EPA 340/1-75-004
FEBRUARY 1975
Stationary Source Enforcement Series
81
ifinuE
P*
irsnEr
SM
INSPECTION MANUAL FOR ENFORCEMENT OF
NEW SOURCE PERFORMANCE STANDARDS
SEWAGE SLUDGE INCINERATORS
nt
KIM
5SS
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Office of Enforcement
Office of General Enforcement
Washington, D.C. 20460
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INSPECTION MANUAL FOR THE
ENFORCEMENT OF NEW SOURCE
PERFORMANCE STANDARDS:
SEWAGE SLUDGE INCINERATORS
Prepared by
Timothy W. Devitt and Norman J. Kulujian
Contract No. 68-02-1073
EPA Project Officer
John Butler
Prepared for
U. S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Division of Stationary Source Enforcement
Washington, D. C.
January 1975
-------
This report was furnished to the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency by PEDCo-Environmental Specialists, Inc., Cincinnati,
Ohio, in fulfillment of Contract No. 68-02-1073. The contents
of this report are reproduced herein as received from the
contractor. The opinions, findings, and conclusions expressed
are those of the author and not necessarily those of the
Environmental Protection Agency-
The Enforcement Technical Guideline series of reports is issued by the
Office of Enforcement, Environmental Protection Agency, to assist the
Regional Offices in activities related to enforcement of implementation
plans, new source emission standards, and hazardous emission standards
to be developed under the Clean Air Act. Copies of Enforcement Technical
Guideline reports are available - as supplies permit - from Air Pollution
Technical Information Center, Environmental Protection Agency, Research
Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, or may be obtained, for a nominal
cost, from the National Technical Information Service, 5285 Port Royal
Road, Springfield, Virginia 22161.
11
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This report was prepared by Mr. Norman J. Kulujian,
under the direction of Mr. Timothy W. Devitt. Messrs. Arnold
Stein and Parveen Amar of Pacific Environmental Sciences
assisted in preparing the first three chapters. Project
Officer for the Environmental Protection Agency was Mr. John
Butler. The authors appreciate the contribution made to this
study by Mr. Butler and other members of the Division of
Stationary Source Enforcement.
iii
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS iii
LIST OF FIGURES vii
LIST OF TABLES vii
1.0 INTRODUCTION 1-1
2.0 SIP REQUIREMENTS AND NSPS 2-1
2.1 Existing Sources: State Implementation Plans 2-1
2.2 Summary of NSPS 2-1
2.2.1 Emission Standards 2-1
2.2.2 Performance Testing 2-2
2.2.3 Monitoring Requirements 2-5
2.2.4 Recordkeeping and Reporting 2-5
3.0 PROCESS DESCRIPTION, ATMOSPHERIC EMISSIONS AND 3-1
EMISSION CONTROL METHODS
3.1 Process Description 3-1
3.2 Atmospheric Emissions 3-2
3.3 Emission Control Methods 3-4
4.0 PROCESS, CONTROL DEVICE AND EMISSION MONITORING 4-1
INSTRUMENTATION: RECORDS AND REPORTS
4.1 Process Instrumentation 4-1
4.2 Control Device Instrumentation 4-2
4.3 Emission Monitoring Instrumentation 4-2
4.4 Facility Recordkeeping Requirements 4-2
4.5 Facility Reporting Procedures 4-2
v
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TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued)
Page
5.0 START-UP/MALFUNCTIONS/SHUTDOWN 5-1
5.1 Start-Up 5~i
5.2 Malfunctions S"1
5.3 Shutdown 5~2
6.0 PERFORMANCE TEST 6-1
6.1 Pretest Procedures 6-1
6.2 Process Operating Conditions 6-2
6.3 Process Observation 6-2
6.4 Emission Test Observations 6-3
6.5 Performance Test Checklist 6-5
7.0 INSPECTION PROCEDURES 7-1
7.1 Conduct of Inspections 7-1
7.2 Inspection Checklist 7-2
7.3 Inspection Follow-Up Procedures 7-2
APPENDIX A STANDARDS OF PERFORMANCE FOR NEW STATIONARY A-l
SOURCES - CODE OF FEDERAL REGULATIONS
APPENDIX B SUGGESTED CONTENTS OF STACK TEST REPORTS B-l
APPENDIX C VISIBLE EMISSIONS OBSERVATION FORM C-l
VI
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure
3.1
3.2
Sewage Sludge Treatment System
Typical Section of a Multiple-Hearth
Sludge Incinerator
Page
3-1
3-3
Table
2.1
2.2
4.1
6.1
7.1
7.2
LIST OF TABLES
Regulations Applicable to Incinerator
Sources
Summary of Test Methods for New and
Modified Sewage Sludge Incinerators
Recommended Records to be Kept by Sludge
Incinerator Facilities Personnel
NSPS Inspection Checklist for Sewage
Sludge Incinerators During Performance
Test
NSPS Inspection Checklist for Sewage
Sludge Incinerators After Performance
Test
Parameter Comparison to Determine Compliance
Status
Page
2-3
2-4
4-3
6-6
7-3
7-5
VI1
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1.0 INTRODUCTION
Pursuant to Section 111 of the Clean Air Act, the
Administrator of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA) has promulgated particulate emission and opacity
standards of performance for new and modified sewage sludge
incinerators. As specified in 40 CFR, Part 60, as Amended
by 39 F.R. 47, these standards apply to all incinerators
which burn sludge produced by municipal wastewater treatment
facilities. These standards were effective February 28,
1974, and apply to all sources whose construction or mod-
ification commenced after June 11, 1973.
Each state may develop a program for enforcing new
source performance standards (NSPS) applicable to sources
within its boundaries. If this program is adequate, EPA
will delegate implementation and enforcement authority to
the state for all affected sources with the exception of
those owned by the U.S. Government. Coordination of activ-
ities between the state agency and EPA, both Regional
Office and Division of Stationary Source Enforcement, is
thus essential for effective operation of the NSPS program.
To facilitate such state participation, EPA has established
guidelines identifying the administrative procedures states
should adopt to effectively implement and enforce the NSPS
program.
The long-term success of the NSPS program depends
largely upon the adoption of an effective plant inspection
program. Primary functions of the inspection program are
monitoring the NSPS performance tests and routine field
Surveillance. This manual provides guidelines for con-
ducting such field inspections. However, the same basic
inspection procedures presented in this manual should also
be of use in enforcing emission regulations contained in
state air quality implementation plans. Section 2.1 presents
a survey of emission limitations in state implementation
plans for the purpose of comparing them with NSPS.
1-1
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2.0 SIP REQUIREMENTS AND NSPS
Standards of air pollution control performance for new
and modified sewage treatment plants are included within the
second group of stationary sources. The standards were
promulgated as amendments into the General Provisions of 40
CFR 60 on March 8, 1974.
2.1 EXISTING SOURCES; STATE IMPLEMENTATION PLANS
Particulate emission standards applicable to existing
sewage sludge incinerators vary from state to state. For
example, New Jersey regulates sewage sludge incinerators via
the incineration standard of 0.09 Ib particulate/100 Ibs
refuse and a maximum opacity of 20 percent. Ohio and New
York on the other hand specifically regulate emissions under
the process source regulation. In New York emissions (E) are
limited to 0.024 pO.667 fOr sources with process weights (P)
less than 50 tons/hr and 0.03 grains/ft3 for sources over 50
tons/hr. Ohio limits emissions to 4.10 pO.67 for p less
than 30 tons/hr and 44.0 pO.ll -40 for P larger than 30
tons/hr. Both New York and Ohio limit opacity to 20 percent.
Most states treat sewage sludge as a process source with
limits approximately those of Ohio and New York.
The applicable state regulations for incineration
sources are tabulated in Table 2.1. The values, derived
from Reference 1, apply to sewage sludge as well as mun-
icipal incinerations.
2.2 SUMMARY OF NSPS
The standards for new or modified sewage sludge incin-
erators are summarized below. A complete copy of the regu-
lations plus revisions through November 1974 are presented
in Appendix A.
2.2.1 Emission Standards
The exhaust gases from new or modified sewage sludge
incinerators must not contain particulate matter in excess
of 0.65 g/kg dry sludge input (1.30 Ib/ton of sludge input)
or exhibit an opacity of 20 percent of greater. A compar-
ison of NSPS emission standards (0.065 lb/100 Ib dry sludge
2-1
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charged) to SIP regulations (Table 2.1) indicates the new
source standards are more stringent than the majority of
state codes. Particulate matter is defined as any finely
divided liquid or solid matter other than uncombined water.
Opacity standards do not apply to emissions during periods
of start-up, shutdown and malfunction.
2.2.2 Performance Testing
Operation within the standards stated in Section 2.2.1
is to be confirmed by emission tests no later than 60 days
after the maximum incineration rate has been achieved, but
no longer than 180 days after initial start-up.
Responsibilities of the incinerator facility are listed
below:
0 Give a minimum of 30 days notification of sched-
uled tests
0 Give a minimum of 30 days notice of anticipated
start-up. EPA must be notified of the actual
start-up date within 15 days after s.uch date.
0 Provide adequate sampling ports, safe sampling
platforms, safe access to the sampling sites, and
utilities for sampling and testing equipment.
0 Perform emission tests and furnish a written
report of test results to the Administrator.
Testing requirements are summarized in Table 2.2.
The testing procedures are specified in 40 CFR 60. EPA
personnel have the right to perform additional tests at any
reasonable time.
2-2
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Table 2.1 REGULATIONS APPLICABLE TO INCINERATION SOURCES
(Ibs particulate / 100 Ibs refuse charged)
State
Alabama
Alaska
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
Dist. of Col.
Florida
Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Mas sachusetts
Michigan*
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
CAPACITY, Ib/hr
<200
0.29
0.29
0.15
0.29
0.29
0.30
0.29
0.29
>200
0.19
0.19
0.09
0.19
0.19
0.20
0.19
0.19
<2000
0.20
0.09
0.39
0.09
>2000
0.09
0.18
0.08
0.23
0.03
0.10
<4000
0.16
0.10
0.19
>4000
0.08
0.08
0.08
>10,000
0.05
0.09
ALL
0.20
0.22
0.08
0.03
0.20
0.20
0.20
0.19
0.19
0.09
0.19
State
Nebraska
Nevada
N. Hampshire
New Jersey-
New Mexico
New York
N. Carolina
N. Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
S. Carolina
S. Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
W. Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
Samoa
Guam
Puerto Rico
Virijiti Js lands
CAPACITY, Ib/hr
<200
0.29
0.20
0.20
0.29
0.41
0.17
0.20
>200
0.19
0.19
0.27
0.19
<2000
0.19
0.19
0.10
0.15
0.20
>2000
0.09
0.09
0.02
0.08
0.10
•:4000
0.11
0.20
0.40
>_4000
0.08
0.10
>10,000
0.13
ALL
0.50
0.40
0.09
0.20
n.io
0.13
O.T)
0.20
0.20
0.20
to
I
oo
0.30 Ibs particulate per 1000 Iba flue gas.
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Table 2.2 SUMMARY OF TEST METHODS FOR NEW AND MODIFIED
SEWAGE SLUDGE INCINERATORS
Parameter
Sampling
method
Remarks
Particulate
Velocity, flow rate
Gas analysis
Opacity
Dry sludge charging
rate
1,2
3
9
§60.154
3 runs constitute a
test. Sampling time
range is 60 to 150
minutes per repetition.
Minimum sampling rate
shall be 0.53 dscfm.
Readings shall be taken
in 5 percent increments
for total duration of
particulate tests.
Several deviations are
required from refer-
enced test method to
determine dry sludge
charging rate.
2-4
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2.2.3 Monitoring Requirements
New source performance standards require no monitoring
of emissions from sewage sludge incinerators. However, a
flow measuring device must be installed to determine either
the mass or volume of sludge charged to the incinerator.
The flow measuring device must have an accuracy of +5
percent over its operating range.
2.2.4 Recordkeeping and Reporting
The facility must maintain a copy of performance test
results for a period of two years. Incinerator personnel
must also submit a copy of the emission test results to the
appropriate Federal, state, or local regulatory agency.
The occurrence and duration of unplanned start-ups,
shutdowns, or malfunctions are to be reported quarterly on
the 15th day following the end of each calendar quarter.
The report must include causes of malfunctions and the
corrective measures applied. Scheduled shutdowns and start-
ups (e.g. nightly and weekend shutdowns) are not to be
reported.
To facilitate future inspections the facility should
also keep certain records as discussed in Section 4.4
although these are not required by the law.
2-5
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REFERENCES FOR CHAPTER 2
1. Duncan. L.J. Analysis of Final State Implementation
Plans - Rules and Regulations, The MITRE Corporation,
Prepared for the Environmental Protection Agency under
Contract No. 68-02-0248, July 1972.
2-6
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3.0 PROCESS DESCRIPTION, ATMOSPHERIC EMISSIONS, AND
EMISSION CONTROL METHODS
Although widely varying types of sewage sludge inciner-
ators exist, only the multiple-hearth furnace discussed in
Section 3.1 is used extensively. Other types include
traveling-grate furnaces, rotary kiln furnaces, fluidized-
bed units, wet-oxidation units, and atomized spray units;
these incinerators are discussed in Reference 1. Atmos-
pheric emissions and control methods for sludge incinerators
are discussed in Sections 3.2 and 3.3.
