EPA 340/1-75-003
FEBRUARY 1975
Stationary Source Enforcement Series
INSPECTION MANUAL FOR ENFORCEMENT OF
NEW SOURCE PERFORMANCE STANDARDS
MUNICIPAL INCINERATORS
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Office of Enforcement
Office of General Enforcement
Washington, D.C. 20460
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INSPECTION MANUAL FOR THE
ENFORCEMENT OF NEW SOURCE
PERFORMANCE STANDARDS
MUNICIPAL INCINERATORS
By
Kenneth Axetell, Timothy W. Devitt and Norman J. Kulujian
Contract No. 68-02-1073
EPA Project Officer
John Butler
Prepared for
U. S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Division of Stationary Source Enforcement
Washington, D. C.
January 1975
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This report was furnished to the U.S. Environmental Pro-
tection Agency by PEDCo-Environmental Specialists, Inc.,
Cincinnati, Ohio, in fulfillment of Contract No. 68-02-1073
The contents of this report are reproduced herein as re-
ceived from the contractor. The opinions, findings, and
conclusions expressed are those of the author and not nec-
essarily those of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
The Enforcement Technical Guideline series of reports is issued by the
Office of Enforcement, Environmental Protection Agency, to assist the
Regional Offices in activities related to enforcement of implementation
plans, new source emission standards, and hazardous emission standards
to be developed under the Clean Air Act. Copies of Enforcement Technical
Guideline reports are available - as supplies permit - from Air Pollution
Technical Information Center, Environmental'Protection Agency, Research
Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, or may be obtained, for a nominal
cost, from the National Technical Information Service, 5285 Port Royal
Road, Springfield, Virginia 22161.
11
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This report was prepared under the direction of Mr.
Timothy W. Devitt. Principal authors were Messrs. Norman J.
Kulujian and Kenneth Axetell.
Project Officer for the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency was Mr. John Butler. The authors appreciate the
contributions made to this study by Mr. Butler and other
members of the Division of Stationary Source Enforcement.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
ACKNOWLEDGMENT iii
LIST OF FIGURES vii
LIST OF TABLES vii
1.0 INTRODUCTION 1-1
2.0 SIP REQUIREMENTS AND NSPS 2-1
2.1 Existing Sources: State Implementation 2-1
Plans
2.2 Summary of NSPS 2-3
2.2.1 Emission Standard 2-3
2.2.2 Performance Testing 2-3
2.2.3 Monitoring Requirements 2-3
2.2.4 Recordkeeping and Reporting 2-6
3.0 PROCESS DESCRIPTION; ATMOSPHERIC EMISSIONS 3-1
AND CONTROL METHODS
3.1 Process Description 3-1
3.2 Atmospheric Emissions 3-5
3.3 Emission Control Methods 3-5
3.3.1 Electrostatic Precipitators 3-5
3.3.2 Scrubbers 3-6
3.3.3 Fabric Filters 3-7
4.0 INSTRUMENTATION, RECORDS AND REPORTS 4-1
4.1 Process Description 4-1
4.2 Control Device Instrumentation 4-3
4.3 Facility Recordkeeping Requirements 4-4
4.4 Reporting Procedures 4-5.
4.5 Summary 4-8
v
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TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)
5.0 START-UP/MALFUNCTIONS/SHUTDOWN
5.1 Start-up
5.2 Malfunctions
5.3 Shutdown
6.0 PERFORMANCE TESTS
6.1 Pretest Procedures
6.2 Process Observation
6.3 Emission Test Observations
6.4 Performance Test Checklist
7.0 INSPECTION PROCEDURES
7.1 Procedures for Periodic Inspection
7.2 Inspection Checklist
7.3 Inspection Follow-Up Procedures
APPENDIX A
APPENDIX B
STANDARDS OF PERFORMANCE FOR NEW
STATIONARY SOURCES CODE OF FEDERAL
REGULATIONS
SUGGESTED CONTENTS OF STACK TEST
REPORTS
Page
5-1
5-1
5-2
5-2
6-1
6-1
6-3
6-4
6-7
7-1
7-1
7-2
7-2
A-l
B-l
VI
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure
3.1
4.1
4.2
Schematic of Typical Municipal Incinerator
Example Log for Recording and Summarizing
Incinerator Operation
Example Log for Recording Incinerator
Malfunctions
Page
3-2
4-6
4-7
LIST OF TABLES
Table Page
2.1 Representative Particulate Emission Standards 2-2
for Municipal Incinerators
2.2 Representative Equivalent Opacity Standards 2-4
for Municipal Incinerators
2.3 New Source Performance Test Requirements 2-5
for Incinerators
4.1 Summary of Incinerator Instrumentation 4-8
and Recordkeeping
5.1 Incinerator Malfunctions Which Affect 5-3
Emission Rates
6.1 Incinerator Operating Conditions Which 6-5
Affect Emissions
6.2 NSPS Inspection Checklist for Municipal 6-8
Incinerators During Performance Test
7.1 NSPS Inspection Checklist for Municipal 7-4
Incinerators After Performance Test
7.2 Parameter Comparison to Determine Compliance 7-6
Status
VI1
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1.0 INTRODUCTION
Pursuant to Section 111 of the Clean Air Act, the
Administrator of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA) has promulgated particulate emission standards of
performance for new and modified municipal incinerators. As
specified in 40 CFR Part 60, these standards apply to all
incinerators which burn solid waste, more than 50% of which
is classified as municipal refuse, and have a charging rate
of over 50 tons per day. These standards were promulgated
on December 23, 1971 and apply to all sources whose con-
struction or modification commenced after August 17, 1971.
Each State may develop a program for enforcing new
source performance standards (NSPS) applicable to sources
within its boundaries. If this program is adequate, EPA
will delegate implementation and enforcement authority to
the state for all affected sources with the exception of
those owned by the U.S. Government. Coordination of ac-
tivities between the state agency and EPA, both Regional
Office and Division of Stationary Source Enforcement, is
thus essential for effective operation of the NSPS program.
To facilitate such state participation EPA has established
guidelines identifying the administrative procedures States
should adopt to effectively implement and enforce the NSPS
program.
The long-term success of the NSPS program depends
largely upon the adoption of an effective plant inspection
program. Primary functions of the inspection program are
monitoring the NSPS performance tests and routine field
surveillance. This manual provides guidelines for con-
ducting such field inspections. However, the same basic
inspection procedures presented in this manual should also
be of use in enforcing emission regulations contained in
state air quality implementation plans. A summary of state
emission regulations, presented in Section 2.1, is available
for comparison to NSPS for municipal incinerators.
1-1
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2.0 SIP REQUIREMENTS AND NSPS
Standards of air pollution control performance for new
and modified incinerators were originally proposed on August
17, 1971. The standards promulgated on December 23, 1971,
altered the particulate sampling method, but the emission
limits were adjusted to provide the same degree of par-
ticulate control as the originally proposed standards. New
source performance standards are subject to Federal reg-
ulation code 40 CFR 60. The title 40 designates "Protection
of Environment;11 the part 60 classifies new sources.
An amendment on May 2, 1973, recognized that start-ups,
shutdowns, and malfunctions are not representative conditions
of performance tests unless otherwise specified. In addition,
the amendment simplified reporting requirements. On June
14, 1974, sampling time requirements for particulate matter
and gaseous pollutants were reduced, because performance
test results did not show any decrease in the accuracy or
precision using shorter sampling times.
On November 12, 1974, significant changes were proposed for
new and modified sources. The most important amendments
were revisions in opacity provisions. Incinerators are
unaffected, since mass/concentration standards only apply.
2.1 EXISTING SOURCES; STATE IMPLEMENTATION PLANS
Particulate emission standards promulgated by the
states for municipal incinerators range from a low of 0.02
lb/100 Ibs refuse in North Carolina for incinerators with
capacities over 2000 Ib/hr to a high of 0.50 lb/100 Ibs
refuse in New York for incinerators not in New York City,
Nassau or Westchester Counties. The emission standards of
most states for larger facilities range from 0.08 lb/100 Ibs
refuse to 0.20 lb/100 Ibs refuse. Emission regulations for
smaller plants are generally between 0.19 lb/100 Ibs refuse
and 0.30 lb/100 Ibs refuse. Table 2.1 is a tabulation by
state of the regulations limiting particulate emissions from
municipal incinerators. The values are illustrative only
and should not be used for enforcement purposes since in
many cases the states' regulations contain a variety of
qualifications and exceptions.
2-1
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Table 2.1 REPRESENTATIVE PARTICULATE EMISSION STANDARDS
FOR MUNICIPAL INCINERATORS
(lb/1000 Ibs of refuse)
STATE
Alabama
Alaska
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
Dist of Columbia
Florida
Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
Nev; Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
CAPACITY,lbs/hr
0-199
0.20
0.29
0.09-0.22
0.29
0.15
0.08/0.23
0.20
0.. 03/0. 08
None
0.10/0.19
0.20
0.20
0.09/0.19
0.39
0.20
0.29
0.19
0.19
0.19
0.03-0.25
0.05/0.09
0.03
0.03
0.09/0.19
0.19-0.29
0.29
0.19
Opacity
0.29
0.19
Prohibited/0.09
0.2-0.3/0.2-0.5
0.20
0.20-0.10
0.40
0.09/0.29
0.09
0.15
0.20
0.20/0.6
None
0.10
0.13
0.09/0.09-0.19
0.41
0.17/0.34
0.20
200-1999
0.20
0.19-0.93
0.09-0.22
0.19
2000-9999
0.20
0.093
0.09-0.22
0.19
>10000
0.20
0.093
0.09-0.22
0.19
Each county has its own regulation
0.09
0.08/0.23
0.20
0.3/0.08
None
0.10/0.19
0.20
0.20
0.09/0.19
0.39-0.23
0.20
0.19
0.19
0.19
0.19
0.03-0.19
0.05/0.09
0.03
0.20
0.09/0.19
0.19
0.19
0.19
Opacity
0.19
0.19
Prohibi bed/0. 09
0.2-0.22/0.2-0.5
0.20
0.09
0.08/0.23
.19-None
0.3/0.08
None-0 .08
0.10-0.08/0.19
0.20
0.20
0.081/0.19
0.23
0.20
0.19
0.19-0.08/0.19
0.19
0.19-0.08
0.09-0.03
0.05/0.09
0.03
0.10
0.09/0.19
0.19
0.19
0.09
Opacity
0.19
0.09
Prohibited/0.09
0.15-0.22/0.15-0.5
0.02
Based on Formula
0.10
0.40
0.09/0.19
0.09
0.15
0.10
0.40
0.09/0.19
0.09
0.08
0.5 lbs/106 BTU Input
0.20
0.20/0.4
None
0.20
0.10/0.4
None
85% Control
0.10
0.13
0.09/0.09-0.19
0.27
0.11/0.34-0.27
0.20
0.10
0.13
0.09/0.09-0.19
0.27
0.11-0.08/0.27
0.20
0.09
0.08/0.23
None
0.3/0.08
0.08
0.08/0.19
0.20
0.20
0.081-0.5/0.19
0.23
0.20
0.19-0.09
0.08/0.19
0.19
0.08
0.03
0.05/0.09
0.03
0.10
0.09/0.19
0.19
0.19
0.09
Opacity
0.19
0.09
Prohibited/0.09
0.08-0.22/0.08-0.5
0.02
0.10
0.40
0.09/0.19
0.09
0.08
0.20
0.10/0.4
None
0.10
0.13
0.09/0.09-0.19
0.27-0.13
0.08/0.27
0.20
Where a range is given limit depends on location, date, capacity.
Where new and existing regulations differ - new source limit/existing source limit.
2-2
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Forty-two states limit visible emissions from new
incinerators to below 20 percent opacity. Regulations range
from "no visible discharge" in Maryland and the District of
Columbia to 60 percent opacity for short periods in Pennsyl-
vania and Vermont. Table 2.2 is a tabulation of opacity
limitations for the various states; the same limitations
apply to this listing as apply to Table 2.1.
2.2 SUMMARY OF NSPS
The NSPS apply to all incinerators with charging rates
of more than 50 tons of municipal refuse per 24 hours, the
construction or modification of which was commenced after
August 17, 1971. Important provisions are summarized below;
a complete copy of the regulations, plus revisions through
November 1974, is presented in Appendix A.
2.2.1 Emission Standard
Particulate matter is the only pollutant discharge from
incinerators limited by an emission standard. 3The maximum
average permissible emission rate is 0.18 g/NM (0.08 gr/
dscf) corrected to 12 percent C02, over a period of 2 hours
or less.
2.2.2 Performance Testing
The regulations require that the owner or operator of a
new source subject to the performance standards conduct a
test at representative performance within 60 days after
achieving full operation, but not more than 180 days after
initial start-up, and furnish a written report of the re-
sults of the test to EPA, Office of General Enforcement.
Requirements for new source performance tests are
summarized in Table 2.3. Any alternative or equivalent test
procedures must be approved by the EPA Administrator.
Additional tests by EPA personnel may be performed at any
reasonable time.
2.2.3 Monitoring Requirements
Incinerator owners or operators are subject to moni-
toring the following items.
0 Daily burning rates in tons of as-charged refuse per
day.
0 Daily hours of operation.
0 Occurrences and durations of any start-ups, shutdowns,
or malfunctions.
2-3
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Table 2.2 REPRESENTATIVE EQUIVALENT OPACITY STANDARDS
FOR MUNICIPAL INCINERATORS
STATE
% OPACITY3
ro
I
Alabama
Alaska
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
Dist. of Columbia
Florida
Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
20
20-40
40
20-40
Diff. for each county
20
20
20
No visible discharges
20
20-40
20-40
20-40
30
40
20
20
20
20
20
No visible discharges
20
40
20
20
20
STATE
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
% OPACITY3
20
20
20
—
20
20
20-40
—
20
20
20
20-40
20-60
20
20-40
20
20-40
20-30
20
40-60
20
20-40
20
20
20
Does not include opacity of uncombined water.
Where range is given limit depends on location, date, whether new or existing source etc.
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Table 2.3 NEW SOURCE PERFORMANCE TEST
REQUIREMENTS FOR INCINERATORS
Provision/regulation
Test requirements
1. Incinerator operation
60.8 (c)
2. Sampling method
60.54 (a, c)
3. Sampling period
60.54 (b)
60.8 (e)
4. Timetable
60.8 (a, d)
5. Required provision of
facilities by owner
or operator
60.8 (d)
Refuse charging rate at repre-
sentative performance (rather
than rated capacity)
Refuse representative of normal
operation
Particulate emissions sampled by
EPA procedure (Method 5 in 60
CFR 40) using EPA sampling train.
Compliance based only on material
collected in probe and dry filter
Simultaneously with'each par-
ticulate run, an integrated gas
sample is required to determine
the C02 content in the gas stream
Each sampling period minimum of
1 hour and 30 scf sampling volume
(dry basis)
Emissions are determined as average
of three repetitive samplings
Testing within 60 days after
achieving full operation, but not
more than 180 days after start-up
Owner or operator must notify EPA
of test date at least 30 days
prior to testing
Sampling ports
Safe sampling platform
Safe access to platform
Utilities for sampling and test-
ing equipment
2-5
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0 Particulate emission measurements.
2.2.4 Recordkeeping and Reporting
Daily charging rates and hours of operation must be
recorded and summarized by the owner or operator. These
records and summaries, plus data from any particulate
emission measurements, must be retained for a period of at
least two years and must be made available to EPA upon
request. Records of any emissions resulting from malfunc-
tions or start-ups measured or estimated to be greater than
those allowed by NSPS must be submitted to the Administrator
on the 15th day following the end of each calendar quarter.
