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United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Air Pollution Training Institute
MD20
Environmental Research Center
Research Triangle Park NC 27711
EPA 450/2-80-003
February 1980
Air
APTI
Course 450
Source Sampling
for Particulate
Pollutants
Instructor's Guide
By
G. J. Aldina
and
J. A. Jahnke, Ph.D.

IRM Development
by
J. Henry

Northrop Services, Inc.
P.O. Box 12313
Research Triangle Park, NC 27709

Under Contract No.
68-02-2374
EPA Project Officer
R. E. Townsend

United States Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Air, Noise, and Radiation
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711

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                                   Notice
This is not an official policy and standards document. The opinions, findings, and
conclusions are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the Environmental
Protection Agency. Every attempt has been made to represent the present state of
the art as well as subject areas still under evaluation. Any mention of products or
organizations does not constitute endorsement by the United States Environmental
Protection Agency.
                Availability of Copies of This Document

This document is issued by the Manpower and Technical Information Branch, Con-
trol Programs Development Division, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards,
USEPA. It is for use in training courses presented by the EPA Air Pollution Training
Institute and others receiving contractual or grant support from the Institute.

Schools or governmental air pollution control agencies establishing training programs
may receive single  copies of this document,  free of charge, from the Air Pollution
Training Institute,  USEPA,  MD-20, Research Triangle Park, NC  27711. Others may
obtain copies, for a fee, from the National Technical Information Service, 5825 Port
Royal Road, Springfield, VA  22161.

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                           POLLUTION TRAINING INSTITUTE
             MANPOWER AND TECHNICAL INFORMATION BRANCH
                 CONTROL PROGRAMS DEVELOPMENT DIVISION
              OFFICE OF AIR QUALITY PLANNING AND STANDARDS
The Air Pollution Training Institute (1) conducts training for personnel working on the develop-
ment and improvement of state, and local governmental, and EPA air pollution control programs,
as well as for personnel in industry and academic institutions; (2) provides consultation and other
training assistance to governmental agencies, educational institutions, industrial organizations, and
others engaged in air pollution training activities; and (3) promotes the development and improve-
ment of air pollution training programs in educational institutions  and state, regional, and local
governmental air pollution control agencies. Much of the program  is now conducted by an on-sile
contractor, Northrop Services, Inc.

One of the principal mechanisms utilized  to meet the Institute's goals is the intensive short term
technical training course. A full-time professional staff is responsible for the design, development,
and presentation of these courses.  In addition the services of scientists, engineers, and specialists
from other EPA  programs governmental agencies,  industries, and universities are used to augment
and reinforce the Institute staff in the  development and presentation of technical material.

Individual course objectives and desired learning outcomes are delineated to meet specific program
needs through training. Subject matter areas covered include air pollution source studies,  atmos-
pheric dispersion, and air quality management.  These courses are presented in the Institute's resi-
dent classrooms and laboratories and at various field locations.
  R. Alan Schueler
  Program Manager
  Northrop Services, Inc.
 ,/James A. Jahme
' Technical Director
  Northrop Services, Inc.
                                 Jean jfSchueneman
                                  Chief, Manpower & Technical
                                  Information Branch
                                          in

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                               TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTORY MATERIALS
     Course Description	    ^
     Background, Origin, and Philosophy 	    •*•
     Instructions for Preparation and Presentation of Course  	
     Checklist of Activities for Presenting the Course	10
     Course Goals and Objectives	12
     Laboratory Equipment List  	   14
     Sample - Course Agenda 	   16
     Pre-Test; Answer Sheet; Answer Key 	   19
     Post-Test; Answer Sheet; Answer Key  	   32
     Solutions to Additional Problems Given as Homework 	   45
LECTURE  1 - Welcome and Registration	51
LECTURE  2 - Introduction to Source Sampling  	   57
LECTURE  3 - EPA Method 5 Sampling Train	65
LECTURE  4 - Discussion of Laboratory Exercises 	   73
LECTURE  5 - Isokinetic Source Sampling 	   85
LECTURE  6 - Isokinetic Rate Equation	93
LECTURE  7 - Review of Reference Methods 1-4	105
LECTURE  8 - Calculation and Interpretation of % Isokinetic 	  121
LECTURE  9 - Sampling Train Configurations:
             Definition of a Particulate	131
LECTURE 10 - Discussion of Source Sampling Exercises  	  137
LECTURE 11 - Concentration Corrections and Problem Session  	  145
LECTURE 12 - Literature Sources 	  153
LECTURE 13 - The F-Factor Method	159
LECTURE 14 - Calculations Review:  RM5 Clean-up Procedures;
             Pre-Test Review; Discussion of Laboratory Results  	  167
LECTURE 15 - Error Analysis	171
LECTURE 16 - Source Sampling Quality Assurance and Safety on Site • • . •  177
LECTURE 17 - Particle Sizing Using a Cascade Impactor 	  187
LECTURE 18 - Transmissometers 	  199
LABORATORY INSTRUCTIONS
     MONDAY LABORATORY - Fundamental Measurement  	  207
     TUESDAY LABORATORY - Orsat Operation 	  213
     WEDNESDAY LABORATORY - RMS Testing 	  221
          Photographs of Lab Equipment	225
HANDOUTS	231
                                         iv

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                          INTRODUCTORY MATERIALS FOR
             COURSE 450 - SOURCE SAMPLING FOR PARTICIPATE POLLUTANTS
 This Instructor's Guide is to provide you as Course Moderator with assistance
 in the preparation and presentation of Course #450 - Source Sampling for
 Particulate Pollutants.  It will provide you with guidelines, instructions and
 some general information that should facilitate your efforts in staging  this
 course.

 I.  Course Description

     Course 450 - Source Sampling for Particulate Pollutants is designed  as a
     four and one half day laboratory course for students of science and
     engineering background.  The course presents the principles and techniques
     necessary for performing isokinetic source sampling procedures for particulate
     matter given in the EPA Reference Method 5 of the Federal New Source
     Performance Standards.  It should prepare engineers and technicians  to
     perform and/or evaluate a particulate source test.  Lectures cover formulas
     describing basic fluid dynamics involved in isokinetic sampling and  students
     are given experience in problem solving and application using EPA Reference
     Methods 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5.  Laboratory exercises are designed to familiarize
     students with the proper use and calibration of source sampling equipment.
     Students perform a source test, make all calculations, and report results.
     Major topics include:
             Basic Theories
             Description and Analysis of Source Sampling Equipment
             Explanation of EPA Method 1-5
             Source Sampling Calculations
             Isokinetic Source Sampling Principles
             Gas Velocity, Molecular Weight, and Volumetric Flow
              Rate Measurement
             Laboratory Particulate Source Test
             Introduction to Alternate Methods of Particulate Analysis

II.  Background, Origin, and Philosophy

     The Environmental Protection Agency Air Pollution Training Institute
     (APTI) provides courses in air pollution control technology, ambient and
     source monitoring, and air quality management.  In July, 1976 Northrop
     Services, Inc. was contracted to both present Training Institute courses
     and to provide support and technical services for the Institute as a whole.
     Source sampling and other laboratory courses of particular importance
     to governmental and industrial personnel concerned with air pollution
     problems received early efforts of instructional development to design the
     best possible training experiences for the students.  This required
     thorough examination of both the materials for instruction and an
     examination of the characteristics of the student audience.  From such
     studies, the courses have been revised and developed to provide training
     that enables every student to achieve the specific course objectives.

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         The demographic characterization of students attending source sampling
    classes has shown the following:
              Employer

    Federal EPA
    Other Federal
    State Government
    Local Government

    Industry
    Consultant
    Other

              Occupation

    Administrator
    Chemist
    Engineer
    Ind. Hygenist
    Phys.  Scientist
    Sanitarian
    Technician
    Other
                            TABLE  I
TABLE II
Course 450

   16%
    5
   12
   14

   45
    6
    2

Course 450

    3%
   14
   44
    1
    3
    3
   28
    4
                               TABLE  III
               Educational
               Background
                 Course  450
     High School
     Bachelor
     Master
     PhD
                 Years
               Experience
                               TABLE IV
     0-1 years
     2-4
     5-7
     8-10
       > 10
                    24%
                    56
                    18
                     2
                Course  450

                    48%
                    31
                    15
                     3
                     3
     Student intellectual characteristics were determined early in the initial
contract year through standardized ability testing given to a total of 186
individuals in 10 different courses offered by the Institute.  The Course #450
sample produced the following percentile rank scores:
               Verbal ability
               Numerical
               Spatial
               Reasoning
               Memory
                Percentile  Rank

                      78
                      70
                      35
                      51
                      47

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          The characterization studies mentioned above have indicated that
for APTI source sampling courses, the course content and instructional methods
should be explicit rather than implicit.  Although formal educational level
tends to be generally high, the ability testing has indicated the need for
the course content to be presented in a careful and logical order with the
underlying principles and relationships of given concepts being taught directly.
At critical junctures where students are required to visualize a concept,
infer a relationship, or visualize an added dimension, instruction is mediated
with the use of:

     •    Graphic illustrations usually in the form of 35 mm slides,
     •    Lecture demonstrations,
     •    Inclass problem-solving,
     •    Hands-on laboratory experience
     •    Constant repetition and review of fundamental concepts.

     Course #450 is designed to teach the principles of isokinetic sampling to
the engineer who finds it necessary to either conduct or to observe a stack
test.

           A stack tester normally stays in this type of work for 2 or 3
      years before moving on to another position.  This creates a continual
      need to train new people entering this field of work.   Students
      attending #450 have ranged from high school graduates to Ph.D.'s
      involved in research work.  The average student (see Tables II and
      III) has a bachelor's degree and is employed as a technician or an
      engineer.  In this course, 50% of the students come from industry
      and 50% come from governmental agencies (this creates a forum for
      interesting discussions within the course presentations).  Most of
      the students are also just entering the field of air pollution, 48%
      having less than one year of experience.  The approach taken in
      instructing Course #450, is to direct the level of instruction
      towards the engineer with four years of college,  newly entering the
      field of air pollution.  Through the use of discussion sessions,
      those less prepared and those with more experience are provided the
      opportunity to supplement their learning in the course.  This
      approach has succeeded, with most students gaining the knowledge
      they desired upon entry into the course.
           The variety of activities that the student experiences in
      Course #450 aides in the assimilation of a great deal of knowledge
      in a short time.  The first 3 days of the Course are very rapidly
      paced and produce some stress in the students.   The fourth and
      fifth day are conducted at a slower pace, still with a variety of
      activities, but with more opportunity for questioning and discussion.
      Here, the content of the first 3 days is reinforced and refined.
      Every effort is made to answer any question asked by a student,
      even at the expense of some of the more advanced members of the
      class.   In fact, it has often occurred that the simpler questions
      lead into details that the class as a whole finds valuable.  At the
      opposite end, the more complex questions, give the beginning stack
      sampler an opportunity to realize the complexities that can arise
      in performing the sampling method.

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III.  Instruction for Preparation and Presentation of Course
      A.  Responsibilities of Course Moderator

          This course generally requires 4*5 days for a complete presentation.
     It can also be expected that anywhere from 35 to 60 hours of additional
     preparation will be required by the individual designated Course Moderator.
     Preparation and continuity are the principle responsibilities of the Course
     Moderator who will coordinate all on-site activities both before and during
     the course presentation.  The following lists the actual tasks that are
     considered the direct responsibility of the Course Moderator:

          1.   Scheduling the course presentation.
          2.   Recruiting (hiring) and briefing instructors.
          3.   Preparation of classroom and teaching facilities.
          4.   Preparation of and distribution of course materials.
          5.   Presentation of introduction and other appropriate lectures.
          6.   Maintaining continuity throughout the course.
      B.  Scheduling

          The course itself is designed around a format using 18 lectures
     and 3  laboratory  sessions, all of which are designed to fit into a
     4% day time  frame of morning and afternoon sessions.  Because the
     course contains a concentrated level of involvement with rather
     technical material, it is recommended that no more than seven (7)
     hours  of class instruction be presented in one day.
          The course materials contain  21  segments  each listed below with
     its recommended time and schedule placement.
     Proposed
     Sequence
     Lesson Title
Expected
Time
Required
     Day
     Lesson  #1
     Lesson  #2
     Lesson  #3
     Lesson  #4
     Laboratory  #1

     Day  #2

     Lesson  #5
     Lesson  #6
     Lesson  #1
     Laboratory  #2
Welcome and Registration
Introduction to Source Sampling
EPA Method 5 Sampling Train
Discussion of Labaoratory Exercises
Lab Exercises
Isokinetic Source Sampling
Setting the Isokinetic Sampling Rate
Discussion of Laboratory Exercises
Orsat Laboratory
30 minutes
1 hr 15 rain
1 hour
1 hour  30 min
2 hours 30 min
1 hour 15 min
1 hour 15 min
2 hours  45 min
1 hour 30 min

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Day 13

Lesson #8

Lesson #9
Lesson #10
Laboratory

Day #4

Lesson #11
Lesson #12
Lesson #13
Lesson
Lesson
Lesson
             Calculations and Interpretation of
             % Isokinetic
             Definition of a Particulate
             Discussion of Source Sampling Exercise
    #3       RMS Testing
                                        1 hour 45 min

                                       .15  min
                                        1 hr 15 min
                                        3 hours
#14
#15
#16
Day #5

Lesson #17

Lesson #18
Concentration Corrections
Literature Sources
F-Factor Method
Calculation Review
Error Analysis
Source Sampling Quality Assurance
and Safety on Site
             Particulate Sizing Using Cascade
             Impactor
             Transmissometers
  1  hour 15 min
30 min
  1  hour
  1  hour 45 min
30  min
  1  hour 20 min
                                        1 hour

                                        1 hour 15 min

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C.   Instructors

          The JLaur  most important criteria in the selection of faculty  for
     this course are:

          1.   A knowledge of the methods and procedure in particulate sampling.
          2.   Practical experience with a facility providing stack sampling.
          3.   Experience  (and ability) to instruct adults using traditional
               and non-traditional methods, materials and techniques.
          4.   A positive attitude toward air quality management.

          Before instructors are actually involved with instruction in the
     classroom the course moderator should conduct thorough briefing and
     preparation sessions  in which an overview of the entire course presentation
     is given.  Specific discussion of course and lesson objectives should result
     in an  assurance  that  the instructor is well prepared and familar with the
     materials, procedures, and techniques that they will be using.
          The course  moderator should stress the difference in the role  that
     the instructor plays  as compared to traditional university instruction
     situations.  All instructors should fully understand the function of
     course and lesson objectives and the relationship of each objective to
     their  particular materials and to the pre and post testing.
          It may be particularly helpful to the instructors if they are  able  to
     sit in on early  sessions of the course presentation, so that they get a
     feel for the way the  students are oriented to the material and be able
     to incorporate the strengths and background experiences of the students
     into the various instructional sessions.
          Preparation must be stressed to all prospective instructors.   Thorough
     familiarization  with  all the prepared materials is essential for even
     "expert" instructors.  Laboratory sessions require additional preparation
     and should include a  complete run-through to check out the methods  and
     equipment before ever presenting them to the students.  Remember that
     Murphy's law will always hold true in a student laboratory exercise:
     "What  ever can go wrong, will!"

D.   Physical Setting

     Room size:  1300 square ft/24 students
     Seating arrangement:  Double tables, 6-8 student/table
     Audio  visual requirements:  35 mm slide projector, overhead projectors,
                                 large screen
     Lecture paraphernalia:  Lighted lectern, blackboard, chalk
     Laboratory room  requirements:  700 sq ft, electricity, analytical balances.

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E.  Course Materials

         In addition to the lesson outlines and audio-visual materials, the
    Instructional Resource Materials for Course 450 include copies of the
    following items needed for distribution to the student:

         1.  APTI Student Manual: "Source Sampling for Particulate Pollutants",
             EPA 450/2-79-006

         2.  APTI Student Workbook, EPA 450/2-79-007

         3.  Pre-test

         4.  Post-test

         5.  EPA Pamphlet - "Need Air Pollution Information", June 1979

         6.  Handout - reprint of article - Leland, Bernice J; Hall, Jerry L.
             "Correction of S-Type Pitot - Static Tube Coefficients When Used
             for Isokinetic Sampling from Stationary Sources."  Environmental
             Science and Technology 11:694-700; July, 1977-

         7.  Handout - reprint of article - Midgett, M. Rodney. "How EPA Validates
             NSPS Methodology." Environmental Science and Technology 11:655 - 659;
             July 1977-

         8.  Handout - A Monograph - Shigehara, R. T. "A Guideline for
             Evaluating Compliance Test Results."

         9.  Handout - Calculation Form for Method 5 Particulate Test

        10.  Federal Register - Vol. 42, No. 160, August 18, 1977
             "Standards of Performance for New Stationary Sources - Revision
             to Reference Methods 1-8."

        11.  Federal Register - Vol. 43, No. 37, February 23, 1978, Part V
             "Kraft Pulp Mills."

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  F.  Lesson Plan Use

      Each lesson plan module is designed to serve as:
        A.  Source of lesson objectives
        B.  Content guide for instructor
        C.  Lecture outline
        D.  Directions for use of visual aids
        E.  Guidelines for approach to the lesson.

     Each lecture plan outline is carefully timed.  Instructors should give
attention to observing time schedules, and to becoming  familiar with the "pace"
of the lessons to be given.

     Instructors must be familiar with the visual aids  and handout materials
before attempting to present any lesson.
     Instructors may wish to vary slightly from the format or content for
a given lesson but should be cautioned that schedules and lesson objectives
must be maintained.  Variations should be in the direction of greater student
participation. Instructors  should remember that the final exam reflects the
lesson objectives as presented through these lesson outlines.
   G.  Audio-Visual Materials

           The visuals for course  450  include  153 35mm slides.  The slides
      are keyed using number  references  that are also found on the slide.
      The number identifies the  lecture  and sequence of the slide.  Thus
      L2-16 identifies a slide in  lecture  2 that comes before L2-17 and
      after L2-15.  Some slides  that are part  of sequences are followed by
      a letter, thus L2-2a, L2-2b,  and L2-2c are all members of a par-
      ticular sequence.

           The specific lessons  are as follows:
           Lesson 1
           Lesson 2
           Lesson 3
           Lesson 4
           Lesson 5
           Lesson 6
           Lesson 7
           Lesson 8
           Lesson 9
           Lesson 10
           Lesson 11
           Lesson 12
           Lesson 13
           Lesson 14
           Lesson 15
           Lesson 16
           Lesson 17
           Lesson 18
no slides
20 slides
no slides
no slides
4 slides
21 slides
35 slides
12 slides
no slides
no slides
7 slides
6 slides
10 slides
no slides
3 slides
1 slide
6 slides
28 slides
L2-la through 2-14
Use L7-4, L7-5

L5-1 through L5-4
L6-1 through L6-21
L7-1 through L7-35
L8-1 through L8-12
Lll-1 through Lll-7
L12-1 through L12-6
L13-1 through L13-10

L15-1 through L15-3
L16-1
L17-1 through L17-6
L18-1 through L18-27

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H.  Grading Philosophy

    The APTI guidelines for grading student's performance in "Source
    Sampling for Particulate Material" and granting Continuing Education
    Units  (CEU's)  are as follows:

    The student must:

        •   attend a minimum of 95% of all scheduled class and laboratory
           sessions;

        •   complete and hand in copies of 'all laboratory data derived in
           the laboratories; and

        •   achieve an average course grade of 70% or better derived as
           follows:

              1)  90% from final examination
              2)  10% from laboratory performance
 I.   Other Logistics

      Since the Course Moderator will need to consider a great variety of
 logistic and instructional concerns, the following checklist is provided
 to  serve as a guide to meeting these responsibilities.
      The course developers have tried to provide you with as much
 information and materials as possible to enable you to present a
 unique and exciting educational venture.

      GOOD LUCK.

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                             CHECKLIST
                           of Activities
                     For Presenting the Course

A.   Pre-Course Responsibilities:

     	  1.  Reserve and confirm classroom(s), including size, "set-up,"
               location and costs (if any).

     	  2.  Contact and confirm all faculty (speakers) for the course(s),
               including their A-V requirements.  Send material to them.

     	  3.  Reserve hotel accommodations for faculty.

     	  4.  Arrange for and confirm food service needs (i.e., meals,
               coffee breaks, water, etc).

     	  5.  Prepare and reproduce final  ("revised" if appropriate)
               copy of the detailed program schedule.

     	  6.  Reproduce final registration/attendance roster, including
               observers (if any).

     	  7-  Prepare name badges and name "tents" for students and faculty.

     	  8.  Identify, order,  and confirm all A-V equipment needs.

     	  9.  Prepare two or three 12 in. x  15 in. signs on posterboard  for
               posting at meeting area.

     	  10.  Arrange for and confirm any  special administrative assistance
               needs on-site for course,  including "local" Address of
               Welcome, etc.

     	  11.  Obtain copies of  EPA Manuals,  and Pamphlets.

     	  12.  Pack and ship box of supplies  and materials one week prior
               to beginning of course  (if appropriate).

     	  13.  Arrange  and  confirm the availability of satisfactory
               laboratory equipment and  facilities.  (See list following
               and  lab  descriptions in rear of this manual)

     	  14.  Set  up needed equipment in the laboratory setting and make
               sure all  equipment and  instruments  are operating correctly.

     	  15.  Have run-through  of  lab exercise with instructors.
                                  10

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                           CHECKLIST (Cont.)
B.    On-Site Course Responsibilities

      	 1.  Check on and determine final room arrangements (i.e.,
                tables, chairs, lectern, water, cups, etc.)

      	 2.  Set up A-V equipment required each day and brief operator
                (if supplied).

      	 3.  Post signs where needed.

      	4.  Alert receptionist, phone operator(s), watchmen, etc. of
                name, location, and schedule of program.

      	 5.  Conduct a new speaker(s) (i.e., instructor) briefing session
                on a daily basis.

      	 6.  Verify and make final food services/coffee arrangements
                (where appropriate).

      	 7.  Identify and arrange for other physical needs as required
                (i.e., coat racks, ashtrays, etc).

      	 8.  Make a final check on arrival of guest speakers (instructors)
                for the day.

       	 9.  If there is lab work on a real stack, find out how to call
                 the local life squad or similiar service, in case an
                 accident occurs.


 C.     Post-Course Responsibilities

       	 1.  Return the  following  to  APTI:  (If  APTI  course):
                •    Student Registration  Cards
                •    Pre-Test  Answer  Sheets — Graded
                •    Post-Test Answer  Sheets — Graded
                •    Laboratory Data  Summary  Sheets  from each student
                •    Student Course Critiques

             2.  Prepare Course Director  Report including pertinent comments
                on the presentation.   (If  APTI course)

             3.  Request honorarium and expense statements from faculty;
                order and  process checks.

       	 4.  Write thank-you letters  and  send  checks to paid  faculty.

       	 5.  Write thank-you letters  to non-paid  guest speakers.

       	 6.  Prepare evaluation on each course  (including instructions,
                content,  facilities,  etc).

       	 7.  Make  sure A-V  equipment  is returned.

       	 8.  Return unused  materials  to your  office.

                                       11

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                                 COURSE #450

                   SOURCE TESTING FOR PARTICULATE POLLUTANTS

COURSE GOAL

The major goal of Course #450, "Source Sampling for Particulate Pollutants",
is to provide the student with a basic understanding of the theory and experimental
methods involved in isokinetic sampling, the foundation of EPA Method 5.

Knowledge of isokinetic sampling, serving as the core of the course material,
will then be amplified with lectures, problem sessions and lecture-demonstrations
in order to present the many facets of particulate sampling.  Upon completion of
the course, the student should be able to design and plan a source test, perform
all of the calculations involved in reporting a mass emission rate, and understand
problems of error and quality assurance.  The student should also become conversant
with the methods of particle sizing and transmissometry.  He should attain an
awareness of the problems involved in source sampling and be able to recognize what
constitutes difficult experimental situations, a good test, good data, and a good
final report.

COURSE OBJECTIVES

On completion of this course the student should be able to:

• Define symbols and common source sampling terms used in source sampling for
  particulate pollutants.
• Recognize, interpret and apply sections of the Federal Register pertinent to
  source sampling for particulate pollutants.
• Understand the construction, operation and calibration of component parts of
  the Federal Register Method 5 sampling train.

• Recognize the advantages and disadvantages of the nomograph and its uses in
  the establishment of the isokinetic sampling rate.
• Understand the "working" isokinetic rate equation and its derivation.
• Define isokinetic sampling and illustrate why it is important in sample extraction.

• Apply Federal Register Methods 1 through 4 in preparation for a particulate
  sampling test.
• Understand the construction, evaluation, standardization, and orientation of the
  "S Type" pitot tube and its application to source sampling.

• Calculate the "Percent Isokinetic" value for a source test, and interpret the
  effect of over or under-isokinetic values on the source test results.

• Understand the quality assurance programs involved in source sampling
  dealing with nozzle sizing, orifice meter calibration, nomograph standardization
  and sample recovery.
• List the steps involved in conducting a source test, including completion of
  pre-test and post-test forms.  The student should be able to recognize potential
  problem areas in preparing and conducting a source test.
                                       12

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COURSE OBJECTIVES - Continued

• Properly assemble, leak check, conduct and recover a Method 5 sample
  according to Federal Register, August 18, 1977.
• Apply Federal Register Method 3 gas analysis in formulating the stack gas
  molecular weight and % excess air.
• Explain the principles behind the operation of particle  sizing devices for
  sources and name some of those devices being tested by EPA.
• Define the terms opacity,  transmittance and transmissometer.
0 Recognize the relationship between optical density and particulate concentration.
                                        13

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                    LABORATORY EQUIPMENT LIST FOR 24 STUDENTS

                                   COURSE 450

                    SOURCE SAMPLING FOR PARTICULATE POLLUTANTS


GENERAL EQUIPMENT FOR SOURCE TEST

24   nomographs
 4   meter boxes
 4   sample boxes
 4   umbilical cords
 4   sets of glassware
 4   probes
 4   filter holders, frits
 4   pre-weighed filters
 4   containers of silica gel (200g each)
 6   extension cords
 4   folding wood rulers
 2   calipers
 1   ice chest
 4   funnels
 2   250ml graduated cylinders
 8   stopwatches
 2   boxes kaydry towels
 4   tweezers
 4   probe wrenches - 3/4" and 1" open end wrenches
 1   spare filter set-up
 2   sets of spare glassware
     miscl. tools
 4   rolls duct tape
     ice
     flyash

 TESTING FACILITY - see Laboratory 1 for diagrams.

 2060 CFM Squirrel Cage blower with 3/4 HP motor
 12" diameter galvanized duct work
     6  5 foot sections
     4  2 foot sections
     3  elbows
     2  adapters; 1 to reduce 14" diameter fan inlet to 12" diameter;
        1 section to adapt rectangular fan outlet to 12" diameter,


PITOT TUBE EXPERIMENT
 4   standard pitot tubes
 4   inclined manometers, (oil, reading to at least 6"
 4   sets of manometer lines w/connectors
 8   ring stands each with 3 finger clamps
                                        14

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WET BULB-DRY BULB EXPERIMENT

2   beakers with water
4   thermometers (to 300°F)
2   wicks
M.W. EXPERIMENT

4   Orsats
                                        15

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                                     SAMPLE AGENDA
Course location
                                 Name and address of
                              agency conducting course
                                   (Dates of course)
                     450 SOURCE SAMPLING FOR PARTICULATE POLLUTANTS
                                                   Acknowledgement
                                                   of role of other
                                                   agencies,  if any,
                                                   in conduct or
                                                   support of
                                                   presentation.	
                                                    Name of course
                                                    Director 	
DAY & TIME
                    SUBJECT
SPEAKER
MONDAY
 8:30
 9:00
 9:45
10:30
11:30
12:15
Welcome and Registration
Pretest
Introduction to Source Sampling
1.  Objectives
2.  Definitions
3.  Pollutant Mass Rate
4.  Gas Physics
EPA Method 5 Sampling Train
                   LUNCH
Discussion of Laboratory Exercises
1.  Sample & Velocity Traverses for
    Stationary Sources
2.  Determination of Stack Gas Velocity
    and Volumetric Flow Rate
3.  Wet Bulb-Dry Bulb Moisture Estimation
4.  Orifice Meter Calibration
 1:45
Travel to Source Simulator
    If  course is not conducted by EPA,  but EPA/APTI materials are used, it would
    be  appreciated that an acknowledgement appear here.
                                           16

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                                          - 2  -
.DAY & TIME
                    SUBJECT
SPEAKER
MONDAY  (Continued)
 2:00               Laboratory  Exercises
           Station #1.  Traverse  Point  Determination
           Station #2.  Pitot Tube  Calibration
           Station #3.  Moisture  Estimate
           Station #4.  Calibration of  Orifice  Meter
 HOMEWORK:
1.  Complete Laboratory Exercises Calculations
2.  Read Example Problems - Workbook pp. 165-174
3.  Work Problems 1, 2, and 3 - Additional  Problem Section PP-
                                                                                    177-178
 TUESDAY
  8:30
  9:45
 11:30
 12:15
  3:00

 HOMEWORK:
Isokinetic Source Sampling
Setting the Isokinetic Sampling Rate
                   LUNCH
1.  Review of Sample and Velocity Traverses
2.  Reference Method Determination of Moisture
    in Stack Gas
3.  Gas Analysis for Carbon Dioxide, Excess Ai r
    and Dry Molecular Weight
Orsat Laboratory
1.  Do Problems 1, 2, and 3 - Setting Isokinetic Sampling Rate   P  57
2.  Work Problems 4, 5, and 6 - Additional Problems Section  pp  179-181
 WEDNESDAY
  8:30
 10:15
 10:30
Calculation and Interpretation of % Isokinetic
1.  Equations for % Isokinetic
2.  Evaluating Anisokinetic Source Test Results
Definition of a Particulate
                   BREAK
                                             17

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                                         - 3 -
DAY & TIME
                    SUBJECT
                                                       SPEAKER
WEDNESDAY (Continued)
10:45
12:00
12:45
 1:00
Discussion of Source Sampling Exercise
1.  Experiment Design
2.  EPA Method 5
3.  Report Writing
                   LUNCH
Travel to Source Simulator
Stack Test
HOMEWORK:
Complete Stack Test Data Summary Form
THURSDAY
 8:30

10:00
10:30
11:30
12:15
 2:30
Concentration Corrections
Class Problems
Literature Sources
F-Factor Method
                   LUNCH
    Calculation Review - Hand in Stack Test
1.

