United States An Pollution Training Institute EPA 450/2-79-007
Environmental Protection MD 20 December 1979
Agency Environmental Research Center
Research Triangle Park NC 2771 1
Air
v>EPA APTI
Course 450
Source Sampling
for Particulate
Pollutants
Student Workbook
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x>EPA
cl States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Air Pollution Training Institute
MD20
Environmental Research Center
Research Triangle Park NC 27711
EPA 450/2-79-007
December 1979
Air
APTI
Course 450
Source Sampling
for Particulate
Pollutants
Student Workbook
Northrop Services, Inc.
P. O. Box 12313
Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
Under Contract No.
68-02-2374
EPA Project Officer
R. E. Townsenrl
United States Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Air, Noise, and Radiation
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
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Notice
This is not an official policy and standards document. The opinions, findings, and
conclusions are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the Environmental
Protection Agency. Every attempt has been made to represent the present state of
the art as well as subject areas still under evaluation. Any mention of products or
organizations does not constitute endorsement by the United States Environmental
Protection Agency.
Availability of Copies of This Document
This document is issued by the Manpower and Technical Information Branch, Con-
trol Programs Development Division, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards,
USEPA. It is for use in training courses presented by the EPA Air Pollution Training
Institute and others receiving contractual or grant support from the Institute.
Schools or governmental air pollution control agencies establishing training programs
may receive single copies of this document, free of charge, from the Air Pollution
Training Institute, USEPA, MD-20, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711. Others may
obtain copies, for a fee, from the National Technical Information Service, 5825 Port
Royal Road, Springfield, VA 22161,
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^ ..... POLLUTION TRAINING INSTITUTE
? MANPOWER AND TECHNICAL IN FORM A TION BRANCH
CONTROL PROGRAMS DEVELOPMENT DIVISION
OFFICE OF AIR QUALITY PLANNING AND STANDARDS
The Air Pollution Training Institute (1) conducts training for personnel working on the
development and improvement of state, and local governmental, and EPA air pollution control
programs, as well as for personnel in industry and academic institutions; (2) provides consulta-
tion and other training assistance to governmental agencies, educational institutions, industrial
organizations, and others engaged in air pollution training activities; and (3) promotes the
development and improvement of air pollution training programs in educational institutions
and state, regional, and local governmental air pollution control agencies. Much of the
program is now conducted by an on-site contractor, Northrop Services, Inc.
One of the principal mechanisms utilized to meet the Institute's goals is the intensive short term
technical training course. A full-time professional staff is responsible for the design, develop-
ment, and presentation of these courses. In addition the services of scientists, engineers, and
specialists from other EPA programs, governmental agencies, industries, and universities are
used to augment and reinforce the Institute staff in the development and presentation of
technical material.
Individual course objectives and desired learning outcomes are delineated to meet specific pro-
gram needs through training. Subject matter areas covered include air pollution source studies,
atmospheric dispersion, and air quality management. These courses are presented in the
Institute's resident classrooms and laboratories and at various field locations.
R. Alan Schueler Ajames A. JahAke
Program Manager 11 Technical Director
Northrop Services, I tic. (/ Northrop Services, Inc.
V /«"'
Jeanff. Schueneman
Chief, Manpower ir Technical
Information Branch
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Major Count Goals '
Course Objectives 3
Introduction , 5
Lecture 1: Welcome, Registration, and Pre-test 7
Lecture 2: Introduction to Source Sampling 9
Nomenclature 10
Emission Rate 14
Gas Physics 16
Lecture 3: EPA Method 5 Sampling Train 17
Schematic Diagram 18
Lecture 4: Discussion of Laboratory Exercises 19
Traverse Point Determination 21
Pitot Tube Calibration 24
Wet Bulb-Dry Bulb Technique 27
Orifice Meter Calibration 33
Determination of Velocity - . _
and Flow Rates VTT."."...". "37
Data Summary '.".....'. 7 40
Lecture 5 & 6: Isokinetic Source Sampling
and Isokinetic Rate Equations 43
Isokinetic Sampling 45
Isokinetic Rate Equation 51
Lecture Problem 53
Nomograph 55
Homework Problem 57
Lecture 7: Review of Reference Methods 1-4 61
Lab Exercise 66
Dry Molecular Weight Determination 70
Lecture 8: Calculation and Interpretation
of Percent Isokinetic 71
Lecture 9: Sampling Train Configuration: Definition
of a Particulate 77
Lecture 10: Discussion of Source Sampling Exercises 79
Laboratory Exercises 90
Particulate Field Data Sheet 90
Source Test Data Summary Sheet 92
Lecture 11: Concentration Correction and Problem Session 97
Lecture 12: Literature Sources 103
Lecture 13: The F-Factor Method 107
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Lecture 14: Calculation Review Ill
Lecture 15: Error Analysis 115
Lecture 16: Source Sampling Quality Assurance
and Safety on Site 117
Lecture 17: Particle Sizing Using a Cascade Impactor 121
Lecture 18: Transmissometers 125
Appendix A: Sample Data Sheets 135
Method 5-Source Test Data Sheets 137
Meter Console Calibration 141
Nozzle Calibration 142
Temperature Calibration 143
Paniculate Field Data 145
Laboratory Analysis Data Paniculate Source Sample 147
Orsat Field Data 148
Sample Label 149
Appendix B: Source Sampling Calculations , 151
Appendix C: Problems 161
Problems with Solutions 163
Additional Problems 175
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Major Course Goals
The major goal of Course #450, "Source Sampling for Paniculate Pollutants", is to
provide the student with a basic understanding of the theory and experimental
methods involved in isokinetic sampling, the foundation of EPA Method 5.
Knowledge of isokinetic sampling, serving as the core of the course material, will
then be amplified with lectures, problem sessions and lecture-demonstrations in
order to present the many facets of paniculate sampling. Upon completion of the
course, the student should be able to design and plan a source test, perform all of
the calculations involved in reporting a mass emission rate, and understand pro-
blems of error and quality assurance. The student should also become conversant
with the methods of particle sizing and transmissometry. He should attain an
awareness of the problems involved in source sampling and be able to recognize
what constitutes difficult experimental situations, a good test, good data, and a
good final report.
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Course Objectives
On completion of this course the student should be able to:
• Define symbols and common source sampling terms used in source sampling for
paniculate pollutants.
• Recognize, interpret and apply sections of the Federal Register pertinent to
source sampling for particulate pollutants.
• Understand the construction, operation and calibration of component parts of
the Federal Register Method 5 sampling train.
• Recognize the advantages and disadvantages of the nomograph and its uses in
the establishment of the isokinetic sampling rate.
• Understand the "working" isokinetic rate equation and its derivation.
• Define isokinetic sampling and illustrate why it is important in sample
extraction.
• Apply Federal Register Methods 1 through 4 in preparation for a particulate
sampling test..
• Understand the construction, evaluation, standardization and orientation of the
"S Type" pilot tube and its application to source sampling.
• Calculate the "Percent Isokinetic" value for a source test, and interpret the
effect of over or under — isokinetic values on the source test results.
• Understand the quality assurance programs involved in source sampling dealing
with nozzle sizing, orifice meter calibration, nomograph standardization and
sample recovery.
• List the steps involved in conducting a source test, including completion of pre-
test and post-test forms. The student should be able to recognize potential pro-
blem areas in preparing and conducting a source test.
• Properly assemble, leak check, conduct and recover a Method 5 sample
.K cording to l-'ctlcrnl lii-gisti'i, August IK. I!)'/'/.!
• Apply l''cdfi'
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Introduction
The determination of particulate emissions from a stationary source requires the
measurement of several source variables. The stack gas emitted from an incinera-
tion or process stack is a mixture of a number of gas components and particulates.
The temperature and moisture content of the gases vary from source to source.
The volume of gases emitted varies according to the size and type of the plant. It is
not possible to sample all the gases and particulates emitted from a source in a
given time period, therefore, a system was developed that would extract a represen-
tative sample while monitoring pertinent stack variables. The data from this
representative sample is used in calculating an average particulate concentration in
the stack gas. This concentration is calculated on the basis of standard gas
temperature and pressure. The data are then utilized in calculating the emissions
in terms of lbs/106 Btu Heat Input.
The Air Pollution Training Institute has developed Course 450 to instruct
engineers, chemists, and technicians in particulate sampling methods. The
sampling techniques and calculations used in the EPA Method 5 source sampling
system are demonstrated and practiced for student comprehension. Students com-
pleting the 450 course with an understanding of the lecture, laboratory, and text
materials should be able to conduct a Method 5 particulate determination at a sta-
tionary source.
This workbook is designed to provide the student with a guide to the lecture
materials and laboratory exercises. Incorporated in this workbook the student will
find reproductions of selected visual materials, lecture problems and data reporting
forms. Lecture and laboratory sessions are presented in order of their expected
presentation. Space is provided for additional notation by the student of lecture
material as presented by the instructor.
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Lecture 1
WELCOME, REGISTRATION
AND PRETEST
Lesson Objectives:
To allow students to introduce themselves to the class; to determine the actual
level of job experience in the class (the number of stack tests in which each
student has participated) and to complete the pretest.
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Lecture 2
INTRODUCTION TO SOURCE SAMPLING
Lesson Objectives:
The student will be able to:
• Locate the goals and objectives of the course.
• Define the symbols and common source sampling terms used in the course.
• Recognize the basic features of the EPA Method 5 sampling train.
• Write the expressions for pollutant mass rate and emission rate, using symbols
for stack gas concentration, stack gas volumetric flowrate, and heat input rate.
• Recognize the pitot tube equation on sight and understand the relative impor-
tance of the parameters in the equation.
• Write the ideal gas law equation and be able to describe the effects of changing
pressure and temperature on a gas volume.
• Recognize the form of an ideal gas law correction equation.
• Recognize the importance of Bernoulli's principle in source sampling.
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17
EPA Method 5 paniculate sampling train
10
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Nomenclature
An — sampling nozzle cross-sectional area
As — stack cross-sectional area
a — mean particle projected area
^wm ~ percent moisture present in gas at meter
^ws ~~ percent moisture present in stack gas
Cp — pilot tube calibration coefficient
Cp(std) — standard pitot-static tube calibration coefficient
cs — paniculate concentration in stack gas mass/volume
cws — particulate concentration on a wet basis mass/wet
volume
cs,g — 'particulate concentration corrected to 12% CO2
csf»n ~ particulate concentration corrected to 50% excess
air
Dj? — equivalent diameter
Dfj — hydraulic diameter
Dn — source sampling nozzle diameter
E — emission rate mass/ heat Btu input
e — base of natural logarithms (lnlO = 2. 302585)
%EA — percent excess air
Fc — F-factor using cs and CC>2 on wet or dry basis
F,j — F-factor using cs and C>2 on a dry basis
Fw — F-factor using cws and O% on a wet basis
Fo — miscellaneous F-factor for checking orsat data
— pressure drop across orifice meter for 0.75 CFM
flow rate at standard conditions
AH — pressure drop across orifice meter
j — equal area centroid
Kp — pitot tube equation dimensional constant
mole (mmlltr)
Mririr Units S-1.97 m/«v.
("K)(i
V.'
fill/ ll> in
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L — length of duct cross-section at sampling site
(' — path length
LI — plume exit diameter
L2 — stack diameter
m — mass
M(j — dry stack gas molecular weight
Ms — wet stack gas molecular weight
n — number of particles
NRC — Reynolds number
O\ — plume opacity at exit
C>2 — in stack plume opacity
^atm ~ atmospheric pressure
PD — barometric pressure (PD = Patm)
Pm — absolute pressure at the meter
pmr — Pollutant mass rate
Ps — absolute pressure in the stack
Pst(j — standard absolute pressure
Metric Units = 760 mm Hg
English Units =29.92 in. Hg
Ap — gas velocity pressure
standard velocity pressure read by the standard
pitot tube
gas velocity pressure read by the type "S" pitot
tube
particle extinction coefficient
stack gas volumetric flow rate corrected to
standard conditions
(in. Hg)(ft.3)
R — Gas law constant, 21.83
(lb-mole)(°R)
t — temperature (°Fahrenheit or °Celsius)
Tm — absolute temperature at the meter
Metric Units = °C + 273 = °K
English Units = °F + 460 = °R
Ts — absolute temperature of stack gas
Tsl(j standard absolute temperature
Metric Units = °2()°C +- 2715 - 293 °K
English Units = 68 °F + 460 = 528 °R
Vm volume metered at actual conditions
Vm t(\ ~ volume metered corrected to standard conditions
v.p. — water vapor pressure
vs — stack gas velocity
Volume H2O - Metric units = 0.00134 m3/ml X ml H2O
English units = 0.0472 ft.3/mlxml H2O
W — width of the duct cross-section at the sampling site
6 — time in minutes
12
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Subscripts
aim — atmospheric
ave — average
b — barometric
d — dry gas basis
f — final .
g - gage
i — initial
m — at meter
n — at nozzle
p — of pilot tube
s — at stack
SCF — standard cubic feet
std — standard conditions
w — wet basis
NOTES:
13
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III. EMISSION RATE
Methods of monitoring source emissions
POLLUTANT MASS RATE
PMRS = csQs
vs = vn
for
Isokinetic Conditions
;AP
m
'm
Obtain Cp, TS,
Obtain AH@, Dn
B,.,c, B,
'wnr
m
^nozzle ^stack
ISOKINETIC CONDITION
14
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•>••* l/5¥
PITOT TUBE EQUATION
Emissions in terms of
IDS/ 106 Btu heat input
,. GS QS
15
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GAS PHYSICS
Ideal Gas Law
Volume Correction
PS Tstc]
v = v _J—«£.
VsCorr V* Pstd TS
Bernoulli's Principle
YamAv2 + mgAh + VAp = 0
16
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Lecture 3
EPA METHOD 5
SAMPLING TRAIN
Lesson Objectives:
The student will be able to:
• List the construction and calibration requirements for the Method 5 Sampling
x Nozzle.
• List the nozzle, probe, pitot tube, and thermocouple placement requirements to
minimize aerodynamic interferences.
• List the approved construction materials for the nozzle probe, pitot tube, and
probe liner.
• Describe the probe locking system for preventing misalignment in the gas
stream.
• Describe the advantages and disadvantages of various types of sample cases and
glassware.
• List the advantages and disadvantages of various materials used in constructing
umbilical lines.
• Describe the advantages of magnehelic gages for pressure measurements and list
the requirements for using these gages in an EPA Method 5 Sampling System.
• Compare the cost effectiveness of the nomograph and calculator.
17
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12
13
17
Figure 3-1. EPA Method 5 paniculate sampling train
1. Sampling nozzle
2. Sampling probe sheath
3. Heated sample probe liner
4. Cyclone assembly (proposed regulations do not require this cyclone)
5. Out of stack filter assembly
6. Heated filter compartment maintained 120°C±14°C (248°F±25°F)
(or temperature specified in 40CFR subpart)
7. Impinger case
8. First impinger filled with H20 (100 ml)
9. Greenburg-Smith (or modified Greenburg-Smith) impinger filled with H20 (100 ml)
10. Third impinger —dry
11. Fourth impinger —filled with H20 absorption media (200-300 gm)
12. Impinger exit gas thermometer
13. Check valve to prevent back pressure
14. Umbilical cord —vacuum line
15. Pressure gage
16. Coarse adjustment valve
17. Leak free pump
18. By-pass valve
19. Dry gas meter with inlet and outlet dry gas meter thermometer
20. Orifice meter with manometer
21. Type S pilot tube with manometer
22. Stack temperature sensor
18
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Lecture 4
DISCUSSION OF LABORATORY EXERCISES
Lesson Objectives:
The student will be able to:
• List the procedures for applying reference Method 1 at circular and rectangular
stacks.
• List the steps involved in performing an "S" type pilot tube calibration.
• Describe the procedures for wet bulb dry bulb moisture estimation.
• Calibrate the meter console orifice meter when the dry gas meter has been
calibrated against a reference volume standard.
19
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I. REFERENCE METHOD I
A. Laminar Gas Flow
B. Flow Disturbance
C. Procedures
20
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II. Lab Exercises
1. TRAVERSE POINT DETERMINATION
a. Minimum number of traverse points:
(1) Measure the inside dimensions of the duct at the sampling
site. Record this data in table I.