To comply with the new source performance standards,
the owner or operator is required to furnish written noti-
fication to the EPA Office of General Enforcement on three
occasions:
0 Notice of the anticipated date of initial start-up of
the facility, not more than 60 days or less than 30
days prior to that date;
0 Notice of the date of actual initial start-up, within
15 days after such date; and
0 Notice of the date for conduct of the performance test,
at least 30 days prior to that date.
As mentioned earlier, the owner or operator must also
submit a written report of performance test results to the
EPA Office of General Enforcement.
2-6
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3.0 PROCESS DESCRIPTION, ATMOSPHERIC EMISSIONS AND
EMISSION CONTROL METHODS
A brief description of the incineration process is
presented below to familiarize the inspector with the basic
theory. Many references dealing with incinerator theory and
design are available.1'2'3'4 Particulate emissions and
control techniques are discussed in detail.
3.1 PROCESS DESCRIPTION
Municipal incineration is a controlled combustion
process for reducing municipal refuse to gases and a residue
containing little or no combustible material. Although most
municipal incinerators are designed solely to reduce the
volume of refuse for ultimate disposal, heat generated by
the incineration process can also be efficiently utilized
for production of electric power or steam.
During combustion, the moisture in the refuse is first
evaporated, and then the combustible portion is vaporized
and oxidized. The major end products of incineration are
carbon dioxide, water vapor, and non-combustible ash.
The component subsystems of a municipal incinerator
are:
0 refuse holding and charging
0 combustion chambers
0 air supply
0 residue handling
0 air pollution control equipment
These components are shown schematically in Figure 3.1
and briefly discussed in this section.4
There are numerous municipal incinerator designs in
use, employing different grate types or combustion chamber
configurations. Common mechanical grate types are trav-
eling, reciprocating, and rocking; furnace types include
rectangular and rotary kiln, with either refractory or
waterwall interiors. The inspector will rarely encounter
the older type of batch incinerators with stationary grates,
which are now seldom used or new configurations such as
3-1
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u>
I
to
1. INCINERATOR 7.
2. STORAGE PIT 8.
3. GRAP BUCKET 9.
4. BRIDGE CRANE 10.
5. CHARGING HOPPER 11.
6. HOPPER GATE 12.
WATER-COOLED HOPPER 13.
FEEDING AND DRYING STOKER 14.
BURNING STOKER 15.
PRIMARY COMBUSTION CHAMBER 16.
SECONDARY COMBUSTION CHAMBER 17.
GAS-CLEANING CHAMBER 18.
FLUE
DAMPER
STACK
ASH CONVEYOR
FORCED-DRAFT FAN
REFACTORY ENCLOSURES
Figure 3.1 Schematic of typical municipal incinerator.
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fluid!zed-bed incinerators and pyrolysis units, which are
still in the developmental stage. The incinerator sub-
systems and inspection procedures described in this manual
generally apply to the rectangular furnace with mechanical
grates.
Refuse is delivered in trucks to the storage pit at the
incinerator. Before dumping, the trucks usually pass over a
scale, so that the total daily weight of refuse entering the
facility can be measured and recorded.
An elevated crane with a clam-shell bucket or grapple
lifts the refuse from the storage pit into a charging hopper
and gravity chute, which continuously feeds the incinerator.
The chute is kept filled at all times to provide an air seal
and prevent escape of smoke and heat from the incinerator
into the charging area.
The furnace grates transport the solid waste through
the furnace and promotes combustion by agitation, allowing
passage of underfire air up through the grates and the bed
of waste. Agitation is achieved either by gently turning
the burning refuse as it is moved to successive grate
sections or by tumbling from one grate or tier to another in
the furnace. Although the tumbling action contributes to
entrainment of particulate matter in the gas stream, the
amount of entrainment is more a function of the flow rate of
underfire air.
The loading or burning rate for grates is commonly
expressed as pounds of refuse per square foot-hour (Ib/ft -
hr). Rates up to 60 Ib/ft2-hr are acceptable; higher burn-
ing rates lead to incomplete refuse burnout and therefore to
excessive emissions.
Most municipal incinerators of capacities greater than
50 ton/day are composed of a series of chambers, although
this separation often is not clearly visible from the out-
side of the furnaces. The chambers are designated as
ignition, mixing, and (secondary) combustion.
Drying, ignition, and burning of the waste occurs in
the ignition chamber. The grates are located in this
section and residue is removed at its far end. A minimum of
0.5 second retention time should be provided for gases in
the mixing chamber.
Combustion of the incinerator gases and suspended
particulate matter is completed in the secondary combustion
or expansion chamber. A minimum retention time of 1.0
second and maximum velocity of 10 ft/sec are recommended for
the secondary combustion chamber.
3-3
-------
Temperatures in the furnace must reach at least 1500°F
to provide for burnout of smoke and oxidation of most odor-
ous compounds. Maximum furnace temperatures (actual flame
temperature) reach 2100 to 2500°F, but temperatures at most
locations in the ignition chamber are in the range of 1800
to 2000°F. Gases exiting the combustion chamber are usually
between 1400 and 1800°F; temperatures in this region of the
furnace below 1200°F are undesirable. The exhaust gases are
cooled to 350 to 700°F following their conditioning with
cooling air, water spray, or heat exchange.
Underfire, overfire, and secondary air are supplied by
forced-draft centrifugal fans. The underfire and overfire
air enters through a series of adjustable ports located
below and above the grates, respectively. Secondary air for
turbulence and temperature control is added through high-
velocity jets in the side walls and roof of the furnace.
Additional air to move the combustion gases through the
furnace, gas cleaning equipment, breeching, and out the
stack is provided by induced-draft fans located between the
secondary combustion chamber (or air pollution control
equipment) and the stack.
Two important measures of the air supply are the per-
cent underfire air and the percent excess air. The under-
fire air basically controls the rate of burning, whereas
excess air ensures complete combustion and reduces furnace
temperatures. With proper operation the underfire air rate
should not exceed 100 scfm/ft^ of grate area. An underfire
to overfire air ratio of 1:2 is recommended for regular
refuse and a ratio of 1:1 is considered more appropriate for
wet refuse.
Residue is discharged from the end of the burning grate
into ash hoppers. The hoppers are usually quench tanks
which reduce the fire hazards of handling the residue and
control dust entrainment from the ash. A drag or apron pan
conveyor continuously removes the wet residue from the
bottom of the incinerator.
The remainder of the residue is in the form of siftings
and fly ash. The siftings are either removed from beneath
the grates manually through clean-out doors, or are col-
lected in troughs and mechanically conveyed to the residue
hopper. Fly ash captured in gas-cleaning devices may be
handled separately or combined with the other residue.
Most incinerators are designed to allow dump trucks to
load the residue directly from the drag-out conveyor for
delivery to a landfill or other disposal site.
3-4
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3.2 ATMOSPHERIC EMISSIONS
The major emission point from a municipal incinerator,
and the only one subject to the NSPS, is the furnace stack.
The only pollutant discharge subject to the NSPS is particu-
late matter. New incinerators operate with an uncontrolled
emission rate of about 35 Ib per ton of refuse. Based on 50
percent air, this rate is equivalent to approximately 3.6
g/NM3 (1.6 gr/scf).
Emission rates are closely related to incinerator
design, method of operation, and composition of the refuse
charged. The most important variables are the air flow rate
(percent underfire air and percent excess air), refuse
composition (ash and moisture contents), grate and furnace
type, and chamber temperature.
Velocity of the underfire air most strongly influences
particulate emission rate. Increasing the amount of excess
air decreases furnace temperature, which in turn reduces the
completeness of the combustion and leaves more combustible
particulates in the exit gases. Increasing excess air also
produces secondary detrimental effects on particulate
emissions in that it decreases air residence time in the
furnace and results in larger amounts of gases to be cleaned
by the control equipment. Increasing the moisture content
of the refuse has an effect similar to that of increasing
the excess air; both reduce the furnace operating tempera-
ture. When high moisture contents are encountered in the
incoming refuse, the grate loading rate is normally lowered
to maintain acceptable furnace temperatures.
3.3 EMISSION CONTROL METHODS
Wet scrubbing systems and electrostatic precipitators
are the most favored techniques for meeting the particulate
performance standard. Fabric filters are used to a lesser
extent on some new or modified incinerators. Mechanical
collectors are not adequate for cleaning incinerator exhaust
gases, although some are used as precleaners to reduce the
load on the primary control systems by removing particulate
matter. Optimizing the combustion process is also con-
sidered a method of emission control, although it must be
used in conjunction with one of the three high-efficiency
control systems.
3.3.1 Electrostatic Precipitators
Electrostatic precipitators installed on incinerators
are generally of the single-stage, duct-type with horizontal
gas flow. Insulation is normally required on the shell to
minimize corrosion due to condensation of gases. Discharge
3-5
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electrodes are of the weighted wire or supported frame
types; many collection electrode designs are used. A sur-
face collection area of at least 150 ft2/K)00 acfm is
probably needed to meet the performance standard, and this
is adequate only when other parameters are optimized.
Rappers are of the impact type, either electromagnetic,
mechanical, or pneumatic. In addition, water sprays may be
installed under the precipitator roof to wash down the
electrodes.
Properties of the refuse and temperature of gases
entering the precipitator are of prime importance since
these parameters affect particle resistivity and hence
influence collection efficiency. Significant changes in
type of refuse can also affect the electrical resistivity
and precipitator performance. For example, burning large
amounts of paper products will produce carbon particles
which have a low resistivity and are easily re-entrained
from the precipitator collection electrodes.
The resistivity of particles, and hence collection
efficiency changes with the precipitator operating tempera-
ture. The zone of high resistivity extends from about 250
to SOOT for typical particulates, and normally causes
reduced collection efficiency. Cooling the incinerator
exhaust gases below 250° requires extensive heat exchange or
water spray conditioning since final incinerator chamber
temperatures are in excess of 1000°F. At temperatures above
500°F, less plate surface is required although a greater
volume of gases is handled and the materials of construction
are more critical.
Other factors that may affect collection efficiency of
an electrostatic precipitator include gas velocity and
condition of repair. Design velocities of 3 to 5 ft/sec are
commonly used on precipitators. Operating at higher veloc-
ities may increase the re-entrainment of fly ash and result
in higher particulate emissions. In operation at lower
velocities it is often difficult to obtain uniform flow
across the precipitator. Additionally, as with most complex
instrumentation, the level of maintenance of an electro-
static precipitator also affects its efficiency. A detailed
discussion of precipitator applications to municipal in-
cinerators is presented in References 3 and 5.
3.3.2 Scrubbers
Wet scrubbers remove particulates by impaction or
interception with water droplets. Although many scrubber
designs have been applied to incinerators, only venturi
scrubbers have a demonstrated capability of meeting the
NSPS.
3-6
-------
Water is introduced peripherally at the top of the
venturi section. The high velocities through the throat of
the venturi disintegrates the water into a mass of fine
droplets throughout the gas stream. Downstream from the
throat, the cleaned gas decelerates and the particle-bearing
droplets agglomerate to a size that is easily separated from
the gas stream.
The efficiency of these scrubbers is related to power
input, which is indicated by the pressure drop through the
venturi. Pressure drops for these units normally range from
15 to 50 inches of water. Water usage rates are typically
10 gallons per 1000 cubic feet of gas.
Venturi scrubbers installed on incinerators humidify
and cool the exit gases and therefore produce an obvious
steam plume at the stack under most atmospheric conditions.
3.3.3 Fabric Filters
The limited number of filter applications on iiciner-
ators have all used silicone-treated glass bags to withstand
the high temperatures. Bag lives of 1 to 3 years have been
reported. Measured control efficiencies have ranged from 98
to greater than 99 percent; maximum pressure losses have
ranged from 3 to 7 inches of water; and air-to-cloth ratios
(filter velocities) have ranged from 2 to 4 ft/min.
Fabric filters are most sensitive to operating tempera-
ture. The maximum satisfactory range of gas temperature is
250 to 550°F; this range may be much narrower for certain
bag fabrics and exhaust gas compositions. Temperatures
above 500°F cause damage to the silicone coating, accel-
erated deterioration of the bag, and distortion of the metal
frame within the bag. At temperatures below 300°F, con-
densation and caking usually lead to blinding and bag
failure. The installation should be protected against
extreme temperatures by an emergency bypass and by sealing
against in-leakage of cool air.
All free moisture (entrained droplets or moist fly ash)
should be removed from the gas stream before it enters the
baghouse to prevent blinding of the filter. Since the
incinerator off-gases are commonly cooled to an acceptable
inlet temperature by water spray, sufficient residence time
must be available following the gas cooling for complete
evaporation before the gases reach the fabric filter.
3-7
-------
REFERENCES FOR CHAPTER 3
1. Danielson, J.A. Air Pollution Engineering Manual.
DREW. Springfield, Virginia. NTIS No. PB 190-243.
1967.
2. DeMarco, J., et al. Incinerator Guidelines - 1969.
U.S. DHEW Bureau of Solid Waste Management, Washington,
D.C. PHS Publication No. 2012. 1969, 98 pages.
3. Neissen, W., et al. Systems Study of Air Pollution
from Municipal Incinerators. A.D. Little, Springfield,
Virginia. NTIS No. APTD 1283, 1284, 1285.
4. Stear, J.R. Municipal Incineration: A Review of
Literature. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina. Publication
No. AP-79.
5. Oglesby, S., and G. B. Nichols. A Manual of Electro-
static Precipitator Technology, NSPCA Contract CPA 22-
69-73, 1970.
3-8
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4.0 INSTRUMENTATION, RECORDS, AND REPORTS
This section is designed to familiarize the inspector
with emission-related instrumentation, commonly encountered
in process operation, emission controls, and emission
monitoring. The type, purpose, location of each instrument
and importance to the field inspector are considered briefly;
detailed theoretical principles of instrument operations are
available from other literature sources.1'2
4.1 PROCESS INSTRUMENTATION
The monitoring and process control systems used on
municipal incinerators are relatively simple in comparison
with instrumentation used on other combustion units. The
process instrumentation described below represent the full
array of existing systems; some modified installations may
lack one or more of the control systems or may incorporate a
simpler system in its place.
Underfire/Overfire Draft Gages
Uncontrolled incinerator emissions greatly depend upon
the ratio of underfire to overfire air and on the quantities
of both. The volume of underfire air should be approxi-
mately one-half of the overfire air, although incinerators
have successfully burned refuse using different ratios. New
incinerators use instrumentation to measure draft pressures
in the underfire and overfire air ducts. Some incinerators
may also have orifice plates or other air flow measuring
devices in the air supply ducts. For such installations,
manometers and inclined water gage draft readouts would be
close to the incoming air supply. Diaphragm-actuated
sensors would be used where remote readouts are desired, as
on a centrally located control panel.
The inspector may compare the air flow readings at the
time of the acceptable performance with those of subsequent
inspections. However, as previously discussed, actual air
flow and the ratio of overfire to underfire air will change
depending upon refuse composition, particularly moisture.
Therefore the inspector must consider the air flow reading
in light of other process operating conditions. By so
doing, he will be able to determine whether the changed air
4-1
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flow rates are justifiable (e.g., wet refuse) or the incin-
erator is being operated improperly, either through negli-
gence or deliberately (e.g., grossly exceeding design
charging rates).
