Stationary Source Enforcement Series
EPA 340/1-76-001
JANUARY 1976
Particulate and Sulfur Oxide
Emission Reductions Achieved
Nationwide for Selected
Industrial Source Categories,
1970 - 1974
\
111
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Office of Enforcement
Office of General Enforcement
Washington, D.C. 20460
-------
SUMMARY OF PARTICULATE AND SULFUR OXIDE EMISSION
REDUCTIONS ACHIEVED NATIONWIDE FOR
SELECTED INDUSTRIAL CATEGORIES, 1970-1974
Prepared by the
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
February 1976
-------
The Stationary Source Enforcement series of reports is issued by the
Office of Enforcement, Environmental Protection Agency, to assist the
Regional Offices in activities related to enforcement of implementation
plans, new source emission standards, and hazardous emisssion standards
to be developed under the Clean Air Act. Copies of Enforcement Technical
Guideline reports are available from Air Pollution Technical Information
Center, Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North
Carolina 27711, or may be obtained, for a nominal cost, from the National
Technical Information Service, 5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield,
Virginia 22161.
PUBLICATION No. EPA 340/1-76-001
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!„ INTRODUCTION AND PURPOSE
Under the Clean Air Act amendments of 1970„ the States and EPA
are charged with the responsibility of reducing the quantity of
pollutants in the ambient air to levels adequate to protect public
health and welfare. In 1971„ EPA identified six pollutants which are
deemed harmful to health and welfare in certain concentrations {total
suspended particulates,, sulfur oxides,? nitrogen oxides^ carbon
monoxide Q photo-chemical oxi dents,, and hydrocarbons) and established
National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) as levels to be
attained and maintained«
The Clean Air Act amendments of 1970 required the states to
develop State Implementation Plans (SIPs) by 1972 to assure that the
federally established NAAQS are attained and maintained,. In order to
achieve the NAAQS^ states set specific emission regulations in the
SIP°s restricting the amount of pollutants which any source may
introduce into the atmosphere. These limitations on emissions are
designed so that when sources comply„ there will be a reduction in the
ambient concentrations of those six pollutants to levels at least as
low as the national ambient standards,, taking into account the
increase in emissions which occurs as a result of normal industrial
growtho Two of these six pollutants„ total suspended particulate
matter and sulfur oxides„ are the principal air pollutants emitted by
stationary sources such as power plants and steel mills0
This report summarizes the results of four years of locala state,,
federal, and industry efforts to reduce the amount of particulates and
sulfur oxides being emitted into the atmosphere by stationary sources
and points out the remaining work to be done. Data developed for EPA
to measure the reduction in emissions of sulfur oxides fSOx) and
particulates are used to illustrate the progress achieved through
1974,,*
Throughout this paper emissions are referred to as either
"potential" or "actual", "Potential" emissions are defined as those
which would have occurred without any controls„ Included in potential
emissions is the increase in levels of emissions which would have
resulted from normal industrial growth between 1970 and 197*»o
"Actual" emissions, on the other hand,, represent reduced levels of
emissions which have in fact resulted from the introduction of
pollution controlso Appendix A describes the procedures used to
estimate the emissions.
aSummary of Emission Reductions Achieved Nationwide by_ Selected
Industrial Source Categories„ Volumes I & II „ Martin F0 Massoglia^
Research Triangle Institute,, June 1975(7 Uo S» Environmental Protection
Agency Contract No» 68-02-1325, Task No0 21o
-1-
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These estimates are useful in providing a surrogate measurement
of progress toward the attainment of the NAAQS. They are also useful
in assessing the impact of pollution control programs on the reduction
of emission rates in specific, key industries and in identifying those
industries where relatively less progress has been made toward meeting
the full compliance levels. Although a national summary of this sort
is valuable as an overall indicator of progress for specific
industries and the nation, the nature of the results, that is, average
emission rates and average compliance levels for an entire industry,
do NOT lend themselves to direct application to a specific facility or
a local geographic area.
-2-
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II. FINDINGS
The results are presented in three sections: Section A.
Particulate Results for the Nation; Section B. Sulfur Oxide Results
for the Nation; and Section C. Industry-by-Industry Results. Since
some of the industries analyzed have significant emissions for only
one of the two pollutants studied, an analysis of the less significant
pollutant is omitted for those industries.
A. Particulate Results for the Nation
Potential and actual particulate emissions for the years
1970 and 1974 are shown in Figure 1 and listed in Table 1 along with
potential and full compliance level emissions for 1975 attainment of
the ambient air quality standards. The difference between potential
and actual emissions is shown as controlled emissions.
FIGURE 1.
125 —
CO
O
VVV
Vvv
\\\\
xxx
VVV^
19.5
\\SS
XXXX
\\NN
Ox\\
V
_1!7 _,
s\\\\
XXX
XXXs
-^
1975 FULL
COMPLIANCE
LEVEL
1970 1974 1975
POTENTIAL
NATIONAL PARTICULATE EMISSIONS
-3-
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Table 1
SUMMARY OF POTENTIAL AND ACTUAL EMISSION ESTIMATES
FOR TOTAL SUSPENDED PARTICULATES
Emissions 103 tons
1970
1974
1975
Poten-
Source Category . tial
Coal-Fired Steam 34,
Electric Power Plants
Oil-Fired Steam
Electric Power Plants
Coal-Fired Industrial/ 4,
Commercial Boilers
Integrated Iron 6 15r
Steel Mills &
Coke Plants
Petroleum Refineries
Primary Smelters 1,
Portland Cement Plants 10,
Municipal Refuse
Incinerators
Phosphate Fertilizer
Plants
Ferroalloy Plants
Asphalt Concrete Plants 6,
Coal Cleaning Plants
Kraft and Sulfite 3,
Pulp Mills
Gray Iron Foundries 1,
Subtotal Selected
Source Categories 79,
All Sources 89 ,
533
54
501
259
253
637
643
184
172
366
998
671
133
320
724
452
Actual
4,188
54
2,545
2,800
136
190
906
105
24
225
526
217
288
156
12,360
27,500
Poten-
tial
44,548
84
3,959
17,787
304
2,040
11,924
219
212
389
10,238
669
3,603
1,500
97,476
107,584
Actual
2,872
84
1,231
2,710
150
210
394
90
18
101
291
67
143
119
8,530
19,500
Poten-
tial .