(2) Calculate the duct equivalent diameter according to the
equation.
Eq L+W
where:
D_ = the equivalent diameter of the duct
Eq
L = the length of the duct cross-section at
the sampling site
W = the width of the duct cross-section at
the sampling site.
(3) Measure the distance from the sampling site to the nearest
downstream flow disturbance (distance A in figure I) and
from the site to the nearest upstream flow disturbance
(distance B in figure I).
(4) Divide these distances by the equivalent diameter of the
duct.
(5) Determine the corresponding number of traverse points for
each distance from Figure I. This number must be a multiple
of two.
(6) Select the higher of these two numbers. This is the
minimum number of traverse points that must be used.
(7) Record all data in Table I.
21
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DUCT DIAMETERS UPSTREAM FROM FLOW DISTURBANCE (DISTANCE A)
1.0 1.5 2.0
* FROM POINT OF ANY TYPE OF
DISTURBANCE (BEND. EXPANSION. CONTRACTION. ETC.)
DUCT DIAMETERS DOWNSTREAM FROM FLOW DISTURBANCE (DISTANCE B)
Figure I. Minimum number of traverse points.
TABLE I
NUMBER OF TRAVERSE POINTS
W=
D
Eq=_
Distance A =
Distance B =
and in equivalent diameters_
and in equivalent diameters
Number of traverse points required by distance A
Number of traverse points required by distance B
Required number of traverse points
22
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b. Traverse point location.
(1) Divide the duct cross-section into as many equal
rectangular areas as there are traverse points.
Maintain the length-to-width ratio of these areas
between 1.0 and 2.0. Use the rectangle below for
diagramming.
(2) Locate a traverse point at the center of each
individual area.
L/W ratio=
Duct cross-section lay-out
23
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2. PITOT TUBE CALIBRATION
1. Determination of the Type S Pitot Tube Coefficient. C
In this exercise you will calibrate the Type S pitot tube used
for velocity measurement against a standard pitot tube.
Inclined Manometer
Figure 2
Procedure
a. Set-up, level and zero the inclined manometer.
b. Be sure that one tube of the type S pitot tube is labeled "A"
and the other is labeled "B".
c. Place an arbitrary mark on the pitot tube such that when the mark
is placed at the outside edge of the duct, the tip of the pitot
tube is near the center of the duct.
d. Connect the pitot tube to the manometer as shown in Figure 2.
e. Insert the pitot tube into the duct until the mark is at the
outside edge of the duct wall.
f. Align the pitot tube so that the tube labeled "A" faces directly
into the flow stream.
24
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g. Record (in Table 2) the velocity pressure indicated by the manometer.
h. Place a mark on the standard pitot tube such that when the mark is
placed at the outside edge of the duct wall, the tip of the pitot
tube is in exactly the same location in the duct as the Type S pitot
tube was.
i. Connect the pitot tube to the manometer as shown in Figure 2.
j. Insert the tube into the duct until the mark is at the outside
edge of the duct wall.
k. Align the tube so that it faces directly into the flow stream.
1. Record (in Table 2) the velocity head indicated by the manometer.
m Determine the pitot tube coefficient according to the equation
„ 0 , . , ,v 1/Ap (standard)
Cp = Cp (standard) [/ ^ (Type s)
Assume the C (standard) is 0.99.
P
n. Transfer this coefficient to Table 2.
25
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CALIBRATION OF "S" TYPE PITOT TUBE
Probe-Type "S" Pitot Tube: ID. No.
NBS Standard Pitot-Static Tube C =0.99
P
Barometric Pressure
Duct Gas Temperature
Date
Calibration Operator(s)
TABLE #2
S-Type Pitot Tube Coefficient Data
Test
1
Test
2
Test
3
Legs A, B
of "S" Type
Pitot Tube
A
B
B
A
B
Standard Pitot-
Static Tube
Ap in. HO
"S" Type
Pitot Tube
Ap in. H20
CP~
C Test
PLeg A
>x ^:-\ ;
*^v^^:X,i
V' -, "- " '^'v-
^ >« *\ ,, --
*Tw -'-> - - -- •
, -yv?V' *-:
"<,••• "^ "ll-v?;-~-
,-- - ^ i ;/^
' '- V - - -
' - * V,
C Test
PLeg B
sx\ K%\v
" ^ S--- V? x
"--" -- - •"
-,:!:•.-" * i
"- .I-^^'.u
„ * "U'\ > Jv -3
C Test =
P
Ap
std
. Ap Test .
26
std
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3. WET BULB-DRY BULB TECHNIQUE
The determination of stack gas moisture content can be easily accomplished
by either of four sampling techniques:
• Condensation (Federal Register Method 4)
• Adsorption (modified Federal Register Method 4)
• Wet Bulb-Dry Bulb
• Nomograph
The Federal Register Method 4 procedure for moisture deter-
mination in flue gas requires a sampling train composed of a heated probe,
midget impingers and a silica gel tube. The flue gas is extracted from the
o
source at a sampling rate of 0.75 ft /min or at a rate proportional to the
stack gas velocity. The amount of moisture in the flue gas is determined
gravimetrically and volumetrically from the impinger system/silica gel tube
to give a final moisture determination.
Silica Gel Tuba
Heated Prot*
Fitter (Gliss Wool)
•flolamefar
/v \\
IceBtlh Midget Impingers Pump Dry Gts Meter
Federal Register
Method 4
Sampling Train
Another method of determining moisture content of the flue gas
relies on adsorption of the gas stream onto a desiccant (i.e. silica gel).
27
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Silica Gel Tube
Heated Probe
Filler (GlassWooli
•Rolameter
Modified Method 4
\ \
Pump DryGtsUeler
The amount of collected water is determined by the weight difference of
the dessicant before and after sampling corrected to standard conditions
employing the following two equations:
where
V
Equation (1): B = —
we
+ V
we me
B
ws
V
we
me
Proportion by volume of water vapor in the
gas stream, dimensionless
The volume of water vapor collected at
standard conditions, ft
Dry Gas volume through the meter at standard
3
conditions, ft
The volume of water vapor collected at standard conditions, V ,
we
given in the following equation:
is
Equation (2): V = 0.0472 ft /gram (Vf-V±)
where Vf = Final weight of M4 Tube, grams
V. = Initial weight of M4 Tube, grams
0.0472 = The number of cubic feet that 1 gram of water
would occupy in the vapor state at standard
conditions.
The dry gas volume of sample pulled through the meter at standard con-
ditions can be calculated from the following equation:
P T
V - V Y m std
me m „ • m
std m
28
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where Vm = Dry gas volume measured by meter, ft
Pm = Bar°metric pressure at gas meter, in. Hg.
pstd = Pressure at standard conditions, 29.91 in. Hg.
Tstd e Absolute temperature at standard conditions, 528° R
Tm ~ A^solute temperature at meter (F + 460), R
Y = Dry gas meter correction factor, dimensionless
Both of the above methods require some form of extracting the flue gas
from the source, hence involving considerable time and effort. For approximate
determination, the latter two methods serve equally well in stack gas
moisture determination.
In the wet bulb/dry bulb technique, two mercury in glass thermometers
are required to measure flue gas temperature. One thermometer, dry bulb, is
inserted into the stack and allowed to reach equilibrium. This temperature
is recorded as the dry bulb temperature. The other thermometer is covered
with a cotton wick saturated with distilled water. It is also inserted into
the stack and allowed to reach equilibrium. The dry bulb rapidly reaches
equilibrium, while the wet bulb rises to equilibrium, levels off, and then
rises again once the wick is dry. The inflection point at which the tempera-
ture reaches equilibrium is considered the wet bulb temperature.
Measurement
Representation
Dry Bulb
Wei Bulb
Time in Minutes
Wet Bulb/Dry Bulb
Moisture Determination
At temperatures below 212°F, wet and dry bulb temperatures may be
measured in the flue gas without worry of sulfuric acid mist being present
and raising the dew point substantially. However, above 212°F, erroneous
results may be obtained due to rapid drying of the wet bulb wick.
29
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'4*?
Moisture content can be calculated, using the wet bulb/dry bulb
technique, from the following equation:
Bws = p1—~ Moisture Equation
abs
where: V.P. = Vapor pressure of H»0
=S.V.P.-(3.67xlO-4)(Pabs)(Td-Tw)
S.V.P. = Saturated H~0 vapor pressure at wet bulb
temperature (inches of Hg) taken from table on page 31.
P = Absolute pressure of stack gas
t, = Temperature of dry bulb measurement, °F
t = Temperature of wet bulb inflection point, °F
To determine approximate moisture in a stack gas, perform the
wet bulb/dry bulb technique and fill in the following equation:
r _4 / °F -32°F>
V.P. =
in. Hg - 1 3.67 x 10 ( in. Hg) ( °F- °F
L
in. Hg
B_ . „
ws
— *- i fin —
in. Hg
-d*
1571
Another method for determining approximate moisture in the flue gas is by
the use of a nomograph. The nomograph has been mathematically constructed to
solve various equations when known process information is supplied. While
nomographs may not be as accurate as actual analysis they do provide a useful
approximate moisture figure needed in solving the isokinetic ratio equation.
To properly use the nomograph, determine the wet bulb/dry bulb temperatures
and precede with the following steps:
(1) Calculate wet bulb depression
t - t = depression, °F
d wet r
(2) On the line from stack absolute pressure to wet bulb depression
temperature, mark pivot line #1.
30
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Wet Bulb
Temp.
Deg. F.
20
10
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
210
220
230
240
250
260
270
280
290
300
310
320
330
340
350
360
370
380
390
400
0
.0126
.0222
.0376
.0376
.0631
.1025
.1647
.2478
.3626
.5218
.7392
1.032
1.422
1.932
2.596
3.446
4.525
5.881
7.569
9.652
12.20
15.29
10.01
23.47
28.75
35.00
42.31
50.84
60.72
72.13
85.22
100.2
117.2
136.4
158.2
182.6
209.8
240.3
274.1
311.6
353.0
398.6
448.6
503.6
1
.0119
.0209
.0359
.0398
.0660
.1080
.1716
.2576
.3764
.5407
.7648
1.066
1.467
1.991
2.672
3.543
4.647
6.034
7.759
9.885
12.48
15.63
19.42
23.96
29.33
35.68
43.11
51.76
61.79
74.36
86.63
101.8
119.0
138.5
160.5
185.2
212.7
243.5
277.7
315.5
357.4
403.4
453.9
509.3
2
.0112
.0199
.0339
.0417
.0696
.1127
.1803
.2677
.3906
.5601
.7912
1.102
1.513
2.052
2.749
3.642
4.772
6.190
7.952
10.12
12.77
15.98
19.84
24.46
29.92
36.37
43.92
52.70
62.88
74.61
88.06
103.4
120.8
140.6
162.8
187.8
215.6
246.8
281.3
319.5
361.8
408.2
459.2
515.1
3
.0106
.0187
.0324
.0463
.0728
.1186
.1878
.2782
.4052
.5802
.8183
1.138
1.561
2.114
2.829
3.744
4.900
6.330
8.150
10.36
13.07
16.34
20.27
24.97
30.52
37.07
44.74
53.65
63.98
75.88
89.51
105.0
122.7
142.7
165.2
190.4
218.6
250.1
284.9
323.5
366.2
413.1
464.6
521.0
4
.0100
.0176
.0306
.0441
.0768
.1248
.1955
.2891
.4203
.6009
.8462
1.175
1.610
2.178
2.911
3.848
5.031
6.513
8.351
10.61
13.37
16.70
20.70
25.48
31.13
37.78
45.57
54.62
65.10
77.17
90.97
106.7
124.6
144.8
167.6
193.1
221.6
253.4
288.6
327.6
370.7
418.1
470.0
526.9
5
.0095
.0168
.0289
.0489
.0810
.1502
.2035
.3004
.4359
.6222
.8750
1.213
1.660
2.243
2.995
3.954
5.165
6.680
8.557
10.86
13.67
17.07
21.14
26.00
31.75
38.50
46.41
55.60
66.23
78.46
92.45
108.4
126.5
147.0
170.0
195.8
224.6
256.7
292.3
331.7
375.2
423.1
475.5
532.9
6
.0089
.0158
.0275
.0517
.0846
.1S70
.2118
.3120
.4520
.6442
.9046
1.253
1.712
2.310
3.081
4.063
5.302
6.850
8.767
11.12
13.98
17.44
21.50
26.53
32.38
39.24
47.37
56.60
67.38
79.78
93.96
110.1
128.4
149.2
172.5
198.5
227.7
260.1
296.1
335.9
379.8
428.1
481.0
538.9
7
.0084
.0150
.0250
.0541
.0892
.1429
.2203
.3240
.4586
.6669
.9352
1.293
1.765
2.379
3.169
4.174
5.442
7.024
8.981
11.38
14.30
17.82
22.05
27.07
33.02
39.99
48.14
57.61
68.54
81.11
95.49
111.8
130.4
151.4
175.0
201.3
230.8
263.6
299.9
340.1
384.4
433.1
486.2
545.0
8
.0080
.0142
.0247
.0571
.0932
.1502
.2292
.3364
.4858
.6903
.9666
1.335
1.819
2.449
3.259
4.289
5.585
7.202
9.200
11.65
14.62
18.21
22.52
27.62
33.67
40.75
49.03
58.63
69.72
82.46
97.03
113.6
132.4
153.6
177.5
204.1
233.9
267.1
303.8
344.4
389.1
438.2
492.2
551.1
9
.0075
.0134
.0233
.0598
.0982
.1567
.2382
.3493
.5035
.7144
.9989
1.378
1.875
2.521
3.351
4.406
5.732
7.384
9.424
11.92
14.96
18.61
22.99
28.18
34.33
41.52
49.93
59.67
70.92
83.83
98.61
115.4
134.4
155.9
180.0
206.9
237.1
270.6
307.7
348.7
393.8
443.4
497.9
557.3
S.V.P. (Saturated HgO vapor pressure wet bulb temperature—inches of mercury)
-------
(3) On the line from the pivot line #1 mark and the t , mark on
w
pivot line #2.
(4) On the line from the stack absolute pressure through the mark
on pivot line #2 read % HO on scale M.
Percent Moisture in Flue Gas
Nomograph Technique
U-j
o
-27.5
h-27.0
-26.5
L-26.0
' (I)
o
z
Ul
•z.
In conclusion, we have discussed four methods for determining moisture in
the stack gas: condensation, adsorption, wet bulb-dry bulb and the nomograph.
The method you select will depend upon your sampling parameters and degree of
accuracy.
32
-------
4. CALIBRATION OF THE ORIFICE METER
The orifice meter is a thin flat plate with a sharp-edged hole
concentric with the axis of the diameter of the pipe in which it is
located. A pressure differential is created across the orifice plate
as gases flow through the concentric hole. This pressure differential
is directly related to the flow rate through the orifice. A properly
ij
constructed orifice meter will locate the orifice plate at least 8
pipe diameters upstream and 2 pipe diameters downstream of any dis-
turbances to the gas flow. The pressure differential across the
plate is best measured by "Radius Taps" located 1 pipe diameter up-
stream and 1/2 pipe diameter downstream of the orifice plate. Im-
properly positioned pressure taps may not give a true representation
of the gas flow rate. Calibration of the orifice meter is essential
and should be performed on a regular basis.
$.
EXERCISE
. The exercise is directed at establishing a flow rate through
the orifice of 0.75cfm of dry air (Md=29g/mole) at 68PF
29.92in. Hg. (STP). The pressure differential for this flow
rate is designated AH^.
1. The flow rate through the orifice is calculated in the
equation
~ Tm AH
vv.
33
-------
V
AH = Pressure differential in. HoO
1^ = Proportionality factor
Volumetric gas flow rate (cfm)
= tm (°F) + 460
= Absolute pressure at the meter
= Molecular weight of gas flowing through orifice
2. Solving this equation for AH
AH =
P M
m m
Tm
3. Substituting terms given for AH~
0.75cfm
m
(29.92in.Hg.)(29g/mole)
528°R
0.9244
Laboratory procedures - Record data in the appropriate spaces
on the form provided.
1. Turn on sampling meter console.
2. Close coarse valve and turn fine adjust valve all the
way counter-clockwise.
3. Level and zero orifice manometer.
4. Partially open course valve using it and fine adjust to
establish orifice AH.