Flue Gas Concentrations
The amounts of 02/ C02 and CO in the exhaust gas
provide a direct measure or the excess air rate. Excess air
is significant because most control device efficiencies are
affected by changes in air flow. In addition, the particu-
late standard of 0.18 g/NM^ also stipulates 12 percent CO2
in the gas stream.
Excess air is determined by the following equations:
N2 + C02 + CO + 0 = 100
(0? -0.5 CO)
% Excess Air = 100 x I
0.264N2 - (02 - 0.5 CO)
where N2, C02/ CO, and 02 are percents by volume in the
gas stream.
Many new or modified incinerators do not incorporate
all three monitoring instruments. In such cases, the in-
spector can only compare the gas values with those obtained
in previous inspections. The analyzers actuate remotely
mounted recorders, which read directly in percent CO, CO ,
or 02 on the control panel. The 02 analyzer may be used2as
an automatic control unit to maintain constant oxygen con-
tent by trimming inlet vanes in the forced-draft fan.
Values for oxygen, C02, and CO should be recorded only
during an inspection; records of these values by incinerator
personnel are unnecessary except during a malfunction.
Temperature
Temperature (including actual flame temperature) may be
measured at one or more locations in the ignition chamber,
in the secondary combustion chamber or at the furnace exit
prior to and after conditioning, before the air pollution '
°?n I equipment, and between the control equipment and the
fcnno; f recommended secondary chamber temperature is
1600 F, and temperatures below 1300°F usually result in high
particulate emissions.
The inspector is interested in the secondary chamber
temperature because of its effect on uncontrolled emissions.
He should also note the position of the thermocouple into
the furnace. Temperatures are recorded on circular or strip
charts located on the control panel. Charts can be dated
and kept for inspection.
4-2
-------
Scales
Refuse delivered to the incinerator is weighed on truck
scales before being dumped into the storage pit. Because
the pit is a discontinuity in the process, the recorded
scale weights per unit time are not directly related to the
charging rate; total scale weights recorded over extended
periods, however, do indicate the average charging rate.
The truck scales give the only measurement of the weight of
refuse processed.
Records of incoming weights are compiled at the weigh
station, along with such auxiliary information as name of
the hauler, origin of the refuse, and composition of the
load. These records are normally totaled by day and by
week.
Charging Rate
One method of calculating the charging rate is to
consider the rate of grate movement, grate area, and height
of refuse on the grates. An inspector cannot take repre-
sentative data during a brief inspection, since these
variables are valid only if they are considered over a long
time period. Pre-weighed refuse is charged during a per-
formance test. For subsequent inspections, records of the
amount of refuse charged and the hours of operation by
furnace yield a more integral charging rate than that
provided by calculating grate movement and bed height.
Charging rates should not exceed 50 Ib/ft^-hr, unless the
incinerator is specifically designed to handle higher
quantities of refuse.
4.2 CONTROL DEVICE INSTRUMENTATION
The inspector should collect initial control device
data when NSPS tests are performed. Comparison with data
from later inspections should indicate whether the source
complies with particulate standards without further emission
testing.
Electrostatic Precipitators
The inspector should record voltage, current, and spark
rates from instrument gages usually located in the immediate
vicinity of the precipitator. Proper adjustment of the
electrical input to the precipitator is required to obtain
maximum performance. Voltage-current characteristics of the
precipitator depend upon dust concentration, and particle
size and resistivity.
4-3
-------
A transformer converts incoming "primary" voltage (220
or 440 volts) to the "secondary" voltage (kilovolts) re-
quired by the precipitator unit. Secondary current and
voltage readouts are in mA and kV, respectively. Gages may
record primary or secondary voltages and currents, or both.
The spark rate meter is calibrated in. sparks per
minute. Low spark rates may result from broken wires (dis-
charge electrodes), an inadequate precipitator power supply,
or a precipitator which is not designed to operate under a
spark rate limited condition. Each section of precipitators
has its own instrumentation and the inspector must record
values from all sections.
The inspector must check temperature gages (if they
exist) upstream of the precipitator. Hot exhaust gases from
the secondary chamber must be cooled prior to entering the
precipitator. Inadequate cooling results in excessive gas
flow volumes and .ultimately in higher particulate emissions.
Scrubbers
When inspecting venturi scrubbers, the inspector should,.
check water rates from flow meters located on the main
control panel.
The inspector is concerned with the pressure differ-
ential across the scrubber. Pressures can be read either
from manometers directly attached to the scrubber or from
gages located on the instrument panel.
Fabric Filters
The inspector is interested in the inlet temperature
and the pressure drop across the bags. Manometers or
pressure gages are located either on the baghouse or the
control panel. Low pressure drop indicates that the gas
stream is inefficiently cleaned by torn or otherwise de-
fective bags.
4.3 FACILITY RECORDKEEPING REQUIREMENTS
The NSPS for incinerators require only that the daily
burning rates and hours of operation be routinely recorded.
These two values should be entered daily for each incin-
erator unit in a logbook similar to that shown in Figure
4.1. This format permits compilation and checking of
monthly summary data. The logged data and monthly summaries
must be retained by the operator for at least two years.
The general NSPS provisions also require that the
operator report each quarter all start-ups, shutdowns, and
malfunctions that result in emissions higher than the
4-4
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particulate standard; these records also must be maintained
for a two year period. Since start-ups and shutdowns are
common at most incinerators and are not normally associated
with extremely high emission rates, the operator may find it
efficient to combine records of start-ups and shutdowns with
the log of daily operations. This has been done in the
example in Figure 4.1.
It is recommended that a separate record be kept of the
less frequent, but more critical occurrences of malfunctions
requiring reporting. This record should, as a minimum,
document the duration of each malfunction and actions taken
to minimize increased emissions. A sample format for
recording occurrences of malfunctions is presented in Figure
4.2.
If opacity instrumentation is used to monitor particu-
late matter, strip charts or graphs should be dated and
calibration records kept in the event they would be used to
verify pollutant levels.
Although not presently required by NSPS, records of
important process parameters should be kept for at least a
two year period. These include secondary combustion chamber
temperature and control device parameters such as spark
rate, and secondary current and voltage for precipitators or
pressure drop for scrubbers.
4.4 REPORTING PROCEDURES
The NSPS specify that the facility operator must main-
tain certain records for a period of two years. No periodic
submittal of data or of data summaries is required, however.
The operator must furnish written notification to EPA
of the anticipated date of initial start-up, the actual date
of start-up, and the date for conduct of the performance
test. In addition, he must provide a written report of
performance test results. It shall include weights of
particulate collected in each of the three repetitive tests,
sample air volumes, times of tests, percents CO2, incin-
erator charging rates, and the calculated emission rates for
each of the three tests. A suggested format for the test
report appears in Appendix B.
The operator of the incinerator may also be required to
provide other information to EPA or the state agency under
separate regulations. This may include information required
in application for a permit to operate the new facility or
information needed for completion of the semi-annual report
on new emission sources as part of implementation plan
requirements.
4-5
-------
RECORD OF INCINERATOR OPERATION AND BURNING RATE
MONTH
YEAR
DATE
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
Total for
Month
UNIT 1 UNIT 2
HOURS OF
OPERATION
CHARGING ^
RATE , T/HR*
TOTAL
BURNED
T/DAY
STARTUP (U) OR
SHUTDOWN (D)
TIME
REASON
HOURS OF
OPERATION
CHARGING
RATE, T/HR*
•
TOTAL
BURNED
T/DAY
STARTUP (U)OR
SHUTDOWN (D)
TIME
REASON
Av. Burn-
ing Rate
Max. Daily
Burning
Rate
* How Determined?
Figure 4.1 Example log for recording and summarizing incinerator operation.
-------
RECORD OF MALFUNCTIONS
UNIT
DATE & TIME OF
MALFUNCTION
NATURE
MEANS OF
CORRECTION
DATE & TIME
CORRECTED
DURATION
EFFECT ON
EMISSIONS
ACTIONS
TAKEN TO
MINIMIZE
Figure 4.2 Example log for recording incinerator malfunctions.
-------
4.5 SUMMARY
A summary of all instrumentation and records is tabu-
lated in Table 4.1.
Table 4.1 SUMMARY OF INCINERATOR INSTRUMENTATION
AND RECORDKEEPING
Item
Secondary chamber tem-
perature
Scales/daily burning ratesa
Electrostatic precipitator
Spark rate
Power
Upstream duct temperature
Scrubber pressure drop
Baghouse pressure drop
Opacity
Malfunctions
Hours of operation3
Read
off
gage
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Values
recorded
by facility
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Charts
dated by
facility
X
X
Required by NSPS
4-8
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REFERENCES FOR CHAPTER 4
Considine, D.M. Process Instrumentation. Chemical
Engineering. p 84-113, January 29, 1968.
Meffert, D.P., M.M. McEven, and R.H. Gilbreath, Jr.
Stack Testing and Monitoring. Pollution Engineering.
5:6:25-33.
4-9
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5.0 START-UP/MALFUNCTIONS/SHUTDOWN
5.1 START-UP
The interior of a municipal incinerator must be protected
during start-up as incinerator temperatures climb from
ambient to the operating level of between 1800 and 2500°F.
Because the refractory material has strong insulating
properties, it resists temperature changes and thereby is
subjected to great internal stresses if the incinerator is
brought to operating temperature too rapidly. This results
in spalling and premature failure. The grate system and
other interior parts suffer similar effects.
Therefore, start-up of a municipal incinerator is
usually a 2- to 4-hour procedure in which the refuse loading
and the airflow are gradually increased, and during which
time the furnace temperatures are intentionally controlled
below the levels required for optimum combustion. The
initial charging rate normally varies from one-third to one-
half of the design rate and is increased stepwise over the
duration of the start-up period.
A well-maintained, continuously running municipal
incinerator starting up in the beginning of the week should
be able to run through the week without shutting down.
Batch incinerators that must be started each day or several
times per week spend a significant percent of their total
operating time under non-optimum start-up conditions, i.e.
with poor combustion and reduced charging capacity -
The effect of start-up on emission rate is an increase,
primarily in the combustible particulate, as a result of
incomplete combustion. This increase is usually not obvi-
ous, however, since the incinerator is operating at only a
fraction of its full charging rate. Emissions in Ib/hr,
instead of the g/NM3 of the performance test, may actually
be lower than during normal operation.
The higher emission rates at start-up are not readily
reduced or minimized by process changes, because they result
from low temperatures and the low temperatures are required
for safe start-up. The percent excess air or amount of
5-1
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overfire air cannot be increased substantially from normal
levels to obtain complete combustion because of their
further dampening effect on temperatures. Incinerators
covered by NSPS cannot effectively use auxiliary fuel on
start-up to reduce emissions.
Wet refuse, although not defined as a malfunction,
often results in incomplete burning and high emissions.
Instrumentation indicates this as chamber temperatures
decline and overfire/underfire draft ratios decrease. The
enforcement officer should bear in mind that incinerator
inspection the day (or possibly two) after a rainstorm are
not indicative of normal operation.
5.2 MALFUNCTIONS
Incinerator malfunctions are frequent because of the
nature and composition of refuse. Large or sharp objects
can damage the grates, and refuse of high moisture content
can corrode downstream equipment. A multitude of malfunc-
tions are possible; the more common ones are summarized in
Table 5.1.
If malfunctions occur repeatedly, the inspector
should determine what corrective actions be taken to reduce
their frequency. The impact of malfunctions may be mini-
mized by changing incinerator design, improving maintenance
procedures, and stocking more spare-parts.
5.3 SHUTDOWN
The shutdown of an incinerator does not involve oper-
ations that significantly increase emissions. Charging is
discontinued, but grate movement, airflow, and operation of
the air pollution control system continue until all the
refuse in the furnace has been burned. Heat retained by the
refractory and other interior parts keeps temperatures at
acceptable levels for the 1 to 2 hours required to com-
pletely burn out the refuse after charging has been dis-
continued.
5-2
-------
Table 5.1 INCINERATOR MALFUNCTIONS WHICH AFFECT EMISSION RATES
en
oo
Malfunction
Damage to grate3
Breakdown of flue gas
cooling system
Excessive air in-
filtration
Plugged air ports
Precipitators
plugged spray nozzles
frozen rapping systems
broken or dirty electrodes
ESP section out
Bag failures
Frequency of
occurrence
Depends upon main-
tenance and care
used in charging
procedures .
Infrequent -
Infrequent
Several times/year
for well maintained
unit; can be higher
if unit is poorly
designed or main-
tained.
Average occurrence
about once per
month.
Duration
Unit repaired at next
shutdown .
About one hour until
incinerator can be
brought off-line.
Results from poor
maintenance and will
continue until cor-
rected.
1 or 2 days.
6 to 8 hours.
Minimum of 4 hours
Varies
ESP can usually be
repaired in a few
hours .
1 to 4 hours
Effect on
emission rate
Minor unless severe
damage .
Requires bypassing of
emission controls.
Dependent upon amount
of air and location.
May be substantial.
Varies but can be
substantial.
Air contaminants will
be uncontrolled in the
gas stream going
through the broken
bags.
Means to minimize
excess emissions
Immediately curtail
refuse charging
operations .
Usually results from
long term negligence
of maintenance.
Air flow re-
distribution by
dampers .
Reduce gas flow
volume to precipi-
tation (i.e., reduce
charging rate) ; have
spare parts avail-
able.
Check bags periodi-
cally for minute
leaks and work
fabric.
a Reciprocating grates frequently become so clogged that the incinerator will be shut down for grate repair and cleanout.
These shutdowns are usually planned, and are not considered malfunctions.
-------
6.0 PERFORMANCE TESTS
Section 6.1 describes the operating conditions to be
established in preparation for performance tests. Later
sections discuss observations of the facility and evaluation
of source test procedures. The final section provides a
checklist of process and test parameters to be recorded
during the performance test.
6.1 PRETEST PROCEDURES
Although the new source performance standards stipulate
exact procedures for compliance, facility personnel may
misunderstand or not be aware of parts of the regulations.
The inspector should therefore arrange a meeting with plant
personnel to review details of the standards and the testing
procedures prior to the actual performance test. The in-
spector provides copies of the performance standards at the
meeting.
Since a new municipal incinerator facility may contain
more than one furnace, it is necessary to identify the
furnace or furnaces being tested. The enforcement officer
should request a plot plan of the facility and properly
identify the particular furnace on all inspection check-
lists.
The inspector should determine which testing firm is to
perform the tests, and if no representative of the firm
attends the meeting, contact the firm to ensure that tests
are run in accordance with procedures outlined in 40 CFR 60.
The chief purpose of the pretest meeting is to outline
clearly for all concerned parties the purpose of the tests
and the required test procedures. The inspector must also
survey the ductwork for test port locations. If satisfactory
sites are not available, he should suggest modifications
(e.g. stack extensions, flow straighteners) needed to obtain
accurate test results. The location of a clean-up area
should be agreed upon by all parties prior to the test date.
During a tour of the incinerator, the inspector determines
whether additional inspection personnel are required to
monitor the process sampling site, and exhaust stack.
Three operating conditions must be established and
approved by the inspector prior to performance testing:
0 charging rate
0 composition of refuse
° incinerator and control equipment operation
6-1
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Charging Rate - The NSPS require that the charging rate
during performance testing be at representative performance.
This rate may be estimated as the design capacity for an
incinerator just beginning operation. Experience has shown,
however, that actual maximum charging rates at incinerators
that have been in operation for several years frequently
exceed the design rate by 20 to 30 percent. If a unit is
performance tested at a specific capacity and later is
operated at higher charging rates, it must be retested. The
inspector must therefore stress the desirability of ini-
tially testing at the highest loading rate anticipated.
