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U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
OFFICE OF ENFORCEMENT
OFFICE OF GENERAL ENFORCEMENT
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20460
-------
EPA-340/1 -77-016a
SURVEY OF TECHNIQUES
FOR MONITORING SEWAGE SLUDGE
CHARGED TO MUNICIPAL
SLUDGE INCINERATORS
by
PEDCo Environmental, Inc.
11499 Chester Road
Cincinnati, Ohio 25246
Contract No. 68-02-1375
Task Order No. 31
EPA Project Officer: Kirk Foster
Division of Stationary Source Enforcement
Prepared for
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Division of Stationary Source Enforcement
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
June 1977
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DISCLAIMER
This report was furnished to the Environmental Protection Agency by
PEDCo Environmental, Inc., Cincinnati, Ohio, in fulfillment of Contract
No. 68-02-1375, Task Order No. 31. The contents of this report are
reproduced herein as received from the contractor. The opinions,
findings, and conclusions expressed are those of the author and not
necessarily those of the Environmental Protection Agency.
ii
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The direction and assistance provided by Mr. Kirk Foster, EPA
Project Officer - Division of Stationary Source Enforcement, is grate-
fully acknowledged.
Direction of this project for PEDCo Environmental, Inc., Cincinnati,
Ohio, was provided by Mr. George A. Jutze; Mr. Charles J. Sawyer served
as project manager; and Mr. Vijay Patel was principal investigator.
NOTICE
The mention of trade names or commercial products in this publica-
tion is for illustration purposes and does not constitute endorsement or
recommendation for use by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
iii
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
1.0 INTRODUCTION 1-1
2.0 SCOPE OF THE SURVEY 2-1
3.0 NEW SOURCE PERFORMANCE STANDARDS FOR SEWAGE TREATMENT 3-1
PLANTS
3.1 Interpretation of NSPS Section 60.153 for Durham 3-1
Facility
4.0 SURVEY OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANTS 4-1
4.1 Results and Recommendations 4-3
5.0 TYPICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT EQUIPMENT 5-1
5.1 Solids/Liquid Separators 5-1
5.2 Conveyors 5-2
5.3 Incinerators 5-4
5.4 Sludge Feed Monitoring Devices and Techniques . 5-8
5.5 Operational Benefits of Installing Feed Monitoring 5-22
Devices
6.0 REFERENCES 6-1
APPENDIX A NEW SOURCE PERFORMANCE STANDARDS FOR SEWAGE A-l
TREATMENT PLANTS
APPENDIX B MANUFACTURERS OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT B-l
EQUIPMENT
APPENDIX C SUMMARY QUESTIONNAIRES FOR WASTEWATER TREATMENT C-l
PLANT SURVEY
IV
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LIST OF FIGURES
No-. Page
1 Flowsheet Representation of Sludge Generation and 3-3
Incineration at the Durham Wastewater Treatment Plant
2 Distribution of Wastewater Treatment Plants Surveyed 4-2
3 Schematic Representation of Belt-Type and Enclosed 5-3
Screw-Type Sludge Conveyors
4 Schematic Representation of a Multihearth Sludge 5-6
Incinerator Unit
5 Schematic Representation of a Fluidized-Bed Sludge 5-7
Incinerator Unit
6 Sensing Elements for Weightometer Belt Scale Operation 5-11
7 Schematic Representation of a Vibrametric Weigh-Belt 5-12
Feeder
8 Schematic Representation of Digital Readout Weigh-Belt 5-13
Feeder
9 C-Frame Nuclear Weigh-Scale Application for Monitoring 5-15
Sludge Fed to an Incinerator by a Belt Conveyor System
10 Flowsheet Representation of Nuclear Density Gauge and 5-17
Magnetic Flowmeter Device on Sludge Slurry Inlet to a
Dewatering Centrifuge
11 Open-Throat Moyno Pump for Feeding Sludge Cake to an 5-18
Incinerator System
12 Summary Analysis Sheet for Analytical Determination of 5-20
- Siream(s) Solids Content for Material Balance Around a
Centrifuge
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LIST OF TABLES
No'; Page
1 Breakout of Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants Surveyed 4-1
2 Summary Results of Wastewater Treatment Plant Survey 4-4
3 Summary of Wastewater Treatment Plants Not Having Sludge- 4-6
Monitoring Feed Devices
4 Pertinent Information Summary on Municipal Sludge Incin- 5-5
erators Surveyed
5 Pertinent Information Summary for Various Types of Sludge- 5-9
Feed-Rate Monitoring Equipment
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1.0 INTRODUCTION
As the quality of wastewater treatment has improved, sludge han-
dling and disposal have become a greater problem. Section 301 of the
Federal Water Pollution Control Act of 1972 establishes effluent limita-
tions for both publicly owned and nonpublicly owned wastewater treatment
plant discharges. As more and more municipalities upgrade their waste-
water facilities in order to comply with the Clean Water Act require-
ments, the quantity of municipal sludge generated continues to increase.
Incineration is rapidly becoming an important means of disposal for
these increasing amounts of sludge.
By 1985 it is estimated that nearly 6.7 million tons of dry sludge
will be generated annually by municipal wastewater treatment facilities
(Ref. 1). Of this amount, approximately 2.3 million tons will be in-
cinerated (Ref. 1). Multiple-hearth and fluid-bed incinerators are
typical types used to combust municipal sludges. An advantage of in-
cineration is that it destroys the organic matter present in sludge,
leaving only an odorless, sterile ash, while reducing the solid mass
input by about 90 percent. The principal disadvantages are that sludge
incineration can be a significant source of fine particulate emissions
if the units are not equipped with suitable control devices, and residual
ash must be disposed of in an environmentally safe manner.
The Environmental Protection Agency has promulgated New Source
Performance Standards (NSPS) for new or modified sewage sludge incin-
erators. Section 60.153 of the NSPS requires the owner or operator of
any sludge incinerator to install and operate flow measuring devices
that will determine the amount of sludge charged to the incinerator and
to provide access to the sludge stream for collecting representative
grab samples (Ref. 2). These devices are intended to facilitate the
1-1
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determination of participate emission rates during incinerator com-
pliance test runs. A more detailed discussion of NSPS requirements is
delineated in Section 3.0 of this report.
During the review of an operating permit application for a new
municipal sewage sludge incinerator recently constructed in Washington
County, Oregon, the Oregon Department of Environmental Quality (DEQ),
whTch has been delegated responsibility for enforcing Federal NSPS,
noticed that provisions for monitoring the sludge charged to the furnace
had not been included in the plant design. An operating permit cannot
be issued until the multihearth unit is retrofitted to comply with NSPS
requirements. The incinerator is part of the Federally funded Durham,
Oregon, Advanced Wastewater Treatment Facilities expansion designed by
Stevens, Thompson, and Runyan, Inc., to serve residents in this Portland,
Oregon, suburb.
PEDCo Environmental, Inc., was contracted by the Oregon DEQ through
EPA Region X to determine and recommend retrofit requirements necessary
for the Durham incinerator to comply with NSPS; specific recommendations
*
and estimated equipment costs are summarized in a separate report. In
conjunction with the retrofit study, PEDCo Environmental was also con-
tracted by the EPA Division of Stationary Source Enforcement to perform
a survey of other municipal incinerators in several EPA regions to
determine what is being done at these installations to conform with NSPS
requirements. The intent of the survey is to develop technical and cost
information on sludge monitoring systems meeting NSPS requirements for
use as a data base to guide regional offices and state agencies in their
consideration in reviewing the adequacy of facility designs and stipulat-
ing installation of such devices where provisions for acceptable monitor-
ing devices are inadequate. This report summarizes the results of that
survey.
Retrofit Recommendations for the Durham, Oregon Incinerator(s) Required
for NSPS Compliance. Contract Report No. 68-02-1375, Task No. 31.
Environmental Protection Agency. Research Triangle Park, North
Carolina. June 1977.
1-2
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2.0 SCOPE OF THE SURVEY
PEDCo Environmental completed the following tasks as part of its
survey:
1. Visited several municipal sludge incinerators either recently
completed or under construction after the effective date of
NSPS. On-site inspections were made of techniques, controls,
and equipment utilized to monitor incinerator sludge feed
rates in compliance with NSPS. Engineering drawings, manu-
facturers' specifications, and plant layouts were reviewed to
determine the guidelines used for incinerator design.
2. Contacted various manufacturers of incinerators, solids/liquid
separators, conveyors, and weigh-scale devices for information
regarding alternatives for monitoring sludge.
3. Compiled capital cost estimates for various sludge monitoring
alternatives.
4. Prepared a summary report based on the completion of the above
tasks.
The tasks which PEDCo Environmental completed specific to the
Durham incinerator are listed below, but are summarized in a separate
report (see footnote on p. 1-2):
1. Conducted a detailed, in-depth review of engineering drawings,
overall site layouts, and equipment specifications for the
unique Durham incinerator operation and its associated network
of screw-conveyor-feed systems.
2. Visited the Durham site to review the layout and construction
of the incinerators.
3. Compiled a list of alternative recommendations and capital
cost estimates for flow-monitoring and grab-sampling the four
individual feedstreams to the Durham incinerator.
4. Completed a summary report for the Oregon DEQ describing the
results of the above three tasks to provide technical assist-
ance in establishing retrofit requirements for NSPS compliance
before a permit to operate is granted.
2-1
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3.0 NEW SOURCE PERFORMANCE STANDARDS FOR
SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANTS
Federal New Source Performance Standards for sewage treatment
plants were promulgated by the EPA on March 8, 1974. These regulations
(39 FR 47) were amended into the General Provisions for New Source
Performance Standards (40 CFR 60) and apply to any sewage sludge incin-
erator whose construction or modification began after June 11, 1973.
Appendix A delineates fully the NSPS requirements pertinent to sewage
sludge incinerators.
Subpart 0 of the NSPS for sewage treatment plant sludge incinera-
tion outlines guideline provisions for:
0 Standards for particulate matter (Section 60.152)
0 Monitoring of operation (Section 60.153)
0 Test methods and procedures (Section 60.154)
In particular, Section 60.153 deals with the requirements of monitoring
and sampling sludge feed to an incinerator. This section states that:
(a) The owner or operator of any sludge incinerator subject to the
provisions of this subpart shall:
1. Install, calibrate, maintain, and operate a flow mea-
suring device which can be used to determine either the
mass or volume of sludge charged to the incinerator. The
flow measuring device shall have an accuracy of +5
percent over its operating range.
2. Provide access to the sludge charged so that a well-mixed
representative grab sample of the sludge can be obtained.
.-
3.1 INTERPRETATION OF NSPS SECTION 60.153 FOR DURHAM FACILITY
The Durham facility includes two multihearth sludge incinerators
manufactured by the Nichols Company. One is being set up as a lime
3-1
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sludge incinerator for the recovery or recalcination of spent lime used
in a tertiary wastewater treatment process for phosphate removal. The
other will be used to dispose of the following feedstreams that feed the
unit at four different points:
0 Organic sludge centrifuge cake
0 Waste lime sludge (lime not fit for recalcining)
0 Scum (and oil)
Grit
Figure 1 is a flowsheet representation of the generation and subsequent
incineration of various sludges at the Durham facility.
The two incinerator units are nearly identical, with a series of
interconnecting screw conveyors between them to permit lime recalcina-
tion or sludge disposal in either or both furnaces if circumstances
require. Because of the complexity of the Durham design, it is dif-
ficult to discern what constitutes an acceptable monitoring program for
four different feedstreams. The EPA Project Officer reviewed the
applicability of Section 60.153 (NSPS) to the Durham facility with EPA's
Compliance Monitoring Branch (Division'of Stationary Source Enforce-
ment). The following summarizes the pertinent aspects covered (Ref. 3):
1. NSPS covers grit, scum, and waste lime sludge burned in the
incinerator along with the sewage sludge cake; provisions must
be made for monitoring and sampling individually each input to
the furnace.
2. Incinerators used solely for lime recalcination are not
covered under NSPS; however, nonrecoverable waste lime sludge
disposed of in a sewage sludge incinerator is covered.
3. The purpose of the monitoring device is to measure sludge
input to the incinerator during a compliance test run.
Installation of a continuous monitoring device is not required,
nor is continuous recordkeeping or continuous recording of the
measurement data required.
With the above interpretations regarding the Durham facility, we
directed our survey towards discerning the complexity of other municipal
sludge incinerator designs, and learning how each was operating (or not
operating) to conform with Section 60.153 of NSPS.
3-2
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nun KTtwtn
SIUOM
Figure 1. Flowsheet representation of sludge generation and incineration at the
Durham Wastewater Treatment Plant.
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4.0 SURVEY OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANTS
An extensive survey of 21 wastewater treatment facilities encom-
passing six U.S. EPA regions and one province in Canada was conducted.
A breakout of the plants surveyed is shown in Table 1, and Figure 2
shows distribution of the plants.
Table 1. BREAKOUT OF MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER
TREATMENT PLANTS SURVEYED
EPA Region
III
IV
V
VII
IX
X
Canada
Chilliwack,
British Columbia
Number of
facilities surveyed
3
6
5
2
1
3a
lb
This breakout does not include the Durham WTP in
Washington County, Oregon.
Surveyed because of its unique capability of feed
control and monitoring sludge cake to a multihearth
incinerator using a Moyno pump.
4-1
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lLIi,
Figure 2. Distribution of wastewater treatment plants surveyed.
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The plants surveyed represent candidates from several EPA regions
and provide a sectional appraisal of conformance with NSPS requirements.
At the onset of the project, some incinerators were included because of
their proximity to PEDCo offices and because previous contacts had been
established. Information from EPA Regional Office Enforcement Division
personnel, recommendations from equipment manufacturers, and previous
associations proved useful for generating a list of potential candi-
dates.
