-------
                         159
     100
c
O CNJ
•i- r-.
>  QJ
$- -o
O)  QJ
CO  OJ
J3  
 en
 ro
 OJ
 O
 V-
 Ol
Q.
      80
60
      40
20
       0
      Winter
                          1953-1956
                          1957-1966

                          1967-1976
                      J_
                              I
              Spring       Summer

                  Season
Fall
FIGURE  A-130.
           SEASONAL  VARIATION IN  VISUAL RANGE
           AT ELY, NEVADA, 1953-1976

-------
                           160
       100
o
•r- QJ
-C ^
3 •—
   (O
S- >
O
<+- -O
   OJ
en -t->
c  1— «
.S-
OJ C
I/) rt)
J3
O TJ
   QJ
+-> XJ
-C OJ
CD Ol
•r- U
i— X
>>UJ
(O
Q OJ
   CD
4- C
O T3
  o:
QJ
CD.—
 60 km
                                             >  100 km
              Spring        Summer

                  Season
               Fall
  FIGURE A-131.
           SEASONAL VARIATION IN VISUAL RANGE AT
           FARMINGTON, NEW  MEXICO,  1949-1976

-------
                       161
                                1957-1966

                                1967-1971
                                               > 60 km
                                               > 80 km
                                               >  100 km
      0
     Winter
Fall
FIGURE 132.    SEASONAL VARIATION IN VISUAL RANGE  AT
              FT.  HUACHUCA,  ARIZONA,  1957-1971

-------
                         162
     100
o  ^
   to
QJ -i-
CD>
ro
Ol
u
OJ
Q-
      80
S-
o
c:
O CO
ID

s-  UJ
CD (11
•i- CD
r- C
>, 10
(O Oi
o
      40
      20
                                   — 1948-1956

                                   — 1957-1966

                                      1967-1976
       0
      Winter
                       I
                                    I
                    Spring


                        Season
Summer
Fall
 FIGURE A-133.
                 SEASONAL VARIATION IN VISUAL  RANGE AT
                 GRAND  JUNCTION, COLORADO,  1948-1976

-------
                           163
       100
s_
o
1/1 -*
c
O r-~.
••- en
4->
fO ~O
> OJ
  -
(/I tt>
r> o
o x
-C  O)
en cr.
   4-  3

O  CO
  •f—

O) >
CD
cu
(J

(U
O.
       80
        60
        40
20
        0
       Winter
                          1948-1956

                          1957-1966

                          1967-1976
                                      I
              Spring       Summer


                  Season
Fall
   FIGURE A-134.
            SEASONAL VARIATION IN VISUAL  RANGE AT
            .GREAT FALLS,  MONTANA, 1948-1976

-------
                          164
      100
•r-  OJ
.c  3
i- >
O
i+- -o
  OJ
(/) -l->
C re
O O
•r— 'r-
4-> "O
 1—1
s-
0) C
(/I fO
   OJ
  -D
   >UJ
(O
O OJ
   en
M- C
O (O
  Qi
CU
Oil—
fO (D
 C
 O>
 u

 Ol
D-
   10
       80
60
40
20
                           1948-1956

                           1957-1966

                           1967-1976
        0
       Winter
                                      _L
                                                     > 60 km
                                                     > 100 km
              Spring

                  Season
Summer
Fall
 FIGURE A-135.
           SEASONAL VARIATION IN VISUAL RANGE
           AT PRESCOTT,  ARIZONA, 1948-1976

-------
                           165
 s-
 o
 o i--.
 •r- CTl
   OJ
ID

s- -o
Ol O>
-------
                          166
co
C
O •
03
>
   O)
     100
OJ  01
l/l  >ct:
03
C3 i—
   to
4-  3
O  to


01
O)
o

O)
      80
60
40
20
                       — 1948-1956

                      — 1957-1966

                          1967-1976
       0
      Winter
                                    I
             Spring

                  Season
Summer
Fall
 FIGURE A-137.
            SEASONAL VARIATION  IN VISUAL RANGE AT
            ROCK SPRINGS, WYOMING, 1948-1976
-------
                          167
  CU
o
4- -O
  CU
00 4->
C (T3
O (J

•»-> -O
to c
00   QJ
•i- O
i— X
     100
fO
Q CD
   cn
1- C
O 1C
  C£
  80 km
  Spring        Summer


      Season
Fall
 FIGURE A-138.
SEASONAL  VARIATION  IN  VISUAL RANGE
AT WINSLOW, ARIZONA,  1948-1976
-------
                         168
          E
        co -*
        c
        O r^
        -,- o-i
        •»-j
         Ol
        s- -o
        O) CD
        on OJ
        .n U
        O X
        -C 4000


                     Time of Day (hour)
FIGURE A-139.   VARIATION IN VISUAL RANGE  AS A FUNCTION
                OF  TIME OF DAY AT DENVER,  COLORADO,
                1948-1976
-------
                         169
             100
       -C
        u
        S-
        o
        c
        O CO
        > OJ
        s- -o
        Ol O>
        10 OJ
        -0 U
        o x
       -C QJ
        01 cn
       •r- C
       i — ro
              80
60
        03
       Q i
        O)
        O)
        C
        Ol
        (J
              40
20
              0
               1948-1956
               1957-1966

               1967-1976
                             I
                <1000    1000-1400     >4000


                   Time of Day  (hour)
FIGURE A-140.  VARIATION  IN  VISUAL RANGE AS A FUNCTION  OF
               TIME OF  DAY AT LAS VEGAS, NEVADA 1948-1976
-------
                       170
        100
  na
  o 10
  O)
  en
  C
  (LI
  (J

  QJ
  Q.
        80
  l/l
  C
  o
  (O "^3
  > <*>  en
  i- -o  bU
  (LI CD
  1/1 (L>
  -Q O
  O X
  -C  OJ
  en CD
  •r-  C
        40
20
         0
          	1948-1956
          	—1957-1966
          	1967-1976
          <1000    1000-1400     >4000


              Time of Day  (hour)
FIGURE A-141.   VARIATION IN VISUAL  RANGE AS A
                FUNCTION OF TIME OF  DAY  AT PHOENIX,
                ARIZONA, 1948-1976
-------
                       171
            100
       S-
       o
TO "O
> QJ
J- -O
QJ O>
l/l QJ
-O O
O X
  LU
•4->
.C QJ
CD CT)
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       Q r-
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       M- 3
       O l/l

       OJ >
       CD
       c
       O)
       u
       s_
       Ol
       Q-
             80
             60
             4Q
             ^u
      20
              0
                      1948-1956
                      1957-1966
                      1967-1976
               <1000    1000-1400     >4000

                   Time of Day (hour)
FIGURE A-142.   VARIATION IN VISUAL  RANGE AS A FUNCTION
                OF TIME OF DAY AT SALT LAKE CITY,  UTAH
                1948-1976
-------
                           172
            100
       S-
       o
       00 -*
       c
       O r^
       •i- cr>
       4->
       to -o
       > QJ
       S- -0
       O) o>
       00 
       -O U
       O X
       .C O>
       en cn
       •i- C
         (O
         o:

       Q i—
         fO
       M- 3
       O 00

       O) >
       CD
       (O
       O>
       U

       CD
       Q.
             80
60
40
20
              0
        	  1948-1956
        	  1957-1966

        	  1967-1976
               <1000    1000-1400     >4000

                   Time of Day  (hour)
FIGURE A-143.   VARIATION  IN VISUAL RANGE AS A  FUNCTION OF
                TIME OF DAY AT  TUCSON, ARIZONA,  1948-1976
-------
                       173
          100
           80
      00
      c
      o
      •
       O)
      S- T3
      
      -C QJ
      C71 O)
      •i- C
      Q i—
      OJ
      O)
      
      C
      OJ
      o

      Ol
      Q-
60
           40
20
            0
              •1948-1956
              •1957-1966
              •1967-1970
             <1000    1000-1400     >4000

                 Time of Day (hour)
FIGURE A-144.   VARIATION IN VISUAL RANGE  AS A FUNCTION
                OF TIME OF DAY AT ALAMAGORDO, NEW
                MEXICO, 1948-1970
-------
                         174
              100
o r^
•r- CTv
•*->
IQ TJ
> Ol
S- -D
Ol CD
10 OJ
J3 U
O X
         CD D1
         HJ
         Q r-
         O 10
         Ol
         cn
         OJ
         u
         S-
         O)
         Q-
               80
               60
               20
                0
               	 1948-1956
               	 1957-1966
               	 1967-1976
                 <1000    1000-1400     >4000

                    Time  of  Day (hour)


FIGURE A-145.  VARIATION  IN  VISUAL RANGE AS A FUNCTION OF
               TIME OF DAY AT BILLINGS, MONTANA,  1948-1976
-------
                          175
                100
           fe
            -ii
           c
           O LT>
(O
> 1C
&_ Qj
O) T3
1/1 (U
-Q OJ
O (-)
  X
•«-> LU

CD Ol

i— C
>> (O
           M- rc
           O Z3
             10
      80
                 cn
                 OU
                 40
                 20
                  0
                     1948-1956
                     1957-1966
                     1967-1976
                   <1000    1000-1400     >4000

                       Time of Day (hoflr)
FIGURE A-146.   VARIATION IN VISUAL  RANGE AS A FUNCTION OF
                TIME OF DAY AT CHEYENNE,  WYOMING, 1948-1976
-------
                 176
     100
     80
o
4-
c
O LT>
•r- O
03
>
               60
          o>
         o
   , ro
ro Q:
O
O 3
   en
QJ -i-
CJI>
(O
•!->
c
QJ
U
S-
01
Q-
               40
               20
      0
	1948-1956
	1957-1966
	1967-1976
       <1000    1000-1400     >4000

        t  Time of Day  (hour)
FIGURE A-147.
      VARIATION IN VISUAL  RANGE AS A FUNCTION OF
      TIME  OF DAY AT COLORADO  SPRINGS, COLORADO
      1948-1976
-------
                      177
        TOO
         80
60
     s-
     o
     O C\J
    •r- ( —
    -l->
     CO -O
     > d)
     s- -o
     Ol Ol
     in Ol
    .0 O
    o x
    .C 0)
     CD O)

    £ a 40
     ro
    Q r—
       fO
    t- 3
     O to

     
     o>
     4000


               Time of Day (hour)
FIGURE A-148.   VARIATION IN VISUAL  RANGE AS A
                FUNCTION OF TIME OF  DAY AT ELY,
                NEVADA, 1953-1976
-------
                               178
                100
            a>
            o
                 80
                 60
            s-
            o
o •—
•i- C\J
•(-> I—
to
> T3
S-  O)
J3 (U
O (->
  X
            CD QJ
            •i- CD

            >;«  40
            ra a:
            o

            M- (O
            o =
              i/>
            ai -I-
                 20
                  0
                                 1949-1956
                                 1957-1966
                                 1967-1976
                   <1000    1000-1400     >4000


                       Time of Day  (hour)
FIGURE A-149.   VARIATION IN VISUAL  RANGE AS A FUNCTION  OF TIME
                OF DAY AT FARMINGTON,  NEW MEXICO, 1949-1976
-------
                          179
          TOO
    -C
     o
     1/1
     C
     o
     re ~o
     > OJ
     s- -o
     O) QJ
     l/> dl
    X) 
    CD
    re
    -i->
    c:
    4000


                 Time of Day  (hour)
FIGURE A-150.
      VARIATION IN VISUAL  RANGE AS A
      FUNCTION OF TIME OF  DAY  AT FT.
      HUACHUCA, ARIZONA, 1954-1971
-------
                           180
            100
      J-
      o
      c
      o t^
      •i- CTl
      4->
       O)
      S- T3
      Ol OJ
      Wl OJ
      J2 O
      O X
      x:  01
      en en
      •r-  C
      r —  
       O)
       (O
      4->
       c
       QJ
       o

       Ol
      Q-
             0
              1948-1956
              1957-1966

              1967-1976
                            I
              <1000    1000-1400     >4000

                  Time of  Day  (hour)
FIGURE A-151.
    VARIATION IN VISUAL  RANGE AS A
    FUNCTION OF TIME OF  DAY  AT
    GRAND  JUNCTION, COLORADO,
    1948-1976
-------
                          181
     o
     •f—
     _c
     s_
     o
     M-

     i/i JK
     c
     O r-.
     •i- CTi
     4->
     (O TD
     > OJ
     S- "O
     OJ O)
     in Ol
     .a o
     o x
     j: a>
     en ai
     •i- C
     i — 03
     (D
     O i—
       (O
     M- ZJ
     O (/)
       •r-
     0) >
     a>
     ai
     u

     ai
     D-
            100
             80
60
             40
20
              0
        	1948-1956
        	1957-1966
        	1967-1976
               <1000    1000-1400      >4000


                   Time of Day  (hour)
FIGURE A-152.
    VARIATION IN VISUAL  RANGE AS A
    FUNCTION  OF TIME OF  DAY AT
    GREAT  FALLS, MONTANA,
    1948-1976
-------
                      182
         100
          80
  O LT>
  •r- O
  +-> r —
  fO
  > -o
  S- di
  at -a
  m 01
  JO > ro
  ro a:
  a
  o 3
  cr»
  ro
  cu
  o

  ai
  o.
60
40
20
           0
        	 1948-1956
        	 1957-1966
        	 1967-1976
            <1000    1000-1400     ->4000


                Time of Day (hour)
FIGURE A-153.
      VARIATION  IN VISUAL RANGE AS A
      FUNCTION OF TIME OF DAY AT
      PRESCOTT,  ARIZONA, 1948-1976
-------
                      183
          100
     O
     s_
           80
       60
    .c
    o
     s-
     o
     O ro
     ro
     > -o
     s- 01
     O) t3
     I/) O»
     J3 O)
     O O
       X
     •4-> UJ
CT> OJ
• r- CD



"il   40
O

M- ro
O 3


QJ -r-
           20
            0
                          1954-1956

                          1957-1966

                          1967-1976
             <1000    lOOO-MOO     >4000


                 Time of Day  (hour)
FIGURE A-154.
            VARIATION  IN  VISUAL RANGE AS A
            FUNCTION OF TIME OF DAY AT
            PUEBLO, COLORADO, 1954-1976
-------
                      184
          100
    S-
    o
    o «a-
   •r- ID
   4->
    03 "O
    > O)
    S- -O
     O)
    to 
   CT>
   03
   4->
   C
   4000


                 Time of Day  (hour)
FIGURE A-155.
      VARIATION OF VISUAL  RANGE AS A
      FUNCTION OF TIME OF  DAY AT
      ROCK SPRINGS, WYOMING,
      1948-1976
-------
                       185
         100
   o
   s_
   o
   c
   o r-.
  •r- CTl
  +->
   10 T3
   > 0>
   i- -o
   Ol OJ
   
          80
60
   
   Ol
   10
   OJ
   O

   OJ
   a.
          40
20
           0
               1948-1956
               1957-1966

               1967-1976
                         1
            <1000    1000-1-100     >4000


                Time of Day (hour)
FIGURE A-156.
       VARIATION  IN  VISUAL RANGE  AS  A
       FUNCTION OF TIME OF DAY AT
       WINSLOW, ARIZONA, 1948-1976
-------
                                     186
at Salt Lake City and Tucson,  suggest  that an increasing mixing depth
dilutes the aerosol  concentration,  thereby increasing the visual range.
However, at some locations,  such  as  Billings, Cheyenne, Farmington, Great
Falls, and Rock Springs,  daytime  visibility reaches a peak at midday
(1000 to 1100 hours).  At most locations, however, diurnal variations
are small.

14.  VARIATION WITH WIND DIRECTION

     Figures A-157 through A-174 illustrate the results of the data sorting
as a function of the surface wind direction.   The purpose of this analysis
was to determine whether the sources of the pollutants that cause vis-
ibility impairment could be deduced from the variations in frequency
distributions of visual range with wind direction at different locations.
For example, a reduction in the frequency of occurrence of good visibility
with southerly winds might indicate that natural or man-made pollutants
emitted south of the given location are responsible for the visibility
impairment.  However, consideration must also be given to the wind direc-
tion dependence of other meteorological parameters that affect visual range,
such as relative humidity, before definite conclusions can be drawn about
the emission sources that cause visibility degradation.

     There are other limitations to data sorting by wind direction.  It
is recognized that the wind direction at the surface, which was used in
this analysis, may not always be the same as the upper-air transport winds,
particularly in complex terrain.  Also, spatial and temporal changes in
wind direction and speed can transport an air parcel from a source to a
receptor via a circuitous route.  In the future, a more sophisticated
(and more costly) analysis could be carried out using trajectory analysis
to identify the transport of air parcels from emission sources to receptors
with greater accuracy.  For example, upper-air winds could be spatially
and temporally interpolated to compute forward trajectories from emission
sources (e.g., urban areas, copper smelters, power plants) to receptors
or back trajectories from receptors.  One could then determine whether
-------
     100
s_
o
4-
O r-.
•i- en
4->
ro TJ
> 0)
S- T3
01 01
 Ol
J3 O
o x
-C 
 c
 OJ
 o
 s_
      80  -
      60
      20
               I       I      I
       I       I
             I      I       I      I
               	 1948-1956

               — 1957-1966

               	 1967-1976
                      I
                                                    _L
                                                                       I
                                                                                                                 oo
               NNE   NE
                           ENE
ESE    SE    SSE     S


     Wind Direction
SSW
SW   WSW
WNW
NW   NNW
        FIGURE A-157.
                        PERCENTAGE OF  DAYLIGHT OBSERVATIONS  FOR WHICH VISUAL RANGE EXCEEDED
                        97 km, AS A  FUNCTION  OF WIND DIRECTION, AT DENVER,  COLORADO, 1948-1976
-------
    100
 to
•-    80
s-
O 
O

'55  so
> (O
i. O
-C CO
CD

£15.40
ro O)
Q Ol
  O
^t- X
O LJJ

Ol O)
cn CD
ro C
o
S-
OJ
o.
                                                   	 1948-1956
                                                   ^^ 1957-1966

                                                   	 1967-1976
                    I
                                                                           I
                                                        l
                                                                                                     > 48 km
                                                                                                                 00
                                                                                                                 oo
                                                                                                     >  105 km
            NNE    NE
                         ENE
ESE   SE
  SSE    S     SSW

Wind Direction
SW   WSW
W
WNW
NW   WNW
 FIGURE A-158.
                PERCENTAGE  OF DAYLIGHT OBSERVATIONS FOR WHICH VISUAL  RANGE  EXCEEDED AN INDICATED VALUE,
                AS A FUNCTION OF WIND DIRECTION, AT LAS VEGAS, NEVADA, 1948-1976
-------
     100
ro
3
(/I
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•r—
S-  3
O r—
<4-  (O
c -o
o 
•!-> to
tO O
> T-
s- -o
O) C
to >— •
JD
O C
  to
 >, (U
 (O O
Q X
o o>
   CD
cu c
D1 tO
 c
 o>
 o
 s-
      80
      60
      40
      20
	 1948-1956

	 1957-1966

•	 1967-1976
               I
                            I
         I
                I
I
I
I
                                                                                                        ->48  km
                                                                                                        >64  km
                                                                                                                    co
              NNE    NE    ENE
                                       ESE   SE    SSE     S    SSW

                                                 Wind Di rection
                           SW    WSW
                 WNW    NW
  FIGURE A-159.
                  PERCENTAGE OF DAYLIGHT OBSERVATIONS FOR WHICH  VISUAL RANGE EXCEEDED AN  INDICATED VALUE,
                  AS  A FUNCTION OF WIND DIRECTION, AT PHOENIX, ARIZONA, 1948-1976
-------
      100
s_
o
      80  -
to _*:

O ^1-



•i- C
•— (O

to

  <0
>4- 3
O to
Ol
Ol
(O
4->
c
111
o
1_
Ol
CL.
       40
       20
                I       I      \
       I       I
              I      I      I      T
                                                      	1948-1956

                                                     	1957-1966
                                                     	1967-1976
                      I
               NNE    NE
                                                      I
                                                                         I
                                                                               I
                            ENE
ESE    SE    SSE     S

     Wind Direction
ssw
sw    wsw
                                                                                                  I
WNW
NW   NNU
  FIGURE A-160.
                   PERCENTAGE OF DAYLIGHT OBSERVATIONS  FOR WHICH VISUAL RANGE  EXCEEDED 64 km, AS  A
                   FUNCTION  OF WIND DIRECTION AT SALT LAKE CITY, UTAH, 1948-1976
-------
     100
 fO
 3
 CO
.c:

•r-
-C
3
  01
i. 3
O i—
      80
 I/I
 C
 O
   QJ
   ro
   <->
 O)
 
-O
o
oi
o

O)
     60
   to
D) O)

'^"S  40
"V, CU
ra o
Q X
O  CD
   O1
O)  C
CD ro
03 CsL
      20
                                              	  1948-1956

                                               	  1957-1966

                                              	  1967-1976
                    1
                                                          I
                                                                I
                                       I
             I
                                                                                                       > 64 km
                                                                                                        97 km
             NNE    NE
                         ENE
ESE   SE    SSE    S     SSW
         Wind  Direction
SW
WSW    W
  FIGURE A-161.
                 PERCENTAGE OF DAYLIGHT OBSERVATIONS FOR WHICH VISUAL RANGE EXCEEDED  AN INDICATED VALUE
                 AS A  FUNCTION OF WIND DIRECTION, AT TUCSON,  ARIZONA, 1948-1976
-------
     100
o
     80
c: m
O i—
(O -a
> cu
s- -o
a> ai
oo a>
J3 0
o x
.G  
-------
     100
 .*:
c
O r^
•r- en
> O)
i- -o
O) 
-------
     100
t/> .*:
c
o in
IO
> -O
S- 01
O) -O
10 O)
J3 Ol
o u
  X
  O)
  CD
ca ce.
o

4- ro
O 3
  l/l
Q) -r-
(O
 cu
 0

 O)
Q-
      80
60
40
20
                                              — •• 1948-1956
                                              — 1957-1966
                                              	 1967-1976
                                                     I
                                                           l
                                I
                                                                                                            10
               NNE    NE
                     ENE
ESE    SE    SSE    S

     Wind Direction
SSW    SW
WSW
W
WNW
NW   NNW
  FIGURE  A-164.    PERCENTAGE  OF OBSERVATIONS FOR WHICH VISUAL RANGE EXCEEDED 145 km, AS  A
                  FUNCTION  OF WIND DIRECTION, 'AT CHEYENNE, WYOMING, 1948-1976
-------
     100
JC
0
(/•>
10
?• ~°
i- > <°
(O Qi
O

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-------
     100
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 S- -O
 Ol QJ
 to OJ
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      80
60
      40
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       	  1948-1956
       	  1957-1966
       	  1967-1976
                                               I
                                                     I
                                                     I
                                                                  I
                                      I
                                                                                                           ID
               NNE   NE
                     ENE
ESE    SE    SSE     S

     Wind Direction
SSW
SW    WSW
WNW
NW   NNW
 FIGURE A-166.
            PERCENTAGE  OF DAYLIGHT OBSERVATIONS FOR WHICH  VISUAL RANGE EXCEEDED  72  km,  AS A
            FUNCTION  OF WIND DIRECTION, AT ELY, NEVADA,  1948-1976
-------
     TOO
  to
  O
  •-   80
  S_ O)
  O =J
O T3
••- dl
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   64 km
                                                                                                          121 km
              NNE   NE
                         ENE
                                ESE    SE    SSE     S     SSW
                                           Wind Direction
                  SW    WSW
                              WNW    NW
                                    NNW
FIGURE A-167.   PERCENTAGE OF DAYLIGHT OBSERVATIONS  FOR WHICH VISUAL  RANGE EXCEEDED AN INDICATED VALUE
                AS A FUNCTION OF  WIND DIRECTION, AT  FARMINGTON,  NEW MEXICO, 1949-1976
-------
    100
s-
O
  rtJ
O T3
S- T-
O) TD
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4-> 03
x:
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                                                                                                > 89 km
                                                                                                              Ob
                                                                                                        105 km
             NNE
              NE
ENE
ESE   SE    SSE    S    SSW
          Wind  Direction
SW    WSW
NW    NNW
   FIGURE A-168.  PERCENTAGE OF  DAYLIGHT OBSERVATIONS FOR WHICH VISUAL RANGE  EXCEEDED AN INDICATED VALUE,
                 AS A FUNCTION  OF  WIND DIRECTION, AT FT. HUACHUCA, ARIZONA,  1957-1970
-------
     100
ITS
O O)
   Ol
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o  3
C in
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                                                                                                       >  145  km
              NNE   NE
                          ENE
ESE    SE    SSE     S


     Wind Direction
ssw    sw    wsw
WNW
NW   NNW
  FIGURE A-169.   PERCENTAGE  OF  DAYLIGHT OBSERVATIONS  FOR  WHICH VISUAL RANGE EXCEEDED AN INDICATED
                  VALUE, AS A FUNCTION OF WIND DIRECTION,  AT GRAND JUNCTION, COLORADO, 1948-1976
-------
     100
      80
s_
o
00 J*
c
o f~
•r- CTl
O)
   60
(O
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i- -O
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n3
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 U

 O)
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      20
                                                                           i      i      i      r
                                            	 	  1948-1956
                                             	  1957-1966
                                             	  1967-1976
                                                                                                              ro
                                                                                                              o
                                                                                                              o
              NNE    NE
                        ENE
ESE   SE    SSE    S

     Wind Direction
SSW    SW
WSW
WNW
NW   NNU
 FIGURE A-170.
               PERCENTAGE OF DAYLIGHT OBSERVATIONS  FOR WHICH VISUAL RANGE .EXCEEDED 97 km, AS A
               FUNCTION OF WIND DIRECTION, AT  GREAT FALLS, MONTANA, 1948-1976
-------
     100
 O
 t/i un
 c o
 o •—
•I —
4J -O
 rtJ OJ
 > "O
 S_ QJ
 OJ Ol
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-Q X
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 03 t—
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 O -r-

 Ol
 cr.-c
 rtJ u
4-> •!-
 C -C
 0) 3
 U
 s-
 flj
Q-
      80
60
40
20
                     1948-1956

                     1957-1966

                     1967-1976
                     _i
                                                     I
                                                     _L
                           I
 I
I
I
I
                                                                                                           > 105  km
                                             ro
                                             o
             NNE
               NE   ENE
ESE   SE     SSE    S     SSW

          Wind  Direction
SW    WSW
           WWW    NW
FIGURE A-171.
          PERCENTAGE OF DAYLIGHT OBSERVATIONS  FOR WHICH  VISUAL RANGE EXCEEDED AN INDICATED VALUE,
          AS  A FUNCTION OF WIND DIRECTION,  AT  PRESCOTT,  ARIZONA, 1948-1976
-------
     100
      80
o
4-
IT}
> T3
s- cu
O) -O
1/1 OJ
-Q Ol
O U
  X
en at
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 cn
 03
 4->
 c.
 QJ
 u

 Ol
 ex
60
      40
20
                   1954-1956

                   1957-1966
                   1967-1976
                                                                        I
               NNE   NE
                     ENE
ESE    SE    SSE     S

     Wind Direction
SSW
SW    WSW
WNW    NW   NNW
                                                                                                                  ro
                                                                                                                  O
                                                                                                                  ro
  FIGURE A-172.
             PERCENTAGE OF  DAYLIGHT OBSERVATIONS FOR WHICH  VISUAL RANGE EXCEEDED ll3  km,  AS A
             FUNCTION OF WIND DIRECTION,  AT PUEBLO, COLORADO,  1954-1976
-------
     100
      80
                \
l/l
c
o
> O)
i- T5
Ol O)
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      60
      40
Q i—
  10
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en
ro
o

01
Q-
      20
                                                  ••	•  1948-1956
                                                  	  1957-1966

                                                  	  1967-1976
_1_
                                              i
                                                    I
                                                          _L
                                                                I
                                                                       I
                                                                                              _L
                                                                                                                 PO
                                                                                                                 o
                                                                                                                 00
              NNE   NE
                          ENE
ESE    SE    SSE     S


     Wind Direction
SSW    SW
WSW
WNW
NW   NNW
   FIGURE  A-173.    PERCENTAGE OF DAYLIGHT OBSERVATIONS FOR WHICH VISUAL  RANGE EXCEEDED 64 km, AS A
                   FUNCTION OF WIND DIRECTION,  AT ROCK SPRINGS, WYOMING,  1948-1976
-------
    100
     80
 c .
 o>
 o
 S-
 OJ
O-
     60
c: t^.
o en
•r-
•!-> -O
03  TD
S_ >
03 i—
M- ui
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O)
cn
03 o
     20
                       1948-1956

                	 1957-1966

               	 1967-1976
                                                   _L
                                                          _L
                         J_
                   _L
                                                                                                                   ro
                                                                                                                   o
             NNE    NE
                          ENE
ESE   SE
SSE    S     SSW

Wind Direction
SW    WSW
FIGURE A-174.
                PERCENTAGE  OF DAYLIGHT OBSERVATIONS FOR WHICH VISUAL RANGE  EXCEEDED 97 km
                AS A FUNCTION OF WIND DIRECTION,  AT WINSLOW, ARIZONA,  1948-1976
-------
                                     205
the air parcels associated with reduced visual  range are indeed transported
from pollution sources.  Of course, the trajectory analysis technique would
also be limited by the accuracy of the interpolation scheme,  particularly
in rough terrain where channeled winds and drainage winds  complicate
the flow patterns.

     Despite these limitations of the wind direction sorting  analysis,
in many instances the known spatial distribution of emission  sources can
explain the variations as a function of wind direction of  visual  range
that were observed at many locations.  For example, the dependence of
visual  range on wind direction in Denver is shown in Figure A-157.   Good
visibility in Denver is less frequent with northerly flow  than with south-
erly flow.  Because higher humidities are slightly more frequent with
southerly flow, the wind direction dependence of relative  humidity cannot
account for the dependence on wind direction.  Rather, the dependence
appears to result from the transport of urban emissions from  Denver
toward the distant visibility marker, Pike's Peak, which is 97 km south
of Denver.  Thus, with northerly flow, aerosol  from Denver is transported
toward the marker, thereby intersecting a larger portion of the 97 km
sight path.

     A similar explanation can account for the decreased visibility in
Las Vegas that occurs with southerly fl'.v (see Figure A-158).  The distant
visibility marker in Las Vegas is to the northeast of the  city; the entire
sight path between the NWS observer and the most distant marker would be
within the Las Vegas urban plume only when winds were generally southwesterly,

     Figure A-159 shows that in Phoenix a visual range greater than 64 km
is much more frequent with northeasterly flow than with any other wind
direction.  This suggests that air transported from the northeast off
the Colorado Plateau is cleaner than air transported from the desert and
from the  copper smelters to the south.  .

     There are no known emission sources to  the east of Billings and Great
Falls, Montana, that would account for the decrease in visual range with
-------
                                     206
generally easterly flow that is observed at these locations (see Figures
A-163 and A-170).  Also, the dependence of relative humidity on wind dir-
ection does not account for the variation.  However, wind speeds greater
than 5 m/sec, which are correlated with increased visual  range at these
locations, are less frequent with easterly winds.  This effect is the only
apparent explanation for the dependence of visual range on wind direction
in Montana.

     In Colorado Springs the distant (145 km)  visibility marker, Blanca
Peak, is visible less frequently with southerly flow (Figure A-165).
Also, good visibility occurs less frequently with \tfinds from the north
and north-northwest, perhaps as a result of air pollution transported from
Denver.  The reduction in visibility in air parcels transported from the
south could be due to pollution emitted in.the smelter complex of Arizona
and New Mexico or in west Texas.  The visual range in Pueblo (see Figure
A-172), which is 60 km to the south of Colorado Springs, is smallest with
winds from the north through northeast.  There is no obvious explanation
for the occurrence of reduced visibility associated with southerly flow
at Colorado Springs but not at Pueblo.  At both locations, however,  the
best visibility is associated with northwesterly winds, which transport
relatively clean, dry air from the Rockies.

     Figure A-171 shows the dependence of visibility in Prescott on  wind
direction.  Visibility less than 105 km occurred more frequently when
winds were from the southeast than when they were northerly.  One explan-
ation for this dependence is that southerly winds in Prescott are more
often associated with high (exceeding 60 percent) relative humidity  con-
ditions.  Another possible explanation is that there are fewer pollution
sources to the north than to the southeast;  thus, the decreased visibility
associated with southeasterly flow may be caused by pollutants transported
from the cities of Phoenix and Tucson or from the copper smelters in
southeastern Arizona.  Prescott's visual range during periods of low
relative humidity (less than 60 percent) was analyzed as a function  of
wind direction to attempt to eliminate the effect of relative humidity;
the results are reported in subsequent paragraphs.
-------
                                     207
     Another interesting observation is evident in Figure A-171;  a sig-
nificant reduction in visibility, not observed during the earlier two
decades, is  associated with winds from the  southwest  to  west  directions
during the last 10-year period.  One .possible explanation is  that winds
from the west and southwest carried pollution to Prescott and its farthest
visibility marker, Humphreys Peak (north of Flagstaff),  from  a recently
created or expanded emissions source.  The  Mohave coal-fired  power plant,
which is located about 200 to 300 km west of the sight path from  Prescott
to Humphreys Peak, is one such source.  Another possibility is an urban
plume from Las Vegas or some other metropolitan area.

     Figure A-174 shows the dependence of visibility  in  Winslow on wind
direction.  Reduced visibility in Winslow appears to  be  correlated with
winds from the south-southwest, indicating  that pollution from the Phoenix
and Tucson urban areas or from the  copper  smelters may  be  causing  reduced
visibility.   Virtually the same dependence  on wind direction  can  be
observed for each of the three decades.

     It should be noted here that Roberts et al. (1975)  reported  that the
visual range measured in the Petrified Forest (east of Winslow) was shortest
when winds were from the southwesterly 90°  quadrant,  which suggests,  as
do the  Prescott  and Winslow data,  that emissions  from southern Arizona
contribute to visibility impairment in remote areas under certain trans-
port wind conditions.

     Figure A-167 illustrates a similar dependence of visibility  on wind
direction in Farmington, New Mexico.  Reduced visibility is associated
with south-southwesterly winds, suggesting  again that pollution trans-
ported from southeastern Arizona may be responsible for visibility
degradation.  Pollution from the Four Corners power plant would be trans-
ported toward Farmington and its visibility markers to the north.  But no
significant change is apparent in the wind  direction  dependence between
the  last  decade  (when the  power  plant was  operating)  and  the  previous two
decades (before  the  plant  was  in operation).   Therefore,  it  appears  that
-------
                                     208
visibility is reduced principally by other pollution sources to the south.
Although visibility also seems to be reduced when winds are from the
north-northeast, the visibility degradation associated with that wind dir-
ection appears to have diminished over the past three decades and, as
we point out in subsequent paragraphs, north-northeasterly winds at
Farmington are very infrequent.

     Substantial evidence indicates that the transport of pollution from
southeastern Arizona causes visibility reduction in remote areas in the
Southwest.  Southeasterly winds are associated with reduced visibility
in Prescott, south-southwesterly winds have the same effect in Uinslow,
and south-southwesterly winds degrade visibility in Farmington.  These
data were analyzed further to study the influence of copper smelter emis-
sions, in particular, on visual range in remote areas.

     As we have noted, the copper smelters in southeastern Arizona and
southwestern New Mexico are the dominant SCL sources in the Southwest.
Before emissions controls were implemented in 1973, the copper smelter
complex emitted more than 6000 tons of S02 per day.  The analysis of the
yearly trends in visual range and the dependence of visual range on
relative humidity showed a dramatic improvement in visibility, .particularly
in Phoenix and Tucson, during the period 1973 through 1976, when smelter
emissions were reduced to half of what they were in 1973.  During the
copper strike from July 1967 through March 1968, there were no smelter
S02 emissions; thus, the strike is a control period that  can be used
to evaluate the effect of smelter emissions on visibility.

     We used the visual range observed during the copper strike for com-
parison with the visual range in Prescott, Winslow, and Farmington when
the smelters were operating.   The purpose of this analysis was to determine
whether the reduction in visual  range associated with certain wind dir-
ections at these locations  was the result of the transport of smelter
emissions.
-------
                                    209
     Figures A-175 through A-177 show the results of this  analysis  for
Prescott, Winslow, and Farmington, respectively.   These graphs  show the
frequencies of occurrence of visual  range greater than the indicated value,
only for daylight observations during which relative humidity was  less than
60 percent, as a  function of the surface wind direction.  The purpose of
eliminating high relative humidity cases was to minimize any influence
from the dependence of relative humidity on wind direction.

     When the frequencies of good visibility during the copper  strike
(1967 to 1968) are compared with those during the decade 1967 to 1976,
dramatic improvements in visual range are noticeable, particularly  for
wind directions that would cause the transport of smelter SOp emissions
directly to the given location (i.e., the southeasterly quadrant for
Prescott, the southerly quadrant for Winslow, and the southwesterly
quadrant for Farmington).  These improvements in visibility  were tested
for statistical significance by comparing the strike period  observations
with the remainder of the observations in the decade 1967 to 1976.   In
Figures A-175 through A-177, the points indicated with closed circles are
the wind directions for which significant improvements in visibility were
observed during the copper strike period  (at the 95  percent  confidence
level; that is, such differences could have resulted from chance varia-
tions with less than 5 percent probability).  The most significant
increases in visual range during the st.'ike occurred at Farmington, New
Mexico, situated more than 400 km to the north and northeast of the smelters
in Arizona and New Mexico, rather than at Prescott and Winslow, which are
about 250 km north of the smelters.   One explanation for the increased
visual range at the more distant locations is that if sulfate is formed
slowly in the dry desert environment, a greater amount of sulfate would
have formed in the time required for an air parcel to be transported
400 km (22 hours with a 5 m/s wind)..
-------
     100
      80
O LD
•r- O
4-> .	
IT3
> T3
4- 0)
d) T3
to (I)
-Q 
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.c
(J
t-
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c
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ui 0)
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  to
4- 3
O l/l
01
o

OJ
a.
      100
       80
       60
       40
                    	1948-1956

                    	1957-1966

                    	— 1967-1976
                          -OJULY 1967-MARCH 1968 (COPPER STRIKE)

                          • WIND DIRECTIONS ASSOCIATED WITH SIGNIFICANTLY

                            IMPROVED VISUAL RANGE (AT THE 95 PERCENT

                            CONFIDENCE LEVEL) WHEN COMPARED WITH THE

                            REMAINDER OF THE DECADE 1967-1976
                                                    I
                                                          I
                                                                I
                                                                      I
                                                                                        I
                                                                                              I
               NNE   NE
       ENE
ESE   SE    SSE    S


     Wind Direction
ssw   sw
wsw
WNW    NW
NNW
   FIGURE A-176.
PERCENTAGE OF DAYLIGHT OBSERVATIONS WITH RH < 60 PERCENT FOR WHICH VISUAL RANGE

EXCEEDED 97 km, AS A FUNCTION OF WIND DIRECTION, AT WINSLOW, ARIZONA, 1948-1976
-------
  J-
  o
  4-

  to .*:
  c
  O r—
  •f- CM
  +-> I—
  (O
  > T3
  S- 0)
  
  c
  OJ
  u

  01
  Q-
        100
         80
60
         40
20
                  _L
                         I
                  NNE   NE
                                    — • 1949-1956
                                     — 1957-1966
     - 1967-1976
     •OJULY 1967-MARCH 1968  (COPPER STRIKE)
      •WIND DIRECTIONS ASSOCIATED WITH SIGNIFICANTLY
        IMPROVED VISUAL RANGE  (AT THE 95 PERCENT
        CONFIDENCE LEVEL) WHEN COMPARED WITH  THE
        REMAINDER OF THE DECADE  1967-1976
                                              I
                                                                          I
                                      I
                                                                                                                    IN3

                                                                                                                    rv>
                     ENE
ESE   SE    SSE    S

     Wind Direction
SSW
sw    wsw
WNW
NNW
FIGURE A-177.
       PERCENTAGE OF DAYLIGHT OBSERVATIONS WITH RH < 60 PERCENT FOR WHICH  VISUAL RANGE EXCEEDED
       121 km, AS A  FUNCTION OF WIND DIRECTION, AT FARMINGTON, NEW MEXICO, 1949-1976
-------
              213
          APPENDIX B
ATMOSPHERIC OPTICS CALCULATION
-------
                                   214
                              APPENDIX B
                  ATMOSPHERIC OPTICS CALCULATION  -


     Appendix B discusses  the connection between prescription of the
pollutant concentration  from the  dispersion and chemistry components of
the models and determination and  display of visibility degradation.  This
relationship involves  two  processes:

     >  Calculation of the scattering  and extinction properties
        of the aerosol.
     >  Calculation of radiative  transfer and  display of the
        visual impact.

We describe our treatment  of these  processes in some detail to make clear
the assumptions and simplifications behind them.

1.   METHODS OF CALCULATING SCATTERING AND EXTINCTION COEFFICIENTS

     This section discusses the various possibilities for determining the
scattering and absorption  properties of air pollutants.  Because the pro-
cess is straightforward  for gases (N02), we concentrate on particulates.
First, we review the empirical  relationships that  have been developed
through correlation techniques among visual range, scattering coefficient,
and aerosol mass (more importantly, sulfate mass).  Then we discuss the
ways in which the scattering and  absorption properties of aerosols can be
computed given certain information  about their size and composition.  We
show how some calculations of scattering properties compare with the
empirically determined values.  Finally, we discuss the way in which the
coefficients are calculated in the  visibility  models.
-------
                                  215
a.   Empirical  Correlations Among Visual  Range,  Scattering
     Coefficient, and Aerosol  Mass

1)   Visual  Range and Scattering Coefficient

     Middleton  (1952) presented Koschmieder's result that  for a  uniform
medium the visual range (how far one can  see a black object  against  the
background sky) is linearly related to the scattering coefficient  of the
atmospheric  aerosol.   Samuels, Twiss, and Wong (1973) found  that in  three
California cities the correlation between visual  range and scattering
coefficient  measured at a point was very  good (r ^ 0.8).   In that  study
the location of the scattering coefficient measuring device  and  the
observer who determined the visual range  were not the same,  indicating
that the spatial  inhomogeneities in the cities were not large enough to
invalidate the  use of a point  measurement of the scattering  coefficient
to compute a spatially .integrated quantity (visual  range).  Several
studies (Cass,  1976; Trijonis  and Yuan, 1977) used visual  range  data to
compute an effective scattering coefficient based on the Koschmieder
relationship.

2)   Scattering Coefficient and Mass

     Several studies have attempted to correlate observed  scattering
coefficients (or observed visual range and computed scattering coeffi-
cients) with total aerosol mass (Charlson, Ahlquist, and Horvath,  1968;
Noll, Mueller,  and Imada, 1968; Ettinger  and Royer, 1972;  Hidy et  al.,  1975;
White and Roberts, 1975; Samuels, Twiss,  and Wong, 1973; Grosjean  and
Friedlander, 1975; Cass, 1976).  Initially, Charlson, Ahlquist,  and  Horvath
reported a high correlation (r = 0.31); however, more recent measurements
have shown a lower correlation (Cass found r = 0.4).  Samuels, Twiss, and
Wong, White  and Roberts, and Cass all stated that the total  aerosol  mass
was a poor indicator of the scattering coefficient.  Their findings  indi-
cate that the size distribution of the aerosols is not the same  at all
times.  As we show later, the  scattering-to-nass ratio is  dependent  on
-------
                                  216
particle size.   Thus,  if the aerosol  is  composed of two components, one
that has a large scatterinq-to-mass  ratio and another that has a small
ratio, the two  could combine in  such  a way  that variations in the scat-
tering coefficient would not show  up  in  the amount of aerosol mass.

     An analysis of the  dynamics of  the  aerosol size distribution [see,
for example,  Friedlander (1977)] for  typical primary distributions would
indicate that in general  one can expect  secondary aerosols (those formed
by gas-to-particle conversion) to  scatter more light than an equivalent
mass of the sum of primary  size  distributions, simply because more of
their mass accumulates  in a  size range where light scattering is very.
efficient.  It  makes sense,  therefore, to attempt a multivariate analysis
to correlate  various components  of the aerosol (specifically, the princi-
pal secondary components and the remaining  aerosol) with the light
scattering.

3)   Scattering Coefficient  and  Sulfate  Mass

     During the ACHEX  study  in Los Angeles, it was possible to correlate
the observed  scattering  to  the various components of the submicron parti-
cles.  White  and Roberts (1975)  reported a  high correlation of scattering
coefficients  with sulfate and nitrate mass.  Cass (1976) also reported such
a correlation using visibility measurements in Los Angeles.  Finally, Trijonis
and Yuan (1977) reported correlations in the Southwest.  Table B-l , taken from
Trijonis and Yuan (1978), summarizes  sulfate extinction per mass coefficient
at various locations.   Similar tables were  presented by Charlson (1978, private
communication)  and Trijonis  and  Yuan  (1977).  We have modified the entries for
the nonlinear regression coefficients so that both regressions are of the form:

                 TSP -  Sulfate - Nitrate   b   Sulfate    b   Nitrate

                 —
                       Rl)
The similarity of the Los Angeles results  and  the  results of the Southwest
visibility study are striking at low relative  humidities.
-------
                                    217
        TADLE 3-1.  ESTIMATES OF EXTINCTION COEFFICIENTS PER UNIT MASS
Extinction
Coefficients
[(ioW(pg/m3)]
Source
Regression models
(Trijonis and Yuan, 1978)










Regression models
(Trijonis and Yuan, 1977)


Duststoms
(Hagen and Woodruff, 1973)
Regression model
(White and Roberts, 1975)
Regression model
(Cass, 1976)
Location
Chicago
Newark

Cleveland

Lexington

Charlotte

Columbus

Salt Lake City
Phoenix
(county data)
Phoenix
(NASN da*a)
Great Plains
Los Angeles
Los Angeles
Sul fates
0.04
0.03*
(0.02)
0.06*
0.08
0.07*
0.06
0.06*
0.11
0.11*
0.12
0.13*
0.04
0.04*
0.04
0.03
NC
0.07
0.16
0.09*
Nitrates
(0.00)
(0.00*)
(0.00)
(0.00*)
(0.00)
(0.00*)
(0.00)
(0.04*)
(0.00)
(0.00*)
0.09
(0.06*)
0.13
0.10*
0.05
0.03
NC
0.05
(0.00)
0.05*
Remainder
of TSP
(0.000)
(0.000*)
0.026
0.014*
(0.000)
(0.000*)
(0.000)
0.019*
(0.001)
(0.000*)
(0.000)
(0.001*)
0.004
0.004*
(0.000)
(0.000)
0.001
0.015
0.008
(0.004*)
Calculations for a rrodel  aero-
sol of (NH,)?S04 at 70% RH
(Waggoner 2t al., 1976)

Regression model
(Waggoner et al., 1975)
              0.05-0.10      NC
Southern Sweden  0.05        NC
NC
NC
( ) = not significant at the 95 percent confidence  level.
NC  = not calculated.
*Based on nonlinear RH regression model, with insertion  of average  RH.

