
data point. If no height
value is available (as with
"significant points")
punch 00.
Temperature (°C) of data
point
C-5
-------
Program 2: Computation of Characteristic Values
of Ise'ntropic Surface
Line No. Program
Explanation
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
H
16
17
18
19
TBL 4; TBL 5; CFG 2
ENT "P.T.", A; PRT "P.T.", A
IF FLG 2=0; GTO 33
SPC 3; PRT "STA. I.D.", R0
GSB "T THETA"
PRT "T THETA", R35
1 000*( R35/A) t3. 499860647-4*36
PRT "P THETA", R36
GSB "M"
PRT "M", R46; GTO 33
"T THETA"; R(3+3B)+273.2+R31
R31
-3B) ) t0 . 285725652-vR32
B+l-^6; R(3+3B)+273.2->R33
R33 ( 1
IF
. 28572S562+R34
R3T-ir(R33-31} (A-R32) / (R34-
RET
"M"; B-l+B; Z+UZ
IF 0>B; GTO 22
IF R(2-i-3B)=C(; GTO 21
GTO 17
R(2+3B)-»-R37;
Clear all registers.
Punch desired potential-
temperature value (°K) of
isentropic surface.
Convert
to °K.
'C of data points
Compute potential temperature
G for data point (rean- 4). *
Go to next data point and
perform the same calculations,
Repeat these calculations as
long as the data points lie
below the isentropic surface
under consideration.
Compute TQ from-eqn. (3).
C-6
-------
Program 2 Continued
Line No.
Program
Explanation
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
Tt
32-
-33:
34-
35:
IF Z<1; GTO 27
Search for standard pressure
level for which' a value z j^O
P
is available. ' (For signifi-
cant points zo has been 'punched
as 00.) pt
; R(3+3B)+273.2+R(3+3G)+
273.2+R39
R(1+3B)-R(1+3C)-»R40
R39*R40+X+X
Z-1->Z; B+l->6; GTO 22
(R(3+3B)+273.2+R35)*(R(H-3B)-R36)+
X-»X
X/2(R38-R36)-+R41
(A/R35)t3.49986p657*R38/lj5jDjD*R42
Compute T.+T.
5). 1
in °K (see
Compute P-J-PJ+] (see /6qn. 5),
[T] according to /e'qn* 5
Compute argument of In-term
in'eqn. (2).
l.pp46£7*R35-*R43;980.6*R37*l(3t2->R44; CompTrte individual terms of
2.8704E6*R41*LN R42+R45 £qnS (2).
R43+R44*R45»R46;(R44+R45)/98Bi60*R47 Compute M; compute ZQ from
last two terms of eqn (2),
PRT "ZTHETA", R47; RET
SPG 2;: SN3^ (£*£; (?^Z> GTO 34; LOD
GTD 3
.ENff
C-7
-------
Appendix D
WEATHER AND PEAK-HOUR OZONE MAPS FOR 1974
D-l
-------
Appendix D
DAILY WEATHER AND PEAK-HOUR OZONE MAPS FOR 1974
The following pages present weather and ozone distribution maps
for the eastern United States for each day of 1974. The maximum and
minimum temperatures for the day are plotted on the small inset maps.
Isotherms of maximum temperature have also been drawn on these small
maps to show where the warmer areas were during the day.
The weather maps and the maximum/minimum temperature maps were
taken directly from the National Weather Service Analyses distributed
in the "Daily Weather Map" Series. The weather maps illustrate the
conditions that prevailed at 0700 EST (1200 GMT). The station data
for this time are also shown. Tracks of prominent low pressure areas are
marked by chains of arrows with prior locations shown by small white
crosses at 6-hour intervals before map time. Areas of precipitation are
shaded on the map.
The temperature maps are transposed from the order in which they
appear, in the "Daily Weather Map" series, so that the data apply between
0100 EST on the date of the weather map and the same time on the
following date. Thus, the maximum temperatures is usually applicable
to the afternoon of the date shown, and the minima will usually have
occurred during the hours around dawn of the day shown.
The daily peak-hour ozone charts are based on SAROAD data. The
initial steps in analyzing the data to produce the charts consisted of:
• converting all units to parts per billion
• selecting the daily maximum ozone concentrations
from hourly values (a daily maximum was obtained only
if there were at least 16 hourly reports during a
day and not more than 2 missing hourly reports during
the period from 0800 to 1800)
• deleting any zero value obtained for the
maximum ozone concentration or any excessively
high value (> 300 ppb during winter and > 500 ppb
during summer)
D-3
-------
• averaging all observations that were located within
the same urban area in order to obtain a single
value for subsequent analysis. This was done to
prevent the overemphasis of observations within a single,
restricted area.
After these preliminary steps, an objective analysis was performed.
This analysis began with interpolation from the irregularly spaced
observations to obtain a set of values at regularly spaced grid points.
A total of 399 grid points were used in the preparation of these analysis.