Plant personnel from the respective sewerage agencies were con-
tacted to arrange for mutually acceptable times for a visit. Enforce-
ment division personnel from DSSE regional offices were notified of the
pending visits and given the option to participate. Usually the visits
produced a full sharing of information and access was readily given to
engineering drawings and specifications of the plant incinerator design
and operation. In only one instance did a sanitary engineering design
firm and their local sewerage agency client show reluctance to allow us
to extract technical data from the plant specifications or refer in any
detail to their engineering design materials.
4.1 RESULTS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
A summary of the pertinent information obtained for each of the
treatment facilities visited appears in Table 2; Appendix C contains
more detailed information for the individual plants.
Of the 21 wastewater treatment plants surveyed, 14 had some type of
sludge-monitoring device or technique. The weightometer belt scale was
the most commonly used monitoring device when a belt conveyor was
utilized to transport the sludge to the furnace (10 of 14 plants); a
nuclear weigh scale unit (C-Frame type) was used in two plants, a
vibrametric weigh-belt feeder in one plant, and a nuclear density meter
in one plant. A more detailed discussion of these devices and material-
balance techniques is summarized in Section 5.4. The wastewater plants
that have no sludge monitoring devices or control techniques are sum-
marized in Table 3.
4-3
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Table 2. SUMMARY RESULTS OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT SURVEY
Wisteweter
treatment plant
1. Klskl Valley WPCA
Appollo, Pennsylvania
t. Parkway STP
Laurel, Maryland
3. Lower Potomac WWTP
Lorton. Virginia
4. Snapflnger Creek WWTP
Decatur, Georgia
5. *.H. Claytorv WPCP
Atlanta, Georgia
6. Central WWTP
Nashville, Tennessee
7. Bromley WWTP
Bromley, Kentucky
8. Dry Creek WWTP
Constance,
Kentucky
9. Morris Fortnan WWTP
Louisville, Kentucky
10. Hill Creek WWTP
Cincinnati, Ohio
11. Muddy Creek WWTP
Cincinnati, Ohio
EPA
Region
III
III
HI
IV
IV
IV
IV
IV
IV
V
V
Incinerator
type
Mtlhearth
Fluid-bed
Multlhearth
Pultl hearth
Hultl hearth
Multl hearth
I»ult1 hearth
Multlhearth
Multl hearth
Multlhearth
Multlhearth
Conveyor
type
Belt conveyor
Enclosed pipe
Belt conveyor
Belt conveyor
Belt conveyor
Belt conveyor
Belt conveyor
Belt conveyor
that feeds a
screw conveyor
Belt conveyor
Belt conveyor
Belt conveyor
Sludge
feed monitoring
device
Welghtometer belt
scale
None
Welghtometer belt
scale
None
Welghtometer belt
scale
Nuclear weigh scale
{C-Frame type)
None
V1brametr1c welgh-
belt feeder
Nuclear weigh scale
(C-Frame type)
Welghtometer belt
scale
Welohtometer belt
scale
Representative
grab samples
taken
Yes; directly from
belt conveyor
Yes; from discharge
of Incinerator feed
pump
Yes; directly from
belt conveyor
Yes; directly from
belt conveyor
Yes; directly from
belt conveyor
Yes; directly, from
belt conveyor
Yes; directly from
belt conveyor
Yes; from feed hopper
to v1brametr1c welgh-
belt feeder
Yes; directly from
belt conveyor
Yes; directly from
belt conveyor
Yes; directly from
belt conveyor
Comments
Feed rate to Incinerator 1s
determined by a material balance
calculation around the centrifuge
Plant scheduled to be phased out
1n 1977
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Table 2 (continued). SUMMARY RESULTS OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT SURVEY
in
Uastewater
treatment plant
12. Little Miami WHIP
Cincinnati, Ohio
13. Hlddletown WUTP
Hlddletown, Ohio
14. Franklin Solid Waste
Recycling Plant
Franklin, Ohio
15. Big Blue River ,HWTP
Kansas City, Missouri
16. Mission-Main UWTP
Mission, Kansas
17. Palo Alto UQCP
Palo Alto, California
18. City of Vancouver
Westslde Plant
Vancouver, Washington
19. Cowlltz County WWTP
Longview, Washington
20. Point Woronzof WUTP
Anchorage, Alaska
21. Chill 1wack STP
ChilHwack, British
Columbia. Canada
EPA
Region
V
V
V
VII
VII
IX
X
X
X
Not
Appli-
cable
Incinerator
type
Pulti hearth
Mu Hi hearth
Fluid-bed
Kulti hearth
Multi hearth
Kultl hearth
Multi hearth
Multi hearth
Multihearth
Multi hearth
Conveyor
type
Belt conveyor
Belt conveyor
Screw conveyor
Belt conveyor
Belt conveyor
Screw con-
veyor
Belt conveyor
Belt conveyor
Belt conveyor
Enclosed pipe
Sludge
feed monitoring
device
Weigh tome ter belt
scale
Helghtometer belt
scale
None
Welghtometer belt
scale
Welghtometer belt
scale
Nuclear density
meter
Hone
Welghtometer belt
scale
None
None
Representative
grab samples
taken
Yesr directly from
belt conveyor
Yes; directly from
belt conveyor
Yes; fron> sludge
surge tank sample
valve
Yes; directly from
belt conveyor
Yes; directly from
belt conveyor
Yes; via a trap door
in the screw conveyor
housing
Yes; directly from
belt conveyor
Yes; directly from
belt conveyor
Yes; direct from
belt conveyor
Yes; trap door 1n
down chute feeding
centrifuge cake to
Moyno pumps
Comments
These units will be scrapped under
new expansion plans for the existing
facility. New design will utilize
belt conveyors feeding a system of
screw conveyors; a weightometer belt
scale will also be used
Feed rate 1s controlled by throt-
tling the pumping rate from the
surge tank
Actual feed rate to Incinerator 1i de-
termined by a material balance cal-
culation around the centrifuge
Feed rate to Incinerator 1s deter-
mined by a material balance calcu-
lation around the centrifuge.
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Table 3. SUMMARY OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANTS
NOT HAVING SLUDGE-MONITORING FEED DEVICES
Wastewater
treatment
plant
Comments
1 ...Parkway STP
Laurel, Maryland
2. Snapfinger Creek WTP
Decatur, Georgia
3. Bromley WWTP
Bromley, Kentucky
4. Franklin Solid Waste
Recycling Plant
Franklin, Ohio
5. City of Vancouver
Westside Plant
Vancouver,
Washington
6. Point Woronzof WWTP
Anchorage, Alaska
7. Chilliwack STPa
Chilliwack, British
Columbia (Canada)
Utilized a material balance cal-
culation around the centrifuge.
Should be no problem adding a
weightometer scale to satisfy
compliance requirements; grab
samples could easily be taken.
Plant to be phased out in 1977.
Should be no problem adding a
weightometer scale to satisfy
compliance requirements; grab
samples could easily be taken.
Utilized a material balance cal-
culation around the centrifuge.
Under Canadian legislation.
4-6
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On the basis of this survey, several conclusions can be drawn
regarding techniques for monitoring sewage sludge to municipal incinera-
tors:
0 In most designs NSPS compliance for municipal sludge incin-
erators is not a problem.
0 The Durham MTP incinerator with its four distinct feedstreams
and series of interconnecting screw conveyors is uniquely
complex.
0 Most incinerators have only one common feedpoint or inlet;
most commonly, grit is landfilled and scum is combined with
other sludges in an anaerobic digestion step prior to de-
watering.
0 None of the incinerators surveyed was combusting waste-lime
sludge.
0 When the solids/liquid separation was effected by a rotary (or
straight-line) vacuum filter, a belt conveyor was used to feed
the resultant sludge to the incinerator. For this type of
operation, a weightometer belt scale was normally used to
monitor sludge feed rates, and grab samples were easily taken.
0 When the solids/liquid separation was effected by a centri-
fuge, a screw conveyor was used to feed the resultant sludge
to the incinerator. The sludge feed to the incinerator was
usually monitored by coupling a magnetic-flowmeter and a
nuclear density meter on the inlet to the centrifuge and
subsequently performing a material-balance calculation around
the centrifuge. Grab samples were taken through trapdoors in
the screw conveyor housing at points near the incinerator feed
inlet.
0 Feed to fluid-bed incinerators is most often through an
enclosed pipe; feed rate monitoring and sludge sampling are
conducted either at a sludge surge tank or from a material-
balance calculation around a centrifuge if the plant has one.
0 In some instances, specially designed Moyno sludge pumps can
be controlled at fixed speeds to feed a sludge cake (25 to 45
percent solids) to a sludge incinerator.
0 Nuclear weigh scales (C-Frame type) are adaptable to belt and
screw conveyors to monitor sludge feed to incinerator units.
4-7 .
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Output from weightometer belt scales, magnetic-flowmeters,
nuclear density meters, nuclear weigh scales (C-Frame-type),
vibrametric weigh-belt feeders, or Moyno pumps can be dis-
played in digital (totalizer) or graphical form on the in-
cinerator control panels.
4-8
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5.0 TYPICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT EQUIPMENT
This section describes the types of wastewater treatment equipment
commonly utilized to separate, convey, and ultimately combust municipal
sewage sludge. The latter part deals with the various sludge monitoring
devices and techniques available, based on the 21 plant survey.
5.1 SOLIDS/LIQUID SEPARATORS
The most common types of solid/liquid separators used to dewater
wastewater sludge streams are rotary vacuum filters or centrifuges. Of
the 21 wastewater treatment plants surveyed, 17 used a rotary vacuum
filter (or similar vacuum filter, e.g. straight-line), and 4 used cen-.
trifuges. Appendix B-l summarizes some of the major manufacturers and
locations of rotary vacuum and centrifuge equipment suppliers.
Vacuum filtration, particularly rotary-type, is probably the most
widely used method of dewatering sludge (Ref. 4). Essentially, vacuum
filtration reduces the water content of sludge, whether raw, digested,
or elutriated, so that the proportion of solids increases from the 5 to
10 percent range to about 30 percent. The filtration process is con-
tinuous, with the solids being separated out on the surface of cylin-
drical (rotary) drum filters. These drums have surface areas of from 50
2
to more than 300 ft and are equipped with various types of filtering
media: cottons wool, nylon, dacron, other synthetics, coil springs, or
a wire-mesh fabric. As the drum rotates in a circular direction through
a vat of sludge, a vacuum pulls the sludge to the filter media. The
vacuum then pulls a liquid filtrate through the media and the sludge is
adsorbed onto the media, then scraped off the drum with a stationary
knife edge. As the sludge cake falls off the drum, it usually drops to
5-1
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a belt conveyor system feeding the incinerator. The filtrate is re-
turned to the plant for further treatment.
In recent years, solid-bowl continuous centrifuges have been used
with some success to dewater municipal wastewater treatment plant
sludges. Sludge feeds the solid-bowl centrifuge and separates into a
dense cake and a liquid, recyclable stream called the centrate. Typi-
cally, the solids content increases from 5 to 10 percent up to 15 to 40
percent, depending upon the sludge feed characteristics. The sludge
cake from the centrifuge exits through a chute that usually intersects
an enclosed screw conveyor feeding the incinerator; sometimes the sludge
cake is fed to a Moyno pump, where it is pumped through an enclosed pipe
to feed the incinerator. Centrifuges require less floorspace, have
lower initial capital costs, and are simple, clean, and inexpensive to
operate in contrast to rotary vacuum filters (Ref. 4). Disadvantages
are noise, vibrational effects, higher power costs, and the need for
disposal or recycle of the high suspended-solids centrate liquid.
5.2 CONVEYORS
Belt-type or screw-type conveyor systems are the most common ones
used to feed sludge cake to incinerators. Figure 3 shows a schematic
representation of these two types of conveyor systems. Of the 21 waste-
water treatment plants surveyed, 17 used belt conveyors, 2 used enclosed
screw conveyors, and 2 used an enclosed pipe through which the sludge
was transported using a Moyno pump system. Belt conveyors provide easy
access to take representative grab samples; the enclosed screw conveyors
or pipes must incorporate trapdoors to provide access for sludge sam-
pling. In most cases, belt conveyors are used in conjunction with
rotary vacuum filters. Appendix B-2 summarizes the major manufacturers
of belt-type and screw-type conveyors.
5-2
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ENCLOSED SCREW CONVEYOR
Figure 3. Schematic representation of belt-type and
enclosed screw-type sludge conveyors.
5-3
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5.3 INCINERATORS
Multihearth or fluid-bed incinerators are the most prevalent types
used to combust dewatered municipal sewage sludges. Table 4 summarizes
pertinent information on incinerator types, material incinerated, and
incinerator manufacturers for the 21 wastewater treatment plants sur-
veyed. Nineteen plants used multihearth incinerators; two used the
fluid-bed type. Appendix B-3 summarizes some of the major manufacturers
of multihearth and fluid-bed incinerators.
Traditionally, the multihearth sludge incinerator has been used
most often to combust dewatered sludge. Figure 4 shows a schematic
drawing of a multihearth sludge incinerator (Ref. 5). The unit operates
in a countercurrent manner; heated air and products of combustion pass
by sludge, which is continually raked to expose fresh surfaces, as it
falls from the top hearth downward (See arrows on right side of Figure 4
for sludge pathway). Temperatures in the multihearth furnace (about
1400 to 1600°F) are highest in the middle hearths, where the sludge is
actually combusted and auxiliary fuel is added to warm the furnace or to
sustain combustion. At the top hearths, moisture is evaporated from the
input sludge at about 1000 to 1200°F; the bottom or ash hearth cools the
exit ash to about 600°F. In most units, there is a single feedpoint
where sludge, grit, or scum are introduced together; in more complex
designs, however, grit or scum are introduced to the middle hearths
through separate entry points. This permits more efficient combustion
since grit or scum have higher Btu values and lower moisture content
than sludge cake.