Source:  Trijonis and Yuan (1978).
-------
                                  218
     Although unresolved issues such as the accuracy of the nitrate mea-
surement still exist, it is apparent that the so-called secondary aerosol
contributes significantly to the scattering coefficient.  Although these
empirical correlations relate the aerosol scattering coefficient to the
sulfate mass, there are no such correlations for the scattering distribution
functions.  Also, the wavelength dependence of the scattering coefficient
has not been as extensively studied, and the data show relatively wide vari-
ations.  Thus, to predict coloration effects, one must calculate the scatter-
ing and absorption properties based on measured aerosol size distributions.

b.   Scattering and Absorption Calculations for Aerosols

     For a sphere of uniform refractive index,  it is possible to obtain a
closed-form solution to Maxwell's equations.   This solution,  the so-called
Mie equations, enables calculation of the scattering and absorption of light
at a particular wavelength for a particle given its  size and  refractive
index.   Computer programs  for this computation  exist and are  readily avail-
able (Dave, 1970; Hansen and Travis, 1974).   For these calculations, we
used the IBM computer program DAMIE, written  by J.  V.  Dave  (Dave,  1970).

     The problem with using these calculations  for particle scattering in
the atmosphere is that most of the particles  are not spheres,  and  they are
of mixed composition.   This concern over the  applicability  of these calcu-
lations to particles in the real  atmosphere has prompted much  discussion,
the salient points of which are:

     >   The Mie equations  are essentially the only way of computing
        the effect of particle size and index of refraction on scat-
        tering and absorption.
     >   Regardless of the  degree of nonspherocity and  mixed composi-
        tion,  the particles can be considered to have  an effective
        radius and an  effective index of refraction.   These effective
        values are determined by comparing calculations  with  observed
        scattering and absorption (Bergstrom  and Peterson,  1977).
-------
                                  219
     To describe a particle's interaction  with  light, one must know its
scattering coefficient,  absorption  coefficient, and scattering distribu-
tion.  The scattering coefficient,  b    . ,  is a  measure of the particle's
ability to intercept light and to redirect it.  The absorption coefficient,
b ,  , is a measure of the particle's  ability to absorb light.  The descrip-
tion of the probability  of the redirection of the scattered light into a
particular angle 0 is called  the  scattering distribution function (or phase
function).

     The scattering coefficient for a single particle is defined as:

                          bscat = Acat^'r>")                   (B-])

where

             r = the radius of the  particle,
         ^scat = the Scattenn9 efficiency factor computed
                 from the Mie equations,
             A = the wavelength,
             n = the index of refraction.

The absorption coefficient is similarly defined as:

                          babs =  ^2QU,r,n)    .                (B-2)
where Q,   is the absorption  efficiency  factor.  The sum of the scattering
and absorption coefficients  is  called  the  extinction coefficient, b  . .

     When there are many particles. of  different sizes in a particular volume
element, the total  scattering and  extinction coefficient is simply the inte-
gral over size:
                         =/
                              Qexts(r)  dr
                                                                   (B-3)
-------
                                   220
where n(r) is the number distribution (number of particles per radius
                                                               2
interval) and s(r) is the surface area distribution equal to -rrr n(r).
scattering distribution function p(o) is written:
                        2  f1"
              p(e)=   >_    1 [1,1(0) + i, (s)ln(r)  dr    ,        (B-4)
                     Dscat •{,    L H       -L   J

where in  and ij  are the intensity of parallel and perpendicularly polarized
       li      -I
scattering radiation, respectively (computed from the Mie equations).
     The scattering and extinction coefficients are usually expressed per

then:
unit mass (aerosol density, yg/m ).  The quantity for a single particle is
                          "ext.
and for many particles,

                         (r) dr    I  Q
              f
             Jr\
       h      I      CAl-          J   ext
        ext-  °                -  °      -,	    .              (B-6)
              |)P  I ,r3n
                         (r) dr
                   '0

The curve of Eq. (B-5) for A = 0.55 pm and various indices of refraction is
shown in Figure B-l from Bergstrom (1973).  As shown in this figure, the
function approaches zero as r + 0 (for nonabsorbing particles) and also as
r ->• °°.  The scattering-to-mass ratio goes through a maximum, indicating that
on a per-mass basis particles with radius ^0.3 ym are much more effective
light scatters than are larger or smaller particles.

     For large particles (27rr/x > 3), Q  t -»• 2 and the function becomes
(3/2)(l/pr ) ,  so that a particle at 10 ym is approximately 10 times less
-------
   10.0-
fO


S_
    »•
 x
 a;
       TT = 2.0 -  0.661
      7T = 1.5 - 0.051
      7T = 1.5 - 0.021
             7T = 1.5 - 0.001
                                 221
    0.001
0,01
  0.1


r (ym)
u>
 Source:   Bergstrom (1973)
100
 FIGURE  B-l.   EXTINCTION AND  ABSORPTTQN PER UNIT MASS AS  A  FUNCTION

              OF PARTICLE  RADIUS FOR FOUR DIFFERENT  REFRACTIVE INDICES

              AT A SOLAR WAVELENGTH OF 0.55 vm
-------
                                  222
effective in scattering per unit mass than a particle of. 1  ym.   Therefore,
if a small percentage of the total mass is in the range of maximum effec-
tiveness, it will  dominate the light scattering.   This fact explains why
sulfates and other secondary aerosols that contribute only a small part of
the total mass dominate the light scattering.  Figure B-2 shows for an
aerosol with a lognormal size distribution the scattering per unit mass
(for a particle density of unity) as a function of the aerosol  mass median
radius (r  ) for various geometric standard deviations for a refractive
       v og              3
index of 1.5 - Oi  and A = 0.5 ym.  To convert to the units of Table B-l,
divide the values  in Figure B-2 by the particle density.  Figure B-2 shows
that significant changes in the aerosol size distribution (0.1  ym < r  < 1  ym)
result  in only relatively  small  changes in the scattering-to-mass  ratio,
which  helps explain why  the various  empirical studies  have  achieved  good
correlations  and why the range of coefficients is not  large.
        o.io
                                                                  10.0
      FIGURE B-2.  SCATTERIU^-TO-MASS RATIOS FOR VARIOUS SIZE DISTRIBUTIONS
-------
                                  223
     Calculating the coloration  effects  of  the aerosol  (discussed in
Chapter III) requires knowledge  of the wavelength dependence of the extinc-
tion coefficient and the scattering distribution function.  This information
is obtained by evaluating these  quantities  from the Mie equations for the
wavelengths in the solar spectrum.   The  extinction coefficient is often
parameterized by:

                           bext  *  r°     •

where c is either 1  or 2, depending on the  aerosol size distribution.  For
the background aerosol, c is  about 2 for the accumulation mode and closer
to 0 for the coarse  mode.

     The dependence  of the scattering function on wavelength has been shown
to result in a coloration effect by Husar and White (1976).  Accumulation
mode particles scatter more blue light than red light in the forward direc-
tion and more red light than  blue  light  in  the backscattered direction.
This effect is shown in Figure B-3, which also illustrates the angular
dependence of the scattering  distribution function.

     The calculations can be  extended to include the effects of relative
humidity.   Since, as shown in Figure B-2, the scattering per unit mass is
not a stronq function of the  aerosol mars median radius for 0.1 < r < 1.0 urn,
we can approximate the scattering  of a particle growi'ng hygroscopically
with relative humidity as the product of the scattering-to-mass ratio for
the dry sulfate aerosol and the  mass of  sulfate and water, i.e.,

      A«t '(V)sulfate  ' (*»s., fate * "-Water)    '

Then, following Winkler (1973),  we can write the mass of water in terms of
relative humidity (RH), and the  expression  becomes:
     *                 •"•»          '                    •        c-»
-------
                                        224
    i
   0.9
   0.8

   0.7

   0.6

   0.5


   0.1


   0.3
   0.2
   0.1
                                             •  X * 0.4 urn (BLUE)
                                             >  X = 0.7 urn (RED)
             20       40       60        80       100       120      140      160      180
                                 Scattering Angle, p (degrees)
FIGURE B-3.   THE SCATTERING DISTRIBUTION  FUNCTION FOR  THE ACCUMULATION MODE,
               r   =  0.1 ym,  a  = 2.0  ym AT-TUO DIFFERENT WAVELENGTHS
-------
                                     225
where C*F(RH)  are tabulated values.   This  expression  accounts for the  increase
in scattering  due to the growth of the  particle  by  relative  humidity.

 c.    Comparison of Observed and Predicted Scattering-to-Mass Ratios

      The range of the coefficient of the  scattering-to-mass ratio, in units
      -4            3
 of 10  /m • l/(pg/m ),  is  from 0.03  to 0.1 depending on the correlation
 technique and the investigation.   Figure  B-2  shows that for a particle den-
 sity of 1.8 g/cm  (ammonium sulfate),  the maximum  particle  scattering-to-mass
 ratio is about 0.037 in the same  units.   This raises some questions about the
 observed values.   It seems most likely that the  higher values (mostly from
 Los Angeles data) can be explained by  the presence of sulfate found in water
 droplets.  Two analyses (Cass, 1976; Trijonis and  Yuan, 1977) attempted to
 account for the water effects  through nonlinear  regression analysis of the
                                           o
 form:
                     bscat  = (1 -  RH) ' MSulfate
 This form is  similar to  Eq.  (B-7),  which we derived from Winkler's results.
 We compared the  dependence of the scattering-to-mass ratio on relative humid-
 ity determined by  Trijonis and Yuan with our calculations using Eq.  (B-7)
 and the following  assumptions:

      >   Aerosol  with a  lognormal  size  distribution and a mass
         median diameter  of 0.2 pm and  a geometric standard
         deviation  equal  to 2.0.
         Index  of refraction  equal  to  1.5  -  Oi.
         Density equal  to  1.8 g/cm  ,
         Light  of 0.5  pm wavelength.
 Figure B-4  shows  the striking  agreement  between our calculations and the
 dependence  of scattering-to-mass  ratio on  relative humidity observed by
 Trijonis  and Yuan in the  Southwest.
  If we use an accumulation mode bscat/V = 0.06 x.lO-4/(pm3/cm3) we obtain
  bscgt./(yg/m3 $04) ranging from 0.034 to 0.046 x 10~4 m'Vug/m3 depending
  on whether the sulfate is H?SOd or (NHabSOa-
-------
                                  226
    0.14
    0.12
    0.10
O
1/1
CD
    0.08
2   0.06
 ro
 o
 to
    0.04
    0.02
                   0.20
                   0
                                       0   CALCULATED VALUES


                                       ^   TRIJONIS AND YUAN (1977)
                                             I
0.40        0.60

Relative Humidity
0.80
170
     FIGURE B-4.  RATIO OF LIGHT SCATTERING TO MASS AS A FUNCTION
                  OF RELATIVE HUMIDITY
-------
                                  227
     The results shown in Figure B-4 are encouraging because they imply
that, for a first approximation, the dynamics of aerosol growth need not be
considered and that accumulation mode size distributions suffice in calcu-
lating the visual impact of sulfate aerosol particles.  Size distribution
information is still required, however, for the primary particles.   The
size of the particles has an effect on the coloration of all but very
large particles.  Size also affects the scattering phase functions.   Small
particles are much more isotropic (equal probability of scattering  to all
angles) than large particles.  Large particles scatter mostly in the for-
ward direction and have highly irregular backward scattering distributions
(see Hansen and Travis, 1974).

d.    Procedure for Calculating the Extinction Coefficients
     and Scattering Distribution in the Visibility Model

     For the given size distributions of the particles, the extinction
coefficients and scattering distribution functions are calculated from the
Mie equations.  The index of refraction is assumed to be 1.5 - Oi for all
particles, and the calculations are made for wavelengths between 0.37 and
0.75 ym.   The effect of relative humidity on the accumulation mode  parti-
cles is included as described.

     The current procedure assumes that the sulfate particle size does not
change with distance from the source, b-^c the effect of particle growth with
distance could be easily included by recomputing the extinction coefficient
and scattering distribution function for time-dependent size distributions.

2.    METHODS FOR CALCULATING AND DISPLAYING VISUAL DEGRADATION
     AND DISCOLORATION

     As .previously pointed out, visibility impairment means a change in a
given observer's visual perception of the terrain or atmospheric features.
The cause of the change can be subtle—for example, a general haziness (the
regional  problem)--or dramatic—for example, a large plume  of smoke (the
plume problem).
-------
                                  228
     Visibility has historically been associated with the term "vis.ual
 range," which is the distance at which a black object can be seen against
 the background sky.  The reason for this association is that many people
 (e.g., military or airport personnel)- have been interested in detecting
 an object and that visual range is easy to calculate and relatively easy
 to determine.  But visual range.does not indicate, for example, whether a
 plume of smoke is visible to an observer.  Thus, the question of visual
 degradation and discoloration goes well beyond the concept of visual  range.

     Jerskey and Burton (1977) recently reviewed visibility measurement
 programs and currently available visibility models.   The influence of aero-
 sols and N02 on the coloration of haze.has been debated by Hodkinson  (1966),
 Charlson and Ahlquist (1969), Horvath (1971), Waggoner and Charlson (1971),
 Waggoner, Charlson, and Ahlquist (1972), Horvath (1972), Husar and White
 (1976), and Megaw (1977).  Both aerosols and N02 can produce discoloration,
 and the relative importance of each depends on the situation.

     Some work has been reported on the problem of relating plume opacity,
 Ringlemann number, and mass concentration (Conner and Hodkinson,  1972;
 Pilat and Ensor, 1971; Halow and Zeek,  1973; VJeir et al., 1975, 1976).
 Also, recent studies have investigated  the transmission, visual range,
 and coloration effects of plumes (Ensor, Sparks, and Pilat, 1973; Williams
 and Cudney, 1976; Jarmen and DeTurville, 1969; Latimer and Samuelsen, 1977).

     In Section 2 we dicuss the ways in which visual effect (changes  in
 light intensity and coloration) can be  calculated.   We begin with basic
 equations to show that the methods used in the calculations apply the same
 principle once or several times.   We then present the techniques  used in
 the visibility models.

a.   Intensity.  Contrast, and Visual Range

     In the daytime, the ability to see an object that is not  self-
 illuminating is determined by the contrast in intensity between the object
and its background at the point of observation.   This contrast is defined
 simply as:
-------
                                  229
                            C E
where Ib is the intensity [Energy/(Time •  Area •  Solid Angle)]  of radiation
(often called radiance, luminance, or brightness)  from the background  and
I .. is that in the direction of the object.   The physical situation repre-
sented by this equation is depicted in Figure B-5.   For a  given object and
set of atmospheric conditions, the contrast is a  function  of the location
of the observer, ~s; the direction of the observation,  fi; and the solar  angle,
n .   The contrast must also be defined for a  particular wavelength interval
(e.g., 0.55 pm).  The visual range, r , is the distance at which an object
can no longer be distinguished from the background.   This  indistinguisha-
bility occurs when the contrast is reduced to some minimum value (usually
0.02).
                FIGURE  B-5.  DIAGRAM OF THE PHYSICAL SITUATION
-------
                                   230
 1)    The  General Expression for  the  Radiant  Intensity
      and  the Contrast
     The  background  intensity at a  particular  wavelength  looking  up  from
 the surface can be written as:
   Ib(n.s) =
                              Kn'.-r1) p(n'-K2,T') dn1 e"T  dt'   ,     (B-8)
where
                                            f
                 T = the optical depth (t E J   b  .  dr, where b   . is
                     the extinction coefficient),
                 w = the albedo for single scattering  (w = b   t/b   .,
                     where b    . is the scattering coefficient),
                            scat
                n) = the scattering distribution function for
                     the angle n1 -> n,
                I  = the downward-directed intensity at the edge of
                 oo
                     the atmosphere.
Equation (B-8) is valid for the usual continuum, no refraction, random polari-
zation assumptions.

     The intensity seen by an observer in direction n of an object at a
distance R is:
 Iob£j(n.s) -
   rTR
+  I   ")\L /  I      Mr,1 r>\ n(n>^ ,M Ani ^-T
               r        - r
                  *&
                          '
                                         1  e    di1    ,    (B-9)
   0
-------
                                  231
where I0(fi) is the intensity leaving the object.  The general expression
for contrast is then simply:

                            Iobi(n)e TR + 6(Tp)
                C(n,s) = 1- -233 - _ - R_    f                     (B-10)
                                     - + G(xJ
where
G(
      T) =  f sL^L f     Kn'.i') p(n'-KJ.T') dn' e'1' di1
                 *     '=
     To evaluate Eq. (B-10), one nust know the intensities I(n',T'), IQ
and I (n) and the radiative properties of the atmosphere.   Usually some
     oo
simplifications are introduced to determine these quantities.

2)   Radiation Field Approximations
     The first assumption is that the radiation field is plane parallel;
hence:
This assumption is valid if local inhor.ogeneities do not affect the radia-
tion field and if the curvature of the earth is ignored.

     In the visible spectrum, the intensity can be divided into the direct
solar radiation, 1, and diffuse (scattered) solar radiation, l   .   Then,
             Is(n,z)  =
                          ™ T  / 1J
                     =  Fse z
-------
                                  232
           rz
where T  =/  b  ,  dz, p  is the cosine of the solar zenith angle, and F  is
       ^   &   GXL      S                                     '          S
the solar flux normal to ray.   Then,
    Ib =
            f00 ^')  (    id1V,T') p(n'-Ki) dn1  e"T'  di'     .        (B-13)
           -Vl         *Vi ' -/I ~
If Idlf is isotropic so that Idlf (fi,z)  =  Isif(z),  then,
                    + J    *(T')Id1f(z)e-T'

with similar expressions  for
     The next assumption concerns the radiative properties of the back-
ground atmosphere.  To evaluate the integrals in Eq. (B-14), one must pre-
scribe the dependence of p, u, and I    along the optical path T.  The normal
assumption is to  represent the inhomogeneous atmosphere  by a series of
homogeneous  layers.

     We chose to  divide the atmosphere  into two layers (see Figure B-6)--an
upper  layer  and a  planetary boundary layer—because this structure has been
shown  to be  a reasonable approximation  (Bergstrom and Viskanta,  1974).  The
two  layers are assumed to be  homogeneous  in the optical  depth T, not the
vertical coordinate z, and thus we can  still account for the vertical vari-
ation  in the scattering and extinction  coefficients.
-------
               PLANETARY BOUNDARY LAYER
  OBSERVER LOCATION, 0
                                                                                  IN3
                                                                                  CO
                                                                                  OJ
FIGURE B-6.  DIAGRAM OF THE TWO ATMOSPHERIC LAYERS
-------
                                  234
     We can now write an expression for the radiant intensity impinging
on the planetary boundary layer as:
                                      TOD
whi.ch we approximate as
where
         up, ,  Pp.  = the average albedo and scattering  distribution
                    in the upper atmosphere,  respectively,
                y = the cosine of the zenith  angle,
                $ = the azmuthal  angle,
               0S = the solar scattering angle.

Figure B-7 shows the definition of the zenith and azimuth angles and also
the solar scattering angle, 0g.                                         .

     Then Eq.  (B-14) becomes for the horizon  sky:

                                              rOD  -T  /y
                                                             ,
                                                  e     s  e"T   dt1
                                             '0
•r
                                      dif
                              +•    co!(z)e"T   di'     .                 (B-16)
Then, defining the averages for the planetary boundary  layer,
-------
                   235
                       Z,T.
                                                 = 0
SOLAR
SCATTERING
ANGLE. 0
                                        LINE OF SIGHT
 FIGURE B-7.  COORDINATE SYSTEM AND ANGLES
-------
                                  236

                           rTOD
                       Fs
/uu
   -
and
                       rTo»
                av
                           WOD(1 '
so that Eq. (B-16) becomes:
and the intensity in the direction of an object is:
For a nonhorizontal  path, the plane parallel  assumption gives:
                          TOD = Tz,Om/iJ

For a horizontal path, s, the plane parallel  assumption is not valid.
However, for an exponential  vertical  profile,
                        bext '
-------
                                  237
and
and ds = R dz/s, where R is the radius of the earth.   Then,

                           _ bext.o
                       T0«> -- 2
and
                       TOD Vbext,0

so that the optical  depths for a horizontal  path can be evaluated.

     The last assumption that must be made concerns  the average  fluxes.   The
solar average was taken as the average between the solar direct  flux  at  the
surface and at H .
                                 Fdl>(0) + Fdl>(Hn)
                       Fs,av=  - 1 - -     '            
-------
                                   238
require a relatively large amount of computer time.   Thus,  we decided to
proceed with a relatively simple approximation, which, after testing, could
be modified if necessary.

     The approximation was to equate the flux at the top of the atmosphere
and the bottom, i.e., to assume no absorption.   Thus,
Then, if we assume that equal  amounts of diffuse flux emerge from the top
and bottom,
                      Fd1ft(T ) = Fdifl(0)
and one can solve for the diffuse flux at the surface:
                          F  l  - e~T°>S (1  -  r)
                                          u
where r is the reflectivity of the surface.   One can form an equivalent  iso-
tropic intensity I as:
where Fro = y F .   The average diffuse intensity was assumed to be equal  to
this "equivalent isotropic intensity," and an average surface reflection of
0.3 was used.  The treatment of the diffuse light is extremely heuristic,
and it is intended to provide only an estimate until better models are
-------
                                  239
developed.  The evaluation of the model  requires feedback  between observa
tions and predictions so that 'improvements  can be made.

     The expression for the background sky  becomes:


                                                        TOD
 /    \
b(u,*)  =
                                                    '  e
                                                                        (B-22,
and for the intensity in the direction  of an  object,   °

           y>*) = I0(p,*)e TR + .OD POD(es)FStav(l  -  e T
                                                                 (B-23)
                    JOD
3)   Specific Procedure for Evaluating the Intensities  and  the
     Limitations in the Reaional  and Plume Models
     The procedure for evaluating the i 'tensities in the regional  model  is
to add the radiative properties of the sulfate and NCL due to  anthropogenic
sources to the background atmospheric properties.  Then the intensity of
the background sky at the surface can be evaluated from Eq. (B-21)  and the
intensity of an object from Eq. (B-22).   The contrast can be evaluated from
the definition as:
     For an optically thick path through the planetary boundary layer,
                               TOD
-------
                                  240
and the contrast of a black object is:
                                      ~TR
                            Cblack = e
If a detectibility criterion of 0.02 is chosen,  the optical  depth  corre-
sponding to that minimum detectibility criterion is TR =  3.912.  Now,
                              r
                               v
                        TR E  /    bext(r)  dr
                            I
and for a homogeneous atmosphere TR - b extrv-   Then,  one  can  solve  for  r :

                             rv = 1^    .                           (B-24)
                                   ext
This is the Koschmieder expression for the visual  range.
     For a vertically inhomogeneous atmosphere, one can approximate  Eq.  (B-24)
as:
                          r  *      ~                                 (B-25)
                           v    bext,0

where b  .  n is the surface extinction coefficient.   Equation  (B-24)  then
       GXT* » U
gives an estimate of the distance at which a black object will  have  an 0.02
contrast with the horizon sky.  Initial  calculations  at 0.55 ym wavelength
show that the actual contrast at the distance computed from Eq.  (B-24) is
within 20 percent of 0.02.  Thus, we have used Eq. (B-24) in evaluating the
visual range in the regional  model.

     To evaluate the intensities in  the plume model,  we must describe the
intensity incident on the plume.  From Eq. (B-21),
-------
                                    241
                         [adjf(l  - e~TR~)   ,                           (B-26)
where R is now the distance  from the plume to the observer.   The intensity
leaving the plume is:
where u  and p   are  the  mean quantities in the plume and T  is  the  optical
depth of the plume.   For a  Gaussian plume, the optical  depth is (Latimer
and Samuel sen,  1975) :
]/2
in the horizontal  cross-wind direction y, and
H+ z2                 z2
                                                              i)
                                                              Ji
in the vertical  direction  2.   In these equations, H  is the plume height,  az
and o  are the standard  deviations, and b - .      is the centerline extinc-
     y                                  exi.,max
tion coefficient.   The plume  albedo is:
                               TNO
                u   =  1  -- - -     -                    (B-28c)
                 p       TS04 + TN02 + Tprim

Note that Eq.  (B-27)  ignores  the effect of the plume on Fr ,„ (shadowing)
                                                        b jQV
and is thus valid only for optically thin plumes.

    The intensity at the observer's location is  [from Eq. (B-23)]:
-------
                                       242
                            ~TR   —   -           /      -Tr
  The contrast of the plume is then:
                           r  -
                              "
                                   'b
  where Ib is calculated from Eq.  (B-22) as usual  and I   is  calculated  from
  Eqs. (B-26), (B-27), and (B-28).

       The intensity of an object behind the plume incident  on  the  plume  is
                                                                         0-30)
 where Tpj0bj is the optical  depth of the atmosphere  between the plume and the
 object.  Then Eqs. (B-27) and (B-29) are evaluated to  compute  the  intensity
 at the observer's location,  where I.  is replaced by I.   in Eq. (B-27).

     The contrast of an object is  again:
except that now I  . .  is  evaluated  from.Eqs.  (B-30),  (B-27), and (B-29), in
that order.
     Tables B-2 and B-3 present the equations  and  limitations for the
regional  model  and plume model, respectively.
-------
                                  243
                TABLE B-2.  EQUATIONS AND LIMITATIONS FOR THE
                            REGIONAL MODEL
   Quantity
  Predicted

Background sky
Object
Contrast

Koschmieder
visual  range
      Equation Used
     Approximations
      and Comments
(B-22)




(B-23)



Definition

(B-25)
Two plane parallel layers

Average solar flux

Average diffuse intensity

Average solar flux

Average diffuse intensity
Implies homogeneous opti-
cally thick boundary layer
                TABLE B-3.  EQUATIONS AND LIMITATIONS FOR THE
                            PLUME MODEL
    Quantity
    Predicted
Background sky
Optical depth
of plume

Intensity of
background °
sky through
plume
Intensity of
object through
plume
      Equation Used
     Approximations
      and Comments
(B-22)
(B-28)
(B-26). (B-27), (6-29)
(B-30), (B-27), (B-29)
Two plane parallel layers

Average soUr flux

Average diffuse intensity

Assumes Gaussian plume


Average solar flux

Average diffuse intensity

Implies optically thin plume


Average solar flux

Average diffuse intensity

Implies optically thin plume
Contrast
Definition
-------
                 244
             APPENDIX C
THE CHEMISTRY OF SULFATE FORMATION
-------
                                        245
                              APPENDIX  C
             THE CHEMISTRY  OF SULFATE FORMATION

     Sulfur oxides in the atmosphere  can  most  conveniently be considered as
occurring in three forms:  sulfur dioxide (802),  sulfuric acid  (HpSO,), and
inorganic sulfates.   Sulfur dioxide is  the anhydrous form of the weak acid,
sulfurous acid (HpSO-J.   The salts of this acid  are sulfites and bisulfites.
Sulfuric acid is the hydrated  form of sulfur trioxide  (SO,), which is de-
                                                        0
rived from the oxidation of sulfur dioxide.  Sulfur trioxide is intensely
hygroscopic and is immediately converted  into  sulfuric acid in the atmos-
phe/e.   Inorganic sulfates are presumably derived  from either the reaction
of sulfuric acid with cations  or the  oxidation of  sulfites.  There is little
information available concerning the  formation and occurrence of organic sul-
fates in the atmosphere.

     The oxidation of SCL to sulfate  is an important atmospheric phenomenon.
It is now recognized that both homogeneous (gas-phase) and heterogeneous
(particulate-phase)  processes  contribute  to SOp  oxidation in the atmosphere.
Possible routes that have been identified are:

     >  Homogeneous—Oxidation of SOp -o  H?S04 b^  free radicals present
        in the polluted  urban  (particularly photochemical) atmosphere.
     >  Heterogeneous
        -  Liquid-phase  oxidation of  SOp  by Op
        -  Liquid-phase  oxidation of  S02  by 0,
        -  Metal-ion-catalyzed liquid-phase oxidation of SOp
        -  Catalytic oxidation of SOp on  particle  surfaces.

     Sulfur dioxide oxidation  rates measured in  the laboratory or inferred
from atmospheric data vary remarkably.  These  rates are frequently expressed
                                                                    »
in percentage per hour.   Assume that  we have a curve of SOp concentration,
-------
                                        246
 [SCL], as a function of time,  t.   At any time t, the fractional rate of
disappearance of SCL is given by :
                               d[S02]
                                 dt
and the oxidation rate in percent per hour is simply


                        ,   d[S02]
                                   X 1 Off    .
An average oxidation rate is a constant, equal to 100k.  The characteristic
time of the conversion in the first-order case is readily obtained from the
integrated form :
as T = k~ .   Thus, the characteristic time of the oxidation process can be
obtained from the rate, expressed in percent per hour, as T = 100/(%/hr).
(Note that after one characteristic time the concentration has decayed to
1/e of its initial value.)  The characteristic times of SOp oxidation vary
from a few minutes to several days.  Sulfur dioxide in pure air is
slowly oxidized in the presence of sunlight to sulfuric acid at a rate of
about 0.1 percent per hour (Gerhard and Johnstone, 1955).  Although current
information characterizing the chemical processes by which SOg is oxidized
in polluted urban air is inadequate, we do know that the conversion is much
more rapid than in pure air.  This accelerated conversion is due to the
presence of other air contaminants that generally facilitate the oxidation
of SOo-   As noted above, two processes appear to be involved:  homogeneous
oxidation by components (e.g., free radicals) present in photochemical smog
and heterogeneous oxidation predominantly by certain types of aerosols.
-------
                                        247
     Homogeneous (photochemical) oxidation of SCL is believed to result
from reaction of SCL with a variety of free radicals present in photochem-
ical air pollution.  Rates of oxidation of SCL in Los Angeles have been
estimated to range as high as 13 percent per hour, though these rates can-
not necessarily be attributed exclusively to photochemical  oxidation.

     Heterogeneous oxidation of SCL occurs in aerosols in which SCL has
been absorbed.  Such oxidation may occur through the action of dissolved
oxygen or ozone, or it may take place catalytically in the presence of
metallic compounds, such as manganese, iron, vanadium, aluminum, lead, and
copper.  Prediction of the rate of SCL oxidation in a particle has proved
to be quite difficult, for diffusion of gaseous SCL to the particle, trans-
fer of SCL across the gas-particle interface, and diffusion and reaction of
SCL within the particle must all be considered.  Relative humidity is a
significant factor in heterogeneous SCL oxidation because the process takes
place, in general, in water droplets.  Further, since an acidic pH generally
decreases the rate of SCL oxidation, the formation of sulfuric acid in an
aerosol would tend to be self-liiriting unless the acidity is diluted by
additional water vapor.  In this respect, alkaline metal compounds, such
as iron oxide and ammonia, also enhance the oxidation rate by decreasing
droplet acidity through their buffering capacity.  Extrapolated rates of
oxidation through heterogeneous processes in urban air range upwards of
20 percent per hour.
                      0
     Meteorology has a substantial effect on the atmospheric oxidation of
S02-  Increased humidity accelerates the heterogeneous oxidation of S02,
whereas cloud cover can lower the rate of photochemical processes, and
rain washes out sulfur oxides from the atmosphere.  Temperature affects
reaction rates and the solubility of gases.

     Table C-l summarizes several S02 oxidation rates measured in the labor-
atory and the atmosphere, varying from a low of 0.1 percent per hour for
photooxidation of SOp in clean air to over 2 percent per minute measured
-------
                                                             248
                 TABLE  C-l..    OBSERVED  SULFUR  DIOXIDE  OXIDATION  RATES
	Experimental Conditions

Atmospheric  study of Canadian
smelting area

Sunlight; high SO? concentrations;
no other Impurities present
Sunlamp 1n smog chamber; high SO?
concentrations 1n pure air
Catalyst droplet exposed to high
concentrations of SO? and metal
sulfates

Artificial  fog 1n smog chamber;
very high levels; SO; and metal
sulfates

Plume of coal-burning power plant
NH^ formation In  water droplets
exposed to NH3 and  SO?

UV-lrradlated gas mixtures; NO ,
hydrocarbons, SO?;  high levels

Sunlight; 200-2000  ug/m3 S02;
trace Impurities
Smog chamber;  light; SO?, NOX,
oleflns
Metallic aerosol  particles on
Teflon beads 1n  flow reactor; SO?;
water vapor

Photochemical  reactants; SO? In
ppm concentrations
Atmospheric study of Rouen
(Industrial city) 1n winter

Los Angeles air  trajectories
Plume of an oil-fired power
plant; airborne  sampling
St. Louis urban  plume; airborne
sampling

Plumes of four coal-fired power
plants; airborne sampling

Smelter plume; airborne
sampling
           Presumed
   Atmospheric  Conditions

150-4200 ug/m3  SO?


SO?; sunlight;  clear  air
                                      SO?;  sunlight; clear air
                                      (reaction unaffected by
                                      humidity)

                                      Natural  fog containing 1 v
                                      crystals of MnS04 1n drop-
                                      lets;  2600 ug/m3 SO?

                                      (Levels  In smog chamber)
                                      0.6 mg/m3 SO?; 2 mg/m3
                                      Moisture  level 1n plume
                                      Important

                                      100  ug/m3 SO?; 10 ug/m3 m^;
                                      cloud droplet radius of 10 um

                                      Noon sun
                                      Assumed 300 ug/m3 SO?;
                                      bright sunlight for 10 hr
                                      would produce 30 ug/m3 of
                                      sulfate

                                      SO?, 260 ug/m3; ozone, 100
                                      ug/m3; olefln,  33 ug/m3,
                                      bright sunlight

                                      Natural fog (0.2 g H?0/m3)
                                      1n  Industrial area; SO?,
                                      260 ug/m3; MnSOa, 50 ug/m3
                                      Sunlight; SO?; 260
                                      ozone, 200 ug/m3; olefln,
                                      33  u9/m3; 40X RH

                                      68-242 ug/m3 SO?
                                      Catalytic oxidation by vana-
                                      dium particles; distance
                                      <25 km

                                      900-1200 m altitude 20-25 °C;
                                      40-60X RH

                                      32-85X RH; 10-25°C; distance
                                      <70 km

                                      Catalytic oxidation
 S02 Oxidation Rate

0.034 X/mln


0.5 X/hr



0.1-0.2 X/hr



1 X/m1n
                                0.01 X/m1n at  77X  RH
                                2.1 X/m1n at 95X RH
                                0.1 X/m1n at 70X  RH
                                0.5 X/m(n at 100X RH

                                2.5 X/m1n 1n droplets
                                                                      1-3 X/hr
                                0.65 X/hr (high  rate
                                may be due to  trace
                                Impurities)
                                3 X/hr for pentene;
                                0.4 X/hr for propene
2 X/hr



3 X/hr



6-25 X/hr


1.2-13 X/hr


Pseudo-second-order
mechanism; rate  con-
stant • 1/ppm/hr

10-14 X/hr


•0 X/hr
                                Pseudo-second-order
                                mechanism;  rate con-
                                stant • 0.2/ppm/hr
                                                                                                    Reference
                                                                                              Katz (1950)
Hall, as cited by
Urone and Schroeder
(1969)

Gerhard and Johnstone
(1955)
Johnstone and
Coughanowr (1958)


Johnstone and Moll
(1960)
Gartrell, Thomas and
Carpenter (1963)

van der Heuvel  and
Mason (1963)

Urone et al. (1968)
Cox and Penkett
(1970)
Cox and Penkett
(1971a, 1971b)
                                                        Cheng, Corn, and
                                                        Frohllger (1971)
                                                        Cox and Penkett
                                                        (1972)
                                                        BenaHe, Nonat, and
                                                        Menard (1973)

                                                        Roberts and Fried-
                                                        lander (1975)

                                                        Newman, Forrest,  and
                                                        Manowltz (1975)
Alkezweeny and
Powell  (1977)

Forrest and Newman
(1977a)

Forrest and Newman
(1977b)
-------
                                       249
in water droplets.  In the following sections, we consider the elements
of both homogeneous and heterogeneous processes in an attempt to
estimate the contribution of each to the atmospheric oxidation of
so2.

1.   HOMOGENEOUS OXIDATION OF S02

     Although several homogeneous (gas-phase) reactions for the atmospheric
oxidation of SO,, are known, we review only those that have been studied.

a.   Reaction of SO,, and Atomic Oxygen

     Sulfur dioxide can be converted to SO- through the reaction

        S02 + 0 + M -* S03 + M    ,    ka = 2.8 x 10"5/ppm2/min    .   (C-l)

The  source of oxygen atoms, 0(3P), for  Reaction (£-11 is. largely from the
photolysis of N0?:


                          N02 + hv •*• NO + 0    .                     (C-2)

  The primary competition for the oxygen atoms  is from the ozone-forming
  reaction

         0 + 02 + M -*• 03 + M    ,    kc = 2 x 10"5/ppm2/min    .     (C-3)

Oxygen atoms can be considered to be in a steady state as a result of
Reactions (C-l) and (C-2) [Reaction (C-l) has a negligible effect on the
concentration of oxygen atoms]:

                                 k,[N0]
                        [0
                           ss
The rate of Reaction  (C-l) is estimated from:
                        d[SO«]
                              - '
-------
                                       250
and thus, the characteristic time for SCL oxidation by Reaction (C-1)  is:
                               kc[o2]
Assuming [NOp] = 0.1 ppm, [02] = 2.1 x 10  ppm, and kb = 0.4/min, a value


typical of Los Angeles noonday intensities, we obtain T  = 4 x 10  min.
                                                       a

Thus, the reaction of S02 with oxygen atoms is not an important SOp oxi-


dizing process in the atmosphere.





b.   Reaction of SO,, and Hydroxyl Radicals





     The characteristic time for the reaction





          S02 + OH + M -*• HOS02 + M    ,     krf = 9.8 x 102/ppm/min*      (C-4)
(Atkinson, Perry, and Pitts, 1976) is:





                          Td =  kd[OH]  -1
Hydroxyl radical concentration measurements in ambient air were reported by


Davis, Heaps, and McGee (1976).  Peak OH concentrations in urban air were found

            73-7
to exceed 10  molecules/cm  (-10   ppm).  Based on this value of [OH], we obtain
       4

T. = 10  min.  The fate of the HOSOp product is essentially unknown; it is usu-


ally assumed that it hydrates in some manner to form sulfuric acid.





c.   Reaction of SO,, and Hydroperoxyl Radicals





     The characteristic time for the reaction





              S02 + H02 -»• S03 + OH    ,     kc = 1.3 ppm/min           (C-5)






(Payne, Stief, and Davis, 1973) is:
  Bimolecular rate  constant  at  760  torr.
-------
                          Te =
     251


ke[H02] "
Hydroperoxyl radical concentrations in ambient air have not been measured.
Simulations of smog photochemistry yield approximate HCL concentrations of
  -4                                      4
10   ppm.  Thus, we estimate T  = 0.8 x 10  min.


d.   Reaction of SO,, and Organic Free Radicals


     Several reactions involving organic free radicals could possibly serve
as S02-oxidizing steps, for example,


                         R02 + S02 + S03 + RO
                      RO + S02 + M -*. ROS02 + M
Rate constants for these classes of reactions are generally not now known.
Estimates for these rate constants appear in Table C-2.
 TABLE C-2.    ESTIMATED CONTRIBUTIONS TO ATMOSPHERIC S0? OXIDATION RATE
              BY HOMOGENEOUS CHEMICAL REACTIONS


                                Rate Constant       Contribution to S0?
                                   at 25°C            Oxidation Rate
  	Reaction	     (per ppm-min)	          (%/hr)

  S02 + 0 + M + S03 + M           28*                   1.5 x lO'3

  S02 + OH + M •»• HOS02 + M        9.8 x 102*               0.6

  S02 + H02 + S03 + OH            1.3                      0.75

  S02 + RO + M + ROS02 + M        5*                       0.03§

  S02 + R02 + S03 + RO            1.5**                    0.9s
    Pseudo-second order at 760 torr.
  •!• Estimate (Sander and Seinfeld, 1976).
  § Assuming that [R02] = 1Q-4 ppm and [RO] = 10~6 ppm.
 ** An estimate based on the assumption that this reaction should
    proceed about 30 percent faster than that for S02 + HOo (Sander
    and Seinfeld, 1976).
-------
                                       252
e.   Summary

     Table C-2 summarizes the estimated contributions of the homogeneous
reactions discussed in this section to the overall  rate of SO^ oxidation
in the atmosphere.  The total estimated SOp oxidation rate from these^
processes in a smoggy atmosphere is 2.3 percent per hour, a value'compar-
able to those inferred from ambient measurements of SCL-to-sulfate con-
version rates.

2.   HETEROGENEOUS OXIDATION OF S02

     As noted above, the heterogeneous oxidation of S02 can take place
through the following mechanisms:

     >  Liquid-phase oxidation of S02 by 02
     >  Liquid-phase oxidation of S02 by 03
     >  Metal-ion-catalyzed liquid-phase oxidation  of S02
     >  Catalytic oxidation of S02 on particle surfaces.

In this section, we briefly review studies that have led  to S02 oxidation
rates for these mechanisms.

a.   Liquid-Phase Oxidation of SOp by 0,,

     Although liquid-phase (uncatalyzed) oxidation  of S02 by 02 has been
studied for many years, there is no clear understanding of the primary
reaction mechanism.  The rate of sulfate formation  is usually expressed
as first order in the concentration of sulfite ion:
                     o                       '   '
                          d[SO=]
                          -^- - ks[so=3]    .