These grid point values then provided the framework for generating computer
isopleths of the daily maximum-hour ozone values. The fitting of a polynomial
surface to observations is a natural approach that is frequently used for
interpolating grid-point values. In the objective analysis used in this
study, each grid-point value of ozone concentration was obtained by a least-
squares fit of a first-degree polynomial surface to K nearby observations that
were weighted inversely with distance (Endlich and Mancuso, 1968; Mancuso
and Endlich, 1973). An optimum fit is obtained by minimizing
A K 2
q = E w(q - q) ,
I
where w is a weighting factor, q us an observed value at some location
(x,y) and ^ is the polynomial estimate for the same location (a + bx + cy).
An initial estimated value for the grid point is treated as the first
observational value and is given a fixed weight w^ (the initial estimate
is obtained by computing a simple weighted average of adjacent observations.)
A relatively low value is normally assigned to w^ so that the initial
estimate will have a significant influence only in areas where there are
no nearby data. The remaining K - 1 observations are the ones nearest
the grid point. However, it is required that at least one observation
(if available) be selected from each of the four angular quandrants (0°
- 90°,90° -180°, 180° -270°, and 270° -360°). This keeps the analysis
continuous in regions of poorly distributed data. A value of 5 was used
for K.
The weighting for an observation is computed by
222
w = C /[C + D ]
D-4
-------
where C is a constant and D represents the distance between the grid point
and the observation; thus, the closer an observation is to the grid point,
the greater the weighting. This distance weighting is important in this
type of analyses, because if it is not incorporated, or if C is set too
high, the analysis is overly smoothed. In this study a value of about
60 km for C was found through experimentation to give the most satisfactory
fitting of the data.
The objective analyses were performed on a rectangular grid. The
individual station values are also plotted along with a designator (letter
H) of high value locations.
The daily maps follow.
D-5
-------
References
Endlich, R.M. and R.L. Mancuso, 1968: Objective Analysis of Environmental
Conditions Associated with Severe Thunderstorms and Tornadoes. Mon.
Wea. Rev.. 96, 342-350.
Mancuso, R.L. and R.M. Endlich, 1973: Wind Editing and Analysis Program
Spherical Grid (WEAP-1A). User's Manual, Contract DAHC04-71-C-0013,
Stanford Research Institute, Menlo Park, California, 69 pp.
D-6
-------
1200 GMT WEATHER MAP
•—t
MAXIMUM-
MINIMUM
TEMPERATURE
,<< /
? j \ //y
20
40 40
TUESDAY, JANUARY 1, 1974
MAXIMUM-HOUR OZONE CONCENTRATIONS (ppb)
-------
o
I
oo
N; -r-'^ &K*»Hi£M, .//tt'ii! I:
if
1200 GMT WEATHER MAP
•V
r^*
70
20
X
MAXIMUM-
MINIMUM
TEMPERATURE
» .... *«
__L_r •«•-> r\
Tr5?7 . v. V3
i2^\20
'^18
l? H "ftri
13
^L-20
20
20
w
20
12
I2f...--*
y
><
fr
-«-• "%i
WEDNESDAY, JANUARY 2, 1974
MAXIMUM-HOUR OZONE CONCENTRATIONS (ppb)
-------
' ^-^^-
1200 GMT WEATHER MAP
/"•"*;
—•»...../'
O ^^^^^"^ '• V ^ ^^ - ' .^cW"1* ^ H
vi> <- slja .^«^^S>^*^*^y
f l<'^ij^TS^^^^ ^r^ ^-V^ /
*^^^®2^*
^gi^fc*-^^
MAXIMUM-
MINIMUM
TEMPERATURE
2020
20
THURSDAY, JANUARY 3, 1974
MAXIMUM-HOUR OZONE CONCENTRATIONS (ppb)
-------
G
i
- r 'I,' i
1200 GMT WEATHER MAP
MAXIMUM-
MINIMUM
TEMPERATURE
2020
•****"••„
26 '
.20 ;'
20
20 40 40
FRIDAY, JANUARY 4, 1974
MAXIMUM-HOUR OZONE CONCENTRATIONS (ppb)
-------
\<
'^r • ^
\ Jf . -^ »*
/T".-.-\ V%°*V
'.60 ':\ -20 -
»^>/ \
iAs«?tr|R&f^^4:
A . \ . ._ A *A.\
-:*'.x*'VJ^-i'
^T.>^-asH
sXi ei*"
CK* (.10 It>-
lp.®-'°L J7s
1118
1200 GMT WEATHER MAP
MAXIMUM-
MINIMUM
TEMPERATURE
SATURDAY, JANUARY 5, 1974
MAXIMUM-HOUR OZONE CONCENTRATIONS (ppb)
-------
o
I
I—'
ro
MAXIMUM-
MINIMUM
TEMPERATURE
1200 GMT WEATHER MAP
SUNDAY, JANUARY 6, 1974
MAXIMUM-HOUR OZONE CONCENTRATIONS (ppb)
-------
o
I
I-"
Co
-,
-i<*a*<--t
yr?&
1200 GMT WEATHER MAP
MAXIMUM-
MINIMUM
TEMPERATURE
MONDAY, JANUARY 7, 1974
MAXIMUM-HOUR OZONE CONCENTRATIONS (ppb)
-------
vi&v . ./ vi^&»> X
z**?\»~ir, • ^
x. «-f
. low/
1200 GMT WEATHER MAP
MAXIMUM-
MINIMUM
TEMPERATURE
TUESDAY, JANUARY 8, 1974
MAXIMUM-HOUR OZONE CONCENTRATIONS (ppb)
-------
o
I
!-•
Ui
MAXIMUM-
MINIMUM
TEMPERATURE
" i^i-° 7 \ af** l •? -J
,-/&>\«
"- .....•"*I \
A*K*i;3^&._>.- \,
1200 GMT WEATHER MAP
WEDNESDAY, JANUARY 9, 1974
MAXIMUM-HOUR OZONE CONCENTRATIONS (ppb)
-------
o
I
h-«
cr>
MAXIMUM-
MINIMUM
TEMPERATURE
I , •&!* ,'WJfcsr—*si<*fc*:/ .