3.1 PROCESS DESCRIPTION
The sludge incineration process involves three steps:
preliminary dewatering, drying, and combustion. Figure 3.1
is a generalized schematic of a sludge treatment system.
The dewatering operation reduces the moisture content of the
sludge from its original 90-plus percent to about 30 to 50
percent. Vacuum filtration, pressure filtration, and
centrifugation are some of the dewatering methods used.
NATURAL
GAS
STACK
GASES
DIRTY
WATER
TREATMENT
I PLANT
CLEAN
WATER
ASH RESIDUE
FLOCCULENT1
AIDS
Figure 3.1 Sewage sludge treatment system.
3-1
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Drying and combustion are successively accomplished in
the multiple-hearth incinerator, shown in Figure 3.2. The
multiple-hearth furnace consists of a circular steel shell
surrounding a number of solid refractory hearths and a
central rotating shaft to which rabble arms are attached.
Complete drying and burnout requires that the incinerator
have at least four hearths. Each hearth has an opening that
allows sludge to be dropped to the next lower hearth. Many
or all of the hearth stages have oil-or gas-fired burners to
supply additional heat to the furnace. The rotating central
shaft and rabble arms break up the large sludge particles to
induce rapid and complete combustion.
Intermediate hearths provide a high-temperature zone
(1600 to 1800°F), where combustion of the fixed carbon takes
place. The bottom hearths of the furnace serve as a cooling
zone (600°F), from which the exhaust gases rise to the top
of the unit and then are ducted to a scrubber. A minimum of
50 percent excess air is required to burn the sludge prop-
erly. The fly ash slurry and ash from the incinerator are
discharged through a hopper and transported to a landfill or
lagoon.
As shown in Figure 3.2, a separate air system cools the
central shaft. A forced-draft cooling air fan supplies air
to the bottom of the shaft. The cooling air is heated as it
passes upwards through the shaft. Most of the heated air is
ducted to the incinerator for combustion; a small portion
passes through a cooling air discharge duct, separate from
the incinerator flue gas stack.
3.2 ATMOSPHERIC EMISSIONS
New or modified sewage sludge incinerators are subject
to particulate and opacity standards. Although odors are
major air contaminants, odor emissions are not covered by
new source regulations. A well-operated sludge incinerator,
employing proper housekeeping procedures, keep odors at a
tolerable level.
NSPS pertain to the stack or stacks handling the combustion
gases exiting from the incinerator and control device. The
air used to cool the shaft and rabble arms, shown in Figure
3.2, is not directly involved in the combustion process.
That portion of the cooling air that is allowed to escape to
the atmosphere is excluded from the standards, and requires
no testing or monitoring. If cooling gases are mixed with
combustion gas, the steam plume will be minimized.
3-2
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COOLING AIR DISCHARGE
FLOATING DAMPER
SLUDGE INLET
FLUE GASES OUT
RABBLE ARM
AT EACH HEARTH
DRYING ZONE
COMBUSTION
ZONE
COOLING ZONE
ASH
DISCHARGE —
COMBUSTION
AIR RETURN
RABBLE ARM
DRIVE
PS t
COOLING AIR FAN
Figure 3.2 Typical section of a multiple-
hearth sludge incinerator.
3-3
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Particulate emissions into the atmosphere are almost
entirely a function of scrubber efficiency and are only
minimally affected by incinerator conditions, although
emissions will increase if design temperatures are not
maintained, or if excess sludge is fed into the incinerator.
Uncontrolled multiple-hearth incinerator gases contain about
20 g/kg of dry sludge. Scrubbers need an efficiency of
approximately 97 percent to meet the particulate standard of
0.65 g/kg. When the incinerator and control equipment are
operating properly, stack opacities in most instances will
be within allowable standards.
Continuously running sewage sludge incinerators require
little or no auxiliary fuel to attain complete burnout of
the sludge. Many incinerators are, however, shutdown during
the weekend and must be restarted. To avoil excessive
particulate emissions during start-up, the hearths of these
units must be preheated with gas- or oil-fired heat before
sludge is added.
3.3 EMISSION CONTROL METHODS
Water scrubbing is the most effective method for
cleaning sludge incinerator exhaust gases. Wet scrubbers
are relatively insensitive to particulate loadings and gas
temperatures, and they collect the condensable portion of
the emissions. Mechanical collectors may possibly be used
on some existing modified units, but a mechanical collector
cannot meet particulate standards unless it is augmented by
a wet collection system.
Venturi, baffle plate, impingement, orifice, and cyclone-
type scrubbers are potentially effective for controlling
particulate emissions. Venturi and impingement types have
successfully met emission standards.
In the venturi scrubber, the particulate-laden gas
passes through a duct throat, where high velocities of
60 to 180 m/sec (200 to 600 fps) are attained at pressure
drops of 50 to 75 cm (20 to 30 inches) water gage. Coarse
water spray, injected into the duct throat at the rate of
19 to 38 liters per 28 cubic meters of gas (5 to 10 gallons
per 1000 cubic feet of gas) atomizes and impacts with the
particulate.
In impingement towers, the large particulates are
removed by impingement on wet surfaces and contact with
water spray in an area below the filter bed. The gas
containing the remaining particulates then passes upward
through a bed of spheres. These particulates are subjected
to increased velocities in the interstices of the bed, which
results in their impingement upon the surfaces of the
spheres.
3-4
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REFERENCES FOR CHAPTER 3
1. Burd, R.S. "A Study of Sludge Handling and Disposal,"
Federal Water Pollution Control Administration, NTIS
Publication No. PB 179-514.
3-5
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4.0 PROCESS, CONTROL DEVICE AND EMISSION MONITORING
INSTRUMENTATION: RECORDS AND REPORTS
This section is designed to familiarize the inspector
with emission-related instrumentation. The type, purpose,
and location of each instrument are discussed; detailed
theoretical principles of instrument operations are avail-
able from other literature sources.!'2 The inspector must
realize that gages may indicate faulty readings unless
properly operated and calibrated.
4.1 PROCESS INSTRUMENTATION
Sewage sludge incinerators are equipped with a control
panel of instruments that display the more important oper-
ating parameters associated with the facility. The in-
struments are provided mainly to aid the incinerator oper-
ator, but readings from two of these instruments, as dis-
cussed below, will help the new source inspector determine
whether the sludge incinerator is complying with regula-
tions.
Weigh Scale
Many incinerators use a readout scale gage on the
control panel to monitor the quantity of sludge input to the
incinerator. The amount of sludge burned during the per-
formance test should be as great or greater than the amount
that will be burned when the facility will be operated at
representative conditions. The inspector should check with
incinerator personnel to ensure that the dewatering device
is working properly; variations in the dewatering operation
can result in erroneous indications of the amount of sludge
charged to the incinerator.
Furnace Temperature
The inspector must be able to determine incinerator
temperatures because of their effect on uncontrolled emissions
Thermocouples are usually placed at each hearth position in
the interior of the incinerator. The temperature of each
hearth stage is read out either on separate gages or by a
switching element connected to one gage. Many temperature
4-1
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sensors are equipped with recorders that will enable the
inspector to check temperature profiles. These data can be
written on the daily charts and kept for comparison at the
time of future inspection.
4.2 CONTROL DEVICE INSTRUMENTATION
The new source inspector's presence at the sewage
sludge incinerator during the performance test will enable
him to collect control device data which can be compared to
values obtained during subsequent inspections. Such com-
parisons should reveal whether the source complies with
particulate standards without further emission testing.
The inspector should check scrubber water flow rates
from meters located either on the water line or control
panel. Water pressure near the nozzles should also be
recorded since abnormally low pressures might indicate
broken nozzles (and hence poor atomization) and high pres-
sure a plugged line or nozzles. Pressure drop across the
control device should be recorded. The pressure drop is
determined by manometer (water or oil) levels usually
located on the scrubber, or in some instances, by indicating
gages on the control panel.
4.3 EMISSION MONITORING INSTRUMENTATION
Opacity monitors are not required for sludge incin-
erators. Although opacity detectors do exist, they are
rarely installed on sludge incinerators because the high
moisture content of the exhaust gases can interfere with the
opacity readings.
4.4 FACILITY RECORDKEEPING REQUIREMENTS
New or modified sludge incinerators are only required
to keep records of unplanned non-continuous operation and
malfunctions. However, the new source inspector should
impress upon facility personnel the necessity of recording
and filing additional data pertaining to emissions. The
important parameters are tabulated in Table 4.1. Records of
planned start-ups and shutdowns (e.g. weekends) are un-
necessary. Records of malfunctions of the treatment plant
are required only when incinerator performance is affected.
4.5 FACILITY REPORTING PROCEDURES
The NSPS specify that the facility operator must
maintain certain records for a period of 2 years. Cali-
bration and maintenance history must be kept in addition to
a record of the parameters presented in Table 4.1.
4-2
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Table 4.1 RECOMMENDED RECORDS TO BE KEPT BY SLUDGE
INCINERATION FACILITIES PERSONNEL
Parameter
Units
Comments
Hearth temperature
Sludge burning rate
Hours of operation
Scrubber pressure drop
Scrubber water flow
rate
Start-ups, shutdowns,
malfunctions or major
changes in moisture
content
Performance testing
°F For recorder charts, date
graph; for gages, keep
hourly readings of minimum
hearth temperature
tons/day Record daily throughput of
dewatered sludge
hours/day Record daily hours of oper-
ation
in. H20
gpm
Record scrubber pressure
drop once per shift
Record scrubber water flow
rate once per hour
Record any process mal-
function that directly or
indirectly increases parti-
culate emissions or plume
opacity
File report of test results
4-3
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The operator must furnish written notification to EPA
of the anticipated date of initial start-up, the actual date
of start-up, and the date for conduct of the performance
test. In addition, a written report of the performance test
results must be submitted. It shall include collected
particulate weights for each of the three repetitive tests,
sample air volumes, times of tests, percents C02, sludge
charging rates, and the calculated emission rate for each of
the three tests. The suggested contents of stack test
reports are presented in Appendix B.
The operator of the incinerator may also be required to
provide other information to EPA or the state agency under
separate regulations. This may include application for a
permit to operate the new facility or information adequate
to complete the semi-annual report on new emission sources
as part of implementation plan requirements. Start-up,
shutdown, and malfunction occurrences are to be reported on
the 15th day following the end of each calendar quarter.
4-4
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REFERENCES FOR CHAPTER 4
1. Considine, D.M. Process Instrumentation. Chemical
Engineering, pp 84-113, January 29, 1968.
2. Meffert, D.P., M.M. McEven, and R.H. Gilbreath, Jr.
Stack Testing and Monitoring. Pollution Engineering,
5:6: 25-33.
4-5
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5.0 START-UP/MALFUNCTIONS/SHUTDOWN
5.1 START-UP
Because of their massiveness, incinerator hearths
require a long time to absorb heat and reach a suitable
temperature for sludge incineration. This presents no
problem for continuously operating units, but many sludge
facilities either shutdown at night or through the weekend.
It is preferable for incinerators shutting down for the
night or weekend to have a temperature sensor set at a
minimum hearth temperature. When the temperature inside the
unit decreases to a certain level (such as 800°F for the
middle hearth), the sensor actuates auxiliary fuel burners
to maintain the desired temperature level.
Sludge incinerators that are partially heated require
about 4 hours to reach a temperature suitable for burning
sludge. Third-shift personnel usually turn on the oil or
gas burners so that the incinerator will be ready for oper-
ation in the morning.
5.2 MALFUNCTIONS
Sludge incinerators malfunction less frequently than
municipal refuse incinerators. The sludge characteristics
and hearth loadings result in less wear and tear on sludge
incinerators than occurs as a result of incineration of
municipal wastes. However, several malfunctions have the
potential to increase plume opacity and particulate emis-
sions. These are discussed below:
0 Dewatering operation
Increases in the vacuum, pressure, or centrifugal force
can press too much water out of the filter "mat" or "cake".
When the operator attempts to burn a constant amount of
sludge, a higher percentage of sludge (less moisture) is
incinerated. This results in an increase of particulate
emissions from the incinerator, which may overload the
scrubber.
5-1
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0 Auxiliary burners
Fuel oil ash can cake up the auxiliary fuel burners.
When desired ignition temperatures are not reached, unburned
particulate matter may enter the gas stream.
0 Rabble arms
Unlike the central shaft, the rabble arm tips are not
air-cooled. The rabble arm teeth, therefore, can be burned
off. If arms without teeth are not replaced during sched-
uled maintenance shutdowns, the sludge does not receive
adequate stoking and agitation.
0 Scrubber
Emissions and opacity increase when typical scrubber
malfunctions occur. These include plugging of the beds or
venturi spray nozzles and loss of water supply.
5.3 SHUTDOWN
Emissions do not increase when the sludge incinerator
is shutdown. Charging is discontinued, but the airflow and
scrubber system are not shutdown until all the sludge has
been dried and burned. Heat retained by the hearths and
other interior parts keep temperatures at acceptable levels
for the time needed to completely burn out the sludge after
charging has been terminated.