Table C-3 summarizes several  values of k$ determined experimentally.  Within
the pH range 5 to 6, a reasonable average of the data is  represented by
k  = 10"3/sec.  The rate constant recommended for use is  that of Larson,
Horike, and Harrison (1977).
-------
                                                        253
        TABLE  C-3.-   RATE  CONSTANTS  k    FOR  THE  LIQUID-PHASE OXIDATION
                          OF  S02  BY 02*
         (per sec)
                                                  Comments
1.7 x  10
       ,-3
3 x 10
     ,-3
       -3
3.5 x  10

3.7 x  10"3 - 0.6 x 10"3
6 x 10"3 - 0.6 x 10"3

1.2 x  10~4[H+]~°'16
([H+]  in mole/0

0.013  + 59[H+]°-5
([H+]  in mole/0
KI  T KMn j      .     L»  J
 '     l          k3P02

k,  = (4.8 i 0.6) x 10-3/sec (298°K)

k  = (4.9 i 1.0)/sec/M1/2

k,  = (3.9 i 0.6) x 10"12/sec/M atm
pH « 6.8, 25°C from measurements of
der Heuveland Mason (1963)

25°C

pH = 7,  25°C

pH = 4-6, 25°C with 0.6 x 10"3 at pH  = 6t


pH = 7-8, 25°Ct

pH = 3-6, 25°C
                                      pH = 6, 25°C  from measurements of Fuller
                                      and Crist (1941)
                                      pH = 4-12,  5-25°C, pQ  * 0.11-1.0 atm
                                                                                       Reference
Scott  and Hobbs (1967)


Miller and de Pena(1972)

Winkelmann (1955)

Brimblecomb and Spedding
(1974)

Schroeter (1963)

Beilke,  Lamb, and Mueller
(1975)

McKay  (1971 )§


Larson,  Horike, and
Harrison (1977)
* d[SOj]/dt • k5 [SO'].

t The  value given 1n the table has been computed for  the pH range stated by Belike and Gravenhorst  (1977).

i Belike and Gravenhorst (1977) concluded that the value obtained by McKay (1971), deduced from the measurements
  of Fuller and Crist (1941), 1s unrealistically high because Fuller and Crist did not account for  the variation
  1n pH during the course of the reaction.
-------
                                     254
b.   Liquid-Phase Oxidation of SOp by 0^

     Sulfur dioxide is oxidized in aqueous solution by ozone.   In Table C-4
we summarize three studies that have led to rate expressions for this pro-
cess.  Larson, Horike, and Harrison (1977) evaluated the significance of
the Op and 03 reactions to the atmospheric oxidation of SO,,.  They concluded
that the 0- oxidation is more important than the (L oxidation  for 0, concen-
trations equal to or greater than 0.05 ppm and for a solution  pH less than
about 5.5.  Since rainwater pH in the eastern United States rarely exceeds
5.5, the uncatalyzed 03 oxidation appears to dominate the 02 oxidation.
     Larson and his colleagues concluded tha
amount of liquid water involved, neither the
:, owing to the relatively small
00 nor the 0^ oxidation is fast
enough to produce significant quantities of sulfate in the liquid phase at
humidities less than saturation.   These reactions could occur only at a sig-
nificant rate under saturated conditions, i.e., in fogs or clouds, where the
liquid water content may exceed 0.1 g/m3.  For cloud conditions of [0^] = 0.05
ppm, [H20] = 0.6 g/m3, [S02] = [NHj] = 0.01 ppm, the rate for S02 oxidation
by 0- is in the range of 1  to 4 percent per hour.

c.   Metal-Ion-Catalyzed Liquid-Phase Oxidation of SO,,

     The metal-ion-catalyzed liquid-phase oxidation of S02 has received con-
siderable attention as a mechanism for SOp conversion in plumes and contam-
inated droplets.  In general, the mechanisms proposed are lengthy, and the
derived rate expressions are largely empirical.  Table C-5 summarizes a
variety of studies of this  process.  Observed rates vary substantially
depending on the particular catalyst, relative humidity, and other conditions.

d.   Catalytic Oxidation of S02 on Particle Surfaces

     Novakov, Chang, and Marker (1974) have suggested that the surface of a
soot particle serves as a catalyst for the oxidation of SO,,.   Such a process
might be of importance in a plume containing significant quantities of car-
bonaceous particles or in an atmosphere where motor vehicle soot aerosol is
present.  Very little is now known about the rates or mechanisms of this
process.
-------
               TABLE  C-4.    LIQUID-PHASE  OXIDATION  OF S02  BY
    Author
                     Type of Mechanism
Rate Coefficient
 or Expression
Penkett (1972)       HSO; + 0, * HSOl + 0,    d[0,]
                                          -7JT-=
                                                                                             Comnents
                                9.6 C; SOj oxidation rate
                                extrapolated  from data
Penkett and
Garland (1974)
                                          k0 = 3.32 x 1CT mole/l/sec
                                          S02 conversion -v. 0.21  %/m1n


                                            d[SO,]
                                          ks = 4.18 x 10'4 * 1.77[H+]1/2/sec
                                pH = 4-7; 10°C; 0.1 ppm S02;
                                0.05 ppm 0, 1n fog
Larson, Horlke,
and Harrison
(1977).   .
                                pH = 4-12; T = 5-25°C;
                                PQ  « 0.2 - 1.0 ppm
                                          k4 = (4.4 ± 2.0) x 104/M°-9/sec  (298°K)
                                                                                        tn
                                                                                        en
                                          KHQ  « 0.0123 atm
-------
            TABLE  C-5.    METAL-ION-CATALYZED  LIQUID-PHASE  OXIDATION OF  S09
Author
Fuller and
CHst (1941)
Basset and
Parker (1951)
Junge and
Ryan (1958)
Foster (1969)
Matteson,
Stober, and
Luther (1969)
Rate Coefficient
Type of Mechanism or Expression
Cu2+ catalyst; mannltol ks - 0.013 + 2.5[Cu2*]
Inhibitor
Metal salts
Fe2+ catalyst with and without
NH3
i
Metal salts; S02 conversion rate « 0.09 X/m1n
for Mn, 0.15-1.5 %Anin for Fe
2SO, + 2H,0 + 0, •* 2H.SO.
2 2 2 24
S02 oxidation catalyzed by metal dCso2la ?+ ?
salts; 	 3t~ = k,[Mn ]f
n . .7+ ^
Comments
25°C
Formation of complexes such as
[02 Mn(S03)2]2- and rapid
oxidation
Conversion rate « 1 .8 x 10"*
%/m\n
Theoretical study; rates for Mn
and Fe depend on many factors;
rate for Fe catalyzed oxida-
tion 1s pH dependent
Negligible S0| formation for
RH < 95%; similar mechanism
may be responsible for catalysis
by other metal salts
                                                                                                                                             ro
                                                                                                                                             Ln
                                                                                                                                             en
                   2+ + S02 i Mn-S0jj
                                   = 2.4 x 10/M/sec
                 2Mn-So
                 Mn-SO2,* + H20 .* Mn2* + HS04 + H+
Cheng, Com,
and Froh-
llger (1971)
SO? oxidation catalyzed by metal
salts;


2S02 * 2H20 + 02 cata1ys.t 2H2SO«
S02 conversion rate •v 0.03
with Mn2+ levels  typical  of
urban Industrial  atmosphere;
i 0.33 Vm1n with levels  typical
of plume from coal-powered plant
Oxidation rate estimated by
extrapolation to atmospheric
conditions
Chen and          Sulflte oxidation catalyzed by
Barren (1972)      cobalt Ions;  free radical mech-
                 anism; Co(III) reduced
                                                    d[SO-]g
                                                    ,  ,
                                          -  k[Co(H20)3Y
                                 Could not determine  specific
                                 value for k
-------
                                  TABLE  C-5  (Concluded)
   Author
                        Type of Mechanism
                                           Rate Coefficient
                                             or Expression
                                                                                                    Comments
 Brlmblecomb
 and  Spedding
 (1974)
 S02  oxidation by 0? with trace
 Fe catalyst
            k[Fe(HI)][S(IV)]
                                                      k =  100/M/sec; SO? conversion
                                                      rate •<• 3.2 %/day in fog assuming
                                                      28 ug/m3 S02 and 10'° M Fe(HI)
 Possibility of Fe(III) con-
 tamination discussed
 Freiberg
 (1974)
 S02  oxidation catalyzed by Fe
                                                                 [Fe3+]/[H+]2


                                                      Ks • 1st dissociation constant
                                                      Of HS0
                                   Rate  Increases rapidly with RH
                                   and decreases by about one
                                   order of magnitude with 5°C
                                   increase in temperature
Freiberg
(1975)
S02 oxidation catalyzed by Fe
                                                     Same
me as above, except Kg  Is
complex function of [Fe3 ]
Rate dependence changes  from
[S02]J/[H+]3 to [S02]/[H+]
as pH or [S02] increases
no
cn
Barrle and
Georgli
(1976)
Mn and Fe catalysts
       k[S02]g
8°C and 25°C;  2.1 mm dlametur
droplets; 10'6 to 10'4 M  for
Mn and Fe; S02 concentrations
0.01-1.0 ppm.   In pH range
2-4.5 the catalytic  effective-
ness was Mn++  > Fe*+ > Fe3*.
Increase In T  from 8° to  25°C
caused an Increase In Mn
catalyzed oxidation  rate  of
5-10 1n pH range 2-4.5
Betz              Oxidation  In homogeneous
reported In       aqueous phase of  rainwater;
Belike and        metal  concentrations between
Bravenhorst       10"7-19'6  M for Mn and 10'6
(1977)            -lO-5  M for Fe
                                          1.95 x  1016 exp
                      /23.000
                     "\  RT
                                                                                          Rainwater pH =  3.2-5.2
-------
                                         258
 3.   SULFATE FORMATION IN REMOTE AREAS

     Modeling the atmospheric oxidation of sulfur dioxide (S02) into
 sulfate  (SO^)  in remote areas is now a difficult task because of the
 following combination of circumstances:

     >  Detailed data showing S02 removal rates and sulfate formation
        rates are lacking, making model verification difficult.
     >  Theoretical and observational evidence indicates that  re-
        moval rates are slow, and therefore, the choice of oxidation
        mechanisms is large.  In polluted urban areas such as Los
        Angeles, the sulfate formation rate has been shown to be
        rather fast; so the choice of mechanisms is limited to those
        capable of fast S0£ oxidation rates.
     >  The range of uncertainty in most currently considered oxi-
        dation mechanisms is large, which further compounds the
        difficulty.

     The data requirements necessary to elucidate a proper modeling scheme
for the oxidation of S02 go far beyond the normal requirements necessary
to exercise a proven model.  The areas where detailed data are now re-
quired begin in the near-stack region of plumes containing high SOX emis-
sions.   For the purpose of modeling on a large scale, the emissions mea-
sured at the end of this region would conceivabTy be much more useful than
measurements at the stack itself.

a.   The Near-Stack Region of Plumes

     From a modeling standpoint, very complex chemistry can conceivably
occur in this near-stack region, which is characterized by the following
qualities:

     >  Water droplet formation arid evaporation.
     >  A steep concentration and temperature gradient along the
        centerline of the plume.
-------
                                      259
      >   The  presence  of  fresh  ash  and  possibly  soot  participates.

The  length of this region can  typically  be on the order of 1 km or less,
so that  in a regional-scale  grid model the source could be at the end of
this  near-stack region and still be considered  a point source within the
same  grid square as the  stack.  However, obtaining total S02 emissions and
the  initial  sulfate concentration  from the end  of the near-stack region is
also  difficult.  The  difficulty stems  primarily from the nonuniform con-
centrations within the plume itself at this point and the steep gradients
that  define  the edges of the plume.  Sulfate measurements in particular
require  large sample  volumes averaged  over time and  space.  Hence, the de-
termination of sulfate emissions from  the end of the near-stack region re-
quires detailed information  on the concentration gradients for the duration
of the sampling period over  the entire plume cross section in addition to
the detailed path within that  cross section from which the sample was taken.

     jJater droplet formation and evaporation are important considera-
tions for two reasons:  First,  many sulfate formation mechanisms  are  known
to take place within  water droplets,  and second, it has  recently  been de-
monstrated that S02 concentrations far beyond bulk equilibrium levels can
occur in the surface  layer of  growing water droplets (Matteson, 1978).
The steep concentration  and  thermal gradient further complicate any model-
ing efforts of this region.  However,  the most  difficult phenomenon to
model may be the deactivation  of high!)  reactive sites often reported to
exist on certain types of fly  ash and  soot particles.  The overall effect
of the near-stack region appears to be a rapid  but limited conversion of
S02-  For this reason, trade-offs  between the difficulties of obtaining
appropriate data from the end  of the near-stack region and the difficulties
associated with properly modeling this complex  region need to be carefully
studied.  At a minimum,  some reliable and detailed data are necessary to
validate any modeling effort or to confirm the  necessity of even being
concerned about this  region  of plumes.
-------
                                        260
b.   The Downwind Region of Plumes

     The near-stack problems just discussed can occur in a plume affecting
any area.  Once the plume has reasonably stabilized in temperature and in
center!ine concentration gradient and the water droplets have either sta-
bilized or evaporated, then the problems of modeling sulfate formation be-
gin on the time and spatial scale appropriate to the model being discussed:
a regional model in a remote area during the several hours that a plume
can contribute to visibility impairment.  As outlined above, the basic
problems are limited detailed data and a slow overall oxidation rate that
is the sum of several simultaneous rates, each slow and uncertain.   A brief
discussion of some representative mechanisms follows.

1)   Photolysis of SO?

     This mechanism has recently been reviewed by Calvert et al. (1978).
Their study shows that the mechanism is complicated by electronic excited
states undergoing systems crossing and quenching competition.  In their
review, an upper limit of 0.04 percent per hour was estimated for this
mechanism to produce sulfate from SOp in bright sunlight.

2)   Photochemical Oxidation

     This mechanism was also reviewed by Calvert et al. (1978), who reported
that the most important species involved were the radicals OH-, HOX. and  RO^
where R represents a hydrocarbon fragment.  These radicals are involved in
photochemical oxidation of methane in the troposphere (Crutzen and Fishman,
1977), and therefore, they would be present in remote atmospheres.   The
hydroxyl radical (OH-) has been measured in remote areas (Davis, Heaps, and
McGee, 1976).  The concentrations of these radicals were found to be lower in
remote areas than in highly polluted urban areas.  In remote areas, OH- can  be
generated from short wavelength photolysis of ozone followed by the resulting
excited oxygen atom reaction with water:
-------
                                         261
                        hv(x < 315 nm) •»• 0  + 0(ID)
                                 + H20 + OH- + OH-

Hydroxl radicals might also be generated indirectly from other radicals by
means of transfer reactions such as

                         H0£ + NO -> OH- + N02

Some OH- might also come from olefinic natural hydrocarbons reacting with
ozone.  Calvert et al .  estimated the upper limit for this photochemical
mechanism to be 4 percent per hour in highly polluted urban areas.  Because OH-
radicals are present in remote areas, there appears to be a strong pos-
sibility that this mechanism explains a large part of the remote area rates
in the range of 0.5 percent per hour.  In fact, Calvert et al .  estimated a
midday rate of 0.4 percent per hour in remote areas due solely to the
reaction with OH- radicals.

3)   Water Droplet Mechanisms

     Many paths of oxidation have been explored involving SO^ dissolved in
the aqueous phase.  In most cases, the ability of SOp to dissolve is ap-
parently a major factor because it is e function of acidity.  Some of the
important oxidizing factors that have been studied are the presence of
ozone, hydrogen peroxide, catalytic ions, and soot particles.   Two recent
reviews on this subject were made by Levy, Drewes, and Hales (1976), and
Orel and Seinfeld (1977).  Virtually all  of the above factors might play
important roles in the sulfate formation in remote areas.

4)   Particulate Mechanisms

     This type of mechanism depends on relative humidity and the presence
of reactive particles.   Because the formation of sulfuric acid by one
mechanism would lead to generation of water droplets in even a moderately
-------
                                        262
humid atmosphere, this mechanism readily transforms into the other
mechanisms.  However, many reviews of sulfate formation discuss this type
of mechanism because the growth of small particulates or droplets and SCL
into larger particulates may also affect the rate of sulfate formation.

     Because all of the four mechanisms discussed above are complicated to
model quantitatively in remote areas, it appears that the assumption of a
simple first-order decay of SOp to form sulfate is currently justified.  A
recent study by SAI has shown, however, that such an assumption is defi-
nitely not justified in the polluted Los Angeles atmosphere.  In the study
of Los Angeles, a highly detailed grid-type airshed model was used.  Spa-
tial and temporal resolution of the emissions, wind field, and photochemis-
try produced spatial and temporal agreement near 30 percent for nitrogen
oxides and oxidant levels.  However, when the photochemical production of
sulfate (at rates up to 2 percent per hour in highly polluted midday grid
cells) was combined with a first-order decay of approximately 3 percent
per hour, very poor spatial agreement was observed (80 percent average dis-
agreement).  The observed data consisted of 24-hour-average sulfate mea-
surements at 14 monitoring stations.  The poor agreement occurred even
though the overall basin average sulfate level between the model and the
observations was empirically fit at about 19 yg/m .   Sulfate predictions
near the western S02 source region were low, and eastern downwind predic-
tions were all  too high.   A basin-wide spatially consistent 30 percent
agreement (with the oxidant.predictions) with observations was obtained by
combining the photochemical sulfate mechanism with a first-order rate
linearly dependent on fog intensity.  The water droplet mechanism that
gave this result used 12 percent per hour in total fog and 0.5 percent in
clear grid cells.  If spatially dependent observational data in remote
areas indicate that a uniform first-order conversion of SO^ to sulfate is
inappropriate,  perhaps some important clues will be provided to improve the
modeling of sulfate formation in remote areas.
-------
             263
       APPENDIX D
DESCRIPTION OF THE PLUME
    VISIBILITY MODEL
-------
                                   264
                            APPENDIX  D
                    DESCRIPTION OF THE PLlfE
                        VISIBILITY MODEL
     The plume visibility model  (PLUVUE) combines a plume dispersion and
chemistry model  with  atmospheric optics and visual effects formulations.
The relevant equations,  assumptions, and limitations are presented in
Chapter III  and Appendix B.  This appendix outlines the computational
procedure (logic flow),  program  structure, and data requirements of the
code.

1.    COMPUTATIONAL  PROCEDURE (LOGIC FLOW)

     The data required by the computer code include:

     >  Wind speed.
     >  Stability category.
     >  Specification of'diffusion type (Pasquill-Gifford-Turner,
        TVA).
     >  Atmospheric lapse rate.
     >  Mixing depth.
     >  Sun  zenith  angle.
     >  Ambient NOX> ML, SC^, 0^, and coarse mode aerosol
        concentrations.
     >  Background  visual range.
     >  Properties  of background and emitted aerosol modes:
        density,  mass mean radius, geometric standard deviation.
     >  Reaction rates (.ps.eudo-first-order) for sulfate and
        nitrate formation.
    >  Surface deposition velocities for S0?, NO  ,  sulfates, nitrates,
                                          C-    A
       and coarse particulate.
-------
                                    265
     >  Ambient temperature.
     >  Ambient relative humidity.
     >  Elevation of terrain.
     >  Number of stacks.
     >  Height of stacks.
     >  Emission rates from all  stacks of S02> N0x> and particulates.
     >  Flue gas flow rate per stack.
     >  Flue gas temperature.

Figure D-l illustrates the basic calculations and program structure  for
the computer code.

     The aerosol radiative properties, b     and b  ., and p(0), are com-
                                        sca*c
uted by integrating over a lognormal size distribution with the specified
mass median radius and geometric standard deviation.  The scattering and
absorption efficiency factors and the intensity for the two polarization
components at a prescribed number of scattering angles are evaluated in
the IBM subroutine DAMIE.  The properties are evaluated at a selected number
of wavelengths (currently 9), and a spline routine is used to interpolate the
results to the final number of wavelengths (currently 39).

     Either the background visual range or the accumuation mode concentration
must be specified.  When one is specified, the other can be computed from
the Koschmieder relationship.  The background atmospheric radiative properties,
optical depths, mean albedo and mean plvse functions are then computed.   The
background sky intensity as a function of angle of observation is  predicted
for both a Rayleigh atmosphere (only molecular scattering) and the atmosphere
with the specified ambient aerosol and NOg concentration.  The intensity of
a "perfect" diffuse reflector normal to the direct solar beam is calculated
for later use in color quantification.  With this information, the chromati-
city and intensity of the background sky are computed for different
scattering and zenith angles.  The chromaticity differences and the AE
(L*u*v*), AE (L*a*b*) differences between the background and the Rayleigh
atmosphere are then evaluated.

     The spectral intensity of an object of a particular reflectivity and
distance to the observer is computed next, and its chromaticity and light
-------
                                            266
     CALCULATION  DESCRIPTION
Input data.

Compute aerosol  properties from
Hie equations.

•  Integrate over size.

•  Interpolate  to 39 wavelengths.

Compute background radiative properties.

Compute background visual  effects.

•  Compute perfect diffuse reflector.

•  Compute intensities for Rayleigh.

•  Compute background Intensities.

•  Compute chromaticitles, contrast,
                     PROGRAM STRUCTURE
Compute background object visual effects.

•  Compute background intensities.
•  Compute object Intensity.

•  Compute chromatidties,  contrast,
   etc.

Compute initial  dilution and NOj forma-
tion  via termolecular reaction.

Calculate HOj,  $04, primary particulate
concentration at distance X.

Calculate plume  visual effects, plume
only  (horizontal/nonhorizontal).

•  Compute plume intensities.
•  Compute chromatidties,  contrast,
   etc.

Calculate plume  visual effects with
object behind plume (horizontal view).
•  Calculate object Intensity.

•  Calculate object through the plume
   Intensity.
•  Compute chromatidties,  contrast,
   etc.

Calculate plume  visual effects
(perspective view).

•  Calculate plume Intensity.

•  Calculate chromaticitles, contrast,
   etc.
     0,8


0.    |"

Xlumin j

"ft »   '
   NX
NZ.
6,
o,
V
a.
     L_
0,   |
Xlumin
                           BACCLN
                           BACOBJ
                           PLMOBJ
                           CHROMA
              FIGURE  D-l.    FLOWCHART  OF THE COMPUTER  CODE
                                 CALCULATIONS AND PROGRAM STRUCTURE
                                 FOR  THE  PLUME  VISIBILITY MODEL
-------
                                   267
intensity are predicted for different scattering angles,  reflectivities,  and
distances from the observer.   The object's coloration is  then compared with
that of the background sky in terms of chromaticity changes  and AE values.

     The program then begins  the calculation of the concentrations of the
plume by computing the initial dilution near the stack.   The calculation  of
initial dilution is required  to calculate accurately the  initial  conversion
of NO to NOo via the termolecular reaction because of the rapid decrease  in
reaction rate with decreasing NO concentration.  In this  part of the code,
the properties of the plume at 10-second intervals after  emission from the
top of the stack are calculated.  These properties include plume rise, plume
velocity, temperature, N02/NO ratio,  and concentrations of 02,  N0x,  N02>
particulates, and sulfur dioxide.  The final N02/N0 ratio calculated in this
section of the code is used as a starting point for the calculations in the
                                                                             o
next part of the code for NOp at 16 downwind distances.

     The code calculates the  concentrations in the plume  at  16 downwind
distances starting at 1.2 km  and ending at 350 km.  Calculations are made
for six altitudes at a given  distance:  plume centerline  H,  H + 2oz,
H + az, H - DZ, H - 2az, and  at ground level.  Pasquill or TVA diffusion  coef-
ficients (a , a ) are computed from subroutines internal  to  the code or from
           
-------
                                   268
sight path.  Finally, the chroroatici.ty change and AE values at that
particular downwind distance are computed.

2.   PROGRAM STRUCTURE

     The program consists of a main program, PLUV'JE, and 19 subroutines.
The main program reads the input cards, computes the plume concentrations,
and prints the output.  The various subroutines compute the radiative pro-
perties, spectral intensities and chromaticities, and coloration.

     Specifically, the subroutine INRAD computes the aerosol radiative pro-
perties and the atmospheric radiative properties.  The integration of the
aerosol properties over the specific size distribution is done by subroutine
BSIZE, which in turn calls the Mie equation subroutine DAMIE.  The inter-
polation to the final number of wavelengths is done in a standard cubic
spline package, SPLNA.  The reason for the interpolation is that the Mie
equations evaluation can be costly, and the dependence of the radiative
properties for these assumed size distributions and refractive indices is
rather smooth.  A provision has been made to read in the radiative property
data if desired, so that the Mie equation evaluation could be bypassed. The
basic equations that INRAD and BSIZE use are described in Appendix B.

     The subroutine PERDIF computes the values  of spectral  intensity of a
perfect diffuse reflector that is normal  to the direct solar beam.   These
values are used in the evaluation of color.

     The subroutines RAYREF, BACCLN, BACOBJ, PLMCLN, and PLMOBJ compute
the spectral  intensity seen by a.n observer in differing situations.   RAYREF
and BACCLN compute the background atmospheric intensity [Eq.  (21)  in Section
III.B.2]; RAYREF for an atmosphere with Rayleigh scattering only;  and BACCLN
for the background atmosphere.   BACOBJ computes the intensity of an  object
[Eq. (22) in  Section III.B.2] at a given  distance and reflectivity.   PLMCLN
calculates the intensity that results  from a plume at a specific distance from
the observer  against the background sky [Eqs.  (21) and (25)  through  (28)  in
Section III.  B.2].   PLMOBJ computes the effect  of the plume in front of an
object at a certain distance and reflectivity [Eqs.  (22)  and (26)  through
(29)].
-------
                                    269

     The subroutine CHROMA computes the chromaticities and AE(L*u*v*,
L*a*b*) values for two spectral intensities supplied as input.   CHROMA
then computes the chromaticity differences and AE values.   It also cal-
culates the contrast and intensity ratios at specific wavelengths.

3.    PROGRAM USE

     The program requires the input cards listed in Table  D-l.
-------
                                      270
   TABLE D-l.   DATA REQUIREMENTS FOR THE PLUME VISIBILITY
                COMPUTER PROGRAM
Card No.
Format
Variables
Description
1 6A4
2 F5.1
15
F5.2
F5.1
3 F10.1
4 F10.3
5 15
PLANT
U
I
ALAPSE
ZENITH
HPBLM
RH
ITVA
Name of source or other label
Wind speed (mph)
Stability under (1, 2, 3, ...,)
Lapse rate (°F/1 000ft)
Solar zenith angle (degrees)
Mixing depth height (m)
Relative humidity (percent)
Index indicating diffusion
                 15
                 12
                   IPERS
12
12
12
12
12
12

IFLG1
IFLG2
IFLG3
NX1|
NX2(
NTl)
NT2J
                   NZF
                 parameters to be used for
                 stability index I ("1" for
                 TVA,  "0"  for Pasqui11-Gifford-
                 Turner values,  "9"  for user
                 input values)

                 Index "I" if perspective  view
                 with  user-input rn  and
                 (see  Cards  21-35)

                 Index for output tables
                 1, 2, 3 at each downwind
                 distance:   "1"  means  output
                 desired; "0" means output
                 table is not desired


                 Indices  (1-16)  for downwind
                 distances  desired  (it  is
                 preferable to start with  NX1=1)
                 Limits for scattering  angles
                 desired: 6 = 22°,  45°, 90°,
                 135°, 158° and  180°

                 Index for  the number of
                 altitudes  for visual impact
                 calculations: "1"  for  plume
                 centers  only, "2"  for  ground-
                 level also
-------
                                        271
                               TABLE  D-l  (Continued)
Card No.
Format
Variable
Description
8 F10.2
F10.2
F10.2
9 F10.1
F10.1
F10.1
10 F5.1
F5.1
11 F10.0
12 F10.1
13 F10.3
F10.3
F10.3
F10.3
14 F10.3
F10.3
15 F10.3
F10.3
F10.3
F10.3
16 F10.3
F10.3
F10.3
F10.3
QS02 j
QNOX \
QPART I
FLOW
FGTEMP
FG02
UNITS
HSTACK
ELEV
TAMB
AMBNOX
AMBN02
03AMB
AMBS02
RS02C
RNOYC
XV
RQVA
ROVC
ROVS
ROVP
SIGA
SIGC
SIGS
SIGP
Total S02, NOX, and primary particle
emissions rates (from all stacks),
in tons/day
Flue gas flow rate (acfm) per stack
Flue gas temperature (°F)
Flue gas oxygen concentration mole
percent
Number of stacks
Stack height (ft)
Elevation of plant site (ft MSL)
Ambient temperature (°F)
Ambient [NOX] in ppm
Ambient [NO^] in ppm
Ambient [0^] in ppm
Ambient [S02] in ppm
S02 •> SO^" conversion rate (%/hr)
NO -> N0.7 conversion rate (%/hr)
A O
Mass median radius (ym) background
accumulation mode
Mass median radius (ym) background
coarse mode
Mass median radius (ym) plume
secondary parti cul ate
Mass median radius (ym) emitted
emitted primary parti cul ate
Geometric standard deviation,
accumulation mode
Geometric standard deviation,
coarse mode
Geometric standard deviation,
secondary parti cul ate
Geometric standard deviation,
                                                emitted primary particulate
-------
                                        272
                               TABLE D-l  (Concluded)
Card No.
  Format
Variable
         Description
17







18

19

20(INTYP*n )

20(INTYP=ir


21





22
F10.3

F10.3

F10.3

F10.3

F10.3

15

F10.3
(F10.3

-------
               273
       APPENDIX E
PLUME MODEL SAMPLE OUTPUT
-------
                                      274
                            APPENDIX E
                    PLUME MODEL SAMPLE OUTPUT


     This appendix displays two examples  of  the plume visibility output.
The first shows output for a plume from a hypothetical 2250 Mwe coal-fired
power plant during stable (Pasquill  E)  conditions.  This sample output
shows the near-source plume impact from 1.2  to 10 km downwind.  At each
downwind distance, the following tables are  displayed:
             9
     >  Pollutant concentrations.
     >  Visual  effects for horizontal  sight  paths.
     >  Visual  effects for nonhorizontal  sight paths.
     >  Visual  effects for horizontal  views  of various colored objects.

The second illustration is for  the plume  from a copper smelter during
neutral  conditions (TVA Category 1)  with  a capping layer at 2000 m.
For this example, we show the output of pollutant concentrations and
horizontal visual effects at large downwind  distances (15, 100, 200, and
300 km.)
-------
              275
 EXAMPLE 1:   OUTPUT FOR
    A PLUME FROM A
 HYPOTHETICAL 2250 MWE
COAL-FIRED POWER PLANT
-------
VISUAL  IMPACT ASSESSMENT FOR 2230 MV COAL POWER PLANT


    POWER PLANT DATA

         ELEVATION OF SITE =         0.  FEET MSL
                                     0.  METERS MSL

         NO. OF UNITS =3.

         STACK HEIGHT =  700.  FEET
                         213.  METERS

         FLUE CAS FLOW RATE =    1724000.  CU FT/MIN
                                  813.52  CU M/SEC

         FLUE CAS TEMPERATURE =       250.  F
                                      394.  K

         FLUE GAS OXYGEN CONTENT =        1.7  MOL PERCENT

         SO2 EMISSION RATE (TOTAL) =     276.43  TONSXDAY
                                        2.903E+03  C/SEC

         NOX EMISSION RATE (TOTAL,AS N02) =      161.25  TONS/DAY
                                                1.693E+03   G/SEC

         PARTICULATE EMISSION RATE (TOTAL)  =       3.45   TONS/DAY
                                               3.623E+01   G/SEC
-------
METEOROLOGICAL AND AMBIENT AIR QUALITY DATA

     VINDSPEED =  11.2  MILES/HR
                   3.0  M/SEC

     PASOUILL-CIFFORD-TURNER STABILITY CATEGORY E

     LAPSE RATE *  0.00  F/1000 FT
                     0.         K/M

     POTENTIAL TEMPERATURE LAPSE RATE -    9.800E-03  K/M

     SOLAR ZENITH ANGLE =  43.0  DECREES

     AMBIENT TEMPERATURE =  77.0  F
                           298.2  K

     RELATIVE HUMIDITY =  40.0  %

     MIXING DEPTH = 2000.  M

     AMBIENT PRESSURE =  1.00  ATM

     SO2 TO SO4 CONVERSION RATE =       .300 PERCENT/HR
                                                                                               ro
     NOX TO NOP '10N\TRSIOrr RATE =      0.000 PERCENT/HR                                        ^j

     BACKGROUND NOX CONCENTRATION =      0.000  PPM

     BACKGROUND NO2 CONCENTRATION =      0.000  PPM

     BACKGROUND OZONE CONCENTRATION =       .040  PPM

     BACKGROUND SO2 CONCENTRATION =      0.000  PPM

     BACKGROUND COARSE MODE CONCENTRATION  =       30.0  UG/M3

     BACKGROUND SULFATE CONCENTRATION =         1.7  UG/M3

     BACKGROUND NITRATE CONCENTRATION -        0.0  UG/N3

     BACKGROUND VISUAL RANGE =      130.0  KILOMETERS

     SO2 DEPOSITION VELOCITY =       1.00  CM/SEC

     NOX DEPOSITION VELOCITY =       1.00  CM/SEC

     COARSE PARTICULATE DEPOSITION VELOCITY =        .10  CM/SEC

     SUBM1CRON PARTICULATE DEPOSITION VELOCITY =        .10  CM/SEC
-------
BACKGROUND CONDITIONS
ACCUMULATION
MASS RADIUS
. 1700E+00
BETARAY = .
NO
1
2
3
4
3
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
13
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
23
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
33
36
37
38
39
. VAVELN
.3700E+00
.3300E+00
.3900E+00
.4000E+00
.4100E+00
.4200E+00
.4300E+00
.4400E+00
.4~0-«*E+00
,46<*(*F,+ 00
.4700E+00
. 4800E+00
.4900E+00
.3000E+00
.3100E+00
.3200E+00
.5:?00E+00
.3 400 £+00
.3300E+00
. 3600E+00
. 5700E+00
. 3800E+00
.3900E+00
.6000E+00
.6100E+00
.6200E+00
.6 300 £+00
.6400E+00
.6300E+00
.6600E+00
.6700E+00
.6 3061:',+ 00
.6900E+00
. 70<~H}E+00
.7100E+00
.7200E+00
.7300E+00
.7400E+00
.7300E+00
MODE COARSE PARTICLE MODE PRIMARY PARTICLE MODE
SIGMA BETA.35/MASS MASS RADIUS SIGMA BETA.55/MASS MASS RADIUS SIGMA BE1
.2100E+01 .5811E-02 .3000E+01 .2200E+01 .3343E-03 .5000E+00 .2000E+01
COEFFICIENTS AT 0.33 MICROMETERS . l./KM
1000E-01 BETAAER = .2017E-01 ABSN02 =0. BETABAC = .3009E-01
TAUT02Z
. 5832E+00
. 5334E+00
.4837E+00
.4443E+00
. 4082E+00
.3767E+00
.3490E+00
. 3242E+00
.30I7E+00
.2810E+00
.2620E+00
.2447E+00
.2292E+00
.2134E+00
.2035E+00
. 1932E+00
. 1840E+00
. 1737E+00
. 1679E+00
. 1603E+00
. 1330E+00
. 1460E+00
. 1394E+00
. 133315+00
. 1276E+00
. 1223E+00
. 1 178E+00
. 1 137E+00
. 1 100E+00
. 1068E+00
. 1040E+00
. 1014B'.+00
.9893E-01
.9633E-01
. 9 409 E- 01
.9160E-01
.8909E-01
.8661E-01
.8420E-01
TAUT0DI
.2071E+02
. 1891E+02
. 1733E+02
. 1399E+02
. 1482E+02
. 1380E+02
. 1290E+02
. 1210E+02
. 1 136E+02
. 1066E+02
. 1002E+02
.9423E+01
.8887E+01
.8420E+01
.8024E+01
.7688E+01
.739 5 E+01
.7 129 E+01
.6873E+01
.6620E+01
.6365E+01
.6116E+01
.5876E+01
.3651 E+01
.3444E+01
.3237E+01
.3090E+01
.4942E+01
.4815E+01
.4708E+01
.4(5 I5E+01
.4532E+01
.4453E+01
.4372E+01
.4284E+01
.4192E+01
.4096E+01
.3999E+01
.3903E+01
PAER
. 4672E+03
. 4478E+03
.4301E+03
.4147E+03
. 4020E+03
. 39 1 1E+03
.3814E+03
.3719E+03
.3623E+03
.3321E+03
. 3420E+03
. 3323E+03
. 3237E+03
.3164E+03
.3106E+03
.3056E+03
.30I0E+03
.2964E+03
.2913E+03
.2861E+03
.2803E+03
. 2747E+03
.2687E+03
.2626E+03
.2564E+03
.2304E+03
. 2447E+03
.2396E+03
.2353E+03
.2319E+03
.2290E+03
. 2264F.+03
.2237E+03
.2206E+03
.2168E+03
.2123E+03
.2078E+03
.2027E+03
. 1976E+03

.4934E+01
.4890E+01
.4841 E+01
.4786 E+01
.4723E+01
.4635E+01
.4390E+01
.4336 E+01
.43 01 E+01
.4491 E+01
.4301E+01
.4318E+01
.4331 E+01
.4528E+01
.4499E+01
.4453E+01
.4406 E+01
.4373 E+01
.4374E+01
.4422E+01
.4303E+01
.4593E+01
.4675E+01
.4717E+01
.4704E+01
.4643E+01
.4351 E+01
.4442E+01
.4335 E+01
.4243E+01
.4172E+01
.4124E+01
..4 103 E+01
.41 10F.+ 01
.4148F.+01
.4213E+01
.4299E+01
.4399E+01
.4308E+01

. 1310E+01
. 1515E+01
. 1317E+01
. 1313E+01
. 1509 E+01
. 1502E+01
.1497E+01
.1493E+01
. 13 00 E+01
. 1512E+01
. 1527E+01
. 1544E+01
. 1359E+01
. 1568E+01
.1571E+01
. 1568E+01
. 1563E+01
. 1333E+01
. 1343E+01
. 13 35 E+01
. 1322E+01
. 1307E+01
. 1490E+01
. 1471 E+01
. 1451E+01
. 1431E+01
. 1415E+01
. 1404E+01
. 1401E+01
. 1407E+01
. 142 1 E+01
. 1439 E+01
. 1458F.+'01
. 1473E+01
. 1481E+01
. 1481 E+01
. 1476 E+01
. 1467E+01
. 1433E+01

.2216E+00
.2189E+00
.2175E+00
.2177E+00
.2200E+00
.2236E+00
.2278E+00
.2313E+00
. 2337F.+00
.2340E+00
.2327E+00
.2308E+00
.2293E+00
.2292E+00
.2311E+00
.2345E+00
.2383E+00
.2422E+00
.2445E+00
.2447E+00
.2431E+00
.2404E+00
.2370E+00
.2337E+00
.2311E+00
.2293E+00
.2283E+00
.2291E+00
.2311E+00
.2347E+00
.2393E+00
.2441E+00
72483 E+ <30
. 2508E+00
.251 1F.+ 00
.2492E+00
. 2457F.+00
.2410E+00
.2336E+00

. 1300E+00
. 1328E+00
. 1343E+00
. 1346E+00
. 1329E+00
. 1300E+00
. 1266E+00
. 1235E+00
. 12I5E+00
. 1214E+00
. 1226E+00
. 1246E+00
. 1267E+00
. 1282E+00
. 1286E+00
. 1283E+00
. 123JE+00
. 1280E+00
. 1287E+00
. 1305E+00
. 1328E+00
. 1352E+00
. 1370E+00
. 1377E+00
. 1370E+00
. 1332E+00
. 1330E+00
. 1310E+00
. 1299E+00
. 1304E+00
. 1322E+00
. 1349E+00
. 1382E+00
. 1413E+00
. 1444E+00
. 1469E+00
. 1490E+00
. 1509E+00
. 1326E+00

.3067E+00
.3001E+00
.2966E+00
. 2972E+00
.3029E+00
.3125E+00
. 3244E+00
.3371E+00
.3439E+00
,358tF.+ 00
.3643E+00
.3673E+00
.3669E+00
.3627E+00
.3348E+00
.3449E+00
.3333E+00
.3288E+00
.3283F.+ 00
.3362E+00
.3502E+00
.3670E+00
.3832E+00
.3952E+00
. 4003 E+ 00
.3997E+00
.3957E+00
. 3904E+00
.3863E+00
. 3850F.+00
.386 3 £+00
. 3902F.+00
.3954E+00
.4019E+00
.4090E+00
.4166E+00
.4248E+00
. 4333E+00
.4420E+00

.5956E+00
.3721E+00
.3579E+00
.3363E+00
.5698E+00
.5919E+00
.6142E+00
.6273E+00
.6214E+0O
.3900E+00
.3415E+00
.4887E+00
.4445E+00
.4222E+00
.4326E+00
.4730E+00
.3363F.+ 00
.6134E+00
.7009E+00
.7830E+00
.8513E+00
.8939E+00
.9055E+00
.8696E+00
.7834E+00
.6671E+00
.3473E+00
.4319E+00
.4089E+00
. 4389F.+00
. 32-i*'Fi+t?0
.642CE+00
.7592F.+ 00
.8463E+00
.8782E+00
.8386E+00
.7991E+00
.7121F.+00
.6101E+00
                                                                                       BETA.53/MASS
                                                                                             .2003E-02
                                                                                                      ro
                                                                                                      ^j
                                                                                                      CX3
-------
    VISUAL EFFECTS CAUSED BY BACKGROUND ATMOSPHERE  (WITHOUT PLUME)
    *** CLEAR SKY VIEWS ***
THETA BETA
 22.
 43.
 90.
133.
138.
180.
 0.
13.
30.
43.
60.
73.
90.

 0.
13.
30.
43.
60.
75.
90.

 0.
13.
30.
43.
60.
75.
90.

 0.
13.
30.
43.
60.
73.
90.

 0.
13.
30.
43.
60.
73.
90.