«*, -"fev>-$p*- -^rb^vs&^^^s^
^ -2^-T/ ^ , ^ ' 'W^*t ***fr o*i;
^^^ .^-^-^^ v^'^ o ,y ^^:^Ǥ^
»vr.®»-?.^y ,/.„.*••• .:t*('^:'->>^**7%&$£
&a* :\i? / /
•.•••••.^•'^/sv«/iV^
fastis*?-'-' /
1200 GMT WEATHER MAP
THURSDAY, JANUARY 10, 1974
MAXIMUM-HOUR OZONE CONCENTRATIONS (ppb)
-------
a
h-1
^1
1200 GMT WEATHER MAP
:• .s. /o., •: -i/r * /&>
* --r;i ^\. 5//^
MAXIMUM-
MINIMUM
TEMPERATURE
FRIDAY. JANUARY 11, \ffJ4
MAXIMUM-HOUR OZONE CONCENTRATIONS (ppb)
-------
1032. ,
:^ l^-—~^--!. ° ._•:
1200 GMT WEATHER MAP
SATURDAY, JANUARY 12, 1974
MAXIMUM-
MINIMUM
TEMPERATURE
20
MAXIMUM-HOUR OZONE CONCENTRATIONS (ppb)
-------
G
i
w ;u *»&?&£&'-*>
^r^^Wk?
1200 GMT WEATHER MAP
MAXIMUM-
MINIMUM
TEMPERATURE
SUNDAY, JANUARY 13, 1974
MAXIMUM-HOUR OZONE CONCENTRATIONS (ppb)
-------
o
I
ro
O
>^\J"°- Ms* %t J^»W^/7*S /^Vfe
?* ^M^J -^^»:^^r7r
V^^*^^***1
-i ii*XrA \
*\-:\>:$ ' ^ra*>
tsXoi ' 2'S?^?W^ 2t\,
H &&^&ir\ ^
5,V WOt^ f W«
^ «.2.r
\
asy
vs • - *w
(. V/3» _*2~
^Qf V ~— ^" ,T I
•«^- - '"' a^
\
\
v
WTAl
1200 GMT WEATHER MAP
-' *' \''* •* *"* r» *+/
A1 ^5 £A . i* -*
•" ;,A .SO »T -ih ;
- & ^ * ;; £ *' ,
* ^^^J^
a
MAXIMUM-
MINIMUM
TEMPERATURE
MONDAY, JANUARY 14, 1974
MAXIMUM-HOUR OZONE CONCENTRATIONS (ppb)
-------
G
I
MAXIMUM-
MINIMUM
TEMPERATURE
a-p^p-^-Tf.-^/jp ~$$
r^^^i^J^^^|2^
I I • „ SL.'l&jpP^'
!' • • vt»^»r: 'g<^^$£^\ „„
"nr ',.. X a ^ ^^ t
•* •*. j - • -^ , •
\ «••» .yc
\vW-
1200 GMT WEATHER MAP
TUESDAY, JANUARY 15, 1974
MAXIMUM-HOUR OZONE CONCENTRATIONS (ppb)
-------
tJ
I
NS
^-^s^x-i^v^iJr
^+s::^ ,^^j*shB*?ljfc&*
'='/ *s.a
/ °St;
31 ' 101
v ulA&i
^ *ft^
^*.«
X--1
,yv
y'$&&>&'
*"V f*-2*r
. *-i\1*
••9f_*J3^
•• •Sft.f
-------
o
I
MAXIMUM-
MINIMUM
TEMPERATURE
fr \ v3%r-£&&38P J£~t
*&J** V5
•y < v
A^S&fio*
# ' /.-, <
•A\ ">
/ ^Hji' p to 6^
/ s~* »^«v «'
faA'°x' °lJ." -«*>-»
1200 GMT WEATHER MAP
THURSDAY, JANUARY 17, 1974
MAXIMUM-HOUR OZONE CONCENTRATIONS (ppb)
-------
o
I
MAXIMUM-
MINIMUM
TEMPERATURE
1200 GMT WEATHER MAP
FRIDAY, JANUARY 18, 1974
MAXIMUM-HOUR OZONE CONCENTRATIONS (ppb)
-------
o
I
NJ
Ln
MAXIMUM-
MINIMUM
TEMPERATURE
1200 GMT WEATHER MAP
SATURDAY, JANUARY 19, 1974
MAXIMUM-HOUR OZONE CONCENTRATIONS (ppb)
-------
MAXIMUM-
MINIMUM
TEMPERATURE
1200 GMT WEATHER MAP
SUNDAY, JANUARY 20, 1974
MAXIMUM-HOUR OZONE CONCENTRATIONS (ppb)
-------
o
I
NJ
•vl
••*
^V%^,
,r A • i%
. 1*7 ZiOtt v ~
+ ,„ 7 • ?0—«-c
<*8A
>ISJ \. >«
•-a\
8
^
i"8
ii''"1' i ^A ^B *"
S<£"^"v5i \ fr1
^>>!faS»frfi \A'
i s-\^-k55^J?vJ
f*5&/W^l&f
-f-^i 4?
