EPA-450/3-74-04Q
by
T. E. Weast, L. J. Shannon,
P. G. Gorman, and C. M. Guenther
Midwest Research Institute
425 Volker Boulevard
Kansas City, Missouri 64110
Contract No. 68-02-1324
EPA Project Officer: Thomas F. Lahre
Prepared for
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Office of Air and Waste Management
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards
Research Triangle Park, N. C. 27711
January 1974
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TECHNICAL REPOftT DATA
(Plane read /xstmetionj an the went bffore complcri*
1. HEPORT NO.
EPA-450/3-74-040
2.
•t. TITLE ANO SUBTITLE
Fine Particulate Emission Inventory And Control
Survey
J PB 234 156
5. REPORT DATE
Januar y
5. PERFORMING OHG'ANIZATION CODE
f. T. E. Weast, L. J. Shannon, P. G. Gorman,
I C. M. Guenther
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
MRI Project No. 3821-C-l
. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME ANO ADDRESS
Midwest Research Institute
425 Volker Boulevard
Kansas City, Missouri 64110
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
It. CONTRACT/GftANTNa.
68-02-1324, Task No. 1
Z. SPONSORING AGENCY MAME AND ADDRESS
I). S. Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT ANO PESIOO COVEREO
Final
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
16. ABSTRACT
An emission inventory for fine particulates was developed for National Air
Data Branch. Attention was focused on estimates of primary particulars, and
not on secondary particulates formed by subsequent reaction of source emissions
in the atmosphere. Both stationary point and area sources of fine particylstes
were included in the emission inventory for fine particles. The contribution of
mobile sources to the primary fine particulate burden was also included in order
to place the problem in perspective.
17.
KEY WORO5 AND DOCUMKNT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.IDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
C. COSATI Helll/Gioup
Emission inventory
Fine particulates
Point sources
Area sources
Mobile sources
18. DISTRIBUTION 5;TAT6MCNT
Release Unlimited
19. SECURITY CLASS /nil Report/
Unclassified
20. SECURITY QLASS f
Unclassified
at. NO. Of PAGES
zSrPRICE ~
EPA Form 2Z20-1 (9-7S)
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This report is issued by the Environmental Protection Agency to report
technical data of interest to a limited number of readers. Copies are
available free of charge to Federal employees, current contractors and
grantees, and nonprofit organizations - as supplies permit - from the Air
Pollution Technical Information Center, Environmental Protection Agency,
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711; or, for a fee, from the
National Technical Information Service, 5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield,
Virginia 22151.
This report was furnished to the Environmental Protection Agency by
Midwest Research Institute, in fulfillment of Contract No. 68-02-1324.
The contents of this report are reproduced herein as received from
the Midwest Research Institute. The opinions, findings, and
conclusions expressed are those of the author and not necessarily those
of the Environmental Protection Agency. Mention of company or product
names is not to be considered as an endorsement by the Environmental
Protection Agency.
Publication No. EPA-450/3-74-040
11
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" CGHtENTS
Page
List of Figures . . . . vii
List of Tables x
Acknowledgments xxiii
Summary ............................ 1
Information Acquisition. „ . 1
Fine Particulate Emissions (1971-1972) ..... 2
Stationary Point Sources 2
Stationary Area Sources ............... 6
Mobile Sources. .................... 8
Comparison of Emissions from Stationary Point,
Stationary Area and Mobile Sources. . 8
Chemical and Physical Characteristics of Fine Particles. . 3
Methodology for Detailed Emission Inventories Using
National Emission Data System 8
Status of EC'.as ion Inventories for Fine Particulates . . . 10
Recommendations for Future Work. 10
Introduction. ......................... 12
Information Acquisition . 14
troductiovi or Consumption Rate Data. 14
Emission Factor Data ........... 15
Fractional Efficiency Characteristics of Control
Equipment. ................. 15
Precading page blank
IV
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CONTENTS (Continued)
Page
References............................ 87
•Appendix A - Particle-Size Distributions. .... ... 90
Appendix B - Data Sheets. ...... ..... 115
VI
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CONTENTS (Continued)
Information Acquisition (Concluded)
Extent of Control Data. . . 16
Particle Size Distribution Data ., . . .. . 18
Fine Particle Emissions. 20
Procedures for Calculating Fine Particle Emissions. . * . . . 20
Calculation Procedures for Stationary Point Sources. . . 20
Calculation Procedures for .Stationary Area Sources ... 21
Calculation Procedures for Mobile Sources 23
Current Level of Fire Particulate Emissions (1972). ..... 23
Stationary Point Sources .... 23
Stationary Area Sources 46
Mobile Sources 57
Chemical Composition of Fire Particulates. .... 59
Detailed Emission Inventories for Fine Particulates Using
National Emission Data System (NEDS) 64
Interface with NEDS System 64
General. 64
Input Requirements 66
Output Modifications .................. 76
Data Gaps and Continued Modifications 76
Detailed Emission Inventories for Specific Geographic
Regions 80
Status of Emission Inventories for Fine Particulates ....... 82
Nationwide Emission Inventories of Fine Particulates 82
Regional, State or Metropolitan Emission Inventories of
Fine Particulates 83
Overview of Emission Inventories of Fine Particulates .... 83
Recommendations for Future Work 84
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FIGURES
No. Page
1 Comparison of Control Device Fractional Efficiency. ... 17
2 Flow Diagram of Initial Modifications to NEDS 65
3 Example of Current Output from NEDS 77
4 Example of Modified Output from NEDS 78
5 Simplified Flow Diagram of Continuing Data Additions
and Modifications to NEDS . . , . . 79
A-l Particle Size Distribution of Particulates Emitted
from Uncontrolled Hot-Mix Asphalt Plant Dryers (Banco
Data) 91
A-2 Particle Size Distribution of Particulates Emitted
from Uncontrolled Hot-Mix Asphalt Plant Vent Lines
(Bahco Data) ^
A-3 Particle Size Distributions of Particulates Emitted
from Uncontrolled Censent Kilns 93
A-4 Particle Size Distributions of Particulates Emitted
from Uncontrolled Ferroalloy Electric Furnaces Produc-
ing Ferrosilicon Alloys 94
A-5 Particle Size Distribution of Particulates Emitted from
Uncontrolled Ferroalloy Electric Furnaces Producing
Ferromanganese Alloys 95
A-6 Particle Size Distribution of Particulates Emitted
from Uncontrolled Ferroalloy Electric Furnaces Produc-
ing Ferrochromium Alloys 96
vu
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FIGURES (Continued)
No. Page
A-7 Particle Size Distribution of Particulates Emitted
from Uncontrolled Fertilizer Dryers (Bahco Data) ... 97
A-8 Particle Size Distribution of Particulates Emitted
from Uncontrolled Basic Oxygen Furnaces . 93
A-9 Particle Size Distribution of Particulates Emitted
from Uncontrolled Electric Arc Furnaces 99
A-10 Particle Size Distribution of Particulates Emitted
from Uncontrolled Iron and Steel Plant Open Hearth
Furnaces 100
A-ll Particle Size Distribution of Partlculates Emitted
from Uncontrolled iron and Steel Plant Sintering
Machine Windbox. ,. . . 101
A-12 Particle Size Distribution of Partlculates Emitted
from Uncontrolled Iron Foundry Cup.olas (Bahco Data). . 102
.1-13 Particle Size Distribution for Partlculates Emitted
from Uncontrolled Pulp Mill Bark Boilers (Bahco
Data) 103
A-14 Particle Size Distribution for Particulates Emitted
from Uncontrolled Pulp Mill Recovery Furnaces 104
A-15 Particle Size Distribution of Particulates Emitted
from Uncontrolled Pulp Mill Lime Kilns 105
A-16 Particle Size Distribution of Particulates Emitted
from Uncontrolled Lime Plant Rotary Kilns 106
A-17 Particle Size Distribution of Particulates Emitted
from Uncontrolled Lime Plant Secondary Sources .... 107
A-18 Particle Size Distribution of Particulates Emitted
from Uncontrolled Municipal Incinerators ... . . . . •. 108
Vlll
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CONTENTS (Continued)
No. Page
A-19 Particle Size Distributions of Particulates Emitted
from Uncontrolled Power Plants (Pulverized Coal-
Fired Boilers) 109
A-20 Particle Size Distribution of Participates Emitted
from Uncontrolled Power Plants (Stoker Coal-Fired
Boilers) ..... 110
A-21 Particle Size Distributions of Particulates Emitted
from Uncontrolled Power Plants (Cyclone Coal-Fired
Boilers) Ill
A-22 Particle Size Distributions of Particulates Emitted
from Uncontrolled Industrial Power Plants (Coal-
Fired) 112
A-23 Particle Size Distribution of Wood Smoke Particles . . . 113
A-24 Particle Size Distributions of Par', idea Generated by
the Burning of Various Agricultural Wastes ...... H4
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TABLES
No. Page
1 Fine Particle Emissions from Selected Industrial
Sources 3
2 Gross Estimates of Fine Particle Emissions from Selected
Industrial Source Categories .............. 5
3 Estimated Fine Particle Emissions from Selected Sta-
tionary Area Sources ... ........ 7
4 Estimated Fine Particle Emissions from Mobile Sources,
1971 9
5 Comparison of Estimated Fine Particle Emissions from Sta-
tionary Point, Stationary Area, and Mobile Sources ... 9
6 Major Stationary Point Source Categories for Fine Particle
Emission Inventory ..... 22
7 Major Stationary Area Sources Considered in Fine Particle
Emission Inventory .............. 24
8 Major Mobile Sources Included in Fine Particle Emission
Inventory. _^ 24
9 Fine Particlo Emissions from Hot-Mix Asphalt Plants. ... 26
10 Fine Particle Emissions from Cement Plants 27
11 Fine Particle Emissions from Ferroalloy. Plants 29
12 Fine Particle Emissions from Phosphate Fertilizer Produc-
tion 31
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TABLES (Continued)
No. .
13 Fine Particle Emissions from Iron and Steel Plants 33
14 Fine Particle Emissions from Iron Foundry Cupolas 37
15 Fine Particle Emissions from Kraft Pulp Mills ....... 38
16 Fine Particle Emissions trom Liie Plants. ......... 41
17 Fine Particle Emissions from Municipal Incinerators .... 42
18 Fine Particle Emissions from Stationary Combustion Sources. 44
19 Gross Estimates cf Fine Particle Emissions from Selected
Industrial Source Categories ;.. 47
20 Particulate Emissions from Forest Fires--Influence of Fuels
and Burning Conditions. 49
21 Fine Particulate Emissions from Wildfires . . 5)
22 Particulate Emissions frcm Prescribed Burning in 1971 ... 52
23 Particulate Emissions from Agricultural Burning in 1971 . . 52
24 Particulate Emissions from Structural Fires in 1971 .... 54
25 Estimated Fine Particle Emissions from Mobile Sources,
1971. . 58
26 Profile of the Characteristics of Particulate Pollutants
Emitted by Various Industrial Sources 60
27 Fractional Efficiencies of Various Control Systems 68
28 Particle Size Distribution of Effluent of Various Source
Operations 69
29 Source Classification Codes 70
XI
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TABLES (Continued)
No. . Page
B-l Summary of Fine Particle Emissions from Asphalt Dryers . 116
B-2 Distribution of Process Emissions from Asphalt Dryers. . 117
B-3 Fine Particle Emissions from Uncontrolled Asphalt
Dryers 118
B-4 Fine Particle Emissions from Asphalt Dryers Controlled
by Cyclones 119
B-5 Fine Particle Emissions from Asphalt Dryers Controlled
by Cyclones Plus Scrubbers 120
B-6 Fine Particle Emissions from Asphalt Dryers Controlled
by Cyclones Plus Fabric Filters 121
B-7 Summary of Fine Particle Emissions from Asphalt Vent
Lines - .-.-•.- 122
B-P Distribution of Process Emissions from Asphalt Vent
Lines 123
B-9 Fine Particle Emissions from Uncontrolled Asphalt Vent
Lines 124
B-10 Fine Particle Emissions from Vent Lines Controlled by
Cyclones 125
B-ll Fine Particle Emissions from Asphalt Vent Lines Con-
trolled by Cyclones Plus Scrubbers 126
B-12 Fi; .e Particle Emissions from Asphalt Vent Lines Con-
trolled by Cyclones Plus Fabric Filters 127
B-13 . SusEiary of Fine Particle Emissions from Rotary Cement
Kilns. . 128
B-14 Distribution of Process Emissions from Rotary Cement
Kilns 129
XII
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TABLES (Continued)
No. Page
B-15 Fine Particle Emissions from Uncontrolled Cement
Kilns L30
.V ,
B-16 Fine Particle Emissions from Cement Kilns Controlled
by Cycloi.es 131
B-17 Fine Particle Emissions from Cement Kilns Controlled
by Electrostatic Precipitators 132
B-18 Fine Particle Emissions from Cement Kilns Controlled
by Cyclones Plus Electrostatic Precipitators 133
8-19 Fine Particle Emissions from Cement Kilns Controlled
by Fabric Filters 134
B-2C Summary of Fine Particle Emissions from Ferroalloy
Electric Furnaces Producing Ferrosilicon Alloys .... 135
B-21 Distribution of Process Emissions from Ferroalloy
Electric Furnaces Producing Ferrosilicon Alloys .... 136
B-22 Fine Particle Emissions from Uncontrolled Ferroalloy
Electric Furnaces Producing Ferrosilicon Alloys .... 137
B-23 Fine Particle Emissions from Wet Scrubber Controlled
Ferroalloy Electric Furnaces Producing Ferrosilicon
Alloys . 138
B-24 Fine Particle Emissions from Fabric Filter Controlled
Ferroalloy Electric Furnaces Producing Ferrosilicon
Alloys 139
B-25 Summary of Fine Particle Emissions from Ferroalloy
Electric Furnaces Producing Ferromanganese Alloys . . . 140
B-26 Distribution of Process Emissions from Ferroalloy
Electric Furnaces Producing Ferromanganese Alloys . . . 141
B-27 Fine Particle Emissions from Uncontrolled Ferroalloy
Electric Furnaces Producing Ferromanganese Alloys ... 142
Xlll
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TABLES (Continued)
No. Page
B-28 Fine Particle Emissions from Wet Scrubber Controlled
Ferroalloy Electric Furnaces Producing Ferromanganese
Alloys 143
B-29 Fine Particle Emissions from Fabric Filter Controlled
Ferroalloy Electric Furnaces Producing Ferromanganese
Alloys 144
B-30 Summary of Fine Particle Emissions from Ferroalloy
Electric Furnaces Producing Ferrochromium Alloys ... 145
B-31 Distribution of Process Emissions from Ferroalloy
Electric Furnaces Producing Ferrochromium Alloys ... 146
B-32 Fine Particle Emissions from Uncontrolled Ferroalloy
Electric Furnaces Producing Ferrochromium Alloys . . . 147
B-33 Fine Particle Emissions from Wet Scrubber Controlled
Ferroalloy Electric Furnaces Producing Ferrochroroium
Alloys 148
B-34 Summary of Fine Particle Emissions from Ferroalloy
Electric Furnaces Producing Miscellaneous Ferro-
alloys 149
B-35 Distribution of Process Emissions from Ferroalloy
Electric Furnaces Producing Miscellaneous Ferro-
alloys , 150
B-36 Fine Particle Emissions from Uncontrolled Ferroalloy
Electric Furnaces; Producing Miscellaneous Ferro-
alloys 151
B-37 Fine Particle Emissions from Wet Scrubber Controlled
Ferroalloy Electric Furnaces Producing Miscellaneous
Ferroalloys 152
B-38 Fine Particle Emissions from Fabric Filter Controlled
Ferroalloy Electric Furnaces Producing Miscellaneous
Ferroalloys 153
xav
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TABLES (Continued)
No. Page
B-39 Summary of Fine Particle Emissions from Fertilizer
Granulation and Drying 154
B-40 Distribution of Process Emissions from Fertilizer
Granulation and Drying ...... 155
B-41 Fine Particle Emissions from Fertilizer Granulation and
Drying Controlled-by Wet Scrubbers 156
B-42 Fine Particle Emissions from Uncontrolled Fertilizer
Granulation and Drying 157
B-43 Summary of Fine Particle Emissions from Basic Oxygen
Furnaces,. Iron and Steel 158
B-44 Distribution of Process Emissions from Basic Oxygen
Furnace 159
B-45 Fine Particle Emissions from Basic Oxygen Furnaces
Controlled by Electrostatic Precipitator 160
B-46 Fine Particle Emissions from Basic Oxygen Furnaces
Controlled by Venturi Scrubber ..... 161
B-47 Summary of Fine Particle Emissions from Electric Arc
Furnace, Iron and Steel 162
B-48 Distribution of Process Emissions from Electric Arc
Furnace 163
B-49 Fine Particle Emissions from Uncontrolled Electric Arc
Furnaces 164
B-50 Fine Particle Emissions from Electric Arc Furnaces
Controlled by Electrostatic Precipitators 165
B-51 Fine Particle Emissions from Electric Arc Furnaces
Controlled by Wet Scrubber 166
B-52 Fine Particle Emissions from Electric Arc Furnaces
Controlled by Fabric Filter 167
xv
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TABLES (Contir.ued)
No.
B-53 Summary of Fine Particle Emissions from Open Hearth
Furnaces .................. ..... 168
B-54 Distribution of Process Emissions from Open Hearth
Furnaces ........ ........ • ......