In fluidized-bed incinerators, combustion occurs in a hot, sus-
pended bed of sand, with much of the ash residue being swept out with
the flue gas. Figure 5 shows a schematic representation of a fluidized-
bed sludge incinerator (Ref. 5)., A fluid-bed reactor provides a suit-
able environment for sludge combustion. An inert material such as
silica sand is the fluid bed solids material, and air from a fluidizing
5-4
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Table 4. PERTINENT INFORMATION SUMMARY ON MUNICIPAL
SLUDGE INCINERATORS SURVEYED
Plant
1. Kiski Valley WWTP
2. Parkway STP
3. Lower Potomac WWTP
4. Snapfinger Creek WWTP
5. R.H. Clayton WPCP
6. Central WWTP
7. Bromley WWTP
8. Dry Creek WWTP
9. Morris Forman WWTP
10. Mill Creek WWTP
11. Muddy Creek WWTP .
12. Little Miami WWTP
13. Middletown WWTP
14. Franklin Solid
Waste Plant
15. Big Blue River WWTP
16. Mission-Main WWTP
17. Palo Alto WQCP
18. Vancouver WWTP
19. Cowlitz County WWTP
20. Point Woronzof
21. ChUliwack STP
Incinerator
type
Multi hearth
Fluid- bed
Multi hearth
Multi hearth
Multi hearth
Multi hearth
Multi hearth
Multihearth
Multi hearth
Multihearth
Multi hearth
Multihearth
Multihearth
Fluid-bed
Multi hearth
Multihearth
Multihearth
Multi hearth
Multihearth
Multihearth
Multihearth
Material
incinerated
Sludge
Sludge
Sludge
Sludge
Sludge
Sludge
Sludge
Sludge
Sludge
Sludge
Sludge
Sludge
Sludge
Sludge/Refuse/
Liquid indus-
trial waste
Sludge
Sludge
Sludge
Sludge
Sludge
Sludge
Sludge
Incinerator
manufacturer
Envirotech-BSP
Copeland Systems
Nichols-Herreshoff
Envirotech-BSP
Envirotech-BSP
Nichols-Herreshoff
Nichols-Herreshoff
Nichols-Herreshoff
or Envirotech-BSP
Nichols-Herreshoff
Nichols-Herreshoff
Envirotech-BSP
Nichols-Herreshoff
Envirotech-BSP
Dorr-Oliver
Nichols-Herreshoff
Eitnco-BSP
Envirotech-BSP
Denver Mine &
Smel ti ng
Envirotech-BSP
Envirotech-BSP
Denver Mine &
Smelting
5-5
-------
•COOLING AIR DISCHARGE
FLOATING DAMPER
SLUDGE INLET
FLUE GASES OUT
TO SCRUBBER
TREATMENT
DRYING ZONE
COMBUSTION ZONE
COOLINGZONE
ASH DISCHARGE
RABBLE ARM
AT EACH HEARTH
COMBUSTION
AIR RETURN
SLUDGE CAKE
FEED
COOLING AIR FAN
Figure 4. Schematic representation of a iraltihearth
sludge incinerator unit.
5-6
-------
SIGHT GLASS
EXHAUST* I
SAND FEED
PRESSURE
TAP
ACCESS
DOORS
PREHEAT BURNER
THERMOCOUPLE
SLUDGE CAKE
INLET
FLUIDIZING
AIR INLET
Figure 5. Schematic representation of a fluidized-bed
sludge incinerator unit.
5-7
-------
blower serves as the fluidizing gas medium. Dewatered sludge feeds the
reactor either in or onto the sand bed, where it becomes rapidly and
thoroughly mixed with the fluid bed by the boiling, mixing action of the
bed itself. This action promotes rapid evaporation of sludge water, and
combustion then occurs by reaction with the oxygen from the fluidizing
air stream. All this occurs at temperatures of 1200 to 1500°F with but
a minimum of excess oxygen required, because of the turbulent action of
the bed. As more wastewater treatment expansion programs are undertaken
and amounts of sludge needing to be incinerated increase accordingly,
fluid-bed reactors are being used more frequently to combust biological
sludges.
5.4 SLUDGE FEED MONITORING DEVICES AND TECHNIQUES
This section discusses types of equipment used to monitor sludge
feed rates to incinerator units. Table 5 summarizes the various types
and costs of sludge-monitoring equipment found in use from the 21-piant
survey. Certain material-balance techniques are also used to determine
sludge feed rates to an incinerator, particularly for a centrifuge
dewatering step. These are summarized in Section 5.4.6. Various cali-
bration techniques are available for each feed monitoring device. These
procedures are typically supplied by the manufacturers of the equipment.
Appendix B-4 summarizes major manufacturers and locations of the sludge-
monitoring-device equipment suppliers.
5.4.1 Weightometer Belt Scales
The weightometer belt scale is designed to weigh moving loads
continuously by mechanically multiplying the varying load on the con-
veyor belt (Ib/ft) and the speed of the conveyor belt (ft/min) and
displaying the successive product (Ib/min or Ib/hr) on a digital or
recorder printout on the incinerator instrument panel (Ref. 6). The
pounds-per-foot material load passing over the weigh platform is in-
stantaneously and continuously counterbalanced by a pendulum beam. The
deflection of the beam is proportional to the material load passing over
the weigh platform at any one time. A totalizer that sums successive
5-8
-------
Table 5. PERTINENT INFORMATION SUMMARY FOR VARIOUS TYPES OF
SLUDGE-FEED-RATE MONITORING EQUIPMENT
en
to
Equipment
type3
1 . Weightometer belt
scale
2. Vlbrametric
weigh-belt feeder
3. Nuclear weigh
scale (C-frame type)
4. Nuclear density gauge
with magnetic flow
meter
5. Moyno pump
Suitability to
type of conveyor
or other
Belt-type
Screw- type
Belt or screw- type
Enclosed pipe
Screw conveyor or
enclosed pipe
Accuracy of
feedrate measure-
ment, + percent
0.5 to 2
0.25 to 0.5
0.5
1 to 2
By material balance
calculations
Estimated cap1talc>d
costs, $
5,000 to 5,500 (includes Unearlzer,
multiplier, totalizer, Integrator,
and recorder)
12,000 (Includes totalizer and
recorder)
6,000 (Includes Unearlzer, multiplier,
totalizer, counter, cabinet, tachom-
eter, and MA output)
8,000 to 10,000
5,500
Different models or suppliers are available for each type of sludge-monitoring equipment; presented here are data
for representative applications and model types.
Accuracy can vary with different applications and should be confirmed by experimental analysis with actual material
feedstreams to be monitored.
c Costs are, f.o.b. point of origin, October 1976 basis, and do not include installation and associated labor costs.
Installation costs can typically range from 5 to 10% of the capital costs based on discussions with the manu-
facturer. Costs can vary with respect to belt or screw conveyor sizing, pitch, pipe diameter, and with different
weighing applications.
Costs as supplied by the manufacturer are +10%.
-------
pounds (or tons) being fed to the incinerator is sometimes mounted near
the weightometer. The difference of totalizer readings at the beginning
and the end of a 24-hour period gives the total daily pounds (or tons)
being fed to the Incinerator.
The weightometer unit must be installed at a point on the conveyor
whe.re the belt's lifting effects off the weighing-device sensing mechan-
isms are minimal. Figure 6 shows a schematic representation of the key
sensing elements - belt travel pulser and load cell - associated with a
weightometer operation (Ref. 7). Accuracy of the weightometer belt
scale, which is used only in conjunction with a belt conveyor, is +0.5
to 2 percent. Of the 21 wastewater plants surveyed, 10 had weightom-
eters, and 2 could easily add them if required.
5.4.2 Vibrametric or Other Neigh-Belt Feeder
The vibrametric weigh-belt feeder contains its own conveyor system
as part of the equipment package. Figure 7 is a schematic representa-
tion of the operation of the vibrametric weigh-belt feeder (Ref. 8);
Figure 8 shows an alternative type unit, which operates similarly and
provides a digital readout (Ref. 9). In principle, a continuous ribbon
of sludge is laid upon an internal conveyor belt driven by a variable-
speed motor. A combination load cell senses the weight displaced on the
belt at any given time, and a tachometer records a velocity figure for
the conveyor belt speed. The integration of these numbers through a
multiplier function establishes a feed rate in pounds per hour that can
be displayed or recorded. A totalizer or summation quantity can also be
displayed as the accumulated amount of material already delivered to the
incinerator operation. The vibrametric type unit (Figure 7) features a
feed-bin attachment with a vibrating nozzle for controlling the gravity
feed of sludge to the Internal conveyor.
The weigh-belt feeders have a scale accuracy of +0.25 to 0.5 per-
cent. Since each unit has its own conveyor system, it can be inter-
connected as part of an existing screw-conveyor system or a belt con-
5-10
-------
BELT TRAVEL PULSER-/*/*^ CONVEYOR
SPEED SIGNAL
WEIGH IDLERS
LOAD CELL-vwir»-WEIGHT SIGNAL
Figure 6, Sensing elements for weightometer belt scale operation,
5=11
-------
SLUDGE
CAKE
FEED
en
i
1 v PATENTED
CONSTANT-STREAM
VIBRATED
SUPPLY NOZZLE
2 - BELT
-FULL LENGTH
QUICK RESPONSE
WEIGHT SENSING
3-DC BELT SPEED
CONTROL MOTOR
^FEEDRATE
jsC (LB/HR) READOUT
5-SIMPLIFIED
STABLE
FLEXURE
SUSPENSION
4-RUGGED
SENSITIVE
WEIGH CELL
(BUILT-IN TARE)
SLUDGE CAKE
DISCHARGE
TO EXISTING
CONVEYOR
SYSTEM
Figure 7. Schematic representation of a vibrametric weigh-belt feeder.
-------
CONVEYOR WEIGH TABLE
FEED INLET
en
CO
FEED OUTLET
•CONTROL UNIT
TOTALIZER
DRIVE PULLEY
BELT DRIVE MOTOR
Figure 8. Schematic representation of digital readout weigh-belt feeder.
-------
veyor system if desired. The Dry Creek WTP - part of the 21 plant
survey - uses a vibrametric weigh-belt feeder to monitor the sludge feed
coming off a belt conveyor before the sludge is dumped into a screw
conveyor system that actually feeds the incinerator.
5.4.3 Nuclear Weigh-Scale (C-Frame Type)
The nuclear weigh-scale device utilizes nuclear radiation absorp-
tion to measure conveyor belt loading; this, in combination with a
tachometer reading of conveyor speed, is translated into a delivered
feed rate calculation (e.g. Ib/hr). The principle of measurement in-
volves placement of a gamma radiation source (Cesium 137) on one side of
the material to be measured, and a measuring cell that converts radio-
active energy into electrical current on the other side. As the thick-
ness of the feed material varies, the amount of radiation transmitted
will be altered and detected as a change in electrical current. This
current variation indicates a change in material thickness proportional
to the amount of material weight per unit conveyor length. When this
value is combined with a tachometer reading of conveyor speed, the
output is a mass feed rate (e.g. Ib/hr). Figure 9 shows a schematic
drawing of a C-Frame device monitoring sludge feed to an incinerator
from a belt,conveyor (Ref. 10,11).
The C-Frame weigh-scales are accurate to +0.5 percent, depending on
the application. Two of the 21 plants surveyed were using these devices
for belt-conveyor sludge-rate monitoring as shown in Figure 9. The C-
Frame weigh-scales are adaptable not only to belt conveyors, but also to
screw conveyors, vibrating conveyors, drag-chain conveyors, etc. The
use of these C-Frame units to monitor sludge or grit in enclosed screw
conveyors has not yet been demonstrated; however, feasibility is likely
if a manufacturer's pilot plant test run of representative feed material
samples proves satisfactory (Ref. ]0,11). Overall, the C-Frame unit
takes up little space and is easy to install and calibrate. There is no
problem with contaminating radioactivity escaping, and most states will
grant permit licenses when this type of unit is used.
5-14
-------
in
i
01
C - FRAME UNIT
CESIUM - 137 SOURCE
AND SHIELD
CONVEYOR
SOURCE DETECTOR
Figure 9. C-Frame nuclear weigh-scale application for monitoring sludge fed
to an incinerator by a belt conveyor system.
-------
5.4.4. Nuclear Density Gauge With Magnetic Flow-Meter
The nuclear density gauge is quite amenable for measuring sludge
slurry concentrations in enclosed pipes such as those that feed as
inlets to dewatering centrifuges. Such a density gauge has three com-
ponents: a source head, a detector, and a transmitter that incorporates
the power supply and signal-handling circuitry. Gamma rays emitted from
the source pass through the attached pipe and are absorbed by the slurry
in proportion to material density. On the underside of the pipe, un-
absorbed radiation reaches a detector device, which produces an elec-
tronic signal inversely proportional to material density. An increase
in product density results in a reduced detector signal. This signal
can be fed into an SG mass-flow transmitter, wherein a corresponding
flow rate signal from a magnetic flowmeter mounted on the same input
line inputs a signal, the resultant output is a true representation of
3 3
mass flow (i.e. Ib/ft density x ft /hr flow rate equals Ib/hr mass
rate). Figure 10 shows a flowsheet representation of a nuclear density
gauge in conjunction with a magnetic flowmeter device (Ref. 11).
Such a combination as this provides a feed rate accuracy of +1 to
2 percent. Of the 21 wastewater treatment plants surveyed, one incor-
porated such a system. In order to get an actual dewatered-sludge-cake
feed to the incinerator, a material-balance calculation around the
centrifuge must be performed, as shown in Section 5.4.6. Such a com-
bination of nuclear density and magnetic flowmeter devices has been used
frequently in wastewater treatment plants to monitor solids concentra-
tion from clarifiers, thickeners, and activated sludge recycle lines.