2.
3.
                        Data Summary
                        Discussion of Laboratory Results
                        ERROR Analysis
Source Sampling Quality Assurance and Safety
on Site
HOMEWORK:
Read Manual Selections
FRIDAY
 8:30
 9:30
10:45
Particle Sizing
Transmissometers
Post Test and Closing
The Course closes at 12:00 a.m. on Friday, please plan to remain until  that  time.
Three Continuing Education Units (CEU's) will be awarded to those students who  attend  a
minimum of 95% of all scheduled class and laboratory sessions and who  satisfactorily
pass examinations based on studies and assignments.
                                             18

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                   SOURCE SAMPLING FOR PARTICULATE EMISSIONS
                               APTI COURSE NUMBER 450

                                        PRKTK8T

DIRECTIONS:  Circle the best answer (there is one and only one correct answer for each question). Mark
answers both on your Exam Sheet and on the Answer Sheet.  You will be  asked to turn in only the
Answer Sheet  (The August 18, 1977 Federal Register and a scientific calculator may be used during this
test You should take no more than 45 minutes.)
1.  How would you correct the "C" factor of your nomograph if your pitot tube had a coefficient
          = .79?
    a.   Take Ccorr     = O.B5/0.79Cnnmna
               nomog               nomog

    b.   UseC60"     =  °'79  Cn-in
             nomog    -£35-  nom°g

    c.   The nomograph can't be corrected for a different C .

    d.   Use C00"     =   (°-79)2 C.
             nomoe           o  nomoe
                   K      (0.85)2

2.  The  Type S pitot tube has demonstrated several characteristics that are important in under-
    standing its proper  function and application in measuring gas velocity. Those characteristics
    which can affect its performance are:

    a.   Tube length and diameter
    b.   Sensing area and tube length
    c.   Sensitivity to turbulence and orientation
    d.   Sensitivity to temperature variation and abusive environments

3.  What assumptions does the nomograph make about the stack gas molecular weight?
    a.   The molecular weight can be corrected for liCQn a"d %®%
    I).   The dry stack gas molecular weight is measured to be 29.
    c.   The molecular weight (wet) is assumed to be 29.
    d.   The stack gas molecular weight is directly related to vg, the stack gas velocity.

4.  Correcting pollutant concentrations to 12% C0£ is applicable to:

    a.   Non-combustion processes
    b.   All chemical processes except oil refineries
    c.   Combustion processes
    d.   Only those processes burning No. 2 diesel oil
                                             19

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5.  If the paniculate concentration is measured as 0.1 grains per dry standard cubic foot (DSCF),
    and the stack gas flow rate is 70,000 DSCF per minute, what is the participate emission rate
    in pounds per hour (7000 grains = 1 pound)?

    a.  60 pounds/hour
    b.  1 pound/hour
    c.  10 pounds/hour
    d.  Need more information

6.  If the gas analysis is 6.2% 02, 14.2% C02, 0% CO, 79.6%N2 and the % HgO is 7.0%, the wet
    molecular weight of this mixture is:

    a.  29.6
    b.  23.8
    c.    9.0
    d.  30.9

7.  The greatest source of experimental error for a stack test arises out of the measurements for:

    a.  Moisture content of the stack gas
    b.  Molecular weight of the stack gas
    c.  Velocity of the stack gas
    d.  Sample point position within the duct

8.  The most important aspect of a safety evaluation procedure designed to prevent accidents is a
    continuous:

    a.  Reminder to personnel of previous accidents
    b.  Accident analysis program
    c.  Safety indoctrination program
    d.  Stronger enforcement of safety rules

9.  The on-site sampling team should follow:

    a.  Their developed safety methods
    b.  Plant safety regulations and those guidelines given in the CRC safety handbook
    c.  All plant safely guidelines in addition to those developed specifically for the sampling
        team
    d.  Posted plant regulations

10. The Glass Fiber Filter used in Method 5 particulate  sampling must:

    a.  Exhibit at least 96.5% collection efficiency
    b.  Be dessicated 24 hours and weighed to a constant weight
    c.  Be dessicated 24 hours and weighed to the nearest 1.0 mg
    d.  Be dessicated 6 hours and weighed
                                               20

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11. Turbulence is created liy any accessory adjacent to the  Type S  pilot lube.  The effect of
    turbulence upon the calibration of the  Type S pilot lube is minimized when the accessory
    is separated from the pilot tube by a distance:

    a.   7.62 mm
    b.   3/4"
    c.   2"
    d.   3"

12. The term A rig, is defined as:

    a.   The sum of the stagnation pressure and static pressure in the duct.
    b.   The flow rate of dry air flowing through a flat, sharp-edged orifice
    c.   Sampling Meter Console calibration factor
    d.   The pressure differential across the sampling console orifice meter that creates a flow rate
        through the meter of 0.75 cfm dry air at 70°F and 29.92 in. Hg.

13. The  Type S pilot tube must be properly oriented in the gas stream if it is to measure the
    correct gas velocity impact  pressure.  A serious drawback of sampling probe design in some
    equipment systems is:

    a.   The pilot tube is permanently welded to the sampling sheath
    h.  The pitot tube-probe sheath assembly can be accidently twisted into'misalignment in the
        gas stream
    c.   The pitot tube is constructed of 316 stainless steel
    d.  The pitot tube-probe sheath assembly is out of round

14. Blowers are necessary on transmissomelers to:

    a.   Prevent minor lock-up
    b.  Provide a purge system  through the instrument to eliminate ihe effects of corrosive gases
    c.   Air-condition the optical system
    d.  Keep the optical windows free of particulates

15. How is transmittance related to opacity?

    a.   % opacity -  % transmittance —  Ringelmann number
    b.  Transmittance = (1  - % opacity)  x 100
    c.   Transmittance/opacity  = Ringelmann number
    d.  % opacity =  100%  — % transmittance
                                               21

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16. The cascade impactor particle sizer can give representative particle size data if:

    a.   It is properly calibrated and operated
    b.   A cyclone is used to knock out large particle in the gas stream
    c.   Only if it is not at stack temperature when sampling
    d.   Agglomeration and fracturing of particles takes place in the device

17. For tangential cyclonic flow in a stack, the best way to determine the velocity is:

    a.   Orient the pitpt tube until maximum reading is obtained. This is the true Ap.
    b.   Orient the pitot tube parallel to the sides of the stack and the Ap reading is the
        upward vector of the velocity.
    c.   Measure the impact pressure and the static pressure separately and by difference
        obtain the velocity head (Ap).
    d.   Install gas flow straightening vanes and sample in the usual manner.

18. "Isokinetic," in stack sampling, means:

    a.   The volumetric flow rate at the tip of the probe nozzle is equal to the volumetric
        flow rate at the metering device.
    b.  The velocity at the tip of the nozzle is equal to the velocity at the metering device.
    c.   The velocity at the tip of the nozzle is equal to the velocity of the approaching
        stack gas stream.
    d.  A term used by stack samplers to impress plant personnel.

19. Cascade impactor particle sizing devices are subject to errors produced when the sample gas
    flow rate through the device is too high.  These errors are caused by:

    a.   Poor leak test procedures
    b.  Process fan  fluctuations
    c.   Scouring and reentrainment of particles deposited on stage plates
    d.  Under isokinetic flow through the impactor

20. The Type S  pitot tube is the most commonly used device for the EPA Method 5 sampling
    train gas sensor. It aids in the measurement of the stack gas velocity. The  Type S  pitot
    tube directly measures:

    a.   The gas velocity impact pressure and static pressure
    b.  Gas flow rate through the A and B legs of the tube
    c.   Stack gas viscosity
    d.  The difference  between gas viscosity and gas density
                                               22

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21. Source sampling nozzles should be:

    a.  Tapered to ^40°
    b.  Must not exceed 3/4" diameter
    c.  Calibrated regularly to the nearest (0.001 inch) 0.025 mm
    d.  Replaced at specific intervals

22. In the following equations

        vg   =  stack gas velocity

        A,,   =  stack cross-sectional area
          O
        AR  =  nozzle cross-sectional area

          B  -  sampling time (minutes)

        Vm =  standard volume metered at the dry gas meter

        Vn  =  volume at stack conditions passing through the nozzle

    The % isokinetic for a stack may be calculated using equation:

                       Ac                                             Vn
    a.  % isokinetic  =	f_     x 100             c.  % isokinetic =    "         x 100
                       *n                                          e An vs
                          V                                            V
     b.   % isokinetic  =      "                      d. % isokinetic =       m       x 100
 23.  The New Source Performance Standards for a Fossil Fuel Fired Steam Generator define a
     particulate as:

     a.   Any solid or liquid in the stack gas
     b.   Any solid in the stack gas
     c.   Any solid or liquid other than uncombined water in the stack gas as measured by Method 5.
     d.   Any solid or liquid other than uncombined water as measured by Method 5 sampling
         train maintained at ^
                                              23

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24. An Great analyzer is commonly used to determine the composition of a combustion effluent
    where N2, 02, CO, and ($2 an: the principal constituents of the gas stream. It directly
    measures:

    a.   02, N2, CO, and C02

    h.   CO, C02,02

    c.   C02, 02, N2

    d.   N2,02, CO

25. AnOrsat analyzer yields results on a:

    a.   Wet basis because it essentially is a wet chemical analysis.
    b.   Wet basis because the effluent usually contains moisture.
    c.   Dry basis because the moisture condenses until the effluent is dry.
    d.   Dry basis because the vapor pressure of water remains the same.

26. The order in which we analyze the components is:

    a.   C02, 02, CO

    b.   02, C02, CO, N2

    c.   CO, 02, C02

    d.   N2, 02, CO

27. The Type S   pitot tube must be calibrated while assembled in the sampling configuration
    for which  its use is intended. This is necessary because:

    a.   The Type S  pitot tube is not an accepted standard for gas velocity measurements.
    b.   It may be Reynold's Number dependent
    c.   It is not manufactured according to an established National Standard
    d.   All the preceding reasons in conjunction with the dictates of good experimental procedure
        for preparation and use of any scientific  measuring device.
                                             24

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2H. Select the equation ihul IWH! diw.rilicH thr calibration of u pilot lulic UHin^u known standard
    [lilot lulic.
    a.  C   =      " B    B                        Au   =  stack cross-sectional area
                                                     H
                                                   C    =   pitol tube calibration coefficient
                                                ^p(std)  =   standard pilot-static tube cali-
                                                            bration coefficient
                     v  , n                        K    =  dimensional constant
    b.  CL  =     	2	L_                      p
                                                   Mg   =  wet molecular weight of the gas
                                                   Pg   =   absolute pressure o the gas
                                                 A p    =   pitot tube velocity pressure
                          A p(tesl)            Ap(test)  =   tesl pilol tube velocity pressure
                                                Ap(std) =   standard pitot static tube velocity
    d   C   =  C / *jx I /*•* PV™1)                         pressure
          P      p(std) I/ -
                       \ A P(s'd)
                                                   (,)g    =   volumetric flow rate
                                                   Tg   =   absolute temperature of the gas

29. The DCQ of a cascade impaclor stage is defined as:

    a.  The particle diameter at which the slage is 50% efficient
    b.  The D  of that stage
    c.  The particle diameler at which the slage is 50%
    d.  The DJJQ aerodynamic diameter of the particles on that slage

30. The photopic region is

    a.  The region of the electromagnetic spectrum covered by the spectral output of a tungsten
        filament.
    b.  The effective sensing area of the detector on a transmissomeler.
    c.  The range of particle sizes which scalier visible light
    d.  The visible region of ihe electromagnetic spectrum.
                                              25

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31. The moisture content ol° (he slack ^ns rulers into calculation of the wcl molecular weight of
    the gas, in the rx|>rc.HHioii:

                                                  c.   Mg   =  Md(l-Bwg)+  0.025
    a.   Mrf  =  2  MXBX
    b.  Ms   =  Md(l_BW8)+18(Bw8)
    Bws  =  mole fraction
                                                  d.  M8   =
                                                  M   -  weight molecular weight of the
                                                          stack gas
32. What must you do if you encounter effluents other than COn, On, CO, or air in order to
    determine the molecular weight?

    a.  Guess the molecular weight to be 29.
    b.  Use appropriate analytical procedures to determine the mole fraction of each constituent
        of the effluent gas.
    c.  Go ahead and use the Great anyway.  The principle is "anything is better than nothing".
    d.  Use a Fyrite,

33. If you sample over-isokinetically, your particle concentration will be

    a.  Less than the true concentration
    b.  Greater than the true concentration
    c.  The true concentration
    d.  Greater than the true concentration only if large particles make up a significant percentage
        of the particle size distribution
34. A quick approximation of stack gas velocity in a duct can be made using the equation:
     a.
           v.   -   2.46
     b.     v8   -   85.48/(TB A p)
     c.
                =  KPCP
TsPm
TmPs
     d.
                                              26

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35. The ideal gas law states that:

              PV  = m  RT
                    M
    Select the statement that is false.

    a.   The universal gas constant, R, is dimensionless.
    b.   The above relationship can be used to find the density of a gas at any conditions of
        P, T, and M.
    c.   Molecular weight is determined by knowing the composition of gas stream.
    d.   T must be in absolute units.

36. Why is the determination of moisture content of the effluent gas important in isokinetic
    sampling?

    a.   Because moisture  tends to corrode the nozzle.
    b.   Because it enters as a variable in the isokinetic sampling equation and must be considered
        in setting the isokinetic flow rate.
    c.   It can dissolve particulates and yield low results.
    d.   It is not important in isokinetic sampling.


37. One of the important hydrodynamic principles used in isokinetic considerations, is

    a.   Large particles tend to move in their same initial direction.
    b.   Barriers to flow develop vortices.
    c.   Pressure is inversely related to volume.
    d.   A flowing gas stream will decrease the pressure in a tube normal to the flow direction.
38. Which one of the following relates pressure differential across a system to the flow rate
    of the gases in the system:

    a.   Stokes Law
    b.   Reynolds' Number
    c.   Bernoulli's Theorem
    d.   Avagadro's Number
                                               27

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39.  Reference Method 4 in the Federal Register outlines the procedures for determination
     of the moisture content of a stack gas. Moisture content is best determined from the
     equation:  (Note BWQ is the same as Bwg)
            t>     _        v
            Dws  ~         we
                      V     +  V
                      vwc        m
                                         0.02
      b.     Bws  =   Vwc(std)  +   Vwsg(std)
                      Vwc(std)   +  Vsg(std)   +   Vm(std)

      c.     B.,
              ws
                       V    +   V
                       vwc       m
      d-     Bwg  =   1
                            Vm
 40.   The % isokinetic calculated at the end of a Method 5 test is a measure of:

      a.   The precision with which sampling rates were set based on test velocity and
          volumetric flow rate data
      b.   Experimental discrepancies
      c.   Experimental error
      d.   Accurate pollutant mass emissions

 TRUE - FALSE

 41.   The static pressure of a duct is that pressure which would be indicated by a gage moving
      along with the gas stream in the duct.
 42.   The nomograph supplied with  most commercial EPA trains is the most accurate method
      for setting isokinetic flow rate.
 43.   When any fuel is burned at 50% excess air, the flue gas will contain the same %0o, and
      %co2.
 44.   An inclined manometer must always be leveled and properly zeroed if good Ap  readings are
      expected.
 45.   Gas straightening vanes will assist in reducing gas turbulence within a duct.
 46.   The standard pitot tube has standard design criteria accepted by the National Bureau of
      Standards.
 47.   The analytical technique and properties of the pollutant and other constituents are of
      prime importance when designing sampling trains and experiments.
 48.   Sampling for the average pollutant concentration at the point of average velocity is
      common practice for isokinetic sampling.
                                               28

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49.  The optical density measured across a stack can be correlated to mass emission concentration.
50.  The relationship used to find the proper isokinetic sampling rate when the Ap  is known, is:
       AH    =  K Ap.
                                               29

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                            ANSWER  SHEET
Name
Date
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20-
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
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a b
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a b
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c
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27.
28.
29.
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37.
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39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
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50.
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T
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b C
b c
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                                          30

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                               ANSWER  SHEET
Name
           KEY   --   PRE-TEST
    #450
Date
     Lab




     2.   a  b




     3.   a^c  d









     5. ^ b  c  d




     6. A bed




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    14.   a  b  c




    15.   a  b  c




    16.  £b  c  d




    17.   a  b




    18.   a  b




    19.   a  b




    20.  £b  c  d




    21.   a




    22.   a




    23.   a




    24.   a A c  d




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26.   ^b  c  d




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28.    a




29.  ^ b  c  d




30.    a  b  c




31.    a Ac  d




32.    a Ac  d




33.   Qb  c  d




34.   ^b  c  d




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                                                 31

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                   SOURCE SAMPLING FOR PARTICIPATE EMISSIONS
                               APTI COURSE NUMBER 450

                                       POST TEST
DIRECTIONS:  Circle the best answer (there is one and only one correct answer for each question). Mark
answers both on your Exam Sheet and on the Answer Sheet  You will be asked to turn in only the
Answer Sheet.   The August 18;  1977 Federal Register and a scientific calculator may be used during this
test You will have 45 minutes to complete this test.

1.  If the participate concentration is measured as 0.1 grains per dry standard cubic foot (DSCF),
    and the stack gas flow rate is 70,000 DSCF per minute, what is the particulate emission rate in
    pounds per hour (7000 grains = 1 pound)?

    a.  60 pounds/hour
    b.  1 pound/hour
    c.  10 pounds/hour
    d.  need more information

2.  A Stack Tester needs an estimated stack gas velocity for pre-survey information. He is told that
    the stack gas is exiting from a combustion source and that the average stack gas temperature is
    440°F.  A velocity traverse with an "S" type pitot tube (C  = 0.85) gave the average A p = 1.0
    in HnO. Estimate the gas velocity in the duct.

    a. 69 ft/sec.
    b. 74 ft/sec.
    c. 60 ft/sec.
    d. 78 ft/sec.

3.  A  Type S pitot tube was calibrated against a standard pitot-static tube assigned a C  = 0.998
    by NBS. The  Type S tube measured a A p = 0.500.  The standard tube measured a  A p =0.350.
    What is the C   of the Type S  tube based on this data?

    a.  0.998 (0.7)2
    b.  0.998/ \7tX7~
    c.  0.998 \7fTT
    d.  0.998/(0.7)2
                                                                           February 14, 1980
                                              32

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4.  A Stack Test was performed at a wood fired boiler. The stack gas contained 10% r^O and
    traveled up the stack at 30 ft./sec.  The slack hud a cross-sectional area of 20 ft. , average
    temperature of 335°F, and absolute pressure of 29.92 in. Hg. What was the volumetric flow
    rate in dry standard cubic feet per hour?

    a.  144,000
    b.  1,300,000
    c.  130,000
    d.  1,960,000

5.  Method 1 presents guidelines for the selection of a sampling site and minimum number of
    sampling points for a particulate traverse for a stack diameter greater  than 24 inches.
    The criterion for using 12 sampling points in the duct states that the
    sampling site  is at least:
    a.  8 duct diameters downstream and 2 duct diameters upstream of a flow disturbance.
    b.  2 duct diameters downstream and 8 duct diameters upstream of a flow disturbance.
    c.  4 duct diameters downstream and 8 duct diameters upstream of a flow disturbance.
    d.  6 duct diameters downstream and 2 duct diameters upstream of a flow disturbance.

6.  The Code of Federal Regulations outlines the procedures for Method 3. The method gives
    details on how to analyze the stack gas for its constituent components using the Orsat. Orsat
    analysis makes possible the calculation of:

    a.  Mole fraction of CC^, 02, and CO, dry gas molecular weight and percent excess air in
        the duct
    b.  Percent excess air, C02, and volumetric  flow rate (dry)
    c.  Percent C02, 0£, and CO, and moisture content
    d.  Only the percent oxygen present in  the dry gas

7.  Method 1 guidelines suggest that all sampling points in a rectangular duct be located at the
    centroid of an equal area so that:

    a.  There is a length to width ratio of 1:4
    b.  There is a length to width ratio of 2:1
    c.  Two and five are concentric equal areas
    d.  There is a balanced matrix
                                                33

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8.  Using Method 1 guidelines it is necessary to calculate an equivalent diameter
    ( D  ) for rectangular stacks to be sampled. This is done using:
      G

               "    («)«

             n   ^W
             Ue~   L +W
     d.           4(L) (W)
               e"   W  +L

9.  If fibers from a filter adhere to the gasket part of the filter assembly a proper procedure to follow would be to:
    a  Wash the gasket in an acetone/water rinse.
    b.  Retain the fibers on the gasket for the next run.
    c.  Scrape off the fibers into the filter recovery dish
    d.  Wipe the fibers off with a Kim wipe.
     The mole fraction of HoO in a stack gas as calculated by the
      Reference Method, is determined using the equation
                V   +  V
                  we     m
     b.   Bws = Vwc(std) + Vwsg(std)
         Bws
                Vwc(std)  + Vwsg(std)+ Vm(std)
                           Vm
                 V    +  V
                  we     m
                                                 34

-------
11. The following .statements give some of ihc advantages gained by using a  Type S  pilot tube.
    Which statement is nol always true?

    a.   The  Type S  pitot tube is easy to use in small sampling ports.
    b.   The  Type S  pitot tube resists abusive environments and holds its calibration.
    c.   The  Type S  pitot tube consistently calibrates to a known C  value of 0.84, therefore,
        individual calibration is not necessary.
    d.   The large gas sensing orifices of the Type S pitot tube help prevent clogging in heavily
        loaded particulate gas streams.

12. The standard pilot-static tube has small openings surrounding the tube for measuring:

    a.   Standard pressure
    b.  Static pressure
    c.   Rotational gas velocity vector
    d.  Parallel gas axis angle

13. The small opening surrounding the standard pilot-static tube may clog with particulate in a
    heavily loaded gas  stream. For this reason the standard phot-static tube should:

    a.   Never be used for this type situation
    b.  Used only to calibrate a  Type S  pitot tube
    c.   Be a second choice to a well calibrated  Type S tube in this situation
    d.  Protected from clogging by stuffing glass wool into the small opening

14. The  Type S pitot tube is the most commonly used device for the EPA Method 5 Sampling
    Train gas sensor. It aids in the measurement of the stack velocity. The  Type S pitot tube
    directly measures:

    a.  The difference between total pressure and static pressure
    b.  Gas  flow rate  through the A and  B legs of the tube
    c.  Stack gas viscosity
    d.  Difference between gas viscosity  and gas density

15. The requirements concerning minimum distances for separation of the Type S pitot tube and
    any accessory on the sampling probe  are established because:

    a.  The Type S  pitot tube has a slow response time when gas turbulence exists about the
        sensors.
    b.  The Type S  pitot tube has exhibited a sensitivity to gas turbulence that can effect its
        calibration coefficient.
    c.   The Type S  pitot tube must be isolated from the sampling nozzle to ensure that the
        volume at the nozzle equals the velocity of the approaching gas stream.
    d.  Manufacture calibration guarantees are void if the pitot tube is too close to other train
        components.
                                               35

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16. In the. isokinclic rate equation All - K Ap> ^ 'N;

    a.   Always equal to 1.84
    b.  Only a function of the stack temperature
    c.   A function of many variables
    d.  Independent of the C_ value

17. Isokinetic sampling is:

    a.  Used only for gas sampling from stationary sources
    b.  Is necessary  when sampling for gases as well as for particulates to obtain the proper
        in flux of pollutant
    c.  The same as proportional sampling
    d.  Is necessary  to obtain a particulate sample having the same size distribution as that occurring
        in the stack

18. What is  the purpose of the Method 5 nomograph?

    a.  It is a type of slide rule used to determine the A p for the chosen sampling train.
        size.
    b.  It is a type of slide rule used to correct the nozzle velocity to standard conditions.
    c.  It is a type of slide rule used to determine a A H from the observed A p-
    d.  It is a type of slide rule used to determine a A p from the observed AH.

19. In the expression A H = K  Ap,  K represents the reduction of several variables into a constant
    term that may be calculated for the existing conditions at the source.  Which of the following
    variables is assumed to be zero in the reduction of terms to K?

    a.  A  H@ = 0
    b.  B       =0
    c-  Bws    = 0
20. A Source Test was performed at an isokinetic rate of 86%.  The emissions calculated from
    this test are biased:

    a.  By large particulates and a higher emission rate than true
    b.  By large particulates and a lower emission rate than true
    c.  Small particulates and a higher emission rate than true
    d.  Small particulates and a lower emission rate than true
                                                36

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21. A transmissometer measures the opacity of an effluent stream using light with wave lengths between
    500-600 nm. These wave lengths are chosen for which of the following reasons?

    a.  These wave lengths are specific to fly ash particles
    b.  Transmissometer opacity readings in this area of the electromagnetic spectrum are free from
    H20 and
          2         2
     c.  Present technology does not allow economical construction of instruments employing other
        wave lengths
     d.  Combustion sources emit light in this region of the spectrum
22. The percent isokinetic should be 100%, and if it is:

    a.  It ensures sampling accuracy.
    b.  It means only that, based on the volumetric and velocity data, the proper sampling
        rates were used.
    c.  It means that the source is in compliance with regulations.
    d.  It means that only the pollutant mass rate will be accurate.

23. In the clean-up procedures of an EPA participate train, acetone is used to wash all internal
    surfaces of:
a.
        Nozzle, probe, and front half of filter holder
    b.  Answer "a, " except the probe is rinsed only if the liner is glass
    c.  Probe and filter holder only
    d.  Acetone is not used because it is highly volatile

24. A sampling team performed reference method 5 particulate test at a municipal incinerator. Test
    results showed an emission rate of 0.01 Ib./dscf with 8% CC^ in the stack gas. What is the
    emission rate connected to 12% CC^?

    a.  0.010 lb./dscf
    b.  0.015 lb./dscf
    c.  0.020 Ib./dscf
    d.  0.025 Ib./dscf
                                                37

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25. Error analysis of the Method 5 sampling system suggests that the greatest errors occur in
    determination of:

    a.  Stack gas velocity and dry molecular weight
    b.  Stack gas velocity and sampling site selection
    c.  Stack gas velocity and wet molecular weight
    d.  Stack gas velocity and moisture content

 26. If entrained water is observed in the stack, which of the following methods
    would give the best estimate for Bwg?
    a.  Just use die saturated moisture value at the stack temperature
    b.  Use the wet bulb-dry bulb method
    c.  Use Method 4
    d.  Just use the saturated moisture value at the ambient temperature
 27. The moisture content of the stack gas enters into the calculation of the wet molecular weight
     of the gas, in the expression:

     a.   Md = 2 Mx Bx

     b-   M8 = Md(l-Bw8) +  18(BW8)

     c.   Mg = Md(l-Bw8) +  0.025

     d.   Mg = Md(l-Bws) +  Bwg

 28. For tangential cyclonic flow in a stack, the best way to determine the velocity is:

     a.   Orient the pilot tube until maximum reading is obtained. This is the true  Ap
     b.   Orient the pitot tube parallel to the sides of the stack. The  Ap reading is the upward
         vector of the velocity
     c.   Measure the impact pressure and the static pressure separately and by difference obtain
         the velocity head ( Ap )
     d.   Install gas flow straightening vanes and sample in the usual manner
                                                  38

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29. best Tester sampling team had just completed u Method 5 teat at a cost of $2000 to the source.
    The value obtained for the emissions, E, in lbs/10  Btu, was below the standard, indicating
    that the source was in compliance. The test itself, however, was only 80% iso kinetic.  This
    test data:

    a.   Would be rejected by EPA since it is not within ±  10% of 100% isokinetic.
    b.   Could be easily corrected to give the value of E at 100% isokinetic conditions.
    c.   Could be accepted by EPA since the value of E would be even lower at 100% isokinetic
        conditions.
    d.   Could be accepted by EPA since the value of E would be even higher at 100% isokinetic
        conditions.

30. Correcting pollutant concentrations to 12% CO2 is applicable to:

    a.   All processes
    b.   Incineration processes and other combustion sources
    c.   Sources in operation prior to April 1,1970
    d.   Sources covered by State  Implementation Plans

31. The ideal gas law states that:
                 m
           PV = — RT
                 M

    Select the statement that is false.

    a.   The universal gas constant, R, is dimensionless.
    b.   The above relationship can be used to find the density of a gas at any conditions of
        P, T, and M.
    c.   Molecular weight is determined by knowing the composition of gas stream.
    d.   T must be in absolute units.

32. The DrQ of a cascade impactor stage is defined as:

    a.   The average aerodynamic diameter of the particles on that stage
    b.   The physical diameter of the particles on that stage
    c.   The particle diameter at which the stage is 50% efficient
    d.   Calibration coefficient of that stage
                                                39

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 33. Cascade linpactor particle smug devices are Hiihjccl lo errors produced wlirn |hr sample <
     flow rate through the device is too high.  These errors arc caused by:
     a.  An isokinetic flow through the impactor
     b.  Over isokinetic flow through the impactor
     c.  Under isokinetic flow through the impactor
     d.  Scouring and reentrainment of particles deposited on stage plates

 34. The maximum total angle of radiation that can be projected by the lamp assembly of the
     transmissometer is known as:

     a.  The angle of trajectory
     b.  The angle of declination
     c.  The light scattering angle
     d.  The angle of projection
 35.  How is Iransmitlanee related lo opacity?

      a.   transmittance = log] Q	
                               (1-opacity)
      b.   transmittance/opacity = — naql
      c.   % opacity - 100% — % transmittance
      d.   % opacity = % transmittance — naql

 36.  A transmissometer will provide information on mass emissions from a pollutant source for
      a given time period if:

      a.   The neutral density filters are calibrated to 3% and the particle characteristics do not
          change.
      b.   A reference light source is used and the particle characteristics do not change.
      c.   The manufacturer supplies a calibration chart.
      d.   The optical density can be correlated to grain loading and the particle characteristics
          remain unchanged.
37. If a post-leak check of a Method 5 train gives a value of .032 cfm,
    the test should be:
    a.  Rejected without question.
    b.  Accepted without question.
    c.  Accepted, if Vm is corrected, using the leak rate value
    d.  Accepted, if Vm is modified by averaging the p re-test and
        post-test leak rates.
                                                  40

-------
    The following questions are related to the diagram of the Method 5 Sampling Train.  Questions
vary in complexity from simple identification of equipment to others that test understanding
and comprehension of equipment use.
                                                                              12
                                                                                    13
                                                                   17
38. When performing an EPA Method 5 test, in order to draw a sample through the sampling
    train at a controlled rate, the by-pass valve is:

    a.  Turned all the way off
    b.  Turned clockwise from a fully open position
    c.  Turned counter-clockwise from an off position
    d.  Turned to a fully open position
                                                41

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39. What is the function of the orifice meter in a Method 5 test?

    a.   It is used to eliminate correcting the sample volume to standard conditions
    b.   It is used to determine the value of K  of the isokinetic rate equation during the test
    c.   It is used to determine the flow rate of the gas through the sampling train
    d.   It is used to determine the flow rate of the gas in the stack

40. In the EPA Method 5 Sampling Train, what are each of the impingers filled with and what is
    the correct order?

    a.   1  -  lOOcc H20,  2 -  Dry, 3 - lOOcc HgO,  4 - Silica Gel (lOOg)
    b.   I  -  lOOcc H20,  2 -  200cc HgO,  3 - Dry, 4 - Silica Gel  (200g)
    c.   1  -  lOOcc H20,  2 -  lOOcc H20,  3 - Dry, 4 - Silica Gel  (200g)
    d.   1  -  200cc H20,  2 -  200cc HgO,  3 - Dry, 4 - Silica Gel  (lOOg)

41. All leak checks for the sample train should be conducted:

    a.   From the nozzle inlet with all train components at operating temperature
    b.   From the filter inlet at room temperature
    c.   From the probe inlet at ambient temperature
    d.   From the nozzle inlet at ambient temperature

42. The post-test leak check at the highest vacuum recorded during the stack test is:

    a.   An unnecessary  and useless procedure because it is not required by present
         regulations
    b.   A possible source  of error creating particulate penetration through  the glass mat filter
    c.   Required in the  August  18, 1977 Federal  Register revisions to Method 5
    d.   The work of a novice tester unaware of the possible problems

43. The August 18, 1977 Federal Register gives guidelines on the type of sampling probe liner
    that may be used in the Method 5 sampling system. It  recommends that probe liners be:

    a.   Borosilicate glass
    b.   Borosilicate glass or stainless steel
    c.   Quartz glass or stainless steel
    d.   Borosilicate or quartz glass; stainless steel with the approval of the administrator
                                                 42

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44. 'tin- I'Vdcrul Ki^wtiT guidi-lini-M for Method f) MII^CH! a prr-l
-------
PROBLEM #2
    v  = K  C
     s    p  p
                 P M
                  s s
                                   C  =
                                    P


                                   Ts =

                                   Ap =
                                       s
                      85.49


                      0.845


                      303 + 460


                      0.15


                      30.3" Hg
                                                       763 °R
M
M, =
 a

M, =
M  =
M
        0.44 (%C02) + 0.32 (%02) + 0.28 (%N2 + % CO)


        0.44 (14.2) + 0.32  (5.0) + 0.28 (80.8)


        6.248 + 1.6 + 22.62


        30.47



        M . (1-B  ) + 18 B
         d     ws'       ws


         (30.47) (1-0.07) + 18(0.07)


        28.34 + 1.26

        29.59
   v  = (85.49)(0.845)
    S
                                 .59)
      = 72.24
            1/114.