5-2
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6.0 PERFORMANCE TEST
A coordination meeting between the inspector and in-
cinerator facility personnel is essential to avoid mis-
understandings during the performance test. Section 6.1
covers the inspector's responsibilities before testing is
started. Section 6.2 discusses the operating conditions
under which the incinerator should be tested. Key items
that should be observed during the test are discussed in
Section 6.3. Section 6.4 describes the source test data
that are necessary for the inspector to check to determine
whether the test was properly run. The inspection checklist
in Section 6.5 summarizes all process and test parameters to
be recorded during the performance test.
6.1 PRETEST PROCEDURES
Although the new source standards stipulate exact
procedures for compliance, facility personnel may misunder-
stand or not be aware of parts of the regulations. The
inspector should therefore arrange a meeting with plant
personnel to review the details of the test, as summarized
in Section 2.2. The inspector should have copies of the
performance standards available at the meeting.
The inspector must ensure that management understands
that performance tests are valid only if performed while the
facility is operating at representative performance. The
inspector should also determine which testing firm will
perform the tests and later contact the firm, if a rep-
resentative of the firm is not in attendance at the meeting,
to confirm that the tests will be run in accordance with
procedures outlined in 40 CFR 60 and summarized in Table
2.2.
The inspector must also survey the ductwork for test
port locations. If satisfactory sites are unavailable, he
should suggest modifications (e.g. stack extensions, flow
straightners) needed to obtain accurate test results. The
location of a clean-up area should be agreed upon by all
parties prior to the test date. During a tour of the
incinerator, the inspector determines whether additional
inspection personnel are required to monitor the process,
sampling site, and exhaust stack.
6-1
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6.2 PROCESS OPERATING CONDITIONS
A sludge incineration facility can comply with the new
source standards only if operating conditions during the
performance test conform with specific pre-established
conditions. These conditions are established either during
the pretest meeting or at some other date prior to the test.
Sludge Input - Prior to the performance tests the
inspector should obtain from plant personnel the plant
capacity and the predicted maximum sludge input. Plant
personnel should take steps to ensure that avoidable cir-
cumstances will not curtail the supply of sludge at the time
of the performance test since the plant must be operating at
or above the maximum charging rate during the test. The
sludge must also be representative of the typical sludge
burned at the site. Screens and filters must properly
function to produce a sludge of "typical" heating value.
The dewatering operation should extract the correct amount
of moisture from the sludge, since significant variations
during the test will yield meaningless charging rate and
emission values.
Incinerator Operating Conditions - The incinerator must
operate in the usual manner during the particulate tests and
opacity reading periods. Auxiliary fuel in excess of the
amount burned during normal operation will invalidate the
tests.
Scrubber Operating Conditions - Water flow rates and
pressure drops across the scrubber must be within the normal
ranges specified by the manufacturer and at the lowest
values at which the facility anticipates operating for full-
load charging to the incinerator.
Operation of the incinerator should be in equilibrium
prior to testing. The incinerator should be running at the
desired load for at least two hours before emission tests
are started. Process data must be recorded during the
stabilization period to ensure that the incinerator is in
equilibrium during the performance runs.
6.3 PROCESS OBSERVATION
The process operating conditions discussed in Section
6.2 should be noted during the compliance test for future
comparisons. These observations will provide a baseline for
comparison with operating conditions during later inspec-
tions. Also, the observations may indicate reasons for
excessive particulate emissions if the source fails to meet
the NSPS.
6-2
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The inspector must check several operating parameters
during the course of the performance test. These include
sludge charging rate, sludge moisture content, hearth
temperatures, auxiliary fuel rates, and scrubber pressure
drops and water flow rates.
Sludge Charging Rate - New sludge incinerators are
equipped with a meter on the control panel to monitor sludge
input to the incinerator. Since readings are instantaneous
weight values, several readings are required during the
tests to determine an average value.
Sludge Moisture Content - The inspector should observe
the amount of water retained in the sludge after it passes
through the dewatering operation. Moisture variations can
affect emission concentrations and sludge charging values.
During the performance tests the inspector should take a
sludge sample and place it in a moisture proof container for
subsequent analysis.
Hearth Temperatures - The maximum incinerator tem-
perature on the middle hearths should be around 1600°F, and
never below 1300°F. Temperatures normally run about 1000°F
at the top hearths and 600°F at the bottom hearths. Al-
though odors are not covered by the NSPS, the temperature of
the combustion waste gases should be above 1000°F to min-
imize odors. All temperatures are monitored on the control
panel.
Auxiliary Fuel Rate - The majority of incinerators do
not require additional fuel to burn the sludge. If aux-
iliary fuel is added, however, the inspector must obtain
fuel usage data from plant personnel. The source may not be
in compliance if less fuel is used during future operation
than was burned during the performance test.
Flue Gas Composition - The oxygen or CO.., concentration
in the flue gas reveals the amount of dilution or excess air
that is mixed with the combustion gases. The majority of
new sludge incinerators have an oxygen monitor located on
the control panel. An oxygen range cannot be defined since
each sludge incinerator has its own dilution air character-
istics, but the value should not deviate more than 3 percent
after the unit is in continuous operation.
6.4 EMISSION TEST OBSERVATIONS
Emission tests and opacity determinations are conducted
by qualified emission testing personnel. The inspector is
responsible for ensuring that all pertinent data are collected,
that the field procedures and equipment meets CFR, and that
the incinerator is run at representative performance during
all sampling runs. A qualified technician or engineer reads
6-3
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visible emissions during the three particulate runs. The
approved visible emission data form appears in Appendix C.
The inspector's degree of surveillance of the stack
sampling team depends on the confidence of the inspector and
qualifications of the test personnel. Even if the inspector
has complete trust in the sampling crew, the following tasks
should always be performed:
0 Record duct dimensions (both inside and outside)
and locations of sample ports.
0 Check the number of ports at the sampling site and
examine the ducting for the nearest upstream and
downstream obstructions. Ask the crew leader how
many total points will be traversed and check with
Figure 1.1 in 40 CFR 60 to determine whether the
stream will be properly sampled.
0 Note whether the crew runs a preliminary traverse,
and if so, inquire what nozzle diameter is sel-
ected. (Isokinetic sampling is a function of
nozzle size.)
0 Check to ensure that the moisture content of the
gas stream is determined by Method 4 or an equivalent
method such as drying tubes or volumetric condensers;
assumption of the moisture content is not allowed.
0 Observe the leak test of the sampling train. The
allowable leak rate is given in Method 5. Leakage
results in lower concentrations than are actually
present. Be next to the dry gas meter during the
leak check, note whether the meter hand is moving.
(The more the hand is moving, the greater the
leakage). Leak checks must also be made if the
train is disassembled during the run to change a
filter or to replace any component.
0 Ensure that a sludge sample is properly taken in
non-porous jars. Although the test method states
that a sample should be collected every hour, a
500 ml sample every 20 minutes is preferable.
Remind the crew leader that 224 G. Method For
Solid and Semi-Solid Samples, with 40 CFR 60
revisions(Appendix A),is the appropriate method
for sludge mass determination.
0 Record dry gas meter reading before and after
test.
0 Record average velocity head and temperatures in
duct during test.
6-4
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0 If impingers are used during test, observe whether
they are bubbling. If they are not, the sampling
train is either plugged or disconnected from the
pump.
0 Check the cleaning procedure for the front half of
the train. Careless removal of filters or clean-
ing of probes will result in lower calculated
emissions. Look for broken glass from probes or
connectors. Test is void if glass probe is broken
during test. If glass connectors are broken in
transport from sampling site to clean-up area,
test is still valid. Be sure identification
labels are properly attached to collection containers,
The probe should be brushed and rinsed with acetone
thoroughly to remove all particulates. The probe
should be visually inspected after cleaning to
ascertain that all particulates have been removed.
0 Observe gas analysis procedure for determining
C02- Technician should take at least three samples
before averaging readings. Variations greater
than 0.5 percent (grab sample) or 0.2 percent
(integrated sample) indicate gas mixture was not
thoroughly bubbled in reagents. Ask technician or
crew leader when new reagents were added to apparatus.
0 Check percent isokinetic.
0 Inquire about the calibration history of the
sludge weightometer or volume recorder. The flow
measuring device is required to maintain an accur-
acy of +5 percent over its operating range.
6.5 PERFORMANCE TEST CHECKLIST
The inspector must observe incinerator operation and
emission tests simultaneously'to ensure that valid data are
used in determining plant performance. The performance test
checklist shown in Table 6.1 is based upon the observations
described in Sections 6.2, 6.3, and 6.4.
The reasons for having the inspector observe the test
and complete the inspection sheet are twofold. First,
incinerator and control device parameters will serve as
guidelines for future NSPS recordkeeping requirements; and
second, the inspector's observation of a few major par-
ameters ensures that the tests were properly conducted.
The emission testing firm is required to submit test
reports to the facility and the control agency. Results
from the testing firm must be carefully checked and compared
with data from the inspector's form.
6-5
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Table 6.1
NSPS INSPECTION CHECKLIST FOR SEWAGE SLUDGE INCINERATORS
DURING PERFORMANCE TEST
Facility Number
Facility Address
Name of Plant Contact
Source Code Number
Unit Identification (To be Tested)
Design Input Capacity
Initial Start-up Date
Test Date
_tons/day
FACILITY DATA
Type
DMultiple Hearth
DOther
No. of Hearths
Specify
Average Sludge Moisture Content Out of Dewaterer
Control Device
DScrubber
DOther
Specify Type
Specify
Operating Schedule
hr/day
_days/wk
_wks/yr
Certification of Sludge Measuring Calibration Date
FACILITY INCINERATOR PARAMETERS
Data to Obtain During Performance Test3
Clock Time
Parameter
Sludge Input, tons/hr or ft3/min
Hearth of Max. Temp. (No.)
Maximum Hearth Temp. , °F
Auxiliary Fuel Rate,
gal. or ft^ per min.
Scrubber Water Flow, gpm
Scrubber Pressure Drop
(Ain.H20)
aData should be recorded every 20 minutes,
6-6
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Table 6.1 (continued)
NSPS INSPECTION CHECKLIST FOR SEWAGE SLUDGE INCINERATORS
DURING PERFORMANCE TEST
C.
D.
PRETEST DATA (OBTAIN FROM TEST TEAM FIELD LEADER)
Test Company
Field Leader
Duct Dimensions in. x
Nearest Upstream Obstruction
in.;
Nearest Downstream Obstruction
No. of Sampling Ports
No. of Sampling Points
Area_
_ft
ft
No. of Sampling Points Required
From 40 CFR 60
PARTICULATE PERFORMANCE TEST
Test No. Start Time
Preliminary Traverse Run (Method 1)
Chosen Nozzle Diameter in.
Train Leak Check
Sludge Sample Taken
Opacity Readings Taken
Moisture Determination (Method 4)
Percent Moisture
Finish Time
Yes
D
D
D
Volume
readings)
talysis
ml
°2
CO,
ft
Dry Gas Meter Reading Before Test
Dry Gas Meter Reading After Test
Volume Sampled
Test Duration minutes
Average Meter Orifice Pressure Drop
Average Duct Temperature °F
Velocity Head at Sampling Point
Meter AH@*
Repetition Start Time
Repetition Finish Time
_ft3 at
_ft3 at
ft3
ft'
No
D
D
D
inches
(time)
(time)
inches H-O
6-7
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Table 6.1 (continued)
NSPS INSPECTION CHECKLIST FOR SEWAGE SLUDGE INCINERATORS
DURING PERFORMANCE TEST
E. CLEAN-UP PROCEDURE
Filter Condition d Dry d Wet
Probe Status D Unbroken d Broken
Glass Connectors d Unbroken d Broken
Clean-up Sample Spillage D None Q Slight d Major
Sample Bottle Identification D Yes d No
Acetone Blank Taken d Yes d No
6-8
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REFERENCES FOR CHAPTER 6
1. Emission Testing Compliance Manual, PEDCo-Environmental
Specialists, Inc., EPA Contract No. 68-02-0237, Task
No. 19, August, 1974.
6-9
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7.0 INSPECTION PROCEDURES
Periodic visits to a sludge incinerator facility by the
inspector will enable him to determine the plant's emission
control status. A comparison of operating parameters
during the inspection with values taken at the time of the
performance test will indicate whether emissions are within
the new source standards. Inspections during visits follow-
ing the performance test are discussed in Section 7.1; an
inspection checklist is provided in Section 7.2. Section
7.3 describes follow-up procedures after completion of an
inspection of the incinerator facility.
7.1 CONDUCT OF INSPECTIONS
The frequency of inspections is governed by each regu-
latory agency's policy. A quarterly inspection is rec-
ommended unless complaints dictate more frequent inspections.
Major emphasis during the inspection is placed upon
visual observation of the stack, checking facility records
and inspecting instrumentation. Emphasis is placed upon
determining visual emissions since it is both an enforceable
standard in its own right and indicative of control system
operation. The inspector compares records of operating
hours and collection or burning rates with the charging rate
during the performance test. Control device and readings
from facility instrumentation will give an indication of
whether particulate emissions are higher or lower than
during the performance test.