B-55 Fine Particle Emissions from Uncontrolled Open Hearth
Furnaces . ................ . ..... 170
B-56 Fine Particle Emissions from Open Hearth Furnaces
Controlled by Electrostatic Precipitators ....... 171
B-57 Summary of Fine Particle Emissions from Iron and Steel
Plant Sinter Machine Windboxes ....... ..... 172
B-58 Distribution of Process Emissions from Iron and Steel
Plant Sinter Machine Windboxes ............ 173
B-59 Fine Particle Emissions from Sinter Machine Windboxes
Controlled by Cyclones .............. ,. 174
B-60 Fine Particle Emissions from Sinter Machine Windboxes
Controlled by Cyclones Hus Electrostatic Precipi-
tators . ...... ........... . ..... 175
B-61 Fine Particle Emissions from Sinter Machine Windboxes
Controlled by Fabric 'Filters ............. 176
B-62 Summary of Fine Particle Emissions from Iron Foundry
Cupolas. ............ ............ 177
B-63 Distribution of Process Emissions from Iron Foundry
Cupolas. ....................... 178
B-64 Fine Particle Emissions from Iron Foundry Cupolas. . . . 179
B-65 Fine Particle Emissions from Iron Foundry Cupolas '
Controlled by Cyclones .......... . ...... 180
xvi
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TABLES (Conttnued)
No. : , . • Pa&e
B-66 Fine Particle Emissions from Iron Foundry Cupolas
Controlled by Wet Scrubbers . . ............ 181
B-67 Fine Particle Emissions from Iron Foundry Cupolas
Controlled by Electrostatic Precipitators ....... 182
B-68 Fine Particle Emissions from Iron Foundry Cupola
Controlled by Fabric Filter .............. 183
B-69 Summary of Fine Particle Emissions from Pulp Mill, Bark-
' Fired Boilers ...... ............... 184
B-70 Distribution of Process Emissions from Pulp Mill Bark-
Fired Boilers ..................... 185
B-71 Fine Particle Emissions from Uncontrolled Pulp Mill Bark-
Fired Boilers ..................... 186
B-72 Fine Particle Emissions from Pulp Mill Bark-Fired Boilers
Controlled by Cyclones ................ . 187
B-73 Summary of Fine Particle Emissions from Kraft Pulp Mill
Recovery Furnaces ................... 188
B-74 Distribution of Process Emissions from Kraft Pulp Mill
Recovery Furnaces ................... 189
B-75 Fine Particle Emissions from Uncontrolled Kraft Pulp
Mill Recovery Furnaces ................. 190
B-76 Fine Particle Emissions from Kraft Pulp Mill Recovery
Furnaces Controlled by Electrostatic Precipitators. . . 191
B-77 Summary of Fine Particle Emissions from Kvaft Pulp Mill
Lime Kilns ........ . .............. 192
B-78 Distribution of Process Emissions from Kraft Pulp Mill
Lime Kilns ..... , ........... ...... 193
xvn
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TABLES (Continued)
No. . .
B-66 Fine Particle Emissions from Iron Foundry Cupolas
Controlled by Vet Scrubbers 181
B-67 Fine Particle Emissions from Iron Foundry Cupolas
Controlled by Electrostatic Precipttators . 182
B-68 Fine Particle Emissions from Iron Foundry Cupola
Controlled by Fabric Filter 183
B-69 Summary of Fine Particle Emissions from Pulp Mill Sark-
Flred Boilers . 184
B-70 Distribution of Process Emissions frc-a Pulp Mill Bark-
Fired Boilers 185
B-71 Fine Particle Emissions from Uncontrolled Pulp Mill Bark-
Fired Boilers 186
B-72 Fine Particle Emissions from Pulp Mill Bark-Fired Boilers
Controlled by Cyclones 187
B-73 Summary of Fine Particle Emissions from Kraft Pulp Mill
Recovery Furnaces ..... 188
B-74 Distribution of Process Emissions from Kraft Pulp Mill
Recovery Furnaces 189
B-75 Fine Particle Emissions from Uncontrolled Kraft Pulp
Mill Recovery Furnaces 190
B-76 Fine Particle Emissions from Kraft Pulp Mill Recovery
Furnaces Concrolled by Electrostatic Precipitators. . . 191
B-77 Summary of Fine Particle Emissions from Kraft Pulp Mill
Lime Kilns. .. ." 192
B-78 Distribution of Process Emissions from Kraft Pulp Mill
Lime Kilns . 193
xvu
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TABLES (Conctnued)
No. Page
B-79 Fine Particle Emissions from Uncontrolled Kraft Pulp
Mill Lime Kilns 194
B-80 Fine Particle Emissions from Kraft Pulp Mill Lime
Kilns Controlled by Wet Scrubbers 195
B-81 Summary of Fine--Particle Emissions from Rotary Lime
Kilns 196
B-82 Distribution of Process Emissions from Rotary Lime
Kilns 197
B-83 Fine Particle Emissions from Uncontrolled Rotary Lime
Kilns 198
B-84 Fine Particle Emissions from Rotary Lime Kilns Con-
trolled by Cyclones 199
B-85 Fine Particle Emissions from Rotary Lime Kilns Con-
trolled by Wet Scrubbers. ........ 200
B-86 Fine Particle Emissions from Rotary Lime Kilns Con-
trolled by Fabric Filters 201
B-87 Summary of Fine Particle Emissions from Lime Plant
Secondary Sources ......... 202
B-88 Distribution of Process Emissions from Lime Plant
Secondary Sources 203
B-89 Fine Particle Emissions from Uncontrolled Lime Plant
Secondary Sources 204
B-90 Fine Particle Emissions from Lime Plant Secondary
Sources Controlled by Wet Scrubbers 205
B-91 Summary of Fine Particle Emissions from Municipal
Incinerators. 206
xviii
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TABLES (Continued)
No.
B-92 DistributidHirffrf, Process Emissions from Municipal
Incinerators 207
B-93 Fine Particle Emissions from Uncontrolled Municipal
Incinerator?. 208
B-94 Fine Particle Emissions from Municipal Incinerators
Controlled by Cyclones 209
B-95 Fine Particle Emissions from Municipal Incinerators
Controlled by Lew Efficiency Scrubbers 210
B-96 Fine Particle Emissions from Municipal Incinerators
Controlled by Medium Efficiency Scrubbers . 211
B-97 Fine Particle Emissions from Municipal Incinerators
Controlled by Electrostatic Precipitators 212
B-98 Summary of Fine Particle Emissions from Electric Utility
Pulverized Coal-Fired Boilers 213
B-99 Distribution of Process Emissions from Electric Utility
Pulverized Coal-Fired Boilers 214
B-100 Fine Particle Emissions from Uncontrolled Electric
Utility Pulverized Coal-Fired Boilers 215
B-I01 Fine Particle Emissions from Electric Utility Pul-
verized Coal-Fired Boilers Controlled by Electro-
static Precipitator 216
B-102 Fine Particle Emissions from Electric Utility Pulverized
Coal-Fired Boilers Controlled by Cyclones 217
B-103 Fine Particle Emissions from E'.ectric Utility Pulverized
Coal-Fired Boilers Controlled by Cyclone Plus Electro-
static Precipitator. 218
xix
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TABLES (Continued)
No. Page
B-104 Summary of Fine Particle Emissions from Electric
Utility Stoker Coal-Fired Boilers 219
B-105 Distribution of Process Emissions from Electric Utility
Stoker Coal-Fired Boiler 220
B-106 Fine Particle Emissions from Uncontrolled Electric
Utility Stoker Coal-Fired Boilers 221
B-107 Fine Particle Emissions from Electric Utility Stoker
Coal-Fired Boilers Controlled by Electrostatic Pre-
clpitators • 222
B-108 Fine Particle Emissions from Electric Utility Stoker
Coal-Fired Boilers Controlled by Cyclones ....... 223
B-109 Summary of Fine Particle Emissions from Electric Utility
Cyclone Coal-Fired Boilers 224
B-110 Distribution of Process Emissions from Electric Utility
Cyclone Coal-Fired Boilers 225
B-lll Fine Particle Emissions from Uncontrolled Electric
Utility Cyclone Coal-Fired Boilers 226
B-112 Fine Particle Emissions from Electric Utility Cyclone
Coal-Fired Boilers Controlled by Electrostatic Pre-
cipitator 227
B-113 Fine Particle Emissions from Electric Utility Cyclone
Coal-Fired Boilers Controlled by Cyclone 228
B-114 Summary of Fine Particle Emissions from Industrial Pul-
verized Coal-Fired Boilers 229
B-115 Distribution of Process Emissions from Industrial
Pulverized Coal-Fired Boilers 230
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TABi£S (Continued)
No. Page
B-116 Fine Particle Emissions from Uncontrolled Industrial
Pulverized Coal-Fired Boilers 231
B-117 Fine Particle Emissions from Industrial Pulverized
„Coal-Fired Boilers Controlled by Electrostatic
Precipitator 232
B-118 Fine Particle Emissions from Industrial Pulverized
Coal-Fired Boilers Controlled by Cyclones 233
B-119 Summary of Fine Particle Emissions from Industrial
Stoker Coal-Fired Boilers 234
B-120 Distribution of Process Emissions from Industrial
Stoke*-4eal-Fired Boilers 235
B-121 Fine Particle Emissions from Uncontrolled Industrial
Stoker Coal-Fired Boilers 236
B-122 Fine Particle Emissions from Industrial Stoker Coal-
Fired Boilers Controlled by Electrostatic Precipi-
tator. 237
B-123 Fine Particle Emissions from Industrial Stoker Coal-
Fired Boilers Controlled by Cyclones .... 238
B-124 Summary of Fine Particle Emissions from Industrial
Cyclone Coal-Fired Boilers 239
B-125 Distribution of Process Emissions from Industrial
Cyclone Coal-Fired Boilers ..... 240
B-126 Fine Particle Emissions from Uncontrolled Industrial
Cyclone Coal-Fired filers 241
B-127 Fine Particle Emissions- from Industrial Cyclone Coal-
Fired Boilers Controlled by Electrostatic Precipi-
tator. 242
B-128 Fine Particle Emissions from Industrial Cyclone Coal-
Fired Boilers Controlled by Cyclones 243
xxi
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TABLES (Concluded)
No. Page
B-129 Sur.mary of Fine Particle Emissions from Electric
Utility and Industrial Oil-Fired Boilers 244
B-130 Summary of Fine Particle Emissions from Electric
Utility and Industrial Gas-Fired Boilers 245
xxn
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This report was prepared for EPA/OAQPS under Contract No. 68-02-1324,
Task 1, which was monitored by Mr. Thomas F. Lahre.
The program was centered in MRI's Physical Sciences Division, Dr. H. M.
Hubbard, Director, and Dr. A. E. Vandegrift, Assistant Director for En-
vironmental Programs. Dr. L. J. Shannon, Head, Environmental Systems
Section, served as the Program Manage.: for MRI. Mr. T. E. Weast served
as Project Engineer. Other MRI staff members who contributed signifi-
cantly to the program were Mr. P. G. Gorman, Dr. C. Cowherd, and
Ms. C. M. Guenther.
Approved for:
MIDWEST RESEARCH INSTATE
H. M. Hubbard, Director
Physical Sciences Division
xxm
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SUMMARY
An emission inventory for fine participates wai developed for the Naf'onal
Air Data Branch, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards as Task No. 1
on Contract No. 68-02-1324. The program was divided into six major areas
of activity: (1) an information search to determine the availability of
data and other background information necessary to define fine particle
emissions; (2) preparation of an inventory of estimated fine particulate
emissions in the United States; (3) compilation of information on the
chemical and physical properties of fine particulate emissions; (4) de-
velopment of methodology to perform a detailed emission inventory of fine
particulates for the entire United States and for four cities in the U.S.
identified as having a possible fine particulate problem through the use
of EPA1s National Emission Data System; (5) assessment and overview of
the current status of emission inventories for fine particulates; and
(6) reco'jmiendations for future work.
INFORMATION ACQUISITION
Acquisition of data relating to fine particulate emissions frow various
sources was an integral part of the program. To estinxate the emissions
of fine particulates from various sources, data for the production, dis-
tance traveled, area burned, etc., mass emission factors, fractional
efficiency of control equipment, extent of control, and particle size
distributions of emitted particulates must be known for each emission
source. HRI had compiled an extensive data base as a result of the
initial emission inventory of fine particulates which we performed as a
part of.wr effort for EPA on Contract No. CPA-22-69-104 (Particulate
Pollutant System Study). Efforts on information -:cquisition during the
present program were directed to updating the existing data base.
Contacts were made with various EPA personnel, control equipment manu-
facturers, selected state air pollution control agencies, and several
companies involved in source testing programs. Only a limited amount
of new data on particle size distributions of emitted particulates and
fractional efficiency characteristics of control equipment were obtained
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from these contacts. In general, neither control equipment manufacturers
nor air pollution control agencies have yet placed any significant em-
phasis on the particle size of material emitted from sources or control
equipment. At the present time, the major effor'ts to enlarge the data
base on particle size distributions and fractional efficiency of control
equ,i.pmea£, ,are being exerted by segments of EPA.
FIHE PARTICULAR EMISSIONS (1971-1972)
Estimates of fine particle emissions* were made for three categories of
sources: stationary point, stationary area and mobile. Attention was
focused only on primary particulates and no attempt was made to estimate
secondary particulates formed by subsequent reaction of source emissions
in the atmosphere. Emphasis was placed on stationary point and area
sources and the mobile sources were included to provide prospective to
the problea of fine particle emissions. The procedures used to calculate
fine particle emissions in each source category are discussed on pages
20 to 23.
Stationary Point Sources
Tables 1 and 2 summarize the estimates of fine particle emissions from
stationary point sources. The emission totals in Tables 1 and 2 are based
on 1972 production data. Table 1 presents fine particle emissions from
industrial sources for which sufficient data are available to permit de-
tailed estimates in discrete particle size ranges. Two "total" columns
are presented in Table 1—the first including the 0.1-3 micron size range
and the second the 0.01-7 micron range. The former column is presented
to facilitate comparison with our previous emission inventory for fine
particles. Fine particle emissions from some industrial sources could
not be estimated in discrete particle size ranges because of incomplete
particle size distribution data, and Table 2 presents gross estimates of
fine particle emissions from sources for which this was the case. The
emission totals in Table 2 are estimates of the total quantity of par-
ticulates -i«ss than 7 microns in diameter emitted from the specific in-
dustrial source categories.
There is no universally acceptable definition of fine particulates.
In this study, we chose an upper cut-off point of 7-micron diameter.
. In our previous emission inventory of fine particles, an upper cut-
off point of 3-micron diameter was employed.
-------
Table |. FIKK PARTICLE M.SS10HS FROM SEUCTtD JK&UST*IAL SOURCES
(sttaa basts, 10* (ona/year)
fine Particle
1 .
\.
4.
5.
6.
,.
a.
9.
10.
Source 3-7
ll>v(-a{x asphalt plants
A. Rutary dryer 36.1
K. Vrnt line 11.0
JVi roa \ toys
A . E 1 «*f t r 1 »• ( urn%cc
1. Ft-rrwsUiron alloy* 1.9
?, FrrromaRjtonrsf alloys 3.2
3. t'crrochrotnlum alloys 11.0
4 . Hl5ce 1 1 aneoos 1" erro-
atloys 3.H
'
Fertilizers, granuletors and
dryers 5.3
Iron and tee I
A. Ba* c oxyRfn furnaces
C. Ope hearth furnaces 0.7
D. Kin er nachloe* 3.7
Iron foundries, cupolas 6.1
Kraft fnili* ntlla
A. harV I trod Koll.-rn i9.3
*. Recovery furnace a 28.0
T. f.imc ktliU 1.?
time plants
A. Rotary kilns 27. B
B. Secondary sources ' 24.0
Municipal Incinerators *V,6
Stati»>u»T1on
A. Coal
1. Electric utility
n. PulvcriC-^d 665,8
b. Stoker 57,3
c. Cyclone 53.1
1-3
139.0
19.5
101.7
19.0
15.8
22.8
12.0
8.7
1.8
51
, 1
6.8
3.7
6.5
58.8
123.2
2.1
39.6
44.6
9.1
659.4
23.3
53.8
0.5-1.0
51.4
2.1
24.4
28.7
9.6
14.5
9.4
3.8
39.3
31
.4
18.4
1.2
2.5
14,7
100.8
0.3
19.1
8.5
5.6
199.4
5.9
15.7
SUe tanset
0.1-0.5
27.4
0.4
Total from
11.7
Total fro.
83.6
4.6
18.9
13.0
Total from
3.3
Total frou
318.4
6 A
t7
•63.6
0.6
Total fro*
3.J
Total (rca
7.3
96.6'
0.1
Total frost
24.7
1.*
ToUl tract
8.6
Total from
111.0
2.1
8.1
(olcrons)
0,0i-0.1 0.01-0.05
0.5
hot-Mix asphalt plants
0.3
cecent plants
17.9 8.2
2.0 0.8
1.1 0.4
ferroalloys
0.4
fertilizer plants
2.1
2^ O £
ft * .0
7.2 . 1.3
iron and etrel
0.5 0.6
Iron foundries
0.3 . O.I
1.9 O.I
kraft pulp mills
3.2 2.2
liae pl*nta
2.1 3.2
vunlctpal incinerators
3.1
0.2
Total
0.01-3
216.3
22.3
240.6
138.1
138.1
157.4
30.0
59.0
-ILL?
282.3
16^2
16.2
361.6
97.3
5.5
484.6
13.4
13.4
81.5
322.6
2.5
406.6
88.6
5*ji
143.3
2B.6
28.6
972.9
31.3
77.8
0.01-
254.4
_5?-J
240.6
159. J
33. ?
70.0
39.7
21.5
361.6
^ 1 4
£ J.3
98.0
9.2
19.5
I4D/I
350.6
3.7
116.6
78.5
33.2
1,638.7
88.6
130.9
7
287.7
?40.6
30;:. 2
21.5
49?. 1
19,5
494. B
195.1
JJ.'i
Subtotal from electric utility coal 1,082.0
1,638.2
-------
Tabl* 1. (Concluded)
Snuroo 3-7
lit. --tail.^i^ry ^onbtist 1>X1 (ronclujoilt
?. Industrial
o. Pulverized ti9.n
b. Stoker 191.0
c . Cyc lone 11.8
". furl oil
1. Electric utility jnd
Industrial 190.7
C. Xaiurjl Cas and LPC
1. F.Icctrlc utility and
Industrial
Fire Particle Size Ranges (microns) Total
I-J 0.5-'..0 0.1-0.5 0.05-0.1 l). 01-0. 05 O.Oi-3 n.OI-7
2!.\ 0.8 n.1 91.9
84. 'j ;0.9 3.1 98.5 291. 5
20.0 10.0 • 6.1 0.3 U.I 36.5 68.1
190.7 190.7
Subtotal froo fuel oil 190.7 190.7
104.9 IM.9 106. •>
Subtotal Cram rf» 1(14.9 106.9
Total Iroffl fuel rorabiirtl ton 1 .535,5 ij!:H-'
-------
Table 2. GROSS ESTIMATES OF FINE PARTICLE EMISSIONS FROM
SELECTED INDUSTRIAL SOURCE CATEGORIES
Industrial Source Category
Crushed scone -
Secondary nonferrous metallurgy
Petroleum FCC units
Coal preparation plants, thermal dryers
Carbon black
Acid plants
(a) SuIfuric
(b) Phosphoric (thermal)
Fine Particle Emissions^.'
(103 tons/year)
868
127
50
42
39
2.8
1.2
1,130.0
£/ Estimated particulate emissions less than 7 U in diameter.