5. Read DGM dial and simultaneously start stopwatch. Allow
2 minutes to pass maintaining proper AH the entire period.
34
-------
6. Simultaneously close course valve and stop the watch.
7. Record final DGM reading and other data and repeat pro-
cedure for other AH.
8. For the higher flow rates, it may be necessary to cut
off the pump while leaving the valves set, read the DGM,
then simultaneously start the pump and the watch.
9. Perform calculations as illustrated on the orifice
meter calibration form.
35
-------
TABLE IV
Orifice Meter Calibration
Operator(s)
Date
Meter Console No.
DGM No.
Barometric Pressure (Pm)
in.Hg. DGM Correction Factor (DGMCF)
AH
in H20
0.25
0.5
1.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
Vl
Initial DGM
Dial Reading
0
Minutes
V2
Final DGM
Dial Reading
Qm
(CFM)
y°F>
Average
<*m>
Km
•
(V2- V.^ X DGMCF
"(Cfm) 0 (minutes)
.n
AH,
0.9244
(Km)2 "
36
-------
5. DETERMINATION OF GAS STREAM VELOCITY AND VOLUMETRIC FLOW RATE
The volumetric flow rate of a gas stream can now be determined. It is the
velocity of the stream multiplied by the cross-sectional area through which it
is flowing. The cross-sectional area can be determined by conventional means using
diameter or circumference data for circular stacks and length and width data for
rectangular stacks. Velocity, then, becomes the basic parameter necessary for
volumetric flow rate calculation.
The velocity of a gas stream is determined by using a pitot tube. The
pitot tube equation can be written as
where:
V « velocity of the gas stream, ft /sec
S
T - absolute temperature, °R (°F + 460)
P « absolute pressure, in. Hg
M » molecular weight of the gas, Ib /lb -mole
Ap » velocity pressure, in. H.O
:: 85.497-
K -constant: 85.49/ft *}' H* lbs /lb "•— for the
p / sec Z in. H,0 °R
above dimensions
C - pitot tube coefficient, dimensionless.
P
The volumetric flow rate of a gas stream is calculated according to
the equations: Actual Stack Gas Volumetric Flow Rate
Q = v A
xa s
Stack Gas Volumetric Flow Rate corrected to standard conditions
T
Q = 3600 sec/hr (1-B ) v A ' std
xs ws s
T
s
37
-------
where :
Q = the volumetric flow rate of the gas stream at actual
a conditions in cubic feet per hour (acfh)
Q = the volumetric flow rate of .the gas stream on a dry
s
basis at standard conditions in cubic feet per hour
(scfh)
3600 = conversion factor (3600 sec /hr )
B = the moisture fraction by volume of the gas stream
(dimensionless)
v = the velocity of the gas stream at the sampling site
S
(ft /sec )
A = the cross-sectional area of the gas stream at the
2
sampling site (ft )
T , » the absolute temperature at standard conditions
(528° R)
I = the average, absolute temperature of the gas stream
P = the average, absolute pressure of the gas stream
G
(in. Hg)
Pstd = the absolute pressure at standard conditions
(29.92 in. Hg) .
In order to calculate the velocity, ve, and the volumetric flow rate,
S
Q , you must measure C ,T , Ap, P , M , and A. You will notice that in order
s p s s s
to determine the molecular weight, M , there are two steps — the determination
o
of the molecular weight (M^) of the gas stream on a dry basis and the
determination of the moisture content (B ) of the gas stream.
vvS
38
-------
Procedures;
Determine the following:
1. Pitot tube coefficient (C ).
P
2. Velocity pressure (Ap).
3. Molecular weight (M,).
d
4. Stack pressure (P ).
5. Stack temperature (T ).
6* Moisture fraction (B ^).
ws
When you have conducted the exercises and made the appropriate calculations,
transfer the data to Table III and calculate the velocity.
For this exercise, assume a M, of 29.0 and a B as determined in wet
d ws
bulb-dry bulb lab.
TABLE III
VELOCITY AND VOLUMETRIC FLOW RATE CALCULATIONS
A- ''•"•"'' '
K = 85.49
P
C =
P 1/2
(in. H00)
T = °R
s
P = in. Hg
S ~ ~ ~ r T j . _ _ _
Ib/lb-mole
B = moisture fraction
ws
M = M, (1-B ) + 18 B =
s d v ws' ws
s g
Qs - 3600 sec /hr (1 - BWS) v g A
39
-------
Name
Group no.
Date
DATA SUMMARY
1. Slack diameier
2. Equivaleni diameier
3. Number of sampling poinls required
4. Standard pitol lube Cp
5. Type S pilol lube Cp
6. Baromeiric pressure
7. Absolule slack pressure (Ps)
8. Meier lemperalure (Tm) _
9. Stack temperature (Ts)
10. % Moisture in stack gas
11. Dry molecular weight of stack gas (M(j)
12. Wet molecular weight of stack gas (Ms)
13. Average gas velocity (vs)
14. Average slack volumelric flow rale
Aciual (Qa)
Slandard
15. Meier console no. AH,
40
-------
Name
Group no.
Date
DATA SUMMARY
1. Stack diameter
2. Equivalent diameter (DE) _
3 . Number of sampling points required
4. Standard pilot tube Cp _
5. Type S pilot tube Cp _
6. Barometric pressure
7. Absolute stack pressure (Ps)
8. Meter temperature (Tm)
9. Stack temperature (Ts)
10. % Moisture in stack gas
11. Dry molecular weight of stack gas (Mj)
12. Wet molecular weight of stack gas (Ms)
13. Average gas velocity (vs)
14. Average stack volumetric flow rate
Actual i
Standard
15. Meter console no AH
This sheet is to be handed in Wednesday morning.
41
-------
Lectures 5 6* 6
ISOKINETIC SOURCE SAMPLING
AND ISOKINETIC RATE EQUATIONS
Lesson Objectives:
The student will be able to:
• Define isokinetic sampling.
• Illustrate why isokinetic sampling is necessary when sampling for particulate
emissions.
• State how the particulate concentration given by the Method 5 train will change
when the sampling is performed overisokinetically .
• State how the particulate concentration given by the Method 5 train will change
when the sampling is performed underisokinetically .
• Recall the basic equation for establishing the isokinetic rate, AH = KAp
• Explain that gas passing through the sampling train undergoes changes of
moisture' content, temperature, and pressure.
• Explain that the isokinetic rate equation is derived from the requirement that
% must equal vs, and that one obtains the final expression by substituting the
pilot tube equation and orifice meter equation and by making proper correc-
tions for pressure, temperature, and moisture content.
• Recognize the fact that a separate equation exists for the determination of the
nozzle diameter.
• Calculate the value of Dn, the nozzle diameter, given the appropriate input
data, using a calculator or a slide rule.
43
-------
• Calculate the value of K and AH, given the appropriate input data, using a
calculator or a slide rule.
• Calculate values of Dn, K, and A// using a source sampling nomograph.
• State the assumptions of the source sampling nomograph.
• Check the accuracy of the source sampling nomograph and recognize the effect
of errors in computed A// values on test results.
44
-------
ISOKINETIC SAMPLING
Isokinetic sampling conditions exist when the velocity of the
gases entering the probe nozzle tip (vn) is exactly equal to the
velocity of the approaching stack gases (vc), that is vn = vc. The
percent isokinetic is defined as:
vr
•••^h.
v.
% isokinetic = —- x 100
and is equal to 100% only when v = v . When v ? v (anisokinetic
n 5 n 5
conditions), sample concentrations can be biased due to the inertial
effects of particles.
If the gas-flow streamlines are disturbed as in anisokinetic
conditions:
1. Large particles tend to move in the same initial direction.
2. Small particles tend to follow the streamlines.
3. Intermediate particles are somewhat deflected.
As an example, assume that we have a large particle of 6 mass
units and a small particle of .03 mass units. Consider the following
situations:
100% ISOKINETIC
Assume
o O oO
o
o
o
o
0
o
Therefore:
O
O
O
o
o
o >
o GAS STREAM"
oO
oO
o 0
oO
o o
o O
o O
NOZZLE
ma e c 1 1 n •! +•
v = v
n s
Qn = 1 cfm
4 large and 4 small
particles are
collected/minute
mass/minute = 4x6+4x.03 = 24.1 ^te
r _ 24.1 m.u./min _ 9A -, m.u.
L_- —- o - tt. i i
ft /nrin
" ' = M. i —^
1 _. J /_j _ -. "5
45
-------
200% ISOKINETIC
GAS STREAM
oO X O
oO NOZZLE
oQ ^ OO-Q-
o Q ^ oo Q
o Q oo Q
o O ^ ocrO-
QQ // -o-
O
Assume: v = 2v
Qn = 2cfm
4 large and 8 small particles collected/minute
Therefore:
mass/minute = 4 x 6 + 8 x .03= 24.2 m.u./minute
24.2 m.u./min ,9 , nuu.
n = 5— ^ "~ ' ^
n c ft°/min ftj
50% ISOKINETIC
oO
ft O
o \j
oO
oO
oO
oo
oO
^ GAS STREAM
00
v vJ
/ NOZZLE o
> oo
oO
\ c5
^ O-O-Q
-s 00
Assume: v = 1/2 v
n s.
Qn = 1/2 cfm
4 large and 2 small particles collected/minute
Therefore:
mass/minute =4x6+2x.03=24.1 m.u./minute
r = 24-1 m.u./min A0 „ m.u.
n 1/2 ~737~. ~ 48'2 ~T3~
ft /mm ft
46
-------
The criteria of what particle sizes constitute large, interme-
diate, and small particles is a function of the particle density
stack velocity, gas viscosity, and nozzle diameter. Various
studies have been made to determine this relationship. The following
are some references.
1. S. Badzioch, "Correction for Am'sokinetic
Sampling of Gas-borne Dust Particles" J.
Inst. Fuel, 106-110 (March 1960).
2. W.C.L. Hemeon and 6.F. Haines, Jr., "The
Magnitude of Errors in Stack Dust Sampling"
Air Repair 4, 159-164 (November 1954).
3. H.H. Watson, "Errors Due to Anisokinetic
Sampling of Aerosols" Ind. Hyg. Quart.,
21-25 (March 1954).
4. S. Badzioch, "Collection of Gas-borne Dust
Particles by Means of an Aspirated Sampling
Nozzle", Brit. J. Appl.Phys. 10, 26-32
(January 1959).
5. V. Vitols, "Theoretical Limits of Errors Due
to Anisokinetic Sampling of Particulate Matter"
J. APCA 16, 79-84 (February 1966).
47
-------
AH = KAp
SIMPLIFIED
ISOKINETIC
RATE EQUATION
0-n - Anvn " Vs - vs
4
NOZZLE TIP VOLUMETRIC FLOW RATE
VTmAH
rV
PmMm
ORIFICE METER EQUATION
T and P CORRECTION
FOR DRY GAS STREAM
p T
Qn ~ p ~Z~ Qm
rs 'm
ns (1~Bws ) ~ nm ( 1—Bwm
MOISTURE CORRECTION
Qn = 1 ~ Bwm Ts Pm
~-\ R T^ P~
1 ~ Bws ' m Ks
FLOW RATE CORRECTED FOR T, P & MOISTURE
48
-------
= (1 ~ Bwm)
(1 -
Tmps
RELATION OF FLOW RATE AT NOZZLE
TO METER FLOW RATE
JtD
n
m^m
4
(1-B,
<1-Bws)TmPs
m Mm
vs = Kpcp
PITOT TUBE EQUATION
49
-------
£ -W.VT
PSMS
(1-Bwm) TsPm |Tm AH
^ K^
m s i • r
AH = ^D 4 f P P i ' ' m_ 'tn- s \£
4Km/ d-Bwm)2 Ms TsPm
SOLVING FOR AH
Mm ' Md<1-Bwm) + 18Bwm
Ms ' MdH - Bws> + 18 Bws
MOISTURE RELATIONSHIPS
50
-------
d-B
wm
[Md(1 -
Bws)
18B
WS
^
ISOKINETIC RATE EQUATION
AH@ IS DEFINED AS THE ORIFICE
PRESSURE DIFFERENTIAL THAT
GIVES 0.75 CFM OF AIR AT
68° F AND 29.92" Hg.
'm
= (.75cfm)2 (29.92" Hg) (29.0)
(460 + 68) K*
= -9244
K
m
51
-------
SIMPLIFYING
ASSUME Bwm = 0
.9244
LET AH© = =
@ (Km)2
AND Kp = 85.49
ISOKINETIC RATE EQUATION -WORKING FORM
AH J 846.72 Dn4 AH@Cp2 (1 - B^)2 ^1 I^M Ap
( Ms Ts Pm)
Dn =\/t m'm 1 \/'sMs
NOZZLE DIAMETER SELECTION
52
-------
ISOKINETIC AH LECTURE PROBLEM
Given the following information use the isokinetic A// equation to find a K factor
for setting isokinetic rate through the sampling train:
= 0.75 CFM
@ = 1.85
Pilot tube Cp = 0.85
*m = 80°F
Pm = 30.0 in. Hg
PS = 29. 6 m. Hg
= 29 Ib/lb-mole
Average A/> = 0.80 in. HZO
You will need to find M3 then solve the equations for nozzle diameter and K.
53
-------
3.O
2.O
1.5
I.O
REF 1
ISO-
IOO-
5O«
-50
rREF 2
=2-20
EL— I.O
— 0.8
— O.6
— 0.5
30
50
Ps/Pm
1.2
n^
I.I
-— i.o
O.9
O.8
DRAW LINE FROM AH^ TO tm TO OBTAIN POINT A ON REF I.
DRAW UNE FROM POINT A TO % H^ AND READ B ON REF. 2
DRAW LINE FROM POINT B TO Ps/Pm,
-------
ORIFICE READING
AH
-2.0
-1.5
I CORRECTION
FACTOR
K FACTOR
0.001-
PITCTREAONG
AP
0.002-
3-5
—Ref
03-=
0.2-1
r STACK
I TEMP.
TIP DM.
D
F-1.0
j-0.9
I-O8
=-0.7
|-0.6
1-0.5
|-0.4
^-0.3
5.
6.
Set correction factor reference
mark.
Estimate Average pitot tube reading
(Ap) by preliminary velocity traverse
Estimate average stack temperature
°F(ts)
Align tg and Ap and select appropriate
nozzle diameter
Align new D and t to get a new Ap
Align Ap and AH scale reference mark
to set K factor pivot point and lock
Determine AH setting for each P
during the test.
If ts varies > 20° F reset K pivot pt.
0.003-4
0.004
0.005-1
0006 -f
o.ooe ]|
o.oi-=
0.02-1
0.03 H
0.0* H
0.05-1
0.06
— 0.2
0.3-|
0.44
0.5-1
0.6-
0.8^=
1.0 —
—0.1
5-4
55
-------
SOURCE SAMPLING NOMOGRAPH CALIBRATION DATA
Form A. Correct the C-Factor obtained in normal operation of the nomograph for Cp^O.85 by:
(Pitot Tube Cp)2
(0.85)2
Nomograph
ID. No.
Nomograph
C-Factor
Pitot Cp
(Cp)2
(0.85)2
Adjusted
C-Factor
Form B. Correct the Nomograph C-Factor for Md * 29 Ib/lb-mole
l-Bws+I8Bws/29
C-Factor (Adjusted) = (C-Factor Nomograph)
1-BWS+18 Bws/Md
Nomograph
ID. No.
Nomograph
C-Factor
Stack Gas Dry Molecular
Weight (Md)
Adjusted
C-Factor
Form C. Scale Alignment (Check all Nomographs)
Step I
Step 2
Step 3
Alignment
Test 1
Alignment
Test 2
Alignment
Test 3
Set marker
on and
tighten pivot
AH= 0.1
Ap = 0.001
AH= 10.0
Ap = 10.0
AH= 1.0
Ap= 0.1
Set one end
of marker
on
Ap = Q.01
1 Ap = 0.1
Ap=1.0
Ap = 0.1
Ap = 1 .0
Ap = 0.01
AH
should
read
1.0
10.0
1.0
.1
10.0
.1
Nomograph
ID. No
actual AH reading
Nomograph
ID. No
actual AH reading
Form D. Nomograph Accuracy*
Meter
Console
A"®
1.84*
1.00
2.00*
Meter
'm°F
70
140
100
Stack Gas
Bwsx 100
5
10
30
PS
29.92
29.92
35.9
Pm
29.92
29.92
29.92
Stack
's°F
1000
300
500
Ap
1.00
2.00
2.00
Nomograph
C-Factor
Calculated
Nozzle Dn
Nomo-
graph
AH
Calcu-
lated
AH
•Assume Qm = 0.75; Cp = 0.85; Bwm = 0; Md = 29.0
Forms for source sampling nomograph calibration.