            ]/ 896.
45

79
      = 72.24  Vo.128
          25.81 ft/sec.
   Qs = 3600 (l-Bws) vs A
                       G
                            std
                                       std
                         s(avg,


                              (S78\/ *3fl

                              1&)\W.
        Diameter =
                    16"
                     = 8" radius
        Area = ir r
               ,, lAWox2 _  201 sq. in.	  = 1.40 ft
               (3.14KB;  -  144 sq> ln./aq> ft
      = 3600 
-------
PROBLEM #3
                                      K  =
                                        s
                                      Ap
                                      P
                                        s
                                    85.49
                                    0.842
                                    300 + 460
                                    2.5"
                                    30
                                                        760 °R
    H2°
).l +/-I5.0\
     \  13.67
                                            28.99
   M
0.44  (%C02) +  0.32  (%  (
      % C02 =  17
      % 02  =  2
      % N   =100-19 = 81
0.44  (17) + 0.32 (2) + 0.28(81)
7.48  +  .64 +22.68
30.8

 M,  (1-B  ) +  18  (B )
  d     ws          ws
 (30.8)  (1-0.12) +  18  (.12)
 27.10  + 2.16
 29.26
                                  +  0.28  (% N  +  %  CO)
   v  =  (85.49)(0
    s
      =  (71.9826)
                    .99)(29.26)
                     848.36
         (71.9826)(1.4965) =
107.72
ft/sec.
                                       47

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PROBLEM #4
   H_0 collected  in impingers:  75 ml
   H20 collected in the silica gel:  25 g
   Volume = 40.20 ft3
   P  = 30.0" Hg
    m
   T  = 100 °F + 460 = 560 °R
    m

   (*)  V       - K Y  V™ - M7 fiAUn   (40-20)(30.0" Hg)
   (a)  Vm(std) ~ K3Y  -2-SL- 0-7.64M1)	
                         m
                            = 37.991 SCF
        Vwc(std) - Kl  
-------
PROBLEM #5
   (a)  C
         p(s)    p(std)
             |/Ap(std)



             '  AP(s)
              = 0.99  \/^^  =  0.851
   (b)  Md = 0.44(%C02) +  0.32(%02)  + 0.28




           = 0.44  (13) + 0.32(6)  + 0.28 (80)




           = 5.72 + 1.92 + 22.4
             30.04 Ib/lb-mole
   (c)  11
   (1-B   ) M. + 18  B
      ws'  d       ws



   (l-.l) 30.04 + 18(.10)


   27.036 + 1.8
   (d)  v  =
                                       % CO)
             28.84 Ib/lb-mole
           =  (72.75)   (0.984)(0.768)
             54.98 ft/sec
   (e)  Q
                                  std
  3600  (l-Bwg) vs A

                    \  s(avg),




= 3600  (.9)(54.98)(1200)





= 3600  (.9)(54.98)(1200)(.652)(0.969)
             1.35 x io8 DSCFH|
                                       49

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PROBLEM #6
                                 AH                      (29-5) + 1.5
   (a)  V,   . = K,Y V           13.6 =  (17.64) (1) (50)   _ 13.6
         m(std)    I   m
        Vws =
                       m

          46.64 DSCF




    - 0.04707 (100) = 4.707 SCF


.    _  4.707	4.707
ws    4.707 + 46.64 ~  51.343


       .0919 x 100% =  9.19%
                                             _Q1Q
                                         =   '°919
                (0.0215 g/ft3)(15.43)  =  0.033 gr/DSCF
                   TV       P
                 x   s m(std)  std
                 x     _ y         (6      /  ± }  A (1_B  }
                     std  s  s         v              nv    ws
           = 100   (760) (46. 64) (29. 92) _ __
                   (528) (48) (29) (60) (60) ( .00034) (1-. 0919)

           = 1.06 x  1Q8 = 0.1297 x  103
             8.17 x  10^

                        = 129.7 %I
                                        50

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                                   LESSON PLAN
                         TOPIC:  WELCOME AND  REGISTRATION
                         COURSE:  ^50 - Lecture 1
                         LESSON  TIME:  30 minutes
                         PREPARED BY:             DATE:  1Q/2/78
                               Giuseppe J.  Aldina
PRO^
Lesson Goal:

     Allow students to introduce themselves to the class;  determine  the actual
     level of job experience in the class - the number  of  stack  tests  in which
     each student has participated.

Lesson Objectives:

     Each student should know:

     1.  The following information:
         a.  Organization presenting the course
         b.  Organization providing the funds for the course (e.g. - EPA Manpower
              and Technical Information Branch)
         c.  Organization providing the course materials (e.g. Northrop Services,  Inc.
              under contract to EPA)

     2.   The name of all instructors and their affiliation

     3.   The name and employer of each student in the  class

     4.   Phone number where a student may receive messages

     5.   Requirements for passing the course
          a.  Completed registration card
          b.  Pre-test
          c.  95% attendance - minimum
          d.  All laboratory work  completed and turned in
          e.  Post-test - 70% minimum passing grad
          f.  Critique

     6.   Teaching method in the course - problem solving using the basics
          learned in  these lectures.

     7.   All class materials
          a.  Workbook
          b.  Manual
                                          51

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          c.    Quality assurance document

          d.    Agenda

          e.    Selected handouts

          f.    Note  paper

          g.    Federal Registers;  8/18/77;  2/23/78

          h.    Registration card

          i.    APTI  chronological  course schedule

          j.    EPA iraineeship  Program  Brochure

     7.    Location of

          a.    Restrooms

          b.    Refreshments

     8.    Address  and phone number (919-541-2766) of  EPA - APTI
          MD-20, Research Triangle Park, N.  C. 27711  as  the  place  to  contact
          concerning course materials and  the EPA air pollution  training program.
Support Materials;

     1.   Student materials package

     2.   Blackboard and chalk
                                     52

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            CONTENT  OUTLINE
         Course:  450  Lecture  1
         Lecture  Title:    WELCOME AND REGISTRATION
Page.
of.
     NOTES
 I.   Introduce instructors

     A.   Names and affiliation

     B.   Experience

     C.   Areas of expertise

 II.  Explain relationship between the organization presenting the
     course and EPA-APTI-MTIB

III.  Logistics of the course  location

     A.   Message phone number

     B.   Rest rooms

     C.   Refreshments and restaurants

 IV.  Introductions - have each student stand

     A.   Let student give name and employer

     B.   Have the student describe stack test experience

          1.   Number of tests or years in stack testing

          2.   Level of participation

               a.   Observer

               b.   Engineer  in the field

               c.   Report writing

     C.   Have the student describe what he hopes to get
          from the course

  V.  Description of teaching  methods

     A.   Training

          1.   Course directed at training students to perform
               a specific skill

          2.   Methods used in the course will be explicit
               not implicit
                                  53

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            CONTENT  OUTLINE
         Course:   450   Lecture  1
         Lecture Title:  WELCOME AND REGISTRATION
m)
flagel	of-1

     NOTES
     B.   Instructors


          1.   Will be there to help student become trained


          2.   Will add their experience and expertise to  the
              training


          3.   Encourage questions


     C.   Approach


          1.   Teach the basic math and sampling techniques


          2.   Solve new problems by applying these fundamentals


 VI.  Course requirements


     A.   Completed registration card


     B.   Pre-test


     C.   95% attendance - minimum


     D.   All laboratory work completed and turned in


     E.   Post-test - 70% minimum passing grade


     F.   Course critique completed and turned in


VII.  Materials - have students check that they have


     A.   Manual


     B.   Workbook


     C.   Agenda


     D.   Quality assurance document


     E.   Federal Registers; 8/18/77; 2/23/78


     F.   Note paper


     G.   Registration card


     H.   Selected handouts


     I.   APTI Chronological Course Schedule


     J.   EPA Fellowship Program Brochure
                                  54

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            CONTENT  OUTLINE
         Course:  450  Lecture  1
         Lecture Title:    WELCOME AND REGISTRATION
                                               \
                                                   Page^.
NOTES
VIII. Pre-test and registration

     A.   Explain that the pre-test

          1.   Tests what they know as they enter the course

          2.   Does not count in the final course grade

          3.   Will be correlated to post-test  grades to measure
     B.

     C.


     D.
          4.
    actual learning in the course

    Students  should not guess  at answers
Registration card - completely filled out

Begin the pre-test and tell students to take a break
after the test

Collect all tests and registration cards - grade tests
promptly and report low, high, and average grades
                                  55

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                               LESSON  PLAN
                      TOPIC:   INTRODUCTION TO SOURCE
                                     SAMPLING
                      COURSE:  450 - Lecture 2
                      LESSON TIME:  i hour _ 15 minutes
                      PREPARED BY:             DATE:
                       J.  A.  Jahnke
       9/20/78
Lesson Goal:

      To introduce the student to the symbols and common source  sampling
      terms to be used in the course.  To introduce the student  to  the
      basic EPA Method 5 Train and the basic concepts of gas  physics
      needed for the comprehension of the course material.

Lesson Objectives:

      The student will be able to:

      1.   Locate the goals and objectives of the course in the  course manual,

      2.   Define the symbols and common source sampling terms used in the
           course.

      3.   Recognize the basic features of the EPA Method 5 sampling  train.

      4.   Write the expressions for pollutant mass rate and emission rate,
           using symbols for stack gas concentration, stack gas  volumetric
           flowrate, and heat input rate.

      5.   Recognize the pitot tube equation on sight and understand  the
           relative importance of the parameters in the equation.

      6.   Write the ideal gas law equation and be able to describe the
           effects of changing pressure and temperature on a gas volume.

      7.   Recognize the form of an ideal gas law correction equation.

      8.   Recognize the importance of Bernoulli's principle> gas viscosity
           and gas Reynold's number in source sampling.
Student Prerequisite Skills;

      Basic mathematics

Level of Instruction;

      College Undergraduate Science
57

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Intended Student Professional Background:

      High school math and high school or college general science.

Support Materials and Equipment!

      1.   Course workbook

      2.   Course manual

      3.   Projector

Special Instructions;

      This lecture lays the foundation for the rest of the course.  Stress
      on the ideal gas law equation is important.  It has been found necessary
      to review the Method 5 Sampling Train before Lesson 2, since some
      students may not be familiar with the terminology in the lecture.  The
      detailed explanation of the sampling train in Lesson 3 supplements this
      earlier introduction.

References;

      None.
                                      58

-------
              CONTENT  OUTLINE
          Course:   450 Lecture 2
          Lecture Title:  INTRODUCTION TO SOURCE SAMPLING "^u
Page _ L-of—L
     NOTES
       The purpose of this lecture is to introduce the students
  to the EPA Method 5 train, source sampling terminology, the reasons
  for obtaining Method 5 data,  and to review the  ideal gas law
  equation.

  I.    Review of  course objectives

       A.   Symbols and terms  - objectives

       B.   Calculations

       C.   Equipment familiarity

       D.   Isokinetic sampling

       E.   Doing the source test

       F.   New methods

 II.    Methods of source sampling

       A.   Methods of monitoring source emissions

            1.   Manual

            2.   Extractive-continuous

            3.   In-situ-continuous

            4.   Remote sensing

            5.   Long path

            6.   Visible emissions observations


III.    B.   The manual method for particulates - EPA methods

            1.   Review Method 5 Train - show flow

            2.   Define each of  terms used - pitot tube, orifice
                 meter, etc.

            3.   Define isokinetic sampling -

                     iso - same as, kinetic - pertaining to
                     motion.  State that purpose of M5 train
                     is that v  = v
                             n    s

            4.   Show slides of train

                     Point out significant features -
                     orifice meter, fine control knob, filter
                     holder
                                     59
students to turn
to page 3
    workbook
 slide
        L2-la-f
Turn to page 14
  of workbook
       L2-2

 Diagram on page 18
        L2-3
        L2-4
        L2-5
        L2-6

-------
             CONTENT  OUTLINE
          Course:    450  Lecture 2
          Lecture  Title:  INTRODUCTION TO SOURCE  SAMPLING%
                                            Page.
         Of	L
                                                 NOTES
III.   Nomenclature

      A.   Symbols  and subscripts

           1.   Review symbols and subscripts - defining
                important terms such as Ap,  AH, AH , etc.
                                               @
           2.   Stress that they are using English units since
                equipment is designed that way - not a course
                in  metric conversion

           3.   Define standard temperature = 68 F and pressure =
                29.92 "Hg - define absolute T in °R and absolute
                pressure

      B.   Pollutant mass rate and emission rate

           1.   Reason for doing Method 5 test - to obtain
                concentration, pollutant mass rate, emission rate
                a)
Concentration  c
               s

    _ quantity of pollutant (mass)
                     cs  =
      quantity of  effluent gas  (volume)
                    units:   grains/ft3  lbs/ft3
                            grams'

                            M3
                b)
note:   7000 grains  =  1 Ib

Stack  gas volumetric  flow rate Q
                             S

       quantity of  effluent
Q-   _   gas passing  up stack (volume)
 s           time
                     ft"
                     hr
    ,  etc.
                                               ft"
                                               hr
                       area of stack   stack gas velocity
                                     60
                                                   L2-7
                                                   L2-8


                                           Nomenclature on
                                           pages 10-13 of work-
                                           DOOk
Write on chalk-
board or
 OH projector
Write on chalk-
     board

-------
   CONTENT  OUTLINE
Course:   450    Lecture 2
                                        v*v>
Lecture Title:    INTRODUCTION TO SOURCE SAMPLING*'
                                                ul
                                                O
                                          of.
                                      NOTES
     c)   Pollutant mass rate
           pmrc
                  quantity of pollutant (mass)
                _ passing up stack	
            Ibs
            hr
                     time
,  grains
   hr
grams
  hr
     d)   Relationship of the three  units
            s  = cs
 Ibs
                      gr
                      hr
Ibs

hr
                 m
      A v
       s s
Stress units and
 unit cancellation
     e)   Emission rate - NSPS units,are given in terms of
          the weight of emissions/10  Btu heat input
                         c   Q
                         s  xs
               Ibs
                      heat input rate =
                            Ibs
                    106Btu
                      Hr
               106 Btu
          106 Btu
                        61
                                                  See course mianual  i
                                                  Page  9-5          !

-------
    CONTENT  OUTLINE
Course: 450    Lecture 2
Lecture Title:  INTRODUCTION TO SOURCE SAMPLING^
      f)

                                                               Page   *  of	L
                                                                    NOTES
                   Review of pollutant mass rate

                   1.*  Refer to slide - pointing out the
                        large number of variables in the test

                   2.'  Point out necessity for isokinetic
                        sampling

                   3.'  Point out pitot tube equation - make
                        no attempt to derive - point out variables

                        [Memorize]

                        Comes from Bernoulli's principle
                                                  L2-9

                                             Page 14 of work-
                                             book

                                                  L2-10.
                                                  L2-11
                                      M2
  EPA
  M2
                                     /T  A
                                     ^

                                     t
                                    M2  M3
                                        M4
                        Will  do these in the laboratory
                        Re-emphasize importance of emission rate
                        calculation - This is the END RESULT
                                     c  Q
                                      s  ^
IV.   Gas physics - review of concepts

     A.   Ideal gas law

          1.   Important in course
               PV  =
 m
 M
                RT
PV  = nRT

 R =  21.83
               review terms
               review mole concept
                  mole = molecular weight in
                                  (in. Hg)(fQ
                                  Ib-mole 9R
                         grams or pounds
          2.   A trick
m
    RT
                                 RT
                 _         _
              P  ="~   ~ -  C   ~
                    c  =  concentration
                                                   L2-12
                                           By now, students
                                           are somewhat tired
                                           and almost satu-
                                           rated - but this is
                                           Berlitz and the
                                           instructor must
                                           press on
                                           Write on board

                                           Few students under-
                                           stand the  concept
                                           of the mole -
                                           stress its import-
                                           ance in chemistry
                                                      Ask students what
                                                          c  is

-------
       CONTENT  OUTLINE
   Course:  450
   Lecture Title:
Lecture  2                    v
INTRODUCTION TO SOURCE SAMPLIN<&<
                                       Page.
                        of.
                                            NOTES
B.   Correcting pressure or volume  to standard conditions -
     very important
         Do this derivation

                      T
          corr
           to
           std
                   nR
     std
    ?std
                                  stack
    T
nR  ^
     s
         for the same number of moles (molecules) of gas,
         what volume would these molecules occupy at
         standard conditions, rather than stack conditions?
          corr
                   nRT
                      std
                     std
                   nR T
                      s
             P  T  ,
              s  std
             P ... T
              std  s
                                              L2-13
               corr
        P  T . .
         s  std
      s  P _, T
         std  s
         Very important to understand this - essential for
         understanding operation of Method 5 train

C.   Other terminology of gas physics

     1.   Bernoulli's principle
                     2
              1/2 mAv + mg Ah + VAp = 0

         Pitot tube equation derived from this expression

     2.   Viscosity - n

     3.   Reynolds'number - N
                           Ke
                              63
                                                L2-14
                                       » Refer students to
                                       , Course Manual -
                                       i   Chapter 2
                                       ;    page 2-10
                                       I They are now too
                                       i saturated to absorb
                                        any more mathe-
                                        matics - Take a
                                        break-next lecture
                                        to be show and
                                        tell - easing off
                                        Note:  Students
                                        who have had no
                                        previous experi-
                                        ence in source
                                        sampling will for-
                                        get what pmr   or
                                                   S
                                        E mean, by
                                        Tuesday afternoon-
                                        Review the defini-
                                        tions on occasion
                                        throughout the
                                        course.

-------

-------
                             LESSON  PLAN
TOPIC: EpA
                                      5 SAMPLING TRAIN
                    COURSE: 450 - Lecture 3
                    LESSON TIME:  1 hour
                    PREPARED BY:Giuseppe j.  DATE: 9/15/73
                                Aldina
                                         W
                                                                           UJ
                                                                           CD
Lesson Goal;

     To familiarize the students with the equipment used for EPA Method 5
     Particulate sampling; point out construction details required in the
     August 18, 1978 Federal Register; illustrate equipment design factors
     influencing sampling accuracy and convenience.

Lesson Objectives;

     The student will be able to:

     1.   List the construction and calibration requirements for the Method 5
          sampling nozzle

     2.   List the nozzle, probe, pitot tube,  and thermocouple placement
          requirements to minimize aerodynamic interferences

     3.   List the approved construction materials for the nozzle probe,
          pitot tube, and probe liner

     4.   Describe the probe locking system for preventing misalignment in
          the gas stream

     5.   Describe the advantages and disadvantages of various types of
          sample cases and glassware

     6.   List the advantages and disadvantages of various materials used
          in constructing umbilical lines

     7-   Describe the advantages of magnehelic gages for pressure measurements
          and list the requirements for using  these gages in an EPA Method  5
          Sampling System

     8.   Compare the cost effectiveness of the nomograph and calculator

Student Prerequisite Skills;

     None
                                     65

-------
Support Materials and Equipment;

     1.   Course Workbook

     2.   8/18/77 Federal Register

     3.   Slide Projector

     4.   EPA Method 5 Sampling Train - Nutech

Special Instructions:

     None

References;

     Federal Register - Vol.  42, No. 160, August 18, 1977. "Standards of
     Performance  for New  Stationary Sources - Revision to Reference Methods 1-8."

     The purpose of this lecture is to familiarize you with EPA Method 5
sampling equipment and its construction requirements given in the 8/18/77
Federal Register.  The descriptions will start with the sampling nozzle
and proceed through the sampling system to the Meter Console.

     At the end of this lecture you should be able to:

     1.   List the construction and calibration requirements for the Method 5
          sampling npzzle

     2.   List the nozzle, probe, pitot tube, and thermocouple placement
          requirements to minimize aerodynamic interferences

     3.   List the approved construction materials for the nozzle probe,
          pitot tube, and probe liner

     4.   Describe the probe  locking system for preventing misalignment in
          the gas stream

     5.   Describe the advantages and disadvantages of various types of
          sample cases and glassware

     6.   List the advantages and disadvantages of various materials used
          in constructing umbilical lines

     7.   Describe the advantages of magnehelic gages for pressure measurements
          and list the requirements for using these gages in an EPA Method 5
          Sampling System

     8.   Compare the cost effectiveness of the nomograph and calculator
                                     66

-------
            CONTENT   OUTLINE
         Course:  450  Lecture 3
         Lecture Title: EPA Method 5 Sampling Train
                                                                     of — L
                                                                NOTES
ir.
      The Sampling Nozzle

      A.   Must be made of 316  SS or glass

          1.   Seamless tubing

          2.   Other materials must be approved by  the Administrator
                                                            Ref. FR 8/18/77
                                                            page 41777,
                                                            paragraph 2,1.1
                                                            and p 41781  para-
                                                            graph 5,1
                                                            (.Calibration)
      B.   Must be button-hook on elbow design - unless Administra-
          tor approves otherwise

          1.   Must have sharp, tapered leading edge

          2.   Taper must be on the outside with _<  30° taper angle

          3.   Constant internal diameter should be preserved
                                                                i
      C.   Range of nozzle sizes should be on hand - 0,32 - 1.27 cm
          ID suggested                                          '

      D.   Calibration - Record results in laboratory logbook      :

          1.   Calibrated before initial use in the field

          2.   Using micrometer measure ID to nearest 0,025 mm    j
               (0.001 in)                                       ;

               a.   Measure 3 separate diameters                 ,

               b.   Average the readings
          c.    The difference between the low and high number^
               shall not exceed 0.1 mm  (.0.004  in) or
               nozzle must be reshaped
                                                           i
                                                           i
     3.   Nozzles that have been nicked, dented or corroded
          must  be reshaped and recalibrated

     4.   Each  nozzle must have a permanent identification

The Pitot Tube  - "S" Type is recommended; others may be  used  jrith
Administrator approval

A.   Construction details and calibration procedures  are
     covered in the lecture on Reference Method 2
                                                            Show nozzle during
                                                            discussion and
                                                            illustrate
                                                            calibration
     B.   Position in relation to the sampling  nozzle is of intere; t
          here (page 41764 FR 8/18/77)

          1.   The nozzle entry plane must be even with or below
               pitot orifice

          2.   Centerline of orifice and nozzle must agree

          3.   Minimum separation for 1 .3 cm diameter nozzle and
               pitot tube JH 1.90 cm	
                                   67
                                                                       L3-1
                                                              (use  slide L7-4)

-------
    CONTENT  OUTLINE
Course:   450   Lecture 3
Lecture Title: EPA Method 5 Sampling Train
                                                                  Page—?— ofJL
                                                                       NOTES
       C.   Position of pitot tube in relation to the sampling probe
           sheath and thermocouple is also important.

           1.   The probe sheath end and pitot orifice opening must
                be separated by a distance of 7.62 cm.
           2.   The Thermocouple must either be offset 1.90 cm at
                the pitot tip or be no closer than 5.08 cm to pitoti
                orifice.                                          i

III.    The Sampling Probe

       A.   2.54 cm in diameter is most useful and prevents probe
           from becoming  a flow obstruction in the duct.  This is
           covered in more detail in RM 2 lecture.
                                                                 i
       B.   Should be 316  SS or equivalent                         :

       C.   Pitot tube should be firmly welded to the probe.  This  ;
           helps prevent  pitot misalignment                       :

       D.   The probe should be designed to prevent accidental
           misalignment in the gas stream
                                                                 I
           1.   During use it is common to handle the sample train
                and probe

           2.   Very easy to misalign some sampling systems

           3.   A good probe will not allow itself to be twisted
                into misalignment

           4.   Misalignment causes errors in velocity measurement

           5.   Full evaluation of possible errors owing to mis-   !
                alignment covered in RM 2 lecture

       E.   Probe should be designed to protect the liner and prevent
           accidental breakage

           1.   Nutech System - glass liner is not exposed to stres
                and easy  breakage

           2.   Other systems - glass liner is more exposed to
                breakage

 IV.    The Probe Liner

       A.   Must be borosilicate or quartz glass tubing

           1.   Must have heating system capable of maintaining exi
                gas temperature of 120°+ 14°C (248° + 25°F).

                a.   Exit temperature calibrated as shown in APTD-
                     0576

                b.   Administrator may specify other temperature

                                    68
                                                                      L3-2
                                                          (use slide L7-5)
                                                         illustrate points
                                                         discussed with a
                                                         sampling probe
                                                         Refer to RM 2
                                                         discussion of pitot
                                                         tube misalignment
                                                         error
                                                         Compare Nutech
                                                         Probe - Sample
                                                         Case interface
                                                         to some other.
                                                         Nutech System works
                                                         very well.
                                                         Reference:  page
                                                         41777 FR 8/18/77,
                                                         paragraph 2.1.2

-------
           CONTENT  OUTLINE
        Course:  450 Lecture 3
        Lecture Title: EPA Method 5 Sampling Train
£R2
         Page-1 _ of _ i.
              NOTES
WICK*
   /
         2.   Borosilicate glass liners used up to 480°C  (900°F) '

         3.   Quartz glass liners used from 480°C - 900°C
              (900 - 1650°F)

     B.   Stainless steel liners (316SS) may be used with  the
         approval of the Administrator

V.   The  Sample Case

     A.   Federal Register requirements

         1.   Filter heating system capable of maintaining a
              temperature around the filter holder of 120 + 14°C
              (248° + 25°F)

         2.   Temperature gage capable of + 3 C (5.4 F) accuracy

     B.   Desirable features

         1.   Light weight

         2.   Good insulation - hot and cold areas

         3.   Positive probe alignment locking system

         4.   Easy accessibility to all parts

         5.   Good glassware protection                         ;

         6.   Good electrical system

         7.   Reasonably accurate thermostat for filter chamber  '
              and probe heater
         8.   Single point monorail attachment      .            |

         9.   Durability                                       j

         10.   Flexibility for vertical or horizontal stack traventes

         11.   Sometimes two piece construction is added convenience -
              able to separate heated filter and cold implngers

     C.   Glassware - 2 types; decision on use is personal preference

         1.   Ball joint

              a.   Standard type

              b.   Works well

              c.   Must use non-volatile silicone grease

              d.   Grease is inconvenient,  messy, and can
                   contaminate sample or catch particulate
                                  __
         Nutech Sample  case
         incorporates many
         of these features.
         It is good for das
         illustrations.

-------
 VI.
VII.
       CONTENT  OUTLINE    /X
       •••^••••••••••••••••••••••••••i    5  t^^X
   Course:   450 Lecture 3
   Lecture Title: £pA Method  5 sampling Train
                                                               i Page—k— of—a.
                                                            o
     2.   Compression Fittings(screw type)

         a.   More convenient

         b.   Reduced contamination probability

         c.   Easier to clean

         d.   Can, however,  increase breakage

The Umbilical Cord

A.   The umbilical cord is simply a bundle of lines for:

     1.   Vacuum tube

     2.   Pitot tubes

     3.   Electrical connections

B.   It is recommended that:

     1.   Keep it simple - don't add too many lines

         a.   Makes it heavy

         b.   Hard to repair a broken line when so many are
              wrapped together

     2.   Use heavy rubber vacuum tubing for the pump-impinger
         connection

         a.   Not cut easily

         b.   Not easily melted or burned

     3.   Use Tygon for the pitot tube lines for the same
         reasons as B2
                                                         i
The Meter Console

A.   Meter console encloses the gas metering system illustrated
     on page 41777 FR 8/18/77 Figure 5.1

     1.   An enclosed system  is not required but is usually   '
         easiest to use                                   !
                                                         \
     2.   It is recommended that the meter console be a simple:
         system containing

         a.   Flow control valves

         b.   Pump

         c.   Dry gas meter  with dialface calibration of 0.1
              CFM/Revolution
                             70                        ""
                                                                    NOTES

-------
              CONTENT   OUTLINE
          Course: 450 Lecture 3
          Lecture Title  EPA Method 5 Sampling Train
                                          £
                                                       Page.

       B.
      d.   Pltot tube differential pressure gage

 3.   Communication systems and thermo-couples are cheaper
      and more useful as  separate components

      a.   Lower Initial  cost

      b.   Easier to repair and check

      c.   Can be used for other applications without the
          full sample train

 Desirable features

 1.   Light weight

 2.   Reliable leak free  pump preferably oil lubricated
      fiber vane

 3.   Easy readability

 4.   Good temperature controls

 5.   Averaging dry gas meter thermometer (must be
      accurate to + 3°C (5.4°F) )

 6.   Rugged construction

 7.   Good carrying handles

 8.   Magnehelic differential pressure gages

      a.   FR 8/18/77 allows magnehelic gages when they
          agree with 3 oil manometer Ap readings in the
          duct within 5%
VIII.   The

       A.
      b.

      c.

      d.

      e.

Nomograph
                     Very reliable when properly calibrated

                     Easier to read

                     Less sensitive to vibrations

                     No need to continuously recheck zero setting
       B.
 This course covers the derivation of the  isokinetic ratej
 equation                                              '
                                                      I
                                                      I
 1.   Nomograph is used to solve the equation for AH
      based on the stack  gas variables

 2.   A calculator can solve the equation  more accurately

 Nomographs must be calibrated
	             71
                                                            NOTES

-------
CONTENT  OUTLINE
                    Lecture 3
                                      Traln

         1.   Check scale alignment

         2.   Check accuracy

    C.   Nomograph is an expensive specialized slide rule

         1.   Calculator is more accurate and more easily reset

         2.   Calculators can be used to work up other data.
             Nomograph does only one calculation
                                                              NOTES
    This lecture has covered an overview of the EPA Method 5
Sampling Train.  We have

    1.   Identified individual components

    2.   Listed FR requirements

    3.   Pointed out some advantages and disadvantages of
         different equipment designs
                                72

-------
                              LESSON PLAN
                    TOPIC: DISCUSSION OF LABORATORY
                                 EXERCISES
                    COURSE;   450  -  Lecture  4
                    LESSON TIME:  90 minutes
                    PREPARED BY:             DATE:  10/2/78
                          Giuseppe J •  Aldina
                 W
                                                                           Ul
                                                                           CD
                                         2
Lesson Goal;

     Provide the students with explanations  of  the laboratory procedures to be
     performed in the Monday afternoon Laboratory.

Lesson Objectives;

     The student will be able to

     1.   List the procedures for applying reference Method  1 at circular and
          rectangular stacks

     2.   List the steps involved in performing an "S"  type  pitot  tube
          calibration

     3.   Describe the procedures for wet bulb-dry bulb moisture estimation

     4.   Calibrate the meter console orifice meter when the dry gas meter has
          been calibrated against a reference volume standard.