 0.
15.
30.
45.
60.
73.
90.
TAU
6.87
.63
.34
.24
. 19
. 17
. 17
6.87
.65
.34
.24
. 19
. 17
. 17
6.87
.65
.34
.24
. 19
. 17
. 17
6.87
.65
.34
.24
. 19
. 17
. 17
6.87
.65
.34
.24
. 19
. 17
. 17
6.87
.65
.34
.24
. 19
. 17
. 17
YCAP
208. 6 1
86.43
51.34
38. 17
31.83
28.81
27.91
110.53
49.55
29.77
22. 10
18.43
16.71
16.19
64. 12
29.82
18.02
13.40
11.20
10. 14
9.83
67.23
34.22
20.76
15.46
12.92
11.71
11.35
78.98
40.73
24.69
18.38
15.36
13.92
13.49
91.22
45 . 89
27.75
20.63
17.23
15.63
15. 13
L
132.18
94.50
77.02
68. 18
63.23
60.63
39.84
103.93
73.81
61.49
54. 17
50.07
47.93
47.26
84.04
61.53
49 . 56
43.40
39.95
33. 14
37.58
85.64
63. 17
32.72
46.30
42.69
40.79
40.20
91.23
70.01
56.81
50.00
46. 17
44. 16
43.33
96.50
73.50
59 . 70
52.60
43.61
46.53
45.87
X
.3409
.2930
.2830
. 2796
.2781
.2774
.2771
.3184
. 273 1
.2655
. 2633
.2608
.2601
.2399
.3000
.2633
.2341
.251 1
.2497
.2490
.2488
.2962
.2594
.2303
.2472
. 2459
. 2452
.2451
.3021
.2623
.2529
.2493
.2484
.2477
.2476
.3122
.2688
.2590
.2553
.2344
.2537
.2335
Y
.3462
.3041
.2914
.2868
.2847
.2837
.2834
.3313
.2893
.2760
.2712
.2690
.2680
.2677
.3111
.2744
.2608
.2360
.2338
.2328
.2.' 23
.3078
.2704
.2366
.2317
.2493
• . 2484
.2431
.3120
.2728
.2589
.2340
.2317
. 2307
.2304
.3200
.2781
.2640
.2591
.2369
.2338
.2355
DELYCAP
103.06
52.59
31.29
22.87
18.83
16.90
16.32
13.44
19.92
12. 1 1
8.79
7. 16
6.38
6.14
-9.26
6.04
3.93
2.86
2.29
2.01
1.92
-24.84
4.60
3. 10
2. 13
1.63
1.38
1.30
-26.37
6.39
4.44
3.08
2.36
2.01
1.90
-19.58
10.41
6.49
4.37
3.53
3. 10
2.96
DELL
30.08
29.64
24.87
22.09
20.43
19.53
19.24
7.07
14.45
12.36
10.90
9.97
9.46
9.29
-4.60
3.63
5. 19
4.56
4. 10
3.83
3.73
- 1 1 . 22
3.81
3.60
3.03
2.38
2.32
2.23
-10.87
5. 15
4.65
3.91
3.36
3.04
2.94
-7.53
7.35
6.43
5.48
4.82
4.44
4.32
C(400)
.3906
.2697
.2698
.2396
.2483
.2403
.2374
.0584
-.0146
. 00 1 1
- . 00 11
-.0071
-.0118
-.0136
-.0336
-. 1374
-. 1325
-. 1292
-.1311
-. 1335
-. 1344
-.1169
- . 1306
- . 1293
- . 129 1
-.1334
-. 1371
- . 1383
- . 1267
- . 1272
-. 1090
- . 1 108
-. 1163
-.1211
- . 1228
- . 10O3
-.1027
-.0864
-.0392
-.0956
- . 1007
- . 1026
C(350)
.8897
.3363
.3446
.4938
.4546
.4253
.4132
. 1844
.6939
.7177
.6942
.6686
.6510
.6449
-. 1380
.2684
. 300S
.2917
. 2778
.2676
.2639
-.2824
. 16 14
. 1860
.1726
.1362
. 1446
. 1405
- . 2733
.2003
.2213
.2043
. 1852
. 1720
. 1674
- . 1897
.3064
. 3245
.3042
.2824
.2676
.2624
C<700)
1.8769
3.6875
3.6901
3.5857
3.4893
3.4274
3.4059
.6563
. 8252
. 8439
.7900
.7376
.7029
.6909
.0762
.8950
.9263
.9017
. 8737
.8543
.8478
- . 1689
.3979
.6168
.3887
.5600
.5407
.5340
-.1061
.7229
.7363
.7014
.6675
. 6430
.6373
.0879
1 . 0237
1 . 0339
.9904
.9492
.9221
.9127
BRATIO
.4834
.2709
.2707
.2747
.2780
.2801
.2809
.6390
.3488
.3320
.3380
.3627
. 3656
.3666
.8794
.4446
.4303
.4379
. 4637
.4673
.4684
1 . 0626
.3316
.5384
.3482
.3553
.5601
.5616
.9770
.5066
.5131
.5226
.5299
. 5343
.5338
.8196
.4434
.4492
.4576
.4640
.4679
.4692
DELX
.0357
.0537
.0513
.0500
.0492
.0488
.0487
.0152
.0369
.0347
. 0336
.0329
.0325
.0324
.0008
. 0272
.0232
.0242
.O236
.0232
.0231
- . 0070
.0212
- .0195
.0185
.0179
.0176
.0173
- . 003 1
.0230
.0212
.0202
.0195
.0192
.0191
.0063
.0291
.0270
.0259
.0252
.0248
.0247
DELY E< LUV) E( LAB)
.0221 44.6680 35.3720
.0377 42.7131 33.4569
.0584 33.4713 29.3383
.0577 28.9426 26.0430
.0371 26.4661 24. 1320
.0367 25.1872 23.1479
.0566 24.7891 22.8313
.0097 13.9237 9.9126
.0430 26.7599 20.7632
.0447 20.6836 17.3462
.0437 17.6649 15.3729
.0430 16.0248 14.2198
.0426 15. 1837 13.6050
.0425 14.9229 13.4110
-.0059 6.4645 3.7798
.0334 18.1834 12.6828
.0327 13.71*9 10.6172
.0318 Il.o732 9.4079
.0311 10.4403 8.7073
.0307 9.8713 8.3374 £3
.0305 9.6968 8.2212 vo
-.0139 13.7082 12.6947
.0259 15.7605 10.4331
.0252 11.9561 8.7032
.0242 10. 1441 7.6643
.0235 9.2144 7.0697
.0231 0.7o'>9 6.7606
.0229 8.6228 6.6647
-.0121 13.4426 12.4763
.0264 16.9212 11.2614
.0239 12.89OO 9.3774
.0249 10.9650 8.2293
.0241 9.9673 7.3663
. O237 9 . 4779 7 . 2204
.0246 9.C301 7.1127
-.0049 11.7559 9.6383
.0312 20.7951 13.9390
.0305 15.8733 11.5107
.0295 13.5176 10.0993
.0287 12.2872 9.2880
.0283 1K6758 8.«623
.0281 11.4896 8.7294
-------
    VISUAL EFFECTS CAUSED BY BACKGROUITD ATMOSPHERE (WITHOUT PLUME)
    *** WHITE, GRAY. AND BLACK OBJECTS AT INDICATED DISTANCES ***
THETA  RO/RV REFLECT
 22.
YCAP
X
Y DELYCAP
DELL  CC400)  C(530)  C<700>  BRATIO
                                                                                                          DELX
DELY  E(LUV)  E(LAB)
 43.
.02
.03
. 10
.20
.30
.80
1.00
.02
.03
.10
.20
.30
.80
1.00
.02
.03
.10
.20
.30
.30
1.00
.02
.03
. 10
.20
.30
.80
1.00
.02
.0.}
.10
.20
.30
.80
1.00
.02
.03
. 10
.20
.30
.80
1.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.30
.30
.30
.30
.50
.30
.30
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.30
.30
.30
.30
.30
.30
.30
0.00
0.00
O . 00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
107.99
118.88
134.43
157.89
192.37
203.37
206 . 46
61.68
77.59
100.33
134.53
184.77
201.04
205 . 24
13.37
36.30
66.21
1 1 1 . 20
177. 18
198.52
204.01
100.82
101.94
103.52
103.83
109. 13
110. 15
110.39
34.31
60.65
69.39
82.50
101.53
107.62
109.17
8.20
1 9 . 36
35.27
39. 13
93.96
105. 10
107.94
103.01
106.88
112.02
119.06
128.24
130.98
131.67
82.76
90.60
100. 13
112.03
126.31
130.37
131.38
46. 18
66.78
83. 12
104. 17
124.34
129.76
131.09
100.32
100.74
101.34
102.22
103.43
103.79
103.88
78.78
32.20
86.71
92.80
100.60
102.87
103.44
34.44
31. 14
65 . 99
31.39
97.62
101.94
102.99
.3300
.3277
.3262
.3270
.3337
.3381
. 3396
. 3230
.3200
.3178
.3198
.-3304
.3366
. 3388
.2944
.2973
.3019
.3100
.3268
. 333 1
.3380
.3306
.3283
.3234
.3219
.3189
.3136
.3186
. 3236
.3189
.3129
.3093
.3122
.3137
.3170
.2740
.2767
.2310
.2337
. 3046
.3126
.3153
.3402
.3374
. 3334
.3357
.3415
.3446
.3433
.3349
.3293
.3269
.3291
.3390
.3437
. 345 1
.3020
.3056
.3110
. 3200
.3364
. 3-1.29
. 3447
.3412
.3388
. 3358
.3327
.3308
.3310
.3312
.3361
.3294
. 3238
.3213
.3259
.3293
.3303
.2838
.2373
. 2'? 32
'. 3023
. 3204
. 3273
.3293
-100.61
-89.72
-74.16
-50.71
-16.24
-3.04
-2. 13
-146.92
-131.01
-108.28
-74.06
-23.84
-7.56
-3.37
-193.24
-172.31
-142.40
-97.41
-31.43
-10.09
-4.39
-9.71
-8.60
-7.02
-4.68
-1.39
-.39
-. 14
-56.02
-49 . 39
-41. 14
-28.03
-8.98
-2.91
-1.37
-102.33
-9 1 . 1.8
-75.26
-31.38
-16.53
-5.43
-2.59
-29. 17
-23.30
-20. 16
-13. 13
-3.95
-1.20
-.51
-49.42
-41.58
-32.06
-20. 13
-5.87
-1.81
-.80
-86 . 00
-65.40
-47.07
-28.01
-7.84
-2.43
- 1 . 09
-3.62
-3. 19
-2.59
-1.72
-.50
-. 14
-.05
-23. 16
-21.73
-17.22
-11. 13
-3.34
-1.06
-.30
-69.49
-52.79
-37.95
-22.54
-6.32
-2.00
-.94
-.4431
- . 3495
-.2353
- . 1068
-.0100
-.0010
- . 0002
- . 6484
-.3116
- . 3446
-. 1564
-.0146
-.0014
- . 0003
-.8538
- . 6736
-.4537
- . 2039
-.0193
-.0018
- . 0004
-.2592
- . 2045
- . 1378
-.0625
-.0039
- . 0006
- . 0002
-.3565
- . 439 1
-.2957
-.1342
-.0126
-.0012
- . 0003
-.8538
-.6736
-.4337
- . 2039
-.0193
-.0018
- . 0004
-.4716
-.4192
- . 3443
- . 2324
- . 0708
- . 0208
- . 0087
-.6981
-.6206
-.5101
- . 3444
-. 1054
-.0313
T-.0136
-.9246
-.8221
-.6737
-.4363
-. 1401
- . 0422
-.0183
-.0962
-.0053
- . 0704
- . 0476
-.0148
- . 0047
- . 0022
-.3105
-.4539
- . 3733
-.2523
-.0782
- . 0243
-.0112
- . 9248
- . 8224
-.6763
-.4374
-. 1415
- . 0438
- . 020 1
- . 4894
-.4300
-.3910
- . 2943
- . 1222
-.0458
- . 0284
-.7179
-.6606
- . 5749
- .4347
-. 1843
- . 0733
-.0364
-.9464 J
-.8712 <
- . 7588 '<
- . 3749
-.2464
-. 1009
- . 0324
-.0268
- . 0239
-.0195
-.0123
.0006
.0063
. 0082
- . 4867
- . 4478
- . 3896
- . 2944
.-. 1244
-.0490
- . 0240
-.9466 '.
-.8717 '.
-.7397 I
-.5766
-.2494
-. KZ»44
-.0361
.0908
. 1826
.2554
.2660
. 1278
.0470
.0206
. 2463
.4391
.5418
.4924
.2080
.0776
.0374
2.7268
2.5348
2.2647
1.8681
1.3014
1. 1101
1.054S
.7612
.8130
.8794
.9491
.9935
.9931
.9917
.8640
1.0159
1 . 1538
1 . 227 1
i . 1277
1.0503
1 . 0242
2.7376
2.3443
2 . 2737
1.8733
1 . 3066
1. 1 146
1.0390
-.0109
-.0132
-.0147
-.0139
- . 0072
- . 0028
-.0013
-.0159
- . 0209
- . 023 1
-.0211
-.0103
- . 0043
- . 002 1
- . 0465
- . 0436
- ..0390
- . 0309
-.0141
-.003 a
-.0029
.0122
.0099
.0070
.0035
.0005
.0002
.0002
.0072
.0005
-.0055
- . 009 1
- . 0062
- . 0027
-.0014
- . 0444
-.0417
- . 0374
-.0298
-.0138
-.0058
- . 003 1
-.0060 31.2890
-.0088 28.7123
-.0107 23.3648
-.0104 20.0222
-.0047 8.8827
-.0016 3.3506
- . 0007 1 . 3240
-.0113 51.4969
-.0168 45.8349
-.0192 39.2661
-.0171 29.9706
-.0072 12.9889
-.0024 5.0500
-.0011 2.4597
-.0441 89.8687
-.0406 72.7406
-.0352 58.0833
-.0261 41.7144
-.0098 17.2681
- . 0033 6 . 7707
-.0013 3.4015
.0099 11.9128
.0074 9.6825
.0045 6.9130
.0013 3.6805
-.0003 .9513
-.0003 .4156
- . 0002 . 3046
.0048 26.4006
-.0020 21.9210
-.0073 17.5968
-.0100 13.3500
-.0054 6.3540
-.0020 2.5962
-.0010 1.3215
-.0476 69.9634
-.0439 .-53.2341
-.0332 43.3731
-.0286 31.&389
-.0110 13.1136
-.0038 3.2903
-.0018 2.7806
29 . 8706
26.4961
22.0917
13.8333
6.0664
2. 1302
.9611
50. 1478
43. 1629
34.8201
24.0728
8.9293
3.2405
1 . 3399
87.6880
68.3776
51.4397
33.3441
11.8941
4.3427 £
2. 1222 c
7.7332
6 . 2O56
4.3202
2.5129
.7312
.3130
.2104
25 . 5727
2 1 . 7823
17.4367
12.1276
4.6746
1.7316
.8699
69.9490
54. 1162
40.4082
26. 1765
9.2865
3.4691
1 . 77b8
-------
 VISUAL EFFECTS CAUSED DY BACKGROUND ATMOSPHERE  (WITHOUT PLUME)
 *** VHJTE, GRAY, AWD BLACK OBJECTS AT  INDICATED DISTANCES  ***
TA  RO/RV REFLECT
YCAP
X
Y DELYCAP
DELL  C<400>  C<550)  C<700)  BRATIO
                                                                                                      DF.LX
                                                                                         DELY  E< LUV)   E(LAB)
.02
.03
. 10
.20
.30
.80
1.00
,02
.03
.10
.20
.30
.G0
1.00
.02
.03
.10
.20
.50
.30
1.00
.02
.03
.10
.20
.30
.80
1.00
.02
.03
.10
.20
.50
.80
1.00
.02
.03
.10
.20
.50
.80
1.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.50
.50
.50
.30
.50
.30
.30
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.30
.30
.30
.50
.50
.50
.30
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
97.40
93.86
88.78
81. 10
69.71
63.96
64.98
51.09
32.37
34.66
37.76
62. 11
63.44
63.76
4.78
11.23
20.54
34.41
54.52
60.91
62.53
97.64
94.41
89.78
82.77
72.31
68.84
67.93
3 1 . 33
53. 12
55.66
59.42
64.71
66.32
66.71
5.02
11.83
21.54
36.07
57. 12
63.79
65.48
98.99
97.58
95.49
92. 19
86.87
84.99
84.49
76.76
77.64
78.87
30.62
82.99
S3. 69
83. a?
26. 14
40.09
52.43
65.31
78.78
82.35
83.21
99.08
97.80
93.91
92.92
88. 13
86.44
85.98
76.90
77.97
79.44
81.54
84.35
83. 17
83.37
26.82
40.99
53.57
66.60
80.26
83.87
84.75
.3317
.3304
.3280
. 3232
.311 1
.3048
.3026
.3272
.3210
.3138
. 3039
' .3000
.2997
.2998
.2376
.2601
.2641
.2714
.2866
.2942
. 2968
.3311
.3291
. 3258
.3197
.3067
.3004
.2984
.3262
. 3 190
.3108
.3021
.2937
.2953
.2956
.2342
. 2367
.2606
.2677
.2327
.2903
.2928
.3419
.3399
.3363
. 3303
.3184
.3135
.3121
.3370
.3298
.3218
. 3 1 39
.3096
.3102
. 3 1 03
.2611
.2649
.2707
.2806
.2991
.30t.~
.3039
.3413
.3383
.3343
.3271
.3143
.3098
.3086
. 3360
.3277
.3188
.3101
. 3059
.3066
.3071
. 2374
.2612
.2670
.2770
.2956
. 3033
.3035
33.29
29.74
24.67
16.99
5.39
1.84
.86
-13.03
-11.33
-9.46
-6.36
-2.00
-.68
-.36
-59.34
-52.84
-43.58
-29 . 7 1
-9.60
-3.21
- 1 . 58
30.39
27. 16
22.33
13.32
3.06
1.39
.63
-15.92
-14. 13
-11.59
-7.83
-2.54
- .93
-.34
-62.23
-35.42
-45.71
-31. 18
-10. 13
-3.46
-1.77
14.95
13.54
1 1.45
3. 14
2.83
.95
.45
-7.29
-6.40
-5. 18
-3.42
-1.03
-.36
-. 19
-37.90
-43.95
-31.56
-18.73
-3.26
-1.69
-.33
13.44
12. 16
10.27
7.28
2.48
.79
.34
-8.75
-7.68
-6.20
-4. 11
-1.29
-.47
-.27
-58.82
-44.66
-32.07
-19.04
-5.38
-1.77
-.90
- . 0792
- . 0625
-.0421
-.0191
-.0018
- . 0002
- . 000 1
- . 4665
-.3681
- . 2479
-.1125
- . 0 1 03
-.0010
- . 0002
- . 8333
- . 6736
-.4537
- . 2059
-.0193
-.0018
- . 0004
-. 1412
-. 1114
- . 075 1
-.0341
- . 0032
- . 0004
-.0001
-.4975
- . 3923
- . 2644
-. 1200
-.0113
- . 00 1 1
- . 0003
-.8538
-.6736
- . 4537
- . 2059
-.0193
-.0019
- . 0004
.5046
.4435
. 3686
.2487
.0738
.0223
.0093
-.2101
-. 1871
-. 1541
-. 1047
- . 0335
-.0113
- . 006 1
-.9249
- . 8226
-.6768
-.4582
-. 1428
-.0453
-.0216
.4426
.3932
.3228
.2173
.0630
.0179
.0065
-.2412
-.2148
- . 1772
-. 1209
- . 0396
-.0144
-.0083
-.9250
- . 8229
-.6773
-.4390
-. 1441
-.0468
- . 023 1
.8695
. 8020
.7010
.5:359
.2408
. 1101
.0665
- . 0387
- . 0332
- . 0299
- . 02 1 4
- . 006 1
. 0^07
.0029
-.9468
- . 8723
-.7609
-.5786
- . 2529
- . 1 *»O7
-.0606
. 8853
.8166
.7131
.5440
.2417
. 1078
.0632
- . 0307
- . 0282
- . 0244
-.0183
- . 0074
- . 0026
-.0010
-.9471
- . 8730
- . 7620
-.5806
-.2365
-.1129
-.0651
.4925
.5202
.5631
.6386
. 8045
.9007
.9376
.5549
.6330
.7753
.9069
.9935
.9983
.9968
2.7507
2.5570
2.2846
1.8845
1 . 3 1 28
1. 11 99
1.0641
.4554
.4891
.5399
.6256
.8027
.9024
.9405
.5184
.6231
.7540
.8964
.9961
1.0015
1 . 0007
2.7638
2.5692
2.2955
1.8935
1.3191
1. 1252
1.0692
.0316
.0303
.0280
.0231
.0111
.0047
.0026
.0271
.0209
.0137
.0039
- . 000 1
- . 0004
- . 0003
- . 0423
-.0399
-.0359
- . 0287
-.0135
-.0050
- . 0032
.0349
.0329
.0296
.0233
.0105
.0042
.0022
.0300
.0228
.0146
.0038
- . 0005
- . 0007
- . 0006
- . 042 1
-.0396
-.0356
-.0285
-.0135
-.0060
- . 0034
.0308 29.7804 22.0316
.0288 27.8320 20.3235
.0253 24.7446 17.7090
.0194 19.2330 13.2961
.0073 8.3341 3.3464
.0024 3.4041 2.1047
.0011 1.8614 1.1387
.0259 23.7540 15.8128
.0188 18.7747 12.4677
.0108 12.8125 8.3961
.0023 6.2007 4.47f.7
-.0014 1.3921 1.2773
- . 0009 . 6273 . 3244
- . 0005 . 3772 . 3032
-.0500 58.1256 57.9362
-.0462 44.3208 44.4139
-.0404 33.8470 32.8933
-.0304 24.0274 21.1846
-.0120 10.4203 7.5476
-.004J 4.3264 2.8779
-.0022 2.3610 1.5236
.0335 31.9026 22.4391
.0307 29.4603 20.3130
.0265 23.7249 17.6278
.0193 19.4305 12.9393
.0067 7.9340 4.9809
. 0020 3 . 0799 1 . 8809
.0008 1.5993 .9721
.0232 27.0182 17.9400
.0199 21.2128 14.0846
.0109 14.3478 9.6937
.0023 6.8790 3.1129
-.0019 1.7046 1.3672
-.0012 .8689 .6925
-.0008 .5815 .4352
-.0304 39.2358 58.8619
-.0466 44.9216 45.0539
-.0403 34.1320 33.3243
-.0308 24.2473 21.4344
-.0122 10.6579 7.6983
-.0043 4.5343 3.0017
-.0024 2.5565 1.6441
-------
   VISUAL EFFECTS CAUSED BY BACKGROUND ATMOSPHERE (WITHOUT PLUftE)
   *** VHITE, GRAV, AND  BLACK OBJECTS AT INDICATED DISTANCES ***
BETA  RO/RV REFLECT
58.
YCAP
Y DELYCAP
DELL  C(400)  CC330)  CK700)   BRATIO
DELX
DELY  E(LUV)  E(LAB)
80.
.02
.03
. 10
.20
.30
.80
1.00
.02
.03
.10
.20
.30
.30
1.00
.02
.03
.10
.20
.30
.80
1.00
.02
.03
.10
.20
.30
.80
1.00
.02
.03
.10
.20
.50
.80
1.00
.02
.03
.10
.20
.50
.80
1.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.50
.50
.30
.50
.30
.30
.30
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.00
.50
.50
.30
.50
.50
.50
.50
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
98.50
96.44
93.49
88.99
82.22
T9.93
79.34
32. 19
35. 15
59.37
63.64
74.62
77.42
78. 12
5.83
13.86
23.23
42.29
67.03
74.90
76.90
99.38
98.52
97.29
93.41
92.34
91.37
91.30
33.07
57.23
63. 17
72.06
84.95
89.04
90.08
6.76
13.94
29.05
48.71
77 . 33
86.52
88.86
99.42
98.61
97.43
95 . 58
92.68
91.67
91.40
77.41
79. 13
81.31
84.83
89.23
90.52
90.84
29. 14
44.08
37.33
71. 10
83.53
89.36
90.28
99.76
99.43
98.94
98.20
97.03
96.63
96.34
77.93
80.33
83.53
38.01
93.87
93.60
96.03
31.29
46.94
60.86
73.29
90.49
94.54
95.52
.3307
.3283
. 3247
.3133
.3086
.3046
.3034
.3236
.3180
.3100
. 3026
.2'J')3
.3003
.301 1
.2390
.26 16
.2637
.2T30
.2883
.2961
.2987
. 3309
.3288
.3259
.3216
.3156
.3134
.3128
. 3259
.3192
. 3 1 26
. 3074
.3073
.30">9
.3109
.2683
.2709
.2752
.2327
.2984
.3062
.3088
.3408
.3376
. 3329
. 3260
.3161
.3131
.3124
.3332
.3263
.3177
.3103
.3037
.3104
.3111
.2623
.2660
.2718
.2817
.3000
.3076
.3097
.3408
.3377
. 3336
.3280
.3217
.3202
.3200
.3353
. 3272
.3195
.3141
.3154
.3180
.3139
. 2704
.2742
.2800
.2899
. 3082
.3157
.3178
19.52
17.46
14.31
10.01
3.24
.96
.36
-26.80
-23.83
-19.62
-13.34
-4.36
-1.36
-.86
-73. 1 1
-65. 12
-33.74
-36.69
-11.93
-4.08
-2.09
8. 16
7.30
6.07
4. 19
1.32
.34
.08
-38. 16
-33.99
-23.03
-19. 16
-6.27
-2. 13
-1. 14
-84.47
-73.28
-62. 17
-42.31
-13.87
-4.70
-2.37
8.18
7.37
6. 19
4.35
1.44
.43
. 16
-13.82
-12.09
-9.72
-6.41
-2.01
-.71
- . 39
-62. 10
-47. 16
-33.89
-20.14
-3.70
-1.88
-.93
3.25
2.92
2.44
1.69
.54
. 14
.03
-18.57
-16. 18
-12.96
-8.50
-2.64
-.90
-.47
-65.22
-49 . 57
-35.65
-21.21
-6.01
-1.97
-.98
-. 1998
-. 1576
-. 1062
- . 0482
- . 0046
- . 0005
- . 0002
-.5268
-.4156
- . 2800
-.1271
-.0119
-.0012
- . 0003
- . 8533
- . 6736
- . 4537
- . 2039
-.0193
-.0019
-.0004
- . 2356
-. 1859
-. 1232
-.0568
-.0054
- . 0006
- . 0002
- . 5447
- . 4297
-.2895
-. 1314
-.0123
-.0012
- . 0003
-.8538
- . 6736
- . 4537
- . 2059
-.0193
-.0019
- . 0004
.2329
.2243
. 1341
. 1234
.0360
.0089
.0023
- . 3360
-.2992
-.2466
-. 1678
-.0341
-.0190
-.0104
-.9230
- . 8229
-.6773
-.4390
-. 1442
- . 0468
-.0231
.0813
.0720
.0588
.0389
.0104
.0015
- . 0006
-.4218
- . 3734
- . 309 1
-.2098
-.0666
- . 0223
-.0115
-.9249
- . 8223
-.6770
-.4586
-. 1435
- .046 1
- . 0224
.5237
.4829
.4220
.3222
. 1441
.0632
. 0389
-.2117
-. 1949
-. 1699
-. 1290
-.0558
- . 0234
- . 0 1 26
-.9470
- . 8728
-.7618
-.5801
-.2537
- . 1 120
-.0641
.2002
. 1850
. 1622
. 1250
.05a>
.0290
.0192
- . 3734
- . 3437
-.2994
-.2269
- . 0974
- . 040 1
-.0210
-.9469
- . 8724
-.761*
- . 5783
-.2333
-. 1091
- . 06 1 1
.3232
.5680
.6286
.7198
.8701
.9384
.9624
.6003
.7259
.8674
1 . 0022
1 . 0465
1 . 0228
1.0123
2.7608
2.5663
2.2929
1.8914
1.3176
1. 1240
1.0630
.6369
.6871
.7527
.3384
.9397
.9713
.9810
.7266
.8689
.0142
. 1236
. 0943
.0403
.021 1
2.7320
2.5532
2.2857
1.3854
1.3135
1 . 1204
1 . 0646
.0236
.0262
.0226
.0167
.0066
.0023
.0013
. 0234
.0159
.0079
. 0004
- . 0028
-.0017
- . 00 1 1
- . 043 1
- . 0405
-.0364
- . 029 1
-.0138
- . 006 1
- . 0034
.0187
.0166
.0137
.0095
.0034
.0013
.0007
.0138
. 0070
. 0004
- . 0048
- . 0046
- . 0023
-.0013
- . 0439
-.0412
- . 0370
-.0295
-.0138
-.0060
- . 0033
.0288 26.9033 17.9933
.0233 24.2090 16.0393
.0209 20.3361 13.3177
.0140 14.4280 9.2338
.0041 5.2966 3.2348
.0011 1.9633 1.1753
. 0003 1 . 0072 . 6047
.0232 26.0700 19.3961
.0145 19.9196 13.3384
.0057 13.1026 10.9203
-.001O 6.7154 6.5072
-.0033 3.0140 2.4821
-.0016 1.3107 1.0763
-.0010 .9017 .6392
-.0498 62.2124 62.1342
-.0460 47.6997 47.6795
-.0402 36.6832 35.3574
-.0303 26.2504 22.8262
-.0120 11.5344 8.2215 Jo
-.0043 4.8970 3.2096 fg
-.0023 2.7496 1.7333
.0209 18.7187 12.2O91
.0178 16.2785 10.5693
.0136 12.9883 8.2860
.0030 8.4823 5.2439
.0017 2.8014 1.6424
.0003 1.0793 .6372
-.0000 .6040 .3700
.0153 23.8-563 20.8449
.0072 18.5321 17.0814
-.0005 13.2417 13.0360
-.0059 9.0101 8.7485
-.0046 4.*433 3.5338
- . 0020 2 . 089 7 1 . 4402
-.0011 1.1876 .7980
-.0496 63.2378 63.3O51
-.0458 50.9262 50.4304
-.0400 39.7390 37.5950
-.0301 28.6074 24.3928
-.0118 12.3597 8.7698
-.0043 5.1424 3.3732
- . 0022 2 . 830 1 1 . 8072
-------
INITIAL PLUME RISE AND DILUTION AND NITROGEN DIOXIDE FORMATION



          2230 MV COAL POVER PLANT
TIME
(SEC)
0.
10.
20.
30.
40.
30.
60.
70.
80.
90.
100.
110.
120.
130.
140.
130.
160.
170.
180.
190.
200.
210.
220.
230.
X
(PO
0.0
30.0
100.0
130. 1
200. 1
230. 1
300.1
350. 1
400.2
430.2
300.2
330.2
600.2
630. 3
700.3
730.3
800.3
830.3
900.3
930.4
1000.4
1030.4
1100.4
1130.4
DELTA H
(MJ
0.0
27. 1
43.0
56.3
63.2
79.1
89.3
98.9
108.1
117.0
123.3
133.7
141 .7
149.4
137.0
164.4
171.6
178.6
183.6
192.4
199. 1
203.6
212. 1
218.3
U
(M/S)
3.00
5.00
5.00
5.00
5.00
5.00
5.00
3.00
3.00
3.00
3.00
3.00
5.00
5.00
5.00
3.00
3.00
3.00
5.00
5.00
5.00
5.00
5.00
3.00
V
OVS)
27.43
1.80
1.43
1.25
1. 14
1.05
.99
.94
.90
.87
.84
.81
.79
.77
.73
.73
.71
.70
.69
.68
.66
.63
.64
.63
V
(PI'S)
27.43
3 . 32
5.20
5.16
o. 13
5. 11
3 . 10
3.09
3.08
3.08
3.07
3.07
5.06
5.C',
5.06
3 . 03
3.03
3.05
5.05
3.05
3.05
5.04
5.04
5.04
SIGMA
(M)
0.0
6.3
10.0
13. 1
15.8
13.4
20.8
23.0
23.1
27.2
29.2
31.1
32.9
34.7
36.5
37.8
37.8
37.8
37.8
37.8
37.8
37.8
37.8
37.8
TEMP O2 NO2-NO RATIO NOX NO N02T SO2 PARTICULATE
 MOL P EQUIL ACTUAL (PPM) (PPM) (PPM) (PPPD UG/M3
394.3 1.7 2.6E+03 2.0E-03 487.833 486.875 .938 601.260 1.96E+04
330.6 10.4 4.7E+04 3.2E-03 266.255 265.397 .838 328.162 1.07E+04
317.4 17.1 2.7E+05 8.2E-03 97.865 97.067 .798 120.620 3.94E+O3
309.2 18.74.1E+03 .2E-02 56.052 35.403 .649 69.085 2.26E+03
305.6 19.4 4.9E+03 .4E-02 37.965 37.441 .524 46.792 1.53E+03
303.7 19.8 5.4E+03 .6E-02 28.120 27.687 .433 34.658 1 . 13E+03
302.3 20. 3.8E+05 .7E-02 22.024 21.658 .366 27.144 8.87E+02
302. 20. 3.9E+03 .8E-02 20.287 19.931 .357 25.004 8. 17E+02
302. 20. 3.9E+05 .9E-02 20.287 19.913 .373 23.004 8. 17E+02
302. 20. 3.9E+05 2.0E-02 20.287 19.895 .392 25.004 8. 17E+02
302. 20. 3.9E+03 2. 1E-02 20.287 19.877 .410 23.004 8. 17E+02
302. 20. 3.9E+03 2.2E-02 20.287 19.859 .428 25.004 8. 17E+02
302. 20. 5.9E+03 2.2E-02 20.287 19.8-H .446 23.004 3. 17E+O2
302. 20. 5.9E+05 2.3E-02 20.287 19.823 .464 23.004. 8. 17E+02
302. 20. 5.9E+05 2.4E-02 20.287 19.806 .482 25.O€>4 8. 17E+02
302. 20. 5.9E+05 2.5E-02 20.287 19.788 .499 25.004 8. 17E+02
302. 20. 5.9E+03 2.6E-02 20.287 19.770 .517 23.O04 8. 17E+02
302. 20. 5.9E+03 2.7E-02 20.287 19.753 .534 25.004 8. 17E+02
302. 20. 5.9E+05 2.8E-02 2O.287 19.733 .352 25.004 8. 17E+02
302. 20. 5.9E+05 2.9E-02 20.287 19.718 .569 23.004 8. 17E+02
302. 20. 5.9E+03 3.0E-02 2O.287 19.700 .587 25.004 8. 17E+02
302. 20. 5.9E+05 3. 1E-02 20.287 19.683 .604 25.004 S. 17E+02
302. 20. 5.9E+05 3.2E-02 20.287 19.666 .622 25.004 8. 17E+O2
302. 20. 5.9E+05 3.3E-02 20.287 19.648 .639 25.004 8. 17E+02
-------
DOVNVIND DISTANCE (KM) =
Pl.UME ALTITUDE      =
SIGMA Y (N>            =
?iIGMA Z (N>            =
^02-SO4 CONVERSION RATE=
.VOX-NO3 CONVERSION RATE=
CONCENTRATIONS OF  AEROSOL AND GASES CONTRIBUTED BY

          2230 MW  GOAL POVER PLANT

    1.2
   439.
    59.
    24.
       .5000 PERCENT/HR
      0.0000 PERCENT/HR
VLTITUDE

H+2S
INCREMENT:
TOTAL AMB:
H+1S
INCREMENT:
TOTAL AMB:

II
INCREMENT:
TOTAL AMB:
H-1S
INCREMENT:
TOTAL AMB:
H-2S
INCREMENT:
TOTAL AMB:
0
1 NCREMENT:
TOTAL AMB:
EMULATIVE


NOX
( PPM)

2.709
2 . 709

12. 142
12. 142


20.019
20.019

12. 142
12. 142

2.709
2.709

.000
.000
NO2
( PPM)

.127
.127

.432
.432


.687
.687

.432
.432

.127
.127

0.000
0.000
SURFACE DEPOSITION
S02:
NOX:
•RIMARY PARTICULATE:


SO4:
NO3:
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
NO3-
(UG/M3>

0.000
0.000

0.000
0.000


0.000
0.000

0.000
0.000

0.000
0.000

0.000
0.000
NO2/NTOT
(MOLE %)

4.«87
4.687

3.560
3.560


3.432
3.432

3.560
3.560

4.687
4.687

0.000
0.000
NO3-/NTOT
(MOLE %)

0.000
0.000

0.000
0.000


0.000
0.000

0.000
0.000

0.000
0.000

0.000
0.000
SO2
( PPM)

3.339
3.339

14.965
14.965


24.673
24.673

14.965
14.965

3.339
3.339

.000
.000
S04=
(UG/M3)

. 160
1.925

.803
2.553


1.333
3.077

.808
2.553

. 180
1.925

.000
1.745
S04=XSTOT
(MOLE %)

.001
.015

.001
.004


.001
.003

.001
.004

.001
.015

.001
100.000
03
(PPPD

-.039
.001

-.040
.000


-.040
.000

-.040
.000

-.039
.001

0.000
.040
PRIMARY
(UG/M3) (

109.060
140.805

488.773
520.517


805 . 850
837.594

483.773
520.517

109.060
140.805

.000
3 1 . 745
BSP- TOTAL
10-4 M-l)

2. 195
2.396

9.835
10.037


16.216
16.418

9 . 835
10.037

2. 195
2.396

.000
.202
BSPSN/BSP
(%)

.478
4.668

.478
1.478
ro
00
.478
1.089

.478
1.478

.473
4.668

.478
50.270
(MOLE FRACTION OF INITIAL FLUX)


















































-------
                   VISUAL EFFECTS FOR HORIZONTAL SIGHT PATHS
                   2230 MW COAL POVER PLANT
DOVNVIND DISTANCE (KM) =    1.2
PLUME ALTITUDE (Ml     =   439.
SIGHT PATH IS THROUGH PLUME CENTER
THETA ALPHA  RP/RV0
  90.
         30.
         30.
         30.
         30.
         30.
         30.
         43.
         43.
         43.
         4.3.
         43.
         43.
         60.
         60.
         60.
         60.
         60.
         60.
         90.
         90.
         90.
         90.
         90.
         90.
RV  ^REDUCED
YCAP
Y DELYCAP
DELL  C(530)  BRATIO
                                                                                                        DELX
                                                                                         DELY  E(LUV)  E(LAB)
02
03
10
20
50
80
02
05
10
20
50
30
02
03
10
20
30
30
02
03
10
20
50
80
15.0
14.6
14. 1
13.3
12.2
11.9
19.6
19.3
18.9
18.3
17.4
17.2
121.5
21.3
121.0
120.5
119.8
119.5
122.7
122.5
122.2
121.8
121. 1
120.9
11.53
11.82
12.23
12.84
13.69
13.93
8.04
8.23
8.56
9.02
9.66
9.85
6.32
6.70
6.96
7.34
7.88
8.04
5.62
5.78
6.01
6.34
6.82
6.96
37.54
58.29
59.33
60.92
63. 12
63.78
39.09
39.67
60.48
61.68
63.36
63.86
59.87
60.33
61.04
62.06
63.48
63.90
60.36
60.79
61.40
62.29
63.35
63.93
80.50
80.92
81.50
82.33
83.52
83.87
31.36
81.67
82.11
82.76
«°-65
^3.91
81.78
82.03
82.42
82.96
83.71
83.93
82.05
82.23
82.61
83.09
83 . 75
83.94
.3146
.3116
.3080
.3037
.3001
.2999
.3112
.3090
.3062
. 3029
.3001
.2999
.3094
.3076
.3053
. 3025
.3001
.2999
. 3083
.3067
.3047
.3023
.3001
.3000
.3277
.3238
.3192
.3141
.3107
.3107
.3239
.3210
.3175
.3136
.3108
.3103
.3220
.3196
.3166
.3132
.3109
.3108
.3207
.3186
.3160
.3130
.3109
.3109
-6.58
-3.83
-4.76
-3.20
-1.00
-.33
-3.03
-4.45
-3.64
-2.44
-.76
-.26
-4.23
-3.76
-3.08
-2.06
-.64
-.22
-3.76
-3.33
-2.72
-1.82
-.57
-.19
-3.54
-3. 12
-2.54
-1.69
-.52
-. 17
-2.68
-2.37
-1.93
-1.23
-.40
-. 13
-2.26
-2.00
-1.62
-1.08
-.33
-. 11
-1.99
-1.76
-1.43
-.96
-.30
-.10
-.0950
- . 0843
-.0696
- . 0473
-.0151
- . 005 1
- . 0723
-.0644
-.0530
-.0360
-.0115
- . 0039
- . 06 1 1
- . 0344
- . 0448
- . 0304
-.0097
- . 0033
- . 0540
- . 0480
-.0396
-.0269
- . 0086
- . 0029
.7737
.8268
.8904
.9592
1 . 0025
1.0019
.8211
.8628
.9127
.9670
1.0017
1.0014
.8463
.8820
.9248
.9714
1.0013
1.0012
.8628
.8945
.9327
.9743
1 . 00 1 1
1.0010
.0146
.0116
. 0079
.0037
.0001
- . 0002
.0111
.0039
.0062
. 0029
.0001
- . 000 1
.0094
.0076
.0052
. 0025
.0001
- . 000 1
. 0083
.0067
.0047
.0022
.0001
- . 000 1
.0166
.0127
.0081
.0030
- . 0004
- . 0004
.0129
.0099
.0064
. 0023
- . 0003
- . 0003
.0109
. 0085
.0055
. 0022
- . 0002
- . 0002
.0097
.0075
.0049
.0020
- . 0002
- . 0002
14. 1896
1 1 . 3329
7.8982
3.8192
.6099
.2701
1 1 . 0503
8.8984
6 . 2064
3.0213
.4668
.2026
9.4214
7.6008
5.3148
2.5962
.3955
. 1698
8.3733
6.7630
4.7363
2.3186
.3503
. 1494
9 . 3744
7.49a5
5.2121
2.6087
.3702
.2316
7.2674
3.8391
4.0794
2.0471
.43S0
. 1749
6. 1823
4.9782
3.4869
1 . 7528
.3653
. 1471
3.4869
4.4242
3. 1040
1.5621
.3226
. 1297
-------
                  VISUAL EFFECTS FOR HOW-HORIZONTAL CLEAR SKY VIEWS THROUGH PLUME CENTER


                  2230 MW COAL POWER PLAITT
OWNWIND DISTANCE (KM)
LUME ALTITUDE 
HETA   ALPHA


 90.
BETA
 1.2
439.


RP
YCAP
X
                                            Y DELYCAP
                                               DELL  C(330)   BRAT1O
DELX
DELY  E( LUV)  E( LAB)
30.
30.
30.
30.
30.
30.
43.
43.
43.
43.
43.
43.
60.
60.
60.
60.
60.
60.
90.
90.
90.
90.
90.
90.
15.
30.
43.
60.
75.
90.
13.
30.
43.
60.
73.
90.
15.
30.
45.
60.
73.
90.
15.
30.
43.
60.
75.
90.
3.31
1.53
.98
.67
- . 30
.44
2.36
1. 16
.76
.37
.47
.44
1.94
.98
.67
.33
.46
.44
1.70
.83
.62
.51
.43
.44
40.48
32.28
29. 10
27.57
26.84
26.62
38.91
29.49
23.82
24.07
23.24
22.98
38. 17
28. 12
24.21
22.34
21.43
21. 13
37.72
27.26
23. 19
21.24
20.32
20.04
69. 84
63.61
60.90
39.53
33. 86
58.63
63.71
61 .24
37.90
36. 19
33.33
55.09
63. 17
60.03
36 .33
34.42
33.47
53. 18
6T.84
59.25
55.30
33.23
52.23
51.92
.2873
.2879
.2898
.2912
.2920
.2923
.2809
.2801
.2817
.2331
.2839
. 2342
. 2774
.2758
.2772
.2733
.2794
.2796
.2731
.2730
.2742
.2753
.2763
.2763
.3017
.3008
.3023
.3037
.3046
.3049
.2944
.2916
.2928
.2941
.2949
. 2952
.2904
.2863
. 2874
.2886
.2894
.2897
.2877
.2831
.2837
.2348
.2856
.2858
5.90
11.39
13.56
14.59
15.08
15.23
4.32
8.60
10.28
11.09
11.47
11.59
3.59
7.23
8.67
9.36
9.69
9.78
3. 14
6.37
7.65
3.26
8.56
3.65
4.38
10.74
14.50
16.76
17.99
18.38
3.26
8.37
11.30
13.42
14.48
14.81
2.72
7. 16
9.92
11.64
12.60
12.90
2.39
6.38
8.90
10.48
11.36
11.64
.1852
.3736
.9122
1 . 1725
1.3358
1.3913
. 1373
.4340
. 6928
.8919
1.0171
1.0599
. 1145
.3654
.5843
.7528
.8588
.8950
. 1005
.3224
.5160
.6651
.7589
.7909
.4950
. 3830
.3361
.3122
. 3003
.2963
.5691
.4552
.4021
.3740
.3398
. 3334
.6142
.5012
. 4452
.4147
.3991
.3942
. 6459
.5347
.4772
. 4452
.4286
. 4233
.0311
.0403
. 0450
. 0477
.0492
.0497
.0245
. 0324
.0369
.0396
. 04 1 1
.0413
.0210
.0281
.0325
.0351
.0365
.0370
.0187
.0253
.0294
.0320
.0334
.0339
.0370 24.0219 13.5337
.0495 25.6559 19. 1337
.0558 26. 1408 21.3101
.0393 26.5220 22.7167
.0612 26.7924 23.3181
.0618 26.8913 23.7798
.0297 19.2164 12.3382
.0403 20.4453 13.2365
.0462 20.9023 17.0917
.0497 21.2680 18.3186
.0313 21.3172 19.0214
.0321 21.6033 19.2303
.0257 16.5918 10.6812
.0352 17.6537 13.1589
.0408 18.1061 14.3373
.0442 13.4699 15.9624
.0460 18.7144 16.6103
.0466 18.8003 16.8219
.0230 14.8596 9.5383
.0318 15.8208 11.7971
.0371 16.2682 13.3334
.0404 16.6293 14.4066
.0422 16.8705 13. O 137
.0428 16.9549 15.2150
                                                                                                                                    ro
                                                                                                                                    00
                                                                                                                                    01
-------
         PLUME VISUAL EFFECTS FOR HORIZONTAL VIEWS
         PERPENDICULAR TO THE PLUME OF WHITE, GRAY, AND BLACK OBJECTS
         FOR VARIOUS OBSERVER-PLUME AND OBSERVER-OBJECT DISTANCES

         2230 MW COAL POWER PLANT
DOWNWIND DISTANCE (KM) *    1.2
THETA •    90.

REFLECT  RP/RV0  RO/RV0    YCAP
Y DELYCAP
DELL  CC330)  BRAT10    DELX    DELY  E(LUV)  E(LAB)
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
1.0
.3
.3
.3
.3
.3
.3
.3
.3
.3
.3
.3
.3
..1
.3
.3
.3
.3
.3
.3
.3
.3
0.0
0.O
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
.02
.02
.02
.02
.02
.02
.03
.03
.03
.03
.03
.10
. 10
. 10
. 10
.20
.20
.20
.30
.30
.80
.02
.02
.02
.02
.02
.02
.03
.03
.03
.03
.03
. 10
. 10
. 10
. 10
.20
.20
.20
.30
.30
.80
.02
.02
.02
.02
.02
.02
.03
.03
.03
.02
.03
. 10
.20
.30
.80
.03
. 10
.20
.30
.80
.10
.20
.50
.80
.20
.30
.80
.30
.80
.80
.02
.05
. 10
.20
.50
.80
.03
. 10
.20
.30
.80
. 10
.20
.30
• Qv
.20
.30
.80
.30
.80
.80
.02
.03
. 10
.20
.30
.80
.03
. 10
.20
83.33
77.71
69.40
56.37
33.47
32.30
81.31
73. 19
60.67
42.27
36.30
78.60
'66.08
47.68
41.71
74. 17
55.77
49.80
67.49
61.52
65.23
49.43
47.29
44. . 23
39 . 63
32.84
30.62
31.09
43.03
43.42
36.63
34.42
53.44
48.83
42.04
39.83
56.93
50. 14
47.92
61.83
59.64
63.33
13.33
16.87
19.07
22.38
27.20
28.74
20.67
22.87
26. 18
93.23
90.66
86.71
30. 13
68.40
63.79
92.36
88.35
82.22
71.08
66.78
91.06
85 . 05
74.63
70.70
89 . 02
79.30
75.97
83.76
82.67
84.62
73.74
74.40
72.41
09 . 23
64.06
62.22
76.75
74.87
71.87
67.03
63.32
78. 15
73 . 37
70.93
69.38
80. 16
76.17
74.80
82.83
81.66
83.64
46. 12
48. 13
50.31
54.46
59. 19
60.59
32.62
34.97
38.24
.3374
.3394
.3419
.3433
.3320
.3131
.3342
.3339
.3361
.3231
.3100
.3294
. 3285
.3148
.3028
.3218
.3086
.2980
.3088
.3002
.30.~i
.3283
. 3288
. 3286
. 3266
.3169
.3102
.3217
.3211
.3186
.3090
.3028
.3139
.3111
.3020
.2964
.3036
.2974
.2927
.2997
.2959
.2993
.2872
.2368
.2872
.2896
.2972
.3015
.2802
.2311
.2838
.3473
.3489
.3506
.3304
. 3372
. 3258
.3431
.3440
.3425
.3279
.3168
. 3372
. 3347
.3195
. 3093
.3286
.3141
.3051
.3163
.3091
.3126
.3384
.3384
. 3379
. 3335
.3263
.3211
. 3305
.3296
.3266
.3173
.3124
.3219
.3187
.3097
.3053
.3135
.3053
.3018
.3094
.3064
.3101
.2971
.2973
.2938
.3027
.3119
.3160
.2838
.2907
.2949
-13.88
-16.13
-19.39
-24.23
-31.24
-33.46
-12.35
-15.59
-20.43
-27.44
-29.66
-10. 18
-13.02
-22.03
-24.25
-6.93
-13.94
-16. 16
-2.22
-4.44
-.73
-1.67
-5.28
-10.43
-18. 13
-29.28
-32.81
-1.48
-6.63
-14.33
-25.48
-29.01
- 1 .22
-8.92
-20.07
-23.60
-.33
-11.98
-13.31
-.26
-3.80
-.09
10.34
5.39
-1.47
-12.03
-27.32
-32. 17
9.39
2.33
-8.23
-3.74
-6.92
-8.78
-12.06
- 18.47
-21 .20
-5.21
-6.94
-9.97
-15.78
-18.21
-4.43
-7. 13
-12.22
-14.29
-3. 17
-7.36
-9.02
-1. 10
-2.32
-.37
-1.02
-3.24
-6.46
- 1 1 . 39
-18.93
-21.47
-.89
-4.00
-8.75
-15.96
-18.36
-.71
-5.23
-12.06
-14.31
-.46
-6.82
-8. 89
-. 14
-2.03
-.03
19.97
8.04
-1.67
-10. B3
-19.39
-21.76
12.33
2.49
-T.08
-.1406
- . 1706
-.2173
-.2992
-.4492
-.5038
-. 1299
-. 1743
- . 2520
-.3944
-.4482
-.1130
-. 1847
-.3162
-.3639
- . 0838
-. 1991
- . 2426
- . 030 1
- . 0648
- . 0098
- . 0272
-.0960
-. 1876
- . 3 1 24
-.4699
-.5140
- . 0235
-. 1 180
-.2465
- . 4089
-.4544
-.0183
-. 1526
-.3219
- . 3693
-.0118
-. 1915
-.2418
- . 0034
- . 0579
-.0010
2.2445
. 5 1 32
-.0610
- . 3426
- . 4959
-.5228
.8435
. 1214
- . 2339
.9390
.8333
.7562
.6640
.6797
.7718
.9777
.8827
.7961
.8276
.9293
1.0197
.9370
.9760
.0781
.0336
.0341
. 1698
.0481
.0949
.0247
.0194
.8612
. 7334
.6566
.7192
.8092
1 . 0207
.8761
.7907
.8638
.9644
1 . 0202
.9236
.9994
. 1044
.0168
.0808
.1783
.0078
.0798
.0033
.40? 5
.5244
.3777
.6531
.7986
.8614
.6151
.6709
.7611
.0037
.0091
.0139
.0203
.0209
.0134
.0038
.0078
.0129
.0120
.0052
.0014
. 00-13
. 0037
- . 0020
-.0013
- . 0026
- . 0067
- . 0023
-.0046
-.0012
.0013
.0078
.0148
.0207'
.0170
.0105
.0007
.0073
.0127
.0090
.0031
. 000 1
. 0032
.0020
- . 0032
- . 0003
- . 0026
-.0069
- . 0003
- . 0038
- . 0002
.0296
.0267
.0230
.0132
.0106
.0072
.0201
.0170
.0124
.0034 7.3361 6.3551
.0090 10.4381 8.6282
.0140 14.6367 11.7258
.0200 20.3804 16.2093
.0188 23.4236 21.4603
.0123 23.5314 22.8583
.0033 6.1396 5.6000
.0074 9.6748 8.1933
.0121 14.7289 12.1333
.0093 19.3737 17.1339
.0033 19.9325 18.7657
.0007 4.6023 4.4898
. 0043 8.50 * 7 7 . f> 9 89
.0012 13.1232 12.4981
-.0042 14.4413 14.3234
-.0019 3.3319 3.2646
-.0043 7.4830 7.4318
-.0083 9.6569 9.3595
-.0021 2.0276 1.3132
-.0044 3.9439 3.0424
-.0009 .9460 .6297
.0014 1.4453 1.2272
.0086 7.0019 3.2680
.0161 13.7070 10.2303
.0216 20.9321 13.9855
.0166 23.4743 21.3637
.0109 25.4962 22.9576
.0007 1.0866 .9733
.0078 7.4813 5.6960
.0128 14.5010 11.3230
.0076 19.3645 17.1687
.0022 19.9425 18.8466
.0001 .7413 .7209
.0048 7.4534 6.1314
.0001 12.9973 12.3233
-.0049 14.4444 14.3362
-.0003 .4875 .4752
-.0041 6.8800 6.8701
-.0084 9.4590 9.2013
-.0003 .2333 .1893
-.0038 3.2746 2.5892
-.0001 .1138 .0766
.0360 20.0212 20.2378
. 0325 1 2 . 84 1 3 11.1 503
.0281 16.0943 10.5'Mj
.0221 21.9451 13.8663
.0128 23.4016 21.7432
.0092 25.4573 23.0827
.0240 13.0331 13.0614
.0201 10.1322 7.0563
.0143 15.0038 10.5919
                                                                                                                                ro.
                                                                                                                                oo
-------
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
.03
.03
. 10
. 10
. 10
.10
.20
.20
.20
.00
.50
.80
.30
.80
. 10
.20
.00
.80
.20
.30
.80
.30
.80
.80
31.00
32.34
28.28
31.39
36.41
37.93
39.68
44.30
46 . 04
36.21
37.76
61.47
62.34
63.82
60. 17
63.03
66.86
68.01
69.27
72. 5a
73.60
79. T3
80.62
82.63
.2911
.2930
.2772
.2798
.2863
.2897
.2789
.2843
.2871
.2892
.2914
.2933
.3038
. 3076
.2838
.2397
.2977
.3010
.2888
.2934
.2982
.3013
.3036
.3073
-23.32
-28.37
7.74
-2.82
-18. 11
-22.96
3.27
-10.02
-14.87
1.69
-3. 16
.36
-16.23
-18.33
7.69
-2.28
-11.93
-14.34
3.93
-6.20
-8.73
.97
-1.73
.30
- . 427 1
- . 46 1 1
.3813
- . 0787
- . 3290
- . 3730
. 1339
-. 1820
-.2410
.0301
- . 0305
.0084
.9320
1.0122
.7320
.8346
1.0398
1. 1390
.8403
1 . 0736
1. 1890
.9458
1.0615
.9782
.0043
.0007
.0131
.0084
- . 0003
- . 0046
.0073
- . 0023
-.0071
.0026
- . 0029
.0011
.0047
. 0W08
.0151
.0090
-.0014
- . 0037
.0082
- . 0037
- . 0086
.0023
- . 003 1
.0008
19.3101
19.9572-
8.7462
7.9818
12.8742
14.4523
5 . 3625
6 . 2773
9.2565
1.9528
2.5774
.7730
17.2364
18.9453
8.3502
5 . 1003
12. 1623
14.3542
4.6358
6 . 2339
9 . 0389
1 . 4070
2. 1220
.5114
ro
CO
CO
-------
DOVNVIND DISTANCE (KM) =
PLUME ALTITUDE (M)     *
SIGMA Y (M)            *
SIGMA Z    439.
*    93.
=    33.
        .5000 PERCENT/HR
       0.0000 PERCENT/HR
ALTITUDE
H+23
INCREMENT:
TOTAL AMB:
H+1S
INCREMENT:
TOTAL AMB:
H
INCREMENT:
TOTAL AMB:
H-1S
INCREMENT:
TOTAL AMB:
H-2S
INCREMENT:
TOTAL AMB:
0
INCREMENT:
TOTAL AMB:
NOX
( PPM)
1.217
1.217
3.434
5.434
8.992
8.992
5 . 454
5.454
1.217
1.217
.000
.000
NO2
( PPM»
.081
.081
.262
.262
.436
. 456
.262
.262
.081
.081
0.000
0.000
NO3- NO2/NTOT NO3-/NTOT
(UG/M3) (MOLE %) (MOLE %)
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
6.634
6.634
4.810
4.810
3.074
5.074
4.810
4.810
6.634
6.634
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
SO2
( PPM)
1 .499
1.499
6.720
6.720
1 1 . 080
1 1 . 080
6.720
6.720
1 . 499
1.499
.000
.000
PO4=
(UG/N3)
1.389
3.134
6.225
7.969
10.263
12.007
6.225
7.969
1.389
3. 134
.000
1.743
SO4=/STOT
(MOLE %)
.024
.033
.024
.030
.024
.028
.024
.030
.024
.053
.024
100.000
O3
( PPM)
-.039
.001
-.039
.001
-.039
.001
-.039
.001
-.039
.001
0.000
.040
PRIMARY BSP- TOTAL
(UC/M3) ( 10-4 M-l>
48.985
80.730
219.537
25 1 . 282
361.956
393.700
219.537
25 1 . 282
48.985
80.730
.000
31.745
1.062
1.263
4.758
4.960
7.845
8.047
4.758
4.960
1.062
1.263
.000
.202
BSPSN/BSF
(%)
7.602
14.412
7.602
9 . 336
7.602 o
8.671 u
7.602
9.336
7.602
14.412
7.602
50.270
CUMULATIVE SURFACE DEPOSITION (MOLE FRACTION OF INITIAL FLUX)
                SO2:      .0000
                NOX:      .0000
PRIMARY PARTICIPATE:      .0000
                SO4:      .0000
                NO3:     0.0000
-------
                   VISUAL EFFECTS FOR HORIZONTAL SIGHT PATHS
                   2230 MV GOAL POVER PLANT
DOWVIND DISTANCE (KM)  =    2.0
PLUME ALTITUDE (N)     =   439.
SIGHT PATH IS THROUGH PLUME CENTER
THETA ALPHA  RPXRV0