The procedures noted below should be followed in the
order shown whenever possible. This format enables the
inspector to first tour the plant and then monitor instru-
ments under actual operating conditions. Any questionable
areas can be investigated later by examining records and
consulting with the sludge incinerator operator.
OUTSIDE OBSERVATIONS
0 Note plume opacity. Follow established EPA
procedures. An observation form is presented in
Appendix C.
7-1
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DEWATERING EQUIPMENT
0 Check the sludge moisture content. Take a sample
if the sludge appears wetter or drier than it was
during the performance test.
INCINERATOR AND SCRUBBER
0 Read values of operational parameters listed in
Part B of the Inspection Checklist.
0 Look in the incinerator peepholes at the rabble
arms. Teeth should be churning the sludge resi-
due.
RECORDS
0 Review sludge charging rates since last inspection.
0 Examine dated charts of temperatures and control
device parameters. If unsatisfactory values occur
repeatedly, ask plant personnel what corrective
measures have or will be taken.
7.2 INSPECTION CHECKLIST
The inspection form in Table 7.1 is derived from the
procedures described in the preceding section.
7.3 INSPECTION FOLLOW-UP PROCEDURES
The inspector's affiliation may be with a Federal,
state, or local agency- Interagency communications are
necessary to keep personnel aware of the status of new or
modified sewage sludge incinerators.
Some inspectors may have responsibility for air pol-
lutants in addition to those covered by the NSPS, such as
odors and fugitive emissions. The inspector's supervisor or
his agency is responsible for determining whether the
additional pollutants are handled separately or in combin-
ation with those covered by the NSPS.
If the inspector has evidence to cite the facility, he
should precisely state the reasons on the citation. A
citation at this point can only be given for definite
violations (e.g. excessive opacity, control equipment not
operating) or failure to keep required records.
7-2
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Table 7.1
NSPS INSPECTION CHECKLIST FOR SEWAGE SLUDGE INCINERATORS
AFTER PERFORMANCE TEST
Facility Name
Facility Address.
Name of Plant Contact.
Design Charge Rate
Inspection Date
tons/day
A. PRE-ENTRY OBSERVATIONS
lime
Stack Plume: Use EPA Plume Reading Procedures
Opacity Regulation
B. OPERATIONAL PARAMETERS
Sludge Input
Maximum Hearth Temp.
Auxiliary Fuel Rate
Exhaust Gas Monitor
Scrubber Water Flow Rate
Scrubber Pressure Drop
C. EQUIPMENT CONDITION
Dewatering Equipment
Rabble Arms
D. RECORDS
Sludge Input
Hearth Temperatures
Auxiliary Fuel
Consumption
Scrubber Flow Rates
Scrubber Pressure Drop
Instrument Maintenance
and Calibration
Malfunctions
D In Compliance
D Not in Compliance
Time,
Satisfactory
D
D
Ib/hr
OF
ft or gal/min
Opacity
% Transmittance
gpm
in. H20
Unsatisfactory
D
D
Records
Yes
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
Kept
No
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
Values
Satisfactory Unsatisfactory
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
n
D
n
D
n
7-3
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The inspector should also compare data on the latest
inspection forms with data on previous forms or with per-
formance test data. Although the question of whether a
source is in compliance cannot be determined without a
source test, sufficient information will be available to
indicate whether the facility may be generating excessive
particulate emissions. A comparison format is given in
Table 7.2.
Values repeatedly over (or under) those shown in Table
7.2 indicate possible violations of new source performance
standards. The responsible official should be notified in
writing with data showing reasons for the assumed viola-
tions. Corrective action can either be taken by the fac-
ility to return operating conditions to values during the
accepted performance test or a new source test should be
conducted under the conditions the facility now deems
representative of their operation.
7-4
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Table 7.2 PARAMETER COMPARISON TO DETERMINE
v
COMPLIANCE STATUS
over
Percent under values
Parameter
Visible emissions
Records not kept
Sludge moisture
Sludge feed rate
Hearth temperature
Auxiliary fuel
consumption
Gas analyzers
Scrubber water flow
Scrubber pressure drop
Category
A
A
B
A
C
C
C
B
B
aA - Parameter value for which
during emission
to justify stack
Over 20% is out
-20
+15
-30
-30
+30
+ 40
-20
test
test
of complaince
citation can be issued
B -
C -
on site.
Parameter value that strongly indicates that
emissions are out of compliance. Value out of
indicated ranges is justification for emission
test.
Parameter value cannot be directly used to justify
emission test; value can be used to support
conclusions.
7-5
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APPENDIX A
STANDARDS OF PERFORMANCE FOR NEW
STATIONARY SOURCES
CODE OF FEDERAL REGULATIONS
(See 40 CFR 60 for complete
sampling procedures)
A-l
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Chapter 1 - Environmental Protection Agency
SUBCHAPTER C - AIR PROGRAMS
PART 60 - STANDARDS OF PERFORMANCE
FOR NEW STATIONARY SOURCES
Subpart A - General Provisions
§60.1 Applicability.
The provisions of this part apply to the owner or
operator of any stationary source which contains an affected
facility the construction or modification of which is com-
menced after the date of publication in this part of any
standard (or, if earlier, the date of publication of any
proposed standard) applicable to such facility.
§60.2 Definitions.
As used in this part, all terms not defined herein
shall have the meaning given them in the Act:
(a) "Act" means the Clean Air Act (42 U.S.C. 1857 et
seq., as amended by Public Law 91-604, 84 Stat. 1676).
(b) "Administrator" means the Administrator of the
Environmental Protection Agency or his authorized represen-
tative.
(c) "Standard" means a standard of performance proposed
or promulgated under this part.
(d) "Stationary source" means any building, structure,
facility, or installation which emits or may emit any air
pollutant.
(e) "Affected facility" means, with reference to a
stationary source, any apparatus to which a standard is
applicable.
(f) "Owner or operator" means any person who owns,
leases, operates, controls, or supervises an affected facil-
ity or a stationary source of which an affected facility is
a part.
(g) "Construction" means fabrication, erection, or
installation of an affected facility-
A-2
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(h) "Modification" means any physical .change in, or
change in the method of operation of, an affected facility
which increases the amount of any air pollutant (to which a
standard applies) emitted by such facility or which results
in the emission of any air pollutant (to which a standard
applies) not previously emitted, except that:
(1) Routine maintenance, repair, and replacement shall
not be considered physical changes, and
(2) The following shall not be considered a change in
the method of operation:
(i) An increase in the production rate, if such
increase does not exceed the operating design capacity of
the affected facility;
(ii) An increase in hours of operation;
(iii) Use of an alternative fuel or raw material if,
prior to the date any standard under this part becomes
applicable to such facility, as provided by §60.1, the
affected facility is designed to accomodate such alternative
use.
(i) "Commenced" means, with respect to the definition
of "new source" in section 111(a)(2) of the Act, that an
owner or operator has undertaken a continuous program of
construction or modification or that an owner or operator
has entered into a contractual obligation to undertake and
complete, within a reasonable time, a continuous program of
construction or modification.
(j) "Opacity" means the degree to which emissions
reduce the transmission of light and obscure the view of an
object in the background.
(k) "Nitrogen oxides" means all oxides of nitrogen
except nitrous oxide, as measured by test methods set forth
in this part.
(1) "Standard conditions" means a temperature of 20°C
(68°F) and a pressure of 760 mm of Hg (29.92 in. of Hg).
(m) "Proportional sampling" means sampling at a rate
that produces a constant ratio of sampling rate to stack gas
flow rate.
(n) "Isokinetic sampling" means sampling in which the
linear velocity of the gas entering the sampling nozzle is
equal to that of the undisturbed gas stream at the sample
point.
(o) "Start-up" means the setting in operation of an
affected facility for any purpose.
(p) "Shutdown" means the cessation of operation of an
affected facility for any purpose.
(q) "Malfunction" means any sudden and unavoidable
failure of air pollution control equipment or process
equipment or of a process to operate in a normal or usual
manner. Failures that are caused entirely or in part by
poor maintenance, careless operation, or any other pre-
ventable upset condition or preventable equipment breakdown
shall not be considered malfunctions.
A-3
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(r) "Hourly period" means any 60 minute period com-
mencing on the hour.
(s) "Reference method" means any method of sampling
and analyzing for an air pollutant as described in Appendix
A to this part.
(t) "Equivalent method" means any method of sampling
and analyzing for an air pollutant which have been demon-
strated to the Administrator's satisfaction to have a con-
sistent and quantitatively known relationship to the refer-
ence methods, under specified conditions.
(u) "Alternative method" means any method of sampling
and analyzing for an air pollutant which is not a reference
or equivalent method but which has been demonstrated to the
Administrator's satisfaction to, in specific cases, produce
results adequate for his determination of compliance.
(v) "Particulate matter" means any finely divided
solid or liquid material, other than uncombined water, as
measured by Method 5 of Appendix A to this part or an
equivalent or alternative method.
(w) "Run" means the net period of time during which an
emission sample is collected. Unless otherwise specified, a
run may be either intermittent or continuous within the
limits of good engineering practice.
§60.4 Address.
All requests, applications, submittals, and other
communications to the Administrator pursuant to this part
shall be submitted in duplicate and addressed to the appro-
priate Regional Office of the Environmental Protection
Agency, to the attention of the Director, Enforcement
Division.
§60.5 Determination of construction or modification.
When requested to do so by an owner or operator, the
Administrator will make a determination of whether actions
taken or intended to be taken by such owner or operator
constitute construction or modification or the commencement
thereof within the meaning of this part.
§60.6 Review of plans.
(a) When requested to do so by an owner or operator,
the Administrator will review plans for construction or
modification for the purpose of providing technical advice
to the owner or operator.
(b)(1) A separate request shall be submitted for each
construction or modification project.
(2) Each request shall identify the location of such
project, and be accompanied by technical information de-
scribing the proposed nature, size, design, and method of
A-4
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operation of each affected facility involved in such project,
including information on any equipment to be used for mea-
surement or control of emissions.
(c) Neither a request for plans review nor advice
furnished by the Administrator in response to such request
shall (1) relieve an owner or operator of legal respon-
sibility for compliance with any provision of this part or
of any applicable State or local requirement, or (2) prevent
the Administrator from implementing or enforcing any provi-
sion of this part or taking any other action authorized by
the Act.
§60.7 Notification and record keeping.
(a) Any owner or operator subject to the provisions of
this part shall furnish the Administrator written notifica-
tion as follows:
(1) A notification of the anticipated date of initial
start-up of an affected facility not more than 60 days or
less than 30 days prior to such date.
(2) A notification of the actual date of initial start-
up of an affected facility within 15 days after such date.
(b) Any owner or operator subject to the provisions of
this part shall maintain for a period of 2 years a record of
the occurrence and duration of any start-up, shutdown, or
malfunction in operation of any affected facility.
(c) A written report of excess emissions as defined in
applicable subparts shall be submitted to the Administrator
by each owner or operator for each calendar quarter. The
report shall include the magnitude of excess emissions as
measured by the required monitoring equipment reduced to the
units of the applicable standard, the date, and time of
commencement and completion of each period of excess emis-
sions. Periods of excess emissions due to start-up, shut-
down, and malfunction shall be specifically identified. The
nature and cause of any malfunction (if known), the correc-
tive action taken, or preventive measures adopted shall be
reported. Each quarterly report is due by the 30th day
following the end of the calendar quarter. Reports are not
required for any quarter unless there have been periods of
excess emissions.
(d) Any owner or operator subject to the provisions of
this part shall maintain a file of all measurements, in-
cluding monitoring and performance testing measurements, and
all other reports and records required by all applicable
subparts. Any such instruments, reports and records shall
be retained for at least 2 years following the date of such
measurements, reports, and records.
§60.8 Performance tests.
(a) Within 60 days after achieving the maximum pro-
duction rate at which the affected facility will be op-
A-5
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erated, but not later than 180 days after initial start-up
of such facility and at such other times as may be required
by the Administrator under section 114 of the Act, the owner
or operator of such facility shall conduct performance
test(s) and furnish the Administrator with a written report
of the results of such performance test(s).
(b) Performance tests shall be conducted and data
reduced in accordance with the test methods and procedures
contained in each applicable subpart unless the Adminis-
trator (1) specifies or approves, in specific cases, the use
of a reference method with minor changes in methodology, (2)
approves the use of an equivalent method, (3) approves the
use of an alternative method the results of which he has
determined to be adequate for indicating whether a specific
source is in compliance, or (4) waives the requirement for
performance tests because the owner or operator of a source
has demonstrated by other means to the Administrator's
satisfaction that the affected facility is in compliance
with the standard. Nothing in this paragraph shall be
construed to abrogate the Administrator's authority to
require testing under section 114 of the Act.
(c) Performance tests shall be conducted under such
conditions as the Administrator shall specify to the plant
operator based on representative performance of the affected
facility. The owner or operator shall make available to the
Administrator such records as may be necessary to determine
the conditions of the performance tests. Operations during
periods of start-up, shutdown, and malfunction shall not
constitute representative conditions of performance tests
unless otherwise specified in the applicable standard.