Prerequisite Skills;

     None
 Support Materials  and Equipment;

      1.    August 18, 1977 Federal Register 3. slide projector
      2.    Blackboard  and  chalk
4.450 workbook
                                    73

-------
Special Instructions;

     Refer students to FR during the lecture so they may mark important items

References;

    Federal Register - Vol. 42, No. 160, August 18, 1977- "Standards of
    Performance for New Stationary Sources - Revision to Reference Methods 1-8."


     The success of the afternoon laboratory sessions depends upon a thorough
understanding of the methods and procedures used.  The experience gained in
this laboratory will be very useful when actually performing an EPA Method 5
test or any other type of sampling.  You (students) will calibrate an "S"
type pitot tube, calibrate the meter console orifice meter, perform wet bulb -
dry bulb moisture estimates, and apply Method 1 guidelines for sample and
velocity traverses.   After completing the lab you should be able to:

     1.   Select a sample site and sampling traverse points following
          Reference Method 1 Criteria

     2.   Describe and perform the calibration of a  Type S   pitot tube

     3.   Calibrate an orifice meter

     4.   Estimate the percent moisture in a stack gas
                                      74

-------
            CONTENT  OUTLINE
        Course.  450  Lecture  4
        Lecture Title:  Discussion of Laboratory ExercisesPnctfe°
                                                  «7j»
                                                       NOTES
I.   Reference Method 1                                     •

     A.   Principle

         1.   Aid in making representative measurements from a
              stationary source

              a.   Pollutant emissions

              b.   Total volumetric flow rate

         2.   Stack cross-section is divided into  equal areas

         3.   A traverse point is located in each  equal area

     B.   Applicability - The method may be applied to flowing gas
         streams in any duct, stack, or flue except under any of
         the following circumstances:

         1.   Cyclonic or swirling gas flow (defined on page
              41758 paragraph 2.4) exists in the duct

         2.   The stack is smaller than 0.30 m (12 in.) in
              diameter or the cross-sectional area is less than
              0.71 m  (113 in. )

         3.   The measurement site is less than 2  duct diameters
              downstream or less than 0.5 diameters upstream
              from a flow disturbance

     C.   Description of Laminar Gas Flow

         1.   Laminar gas flow is a theoretical concept - it may
              never exist in actual practice
                                                  Lab exercise
                                                  covered on page 21
                                                  in the workbook
                                                  Note paragraph 1.2*
                                                  page 41755, 8/18/77
                                                  FR                j
                                                                    i
                                                  A description is  [
                                                  covered in the    t
                                                  procedures section ;
                                                  of this lecture   |
                                                  (El).
          2.
Laminar flow in a duct is described in this
drawing:
              Gas Flow-*	*	
                                                                 A hand drawing on
                                                                 the board is more
                                                                 effective, here,
                                                                 than a slide
          3.   The "Bullet" shape  of the gas is caused by friction

              a.   Gas layer closest to the stack wall dissipates
                   some energy as friction and slows down

              b.   The layer of gas above the boundary layer
                   proceeds to give up some energy contacting
                   the slower more viscous  boundary layer

                                   75
                                                   This should remain
                                                   simple - try not tc
                                                   get bogged down
                                                   in fluid dynamics

-------
       CONTENT  OUTLINE
   Course:   450  Lecture 4
   Lecture Title .
           Page
               NOTES
                 ±acus8ion of Laboratory Exercise
*u
         c.   This action proceeds - theoretically - in a
              symmetrical manner across the gas velocity hes

     4.   It is easiest to measure the velocity pressure of
         a gas when  it is in a flow pattern approximating
         laminar flow

D.   Flow Disturbance

     1.   A flow disturbance is a

         a.   Bend in the duct

         b.   Expansion or contraction of the duct

         c.   Visible flame
     2.   At 8 duct diameters downstream and  2 diameters
         upstream of a flow disturbance

         a.   Velocity head profile is assumed to resemble
              Laminar conditions
                                                         !
         b.   The minimum number of sample points may be used

     3.   Draw flow disturbance at  8<|> and 2
           Note; Laminar flow]
           may not exist ever (
           but at 8 and 2
           the assumption is  i
           made that the flow f
           reasonably resembles
           Laminar           5
                                      2
               diameter
           Point out that thes<
           are minimum criterii
           There can be more
           than 8 and 2$
                                When sampling at this
                                point the minimum // of
                                pts may be used - 12 pts.
                             76

-------
       CONTENT  OUTLINE
                                                      Page.
   Course.    450  Lecture 4
           r///e;
                                                        (9
                                                           NOTES
                 DiscuS8ion on Laboratory Exercise
E.
4.   When sampling at a site other than 8 and  24>

     a.   You will have to  use the chart on page 41756
         to determine the  number of traverse pts.
         required

     b.   You may not sample at a site that does not
         have at least 2$  downstream and 0.5  upstream
         of a disturbance

Procedures  - Circular stacks

1.   Determine the following

     a.   Duct internal diameter - is it larger than
         0.3 meter 1

     b.   Cyclonic flow condition using the Type S
         pitot tube
     2.
          1)   Prepare differential pressure gage

          2)   Connect pitot tube to the gage

          3)   Position pitot tube orifice openings
              perpendicular to the plane of the stack,
              cross-sectional area-orifice is parallel
              to the gas flow

          4)   At this point the "S" tube should show
              "0" reading on the gage.  (Equal forces
              will act on both orifice openings)

          5)   If the gage does not show "0" rotate the
              pitot until a "0" reading is shown

          6)   Record the rotation angle from the       i
              original position                       I

          7)   Repeat the procedure for all traverse ptsj.

          8)   Assign traverse pts which require no     j
              rotation to reach "0" gage reading  a
              value 0.

          9)   Average all readings.  If the average of '
              all rotation angles is greater than 10   ,
              the duct has an unacceptable flow conditibn

     c.    Duct diameters of "straight run" from all
          disturbances

     Based on duct diameters straight run locate the
     sampling site         77
                                                            Use pitot tube for '•
                                                            demonstration;  Sea
                                                            page 41758 (directly
                                                            below Figure 1.4)  \

-------
                CONTENT  OUTLINE
                                            y*"'^
                                                    \
                                                    I
Course:  450  Lecture 4                     \***V^/
Lecture Title: Discussion on Laboratory Exercises4
                                                        £B2
Page —i- of.
                                                                                 10
     NOTES
                   a.    Choose the most convenient site

                   b.    84 and 2 not always possible                '

                   c.    Choose a site that will allow the  least number1
                        of traverse pts.

              3.   Use the graph on page 41756 to determine the number
                   of  traverse pts. for sampling.  Use the graph given
                   for the appropriate duct internal diameter

                   a.    Remember when reading the graph that both
                        upstream and downstream diameters  from a
                        disturbance are important

                   b.    You can always sample more traverse pts but
                        never are you allowed to sample less than the
                        minimum shown on the graph

                   c.    The number of pts. must be a multiple of 4

                   d.    This number is the total traverse  pts.   Half of                 j
                        these are on each traverse diameter                              »

              4.   Calculate the percent diameter into the duct from                     j
                   the stack wall for each traverse point.              Refer to Figure   s
?                                                                     1-3 on page 41758. \
}                   a.    Use the table 1.2 on page 41758                                 "
                   b.    total traverse pts = pts/diameter

                   c.    Find the pts./diameter in the table and
                        multiply actual duct ij» by the decimal % shown

         EXAMPLE:
              duct 4> = 100 cm                                       '

              total traverse pts = 12                               |

              traverse pts/diameter = 6                             |

              1st pt = 100 cm x 0.044 = 4.4 cm from stack wall into th$
                   duct

              2nd pt = 100 cm x 0.146 = 14.6 cm into the duct
                                                                   j
              5.   Locate the traverse pts on 2 perpendicular           Refer  to page
                   diameters one of which is in the plane of highest    41757  paragraph
                   anticipated dust concentration                      2.3.1  for details

              6.   Note guides for location of traverse pts. within
                   2.5 cm of the stack wall in paragraphs 2.3.1 and
                   2.3.1.1               78

-------
       CONTENT  OUTLINE
   Course:  450   Lecture 4
   Lecture Title:Discussion on Laboratory Exercises^* PRO-\fc&
                                                                     NOTES
     Procedures - Rectangular Ducts

     1.    Check for cyclonic  flow

     2.    Calculate duct equivalent diameter
          D  =
           E   L+W

     3.    Determine the duct diameters of straight run
          4.   Use the appropriate graph on page 41756 to determin^
               No. of traverse pts.

          5.   Refer to Table 1-1 for the required Balanced Matrix

II.    Calibration of the "S"  type pitot tube

      A.   The complete details of the reference method 2 will be
          covered in lecture seven.
                                                                 Check 450 workbook
                                                               !  problem section
                                                                 which describes
                                                                 balanced matrix
                                                                ,, c
                                                            page 165
                                                            Lab  exercise
                                                            covered on page 24
                                                            in the workbook
     1.    All Federal Register  requirements will be highlight ;d.

     2.    Today we want to give the procedures for calibration
          of the "S" tube in the laboratory

B.    Equipment

     1.    Standard pitot-static tube or Prandtl Tube.

     2.    Inclined oil  manometer  (use only one)

     3.    Calibration duct

          a.   Must have at least  8(j> and 2<|> straight run from
              disturbances

          b.   Capable of steady gas velocity of   15 m/sec
              (30-40 ft/sec)

          c.   Ports must be arranged so Prandtl Tube and
              "S" Tube would be at the same point in the
              gas stream

     4.    Type S   pitot tube attached to the .sampling probe
          tube used in Wednesday's source sampling lab, including
          the sampling nozzle.
     5.    Laboratory data sheet

C.    Procedures

     1.    Record identification numbers of all equipment used

     2.    Level and zero the manometer
                              79
     3.    Check Probe-Nozzle-Pitot tube separations and recorc
                                                                 workbook page 26

-------
   CONTENT  OUTLINE
Course; 450   Lecture 4
Lecture Title: Discussion on Laboratory Exercises'4
m)
           Page.
                                                            10
                                                    NOTES
 4.   Leak check the system

      a.    Prandtl tube and tubing to manometer

      b.    Pltot tube and tubing to manometer

      c.    Recommended leak check Is positive pressure at
           Impact opening and negative pressure at static
           opening to 7.6 cm (3 in) lUO.

      d.    Leak check should be stable for 15 seconds

 5.   Check the calibration duct for cyclonic flow
  6.


  7.

  8.
  9.
 10.

 11.

 12.

 13.

 14.
Mark Prandtl and "S" tube so  they will be at the
same point in the duct

Mark legs A and B of the "S"  tube

Insert Prandtl tube

a.   Record  Ap (when reasonably steady)

b.   Remove the tube

Insert leg A of the "S" tube

a.   Record Ap

b.   Remove

Insert Prandtl tube

Insert leg B of the "S" tube

Repeat 8-11 until 3 pairs of  readings are completed

Measure duct static pressure

Record

a.   All Ap readings

b.   Duct static pressure

c.   Duct gas temperature

d.   Actual barometric pressure at the site
           Make sure students
           keep all pitots
           properly level and
           aligned in the duct
                          80

-------
       CONTENT  OUTLINE
         Course: 450  Lecture 4
         Lecture Title:
                        Discussion on Laboratory Exercise
                                              m
                                                    r
                                               e^0"*'
Pnge
                                                                         af  10
                                                                    NOTES
    15.   Calculate
                a.   C  for the "S" tube for each reading
                     P
                                                          C , „.»  = 0.99
                                                           p(std)
              S(s)  - S(std)   l/^1

         b.   Calculate average Cp for leg K. and leg B

         c.   Average deviation for leg A and B
                  zlc , ,. -c         I
              _ _  ' P(S)   p	'
                          3           ^ 0.01

         d.   Deviation between leg A and B
                    ff • lcp - CP  I
                          PA   PB

          16.   Calculate

                a.   velocity (m/sec)
                               ^0.01
         b.   Volumetric flow rate  (m /Hour)
                                       T
              Q
                         3600  (v ) A (1-B  )
                               s   s   ws
III.   Wet Bulb - Dry Bulb Moisture Estimate
                                              std
                                        std
A.   The Wet Bulb-Dry Bulb Technique for moisture estimation
     is used in this laboratory

     1.   Reference Method 4 will be discussed later

     2.   Wet Bulb-Dry Bulb is easy and can give a good estimate
         of the H_0 content of the stack gas

B.   The % H20 in the stack is by Dalton's Lav of Partial
     Pressure
               V.P,
     1.
          ws
                abs
                                  Ratio of component partial
                                  pressure to total system pressu
     2.   The workbook shows the  calculation for the actual
         V.P.H _ using knowledge of


                             81
                                                          Ms = 29  for dry
                                                          air
                                                                Assume B
                                                                        ws
             0
 for this calculatic n

page 27 in workbook

-------
             CONTENT  OUTLINE
          Course: 450  Lecture 4
          Lecture  Title: Discussion on Laboratory Exercises4
                                                            8   of
                                                           NOTES
                a.   The saturated V.P.H 0 at constant  temperature
                    and pressure      2

                b.   Latent heat of vaporization for H_0

           3.    The % H20 can be found using
                                                       Note; The wet bulb'
                                                       dry bulb procedure
                                                       does not work in
                                                       acid gas streams
                    The calculation B
                                    ws
                              V.P.
                              Pabs
,  page 30 of Workboc k
      C.
     b.   Psychometric chart page, page C-22 of Course Manual

     c.   Nomograph page 32 of Workbook

Procedure

1.   Take dry bulb temperature

2.   Take wet bulb temperature

     a.   Preferably using the same thermometer or one
         very similar

     b.   Cover entire area inserted into the duct with
         a cotton wick, tightly wrapped around the
         thermometer

     c.   Saturate wick in H^O before inserting into the
         duct

     d.   Watch temperature rise carefully

     e.   When temperature rise stops record the temperature
                f.   Temperature will continue to rise after the
                    momentary pause

           3.    Use any procedure given in B3.  Cross check procedu
                for agreement if interested
                                                      es
 IV.   Orifice Meter Calibration

      A.   APTD -  0576 calibration procedures gives recommended
           calibration for

           1.   Orifice meter

           2.   Dry gas meter

      B.   Laboratory exercise will differ only slightly

           1.   Wet test meter will not be used

           2.   Dry gas meter correction factor (DGMCF) has been
                determined against a spirometer
	.	82	—
                                                       workbook page 33
                                                       The lab procedure
                                                       works well when th
                                                       DGMCF is known.
                                                       Assume DGMCF = 1
                                                       for these labs.

-------
    CONTENT
Course?  450  Lecture 4
lecture Title: Piscussioii
                                                                 Page
                                                                      of
                                                                 NOTES
     3.   We will calibrate
                                        eter for!the desired
          flow rate
                          v
C.   Orifice'meter,AH« is a calibration factor.  It is the
     pressure differential across th6 meter which allows
     0.75 C^l flow fate at 29.92 in.  |Hg Barometric pressure
     and 68 F.                      i
D.
 Workbook shows equations-, used   •

                fT  °RAH]%"
 1.  Q  = K      JS	         --
      m    m      P M
                L   m  m   J
 2.   Solving for AH at  given conditions
                                                                 Workbook page 33
                 /0.75 CFM\
                 \  Km     /
E.
                                   (29.92)  (29)
                                       528
                                   4
                                           0.9244
                                            K '*
                                             m
          Procedure
                                        j
          1.    Follow lab instructions

          2.    U^e form on page 36  of workbook

          3.    Solve equations AH@ should ifall within 1.5 - 2.1 in
               H20 or there is probably a mistake

V.   Closing  Comments
                                        f
     A.    A large amount of information has been presented very
          quickly

          1.    A great many things to cover, however, if confusion
               exists it will all  come together by Wednesday
                                        I
          2.    DO NOT become discouraged

     B.    Laboratory will be

          1.    Hectic

          2.    Noisy

          Instructors will help with all problems
                                                             Experience has
                                                             shown this is very
                                                             true
C.

D.


E.
         You will get as much out of the ;lab as you put  in  so
         apply yourself

         Be sure to read the workbook carefully.  You will  be

         1.   Site pre survey -  fill out forms

         2.   Reference Method 1 - complete all drawings
                                    83
                                                    doii .g
                                                             Either have student
                                                             do  this for the bes:
                                                             possible situation
                                                             at  the duct or for
                                                             conditions existing

-------
   CONTENT OUTLINE
Course: 450 Lecture 4
Lecture Title: _'
Page—iSLof.
    NOTES
 3.  Pltot tube calibration

 4.  Moisture estimation

 5.  Orifice calibration

 6.  Volumetric flow rate
Sheet on page 41
to be turned in on
Wednesday morning.
                      84

-------
                              LESSON PLAN
                    TOPIC:  ISOKINETIC SOURCE SAMPLING
                    COURSE: 450 - Lecture 5
                    LESSON TIME:  i  hour 15 minutes ,_n/^0
                    PREPARED BY:             DATE:  9/20/78
                            J. A. Jahnke
Lesson Goal;

     To present the concept of isokinetic  sampling,  providing the rationale of why
     it is necessary to sample isokinetically  for  particulate matter.

Lesson Objectives:

     The student will be able to:

     1.   Define isokinetic sampling

     2.   Illustrate why isokinetic sampling is  necessary when sampling for
          particulate emissions

     3.   State how the particulate concentration  given by the Method 5 train
          will change when the sampling is performed over isokinetically

     4.   State how the particulate concentration  given by the Method 5 train
          will change when the sampling is performed under isokinetically.

Student Prerequisite Skills:

     Ability  to multiply and  divide


Support Materials and Equipment:

     1.   Course workbook

     2.   Slide projector
                                     85

-------
Special Instructions:

     This lecture is the first of a sequence of three lectures given on
     isokinetic sampling, Tuesday morning.  The three lectures work extremely
     well together, if presented with a proper appreciation of how fast the
     students can grasp the concepts.

References;

     None
                                    86

-------
            CONTENT  OUTLINE
         Course: 450  Lecture 5
         Lecture  Title: Isokinetic Source  Sampling
                                                           Page.
of-L.
                                                                NOTES
ii.
      Review of previous day's material

      A.   Ask following questions concerning M5 sampling  train.

          1.   Where is the orifice meter?

          2.   Where does one read Ap?   , AH?

          3.   What is Ap related to?

          4.   What is AH related to?

          5.   What is AH^?  — students  did this Monday laboratory
               but were not formally presented with it in lecture.
                   = K
                      m
                      m
                           m
                          P.M.
                           m m
                          P M
                           m m
                            m
                      K
                      m
                         (29.92) (29.0)
                           (460 + 68)
          6.   What is  the isokinetic sampling condition?

               v  = v    stress this!
                n    s

          7.   What happens in the impingers?
     8.    Does the same amount of gas (volume) go through the
          nozzle as goes through the orifice meter, per
          unit time?

     9.    How does the pressure and temperature change from
          the nozzle to the  orifice meter?

    10.    What is pmr-, E  ?

    11.    Write the pitot tube equation

    12.    What is the expression for a volume correction?

Isokinetic sampling

A.   Definitions and principles

     1.    Isokinetic

          a.   "Iso" - denotes equality,  similarity, uniform!

          b.   "kinetic" - pertains to motion
                              87
                                                           To warm up the claf
                                                           it has been found
                                                           necessary to first
                                                           review some of the
                                                           previous day's
                                                           material.  Conduct
                                                           this part as a
                                                           question and answei
                                                           session.

                                                                  L5-1

                                                           Note:  These
                                                           questions are
                                                           slanted so that th<
                                                           student may be
                                                           better able to
                                                           comprehend the
                                                           Tuesday morning
                                                           lectures.
                                                                        L5-2
                                                                 Turn to page 45 of
                                                                 workbook.
                                                                -y

-------
       CONTENT  OUTLINE
   Course:   450 Lecture 5
   Lecture Title: Isokinetic Source  Sampling
Page—	ofjL
     NOTES
         c.   Isokinetic sampling is where velocity of gas
              through probe nozzle is equal to  stack gas
              velocity

     2.   Principles

         a.   Large  particles tend to move in same initial
              direction — have enough inertia to deviate
              from streamline pattern

         b.   Small  particles tend to follow streamlines

         c.   Intermediate size particles are somewhat
              deflected.
                                                           Draw on chalk
                                                           board
         d.   This is watered down aerodynamics for purpose
              of this lecture — a large particle   > 5 ym in
              diameter  — small particle  <1 ym  in diameter
              (This corresponds with EPA's feelings for
              large and small particle definitions — but you
              may get some argument)

B.   The Example

     1.   100% Isokinetic sampling — what would -be the concen
         tration collected?
         Note:  Assume a large particle weighs 6  mass units
                and that we have a small particle weighing
                .03
         v  = v
          n    s
         Mass rate = M  = (4x6)+(4x.Q3) "*** "nits
                     n                 minute
         Flow rate = Q  = 1 ft /minute
                     n

         /.concentration = ma!S ratf th.rouSh nozz^e   u
                          volumetric flow rate  through nozz

                        _24^1 mass units/mjatO'te
 Refer
back to
L5-2
                                ft /miarfte
                              88

-------
    CONTENT  OUTLINE
Course:  450  Lecture 5
Lecture Title:  Isokinetic Source Sampling
                                                     NOTES
  2.
                     24.1
                    mass units
                      ft3
200% Isokinetic
Larger volume collected per unit time — large
particles not sliced out by nozzle, are lost.  All
smaller particles in volume are collected.
      v  = 2v
       n    E
      Qn = 2  ft /min
       ._  _  (4x6)+(8x.Q3)
      ' 'n	2
      24.2
                    mass units
                       3 -
      Over isokinetic sampling gives concentration lower
      than true
 3.   50% Isokinetic

      Smaller volume collected per unit time large
      particles don't follow streamlines, but punch into
      nozzle.
       n
      Q   =  .5 ft /min

          _  4x6 + (4x.Q3)
       n        5
          =48.2 mass minutes

                  ft3
      Under isokinetic sampling gives higher concentra-
      tion than true .

 4.   Generalizations;

      a.   100% Isokinetic — gets representative particul
          distribution on filter

      b.   Over isokinetic -get lower weight of particles
          per amount  of volume due to loss of large
 	particles through inertia effects	
                          89     "                   "
                                                te
L5-3
                                                        L5-4

-------
      CONTENT  OUTLINE
   Course:  45°   Lecture 5
   Lecture  Title: Isokinetic  Source Sampling
                                                   Page.
                                                       NOTES
         c.   Under isokinetlc -get more weight of particles
             per amount of volume due to addition of large
             particles punching through streamlines.

         d.   These are generalizations — may have exception!
             in special cases — refer to references given on
             page 47 of course workbook.
C.
The Question — Problem is, how does one sample isokineti
— Given the EPA Method 5 train, how is it set up  so that
     n
ally?

 Go immediately on
 to next lecture.
 Class should still
 be fresh and
 interested.  Don't
 take a break, or
 attention will be
 lost.
                            90

-------

-------
                             LESSON  PLAN
                    TOPIC :THE ISOKINETIC RATE EQUATION
                    COURSE: 450 - Lecture 6
                    LESSON TIME:! hour 15 minutes
                    PREPARED BY:  J> A<  Jahnk#ATE:  9/20/78
Lesson Goal;

     To derive the isokinetic rate equation for the EPA Method  5  train,  from
     basic principles of the ideal gas law, and to  present methods  for  its
     solution.

Lesson Objectives;

     The student will be able to

     1.   Recall the basic equation for establishing the  isokinetic rate,
          AH = KAp.

     2.   Explain that gas passing through the sampling train undergoes  changes
          of moisture content, temperature, and pressure.

     3.   Explain that the isokinetic rate equation is  derived  from the
          requirement that v  must equal v , and that one obtains the final
          expression by substituting the pitot tube equation and  orifice meter
          equation and by making proper corrections for pressure, temperature,
          and moisture content.

     4.   Recognize the fact that a separate equation exists for  the determination
          of the nozzle diameter

     5.   Calculate the value of D , the nozzle diameter, given the appropriate
          input data, using a calculator or a slide rule

     6.   Calculate the value of K and AH, given the appropriate  input  data,
          using a calculator or a slide rule

     7.   Calculate values of D , K, and AH using a source  sampling nomograph

     8.   State the assumptions of the source sampling  nomograph

     9.   Check the accuracy of the source sampling nomograph and recognize
          the effect of errors in computed AH values on test results.
                                     93

-------
Intended Student Background:

     High school math and high school or college general science.  Attendance
     at 1st day laboratory mandatory for comprehension of this lecture.

Support Materials and Equipment;

     1.   Course workbook

     2.   Slide projector

     3.   Pocket calculator with square root function, for each student —
          or slide rule to do extended calculations

     4.   One source sampling nomograph for each student

Special Instructions;

     Some students may "turn off" when they realize you are going to derive an
     equation.  Never tell them that you are doing a derivation — just do it as
     if it proceeds logically out of the last lecture — don't make a big deal
     out of it.  Approximately Jg of the class will be lost or won't care about
     the equation after the derivation is finished (depending upon your
     presentation abilities).  Immediately after the derivation, the students
     are to calculate the problem given on page 59 of the workbook.  The students
     that didn't care, will now care very much, especially if you go around from
     student to student to see how they are doing.

References:

     Yergovitch, T. W., "Development of a Practical Source  Sampling Slide Rule",
     JAPCA 26 #6 June 1976, pp 590-592
                                     94

-------
           CONTENT  OUTLINE
        Course:  450   Lecture 6
        Lecture Title: The i80klnetic Rate Equation
                                                      Page.
                                                          NOTES
I.   Derivation of the Isoklnetlc Rate Equation
                                                             L6-1
    A.
AH - KAp —  The relationship between v  and v .   Note t
get Ap from pltot tube - Set the AH calculated from this
at
         equation with the orifice meter.
         Ask following questions:
                                This makes v  - v
     B.
     1.   On what oil manometer do we read ftp?
         Ans. - red

     2.   On what oil manometer do we read AH?
         Ans. - Yellow oil manometer

     3.   How is the AH set?  Ans. - with fine control
         knob,  (students should know this from lab,
         but * Jj the class will not understand it yet)

0  = A v = A v  under isokinetic conditions
 n    n  n    n s
What is  the area of the nozzle?
            2
 This  is the core
 course.  Once the
 student understand:
 this  concept, he ±t
 half  way home to
 doing the method.
 Slower students
 may not grasp this
 until Wednesday
 afternoon.
       L6-2
               (30
         Therefort
              irD A
                      is the volumetric flow rate through the
                                                    nozzle
         What is the volumetric flow rate through the orifice met
               m
         If the stack gas contained no moisture, how would Q
         be related to Q?  Would it be the same?  No — because
         have change of temperature and pressure through the trail
                  T
                                                     r?
       L6-3
              m
                                                      This equation was
                                                      used in Monday
                                                      afternoon lab and
                                                      should  have been
                                                      reviewed in 1st %
                                                      hour Tuesday mornii
                                                      i
                                                             L6-4
          n
                   m
                                  95

-------
           CONTENT  OUTLINE
       Course:  450  Lecture 6
       Lecture Title:  Isokinetic Rate Equation
                                              Page—l—of—8_
                                                   NOTES
For lecturer's
information
don't give in
class unless
asked
         F.
             Since
    P V
     s n
n RT
 s s
                     mm   in  TO
           n  • n  (since have no H00)
           s    in               i
                     V  = -       V  or Q
                      n   P  T    m   xn
                           s  m
                             Vs
                             P T
                              s m
         E.   Now, if stack contains moisture
                                                     L6-5
             n  (1 - B  )
              s v    ws'
                            m      wm
             n  (1 - B  ) = n
              s      ws     m
                 if use silica gel i.e. the numbe
             of moles of gas at stack conditions is made up of
             combustion gases and water.  The fraction of
             combustion gases  (1 - B ) times n , gives n .
                                    ws        s        m
Flow rate corrected for T, P,  and moisture, is now

Q.
              .    /1-B\   T    P
              L = /     wm \    s   m
              n   I 1 - B   )   T~   P~
                  \     ws /    m   s
             Since
             P V
              s n
n RT    P V
 s  s     mm
                    n  RT
                     m   m
                    (1 - B  )
                   	wm
                    (1 - B  )
                    x     ws'
                    (1 - B  )
                         wm
             P V  m 	——
             Vn   (1-BW8)
                n
                 m
                 n RT
             but n
                  m
        Vm
        RT
          m
                                 96
                                           L6-6
                                    Do not give this
                                    derivation in
                                    lecture unless
                                    asked.  It is too
                                    involved and you
                                    will lose most of
                                    the class if you
                                    give it — it. would
                                    also waste too muct:
                                    time.

-------
S CONTENT OUTLINE /SN
Course: 450 Lecture 6 \ 
-------
      CONTENT  OUTLINE

   Course: 450   Lecture 6
   Lecture Title: ^^ isokinetic Rate Equation
                                                       Page—L- of	§L

                                                            NOTES
K.   Simplifying
                                                              L6-11
                   m
                          (1-B
                             wm
                                   M   T P
                                    ID   in s

                                   M~  T P
                                    s   s m
                                                Ap
L.   Note moisture relationships for molecular weight



     M  « M. (1 - B  ) + 18 B
     m    a      win       wm
                                                              L6-12
    M  = M, (1 - B  ) + 18 B
     s    a      ws       ws
M.   Substitute to obtain Isokinetic rate equation
     AH
            n
                \
                           (1-B  )2   fM-d-B  ) + 18 B  'I
                              ws       d   wm _ wm

                           (1-B  )^     M,(1-B  ) + 18 B
                              wm    L  d   ws       ws.J
N.
     Now want to get above equation into  a working form using

     all of our constants and variables
     Define AHffl as the orifice pressure differential that

     gives 0.73 cfm of air at 68°F and 29.92"Hg
 0.  Substitute values into orifice meter equation
     AH
                    M
          m
               m
                     m
          (.75 cfm)   (29.92 in. Hg)(29.0)

          (460 + 68°F)K

     AH,
           .9244


            K2
            m
                             98
T P
 m s

T P
 s m
                                                              L6-13
AP
     /L6-14
                                                              L6-15

-------
      CONTENT  OUTLINE

   Course: 450   Lecture 6
   Lecture  Title: The isokinetic Rate Equation
                                                -L-of—L

                                                NOTES
P.  Assume the following
    B   =0
     wm

    K   = 85.49
     P
                                                   L6-16
Q.   Isoklnetic rate equation working form
           846.72 D 4AHfflC 2 (1-B )2 Md Tm  Ps
                 n   @ p     W8;  __ _  _

                                  s  s   m.
R.   Similarly, one can derive an expression for the nozzle

    diameter
           '0.035 0 P \   (1-B  )
                  in m\       wm
               T C
                m p
              (1-B  )
                 ws
          s s

          7?
S.   Immediately turn to page 53 of the course workbook and

    have the students do the lecture problem.
    Ans:
    M   =
M.(1-B  ) + 18 B
 d   ws       ws
    M   =  29 (1-.12) + 18 (.12) = 27.7
     8
            '0.0357 Q P
                      m
     n
      T C
       m p
(1-B  )
v   ws
 yT M  '
  s s


Ps^
          / (0.0357) (.75)  (30.0)  1     7(740) 27.7

        'V      (540) (.85)       .88    V(29.6) (.80)
            .241
                           99
                                                  L6-17
                                                             L6-18
                                            Do not take a

                                            break

-------
            CONTENT  OUTLINE
        Course: 450  Lecture 6
        Lecture Title: ^^ Isokinetic Rate Equation
                                                    Pnrje
                                                         NOTES
choose  .25" nozzle

then

AH  <
      846.72 D 4AH_C 2
              n  @ p

                                     )  r£ ^  ^
                                   ws   M  T   P
                                            sm
Ap
Tell the class to
choose a .25" nozz
after they have
completed the firs
part of this
calculation
       ^
                  846.72  (.25)4 1.85(.85)2(.88)2
    )   (ft
    Ap
             =  2.59 Ap
                            AH = 2.59 Ap
     T.
Ask questions:

What do you do if  Ap
                               1.0
                                .80
                                .60
          Say if moving probe from traverse point to traverse poin
          — get new Ap's at each point, calculate and set new AH's
          at each point.

