EPA 910/9-90-019
Spokane Carbon Monoxide
Study
December 5, 1988
to
February 24, 1989
June, 1990
Air Monitoring and Analysis Section
Environmental Protection Agency
Region 10
-------
SPOKANE CARBON MONOXIDE STUDY
DECEMBER 5, 1988
TO
FEBRUARY 24, 1989
PREPARED BY
JOHN C. PALMER
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
AND
JON W. SCHWEISS
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
June, 1990
-------
ABSTRACT
An EPA/Ecology carbon monoxide (CO) study was conducted last winter in
Spokane, Washington. The purpose of the study was to determine if the
permanent monitoring stations appropriately characterize CO in Spokane. To do
this, samples were collected and analyzed at approximately forty locations
near heavily traveled streets on fifty-four weekdays. The CO values measured
at these locations were compared to the data collected at the permanent
monitors.
The results show that the permanent monitoring sites appropriately
characterize CO in Spokane. The study data indicate the permanent Hamilton
site adequately represents other areas of high ambient CO impact in Spokane.
Although the Hamilton site may exceed the National Ambient Air Quality
Standard (NAAQS) more frequently than other areas, it is not an isolated "hot-
spot" CO problem area. The study revealed that other areas exhibit maximum CO
levels near the same magnitude as those measured at the Hamilton Street site.
The areas with the highest measured CO levels were along Division,
Hamilton, Broadway, and 3rd streets. All very heavy traffic corridors. The
study also showed that the permanent monitors in the central business district
(Post office and Liquor store sites) adequately characterizes CO levels
downtown.
-------
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The study was realized through a cooperative effort by the Washington
Department of Ecology (Ecology) and the Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA).
Ecology was primarily responsible for equipment installation, field
sampling and sample analysis, and data validation. The EPA was primarily
responsible for study design and report preparation.
-------
INTRODUCTION
Since the onset of continuous monitoring in 1976, a carbon monoxide (CO)
problem has been identified with the city of Spokane. The city was declared
in non-attainment of the State and Federal air quality standards for CO .
Maximum ambient concentrations at the permanent sites continue to exceed the
level of the standard. Some uncertainty persists over the ability of these
sites to characterize maximum CO impacts throughout Spokane. A special study
was conceived by Ecology and the EPA to provide information relative to the
magnitude and spatial distribution of CO in Spokane. This report presents
the major results and conclusions from that study.
- The National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) for CO is "... 9
parts per million (ppm) - maximum 8-hour concentration not to be exceeded more
than once per year." (40 CFR Part 50)
1
-------
STUDY PURPOSE AND OBJECTIVES
The purpose of the special sampling study was to examine and establish,
if possible, the magnitude and spatial and temporal aspects of ambient CO in
Spokane. The immediate utility of the study information would be to assess
whether the permanent sites provide an adequate profile of maximum CO levels
in Spokane such that decisions to develop control strategies could proceed
from a technically sound basis. If indicated, the study would also assist in
relocating the permanent sites or adding additional monitors.
Explicit objectives were developed to ensure the fulfillment of the
study purpose within the context of intervening time and resource
constraints. The principal study objective was to assess maximum ambient CO
impacts associated with mobile source emissions. Another important study
objective was to provide for the retrieval of data possessing both high and
demonstrable quality and statistically adequate quantity through the
application of a rigorous quality assurance program.
-------
STUDY DESIGN
The study progressed through three functional phases: network design and
siting, the sampling program, and data analyses. What follows are brief
descriptions of each of these components.
Network Design and Siting
Ambient concentrations of CO are a function of many contributing
factors. For ambient CO dominated by mobile sources, the most important of
these parameters seem to be traffic burden (expressed in both vehicle counts
and traffic dynamics) and ventilation potential. The ultimate design of the
CO study network was largely a product of considering these two features.
Ecology and EPA staff screened traffic data obtained from the City of
Spokane to create a list of candidate intersections for subsequent assessment.
The guiding criteria for developing this list were high cumulative traffic "
counts encountered at intersections. It was assumed that this cumulative
count would grossly indicate traffic congestion, and presumably high ambient
CO potential.
Upon completing this preliminary list of candidate sampling locations,
EPA and Ecology staff physically inspected each intersection to examine
peculiar traffic dynamics and the potential for meteorological confinement.
All these factors were subjectively weighted with respect to their potential
for inducing maximum CO concentrations. Problems posed by network logistics
were also considered prior to selecting sites from the prioritized candidate
list for inclusion in the actual study network. The Corridor study network is
displayed in Figure 1 and described in Table 1, and the Central Business
District (CBD) study network is displayed in Figure 2 and described in Table
2.
All samplers were sited in conformance with EPA's criteria for
monitoring ambient CO.
Sampling Program
This aspect of the study was composed of several individual elements:
selection of study and sampling intervals, selection of sampling methods,
field operations, and quality assurance. Each are briefly described below.
Ambient CO levels are typically cyclic in nature. CO levels vary on a
seasonal and diurnal basis. In order to optimize the probability of sampling
the phenomenon of interest (i.e. high CO concentrations), historical CO dafa
from Spokane's permanent sites were reviewed. Historical data indicated that
the season of greatest pollutant potential occurs between October and March.
The months of December, January, and February were ultimately chosen for
sampling.
-------
FIGURE 1
SPOKANE CARBON MONOXIDE STUDY
DECEMBER 5, 1988 TO FEBRUARY 24, 1989
LOCATION OF SAMPLING SITES
CORRIDOR NETWORK
-------
TABLE 1
SPOKANE CARBON MONOXIDE STUDY
DECEMBER 5, 1988 TO FEBRUARY 24, 1989
CORRIDOR NETWORK
SITE
NUMBER
1
2*
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10**
11
12
13
14
15
16***
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
HAM
DFE
DAR
* _
** _
***
HAM -
DFE -
DAR -
ADJACENT STREET
Division
Division
Division
Hamilton
Mission
Hamilton
Hamilton
Hamilton
Hamilton
Hamilton
Greene
NW Blvd.
Monroe
Division
Maple
Division
Division
Hamilton
Market (Greene)
Division
Nevada (Hamilton)
Francis
Broadway
Monroe
Hamilton
Hamilton
Division
CROSS STREET
Sharp
Sharp
Mission
Sharp
Hamilton
Sharp
Sinto
Sharp
Mission
Sharp
Mission
Monroe
Indiana
Indiana
NW Blvd.
Jackson
S Bridgeport
N Foothill Dr
Euclid
Wellesley
Wellesley
Division
Monroe
Broadway
Sharp
Sharp
Jackson
SIDE OF
STREET
SW
SE
SE
NW
SW
SE
NE
SW
SE
SW
SE
SW
SE
NW
SW
SE
SE
SE
NW
SE
SE
SW
SW
SE
SE
SW
SE
SPATIAL
SCALE
Micro
"
"
n
"
n
Middle
"
Micro
it
it
it
it
n
it
Middle
Micro
n
ti
n
n
"
it
"
Micro
ii
Middle
Precision Sampling Location
Collocated with Dairy Freeze (DFE) continuous
Collocated with Darl Apts.
analyzer
(DAR) continuous analyzer
Hamilton Site (official Ecology site)
Dairy Freeze Site (Ecology
Darl Apts. Site (official
special study site)
Ecology site)
-------
FIGURE 2
SPOKANE CARBON MONOXIDE STUDY
DECEMBER 5, 1988 TO FEBRUARY 24, 1989
LOCATION OF SAMPLING SITES
CENTRAL BUSINESS DISTRICT NETWORK
-------
TABLE 2
SPOKANE CARBON MONOXIDE STUDY
DECEMBER 5, 1988 TO FEBRUARY 24, 1989
CENTRAL BUSINESS DISTRICT NETWORK
SITE
NUMBER
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33*
34
35
36
37
LIQ
POS
*
LIQ -
POS -
ADJACENT STREET
3rd
3rd
Browne
Lincoln
Sprague
Stevens
Riverside
Riverside
Lincoln
Monroe
Main
Post
Riverside
Sprague
Lincoln
Precision Sampling Location
Liquor Store Site (official
Post Office Site (official
CROSS STREET
Lincoln
Washington
3rd
1st Ave
Stevens
Riverside
Stevens
Washington
Main
Main
Wall
Main
Post
Post
Riverside
Ecology site)
Ecology site)
SIDE OF
STREET
NW
SW
NE
SW
SE
NW
SW
SW
SW
NW
SW
NE
NE
NE
NW
SPATIAL
SCALE
Micro
ii
ii
ii
ii
ii
ii
ii
ii
it
ii
ii
ii
Middle
ii
-------
Analysis of the historical CO data also indicated that CO levels were
generally higher on weekdays than on weekends and that the eight-hour daily
maximum CO value was most frequently recorded during the 11:00 A.M. to 7:00
P.M. interval. Consequently, samples were collected weekdays over this eight-
hour period.
Integrated bag samplers were employed in the study. Simple and rugged
in design, this sampler collected an ambient air sample pumped at a constant
rate over 8 hours into a single polyethylene bag. Bag samples were analyzed
by a Dasibi Model 3003 analyzer (an EPA-designated reference method) to yield
an 'average' CO concentration over the 8-hour sampling period.
In addition to the bag samplers, a temporary continuous analyzer was
established adjacent to the Dairy Freeze restaurant at the intersection of
Hamilton and Sharp (located directly across the street from the permanent
Hamilton monitor). The data from this continuous analyzer (hereinafter
denoted as 'DFE') and the Darl Apts. site (denoted as 'DAR') were utilized for
method comparison (see Quality Assurance). Study sites 10 and 16 were
collocated with the Dairy Freeze site and the Darl Apts. site, respectively.
Study sampling was performed by Ecology. The scope and nature of
activities are detailed in the project quality assurance plan.
A comprehensive and rigorous quality assurance program was developed and
ordered to the study to ensure that resultant data were of known and
appropriate quality, representativeness, completeness, and comparability.
This program provided for routine measures of both sampling and analytical
performance.
Data Analyses
Discussions of the types of data analyses undertaken appear in the
Results and Discussion section.
-------
LIMITATIONS
Studies of this sort are subject to uncertainties of which both
researcher and reader alike should be cognizant. These qualifications do not
necessarily impair the validity of the study results, but rather frames their
present and future application and interpretation within the context of
appropriate caution. The following limitations have been identified with
this study:
1) Conditions inducing high levels of ambient CO are typically so
infrequent that studies of limited duration run the risk of missing the
rather rare phenomena of interest. Further, the statistical population
of sample data in the range of interest is really marginal to examine
inter-site relationships of this type in an absolutely definitive
fashion. Finally, even minor data gaps in a short duration study like
this can severely impair inter-site and 'seasonal' characterizations,
again because the phenomena of interest are relatively rare.