47,530
94
3,959
18,532
318
2,170
12,291
230
224
395
11,273
738
3,723
1,549
103,046
113,177
Full
Compliance
914
94
401
521
150
149
69
18
15
31
177
14
37
79
2,669
16,676
-4-
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Between 1970 and 197ft, potential emissions increased by 20%
from 89.5 million tons per year to 107.6 million tons per yeara a
result of the industrial growth during the period. This growth of
potential emissions made an absolute reduction in actual emissions
more difficult. The 29% actual emissions reduction achieved {to 19.5
million tons per year in 1974 from 27.5 million tons per year in 1970)
was possible only because abatement programs increased the overall
degree of control from 69% in 1970 to 82% in 1974. By the end of
1974, some 26.1 million tons per year of particulates were being
controlled that were not controlled in 1970.
The State Implementation Plans (SIPs) were designed to meet
ambient air quality standards in 1975 by controlling the expected
potential emission level in 1975 of 113.2 million tons per year by an
overall 89% to an actual emission level of 16.7 million tons per year.
Full compliance in 1975 would therefore result in the control of some
34.5 million tons per year of particulates not under control in 1970.
Emission reductions achieved through 1974 represent 76% of the 1975
objective. Examination of Table 2 shows that for particulates^ the
industries which need the greatest amount of additional control to
meet the 1975 full compliance level are coal-fired steam electric
power plants and integrated iron and steel mills and coke plants.
Each individual industry is discussed in Section C.
B. Sulfur Oxides Results for the Nation
Figure 2 shows and Table 3 lists actual and potential sulfur
oxide emissions for the years 1970 and 19740 and also shows potential
and full compliance level emissions under the SIP°s for 1975
attainment of the ambient air quality standards. Sulfur oxide
emissions result primarily from the combustion of fossil fuels. The
magnitude of these emissions depends upon both the quantity and the
sulfur content of the fuel burnedo Since potential sulfur oxide
emissions in this report are based on fuel usage and sulfur content
values applicable in 1970„ prior reductions achieved through fuel
switching are not indicated in the figures presented throughout this
report.
Between 1970 and 1974, potential sulfur oxide emissions
increased by 13% (from 39.6 million tons per year to 44.3 million tons
per year) as a result of the industrial growth and increased fuel
usage during that period,, therefore making an absolute reduction in
actual emissions more difficult to achieve. Nevertheless,, the overall
degree of control of sulfur oxide emissions was increased from 13% in
1970 to 29% in 1974 resulting in an 8% reduction in actual emissions
([to 31.4 million tpns per year in 1974 from 34.3 million tons per year
in 1970) o By the end of 1974^ some 706 million tons per year of
sulfur oxides were being controlled that were not controlled in 1970.
-5-
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Table 2
TOTAL SUSPENDED PARTICIPATE
% of Total
Actual 19 7 a
Source Category . Emissions
Coal-Fired Steam
Electric Power Plants
Oil-Fired Steam
Electric Power Plants
Coal-Fired Industrial/
Commercial Boilers
Integrated Iron &
Steel Mills & Coke
Plants
Petroleum Refineries
Primary Smelters
Portland Cement Plants
Municipal Refuse Incin.
Phosphate Fertilizer
Plants
Ferroalloy Plants
Asphalt Concrete Plants
Coal Cleaning Plants
Kraft and Sulfite
Pulp Mills
Gray Iron Foundries
Total Selected
Source Categories
15%
< IX
6%
14%
< 1%
1%
2%
< 1%
< 1%
< 155
IX
< 1%
1%
< 1%
44%
Average % of 1975
% Control Objective
in 1974 Achieved
94*
*
69%
85%
51%
85%
97%
59%
92%
74%
97%
90%
95%
92%
91%
70%
*
61%
47%
72%
66%
72%
38%
75%
63%
75%
56%
67%
71%
65%
Total Reduction
Remaining
103 tons/yr (%)
4,940
*
830
2,934
14
195
700
83
15
86
1,149
120
276
89
11,431
(30%)
( * )
(39%)
(53%)
(28%)
(34%)
(28%)
(62%)
(25%)
(37%)
(25%)
(44%)
(33%)
(29%)
(35%)
*The national average emissions calculations indicate that no control
is required even though specific situations may exist where state/local
regulations are applicable and require some control.
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Table 3
SUMMARY CF POTENTIAL AND ACTUAL EMISSION ESTIMATES
FOR SULFUR OXIDES
Emissions 103 tons per year
1970
Source Category
Coal-Fired Steam
Electric Power Plants
Oil-Fired Steam
Electric Power Plants
Coal-Fired Industrial/
Commercial Boilers
Integrated Iron &
Steel Mills &
Coke Plants
Petroleum Refineries
Primary Smelters
Portland Cement Plants
Sulfuric Acid Plants
Subtotal Selected
Source Categories
All Sources
Poten-
tial .
15,439
1,618
5,529
197
U, 487
4,845
733
581
33,429
39,586
Actual
15,439
1,618
5,529
180
3,890
3,580
732
581
31,549
34,300
1974
Poten-
. tial .
19,535
2,519
5,130
182
5,392
5,346
821
664
39,589
44,275
Actual .
13,574
1,479
3,835
128
2,547
2,912
821
373
25,669
31,400
1975
Poten-
tial .
20,842
2,806
5,130
179
5,646
5,547
846
686
41,682
46,168
Full
Compliance
10,027
1,487
2,788
26
1,463
1,005
846
196
17,838
25,300
-7-
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FIGURE 2.
111
I
1
50
40
30
O
I »
10
D
CONTROLLED EMISSIONS
ACTUAL EMISSIONS
44.3
46.2
39.6
34.3
31.4
1975 FULL
COMPLIANCE
LEVEL
1970
.1?74
POTENTIAL
1975
NATIONAL SULFUR OXIDE EMISSIONS
The SIP's were designed to achieve the primary ambient air
quality standards for sulfur oxides in 1975 by controlling the
expected potential emission level in 1975 of 46.2 million tons per
year by 45% to a full compliance emission level of 25.3 million tons
per year. Full compliance in 1975 would therefore result in the
control of some 15.6 million tons per year of sulfur oxides not under
control in 1970. Emission reductions achieved through 1974 represent
49ft of the 1975 objective.