Records of the exact quantity of refuse burned during
the performance test are important for future comparisons.
For the performance test, refuse piles of weight (determined
by truck scales) equal to the desired charging rate for a
two hour test period are set aside in the pit area. These
piles are then loaded into the charging hopper at a uniform
rate that depletes each pile over the two hour test period.
This relatively crude procedure affords several opportuni-
ties for error including:
0 All the refuse in the pile must be picked up by the
crane and charged; and
0 Refuse in the charging hopper at the beginning and end
of the test period may lead to an inaccurate estimate
of the charging rate.
The inspector can easily witness several truck weigh-
ings prior to testing to ensure that refuse weights are
valid. He should determine whether the scales were cali-
brated and when. If the scales were not calibrated, the
tests should not be considered valid.
Composition of Refuse - The NSPS state that the refuse
burned during the performance test should be representative
of normal operation. The refuse is generally preselected
from truckloads entering prior to the testing; observing the
character of the incoming refuse in a number of trucks and
then carefully selecting truck loads of refuse for the test
can produce a representative sample. On the other hand, a
biased refuse sample which reduces incinerator emissions can
be assembled either intentionally or unintentionally. For
these reasons, the inspector must participate with incin-
erator personnel in selecting the refuse to be burned during
the performance test.
The facility should be tested while burning dry refuse
(i.e,, not refuse which has a high moisture content due to
recent rain). This will permit the facility to operate at
its highest charging rate.
6-2
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Incinerator and Control Equipment Operation - Incin-
erator parameters influencing particulate emissions were
described in Sections 3 and 4. Maximum or minimum values,
as described below, should be established for the following
parameters in order that the facility may operate at either
higher or lower values and not be suspected of violating the
particulate emission standard.
0 Secondary chamber temperature - The facility should be
tested with the secondary chamber temperature at the
minimum value the plant contends is satisfactory and
anticipates operating at.
0 Underfire air - The facility should be tested when
operating with the highest underfire air rate antic-
ipated for the type of refuse being burned (preferably
dry).
0 Electrostatic precipitator sections operating - If an
electrostatic precipitator is used, it may have been
designed to achieve the required level of particulate
removal with one or more sections not in operation (to
preclude the necessity of curtailing incinerator
operation when a section malfunctions). Precipitators
can be "fine tuned" for purposes of passing a per-
formance test but be incapable of sustained operation
at this level cf efficiency. Thus the precipitator
should be operating without manual adjustments of
voltage, current input, etc., preferably for a minimum
of one month. (Some purchasers are now requiring that
precipitators be performance tested after operating for
one year without any adjustments other than routine
maintenance.
0 Scrubber pressure drop and scrubbing liquor flow rate -
The scrubber should be operated at the minimum pressure
drop and liquor flow rate that are anticipated under
routine full-load operation.
Operation of the incinerator should be in equilibrium
prior to testing. The incinerator should be running at the
desired load for at least three hours before emission tests
are started. Process data must be recorded during the
stabilization period to ensure that the incinerator is in
equilibrium during the performance runs.
6.2 PROCESS OBSERVATION
Important process and emission control device operating
conditions should be recorded during the compliance test for
future comparisons. These observations provide a baseline
for comparison with operating conditions observed during
6-3
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later inspections. The observations also indicate reasons
for excessive particulate emissions if the source fails to
meet NSPS. These parameters are listed in Table 6.1, which
includes comments about the expected observations, source of
readings, and frequency of observance.
In the event an upset occurs during a test, the run may
be void, depending on the severity of the malfunction. A
precipitator power loss or frozen refuse charging hardware
will produce a particulate sample which is not represent-
ative of normal operating conditions. These are examples of
upsets that require a rerun of emission tests.
Many upsets will not endanger the portion of the sample
prior to the abnormal operation. In this case, the sample
train can be withdrawn from the sampling port with the pump
turned off until normal conditions prevail.
6.3 EMISSION TEST OBSERVATIONS
Particulate tests and opacity determinations are con-
ducted by qualified emission testing personnel. The in-
spector is responsible for ensuring that all pertinent data
are collected, that the field procedures and equipment meets
CFR, and that the incinerator is run at representative per-
formance during all sampling runs.
The NSPS require three 1-hour particulate tests per-
formed at representative performance conditions. Gas
analysis is required to express particulate emissions cor-
rected to 12 percent CO,.,.
As a rule, the inspector's surveillance of the test
crew depends upon his knowledge of their competence. He
should, however, be aware of a few major items:
0 Record duct dimensions (both inside and outside)
and location of sample ports.
0 Check the number of ports at the sampling site and
examine the ducting for the nearest upstream and
downstream obstructions. Ask the crew leader how
many total points will be traversed and check with
Figure 1.1 in 40 CFR 60 to determine whether the
stream will be properly sampled.
0 Note whether the crew runs a preliminary traverse,
and if so, inquire what nozzle diameter is se-
lected. (Isokinetic sampling is a function of
nozzle size.)
6-4
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Table 6.1 INCINERATOR OPERATING CONDITIONS WHICH AFFECT EMISSIONS
Observation
en
I
en
INCINERATOR
Secondary chamber temperature
Flue gas concentration (CO,, CO, O,)
Underfire air draft
Overfire air draft
Grate speed
Crane weight sensors
CONTROL DEVICE
Control device entry temperature
Electrostatic precipitator
Spark rate/section
Voltage/section
Current/section
Scrubber
Water rate
Pressure drop
Baghouse
Pressure drop
Location
Control panel gage
Control panel gage
Control panel gage
Control panel gage
Control panel gage
Loading area
Control panel gage
Meter on precipitator control
panel
Meter on precipitator control
panel
Meter on precipitator control
panel
Ask operator
Control panel gage or manometer
on scrubber
Control panel gage
Comments
Note thermocouple location in
combustion chamber. Record values
every 20 minutes
Many incinerators do not monitor
overfire and underfire air draft.
Record every 20 minutes
Record every 20 minutes
Record every 20 minutes
Record twice per performance test
Record twice per performance test
Record twice per performance test
Record twice per performance test
Record twice per performance test
Record twice per performance test
Record twice per performance test
-------
Check to ensure that the moisture content of the
gas stream is determined by Method 4 or an equivalent
method such as drying tubes or volumetric condensers;
assumption of the moisture content is not allowed.
Observe the leak test of the sampling train. The
allowable leak rate is given in Method 5. Leakage
results in lower concentrations than are actually
present. Be next to the dry gas meter during
the leak check, note whether the meter hand is
moving. (The more the hand is moving, the greater
the air leakage.) Leak checks must also be made
if the train is disassembled during the run to
change a filter or to replace any component.
Record dry gas meter readings before and after
test.
Record average velocity head and temperatures in
ducts during tests.
If impingers are used during test, observe whether
they are bubbling. If they are not, the sampling
train is either plugged or disconnected from the
pump.
Check the cleaning procedure for the front half of
the train. Careless removal of filters or clean-
ing of probes will result in lower calculated
emissions. Look for broken glass from probes or
connectors. Test is void if glass probe was
broken during test. If glass connectors are
broken in transport from sampling site to clean-up
area, test is still valid. Make sure identification
labels are attached properly to collection containers.
The probe should be brushed and rinsed with acetone
thoroughly to remove all particulates. The probe
should be visually inspected after cleaning to
ascertain that all particulates have been removed.
Observe gas analysis procedure for determining
CO-. Gas samples must be taken simultaneously
with particulate runs. Variations greater than
0.5 percent (grab sample) or 0.2 percent (integrated
sample) indicate gas mixture was not thoroughly
bubbled through reagents. Ask sampling crew when
new reagents were added to apparatus.
Check percent isokinetic.
Determine calibration dates and procedures used to
calibrate pitot tube, thermometer, dry gas meter,
and manometer orifice.
Record process parameters during emission tests
and opacity readings.
6-6
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6.4 PERFORMANCE TEST CHECKLIST
The inspector must observe incinerator operation and
emission tests simultaneously to ensure that valid data are
used in determining plant performance. He should also
complete a performance test checklist as indicated in Table
6.2. If the inspector observes any additional parameters
recorded by the plant that are directly related to emissions,
they should also be recorded.
In the event of a malfunction or upset, the enforcement
officer must inform the test crew leader that the sampling
trains are to be shut off and removed from the ducts as
quickly as possible. If process changes or deviations occur,
the inspector is responsible for instructing sampling personnel
whether to proceed with the run or temporarily stop the test.
The enforcement officer keeps a log of any abnormal
operation, time of occurance, and return to representative
conditions. After reviewing emission test results, he can
decide whether the run is valid.
According to 60.8(a) of 40 CFR 60, incinerator manage-
ment is responsible for furnishing the Environmental Pro-
tection Agency a written report of the results of the emis-
sion tests. Appendix B provides a suggested format for the
report. These reports should be carefully checked and the
data compared with values on the inspection checklist.
6-7
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Table 6.2
NSPS INSPECTION CHECKLIST FOR MUNICIPAL INCINERATORS
DURING PERFORMANCE TEST
Facility Name
Facility Address_
Name of Plant Contact
Source Code Number
Unit Identification (To Be Tested)
Design Charge Rate tons/day
Actual Charge Rate tons/day
Initial Start-Up Date
Continuous Operation Date
Test Date
A. INCINERATOR CHARACTERISTICS
Charging Method D Batch
D Continuous
Operating Schedule hr/day days/wk wk/yr
2
Approximate Grate area ft
APC Device Type
D Scrubber
D ESP
D Fabric Filter
B. REFUSE PREPARATION
Refuse Weight Determination
D Truck Scales
D Manual Weighing
D Other
Refuse Composition Determination (EPA Method) DYes D No
Moisture Content (Estimate) D Satisfactory DHigh D Low
Precharge Preparation
D Shredder
D Metal Extractor
D Other
6-8
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Table 6.2 (continued). NSPS INSPECTION CHECKLIST FOR MUNICIPAL
INCINERATORS DURING PERFORMANCE TEST
C. INSTRUMENTATION DATA
ITEM
Secondary Chamber Temp.
APC Device Entry Temp.
Overfire Air Draft
Under fire Air Draft
Grate Speed
Refuse Measuring Sensors
°2
co2
CO
Opacity Monitor
Precipitator
Spark Rate
Secondary Voltage
Section No.
Section No.
Section No.
Section No.
Section No.
Section No.
Secondary Current
Section No.
Section No.
Section No.
Section No.
Section No.
Section No.
Scrubber
Water Rate
Pressure Drop
UNITS
op
OF
in. H20
in. H20
indicate units
indicate units
%
%
%
%
sparks/min
kV
mA
gal . /min
in. H20
VALUESS
a See Section 6.2 for recommended frequency of recorded values.
6-9
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Table 6.2 (continued). NSPS INSPECTION CHECKLIST FOR MUNICIPAL
INCINERATORS DURING PERFORMANCE TEST
D.
E.
PRETEST DATA (OBTAIN FROM TEST TEAM FIELD LEADER)
Test Company
Field Leader
Duct Dimensions in. x in; Area
Nearest Upstream Obstruction
Nearest Downstream Obstruction
No. of Sampling Ports
No. of Sampling Points
No. of Sampling Points Required
from Figure 1.1 in 40 CFR 60
PARTICULATE PERFORMANCE TEST
Test No. Start Time Finish
.ft2
.ft
_ft
Time
Preliminary Traverse Run (Method 1)
Chosen Nozzle Diameter in.
Train Leak Check
Moisture Determination (Method 4)
Moisture Content %
Yes
D
D
No
D
ml Collected/Gas Volume ml ft LJ
Combustion Gas Analysis 0_ %
J 2
CO., %
2
CO %
o
Dry Gas Meter Reading Before Test ft &
0
Dry Gas Meter Reading After Test ft &
Volume Sampled ft3
Test Duration
Average of Meter Orifice Pressure Drop
Average Duct Temperature
n
(time)
(time)
minutes
inches
°F
6-10
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Table 6.2 (continued). NSPS INSPECTION CHECKLIST FOR MUNICIPAL
INCINERATORS DURING PERFORMANCE TEST
Velocity Head at Sampling Point
Meter AH@*
Repetition Start Time
Repetition Finish Time
CLEANUP PROCEDURE
Filter Condition
Probe Status
Glass Connectors
Cleanup Sample Spillage
Sample Bottle Identification
Acetone Blank Taken
inches
D Dry
D Unbroken
D Unbroken
D None D Slight
D Yes
D Yes
D Wet
D Broken
D Broken
D Major
D No
D No
6-11
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7.0 INSPECTION PROCEDURES
Periodic visits will enable the inspector to determine
the status of the plant's emission controls. Comparison of
operating parameters observed during inspection with those
recorded in the performance test should indicate whether
emissions are within allowable limits. This section de-
scribes inspection procedures, including completion of a
checklist, and recommended follow-up procedures.
7.1 PROCEDURES FOR PERIODIC INSPECTION
The frequency of inspections is governed by agency
policy. A quarterly inspection is recommended unless
complaints dictate more frequent inspections.
Major emphasis of the inspection is placed upon check-
ing facility records and observing process and control
equipment operation, including instrumentation. The in-
spector compares records of operating hours and refuse
receipts to charging rates recorded in the performance test.
Control device and process instrumentation give an indi-
cation of particulate emissions.
The following procedures should be performed in the
order shown whenever possible. The suggested format enables
the inspector to tour the plant, observe the process, and
monitor the instruments during actual operation. He can
then investigate any questionable areas by looking at
records and conferring with the incinerator operator.
OBSERVATIONS OUTSIDE THE PLANT
0 Note plume opacity.
0 Check whether truck scales are properly operating.
CONTROL EQUIPMENT
0 Read pertinent gages on scrubber, precipitator, or
baghouse. Compare with values obtained during per-
formance test.
7-1
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CONTROL PANEL
0 Read pertinent air flow gages, temperatures, and com-
bustion gas meters.
INCINERATOR
0 Observe charge procedure for even distribution of
refuse into chutes. Check refuse level in chutes and
rate of air leaks into primary combustion chamber.
0 Look into furnace ports if possible. Examine grates
for possible missing sections. Observe refuse bed
lumps or blowholes. Exercise extreme caution when
looking into the furnace. Always wear eye and face
protection since exploding containers can cause serious
injury. Always let the incinerator operator open
furnace doors and ports; never do so yourself or
manipulate any furnace controls.
0 Note ash removal from chamber. Ash should be quickly
removed and water quenched to avoid entrainment of fly
ash into gas stream.
RECORDS
0 Review record of hours of operation, daily collection,
and charging rate (if available).
0 Examine dated charts of temperature measurements.
0 Check truck scale and control device maintenance.
7.2 INSPECTION CHECKLIST
The inspection form included as Table 7.1 is derived
from the procedures described above.
7.3 INSPECTION FOLLOW-UP PROCEDURES
Some agencies have regulatory jurisdiction over pollu-
tants not covered by NSPS (e.g., odors, fugitive dust).
These agencies may wish to incorporate inspection procedures
covering such pollutants into the NSPS format for periodic
inspections.
If, upon completion of his tour of the plant, the
inspector believes that a citation is warranted, he must
state clearly the grounds for citation. An on-site citation
is justified only by clear-cut violations, such as excessive
opacity, or by failure of the plant operator to maintain or
provide required records.