  90.
RV  ^REDUCED
YCAP
Y DELYCAP
DELL  C<350>  BRATIO
DELX
DELY  E(LUV)  E(LAB)
30.
30.
30.
30.
30.
30.
43.
43.
43.
43.
43.
43.
60.
60.
60.
60.
60.
60.
90.
90.
90.
90.
90.
90.
.02
.03
. 10
.20
.50
.80
.02
.03
. 10
.20
.30
.80
.02
.03
. 10
.20
. 30
.80
.02
.03
. 10
.20
.30
.80
118.3
118.0
117.5
116.8
113.7
115.4
121.9
121.6
121.2
120.7
119.9
119.7
123.4
123.2
122.9
122.4
121.8
121.6
1124.3
124. 1
123.8
123.4
122.9
122.7
8.97
9.23
9.63
10. 19
10.98
11.22
6.26
6.46
6.74
7.16
7.73
7.93
3.08
5.25
5.48
- 5 . 83
6.32
6.47
4.38
4.53
4.73
5.04
3.47
5.61
37.98
58.69
->9.69
•61.15
63.20
63.81
319.49
60.02
6®. 78
61.88
63.43
63.89
60.23
60.68
61.31
62.24
63.34
63.93
60.69
61.08
61.64
62.46
63.61
63.95
80.73
81.14
81.68
82.48
83 . 36
83.88
81.38
81.87
82.27
82.87
83.68
83.92
81.98
82. 22
82.36
83.06
83.74
83.94
82.23
82.44
82.74
83. 17
83.78
83.93
.3133
.3123
.3037
.3042
.3003
.2999
.3117
.3095
.3066
.3033
.3003
.3000
. 3098
.3080
. 3056
. 3028
. 3003
.3000
.3086
.3070
.3030
. 3025
. 3002
. 3000
.3288
.3247
.3199
.3146
.3108
.3108
.3246
.3216
.3180
.3139
.3109
.3108
.3225
. 3200
.3170
.3135
.3109
.3109
.3211
.3190
.3163
.3133
.3110
.3109
-6.14
-3.43
-4.43
-2.96
-.92
-.30
-4.63
-4.10
-3.34
-2.23
-.69
-.23
-3.89
-3.44
-2.81
-1.88
-.38
-. 19
-3.43
-3.03
-2.48
-1.65
-.51
-. 17
-3.30
-2.90
-2.36
-1.36
-.48
-. 16
-2.47
-2.18
-1.77
-1.17
-.36
-. 12
-2.06
-1.82
-1.48
-.99
-.30
-. 10
-1.82
-1.60
-1.30
-.87
-.27
-.09
-.0886
-.0788
-.0649
-.0441
-.0140
- . 0047
-.0666
-.0592
- . 0488
- . 033 1
-.0105
- . 0036
-.0339
- . 0497
- . 0409
- . 0278
- . 0089
- . 0030
-.0492
- . 0438
-.0360
- . 0243
- . 0078
- . 0026
.7628
.8170
.8823
.9535
1 . 0006
1.0013
.8145
.8366
.9074
.9631
1 . 0002
1.0010
.8414
.8774
.9207
.9682
1 . 000 1
1 . 0008
.8383
.8908
. 9293
.9716
1 . 0000
1 . 0007
.0155
.0124
. 0086
.0041
.0003
-.0001
.0117
.0094
.0066
.0032
.0002
- . 000 1
.0098
.0079
.0056
.0027
.0002
-.0001
.0086
.0070
.0049
.0024
.0002
-.0001
.0177
.0137
. 008')
.0035
- . 0003
- . 0003
.0135
.0103
.0069
.0023
- . 0002
- . 0002
.0114
. 0089
.0039
.0024
-.0001
- . 0002
.0101
.0079
. 0032
. 0022
- . 000 1
- . 0002
14.8693
1 1 . 9738
8.3636
4.1054
.6120
.2380
11.4281
9 . 237 1
6 . 486 1
3 . 2044
.4673
. 1763
9.6848
7 . 8420
5.5198
2.7359
.3934
. 1470
8.3760
6.9318
4.9006
2.4340
. 3300
. 1290
9.7393
7.8168
5 . 4407
2.7133
. 5400
.2093
7.4676
6 . 009 1
4.2057 [
2. 1063 <
.4066
. 1360
6.31+7
5.0929
3.5741
1.7941
.3417
. 1304
5.5843
4.5100
3. 1704
1.3938
.3011
. 1146
-------
                   VISUAL EFFECTS FOR NON-HORIZONTAL CLEAR SKY VIEWS THROUGH PLUME CENTER

                   2230 MV COAL POVER PLANT
DOWWIND DISTANCE (KM)
PLUME ALTITUDE (M)
THETA   ALPHA

  90.
BETA
 2.0
439.

RP
YCAP
                                           Y DELYCAP
DELL  CC550)   BRATIO
                                                                                 DELX
                                                                        DELY E< LU\O   E(LAB)
30.
30.
30.
30.
30.
30.
43.
43.
45.
43.
45.
45.
60.
60.
60.
60.
60.
60.
90.
90.
90.
90.
90.
90.
13.
30.
43.
60.
75.
90.
15.
30.
45.
60.
75.
90.
15.
30.
45.
60.
75.
90.
15.
30.
45.
60.
75.
90.
3.31
1.58
.98
.67
.50
.44
2.36
1. 16
.76
.37
.47
.44
1.94
.98
.67
.53
.46
.44
1.70
.88
.62
.51
.45
.44
39.00
29.93
26.44
24.73
23.94
23.70
37.73
27.63
23.69
21.80
20.91
20.64
37. 18
26.51
22.36
20.38
19.43
19. 15
36.84
25.83
21.54
19.49
18.51
18.22
68.78
61.64
58.48
56.87
56.06
55.82
67.86
59.58
55.81
33.85
32.88
52.59
67.44
58.36
54.44
52.30
51.23
50.90
67. 18
57.91
53.57
51.29
50. 15
49.80
.2849
.2844
.2861
.2873
.2883
.2836
.2783
.2767
.2779
.2792
.2800
.2802
.2752
.2726
.2735
.2747
.2754
.2757
.2731
.2699
.2706
.2717
.2724
.2726
.2994
.2973
.2986
.3000
.3009
.3012
.2922
.2881
.2888
.2899
.2907
.2910
.2883
.2331
.2834
.2344
. 235 1
.2853
.2838
.2798
.2798
.2806
.2813
.2315
4.41
9.06
10.90
11 .77
12. 18
12.30
3. 16
6.73
8. 15
8.82
9. 13
9.24
2.39
3.62
6.82
7.40
7.67
7.75
2.25
4.94
6.00
6.51
6.75
6.83
3.32
8.78
12.08
14.09
15. 19
15.54
2.41
6.71
9.40
11.08
12.01
12.31
1.99
5.69
8.04
9.52
10.35
10.62
1.73
5.04
7.17
8.52
9.28
9.52
. 1419
.4396
.7366
.9494
1 . 0830
1. 1284
. 1032
.3427
.5516
.7124
.8133
.8480
.0853
.2867
.4623
.5975
.6826
.7117
.0744
.2519
.4067
. 5259
.6010
.6266
.5273
.4171
.3679
.3419
.3237
. 3245
.6032
.4951
.4413
.4117
.3963
.3917
.6480
.5431
.4877
. 4564
.4400
. 4349
.6790
.5774
.5215
.4892
.4722
.4668
.0285
.0367
.0413
.0440
.0435
.0460
.0221
.0290
.0332
.0357
.0371
.0376
.0183
. 0249
.0288
.0312
.0326
. 0330
.0167
.0222
.0259
.0282
.0295
.0300
.0347
.0460
.0521
. 0536
. 0575
.0581
. 0275
.0368
.0423
.0453
.0473
.0479
.0236
.0318
.0369
.0400
.0417
.0422
.0211
.0286
.0333
.0362
.0379
.0384
22.5453
23.3743
23.7606
23.9660
24. 1431
24 . 2 1 33
17.8639
13.5282
18.6914
18.3802
19 . 0330
19.0903
15.3503
15.8G22
16.0487
16 . 2384
16.3874
16.4428
13.7064
14. 1657
14.3353
14.5260
14.6732
14.7277
14.4899
17.2808
19.0296
20.2018
20.8350
21.1 107
11.4543
13.3724
13.0176
16.0127
16.5954
16.7871
9 . 8328
11 .6368
12.9241
13.8237
14.3334
14.3282
8.7747
10.3830
11.3645
12.3987
12.8924
13.0555
-------
         PLUME VISUAL EFFECTS  FOR HORIZONTAL VIEWS
         PERPENDICULAR TO THE  PLUME OF VHITF., GRAY", AND BLACK OBJECTS
         FOR VARIOUS OBSERVER-FLUME AND OBSERVER-OBJECT DISTANCES

         2230 MV COAL POVER PLAKT
DOWCVIND DISTANCE (KM) »    2.0
THETA =   •)&.

REFLECT  RP/RV0  RO/RV0    YCAP
Y DELYCAP
DELL  C(550)  BRATIO
DELX
DELY  E( LUV)  E(LAB)
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.3
.3
.3
.5
.5
. o
. o
.5
.3
.3
.3
.3
.3
.3
.3
.3
.5
.3
.3
.3
.3
5.0
9.0
5.0
E>.0
5.0
&.0
9.0
9.0
0.0
.02
.02
.02
.02
.02
.02
.03
.03
.05
.03
.03
. 10
.10
. 10
. 10
.20
.20
.20
.50
.50
.80
.02
.02
.02
.02
.02
.02
.03
.03
.03
.03
.03
.10
. 10
. 10
. 10
.20
.20
.20
.50
.50
.80
.02
.02
.02
.02
.02
.02
.031
.05
.03
.02
.05
. 10
.20
.50
.80
.03
. 10
.20
.50
.80
. 10
.20
.50
.80
.20
.50
.30
.30
.80
.80
.02
.05
. 10
.20
.30
.80
.03
. 10
.20
.30
.80
. 10
.20
.30
.80
.20
.30
.80
.30
.80
.80
.02
.05
. 10
.20
.30
.80
.05
. 10
.20
83. 11
78.98
70.22
57.02
37.62
3 1 . 33
82.93
74. 16
60.96
41.36
33.27
79.78
66.58
47. 18
40.89
74.99
53.59
49.30
67.76
61.46
63.32
49. 16
46.91
43.69
38.83
31.63
29 . 34
5O.86
47.64
42.78
33.62
33.29
33.26
48.40
41.24
38.91
• 56 .80
49 . 63
47.31
61.82
59.48
63.34
13.22
14.84
17. 17
20 . 63
25 . 73
27 . 36
18.79
21.11
24.60
93.94
91,23
87. 11
80.21
67.77
62. ai
92.99
89 . 0 1
82.37
70.60
65.99
91.39
83.31
74.33
70. 12
89.40
79.40
75.66
85 . 90
82.64
84.66
75 . 37
74. 16
72.05
63.66
63. 10
61.11
76 .61
74.62
71 .43
66.26
64.42
78.03
75. 10
70.37
63.71
80 . 09
73 . 87
74.41
82.83
81.57
83.64
43. 13
45 . 46
43.51
52.60
37 . 82
59 .34
50.48
53. 11
36.71
.3387
.3410
.3438
.3438
.3344
.3196
. 3333
.3374
.3380
. 3248
.3107
.3307
.3299
.3158
.3030
.3229
. 3092
.2980
.3093
.3003
.3037
.3302
. 3303
.3304
. 3283
.3183
.3109
. 3229
.3224
.3199
.3096
.3029
.3147
.3119
.3021
.2962
.3060
.2974
.2923
.2997
.2937
.2993
.2838
.2837
.2846
.2877
.2966
.3013
.2770
.2784
.2817
.3486
.3504
.3323
.3523
.3391
.3269
.3444
.3454
. 3442
.3290
.3171
.3384
.3339
.3201
.3091
.3295
.3144
.3049
.3166
.3091
.3127
.3400
.3401
.3396
.3372
. 3273
.3217
.3317
. 3307
.3276
.3176
.3123
.3226
.3192
.3096
. 3048
.3138
.3033
.3013
.3094
.3062
.3101
.2932
.2940
.2961
.3010
.3116
.3161
.2852
.2878
.2928
-12.29
-14.88
-18.37
-24.09
-32.09
-34.63
-10.93
-14.62
-20. 14
-28. 15
-30.69
-9.00
-14.32
-22.53
-23.07
-6.12
-14. 12
-16.66
-1.93
-4.49
-.64
-1.93
-3.66
-10.97
-18.92
-30.44
-34.09
-1.71
-7.03
-14.98
-26 . 49
-30. 15
-1.41
-9.36
-20 . 87
-24.33
-.93
-12.47
-16. 12
-.30
-3.95
-. 10
8.43
3.36
-3.38
-13.76
-28.79
-33.55
7.31
.57
-9.81
-3.03
-6.34
-8.38
-11.98
-19.10
-22. 18
-4.59
-6.49
-9.81
-16.27
-19.00
-3.90
-6.88
-12.54
-14.87
-2.79
—7. 47
-9 . 33
-.97
-2.35
-.33
-1. 18
-3.48
-6.82
-1 1.96
- 1 9 . 89
-22.57
- 1 . 03
-4.25
-9. 19
-16.73
-19.26
-.82
-5.52
-12.62
-14.93
-.33
-7. 12
-9.27
-.16
-2.11
-.03
16.98
5.37
-3.97
-12.71
-20.97
-23.01
10.39
.63
-8.60
-.1247
-.1376
- . 2090
-.2985
- . 4627
-.5248
-.1152
-. 1642
-.2494
- . 4057
- . 4648
- . 1003
-.1793
- . 3244
-.3792
- . 0743
- . 2023
-.2510
- . 0267
-.0659
- . 0087
- . 0334
- . 1043
- . 1988
- . 3273
-.4396
-.5330
-.0289
-. 1263
-.2588
- . 426 1
- . 4730
- . 0228
-.1610
-.3356
- . 3845
-.0146
-. 1999
-.2518
- . 0042
- . 0604
-.0013
1.7951
.3303
-. 1533
-.3936
- . 5232
-.5460
.6762
.0343
-.2804
.9118
.8236
.7272
.6340
.6328
. 7533
.9319
.O364
.7697
.8077
.9207
.9961
.9144
.9627
.0773
.0363
.0730
. 1722
. 0384
.0929
.0201
.9875
.8331
.7083
.6348
. 7037
.8002
.9989
.8375
.7736
.8373
.9664
1 . 0073
.9144
.0003
. 1141
.0112
. 0844
. 1893
.0069
.0830
.0032
.3271
.5650
.6150
.6881
.8126
.8676
.6635
.7160
.7995
.0071
.0106
.0137
.0226
. 0233
.0148
. 005 1
.0094
.0148
.0136
.0059
.0027
.0067
.0047
-.0018
- . 0003
- . 0020
- . 0067
-.0018
- . 0045
- . 00 10
. 0030
.0095
.0167
.0226
.0)83
.0113
.0020
.0086
.0140
.0096
.0032
.0009
.0059
.0021
- . 0035
. 000 1
- . 0026
- . 0073
- . 0003
- . 0039
-.0001
.0263
.0236
.0204
.0163
.0100
.0071
.0169
.0143
.0104
.0067 7.9038 6.4175
.0103 11.1121 8.7464
.0138 13.6126 12. 1158
.0221 21.6839 16.9133
.0207 26.8739 22.4810
.0134 26.8638 23.0799
.0045 6.3466 5.3683
.0089 10.2079 8.2953
.0137 13.6681 12.5631
.0106 20.3O32 17.8.J8*
.0036 20.8824 19.6090
.0019 4.5131 4.1329
.0053 9.0160 7.7373
.0017 13.6840 12.8979
-.0043 13.0477 14.9077
-.0010 2.8263 2.8142
-.0040 7.5661 7.3443
- . 0086 9 . 9603 9 . 6764
-.0017 1.6443 1.2729
-.0044 3.9219 3.0526
-.0008 .7850 .5314
.0030 2.4870 1.8714
.0102 8.1804 6.0435
.0178 14.9656 11.0973
.0233 22.2652 16.9525
.0177 26.7893 22.6746
.0115 26.7769 24. 12'>9
.0018 1.8312 1.4109
.0089 8.3936 6.2865
.0138 15.4540 12.0009
.0080 20.2996 17.9972
.0021 20.8840 19.7573
.0008 1.1719 .9604
.0033 8.0339 6.5305
-.0000 13.5960 12.8937
-.0034 15.1065 15.0013
-.0001 .3614 .5411
-.0043 7.1905 7.1760
-.0089 9.8899 9.6125
-.0003 .2336 .1926
-.0040 3.4072 2.6970
-.0001 .1107 .0772
.0321 17.0207 17.2314
.0291 11.0255 9.0472
.0234 16.1439 10.8334
.0204 22.7317 17.0363
.0125 26.5626 23.0172
.0093 26.6938 24.3240
.0203 10.763S 10.8179
.0171 9.1907 6.0336
.0122 15.3242 11.3801
                                                                                                                                  ro
                                                                                                                                  vo
-------
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
.03
.05
. to
. 10
. 10
. 10
.20
.20
.20
.50
.30
.80
.30
.80
. 10
.20
.30
.80
.20
.00
.80
.50
.80
.80
29.68
31.30
26.73
30.22
33.30
36.92
38.62
43.70
45.33
55.87
37.50
61.36
61.41
62.79
38.76
61.87
66.01
67.25
68.50
72.05
73.13
79.36
SO. 48
82.39
.2901
.2943
.2748
.2778
.2851
.2888
.2774
.2833
.2863
.2887
.291O
.2931
.3029
.3071
.2831
.2876
.2966
.3002
.2872
.2944
.2974
.30 JO
.3032
.3073
-24.84
-29.61
6. 19
-4. 19
-19.22
-23.99
4.21
-1O.82
-15.58
1.33
-3.41
.44
-IT. 38
-19.55
6.28
-3.44
- 12.78
-15. 10
3. 19
-6.73
-9.22
.78
-1.87
.24
-.4317
-.4817
.3032
-.1189
- . 3496
-.3901
. 1231
-. 1966
- . 2527
.0241
-.0546
.0067
.9368
1.0302
.773O
.8733
1.0692
1. 1635
.8702
1 . 0987
1.2111
.9570
1 . O709
.9828
.0033
.OOO1
.0107
.0065
-.0015
- . 0034
.0060
- . 0033
- . 0079
.0021
- . 0033
.0008
.0038 20. 1744
.0003 20.9049
.O124 7.0808
.0070 7.7182
-.0026 13.3231
-.0065 15.1831
.0066 4.2808
- . 0047 6 . 783 1
-.0093 9.8194
.0019 1.5494
-.0035 2.8649
.0006 .6133
18.2363
19.9386
6.7940
3.3069
12.9473
15. 1125
3.7231
6 . 7734
9 . 5408
1. 1203
2.3263
.4066
ro
10
-------
                       CONCENTRATIONS OF AEROSOL AND GASES CONTRIBUTED BY
OWNVIND DISTANCE (KM) =
l.UME ALTITUDE (N)     =
ICNA Y (N)            =
ICNA Z             =
•2-SO4 CONVERSION RATE=
>X-NO3 CONVERSION RATE=
       2230 MV GOAL POWER PLANT

 3.0
439.
222.
 37.
    .5000 PERCENTXHR
   0.0000 PERCENT/HR
'.TITUDE
H+2S
INCREMENT:
C'TAL AMB:
11+ IS
INCREMENT:
>TAL AMB:
H
iCREMENT:
"TAL AMB:
II- IS
ICREMENT:
 (MOLE %)
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
15.863
15.863
8.277
8.277
8.568
8.563
8.277
8.277
13.363
15.863
0.000
73.083
0.000
0.000
0 . 000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
S02
( PPM>
.381
.381
1.706
1.706
2.813
2.813
1.706
1.706
.381
.381
.000
.000
SO4=
(UG/M3)
1.399
3.343
7. 165
8.910
11.814
13.553
7.165
8.910
1.599
3.343
.000
1.745
SO4=/STOT
(MOLE %)
. 107
. 223
. 107
. 133
. 107
. 123
. 107
. 133
.107
.223
. 107
100.000
03
( PPM)
-.037
.003
- . 039
.001
-.039
.001
-.039
.001
-.037
.003
-.000
.040
PRIMARY BSP- TOTAL BSP8N/BS
(UC/M3) (10-4M-1) (%)
12.447
44. 191
55.781
87.526
91.968
123.713
55.781
87.526
12.447
44. 191
.000
31.745
.342
.544
1.533
1 . 735
2.328
2.730
1.333
1.735
.342
.544
.000
.202
27.132
35.724
27.152
29 . 839
27. 152
23.859
27. 152
29 . 839
27. 152
33 . 724
27.152
50.270
(MOLE FRACTION OF INITIAL FLUX)










                                                                                                                                    ro
-------
                   VISUAL EFFECTS FOR HORIZONTAL SIGHT PATHS
                   2230 MV COAL POVER PLANT
X>VNV1ND DISTANCE (KM) =    5.0
I'l.UME ALTITUDE      =   439.
-------
                   VISUAL EFFECTS FOR WOK-HORIZONTAL CLEAR SKY VIEWS THROUGH PLUME CENTER

                   2250 MW COAL POVER PLANT
DOVNVIND DISTANCE (MO
PLUME ALTITUDE (M)
THETA   ALPHA

  90.
BETA
 3.0
439.

RP
VCAP
X
Y DELYCAP
DELL  C(350)  BRATIO
DELX
DELY  E(LUV)  E(LAB)
30.
30.
30.
30.
30.
30.
43.
43.
43.
43.
43.
43.
60.
60.
60.
60.
60.
60.
90.
9*.
90.
90.
90.
90.
13.
30.
45.
60.
73.
90.
13.
3W.
43.
60.
73.
90.
13.
30.
43.
60.
75.
90.
13.
30.
43.
60.
73.
90.
3.31
1.58
.98
.67
.50
.44
2.36
1.16
.76
.57
.47
.44
1.94
.98
.67
.53
.46
.44
1.70
.83
.62
.51
.43
.44
37.51
27.68
23.86
22.03
21. 15
20.89
36 . 6 1
23.86
21.68
19.68
18.73
18.44
36.22
25.01
20.63
18.57
17.57
17.28
33.99
24.50
20.02
17.88
16.86
16.55
67.69
59.63
55.98
54.09
33. 15
52.86
67.01
57.94
53.72
51.51
50.40
50.06
66.71
57.12
52.60
50.21
49.01
43.64
•66.34
56.62
51.89
49.39
48.12
47.73
.2823
.2809
.2820
.2831
.2839
.2842
.2767
.2734
.2739
.2748
.2733
.2737
.2736
.2693
.2698
.2705
.2710
.2712
.2716
.2671
.2671
.2677
.2682
.2683
.2980
.2943
.2949
.2960
.2968
.2971
. 2909
.2831
.2330
.2837
.2863
.2863
.2871
.2803
.2797
.2802
. 2306
.2808
.2846
.2771
.2762
.2766
.2769
.2771
2.93
6.79
8.32
9.03
9.39
9.49
2.02
4.97
6. 14
6.70
6.97
7.05
1.63
4.12
3.11
3.39
5.01
5.88
1.40
3.60
4.48
4.90
5. 10
5. 16
2.23
6.76
9.58
11.32
12.28
12.38
1.56
3.07
7.32
8.74
9.33
9.78
1.26
4.26
6.20
7.44
3. 14
8.36
1.09
3.75
5.49
6.61
7.23
7.43
.0989
.3488
.3668
.7343
.8393
.8750
.0702
.2566
.4193
.5444
.6231
.6500
.0574
.2133
.3494
.4541
.3201
. 5426
.0497
.1867
.3063
.3984
.4564
.4762
.5588
.4571
.4087
.3820
.3680
.3633
. 6343
.5394
.4890
.4601
. 4448
.4400
.6781
.5833
.5381
. 5084
.4924
. 4874
.7079
.6223
. 3730
.5430
.5268
.5216
.0264
. 0332
.0372
.0397
.0411
.0415
.0203
.0257
.0292
.0314
.0326
.0330
.0172
.0219
.0250
.0271
.0232
.0286
.0152
.0194
. 0223
.0242
.0253
.0257
.0333 21.6747
.0430 21.8272
.0483 21.5324
.0516 21.4577
.0534 21.4893
.0340 21.5151
.0262 17.0950
.0338 16.9810
.0334 16.6939
.0413 16.6146
.0429 16.6220
.0434 16.6338
.0224 14.6537
.0290 14.4772
.0331 14.2243
.0358 14. 1372
.0373 14. 1663
.0377 14. 1776
.0199 13.0634
.0258 12.8667
.0297 12.6403
.0321 12.5861
.0336 12.5994
.0340 12.6112
13.8718
15.6839
16.8684
17.7246
18.2479
18.4231
10.9233
12. 1958
13. 1230
13.8163
14.2421
14.3850
9 . 3630
10.4005
1 1 . 2066
11.8210
12.2001
12.3276
8.3445
9 . 247 1
9.9763
10.5392
10.8333
1 1 . 0060







ro
10
cr>














-------
         PLUME VISUAL EFFECTS FOR HORIZONTAL VIEVS
         PERPENDICULAR TO THE PLUME OF VHITE, GRAY, AND BLACK OBJECTS
         FOR VARIOUS OBSERVER-PLUME AND OBSERVER-OBJECT DISTANCES

         2230 MW COAL POWER PLANT
DOVNVIND DISTANCE (KM) =    3.0
THETA =   90.

REFLECT  RP/RV0  RO/RV0    YCAP
Y DELYCAP
DELL  C<550)  BRATIO
                                     DELX
DELY  E(LUV)  E(LAB)
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.5
.3
.3
.3
.3
.3
.3
.3
.0
. 3
.5
.3
.3
.3
.3
.3
.3
.5
.3
.3
.4
9.0
9.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
.02
.02
.02
.02
.02
.02
.03
.03
.03
.03
.03
. 10
. 10
. 10
. 10
.20
.20
.20
.30
.30
.30
.02
.02
.02
.02
.02
.02
.03
.03
.05
.03
.03
. 10
. 10
. 10
. 10
.20
.20
.20
.50
.50
.80
.02
.02
.02
.02
.02
.02
.03
.03
.03
.02
.03
. 10
.20
.30
• 80
.03
. 10
.20
.30
.80
.10
.20
.30
.80
.20
.50
.30
.50
.80
.80
.02
.03
. 10
.20
.30
.80
.03
. 10
.20
.30
.80
. 10
.20
.30
.80
.20
.50
.80
.50
• tjty
.80
.02
.03
. 10
.20
.50
.80
.05
. 10
.20
86.46
80.03
70.89
57.09
36.82
30.23
84. 13
74.97
61. 13
40.90
34.32
80.78
66.99
46.71
40.13
73.68
53.41
43.32
67.99
61.41
63.40
43.88
46.53
43. 16
38.08
30.60
23. 16
50.61
47.24
42. 16
34.68
32.24
33.03
47.98
40.49
38.03
56.67
49. 19
46 . 75
61.73
59.34
63.33
11.30
13.00
13.43
19.07
24.38
26.08
17.08
19.31
23. 13
94.51
91.72
87.44
80.23
67. 17
61.89
93.31
89.39
82.49
70. 13
65.24
92.04
83.31
74.03
69.59
89.72
79.29
73.36
86.02
32.62
84.71
73.40
73.91
71.69
68. 11
62.20
60.06
76.46
74.37
71 .01
65.33
63.57
77.93
74. 83
69.83
68.09
80.01
75 . 39
74.03
82.81
81.49
83.63
40. 13
42.81
46.26
50.81
56.50
38. 13
48.40
31.32
35.26
. 3403
.3429
.3460
.3484
.3369
.3211
.3372
.3393
.3400
. 3264
.3114
.3322
.3315
.3169
.3032
.3241
.3098
. 2930
.3099
.3004
.3040
.3: .1
.3323
.3323
.3303
.3196
.3116
.3244
. 3238
.3212
.3103
.3030
.3137
.3127
.3023
.2939
.3065
.2973
. 2920
. 2998
. 2936
.2993
.2789
.2793
.2312
..2833
.2938
.3011
.2732
.2732
.2793
.3303
.3322
.3343
.3347
.3409
.3279
.3460
.3471
. 3439
. 330 1
.3174
.3398
.3372
.3207
.3090
.3304
.3147
.3046
.3170
. 3090
.3128
.3417
.3419
.3414
.3389
.3284
.3224
. 3329
. 3320
. 3287
.3180
.3122
.3234
.3198
.3093
.3044
.3141
. 303 1
. 3008
.3094
.3061
.3101
.2877
.2894
.2927
.2990
.3112
.3162
.2809
.2844
.2906
-10.93
-13.81
-17.89
-24.01
-32.89
-33.73
-9.73
-13.81
-19.93
-28.81
-31.64
-8.00
-14. 12
-23.00
-23.83
-3.42
-14.30
-17. 14
-1.72
-4.53
-.36
-2.21
-6.04
-11.30
-19.67
-31.32
-83.28
-1.96
-7.42
-13.39
-27.43
-31.20
-1.61
-9.78
-21.62
-23.38
-1.08
-12.93
-16.69
-.34
-4. 10
-. 11
6.32
1.72
-3.11
-13.33
-30. 14
-34.83
3.80
-1.03
-11.23
-4.48
-3.86
-8.03
-11.94
-19.70
-23.10
-4.06
-6.10
-9.70
-16.74
-19.75
-3.45
-6.67
-12.84
-15.40
-2.46
-7.57
-9.63
-.63
-2.37
-.23
-1 .36
-3.73
-7.18
-12.51
-20.79
-23.62
-1.18
-4.50
-9.61
- 17.46
-20. 12
-.94
-5.79
-13. 14
-15.60
-.61
-7.40
-9.63
-. 18
-2. 19
-.06
13.98
2.72
-6.22
-14.50
-22.28
-24.20
8.32
-1.16
-10.03
-.1114
-. 1468
-.2022
-.2986
-.4756
-.3424
-.1029
-.1558
- . 2478
-.4165
- . 4803
-.0896
-. 1752
- . 3323
-.3916
-.0664
-.2060
-.2387
- . 0238
- . 0670
- . 0078
- . 0402
-.1129
- . 2097
-.3413
- . 3079
-.3545
- . 0347
-. 1346
- . 2703
- . 442 1
-.4902
- . 0274
-. 1693
- . 3483
-.3985
-.0173
- . 2078
-.2611
-.0050
- . 0628
-.0015
1.3869
.1643
-.2412
- . 4402
-.3484
-.3674
.3223
-.0447
- . 3229
.8802
.7949
.6976
.6054
.6284
.7372
.9228
.8237
. 7440
.7897
.9138
.9707
.8918
.9503
.0774
.0165
.0662
. 1747
.0289
.0908
.0157
.9554
.8055
.6848
.6147
.6904
.7936
.9769
.8392
.7613
.8528
.9703
.9940
. 9053
1 . 0020
1 . 1248
1.0053
1.0831
1 . 2003
1 . 0058
1 . 086 1
1 . 0028
.5955
.6273
.6683
.7278
.8311
.8773
.7296
.7743
.8464
.0089
.0126
.0179
.0232
.0258
.0163
.0068
.0112
.0168
.0153
.0066
.0042
.0083
.0037
-.0016
.0009
-.0013
- . 0067
-.0013
- . 0044
- . 0008
.0049
.0115
.0187
.0246
.0197
.0120
.0034
.0101
.0133
.0103
.0033
.0019
.0068
.0023
- . 0037
.0006
- . 0027
- . 0077
- . 0002
- . 0040
- . 000 1
.0213
.0194
.0171
.0141
.0092
.0069
.0130
.0111
.0081
.0084 8.8663 6.7033
.0124 12.2412 9.2032
.0177 16.9029 12.7440
.024223.1389 17.7379
.0225 28.3062 23.4838
.0145 28.1509 23.0533
.0061 7.1082 5.5096
.0105 11.2767 8.6536
.0134 16.7774 13.0933
.0117 21.3894 18.3439
.0040 21.7383 20.4036
.0032 4.9345 4.0698
.0068 9.6908 7.9564
.0023 14.2538 13.2933
-.0045 15.6217 15.4562
-.0000 2.6310 2.5188
-.0037 7.6762 7.6472
-.0038 10.2432 9.9740
-.0014 1.2331 1.0566
- . 0044 3 . 8980 3 . 0637
-.0007 .6328 .4413
.0047 3.7329 2.6842
.0120 9.4788 6.9021
.0196 16.2933 12.0006
.0230 23.6124 17.9197
.0188 28.0608 23.7387
.0122 28.0033 23.2481
.0031 2.8276 2.0123
.0101 9.3323 6.9207
.0148 16.4262 12. 0799
.0*83 21.196S 13.7849
.O020 21.7766 20.6187
.0015 1.8087 1.3199
.0059 8.6421 6.9376
-.0001 14.1663 13.4301
-.0058 13.7289 13.6260
.0002 .8092 .6754
-.0046 7.4834 7.4678
-.0094 10.2914 9.9960
- . 0003 . 2257 . 2048
-.0041 3.5287 2.7970
-.0001 .1069 .0797
.0266 14.02*2 14.1424
.0246 9.2827 7.1032
.0220 16.2739 11.3820
.0184 23.5038 13.2238
.0121 27.6797 24.2384
.0094 27.8812 23.5093
.0160 8.5092 8.5959
.0137 8.3526 3.4463
.0099 13.6870 12.2302
-------
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
.03
.03
. 10
. 10
. 10
. 10
.20
.20
.20
.30
.30
.80
.30
.80
.10
.20
.30
.80
.20
.30
.80
.30
.80
.80
28.46
30.17
23.32
28.97
34.28
33.98
37.66
42.97
44.67
53.56
57.26
61.2o
60.34
61.83
37.42
60.78
63.21
66.53
67.80
71.56
72.70
79.33
80.33
82.33
.2890
.2937
.2721
.2758
.2840
.2880
.2758
.2823
.2836
.2881
.2906
.2949
.3020
.3065
.2802
.2833
.2933
.2994
.2836
.2933
.2967
.3005
.3029
.3072
-26.03
-30.73
4.78
-3.44
-20.24
-24.93
3.26
-11.55
-16.24
1.04
-3.65
.34
-18.44
-20.32
4.94
-4.53
-13.57
-15.82
2.48
-7.22
-9.65
.60
-2.00
. 18
-.4743
- . 5008
.2358
-.1356
-.3685
- . 4059
.0951
-.2100
-.2636
.0186
-.0583
.0052
.9856
1.0314
.8268
.9179
1. 1012
1. 1898
.9026
1 . 1246
1 . 2337
.9680
1.0801
.9872
.0024
- . 0005
.0080
.0044
- . 0026
-.0062
.0045
- . 0043
- . 0087
.0015
- . 0036
.0006
.0029 21.00"67
-.0002 21.8058
.0095 5.4382
.0049 7.6079
-.0037 14.1561
-.0073 15.8746
.0030 3.2291
-.0036 7.2920
-.0100 10.3486
.0014 1.1681
-.0038 3.1339
.0005 .4638
19 . 2304
20.8799
5 . 289 1
3.7173
13.6943
13.8262
2.8370
7.2863
10.0251
.8332
2.3162
.3092
ro
10
CD
-------
DOVNV1ND DISTANCE (KM) »
PLUME ALTITUDE CM)
SIGMA Y (M>
SIGMA Z (M)            =
SO2-SO4 CONVERSION RATE*
NOX-NO3 CONVERSION RATE=
         CONCENTRATIONS OF AEROSOL AND GASES CONTRIBUTED BY

                   2230 MW COAL POVER PLANT

        >    10.0
        =    439.
        '    413.
        :     80.
                .3000 PERCENT/HR
               0.0000 PERCENT/HR
ALTITUDE
 H+2S
INCREMENT:
TOTAL AMB:

 H+1S
INCREMENT:
TOTAL AMB:

 H
INCREMENT:
TOTAL AMB:

 H-1S
INCREMENT:
TOTAL AMB:

 H-2S
INCREMENT:
TOTAL AMB:

  0
INCREMENT:
TOTAL AMB:
  NOX
< PPM I
  116
  116
 .322
 .522
 .861
 .861
 .322
 .322
  116
  116
 .000
 .000
NO2
(PPM)
.038
.033
.069
.069
. 103
. 103
.069
.069
.038
.038
.000
.000
NO3-
(UG/M3)
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
N02/NTO"
(MOLE %)
32.663
32.663
13.303
13.303
12.187
12. i X?
13.303
13.303
32.663
32.663
0.000
73 . 077
 NO3-/NTOT
(MOLE %)
   0.000
   0.000
   0.000
   0.000
   0.000
   0.000
   0.000
   0.000
   0.000
   0.000
   0.000
   0.000
  SO2
(PPM>
 .143
 . 143
 .642
 .642
1.058
1.058
 .642
 .642
  143
  143
 .000
 .000
    SO4*  SO4=/STOT
(UG/M3)  (MOLE %)
  1.384
  3.129
  6.203
  7.947
 10.227
 11.971
  6.203
  7.947
  1.384
  3.129
   .000
  1.743
  .246
  .353
  .246
  .314
  .246
  .287
  .246
  .314
  .246
  .333
  .246
99.853
             O3
           (PPM)
.034
.006
        PRIMARY BSP-TOTAL
       (UC/M3)  (10-4 M-l)
.038
.002
.034
.006
.000
.040
 4.689
36.434
.174
.376
21.016
32.760
 4.689
36.434
  .000
31.745
.781
.983
. 174
.376
.000
.202
                   BSPSN/BSP
                    (TO
46.132
48.331
038
002


038
002
21.016
52.760


34.649
66.393
.781
.983


1.288
1.490
46. 132
46.981


46 . 132
46 . 692


PO
10
vo

46.132
46.981
46. 132
48.331
46. 132
50.270
CUMULATIVE SURFACE DEPOSITION (MOLE FRACTION OF  INITIAL FLUX)