-------
Emissions of particles in the size range 0.01-3 microns from the industrial
sources listed in Table 1 are estimated at 3.3 x 10^ tons/year while those
in the size range 0.01-7 microns are estimated at 4.7 Y. 10^ tons/year.
Adding the gross estimates of Table 2, estimated emissions range from 4.4
x 106 (for 0.01-3 microns) to 5.8 x 10^ tons/year (0.01-7 microns). In
view of the many assumptions involved in the estimates, the individual
emission quantities shown in Tables 1 and 2 are considered to be a "first-
cut" estimate. Because of the inadequacies of the sampling and particle
sizing techniques used to obtain much of the data, on particle size dis-
tributions and control equipment fractional efficiency, uncontrolled fine
particle emissions from specific sources are probably higher and the fractional
efficiency of many control devices lower than those values used to prepare
the estimates shown in Tables 1 and 2.
In addition, calculations of fine particle emissions from controlled sources
were based on the assumption that control equipment is in operation 1007= of
the time that a source is operating. This is seldom the case, but data are
generally not available on control equipment operational availability.
Therefore, fine particle emissions from the sources are likely to be greater
than the estimates shown in Tables 1 and 2, and the totals shown in Tables
1 and 2-arc considered to be conservative estimates of fine particle emis-
sions. - The"extent of the conservatism can not be readily assessed.
Furthermore, fine particle emissions from primary nonferrous metallurgy
and many mineral processing operations could not be estimated because of
a totally inadequate data base for those source categories.
Stationary Area Sources
Wildfires, prescribed burning, agricultural burning, structrral fires, burn-
ing coal refuse banks and fugitive dust sources such as unpaved roads and
airstrips, construction sites, agricultural tillage, and aggregate storage
piles were included in the category of stationary area sources for the pur-
poses of this inventory. It was not possible to make estimates of the fine
particle emissions from the fugitive dust sources because of lack of data
on source strengths (i.e., vehicle miles travelled, acres tilled, number
and type of aggregate storage piles). Information on emission factors
for the fugitive dust sources is presented on pages 53 to 57.
Estimates of fine particle emissions from selected stationary area sources
are presented in Table 3. Specific details of the calculations for each
source category are presented on pages 46 to 53. The emission figures shown
in Table 3 are based on 1971 estimates of fuel, acreage, or incidences of
-------
Table 3. ESTIMATED FINE PARTICLE EMISSIONS FROM SELECTED STATIONARY AREA SOURCES
Fine Particle
Area Source 3-7 n 1-3 ji 0.5-1.0 p
Wildfires (foresu fires)
Prescribed burning
Agricultural burning 4,216 19,584 32,640
S true tun 1 fires
0.1-0.5 u
496,047
41,016
127,840
13,294
Emissions (tons/year)
0.05-0.1 u
1,229,334
101,648
39,440
32,946
0.01-0.05 u
431,346
35,666
43,520
11,560
Toff<1
0.01-3 u
2,156,728
178,330
263,024
57,800
0.01-7 u
2,156,728
178,330
267,240
57,800
Burning coal refuse
banks 114,750 114,750 114,750
-------
occurrence. Estimated emissions of fine particulates from the sources
delineated in Table 3 are 2.8 x 106 tons/year. The contributions of
sources such as forest fires may go up or down from year to year depending
upon the severity of a given fire year and variations of climatic condi«-
tions.
Mobile Sources
Mobile sources were assumed to be uncontrolled sources of particulate
pollutants. Estimates of fine particle emissions from mobile sources in
1971 are presented in Table 4. An estimated total of 1.01 x 106 tons/>;ear
of fine particulates was emitted from mobile sources in 1971.
Comparison of Emissions from Stationary Point, Stationary Area and
Mobile Sources •
Table 5 presents a comparison of particulate emissions in the size range
0.01-7 microns from the stationary point, stationary area, and mobile
sources for which sufficient data were available to perform the estimates.
Stationary point sources account for slightly more than 60% of the emis-
s ions.
CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF FINE PARTICLES
Information on both the quantity and the chemical and physical characteris-
tics of the fine particles emitted from various sources is needed to
gauge accurately the importance of individual sources. During the current
program, we attempted to compile information on chemical composition
versus particle size. Unfortunately, our efforts were not very fruitful
because data are almost nonexistent for most sources. Qualitative infor-
mation on the types of potentially hazardous particulate pollutants that
might be emitted from various industrial sources was obtained and is
summarized in Table 26, pages 60 to 63.
METHODOLOGY FOR DETAILED EMISSION INVENTORIES USING NATIONAL EMISSION
DATA SYSTEM
With the advent of EPA's National Emission Data System (NEDS), it is pos-
sible to consider conducting a detailed inventory of fine particle emis-
sions on a variety of geographical bases. The NEDS data bank includes a
-------
Table A. ESTIMATED FI1IE PARTICLE EMISSIONS FROM MOBILE SOURCES, 1971
Fine Particle Emissions
Source (10-* tons/year)
Motor vehicles 760
Arlcraft 47
Railroads - 46
Vessels 51
Nonhighway use of motor fuels 108
Total 1,012
Table 5. COMPARISON OF ESTIMATED FINE PARTICLE EMISSIONS FROM
STATIONARY POINT, STATIONARY AREA, AND MOBILE SOURCES
(0.01-7 microns)
Fine Particle Emissions
Source Category . (10^ tons/year)
Stationary point • 5.8
Stationrry area 2.8
Mobile 1.01
Total 9.61
-------
vast source of information on various pollution sources, source operating
conditions, control equipment usage and efficiency, and emission rates.
A review of the input-output format for the NEDS data bank disclosed that
with minor modifications the NEDS program could be upgraded to include the
capability to perform a detailed emission inventory of fine particulates
for the entire U.S. and for selected geographical areas such as states or
cities. The main modifications required to NEDS are: (1) addition of an
equation to calculate fine particulate emissions from individual sources;
(2) addition of fractional efficiency data for each control device; (3)
addition of particle size distribution data for emissions from each opera-
tion; and (A) change in output format to include calculated fine particu-
late emissions. The methodology for detailed emission inventories using
NEDS is presented on pages 64 to 80.
STATUS OF EMISSION INVENTORIES FOR FINE PARTICULATES
The development of an emission inventory for fine particulates requires
a much broader and refined data base than that necessary for an inventory
reported on a tonnage basis. Inadequacies in nearly all phases of the
requisite data base severely restrict the accuracy as well as the com-
prehensiveness of any emission inventory of fine particulates. The most
significant inadequacies are in the areas of particle size distributions
of particles emitted from uncontrolled and controlled sources and frac-
tional efficiency curves for various types of control devices. Major
extrapolations have been necessitated by the lack of an adequate data base
on particle size distributions and fractional efficiency of control equip-
ment.
In summary, our current knowledge of the characteristics of emission
sources and control equipment is such that only general indications of
the levels of fine particulate emissions from various sources can be pro-
vided.
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE WORK
In view of the increasing interest in the pollution problem from fine par-
ticulates, program(s) to upgrade the data base needed to perform emission
inventories for fine particulates should be initiated. In order to refine
existing emission inventories for fine particles, it will be necessary to
improve our knowledge of: (1) production rates; (2) mass emission factors;
(3) particle size distributions of emitted particulates; (A) types and
extent of control equipment usage on various sources; and (5) fractional
efficiency of control equipment.
.10
-------
Available information on production or consumption rates and emission
factors is more reliable than is that on the other three factors. Priority
in future programs should be given to refining the data base for Items 3,
4 and 5. In addition, because it is currently necessary to make major
extrapolations of available data on particle size distributions and frac-
tional efficiency, special emphasis should be placed on acquiring new and
more reliable data for these two key factors. Field testing on selected
control equipment-source combinations should be used to obtain the data
on particle size distributions and fractional efficiency.
11
-------
INTRODUCTION.
Particulates emitted from industrial processes and various other sources
of air pollution are distributed over a wide range of sizes from a few
angstroms to several microns in diameter. While we have'generally suc-
ceeded in controlling the large participates and with them the major
fraction of the mass emitted, we have not been nearly as successful in
eliminating the particulates below about 2-5 jim in size (i.e., fine
particulates). Control of fine particulates has received increasing at-
tention in the last few years, because fine particles have a greater im-
pact on human health, visibility, and atmospheric properties than do
larger particles.
Increased awareness of the importance of fine particulate pollution has
fostered discussion regarding programs and alternatives for « ntrolling
fine particle emissions. Formulation of control strategies, as well as
the development of requisite control technology, for fine particulate
pollutants requires input regarding the sources of fine particulate emis-
sions and the quantities of fine particulates emitted from specific
sources--!.e.('an emission inventory of fine particulate pollutants.
The work presented in this report was designed to update and expand a
previous emission inventory of fine particulates.—' The program was con-
ducted by MRI for the National Air Data Branch, Office of Air Quality
Planning and Standards as Task Order No. 1, on Contract No. 68-02-1324.
As in the original emission inventory, attention was focused on estimates
of primary particulates, and not on secondary particulates formed by sub-
sequent reaction of source emissions in the atmosphere. Both stationary
point and area sources of fine particulates were included in the emis-
sion inventory for fine particles. The contribution of mobile sources
to the primary fine particulate burden was also included in order to
place the problem in prospective. The year of 1972 was selected as the
base year for the emission inventory. In the previous emission inventory,
the fine particle size range was defined to be 0.01-3 u. The definition
was revised in the current program to include particulates in the 0.01-
7 p size range.
12
-------
The following sections of this report discuss data acquisition eftorts,
calculation of fine particle emissions from stationary print, stationary
area and mobile sources, chemical and physical characteristics of fine
particulates, methodology for detailed emission inventories using the
National Emission Dp;a System (NEDS), analysis of current state of the
art of fine particle emission inventories, and recommendations for future
work. Appendix A summarizes particle size distribution data used in the
calculation of fine particle emissions from specific sources and Appendix
B presents details of the calculations of emissions from specific sources.
13
-------
INFORMATION ACQUISITION
Acquisition of data was an integral part of the program. To perform the
emission calculations, data for the production or consumption rate, emis-
sion factors, fractional efficiency of control equipment, extent of con-
trol, and particle size distributions of emitted particulates must bs
known for each emission source.
Information on emissions from particulate pollution sources or control
equipment applied to these emission sources was obtained from the MR I data
banki/ and data acquisition activities conducted during the study. The
data bank includes over 4,000 technical articles and reporcs; 500 stack
sampling tests from air pollution control agencies; telephone and perr
sonal interview reports from 350 to 400 industrial, testing laboratory,
and control device manufacturer contacts; and communiques from consultants
and academic people. This data bank was searched for all pertinent da--i.
Contacts were made with various EPA personnel to obtain recant information
on (1) particle size of emitted particulates, and (2) fractional effi-
ciency characteristics of control equipment. The more aggressive control
equipment manufacturers and several of the more active companies involved
in source testing programs were also contacted. Data acquisition activi-
ties in specific information categories are discussed in more detail in
the next sections.
PRODUCTION OR CONSUMPTION RATi DATA
*.'•
•*
The year of 1972 was selectee;" as the base year for the emission inventory.
Thp- information sources used to obtain 1972 production or consumption r»ite
data included:
1. Survey of current business,
2. Statistical abstracts,
3. U.S. industrial outlook,
14
-------
4. Predicasts,
5. Miscellaneous trade publications,
6. Minerals yearbook, and
7. Telephone contacts.
Whenever 1972 data could not be obtained or were not available, the pro-
duction or consumption rates for 1972 were estimated based on the most
recent data available and the general trends indicated by comparison with
previous years. Several of the information sources consulted also made
predictions of 1972 production or consumption rates.
EMISSION FACTOR DATA
The information sources used for mass emission factors were:
1. "Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors," AP-42 2nd Edition,
April 3973,
2. Technical reports, and
3. MRI data bank.
The values in AP-42 were' used in general, but in a few cases the values
differed significantly from those in the MRI dr-.a bank. Closer examina-
tion revealed that the difference was due to the method of calculating
average emission factors. The AP-42 emission factors are apparently based
on the arithmetic average of the emission factors reported for individual
sources. The MRI data bank emission factors are usually based on the
geometric average of individual source emission factors whenever possible.
The largest difference found was for cement kilns where AP-42 gives emis-
sion factors of 245 Ib/ton and 228 lb/tc.i for dry process and wet process
cement production, respectively. The geometric average of the MRI data
bank is 167 Ib/ton for both wet and dry process cement kilns. The 167
Ib/ton emission factor was used in the emission calculations because it
is believed that the geometric average is more representative of the
emission source on a national scale.
FRACTIONAL EFFICIENCY CHARACTERISTICS OF CONTROL EQUIPMENT
Information sources -ased to obtain data on the fractional efficiency
characteristics of control equipment included;
15
-------
I. MRI data bank,
2. Recent industry studies by EPA, and
3. Telephone contacts.
The available fractional efficiency data apply to specific industry
sources in only a few cases. Therefore, as in our previous study,!.' the
data were separated on the basis of control devices (i.e., cyclones,
electrostatic precipitate*-*:, wet scrubbers and fabric filters). The
fractional-efficiency data for each control device category were plotted
on log-probability paper to magnify the efficiency relationship for the
smaller particles.
The data spread for each type of device varied over a wide range, but this
variation is not surprising when one considers the wide variation in types
and design of devices (such as pilot unit vs. full-scale unit), testing
procedures, operating conditions and analysis techniques. However, the
data did, in most cases, reflect the expected efficiency characteristics
of specific types of devices. That is, multiclones showed a higher ef-
ficiency curve than cyclones, and Venturi scrubbers showed a higher
efficiency than low pressure drop scrubbers.
Since the data for each type of device rid vary over a wide range, the
curves were examined with the objective of drawing general curves that
would represent low, meJium, and high overall efficiencies for each type
of control device. The data for each type of control device and the in-
formation regarding specific types of devices, operating conditions, and
testing procedures wore carefully assessed to determine the general frac-
tional efficiency curves for each type of control device which best
represents low, medium, and high overall efficiencies. The resulting
general fractional efficiency curves were then extrapolated when neces-
sary to the size range of interest to this program, i.e., 0.01-7 p.
Figure 1 presents the extrapolated fractional efficiency curves. Only one
curve has been drawn for fabric filters due to limited data, and it was
extrapolated as a straight line from below about 0.5 n. These general
fractional efficiency curves for each type of device represent the results
of the evaluation of available fractional efficiency data, and they were
used in calculating the quantity of fine particulates emitted from con-
trolled industrial sources.
EXTENT OF CONTROL DATA
To determine the quantity of particulate emitted from a source to the
atmosphere it is necessary to know if the source is controlled and the
type of control device(s) used. This information (extent of control) was
obtained from the following sources:
16
-------
0.01
99.99
.01
0.1
1.0
0.01
10
PARTICLE SIZE /z
Figure 1. Comparison of control device fractional efficiency
-------
1. M1U data bank,
2. KPA data bank (NLDS system),
3. Recent industry studies by EPA, and
4. Telephone contacts.
The MRI data bank contains the results of thorough extent of control sur-
veys and these results were published as a part of our previous work.U
Our efforts for this study were directed at updating the extent of control
data to 1972 figures wherever significant changes in control device ap-
plications have occurred.
An attempt was made to compare the MRI extent of control data with data
in the National Emission Data System (NEDS). For this comparison a con-
densed point source listing was supplied by the EPA project officer.
Examination of the listing disclosed that insufficient information on
source characteristics and control devices was provided, and a meaningful
comparison with MRI's data could not be made in most cases.
The complete printout of each point source report would be required to
permit a detailed comparison of extent of control data. However, be-
cause of the extensive time that would be required to acquire and
analyze the complete printout of each source report, the existing MRI
data on extent of control was used to make estimates of fine particu-
late emissions.
PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION DATA
The information sources for particle size distributions were:
1. MRI data bank,
2. Recent source testing by EPA and EPA contractors, and
3. Recent technical literature.
Available new particle size data were incorporated into the MRI data bank
and the revised particle size distributions were used in the calculations
for this study. In general, the particle size distribution data used in
18
-------
the calculations for stationary point sources «ve almost identical to that
used in our previous work.!/ The only significant change'was for ferro-
alloy plants which were divided into four groups—ferrosilicon alloys,
ferromanganese alloys, ferrochromium alloys and miscellaneous ferroalloys.
The division was made possible by the acquisition of new and more exten-
sive particle size data and emission factors.
A major portion (over 95%) of the data currently available on the size of
particulates emitted from industrial sources has been obtained by using
standard source sampling procedures and the Banco Micv'6-Particle Classifier.
The Coulter Counter, Whitby centrifuge/MSA Sedimentation, and microscopic
techniques have also been used for particle sizing. C'.iscade impactors,
electrostatic precipitators, and thermal precipitators have been used to• ."
a limited extent in source sampling, and a small quantity of particle
size data were obtained from investigators using this equipment. Since,
in general, particle size Jlistributions from uncontrolled sources and
fractional efficiency curves are not available over the 0.01-7 u range,
it was necessary to extrapolate available data to this size range (see
Figure 1).
19
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FINE PARTICLE EMISSIONS
Estimates of fine particle emissions were made for thr<-* categories of
sources: stationary point, stationary area, and mobile. The primary
emphasis was placed on stationary point and area sources and the mobile
sources were included to provide prospective to the problem of fine par-
ticle emissions. The procedures used to calculate fine particle emis-
sions in each source category and the results of the calculations are
discussed in the following sections.
PROCEDURES FOR CALCULATING FINE PARTICLE EMISSIONS
The procedures for calculating fine particle emissions for each source
category are similar with the major difference resulting from the fact
that stationary area and mobile sources are essentially uncontrolled
sources of particulate pollutants. Calculation procedures for each source
category are briefly reviewed in the following paragraphs.
Calculation Procedures for Stationary Point Sources
The procedure that was used to develop the inventory of fine particulate
emissions for stationary point sources is identical to that used in our
previous work.-i' The basic equation used to determine the quantity of
fina particles emitted from a specific.source is:
where
d = Particle size in microns.
^di-d2 = Emission rate of particles between d^ and d2, tons./year.
e£ = Emission factor (uncontrolled), pound/ton.
20
-------
P = Production rate, tons/year.
Ct = Percentage of production capacity on which control equipment is
installed (for each -pecific type of control, device) .
= Particle size distribution of emitted particulates.
f2(d) - 1 - fractional efficiency of control system (i.e., penetration).
The specific particle size ranges (d^-d2) included in the inventory are:
3-7 p, 1-3 p, 0.5-1.0 p, 0.1-0.5 p, 0.05-0.1 p, 0.01-0.05 p.