56
-------
Name
Nomograph No.
Homework Problem
Setting the Isokinetic Sampling Rate
This problem gives practice in obtaining the isokinetic sampling rate using two
methods —the nomograph method and the calculation method. Using the data
given in Table 1, fill in the boxes of Table 2 for problems 1,2, and 3.
Note the following:
1. Assume Bwm = 0 for all problems. Assume Qm = .75.
2. In problem 3, correct the nomograph C factor for different Cp and
for different M,j.
3. Remember that Ms= Md(l-Bws)+ 18 Bws.
4. Equations for Dn and AH are page 52 of the workbook.
Table 1
Problem
Number
1.
2.
3.
AH@
1.84
1.00
2.00
CP
.85
.85
.80
'm
70
140
100
ts
1000
300
500
PS
29.92
29.92
29.70
Pm
29.92
29.92
31.9
Bws
.05
.10
.30
Md
29.0
29.0
26.2
Ap
1.0
2.0
.75
Table 2
Problem
Number
1.
2.
3.
Ms
Dn
(calc.)
K
(calc.)
C
(nomo.)
Dn
(nomo.)
AH if
Ap=1.0
(nomo.)
AH if
Ap=1.0
(calc.)
AH if
Ap=1.3
(nomo.)
AH if
Ap=1.3
(calc.)
AH if
Ap=.8
(nomo.)
AH if
Ap=.8
(calc.)
57
-------
Name
Nomograph No.
HAND IN SHEET
Homework Problem
Setting the Isokinetic Sampling Rate
This problem gives practice in obtaining the isokinetic sampling rate using two
methods —the nomograph method and the calculation method. Using the data
given in Table 1, fill in the boxes of Table 2 for problems 1,2, and 3.
Note the following:
1. Assume Bwm = 0 for all problems. Assume Qm = .75.
2. In problem 3, correct the nomograph C factor for different Cp and
for different M
-------
Lecture 7
REVIEW OF REFERENCE METHODS 1-4
Lesson Objectives:
The student will be able to:
• Fully describe and perform RM1 procedures.
• List all Federal Register requirements for pilot tube calibration, conslruclion,
and use.
• Describe RM4 procedures for moisture determination.
• Use RM4 equations for calculation of Bws .
• List the procedures for RMS gas analysis.
• Calculate and mathematically define.
a.
b. Ms
c. % Excess air
61
-------
t — r~
I
CURVED OR /
UITEREO JUNCTION
STATIC
HOLES (-0.IB)
HEMISPHERICAL
TIP~
Standard Pitot Tube
Design Specifications
nee MS
PROPERLY
CONSTRUCTED
TYPE S
PITOT TUBE
A-SIDE PLANE
LONGITUDINAL f PI
TUB* AMS V_H
I NOTE'
B. A ' ^L_!E>' (i.oeo,«P«i.
• P j
V!1
;•>-«•»
-- OfflHMS
HIStUSNHSMT
in-) f id) "X£u+
S-Z]A«*"-»
62
-------
PROPER PITOT TUBE-
SAMPLINO
NOZZLE
CONFIOURATION
TO
MINIMIZE
AERODYNAMIC
INTERFERENCE
PITOT ran
tat VUW: TO HHYIMT flTOT Wit
no* iHTttrtimn trim ta now
*nnAuti»tt tprmACNHH rue matt.
rat inner fuessaur off HIM ruua or rut poor
mfg stun, ft IVCH mm ox uovt rm HOULC cum n.*nt.
PROPER
THERMOCOUPLE
PLACEMENT
TO MINIMIZE
INTERFERENCE
TTPPl PITOT TU«
Standard Pttot
Static Tube Port
"S" Typ«
Pttot Tube Port
2' (2 Dlameteri Upttreim)
I ' (8 Diameter* Downstream)
CALIBRATION
DUCT
63
-------
NOTES:
Kvs N
UNITN.
Kvs VELOCITY (ft./sec.)
10 20 30 4O 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 ISO 160
VELOCITY lft/sec.|
64
-------
VELOCITY ERROR VS
YAW ANGLE FOR AN S - TYPE PITOT TUBE
4.57m/sec
15.24 in/sec
9.14na/sec
-60
20 40
-• 10X
+ 20%
Percent
Velocity Error
+ 30%
65
-------
LABORATORY EXERCISE
GAS ANALYSIS DETERMINATION FOR CARBON
DIOXIDE, EXCESS AIR, AND DRY MOLECULAR WEIGHT
The orsat gas analyzer is used to determine the composition of
the stack gas when COp, Op, CO, and Np are the principle gas constit-
uents. An integrated Tedlar bag sample is taken of the stack gas and
a known volume of the gas is analyzed in the orsat. The composition
of the gas is determined on a percent by volume basis. This is acc-
omplished by successive removal of COp, Op, and CO with Np calculated
by difference. The data are defined by Dal ton's Law of Partial Pre-
ssure and the Ideal Gas Law as the mole fraction of each constituent
gas. The vapor pressure of HpO in the orsat analyzer is constant,
therefore, all data are given on a dry basis. An outline of the pro-
cedure is presented here. Please read the Federal Register for com-
plete understanding.
I. Integrated Bag Sample
A. The sampling set up is diagrammed below. A sample rate propor-
tiona3 to the stack gas velocity is arbitrarily set, such
that the evaculated bag will be approximately 2/3 full after
the allotted sampling time.
Air Cooled
Condenser
-------
B. This apparatus will be assembled for the student and be in
operation.
1. Inspect all aspects of this apparatus for complete
understanding.
2. Proceed to Orsat when bag is filled.
II. Orsat Analysis
A. Level the analysis solutions to the mark on the analysis
bottle using the burette leveling bottle.
1. Turn burette stopcock to vent and raise leveling bottle.
a. red burette solution (saturated NapSO, with HgSO^
to make it acidic and methyl orange indicator) will
fill burette.
b. close the stopcock.
c. Crimp leveling bottle tubing with the palm of your
hand.
2. Open burette stopcock and the stopcock of the COg bubbler
bottle so that gas can enter each container.
a. Slowly release leveling bottle tubing crimp while
lowering the bottle.
b. The C02 absorbing solution (42% KOH) will rise in
the bubbler.
c. Raise COg solution to the reference mark on the
small diameter pipette very slowly (use the palm of
your hand to make a tubing crimp as a regulator).
Do not mix solutions.
d. Close stopcock to C02 bubbler leave burette
stopcock open to pipette gas to other bubblers.
67
-------
3. Repeat procedure for other bubblers.
a. 02 (46% KOH and pyrogallic acid)
b. CO (CuCl in solution with hydrogen and copper ions
to prevent oxidation to CU ++ Cl ".)
B. Leak test the burette and analysis bottles
1. Close stopcocks after bringing analysis solutions in
each bottle to reference mark.
2. Level burette solution at mid-scale. Close stopcock and
record reading.
3. Allow analyzer to stand 4 minutes then note level of each
solution.
4. For any solution that has fallen from the mark, regrease
the stopcock and check for location(s) of leak. Repeat
leak test until analyzer holds marks for 4 minutes.
C. Analyze gas sample
1. Record all information on the Orsat Field Data Sheet
2. Fill the burette with lOOcc of gas from the integrated
bag sample.
3. Determine the percent by volume in the following sequence :
C02, 02, CO.
a. Open the C02 stopcock to the burette.
b. Let the gas mix by bubbling through the C02 bottle
three times using the leveling bottle to move the gas
back and forth through the liquid.
c. Bring C02 solution back to the reference mark and close
the stopcock. Do not mix solutions.
68
-------
d. Read burette by leveling solution in burette and
solution in leveling bottle (both at atmospheric
pressure)
e. Repeat 1 pass only to assure all C02 has been
scrubbed out and record the constant readings.
f. Repeat all procedures for Q* (sl° passes) and CO
(=3 passes)
69
-------
Dry molecular weight determination
Plant
Date
Sampling time (24 hr clock)
Sampling location
Sample type (bag, integrated, continuous)
Analytical method
Ambient temperature
Operator
Comments:
^x. Run
Gas \v
CO2
O2 (net is actual
C>2 reading minus
actual CC>2
reading)
CO (net is actual
CO reading minus
actual ©2 reading
N2 (net is 100
minus actual CO
reading
1
Reading
Actual
Net
2
Reading
Actual
Net
3
Read ng
Actual
Net
Average
net
Volume
Multiplier
.44
.32
.28
.28
Total
Molecular, weight
of stack gas (dry
basis) Mft
(Ib/lb-mole)
Md = . 44(% C02)
02) + -28f% CO + %N2)
-------
Lecture 8
CALCULATION AND INTERPRETATION
OF % ISOKINETIC
Lesson Objectives:
The student will be able to:
• Locate the equations for %I in the Federal Register and in the course
workbook.
• Explain how the %I expression is derived.
• Explain the relative importance of the variables in the %I expression and point
out which ones should be closely checked on the source test report.
• Illustrate the effect of underisokinetic sampling on the measured pmr, relative
to the true pmr.
• Illustrate the effect of overisokinetic sampling on the measured pmr, relative to
the true pmr.
• Evaluate whether a source test should be rejected or accepted, based upon the
value of the % isokinetic and whether the emission rate value is above or belqw
the standard.
71
-------
DERIVATION
of the
ISOKINETIC
VARIATION
EQUATION
vn
% Isokinetic Variation = X 100
vn = velocity of gas through nozzle
vs = stack gas velocity
-------
From the equation
of continuity
v -i
Qn FROM COLLECTED DATA
Q = sw + * meter corrected
n e
where 6 = SAMPLING TIME
PERIOD
T
V0rifice =[-i
Corrected \ Pe
73
-------
Correction of Metered Volume to Volume at Stack Conditions
Correction for Water Collected in Impingers
PSVSW = JS. RTS
and Vsw = mH 0
M
RT0
2 H20 s
RT_
V = V-i ou n = The volume of water vapor
sw
HoO s at stack conditions
SUBSTITUTING INTO Qn
Qn -—fv,rK3 + — (Ph + —)]
" PS I 1C 3 Tm b 13.6 'J
6
WHERE Ko =£-7-2 = .00267 "1|Q9r,t
J Mu n ml °R
74
-------
[DERIVATION OF % 1 1
= — Q-
100
vs vsAn
[SUBSTITUTING, |
+
b 13.
An «
% I FR EXPRESSION
100Ts[vlcK3
% I =
60 6vsPsAn
75
100
-------
% I FR Expression
from intermediate data
% I = K4
Ts Vm(std)
PsVsAn9 d-B
ws'
K = 0.09450
for English units
mr
pmrs =
Asvs
ERRORS DUE TO ANISOKINETIC CONDITIONS
*W
1.8
1.6
pmr '•"*•
true
1.2
1.0
0.8
06
04
0.2
C
1 \ 1 1
\
_ \ \
_
-
_
1 1 1
.2 0.4 06 OB
1 1 1 1
-
-
-
^\$7^—
^^2^-
_
i i i i
0 12 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
pmr (SMALL)
mall a large)
UNDER ISOKINETIC j OVER ISOKINETIC
I RELATIVE ISOKINETK CONOITION,vn/v8
76
-------
Lecture 9
SAMPLING TRAIN CONFIGURATION:
DEFINITION OF A PARTICULATE
Lesson Objectives:
The student will be able to:
• Write the Federal Register definition of a particulate given in the NSPS
regulations.
• Describe the sampling train parameters effecting the definition of a particulate.
• Define "particulate" for the sampling train configurations given on page 78 of
the workbook.
77
-------
Sampling Train Configurations
Heated
r
Condenser—Pump^ Dry gas meter
Orifice meter
probe
Filter maintained at
2480±25°F(1200±14°C)
(see 40CFR subparts for different temperatures)
Schematic diagram of Reference Method 5
Suck I
Filter
r
t
Gas at
itack
conditions!
Heated
probe
• Orifice meter
•Condenser—Pump—Dry gas meter
Schematic diagram of an in-«tack train.
Stack
Stack
r
t
Gas at
•tack
conditions
Orifice meter-i
Heated '
. Condenser - - Filter — — Condenser— Pump™* Dry gas meter
probe i r / »
At ambient temperature
and pressure
Schematic diagram of EPA Method 5 (Modification No. 1)
Orifice
r meter
. Filter — Condenser — Filter -Pump— DGM
probe f
t
— At ambient temperature and pressure
EPA Method 5 (Modification No. 2)
78
-------
Lecture 10
DISCUSSION OF SOURCE SAMPLING EXERCISE
Lesson Objectives:
The student will be able to:
• List the steps involved in designing a stack test.
• List the information necesary in a pre-survey of the stack test site.
• Recall the planning steps for a stack test.
• Recall a usable report writing format.
• Describe the basic procedures for performing an EPA Method 5 test including
filling out data forms and making calculations.
79 -
-------
Planning and performing a stack test.