(d) The owner and operator of an affected facility
shall provide the Administrator 30 days prior notice of the
performance test to afford the Administrator the opportunity
to have an observer present.
(e) The owner or operator of an affected facility shall
provide or cause to be provided, performance testing facil-
ities as follows:
(1) Sampling ports adequate for test methods applicable
to such facility.
(2) Safe sampling platform(s).
(3) Safe access to sampling platform(s).
(4) Utilities for sampling and testing equipment.
(f) Each performance test shall consist of three
separate runs using the applicable test method. Each run
shall be conducted for the time and under the conditions
specified in the applicable standard. For the purpose of
determining compliance with an applicable standard, the
arithmetic means of results of the three runs shall apply.
In the event that a sample is accidentally lost or condi-
tions occur in which one of the three runs must be discon-
tinued because of forced shutdown, failure of an irreplaceable
portion of the sample train, extreme meteorological conditions,
or other circumstances, beyond the owner or operator's
A-6
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control, compliance may, upon the Administrator's approval,
be determined using the arithmetic mean of the results of
the two other runs.
§60.9 Availability of information.
(a) Emission data provided to, or otherwise obtained
by, the Administrator in accordance with the provisions of
this part shall be available to the public.
(b) Except as provided in paragraph (a) of this section,
any records, reports, or information provided to, or other-
wise obtained by, the Administrator in accordance with the
provisions of this part shall be available to the public,
except that (1) upon a showing satisfactorily to the Admin-
istrator by any person that such records, reports, or in-
formation, or particular part thereof (other than emission
data), if made public, would divulge methods or processes
entitled to protection as trade secrets of such person, the
Administrator shall consider such records, reports, or
i formation, or particular part thereof, confidential in
accordance with the purposes of section 1905 of title 18 of
the United States Code, except that such records, reports,
or information, or particular part thereof, may be disclosed
to other officers, employees, or authorized representatives
of the United States concerned with carrying out the provi-
sions of the Act or when relevant in any proceeding under
the Act; and (2) information received by the Administrator
solely for the purposes of §60.5 and §60.8 shall not be
disclosed if it is so identified by the owner or operator as
being a trade secret or commercial or financial information
which such owner or operator considers confidential.
§60.10 State authority.
The provisions of this part shall not be construed in
any manner to preclude any State or political subdivision
thereof from:
(a) Adopting and enforcing any emission standard or
limitation applicable to an affected facility, provided that
such emission standard or limitation is not less stringent
than the standard applicable to such facility.
(b) Requiring the owner or operator of an affected
facility to obtain permits, licenses, or approvals prior to
initiating construction, modification, or operation of such
facility.
§60.11 Compliance with standards and maintenance require-
ments .
(a) Compliance with standards in this part, other than
opacity standards, shall be determined only by performance
tests established by §60.8.
A-7
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(b) Compliance with opacity standards in this part shall
be determined by conducting observations in accordance with
Reference Method 9 in Appendix A of this part. Opacity readings
of portions of plumes which contain condensed, uncombined
water vapor shall not be used for purposes of determining
compliance with opacity standards. The results of continuous
monitoring by transmissometer which indicate that the opacity
at the time visual observations were made was not in excess
of the standard are probative but not conclusive evidence of
the actual opacity of an emission, provided that the source
shall meet the burden of proving that the instrument used
meets (at the time of the alleged violation) Performance
Specification I in Appendix B of this part, has been properly
maintained and (at the time of the alleged violation) calibrated,
and that the resulting data have not been tampered with in
any way.
(c) The opacity standards set forth in this part shall
apply at all times except during periods of start-up, shut-
down, or malfunction, and as otherwise provided in the
applicable standard.
(d) At all times, including periods of start-up, shut-
down, and malfunction, owners and operators shall, to the
extent practicable, maintain and operate any affected fa-
cility including associated air pollution control equipment
in a manner consistent with good air pollution control
practice for minimizing emissions. Determination of whether
acceptable operating and maintenance procedures are being
used will be based on information available to the Adminis-
trator which may include, but is not limited to, monitoring
results, opacity observations, review of operating and
maintenance procedures, and inspection of the source.
(e)(1) An owner or operator of an affected facility may
request the Administrator to determine opacity of emissions
from the affected facility during the initial, performance
tests required by §60.8.
(2) Upon receipt from such owner or operator of the
written report of the results of the performance tests
required by §60.8, the Administrator will make a finding
concerning compliance with opacity and other applicable
standards. If the Administrator finds that an affected
facility is in compliance with all applicable standards for
which performance tests are conducted in accordance with
§60.8 of this part but during the time such performance tests
are being conducted fails to meet any applicable opacity
standard, he shall notify the owner or operator and advise
him that he may petition the Administrator within 10 days of
receipt of notification to make appropriate adjustment to
the opacity standard for the affected facility.
(3) The Administrator will grant such a petition upon
a demonstration by the owner or operator that the affected
facility and associated air pollution control equipment
was operated and maintained in a manner to minimize the
opacity of emissions during the performance tests; that the
A-8
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performance tests were performed under the conditions esta-
blished by the Administrator; and that the affected facility
and associated air pollution control equipment were incapable
of being adjusted or operated to meet the applicable opacity
standard.
(4) The Administrator will establish an opacity standard
for the affected facility meeting the above requirements at
a level at which the source will be able, as indicated by the
performance and opacity tests, to meet the opacity standard
at all times during which the source is meeting the mass
or concentration emission standard. The Administrator will
promulgate the new opacity standard in the Federal Register.
§60.12 Circumvention.
No owner or operator subject to the provisions of this
part shall build, erect, install, or use any article, machine,
equipment or process, the use of which conceals an emission
which would otherwise constitute a violation of an applicable
standard. Such concealment includes, but is not limited
to, the use of gaseous diluents to achieve compliance with
an opacity standard or with a standard which is based on
the concentration of a pollutant in the gases discharged
to the atmosphere.
Subpart 0 - Standards of Performance
for Sewage Treatment Plants
§60.150 Applicability and designation of affected facility.
The affected facility to which the provisions of this
subpart apply is each incinerator which burns the sludge
produced by municipal sewage treatment facilities.
§60.151 Definitions.
As used in this subpart, all terms not defined herein
shall have the meaning given them in the Act and in subpart
A of this part.
§60.152 Standard for particulate matter.
(a) On and after the date on which the performance test
required to be conducted by §60.8 is completed, no owner or
operator of any sewage sludge incinerator subject to the
provisions of this subpart shall discharge or cause the
discharge into the atmosphere of:
(1) Particulate matter at a rate in excess of 0.65 g/kg
dry sludge input (1.30 Ib/ton dry sludge input).
(2) Any gases which exhibit 20 percent opacity or
greater. Where the presence of uncombined water is the only
reason for failure to meet the requirements of this para-
graph, such failure shall not be a violation of this section.
A-9
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§60.153 Monitoring of operations.
(a) The owner or operator of any sludge incinerator
subject to the provisions of this subpart shall:
(I) Install, calibrate, maintain, and operate a flow
measuring device which can be used to determine either the
mass or volume of sludge charged to the incinerator. The
flow measuring device shall have an accuracy of +5 percent
over its operating range.
(2) Provide access to the sludge charged so that a
well-mixed representative grab sample of the sludge can be
obtained.
§60.154 Test Methods and Procedures
(a) The reference methods appended to this part, except
as provided for in §60.8(b), shall be used to determine
compliance with the standards prescribed in §60.152 as
follows:
(1) Method 5 for concentration of particulate matter
and associated moisture content,
(2) Method 1 for sample and velocity traverses,
(3) Method 2 for volumetric flow rate, and
(4) Method 3 for gas analysis.
(b) For Method 5, the sampling time for each run shall
be at least 60 minutes and the sampling rate shall be at
least 0.015 dscm/min (0.53 dscf/min), except that shorter
sampling times, when necessitated by process variables or
other factors, may be approved by the Administrator.
(c) Dry sludge charging rate shall be determined as
follows:
(1) Determine the mass (S ) or volume (S ) of sludge
charged to the incinerator during each run using a flow
measuring device meeting the requirements of § 60.153(a) (1).
If total input during a run is measured by a flow measuring
device, such readings shall be used. Otherwise, record the
flow measuring device readings at 5-minute intervals during
a run. Determine the quantity charged during each interval
by averaging the flow rates at the beginning and end of the
interval and then multiplying the average for each interval
by the time for each interval. Then add the quantity for
each interval to determine the total quantity charged during
the entire run, (S ) or (S ).
(2) Collect samples of the sludge charged to the incin-
erator in non-porous collecting jars at the beginning of
each run and at approximately 1-hour intervals thereafter
until the test ends, and determine for each sample the dry
sludge content (total solids residue) in accordance with
"224 G. Method for Solid and Semisolid Samples," Standard
Methods for the Examination of_ Water and Wastewater, Thir-
teenth Edition, American Public Health Association, Inc.,
New York, N.Y., 1971, pp. 539-41, except that:
A-10
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(i) Evaporating dishes shall be ignited to at least
103°C rather than the 550°C specified in step 3(a)(l).
(ii) Determination of volatile residue, step 3(b) may
be deleted.
(iii) The quantity of dry sludge per unit sludge charged
shall be determined in terms of either RDy (metric units:
mg dry sludge/liter sludge charged or English units: Ib/ft?)
or RDM (metric units: mg dry sludge/mg sludge charged or
English units: Ib/lb).
(3) Determine the quantity of dry sludge per unit
sludge charged in terms of either R or RDM.
(i) If the volume of sludge charged is used:
SD=(60x10-3)RpvSV(Metric Units)
T
or
where:
SD=(8.021)RDY?Z(English Units)
So=average dry sludge charging rate during the run,
kg/hr (English units: Ib/hr).
RDV=average quantity of dry sludge per unit volume of
sludge charged to the incinerator, mg/1 (English
units: lb/ft3).
Sv=sludge charged to the incinerator during the run,
m3 (English units: gal).
T=duration of run, min (English units: min).
60xlO~3=metric units conversion factor, l-kg-min/m^-mg-hr,
8.021=English units conversion factor, ft^-min/gal-hr.
(ii) If the mass of sludge charged is used:
SD=(50)RDMSM(Metric or English Units)
T
where:
SD=average dry sludge charging rate during the run,
kg/hr (English units: Ib/hr).
average ratio of quantity of dry sludge to quantity
of sludge charged to the incinerator, mg/mg
(English units: Ib/lb).
SM=sludge charged during the run, kg (English units:Ib)
T=duration of run, min (Metric or English units).
60=conversion factor, min/hr (Metric or English units).
A-ll
-------
(d) Particulate emission rate shall be determined by:
caw=cSQS (Metric or English Units)
where:
caw=particulate matter mass emissions, mg/hr (English
units: Ib/hr).
cs=particulate matter concentration, mg/m3 (English
units: Ib/dscf).
Qs=volumetric stack gas flow rate, dscm/hr (English
units: dscf/hr). Qs and cs shall be determined
using Methods 2 and 5, respectively.
(e) Compliance with §60.152(a) shall be determined as follows:
_ aw
Cds=(10~J)i:—(Metric Units)
SD
or
aw
Cds=(2000)|_(English Units)
where:
cds=Particulate emission discharge, g/kg dry sludge
(English units: lb/ton dry sludge).
10 J=Metric conversion factor, g/mg.
2000=English conversion factor, lb/ton
A-12
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APPENDIX - TEST METHODS
Method 1 - Sample and Velocity Traverses
For Stationary Sources
1. Principle and Applicability
1.1 Principle. A sampling site and the number of
traverse points are selected to air in the extraction of a
representative sample.
1.2 Applicability. This method should be applied only
when specified by the test procedures for determining
compliance with the New Source Performance Standards.
Unless otherwise specified, this method is not intended to
apply to gas streams other than those emitted directly to
the atmosphere without further processing.
2. Procedure
2.1 Selection of a sampling site and minimum number of
traverse points.
2.1.1 Select a sampling site that is at least eight
stack or duct diameters downstream and two diameters upstream
from any flow disturbance such as a bend, expansion, contraction,
or visible flame. For rectangular cross section, determine
an equivalent diameter from the following equation:
equivalent diameter = 2 Tdti equation l-l
2.1.2 When the above sampling site criteria can be
met, the minimum number of traverse points is twelve (12).
2.1.3 Some sampling situations render the above sampling
site criteria impractical. When this is the case, choose a
convenient sampling location and use Figure 1-1 to 'determine
the minimum number of traverse points. Under no conditions
should a sampling point be selected within 1 inch of the
stack wall. To obtain the number of traverse points for
stacks or ducts with a diameter less than 2 feet, multiply
the number of points obtained from Figure 1-1 by 0.67.
2.1.4 To use Figure 1-1 first measure the distance
from the chosen sampling location to the nearest upstream
and downstream disturbances. Determine the corresponding
number of traverse points for each distance from Figure 1-1.