Because of inadequacies in the data base, it was not possible to estimate
fine particle emissions from all industrial sources. The major source
categories that were included are shown in Table 6.
Calculation Procedures for Stationary Area Sources
The calculation method for stationary area sources is essentially the
same as for point sources except that neither the control device applica-
tion nor control device penetration terms are needed. Equation (2) ^resents
the equation used to determine the quantity of fine particles emitted from
a specific source:
Edl-d2
where
d = Particle size in microns.
E-di-do = Emission rate of particles between dj^ and A^, tons/year.
ef = Emission factor (uncontrolled).
G = Source strength.
= Particle size distribution of generated particulates.
21
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Table 6. MAJOR STATIONARY POINT SOURCE CATEGORIES FOR FINE
PARTICLE EMISSION INVENTORY
A. Asphalt—hot mix batch plants, dryer.
B. Cement plants--kiln.
C. Ferroalloy plants—electric arc furnace.
D. Fertilizer plants—granulators and dryers.
E. Iron foundries—cupola.
F. Kraft pulp mills—bark-fired boilers, recovery furnaces, and lime kilns.
G. Lime, plants—rotary kilns.
H. Municipal incinerators.
I. Stationary combustion sources, electric utility and industrial
boilers--coal-fired, oil-fired, and gas-fired.
J. Iron and steel plants--sinter machines, basic oxygen furnaces, open
hearth furnace, and electric arc furnace.
22
-------
The term G (source strength) Is analogous to the production or consump-
tion rate term in Eq. (1), but it is expressed in terms such as acres
burned/year, number of buildings burned/year, or acres cultivated/year,
rather than tons of material processed per year. Table 7 indicates the
major stationary area sources that were considered in the emission in-
ventory.
Calculation Procedures for Mobile Sources
Mobile sources were assumed to be uncontrolled sources of particulate pol-
lutants, and Eq. (2), with the factors expressed in"appropriate units,
was used to calculate fine particle emissions from mobile sources. The
major mobile sources included in the inventory are presented i.n Table 8.
CURRENT LEVEL OF FINE PARTICULATE EMISSIONS (1972)
The procedures outlined in the preceding sections were used to calculate
fine particle emissions from each source category. The results of the
.calculations are highlighted in the next sections.
Stationary Point Sources
Equation (1) with the appropriate data for each individual source was
used to calculate the mass of fine particles emitted from various sta-
tionary point sources. It was assumed that control equipment is in opera-
tion 1007, of the time that a source is operating. That is, of course,
not the case, but data are not available on control equipment operational
efficiency. The details of the emission calculations for each point
source are given in Appendix B. The results are summarized in the fol-
lowing sections.
Hot-Nix Asphalt Paving Plants - Asphalt is a raw material for several in-
dustries. Two of the more important with regard to air pollution are hot-
mix asphalt paving plants and asphalt roofing manufacturing facilities.
Particle size distribution and degree of application of control information
were not available for the asphalt roofing manufacturing operations. As
a result, fine particle emissions were determined only for the hot-mix
asphalt paving plants.
The major source of dust in hot-mix asphalt paving plants is the rotary
dryer. However, while dust from the rotary dryer is the greatest source,
dust emitted from the vibrating screens, bucket elevator, storage bins,
and weigh hopper is also significant. In some plants, the dryer dust
problem is handled separately from the other sources. However, the trend
is to combine both dryer and vent line sources (fugitive sources) together
with a single collector fan system.
23
-------
Table 7. MAJOR STATIONARY AREA SOURCES CONSIDERED IN FINE
PARTICLE EMISSION INVENTORY
A. Wildfires and prescribed burning
B. Agricultural burning
C. Structural fires
D. Coal refuse banks (burning)
E. Fugitive sources
a. Agricultural tillage
b. Construction sites
c. Aggregate storage piles
d. Vehicle traffic on unpaved roads
Table 8. MAJOR MOBILE SOURCES INCLUDED IN FINE PARTICLE EMISSION INVENTORY
A. Motor vehicles
B. Aircraft
C. Railroads
D. Vessels
E. Nonhighway use of motor fuels
24
-------
Fine particle emissions were estimated for both the rotary dryer and the
vent line sources as shown in Table 9, Calculations are summarized in
Tables B-l to B-12 of Appendix B. Emissions are estimated at 287,689
tons/year smaller than 7 u diameter from the dryer and vent sources.
Particle size distributions for uncontrolled rotary dryers and vent lines
are presented in Figures A-l and A-2 of Appendix A. The particle size
data in Figure A-l were obtained from 20 individual dryers, while those
in Figure A-2 were obtained from only two different vent lines.
Also shown in Table 9 is an estimate of the reliability of the individual
terms used to calculate the fine particle emissions and the overall
reliability. A ranking scale of 1 to 5 with 1 being the highest and 5
the lowest was used to indicate the reliability.
Cement Plants - In the source category of cement plant, calculations of
fine particle emissions could be performed only for the rotary kilns.
Calculations of emissions from dryers, grinders, and other miscellaneous
sources could not be d^ne with any reliability because of lack of informa-
tion on emission factors, particle size distributions, and application of
control.
Table 10 summarizes fine particle emissions for rotary cement kilns and
gives the reliability of the emission calculation parameters and results.
The emissions from cement kilns that are less than 7 p in diameter are
estimated to be 240,601 tons/year. Details of the emission calculations
are given in Tables B-13 and B-19 of Appendix B.
The emission factor of 167 Ib/ton used in the emission calculations is the
geometric average of the data available in MRI's data bank. This emission
factor differs significantly from the values of 245 Ib/ton for dry process
and 228 Ib/ton for wet process kilns which are given in the Compilation of
Air Pollutant Emission Factors. AP-42, 2nd Edition, April 1973. Apparently
the AP-42 published values are based on an arithmetic mean rather than a
geometric mean which we believe to be the better representation of the
industry as a whole.
The extent of control data are based on a telephone survey which was con-
ducted as a part of our previous study. 1J These survey values were updated
from 1970 to 1972 by estimating the changes in control application, and by
comparison with information obtained from EPA's National Emission Data
System.
The particle size distribution data used in the calculations are shown in
Figure A-3 of Appendix A. Figure A-3 is based on the composj-te of size
distribution from 42 individual cement kilns.
25
-------
Table 9. FINE PARTICLE EMISSIONS FROM HOT-MIX. ASPHALT PLANTS.
Source
Dryers
Vent lines
Total
B.
Source
Dryers
Vent lines
A. Summary
3-7
36,086
11,031
47,117
Reliability
Production
Rate .
2
2
of Fine-Particle Mass Emissions from Hot Mix Asphalt Plants
. Particle Size Ranges (u)
Tons/Year
1-3 0.5-1.0 0.1-0.5 0.05-0.1 0.01-0.05 Total
139,032 51,361 27,365 508 0 254,352
19,516 2,394 396 0 0 33,337
153,548 53,755 27,761 508 0 287,689
Ratings for Fine Particle Emissions from Hot Mix Asphalt Plants.
Parameters Used in Calculations
Fractional
Efficiency Extent
Emission of Control of Control Particle Size Overall
Factor Devices Application Distribution Rating
2 22 3 2
2 2 33 3
-------
Table 10. FINE PARTICLE EMISSIONS FROM CEMENT PLANTS
Source
Rotary kiln
A. Summary of Fine-Particle Mass Emissions from Cement Plants
Particle Size Ranges (u)
Tons/Year
3^7
>2,544
1-3
101,650
0.5-1.0
24,421
0.1-0.5
11,703
0.05-0.1
283
0.01-0.05
0
Total
240,601
B. Reliability Ratings for Fine Particle Mass Emissions from Cement Plants
Parameters Used in Calculations
Source
Production
Rate
Emission
Factor
Fractional
Efficiency
of Control
Devices
Extent
of Control
Application
Particle Size
Distribution
Overall
Rating
Rotary kiln
-------
Ferroalloy Plants - The production of ferroalloys has many dust or fume
producing steps. Materials handling, crushing and grinding operations
generate coarse dust, while the pyrometallurgical steps release metallic
fumes. Particle size data were available only for the pyrometallurgical
operations, and as a consequence, fine particle emissions were estimated
only for these operations.
Because new and more extensive data for particle size distribution and
emission factors for ferroalloys were acquired during this programk it was
possible to divide the ferroalloy calculations into four production groups—
ferrosilicon alloys, ferrotnanganese alloys, ferrochroiniutn alloys and miscel-
laneous ferroalloys. The estimated fine particle emissions from each of the
ferroalloy groups are sunnp.arized in Table 11. The total ferroalloy emissions.
less than 7u in diameter are estimated to be 302,143 tons/year. Also shown
in Table 11 are the reliability ratings for the calculation parameters.
The calculations for the ferrosilicon alloys are shown in Tables B-20 to
B-24 of Appendix B. The particle size distribution used in the calcula-
tions is for furnaces producing 507o FeSi and is shown in Figure A-4 of
Appendix A. The production rate used in the calculations includes alloys
of varying silicon content from silvery pig iron (< 25% Si) to silicon
metal (> 95% Si). The emission factor used is the geometric average of
the emission factors for alloys with varying silicon percentages weighted
in terms of the appropriate production rate of each alloy. The applica-
tion of control is based on a 1970 EPA study which included 40 furnaces
producing ferrosilicon alloys. The result of the calculations is an esti-
mate of 159,241 tons/year of particulate less than 7 u in diameter from
ferrosilicon alloy production.
The calculations for the ferromanganese alloys are shown in Tables B-25 to
B-29 of Appendix B. The particle size distribution used in the calculations
is for furnaces producing ferromanganese alloys and is shown in Figure A-5
of Appendix A. The production rate used in the calculations includes ferro-
manganese, silicomanganese, and ferrosilicomanganese alloys. The emission
factor used is the geometric average of the emission factors weighted in
terms of the production rates of the different ferromanganese alloys. The
application of control is based on a 1970 EPA study which included 33 fur-
naces producing ferromanganese alloys. The result of the calculations is
an estimate of 33,182 tons/year of particulate less than 7 p in diameter
from ferromanganese alloy production.
The calculations for the ferroehromium alloys are shown in Tables B-30 to
B-33 of Appendix B. The particle size distribution, shown in Figure A-6
of Appendix A, used in the calculations is a composite based on furnaces
producing high carbon ferrochrome and ferroehromium silicon. The produc-
tion rate used in the calculations includes both ferrochrome and ferro-
ehromium silicon and the emission factor used is based on the geometric
28
-------
Table 11. FINE PARTICLE EMISSIONS. FROM FERROALLOY PLANTS
to
VO
A. Summary of Fine-Particle Mass Emissions froi.i Fetroalloy Plants
Source
3-7
Particle Size Ranges (u)
Tons/Year
1-3 0.5-1.0 0.1-0.5 0.05-0.1 0.01-0.05
Total
Electric Arc Furnaces
1. Ferrosilicon
alloys
2. Ferronanganp.se
alloys
3. Ferrochromium
alloys
4. Miscellaneous
alloys
Total
B.
Source
Electric Arc Furnace
1. FerrosiHcor.
alloys
2. Ferro anganese
alloys
3. Ferrochr^'jium
al loys
4. Miscellaneous
alloys
1,892
3,158
10,975
3,843
19,873
Reliability
Production
Rate
4
2
2
3
18,995 28,666 T',630 17,852 8.206
15,784 9,593 4,623 24 0
; ,
22, /67 14,545 18,926 1,978 . 796
Ife.OOO 1^409 13^012 1,084 380
69,546 62,213 120,191 20,938 9,382
Ratings for Fine Particle Mass Emissions from Ferroalloy Plants
Parameters Used in Calculation?
Fractional
Efficiency Extent
Emission of Control of Control Particle Size
Factor Devices Application Distribution
223 2
2 2 3 2
223 2
3 24 3
159,241
33,182
69,987
39,733
302,143
Overall
Rating
2
2
2
3
-------
average of the emission factors for the sama alloys. The application of
control Is based on a 1970 EPA study which included 30 furnaces producing
ferrochromium alloys. The result of the calculations is an estimate of
69,98".' tons/year of partlculate less than 7 u In diameter emitted from
ferrochromium alloy production.
Approximately 14% of all ferroalloy production Is not covered by the
ferrosilicon, ferromanganese, and terrochroralum alloy calculations. This
production was designated miscellaneous ferroalloys and the calculations
of emissions from the production of these alloys are given In Tables B-34
tc B-38 of Appendix B. The emission factor used is the average of all
the known emission factors for other ferroalloys. The particle size data
used is a composite of the ferrosilicon, ferromanganese and ferrochromium
particle size data used in the previous calculations. The application of
control data is based on 112 furnaces producing all ferroalloys which were
surveyed in a 1970 EPA study. The result of these calculations is an
estimate of 39,733 tons/year of particulates emitted from miscellaneous
ferroalloy production.
Fertilizer and Phosphate Rock - Particulate emissions from the processing
of phosphate rock and from fertilizer manufacturing originate from dryers,
roasters, digesters, granulators, and coolers. Particle size distributions
were obtained only for granulators and dryers used in the manufacture of
phosphate fertilizers. Figure A-7 of Appendix A presents the available
particle size data for these sources. The dat.i in Figure A-7 were obtained
from eight individual fertilizer plants.
Because of the lack of adequate particle size distribution data for the
other sources, estimates of fine particle emissions were made only for
the granulators and dryers. Fine particle emissions from the granulation
and drying processes are estimated to be 21,394 tons/year as shown in
Table 12. Details of the cajculations are given in Tables B-39 to B-&2
of Appendix B.
The total production of granulated fertilizer was estimated as follows;
Ammonium phosphate - 2,080,000 tons as P205 at 407. = 5,200,000 tons
Salt grades - 126,000 tons as P205 at 21% = 600,000
Solid fer:ilizer (SIC No. 2372, plants which do not
manufacture any of their raw materials) = 8.100.000
Total 13,900,000
Normal superphosphate - 798,000 tons as P205 at 19% = 4,200,000
Triple superphosphate - 1,530,000 tons as P205 at 45% = 3.400.000
Total 7,600,000
Assume 75% of superphosphates are granulated = 5.700.000
Total tonnage of granulated fertilizer •= 19,600,000 tons
30
-------
Table 12. FINE PARTICLE EMISSIONS FROM PHOSPHATE FERTILIZER PRODUCTION
(Granulation and Drying Only) . .
A. Summary of. Fine-Particle Mass Emissions from Phosphate Fertilizer Plants
• Particle Size Ranges (u)
ions/Year
Source 3-7 1-3 JLJLJLJi 0.1-0.5 0.05-0.1 0.01-0.05 Total
Granulation and
drying 5,274 8,678 3,768 3,310 364 0 21,394
B. Reliability Ratings for Fine Particle Mass Emissions from Phosphate Fertilizer Plants
Parameters Used in Calculations
Fractional
Efficiency Extent
Production Emission. of Control of Control Particle Size Overall
Source Rate Factor Devices Application Distribution Rating
Granulation and
drying 3 4 2 3 4 4
-------
Published data on emissions from granulation processes are meager and lot
indicative in every instance of what process equipment is being vented.
An emission factor of 195 Ib/ton for granulation dryers and coolers, which
was obtained from data averaged for 15 plants over the country, was use.l
in the calculations. This emission factor is the same value as was used
in our previous emission inventory.-L^L' The extent of control application
was taken from our previous study.ii£/
Iron and Steel Plants - The major sources of particulate air pollution in
iron and steel plants are: sintering machines, coke oven plants, blast
furnace operations, steel-making furnaces, and materials handling opera-
tions. Fine particle emissions were estimated only for sintering machines
and steel-making furnaces because of lack of particle size distribution
data for the other sources. Table 13 summarizes the estimates that were
made for this industry. The emission calculations for sinter machines
and steel-making furnaces are reviewed in the following sections. The
total estimated emission of particulates from these source-s less than
7 u in diameter is 492,210 tons/year.
Basic oxygen furnaces - Calculations of fine particle emissions from
basic oxygen furraces were hampered by a discrepancy in the reported parti-
cle size distributions for basic oxygen furnace dust. Reports have been
made of 957, < 1 n as well as 95% < 0.2 u. Available particle size data
are presented in Figure A-8, Appendix A. The- curve with the triangle
symbols was used for the emission calculations.
Tables B-43 to B-46 in Appendix B summarize the calculation of emissions.
Emissions are estimated to be 361,563 tons/year for particulates less than
7 u in diameter. This quantity is much greater than that reported for
total mass emissions from basic oxygen furnaces.£' This discrepancy re-
sults primarily from the calculation of fine particle emissions from BOF
units controlled with Venturi scrubbers (Table B-46).
The emissions from BOF units that are controlled with Venturi scrubbers
were computed using the particle size distribution for uncontrolled fur-
naces (Figure A-8), and the fractional efficiency curve for a Venturi
scrubber (Figure 1). Since all available information indicates that the
particulate emitted from these furnaces is nearly all micron or submicron
in size, the large difference in the computed emissions appears to result
from the fractional efficiency values for'the Venturi scrubber given in
Figure 1. The fractional efficiency curve for a Venturi scrubber indicates
a collection efficiency of 92% for 1-p particles, £8% for 0.5-u particles,
and 22% for 0.1-u particles. The ^article size distribution for basic
32
-------
Table 13. FINE PARTICLE EMISSIONS FROM IRON AND STEEL PLANTS
U)
A. Summary
v>
Source
Basic oxygen furnaces
Electric arc furnaces
Open hearth furnaces
Sintering machine
wind boxes
Total
3-7
0
3,148
740
3,699
7,587
B. Reliability
Source
Basic oxygen furnaces
Electric arc furnaces
Open hearth furnaces
Production
Rate
2
2
2
of Finr-.-Particle
1-3 0.