S4--5-
1200 GMT WEATHER MAP
MAXIMUM-
MINIMUM
TEMPERATURE
MONDAY. JANUARY 21, 1974
MAXIMUM-HOUR OZONE CONCENTRATIONS (ppb)
-------
ro
oo
MAXIMUM-
MINIMUM
TEMPERATURE
*?$l
: *£*& *W'
"s-jpi j\
.*>/ -5^ \
&*£%&
0*^0^(1
^ l^A
\ &i??ff$iii,
[ ^3^-^
I »^«3^0l?p
fer^%y^
^5, ^-fy/^
^^^"y-' ^
^4tt *« / <|^
„>«
x^l fcW
^^L» .^
1200 GMT WEATHER MAP
TUESDAY, JANUARY 22, 1974
MAXIMUM-HOUR OZONE CONCENTRATIONS (ppb)
-------
NJ
VD
•r ^x / .ft AVS-V.4-JJ
~^"^ X .,,•••""* ^^X*^'' -^
^^i^^^r"'-^^ i±
MAXIMUM-
MINIMUM
TEMPERATURE
1200 GMT WEATHER MAP
WEDNESDAY, JANUARY 23, 1974
MAXIMUM-HOUR OZONE CONCENTRATIONS (ppb)
-------
u
I
CO
o
4$*$$
&§* >:
:§V5J*J.. "^*Sj
t** -^^?
«?A «ff?*
1200 GMT WEATHER MAP
THURSDAY, JANUARY 24, 1974
MAXIMUM-
MINIMUM
TEMPERATURE
MAXIMUM-HOUR OZONE CONCENTRATIONS (ppb)
-------
o
I
u>
*tes
vallM,
„>>-«*
K^ftr^"
-*&S / "$U ^ ?^v 2aS -if*
*»P-B\),^»oV'
^-^ ^y
'fc^ v3^ ""'^
^5= S *,» ^ ^ - ^v
^S«}»AV^
MAXIMUM-
MINIMUM
TEMPERATURE
FRIDAY, JANUARY 25, 1974
1200 GMT WEATHER MAP
MAXIMUM-HOUR OZONE CONCENTRATIONS (ppb)
-------
o
I
MAXIMUM-
MINIMUM
TEMPERATURE
20 4060/ 60
*. J y .'" V?
nrT* 4
y ^1*0 ^
30 025 \ ,X>4J ,*A^?U Wl
/'• ,T-*-A'
' \S "^ Vs
1200 GMT WEATHER MAP
SATURDAY, JANUARY 26, 1974
MAXIMUM-HOUR OZONE CONCENTRATIONS (ppb)
-------
o
I
U)
CO
MAXIMUM-
MINIMUM
TEMPERATURE
i#'(?K°W^
•s. > * ^
1200 GMT WEATHER MAP
SUNDAY, JANUARY 27, 1974
MAXIMUM-HOUR OZONE CONCENTRATIONS (ppb)
-------
MAXIMUM-
MINIMUM
TEMPERATURE
/
H i \k //'>•'
1 J5,Aj ! X r-i /
tdya&Wxtfr- --/ «&
^^aW%^^4
[fcm^ir
1200 GMT WEATHER MAP
MONDAY, JANUARY 28, 1974
MAXIMUM-HOUR OZONE CONCENTRATIONS (ppb)
-------
G
i
u>
Ln
MAXIMUM-
MINIMUM
TEMPERATURE
1200 GMT WEATHER MAP
TUESDAY, JANUARY 29, 1974
MAXIMUM-HOUR OZONE CONCENTRATIONS (ppb)
-------
o
I
u>
^rJS&^a,
-IT ,/ S T
~A-A --•'*-\>' >2 x5>!'""'* / / •A'Ta1/, a-
£^
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V-ti^SL ' ^-^^^-^-f^ _ 3/.*fe/ 3A-1&J /Jt^^f?**
>°
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^ ^V-^a/^^3/-* >;W . 31W, /
^%H
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^°i>
rfB*g
^ 3^ ^ •I"* ^T^ifP.