7-2
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Before leaving the plant, the inspector should also
compare the values he has recorded on the checklist with
data from earlier inspections or from the performance tests.
Although compliance sometimes cannot be determined without a
source test, the checklist should provide enough information
to indicate whether emissions may be excessive. A com-
parison format for determining compliance status is given in
Table 7.2. If current values exceed the range of variation
indicated in the table, a possible violation of source
performance standards is indicated. The inspector should
notify the responsible incinerator plant official and
confirm this in writing, giving data that indicate the
possible violations. Resolution of such a matter usually
entails the setting of a test date and follow-up inspection.
Because plant inspection can be the function of a
Federal, state, or local agency, systematic communication
among agencies is required to prevent duplication of effort
and to ensure that all concerned parties are aware of the
current status of municipal incinerator operations. It is
important, therefore, that post-inspection procedures
incorporate a mechanism for notifying all concerned agencies
of any changes in compliance status or other significant
action.
7-3
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Table 7.1
NSPS INSPECTION CHECKLIST FOR MUNICIPAL INCINERATORS
AFTER PERFORMANCE TEST
Facility Name
Facility Address.
Name of Plant Contact
Source Code Number
Unit Designation
Design Charge Rate
Actual Charge Rate_
Inspection Date
PRE-ENTRY OBSERVATIONS
Time
B.
Stack Plume (Use EPA Plume Observation Procedures)
Opacity Regulation D In Compliance
D Not In Compliance
Weigh Scales DOperating DNot Operating
Trucks Weighed and Recorded Before Dump D Yes D No
Trucks Weighed and Recorded After Dump D Yes D No
CONTROL EQUIPMENT
1) Electrostatic Precipitator
Section
Primary Current, amps
Primary Voltage , volts
Secondary Current , mA
Second Voltage , kV
Spark Rate , spk/min
2) Scrubber
Module
Liquid Flow, gal./min.
Pressure Across Scrubber, in. H20
7-4
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Table 7.1 (continued). NSPS INSPECTION CHECKLIST FOR MUNICIPAL
INCINERATORS AFTER PERFORMANCE TEST
3) Fabric Filter
Compartment
Pressure Drop Across Fabric
Filter, in. H20
Additional Observations:
C. CONTROL PANEL Time.
Secondary Chamber Temp. °F
APC Device Entry Temp. °F
Dnderfire Air Draft in. H-0
Overfire Air Draft in. H-O
O2 Analyzer %
CO, Analyzer %
CO Analyzer %
Grate Speed (indicate units)
Refuse Measuring Sensors (indicate units)
D. INCINERATOR Time
Satisfactory Unsatisfactory
Charge Cranes d ED
Furnace Grates (if visible) LJ U
Residue Removal System (including 1—1 i—i
quenching)
E. RECORDS
Temperature Charts (Dated and Filed by Incinerator Personnel)
Satisfactory Unsatisfactory
Secondary Chamber CJ D
APC Device Entry Gas CH LJ
Hours of Operation
Charging Rate, T/hr.
Daily Collection, T/day_
7-5
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Table 7.2 PARAMETER COMPARISON TO DETERMINE COMPLIANCE STATUS
Parameter
Weigh scales out of operation
Collection and burning records not kept
ESP power input (current and voltage)
ESP spark rate
Scrubber liquid flow
Scrubber pressure drop
Baghouse pressure drop
Secondary chamber temperature
APC device inlet temperature
Gas analyzers
Category
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
Deviation from
performance
test values,
percent
<30
<40
<40
<20
<20
<20
<20
+50
a) 1. Parameter for which citation can be issued if source is
not in compliance.
2. Parameter which gives strong indication that emissions
are out of compliance. Value out of indicated ranges
is justification for emission test.
3. Parameter cannot be directly used to justify emission
test but can be used to support conclusions.
7-6
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APPENDIX A
STANDARDS OF PERFORMANCE FOR NEW
STATIONARY SOURCES CODE OF FEDERAL REGULATIONS
A-l
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Chapter 1 - Environmental Protection Agency
SUBCHAPTER C - AIR PROGRAMS
PART 60 - STANDARDS OF PERFORMANCE
FOR NEW STATIONARY SOURCES
Subpart A - General Provisions
§60.1 Applicability.
The provisions of this part apply to the owner or
operator of any stationary source which contains an affected
facility the construction or modification of which is com-
menced after the date of publication in this part of any
standard (or, if earlier, the date of publication of any
proposed standard) applicable to such facility.
§60.2 Definitions.
As used in this part, all terms not defined herein
shall have the meaning given them in the Act:
(a) "Act" means the Clean Air Act (42 U.S.C. 1857 et
seq., as amended by Public Law 91-604, 84 Stat. 1676).
(b) "Administrator" means the Administrator of the
Environmental Protection Agency or his authorized represen-
tative.
(c) "Standard" means a standard of performance proposed
or promulgated under this part.
(d) "Stationary source" means any building, structure,
facility, or installation which emits or may emit any air
pollutant.
(e) "Affected facility" means, with reference to a
stationary source, any apparatus to which a standard is
applicable.
(f) "Owner or operator" means any person who owns,
leases, operates, controls, or supervises an affected facil-
ity or a stationary source of which an affected facility is
a part.
(g) "Construction" means fabrication, erection, or
installation of an affected facility.
A-2
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(h) "Modification" means any physical change in, or
change in the method of operation of, an affected facility
which increases the amount of any air pollutant (to which a
standard applies) emitted by such facility or which results
in the emission of any air pollutant (to which a standard
applies) not previously emitted, except that:
(1) Routine maintenance, repair, and replacement shall
not be considered physical changes, and
(2) The following shall not be considered a change in
the method of operation:
(i) An increase in the production rate, if such
increase does not exceed the operating design capacity of
the affected facility;
(ii) An increase in hours of operation;
(iii) Use of an alternative fuel or raw material if,
prior to the date any standard under this part becomes
applicable to such facility, as provided by §60.1, the
affected facility is designed to accomodate such alternative
use.
(i) "Commenced" means, with respect to the definition
of "new source" in section 111(a)(2) of the Act, that an
owner or operator has.undertaken a continuous program of
construction or modification or that an owner or operator
has entered into a contractual obligation to undertake and
complete, within a reasonable time, a continuous program of
construction or modification.
(j) "Opacity" means the degree to which emissions
reduce the transmission of light and obscure the view of an
object in the background.
(k) "Nitrogen oxides" means all oxides of nitrogen
except nitrous oxide, as measured by test methods set forth
in this part.
(1) "Standard conditions" means a temperature of 20°C
(68°F) and a pressure of 760 mm of Hg (29.92 in. of Hg).
(m) "Proportional sampling" means sampling at a rate
that produces a constant ratio of sampling rate to stack gas
flow rate.
(n) "Isokinetic sampling" means sampling in which the
linear velocity of the gas entering the sampling nozzle is
equal to that of the undisturbed gas stream at the sample
point.
(o) "Start-up" means the setting in operation of an
affected facility for any purpose.
(p) "Shutdown" means the cessation of operation of an
affected facility for any purpose.
(q) "Malfunction" means any sudden and unavoidable
failure of air pollution control equipment or process
equipment or of a process to operate in a normal or usual
manner. Failures that are caused entirely or in part by"
poor maintenance, careless operation, or any other pre-
ventable upset condition or preventable equipment breakdown
shall not be considered malfunctions.
A-3
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(r) "Hourly period" means any 60 minute period com-
mencing on the hour.
(s) "Reference method" means any method of sampling
and analyzing for an air pollutant as described in Appendix
A to this part.
(t) "Equivalent method" means any method of sampling
and analyzing for an air pollutant which have been demon-
strated to the Administrator's satisfaction to have a con-
sistent and quantitatively known relationship to the refer-
ence methods, under specified conditions.
(u) "Alternative method" means any method of sampling
and analyzing for an air pollutant which is not a reference
or equivalent method but which has been demonstrated to the
Administrator's satisfaction to, in specific cases, produce
results adequate for his determination of compliance.
(v) "Particulate matter" means any finely divided
solid or liquid material, other than uncombined water, as
measured by Method 5 of Appendix A to this part or an
equivalent or alternative method.
(w) "Run" means the net period of time during which an
emission sample is collected. Unless otherwise specified, a
run may be either intermittent or continuous within the
limits of good engineering practice.
§60.4 Address.
All requests, applications, submittals, and other
communications to the Administrator pursuant to this part
shall be submitted in duplicate and addressed to the appro-
priate Regional Office of the Environmental Protection
Agency, to the attention of the Director, Enforcement
Division.
§60.5 Determination of construction or modification.
When requested to do so by an owner or operator, the
Administrator will make a determination of whether actions
taken or intended to be taken by such owner or operator
constitute construction or modification or the commencement
thereof within the meaning of this part.
§60.6 Review of plans.
(a) When requested to do so by an owner or operator,
the Administrator will review plans for construction or
modification for the purpose of providing technical advice
to the owner or operator.
(b)(1) A separate request shall be submitted for each
construction or modification project.
(2) Each request shall identify the location of such
project, and be accompanied by technical information de-
scribing the proposed nature, size, design, and method of
A-4
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operation of each affected facility involved in such project,
including information on any equipment to be used for mea-
surement or control of emissions.
(c) Neither a request for plans review nor advice
furnished by the Administrator in response to such request
shall (1) relieve an owner or operator of legal respon-
sibility for compliance with any provision of this part or
of any applicable State or local requirement, or (2) prevent
the Administrator from implementing or enforcing any provi-
sion of this part or taking any other action authorized by
the Act.
§60.7 Notification and record keeping.
(a) Any owner or operator subject to the provisions of
this part shall furnish the Administrator written notifica-
tion as follows:
CD A notification of the anticipated date of initial
start-up of an affected facility not more than 60 days or
less than 30 days prior to such date.
(2) A notification of the actual date of initial start-
up of an affected facility within 15 days after such date.
(b) Any owner or operator subject to the provisions of
this part shall maintain for a period of 2 years a record of
the occurrence and duration of any start-up, shutdown, or
malfunction in operation of any affected facility.
(c) A written report of excess emissions as defined in
applicable subparts shall be submitted to the Administrator
by each owner or operator for each calendar quarter. The
report shall include the magnitude of excess emissions as
measured by the required monitoring equipment reduced to the
units of the applicable standard, the date, and time of
commencement and completion of each period of excess emis-
sions. Periods of excess emissions due to start-up, shut-
down, and malfunction shall be specifically identified. The
nature and cause of any malfunction (if known), the correc-
tive action taken, or preventive measures adopted shall be
reported. Each quarterly report is due by the 30th day
following the end of the calendar quarter. Reports are not
required for any quarter unless there have been periods of
excess emissions.
(d) Any owner or operator subject to the provisions of
this part shall maintain a file of all measurements, in-
cluding monitoring and performance testing measurements, and
all other reports and records required by all applicable
subparts. Any such instruments, reports and records shall
be retained for at least 2 years following the date of such
measurements, reports, and records.
§60.8 Performance tests.
(a) Within 60 days after achieving the maximum pro-
duction rate at which the affected facility will be op-
A-5
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erated, but not later than 180 days after initial start-up
of such facility and at such other times as may be required
by the Administrator under section 114 of the Act, the owner
or operator of such facility shall conduct performance
test(s) and furnish the Administrator with a written report
of the results of such performance test(s).
(b) Performance tests shall be conducted and data
reduced in accordance with the test methods and procedures
contained in each applicable subpart unless the Adminis-
trator (1) specifies or approves, in specific cases, the use
of a reference method with minor changes in methodology, (2)
approves the use of an equivalent method, (3) approves the
use of an alternative method the results of which he has
determined to be adequate for indicating whether a specific
source is in compliance, or (4) waives the requirement for
performance tests because the owner or operator of a source
has demonstrated by other means to the Administrator's
satisfaction that the affected facility is in compliance
with the standard. Nothing in this paragraph shall be
construed to abrogate the Administrator's authority to
require testing under section 114 of the Act.
(c) Performance tests shall be conducted under such
conditions as the Administrator shall specify to the plant
operator based on representative performance of the affected
facility. The owner or operator shall make available to the
Administrator such records as may be necessary to determine
the conditions of the performance tests. Operations during
periods of start-up, shutdown, and malfunction shall not
constitute representative conditions of performance tests
unless otherwise specified in the applicable standard.
(d) The owner and operator of an affected facility
shall provide the Administrator 30 days prior notice of the
performance test to afford the Administrator the opportunity
to have an observer present.
(e) The owner or operator of an affected facility shall
provide or cause to be provided, performance testing facil-
ities as follows:
(1) Sampling ports adequate for test methods applicable
to such facility.
(2) Safe sampling platform(s).
(3) Safe access to sampling platform(s).
(4) Utilities for sampling and testing equipment.
(f) Each performance test shall consist of three
separate runs using the applicable test method. Each run
shall be conducted for the time and under the conditions
specified in the applicable standard. For the purpose of
determining compliance with an applicable standard, the
arithmetic means of results of the three runs shall apply.
In the event that a sample is accidentally lost or condi-
tions occur in which one of the three runs must be discon-
tinued because of forced shutdown, failure of an irreplace-
able portion of the sample train, extreme meteorological
A-6
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conditions, or other circumstances, beyond, the owner or
operator's control, compliance may, upon the Administrator's
approval, be determined using the arithmetic mean of the
results of the two other runs.
§60.9 Availability of information.
(a) Emission data provided to, or otherwise obtained
by, the Administrator in accordance with the provisions of
this part shall be available to the public.
(b) Except as provided in paragraph (a) of this section,
any records, reports, or information provided to, or other-
wise obtained by, the Administrator in accordance with the
provisions of this part shall be available to the public,
except that (1) upon a showing satisfactorily to the Admin-
istrator by any person that such records, reports, or in-
formation, or particular part thereof (other than emission
data), if made public, would divulge methods or processes
entitled to protection as trade secrets of such person, the
Administrator shall consider such records, reports, or
information, or particular part thereof, confidential in
accordance with the purposes of section 1905 of title 18 of
the United States Code, except that such records, reports,
or information, or particular part thereof, may be disclosed
to other officers, employees, or authorized representatives
of the United States concerned with carrying out the provi-
sions of the Act or when relevant in any proceeding under
the Act; and (2) information received by the Administrator
solely for the purposes of §60.5 and §60.8 shall not be
disclosed if it is so identified by the owner or operator as
being a trade secret or commercial or financial information
which such owner or operator considers confidential.
§60.10 State authority.
The provisions of this part shall not be construed in
any manner to preclude any State or political subdivision
thereof from:
(a) Adopting and enforcing any emission standard or
limitation applicable to an affected facility, provided that
such emission standard or limitation is not less stringent
than the standard applicable to such facility.
(b) Requiring the owner or operator of an affected
facility to obtain permits, licenses, or approvals prior to
initiating construction, modification, or operation of such
facility.
§60.11 Compliance with standards and maintenance require-
ments .
(a) Compliance with standards in this part, other than
opacity standards, shall be determined only by performance
tests established by §60.8.
A-7
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(b) Compliance with opacity standards in this part shall
be determined by conducting observations in accordance with
Reference Method 9 in Appendix A of this part. Opacity
readings of portions of plumes which contain condensed, uncom-
bined water vapor shall not be used for purposes of determining
compliance with opacity standards. The results of continuous
monitoring by transmissometer which indicate that the opacity
at the time visual observations were made was not in excess
of the standard are probative but not conclusive evidence of
the actual opacity of an emission, provided that the source
shall meet the burden of proving that the instrument used
meets (at the time of the alleged violation) Performance
Specification I in Appendix B of this part, has been properly
maintained and (at the time of the alleged violation) calibrated,
and that the resulting data have not been tampered with in
any way.