EACH STACK TEST
SHOULD BE CONSIDERED
AN ORIGINAL SCIENTIFIC
EXPERIMENT
DETERMINE NECESSITY OF A SOURCE TEST
•Decide on data required
•Determine that source test will give this data
•Analyze cost
STATE SOURCE TEST OBJECTIVES
•Process evaluation
•Process design data
•Regulatory compliance
DESIGN EXPERIMENT
•Develop sampling approach
•Select equipment to meet test objectives
•Select analytical method
•Evaluate possible errors or biases and correct
sampling approach
•Determine manpower needed for test
•Determine time required for test with margin for
breakdowns
•Thoroughly evaluate entire experiment
with regard to applicable State and Federal
guidelines
PRE-SURVEY SAMPLING SITE
•Locate hotels and restaurants in area
•Contact plant personnel
•Inform plant personnel of testing objectives and
requirements for completion
•Note shift changes
•Determine accessibility of sampling site
•Evaluate safety
•Determine port locations and application to
Methods 1 and 2 (12/23/71 Federal Register)
•Locate electrical power supply to site
•Locate rest rooms and food at plant
•Drawings, photographs, or blueprints of sampling site
•Evaluate applicability of sampling approach from
experiment design
•Note any special equipment needed
RESEARCH Ml KRATURE
•Basic proccvs operation
•Ty|H- of |M>llutant emitted
from process
•Physical slau- at source
conditions
•Probable points of emission
from process
•Read sampling reports
from other processes
sampled:
1. Problems to expect
2. Estimates of variables
a. H2O vapor
b. Temperature at
source
•Study analytical pro-
cedures used for
processing test samples
CALIBRATE EQUIPMENT
•DGM
•Determine console AH@
•Nozzles
•Thermometers and
thermocouples
•Pressure gages
•Orsat
•Pilot tube and probe
•Nomographs
ARRIVAL AT SITE
•Notify plant and
regulatory agency
personnel
•Review test plan with all
concerned
•Check weather forecasts
•Confirm process operation
parameters in control room
FINALIZE TEST PLANS
•Incorporate presurvey into experiment design
•Submit experiment design for ap-
proval by Industry and Regulatory Agency
•Set test dates and duration
•
PREPARE EQUIPMENT FOR TEST
•Assemble and confirm operation
•Prepare for shipping
•Include spare parts and reserve equipment
1
CONFIRM TRAVEL AND SAMPLE TEAM ACCOM-
MODATIONS AT SITE
1
CONFIRM TEST DATE AND PROCESS OPERATION
•Final step before travel arriving at site
SAMPLING FOR PARTICULATE EMISSIONS
•Carry equipment to sampling site
•Locate electrical connections
•Assemble equipment
1
•-1
PRELIMINARY GAS VELOCITY TRAVERSE
•Attach thermocouple or thermometer to pilot
probe assembly
•Calculate sample points from guidelines outlined in
Method 1 and 2 of Federal Register
•Mark pilot probe
•Traverse duct for velocity profile
•Record Ap's and temperature
•Record duct static pressure
\
PREPARE FILTERS AND
REAGENTS
•Mark filters with insoluble
ink
•Desiccate to constant
weight
•Record weights in per-
manent laboratory file
•Copy file for on site record
•Measure deionized distilled
HgO for impingers
•Weigh silica gel
•Clean sample storage
containers
DETERMINE APPROX-
IMATE MOLECULAR
WEIGHT OF STACK GAS
USING FYRITE AND
NOMOGRAPHS
APPROXIMATE H2O
VAPOR CONTENT OF
STACK GAS
>
t
80
-------
RECORD ALL INFORMA-
TION ON DATA SHEETS
•Sample case number
•Meter console number
•Probe length
•Barometric pressure
•Nozzle diameter
•C factor
•Assumed HjO
•Team supervisor
•Observers present
•Train leak test rate
•General comments
•Initial DGM dial readings
TAKE INTEGRATED
SAMPLE OF STACK GAS
FOR ORSAT ANALYSIS (OR
PERFORM MULTIPLE
FYRITE READINGS
ACROSS DUCT)
_L
ANALYZE STACK GAS FOR
CONSTITUENT GASES
•Determine molecular
weight
•CO2 and p2
concentration for F-factor
calculations
L
PREPARE OTHER TRAINS
FOR REMAINING
SAMPLING
REPACK EQUIPMENT
AFTER SAMPLING IS
COMPLETED
i
USE NOMOGRAPH OR CALCULATOR TO SIZE
NOZZLE AND DETERMINE C FACTOR
•Adjust for molecular weight and pilot tube C
•Set K pivot point on nomograph ™
LEAK TEST COMPLETELY ASSEMBLED
SAMPLING TRAIN @15" Hg VACUUM AND
MAXIMUM LEAK RATE OF 0.02 CFM
NOTIFY ALL CONCERNED THAT TEST IS ABOUT
I TO START
I ,
I CONFIRM PROCESS OPERATING PARAMETERS I
START SOURCE TEST
•Record start time - military base
•Record gas velocity
•Determine AH desired from nomograph
•Start pump and set orifice meter
differential manometer to desired AH
•Record
1. Sample point
2. Time from zero
3. DGM dial reading
4. Desired AH
5. Actual AH
6. All temperatures DGM, stack, sample case
•Maintain isokinetic AH at all times
•Repeat for all points on traverse
| MONITOR PROCESS RATE]
TAKE MATERIAL
SAMPLES IF NECESSARY
TAKE CONTROL ROOM
DATA
AT CONCLUSION OF TEST RECORD
•Stop time - 24 hour clock
•Final DGM
•Any pertinent observations on sample
LEAK TEST SAMPLE TRAIN
•Test at highest vacuum (in. Hg) achieved during test
•Leak rate should not exceed 0.02 CFM
•Note location of any leak if possible
I REPEAT PRECEDING STEPS FOR THREE
PARTICULATE SAMPLES
SAMPLE CLEAN-UP AND RECOVERY
•Clean samples in laboratory or other clean area
removed from site and protected from the outdoors
•Note sample condition
•Store samples in quality assurance containers
•Mark and label all samples
•Pack carefully for shipping if analysis is not done on
site
ANALYZE SAMPLES
•Follow Federal Register or State guidelines
•Document procedures and any variations employed
•Prepare analytical Report Data
CALCULATE
•Moisture content of stack gas
•Molecular weight of gas
•Volumes sampled at standard conditions
•Concentration/standard volume
•Control device efficiency
•Volumetric flow rate of stack gas
•Calculate pollutant mass rate
WRITE REPORT
•Prepare as pouible legal document
•Summarize results
•Illustrate calculations
•Give calculated results
•Include all raw data (process 9 test)
•Attach descriptions of testing and analytical methods
•Signatures of analytical and test personnel
SEND REPORT WITHIN MAXIMUM TIME
TO INTERESTED PARTIES
81
-------
j. PRELIMINARY MEASUREMENTS AND SETUP OF THE SAMPLING TRAIN
Using the data collected during the Monday afternoon lab session, deter-
mine the following parameters:
• Determination of equivalent diameter and traverse points
• Stack gas velocity and volumetric flow rate
• Moisture content of flue gas
• Stack gas temperature and molecular weight
The above parameters must be determined in order to pick the correct
nozzle size and to set the nomograph. Incorrect selection of nozzle
size may result in not being able to maintain isokinetic sampling
rate, thereby voiding the sample.
11. SAMPLING
The on-site sampling includes making a final selection of proper nozzle
size, setting the nomograph or calculator, making an initial leak-check,
inserting the probe into the stack, sealing the port, sampling isokinetically
while traversing, recording the data and making a final leak-check of the
sampling system.
However, due to the sampling port locations in the test section, cooperation
is required with the group directly located across from your own test port.
Referring back to Figure 3, we see that ports 1 and 2 of each module lie on
the same centerline. Thus, in order for a traverse to be done without
interfering with one another, the group located at port 1 should start
their traverse with the first traverse point closest to the facility inside
wall. Simultaneously, the group located at port 2 should start with the
furtherest traverse point from the inside wall. Thus, while one group is
traversing toward the opposite wall, the other group is returning to that
wall.
82
-------
. SOURCE TEST
Good organization of the sampling team will make the source test much
easier, save time and improve the quality of the data. Each sample team
member should have a specific task at the site. The flow chart provided
is a brief outline of procedures. The entire experiment is outlined in
the two-part flow chart you have received. The procedures involved are
described below.
Description of Procedures
A. Assemble the Sampling Train >
1. Inspect the sampling nozzle
• The nozzle should be perfectly round and of uniform
diameter throughout. Any out-of-round nozzles should
be rounded or replaced.
• The round nozzle diameter should be precisely measured
with a micrometer to three decimal places.
2. Inspect the sampling probe*
• Remove swagelock union and determine the presence of
asbestos string (T >350°F) or rubber o-ring seals and
5
a compression seal spacer.
• Inspect the end of the probe glass liner for cracks
and chips.
• Make certain a small diameter hole is drilled in the
probe sheath (allows pressure equalization)
• Remove the liner and check the glass liner heater
connections for frayed wires.
• Inspect the condition, alignment, and attachment of
the pitot tube.
• Reassemble and position in sample case.
*NOTE: These steps have already been done for you. They
are included here for you to follow when you are on
your own.
83
-------
3. Sample Case
• Check the thermometers
• Inspect the electrical connections for the umbilical
cord, probe, and filter heater.
• Be certain the sampling probe attachment is in proper
order for the sampling.
• Close ice compartment drain plug.
4. Glassware*
• Be sure the glass impingers are clean
• Grease all joint surfaces-for the ball joint type
glassware - inspecting all pieces for cracks or chips.
• Fill the impingers:
1. Measure 100 ml of distilled water into each of the
first two impingers.
2. The third impinger is left empty.
3. Place approximately 200 g of preweighted indicating
silica gel into the fourth impinger.
The first, third and fourth impingers are modified Greenburg-
Smith while the second impinger is a standard Greenburg-Smith design.
Place the impingers into the sampling box and assemble the sampling
train using the appropriate U-tubes.
*NOTE: These steps have been done prior to laboratory exercise.
5. Load Filter
• The preweighed filter is removed from its sealed container
and placed in the filter holder. Make sure that the filter
is centered correctly in the holder with the sample side
toward the probe. The filter holder should be tightened
until the two halves are secure.
• Attach the probe to the filter holder, being sure not to
apply excessive torque to the glass components.
84
-------
EJ4 Leak Test the Assembled Sampling Train
1. Test the completely assembled sampling train at 15in. on the
Vacuum Gage.
• Be certain the valves on the RAG Meter Console are "out"
• Turn on the console pump
• Turn on probe heater and filter box temperature switches, allow to
reach operating temperature.
• Turn fine adjust valve fully counter-clockwise
• Seal nozzle opening with duct tape or rubber stopper
• Open coarse adjust valve slowly until fullycounter-clockwise
• Slowly turn fine adjust valve clockwise until vacuum
reaches 15" Hg. on gage. If you over shoot 15" Hg. do not
turn fine adjust valve back, simply read and record at
vacuum on gage.
Rne Adjust Coarse Adjust
Valve ^=^dose open«=>s Valve
Open to . .J&V, . ^ (S?l System
Atmosphere
Vacuum
Pump
pull vacuum through
system when closed
• Note DGM dial pointer. If the pointer does not move for
15 seconds the leak test is good. If it continues to move,
time the leak using a stopwatch. 0.02CFM is the maximum
acceptable leak rate
• Any leak greater than 0.02CFM must be prevented.
• Slowly release vacuum at the nozzle before closing coarse
adjust valve.
2. Track down any leaks by successive back tracking leak checks—
Disconnect filter and test the system back from the first
impinger, etc.
3. Record the leak rate
85
-------
C. Calculate Sampling Points on Traverse Following Method 1 Guidelines
and Mark Probe From Center of Pitot Orifice Back to Sample Case.
Set up nomograph and calculators.
1. Use the data from the Monday laboratory for stack temperature
and average Ap.
2. Each laboratory group is to set up at least one calculator and
at least one nomograph in order to obtain AH values.
Q. Fill Out Data Sheets
1. Label time intervals for each sampling point
2. Record the initial DGM reading
3. Fill out all data blanks
E. Isokinetic Sampling
1. Place ice in the condenser section of the sampling train. Turn
on the probe heater and filter box temperature switches. Check
to insure proper operation. Allow to reach operating temperature.
2. Fill out the appropriate information on the "Particulate Data"
sheet. This should include date, time, test time at each point and
DGM reading. Once all information has been recorded, the test can
begin.
3. Move the sampling train to the first traverse point with the nozzle
pointing directly into the gas stream. Seal the port and immediately
start the pump, noting time and DGM reading.
• Determine and calculate the proper AH using the calculator or
nomograph. Check to see that the nomograph and calculator values
agree.
• Adjust AH using coarse and fine valve.
• Maintain isokinetic conditions during the entire sampling
period by observing Ap and setting AH through the use of
the nomograph or calculator. Adjust the sampling rate
at each traverse point by adjusting the coarse and fine
valves. When significant changes in stack conditions are
observed, compensating adjustments in flow rate should be
made. Three conditions would account for realigning nomograph
or calculator:
86
-------
1. Stack gas temperature varies by more than 25°F.
2. t (average temperature of meter) varies by more
than 11°F.
3. Significant changes in moisture content (Bws).
• At each traverse point, the following information should
be observed and recorded on the field data sheet: stack
temperature (t )> velocity pressure head (Ap) , orifice
s
pressure differential (AH), gas temperature at dry gas
meter (t ), sample box temperature, condenser temperature
niavg
and probe temperature. The time period at each traverse
point must be long enough to obtain a total sampling period
representative of the process being monitored. The time at
each traverse point must be sufficient to obtain a total
sample volume of at least 30 DSCF.
Fifteen seconds before the end of sampling at the first
traverse point, move the probe and sample container assembly
to the next point. Allow a short time period to stabilize
the Ap reading. Adjust AH to the corresponding isokinetic
rate and record on data sheet. Repeat this procedure for each
additional traverse point.
F. Test Completion
1. At the completion of the test, close the coarse control valve
on the meter, remove the probe from the stack and turn off
the pump. Remove the probe carefully from the stack to insure
that the nozzle does not scrape dust from the inside of the port.
Seal the port. Keep the probe elevated to insure loss of sample does
not occur. Record all proper information on the field log sheet.
This should include final DGM reading, stop time, probe temperature
and meter box temperature.
2. Perform a post leak check on the sample train following the same
procedure as in the pretest. Record final leak rate on data sheet.
& Sample Recovery
1. Disassemble sampling train
• Disassemble filter holder and seal until ready to clean
• When probe has reached ambient temperature, seal at both ends
until ready to clean.
87
-------
IV. ANALYTICAL RECOVERY
During sample recovery, care must be taken to prevent loss or
contamination of the sample.
• Filter Holder - Care must be taken when removing the filter
from its holder. Be sure that extraneous dirt does not become
a part of the sampling run. Place the filter into its original
container, seal, label and record filter number on the data
sheet.
• Silica Gel - Transfer the silica gel from the fourth impinger
to its original preweighed container. The use of a funnel to
transfer the silica gel would be most helpful. Once it has
been transfered, label and seal properly.
• Condenser - Measure the total volume of condensation (4- 1 ml)
transferring the contents of the first three impingers into
a graduated cylinder. Record on the data log sheet.
• Acetone Wash-Front Half - Wash all internal surfaces of the
sampling train from the nozzle tip up to the backside of the
filter holder with acetone. Determine the volume to the
nearest ml and transfer to a labeled container. A brush with
a handle as long as the probe may be used to dislodge parti-
culate matter from the inside of the probe. Include this
with the acetone washings.
V. ANALYTICAL ANALYSIS
Record the necessary data on the "Laboratory Analysis Data" sheet
concerning sample identification and sample integrity. Proper pro-
cedure indicates desiccating both for 24 hours in a desiccator, then
weighing to a constant weight. However, the time period for this
course is restrictive, therefore, weigh the filter without desiccating.
For proper analysis, please refer to The Federal Register, Vol. 42,
No. 160, August 18, 1977.
88
-------
• Silica Gel - Weigh the spent silica gel to the nearest 0.5g using
a balance. Record the final weight on the "Data" sheet.
• Filter - Weight the filter to the nearest 0.1 mg using a balance.
Record the final weight on the "Data sheet"•
• Probe Wash - Submit your probe wash to the instructor. He
will evaporate the sample and have it weighed for you. The data
will be supplied to you Thursday morning.
VI. CALCULATIONS
Complete the "Source Test Data Summary" worksheet found in the workbook.
This should include information obtained during Monday's and Wednesday's
laboratory sessions.
Note: It will be necessary to defer the calculation of C ,
s
pmr, and E, the Emission Rate, until after you have
received the weight of the particulate contribution
from the nozzle and probe. The instructor will provide
this data to you Thursday morning.
89
-------
Paniculate Field Data
Very Important—Fill in all Blanks
Plant
Run no.
Location
Date
AH
Operator
Sample box no.
Meter box no.
Nomograph ID no.
Orsat no. Date rebuilt
Fyrite no. Date rebuilt
n, in. Hg
, in. Hg.
Test start time .
Stop time
Bws (assumed),
Dn calculated (in.).
Dn, used (in.)
Ambient temp
4d-
s —
m,
Ts, °R
Apavg , in. H20
Bar. pressure, in. Hg _
Heater box setting, °F
Probe heater setting, °F
Average AH
Leak rate@15 in. Hg Pre-test Post-test.
Point
Clock
time
(min)
Dry
gas
meter
CF
Pilot
in H2O
Ap
Orifice AH
in H2O
Desired
Actual
Dry gas
temp. °F
Inlet
Outlet
Pump
vacuum
in. Hg
gauge
Box
temp.
°F
Impin-
ger
temp.
°F
Stack
press.
in. Hg
Stack
temp.
°F
Fyrite
%co2
Comments:
Test observers:
continued
-------
<£>
Point
Clock
time
(min)
Dry
gas
meter
CF
Pilot
in H2O
Ap
Orifice AH
in H2O
Desired
Actual
Dry gas
temp. °F
Inlet
Outlet
Pump
vacuum
in. Hg
gauge
Box
temp.
op
Impin-
ger
temp.
op
Stack
press.
in. Hg
Stack
temp.
OF
Fyrite
%CO2
Comments:
Test observers: ,
-------
Name
Group No.
SOURCE TEST DATA SUMMARY
1 . Total number of sampling points
2. Total test time
3. Stack cross-sectional area
4. Orsat analysis
%C02 _
%02 _
%N2 _
minutes
sq. ft.
Md
Mc
5. Average stack gas temperature
6. Barometric pressure (P^)
7. Absolute stack pressure (Ps)
8. Stack gas velocity data
Pitot tube Cp =
Average Ap
Ib/lb-mole
Ib/lb-mole
_ °F
460 =
-in- Hg
-in-
in. H2O
Average velocity ( vs )
.ft/sec
9. Average stack gas dry standard volumetric flow rate i
10. Sampling nozzle diameter inches
11. Paniculate catch weight mg
12. Meter console volume
DSCFH
Volume metered (Vm)
_CF
Standard volume metered (Vmst(j)_
13. Paniculate concentration (cs)
14. %Isokinetic
15. Pollutant mass rate at standard conditions
16. Emission rate
.DSCF
.grains/ DSCF
_lb/106Btu
_lb/hr
(Use F-factor for propane)
92
-------
Name
Group No.