1,771 39
5,104 3
6,756 18
3.705 _1
17,336 62
Ratings for Fine
Emission
Factor
2
2
3
Mass Emissions from Iron and Steel Plants
Particle Size Ranges (p;
Tons/Year
5-1.0 0.1-0.5 0.05-0.1
,311 313,405 2,076
,389 6,940. 2,210
,424 63,630 7,051
.172 637 0
,296 489,612 . 11,337
Particle Emissions from Iron and
Parameters Used in Calculations
Fractional
Efficiency Extent
of Control of Control
Devices Application
3 2
2 3
2 4
0.01-0.05
0
2,649
1,343
0
3,992
Steel Plants
Particle Size
Distribution
3
2
3
Total
361,563
23,440
97,944
9.213
492,160
Overall
Rating
3
2
3
Sintering machine
wind boxes
-------
oxygen furnace dust (Figure A-8) shows 99% < 1 U and 58% < 0.5 u. Compar-
ing this particle size distribution with the respective Venturi scrubber
efficiencies indicates that the overall efficiency for a Venturi scrubber
would be Ifss than 88% on a typical basic oxygen furnace. This value of
overall efficiency for a Venturi scrubber on BOF emissions seems quite
low, particularly in view of field tests on Venturi scrubbers operating
on BOF units that indicate 96-99% overall efficiency. lift./
Difficulties in sampling the outlet of Venturi scrubbers on basic oxygen
furnaces may have led to erroneous conclusions regarding the overall ef-
ficiency. The exact sampling procedures used in the field tests were not
defined. Standard sampling techniques are not adequate for sampling sub-
tnicron particulates. If standard sampling trains were employed, it is
possible that a significant portion of the particulate leaving the scrubber
would not be collected. Failure to collect part of the material leaving
the scrubber would result in the calculation of a higher than actual ef-
ficiency for the control device.
Comparison of the fraction efficiency curve in Figure 1 with the theoreti-
cal and measured overall efficiencies does not resolve the large difference
in the calculated emissions. This raises the possibility that the particle
size distributions for basic oxygen furnace dust are not correct. Meager
data are available on the particle size of BOF dust. Only two particle
size distributions were found, therefore, it is possible that the data
.shown in Figure A-8 are not representative of BOF dust. However, previous
telephone contacts with knowledgeable people in the iron and steel in-
dustry, indicated that primary BOF dust (i.e., unagglomerated) is pre-
dominantly submicron in
It is also possible that the particle size which a control device "sees"
is not the same as that reported in Figure A-8i As noted in the preceding
paragraph, the data in Figure A-8 are assigned to represent primary par-
ticulates. BOF dust is mainly red iron oxide which has a high tendency
to agglomerate. If the. dust is transported through a hooding and_ducting
system before it enters a control device, considerable agglomeration may
occur. In this event, the particles would be larger than shown in Figure
A-8, and the efficiency of a control device would be correspondingly
higher. Also the fractional efficiency curve for a Venturi scrubber shown •
in Figure 1 was not obtained for a scrubber collecting basic oxygen fur-
nace dust, but rather for a dust that had low agglomeration tendencies.
In passage through a scrubber BOF dust may agglomerate more than a dust
that has a lower agglomeration tendency. Therefore, a Venturi scrubber
might exhibit a high efficiency because of the agglomeration characteris-
tics of BOF dust.
34
-------
All of the above factors probably contribute to the differences between
the calculated total and fine particle mass emissions. This case clearly
indicates the many pitfalls involved in calculating fine particle emis-
sions from generalized fractional efficiency curves, extrapolated particle
size data, and inadequate information on particulate sampling procedures.
Electric arc furnaces - Limited particle size data are available
for the electric arc furnace. As was the case with the other steel-
making furnaces, there is also considerable spread between individual
particle size distributions. Figure A-9, Appendix A, presents the avail-
able particle size data. The arithmetic mean curve was used for the emis-
sion calculations summarized in Tables B-47 to B-52 in Appendix B. Par-
ticulate emissions less than 7 p are estimated at 23,440 tons/year.
Open hearth furnaces - Estimates of the fine particle emissions from
open hearth furnaces proved to be difficult because data on particle size
distributions from uncontrolled or controlled furnaces are almost non-
existent. Furthermore, there are inconsistencies in the available infor-
mation. Another complication is that the mass rate of emissions, and the
particle size of the emitted material changes during the furnace cycle.
The particle size data shown in Figure A-10 of Appendix A were used
in the fine particle emission calculations which are summarized in Tables
B-53 to B-56 in Appendix B. The particle size data reported in Figure
A-10 are a composite of data obtained by using two sampling trains:
1. Glass cloth thimble ahead of a Whatman paper thimble, and
2. A thermal precipitator.
Particle sizing was accomplished by optical techniques. The samples were
collected between charging periods and early in the melting period. Al-
though other data which differ greatly are available it is believed that
the data shown in Figure A-10 are the best for use in the fine particle
calculations.
Accurate application of control data for open hearth furnaces were diffi-
cult to obtain because of the rapid decline in steel production by use of
open hearth furnaces. Production of steel by open hearth furnaces has
dropped from approximately 66 million tons in 1968 to 32 million tons in
1972. In our previous study, a telephone survey indicated that 41% of
open hearth production had emission controls in 1968.—' Assuming that the
majority of the decline in steel production from open hearth furnaces has
been due to the closing of uncontrolled furnaces, we estimated that the
1972 application of control would be 85% among the furnaces that remain
35
-------
in production. Particulate emissions which are less than 7 p in diameter
are estimated at 97,994 tons/year.
Sinter machines - Details of the calculation of fine particle emissions
from sinter machines are presented in Tables B-57 to B-61 of Appendix B.
Fine particle emissions from sinter machine windboxes are estimated to
be 9,213 tons/year. Other emission sources from sintering machines.'were
not estimated because of a lack of particle size data.
Particle size distributions for both uncontrolled and controlled sinter
machine windboxes are illustrated in Figure A-ll, Appendix A.
Iron foundries - The iron melting process in foundries is the principal
source of particulatc emissions. Cupola, electric arc, electric induc-
tion, and reverberatory air furnaces are used•to obtain the molten metal.
Secondary sources of particulates include materials handling, casting
shakeout systems, buffing and grinding operations, and core ovens. Par-
ticle sizt distributions, emission factors, and degree of application of
control information were available only for the cupola furnaces and esti-
mates of fine particle emissions were confined to that source. Table 14
summarizes the fine particle -Emissions from cupolas and indicates the
reliability of the calculations. The total particulate emissions less
than 7 u in diameter were estimated to be 19,375 tons/year. Details of
the calculations are given in Appendix B," Tables B-62 to B-68.
The particle size data for uncontrolled cupolas are presented in Figure
A-12 of Appendix A. The data in Figure A-12 were obtained from 25 in-
dividual cupolas. The emission factor used in the calculations is from
Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, AP-42. The production
rate used in the calculations in Table B-63 and the application of control
data are based on Ref. 2 and recent trends indicated by the A. T. Kearny
Company.2J
Forest products industry - The forest products industry encompasses
forestry, sawmill, plywood, particleboard, hardboard, and pulp mill opera-
tions. Only in the kraft pulp mill operations were sufficient particle
size and application-of-control data available to permit an estimate -ef
the fine particle emissions. Fine particle emissions from kraft pulp
mills are given in Table 15. Individual sources in the kraft pulp mills
are discussed in the following sections.
Bark-fired boilers - Many of the pulp mills utilized wood wastes as
feed to the boiler plants. Reported particle size distributions for particu-
late effluents from five separate uncontrolled bark boilers are presented
36
-------
Table 14. FINE PARTICLE EMISSIONS FROM IRON FOUNDRY CUPOLAS
Source
Cupolas
A. Summary of
3-7
6,074
Fine -Particle
1-3 0
6,466
Mass Emissions from Iron Foundries
Particle Size Ranges (p)
Tons7Year
.5-1.0 0.1-0.5 0.05-0.1 0.01-0.05
2,458 3,275 544 544
Total
19,375
U)
B. Reliability Ratings for Fine Particle Emissions from Iron Foundries
Parameters Used in Calculations
Source
Production
Rate
Emission
Factor
Fractional
Efficiency
of Control
Devices
•Extent
of Control
Application
Particle Size
Distribution
Overall
Rating
Cupolas
-------
Table 15. FINE PARTICLE EMISSIONS FROM KRAFT PULP MILLS
10
00
A. Summary of Fine-Particle Mass Emissions from Kraft Pulp Mills
Source
Bark fired boilers
Recovery furnaces
Lime kilns
Total
B.
Source
Bark fired boilers
Recovery furnaces
Lime kilns
3-7
59,321
28,019
1.150
88,490
Reliability
Production
Rate
3
1
3
1-3
58,788
123,236
2,127
Particle Size Ranges (u)
Tons/Year
0.5-1.0 0.1-0.5 0.05-0.1 0.01-0.05
14,746 7,319 253 84
100,800 96,579 1,862 130
275 . 104 0 0
184,151 115,821 104,002 2,115 214
Ratings for Fine Particle Emissions from Kraft Pulp Mills
Emission
Factor
3
2
3
Parameters Used in Calculations ,,
Fractional . J
Efficiency Extent .'•• '
of Control - of Control Particle Size
Devices Application Distribution '
2 3 . . 3
3 3 < 2 '
2 3 4
Total
140,511
350,626
3,656
494,793
Overall
Rating
3
2
4
-------
in Figure A-13 of Appendix A. Tables B-69 to B-72 in Appendix B, summarize
fine particle emission calculations for the bark boilers. Particulate
emissions less than 7 u are estimated at 132,724 tons/year. The procedure
used to determine the uncontrolled emissions is given in Table B-70 since
an exact production rate could not easily be determined. The method for
calculating the application of control is also given in Table B-70. Both
calculations depend greatly on the work previously reported in Ref.. 2.
Recovery furnaces - The recovery furnace is the major source of particu-
late emissions in kraft pulp mills. Because of the extreme fineness,
hygroscopic nature, and impaction characteristics of recovery furnace
dust, it is difficult to collect a sample for size analysis. Available
particle size distribution data are presented in Figure A-14, Appendix A.
A small electrostatic precipitator and a Cascade impactor were used for
sampling. Particle sizing was performed with an electron microscope.
Tables B-73 to B-76 summarize the estimates of emissions from recovery
furnaces. The total obtained for the particulate emission less than 7 u
in diameter was 350,626 tons/year. Since a variety of emission control
devices with unknown fractional efficiencies are used on some recovery
furnaces, the control devices were all assumed to be equal to medium ef-
ficiency electrostatic precipitators which are used on most installations.
The application of control figures were taken from our previous study.U
Pulp mill lime kilns - Data on particle 3ize distributions from either
uncontrolled or controlled pulp mill lime kilns arc nearly nonexistent.
Figure A-15 of Appendix A illustrates the only particle size distribution
that was found during our previous sti.dy.i/ Additional data were not ob-
tained in the current study. The sampling technique used to obtain the
material for subsequent particle sizing was not given; however, microscopic
techniques were used for the determination of the size distribution. Since
an adequate number of particle size distributions were not available, only
a gross estimate of fine particle emissions from lime kilns in pulp mills
was made. It should be noted that the particle size data for pulp mill
lime kilns presented in Figure A-15 shows only 77, less than 7 u in diameter,
while commercial lime industry kilns have 257. less than 7 u in diameter as
shown in Figure A-16.
Tables B-77 to B-80 of Appendix B summarize the calculation of fine
particle emissions for the pulp mill lime kilns. Fine particle emissions
total only 3,656 tons/year. However, if the particle size^ distribution
for the commercial lime industry kilns had been used, the fine particle
emissions would be approximately 43,400 tons/year.
Lime Plants - The major particulate emission source in lime plants is
the rotary calcining kiln. Secondary sources include materials handling
39
-------
crushing, and screening operations. Table 16 suiranarizes fine particle
emissions from lime plants. Individual sources are discussed in the fol-
lowing sections.
Rotary kilns - Calculations of the estimates of fine particle emis-
sions from rotary kilns are presented in Tables B-81 to B-86 of Appendix
B.. Emissions of particulates less than 7 p in diameter are estimated Lo
be 116,502 tons/year.
The particle size distributions for uncontrolled kilns that were used
in the emission calculations are shown in Figure A-16 of'Appendix A, which
is based on data thaTVere obtained from 19 individual kilns. Information on
application of control was obtained by using data from the telephone sur-
vey of lime plants reported for 1968 in Ref. 2 and estimating the changes
in application be ;een 1968 and 1972. The total 1972 lime production rate
was obtained from the National Lime Association. Rotary lime kilns account
for 80% of lime production so only 80% of the total production was used
in the calculations. The other 20% of production is mainly from vertical
kilns which have a much lower emission factor and were not included in the
calculations.
Secondary sources - Calculations of the estimates of fine particle
emissions from lime plant secondary sources are given in Tables B-87 to
B-90. The emissions of particulates less than 7 u in diameter are esti-
mated to be 78,434 tons/year.
The particle size data used in the calculations for secondary sources
are shown in Figure A-17 of Appendix A, which was based on two crushing and
one screening operation. As a result of the telephone survey reported in
Ref. 2, the application of control was estimated at 80%; however, there
was not sufficient data to itemize the different control devices used.
Therefore, for purposes of the emissions calculations it was assumed that
all lime plant secondary sources were controlled by medium efficiency wet
scrubbers.
Municipal Incineration - Estimates of fine particle emissions from munici-
pal incineration and the reliability ratings for the caJculations are
given in Table 17. The particulate emissions less than 7 p in diameter
are estimated to be 33,106 tons/year. Details of t'.ie calculations used to
make this estimate are given in Tables B-91 to 3-97 in Appendix B. The
individual parameters used in the calculations are discussed in !:be follow-
ing paragraphs.
40
-------
Table 16. FINE PARTICLE EMISSIONS FROM LIME PLANTS
Source
Rotary kiln
Secondary
sources
Total
B.
Source
llotary kiln
Secondary
sources
A. Summary of Fine-Particle Mass Emissions from Lime Plants
Particle Size Ranges (u)
: Tons/Year
3-7 1-3 0.5-1.0 0.1-0.5 0.05-0.1 0.01-0.05
27,797 39,559 19,081 24,703 3,177 2,185
23^950 44v,629 8,483 1,372 0 0
51,747 84,188 27,564 26,075 3,177 2,185
Reliability Ratings for Fine Particle Emissions from Lime Plants
Parar.eters Used in Calculations
Fractional
. Efficiency Extetit
Production Emission of Control of Control Particle Size
Rate Factor , Devices Application Distribution
1 2 222
2 3 4 4 3
Total
116,502
78,434
194,936
Overall
Rating
2
4
-------
Table 17. FINE PARTICLE EMISSIONS FROM MUNICIPAL INCINERATORS
A. Summary
Source 3-7
Incineration 4,551
of Fine-Particle Mass Emissions from Municipal Incinerators
Particle Size Ranges (p)
Tons/Year
1-3 0.5-1.0 0.1-0.5 0.05-0.1 0.01-0.05 Total
9,058 5,564 8,642 , 2,100 3,191 33,106
B. Reliability Ratings for Fine Particle Emissions from Municipal Incinerators
Parameters Used in Calculations •
Source
Incineration
Production
Rate
Emission
Factor
Fractional
Efficiency
of Control
Devices
Extent
of Control
Application
Particle Size
Distribution
Overall
Rating
-------
The 1972 incineration rate of 18 million tons/year Was obtained froir. a
telephone contact with a university researcher.**/ This value is tha sa*r.e
as reported in the EPA data file of nationwide emissions, 1971.2/ The
emission factor and application of control are largely based on ? study
by A. D. Little.IS/ The application of control devices WPS updated by
including a number of electrostatic preclpitators which were scheduled to
be installed between 1968 and 1972.
The particle size distribution used for the calculations is snown in
Figure A-18 of Appendix A. This distribution is based on data from two
sources—the MR! data bank and data published by Southern Research In-
stitute;- The MRI data includes that of the A. D. Little study .IP./
Stationary Combustion Sources - Stationary combustion sources presented
in the inventory include electric utility and industrial boilers fired
with coal, oil and gas. The estimates of fine pf ticle emissions for
each category are discussed in the following sections.
Electric utilities--coal-fired boilers - Fide particle emissions from
electric utility coal-fired boilers are summarized in Table 18. Total
emission of particulates less than 7 u is estimated to be 1,858,241 tons/
year. Fine particle emissions for pulverized coal-fired boilers are pre-
sented in imre detail in Tables B-98 to B-103. Emissions for stoker coal-
fired boilers are shown In Tables B-104 to B-108, while those for cyclone
coal-fired boilers are summarized in Tables B-109 to B-113.
Particle size Distributions for the various uncontrolled boilers are
presented in Figures A-19, A-20, and A-21 of Appendix A. The data for pul-
verized coal-fired boilers in Figure A-19 represent size distributions
from more than 300 individual boilers. Figure A-20 represents data from
nine stoker coal-fired boilers, while Figure A-21 summarizes particle size
distributions obtained from seven cyclone coal-fired boilers. Percent
application of control and the percent c< ..."rolled by different control de-
vices was obtained from a phone survey reported in Ref. 2,
Industrial power plants--coal-fired boilers - Details of the calcula-
tions of fine particle emissions from pulverized coal-fired industrial power
plants are summarized in Tables B-114 to B-118, for stoker coal-fired
boilers in Tables B-119 to B-123, and for cyclcne coal-fired boilers in
Tables B-124 to B-128. Emissions of particulates less than 7u in diameter
are estimated to be 431,593 tons/year.
43
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Table 16. FJNi: PARTICLE EMISSIONS FROM STATIONAKV COMBUSTION SOITRCES
A. Summary •<{ Flm".Partlcle Mmn EMisioni from Statl.marv Fuel Combmtlon
Tons/Year
source 3-7
A. I'.oal
I. Electric utility
J. Pulverized 665,771
l>. Stoker 57,308
c. C> clone 53,088
J. Industrial
«. Pulverized 68,980
b. Stoker 192,960
c. Cvclone 11,766
I'.. ' ...-I Oi |
1. Electric .u \ Lily
jnJ in iisl rial I')0,hb5
C. Natural Gas a. id LPC
1. Electric utility
ant.1 industrial
Total 1,240,538
B. Reliability
1-1 0.5-1.0 0.1-0.5 i>.uj-i,.i 0.01-0.05
(>59.398 199,44? 110,988 3,128 0
23,295 5,878 2,138 0 11
53,792 15,706 8,097 205 0
JJ.072 795 0 0 0
SA.520 10,941 3,138 0 0
19,994 9,974 6,124 258 71
104.895
967,966 242,743 130,485 3,591 71
Ratings for Fine Particle Emissions from Stationary Fuel Comb-.isticn
Tula!
1.636,71'.
88.61M
130,881-
91, 8i7
291,559
48,187
190,oo5
104,8^5
2.585,394
Parameters Used in O [dilations
Production
Source Rate
1 . V.O.J 1
i. i.u-ctrlc utility 1
:. Industrial 2
Fractional
Efficiency r.xtenl
Cnission of Control of control ('article -i:'.c
Factor Devices Application Distribution
1221
' 2 2 3 2
uvcra 1 1
RjtinK
I
2
11. IU>:1 Oil
1. Klcctrlc utility
and Industrial
Unknown
Unknown
C. Natural Gas
I. hlectrlc utility
and industrial
Unknown
-------
Available particle size distribution data are presented in Figure
A<-22 of Appendix A. The particle size measuring method used to obtain
the size distributions is not known. The percent application of control
and the percent controlled by different control devices was obtained
from Ref. 2.