                8O2:     .0000
                NOX:     .0000
PRIMARY PARTICIPATE:     .0000
                SO4:     .0000
                NO3:    0.0000
-------
                   VISUAL EFFECTS FOR HORIZONTAL SIGHT PATHS
                   2250 MW COAL POVER PLANT
DOVNVIND DISTANCE (KM) =   10.0
PLUME ALTITUDE .
90.
90.
90.
.02
.05
. 10
.20
.50
.80
.02
.05
. 10
.20
.50
.80
.02
.05
. 10
.20
.50
.80
.02
.05
. 10
.20
.50
.80
121.4
121.1
120.5
119.8
118.8
118.4
124.0
123.8
123.4
122.8
122. 1
121.8
123.1
124.9
124.6
124.2
123.3
123.3
125.8
125.6
123.4
125.0
124.4
124.2
6.60
6.88
7.27
7.84
8.63
8.90
4.60
4.81
5.09
5.51
6. 11
6.29
3.74
3.90
4.14
4.49
4.98
5. 13
3.22
3.37
3.57
3.88
4.31
4.44
5T.91
38.63
39.65
61. 15
63.22
63.83
39.48
60.02
60.78
61.90
63.45
63.90
60.23
60.69
61.33
62.26
63.36
63.94
60.70
61.10
61.66
62.49
63.63
63.96
80.70
81.11
81.67
82.48
83.57
83.89
81.57
81.86
82.23
82.33
83.69
83.93
81.98
82.23
82.37
83.07
83.73
83.95
82 . 23
82.45
82.75
83. 19
83.79
83.96
.3201
.3162
.3115
.3058
.3007
.3001
.3150
.3122
.3087
. 3045
.3006
.3001
.3123
.3102
.3073
.3038
.3005
.3001
.3110
.3090
.3063
.3034
.3005
.3001
.3336
.3286
.3226
.3159
.3110
.3108
.3282
. 3245
.3200
.3150
.3111
.3109
.3233
.3224
.3187
.3144
.3111
.3109
.3238
.3211
.3179
.3141
.3111
.3109
-6.21
-3.49
-4.47
-2.97
-.90
-.29
-4.64
-4. 10
-3.34
-2.22
-.67
-.22
-3.89
-3.43
-2.79
-1.83
-.36
-. 18
-3.42
-3.02
-2 . 45
-1.63
-.49
-.16
DELL  C<550>  BRATIO
DELX
DELY  E(LUV)  E(LAB)
3
2
2
1
-
-
2
2
1
I
-
-
2
1
1
-
-
-
1
1
1
-
-
-
.34
.94
.38
.57
.47
.15
.47
. 18
.76
. 16
.35
. 11
.06
.82
.47
.97
.29
.09
.81
.59
.29
.85
.26
.08
-.0902
- . 0803
-.0661
- . 0449
-.0142
- . 0047
- . 0670
-.0396
- . 049 1
- . 0333
-.0106
- . 0033
-.0359
-.0498
-.0410
- . 0278
-.0088
- . 0029
- . 049 1
- . 0437
-.0360
- . 0244
- . 0077
- . 0026
.7098
.7734
.0504
.9339
.9965
1 . 0002
.7724
.8221
.8823
.9493
.9971
1 . 000 1
.8032
.8476
.8991
.9564
.9974
1 . 000 1
.8264
.8642
.9100
.9611
.9977
1 . 0000
.0200
.0162
.0114
.0058
.0007
. 0000
.0149
.0121
.0086
.0044
.0005
.0000
.0124
.0102
.0073
.0038
. ooe-5
. 0000
.0109
.0089
.0064
. 0033
.0004
.0000
.0226
.0173
.0116
.0049
- . 0000
- . 0003
.0171
.0135
.0090
.0039
. 0000
- . 0002
.0144
.0114
.0076
.0034
.0000
- . 0002
.0127
.0101
.0068
.003©
.0000
- . 0O0 1
18.
14.
10.
5.
B
f
14.
11.
8.
4.
,
.
11.
9.
6.
3.
.
,
10.
8.
6.
3.
,
.
4809
9503
5451
3070
7956
2332
1361
4311
1403
1236
6106
1758
9334
7267
9136
5133
3178
1464
5708
6116
1303
1217
4390
1282
12.
9.
6.
3.
4
,
9.
7.
5.
2.
.
.
7.
6.
4.
2.
.
,
6.
5.
3.
1.
.
.
0317
6552
7300
3624
6062
2099
1730
3902 u>
1857 g
6061
4562
1549
7381
2506
4001
2182
3835
1289
8329
3283
8994
9697
3381
1129
-------
                   VISUAL EFFECTS FOR NON-HORIZONTAL CLEAR SKY VIEWS THROUGH PLUME CENTER

                   2250 MV COAL POWER PLANT
DOVNWIND DISTANCE (KM)
PLUME ALTITUDE 
-------
PLUME VISUAL EFFECTS FOR HORIZOHTTAL VIEWS
PERPENDICULAR TO THE PLUME OF VH1TE,  CRAY,  AM) BLACK OBJECTS

FOR VARIOUS OBSERVER-PLUME AND OBSERVER-OBJECT DISTANCES
2230 MV COAL POWER PLAHT
UOVtrWtlfD DISTANCE (KM> • 10.0
THETA • • 90.
REFLECT RP/RV0 RO/RV0





















.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.3
.3
.3
.3
.3
.3
.3
.3
.3
.3
.3
.3
.3
.3
.3
.3
.3
.3
.3
.0
.3
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
.02
.02
.02
.02
.02
.02
.03
.03
.03
.03
.00
. 10
. 10
. 10
. 10
.20
.20
.20
.30
.30
.80
.02
.02
.02
.02
.02
.02
.03
.03
.03
.00
.03
. 10
. 10
. 10
. 10
.20
.20
.20
.30
.30
.80
.02
.02
.02
.02
.02
.02
.03
.03
.03
.02
.03
.10
.20
.30
.30
.03
. 10
.20
.50
.80
. 10
.20
.00
.80
.20
.30
.80
.30
.80
.80
.02
.03
.10
.20
.30
• o?9
.03
.10
.29
.30
.80
.10
.20
.30
.80
.20
.50
.80
.30
.80
.80
.02
.00
. 10
.20
.50
.80
.03
. 10
.20
YCAP
86.29
79.88
70.72
36.92
36.62
30.02
83.99
74.83
61.02
40.72
34. 13
80.63
66.87
46.57
39.98
73.62
33.32
48.72
67.98
61.39
63.40
48.68
46 . 33
42.96
37.88
30.39
27.94
30.44
47.07
41.99
34.49
32.03
52.91
47.83
40.34
37.89
36.58
49.09
46.64
61.73
39.31
63.32
11.07
12.77
13.20
18.84
24. 16
23.86
16.88
19.31
22.93
L
94.44
91.64
87.36
80. 15
67.02
61.70
93.43
89.32
82.41
70.01
63.09
91.99
85 . 45
73.94
69 . 48
89.69
79.24
73.30
86.O1
82.60
84.70
73.23
73. 78
71.oo
67.96
62.02
39.87
76.36
74.26
70.89
60.33
63.41
77. £14
74.74
69.74
67.97
79.96
73.53
73. 9S
82.80
81.43
83.63
39 . 75
42.46
43.95
30.54
36.23
37.94
43. 15
31.08
33.05
X
.3423
.3447
. 3476
. 3498
. 3379
.3217
.3387
.3407
.3412
•' .3271
.3118
.3334
. 3323
.3173
.3034
.3249
.3101
.2981
.3101
.3004
.3040
. 3334
.3337
. 3336
.3313
.3203
.3122
.3234
.3247
.3219
.3107
. 3033
.3163
.3132
.3025
.2960
.3068
.2974
.2920
.2999
.2956
.2995
.2763
.2780
.2803
.2831
.2960
.3014
.2719
.2744
.2791
Y DELYCAP
.3319
.3337
.3536
.3338
.3416
.3283
. 3473
.3482
.3467
. 3305
.3177
. 3407
. 3379
.3209
. 309 1
. 3309
.3148
.3046
.3170
.3090
.3128
. 3429
.3429
. 3424
.3397
.3290
.3229
.3338
.3327
.3292
.3183
.3123
.3238
.3201
.3096
.3043
.3143
.3031
.3008
.3094
.3060
.3101
.2857
.2881
.2920
.2989
.3116
.3166
.2796
.2836
.2903
-11. 11
-13.98
-18.06
-24. 19
-33.09
-33.94
-9.87
-13.96
-20.08
-28.99
-31.83
-8.11
-14.23
-23.14
-23.98
-3.49
-14.39
-17.24
-1.73
-4.37
-.56
-2.41
-6.24
- 1 1 . 70
-19.88
-31.73
-33 . 49
-2.14
-7.60
-15.77
-27.62
-31.39
-1.75
-9.92
-21.77
-23.34
-1. 17
-13.03
-16.79
-.36
-4. 13
-. 11
6.29
1.49
-3 . 34
- 13 . 36
-30.36
-33.05
5.60
-1.23
- 1 1 . 46
DELL
-4.33
-3.94
-8. 13
-12.03
-19.83
-23 . 29
-4. 13
-6. 17
-9.78
-16.86
-19.90
-3.50
-6.73
-12.93
-15.51
-2.49
-7.62
-9.69
-.86
-2.39
-.29
-1.48
-3.86
-7.31
-12.66
-20.97
-23.82
-1.28
-4.61
-9.73
-17.61
-20.27
'-1.02
-5 . 88
-13.23
-15.72
-.66
-7.46
-9.70
-. 19
-2.21
-.06
13.60
2.37
-6.53
-14.77
-22.50
-24.41
8.06
-1.40
-10.26
C<330)
-.1134
-.1438
- . 2045
-.3012
-.4783
-.5439
- . 1047
-.1378
-.2300
-.4194
- . 4833
-.0911
- . 1770
- . 3346
-.3941
-.0673
- . 2076
-.2604
-.0242
- . 0675
- . 0079
- . 0444
-. 1170
-.2137
-.3433
-.3113
-.3381
-.0383
-.1381
-.2739
- . 4434
-.4934
-.0303
-.1720
-.3510
- . 40 1 1
-.0194
- . 2096
-.2629
-.0053
- . 0634
-.0017
1 . 3372
.1433
-.2526
- . 4469
-.5526
-.5711
.3037
-.0549
-.3289
BRATIO
.8363
.7747
.6819
.5948
.6226
.7336
.9032
.8133
.7340
.7851
.9119
.9562
.3325
.9468
.0770
.0080
.0634
. 1747
.0262
.0901
.0143
.9398
.7934
.6759
.6086
.6872
.7921
.9660
.8315
.7567
.8514
.9709
.9875
.9018
.0019
. 1267
.0023
.0883
.2023
.0052
.0863
.0026
.6287
.6545
.6886
.7404
.8337
.8797
.7546
.7940
.8398
DELX
.0106
.0143
.0193
.0266
.0268
.0170
.0084
.0126
.0180
.0160
.0071
.0054
.0093
.0062
-.0014
.0017
-.0011
-.0067
-.0011
- . 0043
- . 0007
.0062
.0127
.0198
.0256
.0203
.0125
.0044
.0110
.0160
.0107
.0036
.0026
.0073
.0025
- . 0036
.0009
- . 0026
- . 0076
-.0001
- . 0€»40
-.0001
.0192
.0173
.0161
.0138
.0094
.0072
.0118
.0102
.0077
DELY E( LUV) E( LAB)
.0100 10.1826 7.4833
.0138 13.460" 9.9471
.0191 17. 9871 13.41O1
.023323.9911 18.2657
.0233 28.8033 23.8033
.0130 28.5294 25.3214
.0074 8.1852 6.1149
.0117 12.2233 9.1973
.0163 17.4916 13.5066
.0122 21.7471 18.7704
.0043 22.0397 20.3^39
.0041 5.6802 4.4473
.0074 10.2390 8.2400
.0025 14.4675 13.4263
-.0044 15.7561 15.5712
.0005 2.8911 2.6273
-.0036 7.7398 7.7010
-.0088 10.2895 10.0309
-.0014 1.2184 1.0361
-.0044 3.8898 3.0707
-.0007 .6045 .4309
.0039 4.6170 3.2478
.0131 10.2743 7.4202
.0206 17.0€>37 12.4621
.0259 24.1965 13.3028
.0194 28.4704 24.0259
.0127 28.3558 25.5119
.0039 3.3014 2.4314
.0108 9.9390 7.2772
.0154 16.8767 12.9613
.0087 21.47-J2 18.9838
.0023 22.0099 20.8041
. 0020 2 . 26 27 1.3 849
.0062 8.9591 7.1250
.0000 14.3316 13.5565
-.0057 15.8588 13.7450
.0004 1.0182 .7887
-.0045 7.5487 7.5309
-.0094 10.3480 10.0602
-.0003 .2340 .2190
-.0042 3.5437 2.8144
-.0001 .1068 .OG31
.0246 13.6864 13.7102
.0232 8.7253 6.6686
.0213 16. 1583 11.4119
.0183 23.6643 18. 4387
.0125 28.0012 24.5081
.0099 28.2103 25.7725
.0148 8.1739 8.2707
.0129 8.0747 5.3031
.0096 15.7473 12.3094
                                                                                                                         CO
                                                                                                                         o
                                                                                                                         ro
-------
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
.03
.03
. 10
. 10
. 10
. 10
.20
.20
.20
..50
.30
.80
.30
.80
. 10
.20
.30
.80
.20
.30
.80
.50
.80
.80
28.26
29.97
23.13
28.80
34.11
33.81
37.54
42.86
44.36
35.52
57.23
61.24
60.16
61.66
37.26
60.63
63.08
66.41
67.71
71.48
72.63
79.36
80.32
82.32
.2890
.2938
.2714
.2734
.2839
.2880
.2733
.2822
.20)3
.2880
.2903
.2948
.3021
.3067
.2793
.2832
.2934
.2994
. 2833
.2934
.2966
.3003
.3029
.3072
-26 . 26
-30.93
4.61
-3.61
-20.41
-23 . 10
3. 14
-11.66
-16.33
1.00
-3.69
.33
-18.63
-20.69
4.78
-4.68
-13.70
-13.94
2.40
-7.30
-9.72
.58
-2.02
. 18
-.4780
-.3041
.2273
-.1606
-.3716
-.4086
.0917
-.2121
-.2655
.0179
- . 0589
.0050
.9922
1.05110
.8431
.9301
1. 1083
1. 1954
.9113
1. 1303
1.2384
.9703
1.0821
.9882
.0024
- . 0004
.0073
.0040
-.0027
- . 0062
.0041
- . 0044
- . 0087
.0014
- . 0037
.0006
.0030 21.2233
.0000 22.0233
.0088 3.1330
.0045 7.5638
-.0037 14.2883
-.0073 16.0042
.0047 3.0339
-.0037 7.3702
-.0101 10.4197
.0014 1.1021
-.0038 3.1721
.0003 .4391
19.4233
21.0683
3.0623
3.7762
13.8259
15.9515
2.7232
7.3647
10.0977
.8121
2.5437
.2942
CO
o
to
-------
              304
EXAMPLE 2:  OUTPUT FOR
    A PLUME FROM A
    COPPER SMELTER
-------
VISUAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT FOR COPPER SMELTER (*2>
    POWER PLANT DATA

         ELEVATION OF SITE
            0.
            0.
          FEET MSL
          METERS MSL
         NO. OF UNITS =

         STACK HEIGHT =
«00.
183.
         FLUE GAS FLOW RATE =


         FLUE GAS TEMPERATURE =
FEET
METERS

 1162144.
   548.39
                 CU FTXMIN
                 CU M/SEC
         FLUE GAS OXYGEN CONTENT '

         SO2 EMISSION RATE (TOTAL) =
             400.  F
             4T8.  K

                 2.0  MOL PERCENT

                1180.82  TONSXDAY
                1.240E+04  G/SEC
                                                                       OJ
                                                                       O
                                                                       en
         NOX EMISSION RATE (TOTAL,AS NO2) =


         PARTICULATE EMISSION RATE (TOTAL)
                          1.00  TONS/DAY
                       1.030E+01  G/SEC

                           I.00  TONSXDAY
                       1.030E+01  G/SEC
-------
METEOROLOGICAL ABB AMBIENT AIR ttUALITY DATA
     VINDSPEED »  11.2  MILES/HR
                   3.0  M/SEC
     PASaUlLL-GIFFORD-TURNER STABILITY CATEGORY D
     LAPSE RATE =  0.00  F/1000 FT
                     0.         K/M
     POTENTIAL TEMPERATURE LAPSE RATE =
     SOLAR ZENITH ANGLE =  43.0  DEGREES
     AMBIENT TEMPERATURE =  77.0  F
                           298.2  K
     RELATIVE HUMIDITY =  40.0  7,
     MIXING DEPTH = 2000.  M
     AMBIENT PRESSURE =  1.00  ATM
     SO2 TO SO4 CONVERSION RATE =
     NOX TO rroa CONVERSION RATE =
     BACKGROUND NOX CONCENTRATION =
     BACKGROUND NO2 CONCENTRATION =
     BACKGROUND OZONE CONCENTRATION =
     BACKGROUND SO2 CONCENTRATION *
     BACKGROUND COARSE MODE CONCENTRATION =
     BACKGROUND SULFATE CONCENTRATION =
    9.800E-03  KXM
 .300 PERCENT/HR
0.000 PERCENT/HR
  0.000  PPM
  0.000  PPM
     .040  PPM
  0.000  PPM
           30.0  UG/M3
        1.7  UG/N3
oo
o
     BACKGROUND NITRATE CONCENTRATION =        0.0  UG/M3
     BACKGROUND VISUAL RANGE  =       130.0  KILOMETERS
     SO2 DEPOSITION VELOCITY  =       1.00 ' CM/SEC
     NOX DEPOSITION VELOCITY  =       1.00  CM/SEC
     COARSE PARTICULATE DEPOSITION VELOCITY =        .10  CM/SEC
     SUBMICRON PARTICULATE DEPOSITION VEI-OCITY =        .10  CM/SEC
-------
                         CONCENTRATIONS OF AEROSOL AND GASES coirniiBtrrED BY

                                   COPPER SMELTER (*2)
DOWNWIND DISTAITCE (KM)
PLUME ALTITUDE ( M)
SIGMA Y (M>
SIGMA Z (M) 	
- 20.0
* 412.
* 1017.
a 200.
SO2-SO4 CONVERSION RATE*
NOX-NO3 CONVERSION RATE= 0.
ALTITUDE
H+2S
INCREMENT:
TOTAL AMB:
H+1S
INCREMENT:
TOTAL AMB:
H
INCREMENT:
TOTAL AMB:
H-1S
INCREMENT:
TOTAL AMB:
H-2S
INCREMENT:
TOTAL AMB:
0
INCREMENT:
TOTAL AMB:
NOX
(PPM)

.000
.000
.001
.001
.001
.001

.001
.001

.000
.000
.000
.000
NO2
(PPM)

.000
.000
.000
.000
.001
.001

.000
.000

.000
.000
.000
.000










,5000 PERCENT/HR
,0000 PERCENT/HR
N03-
(UG/M3)

0.000
0 . 000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000

0.000
0.000

0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
N02/NTOT
(MOLE %)

0.000
75 . 033
0.000
74.890
74.621
74.768

0.000
74.888

0.000
75 . 003
0.000
73 . 003
rrO3-/ITTOT
(MOLE %)

0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000

0.000
0.000

0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
SO2
( PPPI)

. 100
. 100
.447
.447
.736
.736

.452
.452

. 178
. 178
. 177
. 177
S04=
(UG/N3)

2.057
3.802
9.221
10.966
13 . 206
16.951

9.338
1 1 . 0&3

3.668
5.413
3.647
5.392
SO4=/STOT
(MOLE %)

. 322
.963
.522
.622
.522
.583

.522
.620

.522
.770
.522
.772
03
( PPN)

-.000
.040
-.000
.040
-.001
.039

-.000
.040

-.000
.040
- . 000
.040
PRIMARY
(UG/M3) (

.222
31.967
.997
32 . 74 1
1 . 644
33 . 36.8

1.009
32.734

.396
32. 141
.394
32. 139
BSP- TOTAL
10-4 N-l>

. 124
.326
.556
.737
.917
1 . 1 13

. 363
.763

.221
.423
.22®
.422
BSPSN/BSP
(%)

96 . 409
67.839
96.409
84. 124
96.409
88 . 087 Q
^j
96.409
84 . 238

96 . 409
74.399
96 . 409
74.334
CUMULATIVE SURFACE DEPOSITION (MOLE FRACTION OF INITIAL FLUX)
                SO2:     .0020
                VOX:     .0020
PRIMARY PART1CULATE:     .0002
                S04:     .0000
                N03:    0.0000
-------
                   VISUAL EFFECTS FOR HORIZOHTAL SIGHT PATHS
                   COPPER SMELTER <*2)
         DISTANCE (ran  =    20.0
PLUME ALTITUDE   BRATtO    DELX    DELY  E(LUV>  E(LAB)
  90.
         30.
         30.
         30.
         30.
         30.
         30.
         45.
         43.
         43.
         43.
         43.
         43.
         60.
         60.
         60.
         60.
         60.
         60.
         90.
         90.
         90.
         90.
         90.
         90.
02
03
10
20
30
80
02
03
10
20
50
80
02
03
10
20
30
80
02
05
10
20
50
80
117.4
113.4
115.2
115.0
114.6
114.3
120.4
119.7
119.6
119.4
119.1
119.0
121.7
121.6
121.5
121.4
121.1
121.1
122.8
122.8
122.7
122.5
122.3
122.3
9.71
11.22
11.36
11.55
11.84
11.92
7.42
7.90
8.00
a. 13
8.36
8.43
6.38
6.44
6.52
6 .65
6.83
6.83
5.52
5.57
5.64
3.75
5.91
5.96
62.34
62.31
62.63
63.11
63.79
63.99
62.66
62.73
63.00
63.36
63.87
64.03
62.82
62.97
63. 18
63.48
63.91
64.04
62.98
63. 11
63.29
63.36
63.93
64.03
83.11
83.09
83.26
83.52
83.87
83.98
83.28
83.33
83.46
83.65
83.91
83.99
83.36
83.44
83.55
83.71
83.93
84.00
83.43
83.51
83.61
83.73
83.93
84.01
.3026
.3025
.3017
.3008
.3000
.3000
.3022
.3019
.3013
.3006
.3000
.3000
.3020
.3016
.3011
.3006
.3001
.3000
.3018
.3014
.3010
.3003
.3001
.3000
.3131
.3128
.3121
.3112
.3108
.3109
.3128
.3125
.3119
.78
.81
.49
.01
.33
.12
.46
.37
.12
.3112 -.76
.3109 -.25
.3109 -.09
.3127 -1.30
.3123 -1.13
.3118 -.94
.3112 -.64
.3109 -.21
.3110 -.08
.3125 -1.14
.3121 -1.01
.3117 -.83
.3112 -.56
.3109 -.18
.3110 -.07
-.93
-.95
-.78
-.53
-. 17
-.06
-.76
-.72
-.39
-.40
-. 13
-.03
-.68
-.60
-.49
-.33
-. 11
-.04
-.60
-.53
-.43
-.29
-. 10
-.04
-.0283
-.0291
- . 02+0
-.0164
-.0053
- . 002 1
- . 0233
-.0219
-.0181
-.0124
-.0041
-.0016
- . 0207
- . 0 1 84
-.0152
-.0104
- . 0035
-.0013
-.0182
-.0162
-.0134
- . 0092
- . 003 1
-.0012
.9347
.9386
.9724
.9877
.9983
.9987
.9613
. 9678
.9786
.9904
.9987
.9991
.9631
.9726
.9817
.9918
.9989
.9992
.9690
.9737
.9838
.9927
.9990
.9993
.0026
.0024
.0017
. 0008
- . 0000
- . 000 1
.0022
.0019
.0013
.0006
. 00O0
- . 0000
.0019
.0016
. 00 1 1
.0005
.0000
- . 0000
.0017
.0014
.0010
. 0005
.0000
- . 0000
.0020
.0018
.0010
.0002
- . 0003
- . 0002
.0018
.0014
.0008
.0001
- . 0002
- . 000 1
.0016
.0012
.0007
.0001
- . 0002
- . 000 1
.0014
.0011
.0006
. 000 1
- . 000 1
- . 000 1
2.4982
2.3337
1.6740
.8316
.2516
. 1211
2. 1085
1.8151
1.2922
.6782
. 1839
. 0908
1.8941
1 .5412
1 . 0973
. 37-53
. 1333
. 0762
1.6791
1 . 3666
. 9733
..-fi99
. 13'}.}
. 0670
1.6310
1.3538
1. 1391
.66*4.
. 223 1
. 1019
1 . 3708
1. 1927
.8729
.3026 to
. 16'** §
. €»7t6
1 .229 3
1 .0107
.7392
. 4243
. 1417
.0643
1.0837
. 89.) 1
.6344
.3730
. 1247
.0566
-------
DOVNVIND DISTANCE (KM) »
PLUME ALTITUDE (M)      -
SIGMA Y (M)             =
SIGMA Z (M)
SO2-SO4 CONVERSION RATE8
NOX-NO3 CONVERSION RATE=
 CONCENTRATIONS OF AEROSOL AND GASES CONTRIBUTED BY

           COPPER SMELTER (*2)

'   40.0
=   412.
=  1837.
    288.
        .3000 PERCENT/HR
       0.0000 PERCENT/RH
ALTITUDE
H+2S
INCREMENT:
TOTAL AMB:
H+1S
INCREMENT:
TOTAL AMB:
H
'INCREMENT:
TOTAL AMB:
H-1S
INCREMENT:
TOTAL AMB:
H-2S
INCREMENT:
TOTAL AMB:
0
INCREMENT:
TOTAL AMB:
NOX
(PPM)
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
N02
(PPM)
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
NO3-
(UG/M3)
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
NO2/NTOT NO3-/NTOT
(MOLE SO (MOLE %)
0.000
73 . 06 1
0.000
73 . 007
0.000
74.960
0.000
74 ttff
0.000
74.994
0.000
74.994
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
SO2
(PPM)
.037
.037
. 167
. 167
.279
.279
.215
.215
. 197
. 197
. 197
. 197
SO4= SO4'/STOT
(UGXM3) (MOLE ?5)
1.603
8.330
7.200
8.943
12.037
13.802
9.289
1 1 . 034
8.321
10.265
8.521
10.265
1.070
2.247
1.070
1.350
1.070
1.243
1.070
1.292
1.070
1.310
1.070
1.310
O3
( PPM)
-.000
.040
-.000
.040
-.000
.040
-.000
.040
-.000
.040
-.000
.040
PRIMARY BSP-TOTAL
(UG/M3) (10-4 M-l)
.083
31.829
.379
32. 124
.635
32.380
.489
32.234
.449
32. 193
.449
32. 193
.095
.297
.426
.623
.713
.915
.550
.731
.304
.7'0<3
.504
.706
BSPSN-fBi
(%)
98.217
65.620
98.217
82.812
90.217
87.650
98.217
85 . 346
98.217
84.517
90.217
84.517
CUMULATIVE SURFACE DEPOSITION (MOLE FRACTION OF INITIAL FLUX)

                SO2:     .0179
                NOX:     .0180
PRIMARY PARTICULATE:     .0018
                SO4:     .0000
                NO3:    0.0000
-------
                   VISUAL EFFECTS FOR HORIZONTAL SIGHT PATHS
                   COPPER SMELTER <*2>
DOWVIND DISTANCE (KN)  »   40.0
PLUME ALTITUDE 08
- . 0000
- . 0000
.0021
.0020
.0014
.0007
.0000
- . 0000
. 0020
.0018
.0013
. 0006
. 0000
- . 0000
.0019
.0019
.0011
. 000 1
- . 0004
- . 0002
. OO 1 8
.00 17
. 0009
.0001
- .0003
- . 0002
.0017
.0015
.0008
.0001
- . 0002
- . 000 1
.0016
.00»:i
. oooy
. 000 1
- . 0002
- . 000 1
2.3304
2.6702
2.0606
1.0954
.3230
. 1363
2.273-1
2. . 3€> 1 5
1.6408
.8680
.2496
. 1199
2.0602
1 . 9839
1.4146
. 7469
.2116
. 1016
1 . 'J127
1.T753
1.2661
.6*77
. l£>75
.0900
1.6630
1.7756
1.4136
.asis
.2898
. 1311
1 . 434.2
1.51 77
1. 1149
.64V4
.2226
. 1009 oo
i . 340ar?
1 . 3044
.9371
.3350
. 1887
.6856
1 . 24^-3
1. 16>2
.634o
. 4942
. 1671
.07o 9
-------
                        CONCENTRATIONS OF AEROSOL ABB CASES CONTRIBUTED BY

                                  COPPER SMELTER (*2)
PLUME ALTITUDE (PD
SIGMA Y (Ml
SIGMA Z (M)
ALTITUDE
 H+2S
INCREMENT:
TOTAL AMB:

 H+1S
INCREMENT:
TOTAL AMB:

 H
INCREMENT:
TOTAL
 H-1S _
INCREMENT:
TOTAL AMB:

 H-2S
INCREMENT:
TOTAL AMB:

  0
INCREMENT:
TOTAL AMB:
CE (KM) « 60.0
(PD = 412.
* 2622.
= 333.
H ON RATE= .3000 PERCENT/HR
II ON RATE* 0.0000 PERCENTXHR
NOX
(PPM)
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
NO2
( PPM)
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
'ACE DEPOSITION
S02:
NOX:
ILATE:
S04:
N03:
.0420
.0424
.0043
.0000
0.0000
N03-
(UG/M3)
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
NO2/NTOT NO3-XNTOT SO2
(PIOLE %) (MOLE %) (PPMt
0.000 0
73.068 0
0.000 0
75 . 037 0
0.000 0
75 . 008 0
0.000 0
73.011 0
0.000 0
73.011 0
0.000 0
73.011 0
. 000 . 02 1
. 000 . 02 1
. 000 . 094
. 000 . 094
.000 . 164
.000 . 164
.000 . 156
.000 . 136
.000 . 156
.000 . 156
.000 . 136
.000 . 156
SO4= SO4*/STOT O3
(UGXPB) (MOLE %) (PPM)
1.391
3.136
6.271
8.016
10.932
12.69.7
10.466
12.210
10.415
12.160
10.415
12. 160
1.607 -.000
3.703 .040
1 . 607 - . 000
2.134 ( .040
1 . 607 - . 000
1.939 .040
1.607 -.000
1.932 .040
1 . 607 - . 000
1.953 .040
1 . 607 - . 000
1.953 ° .040
PRIMARY BSP- TOTAL BSPSN/BSP
(UG/PKJ) (10-4 PI- It (%)
.049
31.793
.219
31.964
.383
32. 128
.366
32. Ill
.364
32. 109
.364
32. 109
.082 98.809
.203 64.279
.369 98.809
.57$ 81.630
.644 98.809
.846 87.235 w
_j
^ j
.613 98.809
.817 86.829
.613 98.809
.814 86.786
.613 98.809
.814 86.786
(PIOLE FRACTION OF INITIAL FLUX)







-------
                   VISUAL EF'FEO'lTit FOR HORIZONTAL SIGHT PATHS
                   COPPER SHELTER <*2>
DOWNVIITD DISTANCE <»D =   60.0
PLUNE ALTITUDE (FD     =   412.
SIGHT PATH IS THROUGH PLUME CENTER
THETA ALPHA  RP/RV0
  90.
         30.
         30.
         30.
         30.
         30.
         30.
         45.
         43.
         43.
         43.
         43.
         43.
         60.
         60.
         60.
         60.
         60.
         60.
         90.
         90.
         90.
         90.
         90.
         90.
RV  55REDUCED
YCAP
Y DELYCAP
DELL  C(330)  BRATIO
DELX
DELY  E(LUV)  E(LAB>
02
03
10
20
30
80
02
03
10
20
30
80
02
03
10
20
00
80
02
03
10
20
30
80
112.0
106.8
103.1
102.7
102.1
104.0
116.2
112.4
111.0
110.7
110.3
110.2
118.0
114.8
114.6
114.3
113.9
113.8
119.1
116.8
116.6
116.4
116.1
116.0
13.83
17.82
20.73
21.03
21.43
20.00
10.63
13.57
14.38
14.82
15. 13
13.23
9.21
11.70
11.83
12.08
12.36
12.45
8.37
10. 13
10.27
10.45
10.70
10.78
«2.10
61.86
61.92
62.63
63.63
63.93
62.37
62. 13
62.38
62.94
63.73
63.97
62.32
62.31
62.63
63.11
63.79
63.99
62.62
62.30
62.79
63.22
63.82
64.01
82.98
82.83
82.89
83.26
83.79
83.93
83. 13
83.01
83. 13
83.43
83.84
83.97
83.21
83.09
83.26
83.52
83.87
83.98
83.26
83. 19
83.33
83.57
83.89
83.98
.3027
.3028
.3024
.3011
.3000
.3000
.3023
.3026
.3020
.3009
.3000
.3000
. 3023
. 3025
.3017
.3008
.3000
.3000
.3022
.3022
.3016
. 3008
.3000
. 3000
.3129 -2.02
.3128 -2.26
.3122 -2.20
.3111 -1.49
.3106 -.49
.3108 -.18
.3128
.3128
.3121
.3112
.3107
.3109
.3128
.3128
.3120
.3112
.3103
.3109
.3127
.3126
.3119
.74
.97
.73
.17
.38
.14
.39
.81
.49
.01
.33
. 12
.50
.62
.33
.3112 -.90
.3108 -.29
.3109 -.11
-1.06
-1.19
-1.13
-.78
-.23
-.10
-.91
-1.03
-.91
-.61
-.20
-.08
-.84
-.95
-.78
-.53
r. 17
-.06
-.78
-.83
-.70
-.47
-. 15
-.06
-.0326
- . 0366
-.0357
- . 0244
-.0082
- . 0032
-.0281
-.0318
- . 0282
-.0193
-.0065
- . 0023
-.0256
- . 029 1
- . 0242
-.0166
- . 0056
- . 002 1
- . 0240
- . 026 1
-.0216
- . 0 1 48
-.0050
-.0019
.9331
.9541
.9613
.9826
.9972
.9979
.9381
.9563
.9682
.9836
.9978
.9984
.9604
.9586
.9721
.9874
.9981
.9986
. 9620
. 9623
.9748
.9886
. 9983
.9988
.0026
.0027
.0023
.0010
- . 0000
-.0001
. 0024
. 0025
.0019
.0009
- . 0000
-.0001
.0023
.0024
.0017
. 0008
- . 0000
- . OOO 1
.0022
. 0022
. 00 1 5
.0007
.0000
- . 0000
.0018
.0017
.0012
.0001
- . 0004
- . 0003
.0018
.0017
.0010
.0001
- . 0003
- . 0002
.0017
.0017
.001*3
. 000 1
- . 0003
- . 0002
.0017
. 00 1 6
.0O09
.0001
- . 0003
- . 0002
2.3302
2.6744
2.3434
1.2342
.3829
. 1841
2.0321
2 . 4789.
1.9170
1.0191
.3000
. 1441
2. 1866
2 . 3339
l . 674:?.
. OS77
.2567
. 12G3
2 . 0830
2. 1176
1 ..~107
.7997
. 2203
. 1098
1.6903
1.7988
1.6214
.9633
.3410
. 1342
1.5297
•1.64+2
1.3104
.7693, .
.26 73 2
.1211™
1 . 4285
1 . 5409
1 . 1 3«4
.66*8
.2287
. 10:37
1.3577
1.39- 16
1 . 0239
. 5939
. 2038
.0925
-------
DOVNVIND DISTANCE (KPO *
PLUME ALTITUDE (PD     *
SIGMA Y (PD            *
SIGMA Z             •
S02-SO4 COITVERSIOPT RATE'
SOX-NOB coirvERsiOpr RATE=
         CONCENTRATIONS OF AEROSOL AND GASES CONTRIBUTED BY

                   COPPER SMELTER (*2>

           100.0
            412.
           4019.
            434.
                .3000 PERCENT/HR
               0.0000 PERCENT/HR
ALTITUDE
 H+2S
INCREMENT:
TOTAL AMB:

 H+1S
INCREMENT:
TOTAL AMB:

 H
INCREMENT:
TOTAL AMB:

 H-1S
INCREMENT:
TOTAL AMB:

 H-2S
INCREMENT:
TOTAL AMB:

  0
INCREMENT:
TOTAL AMB:
  PTOX
(PPM)
 .000
 .000
 .000
 .000
 .000
 .000
 .000
 .000
 .000
 .000
 .000
 .000
  N02
( PPPD
 .000
 .000
 .000
 .000
 .000
 .000
 .000
 .000
 .000
 .000
 .000
 .000
    PTO3-  NO2/NTOT
(UC/PB)  
-------
                   VISUAL EFFECTS FOR HORIZOTTAL SIGHT PATBS
                   COPPER SMELTER <*2)
         DISTANCE (KM)  =   100.0
PLUME ALTITUDE   BRATIO
BELX
DELY  E(LUV)  E(LAB)
30.
30.
30.
30.
30.
30.
43.
43.
43.
43.
43.
43.
60.
60.
60.
60.
60.
60.
90.
90.
90.
90.
90.
90.
.02
.03
. 10
.20
.50
.80
.02
.03
. 10
.20
,30
.80
.02
.05
.10
.20
.50
.80
.02
.03
. 10
.20
.50
.80
P 106 . 6
100.3
94.6
91.2
90.3
104.0
112.3
107.2
103.0
102.6
102. 1
104.0
114.9
110.6
108.0
107.7
107.2
107.1
116.5
112.7
111.0
110.7
110.3
110.2
17.97
22.72
27.20
29.87
30.39
20.00
13.38
17.37
20.74
21.04
21.46
20.00
11.61
14.89
16.89
17. 14
17.31
17.62
10.40
13.30
14.60
14.83
15.16
15.26
61.93
61.74
61.73
62.31
63.33
63.89
62. 17
61.92
61.93
62.64
63.63
63.94
62.32
62.09
62.21
62.83
63.69
63.96
62.43
62.21
62.39
62.95
63.74
63.97
82.89
82.79
82.79
83.09
83.73
83.93
83.02
82.89
82.89
83.27
83.79
83.95
83. 10
82.98
83.04
83.37
83.82
83.96
83.16
83.04
83.14
83.43
83.84
83.97
.3026
.3026
.3023
.3012
.3000
.2999
.3026
.3027
.3024
.3011
.3000
.3000
.3025
.3026
. 302 1
.3010
.3000
.3000
.3024
. 3025
.3020
.3009
.3000
.3000
.3126 -2.18
.3124 -2.38
.3120 -2.39
.3110 -1.81
.3105 -.59
.3107 -.22
.3128 -1.95
.3127 -2.19
.3122 -2.18
.3111 -1.48
.3106 -.48
.3108 -.18
.3128 -1.80
.3127 -2.03
.3122
.3112
.3107
.3108
.3127
.3127
.3121
.3112
.91
.29
.42
. 16
.69
.91
.72
.17
.3107 -.38
.3109 -.14
-1.13
-1.23
-1.26
-.95
-.31
-. 12
-1.02
-1. 15
-1. 15
-.77
-.25
-. 10
-.94
-1.07
-1.00
-.68
-.22
-.08
-.88
-1.00
-.90
-.61
-.20
-.07
-.0334
-.0387
- . 0389
-.0297
-.0100
- . 0039
-.0315
-.0356
-.0353
- . 0243
- . 0082
- . 0o;}2
-.0290
- . 0328
- . 03 1 0
-.0213
- . 007 1
- . 0028
- . 0272
- . 0309
- . 0280
-.0192
-.0064
- . 0025
.9371
.9373
.9624
.9798
.9966
.9973
.9572
.9560
.9616
.9826
.9972
.9978
. 9585
.9570
.9653
. 9843
.9973
.9981
.9598
.9581
.9683
. 9856
.9977
.9983
.0026
.0026
.0023
.0012
- . 000 1
- . 000 1
. 0023
.0026
. 0023
.0010
- . 0000
- . 00
.8442
.2958
. 1340
1.4697
1 . 5847
1 . 3025
.7658
.2664
. 1 2v?7
-------
                        CONCENTRATIONS OF AEROSOL AND GASES COITTRIBUTED BT

                                  COPPER SMELTER (*2)
DOVNV1ND DISTANCE (KM) »
PLUME ALTITUDE (M)     *   412.
SIGMA Y (M>             =  3600.
SIGMA Z (M)             =   352.
SO2-SO4 CONVERSION RATE*       .3000 PERCENT/HR
NOX-N03 CONVERSION RATE*      0.0000 PERCENT/HR
ALTITUDE
H+2S
INCREMENT:
TOTAL ATffl:
H+1S
INCREMENT:
TOTAL AMB:
H
INCREMENT:
TOTAL AMB:
H-1S
INCREMENT:
TOTAL ATB:
H-2S
INCREMENT:
TOTAL AMB:
0
INCREMENT:
TOTAL ANB:
NOX
(PPM)
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
NO2
( PPM)
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
NO3-
(UGXM3)
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
NO2/NTOT NO3-/NTOT
(MOLE %) (MOLE %)
0.000
73.074
0.000
75 . 066
0.000
73 . 054
0.000
75 . 054
0.000
73.034
0.000
75 . 054
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0 . 000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
SO2
( PPM)
.003
.005
.026
.026
a
.052
.052
.052
.052
.052
.052
.052
.032
SO4= SO4=/STOT
(UC/M3) (MOLE «)
1.015
2.760
4.776
6.521
9.743
11.488
9.743
1 1 . 438
9.743
11.488
9 . 743
11.438
3.829
1 1 . 389
3.829
6 . 063
3.829
3 . 280
3.829
3 . 280
3.829
5.280
3.829
5 . 280
03
( PPM)
-.000
.040
-.000
.040
-.000
.040
-.000
.040
-.000
.040
-.000
.040
PRIMARY BSP-TOTAL BSPSN/B!
(UG/M3) (10-4 M-l) (%)
.015
31.759
.069
31.814
. 141
3 1 . 886
. 141
3 1 . 886
. 141
31.886
. 141
31.886
.039
. 26 1
.279
.481
.369
.771
.369
.771
.369
.771
.369
. 77 1
99 . 303
6 1 . 435
99.503
78.844
99.503
80.619
99.503
86.619
99.303
86.619
99.503
86.619
CUMULATIVE SURFACE DEPOSITION (MOLE FRACTION OF INITIAL FLUX)

                S02:     .1516
                NOX:     .1546
PRIMARY PARTICIPATE:     .0164
                S04:     .0003
                N03:    0.0000
-------
                   VISUAL EFFECTS FOR HORIZONTAL SIGHT PATHS
                   COPPER SMELTER <*2>
DOMWITD DISTANCE (KPD =  130.0
PLUME ALTITUDE (M)     =   412.
SIGHT PATH IS THROUGH PLUME CEITTER
THETA ALPHA  RP/RV0

  90.
RV  ^REDUCED
YCAP
X
Y DELYCAP
DELL  C<530>  BRATIO
                                             DELX
DELY  E(LUV)  E(LAB)
30.
30.
30.
30.
30.
30.
43.
43.
43.
43.
43.
45.
60.
60.
60.
60.
60.
60.
90.
90.
90.
90.
90.
90.
.02
.03
. 10
.20
.30
.80
.02
.03
.10
.20
.00
.80
.02
.03
. 10
.20
.00
.80
.02
.03
. 10
.20
.30
.80
100.3
93.9
83.9
78.0
77.3
104.0
107.9
102.1
96.6
93.4
92.8
104.0
111.3
103.7
101.3
100.2
99.6
104.0
113.3
108.4
104.6
104.2
103.7
104.0
22.87 61.84 82.84 .3024 .3122 -2.28 - .20 -.0371 .9610 .0023 .0011 2. 3808 1.6383
27.76 61.73 82.78 .3023 .3119 -2.39 - .26 -.0390 .9626 .0022 .0009 2.3479 1.6748
33.94 61.73 82.78 .3020 .3113 -2.39 - .26 -.0392 .9673 .0019 .0003 2.1346 1.3978
39.97 62.06 82.96 .3013 .3109 -2.06 - .08 -.0339 .9781 .0012 -.0002 1.6232 1.3036
40.33 63.44 83.69 .2999 .3104 -.68 -.33 -.0114 .9961 -.0001 -.0007 .3417 .4804
20.00 63.86 83.91 .2999 .3107 -.26 -.13 -.0044 .9968 -.0001 -.0004 .2603 .2)62
16.97 62.01 82.94 .3023 .3126 -2.10 - .11 -.0341 .9382 .0025 .0013 2.4482 1.6317
21.30 61.81 82.83 .3023 .3124 -2.31 - .21 -.0373 .9382 .0025 .0013 2.3104 1.7262
23.71 61.80 82.82 .3023 .3120 -2.32 -1.22 -.0378 .9630 .0022 .0009 2.3093 1.6368
28.14 62.37 83.13 .3012 .3110 -1.73 -.92 -.0287 .9803 .0011 -.0000 1.4340 1 . 1206 5£
28.64 63.53 83.74 .3000 .3103 -.37 -.30 '-.0096 .9967 -'.0001 -.0*0:5 .434') . 4043 CX>
20.00 63.90 83.93 .2999 .3108 -.22 -.11 ^.0037 .9974 -.0001 -.0003 .2187 . 1023
14.38 62.13 83.01 .3023 .3127 -1.97 -1.03 -.0319 .9381 .0025 .0016 2.4081 .60,16
18.72 61.90 82.88 .3026 .3126 *2.22 -1.17 -.0360 .9569 .0026 .0013 2.3370 .7£»l
22.08 61.89 82.87 .3023 .3122 -2.23 -1.17 -.0363 .9618 .0023 .0011 2.3333 .6233
22.92 62.56 83.23 .3011 .3111 -1.35 -.81 -.0236 .9819 .0011 .0000 1.3027 .00o2
23.36 63.61 83.78 .3000 .3106 -.31 -.27 -.0086 .9970 -.0000 -.00O3 .4028 .3582
20.00 63.93 83.94 .3000 .3108 -.19 -.10 -.0033 .9977 -.0001 -.0003 .1936 .1620
12.84 62.25 83.06 .3023 .3127 -1.87 -.98 -.0302 .9386 .0024 .0016 2.3337 .3393
16.59 62.01 82.93 .3026 .3126 -2.11 -1.11 -.0342 .9572 .0025 .0016 2.4393 .6739
19.54 62.02 82.94 .3023 .3122 -2.09 -1.10 -.0341 .9628 .0022 .0011 2,2512- .3534
19.82 62.70 83.30 .3011 .3111 -1.42 -.74 -.0234 .9831 .0010 .0001 1.203') .9229
2O.22 63.65 83.80 .3000 .3106 -.46 -.24 -.0078 .9972 -.0000 -.0004 .3666 .3262
20.00 63.94 83.93 .3000 .3108 -.18 -.09 -.0030 .9979 -.0001 -.0002 . 1T62 .1476
-------
                        CONCENTRATIONS OF AEROSOL AND CASES CONTRIBUTED BY
                                  COPPER SMELTER (*2)
DOVFV1ND DISTANCE (KM) *  200.0
PLUME ALTITUDE (PD      =   412.
SIGMA Y (PI)            =  7059.
SIGMA Z (PD            *   633.
SO2-SO4 CONVERSION RATE"       .3000 PERCENT/HR
NOX-NOS CONVERSION RATE*      0.0000 PERCENT/HR
ALTITUDE
H+2S
INCREMENT*
TOTAL AMB:
H+1S
INCREMENT:
TOTAL AMB:
H
INCREMENTS
TOTAL AMBs
H-1S
INCREMENT:
TOTAL AMB:
H-2S
INCREMENTS
TOTAL AMB:
0
INCREMENT:
TOTAL AMB:
NOX
(PPM)
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
NO2
( PPM)
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
NO3-
( UG/M3)
0 • 000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
NO2/NTOT NO3-/NTOT
(MOLE JO (MOLE %)
0.000
75.073
0.000
75 . 069
0.000
75 . 06 1
0.000
75.061
0.000
75 . 06 1
0.000
73 . 06 1
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
SO2
( PPM)
.004
.004
.017
.017
.036
.036
.036
.036
.036
.036
.036
.036
SO4=
(UG/M3)
.981
2.723
4.427
6.172
9.336
11.031
9.336
11.081
9 . 336
11.031
9.336
11.081
S04=/STOT
(MOLE %)
4.930
13.445
4.930
8.394
4.930
7.237
4.930
7.237
4.930
7.237
4.930
7.237
03
(PPPD
-.000
.040
-.000
.040
-.000
.040
-.000
.040
-.000
.040
-.000
.040
PRIMARY BSP- TOTAL
(UG/M3) (10-4 M-l)
.011
31.756
.050
31.794
. 103
31.849
. 103
3 1 . 849
. 100
3 1 . 849
. 105
3 1 . 849
.057
.239
.258
.460
. 343
.746
.543
.746
.545
.74^
. 545
.746
BSPSN/BSP
(%)
99.616
61. 173
99.616
77.979
9«».616 oc
86.281 ~
99.616
06.281
99.616
86.281
99.616
86.281
CUMULATIVE SURFACE DEPOSITION (MOLE FRACTION OF INITIAL FLUX)