Examination of Table 4 shows that for sulfur oxides, the
industries that need the greatest amount of additional control to meet
the 1975 full compliance level are coal-fired steam electric power
plants, primary smelters, petroleum refineries, and coal-fired
industrial/commercial boilers. Each individual industry is discussed
in the next section of this report.
-8-
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Table 4
SULFUR OXIDES
% of Total
Actual 1974
Source Category . Emissions
Coal-Fired Steam
Electric Power Plants
Oil-Fired Steam
Electric Power Plants
Coal-Fired Industrial/
Commercial Boilers
Integrated Iron &
Steel Mills & Coke
Plants
Petroleum Refineries
Primary Smelters
Portland Cement Plants
Sulfuric Acid Plants
Total Selected
Source Categories
43%
555
12%
< 1%
8%
9%
3%
1%
82%
Average
% Control
in 1974
30%
41%
25%
30%
53%
46%
*
44%
35%
% of 1975
Objective
Achieved
55%
79%
62%
40%
63%
36%
#
59%
55%
Total Reduction
Remaining
10 3 tons/yr (%)
4,854
279
1,047
102
1,338
2,108
*
199
9,927
(45%)
(21%)
(38%)
(60%)
(37%)
(64%)
( * )
(41%)
(45%)
*The national average emissions calculations indicate that no control
is required even though specific situations may exist where state/local
regulations are applicable and require seme control.
-9-
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C. Industry-by-Industry Results
1. Coal-fired Steam Electric Power Plants.
Examination of Tables 1 and 3 shows that coal-fired
power plants are, as an industrial category, by far the largest
potential and actual source of particulates and sulfur oxides in the
country, accounting for 15% of all actual particulate emissions and
43% of all actual sulfur oxide emissions from stationary sources in
1974. Figures 3A and 3B illustrate actual and potential particulate
and sulfur oxide emissions for the years 1970 and 197U, and also show
potential and full compliance level emissions under the SIP's for 1975
attainment of the ambient air quality standards.
FIGURE 3A.
FIGURE 3B.
50
oc 40
in
I 30
1
V)
Z
o
w 20
5
UJ
10
PARTICULATES
—
—
—
34.5
4.2
^J
^
44.5
2.9
^\\\'
49.5
_0.9_
"
20
IT
* 15
O
efl
O
y,
i
10
,1975 FULL
COMPLIANCE
LEVEL
SULFUR OXIDES
19.5
20.8
15.4
13.6
10.0
1975 FULL
COMPLIANCE
LEVEL
1974
POTENTIAL
1970
| | CONTROLLED EMISSIONS
FT] ACTUAL EMISSIONS
1975
1970
1974
POTENTIAL
1975
COAL-FIRED POWER PLANTS
Particulates - Between 1970 and 1974, as a result of the expansion of
coal-fired electrical generation capacity, potential emissions of
particulates increased by 29% (to 44.5 million tons per year in 1974
from 34.5 million tons per year in 1970). Existing environmental
porgrams had achieved an overall degree of control of 88% by 1970. By
1974, the overall degree of control for particulates had increased to
94% and had resulted in a 31% reduction in actual emissions (to 2.9
million tons per year in 1974 from 4.2 million tons per year in 1970).
-10-
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This means that 11.3 million tons per year of particulates were under
control in 1974 that were not in 1970.
Full compliance with the SIP's in 1975 would require
that the 1975 expected potential emissions for particulates be
controlled by 98% to 0.9 million tons per year. Therefore, 16.3
million tons per year of particulates should be controlled in 1975
that were not in 1970. Through 1974, 69% of the 1975 required level
for particulates has been achieved.
Sulfur Oxides - Between 1970 and 1974, as a result of expansion of
coal-fired electrical generation capacity, potential emissions of
sulfur oxides increased by 26% (to 19.5 million tons per year in 1974
from 15.4 million tons per year in 1970). As previously mentioned,
potential sulfur oxide emissions in this report are based on fuel
usage and sulfur content values applicable in 1970, and therefore do
not indicate prior emission reductions achieved through fuel
switching. Since there was little, if any, control of sulfur oxides
achieved through the use of stack gas cleaning techniques prior to
1970, actual emissions were calculated to be uncontrolled and
therefore the same as potential in 1970. By 1974, a 30% overall
degree of control had been effected mainly through switching to lower
sulfur fuels and by the use of flue gas desulfurization systems.
Therefore, 6.0 million tons per year of sulfur oxides were being
controlled in 1974 that were not under control in 1970.
The SIP's were designed to achieve the ambient air
quality standards for sulfur oxides by controlling the 1975 expected
potential emission level of 20.8 million tons per year by 52% to 10.0
million tons per year. Therefore, 10.8 million tons per year of
sulfur oxides should be controlled in 1975 that were not controlled in
1970. Through 1974, 55% of the 1975 objective has been achieved.
2. Oil-fired Steam Electric Power Plants.
Examination of Tables 1 and 3 shows that oil-fired
power plants accounted for about 1/2% of all actual particulate
emissions and for 5% of all actual sulfur oxide emissions in 1974.
Figures 4A and 4B illustrate potential and actual particulate and
sulfur oxide emissions for 1970 and 1974, and also show potential and
full compliance level emissions for 1975 attainment of the ambient air
quality standards.
Particulates - Since 1970 potential emissions of particulates have
increased by 56% (to 84 thousand tons per year in 1974 from 54
thousand tons per year in 1970), a result of the large increase in oil
consumption during that period. In order to calculate actual
particulate emissions for oil-fired power plants, SIP regulations were
examined for those states accounting for over 70% of oil consumption
-11-
-------
FIGURE 4A.
FIGURE 4B.
DC
<
Ul
I
o
8
i
100
75
50
25
PARTICULATES
94
1975 FULL
COMPLIANCE
LEVEL IS
GREATER THAN
EXPECTED LEVEL
2.5
-------
sulfur content values and therefore do not indicate emission
reductions achieved in prior years through switching to lower sulfur
oils. Since prior emission reductions are not indicated and little if
any stack gas cleaning was employed in 1970g actual emissions in 1970
were assumed to be uncontrolled and the same as potential. By 1974
the overall degree of control for sulfur oxides increased to 41% and
resulted in a 139 thousand tons per year decrease in actual emissions,,
due mainly to additional switching to lower sulfur oils.