Electric utilities and industrial oil and gas-fired boilers - Accurate
size data are not available for the particulates emitted from oil and gas-
fired boilers, either for electric utility or industrial units. The meager
data available indicated that emitted particulates were generally 90 wt %
less than 7 u for oil-fired b jilers and 90 wt 7. less than 3 u for gas-
fired boilers.
Available information also indicates that these units are nearly
all uncontrolled. The uncontrolled quantities of particulate emissions
from the combustion of different types of fuel oil were estimated as follows:
A. Electric utilities
E = 14,200,000,000 gal. fuel oil x 8-lb particulate 1 ton
' ' 1,000 gal. 2,000 Ib
= 56,800 tons.
B. Industrial
1. Residual
E = 11,200,000,000 gal. fuel oil x 23-lb particulate x 1 ton
1,000 gal. 2,000 Ib
= 128,800 tons. •
2. Distillate
E = 3,500,000,000 gal. fuel oil x 15"lb paniculate x 1 ton
l,00tr gal. 2,000 Ib
= 26,250 tons.
By combining the uncontrolled emissions and the available particle size
data, particulate emissions less than 7 u in diameter were estimated to
be about 190,665 tons/year from oil-fired boilers.
The uncontrolled quantities of particulate emissions from the combus-
tion of natural gas were calculated as follows:
45
-------
A. Electric utilities
. , _.__„- .... ,, .. 15-lb participate 1 ton
E = 4,320,000 million cubic feet gas x • E x
million cu ft 2,000 Ib
= 32,400 tons.
B. Industrial
E = 9,350,000 million cubic feet gas x 18"Ib P^ticulate x 1 ton
million cu ft 2,000 Ib
= 84,150 tons.
The total of 116,550 tons/year of uncontrolled particulate from the com-
bustion of natural gas in electric utility and industrial boilers and
available particle size data were used to obtain the estimate of 104,895
tons/year less than 3 u in diameter shown in Table 18. A recent publica-
11'
tion by Battelle—.' states that an emission factor of 6 Ib/ton would be
a better value than the EPA emission factors reported in Ref. 12 which
were used in the above calculations. If so, the total uncontrolled
particulate would be reduced to 41,010 tons/year arid the fine particle
emission estimate would be reduced to 36,409 tons/year.
Miscellaneous Stationary Point Sources - Limited information is avail-
able for several additional industrial sources of fine particulates. De-
tailed estimates could not be made for these sources, but gross estimates
of fine particulate emissions from these sources were made in our previ-
ous study. Since little additional information was obtained to improve
the emission calculations for these sources, the previous calculations
were updated by multiplying the previous emission estimates by the ratio
of 1972 production to 1968 production. The updated emission estimates
are presented in Table 19.
Stationary Area Sources
Fine particle emissions from area sources were calculated using Eq. (2),
page 21, and the appropriate data for each individual source. Wildfires,
prescribed burning, agricultural burning, structural fires, burning coal
refuse banks and fugitive dust sources such as unpaved roads and airstrips,
construction sites, agricultural tillage, and aggregate storage piles were
included in the category of stationary area sources. However, it was not
possible to make estimates of the fine particle emissions from the fugitive
dust sources because of lack of data on source strengths (i.e., the term,
G, in Eq. (2), page 21). Information on emission factors for the fugitive
46
-------
Table 19. GROSS ESTIMATES OF FINE PARTICLE EMISSIONS FROM
SELECTED INDUSTRIAL SOURCE CATEGORIES
Estimated Fine Particle Emission-/
Source (10 cons/year)
Crushed stone 868
Secondary nonferrous- metallurgy 127
Petroleum FCC units 50
Coal preparation plants, thermal dryers 42
Carbon black " 39
Acid plants
A. Sulfuric 2.8
B. Phosphoric (thermal) 1.2
Total 1,130.0
a/ Estimated particulate emissions less than 7 p in diameter.
47
-------
sources is presented in later sections. Individual stationary area
sources are discussed next.
Wildfires and Prescribed Burning - Wildfires (forest fires) and prescribed
burning both generate significant quantities of particulate pollutants
which are released into the atmosphere. Naturally, the contribution of
forest fires may go up or down, depending upon the severity of a particular
fire year. Prescribed burning has become an indispensable tool of forest
management and it is designed to cure ailments of thp forest—ailments
that include undesirable fuel accumulations, the encioachment of unwanted
species, unattractive wildfire habitats, and regeneration-inhibiting
pround cover.
Currently, only limited data are available concerning the amounts of par-
ticulate tratter released into the atmosphere by the combustion of forest
fuels. Table 20 summarizes data reported by the Southeastern Forest Ex-
periment Station, Southern Forest Laboratory, USDA.—' In general, in-
vestigators at the Southern Forest Fire Laboratory have found that:
1. Dead forest fuels produce less particulates than live, green fuels.
2. Backfires* produce less particulates than head fires.**
3. There is a direct relationship between fuel moisture content and
.particulate production.
4. The heavier the.fuel loading, the greater the particulate production.
5. Glowing combustion often produces more smoke than active combustion.
Reference 14 indicates that the average measured particulate produced
from a wildfire is 58 Ib/ton of fuel consumed while for a prescribed fire
the particulate generation rate is 17 Ib/tbn. Darley, et al.,1^' reported
that laboratory tests on Georgia pine needles showed that particulate
yields from head fires varied from 53 to 69 Ib/ton of fuel consumed,
whereas backfires yielded 15 Ib/ton of fuel consumed, confirming field
observations that backfires are cleaner than head fires. Sandberg and
Martin have conducted laboratory burning studies with fuel beds of about
13 Ib and have reported the following emission factors based on the
weight of fuel burned:—'
Douglas-fir slash without needles--6.2 + 3 Ib/ton,
Douglas-fir slash with needles--24.2 ± 8 Ib/ton,
Ponderosa pine slash--13.9 i" 2 Ib/ton.
* Backfire—a fire that moves in direction opposite to the wind.
.** Head fire--a fire that moves in the same direction as the wind.
48
-------
Table 20. PARTICULATE EMISSIONS FROM FOREST FIRES — IN-
FLUENCE OF FUELS AND BURNING CONDITIONS
Burning Conditions
Live, green vegetation burned
with no wind
Live, dry vegetation (exposed to
heat or open flames) burned with
no wind
Dead, dry vegetation burned with
a head fire
Dead, dry vegetation burned with
a backfire
Particulate Emissions
(per ton of fuel consumed)
100 Ib particulates
30 Ib particulates
44 Ib particulates
17 Ib particulates
49
-------
For the purposes of this inventory, wildfires were assumed to be similar
to head fires and an emission factor of 60 Ib/ton of fuel consumed was
chosen for subsequent calculations. An emission factor of 17 Ib/ton was
selected for prescribed fires.
Data on the size distribution of particulates emitted from wildfires or
prescribed fires are meager. Available data are shown in Figure A-23,
Appendix A. The data for wood smoke particles indicate that nearly 997,
of the particulates are less' than 0,2 p in size. Using the particle
size data in Figure A-23, Appendix A, and the emission factors chosen
in the preceeding paragraph, particulate emissions from wildfires and
prescribed fires were calculated.
Total mass emissions and fine particulate emissions from forest fires are
summarized in Table 21. Data on acreage consumed by wildfires and wild-
fire fuel consumption in 1971 were obtained from Yamate.—' As shown in
Table 21, total mass emissions from forest fires in 1971 are estimated
at 2.16 x 10^ tons, with all of the emitted particulates less than 0.5 p
in size.
Prescribed buring is the source of a much smaller amount of particulate
emissions than are wildfires. Total mass emissions from prescribed burn-
ing are estimated at 178,330 tons in 1971 as shown in Table 22. Acreage
consumed and fuel consumption were obtained from estimates by the U.S.
Forest Service.!**/ Reference 17 indicates that the particle size dis-
tribution for particulates emitted from prescribed fires is essentially
the same as for wildfires, and, therefore, all the particulates emitted
from prescribed fires are estimated to be less than 0.5 p in size.
Agricultural Burning - Almost 32 miflion tons of agricultural waste are
burned annually in the United States.—' These wastes include crop
residues, scrubbrush, weeds, grass and other vegetation. An emission
fa«.tor of 17 Ib/ton was applied to the total fuel .consumption to obtain
the emission estimate of 272,000 tons of particulate per year, as shown
in Table 23. The average of the particle size distribution data for
citrus prunlngs, rice straw, and sugar cane leaves shown in Figure A-24,
Appendix A, was used to estimate the quantity of particulate in various
size ranges..L5.'
Structural Fires - The National Fire Protection Association estimated that
about 1 million buildings were attached by fire during 1971 with the average
50
-------
Table 21. FINE PARTICUT-ATE EMISSIONS FROM WILDFIRES (FOREST FIRES)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Geographic Area
Rocky Mountain group
a) Northern Region 1
b) Rocky Mountain Region 2
c) Southwestern Region 3
d) Interoountain Region 4
Pacific group
a) California Region 5
b) Alaska Region 10
c) Pacific N.W. Region 6
Southern group
North Central group
Eastern group
Wildfire Fuel
Consumption
(ton/acre)!'
60
'10
10
8
18
16
60
9
11
11
Acreage
Consuoied
(•acres)'1'
351,563
162,795
206,983
53,064
46,941
1,046,542
67,655
1,992,339
232,749
116,251
Emission Factor
(Ib/tnn of fuel)
f,q
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
Total
Total
Participate
Etsiss ions
(trn/year)
632.813
146.516
62,095
12,735
25,348
502.340
121,779
537,932
76,807
38.363
2,156,728
Sine Particle Eolssions (ton/year)
3-7u
0
0
. 0
0
0
0
0
0
0
• 0
0
l-3u
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.5-1^
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
i 0.1-0.5U
145.547
33,699
14,282
2.929
5,830
US, 538
28,009
123,724
17,666
8.823
496,047
0. OS -0.1 P
360,703
83,514
35,394
7,259
14,448
286,334
69,414
306,621
43,780
21.867
1,229,334
0.01-0. 05 P
126,563
29,303
12,419
2,547
5,070
100.468
24,356
107,536
15,361
7.673
431,346
a/ Based on 1971 U.S. Forest Service estimates.
-------
Table 22. PARTICULATE EMISSIONS FROM PRESCRIBED BURNING IN 1971
Geographic
Area
Ease
West
Consumption
(ton/acre)
3
50
Acreage Burned
(ceres)
2,660,000
260,000
Emission Factor
Ob/ton of fuel)
17
17
Total
Total
Partlculate
Emissions
(ton/year)
67,830
110.500
178,330
Fine Particle Enlsslons (ton/year)
3-7 u
0
0
0
1-3 u
0
0
0
0.5-1.0 u
0
C
0
0.1-0.5 u
15,601
25.415
41,016
0.05-0.1 y
38,663
62.985
101,648
0.01-0.05 \i
13,566
22.100
35,666
Table 23. PARTICULATE EMISSIONS FROM AGRICULTURAL BURNING IN 1971
Emission Total
Fuel Factor Particulate
Consumed (Ib/ton Emissions
(tons) of fuel) (ton/year)
32 x 106
Fine Particle Emissions
(tons/yoar)
17
272,000
3-7 p 1-3 u
4,216 19,584
0.5-1.0 u
32,640
0.05-0.1 u
39,440
0.01-0.05 u
43,520
-------
extent of damage being about 40%. Reference 20 indicates that the
average house contains nearly 17 tons of wood and other combustible
material.
By applying an average emission factor cf 17 Ib/ton wood combustion and
assuming that the particle size of the emitted particulate is the same
as that used for wildfires and prescribed fires, the estimated total
mass emissions and fine particulate emissions shown in Table 24 were
calculated.
Burning Coal Refuse Banks - Reference 21 states that 270 million tons
of burning coal exist in refuse banks.in the United States. It has also
been estimated that the average life of a coal bank is 20 years.li/
Using an emission factor for coal combustion of 17 Ib of particulates
per ton of coal burned, approximately 114,750 tons of particalates were
emitted during 1971. Although particle size data are not available on
the emissions from coal refuse banks, it is reasonable to assume that
it is predominately less than 2 u. Therefore, fine particulate emis-
sions from burning coal refuse banks are estimated to be the same as
total mass emissions: namely, 114,750 Ib of less than 2 u particles.
Fugitive Dust Sources - Fugitive dust sources* make significant contribu-
tions to background particulate levels in ambient air. Fugitive dust
sources involve industrial operations (e.g., materials handling, storage
piles, open mining or quarrying) as well as wide variety of categories
such as unpaved roads, agricultural tilling and construction activity.
MRI recently completed a program for EPA (Contract No. 68-02-0619)
to develop, emission factors for estimating atmospheric emissions from
certain common sources of fugitive dust^l6.' The source categories
studied were:
. Unpaved roads and airstrips
Agricultural tilling
. Construction sites
. Aggregate storage sites
Information is currently not available on the number, extent, or strength
of the above sources and an inventory of fine psrticle emissions for
* Fugitive dust emissions are defined as emissions which are not con-
fir.ed in process streams.
53
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Table 24, PARTICtTfcATE EMISSIONS FROM STRUCTURAL FIRES IN 1971
, .' Averager Extent Average . Total j
Buildings of Damage Fuel Content Emission Factor Mass Emissions Fine Particle Emissions (ton/year)
Attacked (7.) (ton/building) (Ib/ton of fuel) (ton/year) 3-7u l-3u 0.5-l.Ou 0.1-0.5u 0.05-O.lu 0.01-0.05p
1 x 106 40 17 17 57,800 000 13,294 32,946 11,560
-------
these sources could not be performed. A discussion of the emission
factors for each of the above source categories Is presented In the
next sections.
Unpaved roads and airstrips - The emissions of dust from unpaved
roads (per vehicle mile of travel) is directly proportional to the average
traffic speed and to the silt content of the road surface. Emissions
are reduced during periods of rainfall, but quickly return to normal
levels. Of the total dust emissions, i.e., those particles which drift
beyond about 20 ft from the edge of the road, about one-third have
localized impact, one-third have medium range drift potential and about
half are in the fine particle range.
The equation for estimating the total amount of road dust emissions
with appreciable drift potential, i.e., particles smaller than 100 to 150 u
in diameter, is as follows:
e(roads) " °-81 s (3)
where e = emission factor (Ib/vehicle mile),
s = silt content of road surface material (percent), and
S = average vehicle speed (mph).
The above equation applies to "dry" days; emissions are assumed to be
negligible on days with rainfall exceeding 0.01 in. The silt content
Is the percent of dry surface material passing a 200-mesh screen. The
accuracy of the above equation in predicting the results of field test-
ing of emissions from unpaved roads is "t 10%.
On the average the dust emissions from unpaved roads can be separated
into three size ranges, as follows:!£/
55
-------
Particle Diameter Weight Percent
> 50 p 30-45
50 \i - 2 p 30-40
<2 p. 50-60
Although emissions from unpaved air strips were not measured, the basic
emission factor (mass emitted per landing/take off cycle) and the correc-
tion factors can be approximated by the factors for unpaved roads.—'
Agricultural tilling - The dusC emitted by agricultural tilling (per
acre of land tilled) is directly proportional to the silt content of the
soil and the implement speed, and inversely proportional to the square
of the surface moisture content.
e = 1.4 s (S/5.5) f4)
(PE/50)2
where e = emission factor (Ib/acre),
s = silt content of surface soil (%),
S = implement speed (mph), and
PE = Thornthwaite's precipitation-evaporation index.
The accuracy of the above equation in predicting the results of
field testing of emissions from agricultural tilling is 1" 15%,
On the average, the dust emissions from agricultural tilling can
be separated into three size ranges, as follows:
Particle Diameter Weight Percent
> 50 p 5-25
50 p - 2 p 25-50
< 2 p 30-40
Construction sites - The emission factor for medium-type construction
activities (e.g., townhouses, shopping center) averages about 1.2 tons/
acre/month. However, because of the use of water for dust control and
56
-------
Interferences from other dust sources in the vicinity of the test sites,
correlations between emission rate and potential correction parameters
could not be established. There was strong evidence that the level of
0/1 /
activity could change emissions by a factor of two or more.—'
Aggregate storage piles - Total dust emissions from aggregate storage
piles can be divided into the contributions of several distinct source
activities which occur within the storage cycle:
Loading of aggregate on to ntorage piles (12%)
Equipment traffic in storage area (40%) —••—
. Wind eros>j.i (33%)
'. Loadout of aggr( 3ate for shipment (15%)
The numbers in parentheses are the relative contributions of each activity
to the total emissions.
The corrected emission'factor which can be used to estimate the total
amount of dust emissions with appreciable drift potential, i.e., parti-
cles smaller than 50 p in diameter is given by the following expression.
- 0.33 ,r.
'(aggregate) - (pE/1QO)? - (-0
where e = emission factor (Ib/ton placed in storage), and
PE = Thornthwaite"s precipitation evaporation index.
Mobile Sou re e.s
As mentioned on page 23, mobile sources were assumed to be uncontrolled
sources of particulate pollutants. Estimates of nationwide emissions
of particalates from mobile sources were taken from the recent EPA Data
File of Nationwide Emissions.2/ The emission data in Ref. 9. are for the
year 1971.
Particle size distribution data foi emissions from mobile sources a^o
meager and..it was ass"n>ed that all particulate emissions were less than
7 u in diameter. Ti.bie 25 presents the estimate of fine particulate
emissions from mobile sources in 1971.
57
-------
Table 25. ESTIMATED FINE PARTICLE
EMISSIONS FROM MOBILE SOURCES, 197l2/
Fine Particle Emissions
Source , . • .^----.f^6 tons/year)
Motor vehicles
a. Gasoline 0.714
b. Diesel 0 . 04 6
Total for motor vehicle 0.760
Aircraft 0.047
Railroads 0.046
Vessels 0.051
Nonhighway use of motor fuels
a. Farm tractors 0.029
b. Construction equipment 0.048
c. Snowmobiles • 0.001
d. Small utility ^.r.glnes 0.002
e. Keevy duty general utility 0.028
Total for nonhighwpy
use of motor fuels 0.108
TOTAL FOR MOBILE SOURCES 1.012
58
-------
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF FINE PARTICULARS
Information on the chemical composition of participates as a function of
the particle size is very limited in scope. For most sources of interest,
data are nonexistent. Although it was not possible to compile meaningful
data on the variation of chemical composition with particle size, quali-
tative information on the types of potentially hazardous particulate pol-
lutants that night be emitted from various industrial sources was obtained
from Refs. 22 and 23.