?^ *:» • .- , t^y/^" **
2i»lJ t9«/^ -S&
<^>:
«,Y>'7
«?i?-
1200 GMT WEATHER MAP
WEDNESDAY, JANUARY 30, 1974
MAXIMUM-
MINIMUM
TEMPERATURE
40
60
80
/"• ';
*—\
(^^^
93 80 60 40
MAXIMUM-HOUR OZONE CONCENTRATIONS (ppb)
-------
u
I
U>
MAXIMUM-
MINIMUM
TEMPERATURE
w: *&
1200 GMT WEATHER MAP
THURSDAY, JANUARY 31, 1974
MAXIMUM-HOUR OZONE CONCENTRATIONS (ppb)
-------
Co
oo
&
|^pV^^^^-F
ur -^r^L^«°
,£,
»"C
^©^^ x.«°-
?" -^i^^
&r$&
•J
1200 GMT WEATHER MAP
MAXIMUM-
MINIMUM
TEMPERATURE
FRIDAY, FEBRUARY 1, 1974
MAXIMUM-HOUR OZONE CONCENTRATIONS (ppb)
-------
D
i
U>
VO
&%&<£(&_
2, v r^Stff^^ • 7* / .rM.^S I ^SK^f'XSf^ /"&<*!
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*&%£'
^
^ 3P?-#
5g>V r- — ^.
^?iSi} >^V^ ^^X^*
^^.I^/C
^A X 3^
1200 GMT WEATHER MAP
MAXIMUM-
MINIMUM
TEMPERATURE
SATURDAY, FEBRUARY 2, 1974
MAXIMUM-HOUR OZONE CONCENTRATIONS (ppb)
-------
.p-
.o
-<^^^A
w
*3?
8^*44K#'T
WiSHS ^ .,«•• Lf&VS*^^' LO- rt
1200 GMT WEATHER MAP
r-/o
MAXIMUM-
MINIMUM
TEMPERATURE
SUNDAY, FEBRUARY 3, 1974
MAXIMUM-HOUR OZONE CONCENTRATIONS (ppb)
-------
1200 GMT WEATHER MAP
MAXIMUM-
MINIMUM
TEMPERATURE
• I
MONDAY, FEBRUARY 4, 1974
MAXIMUM-HOUR OZONE CONCENTRATIONS (ppb)
-------
o
-p-
ro
MAXIMUM-
MINIMUM
TEMPERATURE
1200 GMT WEATHER MAP
jg^-x^ H
TUESDAY, FEBRUARY 5, 1974
MAXIMUM-HOUR OZONE CONCENTRATIONS (ppb)
-------
G
i
MAXIMUM-
MINIMUM
TEMPERATURE
• f .» . ^-*§!•' «*3?> f^
°ir—o ^^^^fe^iPl^
* ^ar-i**"-*1?'
< •-„«•!£ *jB«C. i^>
•V^Sl ^» Jc4e.^
T * -7 , f / X < ">:J£ *
1200 GMT WEATHER MAP
WEDNESDAY, FEBRUARY 6, 1974
MAXIMUM-HOUR OZONE CONCENTRATIONS (ppb)
-------
G
-is
MAXIMUM-
MINIMUM
TEMPERATURE
1200 GMT WEATHER MAP
THURSDAY, FEBRUARY 7, 1974
MAXIMUM-HOUR OZONE CONCENTRATIONS (ppb)
-------
D
-P-
•sfcaLflfc'^
/ "^ -6 1n\ "^
fr^V-J^
^ A*£ \ ^V!iu / -.^VSW-'V 'i
&i/^W/:- \^
„ » \M«S,-^:f
>^24/ nn^iA* ^ T^fi •"-" • ^"V "*t
JM**^ ' ^**b """"' "-'• V
1200 GMT WEATHER
FRIDAY, FEBRUARY 8, 1974
MAXIMUM-HOUR OZONE CONCENTRATIONS (ppb)
-------
o
-p-
QJ; ^ jjgft . N^F\g.
* 4* T S^'T^-^^%^
;l ..V^ ^3fewi^\
^.^itfL^jFy^ >
MAXIMUM-
MINIMUM
TEMPERATURE
"-* * ^5^^V
I^K, fc . V,J^»- , 35. x
•sXW*^^
•^£t'^&i C ^*v'
1200 GMT WEATHER MAP
SATURDAY, FEBRUARY 9, 1974
MAXIMUM-HOUR OZONE CONCENTRATIONS (ppb)
-------
G
i
)/ vv
MAXIMUM-
MINIMUM
TEMPERATURE
' >w»&;~38f'^^x^*
1200 GMT WEATHER MAP
SUNDAY, FEBRUARY 10, 1974
MAXIMUM-HOUR OZONE CONCENTRATIONS (ppb)
-------
o
i
-P-
oo
$ /
-------
^A^TK^lw
_/ -'^liVy ''nr^.oSt / ^<»V \ \ ^^
*&&&% -.^M- ./*b>W^L
MAXIMUM-
MINIMUM
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1200 GMT WEATHER MAP
TUESDAY, FEBRUARY 12, 1974
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WEDNESDAY, FEBRUARY 13, 1974
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THURSDAY, FEBRUARY 14, 1974
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FRIDAY, FEBRUARY 15, 1974
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SATURDAY, FEBRUARY 16, 1974
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SUNDAY, FEBRUARY 17, 1974
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MONDAY, FEBRUARY 18, 1974
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TUESDAY, FEBRUARY 19, 1974
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1200 GMT WEATHER MAP
WEDNESDAY, FEBRUARY 20, 1974
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THURSDAY, FEBRUARY 21, 1974
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1200 GMT WEATHER MAP
FRIDAY, FEBRUARY 22, 1974
120
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SATURDAY, FEBRUARY 23,1974
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SUNDAY, FEBRUARY 24, 1974
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1200 GMT WEATHER MAP
MONDAY, FEBRUARY 25, 1974
MAXIMUM-HOUR OZONE CONCENTRATIONS (ppb)
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1200 GMT WEATHER MAP
TUESDAY, FEBRUARY 26, 1974
MAXIMUM-HOUR OZONE CONCENTRATIONS (ppb)
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WEDNESDAY, FEBRUARY 27, 1974
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THURSDAY, FEBRUARY 28, 1974
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FRIDAY, MARCH 1, 1974
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SATURDAY, MARCH 2, 1974
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SUNDAY, MARCH 3, 1974
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MONDAY, MARCH 4, 1974
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TUESDAY, MARCH 5, 1974
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WEDNESDAY, MARCH 6, 1974
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THURSDAY, MARCH 7, 1974
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SATURDAY, MARCH 9, 1974
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SUNDAY, MARCH 10, 1974
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TUESDAY, MARCH 12, 1974
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WEDNESDAY, MARCH 13, 1974
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THURSDAY, MARCH 14, 1974
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FRIDAY, MARCH 15, 1974
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SATURDAY, MARCH 16, 1974
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SUNDAY, MARCH 17, 1974
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MONDAY, MARCH 18, 1974
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WEDNESDAY, MARCH 20, 1974
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1200 GMT WEATHER MAP
THURSDAY, MARCH 21, 1974
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SATURDAY, MARCH 23. 1974
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SUNDAY, MARCH 24, 1974
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MONDAY, MARCH 25, 1974
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TUESDAY, MARCH 26, 1974
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THURSDAY, MARCH 28, 1974
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FRIDAY, MARCH 29, 1974
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SATURDAY, MARCH 30, 1974
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SUNDAY, MARCH 31, 1974
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MONDAY, APRIL 1, 1974