The SIP0s were designed to control the expected 1975
potential sulfur oxide emission level of 2»8 million tons per year by
47% to Io5 million tons per year. This would result in the control of
some Io3 million tons per year of sulfur oxides not under control in
1970= Through 1974, 79% of the 1975 objective has been achieved.
3o Coal-fired Industrial/Commercial Boilers,
Coal-fired industrial/commercial boilers are located at
facilities in a number of industrial categories and plants. Emissions
for the other industrial categories have not included emissions from
coal-fired boilers which are covered here. In addition„ emissions
from coal-fired power plants which are covered in Section Colo of this
report are not included here. As a source category coal-fired
industrial/commercial boilers accounted for 6% of all particulate and
12% of all actual sulfur oxide emissions in 1974.,
Figures 5A and 5B illustrate actual and potential
particulate and sulfur oxide emissions for 1970 and 1974 „ and
potential and full compliance level emissions under the SIP°s for 1975
attainment of the ambient air quality standards,
Particulates - Between 1970 and 1974 potential particulate emissions
from coal-fired boilers decreased by 12% to 4,0 million tons per year
because of a decline in coal consumption by all sources except
utilities. Environmental controls installed prior to 1970 resulted in
a 43% overall degree of control by 1970, By 1974„ additional use of
pollution control equipment increased the overall degree of control to
69% and resulted in a 52% reduction in actual emission (to 1,2 million
tons per year in 1974 from 2,5 million tons per year in 1970), This
means that 1,3 million tons per year of particulates from coal-fired
industrial/ commercial boilers are being controlled that were not
under control in 1970, A large part of the emission reduction
achieved through 1974 is due to the decrease in potential emissions.
This decrease is due primarily to switching from coal to oil by a
number of plants and by the replacement of old coal boilers with oil
fired units in others.
The SIP°s were designed to control expected 1975
potential emissions for particulates <[400 million tons per year) by
90% to the full compliance level of 0,4 million tons per year. This
-13-
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FIGURE 5A.
FIGURE 5B.
00
1 3
to
PARTICULATES
4.5
2.5
4.0
4.0
1.2
0.4
7.0 —
6.0
EC
< 5.0
4.0
0 3.0
S
ui
2.0
1.0
1975 FULL
COMPLIANCE
LEVEL
SULFUR OXIDES
5.5
5.1
3.8
5.1
2.8
1975 FULL
COMPLIANCE
LEVEL
1970
1974
POTENTIAL
1975
1970
1974
POTENTIAL
1975
CONTROLLED EMISSIONS
ACTUAL EMISSIONS
COAL-FIRED INDUSTRIAL/COMMERCIAL BOILERS
should prevent 2.
control in 1970.
achieved.
1 million tons per year of particulates not tinder
Through 1974, 61% of the 1975 objective has been
Sulfur Oxides - Between 1970 and 1974 the potential for sulfur oxide
emissions from coal-fired boilers also decreased by 7X, to 5.1 million
tons per year, again attributable to a decline in coal consumption.
As mentioned for other industries, prior emission reductions achieved
through fuel switching are not indicated in this report since 1970
fuel sulfur content values were used to calculate potential emissions.
Since there was no other control like stack gas cleaning applied to
sulfur oxide emissions in 1970, actual sulfur oxide emissions were
assumed to be uncontrolled and the same as potential.
By 1974, the overall degree of control increased to 25%
primarily due to switches to lower sulfur coals. This resulted in a
-14-
-------
31% reduction in actual sulfur oxide emissions (to 3,8 million tons
per year in 1974 from 5 = 5 million tons per year in 1970) « A large
part of the actual emissions reduction is due to the decrease in coal
consumption and is shown by the potential emission decrease. This
actual and potential emission reduction means that 1=7 million tons
per year of sulfur oxides are being controlled that were not under
control in 1970,
The SIP"s were designed to control the 1975 expected
potential emission level (5,1 million tons per year) by 46% to the
full compliance level of 2,8 million tons per year. Given the
decrease in potential emissions,, this control should prevent some 2,7
million tons per year of sulfur oxides not under control in 1970=
Through 1974,, 62% of the 1975 objective had been achieved,
4, Integrated Iron and Steel Mills and Coke Plants,
Integrated iron and steel mills and coke plants
accounted for 14% of all actual particulate emissions and less than 1%
of all actual sulfur oxide emission in 1974, Figures 6A and 6B
illustrate potential and actual particulate and sulfur oxide emissions
for 1970 and 1974,7 and potential and full compliance level emissions
for 1975 attainment of the ambient air quality standards,
Particulates - Between 1970 and 1974 potential emissions of
particulates increased by 16% (to 17,8 million tons per year in 1974
from 15,3 million tons per year in 1970), Existing abatement programs
had achieved an 82% overall degree of control through 1970o By 1974„
the overall degree of control of particulates increased to 85% and
resulted in a 3% reduction in actual emissions (to 2,7 million tons
per year in 1974 from 2,8 million tons per year in 1970)„ This means
that 2,6 million tons per year of particulates are under control that
were not under control in 1970,
The SIP°s were designed to control 1975 expected
potential emissions of 18,5 million tons per year by 97% to the full
compliance level of 0,5 million tons per year. Therefore? 5,6 million
tons per year of particulates should be controlled in 1975 that were
not in 1970, Through 1974^ 47% of the required 1975 control has been
achieved,
Sulfur Oxides - Between 1970 and 1974 potential emissions of sulfur
oxides decreased by 8% (from 197 thousand tons per year in 1970 to 182
thousand tons per year in 1974), Much of the sulfur oxide emissions
from steel mills results from the burning of coke oven gas that has
not been substantially desulfurized and from coal-fired boilers.
Sulfur oxide emissions from boilers are excluded here. Environmental
controls installed prior to 1970 had achieved an overall degree of
control of 9%, By the end of 1974^ the overall degree of control of
-15-
-------
20
cc
2 15
•w
TONS/'
CD
O
« 10
O
1
in
5
FIGURE 6A.
PARTICULATES
—
18.5
—
—
—
15.3
2.8
X^
^
17.8
2.7
^
•v.
0.5
XXX'
s^
-
'
1970 1974 1975
oc
UJ
w
O
CO
o
u>
q
V)
(/)
LU
,1975 FULL
COMPLIANCE
LEVEL
POTENTIAL
FIGURE 6B.