Data collected from the permanent sites over the 1989-90 winter season
indicate the study period did encompass the major air stagnation
episodes of the season. However, historical data from the permanent
sites indicate that CO levels during the 1989-90 winter season were low
relative to past years.
2) The number of intersections identified in the network design
exercise as possessing CO potential far outstripped the number of
samplers available to the study. The reader should note that the study
sites portrayed herein do not represent the entire array of
intersections thought to possess potential. Also, because of the
limited number of study sites, the proportion of relatively higher
impact sites to lower impact sites is not necessarily characteristic of
the severity of CO levels occurring throughout the area.
3) In a similar vein, there are often substantial uncertainties
associated with siting microscale samplers to measure maximum
concentrations. Because high CO levels can be a highly localized
phenomenon, particularly when considered over micro-spatial scales,
there is a relatively low theoretical probability of effectively
weighing contributing factors towards selecting the particular leg, and
then the particular side of the leg where maximum concentrations are
most likely to occur.
4) The study data were generated using sampling methods (integrated
bag samplers) not approved by EPA for use as the primary basis for
NAAQS attainment determinations or the definitive demonstration of
control strategy effectiveness. However, these methods have been proven
to be excellent indicators of absolute ambient CO concentrations.
-------
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Data were analyzed for the relative magnitude of CO concentrations
reported at various sites throughout Spokane. Intersite comparisons between
the study sites and the permanent sites were made.
Data were summarized for each site in the corridor and central business
district networks, and for each day over all sites in each of the respective
networks. Summary statistics are primarily depicted in the form of tables and
box-plots. The box plots portray the distribution of subject data as follows:
maximum value, 2nd maximum, 9th decile, 3rd quartile, mean, median, 1st
quartile, 1st decile, minimum value. Also included in the summary plots are
the number of instances the eight-hour NAAQS was exceeded.
Study Long Network Statistics
As discussed earlier, CO levels vary considerably across monitoring
sites on a day-to-day basis. Examining data over the entire study interval
recognizes and dampens this possible volatility in daily inter-site
relationships. Study-long data are displayed for each of the study sites from
the corridor network (including the continuous Hamilton ('HAM'), Darl Apts.
('DAR'), and Dairy Freeze ('DFE') sites) in Figure 3 and Tables 3 and 5.
Study-long data for the study sites from the central business district network
(including data from the continuous Post Office ('POS'), Liquor Store ('LIQ'),
and Hamilton ('HAM') sites) are displayed in Figure 4 and Tables 4 and 6.
EPA reference data (not bag sampling data) are reported for the continuous
sites. What follows are brief descriptions of data features of particular
interest.
Maximum-Eight-Hour-Averages
Even though the NAAQS is directed to second-high 8-hour averages (on an
annual basis), maximum averages are an appropriate focus for a short-duration
study such as this.
Corridor Network-
A. Eight-hour maximums from the corridor study sites ranged from 5.8 ppm
(site 15) to 12.0 ppm (site 6).
B. Eight-hour maximums recorded at the permanent Hamilton, Darl Apts.,
and Dairy Freeze sites were 11.6 ppm, 5.1 ppm, and 12.4 ppm,
respectively.
Central Business District Network-
*
A. Eight-hour maximums from the CBD study sites ranged from 5.0 ppm
(site 37) to 13.6 ppm (site 26).
10
-------
FIGURE 3
SPOKANE CARBON MONOXIDE STUDY
CORRIDOR SITES
SAMPLED WEEKDAYS FROM 12/5/88 - 2/24/89
(Nominally Reflects 56 Sample days)
COMPOSITE OF CO CONCENTRATIONS
MEASURED AT EACH SITE DURING AN
8-HR PERIOD (11:00 A.M. TO 7:00 P.M.)
•OX PtOT UQINO
NO. OF VALUES AT
OR ABOVE 9.5 PPM
. I*T oiau
.MINIMUM
8-HOUR NAAOS
(9.5 PPM)
1 5 .
1 0.
I 0
p p m
5
I I I
/
<9 & O
I I
/ /
I I
/ s
•* <
V V
S I TE
PERMANENT
SITES
-------
TABLE 3
SUMMARY OF 8-HOUR SPOKANE STUDY DATA
CORRIDOR SITES
(INCLUDING DATA FROM THE PERMANENT SITES)
DATE
12-05-88
12-06-88
12-07-88
12-08-88
12-09-88
12-12-88
12-13-88
12-14-88
12-15-88
12-16-88
12-19-88
12-20-88
12-21-88
12-22-88
12-23-88
12-27-88
12-28-88
12-29-88
12-30-88
01-03-89
01-04-89
01-05-89
01-06-89
01-09-89
01-10-89
01-11-89
01-12-89
01-13-89
01-17-89
01-18-89
01-19-89
01-20-89
01-23-89
01-24-89
01-25-89
01-26-89
01-27-89
01-30-89
01-31-89
02-01-89
02-02-89
02-03-89
02-06-89
02-07-89
02-08-89
02-09-89
02-10-89
02-13-89
02-14-89
02-15-89
02-16-89
02-17-89
02-21-89
02-22-89
02-23-89
02-24-89
SITE
i
5.7
3.7
2.7
6.5
3.8
4.0
3.4
5.4
11.4
7.5
3.0
5.4
5.3
4.3
4.5
5.1
3.4
2.8
3.9
1.9
5.1
3.5
3.4
3.5
4.0
3.6
4.4
2.6
3.2
3.3
4.9
5.1
4.2
3.6
3.8
4.0
3.6
2.6
1.9
1.5
-999
-999
2.9
2.8
4.8
6.0
5.0
3.7
4.9
4.5
3.7
2.9
4 .6
4.0
5.7
-999
2
2.9
3.6
4.1
4.3
4.2
5.0
3.8
6.3
11.0
7.3
4.8
8.3
5.8
9.0
5.0
8.1
4.1
3.0
4.0
2.0
2.9
3.8
3.5
4.6
2.9
4.0
3.7
3.2
2.5
2.6
4.8
6.2
4.1
3.7
3.8
4.7
4.4
2.2
3.3
2.4
-999
-999
4.0
6.0
5.9
6.7
8.9
5.9
6.2
5.0
4.1
4.9
7.2
2.7
4.5
-999
3
6.2
9.2
2.6
1.1
2.5
2.2
2.7
4.5
5.6
5.0
3.5
5.5
3.9
4.3
4.0
3.0
2.8
4.1
3.8
2.1
4.0
3.1
-999
3.0
4.4
4.4
2.6
4.0
2.9
4.0
4.7
6.0
3.7
4.7
1.9
4.4
4.2
1.9
2.2
1.3
-999
-999
3.4
3.0
5.1
6.1
3.9
-999
8.6
2.8
3.0
2.2
3.8
8.1
4.4
-999
4
4.7
3.8
2.4
8.5
4.1
3.5
2.2
5.8
8.0
8.5
2.8
7.0
4.4
2.1
4.0
4.8
3.9
6.1
5.7
5.8
5.4
2.1
4.1
4.6
4.8
3.5
6.6
3.0
4.1
2.9
4.6
7.1
4.9
4.3
6.7
5.0
5.0
4.4
3.1
1.6
-999
-999
4.3
5.6
7.9
11.6
3.7
4.9
7.7
6.6
4.1
3.5
5.1
8.3
6.6
-999
5
6.5
3.6
3.3
. 6.5
3.8
6.8
2.3
8.0
10.3
7.1
3.0
7.4
-999
6.0
3.4
5.0
4.5
3.5
2.4
2.8
4.3
3.6
2.1
3.6
3.5
3.0
3.0
1.2