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TUESDAY, APRIL 2, 1974
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WEDNESDAY, APRIL 3, 1974
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FRIDAY, APRIL 5, 1974
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SATURDAY, APRIL 6, 1974
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SUNDAY APRIL 7, 1974
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MONDAY, APRIL 8, 1974
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THURSDAY, APRIL 11, 1974
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SATURDAY, APRIL 13, 1974
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SUNDAY, APRIL 14, 1974
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SUNDAY, APRIL 21, 1974
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MONDAY, APRIL 22, 1974
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THURSDAY, MAY 16, 1974
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SUNDAY, MAY 19, 1974
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MONDAY, MAY 20, 1974
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TUESDAY, MAY 28, 1974
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SATURDAY, JUNE 8, 1974
MAXIMUM-HOUR OZONE CONCENTRATIONS (ppb)
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1200 GMT WEATHER MAP
SUNDAY, JUNE 9, 1974
MAXIMUM-HOUR OZONE CONCENTRATIONS (ppb)
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TUESDAY, JUNE 11, 1974
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WEDNESDAY, JUNE 12, 1974
MAXIMUM-HOUR OZONE CONCENTRATIONS (ppb)
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1200 GMT WEATHER MAP
MAXIMUM-
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THURSDAY, JUNE 13, 1974
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SATURDAY, JUNE 15, 1974
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SUNDAY, JUNE 16, 1974
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1200 GMT WEATHER MAP
MONDAY, JUNE 17, 1974
MAXIMUM-HOUR OZONE CONCENTRATIONS (ppb)
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TUESDAY, JUNE 18, 1974
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WEDNESDAY, JUNE 19, 1974
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THURSDAY, JUNE 20, 1974
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FRIDAY, JUNE 21, 1974
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SATURDAY, JUNE 22, 1974
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SUNDAY, JUNE 23, 1974
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MONDAY, JUNE 24, 1974
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MAXIMUM-
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TUESDAY, JUNE 25, 1974
MAXIMUM-HOUR OZONE CONCENTRATIONS (ppb)
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60
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WEDNESDAY, JUNE 26, 1974
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THURSDAY, JUNE 27, 1974
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1200 GMT WEATHER MAP
FRIDAY, JUNE 28, 1974
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1200 GMT WEATHER MAP
SATURDAY, JUNE 29, 1974
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SUNDAY, JUNE 30. 1974
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1200 GMT WEATHER MAP
TUESDAY, JULY 2, 1974
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THURSDAY, JULY 4, 1974
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1200 GMT WEATHER MAP
FRIDAY, JULY 5, 1974
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1200 GMT WEATHER MAP
SATURDAY, JULY 6, 1974
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1200 GMT WEATHER MAP
SUNDAY, JULY 7, 1974
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MONDAY, JULY 8. 1974
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TUESDAY, JULY 9, 1974
MAXIMUM-HOUR OZONE CONCENTRATIONS (ppb)
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WEDNESDAY, JULY 10, 1974
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FRIDAY, JULY 12, 1974
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SATURDAY, JULY 13, 1974
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SUNDAY, JULY 14, 1974
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MONDAY, JULY 15, 1974
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TUESDAY, JULY 16, 1974
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WEDNESDAY, JULY. 17, 1974
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THURSDAY, JULY 18, 1974
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FRIDAY, JULY 19, 1974
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SUNDAY, JULY 21, 1974
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MONDAY, JULY 22. 1974
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TUESDAY, JULY 23, 1974
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THURSDAY, JULY 25, 1974
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1200 GMT WEATHER MAP
FRIDAY, JULY 26, 1974
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SUNDAY, JULY 28, 1974
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1200 GMT WEATHER MAP
MONDAY, JULY 29, 1974
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WEDNESDAY, JULY 31, 1974
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THURSDAY, AUGUST 1, 1974
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FRIDAY, AUGUST 2, 1974
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SATURDAY, AUGUST 3, 1974
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MONDAY, AUGUST 5, 1974
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TUESDAY, AUGUST 6, 1974
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THURSDAY, AUGUST 8, 1974
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FRIDAY, AUGUST 9, 1974
MAXIMUM-HOUR OZONE CONCENTRATIONS
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SATURDAY, AUGUST 10, 1974
MAXIMUM-HOUR OZONE CONCENTRATIONS (ppb)
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SUNDAY, AUGUST 11. 1974
MAXIMUM-HOUR OZONE CONCENTRATIONS (ppb)
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MONDAY, AUGUST 12, 1974