Table 26 summarizes the information obtained on the types' of potentially
hazardous pollutants emitted from various industrial sources. Division
of the sources in Table 26 into the broad categories of combustion,
metallurgical, chemical, and mechanical processes can provide some in-
dication of the size ranges in which most of the potentially hazardous
material will be emitted. MetalIxirgical processes are generally char-
acterized by a high percentage of fine metallic fumes which are- formed
from various high temperature reactions followed by condensation. Com-
bustion and chemical processes form particulates varying widely in particle
size friending upon input materials and reaction conditions, ^articulates
emi^',-.'o irrca mechanical processes such as crushing and grinding and mate-
rial? hnnftl:'^ are predominately larger than 5 u in size.
59
-------
Table 26. PROFILE OF THE CHARACTERISTICS OF PARTICULATE
POLLUTANTS EMITTED BY VARIOUS INDUSTRIAL SOURCES
Industry and/or
Source
Type of Potentially Hazardous
Particulate Pollutant Emitted
I.
Stationary combustion
A. Coal
I. Electric utility
a. Pulverized
b. Stoker
c. Cyclone
2. Industrial
a. Pulverized
b. Stoker
c. Cyclone
3. Commercial and
residential
B. Fuel Oil
1. Electric utility
and industrial
Inorganic/metal oxides
fluorides, polyorganics
As, Ba, Be, B, Cr, Cu,
Pb, Mn, Hg, Ni, Se, Sn,
V, Zn
As, Ba, Be, B, Cr, Cu,
fluorides, Pb, Mn, Hg,
Ni, POM, Se, Sn, V, Zn
As, Ba, Be, B, Cr, Cu,
fluorides, Pb, Mn, Hg,
Ni, POM, Se, Sn, V, Zn
As, Ba, Be, B, Cr, Cu,
fluorides, Pb, Mn, Hg,
Ni, POM, Se, Sn, V, Zn
As, Ba, Be, P, Cr, Cu,
fluorides, Pb, Mn, Hg,
Ni, POM, Se, Sn, V, Zn
As, Ba, Be, B, Cr, Cu,
Fluorides, Pb, Mn, Hg,
Ni, POM, Se, Sn, V, Zn
As, Ba, Be, B, Cr, Cu,
fluoride, Pb, Mn, Hg,
Ni, POM, Se, Sn, V, Zn
Inorganic/metal oxides,
polyorganics, As, B.i,
Be, Cr, Cu, Pb, Mn, Hg,
Ni, Se, V, Zn
60
-------
Table 26. (Continued) PROFILE OF THE CHARACTERISTICS OF PARTICIPATE
POLLUTANTS EMITTED BY VARIOUS INDUSTRIAL SOURCE
Industry and/or
Source
2. Commercial and
residential
C. Natural gas
1. Electric utility
and industrial
2. Commercial and
residential
Type of Potentially Hazardous
Particulate Pollutant Emitted
Ba, Be, Cr, Cu, Pb, Hn, HC,,
Ni, POM, Se, Sn, V, Zn
II.
Crushed stone
III. Iron and steel
A. Sinter machines
B. Open hearth furnace
C. Blast furnace
D. BOF
E. Electric arc furnace
F. Metallurgical coke
Metal oxides, alkalies
Ba, Pb, Mn, Hg, Sn, V, Zn
oxides, fluorides, POM
As, Cd, Mn, Hg, Ni, V, Zn
oxides, fluorides, POM
Ba, fluorides, Mn, Hg, POM,
V, Zn
Ba, Mn, Hg, Zn
POM
IV, Kraft pulp mills
A. Bark-fired boiler
B. Recovery furnace
Cr, Hg, POM
61
-------
Table 26. (Continued) PROFILE.OF THE CHARACTERISTICS OF PARTICULATE
POLLUTANTS. EMITTED BY VARIOUS INDUSTRIAL SOURCES
Industry and/or
Source
Type of Potentially Hazardous
Particulate Pollutant Emitted
C.-- Lime kiln
V.
Cement plants,
.- rotary kilns
Fluorides
VI. Hot-mix asphalt plants
A. Rotary dryer
POM
VII. Ferroalloys '
'•A. Electric furnace
B. Blast furnace
Mn, Ni, POM, V, Zn
Mn, Ni, Zn, 0, POM
VIII. Lime plants
A. Rotary kilns
IX.
Municipal incinerators
As, Cd, Cu, Pb, Hg, POM,
Se, Zn
X.
Iron foundry cupolas
As, Ba, Be, Pb, Mn, Hg,
Ni, V, Zn oxides, POM,
fluorides
XI. Primary copper
A. Roasting
B. Reverberatory
furnace
As, Cd, Cu, fluoride
Pb, Se
As, Cd, Cu, fluoride, Pb, Sc
62
-------
Table 25. (Concluded) PROFILE OF THE CHARACTERISTICS OF PARTICULAR
POLLUTANTS EMITTED BY VARIOUS INDUSTRIAL SOURCES
Industry and/or
Source
C. Converters
D. Material handling
Type of Potentially Hazardous
Particulate Pollutant Enitfed
As, Cd, Cu, fluoride, Pb, Se
As, Cd, Cu, fluoride, I'b, So
XII. Primary zinc
A. Roasting
B. Sintering
C. Distillation
As, Cd, Cu, fluorides, Pb,
Se, Zn
Cd, fluorides, Pb, Zn
Cd, fluorides, Pb, Zn
XIII. Primary lead
A. Sintering
B. Blast furnace
As, Cd, fluoridrs, Ph. Se
As, Cd, fluorides, Pb, Se
XIV. Primary aluminum
A. Reduction cells
Fluorides (gas and solid)
XV.
Iron .ore pellet plant
Fluorides
Asphalt roofing materials
POM
XVII. Secondary copper
Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn, POM
XVIII. Secondary lead
Pb
XIX. Secondary zinc
Zn
XX. Structural clay products Fluorides
63
-------
DETAILED EMISSION INVENTORIES FOR FINE PARTICULARS
USING NATIONAL EMISSION DATA SYSTEM (NEDS)
This section describes the methodology for changes In EPA's National
Emission Data System (NEDS) to Include the capability to perform a de-
tailed emission inventory of fine participates for the United States and
for selected geographical areas such as states or cities. The modifica-
tions to NEDS include incorporation of emission factors broken down on
a particle size basis', supplementing or revising the data base, as re-
quired and changing the output of the program.
The NEDS data bank includes a vast source of information on various
pollution sources, source operating conditions, control equipment, usage
and efficiency, source test data and emission rates. The NliDS data bank
will provide an excellent base to perform a detailed inventory of the
fine particulate emissions of the entire United States or any selected
geographical area. Modifications to the NEDS which will be required to
permit the calculation of fine particle emissions are described in the
following subsections.
INTERFACE WITH NEDS SYSTEM
General
A flow diagram depicting the necessary modifications to the NEDS program
is shown in Figure 2. These modifications should include;
1. Addition of an emission rate equation for fine particulates,
2. Addition of fractional efficiency data for each control device,
3. Addition of particle size .distribution data for each process operation,
and
4. Modification of output to include the calculated results for fine
particulates.
64
-------
Obtain Program liiringi
and/at Sourc* Docki (or:
I. Point Sourc* Rtporl
Progrom
2. Oihtr NEDS Input/
Output Program*
Add;
Porticulot*
Em in Jon Rote
Equation
Determine Variable!
in Program (i) for:
I. «f - Uncontrolled
Emission Factor
(fb/ton)
2. P - Production Rote
( torn / year)
3. C| - % of Production
Capacity on
which Control
Equipment is
Installed
For Each Type of
Control Equipment:
I '
x^X.
Fractional
Efficiency
(Table 1 )
Flog Data
Record
oi -0.99
xs^ Known _
jS i
wn
Add: ^
Data Record
for Fractional
Efficiency
For Each SCC:
i '
Add:
Data Record for
Panicle Size
Distribution
Modify:
Output of
Programs
Figure 2. Flow diagram of initial modifications to NEDS
65
-------
The steps necessary to carry out each of the above changes are described
next.
Input Requirements
Partlculate Emission Rate Equation - The basic equation used to determine
the quantity of fine particles emitted from a source is:
(6)
where
d = Particle size in microns.
E(j tj = Emission rate of particles between d^ and d2, tons/year.
ef " Emission factor (uncontrolled), pound/ton.
P = Production rate, tons/year.
Ct = Percentage of production capacity on which control equipment
is installed (for each specific type of control device).
^ fj(d) = Particle size distribution of effluent.
4
f£(d) --- Penetration (or 1 - the fractional efficiency) of the control
system for specific particle sizes.
The specific particle &ize ranges (d^-^) to be included in the inventory
are:
E(l) = 3.00 - 7.00 p E(4) = 0.10 - 0.50 p
E(2) = 1.00 - 3.00 p E(5) = 0.05 - 0.10 p
E(3) = 0.50 - 1.00 p E(6) = 0.01 - O.Oi p
Ti'-e particulate emission rate equation should be added to the computer
program and the program names for the variables et-, P, and Ct should
be identified.
A computer form of the emission rate equation for fine participates might
be constructed similar to the following Fortran statement:
66
-------
E(I) = (P * EF * CT.'2,000) * F1(I) * F2(I), I « 1,6 (7)
The only variables in this equation not in NEDS at "this time are F1(I) and
Fractional Efficiency of Control Devices - A comparison of extrapolated
fractional efficiency curves for some co.itrol devices is shown in Figure 1,
page 17. Figure 1 is the basis ro.r the values of fractional efficiencies
shown in Table 27.
The identification numbers for specific control devices liete.d in Table
27 are those used in the NEDS program. As is clearly seen in Table 27,
data on many of the control devices are not available. In these cases,
an assumed or "flagged" value should be incorporated into the program
(e.g., -0.99). Then, before this number is used in the participate emis-
sion rate equation, the program can check it' and skip the calculation
(if = -0.99) for the various particle size ranges and print N.D. (for not
determined) or leave blank.
All numbers not "flagged" can then be used in the emission rate equation
for fine particulates after converting the fractional efficiencies to
penetration by the equation:
F2(I) •= 1.0 - F3(I), 1 = 1,6 (8)
where
F2(I) = Penetration of the control system at specified particle size.
F3(I) = Fractional efficiency of the control system at specified
particle size.
Particle Size Distribution of Emitted Particulates - Table 28 gives avail-
able particle size distributions for various source operations. The values
in the table have been converted from percentages to fractional values for
direct use in -the emission rate equation for fine particulates.
For each of the source operations indicated, the NEDS data bank may con-
tain several Source Classification Codes (SCC). The SCC's for each source
operation are shown in Table 29.
67
-------
Table 27. FRACTIONAL EFFICIENCIES OF VARIOUS CONTROL SYSTEMS
Identification Particle Size RanRe |
Number • ntrol Device/Method 3-7 u 1-3 u 0.5-1 u 0.1-0.5 M 0.05-0.1 \t 0.01-0.0'. p
000 No equipment . 0000 0 0
001 Wet Ecrubber—high efficiency 0.9997 0.01 0.74 0.38 0.08 0.02
002 --medium efficiency • 0.98 0.79 0.57 0.26 0.05 0
003 --lov efficiency 0.90 0.69 0 39 0.14 ' 0.01 0
004 Gravity collector--hlgh efficiency
. 005 . ' --medium efficiency
006 --low efficiency
007 Centrifugal collector—high efficiency 0.68 0.43 0.18 0.06 0 0
008 --medium efficiency 0.44 0.17 0.03 0.01 0 0
009 --low efficiency
010 Electrostatic precipitator--hlgh afflclency 0.991 0.984 0.977 0.962 0.945 0.918
Oil --medium efficiency 0.93 0.89 0.83 0.71 0.59 0.45
012 --low efficiency 0.90 • 0.75 0.60' 0.45 0.22 0.12
013 Gas scrubber
014 Mist eliminator—high velocity
015 --lov velocity
016 Fabric filter--hlgh temperature 0.9999 0.995 0.382 0.967 0.958 0.956
017 --medium temperature /
018 --low temperature
019 . Catalytic afterburner
020 Catalytic afterburner with heat exchanger
021 Direct flame afterburner .
022 Direct flame afterburner with heat exchanger
023 Flaring
039 Catalytic oxidation--flue gas desulfurization
C40 Alkalized alumina
041 Dry limestone injection
042 Wet limestone injection ' ' •
043 ' Sulfurlc acid plant--contact process . . • • ,
044 --double contact process ' . .
045 ' Su!fur plant
04ft Process change • • • • • .
047 . Vapor recovery system . '
046* Activated carbon adsorption
049 Liquid filtration systen
Source: Parr icul arc Pollutant Systes Study, Volume II--Flnc Particular? Eniss'.jns. \APCA Contract So. CPA-22-69-104, Midwest Research
Institute, pa^ei 231-235. I August 1971 (updated 197.)..
-------
Table 28. PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION OP EFFLUENT OF VARIOUS SOURCE OPERATIONS
Particle Size Kange i
Source Operation
Asphalt dryers
Asphalt vent lines
Cement kilns
Ferroalloy electric furnaces producing ferrosllicon alloys
producing ferromanganese alloys
producing ferrochromium alloys
producing miscellaneous ferroalloys
Fertilizer granulators and dryers
Iron and steel, basic oxygen furnaces
electric arc furnaces
open hearth furnaces
sintering machine wlndbox
Iron foundry cupolas
Kraft pulp mill bark-fired boilers
OJ recovery furnaces
lime kilns
Lime plant rotary lime kilns
secondary sources
Municipal incinerators
Electric utility pulverized coal-fired boilers
stoker coal-fired boilers
cyclone coal-fired boilers
Industrial pulverized coal-fired boilers
stoker coal-fired boilers
cyclone coal-fired boilers
Electric utility and industrial gas-fired boilers
oil-fired boilers
Source: Partlculate Pollutant System Study, Volume II--Flne Particle
3-7 p
0.190
0.232
0.165
0.012
0.096
0.140
0.095
0.040
0
0.13
0.013
0.050
0.065
0.120
0.150
0.055
0.100
0.320
0.050
0.160
0.180
0.250
0.100
0.050
0.200
0
0.90
Emissions ,
1-3 P
0.131
0.0735
0.103
0.120
0.475
0.290
0.295
0.0182
0.060
0.200
0.102
O.U27
0.060
0.083
0.440
0.0139
O.OC50
0.3SO
0.075
0.100
0.048
0.220
0.0195
0.0176
0.230
0.90
0
0.5-1 u
0.022
0.0041
0.0165
0.180
0.285
0.185
0.230
0.0043
0.360
0.120
0.230
0.0056
0.020
0.018
0.240
0.0009
0.030
0.045
0.035
0.021
0.009
0.055
0.0005
0.0019
0.085
0
0
NAPCA Contract No.
0.1-0.5 u
0.0069
0.0004
0.0054
0.520
0.1343
0.240
0.315
0.0023
0.578
0.210
0.590
0.0024
0.0230
0.0086
0.138
0.0002
0.0295
0.005
0.045
O.OOS7
0.0029
0.0244
0
0.0005
0.043
0
0
CPA-22-69-104,
0.05-0.01 u 0.
0.0001
0
0.0001
0.110
0.0007
0.025
0.026
0.0002
0.002
0.060
0.052
0
0.0035
0.0003
0.0019
0
0.0033
0
0.010
0.0002
0
0.0005
0
0
0.0016
0
0
Midwest Research
.01-0.05 u
0
0
0
0.050
0
0.010
0.009
0
0
0.070
0.008
0
0.0035
0.0001
0.0001
0
0.0022
0
0.015
0
0
0
0
0
0.0004
0
0
Institute,
par.es 231-335, 1 August 1971 (Updated 1973).
-------
Table 29. SOURCE CLASSIFICATION CODES
Asphalt dryers
Asphaltlc concrete
Asphalt vent lines
Asphaltlc concrete
Cement kilns
Cement manufacture, dry
Cement manufacture, wet
Ferroalloy electric furnaces
a. Producing ferroailtcon alloys
Ferroalloy open furnace
3-05-002-01
3-05-002-02
3-05-006-01
3-05-006-03
3-05-006-04
3-05-006-05
3-05-007-01
3-05-007-03
3-05-007-04
3-05-007-05
3-03--C06-01
3-03-006-02
3-03-006-03
3-03-006-04
b. Producing ferromanganese alloys
Ferroalloy furnace
c. Producing f errochromiiira alloys
Ferroalloy furnace
d. Producing miscellaneous
terroalloyj
Ferroalloy furnace
3-03-007-01
3-03-006-05
3-03-006-12
Rotary dryers
Other sources
Kilns
Kilns—oil-fired
Kilns--gas-fired
Kilns-^coal-fired
Kilns
Kilns—oil-fired
Kilns--gas-fired
Kilns--coal-fired
507. FeSi
757, FeSi
907. FeSi
Silicon metal
Ferromanganese
Silicomanganese
Low carbonCr-reactor
3-03-007-02
3-03-006-99
General
Other not classified
70
-------
Table 29. (Continued)
Fertilizer granulators and dryers
Fertilizer NH^NO,
Fertilizer NSUrPHOS
Fertilizer TRPSFIIOS
Fertilizer DIAMPHOS
Iron and steel
a. Basic oxygen furnaces
Steel production
b. Electric arc furnaces
Steel production
c. Open hearth•furnaces
Steel produccion
d. Sintering machine wlndbox
Iron production
Iron foundry cupolas
Gray iron
Kraft pulp mill
a. Bark-fired boilers
b. Recovery furnaces
Sulfate pulping
Sulfite pulping
•c. Lime kilns
Sultate pulping
3-01-0^7-04
3-01-027-05
3-01-027-06
3-01-028-01
3-01-029-02
3-01-030-01
3-01-030-02
3-03-009-03
3-03-009-04
3-03-009-05
3-03-009-01
3-03-009-02
3-03-- ^-0
3-04-003-01
1-02-00'. -02
3-J7-001-04
3-07-C02-01
3-07-001-06
71
Granulator--peutrnli^er
Granulttor
Granuletor--dry coo.er
Grind--dry
Granular
Dryer coolers
Amnioni j--granulatc
BOF--General
t.'ectric arc with La.ice
Electric arc without lance
Open hearth with lance
Open hearth w' lout lance
SirBering--general
Cupola
Boiler
Recovery boiler
L-quor recovering
Lime kilns
-------
Table 29. (Continued)
Lime plant
Ro t ar y H m e kilns
Lime manufacturing
b. Secondary sources
Lime manufacturing
Municipal incinerators
Municipal incinerators
Electric utility
a. Pulverized coal-fired boilers
Anthracite coal
Bituminous coal
Lignite
b. Stoker coal-fired bollera
Anthracite coal
Bituminous coal
3-05-016-04
3-05-016-01
3-05-016-0?.