2.0
2.8
6.5
5.6
2.4
2.2
3.9
4.4
3.1
1.4
1.4
1.9
-999
-999
2.9
4.3
5.0
6.6
6.2
2.9
5.4
-999
4.2
3.5
5.4
4.5
4.6
-999
6
5.2
12.0
3.3
5.3
4.7
4.2
3.5
6.1
7.3
-999
2.0
4.6
4.8
4.3
4.3
3.8
2.1
4.0
1.9
3.5
5.0
4.1
3.9
4.6
4.1
4.7
3.7
3.0
3.9
2.6
4.9
6.9
3.9
4.0
4.0
3.7
4.7
2.4
3.5
1.5
-999
-999
4.7
5.0
5.3
6.0
6.5
4.9
5.4
4.9
8.2
3.5
5.4
4.5
4.6
-999
7
4.3
4.6
3.1
4.7
4.8
3.8
3.9
8.2
6.0
11.0
4.0
3.4
4.5
2.8
4.1
3.5
4.1
3.4
2.6
3.9
4.5
3.6
4.0
3.5
3.7
4.5
3.6
2.8
3^5
2.4
3.3
4.7
4.2
3.9
4.4
3.6
3.0
-999
1.8
1.6
-999
-999
-999
7.4
8.0
8.5
3.0
3.5
6.7
5.4
2.2
2.7
4.1
8.9
4.8
-999
8
3.4
1.8
2.2
4.0
4.7
2.5
1.9
5.5
10.5
-999
1.8
3.5
2.3
2.8
2.3
3.3
1.9
3.0
2.1
3.0
2.0
2.1
1.6
3.2
2.6
2.6
2.4
1.2
1.5
1.9
3.6
3.8
2.1
2.1
2.3
3.1
2.1
1.3
1.4
1.4
-999
-999
2.3
1.6
4.6
3.9
3.7
2.0
3.0
3.2
3.1
2.1
5.1
4.6
3.4
-999
9
3.7
6.8
8.0
7.9
4.8
8.2
4.0
5.8
10.3
7.4
6.8
5.1
8.8
5.0
6.3
5.0
3.9
5.8
4.7
3.8
6.7
5.5
6.4
4.8
5.2
5.8
4.9
4.2
5.5
3.1
5.4
4.1
5.0
5.3
5.8
4.5
5.3
4.1
4.2
-999
-999
-999
5.3
4.4
8.4
7.7
7.2
6.5
7.8
-999
2.6
4.6
6.1
4.7
5.4
-999
10
-999
-999
-999
-999
-999
-999
-999
-999
-999
-999
-999
-999
3.5
6.0
4.8
5.5
2.1
5.3
2.1
3.8
5.4
4.0
4.2
3.8
2.5
3.9
3.7
2.0
2.5
3.2
4.9
4.1
3.8
3.9
5.1
5.5
5.1
2.7
-999
-999
-999
-999
5.8
5.6
8.5
8.6
7.8
5.2
5.0
5.9
3.6
3.5
5.9
7.1
6.5
-999
11
5.1
3.7
2.7
2.7
3.2
3.5
2.2
4.1
7.3
6.5
4.5
4.2
3.3
6.3
2.9
3.0
3.6
2.5
1.9
2.6
2.1
3.2
3.9
3.8
2.6
2.4
2.9
3.2
2.7
1.7
2.4
6.0
3.2
2.4
2.1
1.3
2.7
2.1
1.9
1.0
-999
-999
4.0
5.2
5.5
5.6
5.4
7.5
4.2
2.2
1.5
1.1
5.6
3.6
4.8
-999
12 13 14
3.9 4.9 5.0
2.6 3.8 3.5
3.4 4.3 2.9
4.5 2.9 5.2
3.6 4.9 4.9
6.5 -999 2.6
2.7 2.1 1.7
7.2 4.8 4.6
5.3 6.0 6.0
6.0 5.6 6.5
2.9 3.4 3.3
5.6 3.0 5.5
4.3 4.0 5.8
3.6 3.3 1.4
3.0 3.6 6.5
4.1 4.5 4.3
2.0 2.9 4.5
4.4 3.5 6.8
2.8 2.8 7.6
3.1 2.5 6.3
3.5 3.8 -999
3.1 3.4 1.9
2.9 2.8 -999
4.0 4.0 3.6
2.4 3.0 3.1
2.9 4.0 6.7
3.4 4.0 6.1
1.9 2.5 3.4
1.6 2.9 2.9
1.4 2.9 2.6
4.5 3.7 3.8
5.3 4.2 5.4
2.0 5.5 4.1
2.6 3.6 5.4
3.7 3.4 5.9
5.1 2.7 5.5
3.7 3.4 5.7
2.4 1.7 4.1
2.0 2.0 1.5
1.3 -999 1.6
-999 -999 -999
-999 -999 -999
2.8 -999 4.6
3.7 -999 3.6
3.9 -999 5.8
6.2 -999 5.3
5.7 -999 5.6
3.0 -999 4.8
4.9 -999 5.3
4.9 -999 8.4
5.0 -999 4.7
3.3 -999 3.0
5.0 -999 5.5
4.1 -999 5.0
3.7 -999 6.4
-999 -999 -999
-------
TABLE 3 (con't)
(DAR:Darl Apts., DFE:Dairy Freeze, HAM:Hamilton Street)
DATE
12-05-88
12-06-88
12-07-88
12-08-88
12-09-88
12-12-88
12-13-88
12-14-88
12-15-88
12-16-88
12-19-88
12-20-88
12-21-88
12-22-88
12-23-88
12-27-88
12-28-88
12-29-88
12-30-88
01-03-89
01-04--89
01-05-89
01-06-89
01-09-89
01-10-89
01-11-89
01-12-89
01-13-89
01-17-89
01-18-89
01-19-89
01-20-89
01-23-89
01-24-89
01-25-89
01-26-89
01-27-89
01-30-89
01-31-89
02-01-89
02-02-89
02-03-89
02-06-89
02-07-89
02-08-89
02-09-89
02-10-89
02-13-89
02-14-89
02-15-89
02-16-89
02-17-89
02-21-89
02-22-89
02-23-89
02-24-89
SITE
15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 CAR DFE HAM
3.9 -999
2 A — QQQ
• o yy y
2*1 — QQQ
• / ~yyy,
5.2 -999
3.9 -999
3.0 -999
1.9 -999
4.1 -999
5.8 -999
5.2 -999
2.5 -999
3.0 -999
3.0 -999
5.0 -999
3.6 -999
4.1 -999
2.1 -999
21 _QQQ
• Ji ~yyy
2J _OQQ
• £• yyy
2.5 -999
4.4 -999
3.1 -999
2.1 -999
3.0 -999
2.6 3.1
2.2 3.1
2.5 1.0
1.6 2.6
2.2 3.1
2.7 2.6
3.6 7.0
Itt t n
. O J . U
2.4 2.5
2.5 2.7
3.7 2.0
3.0 2.3
1.3 1.5
1.4 1.7
1.4 0.9
-999 -999
-999 -999
2.6 2.2
3.6 4.6
4.5 5.4
5.8 9.8
3.9 3.6
2.9 2.3
3.4 4.7
3.3 2.9
3.0 2.5
3.7 1.4
4.3 -999
3.7 6.1
3.9 3.2
•999 -999
4.4
4.4
3.6
3.5
3.1
4.0
6.3
4.7
4.9
3.8
5.6
3.0
4.3
2.4
3.7
3e
. 9
5/t
. U
2.4
4.1
3.6
4.4
3.9
3.6
4.6
3.3
2.8
2.9
3.5
4.3
3e
. 3
3.4
2.5
3.6
3.3
1.8
1.5
-999
-999
-999
3.9
4.4
4.3
3.4
5.1
4.9
5.0
3.6
1.7
1.4
6.6
3.0
4.0
-999
4.7
4.3
3.3
2.4
2.7
7.5
5.5
5.0
2.8
3.4
3.9
3.5
3.6
3.5
3.8
3.5
4.1
3.4
3.0
3.4
2.8
4.0
2.6
2.2
2.4
3.8
4.6
2.9
2.1
2.6
2.0
1.9
-999
2.4
-999
-999
3.4
4.1
6.0
8.1
5.5
3.7
5.5
3.6
4.7
2.8
4.2
3.7
3.6
-999
-999
3.1
3.9
2.0
3.4
5.0
7.0
7.3
3.0
4.6
6.0
2.3
7.5
3.8
2.9
5.0
7.4
4.1
5.6
3.0
5.8
4.4
7.5
-999
3.2
3.4
4.9
5.5
7.3
8.8
5.3
3.1
1.5
1.4
-999
-999
4.1
5.2
4.0
4.2
4.1
3.4
4.5
5.6
5.3
3.2
4.3
4.0
4.3
-999
5.4
3.8
4.1
1.6
2.9
4.5
8.3
7.3
3.3
4.4
3.6-
3.5
4.4
2.5
4.0
1.6
4.6
5.0
6.5
2.6
4.3
6.6
3.1
1.9
2.2
3.9
5.3
3.8
4.0
3.6
4.6
2.3
3.6
1.3
-999
-999
5.0
5.2
6.1
6.2
5.9
5.8
5.2
3.9
4.8
2.2
3.6
3.3
5.1
-999
4.8
3.2
4.3
1.7
3.6
4.1
10.3
5.5
4.1
4.5
-3.5
4.3
3.6
3.5
8.6
2.0
3.9
3.5
5.2
3.6
2.9
4.5
3.0
2.8
2.7
4.5
4.9
3.6
2.0
3.1
4.2
4.3
2.3
1.5
-999
-999
3.8
6.7
5.8
7.2
4.9
4.1
5.8
4.7
3.7
3.4
5.3
2.9
3.8
-999
3.8
3.2
3.4
3.0
2.0
5.9
9.3
7.3
2.5
8.0
3.4
5.0
4.6
8.8
3.9
6.0
2.9
4.1
2.5
3.6
4.1
3.2
3.7
3.4
4.1
4.7
6.5
4.0
5.4
5.6
7.6
3.8
3.1
-999
-999
-999
-999
6.8
7.6
8.9
5.1
4.0
5.0
5.6
5.6
4.1
5.0
4.0
4.1
-999
-999
7.2
5.0
3.5
5.3
5.0
6.0
8.3
4.9
7.7
4.9
7.3
6.3
5.8
5.5
5.9
6.3
2.7
3.7
6.6
5.5
6.0
6.4
6.9
7.5
4 A
• y
6.1
6.2
6.0
6.1
7.2
5.2
6.7
3.9
2.8
-999
-999
3.0
5.6
6.0
5.7
6.6
5.7
5.7
8.2
4.9
4.0
8.0
6.5
6.1
-999
4.9
4.5
4.1
1.2
1.8
5.0
6.8
6.0
3.2
4.4
5.0
4.0
3.4
3.4
2.9
2.5
3.9
3.5
3.4
5.0
4.1
4.9
3.5
1.9
3.3
In
. y
4.9
5.5
4.1
3.6
2.6
3.4
2.6
2.2
1.4
-999
-999
4.4
2.7
5.0
4.6
6.0
3.8
5.6
4.5
2.1
2.2
5.4
4.3
3.3
-999
2.6
4.9
2.0
4.1
1.7
2.9
5.1
3.7
4.0
3.0
-999
2.9
5.0
2.7
3.3
2.7
3.5
2.5
4.1
2.8
3.7
3.4
3.0
2.5
2.7
2f\
. u
2.9
4.2
3.0
1.9
2.4
2.6
1.5
2.1
1.1
1.2
1.0
3.5
4.2
3.6
3.5
3.5
2.9
4.1
2.7
1.7
1.6
2.4
2.5
2.9
3.3
7.6
12.4
9.1
8.6
0.8
7.6
8.2
11.3
3.1
8.9
7.6
9.2
5.4
7.9
3.2
4.5
7.0
1.0
3.8
7.8
5.4
3.5
4.9
1.6
3.4
Oa
. y
7.3
6.1
4.2
6.0
7.2
4.7
1.6
2.3
2.1
2.3
2.3
6.7
5.7
8.5
7.8
7.2
4.4
5.3
6.0
3.7
5.2
9.5
6.3
6.7
2.5
9.8
9?
.J
6.3
9.6
11.0
2.7
8.4
11.6
9.6
5.3
7.7
6.6
5.8
3.8
8.3
3.1
2.6
" 5.5
5.0
5.7
9.0
5.2
4.5
3.0
3.3
3.6
3e
. 3
8.2
7.8
3.2
3.0
5.1
5.6
2.1
5.3
4.5
4.5
4.7
7.6
8.2
7.8
7.2
9.9
6.4
8.5
2.8
7.7
5.9
7.6
6.3
4.8
6.0
-------
FIGURE 4
SPOKANE CARBON MONOXIDE STUDY
CENTRAL BUSINESS DISTRICT SITES
SAMPLED WEEKDAYS FROM 12/5/88 - 2/24/89
(Nominally Reflects 56 Sample days)
COMPOSITE OF CO CONCENTRATIONS
MEASURED AT EACH SITE DURING AN
8-HR PERIOD (11:00 A.M. TO 7:00 P.M.)