A-13
-------
0.5
1.0
NUMBER OF DUCT DIAMETERS UPSTREAM'
(DISTANCE A)
1.5 2.0
2.5
SO
40
30
20
10
V7DISTURBANCE
T
A
J.
f
I
B
J
|
i
. SAMPUNO
"" "SITE
DISTURBANCE
kfb
•FROM POINT OF ANY TYPE OF
DISTURBANCE (BEND, EXPANSION, CONTRACTION, ETC.J
23456788 10
NUMBER OK DUCT-DIAMETEHS DOWNSTREAM*
(DISTANCE E)
Figure 1-1. Minimum number of traverse points.
Select the higher of the two numbers of traverse points, or
a greater value, such that for circular stacks the number is
a multiple of 4, and for rectangular stacks the number
follows the criteria of section 2.2.2.
2.2 Cross-sectional layout and location of traverse
points.
2.2.1 For circular stacks locate the traverse points
on at least two diameters according to Figure 1-2 and Table
1-1. The traverse axes shall divide the stack cross section
into equal parts.
Figure 1-2. Cross section of circular stack divided into
12 equal areas, showing location of traverse points at
centroid of each area.
A-14
-------
Table 1-1. Location of traverse points in circular stacks
(Percent of stack diameter from inside wall to traverse point)
Traverse
point
number
Number of traverse points.on a diameter
diameter
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
IS
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
2
14.6
85.4
4
6.7
25.0
75.0
93.3
6
4.4
14.7
29.5'
70.5
85.3
95.6
8
3.3
10.5
19.4
32.3
67.7
80.6
89.5
96.7
10
2.5
8.2
14.6
22.6
34.2
65.8
77.4
85.4
91.8
97.5
12
2.1
6.7
11.8
17.7
25.0
35.5
64.5
65.0
82.3
83.2
93.3
97.9
14
1.8
5.7
9.9
14.6
20.1
26.9
36.6
63.4
73.1
79.9
85.4
90.1
94.3
98.2
16
T.6
4.9
8.5
12.5
16.9
22.0
28.3
37.5
62.5
71.7'
78.0
83.1
87.5
91.5
95.1
98.4
18
1.4
4.4
7.5
10.9
14.6
18.8.
23.6
29.6
38.2
61.8
70.4
76.4
81. 2
85.4
•89.1
92.5
95.6
98.6
20
1.3
3.9
6.7
9.7
12.9
16.5
20.4
25.0
30.6
33.8
61.2
69.4
75.0
79.6
83.5
87.1
90.3
93.3
95.1
S8.7
22
1.1
3.5
6.0
8.7
11.6
14.6
18.0'
21.8
26.1.
31.5
39.3
60.7
68.5
73.9
78.2
82.0
85.4
88.4
91.3
94.0
96.5
93,9
24
1.1
3.2
5.5
7.9
10.5
13.2
16.1
19.4
23.0
27.2
32.3
39.3
60.2
67.7
72.3
77,0
80.6
83.9
86.8
89.5
92.1
94.5
S6.8
93.9
2.2.2 For rectangular stacks divide the cross section
into as many equal rectangular areas as traverse points,
such that the ratio of the length to the width of the elemental
areas is between one and two. Locate the traverse points at
the centroid of each equal area according to Figure 1-3.
o
.......
0
0
i
1
o ) o
1
J
1
r
0 | 0
1
_.. .I..-....J
4 ! «
1
t
o
- — — __
o
..
o
Figure 1-3. Cross section of rectangular stack divided into
12 equal areas, with traverse points at centroid of each area,
A-15
-------
3. References
Determining Dust Concentration in a Gas Stream, ASME
Performance Test Code #27, New York, N.Y., 1957.
Devorkin, Howard, et al., Air Pollution Source Testing
Manual, Air Pollution Control District, Los Angeles, Cali-
fornia, November 1963.
Methods for Determination of Velocity, Volume, Dust and
Mist Content of Gases, Western Precipitation Division of Joy
Manufacturing Co., Los Angeles, California, Bulletin WP-50,
1968.
Standard Method for Sampling Stacks for Particulate
Matter, In: 1971 Book of ASTM Standards, Part 23, Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania, 1971, ASTM Designation D-2928-71.
Method 2 - Determination of Stack Gas Velocity
and Volumetric Flow Rate (Type S Pitot Tube)
1. Principle and applicability
1.1 Principle. Stack gas velocity is determined from
the gas density and from measurement of the velocity head
using a Type S (Stauscheibe or reverse type) pitot tube.
1.2 Applicability. This method should be applied only
when specified by the test procedures for determining
compliance with the New Source Performance Standards.
2. Apparatus
2.1 Pitot tube - Type S (Figure 2-1), or equivalent,
with' a coefficient within +5% over the working range.
2.2 Differential pressure gauge - Inclined manometer,
or equivalent, to measure velocity head to within 10% of the
minimum value.
2.3 Temperature gauge - Thermocouple or equivalent
attached to the pitot tube to measure stack temperature to
within 1.5% of the minimum absolute stack temperature.
2.4 Pressure gauge - Mercury-filled U-tube manometer,
or equivalent, to measure stack pressure to within 0.1 in.
Hg.
2.5 Barometer - To measure atmospheric pressure to
within 0.1 in. Hg.
2.6 Gas analyzer - To analyze gas composition for
determining molecular weight.
2.7 Pitot tube - Standard type, to calibrate Type S
pitot tube.
3. Procedure
3.1 Set up the apparatus as shown in Figure 2-1. Make
sure all connections are tight and leak free. Measure the
velocity head and temperature at the traverse points specified
by Method 1.
A-16
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PIPE COUPLIINK
TUBING ADAPTER
Figure 2-1. Pitot tube-manometer assembly.
3.2 Measure the static pressure in the stack.
3.3 Determine the stack gas molecular weight by gas
analysis and appropriate calculations as indicated in Method
3.
4.
Calibration
4.1 To calibrate the pitot tube, measure the velocity
heat at some point in a flowing gas stream with both a Type
S pitot tube and a standard type pitot tube with known
coefficient. Calibration should be done in the laboratory
and the velocity of the flowing gas stream should be varied
over the normal working range. It is recommended that the
calibration be repeated after use at each field site.
4.2 Calculate the pitot tube coefficient using equation-
2-1.
equation 2-1
where:
C
= Pitot tube coefficient of Type S pitot tube.
^test
C = Pitot tube coefficient of standard type pitot
pstd tube (if unknown, use 0.99)
A-17
-------
A = Velocity head measured by standard type pitot
tube.
A = Velocity head measured by Type S pitot tube.
Ptest
4.3 Compare the coefficients of the Type S pitot tube
determined first with one leg and then the other pointed
downstream. Use the pitot tube only if the two coefficients
differ by no more than 0.01.
5. Calculations
Use equation 2-2 to calculate the stack gas velocity.
equation 2-2
where :
(V ) = Stack gas velocity, feet per second (f.p.s.)
S
K = 85.48^- f^n- — 11?' 0-1 1//2when these units are used,
p sec. llb.mole-°Rl
C = Pitot tube coefficient, dimensionless .
(T ) = Average absolute stack gas temperature, °R.
s avg .
(/Ap) = Average velocity head of stack gas, inches
avg> H20 (see Figure 2-2).
P = Absolute velocity head of stack gas (wet basis),
s Ib/lb-mole.
M = Molecular weight of stack gas (wet basis) , lb./lb.-
mole M, (1-B )+18B
d wo wo
Md = Dry molecular weight of stack gas (from Method 3).
B = Proportion by volume of water vapor in the gas
stream (from Method 4).
Figure 2-2 shows a sample recording sheet for velocity
traverse data. Use the averages in the last two columns of
Figure 2-2 to determine the average stack gas velocity from
Equation 2-2.
A-18
-------
•PLANT
DATE
RUN NO.
STACK DIAMETER, in.
BAROMETRIC PRESSURE, in. Hg._
STATIC PRESSURE IN.STACK (P ), in. Hg.
OPERATORS
SCHEMATIC OF STACK
CROSS SECTION
Traverse point
number
Velocity head,
in. H20
Stack Temperature
AVERAGE:
Figure 2-2. Velocity traverse data.
A-19
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Use Equation 2-3 to calculate the stack gas volumetric
flow rate.
ds= 3600(1 BW(J)VSA
where:
T
std
(TJ
s'avg.
P,
std
equation 2-3
Q = Volumetric flow rate, dry basis, standard conditions,
3 ft.3/hr.
2
A = Cross-sectional area of stack, ft
T , = Absolute temperature at standard conditions,
Std 530°R.
P , = Absolute pressure at standard conditions,
29.92 inches Hg.
6. References
Mark, L. S., Mechanical Engineers' Handbook, McGraw-
Hill Book Co., Inc., New York, N.Y., 1951.
Perry, J. H., Chemical Engineers' Handbook, McGraw-Hill
Book Co., Inc., New York, N.Y., 1960.
Shigehara, R. T., W. F. Todd, and W. S. Smith, Significance
of Errors in Stack Sampling Measurements. Paper presented
at the Annual Meeting of the Air Pollution Control Associa-
tion, St. Louis, Missouri, June 14-19, 1970.
Standard Method for Sampling Stacks for Particulate
Matter, In: 1971 Book of ASTM Standards, Part 23, Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania, 1971, ASTM Designation D-2928-71.
Vennard J. D., Elementary Fluid Mechanics, John Wiley &
Sons, Inc., New York, N.Y., 1947.
Method 3 - Gas Anaylsis for Carbon Dioxide,
Excess Air, and Dry Molecular Weight
1. Principle and applicability
1.1 Principle. An integrated or grab gas sample is
extracted from a sampling point and analyzed for its components
using an Orsat analyzer.
1.2 Applicability. This method should be applied only
when specified by the test procedures for determining
compliance with the New Source Performance Standards. The
test procedure will indicate whether a grab sample or an
integrated sample is to be used.
2. Apparatus
2.1 Grab sample (Figure 3-1).
A-20
-------
PROBE
PRi
'FLEXIBLE TUBING
TO ANALYZER
FILTER (GLASS WOOL)
SQUEEZE BULB
Figure 3-1. Grab-sampling train.
2.1.1 Probe - Stainless steel or Pyrex glass, equipped
with a filter to remove particulate matter.
2.1.2 Pump - One-way squeeze bulb, or equivalent, to
transport gas sample to analyzer.
2.2 Integrated sample (Figure 3-2).
RATE METER
VALVE
AIR-COOLED CONDENSER / PUMP
PROBE
FILTER (GLASS WOOL)
QUICK DISCONNECT
RIGID CONTAINER"
Figure 3-2. Integrated gas - sampling train.
2.2.1 Probe - Stainless steel or Pyrex glass, equipped
with a filter to remove particulate matter.
2.2.2 Air-cooled condenser or equivalent - To remove
any excess moisture.
2.2.3 Needle valve - To adjust flow rate.
2.2.4 Pump - Leak-free, diaphragm type, or equivalent,
to pull gas.
2.2.5 Rate meter - To measure a flow range from 0 to
0.035 cfm.
Trade name.
A-21
-------
2.2.6 Flexible bag - Tedlar,1 or equivalent, with a
capacity of 2 to 3 cu. ft. Leak test the bag in the laboratory
before using.
2.2.7 Pitot tube - Type S, or equivalent, attached to
the probe so that the sampling flow rate can be regulated
proportional to the stack gas velocity when velocity is
varying with time or a sample traverse is conducted.
2.3 Analysis
2.3.1 Orsat analyzer, or equivalent.
3. Procedure
3.1 Grab sampling
3.1.1 Set up the equipment as shown in Figure 3-1,
making sure all connections are leak-free. Place the probe
in the stack at a sampling point and purge the sampling
line.
3.1.2 Draw sample into the analyzer.
3.2 Integrated Sampling
3.2.1 Evacuate the flexible bag. Set up the equipment
as shown in Figure 3-2 with the bag disconnected. Place the
probe in the stack and purge the sampling line. Connect the
bag, making sure that all connections are tight and that
there are no leaks.
3.2.2 Sample at a rate proportional to the stack
velocity.
3.3 Analysis
3.3.1 Determine the CO..,, O-, and CO concentrations as
soon as possible. Make as many passes as are necessary to
give constant readings. If more than ten passes are necessary,
replace the absorbing solution.
3.3.2 For grab sampling, repeat the sampling and
analysis until three consecutive samples vary no more than
0.5 percent by volume for each component being'analyzed.
3.3.3 For integrated sampling, repeat the analyses of
the sample until three consecutive analyses vary no more
than 0.2 percent by volume for each component being analyzed.
4. Calculations
4.1 Carbon dioxide. Average the three consecutive
runs and report the results to the nearest 0.1% C02-
4.2 Excess air. Use Equation 3-1 to calculate excess
air, and average the runs. Report the result to the nearest
0.1% excess air.
%EA= (%02)-0.5(%CO)
0.264(%N2) - (%02) + 0.5(%CO) equation 3-1
Trade name.
A-22
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where:
%EA = Percent excess air.
%02 = Percent oxygen by volume, dry basis.
%N2 = Percent nitrogen by volume, dry basis.
%CO = Percent carbon monoxide by volume, dry basis.
0.264 = Ratio of oxygen to nitrogen in air by volume.
4.3 Dry molecular weight. Use Equation 3-2 to calculate
dry molecular weight and average the runs. Report the
result to the nearest tenth.