200
150
100
50
197
180
SULFUR OXIDES
182
128
179
26
,1975 FULL
COMPLIANCE
LEVEL
1970
1974
POTENTIAL
1975
CONTROLLED EMISSIONS
ACTUAL EMISSIONS
INTEGRATED IRON AND STEEL MILLS AND COKE PLANTS
sulfur oxides increased to 30% and resulted in a 29% reduction in
actual emissions (to 128 thousand tons per year in 1974 from 180
thousand tons per year in 1970). This means that 69 thousand tons per
year of sulfur oxides are under control that were not under control in
1970.
The SIP's were designed to meet the ambient air quality
standards by controlling the 1975 expected potential emission level of
179 thousand tons per year by 85%. This means that 171 thousand tons
per year should be under control in 1975 that were not in 1970.
Through 1974, 40% of the 1975 objective has been achieved.
5.
Petroleum Refineries.
Petroleum refineries accounted for less than 1% of all
actual particulate and 8% of all actual sulfur oxides emissions in
1974. Figures 7A and 7B illustrate potential and actual particulate
and sulfur oxide emissions from petroleum refineries for 1970 and
1974, and potential and full compliance level emissions for 1975
attainment of the ambient air quality standards.
-16-
-------
FIGURE 7B.
FIGURE 7A.
400
V)
O
m
o
Ul
300
200
100
PARTICULATES
304
318
253
136
150
150
4.0
UJ
§3.0
O
v>
z
o
,1975 FULL »
COMPLIANCE =
LEVEL ui
2°
1.0
SULFURE OXIDES 5.6
5.4
4.5
3.9
2.5
1975 FULL
COMPLIANCE
LEVEL
1970 1974
POTENTIAL
CONTROLLED EMISSIONS
ACTUAL EMISSIONS
1975
1970
1974
POTENTIAL
1975
PETROLEUM REFINERIES
Particulates - Potential emissions of particulates increased by 20%
between 1970 and 1974 (to 304 thousand tons per year in 1974 from 253
thousands tons per year in 1970). Pollution control equipment
installed prior to 1970 had achieved a 46% overall degree of control
by 1970. By 1'974, the overall degree of control increased to 51%, but
actual emissions also increased by 10% (to 150 thousand tons per year
in 1974 from 136 thousand tons per year in 1970). This increase in
actual emissions indicates that, although some additional control has
been installed, not enough has been added between 1970 and 1974 to
reduce the actual emission rate to a level which would offset all the
20% growth in potential emissions. Since some additional control had
been installed, 37 thousand tons of particulate were being controlled
in 1974 that were not controlled in 1970.
The SIP's were designed to meet the ambient air quality
standards in 1975 by controlling expected 1975 potential particulate
emissions of 318 thousand tons per year by 53% to 150 thousand tons
-17-
-------
per year. Accordingly, 51 thousand tons per year should be under
control in 1975 that were not in 1970. Through 1974, 12% of the 1975
control has been achieved.
Sulfur Oxides - Between 1970 and 1974, potential sulfur oxide
emissions increased by 20% (to 5.4 million tons per year in 1974 from
4.5 million tons per year in 1970). By 1970, existing environmental
programs, including the use of Glaus sulfur recovery plants achieved a
13% overall degree of control. By 1974, enough additional sulfur
oxides control had been installed to effect a 53% overall degree of
control. This means that 2.2 million tons per year of sulfur oxides
were being controlled in 1974 that were not under control in 1970.
The SIP's were designed to meet the ambient air quality
standards in 1975 by controlling expected 1975 potential sulfur oxide
emissions of 5.6 million tons per year by 74% to 1.5 million tons per
year. Full compliance in 1975 would therefore result in the control
of some 3.6 million tons per year of sulfur oxides not under control
in 1970. Through 1974, 63% of the 1975 objective has been achieved.
6. Primary Copper, Lead, Zinc, and Aluminum Smelters
Primary smelters accounted for 1% of all actual
particulate and 9% of all actual sulfur oxide emissions in 1974.
Figures 8A and 8B illustrate potential and actual particulate and
sulfur oxide emissions for 1970 and 1974, and potential and full
compliance level emissions for 1975 attainment of the ambient air
quality standards.
Particulates - Potential emissions of particulates increased by 24%
(to 2.04 million tons per year in 1974 from 1.64 million tons per year
in 1970). Emission controls installed prior to 1970 resulted in an
overall degree of control of 88% by 1970. By 1974, the overall degree
of control had been increased to 90%; not enough to offset the 24%
growth and prevent actual emissions from increasing by 10% (from 0.19
million tons per year in 1970 to 0.21 million tons per year in 1974).
The added control means that 380 thousand tons per year of
particulates are being controlled that were not controlled in 1970.
The SIP'S were designed to meet the ambient air quality
standards in 1975 by controlling expected 1975 potential particulate
emissions of 2.17 million tons/year by 93% to 0.15 million tons per
year. Therefore, 575 thousand tons per year of particulates should be
controlled in 1975 that were not in 1970. Through 1974, 66% of the
1975 objective has been achieved.
Sulfur Oxides - Potential sulfur oxide emissions increased by 10% (to
5.3 million tons per year in 1974 and 4.8 million tons per year in
-18-
-------
FIGURE 8A.
FIGURE 8B.
o
o
i
5
2.0 —
1.5 -
1.0 —
0.5 -
PARTICULATES 2.17
-
1.64
0.19
\VV\
\V\\
\^
2.04
0.21
0\\\
>^
0.15
\SS>
"V
(
<£
<
UJ
O
I-
O
/1975 FULL
COMPLIANCE
LEVEL 1
SULFUR OXIDES
5.3
5.5
4.8
3.6
2.9
1.0
/1975 FULL
COMPLIANCE
LEVEL
1970 1974
POTENTIAL
| | CONTROLLED EMISSIONS
f\1 ACTUAL EMISSIONS
1975
1970
1974
POTENTIAL
1975
PRIMARY COPPER, LEAD, ZINC, AND ALUMINUM SMELTERS
1970). Existing environmental programs had achieved a 25% overall
degree of control by 1970. Control programs increased the overall
degree of control for sulfur oxides to U6% in 1974 resulting in a 19%
reduction in actual emissions (to 2.9 million tons per year in 1974
from 3.6 million tons per year in 1970). This means that 1.2 million
tons per year of sulfur oxides are being controlled that were not
under control in 1970.