1 5
1 0
L 0
p p rn
5
IOX PLOT LJOINO
NO. OF VALUES AT
OR ABOVE 9.5 PPM
8-HOUR NAAQS
(9.5 PPM)
I/O
CBD/CORRIDOR SITES
PERMANENT SITES
SITE
-------
TABLE 4
SUMMARY OF 8-HOUR SPOKANE STUDY DATA
CENTRAL BUSINESS DISTRICT SITES
(INCLUDING DATA FROM THE PERMANENT SITES)
(LIQ:Liquor Store, POS.-Post Office)
DATE
25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32
SITE
33 34 35 36 37 LIQ POS
12-05-88
12-06-68
12-07-88
12-08-88
12-09-88
12-12-88
12—13—88
12-14-88
12-15-88
12-16-88
12—19—88
12-20-88
12-21-88
12-22-88
12-23-88
12-27-88
12-28-88
12-29-88
12-30-88
01-03-89
01-04-89
01-05-89
01-06-89
01-09-89
01-10-89
01-11-89
01—12—89
01-13-89
01-17-89
01-18-89
01—19—89
01-20-89
01-23-89
01-24-89
01-25-89
01-26-89
01-27-89
01-30-89
01-31-89
02-01-89
02-02-89
02-03-89
02-06-89
02-07-89
02-08-89
02-09-89
02-10-89
02-13-89
02-14-89
02-15-89
02-16-89
02-17-89
02-21-89
02-22-89
02-23-89
02-24-89
3.5 4.7
3.7 3.5
3.2 -999
4.S 5.0
5.2 5.5
4.6 3.2
3.2 4.6
5.4 10.5
4.6 5.3
3n ft i
• V D • A
3.6 4.4
3.9 4.8
4.9 4.2
3.5 5.2
4.4 4.0
3.0 5.6
4.0 -999
2.6 7.1
2.6 7.1
4.3 10.0
2.8 S..O
3.1 7.4
2.9 5.4
2.6 5.8
3.4 6.6
2.1 3.8
2.8 5.0
1.8 2.9
3e i Q
• D J « y
5.0 6.9
2.5 6.6
2.1 6.0
6.6 7.7
3.4 4.1
3.5 5.9
1.8 5.9
1.7 1.5
1.3 1.4
-999 -999
-999 -999
3.5 6.0
8.2 6.6
5.9 13.6
10.8 6.0
5.2 7.9
-999 7.2
3.4 5.4
-999 8.6
3.9 2.4
-999 2.9
4.4 3.8
6.2 4.5
2.6 6.2
6.6 6.8
4.6
3.0
3.4
4.8
3.4
2.8
3.5
6.3
4.8
2e
. D
4.2
4.2
3.4
4.0
3.6
5.2
6.6
5.0
4.7
5.9
2.6
3.5
3.0
3.3
4.1
2.9
3.5
2.2
5.7
5.6
5.0
5.0
6.0
5.6
3.8
2.0
1.5
-999
-999
4.2
7.0
4.2
5.2
5.9
4.2
3.0
6.2
5.9
-999
4.0
4.3
6.2
3.8
4.5
3.0
3.8
4.0
5.4
4.9
4.1
5.0
4.5
4ft
• u
3.0
3.4
3.1
3.6
3.1
3.0
-999
3.0
2.8
3.2
4.6
3.2
3.6
2.5
3.8
2.5
3.2
3.0
5.0
4.2
3.3
3.4
3.4
3.9
2.5
3.4
1.3
-999
-999
4.2
4.6
5.5
5.2
5.5
4.4
5.9
4.0
1.9
1.7
3.5
3.4
3.3
4.4
4.2
3.0
4.4
4.3
5.4
5.5
4.1
5.8
5.6
3.4
3.3
3.4
3.4
3.4
3.5
4.0
2.0
2.4
3.5
3.1
4.0
3.7
3.0
3.8
2.4
3.3
2.4
5.6
3.6
3.8
3.7
3.6
5.5
2.0
3.1
1.0
-999
-999
4.4
4.2
6.7
4.6
6.4
3.9
4.6
3.7
-999
2.0
4.2
2.5
3.4
3.8
3.9
3.0
4.4
5.0
5.0
1.9
4.1
5.6
4.5
3.4
5.4
3.6
5.0
-999
3.5
5.0
3.8
~3.0
5.0
2.4
3.8
2.0
2.8
5.0
1.8
3.1
1.8
4.7
3.3
4.2
4.3
3.8
4.1
2.0
2.1
0.8
-999
-999
3.6
4.2
4.4
3.2
4.4
3.4
5.4
4.5
2.9
2.2
3.2
3.0
3.5
2.5
3.3 3.2 4.2
2.8 3.0 3.8
2.2 3.0 4.6
3.9 4.0 4.6
5.1 5.2 2.6
2.6 4.0 3.8
3.2 2.5 4.6
4.2 4.5 6.5
4.0 3.3 6.3
2.6 2.2 3.0
3.6 3.4 2.0
3.4 2.2 3.0
3.6 3.4 3.5
3.8 1.6 3.2
1.5 2.6 4.2
4.0 4.0 -999
2.4 2.2 2.9
2.2 1.6 3.2
3.3 3.0 3.4
2.6 2.8 2.8
3.2 3.0 4.7
2.1 2.9 4.1
2.5 3.6 3.2
3.6 3.5 4.0
1.5 1.6 2.3
2.1 1.8 3.6
1.1 1.4 1.9
3.7 3.3 5.3
2.7 3.5 4.0
2.6 2.7 3.4
3.2 2.1 3.2
3.2 8.3 2.5
2.8 4.7 3.5
1.6 1.6 2.2
1.3 -999 2.0
1.0 -999 -999
-999 -999 -999
-999 -999 -999
3.5 3.5 6.0
4.6 3.4 5.8
3.5 5.7 5.4
3.4 2.8 4.0
4.0 3.8 6.1
2.6 3.5 4.5
2.9 3.6 5.9
4.0 4.2 3.8
2.9 2.5 1.6
1.6 1.6 2.0
2.0 2.0 3.8
2.5 1.9 2.9
2.2 2.5 3.5
1.8 2.4 3.7
5.5
3.8
4.6
5.0
5.8
6.0
2r\
.0
4.2
7.0
5.8
5.1
6.8
5.3
6.1
4.0
6.2
5.5
4.4
4.6
5.7
7.0
5.0
5.4
4.0
6.5
6-}
. £
4.6
5.6
4.4
6.6
6.6
5.6
6.0
2.5
6.9
3.6
4.1
1.6
-999
-999
5.2
6.0
5.8
6.4
7.2
5.8
5.5
6.4
2.9
2.5
3.0
5.2
5.4
6.6
2.6
3.2
1.5
2.2
5.8
3.7
2f\
.0
3.2
5.8
5.5
2.0
4.4
4.5
4.9
2.0
3.5
5.8
2.4
2.9
2.5
3.0
2.5
2.0
2.5
3.5
3C
.0
1.8
2.6
1.8
3.1
2.0
3.3
3.4
2.2
3.2
2.0
1.2
1.0
-999
-999
2.5
3.0
5.4
2.8
2.9
3.0
3.0
4.4
2.4
1.4
-999
2.7
2.1
2.6
5.3 3.6
3.4 2.8
2.2 2.6
4.7 2.2
7.5 4.4
5.5 4.2
1A 1 ft
• 4 1 • Z)
5.8 3.5
5.5 5.0
7.3 4.5
7.6 4.6
3.4 2.2
6.4 4.1
3.6 2.1
6.0 2.0
3.2 2.0
4.0 2.0
3.0 1.2
2.6 1.4
3.4 1.9
1.5 2.4
2.5 -999
4.2 2.5
2.0 1.6
3.0 3.0
4n "3 n
. U 3 . U
1.6 1.6
2.2 1.5
1.6 1.2
5.1 3.9
2.5 4.0
3.3 3.1
4.2 -999
3.9 -999
3.8 2.4
1.2 -999
1.4 2.1
-999 1.5
-999 -999
-999 -999
3.6 3.6
5.0 3.4
6.3 4.3
6.6 3.8
4.5 4.8
3.6 2.5
3.8 3.6
4.9 3.2
3.4 2.4
3.8 2.1
4.9 3.7
4.8 3.0
2.8 2.6
1.0 2.0
4.4
2.9
2.9
5.9
4.0
6.0
00
• O
3.7
5.2
5.8
Z'S
• «3
4.2
3.7
4.3
2.7
4.1
2.4
5.3
2.9
2.5
3.9
3.0
3.5
4.3
2.8
1.8
2Q
.9
1.1
1.9
0.7
4.2
2.2
3.7
3.3
3.8
3.5
1.2
2.6
1.9
2.0
2.2
4.4
4.5
6.2
6.4
5.1
3.2
5.2
2.8
1.7
2.9
4.0
2.9
3.5
3.1
4.3
4.8
5.1
7.0
3.6
6.6
2rt
• U
4.0
6.3
6.0
4Q
. y
1-8
5.8
4.3
4.6
3.2
3.2
5.7
3.0
2.7
4.5-
4.0
5.5
4.4
4.8
4.5
5 "5
.2
2.3
3.0
1.9
5.8
3.7
3.3
3.3
3.7
3.8
1.5
3.4
1.0
0.9
1.0
6.3
5.9
4.9
'4.5
5.9
4.4
6.1
3.0
1.4
1.8
3.6
3.2
4.2
4.3
-------
TABLE 5
SUMMARY STATISTICS OF 8-HOUR SPOKANE CO STUDY DATA
CORRIDOR SITES
(INCLUDING DATA FROM THE PERMANENT SITES)
(DARrDarl Apts., DFE:Dairy Freeze, HAM:Hamilton Street)
on
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
DAE
DFE
HAM
Max
Obs
11.4
11.0
9.2
11.6
10.3
12.0
11.0
10.5
10.3
8.6
7.5
7.2
6.0
8.4
5.8
9.8
6.6
8.1
8.8
8.3
10.3
9.3
8.3
6.8
5.1
12.4
11.6
2nd
High 99
7
9
8
8
8
8
8
5
8
8
7
6
5
7
5
7
6
7
7
7
8
8
8
6
5
11
11
.5
.0
.6
.5
.0
.2
.9
.5
.8
.5
.3
.5
.6
.6
.8
.0
.3
.5
.5
.3
.6
.9
.2
.0
.0
.3
.0
7.5
9.0
8.6
8.5
8.0
8.2
8.9
5.5
8.8
8.6
7.3
6.5
6.0
7.6
5.8
9.8
6.3
7.5
7.5
7.3
8.6
8.9
8.2
6.0
5.0
11.3
11.0
95
6.0
8.3
6.2
8.3
7.1
6.9
8.2
4.7
8.2
7.8
6.3
6.0
5.5
6.7
5.2
7.0
5.1
5.5
7.4
6.5
6.7
8.0
7.9
5.6
4.2
9.2
9.8
Perc
90
5.7
7.3
6.0
7.9
6.6
6.1
7.4
4.6
7.9
6.5
5.6
5.6
4.9
6.5
4.5
5.4
5.0
5.5
7.3
6.1
5.8.