5.4.5 Moyno Pump
Open-throat Moyno sludge pumps can be utilized to control a sludge-
cake feed (25 to 40 percent solids) to an .incinerator in an enclosed 4-
to 6-inch diameter pipe. Figure IV shows a schematic drawing of the
sluclge inlet and discharge through a Moyno pump (Ref. 12). Two of the
21 plants surveyed utilized this equipment to control feeds to an in-
5-16
-------
SLUDGE
SLURRY
FEED
on
l
CONTROLLER
DENSITY
METER
ELECTRONICS
J
JWCLEAR DENSITY GAUGE
tTJ SOURCE HEAD
MAGNETIC
FLOW METER
SLUDGE
SLURRY
INLET TO
CENTRIFUGE
FLOW
• METER
ELECTRONICS
RECORDER
TOTALIZER (POUNDS OR TONS)
CENTRIFUGE RETURN
LINE FOR FURTHER
BIOLOGICAL.
TREATMENT
CENTRIFUGE
SLUDGE CAKE
FEED TO
INCINERATOR
Figure 10. Flowsheet representation of nuclear density gauge and magnetic
flowmeterdevice on sludge slurry inlet to a dewatering centrifuge.
-------
tn
_j
oo
SLUDGE CAKE
SLUDGE HOPPER
DRIVE
r^_M
I I
MOYNO
OS PUMP
PIPE LEADING
TO INCINERATOR
Figure 11. Open-throat Moyno pump for feeding sludge cake to an incinerator system.
-------
cinerator. In both of these operations sludge cake was fed from the
discharge side of a centrifuge dewatering step as it fell by gravity to
the suction intake of the pump.
A hopper within the pump receives the sludge cake and permits
gentle, full flow into the pump's suction housing; an auger feed con-
ducts the sludge through the pump in a manner similar to that of a
screw-conveyor. This controlled action within the pump provides a
uniform discharge free of pulsation flow. The Moyno pump operation
works satisfactorily, but actual feed rates to the incinerator can be
determined only by a material-balance calculation around the centrifuge
since it is not difficult to correlate the open throat rpm pump speed to
actual discharge flow (say gpm) of a semi-solid sludge cake.
5.4.6 Material Balance Techniques
Section 5.4.4 discusses monitoring sludge slurry feed rates to the
inlet of a centrifuge by using a nuclear gauge and a magnetic flowmeter
combination; however, a material-balance calculation must be made around
the centrifuge to determine the actual sludge cake feed rate to the
incinerator to satisfy NSPS requirements. Figure 12 shows an analytical
summary form for solids measurement of representative samples taken
around the centrifuge streams, including the sludge slurry feed to
inlet, centrate, and sludge cake. The analytical method for solids
measurement is performed according to "208G. Volatile and Fixed Matter
in Nonfiltrable Residue and in Solids and Semisolid Samples," Standard
Methods for the Examination of Water and Uastewater, 14th Edition,
American Public Health Association, Inc., New York, N.Y., 1975, pp. 96
to 98, with exceptions as listed in Appendix A, pp. A-9.
The following sample material-balance calculation is indicative of
a representative centrifuge dewatering operation (Ref. 13):
5-19
-------
CENTRIFUGE NO. 1
CENTRIFUGE NO. 2
DATE
Sampling point
No. of dish
p'H
Sample volume
Wt. dish + sample
Wt. dish
Wt. sample
Wt. dry
Wt. solids
% or mg/1 solids
Sludge slurry
to centrifuge
Liquid
centrate
Sludge cake to
incinerator
Sludge slurry
to centrifuge
*
Liquid
centrate
Sludge cake
to incinerator
en
i
Figure 12. Summary analysis sheet for analytical determination of stream(s) solids
content for material balance around a centrifuge.
-------
Input sludge slurry feed rate to
centrifuge (based on nuclear density
and mag-flowmeter readings) : 25,000 Ib/hr
Polymer (solid) feed rate to
centrifuge : 45 Ib/hr
Polymer dilution water feed rate to
centrifuge : 7,500 Ib/hr (15 gpm)
Solids in input sludge slurry:8 : 4.4 percent
Solids in centrate liquid9 : 0.6 percent
Solids in sludge cake feed
to incinerators : 16.2 percent
a As determined by Standard Methods (See Figure 12).
Total feed Input to centrifuge equals: 25,000 + 45 + 7,500
= 32,545 Ibs/hr.
Total solids input to centrifuge equals: 25,000 (0.044) + 45
= 1,145 Ib/hr.
A solids material balance around the centrifuge to determine X, the
sludge cake feed to the incinerator, is as follows:
0.162 (X) + 0.006 (32,545-X) = 1,145
0.162 X + 195-0.006X = 1,145
0.156X = 950
X = 6,090 Ib/hr sludge cake feed to incinerator.
A similar material-balance calculation around the centrifuge that
feeds sludge cake to the Moyno open throat pump (Section 5.4.5) must be
made to determine the rate of sludge-cake feed to the incinerator. The
flow rate (volume) 1s known for the centrifuge feed and the centrate,
based on standardized pump settings, curves, and experience. This
Information coupled with solids measurement on all feedstreams 1n or out
of the centrifuge allows the sludge cake rate to the Moyno pump to be
determined, which can be translated to a feed rate of sludge cake to the
Incinerator.
5-21
-------
5.5 OPERATIONAL BENEFITS OF INSTALLING FEED MONITORING DEVICES
With the promulgation of the New Source Performance Standards for
Sewage Treatment Plants (Ref. 2), all new or modified sludge Incinera-
tors are required to install and operate a flow measuring device. Over
the years, acceptance of feed monitoring devices for critical weighing
applications has been rapidly increasing. The PEDCo survey indicated
that these devices have been commonly used in sludge Incineration appli-
cations (14 of 21 plants). Other industries where feed-monitoring
devices are often used include (Ref. 11):
0 Coal mining/mineral processing
0 Iron and steel
0 Cement plants
0 Sand and gravel plants
0 Shipping operations
Installation of feed monitoring devices on sludge incineration
applications offers numerous benefits.
1. Section 60.152 of the NSPS regulates the emission of partic-
ulate matter not to exceed 1.30 Ib/ton of dry sludge Input, and these
devices facilitate continuous monitoring during actual compliance test-
ing.
2. Sludge input to the furnace can be easily recorded, totalized,
and displayed on a control panel to recognize at a glance actual feed-
rates (Ref. 14).
3. Plant operators can be relieved for more important administra-
tive or maintenance duties when feedrate devices are Installed and
operating (Ref. 15).
4. During startup and shutdown of the furnace operation, the
feedrate device is a valuable process aid (Ref. 14).
5. A feedrate device can provide advance notice of malfunctioning
1n the operation of the incinerator; for instance, fluctuations in the
feed rate can be sensed so that overloading of the furnace can be
avoided (Ref. 15).
5-22
-------
6. The amount of filter cake delivered by a vacuum filter is
typically regulated through the feed monitoring control device. If this
amount does not agree with the expected amount (from design data), the
vacuum filter may not be functioning properly; this could be due to
Improper: (a) submergence of the drum into the trough; or (b) speed of
the drum; or (c) sludge conditioning. The feedrate device in effect
then helps gauge the performance of the vacuum filter (Ref. 15).
7. Most sludge incinerators require a substantial energy input in
the form of supplementary fuel either at start-up or during operation
(depending upon the heating value of the sludge). If the quantity of
sludge input (lb/hr), and its heating value (Btu/lb) are known, then the
amount of supplementary fuel, Btu/hr (lb/hr x Btu/lb) can be readily and
accurately determined; in fact, the feedrate device aids in promoting
energy conservation through readily available data on feedrate operation
(Ref. 14).
8. Most feed monitoring devices are quite reliable and accurate
within limits specified by manufacturers (usually +5 percent) (Ref. 14).
5-23
-------
6.0 REFERENCES
1. Parrel!, J.B. Overview of Sludge Handling and Disposal. In:
Municipal Sludge Management, Proceedings of the National Conference
on Municipal Sludge Management. June 11-13, 1974.
2. 40 CFR 60, Subsection 39 FR 9308, March 8, 1974.
3. Clarification of Sewage Sludge Incinerator NSPS Monitoring Require-
ments. Memorandum from Robert L. Duprey, Chief CMB (DSSE), to
Norman Edmisten, Oregon DEQ. February 27, 1976.
4. Metcalf and Eddy, Inc. Wastewater Engineering. New York. McGraw-
Hill Book Company. 1972.
5. Process Design Manual For Sludge Treatment and Disposal. U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency. Technology Transfer. EPA 625/
1-74-006. October 1974.
6. Manufacturers Literature. Merrick Scale Manufacturing Company.
Passaic, New Jersey.
7. Manufacturers Literature. Thayer Scales, Hyer Industries, Inc.
Pembroke, Massachusetts.
8. Manufacturers Literature. Vibra-Screw Incorporated. Totowa, New
Jersey.
9. Manufacturers Literature. K-Tron Corporation. Glassboro, New
Jersey.
10. Manufacturers Literature. The Ohmart Corporation. Cincinnati,
Ohio.
11. Manufacturers Literature. Texas Nuclear Corporation, Subsidiary of
G.D. Searle & Company. Austin, Texas.
12. Manufacturers Literature. Robbins and Myers, Moyno Pump Division.
Springfield, Ohio.
13. Personal Communications with Jack Williamson, Plant Operator of
Palo Alto, California, Hastewater Treatment Plant. December 6,
1976.
6-1
-------
14. PEDCo Environmental, Inc. Company Files. June 1977.
15. Personal communications with Mr. Gromelski, of Nichols Engineering
and Research, Inc. Belle Mead, New Jersey. June 1977.
6-2
-------
APPENDIX A
NEW SOURCE PERFORMANCE STANDARDS
FOR SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANTS
A-l
-------
APPENDIX A
NSPS STANDARDS OF PERFORMANCE FOR SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANTS
Chapter 1 - Environmental Protection Agency
SUBCHAPTER C - AIR PROGRAMS
PART 60 - STANDARDS OF PERFORMANCE
FOR NEW STATIONARY SOURCES
Subpart A - General Provisions
§60.1 Applicability.
The provisions of this part apply to the owner or operator of any
stationary source which contains an affected facility the construction
of modification of which is commenced after the date of publication in
this part of any standard (or, if earlier, the date of publication of
any proposed standard) applicable to such facility.
§60.2 Definitions.
As used in this part, all terms not defined herein shall have the
meaning given them in the Act:
(a) "Act" means the Clean Air Act (42 U.S.C. 1857 et seq., as
amended by Public Law 91-604, 84 Stat. 1676).
(b) "Administrator" means the Administrator of the Environmental
Protection Agency or his authorized representative.
(c) "Standard" means a standard of performance proposed or promul-
gated under this part.
(d) "Stationary source" means any building, structure, facility,
or installation which emits or may emit any air pollutant.
(e) "Affected facility" means, with reference to a stationary
source, any apparatus to which a standard is applicable.
(f) "Owner or operator" means any person who owns, leases, operates,
controls, or supervises an effected facility of a stationary source of
which an affected facility is a part.
(g) "Construction" means fabrication, erection, or installation of
an affected facility.
(h) "Modification" means any physical change in, or change in the
method of operation of, an affected facility which increases the amount
of any air pollutant (to which a standard applies) emitted by such
facility or which results in the emission of any air pollutant (to which
a standard applies) not previously emitted, except that:
A-2
-------
(1) Routine maintenance, repair, and replacement shall not be
considered physical changes, and
(2) The following shall not be considered a change in the method
of operation:
(i) An increase in the production rate, if such increase does not
exceed the operating design capacity of the affected facility;
(ii) An increase in hours of operation;
(iii) Use of an alternative fuel or raw material if, prior to the
date any standard under this part become applicable to such facility, as
provided by §60.1, the affected facility is designed to accommodate such
alternative use.
(i) "Commenced" means, with respect to the definition of "new
source" in section 111(a) (2) of the Act, that an owner or operator has
undertaken a continuous program of construction or modification or that
an owner or operator has entered into a contractual obligation to
undertake and complete, within a reasonable time, a continuous program
of construction or modification.
(j) "Opacity" means the degree to which emissions reduce the
transmission of light and obscure the view of an object in the back-
ground.
(k) "Nitrogen oxides" means all oxides of nitrogen except nitrous
oxide, as measured by test methods set forth in this part.
(1) "Standard conditions" means a temperature of 20°C (68°F) and
a pressure of 760 mm of Hg (29.92 in. of Hg).
(m) "Proportional sampling" means sampling at a rate that produces
a constant ratio of sampling rate to stack gas flow rate.
(n) "Isokinetic sampling" means sampling in which the linear
velocity of the gas entering the sampling nozzle is equal to that of the
undisturbed gas stream at the sample point.
(o) "Start-up" means the setting in operation of an affected
facility for any purpose.
(p) "Shutdown" means the cessation of operation of an affected
facility for any purpose.
(q) "Malfunction" means any sudden and unavoidable failure of air
pollution control equipment or process equipment or of a process to
operate in a normal or usual manner. Failures that are caused entirely
or in part by poor maintenance, careless operation, or any other pre-
ventable upset condition or preventable equipment breakdown shall not be
considered malfunctions.
(r) "Hourly period" means any 60 minute period commencing on the
hour.
(s) "Reference method" means any method of sampling and analyzing
for an air pollutant as described in Appendix A to this part.
(t) "Equivalent method" means any method of sampling and analyzing
for an air pollutant which have been demonstrated to the Administrator's
satisfaction to have a consistent and quantitatively known relationship
to the reference methods, under specified conditions.
A-3
-------
(u) "Alternative method" means any method of sampling and analyzing
for an air pollutant which is not a reference or equivalent method but
which has been demonstrated to the Administrator's satisfaction to, in
specific cases, produce results adequate for his determination of
compliance.