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TUESDAY, AUGUST 13, 1974
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WEDNESDAY, AUGUST 14, 1974
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THURSDAY, AUGUST 15, 1974
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FRIDAY, AUGUST 16, 1974
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1200 GMT WEATHER MAP
SATURDAY, AUGUST 17, 1974
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SUNDAY, AUGUST 18, 1974
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MONDAY, AUGUST 19, 1974
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TUESDAY, AUGUST 20, 1974
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THURSDAY, AUGUST 22, 1974
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FRIDAY, AUGUST 23, 1974
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SATURDAY, AUGUST 24, 1974
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1200 GMT WEATHER MAP
SUNDAY, AUGUST 25, 1974
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MONDAY, AUGUST 26, 1974
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TUESDAY, AUGUST 27, 1974
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WEDNESDAY, AUGUST 28, 1974
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THURSDAY, AUGUST 29, 1974
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FRIDAY, AUGUST 30, 1974
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SATURDAY, AUGUST 31, 1974
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SUNDAY, SEPTEMBER 1, 1974
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MONDAY. SEPTEMBP:R 2,1117.1
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TUESDAY, SEPTEMBER 3. 1974
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THURSDAY, SEPTEMBER 5, 1974
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KK1DAY. SEPTEMBER 6, 1974
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SUNDAY, SEPTEMBER 8, 1974
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MONDAY, SEPTEMBER 9, 1974
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TUESDAY, SEPTEMBER 10, 1974
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WEDNESDAY, SEPTEMBER 11, 1974
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THURSDAY, SEPTEMBER 12, 1974
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FRIDAY, SEPTEMBER 13, 1974
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SATURDAY, SEPTEMBER 14, 1974
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SUNDAY, SEPTEMBER 15, 1974
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MONDAY, SEPTEMBER 16, 1974
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1200 GMT WEATHER MAP
TUESDAY, SEPTEMBER 17, 1974
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WEDNESDAY, SEPTEMBER 18, 1974
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FRIDAY, SEPTEMBER 20, 1974
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SATURDAY, SEPTEMBER 21, 1974
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SUNDAY, SEPTEMBER 22, 1974
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MONDAY, SEPTEMBER 23, 1974
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TUESDAY, SEPTEMBER 24, 1974
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THURSDAY, SEPTEMBER 26, 1974
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FRIDAY, SEPTEMBER 27, 1974
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SATURDAY, SEPTEMBER 28, 1974
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SUNDAY, SEPTEMBER 29, 1974
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MONDAY, SEPTEMBER 30, 1974
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TUESDAY, OCTOBER 1, 1974
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FRIDAY, OCTOBER 4, 1974
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SATURDAY, OCTOBER 5, 1974
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SUNDAY, OCTOBER 6, 1974
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MONDAY, OCTOBER 7, 1974
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WEDNESDAY, OCTOBER 9, 1974
MAXIMUM-HOUR OZONE CONCENTRATIONS (ppb)
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1200 GMT WEATHER MAP
THURSDAY, OCTOBER 10, 1974
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FRIDAY, OCTOBER 11, 1974
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SATURDAY, OCTOBER 12, 1974
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SUNDAY, OCTOBER 13, 1974
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MONDAY, OCTOBER 14. 1974
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TUESDAY, OCTOBER 15, 1974
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WEDNESDAY, OCTOBER 16, 1974
MAXIMUM-HOUR OZONE CONCENTRATIONS (ppb)
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1200 GMT WEATHER MAP
THURSDAY, OCTOBER 17, 1974
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FRIDAY, OCTOBER 18, 1974
MAXIMUM-HOUR OZONE CONCENTRATIONS (ppb)
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MAXIMUM-
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SUNDAY, OCTOBER 20, 1974
MAXIMUM-HOUR OZONE CONCENTRATIONS (ppb)
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MONDAY, OCTOBER 21, 1974
MAXIMUM-HOUR OZONE CONCENTRATIONS (ppb)
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1200 GMT WEATHER MAP
TUESDAY, OCTOBER 22. 1974
MAXIMUM-HOUR OZONE CONCENTRATIONS (ppb)
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WEDNESDAY, OCTOBER 23, 1974
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THURSDAY, OCTOBER 24, 1974
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FRIDAY, OCTOBER 25, 1974
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SATURDAY, OCTOBER 26, 1974
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SUNDAY, OCTOBER 27, 1974
MAXIMUM-HOUR OZONE CONCENTRATIONS (ppb)
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1200 GMT WEATHER MAP
MAXIMUM-
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MONDAY, OCTOBER 28, 1974
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TUESDAY, OCTOBER 29, 1974
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1200 GMT WEATHER MAP