          How do you set the AH?
                                                     Now take a break.
                                                     Have each student
                                                     pick up a nomograp
                                                     during the break.
II.   Using the nomograph to solve the isokinetic  rate equation

     A.   The nomograph - A type of slide rule to do the calculati
          given in I.  Show several types of nomographs.  Show
          several types of other slide rule calculators.  Mention
          prices - Nomograph $140
                  Slide rule $40 ->• $140

     B.   Assumptions of the nomograph

          1.    Assume

               C  =  .85
                     530°R
               AH@ =  1.84" H20
                        100

-------
      CONTENT  OUTLINE
   Course:  450    Lecture 6
   Lecture  Title: The Isoklnetic Rate Equation
                              \
                         ssy
                                                    NOTES
         P  - P   - 29.92"Hg
          s    n          B
         M, - 29.0
          a

         Bws ' -05
         Substitute into
         AH
         get
     846.72  D>@C 2(l-Bws)2
                  r
                        /
                     s    m
Ap
                  D
         AH = KQC
Ap
     2.
                                            H,0, P . and
     @   T
          s

K@ = 5.507 x 105


C is a correction factor

C Factor

a.   C factor corrects for AHa, T ,
                          (s   m
         b.   C does not correct  for C  or M,
                                   p    d
C.   Using the nomograph

    1.   Compute C factor using data for previous lecture
         problem

         C should - .91 or .92

    2.   Turn nomograph over — compute nozzle diameter

         D  - .241
          n
    3.   Compute K and AH using nomograph and choosing nozzl
         diameter of .25"

         K - 2.59 when Ap is set - 1

         Show use of nomograph to obtain AH from Ap's


    4.   Nomograph check for scale alignment.  Fill in table
         given in slide
                                         L6-19
                                                        m
                                  Ask students value
                                  of C factor they
                                  obtain.
                                         . L6-20
                                  work along with
                                  students.  Ask
                                  students for value:
                                  obtained.
                                        L6-21
                                  Ask for student
                                  comments.

-------
               CONTENT  OUTLINE
                                                         60 S7-4:
           Course: 450 Lecture 6
           Lecture Title:
                         The Isokinetic Rate Eauation
                                                      Page  8  
-------
UJ.'i

-------
                               LESSON  PLAN
                      TOPIC:    Review RM.1; RM2; RM4; RM3
                      COURSE;      lecture 7

                      LESSON TIME:  2 hours 30 minutes

                      PREPARED BY:             DATE:

                         Giuseppe J. Adlina     10/2/78
Lesson Goal;



     Illustrate to the students the proper methods for completing RM1  and KM2.

     Explain the RM4 method for moisture determination.   Explain the RMS

     procedures for gas analysis.



Lesson Objectives;



     The student should be able to:



     1.   Fully describe and perform RM1 procedures



     2.   List all Federal Register requirements for pitot  tube calibration,

          construction, and use



     3.   Describe RM4 procedures for moisture determination



     4.   Use RM4 equations for calculation of B
                                                ws


     5.   List the procedures for RM3 gas aaalysis



     6.   Calculate and mathematically define



          a.   M,
                a


          b.   M
                s


          c.   % Excess air



Prerequisite skills:



     None



Level of Instruction;



     College undergraduate  science
                                     105

-------
Intended Student Profesional Background;

   General Science

Support Materials and Equipment^

   1.  FR 8/18/77                      4.  450 Workbook
   2.  Blackboard and chalk            5.  Standard pitot
   3.  Slide projector                 6.  S-type pitot tube
                                       7.  Orsat apparatus

Special Instruction:

   Point out the important sections to the students in FR 8/18/78.  This
   lecture has a great deal of latitude.  Students generally show interest
   in all sections.  Concentrate on areas of greatest student interest as
   indicated during the lecture.

References:
   Federal Register - Vol. 42, No. 160,  August  18, 1977-  "Standards of
   Performance  for New  Stationary  Sources - Revision to Reference Methods 1-8."

   This lecture is divided into several  discrete sections:

   I.   Review of the Sample and Velocity Traverse Procedures for RM1

   II.  Detailed Evaluation of "S" Type  Pitot Tube Calibration and RM2

   III. Discussion of RM4 - Determination of Moisture in Stack Gas
        A.  Procedures
        B.  Calculations

     IV. Discussion of RMS - Gas Analysis for C02> Excess Air and Dry
        Molecular Weight
        A.  Procedures

        B.  Calculations

        After the RM3 discussion we will proceed to the laboratory for practice
        in using the Orsat apparatus for gas analysis.
                                      106

-------
            CONTENT  OUTLINE
         Course:   450  Lecture 7
         Lecture Title:  Revlew RMl; RM2; RM4:  RM3
                                              \
                                     NOTES
I.   Review of RMl  procedures

     (The review should be done with the instructor drawing  the
    schematic diagrams necessary  for RMl procedures from
    : 'FR 8/18/77.  Class input  should be. requested to  assist in
     making  the drawings).

II.  Reference Method 2 - Determination of Stack Gas Velocity and
    Volumetric Flowrate

    A.   Principle
         1.
Average  stack gas velocity is determined from the
gas density and average velocity pressure head
                        K C
                         P P
              V-
P M
 s s
*5
Average
         2.
The gas velocity and  stack cross-sectional area are
used in calculating the average standard dry gas
volumetric flow rate
                        3600(vs)(Ag)(l-Bws)
     B.   Applicability
         1.   Not applicable to sampling sites that do not meet
              RMl criteria

         2.   If  cyclonic flow  exists

              a.    Install gas  straightening vanes

              b.    Calculate the total volumetric flowrate
                   stoichiometrically

              c.    Move to another sampling site
                                    107
                                 Note;  v  -may be
                                      approximated
Assuming P
M  = 30
CS = 0.85
 P
v  - 2.46
 s
                                                                             30;

-------
    CONTENT  OUTLINE
Course:   450   Lecture  7
Lecture Title:    Review HMi;  RM2; RMA; RM3
                                                             of.
                                                                11
                                                        NOTES
Standard or Prandtl Bitot  tube design specifications

1.   The Standard or Prandtl pitot tube has specific
     design criteria accepted by  the National Bureau
     of Standards

2.   (Point out construction details shown on the L7-1
      slide)

3.   The construction of this tube following these criterlja
     has shown

     a.   Turbulence around the measuring orifices it
          does not occur to any significant amount that
          could affect readings

     b.   Gas stream orientation  sensitivity is greatly
          reduced
                                                    Slide L7-1
     c.    The calibration coefficient  (C ) is generally
          0.99 + 0.01                  p

4.   The C  of the standard pitot  tube may be determined
     by NB§,  however, the PR allows the user to assume
     C  - 0.99 + 0.01
      P       —
5.   An "S" type tube must be calibrated against a Prandtl
     or  standard tube

6.   The Prandtl tube is not generally used for source
     sampling

     a.    Static pressure taps may be plugged in a heavy
          partlculate gas stream

     b.    The long impact opening  section is difficult
          to  get into standard diameter ports

The "S" type  (Stausschelbe) pitot  tube

1.   The Federal Register now includes construction
     details  for the "S" type tube

2.   The Federal Register describes

     a.    Proper tube alignment

          Appropriate sizes of tubing  for construction

          Preferred plane of the 'orifice openings
                                                   Note:  It is more
                                                   convenient and
                                                   clearer to students
                                                   to refer to C  as
                                                   the calibratiBn
                                                   coefficient
                                                    Slide L7-2
b.

c.

d.
          Proper configuration with the probe and sampling
          nozzle to minimize aerodynamic Interferences
                           108
Slide L7-3


Slides L7-4


       L7-5

-------
        CONTENT  OUTLINE
    Course:  450  Lecture 7
    Lecture Title:    Review RM1; RM2;  RM4;  RM3
                                                            Page.
         of-U	
                                                                 NOTES
     3.   When all construction- and placement requirements
         are met the baseline coefficient C  for the "S"
         type may be assumed to be 0.84.   P
         (Refer to FR page  41764, paragraph 4.1 and 4.1.1)
E.
     How many calculated a C  different than 0.84?
Ask class  laboratory groups:

1.

2.   How much different?

3.   What  conclusion would they draw?

     Calibration of the "S" type tube

     1.    Equipment

          a.   Calibration duct

              1)   Proper port openings
              2)   8 and 2 diameters minimum

              3)   Capable of  steady gas flow

                   a)   Single pt. calibration 700Wmin
                        ( 2000f t/min) or about 30-40 ft/sec

                   b)   4 pt. calibration -  variable from
                        180-1525 m/min(600-5000ft/min) at
                        regular intervals
         b.

         c.
         d.
              Fitot tubes

              Inclined manometer - sensitivity Is stated
              in paragraph 2.8 FR page 41762
              A mock-up port  surrounded by circular graph
              paper is shown  in these slides so we may
              discuss misalignment errors of the  "S" type
              tube.
Note;  FR language
states "eliminate"
interferences,
references specifi-
cally  state
"minimize"

Students should
recognize the need
for calibration of
the "S" tube C .
             P

Slide  L7-6

L7-7
L7-8
Note;  The single
pt. calibration Is
accurate to +3%
above 305m/min
and + 6% from
180-305 m/min.  A
4 pt. calibration
is therefore
preferable


L7-9

L7-10 - No need to
dwell on sensiti-
vity Just refer
students to FR if
necessary.

L7-11; L7-12
                              109

-------
    CONTENT  OUTLINE
Course:    450   Lecture 7
                                                    ul
                                                    (9
Lecture Title:
                 Review RMl; RM2; RM.4; RM3
                                             Page
                                                  NOTES
2.    Procedures

     a.   Check for duct blockage

        /length of Probe\     /Probe
ia duct

                              \ diameter
                   Duct area
                                          x 100
     b.    Check for cyclonic flow - pitot tube may be usec
          as in FR or streamers can be effective

     c.    Remember if the pitot tube is oriented as shown
          a proper flow condition is Indicated by a zero
          reading on the manometer

     d.    The velocity profile across the duct may
          resemble these readings

     e.    Mark the standard pitot tube and "S" type so
          they will be at the same place in the gas
          stream

     f.    Insert the standard tube with the "S" type
          tube removed and record the Ap

     g.    Insert leg A of the "S" tube and record AP

     h.    Repeat this procedure for leg B

     i.    Collect 3 sets of readings for leg A
          and B at each velocity used for the calibration

     j.    Plot the data for the readings

          a.   This is actual NBS data for an "S" type
              tube calibration
                                              L7-13;
                                              L7-14

                                              L7-15
                                              L7-16, 17, 18,  19


                                              L7-20



                                              L7-21


                                              L7-22



                                             L7-23, 24, 25


                                             L7-26
              K plotted against Reynold's Number gives
              a very detailed description of all gas
              parameters

              It is sufficient for source sampling
              purposes to plot K versus  gas velocity
                                              L7-27
                          110

-------
             CONTENT  OUTLINE
         Course:   450
         Lecture Title:
Lecture 7

   Review RMi; RM2: RM4:  RM3
                                                  0/-J
                                             NOTES
          3.   Misalignment errors

              a.   During the course  to this point we have
                   mentioned misalignment errors

                   I)   The "S" type  pitot tube does not measure
                        the correct gas velocity'vector unless     !
                        it is aligned parallel with the stack      !
                        wall - perpendicular to the gas flow       j
                                                                 i
                   2)   Turning the pitot tube out of perpendiculai
                        giving it a yaw angle - produces velocity  j
                        measurement errors                        )

                   3)   We will evaluate yaw alignment errors.
                        Pitch errors  are much less critical and
                        do not become evident unless gross pitch
                        error is made
              b.   Examining the theoretical pressure distribution
                   in a duct and the AP readings we would get
                   using an "S" type tube and rotating it through
                   90  of yaw angle we can plot the data
t
gas
 k
 l~
                                               L7-28

                                               L7-29


                                               L7-30

                                               flow
                                           gas
          Stop on slide L7-33 and point out % error  in velocity
          readings versus degree yaw misalignment.   Cyclonic gas
          flow creates the same problems.

          Ask if there are questions on the method
III.  Discussion of Reference Method 4 - Determination of Moisture
     Content in Stack Gas
          It is necessary to determine stack gas moisture content s
     measured  volumes can be corrected to dry standard conditions
     and the volumetric  follow rate of the stack gas can be calcu-
     lated on  a dry basis.

     A.    Principle - Reference method only

          1.   A gas sample is extracted

          2.   The moisture in the  gas is removed by passing through
              the cooled impingers  (as in Method 5 train)

          3.   The volume of H-0  removed is measured volumetrically
              or gravimetrically     \\\
                                                yaw angle
                                                L7-31
                                               flow
                                                  pitch
                                                  angle
                                               L7-32
                                               L7-33
                                        This should strongl
                                        point out to the
                                        student the need
                                        for careful align-
                                        ment of the "S"
                                        tube and the
                                        problems caused by
                                        cyclonic flow.

-------
         CONTENT  OUTLINE
     Course:     450  Lecture 7
     Lecture Title:
                         Review RM1;  RM2; RM4;  mo
                                              Page—h—of-1
                                                   NOTES
B.    Appliclabllity

     1.   The reference method using the Method 5 sampling
         train is designed for accurate moisture determination
         in the stack gas

     2.   The reference method is often conducted simultaneously
         with pollutant emissions measurement

         a.   Method 4 is actually combined with Method 5
              during a particulate run

         b.   Only the H_0  trapped in the combined run is
              used for reference method moisture determination

         c.   This means that even if KM4 is run along with
              Method 5 only  the H20 in the Method 5 train  is
              considered reference method moisture

     3.   The reference method can yield questionable results
          in saturated gas streams or streams that contain
         H»0 droplets
          a.
Under these conditions a  second H_0 determinatiop
is made
          b.   The  second H.O determination may be  done using
               stack temperature and a psychrometric chart
               or vapor pressure tables or by alternate method
               approved by the administrator

          c.   We used wet bulb - dry bulb

               1)  Makes a good estimate of H,0 in the gas

               2)  Quick

               3)  Only H.O in Method 5 is actual  RM H,0
                   so wet bulb-dry bulb is a good  way to

                   a)   Save time

                   b)   Get H_0 estimate for nomograph
                        calculations

                   c)   Could be used as 2nd method for H_0
                        in saturated gas streams
                               112

-------
   CONTENT  OUTLINE
Course:  450   Lecture 7
Lecture  Title:
                                            \
               Review RM1: RM2: RM4-  RM1
NOTES
Procedures

1.   RM4 procedures use the RMS sampling train

2.   The RM4 system requires RMS operation with the
     following variations

     a.   Sample at a constant rate + 10%

     b.   Traverse at least 8 pts in the duct
                                   3
     c.   Sample rate maximum = 0.021m /min (0.75cfnO

     d.   Minimum sample volume = 0.6 scm (21 scf)

         Run time shall = RMS run time
     e.
3.
Since we will be operating RMS this discussion will
be all that we alot to RM4
Calculations

1.   The Ideal gas law

                m
         PV
                M
              RT
2.   Solving for volume
              mRT
3.
          PM

Substituting pu
             rl-
              P H.OVliq RT
         WC
           PM
4.
Then at standard conditions the H_0 collected in the
impingers can be converted to standard cubic volume
by:
     a.   V
          we
            (std)
                (Vf - V
                      std
                                  RT
                          113

-------
             CONTENT  OUTLINE
         Course:    450  Lecture 7
         Lecture Title:

                            Review RM1: RM2:  RM4- RM3
                                                       NOTES
              b.   Replacing known terms and solving
                   WC
                      (std)
                            •  K.  (V. - V.)
                               K
                                1
                     -  0.04707 ft /ml

                     =  0.001335 m3/ml
         5.
The same equation is solved to convert grams of H»0
caught in the silica gel to vapor with the simplified
equation written:
               wsg
                  (std)
          -  K2 (Wf - V
                           K2  -  0.04715 ft /ml
                           K2  =  0.001335 m/ml

              The dry gas volume metered at standard conditions  is
               m
                      =  V
                (std)
                          m
                   /P,    +  AH \ /T   A
                   (bar    TO A std;
                      P      T
                       (std)  m
               This is the equation
               in the Federal
               Register.   To be
               completely correct
               it should  include
               a dry gas  meter
               correction factor (Y
              The mole  fraction of H-0 is then
                      we
                               +  V
              B
                         (std)
                                   wsg
                        (std)
               ws
                      we
                               +  V
                         (std)
                                   wsg
                        (std)
                             +  V
                                 m
(std)
IV.   Reference Method  3 - Gas Analysis for Carbon Dioxide, Oxygen,
     Excess Air, and Dry Molecular Weight

     RM3 gas analysis yields data used in calculating the percent
     excess air in  a duct;  stack  gas molecular weight; and process
     emission rate  using the F-Factor.

     A.    Principle

           1.    A gas sample is extracted from the stack

                a.   Single pt. grab sample

                b.   Single pt. integrated sample

                c.   Multi  pt. integrated sample

                d.   Multi  pt. grab sample

                                   114
                                                  Note:  Tell  the
                                                  class that we will
                                                  cover the sample
                                                  procedure and
                                                  calculations then
                                                  go to the lab to
                                                  practice the Orsat

-------
        CONTENT  OUTLINE
    Course:    450
    Lecture Title:
Lecture 7

  Review RMl; RM2; RM4:  RM3
                                      Page  9   0/_lL	
                                           NOTES
     2.   The sample Is analyzed for CO-,  0_, CO
         using an Orsat analyzer or Fyrite

         a.   The Orsat must be used for

              1)   Excess  air calculations

              2)   Emission rate calculations based on the
                   F-Factor

         b.   Fyrite may be used when only the dry molecular
              weight of the gas is needed

B.   Applicability

     1.   Applicable for C0_, 0», CO, excess air, and dry
         molecular weight  determinations  from fossil-fuel
         combustion processes

     2.   May be used at other processes where other compounds
         are present in the stack gas if  these compounds
         are not in high enough concentration to effect the
         results

     3.   Other methods and modifications  may be used with
         administator approval

C.   Procedures - Emission  Rate and Excess Air

     1.   Check the FR subparts for appropriate procedure

         a.   Single pt. grab sample                    ^
                                      Slides
                                      L7-34 = Orsat
                                      L7-35 = Fyrite
                                      F-Factor:
         b.   Multi pt.  integrated sample

         c.   Multi pt.  grab sample
     2.    The procedures given here are for emission rate
          and excess air determinations

          a.   The data for these procedures is the most
              critical

          b.   It is good practice to use these procedures
              for all determinations

          c.   These collect the greatest amount  of data
                                               ^

                                       covered la"
                                       the course
|"20.9  1
J20.9-%OJ
ater in
                                       Sample probe no
                                       closer than 1 meter
                                       to stack wall

                                       At least 8 traverse
                                       pts in the duct.
                                       Follow RMl
                                       procedures
                               115

-------
    CONTENT   OUTLINE
Course:   450  Lecture 7
Lecture Title:     Review RMl; RM2;  RM4; RM3   "* «**
                                                  Page  .">  oflL
                                                       NOTES
     Sample train - draw train shown on page 41769
     FR 8/18/77

     Train operation - general for all procedures

     a.  Leak check the train at 250 mm Hg (10 in Hg)
         following paragraph 3.2.2 page 41770

     b.  Position the probe at the traverse point

     c.  Purge sampling lines

     d.  Sample at a constant rate and equal length
         of  time at each traverse point

     e.  Sample for the same period and simultaneously
         as  the Method 5 sample

     f.  Collect at least 30 liters (1CF) of stack gas

     g.  Analyze using the Orsat

     Orsat Analysis

     a.  Analyze sample within 4 hrs after extraction

         Leak check the Orsat
b.
          1)

          2)


          3)

          4)
         Bring bubbler  solutions to reference marks
                                        See workbook
                                         Page 67
         Bring burette solution to mid scale and   This requires
                                                 thorough instructor
                                                 explanation
record reading

Let apparatus sit for  4 minutes
         If all solutions still at reference marks
         leak check is OK.  Find any  leaks noted
     c.    Analyze the stack gas

          1)   C02 read directly as %C02

          2)   0- is cumulative so
              %o2 - (co2 + o2) - %co2

          3)   CO is also cumulative so
              % CO  = (C02 + 02 + CO) -  (%02 + %C02)

          4)   N- is determined by difference
              100 - (C02 + 02 + CO) = %  N2
                          116

-------
        CONTENT  OUTLINE
    Course:   450  Lecture 7
    Lecture Title:
                      Review RMl;  RM2; RM4;  RM3
                               PROl^
                                       Page.
                                             11
            11
                                            NOTES
         d.   Calculations

             1.   Dry molecular weight (M.)

    M,  - 0.44(%C00) + 0.32  (%0.) + 0.28 (%N.) + 0.28(%CO)
     d            L           e.           2.

             2.   Apparent wet molecular weight (M )
                                             S
    M
    %EA  =
                w
      18(B
                 s
                          w
                           s
             3.
 % Excess Air

%02 - 0.5 (%CO)
             0.264(%N2) - %02 + 0.5(%CO)
                                      x 100
This is the correct
equation FR 8/18/77
page 41771 Equation
3-1 is wrong.
Proceed to Orsat Laboratory - The Orsat Lab is designed  for
practice only.  Students will need instructor demonstration
of Orsat procedures and careful attention during the practice
session.
                            117

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118

-------
119

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                              LESSON PLAN
                    TOPIC:  CALCULATION AND INTERPRETATION
                            OF % ISOKINETIC
                     COURSE:  450 - Lecture 8
                     LESSON  TIME:i.hour  45 minutes
                     PREPARED BY:j> Jahnke    DATE:9/21/78
Lesson Goal;

     To present the concept of % isokinetic,  derive the expression given for % I
     in the Federal Register, and present the method used  for  evaluating the
     adequacy  of source tests which are not  100% isokinetic.

Lesson Objectives;

     The student will be able to:

     1.   Locate the equations for %I in the  Federal Register  and in the course
          workbook.

     2.   Explain how the %I expression is derived.

     3.   Explain the relative importance of  the variables in  the %I expression
          and point out which ones should be  closely checked on the  source  test
          report.

     4.   Illustrate the effect of underisokinetic sampling on the measured
          pmr, relative to the true pmr.

     5.   Illustrate the effect of overisokinetic sampling on  the measured  pmr,
          relative to the true pmr.

     6.   Evaluate whether a source test should be rejected or accepted, based
          upon the value of the % isokinetic  and whether the emission rate  value
          is above or below the standard.

Student Prerequisite Skills:

     Ability to multiply and divide and to have deductive reasoning  ability.

Level of Instruction;

     College undergraduate science
                                     121

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Intended Student Professional Background;

     High school math and general science.
     Understanding of previous day's material is important for this lecture.

Support Materials and Equipment;

     1.   Course workbook

     2.   Federal Register - Vol. 42, No. 160, August 18, 1977. "Standards of
          Performance for New Stationary Sources - Revision to Reference Methods 1-8."
     3.   "A Guideline for Evaluating Compliance Test Results"- A Monograph
          by R. Shigehara
     4.   Slide projector
Special Instructions;

     This is an important lecture for agency people.  The latter part of the
     lecture, however, is difficult  for  some people.  One should proceed carefully
     and slowly in this presentation.  Hand out the monograph by R. Shigehara
     at the end of the lecture - not before, or everyone will immediately turn
     off.  For those who don't understand the lecture, the monograph will serve
     as a "cookbook" procedure for them.

References:
                                     122

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            CONTENT  OUTLINE
Course: 450  Lecture 8
        Title: Calculation and  Interpretation of^
             % Isokinetic
                                                            ul
                                                            (9
                                                     ,
                                                       Page  l
                                                            NOTES
I.   Derivation of the %  Isokinetic Equation

     A.   Expression given in Federal Register
         Refer to 42 FR  41782 August 18, 1977
         Equations 5-7 and 5-8

     B.   %I indicates how well the source tester was  able to
         achieve the AH's required for  isokinetic sampling.
     C.
     D.
                                                              L8-1
                                                      j Page 72 in workbook
 %I is not an indication of the accuracy of the test.      Stress Point C.
 Ex. - If bne drops the  filter paper and loses particulate
 matter, this does not show up in the %I calculation

 %I value is important to source tester and agency operat9r
 since it provides one of the bases for accepting or
 rejecting a test, as given in paragraph 6.12.
          1.

          2.


          3.
      If 90 <
_< 110 tests are acceptable
                                                 These concepts are
                                                , difficult for some
If E <  standard and  %I < 90, test can be accepted,  students.  Explain
(on approval by Administrator )
      If E > standard and %I >  110, test can be accepted
      (on approval by Administrator)
     E.   Derivation
                   v
         1.   %I = — x 100  "definition"
                   v
                    s
          2.   From the equation of continuity

                   'n
              vn = A"
          3.   Q  from collected data
                                                        later, at end of
                                                        lecture.
                                                              L8-2
                                                              L8-3
              Q  = V   + V
               n    sw   n
                         6

              where 6 = sampling time period
       "*n    sw   meter corrected
                 e
                                                              L8-4
                                  123

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   CONTENT  OUTLINE

                                     fi& STlfr
                                  P
Course:  450  Lecture 8
Lecture  Title: Calculation and Interpretation or\
                  I
                   O
           % Isokinetic
      Correction of volume metered at orifice, to stack
      conditions
                      Page.
of.
                                                   NOTES

                                m
                                           meter
orifice
corrected
   to
stack conditions
      Correction for water collected in impingers
                  lc
      and
                 p*v   -   RT
                  s sw   M  s
                     RT
           9»" V  «^r
                         RT
          V
           sw
                     j        L8-5
                     i
                     j  stress that all art
                     I  really doing is
                     !  relating the volunu
                       of gas going throuj
                       the orifice meter
                     :'  to that going
                       through the nozzle
                                             !  Note:
                                             j  VTP = volume of
                                             !  liquid collected ii
                                             (  impingers and silic a
                                             ;  gel. Silica gel
                                             !  volume obtained
                                             i  from weight differ-
                                             j  ence using Fig. 5-:
                                             i  42 FR 41780
                                             j  Aug. 18, 1977.
                                             i
                                             i
                                             i  L8-6
                the volume of water vapor at stack conditions.
 6.   Substituting T & P correction into 0
                                      n
      where
                PH OR
in Hg ft3/ml °R
                         124
                                                     L8-7
                                               point out value of
                                               K»  in paragraph
                                               6.12 so they will
                                               believe you.

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   CONTENT  OUTLINE
Course: 450    LectureS
Lecture  Title: calculation and  Interpretation
                                          m)
                                                    Page.
                                                             of
                                                        NOTES
            of % Isokinetic
7,   Substituting into %I expression
         v        Q
    %I = — 100 =  -Sj—   100
         v        v A
          s        s n
10.
     II -p*
          s
                      v
                      -      P
                             P
                           / p   + AH_\~|
                           \  b    13.6 jj
                                          100
                       A  6v
                       n   s
 8.   %I - Federal Register Expression
          100  T
                       60
     %I FR expression from intermediate data
        = K
              T V
               s m(std)
           4  P v A 9(1-B  )
               s s n    ws
              K,= 0.09450  for English units
     Special features of  the expression
                                                           L8-8
                                                           L8-9
                                                          L8-10
                                                   i Note that all this
                                                    is, is

                                                    v
                                                    — x 100
                                                    v
                                                   I  s
                                                    where v is obtain*
                                                    from V  which is
                                                    corrected back to
                                                    nozzle  conditions.
                    2    2
          A  is in ft  or m
           n
          (42 FR 41781 paragraph 6.1 nomenclature)

          Values for A should be extended  to 4 or  5
          decimal places - be wary of rounding off.

          A source test observer should check the values
          of A , B   and V  , since small changes in  the
          values can have a great effect on the value of
          %I.  A source tester may attempt  to alter the
          value of %I by modifying these input values,
          so that the test will be approved without
          question. The student should be warned about

                        125
                                                   >e

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       CONTENT  OUTLINE
   Course: 450  Lecture 8
   Lecture Title -'calculation and  Interpretation
                                                  Page Ji	of  6
                                                       NOTES
                of % Isokinetic
F.   Acceptable results
                                                         L8-11
     1.    Review of pmr
               m
          pmr
                n
                n
                    s s
                    s
                     Pmr is an older terminology.
                     For pmr calculate by the
                     concentration method.
                     pmr  is calculated by the ratio
                               of areas method.
                                                 u
                                                          I
     2.
Effect of non-isokinetic conditions on the pmr eagure(j
value
                                                                   L8-12
          b.
          c.
          d.
          e.
     First consider small particles < 1 ym under •
     or over  isokinetic sampling will not matter,
     since particles will follow streamlines and
     m will not vary
     v

     Second,  consider large particles > 5 ym
     under, isokinetic sampling -*• get too. high a
     concentration because large particles punch
     into probe and collect too much mass for a
     smaller  volume.  This varies as 1/v

     Over, isokinetic sampling •»• get too low of a
     concentration because get too few large
     particles for the larger volume collected.
     This varies as 1/v

     If plot  Pmrmeasured   vs the % isokinetic,
             pmr,.
               true
     obtain the plot of given on page 76 of Workboolj

     An actual particle distribution will lie
     somewhere in between.

     Question:

     If a test is done at 80% I and the value of thi
     emission rate is below the standard, should thi
     test be  accepted or rejected?

     Answer:

     Accepted, since if the test was conducted at
     100% I,  the value of the emission rate would
     be even  lower.   This is obvious from the graph
                              126
                                                            good review of
                                                            Tuesday morning
                                                            concepts
                                                                   L8-12
This is an extreme]
important point.
Efforts should  be
made to see that tti
students understand
this.
                                                            Point out  on graph,
                                                            difference of
                                                                     pmr     at
                                                                       meas.
                                                  80%

                                                  at 100%
                                                                   pmr
                                                                      measured

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    CONTENT  OUTLINE
Course: 450 Lecture 8
Lecture Title: calculation and Interpretation
Page
                                                       of -A.
                                                  NOTES
              of % Isokinetic
      f.   Question:
                                              same comment
           If a test  Is done at 120% I and the value of tjie
           emission rate Is above the standard, should the
           test be accepted or rejected?                 ;
                                                         pmr
           Answer:
                                                           measured
                                                                    at 120!
Accepted,  since if the test was  conducted at  j
100% I,  the value of E would be  even higher   i  pmr
and still  above the standard
      g.   Question:

           In the previous question,  if  the results of   ;
           the test meant that a $5,000,000 piece of     !
           control equipment would have  to be installed,  j
           would you  still accept the test?              j
                                                       i
                                                       (
           Answer:

           Debate                                      '

           Note that  if a test is not 100% Isokinetic, the
           value for  C  will be wrong.   The above arguments
           are for an agency's use.
                                                           measured
                                                                    at 100!
           If a source operator needed  the information to,
           size a particulate control device, the above  i
           arguments are useless in giving him the right
           answer.  Paragraph 6.12 is only a consideratioi
           to be used for agency test approval, and doesn
           have too much to do with
           emission rate.
                        the value of the
Note also  that if a test is 100% isokinetic,  ii
no way does this imply that the value of C ,
pmr, or E  obtained, is the true value.  Errors
other than those due to not achieving the
calculated emission rate may arise.