(c) The opacity standards set forth in this part shall
apply at all times except during periods of start-up, shut-
down, or malfunction, and as otherwise provided in the
applicable standard.
(d) At all times, including periods of start-up, shut-
down, and malfunction, owners and operators shall, to the
extent practicable, maintain and operate any affected fa-
cility including associated air pollution control equipment
in a manner consistent with good air pollution control
practice for minimizing emissions. Determination of whether
acceptable operating and maintenance procedures are being
used will be based on information available to the Adminis-
trator which may include, but is not limited to, monitoring
results, opacity observations, review of operating and
maintenance procedures, and inspection of the source.
(e)(1) An owner or operator of an affected facility may
request the Administrator to determine opacity of emissions
from the affected facility during the initial performance
tests required by §60.8.
(2) Upon receipt from such owner or operator of the
written report of the results of the performance test required
by §60.8, the Administrator will make a finding concerning
compliance with opacity and other applicable standards. If
the Administrator finds that an affected facility is in
compliance with all applicable standards for which performance
tests are conducted in accordance with §60.8 of this part
but during the time such performance tests are being conducted
fails to meet any applicable opacity standard, he shall notify
the owner or operator and advise him that he may petition the
Administrator within 10 days of receipt of notification to
make appropriate adjustment to the opacity standard for the
affected facility-
(3) The Administrator will grant such a petition upon a
demonstration by the owner or operator that the affected
facility and associated air pollution control equipment was
operated and maintained in a manner to minimize the opacity
A-8
-------
of emissions during the performance tests; that the performance
tests were performed under the conditions established by the
Administrator; and that the affected facility and associated
air pollution control equipment were incapable of being
adjusted or operated to meet the applicable opacity standard.
(4) The Administrator will establish an opacity standard
for the affected facility meeting the above requirements at
a level at which the source will be able, as indicated by the
performance and opacity tests, to meet the opacity standard
at all times during which the source is meeting the mass
or concentration emission standard. The Administrator will
promulgate the new opacity standard in the Federal Register.
§60.12 Circumvention.
No owner or operator subject to the provisions of this
part shall build, erect, install, or use any article,
machine, equipment or process, the use of which conceals an
emission which would otherwise constitute a violation of an
applicable standard. Such concealment includes, but is not
limited to, the use of gaseous diluents to achieve com-
pliance with an opacity standard or with a standard which is
based on the concentration of a pollutant in the gases
discharged to the atmosphere.
Subpart E - Standards of Performance for Incinerators
§60.50 Applicability and designation of affected facility..
The provisions of this subpart are applicable to each
incinerator of more than 45 metric tons per day charging
rate (50 tons/day), which is the affected facility-
§60.51 Definitions.
As used in this subpart, all terms not defined herein
shall have the meaning given them in the Act and in Subpart
A of this part.
(a) "Incinerator" means any furnace used in the process
of burning solid waste for the purpose of reducing the
volume of the waste by removing combustible matter.
(b) "Solid waste" means refuse, more than 50 percent of
which is municipal type waste consisting of a mixture of
paper, wood, yard wastes, food wastes, plastics, leather,
rubber, and other combustibles, and noncombustible materials
such as glass and rock.
(c) "Day" means 24 hours.
(d) "Particulate matter" means any finely divided liquid
or solid material, other than uncombined water, as measured
by Method 5.
A-9
-------
§60.52 Standard for particulate matter.
On and after the date on which the performance test
required to be conducted by §60.8 is completed, no owner or
operator subject to the provisions of this part shall dis-
charge or cause the discharge into the atmosphere of particulate
matter which is in excess of 0.18 g/dscm (0.08 gr/dscf) corrected
to 12 percent C02.
§60.53 Monitoring of operations.
The owner or operator of any incinerator subject to the
provisions of this part shall maintain a file of daily burning
rates and hours of operation.
§60.54 Test methods and procedures.
(a) The reference methods in Appendix A to this part, except
as provided for in §60.8(b), shall be used to determine com-
pliance with the standard prescribed in §60.52 as follows:
(1) Method 5 for the concentration of particulate
matter and the associated moisture content;
(2) Method 1 for sample and velocity traverses;
(3) Method 2 for velocity and volumetric flow rate; and
(4) Method 3 for gas analysis and calculation of excess
air, using the integrated sample technique.
(b) For Method 5, the sampling time for each run shall
be at least 60 minutes and the minimum sample volume shall
be 0.85 dscm (30.0 dscf) except that smaller sampling times
or sample volumes, when necessitated by process variables or
other factors, may be approved by the Administrator.
(c) If a wet scrubber is used, the gas analysis sample
shall reflect flue gas conditions after the scrubber,
allowing for carbon dioxide absorption by sampling the gas
on the scrubber inlet and outlet sides according to either
the procedure under paragraphs (c)(1) through (c)(5) of this
section or the procedure under paragraphs (c)(l), (c)(2) and
(c)(6) of this section as follows:
(1) The outlet sampling site shall be the same as for
the particulate matter measurement. The inlet site shall be
selected according to Method 1, or as specified by the
Administrator.
(2) Randomly select 9 sampling points within the cross-
section at both the inlet and outlet sampling sites. Use
the first set of three for the first run, the second set for
the second run, and the third set for the third run.
(3) Simultaneously with each particulate matter run,
extract and analyze for CO- an integrated gas sample according
to Method 3, traversing the three sample points and sampling
at each point for equal increments of time. Conduct the
runs at both inlet and outlet sampling sites.
(4) Measure the volumetric flow rate at the inlet
A-10
-------
during each particulate matter run according to Method 2,
using the full number of traverse points. For the inlet
make two full velocity traverses approximately one hour
apart during each run and average the results. The outlet
volumetric flow rate may be determined from the particulate
matter run (Method 5).
(5) Calculate the adjusted CO- percentage using the
following equation:
(% C02)adj = (% C02)di(Qdi/Qdo)
where:
(% CO2)adj is the adjusted C02 percentage which removes
the effect of C02 absorption and dilution air,
(% CO2)di is the percentage of C02 measured before the
scrubber, dry basis,
Qdi is the volumetric flow rate before the scrubber,
average of two runs, dscf/min (using Method 2), and
Qdo is the volumetric flow rate after the scrubber,
dscf/ min (using Methods 2 and 5).
(6) Alternatively, the following procedures may be sub-
stituted for the procedures under paragraphs (c)(3), (4),
and (5) of this section:
(i) Simultaneously with each particulate matter run,
extract and analyze for CO-, ()„, and N- an integrated gas
sample according to Method 3, traversing the three sample
points and sampling for equal increments of time at each
point. Conduct the runs at both the inlet and outlet
sampling sites.
(ii) After completing the analysis of the gas sample,
calculate the percentage of excess air (% EA) for both the
inlet and outlet sampling sites using equation 3-1 in
Appendix A to this part.
(iii) Calculate the adjusted CO- percentage using the
following equation: -.
100+ (% EA)i
C02)adj = (% C02)di
100+ (% EA)o
where:
(% CO2)adj is the adjusted outlet C02 percentage,
(% COt^di is the percentage of CO2 measured before the
scrubber, ary basis,
(% EA)i is the percentage of excess air at the inlet,
and
(% EA)o is the percentage of excess air at the outlet.
(d) Particulate matter emissions, expressed in g/dscm,
shall be corrected to 12 percent C02 by using the following
formula:
12c
C12 % C02
, A-ll
-------
where:
c,? is the concentration of particulate matter corrected
to 12 percent C0?,
c is the concentration of particulate matter as measured
by Method 5, and
% C02 is the percentage of CO- as measured by Method 3,
or when applicable, the adjusted outlet C02 percentage as
determined by paragraph (c) of this section.
A-12
-------
APPENDIX - TEST METHODS
Method 1 - Sample and Velocity Traverses
For Stationary Sources
1. Principle and Applicability
1.1 Principle. A sampling site and the number of
traverse points are selected to air in the extraction of a
representative sample.
1.2 Applicability. This method should be applied only
when specified by the test procedures for determining
compliance with the New Source Performance Standards.
Unless otherwise specified, this method is not intended to
apply to gas streams other than those emitted directly to
the atmosphere without further processing.
2. Procedure
2.1 Selection of a sampling site and minimum number of
traverse points.
2.1.1 Select a sampling site that is at least eight
stack or duct diameters downstream and two diameters upstream
from any flow disturbance such as a bend, expansion, contraction,
or visible flame. For rectangular cross section, determine
an equivalent diameter from the following equation:
equivalent diameter -2 aquation M
2.1.2 When the above sampling site criteria can be
met, the minimum number of traverse points is twelve (12).
2.1.3 Some sampling situations render the above sampling
site criteria impractical. When this is the case, choose a
convenient sampling location and use Figure 1-1 to determine
the minimum number of traverse points. Under no conditions
should a sampling point be selected within 1 inch of the
stack wall. To obtain the number of traverse points for
stacks or ducts with a diameter less than 2 feet, multiply
the number of points obtained from Figure 1-1 by 0.67.
2.1.4 To use Figure 1-1 first measure the distance
from the chosen sampling location to the nearest upstream
and downstream disturbances. Determine the corresponding
number of traverse points for each distance from Figure 1-1.
A-13
-------
0,5
1.0
NUMBER OF DUCT DIAMETERS UPSTREAM'
(DISTANCE A)
1.6 2.0
2.5
50
£
z
o
30
3
i 2°
S
2
^ 10
VV DISTURBANCE
T
A
1
B
J
I
1
t
. SAMPLING
" SITE
DISTURBANCE
•FROM POINT OF ANY TYPE OF
DISTURBANCE IBEND, EXPANSION, CONTRACTION, ETC.J
3456789 10
NUMBER OF DUCT. DIAMETERS DOWNSTREAM'
(DISTANCE 8)
Figure 1-1. Minimum number of traverse points.
Select the higher of the two numbers of traverse points, or
a greater value, such that for circular stacks the number is
a multiple of 4, and for rectangular stacks the number
follows the criteria of section 2.2.2.
2.2 Cross-sectional layout and location of traverse
points.
2.2.1 For circular stacks locate the traverse points
on at least two diameters according to Figure 1-2 and Table
1-1. The traverse axes shall divide the stack cross section
into equal parts.
Figure 1-2. Cross section of circular stack divided into
12 equal areas, showing location of traverse points at
centroid of each area.
A-14
-------
Table 1-1. Location of traverse points in circular stacks
(Percent of stack diameter from inside wall to traverse point)
Traverse
point
number
on a
diameter
7
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
H
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
Number of traverse points on a diameter
2
14.6
85.4
4
6.7
25.0
75.0
93.3
6
4.4
14.7
29.5
70.5
85.3
95.6
8
3.3
10.5
19.4
32.3
67.7
80.6
89.5
96.7-
10
2.5
'8.2
14.6
22.6
34.2
65.8
77.4
85.4
91.8
97.5
12
2.1
6.7
11.8
17.7
25.0
35.5
64.5
65.0
82.3
88.2
93.3
97.9
14
1.8
5.7
9.9
14.6
20.1
26.9
36.6
63.4
73.1
79.9
85.4
90.1
94,3
98.2
16
T.6
4.9
8.5
12.5
16.9
22.0
23.3
37.5
62.5
71.7'
78.0
83.1
87.5
91.5
95.1
98.4
18
1.4
4.4
7.5
10.9
14.6
18.8
23.6
29.6
38.2
61.8
70.4
76.4
81.2
85.4
•89,1
92.5
95.6
98.6
20
1.3
3.9
6.7
9.7
12.9
16.5
20.4
25.0
30.6
33.8
61.2
69.4
75.0
79.6
83.5
87.1
90.3
93.3
96.1
98.7
22
1.1
3.5
6.0
8.7
11.6
14.6
18.0
21.8
26.1.
31.5
39.3
60.7
68.5
73.9
78.2
82.0
85.4
88.4
91.3
94.0
96.5
93.9
24
1.1
3.2
5.5
7.9
10.5
13.2
16. T
19.4
23.0
27.2
32.3
39.8
60.2
67.7
72.8
77.0
80.6
83.9
86.8
89.5
92.1
94.5
S6.8
98.9
2.2.2 For rectangular stacks divide the cross section
into as many equal rectangular areas as traverse points,
such that the ratio of the length to the width of the elemental
areas is between one and two. Locate the traverse points at
the centroid of each equal area according to Figure 1-3.
o
.
o
o
o
J
o
6
o
o
0
o
- _____
0
o
Figure 1-3. Cross section of rectangular stack divided into
12 equal areas, with traverse points at centroid of each area.
A-15
-------
3. References
Determining Dust Concentration in a Gas .Stream, ASME
Performance Test Code #27, New York, N.Y., 1957.
Devorkin, Howard, et al., Air Pollution Source Testing
Manual, Air Pollution Control District, Los Angeles, Cali-
fornia, November 1963.
Methods for Determination of Velocity, Volume, Dust and
Mist Content of Gases, Western Precipitation Division of Joy
Manufacturing Co., Los Angeles, California, Bulletin WP-50,
1968.
Standard Method for Sampling Stacks for Particulate
Matter, In: 1971 Book of ASTM Standards, Part 23, Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania, 1971, ASTM Designation D-2928-71.
Method 2 - Determination of Stack Gas Velocity
and Volumetric Flow Rate (Type S Pitot Tube)
1. Principle and applicability
1.1 Principle. Stack gas velocity is determined from
the gas density and from measurement of the velocity head
using a Type S (Stauscheibe or reverse type) pitot tube.
1.2 Applicability. This method should be applied only
when specified by the test procedures for determining
compliance with the New Source Performance Standards.
2. Apparatus
2.1 Pitot tube - Type S (Figure 2-1), or equivalent,
with a coefficient within j-5% over the working range.
2.2 Differential pressure gauge - Inclined manometer,
or equivalent, to measure velocity head to within 10% of the
minimum value.
2.3 Temperature gauge - Thermocouple or equivalent
attached to the pitot tube to measure stack temperature to
within 1.5% of the minimum absolute stack temperature.
2.4 Pressure gauge - Mercury-filled U-tube manometer,
or equivalent, to measure stack pressure to within 0.1 in.
Hg.
2.5 Barometer - To measure atmospheric pressure to
within 0.1 in. Hg.
2.6 Gas analyzer - To analyze gas composition for
determining molecular weight.
2.7 Pitot tube - Standard type, to calibrate Type S
pitot tube.
3. Procedure
3.1 Set up the apparatus as shown in Figure 2-1 •. Make
sure all connections are tight and leak free. Measure the
velocity head and temperature at the traverse points specified
by Method 1.
A-16
-------
PIPE COUPLINC
TUBING ADAPTER
Figure 2-1. Pitot tube-manometer assembly-
3.2 Measure the static pressure in the sta.ck.
3.3 Determine the stack gas molecular weight by gas
analysis and appropriate calculations as indicated in Method
3.
4.
Calibration
4.1 To calibrate the pitot tube, measure the velocity
heat at some point in a flowing gas stream with both a Type
S pitot tube and a standard type pitot tube with known
coefficient. Calibration should be done in the laboratory
and the velocity of the flowing gas stream should be varied
over the normal working range. It is recommended that the
calibration be repeated after use at each field site.
4.2 Calculate the pitot tube coefficient using equation
2-1.
where:
C
test
equation 2-1
= Pitot tube coefficient of Type S pitot tube.