(v) "Particulate matter" means any finely divided solid or liquid
material, other than uncombined water, as measured by Method 5 of
Appendix A to this part of an equivalent or alternative method.
(w) "Run" means the net period of time during which an emission
sample is collected. Unless otherwise specified, a run may be either
intermittent or continuous within the limits of good engineering practice.
§60.4 Address.
All requests, applications, submittals, and other communications to
the Administrator pursuant to this part shall be submitted in duplicate
and addressed to the appropriate Regional Office of the Environmental
Protection Agency, to the attention of the Director, Enforcement Division.
§60.5 Determination of construction or modification.
When requested to do so by an owner or operator, the Administrator
will make a determination of whether actions taken or intended to be
taken by such owner or operator constitute construction or modification
or the commencement thereof within the meaning of this part.
§60.6 Review of plans.
(a) When requested to do so by an owner or operator, the Adminis-
trator will review plans for construction or modification for the
purpose of providing technical advice to the owner or operator.
(b) (1) A separate request shall be submitted for each construc-
tion or modification project.
(2) Each request shall identify the location of such project, and
be accompanied by technical information describing the proposed nature,
size, design, and method of operation of each affected facility involved
in such project, including information on any equipment to be used for
measurement or control of emissions.
(c) Neither a request for plans review nor advice furnished by the
Administrator in response to such request shall (1) relieve an owner or
operator of legal responsibility for compliance with any provision of
this part or of any applicable State of local requirement, or (2)
prevent the Administrator from implementing or enforcing any provision
of this part of taking any other action authorized by the Act.
A-4
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§60.7 Notification and record keeping.
(a) Any owner or operator subject to the provisions of this part
shall furnish the Administrator written notification as follows:
(1) A notification of the anticipated date of initial start-up of
an affected facility not more than 60 days or less than 30 days prior to
such date.
(2) A notification of the actual date of initial start-up of an
effected facility within 15 days after such date.
(b) Any owner or operator subject to the provisions of this part
shall maintain for a period of 2 years a record of the occurrence and
duration of any start-up, shutdown, or malfunction in operation of any
affected facility.
(c) A written report of excess emissions as defined in applicable
subparts shall be submitted to the Administrator by each owner or opera-
tor for each calendar quarter. The report shall include the magnitude
of excess emissions as measured by the required monitoring equipment
reduced to the units of the applicable standard, the date, and time of
commencement and completion of each period of excess emissions. Periods
of excess emissions due to start-up, shutdown, and malfunction shall be
specifically identified. The nature and cause of any malfunction (if
known), the corrective action taken, or preventive measures adopted
shall be reported. Each quarterly report is due by the 30th day follow-
ing the end of the calendar quarter. Reports are not required for any
quarter unless there have been periods of excess emissions.
(d) Any owner or operator subject to the provisions of this part
shall maintain a file of all measurements, including monitoring and
performance testing measurements, and all other reports and records
required by all applicable subparts. Any such instruments, reports and
records shall be retained for at least 2 years following the date of
such measurements8 reports, and records.
§60.8 Performance tests.
(a) Within 60 days after achieving the maximum production rate at
which the affected facility will be operated, but not later than 180
days after initial start-up of each facility and at such other times as
may be required by the Administrator under section 114 of the Act, the
owner or operator of such facility shall conduct performance test(s) and
furnish the Administrator with a written report of the results of such
performance test(s).
(b) Performance tests shall be conducted and data reduced in
accordance with the test methods and procedures contained in each
applicable subpart unless the Administrator (1) specifies or approves,
1n specific cases, the use of a reference method with minor changes In
methodology, (2) approves the use of an equivalent method, (3) approves
the use of an alternative method the results of which he has determined
to be adequate for indicating whether a specific source 1s 1n compliance,
or (4) waives the requirement for performance tests because the owner or
A-5
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operator of a source has demonstrated by other means to the Administra-
tor's satisfaction that the affected facility is in compliance with the
standard. Nothing in this paragraph shall be construed to abrogate the
Administrator's authority to require testing under section 114 of the
Act.
(c) Performance tests shall be conducted under such conditions as
the Administrator shall specify to the plant operator based on repre-
sentative performance of the affected facility. The owner or operator
shall make available to the Administrator such records as may be nec-
essary to determine the conditions of the performance tests. Operations
during periods of start-up, shutdown, and malfunction shall not con-
stitute representative conditions of performance tests unless otherwise
specified in the applicable standard.
(d) The owner and operator of an affected facility shall provide
the Administrator 30 days prior notice of the performance test to afford
the Administrator the opportunity to have an observer present.
(e) The owner or operator of an affected facility shall provide or
cause to be provided, performance testing facilities as follows:
(1) Sampling ports adequate for test methods applicable to such
facility.
(2) Safe sampling platform(s).
(3) Safe access to sampling platform(s).
(4) Utilities for sampling and testing equipment.
(f) Each performance test shall consist of three separate runs
using the applicable test method. Each run shall be conducted for the
time and under the conditions specified in the applicable standard, the
arithmetic means of results of the three runs shall apply. In the event
that a sample is accidentally lost or conditions occur In which one of
the three runs must be discontinued because of forced shutdown, failure
of an irreplaceable portion of the sample train0 extreme meteorological
conditions, or other circumstances, beyond the owner or operator's
control:, compliance may, upon the Administrator's approval, be deter-
mined using the arithmetic mean of the results of the two other runs.
§60.9 Availability of information.
(a) Emission data provided to, or otherwise obtained by, the
Administrator in accordance with the provisions of this part shall be
available to the public.
(b) Except as provided in paragraph (a) of this section, any
records, reports, or information provided to, or otherwise obtained by,
the Administrator in accordance with the provision of this part shall be
available to the public, except that (1) upon a showing satisfactorily
to the Administrator by any person that such records, reports„ or
Information, or particular part therof (other than ©mission data), 1f
nade publics, would divulge tnathods or processes entitled to protection
as trade secrets of such person, the Administrator shall consider syeh
records, reports, or Information, or particular part thereof9 confi-
dential in accordance with the purposes of section 1905 of title 18 of
-------
the United States Code, except that such records, reports, or informa-
tion, or particular part thereof, may be disclosed to other officers,
employees, or authorized representatives of the United States concerned
with carrying out the provisions of the Act or when relevant in any
proceeding under the Act; and (2) information received by the Admin-
istrator solely for the purpose of §60.5 and §60.8 shall not be dis-
closed if it is so identified by the owner or operator as being a trade
secret or commercial or financial information which such owner or
operator considers confidential.
§60.10 State authority.
The provision of this part shall not be construed in any manner to
preclude any State or political subdivision thereof from:
(a) Adopting and enforcing any emission standard or limitation
applicable to an affected facility, provided that such emission standard
or limitation is not less stringent than the standard applicable to such
facility.
(b) Requiring the owner or operator of an affected facility to
obtain permits, licenses, or approvals prior to initiating construction,
modification, or operation of such facility.
§60.11 Compliance with standards and maintenance requirements.
(a) Compliance with standards in this part, other than opacity
standards, shall be determined only by performance tests established by
§60.8.
(b) Compliance with opacity standards in this part shall be
determined by conducting observations in accordance with Reference
Method 9 in Appendix A of this part. Opacity readings of portions of
plumes which contain condensed, uncombined water vapor shall not be used
for purposes of determining compliance with opacity standards. The
results of continuous monitoring by transmissometer which indicate that
the opacity at the time visual observations were made was not in excess
of the standard are probative but not conclusive evidence of the actual
opacity of an emission, provided that the source shall meet the burden
of proving that the instrument used meets (at the time of the alleged
violation) Performance Specification I in Appendix B of this part, has
been properly maintained and (at the time of the alleged violation)
calibrated, and that the resulting data have not been tampered with in
any way.
(c) The opacity standards set forth in this part shall apply at
all times except during periods of start-up, shutdown, or malfunction,
and as otherwise provided in the applicable standard.
(d) At all times, including periods of start-up, shutdown, and
malfunction, owners and operators shall, to the extent practicable,
maintain and operate any affected facility including associated air
pollution control equipment in a manner consistent with good air pollu-
tion control practice for minimizing emissions. Determination of
A-7
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whether acceptable operating and maintenance procedures are being used
will be based on information available to the Administrator which may
include, but is not limited to, monitoring results, opacity observa-
tions, review of operating and maintenance procedures, and inspection of
the source.
(e) (1) An owner or operator of an affected facility may request
the Administrator to determine opacity of emissions from the affected
facility during the initial performance tests required by §60.8.
(2) Upon receipt from such owner or operator of the written report
of the results of the performance tests required by §60.8, the Admin-
istrator will make a finding concerning compliance with opacity and
other applicable standards. If the Administrator finds that an affected
facility is in compliance with all applicable standards for which per-
formance tests are conducted in accordance with §60.8 of this part but
during the time such performance tests are being conducted fails to meet
any applicable opacity standard, he shall notify the owner or operator
and advise him that he may petition the Administrator within 10 days of
receipt of notification to make appropriate adjustment to the opacity
standard for the affected facility.
(3) The Administrator will grant such a petition upon a demonstra-
tion by the owner or operator that the affected facility and associated
air pollution control equipment was operated and maintained in a manner
to minimize the opacity of emissions during the performance tests; that
the performance tests were performed under the conditions established by
the Administrator; and that the affected facility and associated air
pollution control equipment were incapable of being adjusted or operated
to meet the applicable opacity standard.
(4) The Administrator will establish an opacity standard for the
affected facility meeting the above requirements at a level at which the
source will be able, as indicated by the performance and opacity tests,
to meet the opacity standard at all times during which the source is
meeting the mass or concentration emission standard. The Administrator
will promulgate the new opacity standard in the Federal Register.
§60.12 Circumvention.
No owner or operator subject to the provisions of this part shall
build, erect, install, or use any article, machine, equipment or process,
the use of which conceals an emission which would otherwise constitute a
violation of an applicable standard. Such concealment includes, but is
not limied to, the use of gaseous diluents to achieve compliance with an
opacity standard or with a standard which is based on the concentration
of a pollutant in the gases discharged to the atmosphere.
A-8
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Subpart 0 - Standards of Performance
for Sewage Treatment Plants
§60.150 Applicability and designation of affected facility.
The affected facility to which the provisions of this subpart apply
is each incinerator which burns the sludge produced by municipal sewage
treatment facilities.
§60.151 Definitions.
As used in this subpart, all terms not defined herein shall have
the meaning given them in the Act and in subpart A of this part.
§60.152 Standard for particulate matter.
(a) On and after the date on which the performance test required
to be conducted by §60.8 is completed, no owner or operator of any
sewage sludge incinerator subject to the provisions of this subpart
shall discharge or cause the discharge into the atmosphere of:
(1) Particulate matter at a rate in excess of 0.65 g/kg dry sludge
input (1.30 Ib/ton dry sludge input).
(2) Any gases which exhibit 20 percent opacity or greater. Where
the presence of uncombined water is the only reason for failure to meet
the requirements of this paragraph, such failure shall not be a viola-
tion of this section.
§60.153 Monitoring of operations.
(a) The owner or operator of any sludge incinerator subject to the
provisions of this subpart shall:
(1) Install, calibrate, maintain, and operate a flow measuring
device which can be used to determine either the mass or volume of
sludge charged to the incinerator. The flow measuring device shall have
an accuracy of +5 percent over its operating range.
(2) Provide access to the sludge charged so that a well-mixed
representative grab sample of the sludge can be obtained.
§60.154 Test Methods and Procedures
(a) The reference methods appended to this part, except as pro-
vided for the §60.8(b), shall be used to determine compliance with the
standards prescribed in §60.152 as follows:
(1) Method 5 for concentration of particulate matter and associated
moisture content,
(2) Method 1 for sample and velocity traverses,
A-9
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(3) Method 2 for volumetric flow rate, and
(4) Method 3 for gas analysis.
(b) For Method 5, the sampling time for each run shall be at least
60 minutes and the sampling rate shall be at least 0.015 dscm/min (0.53
dscf/min), except that shorter sampling times, when necessitated by
process variables or sampling times, when necessitated by process
variables or other factors, may be approved by the Administrator.
(c) Dry sludge charging rate shall be determined as follows:
(1) Determine the mass (SM) or volume (Sy) of sludge charged to
the incinerator during each run using a flow measuring device meeting
the requirements of §60.153(a) (1). If total input during a run is
measured by a flow measuring device, such readings shall be used.
Otherwise, record the flow measuring device readings at 5-minute inter-
vals during a run. Determine the quantity charged during each interval
by averaging the flow rates at the beginning and end of the interval and
then multiplying the average for each interval by the time for each
interval. Then add the quantity for each interval to determine the
total quantity charged during the entire run, (S^) or (Sy).
(2) Collect samples of the sludge charged to the incinerator in
non-porous collecting jars at the beginning of each run and at approx-
imately 1-hour intervals thereafter until the test ends, and determine
for each sample the dry sludge content (total solids residue) in accord-
ance with "224 G. Method for Solid and Semi sol id Samples", Standard
Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, Thirteenth Edition,'
American Public Health Association, Inc., New York, N.Y., 1971, pp.
539-41, except that:
(i) Evaporating dishes shall be ignited to at least 103°C rather
than the 550°C specified in step 3(a) (1).
(ii) Determination of volatile residue, step 3(b) may be deleted.
(iii) The quantity of dry sludge per unit sludge charged shall be
determined in terms of either Rn.y (metric units: mg dry sludge/liter
sludge charged or English units: lb/ft3) or RDM (metric units: mg dry
sludge/mg sludge charged or English units: lb/lb).
(3) Determine the quantity of dry sludge per unit sludge charged
in terms of either RDV or RDM-
(i) If the volume of sludge charged is used:
Sn=(60xlO"3) RDVSV (Metric Units)
D ~T~
or p <-
SD=(8.021) KDV5V (English Units)
where:
a Or 14th edition, 1975 pp. 96 to 98.