7.6
7.5
5.4
4.2
8.6
9.3
enti
75
4.9
5.9
4.4
6.1
5.4
5.0
4.6
3.4
6.5
5.5
4.2
4.5
4.0
5.7
3.9
3.2
4.4
4.1
5.3
5.1
4.7
5.6
6.6
4.6
3.5
7.6
7.8
les
50
3.9
4.2
3.9
4.7
3.6
4.3
3.9
2.4
5.3
4.8
3.2
3.6
3.4
4.9
3.0
2.6
3.6
3.5
4.2
4.1
3.9
4.1
5.9
3.9
2.9
5.4
5.7
25
3.3
3.5
2.8
3.7
2.9
3.7
3.4
2.0
4.6
3.6
2.4
2.8
2.9
3.4
2.2
2.0
3.0
2.8
3.4
3.3
3.2
3.4
4.9
2.9
2.5
3.4
3.8
10
2.6
2.6
2.1
2.4
2.0
2.4
2.6
1.5
3.9
2.5
1.7
2.0
2.5
1.9
1.8
1.4
2.1
2.4
2.4
2.2
2.1
2.9
3.5
1.9
1.7
2.1
3.0
Man
Obs
1.5
2.0
1.1
1.6
1.2
1.5
1.6
1.2
2.6
2.0
1.0
1.3
1.7
1.4
1.3
0.9
1.4
1.9
1.4
1.3
1.5
1.9
2.7
1.2
1.0
0.8
2.1
Rnge
Arit
Geom
Mean Mean
9.9
9.0
8.1
10.0
9.1
10.5
9.4
9.3
7.7
6.6
6.5
5.9
4.3
7.0
4.5
8.9
5.2
6.2
7.4
7.0
8.8
7.4
5.6
5.6
4.1
11.6
9.5
4.2
4.8
3.9
5.0
4.2
4.5
4.4
2.9
5.7
4.7
3.5
3.7
3.6
4.6
3.1
3.2
3.7
3.7
4.5
4.2
4.1
4.8
5.8
3.8
3.0
5.5
6.1
3
4
3
4
3
4
4
2
5
4
3
3
3
4
2
2
3
3
4
3
3
4
5
3
2
4
5
.9
.4
.6
.6
.8
.2
.0
.6
.4
.3
.1
.4
.4
.2
.9
.7
.5
.5
.1
.9
.8
.4
.5
.5
.8
.7
.5
Stan Vali
Dev Obs
1.5
1.9
1.7
2.0
2.0
1.7
1.9
1.5
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.3
1.0
1.6-
1.1
1.9
1.1
1.2
1.6
1.5
1.6
1.8
1.4
1.2
0.9
2.7
2.4
53.
53.
51.
53.
51.
52.
51.
52.
51.
39.
53.
53.
38.
-51.
53.
28.
52.
52.
51.
53.
53.
51.
52.
53.
55.
56.
56.
Tota
Obs
56.
56.
56.
56.
56.
56.
56.
56.
56.
56.
56.
56.
56.
56.
56.
56.
56.
56.
56.
56.
56.
56.
56.
56.
56.
56.
56.
TABLE 6
SUMMARY STATISTICS OF 8-HOUR SPOKANE CO STUDY DATA
CENTRAL BUSINESS DISTRICT SITES
(INCLUDING DATA FROM THE PERMANENT SITES)
(HAM:Hamilton Street, LIQ:Liquor Store, POS:Post Office)
on Max
Obs
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
HAM
LIQ
POS
10
13
7
5
6
5
5
8
6
7
5
7
5
11
6
7
.8
.6
.0
.9
.7
.6
.1
.3
.5
.2
.8
.6
.0
.6
.4
.0
2nd
High
8
10
6
5
6
5
4
5
6
7
5
7
4
11
6
6
.2
.5
.6
.5
.4
.4
.6
.7
.3
.0
.8
.5
.8
.0
.2
.6
8
10
6
5
6
5
4
5
6
7
5
7
5
11
6
6
99
.2
.5
.6
.5
.4
.4
.6
.7
.3
.0
.8
.5
.0
.0
.2
.6
6
8
6
5
5
5
4
4
6
6
5
6
4
9
5
6
95
.6
.6
.2
.4
.6
.0
.0
.7
.0
.9
.5
.6
.6
.8
.9
.3
Perc
5
7
6
5
5
5
4
4
5
6
4
6
4
9
5
5
90
.9
.7
.0
.0
.5
.0
.0
.2
.8
.6
.9
.3
.3
.3
.2
.9
enti
4
6
5
4
4
4
3
3
4
6
3
4
3
7
4
4
75
.5
.6
.2
.4
.2
.4
.5
.5
.5
.1
.4
.9
.6
.8
.2
.9
les
50
3.
5.
4.
3.
3.
3.
2.
3.
3.
5.
2.
3.
2.
5.
3.
4.
5
4
2
6
6
6
a
0
6
4
8
8
6
7
3
0
2
4
3
3
3
2
2
2
2
•!
2
2
2
3
2
3
25
.8
.1
.4
.1
.1
.9
.2
.2
.9
.2
.0
.5
.0
.8
.5
.2
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
2
2
1
1
1
3
1
1
10
.1
.9
.5
.5
.4
.9
.5
.6
.0
.9
.8
.5
.5
.0
.8
.8
Min
Rnge
Obs
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
0.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
2.
0.
0.
3
4
5
3
0
3
0
4
6
6
0
0
2
1
7
9
9
12
5
4
5
4
4
6
4
5
4
6
3
9
5
6
.5
.2
.5
.6
.7
.8
.1
.9
.9
.6
.8
.6
.8
.5
.7
.1
Arit
Mean
3
5
4
3
3
3
2
3
3
5
2
3
2
6
3
4
.8
.5
.2
.7
.7
.6
.8
.0
.7
.1
.9
.8
.8
.0
.4
.0
Geom
Mean
3.
5.
4.
3.
3.
3.
2.
2.
3.
4.
2.
3.
2.
5.
3.
3.
5
1
0
5
5
3
7
8
5
9
7
4
6
5
1
6
Stan Vali
Dev Obs
1
2
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
.7
.2
.3
.0
.1
.1
.9
.2
.2
.4
.2
.7
.0
.4
.4
.5
51.
52.
53.
53.
53.
53.
54.
52.
52.
54.
53.
53.
50.
56.
56.
56.
Tota
Obs
56.
56.
56.
56.
56.
56.
56.
56.
56.
56.
56.
56.
56.
56.
56.
56.
-------
B. Eight-hour maximums recorded at the permanent Liquor Store and Post
Office sites were 6.4 ppm and 7.0 ppm, respectively.
Second-Highest-Eight-Hour-Averages
The eight-hour NAAQS for CO is indexed to the second highest eight-hour
average concentration of CO measured at a given site in a calender year.
Corridor Network-
A. Eight-hour second highs from the corridor sites ranged from 5.5 ppm
(site 8) to 9.0 (site 2).
B. Eight-hour second highs recorded at the permanent Hamilton, Darl
Apts., and Dairy Freeze sites were 11.0 ppm, 5.0 ppm, and 11.3 ppm,
respectively.
Central Business District-
A. Eight-hour second highs from the CBD sites ranged from 4.6 ppm (site
31) to 10.5 ppm (site 26).
B. Eight-hour second highs recorded at the permanent Liquor Store and
Post Office sites were 6.2 ppm and 6.6 ppm, respectively.
Frequency-of-Eight-Hour-NAAQS-Exceedances
This statistic indicates the number of times the 9 ppm eight-hour CO
NAAQS was exceeded at particular sites.
Corridor Network-
A. Ten of the twenty-four corridor sites (sites 1,2,4,5,6,7,8,9,16,21)
exceeded the level of the standard once over the study period.
B. The permanent Hamilton, Darl Apts., and Dairy Freeze sites exceeded
the standard six, three, and zero times respectively over the study
period.
Central Business District-
A. Two of the thirteen CBD sites exceeded the level of the standard.
Site 26 exceeded the level three times and site 25 exceeded the level
once.
B. Neither the permanent Liquor Store or Post Office site exceeded the
standard over the study period.
17
-------
Means-of-the-Eight-Hour-Averages
This statistic provides an indication of the chronic nature of CO
concentrations measured at a site over time.
Corridor Network-
A. The arithmetic means of daily eight-hour averages from the corridor
sites ranged from 2.9 ppm (site 8) to 5.3 ppm (site 23).
B. The arithmetic mean of daily eight-hour averages recorded at the
permanent Hamilton, Darl Apts., and Dairy Freeze sites were 6.1 ppm, 5.5
ppm, and 3.0 ppm, respectively.
Central Business District-
A. The arithmetic means of daily eight-hour averages from the CBD sites
ranged from 2.8 ppm (sites 31 and 37) to 5.5 ppm (site 26).
B. The arithmetic mean of daily eight-hour averages recorded at the
permanent Liquor Store and Post Offices sites were 3.4 ppm, 4.0 ppm,
respectively.
Daily Network Statistics
Another facet of the data analysis examined the day-to-day
characteristics of the study data. This kind of analysis provides a profile
of 'simultaneous' impacts throughout the study area. Figures 5 and 6 portray
composites of eight-hour concentrations reported from each site in the
corridor network. The corresponding daily eight-hour average recorded at the
Hamilton site is plotted individually on figures 5 and 6. Figures 7 and 8
portray composites of eight-hour concentrations reported from each site in the
CBD network. The corresponding daily eight-hour average recorded at the Post
Office site is plotted individually on figures 7 and 8. Summary statistics
for the corridor and CBD networks are presented in Tables 7 and 8,
respectively.
Daily-Maximum-Eight-Hour-Average
The daily maximum value reported from among all sites in the study
network illustrates relative CO magnitudes throughout the network on a daily
basis. This measure also demonstrates the day-to-day volatility of ambient CO
levels.
Corridor Network-
A. The daily maximum eight-hour average reported from the corridor
network ranged from 2.8 ppm (2/1/89) to 12.0 ppm (12/6/88).
18
-------
B. Twenty of the twenty-four corridor sites recorded the daily corridor
network maximum eight-hour average on at least one day of the study.
C. Site 22, site 9, and site 19 recorded the daily corridor network
maximum on 19, 10, and 7 days, respectively. Sites 2, 7, and 14 each
recorded the daily corridor network maximum on 6 days.
D. The permanent Hamilton and Dairy Freeze sites recorded the daily
corridor network maximum on 21 and 17 days, respectively.
E. The daily maximum reported from the sites in the corridor network was
greater than the corresponding concentration at the permanent Hamilton
site on 32 of the 53 study days.
Central Business District-
A. The daily maximum eight-hour average reported from the CBD network
ranged from 1.6 ppm (2/1/89) to 13.6 ppm (2/8/89).
B. Ten of the twelve CBD sites recorded the daily CBD network maximum
eight-hour average on at least one day of the study.