C = Pitot tube coefficient of standard type pitot
pstd tube (if unknown, use 0.99)
A-17
-------
A = Velocity head measured by standard type pitot
pstd tube.
A = Velocity head measured by Type S pitot tube.
Ptest
4.3 Compare the coefficients of the Type S pitot tube
determined first with one leg and then the other pointed
downstream. Use the pitot tube only if the two coefficients
differ by no more than 0-. 01.
5. Calculations
Use equation 2-2 to calculate the stack gas velocity.
i\i \ - K r i ~\ I A n\i\ii /(T-).,.... equation 2-2
H20 (see Figure 2-2).
P = Absolute velocity head of stack gas (wet basis),
s Ib/lb-mole.
M = Molecular weight of stack gas (wet basis), lb./lb.-
mole M, (1-B ) +18B
d wo wo
M, = Dry molecular weight of stack gas (from Method 3).
B = Proportion by volume of water vapor in the gas
stream (from Method 4).
Figure 2-2 shows a sample recording sheet for velocity
traverse data. Use the averages in the last two columns of
Figure 2-2 to determine the average stack gas velocity from
Equation 2-2.
A-18
-------
PLANT
DATE
RUN NO.
STACK DIAMETER, in.
BAROMETRIC PRESSURE, in. Hg.
STATIC PRESSURE IN.STACK (Pn), in. Hg.
9 —
OPERATORS
SCHEMATIC OF STACK
CROSS SECTION
Traverse point
number
Velocity head,
in. H20
Slack Temperature
AVERAGE:
Figure 2-2. Velocity traverse data,
A-19
-------
Use Equation 2-3 to calculate the stack gas volumetric
flow rate.
= 3600(1-B)VA
WOS
where:
T
std
(TJ
s'avy.
P,
std
equation 2-3
Q = Volumetric flow rate, dry basis, standard conditions,
5 ft.3/hr.
2
A = Cross-sectional area of stack, ft
T . , = Absolute temperature at standard conditions,
Std 530°R.
P , - Absolute pressure at standard conditions,
29.92 inches Hg.
6. References
Mark, L. S., Mechanical Engineers' Handbook, McGraw-
Hill Book Co., Inc., New York, N.Y., 1951.
Perry, J. H., Chemical Engineers' Handbook, McGraw-Hill
Book Co., Inc., New York, N.Y., 1960.
Shigehara, R. T., W. F. Todd, and W. S. Smith, Significance
of Errors in Stack Sampling Measurements. Paper presented
at the Annual Meeting of the Air Pollution Control Associa-
tion, St. Louis, Missouri, June 14-19, 1970.
Standard Method for Sampling Stacks for Particulate
Matter, In: 1971 Book of ASTM Standards, Part 23, Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania, 1971, ASTM Designation D-2928-71.
Vennard J. D., Elementary Fluid Mechanics, John Wiley &
Sons, Inc., New York, N.Y., 1947.
Method 3 - Gas Anaylsis for Carbon Dioxide,
Excess Air, and Dry Molecular Weight
1. Principle and applicability
1.1 Principle. An integrated or grab gas sample is
extracted from a sampling point and analyzed for its components
using an Orsat analyzer.
1.2 Applicability. This method should be applied only
when specified by the test procedures for determining
compliance with the New Source Performance Standards. The
test procedure will indicate whether a grab sample or an
integrated sample is to be used.
2. Apparatus
2.1 Grab sample (Figure 3-1).
A-20
-------
PROBE
FLEXIBLE TUBING
TO ANALYZER
FILTER (GLASS WOOL)
SQUEEZE BULB
Lass, equipped
Figure 3-1. Grab-sampling train.
2.1.1 Probe - Stainless steel or Pyrex1 gl<
with a filter to remove particulate matter.
2.1.2 Pump - One-way squeeze bulb, ox equivalent, to
transport gas sample to analyzer.
2.2 Integrated sample (Figure 3-2).
RATE METER
VALVE
AIR-COOLED CONDENSER / PUMP
PROBE
NSH
FILTER (GLASS WOOL)
RIGID CONTAINER"
QUICK DISCONNECT
Figure 3-2. Integrated gas - sampling train.
2.2.1 Probe - Stainless steel or Pyrex glass, equipped
with a filter to remove particulate matter.
2.2.2 Air-cooled condenser or equivalent - To remove
any excess moisture.
2.2.3 Needle valve - To adjust flow rate.
2.2.4 Pump - Leak-free, diaphragm type, or equivalent,
to pull gas.
2.2.5 Rate meter - To measure a flow range from 0 to
0.035 cfm.
Trade name.
A-21
-------
2.2.6 Flexible bag - Tedlar, or equivalent, with a
capacity of 2 to 3 cu. ft. Leak test the bag in the laboratory
before using.
2.. 2.7 Pitot tube - Type S, or equivalent, attached to
the probe so that the sampling flow rate can be regulated
proportional to the stack gas velocity when velocity is
varying with time or a sample traverse is conducted.
2.3 Analysis
2.3.1 Orsat analyzer, or equivalent.
3 . Procedure
3.1 Grab sampling
3.1.1 Set up the equipment as shown in Figure 3-1,
making sure all connections are leak-free. Place the probe
in the stack at a sampling point and purge the sampling
line.
3.1.2 Draw sample into the analyzer.
3.2 Integrated Sampling
3.2.1 Evacuate the flexible bag. Set up the equipment
as shown in Figure 3-2 with the bag disconnected. Place the
probe in the stack and purge the sampling line. Connect the
bag, making sure that all connections are tight and that
there "are ho "leaks".*" ......... ,.,..,-..., ........
3.2.2 Sample at a rate proportional to the stack
velocity.
3 . 3 Analysis
3.3.1 Determine the CO2 , 0- , and CO concentrations as
soon as possible. Make as many passes as are necessary to
give constant readings. If more than ten passes are necessary,
replace the absorbing solution.
3.3.2 For grab sampling, repeat the sampling and
analysis until three consecutive samples vary no more than
0.5 percent by volume for each component being analyzed.
3.3.3 For integrated sampling, repeat the analyses of
the sample until three consecutive analyses vary no more
than 0.2 percent by volume for each component being analyzed.
4 . Calculations
4.1 Carbon dioxide. Average the three consecutive
runs and report the results to the nearest 0.1% C02-
4.2 Excess air. Use Equation 3-1 to calculate excess
air, and average the runs. Report the result to the nearest
0.1% excess air.
(%Oo)-0.5(%CO)
X 100 equation 3-I
q
0.264(%N2) - (%02) + 0.5(%CO)
Trade name .
A-22
-------
where:
%EA = Percent excess air.
%02 = Percent oxygen by volume, dry basis.
%N2 = Percent nitrogen by volume, dry basis.
%CO = Percent carbon monoxide by volume, dry basis.
/;
0.264 = Ratio of oxygen to nitrogen in air by volume.
4.3 Dry molecular weight. Use Equation 3-2 to calculate
dry molecular weight and average the runs. Report the
result to the nearest tenth.
Md = 0.44(%C02) + 0.32(%02) + 0.28(%N2 + % CO) equation 3-2
where:
M, = Dry molecular weight, Ib./lb-mole.
%CO» = Percent carbon dioxide by volume, dry basis.
%O~ = Percent oxygen by volume, dry basis.
%N~ -= Percent nitrogen by volume, dry basis.
0.44 = Molecular weight of carbon dioxide divided by
100.
0.32 = Molecular weight of oxygen divided by 100.
0.28 = Molecular weight of nitrogen and CO divided by
100.
5. References
Altshuller, A. P., et al., Storage of Gases and Vapors
in Plastic Bags, Int. J. Air & Water Pollution, 6:75-81,
1963.
Conner, William D., and J. S. Nader, Air Sampling with
Plastic Bags, Journal of the American Industrial Hygiene
Association, 25:291-297, May-June 1964.
Devorkin, Howard, et al., Air Pollution Source Testing
Manual, Air Pollution Control District, Los Angeles, Cali-
fornia, November 1963.
A-23
-------
Method 4 - Determination of Moisture in Stack Gases
1. Principle and applicability
1.1 Principle. Moisture is removed from the gas
stream, condensed, and determined volumetrically-
1..2 Applicability- This method is applicable for the
determination of moisture in stack gas only when specified
by test procedures for determining compliance with New
Source Performance Standards. This method does not apply
when liquid droplets are present in the gas stream^ and the
moisture is subsequently used in the determination of stack
gas molecular weight.
Other methods such as drying tubes, wet bulb-dry bulb
techniques, and volumetric condensation techniques may be
used.
2. Apparatus
.7
2.1 Probe - Stainless steel or Pyrex glass sufficiently
heated to prevent condensation and equipped with a filter to
remove particulate matter.
2.2 Impingers - Two midget impingers, each with 30 ml.
capacity, or equivalent.
2.3 Ice bath container - To condense moisture in
impingers.
2.4 Silica gel tube (optional) - To protect pump and
dry gas meter.
2.5 Needle valve - To regulate gas flow rate.
2.6 Pump - Leak-free., diaphragm type, or equivalent,
to pull gas through train.
2.7 Dry gas meter - To measure to within 1% of the
total sample volume.
2.8 Rotameter - To measure a flow range from 0 to 0.1
c. f.m.
2.9 Graduated cylinder - 25 ml.
2.10 Barometer - Sufficient to read to within 0.1 inch
Hg.
2.11 Pitot tube - Type S, or equivalent, attached to
probe so that the sampling flow rate can be regulated
proportional to the stack gas velocity when velocity is
varying with time or a sample traverse is conducted.
If liquid droplets are present in the gas stream, assume
the stream to be saturated, determine the average stack
gas temperature by traversing according to Method 1,
and use a psychrometric chart to obtain an approximation
of the moisture percentage.
2
Trade name.
A-24
-------
3. Procedure
3.1 Place exactly 5 ml. distilled water in each impinger.
Assemble the apparatus without the probe as shown in Figure
4-1. Leak check by plugging the inlet to the first impinger
and drawing a vacuum. Insure that flow through the dry gas
meter is less than .1% of the sampling rate.
HEATED PROB
FILTER '(GLASS WOOL)
SILICA GEL TUBE
ICE BATH
/IIDGETIMP1NGERS
PUMP
ROTAMETER
t
DRY GAS METER
Figure 4-1. Moisture-sampling train.
3.2 Connect the probe and sample at a constant rate of
0.075 c.f.m. or at a rate proportional to the stack gas
velocity. Continue sampling until the dry gas meter registers
1 cubic foot or until visible liquid droplets are carried
over from the first impinger to the second. Record temperature,
pressure, and dry gas meter readings as required by Figure 4-2.
LOCATION.
TEST
DATE
OPERATOR
COMMENTS
BAROMETRIC PRESSURE
CLOCK TIME
GAS VOLUME THROUGH
METER, (Vm),
ft3
ROTAMETER SETTIN3
ft3/m!n
METER TEMPERATURE,
•F
Figure 4-2. Field moisture determination,
A-25
-------
3.3 After collecting the sample, measur.e the volume
increase to the nearest 0.5 ml.
4. Calculations
4.1 Volume of water vapor collected.
ml. 'vf~vj'
where: P«* "V
V = Volume of water vapor collected (standard)
conditions), cu.ft.
Vf = Final volume of impinger contents, ml.
V. = Initial volume of impinger contents, ml.
R = Ideal gas constant, 21.83 inches Hg - cu.ft./Ib.mole-
pu = Density of water, 1 g./ml.
rl-U
T , = Absolute temperature at standard conditions,
530°R.
P , = Absolute pressure at standard conditions, 29.92
inches Hg.
M _ = Molecular weight of water, 18 Ib./lb.-mole.
H2
4.2 Gas volume.
°R
V = V
me m
m
std
'std
T
where:
m
= 17.71
in. Hg
V P
m rti equation 4-2
T
m
V = Dry gas volume through meter at standard conditions,
liLC^. j— .^
cu.ft.
V = Dry gas volume measured by meter, cu.ft.
P = Barometric pressure at the dry gas meter, inches
Hg.
P td = Pressure at standard conditions, 29.92 inches
Hg.
T ., = Absolute temperature at standard conditions,
Sta 530°R.
T = Absolute temperature at meter (°F+460), °R.
A-26
-------
4.3 Moisture content.
V V
Bwm= rr— -5f— +(0.025) equation 4-3
» wm rr
we vmc Vwc mc
where :
Bwo = Proportion by volume of water vapor in the gas
stream, dimensionless.
vwc = Volume of water vapor collected (standard conditions) ,
cu. ft.
Vmc = Dry gas volume through meter (standard conditions) ,
cu. f t .
Bwm
= APProximate volumetric proportion of water vapor
in the gas stream leaving the impingers, 0.025.
5. References
Air Pollution Engineering Manual, Danielson, J. A.
(ed.), U.S. DHEW, PHS , National Center for Air Pollution
Control, Cincinnati, Ohio, PHS Publication No. 999-AP-40,
1967.
Devorkin, Howard, et al. , Air Pollution Source Testing
Manual, Air Pollution Control District, Los Angeles, Cali-
fornia, November 1963.
Methods for Determination of Velocity, Volume, Dust and
Mist Content of Gases, Western Precipitation Division of Joy
Manufacturing Co., Los Angeles, California, Bulletin WP-50,
1968.
Method 5 - Determination of Particulate
Emissions From Stationary Sources
1. Principle and applicability
1.1 Principle. Particulate matter is withdrawn
isokinetically from the source and its weight is determined
gravimetrically after removal of uncombined water.
1.2 Applicability- This method is applicable for the
determination of particulate emissions from stationary
sources only when specified by the test procedures for
determining compliance with New Source Performance Standards.
2 . Apparatus
2.1 Sampling train. The design specifications of the
particulate sampling train used by EPA (Figure 5-1) are
described in APTD-0581. Commercial models of this train are
available.
A-27
-------
IMPINGER TRAIN OPTIONAL MAY BE REPLACED
BY AN EQUIVALENT CONDENSER
HEATED AREA FILTER HOLDER
PROBE
REVERSE-TYPE
PITOT TUBE
THERMOMETER CHECK
^VALVE
^VACUUM
LINE
THERMOMETERS
DRY TEST METER
VACUUM
GAUGE
MAIN VALVE
AIR-TIGHT
PUMP
Figure 5-1. Particulate-sampling train.
2.1.1 Nozzle - Stainless steel (316) with sharp,
tapered leading edge. -,
2.1.2 Probe - Pyrex glass with a heating system
capable of maintaining a minimum gas temperature of 250°F at
the exit end during sampling to prevent condensation from
occurring. When length limitations (greater than about 8
ft.) are encountered at temperatures less than 600°F, Incoloy
825 , or equivalent, may be used. Probes for sampling gas
streams at temperatures in excess of 600°F must have been
approved by the Administrator.
2.1.3 Pitot tube - Type S, or equivalent, attached to
probe to monitor stack gas velocity.
2.1.4 Filter holder - Pyrex^ glass with heating system
capable of maintaining minimum temperature of 225°F.
2.1.5 Impingers/Condenser - Four impingers connected
in series with glass ball joint fittings. The first, third,
and fourth impingers are of the Greenburg-Smith design,
modified by replacing the tip with a 1/2-inch ID glass tube
extending to one-half inch from the bottom of the flask.
The second impinger is of the Greenburg-Smith design with
the standard tip. A condenser may be used in place of the
impingers provided that the moisture content of the stack
gas can still be determined.