SOURCE TEST DATA SUMMARY
1. Total number of sampling points
2. Total test time
3. Stack cross-sectional area
4. Orsat analysis
%C02
%02
%N2
Bws
Md
Mc
minutes
sq. ft.
Ib/lb-mole
Ib/lb-mole
°F + 460 =
5. Average stack gas temperature
6. Barometric pressure (PD)
7. Absolute stack pressure (Ps)
8. Stack gas velocity data
Pilot tube Cp =
Average Ap
Average velocity ( vs)
9. Average stack gas dry standard volumetric flow rate
10. Sampling nozzle diameter inches
11. Particulate catch weight mg
12. Meter console volume
°R
-in. Hg
.in. Hg
in. H2O
_ft/sec
-DSCFH
Volume metered (Vm)
_CF
Standard volume metered (Vmst(j).
13. Particulate concentration (cs)
14. %Isokinetic
15. Pollutant mass rate at standard conditions
16. Emission rate
.DSCF
.grains/ DSCF
_lb/106Btu
_lb/hr
(Use F-factor for propane)
93
-------
Source test outline.
CALIBRATE EQUIPMENT
•Nozzles
•DGM
•Orifice meter
•Meter console
•Pilot lubes
•Nomograph
ESTIMATE COz
CONCENTRATION USING
FYRITE
ASSEMBLE SAMPLING TRAIN
1
LEAK TEST
•Pilot lines
•Meter console
•Sampling train @ 15" Hg.
CALCULATE SAMPLE POINT USING METHOD 1
|
DO PRELIMINARY TEMPERATURE AND
VELOCITY TRAVERSE
•Mark dry and desiccate
filters to constant weight
•Assemble in filters and seal
until ready to use
ESTIMATE HI
USING WET I
BULB
>O IN DUCT
| SET UP NOMOGRAPH OR CALCULATOR
PREPARE TO TAKE
INTEGRATED SAMPLE OF
FLUE GAS DURING EN-
TIRE DURATION OF TEST
ANALYZE USING ORSAT
FILL OUT DATA SHEET
•Date *DGM Reading
•Time 'Test lime at each point
MONITOR AT EACH TEST POINT
•DGM—On time
•Ap
•Appropriate AH
•Slack temperature
•Sample case temperature
•Impinger temperature
STOP TEST AND RECORD
•Final DGM
•Stop lime
•Notes on sampling and appearance of sample
MONITOR BOILER
OPERATION
RECORD FUEL FEED
RATE AND PRODUCTION
RATE
LEAK TEST AT HIGHEST VACUUM REACHED
DURING TEST
SAMPLE CLEAN-UP
•Probe fc nozzle
•Filter
•H2O
•Silica
Gel
CALCULATE
•Moisture content of gas
•Molecular weight of gas (dry & wet)
•Average gas velocity
•% isokinetic
•Pollutant mass rate
(concentration and ratio of areas)
WRITE REPORT
95
-------
Lecture 11
CONCENTRATION CORRECTION
AND PROBLEM SESSION
Lesson Objectives:
The student will be able to:
• Discuss the relationships that exist in fossil fuel-fired boilers between excess air,
% O2, and % CO2.
• Define excess air.
• Correct a particulate concentration to standard temperature and pressure.
• Correct a particulate concentration to 50% excess air using two methods.
• Correct a particulate concentration to 12% CO£.
• Correct a particulate concentration to 6% Q£.
97
-------
I. CONCENTRATION CORRECTION
CONCENTRATION CORRECTION
Tc
= c s
% EXCESS AIR
Volume Excess Air
% EA. = X 100
Theoretical Volume required
for complete combustion
= % Q2 - .5(% CO)
° ' .264(% N2) - [% 02 - -5(% CO)] X
50% Excess Air Correction for Cs
Given % EA
cs [100 + %EA]
c
S50 150
98
-------
50% Excess Air Correction from Orsat Data
cs
*S50 1 - .5(%O2) - .133(%N2) - .75(%COn
CORRECTING CONCENTRATION
to12%CO2
12
C*12 = c* ^2"
CORRECTING CONCENTRATION TO 6% OXYGEN
c = cs (20.9-6.0)
S6% 02 20.9 - % 02
99
-------
II. PROBLEM SESSION
Several problems are presented to help in understanding the use of
these concentration corrections and give you practice. Examples of
the calculations are given in Problem I.
Problem I
Source tests were performed at a facility burning residual oil on
two different occasions. The fuel feed rate was 10 gallons oil/Hr. for
both tests, however, the % Excess Air varied to insure good combustion.
Given the following Test data calculate the corrected pollutant concen-
tration in grains (gr /ft 3) for each condition shown in the table pro-
vided.
Test
Number
1A
IB
z
EA
10
Orsat Analysis
%co2
13.3
9.7
%o2
2.2
7.1
%co
0
0.2
%N2
84.5
83.0
Qs
DSCF/min
14,300
19,400
VMS.
gr /min
10,000
10,000
cs
gr /DSCF
Cs12
Cs50
From
% EA
Raw Orsat Data
Example Calculations
Test Number 1A
1. Average pollutant concentration (c )
PIW = I X IP1* gr /min
Q 1.43X10^ DSCF/min
= 0.699gr /DSCF
100
-------
2. Average pollutant concentration corrected to 12% COg in duct gas
(c
12
12
- 0.699gr /DSCF -- = 0.631gr /DSCF
13.3
3. Average pollutant concentration corrected to 50% EA (c )
S50
a. Using known % EA
c = c 10° * % EA = 0.699gr /DSCF 10° + 10 = 0.513gr /DSCF
S50 5 150 150
b. Using raw orsat data
c
= 1.5(%09) - 0.133 (%N9) - 0.75 (%CO)
1 . £ 2
21
0.699gr /DSCF
'50 1.5 (2.2) - 0.133 (84.3) - 0.75(0)
1
21
= 0.507gr /DSCF
Record the data calculated in the examples then calculate concentra-
tions for Test IB.
Problem II
A coal fired boiler burns coal at a rate of 100 Ib/Hr. Two source
tests at the facility yielded the" of oil owing data. Make all calculations
and complete the Table.
Test
Number
2A
2B
Z
EA
100
Orsat Analysis
ZC02
L2.1
9.1
zo2
7.1
10. <
zco
0.3
0
ZN2
80.!
80.:
Qs
DSCF/min
18,000
24,000
FMR
gr /rain
13,000
13,000
Cs
gr /DSCF
Cs12
'"50
From
Z EA
Raw Orsat Data
101
-------
Lecture 12
LITERATURE SOURCES
Lesson Objectives:
The student will be able to:
• Recall at least three types of sources from which information on source sampl-
ing methodology may be found (books, periodicals, newsletters, EPA publica-
tions).
• List the most important periodicals and professional organizations that transmit
source sampling information.
• Tell how to receive assistance in obtaining EPA publications; and computerized
literature searches.
103
-------
LITERATURE SOURCES
A. Books
B. Periodicals
104
-------
C. EPA Publications
D. Newsletters
£. Others.
105
-------
Lecture 13
THE F-FACTOR METHOD
Lesson Objectives:
The student will be able to:
• Define the F-factor used in EPA Method 5 calculations.
• Discuss how the F-factor can give a value for the emission rate. .
• Describe the requirements for using the F-factor in the EPA Method 5 test for
new FFFSGs.
• Recall alternate F-factor methods.
• Use F-factors for cross-checking Orsat and combustion data.
107
-------
Volume of theoretical dry
""" combustion product burned/1b
d I06 Btu/lb Heating value
of fuel combusted
E = ccF
;srd
f 20.9 1
I 20.9 - % O2 J
F FACTORS FOR VARIOUS FUELS
Fd fc r. r0
FUfL TYPf dict/IOBtu icf/IO*Bhi w»ct/lrfBtu ^^^
BITUMINOUS 9820 1810 10680 1.140
COAL
OIL 9Z20 1430 10960 13461
NATURAL 8740 1040 10650 1.79
CAS
WOOD 9280 1840 I.S
Volume of theoretical C02
generated by combustion / Ib
0 I06 Btu/lb heating value of
fuel combusted
108
-------
Fc FACTOR METHOD
E - CSFC ' J°°
3 w
Alternate F Factor Method
using wet basis data
I" 20.9
E-cwsFd [20.9(1-BWS)-%02
Bws = fractional moisture content
of stack gas
w
20.9
Wet F Factor Method
F
E = cwsFw I 20.9 (1-Bwa)-%O2
Bwa = fractional moisture content
in air
w
109
-------
Use of F factors for cross checks
_ f 20.9-% 02'
Fd(calc)= Q \ 20.9
Qsw [20.9(1-Bwa)-%02w
Fw(calc) = QH 20.9
QSW
Fc(calc) c Q \ 100
F0 factor
20-9
F
F'
20.9-% O2 .
^_ _ fd
Correcting for Incomplete Combustion
(%C02)adj = %CO2 + %CO
<%°2)adj = %02-.5(%CO)
110
-------
Lecture 14
CALCULATION REVIEW
Lesson Objectives:
The student will be able to:
• List the clean-up procedures for the RM5 sampling train.
• Make all calculations for an RMS stack test.
• Distinguish the difference between sampling precision and sampling accuracy.
• Answer all questions on the pre-test.
Ill
-------
Class Data Summary
Group
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
No.
sample
pt.
Time
min.
As
ft2
An
£t2
Bws
Ms
Ib/lb-mole
PS
in. Hg
•""
vs
ft/sec
Qs
DSCFH
vm
std
%I
cs
gr/ft3
PMR
Ib/hr
E
Ibs/
106Btu
-------
Lecture 15
ERROR ANALYSIS
Lesson Objectives:
The student will be able to:
• Explain the difference between precision and accuracy.
• List and describe three categories of error, (systematic, random, illegitimate)
• Discuss the relative precision of EPA reference methods 2-5.
• Use the concepts of this lecture and not missapply the terminology in discussions
of source sampling results.
115
-------
AM A LYSIS
L2S L2» ISO LSI L3&L33L34L36LML57L36L5*
THE TRUE VALUE
PRECISION AND ACCURACY
Precision refers to
Reproducibility
Accuracy refers to
Correctness
[A] PRECISION IS GOOD
BUT ACCURACY IS POOR
[Bj BOTH PRECISION AND
ACCURACY ARE GOOD
1
2
3
SYSTEMATIC ERRORS
RANDOM ERRORS
ILLEGITIMATE ERRORS
116
-------
Lecture 16
SOURCE SAMPLING QUALITY ASSURANCE
AND SAFETY ON SITE
Lesson Objectives:
The student will be able to:
• Recall the important aspects of an accident analysis program.
• List the 10 causes of accidents.
• List some personal safety equipment for a source sampler.
• List the important items necessary to assure good quality test data.
117
-------
QUALITY ASSURANCE CHECK LIST
1.
9
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
118
-------
CAUSES OF ACCIDENTS
1. Poor instructions
2. Poor planning
3. Improper design
4. Proper equipment not provided
5. Failure to follow instructions
6. Neglect or improper use of equipment
7. Faulty equipment
8. Untrained personnel
9. Uncooperative personnel
10. Unpredictable outside agents
119
-------
Lecture 17
PARTICULATE SIZING USING
A CASCADE IMPACTOR
Lesson Objectives:
The student will be able to:
• Describe the equation of continuity for a flowing ideal fluid.
• List several particle properties and give the most important property.
• Define effective particle size.
• Define particle aerodynamic diameter.
• Describe the relationship between particle diameter and its physical properties.
• List several methods of determining particle diameter other than inertial sizing.
• Recognize the importance of a cascade impactor.
• Define the D^Q for an impactor collection stage.
• Describe the sampling procedures used for an in-stack cascade impactor.
121
-------
NOTES:
122
-------
INERTIAL PARTICLE COLLECTOR
GAS
STREAMLINE
GAS INLET
ORIFICE
IMPACTION
COLLECTION
PLATE
123
-------
Lecture 18
TRANSMISSOMETERS
Lesson Objectives:
The student will be able to:
• Define the terms opacity, transmittance, and transmissometer.
• Express the relationship between opacity and transmittance.
• Recognize the proper expression for optical density.
• Discuss the EPA requirements for the design and performance of
transmissometers placed on sources regulated by NSPS.
• Define the meaning of photopic and give at least two reasons why light in the
photopic region is to be used in transmissometer design.
• Explain that optical density is proportional to grain loading and discuss the ad-
vantages and limitations of correlating optical density to grain loading.
• List several uses of opacity monitors.
125
-------
OPACITY IS THE PERCENTAGE OF
VISIBLE LIGHT ATTENUATED DUE TO
THE ABSORPTION AND SCATTERING OF
LIGHT BY PARTICULATE MATTER IN
FLUE GAS.
% OPACITY" 100%-% TRANSMITTANCE
BEER BOUGERT RELATIONSHIP
,-naql
T=e
T_ Fraction of light transmitted _
- iTransmittancci \\ = Particle extinction coelticient
n_ Number ol particles I = Length o( effluent path
per unit volume I
2 = Mean particle projected area 0 = Base ol natural logarithm
126
-------
Optical Density = log
1
10
1 • Opacity
I Optical density is a measure of the ability of
an aerosol to attenuate light.
I Optical density is proportional to both path
I length and particulate concentration.
127
-------
OPACITY
MONITORING SYSTEM
TRANSCEIVER UNIT
, SMOKE
I CHANNEL
REFtECTOR UNIT
VENDORS OF SINGLE - PASS TRANSMISSOMETERS
Cost Range $800-$4,000
Bailey Meter
Cleveland Controls, Inc.
De - Tec - Tronic Corp.
Reliance Instrument Manufacturing
HABCO
Leeds & Northrop
Photomation, Inc.
Preferred Utilities Manufacturing
Electronics Corp. of America
Robert H. Wagner
VENDORS OF DOUBLE - PASS TRANSMISSOMETERS
Cost Range $8,000 - $ 16,000
Environmental Data Corp.
Research Appliance Co.
Dynatron Inc.
Esterline Angus
Lear Siegler
Contraves - Goerz Corp.
Datatest, Inc.
Anderson - 2000
128
-------
OPACITY MONITOR
SPECIFICATIONS
SPECTRAL RESPONSE
ANGLE OF VIEW — —
ANGLE OF PROJECTION
CALIBRATION ERROR
5%
KIKMU mariUTKW LIUITI
OMCITY HOHITOm
(00 (00
WAVELENOTM, ••
[SPECTRAL CHARACTERISTICS!
PNOTOMC TUNMTCN flLUICMT
(fICTI»*L fttymm . .^IMCADKCTIIT LMMT MOO* I
UkTHWIOLIT
[WAVELENGTH IN NANOMETERS |
129
-------
PARTICLE SIZE EFFECTS
O.I 02 0.3 OA 05 10 2.0 3D 40 3D
PARTICLE DIAMETER IN MICRONS
IfttBm)
.dinnotor
130
-------
Suck1
TRANSMISSOMETER APPLICATIONS
1. Installation to satisfy EPA continuous opacity monitoring requirements.
2. Installation for process performance data - - maintenance and repair indicator, process improvement
3. Installation for control equipment operation - - ESP tuning, broken bag detector.
4. Correlation with particulate concentration.
5. Maintenance of a continuous emissions record.
UGNITE J"*
FIRED J«oo
BOILER -J
EMISSIONS I30"
9
SZOX
(standard i
conditions) 8 10°
I
n.
•
«2
OJO
000 /.
/^
x
r4
?V
7
/
^
X
7
'
GB Q20
OPTICAL OENMTY-MNOIE MSS
Q2S
131
-------
30O
CEMENT
KILN -V«oo
EMISSIONS I
5300
• nonMl apmthg note
• •Ml
A MHIM) nodv vriHi dBvwnoM
006 QJO QB Q20 Q25
OPTICAL DENSmr-SINGLE PASS
BITUMINOUS ^
COALRRED J *
BOILER "i400
EMISSIONS ?3oa
<
P°
n.