C. Site 26 and site 34 recorded the daily CBD network maximum on 26 and
22 days, respectively. Sites 36 recorded the daily CBD network maximum
on 12 days.
D. The permanent Liquor Store and Post Office sites recorded the daily
corridor network maximum on 3 and 7 days, respectively.
E. The daily maximum reported from the sites in the corridor network was
greater than the corresponding concentration at the permanent Post
Office site on 46 of the 53 study days.
^- Site data were considered 'tied' for a particular measure if they were
within +/- 0.5 ppm of each other.
3- Site data were considered 'tied' for a particular measure if they were
within +/- 0.5 ppm of each other.
19
-------
FIGURE 5
SPOKANE CARBON MONOXIDE STUDY
CORRIDOR SITES
FIRST HALF OF STUDY
SAMPLED WEEKDAYS FROM 12/5/88 - 1/13/89
(Nominally Reflects 23 sites)
DAILY COMPOSITE OF CO CONCENTRATIONS
MEASURED AT ALL CORRIDOR SITES DURING
AN 8-HR PERIOD (11:00 A.M. TO 7:00 P.M.)
IOX PLOT UOIWO
NO. OF VALUES AT
OR ABOVE 9.5 PPM
_ IST of au
_ MINI MUM
8-HOUR NAAQS
(9.5 PPM)
HAMILTON SITE
DATA
i i i i i i i i — i — i — i — i — i — i — i — i — i — i — i — i — i — i
' ' 12 13 14 15 16 19 20 21 22 23 27 28 29 !0 1 4 5 6 9
0 .
DflTE
-------
FIGURE 6
SPOKANE CARBON MONOXIDE STUDY
CORRIDOR SITES
SECOND HALF OF STUDY
SAMPLED WEEKDAYS FROM 1/13/89 - 2/24/89
(Nominally Reflects 23 sites)
DAILY COMPOSITE OF CO CONCENTRATIONS
MEASURED AT ALL CORRIDOR SITES DURING
AN 8-HR PERIOD (11:00 A.M. TO 7:00 P.M.)
•OK HOT UOf NO
NO. OF VALUES AT
OR ABOVE 9.5 PPM
MAXIMUM
1NO M44N
tTH etau
mo OUAKTIU
MCOIAN
MCAM
_ IIT etau
_ MINIMUM
8-HOUR NAAOS
(9.5 PPM)
HAMILTON SITE
DATA
15.
10.
CO
ppm
5.
0.
-i—i—i—i—i—i—i—i—i—i—i i i i i i—i—i—i—i—i—i—i—i—r
17 ! , 19 j0 23 24 25 26 27 30 31 1 « ^ 8 9 10 13 14 IS 16 17 21 22 23
JANUARY
FEBRUARY
DRTE
-------
FIGURE 7
SPOKANE CARBON MONOXIDE STUDY
CENTRAL BUSINESS DISTRICT SITES
FIRST HALF OF STUDY
SAMPLED WEEKDAYS FROM 12/5/88 - 1/13/89
(Nominally Reflects 13 sites)
DAILY COMPOSITE OF CO CONCENTRATIONS
MEASURED AT ALL CBD SITES DURING
AN 8-HR PERIOD (11:00 A.M. TO 7:00 P.M.)
IOX PIOT UfliNO
NO. OF VALUES AT
OR ABOVE 9.5 PPM
8-HOUR NAAQS
(9.5 PPM)
^ POST OFFICE SITE
DATA
1 5.
0 .
CO
p p m
5
~~1 I I I I I I I I 1 I T
5 6 7 9 9 12 13 14 15 16 19 20 21 22 23 27 28 29 30 3 < 5 6 9
DECEMBER JANUARY
10 11 12 13
DflTE
-------
FIGURE 8
SPOKANE CARBON MONOXIDE STUDY
CENTRAL BUSINESS DISTRICT SITES
SECOND HALF OF STUDY
SAMPLED WEEKDAYS FROM 1/13/89 - 2/24/89
(Nominally Reflects 13 sites)
DAILY COMPOSITE OF CO CONCENTRATIONS
MEASURED AT ALL CBD SITES DURING
AN 8-BH PERIOD (11:00 A.M. TO 7:00 P.M.)
•OX PUT U01HO
NO. OF VALUES AT
OR ABOVE 9.5 PPH
_UT oiaif
^MINIMUM
8-HOUR NAAOS
(9.5 PPM)
.POST OFFICE SITE
DATA
15.
10.
CO
ppm
S.
0.
17 IS 19 20 21 24 2S 26 27 30 31 1 6 ^ 8 9 10 13 14 IS 16 17 21 22 23 24
JANUARY FEBRUARY
DflTE
-------
TABLE 7
DAILY CO SUMMARY STATISTICS FOR THE CORRIDOR NETWORK
(DOES NOT INCLUDE DATA FROM THE PERMANENT SITES)
Day
12/5
6
7
8
9
12
13
14
15
16
19
20
21
22
23
27
28
29
30
1/3
4
5
6
9
10
11
12
13
17
18
19
20
23
24
25
26
27
30
31
2/1
6
7
8
9
10
13
14
15
16
17
21
22
23
M
0
6
12
8
8
5
8
5
8
11
11
6
8
8
9
7
8
8
7
7
6
7
5
6
6
5
6
7
6
7
4
6
7
5
6
7
8
7
4
2
5
7
8
11
8
7
8
3
8
4
8
8
6
ax
bs
.5
.0
.0
.5
.0
.2
.3
.2
.4
.0
.8
.3
.8
.0
.5
.8
.6
.1
.9
.3
.4
.5
.5
.6
.8
.7
.5
.9
.5
.9
.5
.1
.7
.0
.3
.8
.6
.2
.8
.8
.4
.5
.6
.9
.5
.6
.4
.2
.9
.0
.9
.6
2nd
Higt
6.2
9.2
4.7
7.9
4.9
6.8
4.0
8.0
11.0
8.5
4.9
8.0
6.0
7.3
6.5
8.1
5.5
6.8
7.6
6.0
6.7
5.0
6.4
5.0
5.5
6.6
6.6
4.2
5.5
4.0
6.1
7.0
5.5
5.5
6.7
7.2
5.7
3.9
2.4
5.3
6.8
8.4
9.8
7.8
6.5
7.8
8.2
5.6
4.6
7.2
8.3
6.5
i 9
6.
12.
8.
8.
5.
8.
5.
8.
11.
11.
6.
8.
8.
9.
7.
8.
8.
7.
7.
6.
7.
5.
6.
6.
5.
6.
7.
6.
7.
4.
6.
7.
5.
6.
7.
8.
7.
4.
2.
5.
7.
8.
11.
8.
7.
8.
8.
8.
4.
8.
8.
6.
9
5
0
0
5
0
2
3
2
4
0
8
3
8
0
5
8
6
1
9
3
4
5
5
6
8
7
5
9
5
9
5
1
7
0
3
8
6
2
8
a
4
5
6
9
5
6
4
2
9
0
9
6
6
9
4
7
4
6
4
8
11
8
4
8
6
7
6
8
5
6
7
6
6
5
6
5
5
6
6
4
5
4
6
7
5
5
6
7
5
3
2
5
6
8
9
7
6
7
8
5
4
7
8
ft
95
.2
.2
.7
.9
.9
.8
.0
.0
.0
.5
.9
.0
.0
.3
.5
.1
.5
.8
.6
.0
.7
.0
.4
.0
.5
.6
.6
.2
.5
.0
.1
.0
.5
.5
.7
.2
.7
.9
.4
.3
.8
.4
.8
.8
.5
.8
.2
.6
.0
.2
.3
.5
Perc
90
5.7
6.8
4.6
7.2
4.9
6.5
3.9
7.5
10.5
8.3
4.9
7.7
5.8
6.3
6.3
5.8
4.5
6.6
6.4
5.9
6.3
4.1
5.6
4.8
5.2
6.0
6.4
4.0
4.1
3.4
5.4
6.9
5.0
5.4
6.1
5.6
5.3
3.6
2.4
5.0
6.7
8.0
8.9
7.2
5.9
7.7
C.6
5.3
4.1
6.f,
8.1
6.4
: en
7
5.
4.
4.
5.
4.
4.
3.
6.
10.
7.
4.
5.
5.
5.
4.
5.
4.
5.
4.
3.
5.
3.
4.
4.
4.
4.
4.
3.
3.
2.
4.
6.
4.
4.
5.
5.
5.
3.
1.
4.
5.
6.
7.
6.
5.
5.
5.
4.
3.
5.
5.
5.
,ti
5
1
5
1
3.
7
0
5
1
3
3
1
6
3
0
6
0
0
1
2
8
1
8
2
0
1
6
0
2
3
9
9
0
2
1
1
0
0
1
6
4
6
0
7
0
2
7
6
7
5
6
0
1
les
50
4.7
3.8
3.3
4.4
4.1
3.5
2.7
5.0
7.0
6.5
3.2
4.6
4.3
4.3
4.1
4.1
3.7
3.8
3.3
3.0
4.1
3.5
3.7
3.6
3.5
4.0
3.5
2.8
2.9
2.6
4.5
5.3
3.8
3.7
3.8
3.7
3.7
2.0
1.5
3.9
4.6
5.5
6.2
5.4
4.0
5.3
4.7
3.7
3.2
5.1
4.3
4.5
3
3
2
3
3
2
2
•1
f>
5
2
3
3
3
3
3
2
3
2
2
3
3
2
3
2
3
2
1
2
1
3
•1
3
2
2
3
3
1
1
2
3
i
5
J
3
1
3
'.