These may  be the following:

1.   Wrong input of variables into isokinetic
     rate  equation will give wrong AH's.  This
     however, will not appear in % I calculatic

2.   Errors in nomograph will similarly not shi
     up in % I calculation.
                           127
                                                       n.
                                                       w

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      CONTENT  OUTLINE
   Course: 450   Lecture 8
   Lecture Title:calculation and Interpretation
                                                    Page—fL 110%
     isokinetic.
                             128

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129

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                               LESSON  PLAN
                      TOPIC:
SAMPLING TRAIN CONFIGURATION
DEFINITION OF A PARTICULATE
                      COURSE:   450  Lecture 9
                      LESSON  TIME=15  minutes
                      PREPARED BY:             DATE:
                       Giuseppe J.  Aldina       10/2/78
Lesson Goal:

     To point out to students the legal and scientific definitions  of
     a particulate.  Show students how sampling train is set-up  and how physical
     operation can affect the particulate definition.

Lesson Objectives:

     The student should be able to:

     1.  *Write the Federal Register definition of a particulate given  in
          the NSPS regulations.

     2.   Describe the sampling train parameters effecting the definition              LJJ
          of a particulate.                                                           ••

     3.   Define "particulate" for the sampling train configurations given
          on page 78 of the workbook.

Prerequisite Skills;

     None

Level of Instruction;

     College undergraduate science

Intended Student Professional Background;

     General Science

Support Materials and Equipment;

     1.  Federal Register  - Vol 43, No.  37, February 23, 1978, Part V,  "Kraft Pulp Mills"

     2.   450 Workbook

     3.   450 Manual

*0riginally given in FR 12/23/71.   Has been updated several times in various
 FR's.  Best example is FR 2/23/78 Part V, page 7584 Introduction.
                                     131

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     The course up to this point has dealt with the reference method
procedures for partlculate source sampling.  We have presented the
bulk of the procedures required to get a sample from a stack gas.  Now
we want to direct more attention toward the type of sample we take and
the various parameters which can effect the final emissions calculations.
This lecture begins this phase of the course.  We will define a partlculate
both legally and scientifically.
                                132

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              CONTENT  OUTLINE
           Course:   450
           Lecture Title:
   Lecture 9                 3
SAMPLING TRAIN CONFIGURATIONS:'
DEFINITION OF A PARTICULATE
                                     \
                                      ul
                                      (3
                                         Page.
of A.
                                                                        NOTES
I.   Legal Precedent — The Clean Air Act

    A.    New source performance standards
          1.   The Clean Act gives  EPA a mandate to protect our
              air resources

          2.   The Act sets the policy for Standards of Performance
              a.   The term "Standards of Performance" means a stan-
                   dard for emissions of air pollutants which
                   reflects the degree of emission limitation
                   achievable through the application of the best
                   system of emission reduction which  (taking into  '
                   account the cost of achieving such reduction)    I
                   the Administrator determines has been adequately ;
                   demonstrated.                                   i
              b.   This is important  for it indicates political
                   and economic realities which are reflected in
                   the subparts pertaining to emission sources
                                         Refer to manual,
                                         page 9-1 for pre-
                                         cise language
          Legal definition of particulate - FR 12/23/71  page 24878
          Subpart D, § 60.41, (C)
          "Particulate matter means  any finely divided liquid or
          solid material other than  uncombined water as  measured
          by Method 5."

          The  legal definition refers  to the scientific  definition
          for  particulate
          1.   The legal definition  is stated in (B)

          2.   The scientific definition is given by RMS

          3.   Remember that the subparts give specific  guides and
              requirements for sampling procedures at an affected
              facility
          4.   These are all related to the Clean Air Act mandate

              a.   The act does not state complete elimination
                   of air pollution must be achieved
              b.   NSPS requirements  are written with control
                   equipment technology and cost in mind
              c.   The sampling methods can measure total
                   emissions from a source

              d.   The subparts specify the sampling methods used
                   to test emissions
                                    133
                                         Ask if anybody
                                         knows this for
                                         Federal and state
                                         regulations
                                         Ask if anyone
                                         readily distin-
                                         guishes the
                                         difference

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        CONTENT  OUTLINE
     Course:    450  Lecture 9                   r.
     Lecture  Title:     SAMPLING TRAIN CONFIGURATION&U
                                            SE
                                            ^^
                                                   \
                                                       Page.
     of.
NOTES
D.
         f.
Example
         The point is that the sampling method
         may not measure all emissions from source -
         It tests emissions as required in the  regulation^

         The regulations may vary to give the source some
         economic relief
     1.   The nominal operating temperature of RM5 filter
         holder is 120  + 14°C (248° + 25°F)
          However, .the FR 10/6/75 page 46258 § 60.46,  5(b)
          states that RM at a fossil-fuel fired steam
          generator may have a filter holder and probe
          operating at 160°C (320°F)

          Does this effect the particulate catch?

          Yes

          Why?

          At 320°F S0_ and sulfuric acid mist will pass
          through the filter into the impingers

          a.   RMS includes particulates caught in the nozzle,
              probe liner, and on the filter mat

          b.   S0~ can form sulfates on the filter mat at
              temperatures below approximately 270 F

          c.   H_SO, can be condensed on the filter mat
              and in the probe at temperatures below 250 F

          d.   320°F assures neither S0_ or H_SO, is included
              in the particulate catch

              1)   An ESP alone would have a tough time
                   Controlling these  to meet NSPS

              2)   An ESP and scrubber would surely handle
                   this problem but can be expensive.
              3)   This strategy is now in line with the
                   statement of reasonable cost factors
                              134

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    CONTENT  OUTLINE
 Course:  450   Lecture 9
 Lecture  Title:  SAMPLING TRAIN CONFIGURATIONS:
	  DDPIMITIOll OF A PARTIOULATE	


                                                                 Page.
                                                                      NOTES
         5.   These Items illustrate all the points we have
              discussed

              a.   There is a legal and scientific definition
                   for a particulate

              b.   The scientific definition is RMS

              c.   Particulates caught in RMS are determined
                   partly by
                   1)   Operating temperature of the probe filter

                   2)   Portions of the train analyzed

II.   Sampling Train Configurations

     A.   The sampling train set-up, operating temperature, and
         segments analyzed effect the definition of particulate

     B.   We want to examine several sampling train configurations
         to determine the effect on the definition of a particulate

         1.   This may be important in designing source sampling   1
              experiments

         2.   It is important to be sure a sampling train meets
              the requirements of state and federal agencies
              when doing compliance testing

         3.   It gives some background for possible modifications
              to a sampling system that may

              a.   Make the job easier

              b.   But not effect the particulate catch we would
                   get using the straight RMS system

     C.   Sample Trains (workbook page 78)

         1.   Reference Method 5 - Particulate defined

              a.   Probe - filter temperature

              b.   Analysis procedures

         2.   Configuration 1 - Particulate defined

              a.   Condenser conditions

              b.   Analysis procedure
                                   135
                                                         Get  the class to
                                                         Join in describing
                                                         the  particulate
                                                         catch for each
                                                         system

-------
        CONTENT  OUTLINE
    Course:   450
    Lecture Title:
 Lecture 9
  SAMPLING TRAIN CONFIGURATIONS
	DBPIHITIOH OP A PAHTIOULATB
                                         Page.
                                             NOTES
     3.   Configuration 2

         a.   Probe-filter temperature

         b.   Second filter may have particulate at condenser
              conditions

         c.   Analysis

     4.   Method 17(Configuration  2)

         a.   Stack temperature

         b.   Analysis

         c.   May yield results significantly lower than EMS

This "definition of a particulate" discussion points out the
important legal and scientific aspects of the particulate
sampling method and its relationship to the Clean Air Act
mandate.  The discussion shows that careful preparation must
go into planning stack tests to meet test goals, agency
regulations, and allow reasonable  sampling procedures.  This
leads us into the discussion on designing a stack test and
performing our laboratory.
                                        Hand out Feb 23, 197
                                        FR on Kraft Pulp
                                        Mills at this point.
                              136

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                                  LESSON  PLAN
                         TOPIC:   DISCUSSION OF  SOURCE
                                  SAMPLING  EXERCISES
                         COURSE; 450    Lecture  10
                         LESSON TIME:  l hour  15 minutes
                         PREPARED BY:             DATE:
                            Giuseppe  J.  Aldina     10/02/78
Lesson Goal;

    To familiarize students with the procedures for designing,  planning,
    and performing a stack test; the basic operation of the  EPA Method  5
    sampling train; and present a usable report writing format.

Lesson Objectives;

    The student should be able to:

    1.  List the steps involved in designing a stack test

    2.  List the information necessary in a pre-survey of  the stack
        test site

    3.  Recall the planning steps for a stack test

    4.  Recall a usable report writing format

    5.  Describe the basic procedures for performing an EPA  Method 5
        test including filling out data forms and making calculations

Prerequisite Skills;

    Knowledge of operating requirements for RM5 procedures and  equipment
    (RM1, RM2, RM3, and RM4)

Level of Instruction;

    College undergraduate science

Intended Student Professional Background;

    General Science

Support Materials;
    1.   Manual page 7-1
    2.   Workbook pages 80-81, 79
3.  Programmed calculation sheet
                                        137

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Special Instructions;

     This lecture is an explanation of the manual and workbook flow
     charts, outlines and exercises for the EPA Method 5 test

References;

     None
     This lecture will center on discussion of the flow chart  on workbook
     page 80-81.   This flow chart contains our thoughts and opinions on
     every aspect of planning and performing a source test.  After we have
     discussed the  items on page 80 we will go on to the workbook laboratory
     exercise on page  82 .  Writing a source test report will be covered last.
                                      138

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             CONTENT  OUTLINE
         Course:   450   Lecture  10
         Lecture Title-     DISCUSSION OF SOURCE
                           O AVTDT TM/"*
                                                             Page.
                                                                 NOTES
I.
Designing a stack test

A.   Determine stack test necessity

     1.    A stack test for compliance to regulations  is obvious

     2.    Often stack tests yield valuable process operation
          data

B.   Research the literature - Refer to flow chart section

     1.    This is extremely important

     2.    Provides information as given in flow chart

C.   State test objectives

     1.    With test necessity and research it is now  possible
          to write complete test objectives

     2.    Objectives are extremely important

          a.   Every experiment in science has objectives
              written prior to beginning the work

          b.   Experiments are then designed to meet  the
              objectives

          c.   Experimental work then evaluated in terms of
              meeting, proving, or disproving the objectives
                                                                  Use flowchart
                                                                  and these notes
                                                                  for the discussioi
              d.   Treat each stack test as an original scientific
                   experiment -  IT IS an original  experiment
     D.   Design the experiment - follow the flow chart descriptions

     E.   Do a pre-survey - follow the flow chart

         1.   A pre-survey is often overlooked

              a.   To cut costs

              b.   It is assumed there will be no problems

         2.   A pre-survey

              a.   Can save time and money in the long run

              b.   Makes the job easier

              c.   Allows much better planning and experiment
                   design

     F.   Finalize test plans - follow the flow chart
    	139	
                                                             Stress  this point -
                                                             Take no part of
                                                             the test for
                                                             granted

                                                            NOTE:
                                                            This is  not to implji
                                                            that'Method 5 is an
                                                            experimental method.
                                                            It has been well
                                                            proven and document* i
                                                            over the past 10 yrs
                                                            The statements are
                                                            given to instill an
                                                            attitude which is
                                                            held by  the authors.

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            CONTENT  OUTLINE
         Course:  450
         Lecture Title:
Lecture 10
 DISUCSSION OF SOURCE
 SAMPLING EXBRCIBES	
                                             NOTES
     G.   Prepare equipment - this is obvious and we have been
         doing the type of preparation necessary in our laboratori

         1.   An important point to make  is for the test team
              to carry plenty of spare equipment

         2.   Test all equipment before leaving for the job site

     H.   Confirmations

         1.   Travel and accommodations are extremely important

         2.   Be sure the process is operating at desired level
              before starting travel

     I.   Arrival at the site - follow flow chart

         1.   Inform plant contact of your arrival

         2.   Review the test plan with all persons involved in
              the program

         3.   Confirm sampling site and process operation

     This concludes the first part of our  lesson concerning the des:
     and planning of the source test.  Now we want to proceed to
     the laboratory exercise on page 84. in the workbook to cover
     items on performing the source test.

I.    Equipment preparations

     A.   Check the nozzle

         1.   Round tip opening

         2.   Calibrate the nozzle using  a micrometer as described
              on Monday morning

     B.   The sampling probe

         1.   These items have been done  by the laboratory staff
              to save time for sampling

         2.   They should be checked routinely prior to use

     C.   Sample case - again this has been done by the staff
                                   140

-------
        CONTENT  OUTLINE
    Course:   450  Lecture 10
    Lecture Title:   DISCUSSION OP SOURCE
                 '	OAMPLTHO mtDRGIDBO	
Page  3   0/.JL
     NOTES
     The  impingers are filled by the staff and assembled
     The  procedure is straight forward and you will get some
     hands on experience during the disassembly at the end
     of the test

     Check the umbilical line and meter console
F.    The  sampling train leak test

     1.   The completely assembled sampling train is now ready
         for a leak test

     2.   For clarity we will go directly on with the leak tesi

         a.   At an actual test several tasks could be
              performed while waiting for the train to
              come up to operating temperature

         b.   A suggested sequence will be presented after
              we cover the leak test

     3.   Bring all train components to operating temp.

     4.   Turn the fine adjust valve fully counter clockwise -
         open

     5.   Be sure coarse adjust valve is closed

     6.   Turn on the pump

     7.   Seal nozzle opening

     8.   Slowly open the coarse valve - fully open

     9.   Turn the fine adjust valve (by pass valve) slowly
         in a clockwise direction

    10.   Watch the vacuum gage as it proceeds toward 380 mm
         (15 in) Hg

         a.   Do not exceed 380 mm Hg

         b.   If you do exceed 380 mm Hg

              1)   Slowly release vacuum at the nozzle or

              2)   Leak test at the vacuum reached

         c.   Do not turn the fine adjust valve counter
              clockwise at anytime during the leak test

                               141

-------
             CONTENT  OUTLINE
                                 sr,,,.
         Course:    450
         Lee fare Title:
 Lecture 10
  DISCUSSION OF  SOURCE
	CAMPLING EXERCISES	
                                        Page	of	
                                             NOTES
         .11.  Time the  leak rate using the dry gas meter and    ,
              a stopwatch.  The leak must be less than 0.00057 m /
              min (0.02 cfm)


         12.  After timing the leak rate

              a.   If it passes requirements record the leak rate
                   and  slowly release vacuum at the nozzle

              b.   If the train has an unacceptable leak release
                   vacuum at the nozzle then

                   1)   Track down the leak

                   2)   Re-test

II.   Organization on the stack and in the lab

     A.   Turn to the flow chart on page 80.

     B.   We have covered to this point

         1.   Equipment calibration

         2.   Laboratory preparations before testing

         3.   Train assembly

         4.   Leak testing

     C.   Several of these items can be going on simultaneously

         1.   This will save time which is important on site

         2.   Suggestions are

              a.   1 Technician assemble equipment for the test

              b.   1 Technician take measurements for RM1
                   requirements

              c.   Team leader prepare data forms and equations

         3.   After taking RMl data

              a.   Team leader makes RMl calculations

              b.   Technicians assemble traversing system
                                   142
                                       iThis is  the basic
                                       imethod in the FR.
                                       ;The procedure
                                        described therein
                                        is more  elaborate
                                        and should be
                                       I followed if wanting
                                       I to meet  the letter
                                       iof regulations.

-------
    CONTENT  OUTLINE
 Course:   450  Lecture 10
 Lecture Title1    DISCUSSION OF SOURCE
	•	SAMPLING EXERCISES	
                                                 Page.
                     of.
$&)
                                                     NOTES
 4.   RM1 data completed

     a.   Mark traverse points on probe

     b.   Do velocity traverse - quick preliminary

     c.   Do H~0  estimate

 5.   While the train is coming to operating temperature
     for leak test

     a.   1 Technician prepare RM3 equipment

     b.   Team leader solve isokinetic equations and
          fill out data sheets

     c.   1 Technician prepare other sampling trains for
          runs 2  and 3

 6.   When ready perform leak test

 7.   After leak test

     a.   Add ice to the impinger bath

     b.   Record  dry gas meter starting  reading

     c.   Inform  plant of test about to  start

     d.   Position equipment at point 1  in the stack

     e.   Record  all data and calculate  AH desired

     f.   Start test and record time

 8.   The train remains  on during  the  traverse  in the port

     a.   15 seconds before time is up at a traverse
          point move train to next point - this allows Ap
          manometer to stabilize

     b.   Record  time interval readings

     c.   Calculate new AH from Ap

 9.   When the port test time is over stop the train then
     move to next port
                                                jn the'
10.
Repeat  the procedures outlined for each port
                          143

-------
             CONTENT  OUTLINE
         Course:   450
         Lecture Title:
                 Lecture 10
                   DISCUSSION OF SOURCE
                 	CAMPLING EXERCISED	
                                                            NOTES
         11.   Be constantly aware during the test of:

              a.   Test  times

              b.   Dry gas meter revolutions

              c.   Stack temperature

              d.   Sample case temperature

              e.   Pump  vacuum

              f.   Impinger temperature

              g.   AH versus Ap readings

     D.   At the end of the test

         1.   Remove the sample case and probe from the stack
              with the pump off

         2.   Record

              a.   End time

              b.   Dry gas meter final reading

         3.   Let the train cool then seal the nozzle.  Clean-up
              should be  done in  a  laboratory or other clean area


III.  Data sheet and calculations

     A.   Data averages

         1.   Dry gas meter volume sampled - V  = final - initial
              dry gas meter reading

         2.   Average AH - straight arithmetic average

         3.   Average square root of the Ap readings

         4.   Average stack temperature

     B.   Calculations -  use programmed sheet and explain to student

IV.   Report writing - manual page 7-1.

     A.
     B.
This is  straight forward and can be done by following  the
manual sections.

If time  is tight instruct students to read the section
as homework
                          144
                                                       Clean-up is not
                                                       done in lab except
                                                       for measuring H^O.
                                                       Procedures are
                                                       given in manual
                                                          page 5-12.

-------
                                LESSON  PLAN
                       TOPIC:  CONCENTRATION CORRECTIONS AND
                              PROBLEM SESSION
                       COURSE:  450 -  Lecture  11
                       LESSON TIME:   1  hour 15 minutes
                       PREPARED BY:  J.A.  Jahnke DATE: 10/2/78
Lesson Goal:
     To introduce methods of correcting emissions data from combustion sources to
     different  types  of  standard conditions.
Lesson Objectives:
     The student will be able to:

     1.   Discuss the relationships that exist in  fossil  fuel-fired
          boilers between excess air,  % 0_,  and %  C0~

     2.   Define excess  air

     3.   Correct a particulate concentration to standard temperature
          and pressure

     4.   Correct a particulate concentration to 50% excess air using
          two methods

     5.   Correct a particulate concentration to 12% CO-

     6.   Correct a particulate concentration to 6% 0^

Student Prerequisite Skills;

     Ability to multiply and divide

Intended Background;

     General Science

Level of Instructions;

     College undergraduate math
                                       145

-------
Materials;

     1.   Workbook

     2.   Manual

     3.   Slide Projector

     4.   Calculators

Special Instructions;

     This is the first lecture Thursday morning.  The pace of the course
     has been rather rapid and perhaps overwhelming to some students.
     Lectures on Thursday are intentionally slower paced so that the students
     may have an opportunity to digest the material and ask questions on
     points previously covered which may not be clear.

References:
     Course Manual - Appendix
                                        146

-------
               CONTENT  OUTLINE    ,
               _______^__    i
           Course:   450 - Lecture 11                  ^
           Lecture Title-   CONCENTRATION CORRECTIONS AND
           t-^^'urc line.   PROBLEM SESSION

                                                            Page.
                                         of.
                                                                 NOTES
Correction of concentration to standard temperature and
pressure

A.   Did this in first  lecture, using ideal gas law
     derivation is:
                                    V
                                                                 I Page  98  Workbook
                                                                 •        Lll-1
               corr
               std
                            std
                           ?std
T  *
 std s
T P _j
 s std
               corr
                              P T   ,
                           r   s std

                            S PstdTs
                      M

                     corr

                        P   T
                         std s
                                   P   T
                                    std s
                                   p T -j
                                    s std
               corr
                            s P T  _
                              s std
B.
C.
          Need to first correct data to standard temperature and
          pressure before doing other corrections
          In EPA reference methods:

                   Standard Temperature = 68°F

                   Standard Pressure = 29.92"Hg

II.  Excess Air Corrections

     A.   Stoichiometric air vs. excess air

          1.   If you burn carbon stoichiometrically,  what do you get
               Gas, j'ust CO- and N_ left over.

          2.   Boiler operation — most combustion sources can't run
               stoichiometrically, need more air.  Fuel in combus-
               tion zone of boiler will deplete immediate region of
               oxygen.  New fuel entering region will  lack enough
               oxygen to burn completely and will have incomplete
               combustion.  Need to add excess air.
                               147
                                                                     Lll-2

-------
   CONTENT  OUTLINE
         450 — Lecture 11
       Titlt>' CONCENTRATION CORRECTIONS
       ""e  AND PROBLEM SESSION
                                                       Page.
                        of.
                                                            NOTES
3.   When adding excess air,  get different percentages     Point on graph
     of C02 and 02> based upon type of fuel and amount
     of excess air.
Definition of Excess Air:
             Volume Excess Air
                                                              Lll-3
1.   % E.
                                   100
             Theoretical Volume
             required for complete combustion
       EA
                   % 02 - .5 (% CO)
             .264(% N )-[7o02 -  .5(%CO)]
100
Correcting a concentration to  50% excess air.

1.   Between 1920-1940 many coal combustion sources
     operated at about 50% excess air.  Today most
     sources operate at much lower excess air.

2.   Excess air, %C02, %02 corrections used to  correct
     for  dilution of the flue  gas.  Note that a concen-
     tration can be reduced by dilution and a source
     could pass a concentration standard by doing so.
     These corrections bring emissions to a common
     referent, accounting for  such dilution.

3.   50%  excess air correction
                C
Refer to Appendix
in Manual for
derivations.  Will
not derive in
class.   PageD-1
                                                              Lll-4
         s
         50
                 s (100 + % EA)
                      150
     50%  excess air correction from Orsat data
                                                              Lll-5
         '50
                      ..5(%02)- .133(%N2)- .75(%CO;
               i  	
                                 21
                                               iol
     The equations are derived in Appendix of the manual.
     They are not equivalent expressions.   In fact, both
     functions are not good functions and  are not contin-
     uous.  They will give different values for arbitrary
     values of %0_, %N_,  and %CO, but are  almost identi-
     cal combustion sources.
                          148

-------
SoniiTrkiT niifi iyr ^""^
CONTENT UUILINt f **\
Course • Asn v^"*!*^^!^
/ f T.ft CONCENTRATION CORRECTIONS AND V X?
Lecture Title: PROBLEM SESSION ifw*
III. Correcting to 12%C02
A. Used in NSPS for municipal incinerators and by some states
for some other sources.
B. C - "C 12
S12 S %C02
C. The correction may cause a significant error in the reporte
emission rate, due to errors in determining %CO« by Orsat.
One collaborative test contracted by EPA had a Between
! test team deviation of concentration value of ^ 15%. When
corrections were made to 12%CO-, deviation jumped to almost
25%.
IV. Correcting concentration to 6% oxygen
1. Some standards are written in terms of an oxygen correction
instead of a C02 correction
2. C = Cs [20.9 - 6.0]
a6%02 20.9 - %02
;
I
- 3. Some standards may be corrected to 3%0_ instead of 6%.
; Change 6 to 3 in this case.
20.9 is the % 0, in air.
L
V. Practice in performing concentration corrections.
\
\ A. Perform calculations page 100
of workbook - example given.
B. Answers - Problem I in workbook
Orsat Analysis

Test % QS PMR C$
Number EA %CO2 %O2 %CO %N2 DSCF/min. gr./min. gr./DSCF C,
1A 10 13.3 2.2 0 84.3 14,300 10,000 .699 .631
1B 46.9 9.7 7.1 0.2 83.0 19,400 10,000 .515 .637
149

NOTES
li U 1 L.O
Lll-6
d
Lll-7
Page 100
Workbook
Allow 30 minutes
for problem.
Have students
take a break
after they have
finished.
Fill in answers in
Table after most
students have
finished first
problem. Help
those who are
having difficulty.

50
From
% EA Raw Orsat Data
.513 .507
.505 .502


-------
               CONTENT  OUTLINE
            Course:  450
            Lecture Title:
                     Lecture TI                 s
                    CONCENTRATION CORRECTIONS AND '%
                    PROBLEM SESSION
                                                                01
                                                                (9
                                                      Page.
                                                                     ofJL
                                                                 NOTES
      C.   Answers - Problem II  in workbook
                                                            Fill in answers
                                                            in table  (on
                                                            chalkboard or
                                                            overhead) after
                                                            most students have
                                                            finished.  Let
                                                            the others work
                                                            until they get
                                                            the correct answers
 Test
Number
               Orsat Analysis
 %
EA
%CO,
     %CO
           DSCF/min.
               PMR
               gr./min.
                 C
                 gr./DSCF
                                                              5-17
                                                                          *50
                                                                   %  EA
                                                              From
                                                                   Raw Orsat Data
2A
48.6
12.1
 7.1
0.3
80.5
18.000
13.000
.722
                                                             .716
                                                            .715
.712
2B
100
 9.1
10.6
      80.3
      24.000
                                              13,000
                 .542
                                                      .714
                     .723
                    .721
      D.    Note the differences in answers — for coal fired boiler,
           answers all close.  Why?  Not so for oil fired boiler.
                                                           ;Refer to Fig.  11-2
                                                           'coal combustion has
                                                            the characteristics
                                                            of 12% CO
                                                                             corre-
                                                                  !spending to approx-
                                                                  jimately 6% 09 at
                                                                  ;so% EA.
                                                                   Oil does not.
                                      150

-------
151

-------
                                LESSON  PLAN
                      TOPIC:  LITERATURE SOURCES
                       COURSE;  450  Lecture 12
                       LESSON  TIME: 30 minutes
                       PREPARED BY:             DATE:
                         J. A.  Jahnke
9/21/78
Lesson Goal;

     To introduce the student to alternate sources of information  on  source
     sampling and environmental control.

Lesson Objectives;

     The student will be able to:

     1.   Recall at least three types of  sources from which information on
          source sampling methodology may be found (books,  periodicals,
          newsletters, EPA publications).

     2.   List the most important periodicals and professional organizations
          that transmit source sampling information.

     3.   Tell how to receive assistance  in obtaining EPA publications  and
          computerized literature searches.

Student Prerequisite Skills;

     None

Level of Instruction;

     Basic

Intended Student Professional Background;

     Individual involved in air pollution control programs.

Support Materials and Equipment;

     1.   Course manual-Appendix B

     2.   Slide projector

     3.   Examples of literature - periodicals,  books, etc., on air
          pollution control.

     4.   Brochure:  "Need Air Pollution  Information?"
                     EPA office of Library Services
                                      153

-------
Special Instructions;

     This lecture is easy and light-hearted.  It provides a breather in the
     morning, but is greatly appreciated by the students, particularly the
     industrial people.

References;

     None
                                       154

-------
             CONTENT  OUTLINE
          Course:     450  Lecture 12
          Lecture  Title:  LITERATURE SOURCES
p  A  \
w
Page.
                       of-JL
     NOTES
I.    Books on Air Pollution Control,  Sources, and Engineering

     A.   Fundamentals of Air Pollution - Williamson Good
              Introductory Text

     B.   Industrial Source Sampling - Brenchley, Turley, Yarmac
         Written by 3 people who attended this course.  Book now
         dated, but may have some good reference material

     C.   Air Pollution - Stern
         5 volumes - review articles on all aspects of  air pollution.
         Good reference

     D.   Chemical Engineer's Handbook - Perry
         Good reference for practicing engineers

     E.   Source Testing for Air Pollution Control -
         Cooper and Rossano
         Professional type approach to source sampling  - now
         dated, but has useful information

     F.   AP-40 Air Pollution Engineering Manual
         Basic Reference for Agency People -
         Beg, borrow or steal.
        L12-1
     G.   Others

II.   Periodicals

     A.   Journal of the Air Pollution Control Association

         1.   Very important -r.efereed articles

         2.   Ask how many students belong to APCA

         3.   Others should be encouraged to join APCA if they
              are serious about their professional work

     B.   Environmental Science and Technology

         1.   ACS publication

         2.   Refereed articles

         3.   Articles on all areas of environmental control
                                    155
        L12-2

-------
             CONTENT   OUTLINE
          Course:    450  Lecture  12
          Lecture Title:  LITERATURE SOURCES
\
    Page.
     of.
NOTES
     C.   Stack Sampling News

         1.   Sometimes has tips and techniques on source sampling

         2.   Contains announcements, etc.

         3.   Articles are  unrefereed
                                                           /
     D.   Pollution Engineering

         1.   Freebee

         2.   Articles on all areas of pollution

     E.   Staub Rheinhaltung der Luft

         1.   Very important for articles on particulate control

         2.   Unfortunately - in German - "staub" means "dust" -
              comes out 1 year later in English translation

     F.   Others:  Power, TAPPI, Chemical Engineering, etc.

III.  EPA Publications

     A.   Many publications available - obtain through NTIS or EPA
         library

           EPA Cumulative Bibliography 1970-1976  Parts  1 and 2
           PB-265-920 and EPA Publications Bibliography Quarterly
           Abstracts Bulletin NTIS UB/D/042-01, 02, 03, etc.,
           available from NTIS.

     B.   Note brochure "Need Air Pollution Information?.", and
         services available from EPA library


     C.   Mention Federal  Register and Code  of Federal Regulations -
         their importance and the distinction between  them.

IV.  Newsletters

     A.   Quick communication on a daily or  weekly basis

     B.   Expensive, but purchased by most  libraries

         1.   Environmental Reporter

         2.   Air/Water Pollution Report

         3.   Current contents

         4.   IERL Report Abstracts

                   NO  Control Review

                       Control Review, etc.
            L12-3
            L12-4

-------
            CONTENT  OUTLINE
         Course:   450  Lecture  12
         Lecture Title:
                        LITERATURE SOURCES
NOTES
V.   Other Periodicals on Environmental Topics                   j
                                                         j
    A.  Clean Air                                         j

    B.  Environment                                       '
                                                         f
    C.  Combustion

    D.  etc. ->• Make your own list

VI.  Freebees

    A.  For people who like to get something in the mail         t

    B.  Industrial Research, American Laboratory,  Laser Focus, etc.

    C.  Pollution Equipment News
   L12-5
   L12-6
                                157

-------
158

-------
                                LESSON PLAN
                      TOPIC:  THE F-FACTOR METHOD
                      COURSE;  450  Lecture 13
                      LESSON TIME:  i hour
                      PREPARED BY:             DATE:
                         J.  A.  Jahnke
9/25/78
Lesson Goal;
                                         I
     To introduce the student to the conqept of the F-Factor Method.   To
     show two methods of performing the emission rate calculation and  various
     techniques that can be performed with F-factors.