A-10
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Sn=average dry sludge charging rate during the run,
u kg/hr (English units: Ib/hr).
RDV=average quantity of dry sludge per unit volume of
sludge charged to the incinerator, mg/1 (English
units: lb/ft3).
Sv=sludge charged to the incinerator during the run,
m3 (English units: gal).
T=duration of run, min (English units: min).
60x10 -metric units conversion factor, 1-kg-min/m -mg-hr.
8.021=English units conversion factor, ft^-min/gal-hr.
(ii) If the mass of sludge charged is used:
SD=(50) RDMSM (Metric or English Units)
where:
Sn=average dry sludge charging rate during the run,
u kg/hr (English units: Ib/hr).
RDM=average ratio of quantity of dry sludge to quantity
of sludge charged to the incinerator, mg/mg
(English units: Ib/lb).
SM=sludge charged during the run, kg (English units :lb).
T=duration of run; min (Metric or English units).
60=conversion factor, min/hr (Metric or English units).
(d) Particulate emission rate shall be determined by:
caw=csQs (Metric or English Units)
where:
caw=particulate matter mass emissions, mg/hr (English
units: Ib/hr).
c -particulate matter concentration, mg/m3 (English
units: Ib/dscf).
Q -volumetric stack gas flow rate, dscm/hr (English
units: dscf/hr). Qs and cs shall be determined
using Methods 2 and 5, respectively.
(e) Compliance with §60.152(a) shall be determined as follows.
CHc=(10"3) caw (Metric Units)
as •?
or
CH =(2000) caw (English Units)
A-n
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where:
C . =particulate emission discharge, g/kg dry sludge
(English units: Ib/ton dry sludge).
10'3=Metric conversion factor, g/mg.
2000=English conversion factor, Ib/ton.
A-12
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APPENDIX B
MANUFACTURERS OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT
PLANT EQUIPMENT
B-1
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APPENDIX B-l. MANUFACTURERS OF SLUDGE DEWATERING EQUIPMENT
Company
Type of Dewaterlng Equipment
Vacuum filter
Centrifuge
1. Bird Machine Company, Inc.
South Walpole, Massachusetts
2. Dorr-Oliver, Inc.
77 Havemeyer Lane
Stamford, Connecticut
3. Envirotech Corporation
Eimco-BSP
669 W. Second South
Salt Lake City, Utah
4. Komline-Sanderson
Holland Avenue
Peapack, New Jersey
5. Sharpies-Stokes Division
Pennwalt Corporation
20525 Center Ridge Road
Cleveland, Ohio
6. Wemco Division
Envirotech Corporation
P.O. Box 15619
Sacramento, California
B-2
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APPENDIX B-2. MANUFACTURERS OF SLUDGE CONVEYOR SYSTEMS
Company
Type of Conveyor Manufactured
Belt
Screw
Other
1. Amercon Corporation
P.O. Box 6425
Ft. Worth, Texas
2. B.I.F., Inc.
1600 Division Rd.
W. Warwick, RI
3. Bonded Scale & Machine Company
2176 S. Third Street
Columbus, Ohio
4. The Bucket Elevator Company
24 Commerce Street
Chatham, New Jersey
5. Colorado Conveyor Company
11575 W. 13th Avenue
Denver, Colorado
6. Columbus Conveyor Company
P.O. Box 510
Worthington, Ohio
7. Envirotech-BSP
One Davis Drive
Belmont, California
8. Fairfield Manufacturing
Company
Marion, Ohio
9. Feeco International
3913 Algoma Road
Green Bay, Wisconsin
10. FMC Corporation
Material Handling
Equipment Division
P.O. Box 1370
Tupelo, Mississippi
11. Goodyear Tire & Rubber
Company
1144 E. Market Street
Akron, Ohio
Bucket
elevator
Bucket
elevator
B-3
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APPENDIX B-2 (continued). MANUFACTURERS OF SLUDGE CONVEYOR SYSTEMS
Company
Type of Conveyor Manufactured
Belt
Screw
Other
12. Jeffrey Manufacturing
Company
274 E. First Ave.
Columbus, Ohio
13. Komline-Sanderson
Holland Ave.
Peapack, New Jersey
14. The Rexnord Company
Louisville, Kentucky
15. Screw Conveyor Corporation
Visalia, California
16. Sprout Waldron & Company
Muncy, Pennsylvania
17. Webster Manufacturing Company
Tiffin, Ohio
X
X
X
Bucket
elevator
B-4
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APPENDIX B-3. MANUFACTURERS OF SLUDGE INCINERATORS
Company
Type of incinerator manufactured
Multihearth
Fluid-bed
Cope!and Systems
2000 Spring Road
Oak Brook, Illinois
Denver Mine & Smelting
(MSI Skinner)
Denver, Colorado
Dorr-Oliver
International Headquarters
Stamford, Connecticut
Envirotech
Eimco-BSP
One Davis Drive
Belmont, California
Nichols Engineering & Research
Corporation
Homestead & Willow Roads
Belle Mead, New Jersey
Zimpro, Inc.
14618 W. Sixth Avenue
Golden, Colorado
B-5
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APPENDIX B-4. MAJOR MANUFACTURERS OF SLUDGE MONITORING DEVICE EQUIPMENT
DO
I
0»
Company
1. Auto-Weigh, Inc.
1439 N. Emerald Ave.
Modesto, California
2. BIF, Inc.
1600 Division Road
W. Warwick. Rhode Island
3. K-Tron Corp.
P.O. Box 548
Glassboro, New Jersey
4. Herrlck Scale Mfg. Co.
180 Autumn Street
Pas sale, New Jersey
5. Ohmart Corp.
4241 Allendorf Dr.
Cincinnati, Ohio
6. Ramsey Engineering Co.
1853 W. County Road C
St. Paul, Minnesota
7. Robblns ft Myers
1895 W. Jefferson St.
Springfield, Ohio
8. Texas Nuclear Corp.
Subsidiary of G.D. Searle & Co.
P.O. Box 9267
Austin, Texas
9. Thayer Scale (Myer Industries,
Inc.)
Pembroke. Massachusetts
10. VI bra Screw, Inc.
755 Union Blvd.
Totowa, New Jersey
Welghtometer
belt scales
X
X
X
X
X
Vlbrametrlc or
digital weigh-
ben feeders
X
X
X
X
X
X
Nuclear weigh
scale (C-frame
type)
X
X
Nucl ear
density
gauge
X
May no
pump
X
* Magnetic flowmeters are available from several suppliers. Including: Foxboro (Foxboro, Massachusetts),
Fisher and Porter (Wamrlnlster, Pennsylvania), Badger (Milwaukee, Wisconsin), and Honeywell (Fort
Washington, Pennsylvania).
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APPENDIX C
SUMMARY QUESTIONNAIRES FOR
WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT SURVEY
C-l
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SLUDGE IM INERATION
CHECK LIST/QUESTIONNAIRE
PEDCo Project Number 3155-EE-6
1. GENERAL
a. Name of Facility K1sU Valley WPCA
Address Pint Run Rd.. Allegheny Township. Pennsylvania
Phone Number (41?) 568-3655
Contact ton Brewer Title Superintendent
Facility located in ETA Region 111
b. Date of Visit 9/Z8/76
c. PEDCo Personnel V- P«tel
2. SLUDGE TREATMENT
a. Dewatering device Vacuum Filter
b. Manufacturer Elmco Division of Envlrotech
c. Cake solids content 301
3. SLUDGE CONVEYOR
a. Type Belt Conveyor
b. Manufacturer E1mco-Env1rotech
c. Can a representative sample be taken? Yes, I sanual
grab sample can be taken from a platform near the conveyor
d. Additional information None
4. CONVEYOR HEIGH SCALE
a. Type Meightometer belt scale
b. Manufacturer Thayer Scale Mfg. Co., Pembroke, Massachusetts
c. Operational details Scales are rounted along the Incline
length of conveyor •
d. Accuracy t5t
5. INCINERATOR
Type Multi-hearth. 1 unit. 7 hearths
b. Manufacturer BSP-Envlrotech
c. Date construction or modification began S«Pt.i 1974
d. Fe*d rate/material 1.5 tons/hr filter cake
• . Mo. of ports of feed entry One
f. Is mercury oonitored in flue gas? Mo
6. ADDITIONAL INFORMATION/COMMENTS
Some minor •edifications were Bade on the Incinerator 1n March
1976. Grease and Scum are Introduced Into hearth No. 2 or 4 and
m feed it ponltored by a variable tpeed pump.
C-2
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SLUDGE INCINERATION
CHECK LIST/QUESTIONNAIRE
PEDCo Project Number 3155-EE-6
GENERAL
a. Name of Facility Pgrknay STP
Address Maryland Rt. 197 at tell.-Maryland
Phone Number (301} 953-3580
Contact Tom Schell Title Superintendent
Facility located in EPA Region III
b. Date of Visit 9/29/76
c. PEDCo Peraonnel V. Fatel
2. SLUDGE.TREATMENT
a. Dewatering device Solid-bowl centrifuge
b. Manufacturer Pennwalt Sharpies Corporation
c. Cake solids content 231
3. SLUDGE CONVEYOR
a. Type 4 Inch pipeline
b. Manufacturer Not applicable
c. Can a repreaentative sample be taken? Yes, from the
discharge end of the reactor feed pump. Centrifuge feeds
to the Incinerator via the feed pump.
d. Additional information Feed pump 1s an open throat Moyno
pump.
4. CONVEYOR WEIGH SCALE
a. Type Hone
b. Manufacturer Not applicable
c. Operational details Feed to Incinerator 1s «on1tored by
a naterlal balance around the centrifuge.
d. Accuracy Hot applicable
5. INCINERATOR
a. Type Fluid-bed. 2 units
b. Manufacturer Copeland Systems
c. Date construction or modification began 1970
d. Peed rate/material 1,182 Ib/hr sludge cake
e. Ho. of port* of feed entry One
f. I* tsercury monitored in flue gas? Ves
6. ADDITIONAL INFORMATION/COMMENTS
B»tn1tt af agreur* analysis are proprietary. Repair xort to the
tcrubber and the Incinerator have been done after 1973.
C-3
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SLUDGE INCINERATION
CHECK LIST/QUESTIONNAIRE
PEDCo Project Number 315S-EE-6
1. GENERAL
• . Name of Facility Loxer Potomac WPCP
Address 9399 Richmond Highway. Lorton, Virginia
Phone Number (703) 550-9590
Contact Ralph Schleslnger Title Superintendent
Facility located in EPA Region 111
b. Date of Visit 9/27/76
c. PEDCo Personnel V.
2. SLUDGE TREATMENT
a. Dewatering device Vtcuum Filter
b. Manufacturer Kolmllne-Sanderson, Peepack, New Jersey
c. Cake solids content Z3I
3. SLUDGE CONVEYOR
a. Type Belt Conveyor
b. Manufacturer Columbus Conveyor Co.. Columbus. Ohio
c. Can a representative sample be taken? Yes, a
aanual grab sample can be taken from the floor level.
d. Additional information None
4. CONVEYOR WEIGH SCALE
a. Type Helghtometer belt scale
b. Manufacturer Herrick Scale Mfg. Co.. Passalck, New Jersey
c. Operational details Scales are mounted along the
horizontal length of the conveyor. .
d. Accuracy 12%
5. INCINERATOR
a. Type MuU1-hearth, 4 units. 2 with 6 hearths, Z x/7 hearths/unit
b. Manufacturer Hichols Engineering i Research Corp.
c. Date construction or modification began See No. 6
d. Feed rate/material B tons/hr filter cake ind grease
e. Mo. of ports of feed entry one/unit
f. I* «ercury Monitored in flue gas? Yes
6. ADDITIONAL INFORMATION/COMMENTS
Txo furnaces (7 hearths) «ere constructed In 1970; too furnaces
(6 hearths) were constructed 1n June. 1974. Results of mercury
analysis are not available, however, they art within the Halts
(1.30 Ib/ton).
C-4
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SLUDGE I ITINERATION
CHECK LIST/QUESTIONNAIRE
PEDCo Project Number 3I55-EE-6
GENERAL
a. Name of Facility Sngcflnner Creefc HHTP
Address 4^24 FlafcM H|11 Rd.. Decatur. Georgia
Phone Number (404) 981-0??0
Contact John Spotts Title Branch Chief
Facility located in EPA Region JV
b. Date of Visit 9/30/76
c. PEDCo Personnel V. Patel
2. SLUDGE TREATMENT
a. Dewatering device Vacuum Filter
b. Manufacturer Envlrotech-BSP
c. Cake solids content 151
3. SLUDGE CONVEYOR
a. Type Belt Conveyor
b. Manufacturer Env1rotech-BSP
c. Can a representative sample be taken? Yes, Manual
grab samples can be taken from the floor level.
d. Additional information None
4. CONVEYOR WEIGH SCALE
a. Type Hone
b. Manufacturer Hot applicable
c. Operational details Not applicable
A welghtometer belt scale or an atomic absorption unit can
be Installed 1f needed.
d. Accuracy Hot applicable
5. INCINERATOR
a. Type Multiple-hearth. 1 unit, 7 hearths
b. Manufacturer Envlrotech-BSP
c. Date construction or modification began June, 1974
6. Feed rate/material 1.100 Ib/hr filter cake and grease
• . No. of ports of feed «ntry One, to hearth 12
1. IB csrcury monitored in flue gas? Ho
6. ADDITIONAL XNPOBMATION/COMMENTS
Crease U blended in tte pitting tanks with sludge.