The SIP's were designed to meet the ambient air quality
standards in 1975 by controling expected 1975 potential sulfur oxide
emissions of 5.5 million tons/year by 82% to 1.0 million tons per
year. Therefore, 3.3 million tons per year of sulfur oxides should be
controlled in 1975 that were not controlled in 1970. Through 1974,
36% of the 1975 objective has been achieved.
-19-
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7.
Portland Cement Plants
Portland cement plants accounted for 2% of all actual
particulate and 3% of all actual sulfur oxide emissions in 1974.
Figures 9A and 9B illustrate potential and actual particulate and
sulfur oxide emissions from portland cement plants for 1970 and 1974,
and potential and full compliance level emissions for 1975 attainment
of the ambient air quality standards.
FIGURE 9A.
FIGURE 98.
15
oc
<
00
10
PARTICULATES
12.3
11.9
10.6
0.9
0.4
0.1 /
DC
111
00
z
o
O
I
5
,1975 FULL
COMPLIANCE
LEVEL
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
SULFUR OXIDES
0.82
0.85
0.73
1975 FULL
COMPLIANCE
LEVEL IS
GREATER THAN
ACTUAL LEVEL
1970
1974
POTENTIAL
1975
1970 1974 1975
POTENTIAL
| | CONTROLLED EMISSIONS
F^ ACTUAL EMISSIONS
PORTLAND CEMENT PLANTS
Particulates - Between 1970 and 1974 potential emissions of
particulates from portland cement plants increased by 12% (from 10.6
million tons per year in 1970 to 11.9 million tons per year in 1974) .
Existing environmental programs achieved a 91% overall degree of
control by 1970. By 1974, the overall degree of control increased to
97% resulting in a 56% decrease in actual emissions (to 394 thousand
tons per year in 1974 from 906 thousand tons per year in 1970).
-20-
-------
Therefore, 1.8 million tons per year of particulates were being
controlled in 1974 that were not controlled in 1970.
The SIP's were designed to meet the ambient air quality
standards by controlling expected 1975 potential emissions of 12.3
million tons per year by 99% to 69 thousand tons per year. Therefore,
2.5 million tons per year should be controlled in 1975 that were not
controlled in 1970. Through 1974, 72% of the 1975 objective has been
achieved.
Sulfur Oxides - Potential emissions of sulfur oxidesincreased by 12%
between 1970 and 1974. Examination of State regulations showed that
none of the states accounting for over 75% of the industry had
regulations specific to portland cement plants for sulfur oxides and,
therefore, requiring a reduction in emissions. Since no control is
required, actual emissions were assumed to be uncontrolled and
therefore the same as potential for all three years. Although sulfur
oxide emissions from portland cement plants appear to require no
control when averaged on a national basis, there may be some localized
requirements for control where more stringent local regulations apply.
8. Municipal Refuse Incinerators
Municipal refuse incinerators accounted for less than
1% of all actual particulate emissions in 1974. Figure 10 illustrates
potential and actual particulate emissions from municipal refuse
incinerators for 1970 and 1974, and potential and full compliance
level emissions for 1975 attainment of the ambient air quality
standards.
Particulates - Potential emissions of particulates from municipal
refuse incinerators increased by 19% between 1970 and 1974 (to 219
thousand tons per year in 1974 from 184 thousand tons per year in
1970). By 1970, a 43% overall degree of control had been achieved
through existing environmental programs. By 1974, the overall degree
of control increased to 59%, resulting in a 14% reduction in actual
emissions (to 90 thousand tons per year in 1974 from 105 thousand tons
per year in 1970). This means that 50 thousand tons per year of
particulates are being controlled that were not under control in 1970.
The SIP's were designed to achieve the ambient air
quality standards by controlling 1975 expected potential emissions of
230 thousand tons per year by 92% to 18 thousand tons per year. This
means that 133 thousand tons per year of particulates should be
controlled in 1975 that were not in 1970. Through 1974, 38% of the
1975 objective had been achieved.
-21-
-------
FIGURE 10.
250
5 200
n
o
^
w
O
150
I 100
50
PARTICULATES
219
230
184
105
90
18
,1975 FULL
COMPLIANCE
LEVEL
1970
1974
POTENTIAL
1975
[ | CONTROLLED EMISSIONS
ACTUAL EMISSIONS
MUNICIPAL REFUSE INCINERATORS
9.
Sulfuric Acid Plants
Sulfuric acid plants accounted for 1% of all actual
sulfur oxide emissions in 1974. Figure 11 illustrates potential and
actual sulfur oxide emissions from sulfuric acid plants for 1970 and
1974, and potential and full compliance level emissions for 1975
attainment of the ambient air quality standards.
Sulfur Oxides - For the base year, 1970, actual emissions were assumed
to be the same as potential emissions since sulfur oxide emission
control in previous years was accomplished by improved process
controls rather than by stack gas cleaning. Potential sulfur oxide
emissions from sulfuric acid plants increased by 1H% between 1970 and
1974 (to 664 thousand tons per year in 1974 from 581 thousand tons per
year in 1970). By 1974, a 44% overall degree of control has been
established resulting in a 3656 reduction in actual emissions (to 373
thousand tons per year in 1974 from 581 thousand tons per year in
1970). This means that 291 thousand tons per year of sulfur oxides
were being controlled in 1974 that were not under control in 1970.
The SIP's were designed to meet the ambient air quality
standards in 1975 by controlling expected 1975 potential sulfur oxide
emissions by 71% to 196 thousand tons per year. This means that 490
-22-
-------
FIGURE 11.
CO
o
n
o
700
600
500
400
M
O
55 300
I
ui
200
100
SULFUR OXIDES
664
686
581
373
196
. 1975 FULL
/ COMPLIANCE
LEVEL
1970
1974
POTENTIAL
1975
CONTROLLED EMISSIONS
ACTUAL EMISSIONS
SULFURIC ACID PLANTS
thousand tons per year of sulfur oxides should be under control in
1975 that were not under control in 1970. Through 1974, 59% of the
1975 objective has been achieved.