WEDNESDAY, OCTOBER 30, 1974
MAXIMUM-HOUR OZONE CONCENTRATIONS (ppb)
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1200 GMT WEATHER MAP
THURSDAY, OCTOBER 31, 1974
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FRIDAY, NOVEMBER 1, 1974
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SATURDAY, NOVEMBER 2, 1974
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SUNDAY, NOVEMBER 3, 1974
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MONDAY, NOVEMBER 4, 1974
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TUESDAY, NOVEMBER 5, 1974
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WEDNESDAY, NOVEMBER 6, 1974
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THURSDAY, NOVEMBER 7, 1974
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FRIDAY, NOVEMBER 8, 1974
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SATURDAY, NOVEMBER 9, 1974
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MONDAY, NOVEMBER 11, 1974
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TUESDAY, NOVEMBER 12, 1974
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WEDNESDAY, NOVEMBER 13, 1974
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MAXIMUM-
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THURSDAY, NOVEMBER 14, 1974
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FRIDAY, NOVEMBER 15, 1974
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SATURDAY, NOVEMBER 16, 1974
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SUNDAY, NOVEMBER 17, 1974
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MONDAY, NOVEMBER 18, 1974
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TUESDAY, NOVEMBER 19, 1974
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1200 GMT WEATHER MAP
WEDNESDAY, NOVEMBER 20, 1974
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FRIDAY, NOVEMBER 22, 1974
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SATURDAY, NOVEMBER 23, 1974
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SUNDAY, NOVEMBER 24, 1974
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MONDAY, NOVEMBER 25, 1974
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TUESDAY, NOVEMBER 26, 1974
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WEDNESDAY, NOVEMBER 27, 1974
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THURSDAY, NOVEMBER 28, 1974
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SATURDAY, NOVEMBER 30, 1974
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SUNDAY, DECEMBER 1, 1974
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MONDAY, DECEMBER 2, 1974
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1200 GMT WEATHER MAP
TUESDAY, DECEMBER 3, 1974
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WEDNESDAY, DECEMBER 4, 1974
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THURSDAY, DECEMBER 5, 1974
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1200 GMT WEATHER MAP
FRIDAY, DECEMBER 6, 1974
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SATURDAY, DECEMBER 7, 1974
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SUNDAY, DECEMBER 8, 1974
MAXIMUM-HOUR OZONE CONCENTRATIONS (ppb)
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MONDAY, DECEMBER 9, 1974
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TUESDAY, DECEMBER 10, 1974
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THURSDAY, DECEMBER 12, 1974
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FRIDAY, DECEMBER 13, 1974
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MONDAY, DECEMBER 16, 1974
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TUESDAY, DECEMBER 17, 1974
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WEDNESDAY. DECEMBER 18, 1974
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FRIDAY, DECEMBER 20. 1974
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SATURDAY, DECEMBER 21. 1974
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SUNDAY, DECEMBER 22, 1974
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MONDAY, DECEMBER 23, 1974
MAXIMUM-HOUR OZONE CONCENTRATIONS (ppb)
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TUESDAY, DECEMBER 24, 1974
MAXIMUM-HOUR OZONE CONCENTRATIONS (ppb)
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WEDNESDAY, DECEMBER 25, 1974
MAXIMUM-HOUR OZONE CONCENTRATIONS (ppb)
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THURSDAY, DECEMBER 26, 1974
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FRIDAY, DECEMBER 27, 1974
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-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
1. REPORT NO.
EPA-450/3-77-022c
2.
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
The Relation of Oxidant Levels to Precursor Emissions
and Meteorological Features. Volume III: Appendices
(Analytical Methods and Supplementary Data).
5. REPORT DATE
September 1977
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR(S)
F.L. Ludwig, P.B. Simmon, R.L. Mancuso, J.H.S. Kealoha
and E. Reiter
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
SRI International
Menlo Park,,CA 94025
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-02-2084
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards
Research Triangle Park, N.C. 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
16. ABSTRACT
Volume III contains the following:
A. Data Selection and Methodology for Trajectory Analysis
B. Meteorological and Emission Index Computer Program
C. Computation of Montgomery Stream Functions
D. Daily Weather and Peak-Hour Ozone Maps for 1974.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b. IDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS C. COS AT I Field/Group
Tropospheric Ozone
Stratospheric Intrusion
Oxidant Control Strategies
Meteorological Factors Affecting Ozone
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
Unlimited
19. SECURITY CLASS (ThisReport)
Unclassified
21. NO. OF PAGES
425
20. SECURITY CLASS (Thispage)
Unclassified
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (Rev. 4-77) PREVIOUS EDITION is OBSOLETE
372
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