                S02:     .2001
                NOX:     .2033
PRIMARY PARTICIPATE:     .0222
                SO4:     .0005
                NO3:    0.0000
-------
                   VISUAL EFFECTS FOR HORIZONTAL SIGHT PATHS
                   COPPER SPELTER <*2)
DOWWIND DISTANCE (KM) =  200.0
PLUME ALTITUDE 
-------
                        coifCEnrnuTioirs OF AEROSOL AND GASES CONTRIBUTED BY

                                  COPPER SMELTER <*2)
DOVNVIND DISTANCE (KM) »  230.0
PLUME ALTITUDE (M)     =   412.
SIGMA Y (M)            »  8428.
SIGMA Z             =   703.
SO2-SO4 CONVERSION RATE*       .3000 PERCENT/HR
NOX-NO3 CONVERSION RATE=      0.0000 PERCENT/HR
ALTITUDE
H+2S
INCREMENT:
TOTAL AMB:
H+1S
INCREMENT:
TOTAL AMB:
H
INCREMENT:
TOTAL AMBt .
H-IS
INCREMENT:
TOTAL AMBi
H-2S
INCREMENT:
TOTAL AMB:
0
INCREMENT:
POTAL AMB:
NOX
( PPM)
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
NO2
(PPM)
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
N03-
( UG/M3)
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
NO2/NTOT NO3-/NTOT
(MOLE 5O (MOLE %)
0.000
73 . 073
0.000
73.071
0.000
73.063
0.000
73.063
0.000
73 . 063
0.000
75.065
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
o
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
S02
( PPM)
.003
.003
.012
.012
.027
.027
.027
.027
.02T
.027
.027
.027
SO4=
(UG/M3)
1.092
2.836
4.177
5.921
8.931
10.675
8.931
10.675
8.931
10.675
8.931
10.675
SO4=/STOT
(MOLE %)
5.944
18. 126
5.944
10.779
3 . 944
9 . 243
3.944
9.243
3.944
9 . 245
5 . 944
9 . 245
03
( PPM)
-.000
.040
-.000
.040
-.000
.040
-.000
.040
-.000
.040
-.000
.040
PRIMARY
(UG/M3) <
.010
31.755
.039
3 1 . 783
.082
3 1 . 827
.082
3 1 . 827
.082
3 1 . 827
.082
3 1 . 827
BSP-TOTAL
; 10-4 N-l)
.064
.265
0
.243
.445
.521
.722
.52J
.722
.521
.521
.722
BSPSN/R
99 . 6O3
62. 124
99.6»3
77.297
99 . 683
83 . 886
99 . 6O3
a). 886
99.683
8.j . 80-3
99.683
85 . 836
CUMULATIVE SURFACE DEPOSITION (MOLE FRACTION OF INITIAL FLUX)

                SO2:     .2423
                NOX:     .2500
PRIMARY PARTICULATE:     .0277
                SO4:     .0008
                NO3:    0.0000
-------
                   VIStJAL EFFECTS FOR HOR1ZOHTAL SIGHT PATHS
                   COPPER SMELTER <*2>
DOWTVIITD DISTANCE      *   412.
SIGHT PATH IS THROUGH PLUME CEITTER
THETA ALPHA  RP/RV0

  90.
RV  ^REDUCED
YCAP
Y DELYCAP
DELL  C<330)  BRATIO
DELX
DELY  E(LU\0  E(LAB)
30.
30.
30.
30.
30.
30.
43.
43.
43.
43.
43.
43.
60.
60.
60.
60.
60.
60.
90.
90.
90.
90.
90.
90.
.02
.03
. 10
.20
.30
.80
.02
.03
. 10
. .20
.30
.80
.02
.03
. 10
.20
.30
.80
.02
.05
. 10
.20
.30
.80
90.6
84.3
73.4
64.3
63.0
104.0
101.3
93.4
87.3
79.4
78.7
104.0
106.0
100.4
94.1
83.3
88.1
104.0
108.8
103.3
98.0
94.4
93.8
104.0
30.30
.34.98
41.98
30.36
30.00
20.00
22.08
26.62
32.66
38.89
39.48
20.00
18.47
22.79
27.63
31.63
32.20
20.00
16.33
20.52
24.64
27.38
27.87
20.00
61.92
61.90
61.93
62.21
63.36
63.83
61.93
61.84
61.83
62.09
63.45
63.87
62.03
61.88
61.86
62.27
63.31
63.89
62. 11
61.92
61.90
62.40
63.56
63.91
82.89
82.88
82.90
83.04
83.63
83.89
82.90
82.84
82.84
82.98
83.69
83.91
82.93
82.86
82.83
33.07
83.73
83.92
82.99
82.89
82.88
83. 14
83.73
83.93
.3018
.3017
.3014
.3008
.2999
.2999
.3022
. 3O2 1
.3019'
.3012
.3000
.2999
.3024
.3023
.3021
.3012
.3000
.2999
.3024
.3024
.3022
.3012
.3000
.2999
.3115
.3113
.3109
.3105
.3103
.3107
.3121
.3113
.'3115
.3109
.3104
.3107
.3123
.3121
.3117
.3110
.3105
.3107
.3125
.3123
.3119
.3110
.3105
.3108
-2.20
-2.22
-2.17
-1.90
-.73
-.29
-2. 17
-2.28
-2.29
-2.03
-.67
- . 23
-2.09
-2.24
-2.26
.13
.17
. 14
.00
.39
. 13
. 14
.20
.20
.07
.35
.13
. 10
. 18
. 19
- 1 . 85 - . 97
-.61 - . 32
-.23 -.12
-2.01 -1.06
-2.20 -1.15
-2.22 -1.17
-1.72 -.90
- . 56 - . 29
-.21 -.11
-.0360
-.0364
-.0337
-.0315
-.0126
- . 0049
-.0334
- . 0372
- . 0375
- . 0334
-.0112
- . 0044
- . 0340
- . 0366
- . 0370
- . 0305
-.01O2
- . 0040
- . 0326
-.0338
-.0362
- . 02Q3
-.0095
- . 0037
.9702
.9723
.9762
.9832
.9956
.9962
.9633
.9630
.9692
.9782
.9961
.9968
.9613
.9620
.9663
.9794
.9964
.9972
. 9603
.9605
.9649
. 9803
.9967
.9974
.0018
.0016
.0013
.0008
- . 0002
- . 0002
.0022
.0021
.0018
.0012
- . 000 1
- . 000 1
.0023
. 0023
.0020
.0012
- . 000 1
- . 000 1
. 0023
. 0024
.0021
.001 1
- . 000 1
- . OOO 1
.0004
.0002
- . 000 1
-.0006
- . 0008
- . 0004
.0010
. 0003
. 0004
- . 00O2
- . 0007
- . 0004
.0013
.O011
.0007
- . 000 1
- . 0006
- . OO03
. 00 1 4«
.OO12
. 0003
- . oooo
- . 0003
- . 0003
1.9760
1 . 8974
1 . 7348
1 . 4030
.6094
.2927
2.2445
2. 2130
2.0434
1.6124
.3346
. 2369
2.3115
2 . 3233
2. 1539
1 . 3024
. 43^.3
. 2S28
2 . 020 1
2 . 3776
2 . 2003
1 . 4 1 4fl
. 4474
.2150
1.4662
1 . 44* ?.
1.3793
1. 1907
.3363
.2419
1.3694
1.5b38
1 . 5230
1 . 28S2
. 41* 42
. 2 1 33 u
1 . 3806 :v
1.6238
1 . 356<*
1 . 163 S
. 430 I
. 1940
1.56 7?
] . 0-37-'-
1.36i.4
1 . 1 0C4
.3976
. 1796
-------
DOVHVIND DISTANCE (KM) =
PLUME ALTITODE (PI)
SIGMA Y (PD            =
SIGMA Z             *
SO2-SO4 CONVERSION RATE«
PTOX-NO3 CONVERSION RATE*
 CONCENTRATIONS OF AEROSOL AND GASES CONTRIBUTED BY

           COPPER SMELTER

=  300.0
'   412.
=  9723.
'   766.
        .5000 PERCEinVHR
       0.0000 PERCENT/HR
ALTITUDE
B>2S
INCREMENT:
TOTAL AMB:
B+IS
WCREMENT:
TOTAL AMB:
H
INCREMENT:
'IX>TAL AMB:
H-1S
INCREMENT:
TOTAL AMB:
H-2S
INCREMENT:
TOTAL AMB:
0
INCREMENT:
TOTAL AMB:
PTOX
( PPN>
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
NO2
(PPM)
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
NO3-
(UGXM3>
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
N02/NTOT ff03-/]fTOT
(MOLE %) 
                                                                                                  .000       .011       .078    99.727
                                                                                                  .040    31.755       .279    64.023
                                                                                                  .000       .032       .233    99.727
                                                                                                  .040    31.776       .434    76.738
                                                                                                  .000       .068      .498    99.727
                                                                                                  .040    31.812      .699    83.463
                                                                                                  .000       .068      .498    99.727
                                                                                                  .040     31.812      .699    &5.463
                                                                                                  .000       .068      .498    99.727
                                                                                                  .040     31.812      .699    85.463
                                                                                                  .000       .068      .498    99.727
                                                                                                  .040     31.812      .699    83.463
                                                                                                                                      oo
                                                                                                                                      r\i
^UPIULATIVE SURFACE DEPOSITION  (MOLE FRACTION OF INITIAL FLUX)

                SO2:      .2794
                PTOX:      .2899
,-RIMARY PARTICULATE:      .0329
                SO4:      .0011
                PTO3:    0.0000
-------
                  VISUAL EFFECTS FOR HORIZOITTAL SIGHT PATHS
                  COPPER SMELTER <*2)
        DISTANCE (KM) =  300.0
I.UME ALTITUDE (PD      =   412.
IGHT PATH IS THROUGH PLUME CENTER
iffiTA ALPHA  RP/RV0
 90.
        30.
        30.
        30.
        30.
        30.
        30.
        43.
        43.
        43.
        43.
        43.
        43.
        60.
        60.
        60.
        60.
        60.
        60.
        90.
        90.
        90.
        90.
        90.
        90.
RV  %REDUCED
YCAP
                                                                 Y DELYCAP
DELL  C(330)  BRATTO
DELX
DELY  E(LUV>  E(LAB)
02
03
10
20
00
80
02
00
10
20
30
80
02
03
10
20
00
80
02
03
10
20
50
80
87.0
81.2
72.2
60.0
65.0
104.0
98.8
93.0
84.7
76.4
73.4
104.0
104.0
98.4
91.4
84.5
83.8
104.0
107. 1
101.7
95.7
90.7
90.0
104.0
33.09
37.37
44.49
33.86
00.00
20.00
24 . 00
28.44
34.84
41.23
43.53
20.00
20.00
24.27
29.67
34.98
33.53
20.00
17.63
21.76
26.37
30.24
30.73
20.00
62.01
62.02
62.08
62.33
63.35
63.83
61.97
61.90
61.90
62. 16
63.42
63.86
62.03
61.91
61.89
62, 18
63 . 48
63.88
62.09
61.94
61.91
62.31
63.53
63.89
82.94
82.94
82.97
83.10
83.64
83.89
82.92
82.83
82.88
83.01
83.68
83.91
82.93
82.88
82.87
83.03
83.71
83.92
82.98
82.90
82.83
83.09
O3.73
83.93
.3013
.3014
.3011
.3007
.2999
.2999
.3021
.3019
.3017
.3011
.2999
.2999
.3022
.3022
.3019
.3012
.3000
.2999
. 3023
.3023
.3020
.3012
.3000
.2999
.3112
.3110
.3107
.3104
.3103
.3106
.3118
.3116
.3113
.3108
.3104
.3107
.3121
.3119
.3116
.3109
.3105
.3107
.3123
.3121
.3118
.3110
.3105
.3107
-2.10
-2.10
-2.04
-1.79
-.77
-.29
-2. 14
-2.22
-2.22
-1.96
-.69
-.26
-2.09
-2.21
-2.23
-1.94
-.64
-.24
-2.02
-2. 18
-2.20
-1.81
-.59
-.22
-1.11
-1.10
-1.07
-.94
-.40
-. 13
-1.13
-1. 17
-1. 17
-1.03
-.36
-. 14
-1.10
-1. 16
-1. 17
-1.02
-.33
-. 13
-1.06
-1.15
-1. 16
-.95
-.31
-. 12
- . 0346
- . 0346
- . 0336
-.0296
- . 0 1 3€>
-.0000
-.0350
-.0363
- . 0364
- . 0323
-.0117
- . 0045
- . 0340
- . 036 1
- . 0366
-.0319
-.0107
- . 0042
- . 0329
-.0335
- . 036 1
-.0298
-.0100
- . 0039
.9741
.9762
.9796
.9855
.9935
. 996 1
.9665
.9682
.9722
.9803
.9960
.9966
.9636
.9647
.9687
.9788
.9963
.9970
.9622
.9628
.9669
.9797
.9965
.9972
.0013
.0013
.0011
.0006
- . 0002
- . 0002
.0020
.0019
.0016
.0010
- . 000 1
-.0001
.0022
.0021
.0019
.0012
- . 000 1
- . 000 1
.0023
. 0022
.0020
.0012
- . 000 1
- . 000 1
.0001
-.0001
- . 0003
-. 0007
- . 0008
- . 0004
.0008
.0006
.0002
- . 0003
- . 0007
- . 0004
.0011
.0009
. 0003
- . OOO 1
- . 0006
- . 0003
.0012
.0011
.0007
- . 000 1
- . 0006
- . 0003
•1.7893 1.3689
1.7111 1 . 3440
1.5676 1.2815
1.2931 1.1195
.6265 .5334
. 3003 . 2483
2. 1 108 1.5033
2.0627 1.5063
1 . 9043 1 . 4494
1.3133 1.2336
. 5374 . 4939
.2678 . 2222
2.2167
2.2071
2.0460
1 .5571
. oOJM
. 2443
2.2)17
2.2764
2. I 122
1 . 4745
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.3635 R>
. 3044
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. 2033
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.5217
. 1375
.4723 .4197
.2271 .1894
-------
             323
         APPENDIX F
DESCRIPTION OF THE NORTHERN
GREAT PLAINS REGIONAL .MODEL
-------
                                   324
                              APPENDIX  F
  DESCRIPTION  OF THE NORTHERN  GREAT PLAINS REGIONAL  MODEL
     Visibility reduction on a regional  scale  can  be  caused  by transport
of sulfur dioxide and its derivative,  sulfate,  over large  downwind dis-
tances.  Thus, a regional air quality  model  is  an  indispensable component
of a visibility prediction model.   The objective of the  regional air
quality model  is to simulate the distributions  of  air pollutants from
multiple point sources at large distances  (on  the  order  of several hundred
kilometers).   On this scale, the transport and  horizontal  dispersion of
the pollutants and the attendant removal processes are the major factors
to be treated  in a model.
     •
     For the  visibility model, a regional model originally developed by
Liu and Durran (1977) was adopted.   This grid-based numerical model is
composed of two interconnected modules,  as shown in Figure F-l:  a mixing
layer model, which treats transport and  diffusion  in  the mixing layer, and
a surface layer model, which calculates  the  pollutant loss to the ground
due to dry deposition.  In addition, the model  accounts  for  chemical reac-
tions and dry  and wet deposition.   As  reported  by  Liu and  Durran (1977),
this model was applied to the Northern Great Plains to assess the air
quality impact of current and proposed coal  development  in that area.
Subsequently,  Liu, Wojcik, and Henderson (1978) modified the wind and dif-
fusivity algorithm in the model, creating the  version used for the
visibility study.

     In the past few years,  several  modeling studies  have  attempted to
obtain a quantitative understanding of long-range  pollutant  transport.
For example,  Rodhe (1972) of Sweden used a quasi-one-dimensional diffusion
model to compute the atmospheric sulfur  budget  for northern  Europe:  He
concluded that about half of the sulfate in  rainfall  in  Sweden originates
-------
                                TOP OF THE MIXING LAYER

                                                                    MIXING LAYER
                                                                                            CO
                                                                                            ro
                                                                                            tn
                 GROUND SURFACE
SURFACE LAYER
FIGURE F-l.   SCHEMATIC OF THE REGIONAL MODEL CONFIGURATION
-------
                                      326
from foreign industrial sources.  His work was followed by studies by Nordb,
Eliassen, and Saltbones (1974) and Nordlund (1975) from Scandinavia and
Scriven and Fisher (1975a, 1975b) from Great Britain, which have further
clarified the relative roles played by different physical processes in
determining the half-lives or residence times of atmospheric pollutants.
Unfortunately, most of these studies employed either a time-dependent
one-dimensional diffusion equation or a simple box-type model.

1.   THE MIXING LAYER MODEL

     The mixing layer model is designed to treat transport and diffusion
within the mixing layer.   The time-dependent multiple-species atmospheric
diffusion equation in two dimensions is used as the model equation:
  3C.      3C.      3C.       /  3C.\      /   3C.\
  	! +  „	i + v	1 s _IK  	-I + — IK   	-i
  at    u  ax    v ay    ax ySc ax /   ay \[>  ay /
+ D • f(D) + R. + S.
                                                                      (F-l)
where
              c-j = the vertically averaged concentration of
                   species i in the mixing layer,
            u, v = the wind velocities in the x- and y-
                   directions, respectively,
          KX, Ky = the turbulent diffusivities in the x- and y-
                   directions, respectively,
               D = the two-dimensional divergence (= du/dx + dv/dy),
          Rj, S.j = chemical reaction and volumetric source terms,
and where
                       f(D)
-------
                                  327
C.. is  the concentration  of species i aloft.  Although our  study
considered only S02 and sulfate via a first-order reaction, the regional
model can be extended to  handle multiple reactive species.

     The major feature of this model equation is that the pollutant
distribution is nearly uniform in the vertical direction.  With this as-
sumption, it can be shown that the model equation can be formally derived
from the more general atmospheric diffusion equation.  The compelling
reason  for this assumption is that the vertical diffusion term has been
found to be one or two orders of magnitude greater than the transport term
and the horizontal diffusion term (Liu and Durran, 1977).

     Because of the relatively large spatial scale, pseudo-diffusion
associated with the numerical solution of Eq. (F-l) can be overwhelming.
Consequently, an accurate scheme must be used for the simulation of the
transport term.  Liu and  Durran (1976) carried out a study to compare and
test three finite-difference techniques for the problem at hand:

     >  The upstream difference scheme (Forsythe and Wasow, 1960).
     >  The SHASTA (sharp and smooth transport algorithm) method
        (Boris and Book,  1973).
     >  The moment method -(Egan and Mahoney, 1972).

They showed that while the conventional  upstream difference scheme shows
intolerable spreading of  the plume, both the SHASTA method and the moment
method produce significant improvement,  with the latter slightly better
than the former.   Computationally, the moment method is,  however,  about
10 times slower than the  SHASTA method.   Thus, after considering both
accuracy and computing speed, they recommended the SHASTA method for solv-
ing the mesoscale atmospheric diffusion equation.

     The numerical solution of Eq. (F-l) also invokes the method of frac-
tional steps (Yanenko, 1971), which allows for the division of a two-
dimensional  partial differential  equation into two one-dimensional equations.
-------
                                  328
Symbolically,  Eq.  (F-l) can be reduced to the following system of equa-

tions:


                 C^  ~* f*     ^r*^    ^  I   ^lf*** \
                     *- + y ji_  =  o  J K  °i  I + R                    (F 2^



           C***  - c**
               At


The SHASTA method can then be applied to each of these two equations.



     This method consists of a transport stage followed by an antidiffusion

stage.  The first stage is similar to many known transport algorithms.   For

For example, for a  uniform velocity and diffusivity field and R. = 0,

Eq. (F-2) can be expressed as:







where

                         .. . j.
                               and
                     e =
                          AX          X   (AX)2
The antidiffusion stage attempts to remove the numerical diffusion gener
ated in the first stage by inverting


                             *      "
             c! • T - ?  cj*i ' 2c" + CJ-'
Further conditions must be posed to ensure that these correction fluxes
will not introduce artificial peaks or negative concentrations (Boris

and Book, 1973).


     Exercise of the model equation also requires specification of the

average winds and horizontal diffusivities in the mixing layer.  In sev-

eral long-range modeling  studies (e.g., Nordo, Eliassen, and Saltbones,
-------
                                  329
1974; Nordlund,  1975),  the average horizontal winds were computed from
the geostrophic  wind  components given by:
                               = a/si
                                                                    (F-7)
                                 •  \>"V

where

            g = the gravitational constant,
            f = the Coriolis parameter,
            z = the geopotential height,
          u, v = the zonal and meridional components, respectively,
                of the horizintal wind in the mixing layer.

This is the approach that we adopted.

     Quantitative determination of the horizontal turbulent  diffusivities
has been a subject of many recent studies.  On the scale of  interest here,
pollutant dispersal is strongly dependent on a length scale  characteristic
of the effective turbulent eddies.   Pertinent field observations  indicate
that the regional-scale horizontal  diffiisivity increases with plume spread
                           o      CO
and ranges in value from 10  to 10  m /s (Bauer, 1973).   In  a study on  the
numerical simulation of the atmospheric circulation, Smagorinsky  (1963)
showed that the nonlinear lateral diffusion can be formulated on  the basis
of the similarity theory for turbulence in the equilibrium range
(Heisenberg, 1948).  If this theory is also applicable to the regional
scale, the following formula for the horizontal eddy diffusivity  coeffi-
cient can be derived:

                        KH B f • U)2 • |Def|     ,                 (F-8)

where A is the grid spacing, a % 0.28, and |Def|  is the magnitude of the
velocity deformation:
-------
                                  330

                          r/3v    u\2            2V/2
                    e     |>* + ay)  + (ax ".ay) J       •          (F-9)

     According the the above prescription, computation  of the horizontal
velocities and horizontal diffusivities requires taking the first and
second derivatives of the two-dimensional  geopotential  height field,  which
is usually given in either graphical or tabular form.   Obtaining these
derivatives apparently constitutes a stringent test for any interpolation
method.  In a recent study, Liu, Wojcik, and Henderson  (1978) examined the
following three objective analysis schemes for generating the geopotential
height:

     >  Bilinear interpolation
     >  Conditional relaxation analysis method
     >  Bicubic spline fitting.

They demonstrated through extensive numerical  experiments that both the
bilinear interpolation and conditional relaxation analysis methods produce
interpolated wind fields that generally have the proper magnitudes  and
directions but severely distort the velocity fields around the data points.
As a result, the computed diffusivity fields exhibit unrealistic discontin-
uities.  These two methods have thus been  deemed to be  unsuitable.

     The monotonic and small  amplitude characteristics  of the height  field
that caused problems in these two methodologies render  the bicubic spline
fit an ideal candidate for interpolating the geopotential height data.
Mathematically, the spline function is a piecewise cubic (third degree)
polynomial passing through all data points and having continuous first and
second derivatives.  The spline can be viewed as a set  of cubic equations,
one equation for each interval between successive data  points.  The coeffi-
cients of the cubic equations are such that at any data point the equation
for the left interval will yield the same  values for the first and second
derivatives as will the equation for the right interval.
-------
                                  331
     The 850-millibar weather maps for the Northern Great Plains for 1700
MST on 30 January 1976 (Figure F-2) have been used to illustrate this tech-
nique.  As shown in Figure F-3, the interpolated geopotential  height field
generated by the bicubic spline fit is extremely smooth.   As expected, the
computed meridional and zonal components of the wind field,  as shown in
Figures F-4 and F-5, are by far the smoothest.   The horizontal diffusivi-
ties were subsequently calculated according to Eqs. (F-8) and  (F-9).  The
results are presented in Figure F-6.   The range of the computed horizontal
                                                    4            42
diffusivities for the test case varies from 0.1 x 10  to  1.0 x 10  m /s,
qualitatively in agreement with estimates made based on observational
studies.  The higher values of the computed horizontal diffusivities are
generally located in the east and northeast parts of the  modeling region,
apparently because of the wind shear suggested by the weather  map.
               FIGURE F-2.   850-mb WEATHER MAP  FOR  1700 MST
                            30 JANUARY 1976
-------
                                     9  10  11
   FIGURE F-3.  BICUBIC  SPLINE FIT OF GEOPOTENTIAL
                HEIGHT  (IN  METERS)
                                      9   10  11
                        (x 100 lo>)

FIGURE F-5.  ZONAL WIND (m/s)  GENERATED BY A BICUBIC
             SPLINE FIT OF GEOPOTENTIAL HEIGHT
  FIGURE F-4.  MERIDIONAL WIND (m/s) GENERATED
               BY A  BICUBIC SPLINE FIT OF
               GEOPOTENTIAL HEIGHT
            20.  30 40 50  60 70  80  90 100 110
                     (x 100 ton)


FIGURE F-6.  COMPUTED HORIZONTAL EDDY  DIFFUSIVITIES
             (104 m2/s)
                                                                                                                         GO
                                                                                                                         CO
                                                                                                                         PO
-------
                                    333
2.   THE SURFACE LAYER MODEL

     The importance of surface deposition on pollutant concentrations at
large distances is well  established  (Nordo, 1973; Scriven and Fisher,
1975a, 19755).   Thus,  an indispensable element in a long-range transport
model is some treatment of pollutant depletion processes near the  surface.
For pollutants  originating from either elevated sources or distant ground-
level sources,  most of the pollutant mass is contained in the mixing layer.
The removal  processes  consist of the diffusion of the pollutants through
the surface layer to the ground, followed by absorption or adsorption at
the atmosphere-ground  interface.  A unique feature of the surface  layer is
its diurnal  variation  in temperature, which is a result of daytime heating
and nighttime cooling  of the surface.  This variation affects the  vertical
pollutant distribution through atmospheric stabilities and, consequently,
affects the rate of surface uptake of pollutants.

     The objective of  the surface layer model (see Figure F-7) is  to con-
struct an algorithm for the prescription of pollutant fluxes at the sur-
face.  The surface layer can be divided into two parts:  the turbulent
layer and the viscous  sublayer.  In the turbulent layer, after the atmo-
sphere reaches  an equilibrium state, the atmospheric diffusion equation
becomes:
                            *N fir °    •                     (F-'0)
with the boundary conditions
                          c = c~    at    z = h    ,

                      Kvi=F    at    z = zo    '

where F is the cell-averaged concentration in the mixing layer,  F  is the
pollutant flux across  the  turbulent layer/viscous sublayer interface, and
-------
                                                          HEIGHT
SURFACE
LAYER
                            TURBULENT LAYER
                           VISCOUS SUBLAYER
                                                                                                              OO
                                                                                                              CO
                                                                                         CONCENTRATION
                       FIGURE F-7.   SCHEMATIC ILLUSTRATION OF THE SURFACE LAYER
-------
                                     335
zn "is  the  height of the surface roughness element.  The vertical diffusiv
ity K  can be prescribed as follows (Businger et al., 1971):
                            v  _ ku*z
                                   "
where k  is the von Karman constant, u* is the frictional velocity, and
4, is a function of atmospheric stability.  For either the stable or
unstable case, the solution of Eq. (F-10) is simply:
At the turbulent layer/viscous sublayer interface, the pollutant flux can
be written as:

                         F=BU*(CO-CS)     .                      (F-13)

where CQ and c  denote the concentrations at the interface and the surface,
respectively, and 3, analogous to the Stanton number in heat transfer, is
the inverse of a dimensionless resistance for the viscous sublayer.
According to experiments carried out by Chamberlain (1966),  e is dependent
on the geometry of the surface roughness, a Reynolds number appropriate to
the flow in the roughness layer, and the ratio of the kinematic viscosity
of air to the molecular diffusion coefficient of the pollutant gas.   In
further investigations by Chamberlain (1966) and Thorn (1972), no direct
functional relationship was found between 6 and ZQ.  Thus, Thorn proposed
that:
where a, and a,, are empirical  constants.   This algorithm was  used  in  this
study.
-------
                                     336
     Completing the description of the surface layer model  requires a
boundary condition at the surface.  Uptake of air pollutants occurs by
chenical reaction or catalytic decomposition either within  soil  or vege-
tation or at their surfaces.  These processes are generally dependent  on
the gas concentration at the surface.  A general  equation for the gas  loss
per unit area per unit time can be written as (Benson,  1968):
                                 •  YC
                         (F-15)
where F is the pollutant flux, y is a reaction rate constant,  and  c   is
the concentration of the gas at the soil  or vegetation surface.   The  expon-
ent a denotes the reaction order.   Eliminating c  and c  from Eqs.  (F-13),
(F-14), and (F-15), one obtains the following transcendental  equation for F:
                                                                    (F-16)
where
                        I  =
       h

W*+)
                                  0
dz
(F-17)
Although the reaction order is most likely to be 1,  closed-form  solutions
can be found for the cases of a = 1, 2, and 3:
              F  = •<
                           21
                          A.)'
                                                 a = 1
       a  =  3
                                                                    (F-18)
-------
                                  337
where
A. -3
                        •-

                                            1/2) 1/2
These formulae reduce to  that of Chamberlain (1966)  or Galbally  (1974) for
the special case of (1) a first-order surface reaction and  (2) a neutrally
stratified atmosphere.

     To demonstrate the surface layer model outlined above, we discuss a
sample calculation.   Using a 2 m/s surface wind and  1  cm/s  for R, we show
in Table F-l  the deposition velocity for SCL in cm/s with the 6  being pre-
scribed according to Chamberlain's algorithm.  The variability of the
deposition velocity as a  function of the time of the day and surface rough-
ness is clearly shown.
             TABLE F-l.   DEPOSITION VELOCITY (V  =  F/c,  IN  cm/s)
                         FOR SULFUR DIOXIDE    9
                                                    Surface Roughness
Exposure Class
Nighttime
Cloudiness
Heavy overcast (day
Daytime insolation


<3/8
>4/8
or night)
Slight
Moderate
Strong
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
.2 cm
.1196
.1379
.1176
.2342
.2399
.2461

0
0
0
0
0
0
2 en
.1358
.1544
.1696
.2149
.2211
.2275
20 cm
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
1024
1146
1146
1456
1508
1564
-------
                338
            APPENDIX G
APPLICATION OF THE REGIONAL MODEL
       TO THE PREDICTION OF
   VISIBILITY IMPAIRMENT IN THE
       NORTHERN GREAT PLAINS
-------
                                   339
                             APPENDIX G
                APPLICATION  OF THE  REGIONAL MODEL
                        TO THE PREDICTION  OF
                    VISIBILITY IMPAIRMENT IN THE
                         NORTHERN GREAT PLAINS


     In the present project,  a  grid-based numerical  model  developed by
Liu and Durran (1977)  was employed to calculate regional distributions
of sulfate and N02 concentrations, which are necessary to predict visi-
bility impairment.  The description of  this model is presented in Appendix  F.
Only the application of this  model to the Northern Great Plains to assess
the visibility problem and the  results  obtained are discussed in this
appendix.

     The coal field in northeastern Wyoming, eastern Montana, and western
North Dakota is one of the world's largest known coal reserves.  Many
large coal-fired power plants using locally mined coal have been built in
this area, and many more power  plants and coal gasification plants are
being built or planned.  The  air qualit.' impacts of emissions from these
plants and the associated development pose a potential future problem.
For this reason and because of  its simple terrain, we selected the Northern
Great Plains as the target site for testing and demonstrating the regional-
scale visibility model.  As discussed in Chapter V,  modeling the Southwest
United States would require a significant additional effort to characterize
the effect of complex  terrain on wind distributions  and pollutant dispersal.

1.   APPLICATION OF THE REGIONAL-SCALE  MODEL

     In this section,  we delineate three major tasks in the application of
the regional-scale model:  preparation  of emissions  inventories, preparation
of meteorological  scenarios,  and specification of chemical rate data.
-------
                                   340
a.   Preparation of Emission Inventories.

     In the Northern Great Plains, 86 percent of the total  SO  emissions
                                                             A
are attributable to point sources (EPA, 1976b), and future  energy develop-
ment should increase this percentage; thus, only point source emissions
were included in the emissions inventory.   Durran et al.  (1978) assembled
emissions inventories for the base year (1976) and the year 1986 for the
1000 x 1200 km modeling region.  Emissions data were obtained from permit
applications provided by individual plants or from state  or federal regula-
tory agencies.  Emissions projections were drawn from data  provided by
the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA,  1976c), the Northern Great Plains
Resource Program (NGPRP, 1974), and the Federal Power Commission (1976).
Tables G-l and G-2 list point sources in the 1976 and 1986  inventories that
emit more than 10,000 tons of SO  per year.  The locations  of these point
                                A
sources within the grid system adopted for air quality modeling and other
details of the emissions inventories, are given by Liu and Durran (1977).

     In addition to the above two scenarios (1976 and 1986  emissions),
a hypothetical emissions scenario was prepared to illustrate  the use
of the model.   It consists of fictitious copper smelters  clustered  around
the center of the modeling region.   The emissions data and  the relative
locations for these fictitious smelters are identical  to  those for  the
smelters in Arizona and New Mexico in 1972 and are shown  in Table G-3
and Figure G-l.

     Coal utilization in the Northern Great Plains will increase state-
wide emissions of sulfur oxides significantly.   Emissions of  the other
air pollutants from coal utilization—namely,  nitrogen oxides, hydro-
carbons, and particulates--in the Northern Great Plains were  forecast
by the NGPRP for the two scenarios  mentioned earlier.   This report  does
not give detailed distributions of these emissions,  but NO  mass emission
                                                         A
rates, Q..Q  (as NOp), have been estimated as  follows:
-------
                               341
   TABLE G-l.   POINT SOURCES IN THE NORTHERN GREAT PLAINS
                IN 1976 THAT EMITTED MORE THAN 10,000 TONS
                OF SO  PER YEAR
	Source	    Capacity
Dave Johnston, WY               750
Ideal Basic Industries, CO
Naughton, WY                    710
Exxon, MT
Milton R. Young, ND             240
Stanton, ND                     167
Leland Olds, ND                 650
Hayden, CO                      180
Estimated SOX
kq/s
0.892
0.742
0.624
0.498
0.460
0.449
0.417
0.408
Emissions
Tons/Day
85
71
59
47
44
43
40
39
-------
                                   342
       TABLE G-2.   POINT SOURCES IN THE NORTHERN GREAT PLAINS
                    IN 1986 THAT EMITTED MORE THAN 10,000 TONS
                    OF SO.. PER YEAR
                                Capacity
  	Source	      (MW)
  Gerald Gentleman, NB            1300
  Craig, CO                       1520
  Naughton, WY                    1510*
  Col strip, MT                    2060t
  Pawnee, CO                      1000
  Coal Creek, ND                  1000
  Wyodak, WY                       660
  American Natural Gas, ND         880
  Coyote, ND                       880
  Jim Bridger, WY                 2000
  Dave Johnston, WY                750
  Milton R. Young, ND              688
  Ideal  Basic Industries,  CO
  American Natural Gas, ND        .  --
  Peoples Gas, ND
  Exxon, MT
  Stanton, ND                      167
  Lei and Olds, ND                  650
  Hayden, CO                       430
  Laramie River, WY               1500
Estimated SOx
kg/s
2.83
2.53
1.32
1.44
1.44
1.22
1.10
1.08
1.08
1.00
0.892
0.892
0.742
0.618
0.618
0.498
0.449
0.417
0.408
0.316
; Emissions
Tons/Day
270
240
126
137
137
116
105
103
103
95,
8~5
85
71
59
59
47
43
40
39
30
* Units 4 and 5 may not be built;  equivalent units  may  be  built  in Utah.
t Units 3 and 4 (700 megawatts each)  may not be  constructed.
-------
                                 343
       TABLE 6-3.   EMISSIONS PARAMETERS FOR THE HYPOTHETICAL
                    COPPER SMELTERS
Plant No.
    8

    9
 Stack
Height
 (ft]

  626
  500
  360

  515
  550
                            Gas
                        Temperature
                            450
                            313
398'

500
500
           Flow Rate
            (acfm)

             233,000
             575,700
642,996

386,760
244,920
             SOX Emissions

           kg/s    Tons/Day
            4.17
            2.93
0.51

1.74
4.75
         397
         279
2
3
4
5
6
7
600
605
605
300
600
255
- 290
544
532
400
530
360
241
400
325
330
365
.368
1,162,144
490,000
928,000
500,437
168,670
385,000
243,000
389,139
438,210
12.40
2.80
7.62
3.74
3.37
1.64
4.46
10.88
4.15
1181
267
726
356
321
156
425
1036
395
 49

166
452
-------
                                    344
        t
200 h
o
c
    100
                  TOO
                                   4 AND 5
                                                      AND 3
                           200         300


                          x (km east)
400
   FIGURE  G-l.    RELATIVE LOCATIONS OF THE HYPOTHETICAL COPPER SMELTERS
-------
                   /
                   /
                345

fQ
 S02     	Category
                0.91        1976 emissions
                0.71        1986 emissions
                0.65        New plants only
                0.00        Copper smelters (hypothetical)

Although these are only approximate estimates, they are in line with those
given by the New Source Performance Standards and the total emissions
estimates.

b.   Preparation of Meteorological Scenarios

     In addition to the emissions inventories dicussed earlier, applica-
tion of the model requires meteorological and surface uptake .data.   The
average winds in the mixing layer were computed from 850 millibar maps
(available every 12 hours) based on the geostrophic relationship.  Wind
speeds and wind directions in the surface layer were obtained through
interpolation of surface measurements according to the rule of inverse
distance.  Averaged afternoon mixing height data were derived from vertical
temperature soundings to define the top of the modeling region.

     Both atmospheric turbulence and surface deposition rates are affected
by vegetation and ground cover.  Vegetai-'on in the Northern Great Plains
was divided into six categories, and the surface roughness associated with
each vegetation type was estimated from experimental data compiled by
Sellers (1965).  These data were used with the algorithm described earlier
to calculate surface deposition velocities for three-hour intervals during
the periods to be modeled.  The calculated deposition velocities showed
considerable spatial variation and temporal variation:  In general, these
velocities were lowest in the early morning and highest in the late after-
noon (Liu and Durran, 1977).

     For the assessment of the impact of emissions in the Northern Great
Plains on long-range air quality and visibility, three meteorological
-------
                                   346
pa-terns were selected.  The selection was based on considerations  of
n^eorological and air quality conditions of interest and data avail-
atrlity.  Three cases probably represent typical situations for winter,
spring, and summer in that area.

     Winter Case.  The winter case used meteorological  data for 27-31
January 1976.  The 850 millibar weather map for 0500 MST 29 January 1976,
typical of this period, shows northwest winds of 21 m/s in Montana  and
13 to 16 m/s in the Dakotas.  These winds and the low mixing depths
occurring in winter produce conditions favorable for long-range transport.
Predicted S02 concentrations for 1976 emissions for 500 to 800 and  1700
to 2000 MST on 29 January 1976 are given in Figure G-2.  Long-range trans-
port of air pollutants is quite evident in this case.

     Spring Case.  Unlike the winter case, the spring case (4-7 April  1976)
is favorable for the retention of pollutants within the Northern Great
Plains, with a stagnant high pressure system over the region.   The  resulting
winds in the mixing layer are light and variable.   This scenario is
characterized by the^meandering of the plumes in the area.

     Summer Case.  A typical 850 millibar map for the summer case,  9-11
July 1975, is given in Figure G-3, which shows slow winds  from the  east
in Wyoming and moderate northwest winds in the Dakotas.  Although the winds
are slower than in the strong-wind winter case, the mixing layer is rela-
tively thicker in the summer.

c.   Specification of Chemical Rate Data

     Oxidation of S02 to sulfate in the atmosphere can  be  accomplished via
homogeneous and heterogeneous processes.  Gas phase reactions  between SOp
and free radicals lead to the formation of sulfur trioxide (SOJ, which
dissolves in.water droplets and subsequently oxidizes  to sulfate.   The
rate-controlling reaction path depends on both the nature  of the emissions
source (e.g., oil-fired versus coal-fired power plant)  and the environment
(e.g., the presence of other reactive pollutants,  the humidity,  and the
-------
                         347
                                                          100 km
              (a)  500-800 MST 29 January 1976
FIGURE G-2.   SO? CONCENTRATIONS PREDICTED BY THE REGIONAL
             AIR POLLUTION MODEL FOR THE WINTER CASE.
             Isopleths at 2, 4, 8,  ... pg/m^; numbers indi
             cate maximum concentrations in plumes.
-------
               348
(b)  1700-2000 MST 29 January 1976
     FIGURE  G-2  (Concluded)
-------
                      349
 ?'/; j t>^\  j \ / \i


]'%~?h»Wp   \  I

^•^5M^
   . A'  /5(°*v \ ..»... rii569r  \
 v%   /»^;
^OJHO-, .^  r
«\\ \ 1^575   *56   > \


^7\  v'   N^.:A.
 ^   \ \   V     L    \ J

   FIGURE G-3.  850 MILLIBAR WEATHER MAP FOR 500 MST ON 10 JULY 1975
-------
                                   350
temperature).  Overall conversion rates of SOp to sulfate in the atyios-
phere have been observed to vary widely, with a characteristic half-life
ranging from a few minutes to a few days.  A review of these estimates
reveals that the overall conversion rates range between 1 and 13 percent
in humid or urban environments and from 0 to 3 percent in dry, nonurpan
environments.  The lower range of the above estimates appears to be more
appropriate for the present application.  We decided to use the following
three SOp-to-sulfate conversion rates:
Category
Low
Medium
High
Rate
(%/hr)
0.3
0.5
1.0
     As discussed earlier, calculation of visual range from air quality
data requires both sulfate and N02 concentrations.  Although the regional
air quality model described in Appendix F is general in nature, extension
of this model to include the photochemical formation of NOp would require
an effort beyond the original scope of this project.  We thus took a
shortcut.                                              '

     We first calculated the NO  concentration using the regional-scale
                               A
model, treating NO  as an inert pollutant.  The N0? concentration required
                  /\                               t.
to calculate atmospheric discoloration was then obtained using the modified
steady-state approximation:
           [N02] + \
                                         1/2
                            - 4[NOx][03]

where k3 = 25 ppnf min"  and [O.j] = 0.04 ppm.  The temporally varying
is given in Figure G-4.
-------
0.60



0.55



0.50



0.45



0.40



0.35



0.30



0.25



0.20



0.15



0.10



0.05



   0
                                        9           12


                                     Time of Day (hour)
15
18
21
                                         OJ
                                         en
24
             FIGURE G-4.   PHOTODISSOCIATION RATE CONSTANT TEMPORAL VARIATION
-------
                                 352
2.   ANALYSIS OF THE MODELING RESULTS

     As shown in Table G-4, five computer simulations were made to examine
the effect of different emissions scenarios and meteorological  patterns on
visibility in the Northern Great Plains.   For all  of these runs, an SOp-
to-sulfate conversion rate of 0.5 percent per hour was used.   Two additional
computer runs were performed for the more i
                                           nteresting case of April  meteor-
ology and the hypothetical case of smelter emissions using the estimated
"high" (1 percent per hour) and "low" (0.3 percent per hour)  conversion
rates for this area.