Md = 0.44(%C02) + 0.32(%02) + 0.28(%N2 + % CD) equation 3-2
where:
M, = Dry molecular weight, Ib./lb-mole.
%CO_ = Percent carbon dioxide by volume, dry basis.
%O9 = Percent oxygen by volume, dry basis.
%N~ = Percent nitrogen by volume, dry basis.
0.44 = Molecular weight of carbon dioxide divided by
100.
0.32 = Molecular weight of oxygen divided by 100.
0.28 = Molecular weight of nitrogen and CO divided by
100.
5. References
Altshuller, A. P., et al., Storage of Gases and Vapors
in Plastic Bags, Int. J. Air & Water Pollution, 6:75-81,
1963.
Conner, William D., and J. S. Nader, Air Sampling with
Plastic Bags, Journal of the American Industrial Hygiene
Association, 25:291-297, May-June 1964.
Devorkin, Howard, et al., Air Pollution Source Testing
Manual, Air Pollution Control District, Los Angeles, Cali-
fornia, November 1963.
A-23
-------
Method 4 - Determination of Moisture in Stack Gases
1. Principle and applicability
1.1 Principle. Moisture is removed from the gas
stream, condensed, and determined volumetrically.
1.2 Applicability. This method is applicable for_the
determination of moisture in stack gas only when specified
by test procedures for determining compliance with New
Source Performance Standards. This method does not apply
when liquid droplets are present in the gas stream^ and the
moisture is subsequently used in the determination of stack
gas molecular weight.
Other methods such as drying tubes, wet bulb-dry bulb
techniques, and volumetric condensation techniques may be
used.
2. Apparatus
2
2.1 Probe - Stainless steel or Pyrex glass sufficiently
heated to prevent condensation and equipped with a filter to
remove particulate matter.
2.2 Impingers - Two midget impingers, each with 30 ml.
capacity, or equivalent.
2.3 Ice bath container - To condense moisture in
impingers.
2.4 Silica gel tube (optional) - To protect pump and
dry gas meter.
2.5 Needle valve - To regulate gas flow rate.
2.6 Pump - Leak-free, diaphragm type, or equivalent,
to pull gas through train.
2.7 Dry gas meter - To measure to within 1% of the
total sample volume.
2.8 Rotameter - To measure a flow range from 0 to 0.1
c.f.m.
2.9 Graduated cylinder - 25 ml.
2.10 Barometer - Sufficient to read to within 0.1 inch
Hg.
2.11 Pitot tube - Type S, or equivalent, attached to
probe so that the sampling flow rate can be regulated
proportional to the stack gas velocity when velocity is
varying with time or a sample traverse is conducted.
If liquid droplets are present in the gas stream, assume
the stream to be saturated, determine the average stack
gas temperature by traversing according to Method 1,
and use a psychrometric chart to obtain an approximation
of the moisture percentage.
2
Trade name.
A-24
-------
3.
Procedure
3.1 Place exactly 5 ml. distilled water in each impinger.
Assemble the apparatus without the probe as shown in Figure
4-1. Leak check by plugging the inlet to the first impinger
and drawing a vacuum. Insure that flow through the dry gas
meter is less than 1% of the sampling rate.
HEATED PROB
FILTER '(GLASS WOOL)
SILICA GEL TUBE
VALVE
ROTAMETER
ICE BATH
/tIDGET IMPINGERS
PUMP
r
DRY GAS METER
Figure 4-1. Moisture-sampling train.
3.2 Connect the probe and sample at a constant rate of
0.075 c.f.m. or at a rate proportional to the stack gas
velocity- Continue sampling until the dry gas meter registers
1 cubic foot or until visible liquid droplets are carried
over from the first impinger to the second. Record temperature,
pressure, and dry gas meter readings as required by Figure 4-2.
LOCATION.
TEST
DATE
OPERATOR
COMMENTS
BAROMETRIC PRESSURE
CLOCK TIME
GAS VOLUME THROUGH
METER, (Vm),
ft3
ROTAMETER SETTING
1t3/min
METER TEMPERATURE,
•F
Figure 4-2. Field moisture determination,
A-25
-------
3.3 After collecting the sample, measure the volume
increase to the nearest 0.5 ml.
4 . Calculations
4.1 Volume of water vapor collected.
v Jvfvi)PH2oRTstd = 0(J474a3 ^
VvC •• nil" I I
where:
std
V = Volume of water vapor collected (standard)
conditions), cu.ft.
Vf = Final volume of impinger contents, ml.
V. = Initial volume of impinger contents, ml.
R = Ideal gas constant, 21.83 inches Hg - cu. ft ./Ib.mole
p = Density of water, 1 g./ml.
T , , = Absolute temperature at standard conditions,
sta 530°R.
P ., = Absolute pressure at standard conditions, 29.92
s inches Hg.
MTT n = Molecular weight of water, 18 Ib./lb.-mole.
H20
4.2 Gas volume.
V = V
me m
m
std
'std
T
where:
m
= 17.71
°R
in. Hg
V P
m m
T
m
equation 4-2
V = Dry gas volume through meter at standard conditions,
lllO ft ,
cu.ft.
V = Dry gas volume measured by meter, cu.ft.
P = Barometric pressure at the dry gas meter, inches
m Hg.
P .-, = Pressure at standard conditions, 29-92 inches
s L.Q. ,T
Hg.
T , , = Absolute temperature at standard conditions,
Sta 530°R.
T = Absolute temperature at meter (°F+460), °R.
A-26
-------
4.3 Moisture content.
V V
Bwo = » Jn/— + Bwm = w—^J— + <°-025) equation 4-3
we me vwc me
where:
B = Proportion by volume of water vapor in the gas
stream, dimensionless.
V = Volume of water vapor collected (standard conditions),
wc cu.ft.
V = Dry gas volume through meter (standard conditions),
IRC* .-,
cu.ft.
B = Approximate volumetric proportion of water vapor
in the gas stream leaving the impingers, 0.025.
5. References
Air Pollution Engineering Manual, Danielson, J. A.
(ed.), U.S. DHEW, PHS, National Center for Air Pollution
Control, Cincinnati, Ohio, PHS Publication No. 999-AP-40,
1967.
Devorkin, Howard, et al'. , Air Pollution Source Testing
Manual, Air Pollution Control District, Los Angeles, Cali-
fornia, November 1963.
Methods for Determination of Velocity, Volume, Dust and
Mist Content of Gases, Western Precipitation Division of Joy
Manufacturing Co., Los Angeles, California, Bulletin WP-50,
1968.
Method 5 - Determination of Particulate
Emissions From Stationary Sources
1. Principle and applicability
1.1 Principle. Particulate matter is withdrawn
isokinetically from the source and its weight is determined
gravimetrically after removal of uncombined water.
1.2 Applicability- This method is applicable for the
determination of particulate emissions from stationary
sources only when specified by the test procedures for
determining compliance with New Source Performance Standards.
2. Apparatus
2.1 Sampling train. The design specifications of the
particulate sampling train used by EPA1 (Figure 5-1) are
described in APTD-0581. Commercial models of this train are
available.
A-27
-------
PROBE
REVERSE-TYPE
PITOT TUBE
IMPINGER TRAIN OPTIONAL. MAY BE REPLACED
BY AN EQUIVALENT CONDENSER
HEATED AREA FJLTER HOLDER / THERMOMETER CHECK
^VALVE
..VACUUM
LINE
PIT01 MANOMETER
ORIFICE
THERMOMETERS
IMPINGERS ICE BATH
BY-PASS VALVE
VACUUM
\ GAUGE
MAIN VALVE
DRY TEST METER
AIR-TIGHT
PUMP
Figure 5-1. Particulate-sampling train.
2.1.1 Nozzle - Stainless steel (316) with sharp,
tapered leading edge. ,
2.1.2 Probe - Pyrex glass with a heating system
capable of maintaining a minimum gas temperature of 250°F at
the exit end during sampling to prevent condensation from
occurring. When length limitations (greater than about 8
ft.) are encountered at temperatures less than 600°F, Incoloy
825 , or equivalent, may be used. Probes for sampling gas
streams at temperatures in excess of 600°F must have been
approved by the Administrator.
2.1.3 Pitot tube - Type S, or equivalent, attached to
probe to monitor stack gas velocity.
2.1.4 Filter holder - Pyrex1 glass with heating system
capable of maintaining minimum temperature of 225°F.
2.1.5 Impingers/Condenser - Four impingers connected
in series with glass ball joint fittings. The first, third,
and fourth impingers are of the Greenburg-Smith design,
modified by replacing the tip with a 1/2-inch ID glass tube
extending to one-half inch from the bottom of the flask.
The second impinger is of the Greenburg-Smith design with
the standard tip. A condenser may be used in place of the
impingers provided that the moisture content of the stack
gas can still be determined.
2.1.6 Metering system - Vacuum gauge, leak-free pump,
thermometers capable of measuring temperature to within 5°F,
dry gas meter with 2% accuracy, and related equipment, or
equivalentf as required to maintain an isokinetic sampling
rate and to determine sample volume.
2.1.7 Barometer - To measure atmospheric pressure to
+0.1 inches Hg.
Trade name.
A-28
-------
2.2 Sample recovery.
2.2.1 Probe brush - At least as long as probe.
2.2.2 Glass wash bottles - Two.
2.2.3 Glass sample storage containers.
2.2.4 Graduated cylinder - 250 ml.
2.3 Analysis.
2.3.1 Glass weighing dishes.
2.3.2 Desiccator.
2.3.3 Analytical balance - To measure to +0.1 mg.
3. Reagents
3.1 Sampling
3.1.1 Filters - Glass fiber, MSA 1106 BH , or equivalent,
numbered for identification and preweighed.
3.1.2 Silica gel - Indicating type, 6-16 mesh, dried
at 175°C (350°F) for 2 hours.
3.1.3 Water.
3.1.4 Crushed ice.
3.2 Sample recovery.
3.2.1 Acetone - Reagent grade.
3.3 Analysis
3.3.1 Water.
3.3.2 Desiccant - Drierite, indicating.
4. Procedure
4.1 Sampling
4.1.1 After selecting the sampling site and the minimum
number of sampling points, determine the stack pressure,
temperature, moisture, and range of velocity head.
4.1.2 Preparation of collection train. Weigh to the
nearest gram approximately 200 g. of silica gel. Label a
filter of proper diameter, desiccate for at least 2.4 hours
and weigh to the nearest 0.5 mg. in a room where the relative
humidity is less than 50%. Place 100 ml. of water in each
of the first two impingers, leave the third impinger empty,
and place approximately 200 g. of preweighed silica gel in
the fourth impinger. Set up the train without the probe as
in Figure 5-1. Leak check the sampling train at the sampling
site by plugging up the inlet to the filter holder and pulling
a 15 in. Hg vacuum. A leakage rate not in excess of 0.02
c.f.m. at a vacuum of 15 in. Hg is acceptable. Attach the
probe and adjust the heater to provide a gas temperature of
about 250°F at the probe outlet. Turn on the filter heating
system. Place crushed ice around the impingers. Add more
ice during the run to keep the temperature of the gases
leaving the last impinger as low as possible and preferably
at 70°F or less. Temperatures above 70°F may result in
damage to the dry gas meter from either moisture condensation
or excessive heat.
1 _ ,
Trade name.
2 1
Dry using Drierite at 70°F +10°F.
A-29
-------
4.1.3 Particulate train operation. For each run,
record the data required on the example sheet shown in
Figure 5-2. Take readings at each sampling point, at least
every 5 minutes, and when significant changes in stack
conditions necessitate additional adjustments in flow rate.
To begin sampling, position the nozzle at the first traverse
point with the tip pointing directly into the gas stream.
Immediately start the pump and adjust the flow to isokinetic
conditions. Sample for at least 5 minutes at each traverse
point; sampling time must be the same for each point.
Maintain isokinetic sampling throughout the sampling period.
Nomographs are available which aid in the rapid adjustment
of the sampling rate without other computations. APTD-0576
details the procedure for using these nomographs. Turn off
the pump at the conclusion of each run and record the final
readings. Remove the probe and nozzle from the stack and
handle in accordance with the sampling recovery process
described in section 4.2.
ftAJJT
VOCATION
WERATOH
OATT
•UN MO,
AMBIENT TEMPERATURE
ASSUMED uotsnjw. *_
HEATH BOt smiW3_1.
fw» LENGTH. »fc _
NOia.tCH*METE«.lri._
fRO6E HEATER SETTING.
SCHEMATIC Of STAC* CROSS StCTION
THAVrotfOMt
NUMK»
TOTAL
SAUFUNO
inc
M.»«L
AVERAGE
STATIC
Pressure
|FS1. k. H»
STACI
TtMPSMTVJK
TTsl.'F
vnocm
HEAD
urj).
mssutt
DimnNTMH
ACTOSS
oniFia
H£TE»
OKI.
hLHfO
CASSAhrU
va.u«
fVm). IT3
GAS SAlffU TEi»ERATUK£
AT O«T GAS METER
M.E7
IT«kl. *F
»,n.
CXJn-ET
"• ««'••'
Avi.
A.,
SAUKE KHt
HUPlftATUFt.