C-l
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SLUDGE INCINERATION
CHECK LIST/QUESTIONNAIRE
PEDCo Project Number 3155-EE-6
GENERAL
a. Name of Facility It. H. Cliyton WPCP
Address ?4<0 BoUon Rd.. Atlanta. 6eorg1a
Phone Number (404) 351-6120
Contact Ted LeJeune Title Engineer
Facility located in EPA Region JV
b. Date of Visit 9/30/76
c. PEDCo Personnel V. P«te1
2. SLUDGE TREATMENT
a. Dewatering device Sol Id-bowl centrifuge
b. Manufacturer PennwaU Sharpies Corporation
c. Cake solids content ?5*
3. SLUDGE COKVEYOR
a. Type Belt Conveyor
b. Manufacturer FHC-L1nk Belt Division
c. Can a representative sample be taken? Yes, manual
grab samples can be taken from floor level.
d. Additional information None
4. CONVEYOR WEIGH SCALE
a. Type Helghtometer Belt Scale
b. Manufacturer ABC D1v., Howe Richardson, Cleveland. Ohio
c. Operational details Scale has in Integrator and a totalizer
d. Accuracy tl*
5. INCINERATOR
a. Type Hultl-hearth, 2 units. 10 hearth/unit
b. Manufacturer BSP-Env1rotech
c. Date construction or modification began 1972
d. Feed rate/material 7 tons/hr filter cake
• . No. of ports of feed «ntry one/unit
f. Is mercury monitored in flue gas? *°
6. ADDITIONAL INFORMATION/COMMENTS
hrichs in th» furnacg aerg restored in AuQUSt* 1976.
. C-6
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SLUDGE INCINERATION
CHECK LIST/QUESTIONNAIRE
PEDCo Project Number 315S-EE-6
1. GENERAL
• . Name of Facility Central WTP
Address 1600 Second *ve.. Nashville, Tennessee
Phone Number (6151 259-6441
Contact Halter Blackman Title Superintendent
Facility located in EPA Region JV
b. Date of Visit 10/1/76
c. PEDCo Personnel V. Patel
2. SLUDGE TREATMENT
a. Dewatering device Vacuum Filter
b. Manufacturer KolmHne-Sanderson, Pea pack. Ne» Jersey
c. Cake solids content 20*
3. SLUDGE CONVEYOR
a. Type Belt Conveyor
b. Manufacturer Rexnord, Louisville, Kentucky
c. Can a representative sample be taken? Yes, aanual
grab samples can be taken off the conveyor.
d. Additional information Hone
4. CONVEYOR HEIGH SCALE
a. Type Atomic absorption
b. Manufacturer Omhart Corp., Cincinnati, Ohio
c. Operational details A radioactive source emits onma
rays xhlch are absorbed In proportion to the BBSS of the
wterlal on the conveyor.
d. Accuracy *0.5»
5. INCINERATOR
«. Type Multi-hearth. 4 units, 10 hearths/unit
b. Manufacturer «1cho1s-Herreshoff
c. Date construction or modification began See No. 6
6. Feed rate/material 4.000 Ib/hr filter cake
e. No. of ports of feed entry tx)/unU
f. Is mercury monitored in flue gas? Tes '_
6. ADDITIONAL INFORMATION/COMMENTS
One Incinerator was built 1n 1956. one In 1965 «nd txo In 197?.
Each furnace has too feed entry points at the top of the furnace.
Mercury results ire not available, however, they are well below
•undtrds (1.30 It/ton).
C-7
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SLUDGE INCINERATION
CHECK LIST/QUESTIONNAIRE
PEDCo Project Number 3155-EE-6
1. GENERAL
• . Name of Facility Bromley WWTP
Address Rout 6. Bromley. Kentucky
Phone Number (606)431-8020
Contact Vance Wright Title Operator
Facility located in EPA Region IV
b. Date of Visit 2/6/76
c. PEDCo Personnel C. Sawyer; V, Patel
2. SLUDGE TREATMENT
a. Dewatering device Vacuir filter
b. Manufacturer E1mco-B5P
c. Cake solids content Z5 to 35;
3. SLUDGE CONVEYOR
a• Type Belt conveyor
b. Manufacturer Jeffrey Mfg. Co.. Columbus, Ohio
c. Can a representative sar.ple be taken? Yes, a
' minuaT orab sample can be taken from the floor level.
d. Additional information Plant personnel takt sludge
samples off the vacuum filter.
4. CONVEYOR HEIGH SCALE
a. Type None
b. Manufacturer Not applicable
c. Operational details Not applicable
d. Accuracy Not applicable
5. INCINERATOR
a. Type Hultlple-htarth. 1 unit. 5 hearths
b. Manufacturer HIchoU-Herreshoff
c. Date construction or modification began 1956
d. Feed rate/material 1.200 Ib/hr filter cake
c. Mo. of port* of feed «ntry one
f. Is mercury monitored in flue gas? No
6. ADDITIONAL INFORKATIOK/COKMEKTS
—The plant U going to be chased out when the ne* Dry
facility Is completed.
C-8
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SLUDGE INCINERATION
CHECK LIST/QUESTIONNAIRE
PEDCo Project Number 3155-EE-6
1. GENERAL
a. Name of Facility Dry Creefc WTP
Address High Mater Rd.. Constance. N. Kentucky
Phone Number Not applicable
Contact Robert Goebel Title Superintendent
Facility located in EPA Region IV
b. Date of Visit ?/6/76
c. PEDCo Personnel C. Sawyer; V. Patel
2. SLUDGE TREATMENT
a. Dewatering device Vacuun filter
b. Manufacturer Flmrn-RSP
c. Cake solids content 35t (Design)
3. SLUDGE CONVEYOR
a. Type Belt conveyor
b. Manufacturer Fair-field Hfg. Co.. HaHon. Ohio
c. Can a representative sample be taken? Yes, a
manual grab sample at point where weigh scales are
located.
d. Additional information Conveyor not Installed yet.
4. CONVEYOR NEIGH SCALE
a. Type Vlbra-Hetlc Heigh belt ;
b. Manufacturer V1pra Screw. Inc.. Totowa. He* Jersey
c. Operational details The scales are set tetxeen the
belt conveyor and the screw conveyor and serves as Us
otm conveyor system. Mot Installed.
d. Accuracy . 51
5. INCINERATOR
a. Type Multiple-hearth. ? units. 8 hearths/unit
b. Manufacturer MIchoU-Herreshoff or Envlrotech-BSP
c. Date construction or modification began 1977
d. Feed rate/material 36 tons/day filter cake
e. Ho. of ports of feed entry one/unit
I. Is mercury raonitored in flue gas? Mot yet
6. ADDITIONAL INFORMATION/COMMENTS
Plant .In under construction.
C-9
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SLUDGE INCINERATION
CHECK LIST/QUESTIONNAIRE
PEDCo Project Number 3155-EE-6
GENERAL
a. Name of Facility Morris Fonnan WtfTP
Address 452Z Algonquin Blvd.. Louisville. Kentucky
Phone Number (S021775-64B1
Contact R. A. Hasting Title Manager
Facility located in EPA Region IV
b. Date of Visit 6/1/76
c. PEDCo Personnel F. Htadows
2. SLUDGE TREATMENT
a. Dewatering device Vacuum filter
b. Manufacturer Kolmline-Sanderson. Pea pact, N. J.
c. Cake solids content 40%
SLUDGE CONVEYOR
a. Type Belt conveyor
b. Manufacturer Dover Co.
c. Can a representative (ample be taken?
manual crab sample can be taken off the conveyor.
d. Additional information location of Dover Co. 1s not
known. _
4. CONVEYOR HEIGH SCALE
«. Type Nuclear Ray-Weigh scale _
b. Manufacturer Omhart Corp.. Cincinnati. Ohio _
c. Operational, details A nuclear radiation «bsorpt1on
Is employed to measure belt loading, and Its signal used
1n combination with a tachometer to Indicate weight
delivered _
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SLUDGE INCINERATION
CHECK LIST/QUESTIONNAIRE
PEDCo Project Number 3155-EE-6
GENERAL
• . Name of Facility Hill Creek WWTP _..
Address UOO Gest St.. Cincinnati. Ohio
Phone Number (513)352-4600
Contact Robert Huddle Title Operator
Facility located in EPA Region V
b. Date of Visit 1/23/76
c. PEDCo Personnel C. Sawyer. V. Patel
2. SLUDGE TREATMENT
a. Dewatering device Vacuum filter
b. Manufacturer Clmco-BSP
c. Cake solids content 35%
3. SLUDGE CONVEYOR
a. Type Belt conveyor
b. Manufacturer B.I.F. Inc.. Providence. Rhode Island
c. Can a representative sample be taken? Yes, a
P»nM»1 Qr«b sample on be tBken from the floor level.
d. Additional information Hone
4. CONVEYOR HEIGH SCALE
«• Type Melqhtometer belt scale
b. Manufacturer B.I.F.. Inc.. Providence. Rhode Island
c. Operational details Scale 1s attached to belt
conveyor.
d. Accuracy Zl
5. INCINERATOR
• - Type Multiple-hearth. 4 unUs. 9 hearths/unit
b. Manufacturer Michel s-Herreshoff
c. Date construction or modification began Aug. 1972
d. Feed rate/aaterial 12.500 Ib/hr/unU filter cake
«. Mo. of ports of feed «ntry one/unit
f. Is aercury monitored in flue gas? Ho
6. ADDITIONAL INFORMATION/COMMENTS
Incinerator 1s about 15 years eld, but was refurbished In 1972.
Changes Include nev refractories. 1.0. fans, rabble arms and
teeth, burners, instrumentation «nd ash collection system.
C-11
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SLUDGE INCINERATION
CHECK LIST/QUESTIONNAIRE
PEDCo Project Number 3155-EE-6
1. GENERAL
a. Name of Facility Muddy Creek WWTP
Address Pl»pr Bd.. Cincinnati Ohio
Phone Number (513)35?-<923
Contact Charles Helder Title Superintendent
Facility located in EPA Region V
b. Date of Visit 1/Z3/76
c. PEDCo Personnel C. Sawyer: V. Patel
2. SLUDGE TREATMENT
a. Dewatering device Vacuum filter
b. Manufacturer Elmco-BSP
c. Cake solids content 20*
3. SLUDGE CONVEYOR
a. Type Belt conveyor
b. Manufacturer FaU Conveyor Co.
c. Can a representative sample be taken? Yes, a
manual grab sample can be taken from a platform near the
conveyor.
d. Additional information Location of FaU Conveyor Co.
1s not known.
4. CONVEYOR HEIGH SCALE
a. Type Helohtometer belt scalp
b. Manufacturer MerHc Scale Mfg. Co.. Passalc. Mew Jersey
c. Operational details Scale Is attached on the
Inclined length of the conveyor and connected to a
totalizer.
d. Accuracy * 0.5*
5. INCINERATOR
a. Type Multiple-hearth. 1 unit. 6 hearths
b. Manufacturer Env1rotech-BSP
c. Date construction or modification began 1971
d. Feed rate/material 3.100 Ib/hr filter cake
• . No. of ports of feed entry one
f. Is mercury monitored in flue gas? No
6. ADDITIONAL INFORMATION/COMMENTS
The furnaces have not been refurbished since they were
constructed in 1971.
C-12
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SLUDGE INCINERATION
CHECK LIST/QUESTIONNAIRE
PEDCo Project Number 3155-EE-6
1. GENERAL
a. Name of Facility Little Miami HWTP
Address Wllmer *ve.. Cincinnati. Ohio
Phone Number (5131352-49Z1
Contact ftobert Prltchard Title Superintendent,
Facility located in EPA Region V
b. Date of Vi»it 2/17/76
c. PEDCo Personnel C. Sawyer; V. Patel
2. SLUDGE TREATMENT
a. Dewatering device Vacuum filter
b. Manufacturer Not known (filters shut down)
c. Cake solids content Not known
3. SLUDGE CONVEYOR
a. Type Belt convpynr
b. Manufacturer 6oodve»r T1re and Rubber Co.
c. Can a representative sample be taken? Yes.
a nanual grab sample can be taken from the floor level.
d. Additional information Conveyors are no longer
operat1no.
4. CONVEYOR WEIGH SCALE
a. Type Welghtometer belt scale
b. Manufacturer Not known
c. Operational details Melqh scales are no longer
operating.
d. Accuracy Hot known
5. INCINERATOR
*• Type Rultlple-hearth. Z units. 6 h«arths/un1t
b. Manufacturer Hlchols-Herrtshoff _
c. Date construction or modification began Shut down
d. Feed rate/material (Hot known), filter cake
• . No. of ports of f«ed entry one/unit
f. Is nercury Monitored in flue gas? Mo
6. ADDITIONAL INFORMATION/COMMENTS
Vacuum filtration and Incineration operations have been shut
down since 1959. New design will have belt conveyors (Hercer
er Boodvear T1r> ^ Rubber Ce.^ feeding a system of screw
conveyors (Jeffrey Ufa. Co. or FMC Link Belt Dlv.) leading
te HuU1-hearth furnace (Zlnpro). Belt tilll have scales
* , attached (Herrie or eiteore Imlustrlet).
C-13
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SLUDGE INCINERATION
CHECK LIST/QUESTIONNAIRE
PEDCo Project Number 3155-EE-6
1. GENERAL
a. Mame of Facility mddletown WWTP
Address Oxford Stit* Rd. . Mlddletown. Ohio
Phone Number (513^425-7766
Contact Jarrv Ktltji Title Operator
Facility located in EPA Region V
b. Date of Visit 1/26/76
c. PEDCo Personnel C. Sawyer; V. Patel
2. SLUDGE TREATMENT
a. Dewatering device Vacuum filter
b. Manufacturer Komllne-Sanderson. Peapack, N. J.
c. Cake solids content K\
3. SLUDGE CONVEYOR
a. Type Belt conveyor
b. Manufacturer Jeffrey Hfg. Co.. Columbus. Ohio
c. Can a representative sample be taken? Yet.
f «nu»1 orab sample can be taken from the floor level.
d. Additional information Hone
4. CONVEYOR HEIGH SCALE
a. Type Melqhtometer belt scale
b. Manufacturer Herri c Scale Mfg. Co.. Passalc. N. J.
c. Operational details Scale 1s attached on the Inclined
length of belt and has a totalizer. Scale has a good
deal of doxn time.
d. Accuracy -0.51
5. INCINERATOR
a. Type Multiple-hearth. 2 units. 6
b. Manufacturer Env1rotech-BSP
c. Date construction or modification began 1970
d. Peed rate/material 5.000 Ib/hr filter cake
e. Mo. of ports of feed entry one/unit
f. Is Mercury monitored in flue gas? No
6. ADDITIONAL INFORMATION/COMMENTS
The aelghtometer belt scale was not operating at the time of
the visit.