       TABLE G-4.   THE FIVE REGIONAL VISIBILITY MODEL SIMULATIONS
                                   Emissions Scenario
                       Hypothetical   Northern Great  Northern Great
      Meteorological  Copper Smelter      Plains          Plains
         Scenario        Emissions    1976 Emissions  1986 Emissions
      Spring (April)  Run 1
      Summer (July)
      Winter
      (January)
                                      Run 6
                      Run 4 (1 %/hr)
                      Run 5 (0.3 %/hr)
                      Run 2
                      Run 3
Run 7
 a.   Hypothetical Copper Smelter Emissions, Assuming 0.5 Percent per
     Hour Sulfate Formation, Using the Spring (April) Scenario
      Figures G-5 through G-10 present the computer output for the hypothet-
 ical  copper smelter emission scenario with the assumption of 0.5 percent
 per hour sulfate formation.  These figures show computed isopleths for the
 following for three-hour periods during the three-day simulation (using
 April  1976 meteorological conditions):
-------
                                         353
0-
o
o_
00
O.
4/>~
 10

T-f-
        10
               20
        20
                      30
                     40
50
60
70
                                  80
                                                       go
                                  100
                                                                            no
30     40


    (a)
50
                                          60
70
                                                 60
                           90
                                   Concentrations (ug/m )
                            too
                                                                             110
                                                                                   . o
                                                                                   .  o
                                                                                     <£'
                                                                                   *°
                                                                                   I  CO
                                                                                   ; .o
                                                                                     CNJ
                                    x 10 km
      FIGURE  G-5.    HYPOTHETICAL COPPER  SMELTER ISOPLETHS FOR 1700-2000  MST OH

                    4 APRIL 1976 ASSUMING  0.5 PERCENT PER HOUR SULFATE

                    FORMATION
-------
                                          354
        10
               20     30
c>
«•
50     60      70      80
                                                       90
100     no
                                               '.X   ) /
                                                      • /'



                                                    v....	
10     20      30      40      50      60      70     60




                     (b)  SOT Concentrations  (yg/m  )





                         FIGURE G-5  (Continued)
                                                                90
                                   100     110     • x 10  km
-------
                                  355
JO
       20
              30
50
60
70
              80     90
                                                               100

/ 30 	 	
.
'
. 1
-o
• 1
• i
" i
•
V
-
•
•
-
•



...L.'.-1— '---'ISO1 ..-!—'-...!...!...'.. ..'..'....•._* • • i 	 i . . i '••••'-_:.;_ ' ' • • ',•»•;
/
i •
I '.
£•
f .
.•*' .••*'"'• ! !
\1^" ") .-••^--. ///"'""') \ 1
( J Vi:"': :
'*. '''
K
i -
(:
\
«••*""*"" "*"""*, m


10     20     30
                                                                               \f>
                            50
       60
       70
       80
90
100
                                                                      110
x 10 km
                         (c)   Visual Range  (km)
                          FIGURE G-5  (Concluded)
-------
                                          356
        10
               20
o.
OP
o.
CD
O.
U>
O.
I/)
                      30
                                    50
                                           60
                                                 70
                                                        60
                                                               90
                     100
        10
                      30
                             40
                                    50
                                           60
70
                                                        60
                                                               90
100     110
                                                                                    . .o
                                                                                      o>
                                                                                    . .o
                                                                                      to
                                                                                    , .0
                                                                                      111
                                                                                    4

                                                                                    . .o
                                                                                    - .o
                                                                                      CO
                                                                                    . .o
                                                                                      
-------
                                  357
                                                                   no
10      2°     30     «
                                                                          x 10 km
                      (b)  30^ Concentrations (pg/m3)
                         FIGURE G-6 (Continued)
-------
                                               358
04.
<0
s*
         10

        H-
                20
               30
50
60
70
80
                      90
                                    100
                                                                         110
                                                                                 "S
                                                            .
                                                                                          rS
10     20      30
                                                               	-13P--,
                                                               !"'fr'«'t'"«"'*t*~| I
                                      50      60     70     60
                                                                   90
                                                                          100
                                                                                 110
                                                     x 10 km
                                   (c)  Visual  Range  (km)
                                   FIGURE G-6  (Concluded)
-------
                                               359
         !0
        H-i
20     30
                     50
                           60
                                  70
                                         60
                                                90
                                                       100     no
 o.
 CO
Si
OJ
wl
8J
                                                                         _	..• ••"_. \ •"..-•••"
                                                                                     rg
                                                                                     r£
                                                                     -O
                                                                      'J>
                                                                                t  .'.
                                                                                    r5
              20
      30
                          (a)  S02  Concentrations (pg/m3)
     FIGURE  G-7.    HYPOTHETICAL COPPER  SMELTER ISOPLETHS FOR 1100-1400  MST
                    ON 5 APRIL 1976 ASSUMING 0.5 PERCENT PER HOUR SULFATE
                    FORMATION
                                                                                     x 10 km
-------
O-
o>
c.
CO
O-
kfi
O. .
tvi
        !0
        10
                20
                       30
                20
                       30
50
                                                360
60
              70
                                                           80
90
100
                                           HO
                                                   . .o
                                                    ov
                                                               ,--•1-
                                                                                        . .o
                                                                                         (O
                                                  . .o
                                                   ' uv
50
                                            60
              70
                     60
                                                                  90
                                    100     no
                                             x  10 km
                                                             •3
                              (b)   SO^ Concentrations  (yg/m )
                                  FIGURE  G-7 (Continued)
-------
                                                  361
         10
                 20      30
50     60      70     60      90      100     110
o.
01
o.
00 "
o.
r-
!=• *->
o.
ifi
                                                             .

                                                      \  \
                                                        \  \
                                                         \  \
                                                          \ \
                                                           1  i
o. .
                                                     -O
                                                      or.
                                                     -o
                                                      03
                                                     -O
                                                      r-
                                                                                            .o
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                                                                                            .O
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                                                                                             o
                                                                                             m
8--'
                                                      o
                                                      [M

         10      20      30      40     50      60     70      60



                                    (c)   Visual Range (km)





                                    FIGURE G-7 (Concluded)
                             90      100     110
x 10  km
-------
                                       362
 10
        20     30
50     60     70     60     90
             no
                    60
90
                                                             100
no      x  10  km
                    (a)   S02 Concentrations (yg/m )
FIGURE G-8.    HYPOTHETICAL COPPER SMELTER ISOPLETHS FOR 2000-2300 MST
              ON 5 APRIL 1976 ASSUMING 0.5 PERCENT PER HOUR SULFATE
              FORMATION
-------
                                                    363
10      20
                        30
OJ.

CD
 40

H-
                       50
60     70      80      90
                                          
-------
                                              364
pj.
        10
        10
 20      30
I I  l I  I I  I I I
                             40
                                    50
                                           60
                                    70
                                          80
                                                  90
                                                 100   . 110
                              J30-	
20
30
              40     50     60     70     60     90
                                                                        100     110
                                                                         X 1 0  km
                                  (c)   Visual Range  (km)
                                 FIGURE G-8 (Concluded)
-------
        10
o.
o. .
to
o. .
L-,
O.
o. .
-------
                                               366
         1C
                20
o. .
CO
o. .
-------
                                                    367
 - \



. X.
        10
                20
30
                         60
                                                 70
90
100
                                                                  !!0
                                rj
                                c
                                      \-S
                                     -•
                                                 r   \ \ j v*v-
                                                 <    O •'  •: \V-,V
                                                 '    CD ':  V ••.'•.-,
                                                                  _''•-..  '"'x "•••.."•••-.'—._ ""•
                                                                  'i '•••--  •••-   •-:;••-..:••;•
                                         190
15      2°      30      «       50      60      70      60      90


                             (c)  Visual  Range  (km)
                                                                                  100
                                                                                          110
                                                                                                  *S
                                                                                                  4-0
                                                                                                    (C
                                                                                                  :4-o
                                                                                                    b-
                                                                            x  10 km
                                     FIGURE  G-9  (Concluded)
-------
                                              368
        10      20
                     30
50   . 60
70
                                                       60
             90
100
o_
f
o,
co
o.
IT)
O. .
                                           '^:^..
                                                                                   -C
                                                                                    (T
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         I   \
         u
                                                                                    O
                                                                                    CO
        10     20     30     40     50      60     70     60     90      100    110

                              \                           3
                           (a)  S0? Concentrations  (pg/m )
                                                                                     X  10 km
       FIGURE 6-10.    HYPOTHETICAL COPPER SMELTER ISOPLETHS FOR 1400-1700 MST
                      ON 6 APRIL 1976 ASSUMING  0.5 PERCENT PER HOUR SULFATE
                      FORMATION
-------
         10
 o.
 Ci
 c.
 r-
o.
tt>
SH
o.
w
OJ-
rg r
10
        20
                        30
                       r4-
                       if
                                               369
                              50
                                     60     70     60     90
                                                                 100     110
                                                               l  i I  , I .  . !  . .  I I
                                     V-,   >-.
               20     30
                       I  ' '  I-T'C 'Ml
                             40
                                     50
                                            60
                                           70     eo
                                                                 90
                                                                        100     110
                                                                                 x 10 km
                              (b)  SO^  Concentrations  (pg/m3)
                                  FIGURE  G-10 (Continued)
-------
370
j0
       20      30
                     40
50     60
      70
             80
                           90
                          100
"f "I rr^H —

'^N?
\
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. t-*
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\ -•. ••..«•.. •-... •-.. --.'o.. •-.
\ '••-...•— ••...'••..>-."•-'• '•••..'••...'••-..
ve \ ••••...;-•-.;••• 	 , . -••..;-•,. •••..
\? • --.. -•...-... -.. -•... -•.. :
'•••..) "'-•...""'•-'!'•••:. '"•••""•••.^0. '•
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10      20      30      40     50     60     70     60




                         (c)   Visual Range (km)






                         FIGURE 6-10 (Concluded)
                    90
                                  100    no
                                                                              x 10  km
-------
                                  371

                                   o
        >  S(L concentrations (yg/m ) at isopleth intervals of
           2, 4, 8, 16,....
                                   o
        >  SO^ concentrations (yg/m ) at these same intervals.
        >  Visual range (km) at isopleth intervals of 16, 20, 30,....

(The axes are labeled in tens of kilometers.)  The background concentration
of S0| is 1.5 yg/m , corresponding to a background visual range of 130 km.
Note the effect of the change in wind direction that occurred at the begin-
ning of 6 April 1976.  The maximum values of [S02J occur near the sources,
whereas maximum [SO^] values and minimum visual ranges occur several hundred
kilometers from the sources.
b.   Hypothetical Copper Smelter Emissions, Assuming 0.5 Percent per Hour
     Sulfate Formation, Using the Summer (July) Scenario

     Figures G-ll through G-16 show the results of the second simulation
(Run 2) for the hypothetical smelter emissions for the summer (July)
meteorological conditions.  Note that the strong, steady, and generally
northerly winds used for this simulation result in the transport of SIX,
and SO^ to the south.  Also, the concentrations of SO^ are much lower,
resulting in less visibility impairment than occurred in the April
scenario (Run 1), which had light and variable winds (stagnant conditions).

c.   Hypothetical Copper Smelter Emissions, Assuming 0.5 Percent per
     Hour Sulfate Formation, Using the Winter (January) Scenario

     The winter (January) scenario results (Run 3) are presented in Figures
G-17 through G-22.  Note that, as with the summer scenario, good ventila-
tion causes rapid transport and dilution of the hypothetical copper
smelter emissions; the calculated visibility impairment is much less than
that which occurred with the April stagnation scenario.
-------
         10
o. .
CD
O. .
CO
o. .
c-
o. .
in
o.
o. .
en
20
10     20
                       30
                             50
                            r-h
                                            372
60
70
              80
              90
              T-H
 100
r-hr
                                       .  .     ,
                                      V\\\.J  j iiv
                                       \V#  (r< j \  '      ff         ,
                                        '•: f. "-fog / !: \\ '•'•   \ \    '••• '••-
                                        VMi%-v^^ "•..;  \
                                         ////; /if. V't^\    /      \ \
                                      ^^-' '-V/ji i   \v • ....... - ,-,    \ \
                                      .' .• • .•    •••!.i •   .  -..  „*•  -..   f
                                              .• /!'  /   v  -------     •* .-• '   i
                                                     "-
                              .  .

                              { (
                                                                     --,.__
                       30
              40     50     60      70      60     90
                           (a)  SOp Concentrations  (yg/m  )
                                                                         100     110
                                                                         -O
                                                                          O)
                                                                         -O
                                                                          00
                                                                         .o
                                                                          r-
                                                                         .o
                                                                          CD
                                                                                        . .o
                                              x 10 km
     FIGURE G-ll.    HYPOTHETICAL COPPER SMELTER ISOPLETHS  FOR 1700-2000 MST
                     ON 9  JULY 1975 ASSUMING 0.5 PERCENT PER HOUR SULFATE
                     FORMATION
-------
                                     373
 10

H-
20     30     $0     50
                            60

                            H-i
   60      90      100     tin

I I  . I  I I  M I  I I  I !  I I i. i .44-
                                          "-, M
                                                        n •'
10     20     30     40     50      60      70      80     90

                                                  3
                  (b)  SO^ Concentrations (yg/m  )
                                                                                .0
                                                                                 CO
                                                                                rS
                                                                                -s
                                                                                .o
                                                                                 1/5
                                                                                uo
                                                                                 «•
                                                                                .O
                                                                                 m
                                                        100    i! 0
                                  x 10 km
                      FIGURE 6-11  (Continued)
-------
                                              374
         10
                20
30
                                      50
                                             60
                                                     70
                                     60
SO
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 100
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                                                                                  110
                                                                  r
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-------
                                 375


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0.

10 20 30 40 50 60 70

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" '• V. ""••-.
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10 20 30 40 50 60 70
60 90 100 IIP









;
-
•

"
•


k fa '-
AfrA\
texm, :
f \ \\% 1 ^?-- :
. K\AW^ w,
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80 90 100 iiO



5>




.0
00



.0

.0
to


.0
1/1
.0
.0
00


.0
CM


.0
X
                                                                            x 10 km
                                                O
                   (a)  SOp Concentrations (yg/m )
FIGURE G-12.   HYPOTHETICAL COPPER SMELTER ISOPLETHS FOR 200-500 MST
               ON 10 JULY 1975 ASSUMING 0.5 PERCENT PER HOUR SULFATE
               FORMATION
-------
                    376
10 20




-



•
•
•
•



30 «0 50 60 70 80 90 100 i:0


i V%- '
1 \ ' T
i \ \ \ :
} \j \ A ;

1 ( / A \ "
/•"""*< *-•-„•*" { ,' / \ *^._
1 ' ' *
':. •" '•. __.. — 2 ••—.—..-'
\ f ''*•-..._ 	 	 ..-—""
\
\

10      20
30
50     60      70      60
100
x 10 km
      (b)   S(n Concentrations  (yg/ip )
         FIGURE G-12 (Continued)
-------
                                           377
o  .
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-------
                                   378
O. .
00
O.
<£>
       10
20
      30
            50
60
                                           70
                                    60
                                                      90
                                          100
              V,

                       fv
                      J\\V
                                   /mi

                                   ml
       10
20
30
                       (a)  SOp Concentrations (yg/m )
                                                                         -O
                                                                          en
                                                                         -O
                                                                          r-
                                                       -O
                                                       CD
                                      x  10 km
      FIGURE G-13.
      HYPOTHETICAL COPPER SMELTER ISOPLETHS  FOR 1100-1400 MST

      ON 10 JULY 1975 ASSUMING 0.5 PERCENT PER HOUR SULFATE
      FORMATION
-------
                                379
10


















2P 3f *P 50 60 70 60 90 100 Jtn
o
( \ ;--.
I i i \
t • . *. "
«U '• : \
'. \ \ '•-.
{ • '• ''••••
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i ""*. Jl> *> 1 *• ,'
\ "" / i / i
': • f i i \ ' .
\ 1 : 1 i
*•• / •• ' \

10
       20      30
50     60      70     60     SO     100     lio
x 10 km
                  (b)   S0| Concentrations (yg/m3)
                      FIGURE G-13 (Continued)
-------
                                            380
            10
20     30
                                       50
                            60
                                                     70
                                         80
O  gJ-
   O. .
   !•«•
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                                                                   90


                                                               r
                                                               •
                                                   / ,^\
                                               / / / /SO,
                                                                          100     i:
                                                                         i  I i i  i .-:
10     20      30      40      50     60     70     60


                      (c)   Visual  Range (km)
                                                                   90
                                                       100
                                                                                         _o
                                                                                          
                                                                      _o
                                                                       CO
                                                                      -O
                                                                       r-
                                                                      .0
                                                                       (O
                                                                                         -O
                                                                                         in
                                                                      LO
                                                                       f
                                                                      -O
                                                                       m
10 km
                                 FIGURE  6-13 (Concluded)
-------
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-------
                                            382
        10
o. .
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m
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CM
        10
20
20
30
50
                                             60
                                                    70
                                           60
                      90
                      100
                                                                       TV'--..
                                                                          \J
30
50
60
70
60
90     100
                                                                          _o
                                                                          CO
                                                                                         -O
                                                                                          (D
                                                                                          .O
                                                                                          LI
x 10  km
                            (b)   S0| Concentrations  (ug/m  )
                                FIGURE  G-14 (Continued)
-------
                                 383



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-------
                                        384
        10
 20
Hi
                     30
                                  50
                           60
                                               70
                                                      80
90
100
o. .
„
                          l\
                                                  &
                                        '-\ 'v
                                         %T n\\\
              ."(          ""   «J{    I     iX •.  V  .. -• : .
                 /            i in f* "S^N J   "" v., \



                    / ..-••' /'       .  t     \  ^\ \ \    "»
                                             v\  \   \
                                                  \
                A  ^
                              it.  i
                              ' M  (
                          ^ KV
        10     20     30     40     50     60     70     60     90
                                                      o
                         (a)  S02 Concentrations (pg/m  )
                                                     100
                                                                   .O
                                                                    UV
                                                                                 _o
                                                                                  m
                                                                                 .o
                                                                                 CM
                      x 10 km
      FIGURE G-15.   HYPOTHETICAL COPPER SMELTER ISOPLETHS FOR 500-800  MST
                     ON 10 JULY 1975 ASSUMING 0.5 PERCENT PER HOUR SULFATE
                     FORMATION
-------
                                              385
O-
O>
O-
1
Oj
Ul
o.
«•
30     40      50      60      70


     (b)   S0= Concentrations
                                                                       100
                                                                                       x 10 km
                               FIGURE G-15  (Continued)
-------
                                                386
o.
OJ
o.
GO
O.
t-
O.
in
o.
CM
                  20
30

                               50
60
70
                                                               60
                                                             i   \
90
100
                                                                                     iio
                                                                     ..._.-		J30-	
                                      ((
                             '•-«•	]-•*--'--•.->..]-.•->->.'"I- |  • '-> '  [ '  '  ' '  | ""••" ' • [ '  ' '  • |  '"'-I i •"-; ••' • i  i':
10      20     30      40      50      60      70      60



                         (c)   Visual Range (km)
                                             90
                                                                              100
                                                                                     110
                                                                                             . .O
                                                                                               CO
                                                                    . .0
                                                                     CM
                                                                                               x  10 km
                                  FIGURE  6-15  (Concluded)
-------
o.
CD
O. .
*
o. .
 i   \  \
                              t—  —-	-/n   •      xuxx  x \  \  \
                                          ,. •  !    i
                                     —	-- .y  /    :  ',
                                        - _.•'  .*    !  •
        10
20
30
        50      60      70      80
                           (a)   S02 Concentrations  (yg/m )
                                                                90
                                                        100
                                                                                      -O
                                                                                       ov
                                                                       -o
                                                                        03
                                                                                      -O
                                                                                       b^
                                                                                     . .O
                                                                                      _o
                                                                                       to
                                                                        -O
                                                                        ~(\l
                                                                                       x 10 km
      FIGURE  G-16.   HYPOTHETICAL COPPER SMELTER  ISOPLETHS FOR 1400-1700  MST
                      ON 10 JULY  1975 ASSUMING 0.5  PERCENT PER HOUR SULFATE
                      FORMATION
-------
                                              388
o.
01
o.
00
o.
r-
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.- i 1 I  I I  I I t  I 1  1 1  1 t I I 1
         10
20     30      40      50
                                             60
               70     60
90     ioo     no
                                                                                          .0
                                                                                           CO
                                                                                          _o
                                                                                           r-
                                                                         .o
                                                                          (O
                                                                                          .o
                                                                                           cr>
                                                                                          _O
                                                                                           tsi
                                       x 10  km
                                                            •3

                            (b)   SO^ Concentrations  (yg/m )
                                 FIGURE G-16  (Continued)
-------
                                             389
o.
Oj
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00
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o. .

                                         "~-  '•
                                                      O
                                                           \    \
                                                           90
                                                         I

10     20      30     40      50      60     70      60      90


                        (c)   Visual  Range (km)
                                                                            100
                                                                           100
                                                                                  y-s
                                                                                   .0
                                                                                   CM
                                                      x 10  km
                                 FIGURE  G-16  (Concluded)
-------
                                 390
10
20     30
50     60
70
60    90     100     l.<0
                                                                           x 10 km
                   (a)  SOp Concentrations (yg/m )
FIGURE G-17.    HYPOTHETICAL COPPER SMELTER ISOPLETHS FOR 1700-2000 MST
               ON 27 JANUARY 1976 ASSUMING 0.5 PERCENT PER HOUR SULFATE
               FORMATION
-------
o.
ll-l
                                            391
20
                       SO
50
                                    60     .70      80      90
                                                                          100

                                                                         H-r
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                                                                          .o
                                                                          CO
                                                                                        . .0
10      20     30      40      50     60     70



                    (b)  SO^ Concentrations




                        FIGURE G-17  (Continued)
                      60


                       3,
                                                  90
                                                                          100     HO
                                                                                          x  10 km
-------
                                 392
20     30
                             50
                                   60
                                          70
                                                 80
                                                        90
                                                        100     1:0



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10     20     30     40     50     60     70     80     90     100    110



                        (c)  Visual  Range (km)
                                                                        x 10  km
                        FIGURE G-17  (Concluded)
-------
                                          393
                20
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         10
                                            394
                  20      30     10     50      60     70     80      90      100
                                                                                           . .o
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                                                                                           . .o
                                                                                             00
                                                                                           . .o
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-------
                                           395
                 20     30
                                                                        100
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                        \
                                             V  N
                            40     50     60     70     60



                               (c)  Visual  Range  (km)
10 km
                               FIGURE 6-18 (Concluded)
-------
                                 396
                                                                            x 10 km
                    (a)   S02 Concentrations  (ng/m )
FIGURt £-'19-    HYPOTHETICAL COPPER SMELTER ISOPLETHS  FOR 1100-1400 MST
                ON 28 JANUARY 1976 ASSUMING 0.5  PERCENT  PER HOUR
                SULFATE FORMATION
-------
                                           397
OJ

Ull
O-
m
                                                                              no
  40      50     60     70     60




(b)  SOJ Concentrations  (yg/m3)
                                                                     100
                                                                            110
                                                                                     x  10  km
                              FIGURE G-19  (Continued)
-------
                                          398
                       3
                                     5°      6
                                                         80     9Q
                                                                       ,00
SJ
O-
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&
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                                                          o
                                                      \   ~
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                                              \

                        , ,  , ,   ,
\\
 \\
••x   A
10     20     30     40     50     60      70      80     80

                        (c)   Visual  Range (km)


                        FIGURE 6-19  (Concluded)
                                                                      100
                             x 10 km
-------
                                399
  10"
                                              W%  \"yx\\
                                             k w*  \ wx
 10
       ;2o
30
                   40
           50    60     70


     (a)  SOp Concentratio
                                          so
                                               90
                                                     100
                                    ns
FIGURE 15-20.
                                         *
 HYPOTHETICAL COPPER SMELTER ISOPLETHS  FOR 2000-2300 MST
 ON 28 JANUARY 1976 ASSUMING 0.5 PERCENT PER HOUR
 SULFATE FORMATION
                                                                  x 10 km
-------
                20     30
                                          400
                                     50
                                            60
                                           r-h
 70      80      90

I I  I I  I I I  I I  i I !  I I  I I
                                                         100
O.
in
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   I  I I  I I t I I  I- I  I I  I I I  I I  I I I  I I I  I I  I I I  I I  I I ,
        10
20     30     40     50     6.0     70
                                                         80     90
                            (b)   SOJ Concentrations (ug/m3)
                                                                       100    110
                                                                                       x  10 km
                                FIGURE G-20  (Continued)
-------
                                401.
  —T-T" 7*U-r--
10     20     30
                                                  c\
                                           V\  ,/\  \  \
                                     X      \ '••-.  I \ "•-.

                                             \\\\\  \  \
                                       \     \%\  Vx  \   \
                                         \      \ -1 \   *•• \  \    >,

                                          V    \\\   v, \
                                           *fe     \  \\   \\  \  c,
                                                  *\\  .     \
      H^
100    MI-:
                      (c)  Visual  Range (km)




                      FIGURE G-20  (Concluded)
                                                                       -O
                                                                        en
                                                                       Lo
                                                                        CO
                                                                       Lo
                                                                       r-
                                                                       -O

                                                                       (D
                                                                      x 10 km
-------
                                       402
        1
               2
3°
                            «0
50
60
70
80
                                        90
100
04-




















. i i 1 1 i 1 1 1 1 . r . . . . I . . . .T . . . .

S^
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x\ "-^^--. "••--, } \\ -4 ''
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\ \ m * -
v-^s-i • \ -
', ••?.-.-•. •. -3c« \-
\ 1 •-.\--.\\ V-'X
\ \ W\\:

               20     30     40     50     60     70     60     90     100     1)0

                           (a)   SOp Concentrations (ug/m )


       FIGURE  G-21.   HYPOTHETICAL COPPER  SMELTER ISOPLETHS FOR 500-800 MST
                      ON  29 JANUARY 1976 ASSUMING 0.5 PERCENT  PER HOUR
                      SULFATE  FORMATION
                                                                10.km
-------
                                          403
O. .
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f
O  .
cn
        10

        r-H
                20
30
50
                                            60
                            70
60
90
100
                                                                                       .  o
                                                                                         ov
         10      20      30     40     50     60      70      80      90



                            (b)   SO^ Concentrations (ycj/m )
                                                  100
                                                                                       . .o
                                                                                       . .o
                                                                                         CM
                                                                  x 10 km
                                FIGURE 6-21  (Continued)
-------
                                         404
         10
20
.O-
O.

'.*>'
0.

(M
                       30
                              SO
                     50
                             60
                                        ToD"
                                  70

                                  rrb
   '  ' '  I ,| I  I I  I | I  I I  I | I  I I  I | I  I I I  | I  I I I  | I |  | |
                                                        •'80
                                                                • 90
                                                             -
                                                        100

                                                    I I I  I I  l
        10
20
       30
50
                                           60
                                                  70
                                                         60
                                (c)   Visual  Range (km)
                                                                90
                                                                                     -•-s
                                                                                 "i>
                                                                                  \  H
                                                                       w.  \ \     '•••  ^
                                                                       v\ \v  /--•..  \ I
                                                                        \\ \\\  \\.l
                                                                       100    i;o
                                                                      x 10 km
                               FIGURE  G-21  (Concluded)
-------
                                  405
        20     30
50     60     70     60
                                .
                                                              100
                                                                           -*-§;
                                                                           *g
                                                    '•^O-'
                                                                   -8-.-
                                                         X --..
20     30     40     50     60     70



            (a)  SO-  Concentrations
                                               80     90
*-H-
 100
                                                x  10  km
FIGURE G-22.   HYPOTHETICAL COPPER SMELTER ISOPLETHS  FOR  1400-1700  MST

               ON 29 JANUARY 1976 ASSUMING 0.5 PERCENT PER HOUR
               SULFATE FORMATION
-------
                                           406
                 20     30
                                      50     60
                                                    70      60      90      100     :'0

                                                    I '  I I  I I I  i I  . I I  i !  ! . I  l !  i .-'r-r
s
                                                                                          Jo

                                                                                          :
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                                                                                     _	J-O
                                                                                        hs
                                                                                        -o

                                                                                         (M
        10      20      30     40     50     60     70



                            (b)  SO^ Concentrations  (yg,





                                FIGURE G-22 (Continued)
60


.3,
x 10 km
-------
                                            407
         10
20     30
o. -•••.

   •o
         10
                                       50
               60     70      80      90
                                                           100

                                                         • 1'30 •'—
                20
       30
40
50     60
                                                      I  ' I  I I  |
                                     70
                              80
                                                                                          1=
                                                                                          li '-
                                                                              ,.---120 ••-
                                                                           -O
                                                                            rsi
100    110      'x  10 km
                                  (c)   Visual  Range  (km)
                                 FIGURE G-22  (Concluded)
-------
                                   408
d.   --vt'chetical Copper Smelter Emissions,  Assuming  1  Percent per
     hcxr Sulfate Formation,  Using  the Spring  (April) Scenario

     Ff;.jr"es G-23 through G-28 present the results  of a  run  (Run 4) designed
to test  "ne sensitivity of calculated  visual range  to the 'assumed sulfate
format? zr  rate.  We used the  spring (April)  meteorological conditions and
assured  ^  higher sulfate formation  rate of 1 percent per hour.  Note that
the visas'  range is reduced to 40 km in this run, compared with the 60 km
mininum  " T  the previous simulation.

e.   Hytcchetical Copper Smelter Emissions,  Assuming 0.3 Percent per
     Hour  Sulfate Formation.  Using  the Spring  (April) Scenario

     To  z:zmiplete the -set of runs using the hypothetical  copper smelter S02
emissions.  we assumed  a low sulfate formation  rate  of 0.3 percent per hour.
The results of^this run (.Run  5)  are presented  in Figures G-29 through G-34.
Note that,  as expected, the minimum visual range (70 km) is  higher than
the visua"  ranges calculated  using,  the higher  sulfate formation rates.

f.   Northern Great Plains  1975  Emissions, Assuming 0.5  Percent per
     Hour Sulfate Formation,  Using  the Spring  (April) Scenario

     The results of the calculations with the  1975  emissions from the large
point sources in the Northern Great Plains are presented in  Figures G-35
through  G-40 for the spring (April)  meteorological  conditions.  Note that
even with the stagnant meteorological  conditions of this three-day period,
the minimum visual  range is 120  km,, less than  a 10  percent reduction from
the assumed background visual  range  of 130 km.  The calculated NOp concen-
trations are displayed in parts  per billion  (ppb).
-------
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e. .
                                         409
 10      20     30     40     50     60      70     60     90

I I I I  I I I  I I  I I I  I I I  I I I  I I  I I I  I I I  I I  I I I  I I I  i I I  I I I  I I I
                                                                      100    110
                             f

                                                              _____ 3
                                                             •  * x-
                                   i jfc-.---v  ! ,! /j-;::s*:

                                   Ofe£#£;S
                                                           III

                                                           ' ' •'
         | I  I I  I | I  I I I  | I I  I I  | I I  I I |  I I I  I |  I I I  I.) I  I I
                                                          11 ii
20     30
50     60
                                                 70
                                                       90
100     110
                                                         O

                           (a)  S02 Concentrations (yg/m )
                                                                            . .o
                                                                              o>
                                                                            i-

                                                                            !lg
                                                                            : .o
                                                                             ID
                                                                                     .O
                                                                                   I
                                                                                   ,' -°
                                                                                   r
x 10 km
       FIGURE  G-23.    HYPOTHETICAL COPPER  SMELTER ISOPLETHS FOR 1700-2000  MST

                       ON 4 APRIL 1976 ASSUMING 1  PERCENT PER HOUR SULFATE
                       FORMATION
-------
o.
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        !0
        10
 20

r-H
                       30
50
                                            410
                             60      70      80      90
100     110.

                                                                        . .o
                                                                          o>
                                                                                       .  .o
                                                                                       .  .o
20     30     40     50
                                      I '  I '  I |
                                                   70      60
                                                          100     110
                                                     x 10 km
                             (b)   SO^ Concentrations  (yg/m )
                                 FIGURE G-23 (Continued)
-------
                                             411
        IS
                :20
 30
H-
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                 *'
                                       50
                       60
70
                      60
               90
              T+-
                                                        O'^i.-.^.'':'.'
                           ~T~i~T7"v-T-T-r-i-i
         10
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30
               40
50
                       60
                                                      70
       60
                                             90
                                                           100     110
                                                                            100     110
                                                                                         a§
                                                                                          \
                                                                                          /lo
                                                                   4-0
                                                                     in
                                                                                           4-q
                                                                                          M-8
                                                                                           4-0
x 10  km
                                   (c)  Visual  Range  (km)
                                   FIGURE 6-23 (Concluded)
-------
                2T>
   i i i  r
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01
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O.
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         10
                        30
 50
r4-
                                            412
 60
H-
                                                    70
 60
H-
                                                                   90
                                     100     no
                       .A      1' 	•-—"   	••,.  •
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                                                                                         . .o
                20      30      40     50     60      70      60      90     100     110
                                                        10 km
                                                              •3
                              Ca)  S02  Concentrations (yg/m )
         FIGURE  G-24.   HYPOTHETICAL  COPPER SMELTER ISOPLETHS FOR  200-500 MST
                         OH  5 APRIL  1976 ASSUMING 1  PERCENT  PER HOUR  SULFATE
                         FORMATION
-------
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        10
                20
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30     40     50     60     70     60     90      100     !!C
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30
40
50
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70
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                            (b)   SO^ Concentrations  (yg/m )
                                FIGURE G-24 (Continued)
-------
                                             414
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         10      20     30     40     50      60     70     60      90      100     110      ' X  10 km





                                  (c)   Visual Range (km)
                                  FIGURE G-24  (Concluded)
-------
                                 415
 20      20     30
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        20
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40
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70
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                                              90
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                                                                     110
                                                         x 10 km
                    (a)  SO  Concentrations (yg/m )
 FIGURE G-25.
       HYPOTHETICAL COPPER SMELTER  ISOPLETHS FOR 1100-1400 MST
       ON  5 APRIL 1976 ASSUMING 1 PERCENT PER HOUR SULFATE
       FORMATION
-------
            416

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    FIGURE G-25 (Continued)
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                                             417
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                                   FIGURE G-25 (Concluded)
-------
                                           418
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         10      20      30      40      50      60      70      60      90      100     110


                                                           .3%
                                                                                        x 10 km
                             (a)   S02 Concentrations
         FIGURE G-26.    HYPOTHETICAL COPPER  SMELTER ISOPLETHS TOR 2000-2300 MST
                         ON  5 APRIL 1976 ASSUMING 1  PERCENT PER  HOUR SULFATE

                         FORMATION
-------
                                    419
10
         20
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                                                               100     110
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                                                              "--8.
                                                             100    110
                   (b)  S04 Concentrations  (yg/m3)
                                                                            x  10  km
                       FIGURE G-26 (Continued)
-------
                                              420
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                                                        TStr
10     20      30      40      50     60      70      60



                         (c)   Visual Range (km)
                                                   90
                                                                          100     110
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                                  FIGURE  G-26 (Concluded)
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                                      421
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                                                                 100     HO
x 10 km
                     (a)  SOp Concentrations  (ug/m )
FIGURE  C-27.   HYPOTHETICAL COPPER SMELTER  ISOPLETHS FOR  500-800 MST
                ON  6  APRIL 1976 ASSUMING 1 PERCENT PER HOUR  SULFATE
                FORMATION
-------
                                              422
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                20     30      40     50      60      70
                                     60     90
100
                                                                                              10  km
                              (b)   507  Concentrations  (yg/m )
                                  FIGURE  G-27  (Continued)
-------
                                            423
                20     30
40
                             50     60     70     60
                                                                  90     100    ilC
                                                              i-'-'-J	i...'i'jiH-i	I-
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10     20     30      40      50      60     70     60

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                                    o

                        FIGURE  G-27 (Concluded)
                                                                  SO      100     110
                                                           x 10 km
-------
o.
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                                          424
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                      30
                            40
          50
                 60
                                                70
                                                       60
                                     SO
                                                                     100    110
                                                                                  . .o
                                    x 10 km
                           (a)  SCL Concentrcitions  (ug/m  )
        FIGURE G-28.   HYPOTHETICAL COPPER SMELTER  ISOPLETHS  FOR 1400-1700 MST
                       ON 6 APRIL 1976 ASSUMING  1 PERCENT  PER HOUR SULFATE
                       FORMATION
-------
                                           425
               20     30      40     50     60  .   70     60      90     100    110
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40
50
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70
80
90
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                                                          3
                            (b)   SOT Concentrations  (pg/m )
                                FIGURE G-28 (Continued)
-------
                                               426
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              50     60     70      60      90      100     110
                            (a)   SOp Concentrations  (yg/m )
                                                                                     vJ-2
                                                               4-o
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                                                               *S
                                                                                     *S
                                      x  10 km
        FIGURE G-29.   HYPOTHETICAL COPPER SMELTER ISOPLETHS FOR  1700-2000 MST

                       ON  4  APRIL 1976 ASSUMING  0.3 PERCENT PER HOUR SULFATE

                       FORMATION
-------
                20
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60     70
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                20      30      40     50     60     70
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                                                           O

                            (b)  SO^  Concentrations  (pg/m )
100     no
                                                                                       . .o
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                                FIGURE  G-29 (Continued)
-------
                                              429
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                                 430
       20
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                                                            100
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                   (a)  SO* Concentrations (pg/m )
FIGURE 6-30.    HYPOTHETICAL COPPER SMELTER ISOPLETHS FOR 200-500 MST
               ON 5 APRIL 1976 ASSUMING 0.3 PERCENT PER HOUR SULFATE
               FORMATION
-------
o.
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                                              431
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                                          432
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                                (c)  Visual  Range (km)
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                            100    no
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                                FIGURE G-30  (Concluded)
-------
                                  433
                                                                   110
  10
x 10 km
                    (a)   S02  Concentrations  (yg/m  )
FIGURE G-31.   HYPOTHETICAL COPPER SMELTER ISOPLETHS FOR 1100-1400 MST
               ON 5 APRIL 1976 ASSUMING 0.3 PERCENT PER HOUR SULFATE
               FORMATION
-------
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                                 FIGURE 6-31  (Continued)
-------
                                            435
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                                 (c)   Visual  Range (km)
                                                                                       4-o
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                                 FIGURE G-31  (Concluded)
-------
                                   436
10
       20
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                    (a)  S02 Concentrations  (yg/m3)
 FIGURE G-32.    HYPOTHETICAL COPPER SMELTER  ISOPELTHS  FOR  2000-2300 MST
                ON 5 APRIL 1976 ASSUMING 0.3 PERCENT PER HOUR SULFATE
                FORMATION
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                                FIGURE G-32 (Continued)
-------
                                           438
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                                FIGURE  G-32 (Concluded)
-------
                                       439
	10     20
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10
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                        (a)  SOo Concentrations (u
     FIGURE 6-33.    HYPOTHETICAL COPPER SMELTER ISOPLETHS FOR 500-800 MST
                    ON 6 APRIL 1976 ASSUMING 0.3 PERCENT PER HOUR SULFATE
                    FORMATION
x 10 km
-------
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                                   FIGURE G-33 (Continued)
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                                      441
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                          FIGURE G-33 (Concluded)
-------
                                          442
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                  (c)   Visual Range  (km)
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                                 FIGURE G-34  (Concluded)
-------
                                          445
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                                    50
                            60
                                   70
                                          60
                                                 90
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                                                                                      x 10 km
                           (a)  S02 Concentrations  (y'g/m )
       FIGURE G-35.    1975 NORTHERN GREAT PLAINS ISOPLETHS  FOR 1700-2000 MST

                       ON 4 APRIL 1976 ASSUMING 0.5 PERCENT  PER HOUR SULFATE
                       FORMATION
-------
                                  446
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                        FIGURE G-35 (Continued)
-------
                                             447
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                                 FIGURE G-35  (Continued)
-------
                                  448


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                                            449
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         FIGURE G-36.    1975 NORTHERN GREAT PLAINS ISOPLETHS  FOR 200-500  MST
                         ON 5 APRIL  1976 ASSUMING 0.5 PERCENT  PER HOUR
                         SULFATE  FORMATION
-------
                               450
10
                    10     50     60     70     60     90
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                      FIGURE G-36 (Continued)
-------
                                             451
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                             (c)   SO^ Concentrations  (ug/m  )
                                                                                         . .o
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                                 FIGURE G-36 (Continued)
-------
                            452
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                  FIGURE G-36 (Concluded)
-------
                                453
 10
.10     20     30     40     50     60     70     60     90
100
no
x 10 km
                    (a)  S02 Concentrations (yg/m )
 FIGURE G-37.   1975 NORTHERN GREAT PLAINS ISOPLETHS FOR 1100-1400 MST
                ON 5 APRIL 1976 ASSUMING 0.5 PERCENT PER HOUR SULFATE
                FORMATION
-------
                                   454
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                         FIGURE G-37  (Continued)
-------
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                                            457
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         FIGURE G-38.    1975 NORTHERN GREAT PLAINS ISOPLETHS  FOR 2000-2300 MST

                          ON 5 APRIL  1976 ASSUMING  0.5 PERCENT  PER HOUR SULFATE

                          FORMATION
-------
           458




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   FIGURE G-38 (Continued)
                                                     x 10 km
-------
                                            459
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              40      50      60     70     80      90
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                                   FIGURE G-38  (Continued)
-------
                                             460
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-------
                                            461
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         10
                20     30     40     50
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90
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                                                           •J

                            (a)  SOp  Concentrations  (yg/m )
          FIGURE 6-39.    1975 NORTHERN  GREAT PLAINS ISOPLETHS FOR 500-800  MST
                          ON 6 APRIL  1976  ASSUMING 0.5 PERCENT PER HOUR SULFATE
                          FORMATION
-------
                                  462
       20
30
                                                             inn
10      20
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    FIGURE G-39 (Continued)
x 10 km
-------
                                             463
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                                (c)   SCL Concentrations (pg/m )
                                    FIGURE  G-39  (Continued)
-------
                                                464
g*
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                          (d)   Visual  Range  (km)
                                                                       90
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                                  FIGURE  G-39  (Concluded)
-------
                                465
10
10
20
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       20      30     40     50     60     70     60     90     100    110
                                                 •3
                   (a)  SOp Concentrations  (yg/m )
                                                                    x  10.km
FIGURE G-40.   1975 NORTHERN GREAT PLAINS  ISOPLETHS  FOR  1400-1700 MST
               ON 6 APRIL 1976 ASSUMING 0.5  PERCENT  PER  HOUR SULFATE
               FORMATION
-------
                   466
10     20
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         FIGURE  6-40  (Continued)
-------
                                            467
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                                                468
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                                      FIGURE G-40 (Concluded)
-------
                                   469
g.   Northern Great Plains 1975 Emissions, Assuming 0.5  Percent per
     Hour Sulfate Formation, Using the Spring (April)  Scenario

     The final group of simulations (Run 7),  as  shown  in Figures G-41
through G-46, shows the impact of projected 1986 point source  emissions
assuming the stagnant meteorological  conditions  of the three-day April
1976 simulation period.  Note that visibility impairment is  increased as
a result of the projected region-wide SCL emissions rate of  nearly  2000
tons per day.  The minimum visual range is 100 km, about a 25.percent
reduction from the 130 km background  value.
-------
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        FIGURE G-41.    1986 NORTHERN  GREAT PLAINS ISOPLETHS FOR 1700-2000 MST

                        ON 4 APRIL  1976 ASSUMING 0.5 PERCENT PER HOUR SULFATE

                        FORMATION
-------
                                  471
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                        FIGURE  G-41  (Continued)
                                                                              x 10 km
-------
                                            472
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                             (c)  SO^ Concentrations (yg/m )
                                 FIGURE G-41  (Continued)
-------
                                              473
         10
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                                10
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                                                               60
                                                                      90
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                                    (d)   Visual  Range (km)
                                    FIGURE G-41  (Concluded)
-------
                                               474
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                              (a)   SCL Concentrations (yg/m  )
           FIGURE 6-42.    1986 NORTHERN GREAT PLAINS ISOPLETHS  FOR 200-500 MST
                           ON 5 APRIL 1976 ASSUMING 0.5 PERCENT  PER HOUR
                           SUI.FATE  FORMATION
-------
                                 475
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                          FIGURE  6-42 (Continued)
-------
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                                   FIGURE 6-42  (Continued)
-------
                                  477
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-------
                                         478
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       FIGURE G-43.   1986 NORTHERN GREAT  PLAINS ISOPLETHS FOR 1100-1400 MST

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                      FORMATION
-------
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-------
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-------
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-------
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-------
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-------
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                                          x  10 km
-------
                                                493
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                                   FIGURE G-46 (Concluded)
-------
                                             494
                                   TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
                            (i'lrasc read JuWnctiuns un II •• rrrmi- be/arc c
1. REPORT NO.
    EPA-450/3-78-110a,b,c
                             2.
                                                           3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
 THE  DEVELOPMENT OF MATHEMATICAL MODELS  FOR  THE
 •PREDICTION OF ANTHROPOGENIC VISIBILITY  IMPAIRMENT'
5. REPORT DATE
    November 1978
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR(S)
  D. A.  Latimer, R.  W. Bergstrom, S.  R.  Hayes,  M.  K.  Liu,
  J. H.  Seinfeld, G. Z. Written, M. A. Hojcik,  M.O.  Hillye
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.

    EF78-68A,B,C
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS

     Systems  Applications,  Incorporated
     950 Northgate Drive
     San Rafael, California  94903
                                                           10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
                                                              EPA 68-01-3947. and 68-02-2593
 2. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
   U.  S.  Environmental Protection Agency
   Waterside  Mall
   401  M Street, S.W.
   Washington. D.C.   20460	
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED

Final Report:  10/77 to 9/78
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
 EPA-OPE/OAQPS
 5. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
 6. ABSTRACT

     This report describes a nine-month  study to recommend and develop models  that  pre-
  dict the contribution of man-made  air  pollution to visibility impairment  in  federal
  Class I areas.  Two models were  developed.   A near-source plume model based  on  a
  Gaussian formulation was designed  to compute the impact of a plume on visual  range
  and atmospheric coloration.  A regional  model was designed to calculate pollutant
  concentrations and visibility impairment resulting from emissions from multiple
  sources within a region with a spatial  scale of 1000 km and a temporal scale of
  several days.  The objective of  this effort was to develop models that are useful
  predictive tools for making policy and regulatory decisions, for evaluating  the
  impacts of proposed new sources, and for determining the amount of emissions reduc-
  tion required from existing sources, as  mandated by the Clean Air Act Amendments
  of 1977.  Volume  I  of  this  report contains  the main  text;  Volume II  contains  the
  appendices;  Volume III  presents  case studies of power plant plume visual  impact for
  a variety of emission,  meteorological, and ambient  background  scenarios.
                                KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
                  DESCRIPTORS
                                              b.lOENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
              c.  COSATI field/Group
  Air quality modeling
  Visual range
  Atmospheric discoloration
  Power plants
  a. DISTRIBUTION STATtMENT
  RELEASE TO PUBLIC
                                               13. SECURITY CLASS
                                               UNCLASSIFIED
                                              20. SECURITY CLASS (Ttia page)
                                               UNCLASSIFIED
              22. PRICE
               Vol. Ill—91
-------