OJB«
•t
t
-------
Appendix
133
-------
Appendix A
Sample Data Sheets
135
-------
METHOD 5—SOURCE TEST DATA SHEETS
Preliminary Survey— Source Sampling Site
Survey investigator
Plant name _ City _ State.
Previous test(s) by: _ Reports available _
Plant contacts Title Phone.
Title Phone.
Title Phone.
Complete directions to plant from point of origin
Local accommodations: nearest motel miles
Restaurants
Nearest hospital Phone
Rental cars and vans available
Plant Operation and Process Description
Description of process
Description of control equipment.
Schematic Drawing of Process Operation (Note location of sampling)
Sites and control equipment:
Sampling sites Anticipated constituents of stack gas
1
2..
3. _
4 •
5 •
137
-------
Process fuel type(s)
Process raw material(s)
Process production rate(s)
Samples to be taken of:
Feed rate
Consumption rate(s).
Plant operation: Continuous
Shift changes and breaks
Batch.
Plant facilities: Entrance requirements Food Restrooms
First aid Safety equipment Compressed air source
Laboratory
Reagents _
Equipment available
Ice
Sampling Site and Stack Information
Sampling
lite
Type
Pollutant
emissions
Duct
dimen-
sions
Duct con-
struction
material
No. of
•ample
ports
Port
dimen-
sion
Diameters
straight
run to
ports
Duct gas
temp.
•F
Duct gas
Telocity
ft /tec
Average
Apin.
HgOin
duct
%
Ap
in gas
Suck
pressure
in. Hg
Sketch of duct to be sampled with port locations and all dimensions
138
-------
Sketch of sampling rite including all dimensions
Access to work area
Electrical outlets available
1. Voltage
2. Extension cords needed..
3. Adapters
Work area (locate electrical outlets)
Recommended modifications to sampling site.
Sampling method suggested
Equipment needed: Sample probe length
Glassware Sample case: Horizontal traverse,
Nozzles.
No. of needed sample cases
Special equipment:
Meter consoles
Probes
Vertical
Filter assemblies
Reagents needed.
Safety at Site
Condition
descrip-
tion
3ood
Adequate
»oor
ntolerable
Sampling
rite(i)
general
Ladders
Scaffolds
Platforms
Lighting
Ventila-
tion
Chemical
hazard
protection
Warning
system
139
-------
Personnel Safety Equipment
Item
Needed
at site
Avail-
able at
plant
Must be
brought
by
sample
team
Safety
gla-e.
Full
{ace
shields
Hard
hats
Safety
shoes
Safety
belts
Hearing
protec-
tion
Respiratory equipment
Puri-
fying
*ype
- —
Self
con-
tained
Air
supplied
Fire
extin-
guishers
Chemi-
cal pro-
lection
K«-
ments
Heat
protect-
ing gar-
ments
Asbestos
•prons,
gloves
Description of additional safety equipment recommended:
Comments:
140
-------
METER CONSOLE CALIBRATION
Name.
Date
Console no.
Dry gas meter no.
Dry gas meter correction factor.
Wet test meter no..
Correction factor
Barometric pressure, PD.
in. Hg Previous calibration and date.
Orifice
manometer
setting,
AH,
in. H20
0.5
1.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
Gas volume
wet test
meter
vw,
ft3
5
5
10
10
10
10
Gas volume
dry gas
meter
vd.
fts
Temperature
Wet test | Dry gas meter
Meter
tw,
°F
Inlet
ldi-
OF
Outlet
ldo-
°F
Average
'd-
°F
Time
e
min
Average
7
AH@
Calculations
AH
0.5
1.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
AH
19 C
0.0368
0.0737
0.147
0.294
0.431
0.588
7
Vwpb
,, /_ All \ / \
vdlpb + Vllw + 460)
\ 13.6 A /
*H@
0.0317 AH f (tw + 460)0 "|2
""'
Ph(tj + 460) Vw
y = Ratio of accuracy of wet test meter to dry test meter. Tolerance = ± 0.02.
AH@ = Orifice pressure differential that gives 0.75 cfm of air at 68°F and 29.92 inches of mer-
cury, in. H£0. Tolerance = ±0.15 inches.
Orifice AHjg, should fall between 1.59 - 2.09 inches, or modification may be necessary for some
sampling situations.
Form for meter console calibration
141
-------
NOZZLE CALIBRATION
Date
Nozzle
identifi-
cation #
Dj, in.
D2, in.
Dg, in.
-
AD, in.
Davg
where:
I 2 3 = nozzle diameter measured on a different diameter, in. Tolerance = measure
within 0.001 in.
AD
D
avg
= maximum difference in any two measurements, in. Tolerance = 0.004 in.
= average of Dj, D2, and Dg.
Nozzle calibration data.
142
-------
TEMPERATURE CALIBRATION
Name
Barometric Pressure,
Date
Land Elevation.
ICE BATH
Hg in Glass
Thermometer
Temperature
°C
°K
°F
°R
Corrected Hg
in Glass
Temperature
°C
°K
°F
°R
Temperature Devi
Identification No.
Temperature
°C
°K
Cf.
°F
°R
BOILING WATER BATH
Hg in Glass
Temperature
°C
°K
°F
°R
Corrected
Temperature
«C
°K
°F
°R
Device
No.
°C
j
°K
°F
•»
°R
MINERAL OIL BATH
Point
1
2
3
4
Hg in Glass
Temperature
°C
°K
°F
°R
Corrected
Temperature
°C
•K
°F
CR
Device
No.
°c
°K
OF
°R
Form for temperature calibration.
143
-------
Method 1—.Sample and Velocity Traverses for Stationary Sources
Sample Site Selection and Minimum Number of Traverse Points
Plant Location Date :
Sampling location .
Sample team operator(s)
Sketch of stack geometry (including distances from sample site to any disturbances)
Interior duct cross-section dimension ft
Sampling port diameter in.
Sampling port nipple length.
Stack cross-sectional area
Sampling site: diameter downstream of disturbance ,
Minimum number of sampling points
Total test time
Comments:
Diameters upstream ,
Individual point sample time
Sketch of Stack Cross-Section Showing Sample Ports and all Dimensions
Sample point
number
1.
2.
S.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9. i
10.
11.
12. _
Circular stack
% diameter
Distance from
•ample port
opening in.
144
-------
Particulate Field Data
Very Important—Fill in all Blanks
Plant
Run no.
Location
Date
Operator
Sample box no.
Meter box no.
Nomograph ID no.
Orsatno. Date rebuilt
Fyriteno. Date rebuilt
AH@
Pm, in. Hg _
Ps, in. Hg
Bws (assumed).
Md
1VL
Test start time
Stop time
°R
Dn calculated (in.)
Dn, used (in)
Ambient temp., °F
Bar. pressure, in. Hg
Heater box setting, °F
Probe heater setting, °F
Average AH
Apavg , in. H20
Leak rate® 15 in. Hg Pre-test_
Post-test..
Point
Clock
(min)
Dry
gas
meter
CF
Pitot
mH^O
Ap
Orific
in H
Desired
e AH
2°
Actual
Dry
temp
Inlet
gas
. °F
Outlet
Pump
vacuum
in. Hg
gauge
Box
OF
Impin-
ger
temp.
°F
Stack
in. Hg
Stack
OF
Fyrite
%CO2
Comments:
Test observers:
continued
-------
cr>
Point
Clock
time
(min)
Dry
gas
meter
CF
Pitot
in H2O
Ap
Orifice AH
in H2O
Desired
Actual
Dry gas
temp. °F
Inlet
Outlet
Pump
vacuum
in. Hg
gauge
Box
temp.
°F
Impin-
ger
temp.
°F
Stack
press.
in. Hg
Stack
temp.
°F
Fyrite
%CO2
Comments:
Test observers:
continued
-------
Laboratory Analysis Data Particulate Source Sample
Plant »m-.1~1
Sampling l)n.-j;S;iom __,,„.,
Sample run n«-
Sample labels: H20
MwnnfttnttT fint^
Reference TO* bod __
Comments: _
I .nr-atian
Silica gel Fiber ProKr
Hry p-rticulat* Other
Moisture Data
Final volume H20 in impingers .
Initial volume H20 in impingers.
Volume H20 condensed
Final weight silica gel _
Initial weight silica gel
-gm
-gin
Total Moisture
H20 Absorbed
H20 Total.
ml
Paniculate Data
extract
Flask no.
Final weight
Initial weight
Organic fraction.
Total Paniculate Saatpidk
Organic fraction _________
Inorganic fraction ________
Front half pardculates______
Extracted H_0 Flask No. _
Final weight_
Initial weight
Total Paniculate*
Run No
Inorganic fraction
[Filter Flask No.
Final weight
Initial weight ___________
Filter and particulates
Filter no Tare weight.
Pa-*Mli1«»»«
Dry particulates and probe______mg
Front half particulates »"g
147
-------
Orsat Field Data
Orsat identification no..
Checked by
Plant location
Operators)
Sampling location
Moisture content of stack gas (Bws).
Fuel feed rate
Process production rate
Comments:
Date reagents added.
Sampling date
Average fyrite CO£
Fuelused_
Combustion source description.
Steam production rate
Test no.
Sample time
Start
Stop
Analysis
time
Burette readings
COg
02
CO
Component
CO2
Q£ - CC>2
CO-O2
100-CO = N2
Mole fraction = %composition
Dry molecular weight of stack gas (M
-------
Plant: City:
Site:__ Sam. type:
Date: Run no:
Front rinse LJ Front filter I I Front solu LJ
Back rinse CH Back filter ED Back solu Q
Solution: Level marked y
I
Volume: Initial Final g
Clean up by: Bi
Example sample label
149
-------
Appendix B
Source Sampling Calculations
151
-------
Source Sampling Calculations
This section presents the equations used for source sampling calculations. These
equations are divided into two parts—equipment calibration, and source test
calculations. Gaseous source test equations are included to aid the source sampler
performing both particulate and gaseous emissions tests. The purpose of the section
is to give the reader a quick reference to necessary mathematical expressions used
in source testing experiments.
EQUIPMENT CALIBRATION EQUATIONS
Stausscheibe (Type S) Pitot Tube Calibration
Calibration Coefficient (Cp)
(Eq.6-1) Cp(s) = - -'***
Deviation from Average Cp (Leg A or B of Type S tube)
(Eq. 6-2) Deviation = Cp(stj) - Cp
Average deviation from the mean 5 (Leg A or B)
(Eq. 6-3) , I \Cp(s)-Cp(AorB)\
- - -
Sampling Probe Calibration Developed by Experiment and Graphed for Each
Probe Length
Test Meter Calibration Using Spirometer
Spirometer volume (temperature and pressure correction not necessary for ambient
conditions)
(Eq. 6-4) [Spirometer displacement (cm)] x [liters /cm] = liters volume
Convert liters to cubic feet (ft 3)
Test Meter Correction Factor
Spirometer Standard ft *
(Eq. 6-5) — - = Test meter correction factor
Test meter ft *
153
-------
Correct Volume
(Eq. 6-6) [Test meter volume] x [Test meter correction factor] = correct volume
Orifice Meter Calibration Using Test Meter
Test meter volumetric flowrate (Qm) m cubic feet per minute
(Eq. 6-7) Qm = [Test meter (Vj) - Test Meter Vj] x [Test meter correction factor]
where Qjn= cubic feet per minute
Proportionality Factor (Km)
(Eq. 6-8)
f
Orifice meter
>42*
0 9244
(Eq. 6-9) 1. English units AH@ =
where Qjn =0.75 cfm at 68°F and 29.92 in. Hg
o „ *,, 0.3306
(Eq. 6-9) 2- Me/nc umte AH@ = —
where Qm =0.021 m^/min at 760 mm //g and 20°C
Sampling Meter Console Calibration
Ratio of the accuracy of Console Gas Meter Calibration Test Meter (7).
Tolerance 1±0.02
(Eq. 6-10) 7 =
' 13.(
Meter Console Orifice Meter Calibration (A//@)
Fr
where K = 0 . 03 1 7 English units
= 0.0012 metric units
(Eq. 6-12) 2.
154
-------
Source Sampling Nomograph Calibration
Isokinetic A// Equation
Isokinetic A//= 846.72 Dn ) average
1 rsMs
Average Dry Stack Gas Volumetric Flow Rate at Standard Conditions
/ „ x-. \T«d\ ps
(Eq. 6-19) Qj= 3600 (1 - Bws)vsAs \J—\ ~f-
155
-------
Method 3 — Orsat Analysis
Stack Gas Dry Molecular Weight
(Eq. 6-20) Md = XMXBX = OA4(%CC>2) + 0.32(%02) + 0.28(%N2 + %CO)
Stack Gas Wet Molecular Weight
(Eq. 6-21) Ms = Md(l - Bws) + 18 BW5
Percent Excess Air (%EA)
(%02)-O.Ob(%CO)
6-22) %EA = - ' - - - ' - - - xlOO
"' 0.264 (%N2) - (%02) + 0.
Method 4 — Reference Moisture Content of a Stack Gas
Volume Water Vapor Condensed at Standard Conditions (Vwc)
(ml HzO)ow R
(Eq. 6-23) Vwc = ! - L1*2L - ~ = Kl (Vf
pstd Mw J
where KI = 0 . 00 1 3 3 3 m* /ml for metric units
= 0.04707 ft. * /ml for English units
Silica Gel
(Eq.6-24) K2 = (WrWi)=VWsc
where K2 = 0.001335 m^/gmfor metric units
= 0.04715 ft. * /gm for English units
Gas Volume at Standard Conditions
(Eq. 6-25) V.
Moisture Content
(Eq. 6-26) Aitf =
Method 5—Particulate Emissions Testing
Dry Gas Volume Metered at Standard Conditions
Leak Rate Adjustment
N
(Eq. 6-27) Vm=[Vm-(L1-La)B-^ (L,-L^- (Lp-
i=2
156
-------
Standard Dry Volume at Sampling Meter
Tstd\ lpb+ 13 6
Jta J
Isokinetic Variation
Raw Data
„ C9m
(Eq. 6-29)
60 Os vsP5An
where K = 0.003454 mm
ml °K
= 0.002669
ml °R
Note: This equation includes a correction for the pressure differential across the
dry gas meter measured by the orifice meter — average sampling run A// readings.
Intermediate Data
T5 Vm(std) Pstd
(Eq. 6-30) %/= 100-
Method 8 — Sulfuric Acid Mist and Sulfur Dioxide Emissions Testing
Dry volume metered at standard conditions (see equations in previous sections of
this outline)
Sulfur Dioxide concentration
^ 'solution*
Valiquot
m
(std)
where Kj - 0.03203 g/meq for metric units
= 7.061 xlO~5 Ib/meqfor English units
Sulfuric acid mist (including sulfur trioxide) concentration
(Eq.6-32) - __^t-Vtb\Valiquoti
y™-(std)
157
-------
where
Isokinetic Variation
Raw Data
(Eq. 6-33)
where
#2= 0.04904 g/meqfor metric units
= 1.08 X 10-4 lb/meqfor English units
%/=100
AH/13.6)]
600AnvsPs
K4 = 0.003464 mm Hg-m^/ml- °K
= 0.002676 in Hg-ffi/ml- °R
Concentration Correction Equations
Concentration Correction to 12% CO2
[ 12 1
(Eq.6-34) C*U=C'[%COi\
Concentration Correction to 50% Excess Air Concentration
Correction to 50% Excess Air Using Raw Orsat Data
(Eq. 6-36)
1-
21
F-Factor Equations
Fc Factor / 100 \
(Eq. 6-37) c S\%C02)
Used when measuring cs and CO% on a wet or dry basis.
F^ Factor
When measuring O2d arjd cs on a dry basis
(Eq. 6-38)
20.9
When measuring O2c[ and cs on a wet basis
(Eq. 6-39)
1 — *d civs
20.9
20.9(1 -Bws}-
%02
w
l-B
ws
158
-------
Fw Factor
• When measuring cs and G£ on a wet basis
* BWO, ~ moisture content of ambient air
• Cannot be used after a wet scrubber
:]
F0 Factor
1. Miscellaneous factor for checking Orsat data
20.9 Fd 20.9 — %O%d lOy. o,nd CQ<£ measured\
(Eq. 6-41) F0 = = I on dry basis I
0 100 Fc %C02d X '
Opacity Equations
% Opacity
(Eq. 6-42) % Opacity =100-% Transmittance
Optical Density
(Eq. 6-43) Optical Density = logiQ [—— :—1
I 1 — Opacity J
(Eq. 6-44) Optical Density = log\n
r j eiu \Transmittance]
Transmittance
(Eq. 6-45) Transmittance — e ~ nacL^
Plume Opacity Correction
(Eq. 6-46) log(\ - O\) = (Li/L2) log(\ - O2)
159
-------
Appendix G
Problems
161
-------
PROBLEMS WITH SOLUTIONS
163
-------
SAMPLE SITE SELECTION
Problem 1.