Lesson Objectives:

     The student will be able to:

     1.   Define the F-factor used in EPA Methd 5 calculations

     2.   Discuss how the F-factor can give a value for the  emission rate

     3.   Describe the requirements for using the F-factor in the EPA
          Method 5 test for new FFFSGs.

     4.   Recall alternate F-factor methods

     5.   Use F-factors for cross-checking Orsat and combustion data.

Student Prerequisite Skills;

     Ability to multiply and divide

Level of Instruction;

     College undergraduate science and math

Intended Student Professional Background;

     General Science

Support Materials and Equipment;

     1.   Course workbook

     2.   Course manual

     3.   Slide projector

                                       159

-------
Special Instructions;

     Not many students realize the importance of the F, factor in the NSPS
     requirements for performing Method 5.  Stress should be placed on this
     calculation method.

References:

     October 6, 1975    40FR46250
                                       160

-------
             CONTENT  OUTLINE
          Course: ^50   Lecture  13
          Lecture Title:   THE F-FACTOR METHOD
\
                                                       Page.
             of.
                                                           NOTES
I.   Emission in  terms of lbs/10 Btu Heat Input

    A.   Previously expressed emissions in terms of


                        o «      Ibs
                                 Ibs
                                 106 Btu
                                                       Page 108 Workbook

                                                       Write equation
                                                       on board

                                                       Note:  Did this
                                                       the first day,
                                                       but most people
                                                       in class have
                                                       forgotten it by
                                                       now
    B.   Problems:
         1.   Uncertainty in Q__.  What  is Q '
                            n           n.

              (Fuel feed rate) x (fuel  heating value)

              Does EPA have a standarized fuel truck to check
              fuel feed meters?  No.  -  have uncertainty here that
              can't check.

         2.   Too many variables in the equation for continuous
              monitoring applications.
II.  F-Factor Method

    A.
Alternate Approach
                / dilution \
     E =  C F    I correction
           8    \  term   /
     B.   Definition of the F,  factor
                           d

                    volume of theoretical dry
         1.   F,   =  combustion products/lb
               d                	
                    heating value of fuel
                    combusted  (106 Btu/lb)
                    ff
                    106Btu
              dimensionally, then
                                   161
    write on board
                                                              L13-1

-------
         CONTENT  OUTLINE
     Course:   450  Lecture 13
     Lecture Title:  THE p-pACTOR METHOD
                                                             Page.
                                                       of	
-------
        CONTENT  OUTLINE
     Course:     450   Lecture  13
     Lecture Title:  THE F-FACTOR METHOD
                                                sa
                                                               NOTES
E.
    Using F,  factor to calculate E from data given on a wet
    basis
            -  CwsFd
                          20 9
                                                                  L13-6

                                                          jDefine 02(w)-
                                                          : Oxygen concentra-
                                                          tion on a wet basis
              B  =  fractional moisture  content
               ws     -  .   .
                    of stack gas
F.    the wet F factor method  F
                            w
                                                                  L13-7
G.
         E
              TG~  F
                ws  w
         where B
                wa
                      fractional moisture content in air
     Method used in continuous monitoring applications.  B
     can be determined by several methods.

     Use of f-factors  for cross checks

     1.
                                                     wa
                            20.9 -
          d(calc)
                              20.9
     a useful calculation to do.  If F,  (calc) differs
     appreciably from tabulated values,  have a problem either
     Stoichiometric combustion check.   If have all  of data,
                        to do.  If F,  (calc) differs
                        lated values,  have a problem eith
                        Many people  use this method to check
     in Q  ,, QH,  or
     their data.
     2.   Alternate expression
         F (calc)
          w
                          •20.9(l-Bwa)-
                                20.9
                                         2(wf|
     3.   Alternate expression
          c(calc)
                          (
                            %CO
                               2(w)
                             100
                              163
                                                                  L13-8

-------
        CONTENT  OUTLINE    /£
     Course:  450   Lecture  13
     Lecture Title:
                  THE F_FACTOR METHOD
                                                  \
H.
i.
    F  factor
     0
    1.
        Great help  in checking Orsat data

               20.9 P.
        F
               100F
             %co2(d)


2.   If value not within 3 -> 5% of that tabulated, have
    a problem with the Orsat data

Correcting for incomplete combustion

1.   F-factor method assumes complete combustion of fuel

2.   Can make corrections, but normally CO levels are
    on ppm levels and do not greatly affect values
       co2)ad
                      co
                               co
                                                        LI 3-9
                                                            L13-10
                            164

-------

-------
                               LESSON PLAN
                      TOPIC:
        CALCULATIONS REVIEW;
        CLEAN-UP PROCEDURES FOR THE
   RM5TEST - CALCULATIONS AND PRE-
   TEST REVIEW - DISCUSSION 07
   LABORATORY RESULTS

COURSE; 450  Lecture 14
LESSON TIME:1 hour  45 minutes
PREPARED BY:             DATE:
                         Giuseppe J.  Aldina
                          10/2/78
Lesson Goal;

     To present clean-up procedures for the RMS sampling system;  review
     source test calculations and be sure all students can perform these;
     discussion the results of the source test as an introduction to  the
     Error Analysis lecture.

Lesson Objectives:

     The student should be able to:

     1.   List the clean-up procedures for the RMS sampling train

     2.   Make all calculations for an RMS stack test

     3.   Distinguish the difference between sampling precision and sampling
          accuracy

     4.   Answer all questions on the pre-test

Prerequisite Skills:

     None

Level of Instruction;

     College undergraduate  science

Intended Student Professional Background;

     General Science

Support Materials:

     1.   Manual page 5-12

     2.   Workbook page 113

Special Instructions:
             3.    Programmed  calculation sheet

             4.    Pre-test  and answer key
     Lecture is followed easily in the manual and workbook
                                       167

-------
References;

   None

We shall start this lesson by reviewing the pre-test since the laboratory
did not allow time for a complete clean-up procedure of the RMS sampling
train.  We will go through the flow chart in the manual on the clean-up
procedures to be sure everyone can do this.  We will then go through the
calculations for the RMS test and compare test results.
                                      168

-------
            CONTENT  OUTLINE
         Course: 450 Lecture 14
         Lecture Title: CALCULATIONS REVIEW;
                                                         Page.
of.

                                                              NOTES
i.
                      CLEAN-UP PROCEDURES FOR RMS TEST
                      CALCULATIONS AND PRE-TEST REVIEW
                      DISCUSSION OF LABORATORY RESULTS
Review Pre-test
II.   RMS Clean-up procedures - discuss procedures as given on page
     5-12 of manual.

III.  Calculations review

     A.  Ask class for any questions on the calculations

     B.  Go through calculations on programmed calculation sheet

 IV.  Class laboratory results - using page 113 of the workbook
     ask laboratory groups to give values they calculated.       i

     A.  Generally
         1.  Groups will get similar
             a.  Velocity data
             b.  Volumetric flowrate data

         2.  Some groups will be out of isokinetic limit 90-110%
         3.  Pollutant mass rate data and concentration data will
             vary but still be comparable

     B.  Point out the similiarities and discrepancies in the
         laboratory results

     C.  Introduce ERROR analysis topic
                                  169

-------
                               LESSON  PLAN
                      TOPIC:   ERROR ANALYSIS
                      COURSE;  450  Lecture 15
                      LESSON TIME:  30 minutes
                      PREPARED BY:              DATE:
                         J.  A.  Jahnke           9/22/78
Lesson Goal;

     To provide the student with an understanding of the  distinctions between
     error and precision and to review the types of error that  can  occur in
     source sampling.

Lesson Objectives:

     1.   The student will be able to explain the difference between precision
          and accuracy.

     2.   The student will be able to list and decribe three categories of error.
          (systematic, random, illegitimate)

     3.   The student will be able to discuss the relative precision of EPA
          reference methods 2-5.

     4.   The student will be able to use the concepts of this  lecture and not
          missapply the terminology in discussions of source sampling results.

Student Prerequisite Skills:

     None

Level of Instruction:

     College entry level science

Support Materials and Equipment;

     1.   Course workbook

          Course manual

          Slide projector
2.

3.

4.
          .Handout - reprint of article - Midgett, M. Rodney. "How EPA Validates
          NSPS Methodology." Environmental Science and Technology 11:655-659;
          July 1977.
                                      171

-------
Special Instructions;

     None

References:

     Handout - reprint of article - Midgett, M. Rodney. "How EPA Validates
     NSPS Methodology." Environmental Science and Technology 11:655-659;
     July 1977.
                                       172

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:l-
              CONTENT  OUTLINE
         Course: 450   Lecture  15
         Lecture Title: ERROR ANALYSIS
\
             ofJL
                                                                     NOTES
  I.   The true value
                                                                 i
      A.    True value is what is wanted.   Impossible to know what   ,
           this is in source sampling                             :

      B.    Collaborative tests may be close to true value, but not  '
           certain.  Can only talk about  deviations

 II.   Difference between precision and accuracy

      A.    Precision refers to reproducibility

           Accuracy refers to correctness — closeness to true value j
                                                                 I
      B.    Bull's eye                                            |

           1.   Closely spaced shot give  estimate of good precision,!
                but if any from bull's eyes, have poor accuracy     ,

           2.   Shot near bull's eye means good accuracy, but can   I
                have good or poor precision                        j

           3.   The 3 method 5 tests give only an estimate of
                precision — tells nothing of accuracy.  One value
                is no more valid than another if each test was done
                the same

III.   Classification of errors

      A.    Errors can arise from three basic reasons

           1.   Can be systematic — calibration problem, error in
                adjustment, consistent error in reading, etc. — may j
                be corrected in some instances                     i

           2.   Random errors — errors resulting from fluctuation,
                chance.  Cannot remove.   Idea is to eliminate all
                errors except random errors and keep these at a
                minimum.

           3.   Illegitimate  errors — blunders, things which should
                not happen.  Dropping the filter, leaks, misreading
                a dry gas meter, etc.

      B.    Emphasize that It is hard to remove all errors.  Difficult
           to get estimate of error of test.  %I does not give this.
           Average ot three tests only gives an estimate of the
           precision, not the accuracy of the test.

           Errors can affect both precision and  accuracy.
                                    173
                                                                        L15-1
                                                                        L15-2
                                                                        L15-2
                                                                 Stress
                                                                        L15-3

-------
             CONTENT  OUTLINE
         Course:  450
         Lecture Title:
                Lecture 15
                ERROR ANALYSIS
                                                        NOTES
IV.  Estimates of prescision for EPA reference methods
    A.
    B.
    C.
Refer to paper by R. Midgett-
11.  #7, (1977) p.657 Table 2 - Within laboratory deviation
of the reference methods

1.  Method 2 -    3.9%

2.  Method 5 -    10.4%

3.  Method 6 -    4.0%

4.  Method 7 -    6.6%

Between laboratory deviation

1.  Method 2-5.0

2.  Method 5-12.1

3.  Method 6-5.8

4.  Method 7      9.5

Note:  Estimates are for precision, not accuracy. Discuss
results of laboratory in terms of the above concepts.
                                  174

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175

-------
                               LESSON  PLAN
                      TOPIC:  SOURCE SAMPLING  QUALITY
                              ASSURANCE AND  SAFETY  ON THE
                              SAMPLING SITE
COURSE:  450
LESSON TIME:
PREPARED BY:
                                   Lecture 16
                                   1 hour 20 minutes
                                             DATE:
                         Giuseppe  J.  Aldina     10/2/78
Lesson Goal;

     Stimulate students to be aware of all aspects of  the  sampling procedure
     which effect the quality of the data and the safety of  the  sampler at  the
     sampling site.

Lesson Objectives;

     The student should be able to:

     1.   Recall the important aspects of an accident  analysis program

     2.   List the 10 causes of accidents

     3.   List some personal safety equipment for a source sampler

     4.   List the important items necessary to assure good  quality  test  data

Prerequisite Skills;

     The course up to this point

Level of Instruction;

     College science

Intended Student Professional Background;

     General Science

Support Materials;

     1.   Blackboard and chalk or overhead projector and pens

     2.   Slide projector

     3.   Workbook - page 119

     4.   Manual - page 5-15
                                       177

-------
Special Instructions;

     Let the students think up the quality assurance points with help from
     the instructor.

References

     CRC Handbook of Laboratory Safety
This lecture is devoted to the safety of sampling personnel at the site and
points of quality assurance for source sampling using RMS.  The major aspects
of an accident analysis program and the 10 common clauses of accidents are
presented.  The class will then list the major points to evaluate in assuring
good quality source test data for both the tester and observer.
                                       178

-------
             CONTENT  OUTLINE
          Course:   450 Lecture  16
          Lecture Title: SOURCE SAMPLING QUALITY
 \
'/
                                    179
NOTES
                       ASSURANCE AMD SAFETY OH TUB	
                       SAMPLING SITE

I.   Accident analysis

    A.   Accidents are caused therefore they can be prevented

    B.   The best system for preventing accidents is an accident
         analysis program

         1.   Analyze all possible causes of an accident before
              it happens

         2.   Take measures to eliminate possible causes of
              accidents

         3.   Ask personnel working in the area for suggestions

         4.   If an accident does occur

              a.  Find out how it happened

              b.  Ask the injured person(s) how it happened       \
                                                               i
              c.  Ask the injured person(s) for suggestions on    '
                  how to prevent a reoccurrence                  ;

II.  Causes of accidents                                         I       L16-1
                                                               1
    A.   Poor instructions                                      I

         1.   Supervisory personnel must give adequate instructions
              for

              a.  Job performance

              b.  Safety requirements

         2.   Supervisor should inspect job site for all applicable
              concerns and safety

              a.  Before

              b.  During and

              c.  After the job

-------
         CONTENT  OUTLINE
     Course:   450  Lecture 16
     Lecture Title:  SOURCE SAMPLING QUALITY
Page.
             of__z_
id
O
     NOTES
                    ASSURANCE AND SAFETY  ON THE
                    SAMPLING SITE
B.   Poor planning
     1.   The person-in-charge must properly plan and conduct
         the activity

     2.   Experiment design and performance are extremely
         important for job success and safety

     3.   Specifically for stack test - adequate manpower to
         do the job

C.   Improper design - the experiment must be designed with
     proper equipment, layout, and construction for completion
     of  the job

D.   Proper equipment not provided

     1.   Safety equipment must be available

     2.   Proper tools and other equipment must be on hand -
         Jury rigging is poor practice

E.   Failure to follow instructions

     1.   All personnel must follow safety rules

     2.   Explicit instructions must be given to all
         personnel involved at the Job

F.   Neglect or improper use of equipment

     1.   All personnel must use the proper safety equipment

     2.   Do not try to use a piece of equipment for a purpose
         for which it was not intended (i.e. do not try to
         drill a 1/2" hole with a 1/4" drill bit)

G.   Faulty equipment — poorly maintained equipment is
     inexcusable

H.   Untrained personnel

     1.   All personnel should have adequate training before
         their participation at the job site

     2.   Trainees should be closely supervised
                               180

-------
             CONTENT  OUTLINE
          Course:  450  Lecture 16
          Lecture Title:  SOURCE SAMPLING QUALITY
                                                                NOTES
                                        Li  Wil  A. £
                       SAMPLING SITE

    I.   Uncooperative personnel

         1.   Persons in poor physical condition or poor mental
              attitude should be given different assignments

         2.   This applys to attitudes about co-workers, supervisory
              the job, or working conditions
                                                               i
    J.   Unpreditable outside agents                             i
                                                               i
         1.   Agents outside the control of the sampling team

         2.   Can mean anything such as bad weather or a stinging
              insect which may startle someone and cause an
              accident
III.
Personal  safety equipment

A.   Hard hat

B.   Safety glasses

C.   Safety shoes

D.   Respirators

E.   First aid kit

F.   Gloves

     1.   Leather work gloves

     2.   Heat protective gloves

G.   Proper clothing

     1.   No shorts

     2.   Longsleeve shirts

     3.   Appropriate for weather conditions

H.   Plenty of drinking water and some snack food to prevent
     fatigue.  No salt tablets - They are bad for you

I.   Safety belts

     Maintain the discussion as long as students make responses
                                   181
i  Ask the class to
i  describe these.
;  It is more useful
i  than a simple
j  listing.

-------
         CONTENT  OUTLINE
     Course: 450   Lecture 16
     Lecture Title: SOURCE SAMPLING QUALITY
                                                                 Page
                                                                      NOTES
                            AND b At till UN THE.
                   SAMPLING SITE
                                                           !
                                                           (Ask students what
                                                            would make good
                                                           !quality assurance
                                                           i checks for a stack
    This lecture is to be held as an interactive student-teachertest.  They will,
                                                           \ by this point, be
                                                            able to list the
                                                            items given.
IV.   Quality Assurance
     A.  Introduction
        discussion session.  Have the students contribute ideas
        towards the development of a QA program.  List points on
        the board and have the students list in their workbooks
B.   Equipment Calibrations
    1.   Nozzle
    2.   Pitot tube
    3.   Heaters - probe and filter
    4.   Dry gas meter
    5.   Orifice meter
C.   Observations that can be made by the agency observer at
    the sampling site.
    1.   Leak checks - before and after sampling
    2.   Reference Method 1 requirements
    3.   Probe alignment
    4.   Precise meter console operation - data recording
    5.   Reference Method 3 requirements
    6.   Overall competancy of sampling team
        a.  Experience
        b.  jEducation
        c.  Professionalims
    7.   Coordination with source operation
    8.   Parameter checks on stack gas
        a.  Stack gas temperature
        b.  Preliminary traverse for cyclonic gas flow and
           Ap
        c.  Moisture content of the gas
    9.   Adherence to reference method procedures
   10.   System vacuum
                               182

-------
    CONTENT  OUTLINE

 Course:   450  Lecture 16
 Lecture Title'  SOURCE SAMPLING QUALITY
	•—AGCUHA110B AND DAPETY ON TUB
&

\
                   SAMPLING SITE



    11.   Sampling system temperatures



         a.    Filter



         b.    Impingers



         c.    Dry gas meter



    12.   AH calculation from Ap



C.   Parameters the control agency observer should record



     1.   Test start and end times



     2.   "S" type pitot tube Cp



     3.   Nozzle diameter



     4.   Leak rate of the train



         a.    Initial leak rate



         b.    Leak rate anytime train is disassembled



         c.    Post-test leak rate



     5.   Dry gas meter volume



     6.   K factor for nomograph or calculator



     7.   Average square root of the Ap readings



     8.   Average AH



     9.   Volume of H_0 trapped in the sample train



    10.   Filter tare weights



    11.   Orsat data



D.   Process operation data (as applicable)



     1.   Materials feed rate



     2.   Production rate



     3.   Fuel feed rate



     4.   Shift changes



     5.   Upsets



                               183
                                                          Page.
             of.
                                                               NOTES

-------
E.
        CONTENT  OUTLINE
                                             tf& ST4*
     Course:   ^Q  Lecture 16
     Lecture Title:
                      SOURCE SAMPLING QUALITY
                          AND a AF1HY ON int
                 SAMPLING SITE

Analytical procedures

1.   Clean-up techniques  for the RMS sample train

     a.   Care taken

     b.   Thoroughness of clean-up

         Careful labeling of all samples
Page  6  ofJ-
     NOTES
     2.
     4.
     5.
          c.

          d.
          If sample to be shipped for analysis sample
          volume should be marked
     Laboratory staff

     a.    Bachelor degree  chemist

     b.    Certified technician

3.   Sample analysis

     a.    Sample solvent blank taken

     b.    Sample dried at  room temperature or heated to
          no more than filter temperature during sampling
     c.    All data carefully recorded

     Weighing and desicating

     a.    Scale sensitivity within 0.5 mg

     b.    Sensitivity checked routinely

          All tare weights carefully recorded
          c.

          d.
          Sample desicated  24 hours then weighed to neares
          0.5 mg

          Sample desicated  and weighed at six hour inter-
          vals to constant  weight ± 0.5 mg
     Overall laboratory observations

     a.    Cleanliness

     b.    Order

     c.    Equipment in good condition
All these observations are important in good quality assurance
assessment for the RMS test.
                               184

-------
        CONTENT OUTLINE
     Course:   450
     Lecture  Title:
Lecture 16
SOURCE SAMPLING QUALITY
ASSURMCB AMD SAFETY ON THE
                                                  O
                                      NOTES
                   SAMPLING SITE

We have covered safety at the source with emphasis on accident
analysis and preventing the most common causes of accidents.
We have, also,  listed the major items for good quality assurance
of a RMS test.   This concludes this lecture.
                            185

-------
                              LESSON PLAN
                    TOPIC:  PARTICLE SIZING  USING A
                            CASCADE IMPACTOR
                     COURSE:  450 - Lecture 17
                     LESSON  TIME:   ! hour
                     PREPARED BY:            DATE:
                      Giuseppe J.  Aldina
10/2/78
Lesson Goal;

     To familiarize students with the basic principles  of  inertial particle
     sizing techniques and the use of in-stack cascade  impactors for gathering
     particle size data.

Lesson Objectives:

     The student should be able to:
      1.    Describe the equation of  continuity  for a flowing ideal fluid

      2.    List several particle properties  and give the most important
           property of particles with regard to sizing devices.

      3.    Define effective  particle size

      4.    Define particle aerodynamic diameter

      5.    Describe the relationship between particle diameter and its physical
           properties

      6.    List several methods  of determining  particle diameter other than
           inertial sizing

      7.    Recognize the importance  of particle  size data

      8.    Describe the operation of a cascade  impactor

      9.    Define the  D_0 for an impactor collection stage

     10.    Describe the sampling procedures  used for an in-stack cascade
           impactor

Prerequisite  Skills;

      The course to this point.

Level of Instruction:

      College  undergraduate  science
                                     187

-------
Intended Student Profession Background;

     General Science

Support Materials and Equipment;

     1.   Manual page 9-16

     2.   Workbook page 123

     3.   Slide projector

     4.   Cascade impactor

Special Instructions;

     None

References;

     Laple, C. E., Fluid and Particle Mechanics, University of Delaware;
     Newark, Delaware;  1956
     Particle  sizing  is becoming  increasingly important in source sampling.
     The high  cost of particulate control equipment and tighter regulations
     have put  great pressure on equipment designers.  The design of particulate
     control equipment is very much dependent upon good particle size data.
     A manufacturer can develop better equipment when the actual size
     distribution of  particles in the gas stream is known.  For this reason
     in-stack  particle sizing has received increased interest.

     Particle  size data is  also important in developing new instrumentation
     for source monitoring.  In this course we shall deal with particle size
     as related to plume opacity  measurements.  Research is also being
     conducted on instruments that continuously measure mass emissions from
     a source. The optical techniques used for these instruments require
     valid  particle size data.
                                     188

-------
            CONTENT  OUTLINE
         Course: 450   Lecture 17
         Lecture  Title:
                                                            UJ
                                                            O
                     Particle Sizing Using a Cascade
Page-L	of	2.
     NOTES
                     Impactor


 I.   Particle properties

     A.   A particle has several important properties

          1.   Mass

          2.   Dimension

          3.   Chemical composition

          4.   Aerodynamic properties

          5.   Optical properties

     B.   The primary distinguishing characteristic  of any particle
          is particle size

II.   Size determination

     A.   Several methods for determining particle size

          1.   Microscopic

               a.  Taking a measurement of the particle dimension:

                   1)   Martin's Diameter — measures the diameter
                        across the middle of the particle

                   2)   Feret's Diameter — measures the longest
                        linear dimension of the particle

                   3)   Equivalent projected area — compares an
                        irregular particle's diameter to a sphere
                        that seems to approximate the particle
                        size

               b.  These give precise particle dimensions as
                   viewed under the microscope

               c.  There are several drawbacks

                   1)   The procedure is expensive  when done oftei
                        enough for a statistically  representative
                        sample

                   2)   Taking samples can cause fracturing and
                        agglomeration of particles

                   3)   Always an uncertainty of the microscopic
                        data as related to actual in-stack partic
                        size distribution

                                   189

-------
              CONTENT  OUTLINE
          Course:  450  Lecture 17
          Lecture Title: particle Sizing Using a Cascade
         \
•m;
NOTES
                        Impactor
            2.   Sedimentation and Elutriation

                a.   Again requires an extracted  sample with  the
                     uncertainties involved in taking the sample
                     from the stack

                b.   These require very large samples for obtaining
                     sizing data                                \
                                                               i
            3.   Out of stack inertial techniques

                a.   Bacho sizer is the most commonly  used.

                b.   Many improvements have been  made in these
                     techniques

                c.   An out of stack analysis always carries  the
                     problem of relating results  to actual in-stack
                     particle distribution

       B.   In-stack particle sizing when properly conducted provide!!
            the most useful, valid data.  We will  concentrate  on thi
            method.

       C.   All techniques used for particle sizing incorporate
            empirical relationships and theoretical principles to
            describe particle size

            1.   Size is not really determined

            2.   These techniques assign the particle an "effective
                size" based on observations of the particle properties

       D.   Any technique used for particle size analysis will yield
            unique data

            1.   Data gathered by different techniques does not
                necessarily agree

            2.   Data gathered by different designs of instrumentation
                using the same principle may not  agree

            3.   These uncertainties require that

                a.   Careful consideration be given to objectives
                     for the experiment

                b.   Cost for the analysis be weighed in conjunctio
                     with the use of the data.

 III.   Particle physical properties

       A.   Particle size generally refers to an "effective size"
	                 190

-------
            CONTENT  OUTLINE
         Course:  450   Lecture 17
         Lecture  Title."Particle Sizing Using  a Cascade
\
                                                                NOTES
IV.
     B.
                      Impactor
     1.   Described as equivalent or effect diameter

     2.   Great deal of information has been gathered on spheres
         of unit density in dry air.

     Particle sizing techniques seek to define particle size
     in  terms equivalent to these spheres

     1.   The most commonly used term is particle diameter
          2.   Assuming a particle's physical properties will be
               equivalent to those of a sphere of the same diametetf
                                                                i
          3.   And that a physical property  is proportional to somi
               power of the diameter
                    (d)Q =
                            3N
                                 d = diameter
                                 « = shape factor
                                 N = a number
                                 Q = physical property
               Then particle behavior may be predicted for a given
               set of conditions

               This is an essential factor in designing control
               equipment

               We can see the importance of particle size data froi
               this discussion.  Now let us move to learning how
               an in-stack cascade impactor works to give particle
               size data.
Particle Motion

A.
          The most useful  particle sizing methods for stack samplii g
          purposes define  particle size as an "aerodynamic diametei

          1.   Allows prediction of particle aerodynamic properties

          2.   These are extremely important in designing control
               equipment

               a.   Electrostatic precipitators

               b.   High energy scrubbers

      B.   Fluid dynamics and Stokes Law — These principles will  aii
          in understanding the operation of a cascade impactor

          1.   The tube of fluid flow

               a.   The fluid is ideal - incompressible and non  vi
                                   191
                                                            Slide L17-1
                                                           cous

-------
   CONTENT  OUTLINE
rn/ir** •   Asn  Lecture 17
Bourse.   MU  PARTICLE SIZING USING A cASCADfV    ^
Lecture  Title:  IMPACTOR
                                                Page-*-of-1
                                                     NOTES
 2.
     b.
     c.
    Flowing  from P to Q
    The mass flux at P is described
    ^  = p A v
    dt    P1A1V1
    as t -> 0
    Am..  =  p. A. v

    We can describe the mass flux at Q as
    dm_
    dt~  =  P2A2V2
    as t -»  0
          We stated before  that our fluid is incompressi-
          ble and non-viscous.  This means p does not
          change and Am at  both points is equal.
          1)
         dm.,
         dt~
         as t
         Am.
dm2
dT
0
                   =  A
                       m_
          2)
          3)
                   P£A2
f.   We see that velocity is changing to get the
    same mass flux at both points
h.   If we go from Q to P, what happens?
    v.. is greater than v2
Fluid  flow  around a submerged particle (The slide
shows  fluid streamlines around the particle.  Show
the students how the velocity of the fluid changes
from point I, II and III)
a.   At Point I we have fluid moving toward the
    particle
    1)   Fluid pressure  = PT
    2)   Velocity  -  Vj
b.   At Point II
    1)   The fluid streamlines come closer together

                     192
                                                            LI 7-2
                                                            L17-3
                                                          .  L17-4

-------
    CONTENT  OUTLINE
Course: 450  Lecture 17
Lecture 7V77e.-particie sizing Using a Cascade
             Impactor
\
 UI
                                                      Page.
                                                           NOTES
         2)   By the equation of continuity we know that
              for an ideal  fluid the fluid velocity must
              increase to maintain the same mass flux  i

         3)   The energy to increase velocity must come:
              from somewhere.  Where?

         A)   The needed energy is coming from the      ;
              pressure in the system                   :

         5)   So P  decreases at Point II and velocity
              increases

         6)   This can be proven from Bernoulli's Theorem.


              (The intention here is to go over  the
              relationships shown at the bottom  of the
              slide — not a complete mathematical proof)

         At Point III in our ideal fluid P  would retur^i
         to the value at Point I and V T would return   |
         to Vr                                       I

         In a real system we would not have a complete
         return to the original values at Point  I
                                                               L17-5
3.
           1)   Some energy would be disipated as heat
                because of friction around the particle

           2)   The pressure at Point III would not return
                to P  (It would be some distance down
                stream)

           3)   The net effect would be the lower pressure
                fluid at Point II being pushed back by th
                higher pressure fluid behind Point III

           4)   This creates vortices which create a net
                pressure drag on the particle

      Stokes Law — Gravitational force versus frictional
      force
     a.
     b.
     c.
           The motion of our submerged particle will be
           determined by the forces acting upon it

           A particle will  remain at rest in relation to
           the fluid until  acted upon by some external
           force — Newton's first law

           Newton's 2nd Law— acceleration caused by a
           force acting upon a body is proportional and
           parallel to the  resultant of that force and is
           inversely proportional to the mass_.of the bodv
                           193
                                                        It is not necessary
                                                        to get too deeply
                                                        into the fluid
                                                        dynamics of this
                                                        system

-------
   CONTENT  OUTLINE
Course:  450    Lecture 17
Lecture Title: Particle Sizing Using a Cascade
                                              HI
                                              O
    of.
NOTES
            Impactor
     d.  Newton's 3rd Law of Motion — a body exerting
         a force on another body encounters an equal an4
         opposite force                           ;

     e.  Stokes applied these laws to the motion of a  i
         particle submerged In a fluid and proved
         mathematically that a body falling in a fluid
         is
1) accelerated by gravity F \
• O
| 2) acted upon by an equal and oppositely ''
I directed frictional force F_
K. L
3) that when F = F the net acceleration on
the particle is zero '
4) the particle therefore reached a terminal
or settling velocity
5) the particle mass and its terminal velocii
determined its ability to move through the
'. fluid-overcome the fluid friction.
V. The cascade impact or
A. These principles are used in the cascade impactor
B. The fluid velocity at each stage in the impactor is
governed by the diameter of the stage orifice
C. Particles are accelerated through the orifice and reach
a terminal velocity when the forces acting On it are equ<
D. The particle then has a momentum proportional to its mass
which may allow it to impact on to the collection stage
E. The particles are fractionated into various size ranges
based upon orifice velocity and particle mass
1. This defines the aerodynamic diameter of the partic!
a. An effect diameter based upon the assumption tl
large particles have more mass than small part:
b. Assumes uniform particle density
2. The aerodynamic diameter of the particle allows
correlation of empirical data to the unknown partic!
size for prediction of its physical properties
F. This procedure yields useful data though there are some
problems
194

y
i
:
i
i
L17-6


1


e
at
cles

e
i
i

-------
       CONTENT  OUTLINE    ,
   Course.' 450   Lecture 17                    \
   Lecture Title: Particle Sizing Using a Cascade
                                                           NOTES
G.
                 Impactor
1.    Particles may not have uniform density so the size
     predicted by the impactor may not be accurate

2.    Particles may bounce in the impactor and land on
     inappropriate stages

3.    Particles may break on impacting a collection stage
     and be reentrained - biasing  small size fractions

4.    No collection stage will be 100% efficient in
     collecting particles for which it is designed

Collection stage efficiency

1.    Impactors sold commercially are generally supplied
     with stage cut points developed from theoretical
     calculations

2.    These are not necessarily valid
          a.   Each impactor even within a given design may
              have different fractional characteristics for
              a collection stage

          b.   Impactors should be accompanied by calibration
              data developed by the manufacturer using      j
              monodisperse aerosols to obtain actual fraction
              sizes for a stage.                           |

          c.   The most common experession of fraction size
              for a collection stage is the D__

              1)   The D,_0 is the particle size for which
                   the stage has at least a 50% collection
                   efficiency.