10. Phosphate Fertilizer Plants
Phosphate fertilizer plants accounted for less than 1%
of all actual particulate emissions in 197U. Figure 12 illustrates
potential and actual particulate emissions from phosphate fertilizer
plants for 1970 and 1974, and potential and full compliance level
emission for 1975 attainment of the ambient air quality standards.
-23-
-------
FIGURE 12.
250
200
z
o
"o 150
100
50
PARTICULATES
212
224
172
24
18
15
,1975 FULL
COMPLIANCE
LEVEL
1970 1974
POTENTIAL
| | CONTROLLED EMISSIONS
RT^ ACTUAL EMISSIONS
1975
PHOSPHATE FERTILIZER PLANTS
Particulates - Potential particulate emissions from phosphate
fertilizer plants increased by 23% between 1970 and 1974 (to 212
thousand tons per year in 1974 from 172 thousand tons 1970). By 1970,
an 86% overall degree of control had been established through existing
environmental programs. By 1974, the overall degree of control
increased to 92% resulting in a 25% decrease in actual emissions (to
18 thousand tons per year in 1974 from 24 thousand tons per year in
1970). This means that 46 thousand tons per year of particulates were
being controlled in 1974 that were not under control in 1970.
The SIP's were designed to meet the ambient air quality
standards in 1975 by controlling expected 1975 potential particulate
emissions of 224 thousand tons per year by 93% to 15 thousand tons per
year. This means that 61 thousand tons per year of particulates
should be under control in 1975 that were not in 1970. Through 1974,
75% of the required 1975 control has been achieved.
-24-
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11. Ferroalloy Plants
Ferroalloy plants accounted for less than 1% of all
actual particulate emissions in 1974. Figure 13 illustrates potential
and actual particulate emissions from ferroalloy plants for 1970 and
1974, and potential and full compliance level emissions for 1975
attainment of the ambient air quality standards.
Particulates - Potential particulate emissions from ferroalloy plants
increased by 6% between 1970 and 1974 (to 389 thousand tons per year
in 1974 from 366 thousands tons per year in 1970). Existing
environmental programs had achieved a 38% overall degree of control by
1970. By 1974, this overall control increased to 74% resulting in a
55% decrease in actual emissions (to 101 thousand tons per year in
1974 from 225 thousand tons per year in 1970). This means that 147
FIGURE 13.
K
<
UJ
O
5
ui
500
400
300
200
100
PARTICULATES
389
395
365
225
\
101
31
\
1975 FULL
, COMPLIANCE
LEVEL
1970 1974 1975
POTENTIAL
| j CONTROLLED EMISSIONS
[\\\j ACTUAL EMISSIONS
FERROALLOY PLANTS
-25-
-------
thousand tons per year were being controlled in 1974 that were not
under control in 1970.
The SIP's were designed to meet the ambient air quality
standards in 1975 by controlling expected 1975 potential emissions of
395 thousand tons per year by 92% to 31 thousand tons per year. This
means that 233 thousand tons per year of particulates should be
controlled in 1975 that were not in 1970. Through 1974, 63% of the
required 1975 control has been achieved.
12. Asphalt Concrete Plants
Asphalt concrete plants accounted for IX of all actual
particulate emissions in 1974. Figure 14 illustrates potential and
actual particulate emissions from asphalt concrete plants for 1970 and
1974, and potential and full compliance level emissions for 1975
attainment of the ambient air quality standards.
Particulates - Potential particulate emissions from asphalt concrete
plants increased by 46% between 1970 and 1974 (to 10.2 million tons
FIGURE 14.
14
TONS/YEAR
0 0 NJ
0
o
CO
z
2 6
UJ
4
2
PARTICULATES
-
—
-
—
7.0
0.5
\\V
>
10.2
0.3
^
11.3
0.2 ,
^
'
'
1975 FULL
, COMPLIANCE
LEVEL
1970 1974
POTENTIAL
| | CONTROLLED EMISSIONS
ACTUAL EMISSIONS
1975
ASPHALT CONCRETE PLANTS
-26-
-------
•per year in 1974 from 7.0 million tons per year in 1970). Existing
environmental programs achieved a 9255 overall degree of control by
1970. By 1974, this overall control was increased to 9795 resulting in
a 4595 decrease in actual emissions (to 291 thousand tons per year in
1974 from 526 thousand tons per year in 1970). This means that 3.5
million tons per year were being controlled in 1974 that were not
under control in 1970.
The SIP's were designed to meet the ambient air quality
standards in 1975 by controlling expected 1975 potential emissions of
11.3 million tons per year by 9896 to 177 thousand tons per year. This
means that 4.6 million tons per year of particulate should be
controlled in 1975 that were not in 1970. Through 1974, 75% of the
required 1975 control has been achieved.
13. Coal Cleaning Plants
Coal cleaning plants accounted for less than 195 of all
actual particulate emissions in 1974. Figure 15 illustrates potential
and actual particulate emissions from coal cleaning plants for 1970
and 1974, and potential and full complaicne level emissions for 1975
attainment of the ambient air quality standards.
Particulates - Potential particulate emissions from coal cleaning -
plants decreased by less than 1% between 1970 and 1974 (to 669
FIGURE 15.
800
oc
2 600
z
o
<1
o
^
" 400
O
Ul
200
PARTICULATES
—
—
—
—
671
217
\\^
%
vvv
\
669
67
\VV\
\\V
\
738
14
^
/
1970 1974 1975
1975 FULL
COMPLIANCE
LEVEL
POTENTIAL
COAL CLEANING PLANTS
-27-
-------
thousand tons per year in 1974 from 671 thousand tons per year in
1970) . Existing environmental porgrams achieved a 68% overall degree
of control by 1970. By 1974, this overall control increased to 90%
resulting in a 69% decrease in actual emissions (to 67 thousand tons
per year in 1974 from 217 thousand tons per year in 1970). This means
that 150 thousand tons per year were being controlled in 1974 that
were not under control in 1970.
The SIP's were designed to meet the ambient air quality
standards in 1975 by controlling expected 1975 potential emissions of
738 thousand tons per year by 98% to 14 thousand tons per year. This
means that 270 thousand tons per year of particulates should be
controlled in 1975 that were not in 1970. Through 1974, 56% of the
required 1975 control has been achieved.