2
1
i
i
25
.9
.6
.7
.2
.6
.2
.1
.5
.0
.5
.8
.8
.5
.0
.6
.4
.8
.3
.4
.4
.8
.1
.8
.4
.8
.1
.9
.9
.4
.9
.5
.3
.2
.6
.5
.1
.0
.5
.3
.9
.6
.8
.6
.9
.4
.9
.3
.6
.2
.3
.7
.8
10
3.4
2.6
2.4
2.7
3.2
1.6
1.8
4.1
5.5
5.0
2.0
3.0
3.0
2.1
2.9
2.5
2.0
2.5
1.9
1.9
2.1
2.1
2.1
3.0
2.5
2.4
2.4
1.2
1.6
1.7
2.6
3.8
2.0
2.2
2.0
2.0
2.1
1.4
1.0
2.3
2.7
4.0
3.9
3.6
2.3
3.4
2.8
1.7
1.4
3.8
2.9
3.3
Min
Obs
2.9
1.8
2.2
1.1
2.5
1.2
1.7
4.0
5.3
4.7
1.8
3.0
2.3
1.4
2.3
2.4
1.9
2.1
1.9
1.6
2.0
1.9
1.6
2.6
2.4
2.2
1.0
1.2
1.5
1.4
2.4
3.6
1.8
2.1
1.9
1.3
2.0
1.4
0.9
2.2
1.6
3.9
3.4
3.0
2.0
3.0
2.2
1.5
1.1
3.6
2.7
3.2
Rnge
3.6
10.2
5.8
7.4
2.5
7.0
3. ft
4.2
6.1
6.3
5.0
5.3
6.5
7.6
5.2
6.4
6.7
5.0
6.0
4.7
5.4
3.6
4.9
4.0
3.4
4.5
6.5
5.7
6.0
3.5
4.1
3.5
3.9
3.9
5.4
7.5
5.6
2.8
1.9
3.6
5.8
4.6
8.2
5.9
5.5
5.6
6.2
6.7
3.8
4.4
ft. 2
3.4
Arit
Mean
4.6
4.4
3.5
4.6
4.0
3.5
2.8
5.5
7.7
6.7
3.5
5.1
4.5
4.3
4.3
4.3
3.6
4.2
3.8
3.4
4.3
3.4
3.7
3.8
3.6
4.1
3.8
2.8
3.1
2.6
4.2
5.3
3.7
3.7
3.9
4.1
4.0
2.3
1.5
3.7
4.6
5.8
6.6
5.3
4.3
5.4
4.7
3.8
3.0
5.2
4.8
4.6
Geom
Mean
4.5
4.0
3.4
4.3
4.0
3.1
2.7
5.3
7.4
6.6
3.3
4.8
4.3
3.9
4.1
4.1
3.3
4.0
3.4
3.1
4.1
3.3
3.5
3.8
3.5
3.9
3.5
2.5
2.9
2.5
4.1
5.2
3.6
3.5
3.6
3.8
3.8
2.1
1.5
3.6
4.4
5.6
6.3
5.1
4.1
5.3
4.4
3.5
2.8
5.1
4.5
4.5
Stan
Dev
0.9
2.2
1.2
1.7
0.6
1.8
0.9
1.2
2.0
1.5
1.1
1.6
1.3
1.7
1.2
1.5
1.4
1.4
1.7
1.4
1.3
0.8
1.3
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.5
1.2
1.2
0.8
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.1
1.6
1.6
1.3
0.9
0.5
1.0
1.4
1.4
1.9
1.4
1.4
1.3
1.6
1.5
1.0
1.0
1.7
1.0
Vali
Obs
20.
22.
22.
22.
22.
21.
22.
22.
22.
22.
22.
22.
22.
23.
23.
23.
23.
23.
23.
23.
22.
23.
21.
23.
24.
24.
24.
23.
24.
24.
24.
24.
24.
24.
24.
24.
24.
23 .
22.
19.
21.
23.
23.
23.
23.
22.
23.
21.
23.
23.
22.
23.
23.
Tot;
Obs
24.
24.
24.
24.
24.
24.
24.
24.
24.
24.
24.
24.
24.
24.
24.
24.
24.
24.
24.
24.
24.
24.
24.
24.
24.
24.
24.
24.
24.
24.
24.
24.
24.
24.
24.
24.
24.
24 .
24.
24.
24.
24.
24.
24.
24.
24.
24.
24.
24.
24.
24.
24.
24.
-------
TABLE 8
DAILY CO SUMMARY STATISTICS FOR THE CENTRAL BUSINESS DISTRICT NETWORK
(DOES NOT INCLUDE DATA FROM THE PERMANENT SITES)
Day
12/5
6
7
8
9
12
14
15
16
19
20
21
33
a
23
27
28
29
30
1/3
4
5
6
10
11
12
13
17
18
19
20
23
24
25
26
27
30
31
2/1
6
7
8
9
10
13
14
15
16
17
21
22
23
24
Max
Obs
5.5
3.8
4.6
5.0
7.5
6.0
5.8
10.5
7.3
5.1
7.6
6.8
6.1
6.0
6.2
6.6
7.1
7.1
10.0
7.0
7.4
5 A
. *1
5.0
6.6
7.2
4.6
5.6
4.8
6.9
6.6
6.0
7.7
8.3
6.9
5.9
1.6
6.0
8.2
13.6
10.8
7.9
7.2
5.9
8.6
5.9
3.8
4.9
6.2
6.2
6.8
2nd
High
5.3
3.8
4.6
5.0
5.8
5.5
4.6
7.0
6.3
4.3
5.1
5.4
5.2
4.4
5.6
5.8
5.0
4.7
5.9
5.0
5.0
4.0
6.5
6.2
3.8
5.0
4.2
6.6
6.6
5.6
6.6
6.0
5.9
3.8
1.5
6.0
7.0
6.7
6.6
7.2
5.8
5.9
6.4
3.9
2.9
4.4
5.2
6.2
6.6
99
5.5
3.8
4.6
5.0
7.5
6.0
5.8
10.5
7.3
5.1
7.6
6.8
6.1
6.0
6.2
6.6
7.1
7.1
10.0
7.0
7.4
5.8
6.6
7.2
4.6
5.6
4.8
6.9
6.6
6.0
7.7
8.3
6.9
5.9
1.6
6.0
8.2
13.6
10.8
7.9
7.2
5.9
8.6
5.9
3.8
4.9
6.2
6.2
6.8
95
5.3
3.8
4.6
5.0
5.8
5.5
4.6
7.0
6.3
4.3
5.1
5.4
5.2
4.4
5.6
6.6
5.0
4.7
5.9
5.0
5.0
4.0
6.5
6.2
3.8
5.0
4.2
6.6
6.6
5.6
6.6
6.0
5.9
3.8
1.6
6.0
7.0
6.7
6.6
7.2
5.8
5.9
6. -i
3.9
2.9
4.4
5.2
6.2
6.6
Perc
90
5.3
3.8
4.6
5.0
5.8
5.5
4.6
7.0
6.3
4.3
5.1
5.4
5.2
4.4
5.6
5.8
5.0
4.7
5.9
5.0
5.0
4.0
6.5
6.2
3.8
5.0
4.2
6.6
6.6
5.6
6.6
6.0
5.9
3.8
1.5
6.0
7.0
6.7
6.6
7.2
5.8
5.9
6.4
3.9
2.9
4.4
5.2
6.2
6.6
enti
75
4.6
3.5
4.4
4.8
5.5
4.9
4.2
6.3
5.6
3.9
4.4
4.4
4.9
4.0
4.2
5.5
3.8
3.2
5.0
3.1
4.0
3.3
4.1
4.7
2.5
3.5
3.9
5.6
4.2
4.2
5.0
3.9
5.5
2.5
1.5
4.4
6.0
5.9
6.0
6.1
4.4
5.4
4.9
2.9
2.2
4.0
4.5
3.5
4.4
les
50
4.2
3.0
3.2
4.5
5.2
4.0
4.1
5.6
4.8
3.1
3.4
3.6-
3.6
3.4
3.5
4.0
2.9
2.8
3.4
2.8
3.2
2.8
3.8
4.0
2.1
3.1
3.2
5.0
3.6
3.3
3.7
3.4
3.9
2.0
1.3
3.6
4.6
5.5
4.6
5.2
3.6
3.8
4.2
2.5
2.0
3.7
3.0
3.3
3.7
25
3.3
3.0
2.2
3.9
4.4
2.8
3.2
5.0
4.5
2.6
2.6
3.3
3.4
2.0
2.6
4.0
2.2
2.2
3.0
2.4
3.0
2.5
3.4
3.2
1.6
2.1
2.4
3.7
2.5
2.7
3.2
2.5
3.2
1.6
1.0
3.5
3.4
1.3
3.2
1.0
3.0
3.0
5.8
.2.4
1.6
3.0
.2.5
2.5
2.0
10
2.6
2.8
1.5
2.2
2.6
1.9
2.5
4.2
3.3
1.6
2.0
2.0
2.1
1.6
1.5
2.0
1.2
1.4
1.9
1.5
2.5
1.6
3.0
3.0
1.5
1.5
1.8
3.1
2.0
2.1
2.1
2.2
2.4
1.2
0.8
2.5
3.0
3.5
2.8
2.9
2.5
2.9
3.2
1.6
1.4
2.0
1.9
2.1
1.0
Min
Obs
2.6
2.8
1.5
2.2
2.6
1.9
2.5
4.2
3.3
1.6
2.0
2.0
2.1
1.6
1.5
2.0
1.2
1.4
1.9
1.5
2.5
1.6
3.0
3.0
1.5
1.5
1.8
3.1
2.0
2.1
2.1
2.2
2.4
1.2
0.8
2.5
3.0
3.5
2.8
2.9
2.5
2.9
3.2
1.6
1.4
2.0
1.9
2.1
1.0
Rnge
2.9
1.0
3.1
2.8
4.9
4.1
3.3
6.3
4.0
3.5
5.6
4.8
4.0
4.4
4.7
4.6
5.9
5.7
8.1
5.5
4.9
4.2
3.6
4.2
3.1
4.1
3.0
3.8
4.6
3.9
5.6
6.1
4.5
4.7
0.8
3.5
5.2
10.1
8.0
5.0
4.7
3.0
5.4
4.3
2.4
2.9
4.3
4.1
5.8
Arit
Mean
4.0
3.2
3.3
4.1
5.1
4.0
3.8
5.9
5.0
3.2
3.7
3.9
3Q
. y
3.9
3.4
3.6
4.4
3.2
3.1
4.2
3.2
3.8
3.0
4.1
4.3
2.3
3.1
3.2
4.9
3.9
3.7
4.4
3.9
4.2
2.5
1.2
4.1
5.0
5.9
4.9
5.2
4.0
4.3
4.8
2.9
2.1
3.5
3.6
3.5
3.6
Geom
Mean
4.0
3.2
3.1
4.0
4.9
3.8
3.8
5.7
4.9
3.1
3.5
3.7
30
. 0
3.8
3.2
3.3
4.3
2.9
2.8
3.8
3.0
3.6
2.8
4.0
4.1
2.2
2.9
3.1
4.7
3.6
3.5
4.1
3.6
4.1
2.2
1.2
4.0
4.8
5.5
4.6
5.1
3.8
4.1
4.6
2.7
2.0
3.4
3.4
3.3
3.2
Stan
Dev
0.8
0.4
1.0
0.9
1.1
1.2
Of
. b
0.8
1.5
1.0
0.9
1.4
1.2
I 1
L . L
1.0
1.2
1.3
1.2
1.5
"l.5
2.0
1.4
1.3
1.0
1.1
1.3
0.9
1.1
OQ
. y
0.8
1.1
1.4
1.1
1.6
1.6
1.3
1.3
Oq
> y
0.3
1.0
1.5
2.4
2.1
1.4
1.3
1.1
1.5
1.1
0.7
0.8
1.2
1.4
1.9
Val;
Obs
13.