              2)   This is usually called the cut point
                   diameter
H.   Data Presentation
     1.   The most common and useful presentation is a
         cumulative distribution plot on log-probability
         graph paper
                              195

-------
            CONTENT  OUTLINE    |
         Course: 450  Lecture 17                    3
                 Title: particle Sizing Using a Cascade
                      Impactor
NOTES
          2.   The graph is plotted
               % of  total
               of particles
               collected on
               a stage
                                              stage particle     j
                                              size cut point     j

               which should show a  straight line on log-probability
               paper
 VI.  Impactor Sampling Procedures

     A.   The standard sampling train can be used

          1.   This  is the easiest way to do the sampling because
               you can operate it just like RMS

          2.   The impactor is positioned at the probe end then a
               nozzle is attached to the impactor head

          3.   A pitot tube may or may not be necessary

               a.   It is usually easier to get the  impactor  into
                    the sample point without the pitot tube

               b.   Though we have spent the entire  course address: .ng
                    isokinetic sampling we may not be doing this
                    with an impactor since it loads  up so quickly.

     B.   Non-isokinetic sampling

          1.   The sampling train is prepared as in  RMS

          2.   The nomograph or calculator is used to determine thi
               AH for the Ap in the duct

          3.   A preliminary test should be run to determine if
               isokinetic sampling is appropriate

               a.   The isokinetic flow rate through the impactor
                    may be too high

               b.   If the flow rate is too high errors occur in
	  impactor       196

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   CONTENT  OUTLINE
Course.;450  Lecture 17
Lecture Tit 16:  particle Sizing Using a Cascade
                                                         Page.
          of.
                                                             NOTES
                 Impactor


              1)   Scouring of collection stages

              2)   Reentrainment of particles

     4.   If the impactor does not show discrete clean partia
         catches flow rate will have to be lowered

         a.   This does bias the sample but not as much as
              scouring and reentrainment

         b.   It will change stage cut points some

         c.   These are uncertainties that are still being
              researched

C.  Repetitions  — it can require as many as 30 sample runs t(
     get valid data

     1.   3 runs should be minimum
     2.   9 runs is probably a practical limit

         Particle sizing is a complex endeavor.   Cascade
         impactors give the most useful data for stack
         samplers but they are not perfect.  Always assess
         the need and uses of the data before planning a
         program for sizing particles in a duct.
late
                            197

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198

-------
                              LESSON PLAN
                    TOPIC:
                           TRANSMIS SOMETERS
                     COURSE;  450 - Lecture 18
                     LESSON  TIME: 1 hour 15 minutes
                     PREPARED BY:j. Jahnke    DATE:  9/28/78
Lesson Goal;

     To introduce the student to the field of continuous opacity monitoring using
     transmissometers.  To show instrument design characteristics,  typical
     installations, and the relationship of opacity to particulate  mass measurements.

Lesson Objectives;

     The student will be able to:

     1.   Define the terms opacity, transmittance, and transmissometer.

     2.   Express the relationship between opacity and transmittance.

     3.   Recognize the proper expression for optical density.

     4.   Discuss the EPA requirements for the design and performance  of  transmiss-
          ometers placed on sources regulated by NSPS.

     5.   Define the meaning of photopic and give at least two  reasons why  light in
          the photopic region is to be used in transmissometer  design.

     6.   Explain that optical density is proportional to grain loading  and discuss
          the advantages and limitations of correlating optical density  to  grain
          loading.

     7.   List several uses of opacity monitors.


Student Prequisite Skills;

     Some concept of logarithms and exponential functions (.note: students do
     learn about logarithms in high school)

Level of Instruction;

     College undergraduate physics
                                    199

-------
Intended Student Professional Background;

     General Science

Support Materials and Equipment:

     1.   Course workbook

     2.   Course manual

     3.   Slide projector

     4.   Demonstration transmissometer, if available


Special Instructions;

     This is the last lecture in the course.  Some students may be restless
     by this time, eager to  take the post-test and go home.  The lecture
     should be given to the  point, meeting the objectives, without elaborating
     on details.

References;

     Federal Register  - Vol. 40, No.  194, October  6,  1975.  "Emission Monitoring."
                                     200

-------
             CONTENT  OUTLINE


         Course: 450   Lecture 18
         Lecture Tifle:
                                                              Ill
                                                              (9
                        Transmissometers
                                                                  Page.
                                                                       NOTES
 II.
III.
IV.
      Definition of opacity

      A.   Opacity is the percentage of visible light attenuated
          due to the absorption and scattering of  light by partic-
          ulate matter in the flue gas.

      B.   Relationship between % opacity and % transmittance
          % opacity = 100% - % transmittance
      C.   Opacity monitor = transmissometer .

          Transmissometer stands  for transmission meter.


      Single-pass transmissometer

      A.   Light source, detector, blowers

      B.   Point out collimating lenses, fact that light source
          and detector are on opposite sides of lenses

      C.   Blowers used to keep optics clean

      Double pass transmissometers

      A.   Point out features
 B.    Note that lamp and detector are on same side  of stack,
      allowing for simulated zero and calibration check.

 C.    Double pass systems more  expensive than single pass systems,
      but more likely to meet EPA design and performance
      specifications.

 Commercially available transmissometers

 A.    Many vendors — single pass and double pass

 B.    Vendors of double pass transmissometers -
      Lear-Siegler, RAG, Contravez-Goertz, Esterline Angus,
      Dynatron, Data test, Anderson-2000.

 C.    Single pass — others on list

 D.    List changes frequently — not up to date, vendors go
      in and out of business.

 Opacity monitor specifications

 A.    Have two types of specifications for monitors required
      under NSPS and SIP's

      1.  Design specifications

	*•	yorfmrTmnaa rpntrifieatiane	
                                                                          L18-1
                                                                   Intro. Slide

                                                                         L18-2

                                                                 1                   t
                                                                 !  Give example -    l
                                                                 '  using overhead
                                                                 •  projector - look at
                                                                 i  beam of projector
                                                                 I  0% opacity 100% T, j
                                                                 j  put a book in front!
                                                                   of your eyes
                                                                 '•  100% opacity 0% T !
                                                                           L18-3
                                                                           LI 8-4
                                                                          L18-5a
                                                                          L18-5b
                                                                          L18-6

-------
         CONTENT  OUTLINE
     Course: 450  Lecture 18
     Lecture Title:   Transmissometers
                                                                    Page  2  ofJL
                                                                        NOTES
B.
            Design specifications

            1.   Spectral response must be in photopic region.

            2.   Angle of view and angle of projection limited to 5°.

            3.   Calibration error - limited to 3% opacity

            4.   Response time — 10 seconds maximum from 0 to 95% of
                 Cal. value.
            5.   Must have facility for system zero and span check.
C.
            Performance Specification

            1.   To be performed with monitor placed on stack.

            2.   24 hour zero drift jf 2% opacity

            3.   24 hour calibration drift _< 2% opacity

  VI.  Photopic region — design specification

       A.    Photopic region—visible region of the  spectrum 400-700nm
            corresponds to wavelengths the human eye is sensitive to.
            Might have correlations to Method 9.
       B.    Chosen since have H_0  and CO. interference in IR region.
            H-0 not a pollutant.

       C.    Smaller particles attenuate light better at shorter
            wavelengths.  Hence the light wavelengths are limited to
            the photopic region.

 VII.  Angle of projection and angle of view

       A.    Angle of projector — Angle of the cone  of light projected
            by the lamp.

       B.    Angle of view — Angle  of the cone sensed by the detector

       C.    Limitation necessary,  so they don't get contribution of
            light from outside volumes.

       D.    Most instruments meet  or exceed these specifications.

VIII.  Transmissometer siting

       A.    Transmissometers are to be placed at a  point which will
            give a representative  value for the opacity.

       B.    Must be placed in the  plane of the bend

       C.    Should be in accessible location to allow good servicing
            of the instrument
                                      202
                                                                      L18-7
                                                                     L18-9
                                                                     L18-10
                                                                       L18-11

-------
             CONTENT  OUTLINE
         Course:  450 Lecture 18
         Lecture 7V'//P.'Transmissometers
                                                       SB.
                                                           Page^.	of—
                                                                NOTES
XI.
IX.    Relationship between emission opacity and monitor  opacity

      A.   Oj - 1 - (1  - 02)    2       Lj = emission outlet pathl^ngth

                                      L_ = monitor pathlength   j
                                                               i
                                      Oj = emission opacity

                                      0_ = monitor opacity

          Used to correlate opacity at stack exit with  that seen
          across transmissometer pathlength.
                                                                         L18-12
      B.
      C.
          Necessary in terms of regulation may or may not correlate
          with EPA Method 9 observation.
Transmissometer Applications

A.   Installation to satisfy EPA continuous monitoring
     requirements - 40 CFR 60.

B.   Installation for process performance data - maintenance
     and repair indicator,  process improvement combustion
     efficiency.

C.   Installation for control equipment operation - ESP  tuning
     broken bag detector.

D.   Correlation with particulate concentration

E.   Maintenance of a continuous emission record.

Correlation of opacity with particulate concentration

A.   The Beer-Lambert-Bougert relationship

     1-0 = T = e-naqfc

     T = transmittance

     n = number of particles/unit volume

     a = mean particle projected area

     q = particle extinction coefficient

     £ = effluent path-length

B.   Optical density
                            1
     1.   O.D. = log ._   .	.fc_  = K.c£
                         10   1 - opacity
                 K  =  a constant
                 c  =  concentration
                 &  =  pathlength   203
                                                                        L18-13
                                                                        L18-14
                                                                       L18-15
                                                                        L18-16

-------
              CONTENT   OUTLINE
           Course:  450 Lecture 18
           Lecture Title:  Transmissometers
Page.
of.
     NOTES
        2.   Optional density is a measure of the ability of an
            aerosol to attenuate light.

        3.   Optical density is proportional to both pathlength
            and particulate concentration, so long as the particle
            characteristics remain the same.

        4.   Can make correlation between EPA Method 5 and optical
            density

                 Examples:   Lignite for boilers
                            Cement kiln emissions
                            Bituminous coal-fired boilers

 XII.    Examples of opacity  monitoring installations

        A.   Durag analyzer on power plant duct

        B.   Durag analyzer on power plant duct

        C.   Retro-reflector for Durag opacity monitor

        D.   Transmissometer and blower assembly on EPA  stationary
            source simulator facility

        E.   Lear-Siegler Model #RM4 transmissometer on  power plant
            stack
        F.   Lear-Siegler Model #RM4 retroreflector assembly on power
            plant stack

        6.   Protective shrouds on transmissometer located on stack

        H.   Portable transmissometer, Lear-Siegler RM41P on EPA
            stationary source simulator

XIII.    Course closing

        A.   This is the last lecture in the course.  Have the student
            take a break and then proceed with the post-test.

        B.   Post-test

            Students need to achieve 70% on post-test before certific
            will be awarded.  Certificates will be mailed.  Have ansv
            sheet available so that students may check  answers.

        C.   Hand out course critiques.  No student will receive
            certificate unless critique is returned.

        D.   Collect post-test answer sheets and critiques.
                                     204
ates
er
        L18-17
        L18-18
        L18-19
          L18-20

          L18-21

          L18-23

          L18-23


          L18-24

          L18-25


          L18-26

          L18-27

-------
OPACITY  is
    E LIGHT ftl Tf»*.«A1FO OUC  TO
    ABSOBPTlON AND 5C»TT(NiNG Of
     B*  PWTtCULATE MATTER  IN
                                               205

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                               LESSON PLAN
                     TOPIC:   MONDAY LABORATORY
                              INSTRUCTIONS
                      COURSE :   450  Laboratory  1
                      LESSON TIME;  21* hours
                      PREPARED  BY:    z       DATE:
                       Giuseppe J.  Aldina     10/2/78
Topics;  Laboratories

     1.    Reference Method 1

     2.    Pitot tube calibration

     3.    Wet bulb-dry bulb moisture estimate

     4.    Orifice meter calibration

Lesson Goal:

     Give students hands-on experience with RM5 equipment  and  procedures.

Lesson Objectives;

     1.    Layout, diagram, and make all necessary decisions  and calculations
          for RM1

     2.    Collect calibration data for an "S" type pitot tube  and  calculate
          C  for legs A and B

     3.    Estimate moisture in the stack gas using the wet bulb-dry bulb
          technique

     4.    Calibrate the meter console orifice meter for a AH_  of  0.75
          CFM at 29.92 in. Hg and 68 °F

Prerequisite Skills;

     None

Level of Instruction;

     College undergraduate science

Intended Student Professional Background;

     General Science
                                      207

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Support Materials and Equipment!

     1.   450 Workbook

          a.   RM1 pages 20-23 ; Pre-survey 137-140

          b.   Pitot tube calibration pages 24-26

          c.   Wet bulb-dry bulb pages  27-32

          d.   Orifice meter calibration pages  33-36

     2.   Laboratory duct - see equipment list (Introductory section of this Guide)

     3.   Laboratory equipment - see equipment list (Introductory section of this Guide)

          a.   Meter consoles

          b.   Standard pitot tubes

          c.   Inclined manometers and ring stands

          d.   Assembled sampling probes with '/9L"  type pitot_and nozzle

          e.   Tubing

          f.   Thermometers

          g.   Cotton wicks and a beaker of H.O

          h.   Stopwatches

          i.   Extension cords

          j.   Rulers
                    i
          k.   Tools

          1.   Duct tape

     4.   Calculators

     5.   Pencils
                                      208

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I
          GAS
          6'
         2'
-40-
                      3" diameter ports 90° apart
                      with one traverse diameter
                      in the plane of the bend
                              209
              Figure  1.   Laboratory  Duct.

-------
Special Instructions;

     1.   Assemble duct work before the laboratory is scheduled
          to begin

     2.   Seal all joints in the duct work with duct tape

     3.   Label all equipment with a group number

     4.   Put wicks on 2 thermometers

     5.   Arrange meter consoles on tables so there is plenty
          of room around the calibration duct

     6.   Plug equipment into as many different electrical lines
          as possible to prevent overloading circuit breakers

     7.   Be sure manometers have proper fluid levels

     8.   Provide space and platforms so manometers can be leveled
          on a stable surface

     9.   Support long duct sections:  top sections from ceiling

References;

     None

Instructor Preparations;

     1.   Read all the laboratory procedures and corresponding lectures

     2.   Check all equipment operations in advance

     3.   Arrange pitot tube experiments at horizontal ports

     4.   Arrange meter consoles with stopwatches so there is plenty
          of room around the duct

     5.   Using laboratory procedures check orifice meter calibrations.
          Record the data as reference.  AH@ should be 1.5-2.1 in. H_0

     6.   Determining the dry gas meter correction factor using a
          splrometer would be good practice, but it is not necessary
          for  this  laboratory  exercise.   Assume  DGMCF  =  1.0.

     7.   Note:  When the DGMCF is known the laboratory orifice meter
          calibration is accurate.  APTD - 0576 should be the procedure
          used by the student as a standard practice unless DGMCF is
          determined by spirometer
                                      210

-------
     8.    Divide the students into groups of 6 (unless the student/
          equipment ratio will allow smaller groups)  before class starts
          on Monday

     9.    Label each experiment so students can easily identify what
          exercise to read in the workbook

    10.    Heat and moisture can be added to the duct  with a small
          propane torch and pyrex beaker with H.O but it is not
          necessary

    11.    A schedule for each group at an experiment  may be desirable,
          however, laboratory generally proceeds well without it.
          The schedule would diminish student anxiety about finishing
          the lab.  At a stack test no schedule exists so it may be
          most beneficial to allow students to get a  feel for the
          real times required at a test.  They will prefer a structure
          but will undoubtedly not keep it

    12.    Post the barometric pressure (for the laboratory) for each
          lab in inches and millimeter of Hg

Instructions to the Students;

     1.    All students should read the laboratory exercises in the
          workbook first.  (Generally they will not follow this
          direction so be prepared to answer many questions)

     2.    Be sure to perform all required experiments (many students
          will try to skip RM1 or the wet bulb-dry bulb)

     3.    Approach RM1 as if no ports were cut into the duct -
          choose the best and easiest sampling location

     4.    Students should not wait around with nothing to do.  There are
          enough experiments and equipment to keep them working.  If an
          experiment is occupied, they should do another.  The meter console
          and RM1 are always available if one of the others is full.

     5.    Students should not beat an experiment to death - collect the data
          and move on.

     6.    The molecular weight of dry air is 29 g/g-mole  (Ib/lb-mole).
          Less than 3% moisture can be considered dry air.

     7.    Pages 40 and 41 of the workbook should be completed.  Page 41 is
          to be handed in on Wednesday morning.
                                     211

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                             LESSON  PLAN
                    TOPIC:  OPERATION OF THE ORSAT
                            ANALYZER
                    COURSE:  450  -  Laboratory  2
                    LESSON TIME;   Uj  hours
                    PREPARED BY:             DATE
                           Giuseppe   J. Aldina
Lesson Goal:

     To familiarize students with the operation  of  the orsat analyzer and the
     calculation of stack gas molecular  weight

Lesson Objectives:

     The student should be able to

     1.   List the absorbing chemicals used  in the  orsat and the action of each

     2.   Perform a leak test on the orsat analyzer

     3.   Analyze a gas sample for C0?,  0~,  and  CO  using the orsat

Prerequisite Skills:

     None

Level of Instruction:

     College undergraduate science

Intended Student Professional Background:

     General Science

Support Materials and Equipment:

     1.   450 workbook page 66

     2.   4 orsat analyzers

Special Instructions:

     1.   Leak check analyzers before class

     2.   Check reagent efficiency — it  should not  take more  than  6-8  passes  of
          air through the 02 bubbler to  show 20.9%  02  in the  air sample.

                                    213

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References;

     FR 8/18/78

Instructor:

     Demonstrate orsat operation and explain bubbler chemicals


     1.   Chemicals

          A.   Burette solution — Na-SO, saturated RJ3 with methyl orange on
               red indicator and H_SO, to keep it acidic.  The burette solution
               is made this way to keep stack gases from dissolving in it

          B.   C02 Bubbler - 42-46% KOH or NaOH

          C.   02 Bubbler - 42-46% KOH on NaOH and about 10-12 gms of
               pyrogallic acid Cfor 1 bubbler)

          D.   CO Bubbler — Cuprous chloride (Cu Cl**) dissolved in a solution
               that keeps a high hydrogen ion concentration such as acid or
               ammonia with some solid copper to maintain Cu ions in solution.
               This prevents oxidation of the solution before CO is bubbled
               through it.

     2.   Operation of the orsat

          A.   Leak Test

               1.   Use the burette solution as a sort of pump

               2.   Fill the burette with the red solution

               3.   Open the C02 bubbler and bring it to the reference mark

               4.   Repeat for 0- and CO bubbler

               5.   Be sure all valves are closed

               6.   Bring the burette solution to the mid point on the.scale with
                    the leveling bottle and solution at the same height — equal
                    pressure on both sides.  Record the reading chosen.

               7.   Close the burette valve and set the leveling bottle on the
                    table.

               8.   After 4 minutes check all liquid levels.  If the level drops
                    find the leak.
                                    214

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B.   Gas analysis

     1.   Carefully bring 100 cc of gas into the calibrated burette

     2.   Push the gas into the CO- bubbler then bring it back to the
          burette

     3.   Proceed carefully — do not mix the chemicals

     4.   After 3 passes read the CO. scrubbed by leveling the burette
          solution and leveling bottle.

     5.   Record the reading then confirm it by one more pass through
          CO2 bubbler.  Once is enough.  If the reading is constant go
          on to 0.

     6.   0- — analyze as for CO. but

          a.   allow the gas to reside longer in the bubbler

          b.   make 6-8 passes before the first reading

     7.   CO is analyzed as for CO..


C.   Calculations

    M,  = EM Bv  (See RM3 lesson outline)
     a      x x


     Ms = Md (1-Bws> + 18 (Bws>
                          215

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                COURSE 450
SOURCE SAMPLING FOR PARTICULATE POLLUTANTS
            INSTRUCTOR'S GUIDE

           WEDNESDAY LABORATORY
                RMS Testing

-------
                                 LESSON  PLAN
                        TOPIC: RM5 Testing
                        COURSE:  450 - Laboratory 3
                        LESSON  TIME:  3 hours
                        PREPARED BY:  G.J. Aldina DATE: 10/2/78
Lesson Goal;

     To give students practice in performing an RMS source test.

Lesson Objectives:

     The student should be able to:

     1.   Apply RM1 for particulate sampling and mark the sampling
          probe

     2.   Calibrate the sampling nozzle

     3.   Determine probe-pitot tube alignment in the sampling  duct

     4.   Record RMS data on appropriate forms

     5.   Assemble and disassemble RMS equipment <

     6.   Solve the  isokinetic sampling rate equation using a
          nomograph or calculator

     7.   Operate the RMS source sampling train

     8.   Analyze RMS samples collected by these procedures

     9.   Make all calculations to determine RMS pollutant emission
          rate

Prerequisite Skills:

     Monday and Tuesday laboratory

Level of Instruction;

     College undergraduate science

Intended Student Professional Background:

     General Science
                                      218

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Support Materials and Equipment;

     1.   450 Workbook, pages 82-93

     2.   Source Sampling Train

          a.   Nozzle - to be calibrated before the test

          b.   Pitot tube - calibrated by student group on Monday

          c.   Probe

          d.   Sample case and glassware

          e.   Tared glass mat filter

          f.   Umbilical cord

          g.   Tools

          h.   Meter console - calibrated by student group on Monday

     3.   500 gm of fly ash

     4.   Laboratory duct

     5.   Tables and supports for placing sample trains into the
          duct.  Use ports cut for Monday lab.
                                    219

-------
Special Instructions;
     1.   Instruct students to organize their experiment properly before
          the laboratory following the lab exercise and flow charts.
     2.   Give the following assumed Orsat data and moisture estimate for
          the test, unless a real stack is being used, then give data for
          same, if known.
                            C02 = 12.5%
                             02 -  6.2%
                            CO  =  0.1%
                Approximate H20 =    5%
     3.   Assemble the sampling trains for the students (they can get
          experience with hands-on while disassembling.)
     A.   Impingers and silica gel should be:
          a.  120 ml H20
          b.  100 ml H20
          c.  Dry
          d.  200 gm silica gel
          but tell the students to assume that there is only 100 ml KUO in
          each impinger ( 1 and 2 ) (if they sample about 30-35 cubic feet
          this will yield 3-5% moisture in the sample).
          If a real stack is being sampled, use 100 ml.
     5.   Analysis for the lab - students should:
          a.  Weigh silica gel after the test
          b.  Measure H^O in the impingers
          c.  Weigh the filter with the particulate catch
          d.  Weigh probe wash after dried over-night.  If this can't be
              done because of time, one of the instructors, or his
              assistant, should do it and provide students with the data.

References
     Federal Register - Vol. 42, No.  160, August 18, 1977.  "Standards of
     Performance for New Stationary Sources - Revision to Reference Methods 1-8.
                                     220

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Instructors should:

     1.    Encourage  students to work out their own sampling team  assignments

     2.    Read the lecture and laboratory exercises

     3.    Be available for questions and to help students perform
          the test

     A.    Check student calculations of K or nomograph settings

     5.    Work out with students how sampling will be done.
          Suggested  method is to have one team start at the far
          points in  the duct and work outward while the other
          works its  way in.  This has proven good practice in
          past courses.

     6.    Try to put the equipment on separate electrical
          circuits to prevent power outrages.  If the load
          frequently trips the circuit breaker turn off the
          probe and  filter heaters in the trains

     7.    Add fly ash to the duct in small amounts until several
          hundred grams have been fed in. One way of adding  the  fly ash
         is to punch a hole  in  the duct, and supply the ash  using a funnel
         or some  other apparatus.  Note:  Don't add too much or  it might
         start leaking out of the cracks in  the duct.  The concentration
         of particulate can  be  approximated  from the weight  added to the
         duct and the volume  of ductwork system.
                                     221

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                          Method 5 Paniculate Test
                              Calculation Form

I.  Neccessary Data
   A.  Reference Method #1
      • Area of stack	ft2
      • No. of equivalent diameters upstream	
      • No. of equivalent diameters downstream 	
      • No. of traverse points	
      • Total test time (6)	minutes
   B.  Reference Method #2
      • Average stack  temperature Ts	°F + 460 = 	°R
      • Stack absolute pressure
      • Barometric Pressure
      •(VAp")ave	(in.
   C.  Reference Method #3
      • %C02	; %02	;  %CO	;  %N2
   D.  Reference Method #4
      • Water collected
          Impinger H2O	ml
          Silica Gel  	gm
   E.  Reference Method #5
      • Area of nozzle	ft2
      • Average AH 	in. H2O
      • Average meter temperature Tm	°F    + 460 =       .fR
      • Dry gas meter  correction factor	
      • Volume metered Vm = 	CF
      • Paniculate Weight       	gm


II. C.tlt illations

   A.  Standard Volume Mrlcml       \   |))v c;.,s MrU'i raliln.iiion l.i< h»
                                 AH
                            pb+ 13.6
                      ....

     V,u,sun   V           ™ (   528°R   W	in. Hg\=  	dscf
                              V29.92 in. Hg'V        ° R   /
                                     222

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B.  Moisture Content of Stack Gas


    1 . H2O collected in impingers in standard cubic feet
      Vwc = 0.04707 ft/ml ( _ ml)= _ scf


   2. H2O collected in silica gel in standard cubic feet
      Vwsg(std) = 0.04715 ftS/gm( - gm)= - scf


   3. Moisture content of stack gas (Bws)



      n          vwc(std) + vwsg(std)
      <)\yS -- - -  - -

             vwc(std) + vwsg(std) + vm(std)



                    ( - scff) + (         scf)
      B

       ws   ( _ scf) + ( _ scf)-f( _ scf)


C. Molecular Weight of Stack Gas (Ib/lb-mole)


   1. -M(j (Dry molecular weight) = £MXBX

      Md = (.44) _ %C02+(.32) - %02  +


      (.28) _ %CO + (.28) _ %N2 - - Ib/lb-mole


   2. Ms (Wet Molecular Weight) = Md(l - Bws) + 18 Bws

      MS= _  (1- _ )+  18( _ )= _ Ib/lb-mole


D. Average Stack Gas Velocity
    vs = KnCT
     *    "  '' m n »* \w  -
                         'ave
\l
                /

                \
      = 85.49 ft/sec   'b/lb-mde (in.
                                                                              _ _

                         R(in.H20)     /            V (     in. Hg)(     Ib/lb-mole)
               (in'. M
E. Average Stack Gas Volumetric Flow Rate



                                     Tstd  ps
   Qs = (3600sec/hr)(vsXAs)(l-Bws)  -«2  A

                                     ^std  A s




   Os = (3600sec/hrX - ft/sec)( - ft2)(l -
   ^   V           ----
                                                        29.92 in. Hg

   Q . = __ _ dscf/hr
                                      223

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F. Pollutant Mass Rate
             maS*   X
           Vm(std)

   PMR- ( - ]S2_  x -- -dscf/hr  X '    '*       -  - - lb/hr
                    dscf                       454 gm/lb


G. %Isokinetic Variation (Intermediate Data)
                         (       °R)(      dscf)(29.92 in. Hg)
   (	ft2X__*nin)(	_ft/sec)(_	in. Hg)(528°R)(60 see/min)(l -.
                                       224

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Assembled sampling duct constructed of 12 inch galvanized ductwork
 Laboratories 1 and 3
Apparatus for Wet Bulb-Dry Bulb moisture estimation experiment
                      225

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Inclined oil manometer and Prandtl tube for calibration of the Type S pitot tube
                 RAG (left) and Nutech (right) Meter Consoles
                               226

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Blower section for ssmpling duct
      Hayes Orut






       227

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Screw-joint compression seal glassware
     Umbilical Cord






         228

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      Ground glass ball-joint glassware
Nutech Sample Case with glassware and sampling probe
             229

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RAC Sample Case with glassware and sampling probe
            230

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          HANDOUTS FOR COURSE 450





SOURCE SAMPLING FOR PARTICULATE POLLUTANTS
                     231

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1. REPORT NO.
— EEA_45.Q/2-80-003
2.
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSIOI*NO.
                                  TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
                           (Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
  APTI  Course 450
  Source Sampling for Particulate Pollutants
  Instructor's Guide
                                                          6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
                                                           . REPORT DATE
                                                           February.  1980
 AUTHOR(S)'
  G. J.  Aldina, J. A. Jahnke,  and J.  Henry
                                                          8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
 PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
  Northrop  Services,  Inc.
  P.  0.  Box 12313
  Research  Triangle Park, NC  27709
                                                           10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
                                                           11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
                                                            68-02-2374
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
  U.S.  Environmental Protection Agency
  Manpower and Technical  Information Branch
  Research Triangle Park,  NC  27711
                                                           13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
                                                            .Instructor' s Guide       	
                                                           14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
  EPA Project Officer for this manual is R. E. Townsend,  EPA,  ERC  (MD-17), RTP, NC
16. ABSTRACT
        The Instructor's  Guide for Air Pollution Training Institute Course 450
   "Source Sampling for Particulate Pollutants"  contains guidelines for  conducting
   a four and one-half day course in source  sampling.   The Guide contains lesson
   plans, laboratory instructions, exams, copies of handout materials, and solutions
   to problem sets.  The  lesson plans include  keys to APTI audio visuai  materials
   and suggested instructional techniques.   These materials are intended for use
   in conjunction with Student Manual EPA 450/2-79-006 and Student Workbook
   EPA 450/2-79-007.
17.
                                KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
a.
                  DESCRIPTORS
   Measurement
   Collection
   Air Pollution
   Gas Sampling
   Dust.
                     Calibrating
                     Filtered Particle
                        Sampling
is. DISTRIBUi ION STATEMENT  Unlimited. Available
   from: National  Technical Information
         Service,   5285 Port Royal Road
                                              b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
Stack Sampling
Particle Measurement
                                                                         c.  COSATI Field/Group
14 B
14 D
                                              19. SECURITY CLASS (ThisReport)
                                                TTrip 1 a g g"f f ~i f*r\	
                                                                         21. NO. OF PAGES
                                              20. SECURITY CLASS (Thispage)
                                                Unclassified
                                                                         22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
                                               232

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