DF
TEMPERATURE
OF GAS
U*vmc
CONOE«EBOR
LAST LWINCCR
*r
Figure 5-2. Particulate field data.
4.2 Sample recovery. Exercise care in moving the
collection train from the test site to the sample recovery
area to minimize the loss of collected sample or the gain of
extraneous particulate matter. Set aside a portion of the
acetone used in the sample recovery as a blank for analysis.
Measure the volume of water from the first three impingers,
then discard. Place the samples in containers as follows:
Container No. 1. Remove the filter from its holder,
place in this container, and seal.
A-30
-------
Container No. 2. Place loose particulate matter and
acetone washings from all sample-exposed surfaces prior to
the filter in this container and seal. Use a razor blade,
brush, or rubber policeman to lose adhering particles.
Container No. 3. Transfer the silica gel from the
fourth impinger to the original container and seal. Use a
rubber policeman as an aid in removing silica gel from the
impinger.
4.3 Analysis. Record the data required on the example
sheet shown in Figure 5-3. Handle each sample container as
follows:
PLANT.
DATE
RUN NO.
CONTAINER
NUMBER
1
2
TOTAL
WEIGHT OF PARTICULATE COLLECTED.
mg
FINAL WEIGHT
;x^
TARE WEIGHT
;x
WEIGHT GAIN
FINAL
INITIAL
LIQUID COLLECTED
TOTAL VOLUME COLLECTED
VOLUME OF LIQUID
WATER COLLECTED
IMPINGER
VOLUME.
ml
SILICA GEL
WEIGHT,
9
g"| ml
CONVERT WEIGHT OF WATER TO VOLUME BY DIVIDING TOTAL WEIGHT
INCREASE BY DENSITY OF WATER. (1 g. ml):
INCREASE ;
(1 g/ml)
S: VOLUME WATER, ml
Figure 5-3. Analytical data.
A-31
-------
Container No. 1. Transfer the filter and any loose
particulate matter from the sample container to a tared
glass weighed dish, desiccate, and dry to a constant weight.
Report results to the nearest 0.5 mg.
Container No. 2. Transfer the acetone washings to a
tared beaker and evaporate to dryness at ambient temperature
and pressure. Desiccate and dry to a constant weight.
Report results to the nearest 0.5 mg.
Container No. 3. Weigh the spent silica gel and report
to the nearest gram.
5.
Calibration
Use methods and equipment which have been approved by
the Administrator to calibrate the orifice meter, pitot
tube, dry gas meter, and probe heater. Recalibrate after
each test series.
6.
Calculations
6.1 Average dry gas meter temperature and average
orifice pressure drop. See data sheet (Figure 5-2).
6.2 Dry gas volume. Correct the sample volume measured
by the dry. gas meter to standard conditions (70°F, 29.92
inches Hg) by using Equation 5-1.
v -v
mstd m
where :
Tstd.
m
rp + AfM
bar 13.6
1 Pstd
\ /
-
1771 °R
in.Hg
Vm
ip. 4. an \
bar 13.6
I Tm
\ /
V - Volume of gas sample through the dry gas i
equation 5-I
std (standard conditions), cu. ft.
V = Volume of gas sample through the dry gas meter
(meter conditions), cu. ft.
T , = Absolute temperature at standard conditions,
5 530°R.
T = Average dry gas meter temperature, °R.
P, = Barometric pressure at the orifice meter,
inches Hg.
AH - Average pressure drop across the orifice meter,
inches H~O.
13.6 = Specific gravity of mercury.
P , = Absolute pressure at standard conditions, 29.92
inches Hg.
A-32
-------
6.3 Volume of water vapor.
MH20
std
0.
equation 5-2
where:
w
= Volume of water vapor in the gas sample (standard
std conditions), cu. ft.
V, = Total volume of liquid collected in impingers and
c silica gel (see Figure 5-3), ml.
PH n = Density of water, 1 g./ml.
MH Q = Molecular weight of water, 18 Ib./lb.-mole.
R = Ideal gas constant, 21.83 inches Hg-cu. ft./lb.-
mole-°R.
T . , = Absolute temperature at standard conditions,
3 530°R.
P . -. = Absolute pressure at standard conditions, 29.92
inches Hg.
6.4 Moisture content.
V
Bwo~ u
where:
Xtd
+ v
mstd wstri
equation 5-3
= Proportion by volume of water vapor in the gas
stream, dimensionless.
VTT = Volume of water in the gas sample (standard
std conditions^ cu. ft.
= Volume of gas sample through the dry gas meter
std (standard conditions), cu. ft.
wo
w
m
6.5 Total particulate weight. Determine the total
particulate catch from the sum of the weights on the analysis
data sheet (Figure 5-3).
6.6 Concentration.
6.6.1 Concentration in gr./s.c.f.
c's=
V
mstd
equation 5-4
A-33
-------
where:
c' = Concentration of particulate matter in stack gas,
s gr./s.c.f., dry basis.
M = Total amount of particulate matter collected, mg.
V
m
= Volume of gas sample through dry gas meter
std (standard conditions), cu. ft.
6.6.2 Concentration in Ib./cu. ft.
f_J_
cs =
1453,600 mg. n
V
-6
m
std
= 2.205 X 10'° y
m
std
equation 5-5
where:
C = Concentration of particulate matter in stack
gas, Ib./s.c.f., dry basis.
453,600 = Mg/lb.
M = Total amount of particulate matter collected,
mg.
V
m
= Volume of gas sample through dry gas meter
std (standard conditions), cu. ft.
6.7 Isokinetic variation.
T
's
.01
V
M
min.
'' sec.
PH
H;
2
>f
r
[
O)R vm fp
I +Tm \
nnn,r in.Hg-cu.ft.
0.002G7 m| . OR
A n
13.6
\i i .
V'c'
Xmn
1UU
Vm ]
m- P AH
Tm bar + lT6.
where:
equation 5-6
I = Percent of isokinetic sampling.
= Total volume of liquid collected in impingers
"c and silica gel (See Fig. 5-3), ml.
-. = Density of water, 1 g./ml.
)
R = Ideal gas constant, 21.83 inches Hg-cu. ft./
Ib. mole-°R.
A-34
-------
M., r. = Molecular weight of water, 18 Ib./lb. -mole.
n« U
V = Volume of gas sample through the gas meter
m
(meter conditions), cu. ft.
T = Absolute average dry gas meter temperature
(See Figure. 5-2) , °R.
Pbar = Barometric pressure at sampling site,
inches Hg.
AH = Average pressure drop across the orifice
(see Fig. 5-2), inches H»0.
£
T = Absolute average stack gas temperature
(see Fig. 5-2.) , °R.
0 = Total sampling time, min.
V = Stack gas velocity calculated by Method 2,
Equation 2.2, ft./sec.
P = Absolute stack gas pressure, inches Hg.
o
A = Cross-sectional area of nozzle, sq- ft.
6.8 Acceptable results. The following range sets the
limit on acceptable isokinetic sampling results:
If 90% _<_! _<110%, the results are acceptable, otherwise,
reject the r¥suTts and repeat the test.
7. Reference.
Addendum to Specifications for Incinerator Testing at
Federal Facilities, PHS, NCAPC, Dec. 6, 1967.
Martin, Robert M., Construction Details of Isokinetic
Source Sampling Equipment, Environmental Protection Agency,
APTD-0581.
Rom, Jerome J., Maintenance, Calibration, and Operation
of Isokinetic Source Sampling Equipment, Environmental
Protection Agency, APTD-0576.
Smith, W. S., R.T. Shigehara, and W. F. Todd, A Method
of Interpreting Stack Sampling Data, Paper presented at the
63rd Annual Meeting of the Air Pollution Control Associa-
tion, St. Louis, Mo., June 14-19, 1970.
Smith, W. S., et.al., Stack Gas Sampling Improved and
Simplified with New Equipment, APCA paper No. 67-119, 1967.
Specifications for Incinerator Testing at Federal
Facilities, PHS, NCAPC, 1967.
A-35
-------
APPENDIX B
SUGGESTED CONTENTS OF STACK TEST REPORTS
B-l
-------
CONTENTS OF STACK TEST REPORTS
In order to adequately assess the accuracy of any test
report the basic information listed in the following suggested
outline is necessary:
1. Introduction. Background information pertinent to the
test is presented in this section. This information
shall include, but not be limited to, the following:
a. Manufacturer's name and address.
b. Name and address of testing organization.
c. Names of persons present, dates and location of
test.
d. Schematic drawings of the process being tested
showing emission points, sampling sites, and stack
cross section with the sampling points labeled and
dimensions indicated.
2. Summary. This section shall present a summary of test
findings pertinent to the evaluation of the process
with respect to the applicable emission standard. The
information shall include, but not be limited to, the
following:
a. A summary of emission rates found.
b. Isokinetic sampling rates achieved if applicable.
c. The operating level of the process while the tests
were conducted.
3. Procedure. This section shall describe the procedures
used and the operation of the sampling train and process
during the tests. The information shall include, but
not be limited to, the following:
a. A schematic drawing of the sampling devices used
with each component designated and explained in a
legend.
b. A brief description of the method used to operate
the sampling train and procedure used to recover
samples.
B-2
-------
4. Analytical Technique. This section shall contain a
brief description of all analytical techniques used to
determine the emissions from the source.
>. Data and Calculations. This section shall include all
data collected and calculations. As a minimum, this
section shall contain the following information:
a. All field data collected on raw data sheets.
b. A log of process and sampling train operations.
c. Laboratory data including blanks, tare weights,
and results of analysis.
d. All emission calculations.
5. Chain of Custody. A listing of the chain of custody of
the emission test samples.
7. Appendix:
a. Calibration work sheets for sampling equipment.
b. Calibration or process logs of process parameters.
B-3
-------
APPENDIX C
VISIBLE EMISSION OBSERVATION FORM
C-l
-------
RECORD OF VISUAL DETERMINATION OF OPACITY
PAGE of
COMPANY
LOCATION
TEST NUMBER.
.DATE
TYPE FACILITY
CONTROL DEVICE
HOURS OF OBSERVATION.
OBSERVER
OBSERVER CERTIFICATION DATE_
OBSERVER AFFILIATION
POINT OF EMISSIONS
HEIGHT OF DISCHARGE POINT
O
i
CLOCK TIME
OBSERVER LOCATION
Distance to Discharge
Direction from Discharge
Height of Observation Point
BACKGROUND DESCRIPTION
WEATHER CONDITIONS
Wind Direction
Wind Speed
Ambient Temperature
SKY CONDITIONS (clear,
overcast, % clouds, etc.)
PLUME DESCRIPTION
Color
Distance Visible
OTHER INFOOTIOil
Initial
Final
-
F
1
' 1
SUMMARY OF AVERAGE OPACITY
Set
Number
TimP
Start— End
Opacity
Sum
eadings ranged from to % opac
'he source v/as/was not in compliance wit
.he time evaluation was made.
"verage
Hy
h .at
-------
OBSERVATION RECORD
PAGE OF
COMPANY
LOCATION
TEST NUMBER"
DATE
OBSERVER
TYPE FACILITY ~
POINT OF EMISSIONS
O
u>
Hr.
Win.
0
1
2
3
4 '
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
0
Seconds
"15
M
*5
STEAM PLUME
(check 1f applicable)
Attached
Detached
COMMENTS
i o
COMPANY
LOCATION
TEST
DATE
Hr.
NUMBER
Mln.
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
. 56
57
58
59
Seconds
6
15
30
rur
45
(Cll
At
D TX-»r. 1A
OBSERVATION RECORD
PAGE OF
OBSERVER „
TYPE FACILITY ""
POINT OF EMISSlONT
[PR Doc.74-26150 Filed 11-11-74; 8:46 ana]
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
REPORT NO.
EPA 340/1-75-004
2.
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION-NO.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
5. REPORT DATE
Inspection Manual for the Enforcement of
New Source ..Performance Standards: Sewage
Sludge Incinerators
Issue: February 1975
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
AUTHOR(S)
T. W. Devitt and N. J. Kulujian
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO
9. PERFORMING ORG \NIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
PEDCo-Environmental Specialists, Inc.
Suite 13, Atkinson Square
Cincinnati, Ohio 45246
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-02-1073
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Air and Water Programs
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
27711
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
One of a series of NSPS Enforcement Inspection Manuals
16. ABSTRACT
This document presents guidelines to enable enforcement personnel
to determine whether new or modified sewage sludge incinerators
comply with New Source Performance Standards (NSPS). Key param-
eters identified during the performance test are used as a com-
parative base during subsequent inspections to determine the
facility's compliance status. The sewage sludge incineration
process, atmospheric emissions from these processes, and emis-
sion control methods are described. The inspection methods and
types of records to be kept are discussed in detail.
7.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS C. COSATI Field/Group
Incinerators, sewage treatment
Air pollution control
Verification inspection
Performance tests
New Source Perform-
ance Standards
Enforcement
Emission testing
13 B
14 D
8. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
Release unlimited
19. SECURITY CLASS (ThisReport)
Unclassified
21. NO. OF PAGES
92
20. SECURITY CLASS (Thispage)
Unclassified
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1975-210-810:38
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