14. Kraft and Sulfite Pulp Mills
Kraft and sulfite pulp mills accounted for 1% of all
actual particulate emissions in 1974. Figure 16 illustrates potential
and actual particulate emissions from kraft and sulfite pulp mills for
1970 and 1974, and potential and full compliance level emissions for
1975 attainment of the ambient air quality standards.
Particulates - Potential particulate emissions from kraft and sulfite
pulp mills increased by 15% between 1970 and 1974 (to 3.6 million tons
per year in 1974 from 3.1 million tons per year in 1970). Existing
environmental programs achieved a 91% overall degree of control by
1970. By 1974, this overall control increased to 95% resulting in a
33% decrease in actual emissions (to 193 thousand tons per year in
1974 from 288 thousand tons per year in 1970). This means that 565
thousand tons per year were being controlled in 1974 that were not
under control 1970.
The SIP's were designed to meet the ambient air quality
standards in 1975 by controlling expected 1975 potential emissions of
3.7 million tons per year by 99% to 37 thousand tons per year. This
means that 841 thousand tons per year of particulates should be
controlled in 1975 that were not in 1970. Through 1974, 67% of the
required 1975 control has been achieved.
-28-
-------
FIGURE 16.
4 -
UJ
M
O
(O
O
r-
M
O
UJ
2 -
1 -
PARTICULATES
_ 3.7
3.6
3.1
-
0.29
^\v\\
s.
0.19
s.
0.04 .
V
*
/
1975 FULL
, COMPLIANCE
LEVEL
1970 1974
POTENTIAL
| | CONTROLLED EMISSIONS
L\\I ACTUAL EMISSIONS
1975
KRAFT AND SULFITE PULP MILLS
15. Gray Iron Foundries
Gray iron foundries accounted for less than 1% of all
actual particulate emissions in 1974. Figure 17 illustrates potential
and actual particulate emissions from gray iron foundries for 1970 and
1974, and potential and full compliance level emissions for 1975
attainment of the ambient air quality standards.
Particulates - Potential particulate emissions from gray iron
foundries increased by 14% between 1970 and 1974 (to 1.5 million tons
per year in 1974 from 1.3 million tons per year in 1970). Existing
environmental programs achieved a 88% overall degree of control by
1970. By 1974, this overall control increased to 92% resulting in a
24% decrease in actual emissions (to 119 thousand tons per year in
1974 from 156 thousand tons per year in 1970). This means that 217
thousand tons per year were being controlled in 1974 that were not
under control in 1970.
The SIP's were designed to meet the ambient air quality
standards in 1975 by controlling expected 1975 potential emissions of
1.5 million tons per year by 95% to 79 thousand tons per year. This
-29-
-------
FIGURE 17.
1.5
in
c7>
o
CO
o
in
CO
I
HI
1.0
0.5
PARTICULATES
—
—
1.32
0.16
^
\
1.50
0.12
S\\\
\
1.55
0.08
\\\\
\
^
X
1975 FULL
..COMPLIANCE
LEVEL
1970
1974
POTENTIAL
1975
| | CONTROLLED EMISSIONS
[\\| ACTUAL EMISSIONS
GRAY IRON FOUNDRIES
means that 306 thousand tons per year of particulates should be
controlled in 1975 that were not in 1970. Through 197U, 71% of the
required 1975 control has been achieved.
-30-
-------
APPENDIX A
For each industrial category, the estimated potential emissions
for 1970, 1974, and 1975, and estimated actual emissions for 1970 were
utilized by EPA for analysis. Based on EPA's assessment of each
industry's 1974 compliance status with SIP scheduled emission
reductions, EPA calculated the actual emission rates for 1974. These
figures provide a gauge for measuring the progress each industry has
made since 1970. All emissions calculations were made using
production figures, estimates of pollution control factors, and
industry growth projections.
Analysis of the industry categories listed indicated that they
fall into three general categories: those with a small number of
plants (approximately 30 or less) within the United States, those with
production capacity concentrated in small number of states, and those
that are ubiquitous to the nation. The first category, typified by
the primary smelter industry, is analyzed on a plant-by-plant basis
using EPA national source inventories, industry background studies,
trade associations data, and Department of Commerce data. The second
category, exemplified by the petroleum industry and the integrated
iron and steel industry, is analyzed by synthesizing the above factors
on a national basis using data from states accounting for over 70
percent of the nationwide production. The third category, e.g.,
municipal incinerators, is analyzed using procedures developed
specifically for the industry under study.
Provisions are included for the application of the more stringent
requirements of Federal and State New Source Performance Standards
(NSPS) to the 197U and 1975 portion of annual production from new or
modified sources. The base year was chosen as 197C because the
national air pollution program as presently constituted dates from the
1970 Clean Air Act amendments. The 1974 data appear because that is
the last full year for which data are available. The full compliance
target levels should not be considered as representative of existing
emissions since they assume full compliance with the State
regulations; rather they are target levels that will be met once full
compliance with SIP emission requirements is achieved.
-31-
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TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
1. REPORT NO.
EPA 340/V -76-001
2.
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
Summary of Particulate and Sulfur Oxide Emission
Reductions Achieved Nationwide for Selected
Industrial Categories, 1970-1974
5. REPORT DATE
January 1976
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR(S)
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
Division of Stationary Source Enforcement
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Division of Stationary Source Enforcement
Office of Enforcement
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Washington, D.C. 20460
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Division of Stationary Source Enforcement
Office of Enforcement
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Washington, D.C. 20460
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
A report summarizing the progress of the air pollution abatement program
e A DCTT o A /^T
16. ABSTRACT
This report summarizes the results of four years of local, state,
federal, and industry efforts to reduce the amount of particulates
and sulfur oxides being emitted into the atmosphere by stationary
sources of air pollution. Emission reductions for selected industrial
categories are summarized and compared to the reduction goal planned for
the time period. Results are presented in both graphic and tabular
form and are discussed separately for each pollutant and each industry
as well as for the nation as a whole.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS C. COSATI Field/Group
Air Pollution Emissions
Particles (Air pollution)
Sulfur Oxides
Industrial Categories
Potential Emissions
Actual Emissions
Full Compliance Level
13B
14D
13. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
Release Unlimited
19. SECURITY CLASS (This Report)
Unclassified
21. NO. OF PAGES
33
20. SECURITY CLASS (Thispage)
Unclassified
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
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