2.1.6 Metering system - Vacuum gauge, leak-free pump,
thermometers capable of measuring temperature to within 5°F,
dry gas meter with 2% accuracy, and related equipment, or
equivalent, as required to maintain an isokinetic sampling
rate and to determine sample volume.
2.1.7 Barometer - To measure atmospheric pressure to
+0.1 inches Hg.
Trade name.
A-28
-------
2.2 Sample recovery.
2.2.1 Probe brush - At least as long as probe.
2.2.2 Glass wash bottles - Two.
2.2.3 Glass sample storage containers.
2.2.4 Graduated cylinder - 250 ml.
2.3 Analysis.
2.3.1 Glass weighing dishes.
2.3.2 Desiccator.
2.3.3 Analytical balance - To measure to +0.1 mg.
3. Reagents
3.1 Sampling
3.1.1 Filters - Glass fiber, MSA 1106 BH , or equivalent,
numbered for identification and preweighed.
3.1.2 Silica gel - Indicating type, 6-16 mesh, dried
at 175°C (350°F) for 2 hours.
3.1.3 Water.
3.1.4 Crushed ice.
3.2 Sample recovery.
3.2.1 Acetone - Reagent grade.
3.3 Analysis
3.3.1 Water.
3.3.2 Desiccant - Drierite, indicating.
4. Procedure
4.1 Sampling
4.1.1 After selecting the sampling site and the minimum
number of sampling points, determine the stack pressure,
temperature, moisture, and range of velocity head.
4.1.2 Preparation of collection train. Weigh to the
nearest gram approximately 200 g. of silica gel. Label a
filter of proper diameter, desiccate for at least 24 hours
and weigh to the nearest 0.5 mg. in a room where the relative
humidity is less than 50%. Place 100 ml. of water in each
of the first two impingers, leave the third impinger empty,
and place approximately 200 g. of preweighed silica gel in
the fourth impinger. Set up the train without the probe as
in Figure 5-1. Leak check the sampling train at the sampling
site by plugging up the inlet to the filter holder and pulling
a 1.5 in. Hg vacuum. A leakage rate not in excess of 0.02
c.f.m. at a vacuum of 15 in. Hg is acceptable. Attach the
probe and adjust the heater to provide a gas temperature of
about 250°F at the probe outlet. Turn on the filter heating
system. Place crushed ice around the impingers. Add more
ice during the run to keep the temperature of the gases
leaving the last impinger as low as possible and preferably
at.70°F or less. Temperatures above 70°F may result in1
damage to the dry gas meter from either moisture condensation
or excessive heat.
Trade name.
2 Dry using Drierite1 at 70°F +10°F.
A-29
-------
4.1.3 Particulate train operation. For each run,
record the data required on the example sheet shown in
Figure 5-2. Take readings at each sampling point, at least
every 5 minutes, and when significant changes in stack
conditions necessitate additional adjustments in flow rate.
To begin sampling, position the nozzle at the first traverse
point with the tip pointing directly into the gas stream.
Immediately start the pump and adjust the flow to isokinetic
conditions. Sample for at least 5 minutes at each traverse
point; sampling time must be the same for each point.
Maintain isokinetic sampling throughout the sampling period.
Nomographs are available which aid in the rapid adjustment
of the sampling rate without other computations. APTD-0576
details the procedure for using these nomographs. Turn off
the pump at the conclusion of each run and record the final
readings. Remove the probe and nozzle from the stack and
handle in accordance with the sampling recovery process
described in section 4.2.
IOCAT10M
OtRATOH
DAtt
AMBIENT TEWBA1URE_
aAnoucTuc rassutf _
ASSUUCD UOUTUtt.*_
HtAitxoismwo
noa. LENGTH. •.
NO!aEWA«CTE«.1n._
SCHt«AT!C Of STACX CROSS StCltON
TfcAVTPSZFOKr
Nuueot
TOTAL
SAHPUW
11*
M.t-ta-
AVfRAGE
S7AT1C
pressure
(psl. to. H».
STAC*
TtUPfRATUK
PS).**
vnocm
HEAD
UPs).
ruEia^e
DJfTERENTIM.
ACROSS
OHIFtCf
KIU
\ * H).
*B,0
&WSUPU
VOLIW
(Vm), tT3
GAS SAUW.E rttftiuruw
AT WT CAS UEHR
H*ET
IT- u.l. -F
Avn
OUTLtT
^"oui1' *'
A--,.
Av,
SAMPLE KO.
rthFlMrVW.
"F
TEMPERATURE
OF CU
LE»VIHC
CONOENSE3 Oft
LAST IWIHCtfi
•F
Figure 5-2. Particulate field data.
4.2 Sample recovery- Exercise care in moving the
collection train from the test site to the sample recovery
area to minimize the loss of collected sample or the gain of
extraneous particulate matter. Set aside a portion of the
acetone used in the sample recovery as a blank for analysis.
Measure the volume of water from the first three impingers,
then discard. Place the samples in containers as follows:
Container No. 1. Remove the filter from its holder,
place in this container, and seal.
A-30
-------
Container No. 2. Place loose particulate matter and
acetone washings from all sample-exposed surfaces prior to
the filter in this container and seal. Use a razor blade,
brush, or rubber policeman to lose adhering particles.
Container No. 3. Transfer the silica gel from the
fourth impinger to the original container and seal. Use a
rubber policeman as an aid in removing silica gel from the
impinger.
4.3 Analysis. Record the data required on the example
sheet shown in Figure 5-3. Handle each sample container as
follows:
PLANT.
DATE_
RUN NO.
CONTAINER
NUMBER
1
2
TOTAL
WEIGHT OF PARTICULATE COLLECTED,
rug
FINAL WEIGHT
TARE WEIGHT
:x
WEIGHT GAIN
FINAL
INITIAL
LIQUID COLLECTED
TOTAL VOLUME COLLECTED
VOLUME OF LIQUID
WATER COLLECTED
IMPINGER
VOLUME.
ml
SILICA GEL
WEIGHT,
g
g* ml
CONVERT WEIGHT OF WATER TO VOLUME BY DIVIDING TOTAL WEIGHT
INCREASE BY DENSITY OF WATER. (1 g. ml):
.INCREASE;g.= VOLUME WATER, ml
(1 g/ml)
Figure 5-3. Analytical data.
A-31
-------
Container No. 1. Transfer the filter and any loose
particulate matter from the sample container to a tared
glass weighed dish, desiccate, and dry to a constant weight.
Report results to the nearest 0.5 mg.
Container No. 2. Transfer the acetone washings to a
tared beaker and evaporate to dryness at ambient temperature
and pressure. Desiccate and dry to a constant weight.
Report results to the nearest .0.5 mg.
Container No. 3. Weigh the spent silica gel and report
to the nearest gram.
5. Calibration.
Use methods and equipment which have been approved by
the Administrator to calibrate the orifice meter, pitot
tube, dry gas meter, and probe heater. Recalibrate after
each test series.
6. Calculations
6.1 Average dry gas meter temperature and average
orifice pressure drop. See data sheet (Figure 5-2).
6.2 Dry gas volume. Correct the sample volume measured
by the dry gas meter to standard conditions (70°F, 29.92
inches Hg) by using Equation 5-1.
where:
m
mstd
=v
m
T
std
T
m
la j. AH\
bar
13.6
P,
std
17.71
in.Hg
'P
AH
v I bar 13.6 \ equation 5-I
m T
T
m
V - Volume of gas sample through the dry gas meter
std (standard conditions), cu. ft.
V = Volume of gas sample through the dry gas meter
m
(meter conditions), cu. ft.
T , , = Absolute temperature at standard conditions,
S 530°R.
T = Average dry gas meter temperature, °R.
P, ar = Barometric pressure at the orifice meter,
inches Hg.
AH = Average pressure drop across the orifice meter,
inches H20.
13.6 = Specific gravity of mercury.
P . , = Absolute pressure at standard conditions, 29.92
inches Hg.
A-32
-------
6.3 Volume of water vapor.
where:
•
V
w . ,
. "H20
''. (<0|
RTstd
Pstd
i
=
cu. ft.
On/I 7/1 — — : —
.1)4/4 |Y)|
y equation
= Volume of water vapor in the gas sample (standard
= Total volume of liquid collected in impingers and
c silica gel (see Figure 5-3) , ml.
PH 0
= Density of water, 1 g./ml.
Q = Molecular weight of water, 18 Ib. /Ib.-mole.
R = Ideal gas constant, 21.83 inches Hg-cu. ft./lb.-
mole-°R.
T . , = Absolute temperature at standard conditions,
S1:a 530°R.
P . , = Absolute pressure at standard conditions, 29.92
inches Hg.
6.4 Moisture content.
V.,
wstd
Bwo= v +v
equation 5-3
where:
mstd wstd
B = Proportion by volume of water vapor in the gas
wo
V
w
V
m
stream, dimensionless.
= Volume of water in the gas sample (standard
std conditions), cu. ft.
= Volume of gas sample through the dry gas meter
std (standard conditions), cu. ft.
6.5 Total particulate weight. Determine the total
particulate catch from the sum of the weights on the analysis
data sheet (Figure 5-3).
6.6 Concentration.
6.6.1 Concentration in gr./s.c.f.
c's =
mstd
equation 5-4
A-33
-------
where:
c' = Concentration of particulate matter in stack gas,
S gr./s.c.f., dry basis.
M = Total amount of particulate matter collected, mg.
V = Volume of gas sample through dry gas meter
mstd (standard conditions), cu. ft.
6.6.2 Concentration in Ib./cu. ft.
1 Ib.
453,600 mg.
IVL
fi/l
V
= 2.205 X1Q'
m
std
m
std
equation 5-5
where:
C = Concentration of particulate matter in stack
3 gas, Ib./s.c.f., dry basis,.
453,600 = Mg/lb.
M = Total amount of particulate matter collected,
mg.
V
m
= Volume of gas sample through dry gas meter
std (standard conditions), cu. ft.
6.7 Isokinetic variation.
"V1P(PH90)R V
1 rbar4
13.6
"nou in
1= — rX100
p. AH
rbar-|
0VsPsAn
min.
1'667 sec.
[
n mwrv in> Hg"cu' ft
0.00207 m| . OR
i/ _L m
V| 1 T
c ' m
Pu 4- AH
bar + ilB
where:
equation 5-6
I = Percent of isokinetic sampling.
= Total volume of liquid collected in impingers
"c and silica gel (See Fig. 5-3), ml.
Q = Density of water, 1 g./ml.
>
R = Ideal gas constant, 21.83 inches Hg-cu. ft./
Ib. mole-°R.
A-34
-------
0 = Molecular weight of water, 18 Ib./lb.-mole.
V^ = Volume of gas sample through the gas meter
(meter conditions), cu. ft.
Tm = Absolute average dry gas meter temperature
(See Figure 5-2), °R.
pj-)ar = Barometric pressure at sampling site,
inches Hg.
AH = Average pressure drop across the orifice
(see Fig. 5-2), inches H?0.
TS = Absolute average stack gas temperature
(see Fig. 5-2), °R.
0 = Total sampling time, min.
V = Stack gas velocity calculated by Method 2,
Equation 2.2, ft./sec.
P = Absolute stack gas pressure, inches Hg.
o
A = Cross-sectional area of nozzle, sq. ft.
6.8 Acceptable results. The following range sets the
limit on acceptable isokinetic sampling results:
If 90% <_! £110%, the results are acceptable, otherwise,
reject the results and repeat the test.
7. Reference.
Addendum to Specifications for Incinerator Testing at
Federal Facilities, PHS, NCAPC, Dec. 6, 1967.
Martin, Robert M., Construction Details of Isokinetic
Source Sampling Equipment, Environmental Protection Agency,
APTD-0581.
Rom, Jerome J., Maintenance, Calibration, and Operation
of Isokinetic Source Sampling Equipment, Environmental
Protection Agency, APTD-0576.
Smith, W.' S., R.T. Shigehara, and W. F. Todd, A Method
of Interpreting Stack Sampling Data, Paper presented at the
63rd Annual Meeting of the Air Pollution Control Associa-
tion, St. Louis, Mo., June 14-19, 1970.
Smith, W. S., et.al., Stack Gas Sampling Improved and
Simplified with New Equipment, APCA paper No. 67-119, 1967.
Specifications for Incinerator Testing at Federal
Facilities, PHS, NCAPC, 1967.
A-35
-------
APPENDIX B
SUGGESTED CONTENTS OF STACK TEST REPORTS
B-l
-------
CONTENTS OF STACK TEST REPORTS
In order to adequately assess the accuracy of any test
report the basic information listed in the following suggested
outline is necessary:
1. Introduction. Background information pertinent to the
test is presented in this section. This information
shall include, but not be limited to, the following:
a. Manufacturer's name and address.
b. Name and address of testing organization.
c. Names of persons present, dates and location of
test.
d. Schematic drawings of the process being tested
showing emission points, sampling sites, and stack
cross section with the sampling points labeled and
dimensions indicated.
2. Summary. This section shall present a summary of test
findings pertinent to the evaluation of the process
with respect to the applicable emission standard. The
information shall include, but not be limited to, the
following:
a. A summary of emission rates found.
b. Isokinetic sampling rates achieved if applicable.
c. The operating level of the process while the tests
were conducted.
3. Procedure. This section shall describe the procedures
used and the operation of the sampling train and process
during the tests. The information shall include, but
not be limited to, the following:
a. A schematic drawing of the sampling devices used
with each component designated and explained in a
legend.
b. A brief description of the method used to operate
the sampling train and procedure used to recover
samples.
B-2
-------
4. Analytical Technique. This section shall contain a
brief description of all analytical techniques used to
determine the emissions from the source.
5. Data and Calculations. This section shall include all
data collected and calculations. As a minimum, this
section shall contain the following information:
a. All field data collected on raw data sheets.
b. A log of process and sampling train operations.
c. Laboratory data including blanks, tare weights,
and results of analysis.
d. All emission calculations.
6. Chain of Custody. A listing of the chain of custody of
the emission test samples.
7. Appendix:
a. Calibration work sheets for sampling equipment.
b. Calibration or process logs of process parameters.
B-3
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
1. REPORT NO. "
EPA 340/1-75-003
I. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION'NO.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
Inspection Manual for the Enforcement of New
Source Performance Standards: Municipal
Incinerators
5. REPORT DATE
Issue; February 1975
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR(S)
K. Axetell, T. W. Devitt, N. J. Kulujian
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
9. PERFORMING ORG \NIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
PEDCo-Environmental Specialists, Inc.
Suite 13, Atkinson Square
Cincinnati, Ohio 45246
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-02-1073
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Air and Water Programs
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
One of a series of NSPS Enforcement Inspection Manuals
16. ABSTRACT
This document presents guidelines to enable enforcement personnel
to determine whether new or modified municipal incinerators comply
with New Source Performance Standards (NSPS). Key parameters
identified during subsequent inspections to determine the facility's
compliance status. The incineration process, atmospheric emissions
from these processes, and emission control methods are described.
The inspection methods and types of records to be kept are discussed
in detail.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS C. COS AT I Field/Group
Incinerators, refuse disposal
Air pollution control
Verification inspection
Performance tests
New Source Perform-
ance Standards
Enforcement
Emission testing
13 B
14 D
8. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
Release unlimited
19. SECURITY CLASS (ThisReport)'
Unclassified
21. NO. OF PAGES
98
20. SECURITY CLASS (Thispage)
Unclassified
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1975-210-810:39
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