13.
12.
13.
13.
13.
1 "3
1 J .
13.
13.
13.
13.
13.
13.
1 -a
J. j •
13.
12.
13.
10.
13.
13.
13.
13.
12.
.
13.
13.
13.
13.
13.
.
13.
13.
13.
13.
12.
12.
13.
12.
i j
L£ .
10.
13.
13.
13.
13.
13.
12.
13.
12.
12.
11.
12.
13.
13.
13.
L Tota
Obs
13.
13.
13.
13.
13.
13.
.
13.
13.
13.
13.
13.
13.
i -a
U *
13.
13.
13.
13.
13.
13.
13.
13.
13.
1 •}
,13 .
13.
13.
13.
13.
13.
1 \
iJ •
13.
13.
13.
13.
13.
13.
13.
13.
.
13.
13.
13.
13.
13.
13.
13.
13.
13.
13.
13.
13.
13.
13.
13.
-------
Range-of-Daily-Eight-Hour-Averages
The range of values reported from a study network during a particular
day can provide a valuable index of intersite variability. In addition, it
can grossly imply that portion of the daily maximum which could most
conservatively (over-predicting) be attributable to 'background' levels of CO.
For both networks, the largest daily range occurred on the day with the
highest recorded eight-hour value.
Corridor Network-
A. The daily range of eight-hour averages ranged from 1.9 ppm (2/1/89)
to 10.2 ppm (12/6/88) for the corridor network.
Central Business District-
A. The daily range of eight-hour averages ranged from 1.0 ppm (12/6/88)
to 10.1 ppm (2/8/89) for the CBD network.
Average-Daily-Network-Eight-Hour-Averages
This statistic illustrates the average CO levels occurring at the
maximum impact areas in Spokane on a daily basis.
Corridor Network-
A. The daily arithmetic mean ranged from 7.7 ppm (12/15/88) to 1.5
(2/1/89) for the corridor sites.
Central Business District-
A. The daily arithmetic mean ranged from 5.9 ppm (12/15/89 and 2/8/89)
to 1.2 ppm (2/1/89) for the CBD sites.
Sample Interval Comparison
The selected eight-hour sampling interval (11:00 a.m. to 7:00 p.m.)
generally represented the eight-hour period with the highest CO level on a
daily basis. However, on several days, the Hamilton monitor recorded the
daily maximum eight-hour values during later intervals (i.e. ending hour 8:00
P.M. to 12:00 midnight). In fact, the highest values recorded at the Hamilton
site during study period occurred over later eight-hour periods. For example,
the highest eight-hour value recorded at the Hamilton site during the study
period was 14.3 ppm, which occurred during the interval from 2:00 p.m. to
10:00 p.m.
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Hamilton Sub-Netvork
CO levels recorded at the study sites in the vicinity of the permanent
Hamilton site are displayed on the following bar-graphs. The nine days
displayed reflect days which at least one site in the sub-network exceeded
the level of the standard.
As depicted in the bar-graphs, on four days (12/6, 12/8, 12/16, 2/9) a
number of the study sites were higher than the Hamilton site. Conversely, on
four other days (12/5, 12/9, 12/10, 12/12) the Hamilton site was higher than
any of the study sites. The bar-graph for December 15, the day with the most
number of exceedances, shows that CO levels were above the standard at a
number of locations in the area.
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CO STUDY SITES NEAR HAMILTON SITE
12/5/88
(PPM)
SHE?
HAMILTON SITE
SITE 6
-------
CO STUDY SITES NEAR HAMILTON SITE
12/6/88
(PPM)
HAMILTON SITE
SITE 6
-------
CO STUDY SITES NEAR HAMILTON SITE
12/8/88
(PPM)
HAMILTON SITE
SITE 6
-------
\\
CO STUDY SITES NEAR HAMILTON SITE
12/9/88
(PPM)
HAMILTON SITE
SITE 6
-------
CO STUDY SITES NEAR HAMILTON SITE
12/10/89
(PPM)
HAMILTON SITE
SITE 6
-------
CO STUDY SITES NEAR HAMILTON SITE
12/12/88
(PPM)
HAMILTON SITE
SITE 6
-------
CO STUDY SITES NEAR HAMILTON SITE
12/15/88
(PPM)
HAMILTON SITE
SITE 6
-------
CO STUDY SITES NEAR HAMILTON SITE
12/16/88
(PPM)
SHE?
HAMILTON SITE
SITE 6
-------
CO STUDY SITES NEAR HAMILTON SITE
2/9/88
(PPM)
HAMILTON SITE
SITE 6
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QUALITY ASSURANCE
As referenced previously, a quality assurance (QA) project plan was
developed and ordered to the study. Although the study data resulted in
sufficient precision and accuracy to have achieved the study objectives, the
degree of uncertainty (+/- 2.0 ppm) associated with the data is greater than
what is normally attained with this type of study. The following is a brief
synopsis of the precision and accuracy of the study data.
Sampling Precision
Two pairs of integrated samplers were collocated (within 2 meters) to
quantify the extent of variability (precision) associated with the sampling
method. The precision results for this study had a large degree of
variability. The average absolute difference between the collocated samplers
at site 33 was 0.5 ppm. The absolute difference was greater than 2.0 ppm on 2
of the 52 sample pairs (absolute dif. of 2.6 and 3.6 ppm). The average
absolute difference between the samplers at site 2 was 0.7 ppm. The absolute
difference was greater than 2.0 ppm on 2 of the 53 sample pairs (absolute dif.
of 3.2 and 5.5 ppm).
Thorough review of the sampling documentation (% of bag filled, bag
leaks, pump rates, ect.) did not reveal an explanation for any of the
significant differences.
Sampling Accuracy
Two integrated bag samplers were collocated with the continuous
analyzers (site 10 and 'DFE'; site 16 and 'DAR'). While in a strict technical
sense this was not a true audit of sampler accuracy (since an absolute
standard was not directly employed) it was assumed that the data from the
continuous analyzer were of sufficiently higher quality that they were
considered a "quasi" audit source. This also provided a measure of method
comparability. Because of logistical problems, a bag sampler could not be
collocated with the permanent Hamilton site.
The average absolute difference between the data from the bag sampler
and the continuous analyzer at the Dairy Freeze site ('DFE') was 0.7 ppm. On
average the analyzer data was 19.8% higher than the bag sampler data. The
absolute difference between the methods was larger than 2.0 ppm for 10 of the
38 sample pairs (up to 4.1 ppm difference). On 8 of the 10 days with a
discrepancy greater than 2.0 ppm, the analyzer was higher than the bag
sampler.
The average absolute difference between the data from the bag sampler
and the analyzer at the Darl Apts. site ('DAR') was 0.6 ppm. On average the
analyzer was 19.4% higher than the bag sampler. The absolute difference
between the methods was larger than 2.0 ppm for 2 of the 28 sample pairs (up
to 6.3 ppm difference). On both of the days with a discrepancy greater than
2.0 ppm, the sampler was higher than the analyzer.
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Analytical Precision
The Dasibi 3003 CO analyzer used for analysis of bag samples was
challenged before and after each analysis session with precision and or span
atmospheres traceable to the National Bureau of Standards (NBS). Control
limits of +/- 0.5 ppm, as indicated in the project QA plan, were upheld to
control instrument drift and ensure a high degree of analytical precision.
Analytical Accuracy
The Dasibi CO analyzer was audited once with test atmospheres traceable
to NBS to evaluate its response to known an absolute concentrations of CO.
The analyzers performance during the audit was in conformance with the
criteria outlined in the project QA plan.
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CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
The major conclusions and recommendations arising from this study are as
follows:
1) Twelve of the thirty six study sites exceeded the level of the CO NAAQS
over the study period. Of the four permanent CO monitors in Spokane, only the
Hamilton site exceeded the CO NAAQS during the study. Exceedance level CO
concentrations were primarily recorded near heavily travelled roadways,
including Hamilton street, Division street, and 3rd Avenue.
2) The permanent Hamilton monitor recorded more CO exceedances than any of
the study sites. On a daily basis, the permanent Hamilton site was most
frequently the highest site relative to all the study sites. However, on
over half of the study days, at least one of the study sites recorded higher
CO levels than those reported at the Hamilton site.
3) The Dairy Freeze temporary continuous analyzer (located directly across
the street from the Hamilton monitor) and the Hamilton monitor, recorded CO
levels that were of similar magnitude. While there was substantial
variability between the two sites on a daily basis, the highest CO levels
recorded at each of the sites over the study period were essentially
equivalent. The maximum and 2nd maximum 8-hour CO values recorded at the
Dairy Freeze site were slightly higher than those recorded at the Hamilton
site, but the Hamilton site recorded a larger number of values above the CO
NAAQS.
4) The study data indicate the permanent Hamilton site adequately represents
areas of maximum impact in Spokane. While the Hamilton site appears to
represent the area that exceeds the CO NAAQS with the greatest frequency, it
also represents a large array of CO problem areas located throughout the
Spokane Corridor grid. Thus, the Hamilton site is not an isolated 'hot-spot'
CO problem area. For example, the Hamilton site recorded the highest value on
only five of the ten days an exceedance was recorded from among all the study
sites. Finally, the Hamilton-Dairy Freeze comparison shows that the permanent
Hamilton monitor adequately characterizes CO impacts throughout the air parcel
near the Hamilton-Sharp intersection on a season-long basis.
5) The permanent Liquor store and Post Office sites adequately represent the
magnitude and frequency of maximum impacts occurring in the core central
business district area. However, the study data indicate the maximum CO
levels along 3rd Avenue, which is on the periphery of downtown, are
significantly higher than those in downtown proper.
6) It is recommended that new permanent sites be established near 3rd Avenue
and along Division street. The purpose of these sites will be to measure •
maximum CO levels and establish definitive comparisons to the Hamilton site.
No additional changes to the permanent network are recommended at this time.
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7) Because a number of technical problems were encountered, the study data
have a significant degree of associated uncertainty. The study data are
generally considered to be accurate within +/- 2.0 ppm. While this level of
uncertainty exceeds that typically associated with studies of this kind, the
foregoing conclusions and recommendations are advanced with a high degree of
technical confidence.
8) The vast proportion (85-90%) of the CO measured at street-side locations
is believed to be attributable to automotive emissions. However, measurement
of the highest CO levels during later eight-hour intervals suggests the
possibility of a higher quotient of contribution from residential wood
combustion emissions. It is plausible, however, that more stagnant conditions
exist later in the evening reducing the dispersion of automotive emissions.
These potential scenarios should be further investigated.
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