The diagram below is a sketch of a duct to be sampled using the EPA
Method 5 Sampling Train. Using Method 1 guidelines calculate the
equivalent diameter of the duct, select the best sampling site, sample
port entry number, and sampling point number (the plant will weld
on threaded 3" diameter, 6" long steel pipe nipples as Sample ports.
Determine the sampling time at each test point and total test time.
Sketch out all work with dimensions.
7 4CP
231"
•--I.
'1
»M> _«»^.VL.»M
K
1
1
!
^x
— i
\
staighteningX
vanes *J
165
-------
Note: This is an actual stack encountered at
manufacturing operation. The problem requires the best possible
application of Method 1 guidelines. This is a new stationary
source and new source performance standards require total test
time x 60 minutes and minimum time/sample point >_ 2 minutes.
1. Equivalent Diameter
D = 2
L
25" + 40"
= 30.8"
2. 231" total duct dimension to exit = 7 5 dl-a ete
DE = 30.8
3. Sampling site selection is best at 6 diameters downstream and
1.5 upstream.
4. Chart indicates 24 or more sample points.
5. A balanced matrix (FR page 41756) requires a 5 x 5 layout.
6. Minimum time/point 2.5 minutes, total test time =62.5 minutes,
(Note: 3 minutes/point would be easiest).
7. Sketch of Sampling Site Cross-section.
40"
25"
WM|
g
41
k
•
•
•
•
•
i
i
i
UJ
1
1
12
s.
€
>"
I"
•
•
•
•
•
i
j_
g
l
1
.,1
r
(
3"
•
•
•
•
•
«••
<
3"
•
•
•
•
•
^•M
|k
€
>"
5
0 •
0 •
II
> ••
-
•
••M
*• •
^ m
^ •
M» •
^>
^
^
»
IV
^
•H L>|
_ — »
_^>
>
_ _A
__>.
^
6"
^2.5"
•it
5
_n
5
>^—
511
?•— — *
5"
* 2.5-;
7.5
166
-------
Sample Point
1
2
3
4
5
Distance from 6"
2.5" +
7.5" +
12.5" +
17.5" +
22.5" +
Long
6" =
6" =
6" =
6" =
6" =
Nipple
8.5"
13.5"
18.5"
23.5"
28.5"
Opening
Problem 2.
An "SV type pitot tube was used with an assumed Cp = 0.85 for per-
forming a source test. Laboratory calibration of the tube showed
that for the conditions at the source the actual Cp = 0.80. Explain
all the ramifications of this error given the data below.
B
ws
= 30.01b/lbmole
Ps = 30.04 in. Hg
Ap = 1.2 in H20
e =60 minutes
TS°R = 700
V = 45.25 SCF
m(std)
Particulate Concentration = .2 grains/DSCF
As = 20 ft.2
167
-------
C.
A. Velocity
1. Cp = 0.85
v. = 85.49 (0.85)
3
2. Cp = 0.80
vs = 85.4 (.8)
700 (1.2)
30.04(30.0)
700 (1.2)
30.04 (30.0)
= 70.16 ft./sec
= 66.03 ft./sec
5.88% error
B. Volumetric Flow Rate
1. Cp = 0.85
Qc = 3600 (1-0.07)(70.16)(20)(17.65) ( 30-04) = 3,558,000 SCFH
5 700
2. C = 0.80
30.04,
Q. = 3600 (1-0.007)(66.03)(20)(17.65)(-^^-) = 3,348,000 SCFH
700
5.90% error
Isokinetic Flow Rate
1. Nozzle Velocity
a. Cp = 0.85
Nozzle velocity (v ) > stack gas velocity
Overisokinetic
b. Cp = 0.80 vn = vs = isokinetic
2. Overisokinetic Condition
a. Biased sample with small particles
b. 0.2 gr/SCF < real concentration
168
-------
Problem 3.
Stack Gas Velocity
An "S" type pitot tube with a Cp = 0.84 was used to take a
stack gas velocity reading in an oil fired power plant
duct. The circular duct had a diameter of 10ft. The
Ap measured in the duct was 0.5 in. HgO. The
average stack gas temperature was 300°F. The wet mole-
cular weight of the gas was 30.0 gm/mole. Moisture con-
tent was 6% HgO. Absolute stack pressure was 30.0 in. Hg.
Calculate the average gas velocity in feet/second. Calcu-
late the volumetric flow rate in standard cubic feet/hour.
1. Average Stack Gas Velocity
a. v = K C
b.
(Ts) AP
=8549 r(7600)(0.5)]H
» a"'4y [(30.0)(30.0)J (-
=46.7 ft/sec
2. Average Stack Gas Volumetric Flow Rate (Dry SCFH)
a. Qs = 3600 sec./hr. (l-Bws)(vs)(Area
(5
T
528°R
29.92in. Hg,
b. Qs = 3600 sec./hr. (1-0.06)(46.7ft./sec.) * (5ft.)2
[528°R 1 30.0in.Hg.
760°R J 29.92in.Hg.
= 8,646,000 SCFH
169
-------
What would be the volumetric flow rate of the stack gas exiting the duct
in the above problem in actual cubic feet/hour at stack conditions?
a. Q = (v ft./sec.) x (Area) x 3600 sec./hr.
a s
b. Qa = (46.7 ft./sec.) IT (5ft.)2 x 3600 sec./hr.
a
= 13,204,000 ACFH
Problem 4.
Molecular Weight of a Stack Gas
An integrated bag sample of the stack gas in coal fired power 01 ant
duct was analyzed by orsat. The orsat indicated readings for C02 -
14.2; 02 - 21.4; and CO - 21.4. The moisture content of the stack
gas was 7% H,,0 vapor. What is the molecular weight of the gas?
1. Stack Gas Constituents
C02 = 14.2% by volume
02 = 21.4 - 14.2 = 7.2% by volume
CO = 21.4 - 21.4 = 0%
N2 = 100 - 21.4 = 78.6% by volume
H20 = 7%
2. Dry Molecular Weight of Gas
M dry = I M¥ By
A A
M = Molecular weight B = Mole fraction
component
expressed as % by
volume
*Note:
Orsat analysis readings indicate a direct % reading for C02 and
additive readings for 02 and CO. Therefore in the problem above:
C02 = 14.2% by volume (read directly)
02 = 02 - C02 = 21.4 - 14.2 = 7.2% by volume
CO = 02 - CO = 21.4 - 21.4 = 0% CO by volume
170
-------
M dry = 441b/lb-mole(%C02) + 321b/lb-mole(%02) + 281b/lb-mole(%CO)
+ 281b/lb-mole(%N2)
=44(.142) +32(.072) +28(0) + 28(.786)
= 6.248 + 2.304 + 0 + 22.008
= 30.5601b/lb-mole
3. Wet Molecular Weight of Gas
Ms = M dry (1-BWS) + 18(BWS) BW$ = % H20 vapor in stack gas
= 30.5601b/lb-mole (1-0.07) + 181b/lb-mole (0.07)
= 28.421 + 1.26
= 29.6811b/lb-mole
Problem 5.
Moisture Content of a Stack Gas
Reference Method 4 for determination of the moisture content of a
stack gas was completed at a coal fired power plant duct. From the
following data calculate the % H20 present in the stack gas.
Vtered ' I-2" CF
Test Time = 20 minutes
VF = 80
tsQF = 250
P = 30.25 in. Hg.
m
H20 Volume collected in the Impingers = 2.6 ml
H20 Weight increase in Silica Gel « 2.4 fm.
1. Volume Metered at Standard Conditions.
171
-------
V * = V.
Tstdl Pn
LP J~T
Hstd 'n
f 528°R "j 30.25 in.Hg.
= 1.258 CF - - - — = 1.244 SCF
L OQ 09-,-n Un J K/lfloD
vm
m(std) L29.92in.Hg. J 540°R
2. HpO Condensed Converted to Standard Cubic Volume of HLO Vapor
a. Impinger (Vwc)
2.6 ml X 0.04707 SCF/ml = .12238 SCF
b. Silica Gel (V )
j
2.4 m. X 0.04715 SCF/ml = .11316
3. (Bws) Moisture Content
V + Vcn 0.236
Bw_ = — ^ X 100 = = 15.95%
Vwc + Vsg + Vm(std) 0.236 + 1.244
Problem 6.
Percent Isokinetic
A 1 hour long source test conducted at an oil fired steam generation
facility provided the following information:
Average Stack Temperature = 300°F
Average Stack Gas Velocity = 50.0 ft./sec.
Volume Sampled at Meter Conditions = 40 cubic feet
Average Temperature at the Meter = 70°F
Static Pressure in the Stack = +0.2 in. H?0
Barometric Pressure = 30.26 in. Hg.
Average Pressure Differential Across the Orifice = 1.5 in. H20
*Note: Vm = Volume at meter X Dry Gas Meter Correction Factor (DGMCF)
In this example assume DGMCF = 1
172
-------
H20 Collected in the impincjers • 100 ml
Sampling Nozzle Diameter = 0.250 inches
What is the % isokinetic for this source test?
a. % Isokinetic from Raw Data
XI = 100 X
v 60sec./min. (emin.) PS (Nozzle Area)
b. % I
r
( 0.
I
in.Hg -ft.3 40ft.3 1.5in. H?0
760°R ( 0.00267 - )(100ml) + - (30.26in.Hg +
«. inn „ ml - °R 530 °R 13.6
11 " 1UU * 0.2in.H90
(50ft./sec.)60sec./min.(60min.)(30.26in. Hg + —)(0.0003408 ft?)
13.6
The 1 hour second stack test at the same facility gave intermediate
data as follows:
% H20 in Stack Gas = 6.5
Volume metered at Standard Conditions = 38.8DSCF
Static Pressure in the Stack • 0.25 in. H20
Barometric Pressure = 30.30 in. Hg.
Nozzle Diameter = 0.248 inches
Average Velocity = 49.8 ft. /sec.
Average Stack Temperature = 296°F
What is the percent isokinetic. for this source test?
% i * 100 x TsVm(std) Pstd
TstdVsPs omin-(60sec./min.) (Nozzle Area)(l-6w )
173
-------
b. % Isokinetic
100 x 76°°R (38-8ft-3) (29.92in. Hg.)
(528°R)(30.30 + -)(49.8ft./sec. )(1-0.06)(3600)(0.0003352ft.2)
13.6
= 97.05
174
-------
ADDITIONAL PROBLEMS
175
-------
ADDITIONAL PROBLEMS
BACKGROUND
During a recent presite survey at a wood waste boiler
in Pactolus, North Carolina, the following information
was obtained concerning emission description and emission
information from the exhaust of the boiler:
a) Sketch
T
54"
39"
25
1
125"
b) Information
% Moisture in Stack Gas (Bws): 7.0 %
Stack gas Temperature (ts): 303°F
Average Ap: 0.15 " H20
0.845
Orsat Data: C02:
CO :
Absolute Stack Gas Pressure: 30.3 " Hg
Stack Diameter: 16"
Stack Configuration: Circular
14.2 %
5.0 %
0.0 %
PROBLEM 1.
With the assistance of Federal Register Method 1 as outlined in
Vol. 42, No. 160, Aug. 18, 1977, complete the following table for
a particulate traverse.
177
-------
TABLE #1
Sample Point
Number
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
h.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
Circular Stack
% Diameter
Distance From
Sample Port
Opening in.
'
PROBLEM 2. Determine the following parameters:
Average Stack Gas Velocity (v"s): ft/sec
Average Stack Gas Volumetric Flow Rate ((Ts): DSCFH
Actual Stack Gas Volumetric Flow Rate (Qa): ACFH
PROBLEM 3. During a recent visit to a fertilizer plant, the following
information was obtained concerning emissions from the drying
operation:
Stack Temperature (ts): 300°F
Per Cent Moisture in Flue Gas (BWs):
Per Cent 02 in Flue Gas: 2%
Per Cent C02 in Flue Gas: 17%
Per Cent CO in Flue Gas: nil
Barometric Pressure: 30.1 " Hg
Pressure of Stack: -15.0 '
Cjv 0.842
A p: 2.5 " H20
12%
From the above information, determine the average stack gas
velocity (v ).
178
-------
Problem 4.
Given the following calculate (BWS) moisture content of the stack
gas
H20 collected in the impingers = 75 ml
H20 collected in the silica gel = 25 gms
Volume metered = 40.20 cubic feet
Pm = 30.0 in. Hg
tm = 100°F
Answers :
mstd
= 37.99 SCF
V = 3.54ft?
= 1.18ft?
wcstd
_
sg
std
Bws = 11.03%
Problem 5.
Given the following information determine the "S" type Pitot tube
Cp, Dry Molecular Weight of the Stack Gas (Md) and Wet Molecular
Weight (M ), Stack Gas Velocity, and Volumetric Flow Rate.
Pitot Tube Data;
C = 0.99
pstd
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Answers:
Problem 6.
APstd = 0.31 in. H20
ApTest = °'42 in' H2°
Qrsat Analysis
C02 = 13%
02 = 6%
CO = 1%
N2 = 79%
Stack Data
(t ) = 350°F
avg
o
(AD ) = 0.59 in. H90 Note: this equals (/Ap,%/a)
avg t- ave
P$ = 29.00 in. Hg
Bws =m
As = 1200 ft.2
Cp = 0.851
Md = 30.041b/lb-mole
M = 28.841b/lb-mole
vs = 54,98 ft/sec
Qs = 1.35 x 108 dscfh
Using the given information calculate the Concentration of Parti
culate in the Gas Stream (c ), Moisture Content (B ), and %
Isokinetic for the test
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Volume metered = 50 ft?
p = 29.5 in. Hg.
AH = 1.5 in. H20
tn] =100°F
ts = 300°F
0 =60 minutes
vs = 48.0 ft./sec.
Ps = 29.00 in. Hg.
A = 0.0003408ft.2
Total H20 collected (condenser and silica) = 100 ml
Particulate Catch (Mn) = 100 mg
Answers:
Vm =46.64 ft.3
mstd
Bws = 9.186%
cs = 0.033gr./DSCF
%I = 129.7%
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TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(I'lcasc read Initlructions on the reverse he/ore completing)
1. REPORT NO.
EPA-450/2-79-007
3 RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
APTI Course 450
Source Sampling for Particulate Pollutants
Student Workbook
5. REPORT DATE
December 1979
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR(S)
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Northrop Services, Inc.
P. 0. Box 12313
Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
B18A2C
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-02-2374
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Manpower and Technical Information Branch
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Student l/torkbook
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
EPA Project Officer for this workbook is R. E. Townsend, EPA, MD-17, ERC, RTP, NC
16. ABSTRACT
This workbook is used in conjunction with Course #450, "Source Sampling for
Particulate Pollutants", as designed and presented by the EPA Air Pollution Training
Institute (APTI). The workbook includes course objectives, lecture aides, calculatior
problems, and instructions for the course laboratory exercises. Tables of
nomenclature, source sampling forms, and representations of selected course visual
materials are given to aide the student in his understanding of EPA Federal
reference method 5 for sampling particulate matter from stationary sources. The
workbook is not meant to stand on its own, but is to be used with the course manual,
EPA-450/2-79-006 during the lecture and laboratory sessions of the training course.
An instructor's manual (EPA 450/2-80-003) entitled "Source Sampling for Particulate
Pollutants" is also available for use in presenting the training course.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
Gas Sampling
Collection
Filtered Particle Sampling
Air Pollution
Measurement
Dust
Calibrating
b.IDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
Stack Sampling
Particle Measurement
COSATI Hclil/Ciroup
14B
14D
13. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
available from NTIS address
19. SECURITY CLASS (This Report)
Unclassified
21. NO. OF PAGES
187
20. SECURITY CLASS (Thispage)
Unclassified
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
182
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