C-14
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SLUDGE INCINERATION
CHECK LIST/QUESTIONNAIRE
PEDCo Project Number 315S-EE-6
1. GENERAL
a. Nan* of Facility fetid Haste RecycHna/Respurce Recovery Plant
Address Koute 73. franklin. Ohio •
Phone Number (513)
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SLUDGE INCINERATION
CHECK LIST/QUESTIONNAIRE
PEDCo Project Number J15S-EE-6
GENERAL
• . Name of Facility 8io Blue River WWTP
Address 7300 Rochester. Kansas C1tv.
Phone number (816)231-8373
Contact Lynne Petree Title Operator
Facility located in EPA Region VII
to. Date of Visit 2/13/76
c. PEDCo Personnel N. 5. Walsh
2. SLUDGE TREATMENT
a. Devatering device Vacuum filter
b. Manufacturer E1mco. Salt Lake CUv. Utah
c. Cake solids content 25*
3. SLUDGE CONVEYOR
a. Type Belt conveyor
b. Manufacturer FHC - Unit Belt Division
c. Can a representative sample be taken? Yes.
t sanual grab sample can be taken off the conveyor.
d. Additional information Hone
4. CONVEYOR HEIGH SCALE
• • Type Melohtometer belt scale
b. Manufacturer 8.1.F. Industries. Providence. Rhode Island
c. Operational details Scale 1s attached to the conveyor
with a readout on the control panel..
d. Accuracy .11
5. INCINERATOR
a. Type Multiple-hearth. 3 units. 8 hearths/unit
b. Manufacturer nichoU-Hen-esnoff
c. Date construction or Modification began
d. F«ed rat«/»aterial 15.000 Ib/hr filter cate
e. No. of port* of feed entry One/unit
t. If mereury uonitored in flue gas? No
6. ADDITIONAL IWrORHATIOK/COMMENTS
The mill-hearth furnaces have not been modified or refurbished
since they xere constructed.
C-16
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SLUDGE INCINERATION
CHECK LIST/QUESTIONNAIRE
PEDCo Project Number 3155-EE-6
GENERAL
a. Name Of Facility Mltslon-H^r. UtfTP
Address 4600 Kail. Mission. Kansas
Phone Number (913X32-38ZO
Contact Ralph Hard Title Operator
Facility located in EPA Region VII
b. Date of Visit 2/1?/76
c. PEDCo Personnel K. Axetell :
2. SLUDGE TREATMENT
a. Dewatering device Vacuum filter
b. Manufacturer Komi ing-Sanderson. Peaoack. Htw Jersey
c. Cake solids content 20i
3. SLUDGE CONVEYOR
a. Type Belt conveyor
b. Manufacturer Kolm'Hne-Sanderson. Peaoaek. Hew Jersey
c. Can a representative sample be taken? Yas. a
•anual grab sample can be taken off the belt.
d. Additional information None
4. CONVEYOR HEIGH SCALE
a. Type ttelghtometer belt scale
b. Manufacturer Herri c Scale Ufa. Co.. Passalc. Mew Jersey
c. Operational details Scale Is attached to the conveyor
belt.
d. Accuracy * 2%
5. INCINERATOR
a. Type Multiple-hearth. 1 unit. 5 hearths
b. Manufacturer Elmco-BSP
c. Date construction or modification began 1969
d. Peed rate/material 1.200 Ib/hr filter cake
e. No. of ports of f«ed entry one
I. Is mercury monitored in flue gas? Ho
6. ADDITIONAL INFORMATION/COMMENTS
Some of the refractories In the Incinerator «ere replaced
In 1973.
C-17
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SLUDGE INCINERATION
CHECK LIST/QUESTIONNAIRE
PEDCo Project Number 3155-EE-6
1. GENERAL
a. Name of Facility Palo »1to Regional HQCP
Address 250 Hamilton. Palo »Uo. California
Phone Number «15»Z9-2598 _
Contact Jack Williams Title Operator
Facility located in EPA Region IX
b. Date of Visit 8/9/76
c. PEDCo Personnel C. J. Sawyer
2. SLUDGE TREATMENT
a. Dewatering device Solid bowl centrifuge
b. Manufacturer Bird Machine Company
c. Cake solids content 151
3. SLUDGE CONVEYOR
a. Type Screw conveyor
b. Manufacturer Screw Conveyor Corp.. Vlsalla. California
c. Can a representative sample be taken? Yes.
through a trap door on screw conveyor a grab sample can
be taken,
d. Additional information None
4. CONVEYOR NEIGH SCALE
a. Type Density meter
b. Manufacturer Nuclear Chicago. Chicago. Illinois
c. Operational details A material balance Is nade about
the centrlfuoe (feed, cake and centrate.). Scale measures
density. Hag-flow meter attached to scale measures Input.
d. Accuracy - 5t
S. INCINERATOR
a. Type Hultlnle-hearth. 2 units. 8 hearths/unit
b. Manufacturer Env1retech-BSP
c. Date construction or Modification began Oct. 197?
d. reed rate/material 16.700 Ib/hr centrifuge cake
e. So. of ports of f«ed «ntry One to top of 2nd hearth
I. Is mercury monitored in flue gas? Ho
6. ADDITIONAL INFORMATION/COMMENTS
Scum 1s thickened, dewatered and then Incinerated by adding to
3rd hearth at 10 gph en 3 days/month.
C-18
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SLUDGE INCINERATION
CHECK LIST/QUESTIONNAIRE
PEDCo Project Number 3155-EE-6
GENERAL
a. Name of Facility City of Vancouver WWTP
Address 1800 Delmont May. Vancouver. HasMngton
Phone Number. (206)696-8157
Contact Tom Kolby Title Supervisor
Facility located in EPA Region x
b. Date of Visit 8/11/76
c. PEDCo Personnel C. J. Sawyer
2. SLUDGE TREATMENT
a. Dewatering device Belt extractor
b. Manufacturer Elmco-BSP. Salt Lake CUv. Utah
c. Cake solids content 361
3. SLUDGE CONVEYOR
a. Type Belt conveyor
b. Manufacturer Colorado Conveyor Co.. Denver. Colorado
c. Can a representative sample be taken? Yes, a
•Minimi or»h turnnlg run be taken off the conveyor.
d. Additional information Hone
4. CONVEYOR WEIGH SCALE
a. Type Hone
b. Manufacturer Not applicable
c. Operational details Mot applicable
d. Accuracy Not applicable
S. INCINERATOR
a. Type Multiple-hearth, 1 unit. 7 hearths
b. Manufacturer Denver Mine t Smelting. Denver. Colorado
c. Date construction or modification began June 1973
d. Feed rate/Mterial 10.500 Ib/hr filter cake
e. Mo. of ports of feed entry ane
I. Is eercury monitored in flue gas? Yes
6. ADDITIONAL INFORMATION/COMMENTS
He1oh1no device could ba added If needed. *11 the burners 1n
tho Incinerator xere replaced In July 1976. Mercury In the
flue aas «as 87 o/d 1n February 1976. . •
C-19
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SLUDGE INCINERATION
CHECK LIST/QUESTIONNAIRE
PEDCo Project Number 3155-EE-6
1. GENERAL
a. Name of Facility CowUtz County WVfTP
Address lonqvlew. HasMnqton
Phone Number (206)577-3127
Contact Herb Filer Title Operator
Facility located in EPA Region X
b. Date of Visit Phone discussion on 8/11/76
c. PEDCo Personnel C. J. Sawyer
2. SLUDGE TREATMENT
a. Dewatering device Vacuum filter
b. Manufacturer Komllne-Sanderson. Peaoack. N. J.
c. Cake solids content 35%
3. SLUDGE CONVEYOR
a. Type Belt conveyor
b. Manufacturer FHC. Link-Belt Division
c. Can a representative sample be taken? A manual
grab sample can be taken off the conveyor.
d. Additional information None
4. CONVEYOR WEIGH SCALE
a. Type Belt scale
b. Manufacturer Auto Weigh. Inc.. Modesto. California
c. Operational details Scales are attached to the belt
and are connected to an electronic readout.
d: Accuracy
5. INCINERATOR
«• Type Multiple-hearth. 1 unit. 7 hearths
b. Manufacturer Envlrotech-BSP
c. Date construction or modification began 1974
d. Feed rate/material S.OOQ Ib/hr filter cake
e. No. of ports of feed entry one
f. Is mercury monitored in flue gas? No
6. ADDITIONAL INFORMATION/COMMENTS
None
C-20
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SLUDGE INCINERATION
CHECK LIST/QUESTIONNAIRE
PEDCo Project Nun-.ber 3155-EE-6
1. GENERAL
a. Name of Facility Point Woronzof WWTP
Address P. 0. Box 6285. Anchorage. Alaska 99508
Phone Number (907) 274-3663
Contact Richard Hutson Title Superintendent
Facility located in EPA Region _X
b. Date of Visit Telephone discussion on 10/7/76
c. PEDCo Personnel V. Patel
2. SLUDGE TREATMENT
a. Dewatering device Vacuum Filter '
b. Manufacturer Hemline-Sanderson. Peapack. Ne* Jersey
c. Cake solids content 23*
3. SLUDGE CONVEYOR
a. Type Belt Conveyor
b. Manufacturer (local Steel Fabricator) •__
c. Can a representative sample be taken? Yes, manual
grab samples can be taken from floor level.
d. Additional information A 6 Inch tube conveyor was
replaced by the belt conveyor 1 year ago.
4. CONVEYOR WEIGH SCALE
a. Type None j
b. Manufacturer Hot Applicable
c. Operational details Not Applicable
d. Accuracy Not Applicable
5. INCINERATOR
a. Type Multi-hearth, 1 unit. 6 hearths
b. Manufacturer BSP-Env1rotech
c. Date construction or modification began 1971 _
d. Feed rate/material 9 ton/d filter cake _
c. No. of ports of feed entry txo (See No. 6) _
f . Is mercury monitored in flue gas? Ho _
6. ADDITIONAL INFORMATION/COMMENTS
There are two ports of feed entry - one at the top hearth and
one at the No. 3 hearth. Sceemlngs can be Introduced either at
tht top hearth together with the sludge or to the No. 3 hearth,
using Moyno pumps. Sceemlngs are stored In a decant tank. .Grit
C-21
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SLUDGE i:.;:::i?_vr::N
CKICK LIST :L-ES-IO:::LU?Z
PEDCo Project Nunrer ;155-IZ-i
1. GENERAL
a. Nane of Facility rhilUxaCK 5TP
Address ~ Spadina. Chin 1wact. B. C.
Phone Nuisier (604"??-"S1
Contact Larry Lowe Title Ooe^atr-
Facility located ir. EPA Recnn S:: apc'ict:'*
b. Date of Visit 6 "-'76
c. PEDCo Personnel '. J. Sawvf
2. SLUDGE TREATMENT
a. Dewatering device Ce-tri*.:e
b. Manufacturer Sir: Machno Fj-np. 5?r1r:fie':, Oh'3
c. Operatior.al details 3v r-terlil bi'ance arc.-e
centrifuge and control!&i purring -ate, the -set 'ite ^s
monitored. .
d. Accuracy Not arrlicasle
5 . INCINERATOR
«• Type Cj1t1o1e-h»;-th. " un-:, 5 -earvs _
b. Manufacturer Nnve*- Mine t S~«1t1i:, De-vgr. :ol:rado
c. Date cor.structicr. or =>odi:icarior. regir: ;.'/ 1r75
d. Feed rate /mater iil 12 tr i5 e»1/r-- sluoae *-
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TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Jtittructions on the reverse before completing)
i. REPORT NO.
EPA-340/1-77-016a
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION-NO.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
Survey of Techniques for Monitoring
Sewage Sludge Charged to Municipal Sludge
Incinerators
5. REPORT DATE
Date of Issue; June 1Q77
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR(S)
Charles J. Sawyer and Vijay Patel
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
3155-EE-6 (3270-1-R)
9. PERFORMING ORG •VNIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
PEDCo Environmental, Inc.
11499 Chester Road
Cincinnati, Ohio 45246
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-02-1375, Task 31
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Division of Stationary Source Enforcement
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
DSSE Project Officer was Mr. Kirk Foster.
16. ABSTRACT
Incineration is rapidly becoming an important means of municipal
sludge disposal as municipalities upgrade their wastewater facilities
to comply with the Clean Water Act requirements. New or modified
sludge incinerators are regulated by the New Source Performance
Standards; NSPS requires the installation of sludge feed monitoring
devices, to determine the amount of sludge charged to the incinerator.
A survey of municipal incinerators in several EPA regions was
conducted, to determine what is being done to conform with NSPS
requirements. From these survey results, technical and cost infor-
mation on sludge monitoring systems meeting NSPS requirements was
compiled as a data base to guide regional offices and state agencies
in their review and evaluation of feed monitoring devices.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS C. COSATI Field/Group
Air Pollution Control
Monitoring
Incinerators, Sewage Treatment,
Sludge Disposal
New Source Perform-
ance Standards
Municipal Waste-
water Treatment
13B
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
19. SECURITY CLASS (This Report)
Unclassified
21. NO. OF PAGES
94
Unlimited
20. SECURITY CLASS (This page)
Unclassified
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
D-l
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