3-05-010-9'+
5-01-001-01
5-01-001-02
1-01
1-01
1-01'
1-01
1-01
1-01
1-01
1-01
1-01
1-01
l-Ol
1-01
1-01
•001-01
•001-03
•001-05
•002-01
•002-02
•002-06
•002-07
•002-12
•003-01
-003-02
•003-07
•003-08
-003-12
1-01-001-02
1-01-001-04
1-01-001-06
1-01-002-04
1-01-002-05
1-01-002-08
Calclning--rotary kilns
Primary crushing
Secondary crushing
Other not classified
Multiple chamber
Single chamber
> 100 MM BTU pulverized
10-100 MM BTU pulverized
< 10 MM BTU pulverized
> 100 MM BTU pulverized wet
> 100 MM BTU pulverized dry
10-100 MM BTU pulverized wet
10-100 MM BTU pulverized dry
< 10 MM BTU pulverized dry
> 100 MM BTU pulverized wet
> 100 MM BTU pulverized dry
10-100 MM BTU pulverized dry
10-100 MM BTU pulverized wet
< 10 MM BTU pulverized dry
> 100 MM BTU stoker
10-100 MM BTU stoker
< 10 MM BTU stoker
> 100 MM BTU SPD stokor
> 100'MM BriJ OK stoker
10-100 MM BTU OF stoker
72
-------
Table 29. (Continued)
b. Smoker coal-fired boilers (concluded)
Bituminous coal (concluded)
Lignite
c. Cyclone coal-fired boilers
Bituminous coal
Lignite
d. Gas-tired boilers
Natural gas
Process gas
e. Oil-fired boilers
Residual oil
Distillate oil
Industrial
a. Pulverized coal-fired boilers
Anthracite coal
1-01-002-09
1-01-002-10
1-01-002-11
1-01-003-04
1-01-003-05
1-01-003-06
1-01-003-09
1-01-003-10
1-01-003-11
1-01-003-13
1-01-003-14
1-01-003-15
1-01-002-03
1-01-003-03
1-01-006-01
1-01-006-02
1-01-006-03
1-01-007-01
1-01-007-02
1-01-007-03
1-01-004-01
1-01-004-02
1-01-004-03
1-01-005-01
1-01-005-02
1-01-005-03
1-02-001-C1
1-02-001-03
73
10-100 MM BTU UK stoker
< 10 MM BTU OF stoker
< 10 MM BTU UF stoker
> 100 MM BTU OF stoker
> 100 MM BTU UF stoker
> 100 MM BTU SPD stoker
10-100 MM BTU OF stoker
10-100 MM BTU UF stoker
10-100 MM BTU SPD stoker
< 10 MM BTU OF stoker
< 10 MM BTU UF stoker
< 10 MM BTU SPD stoker
> 100 MM BTl' cyclone
> 100 MM BTU cyclone
> IPO MM BTU/hr
10-100 MM BTU/hr
< 10 MM BTU/hr
> 100 MM BTU/hr
10-100 MM BTU/hr
< 10 MM BTU/hr
> 100 MM BTU/hr
10-100 MM BTU/hr
< 10 MM BTU/hr
> 100 MM BTiJ/hr
10-100 MM BTU/hr
< 10 MM BTU/hr
> 100 MM BTU/hr pulveriz<
10-100 MM BTIT pulverized
-------
Table 29. (Continued)
Industrial (continued)
a. Pulverized coal-fired boilers
Anthracite coal (concluded)
Bituminous coal
Lignite
b. Stoker coal-flved boilers
Anthracite coal
Bituminous coal
Lignite
c. Cyclone coal-fired boilers
Bituminous coal
Lignite
(concludod)
"1-02-001-05
1-02-002-01
1-02-002-02
1-02-002-07
1-02-002-08
1-02-002-12
1-02-003-01
1-02-003-02
1-02-003-07
1-02-003-08
1-02-003-12
1-02-001-02
1-02-001-04
1-02-001-06
1-02-002-04
1-02-002-05
1-02-002-06
1-02-002-09
1-02-002-10
1-02-002-11
1-02-002-13
1-02-003-04
1-02-003-05
1-02-003-06
1-02-003-09
1-02-003-10
1-02-003-11
1-02-003-13
1-02-003-14
1-02-003-16
1-02-002-03
1-02-003-03
< 10 MM ETU/hr pulverized
> 100 MM BTU pulverized wet
> 100 MM BTU pulverized dry
10-100 MM BTU pulverized wet
10-100 MM BTU pulverized dry
< 10 MM BTU pulverized dry
> 100 MM BTU pulverized wet
> 100 MM BTU pulverized dry
10-100 MM BTU pulverized dry
10-100 MM BTU pulverized wet
< 10 MM BTU pulverized dry
> 100 MM BTU/hr stoker
10-100 MM BTU stoker
< 10 MM BTU/hr stoker
> 100 MM BTU SPD stoker
10-100 MM BTU OF stoker
10-100 MM ETU UF stoker
10-100 KM BTU SPD stoker
< 10 MM BTU OFD stoker
< 10 MM BTU UFD stoker
< 10 MM BTU SPD stoker
> 100 MM BTU OF stoker
> 100 MM BTU UF stoker
> 100 MM BTU SPD stoker
10-100 MM BUT OF stoker.
10-100 MM BUT UF stoker
10-100 MM BUT SPD stoker
< 10 MM BUT OF stoker
< 10 MM BUT UF stoker
< 10 MM BUT SPD stoker
> 100 MM BTU cyclone
> 100 MM BTU cyclone
74
-------
Table 29. (Concluded)
d. Gas-fired boilers •.
Natural gas
Process gas
Liquid petroleum gas
e. Oil-fired boilers
Residual oil
Distillate oil
1-02-006-01
1-02-006-02
1-02-006-03
1-02-007-01
1-02-007-02
1-02-007-03
1-02-010-02
1-02-010-03
1-02-004-01
1-02-004-02
1-02-004-03
1-02-005-01
1-02-005-02
1-02-005-03
> 100 MM BTU/hr
10-100 BTU/hr
< 10 MM BTU/hr
> 100 MM BTU/hr
10-100 MM BTU/hr
< 10 MM BTU/hr
10-100 MM BTU/hr
< 10 MM BTU/hr
> 100 MM BTU/hr
10-100 MM BTU/hr
< 10 MM BTU/hr
> 100 MM ETUyhr
10-100 MM BTU/hr
< 10 MM BTU/hr
75
-------
In order Co use Tables 28 and 29 efficiently, the following steps ore
needed to incorporate this data in the system;
a. Determine if the SCC is listed in Table 29.
b. If the SCC codr is listed, then use the data given In Table 28 for the
source operation of Table 29 as values for F2(I), I = 1,6.
c. If the SCC is not listed, then assume a value = -0.99 as the values
of F2(I), I -= 1.6.
All numbers not "flagged" (i.e., not equal to -0.99) can then be used
directly in the emission rate equation for fint particulates. If a flagged
value ts found, then the values for the various particle size ranges will
not be computed, but will be output as N.D. (not determined) or left blank.
Output Modifications
Figure 3 shows output from the Point Source Report Program. Space for
expansion has been Included and additions are easily made.
The "Calculated Emission" section could be changed to include something
similar to that shown in Figure 4. Below the particulate emissions (tons/
year) column, the emissions for the various particle size ranges could be
added. Space would still remain in this uecMon to single space the
gaseous emissions data.
Data Gaps and Continued Modifications
The NEDS programs have included a vide range of sources and control equip-
ment types for which particle size distribution or fractional efficiency
data have not been sufficiently determined to date. Also, many of the
entry dates for the original data in NEDS are in the 1969-1971 time period.
Since that time period plant openings and shutdowns have occurred in
several industries. A notable example is the continuing decline tn the
number of operational open hearth furnaces in the steel industry. There-
fore, the extent to which the NEDS data base actually depicts current
operational status in several industries should be checked.
The incorporation of new data into the system can be easily accomplished.
Information on data gaps or new data can be entered into the system as
shown in the simplified flow diagram given in Figure 5.
76
-------
POINT SOURCE REPORT
•••NATIONAL EMISSIONS OATA SYSTFM INEOS)«
ENVIUONKCNTAL PROTECTION AGENCr
COUNTY: 030C
A-gca: 193
STATE: OREGON COUNTY: COLUMBIA AOOR: !93 CITY: 1560 ADDI TIONAL-CNTL
NAME-AODRESS: MULT PLKD CLO PORTLAND 90 ST HELEN 97 51 PEHSONAL-CON1
PLANT-IO: 0003 POINT-tO: C3
YEAH Of HECOMO
CA«0 1- 70
CAKD 2= TO
CARD 3= TO
CARD »» TO
CARD 5* 70
CARO 6= 70
NORMAL OPERATING!*)*
HOURS/OAY*
OAYS/KEEKT
WEEKS/YEAR=
t ANNUAL THRUPUTI*)*
» »INUH= as
* SPUING* «
» SUWaEH= 2S
« FtLL= i*-
MISCELLANEOUS
0«NERSMIP= f>
SIC COUE=?*Je
1PP PROCESS' 00
* SPACE HEAT=
CONFIDENTIAL ITY =
EHER CNTRL PHGM=
COMHfNTS= MOG FUEL
CONTROL EOUIPHT I0(3>»
PM7MAHY PA»T.- 000
SECOND. PART.= 000
PRIMARY SOX> 000
SECOND. SOX: 000
PRIMARY NOX= 000
SECOND. NO I* 000
PRIMARY HC= 000
SECOND. HC= 090
PRIMARY C0= COO
SECOND. C0= 000
EST. CNTRL EFFCY<*)(3)»
PARTICULATE^ 0.0
SOX= 0.0
NOX- 0.0
MC= 0.0
C0= 0.0
COMPLIANCE INFO<5>»
COXPL STATUS'
COHPL-SCMEO-YRs
COMPL-OCHEO-«0=
STAT-UPDA7-YR=
STAT-UPUAT-MO=
STeT-UpOAT-DA=
CONTROL REG 1=
CONTROL REG 2-
CONTKOL REG 3=
SCC: 10?00>)0?
• *•
UTM .OOORDlNATESiai*
UTM ZONE= 10
HORI70NTALIKMI* 51*. 3
VERTICAL(KH)c 5076.2
STACK DATA(2).
STACK HEIGHT
KC(T/YRI=
CO(T.'YRjs:
EMISSIONS ESTIMATES!*!*
PAHTICULATE(T/YR)= 151
S0» (T/YR)= 0
NO«(T/TU)= 126
MCIT/YR)= 31
COIT/YR)= ?S
ESTIMATION METHOD!*)*
PAkTICULATE=
SOK =
; N0« =
1 MC =
co=
FACT: OWNERSHIP:
•««• SIC:
SOUSCC-TYPC: 6 CST.METxo: I
. CALCULATED EMISSIONS
PARTICUL«TE!T/Yf»* 151.000
SOXT/YR)- 0.000
NOIIT/YR)c 126. COO
HCIT/YR)» 31.000
COIT/YR): 25.000
NO. 6IT/YR)e O.OCO
NO. 7IT/YHI* 0.000
>)0. 8IT/YKIC 0.000
NO. »IT/YH>s O.COO
N0.10IT/Y«I= 0.000
*0.11IT/YH>» 0.000
' N0.12(T/YM)= 0.000
OPT BATING RATE&I6I*
ANNUAL TOTALISCC)' 25100
,' "AH OESIGN(SCC/'MP)i
BOILER CAPI10E68TU/MR) (31- -
FUEL DATA(6!>
SULFUR CONTENT 1*1 =
ASM COVTENT(»I= |
MEAT CHTI10E^8TU/SCCI= 1
1
• NOTE: DATA IS FOK CARMX) TEAK OF HECOWP CURRENT GAU: 03/15/73
Figure 3. Example of current output from NEDS
-------
•••NATIONAL EMISSIONS DATA S>STFM INEOS>"»
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
POINT SOURCE REPORT
STATE: OREGON COUNTY: COLUMBIA A8C
NAME-ADDRESS
MULT PLKD CLD PORTLAND RD ST HELEN 4T 51 PERSONAL-CON1
PLANT-ID: u003 POINT-ID: C3
YEAR OF RECORD
CARD 1: TO
CAND 3: TO
CARD 3: TO
CARD *: TO
.: CARD 5: TO
< ' J CAPB 6= TO
NORMAL OPERATING!*) •
HOURS/DAY:
KEEL*.' EAR=
* ANNUAL THRUPUT!*)*
» UlNTtH: 35
« SPRING: I--,
« SUMMER: 3S
* F4LL= 2*
MISCELLANEOUS
OWNERSHIP: P
SIC IOUE=?*3?
IPP PROCESS: 00
* SPACE HEAT:
CONFIDENTIAL ITY:
EMER CNTRL PRGM:
1 COMMENTS: HOG FUEL
CONTROL EQUIPMT 101 3) •
PRIMARY PART.: 000
SECOND. PART.: 000
PRIMARY SOX* 000
SECOND. SOX: 000
PRIMARY NOX = UCO
. . SECOND. NOX* COO
PRIMARY MC» 000
SECOND. HC» 000
•
- PRIMARY CO: COO
SECOND. CO: 000
EST. CNTRL IFFCYIS) (3>*
PARTICULATE* 0.0
SOX' 0.0
NOX: 0.0
HC= 0.0
CO: 0.0
COMPLIANCE INFOI5I*
COMPL STATUS:
COMPL-SCHED-YH:
COMPS.-SCHEO-MO:
STAT-UPDAT-YH:
STAT-UPUAT-MO=
STAT-UPOAT-UA-!
CONTROL REG I: '
CONTROL REG ?=
CONTHCL REG 3:
SCC: 1030090?
UTM COORDINATES!?)*
UTM ZCNE= JO
HORI70NTALIKM): SI*. 3
VERTICALIKM): S076.3
STACK DATAI31*
STACK HEIGHT (FT)o
STACK OIAMEJCRlF 11*
STACK GAS TEMP (F)«
GAS FLCM RATEICFM)'
PLL'KE KEIGHT |FT)« 0
SOURCES SAKE STACH«
ALLOWABLE EMISSIONS!?)*
PARTICULATEIT/YR)«
SOXIT/YR):
NOX'T/YR)'
HCIV/YR):
COIT/YR1*
EMISSIONS ESTIMATES!*!*
PARTICULATE (T/YR)= 151
SOXIT/VR): 0
NOXIT/YHI: 136
MCIT/YR): 31
CO(T/YR)= 35
ESTIMATION METHOD!*)*
PARTICULATE=
SOX:
NOX:
C0 =
COUNTY: 0300
Alica: 193
)R: 193 CITY! 1560 AODITIONAL-C>lTL
ACT: OKNEBSMIP:
••• SIC:
SOURCE-TYPE: 8 EST.METMO: 1
CALCULATED EMISSIONS
. PARTICULATEIT/VR)* 151.000
SOX'T/YKI* 0.000
NOXIT/YR): 136.000
MC(T/TW|: 31.000
COIT/YR): 35.000
NO. 6IT/YR): 0.000
NO. T(T/YR)= 0.000
NO. 8(T/YR>: 0.000
NO. 9
-------
'.'ATA S»STE«
00
N.-n-AM.-tSS
•*LANT-|II: O'.l«
YFAK -IF «[CO-«II
C ' Xl> I = 7 (.
CAWO 4= "1
CAbD •>* 70
NOPMflL OPF WA 7 ING 1 4 '»
HOUWS/CA Y =
WE EKS/YF A^=
* *LL- <•***
MISCELLANEOUS
C" i I u . NT I AL I * -
COM..tMTi = „',(, >urL
C'JuM f : c<
"JLT PL«D CLU PO»TL»NU >r
M t»01M-ln: C3
CUMWOL F.OUIPHT IU! !)•
PH .Many PART . = oou
SECOND. PART.= 000
PklMAKV SO' = OOU
SECOND. SOK= 000
SECONLi. N0«= OOC
PRUAXY MC= 000
SECOND. HCs 000
PR1VAHY C0= 000
SECOND. C0= 000
EST. CNT^L tFFCYI»)(3)«
5C«= 0.0
.\U*= 0.0
"C= 0.0
COXPLl'NCE INFOCit*
CO*»PL s > A lus-
COMPL -SCftO-T^r
ST AT -Ur'OA I • t W s
5i T fl T-Uf'L'S T»«*0*
CONTHOL ^L'i 1 =
JL-J'^ 1 * ftW
J ST MtLE'^ **T bl Pfc^SONAL»CO*v
SCC: 10200^0?
*»»**
UTM COOMD1NATESI2.*
UTM 7tlNp = in
HOWIZONTALIKM)= SI*. 3
VERTICAL »KM)= b'.'Tft.?
STACK OATA(?) *
STAC-; MLI&MT (FT)s
S'AC« GAS TEMP IF)=
GAS FLO" PiTE(CFM)=
°LU»E HEIGHT IFTia 0
SOURCFS S/.«E STACKS
ALLOnAHLt EMISSIONSIM*
SO»(T. YS! =
NO* (I/YR) =
HCIT/YRI *
SO* tT/YW) = 0
\OMT/TR}= 12^
CO(T/Y^l = ?S
ESTIMATION -ETMOO,*,.
PAk" ICUL Alt a 1
S0<= 1
MC= I
r 'j'i", 1 1 : .'j iQO
,-»: i -i 1 1 TY: i-%**(j tr.oi T IO^.L-CML
C'lti'LATin E-ISSIu'.-.
•••AfcTK'JLAtt iT/r-la 1M.OOO
**IC*.f'N SI/t -AH'jI.
t T/*«)
J - 7 = 18.12
1-1 3 1? M
O.i - 1 = 2.72
O.I - 0.^ = 1.30
O.Ob - 0.1 = 0.04
0.01 - O.CS = 0.0015
SCr«lT/»" * 0.000
HCIT/Y- = 31.000
NO. 6IT/Y- = O.POO
NU. 7IT/Y- = 0.000
NO. MT/t- = 0.000
IU. «*tT/** r 0.000
-io.il i ?/*•* = rf.c-eo
N0.1?U/t- - 'j.OOO
^Pf **- T I »(i ^AT^ S j . ( »
t.-jNuaL TOTAL < icci = ^?100
MtilL f ** CAptIO|-»»el. "/-*') «*1* =
*~f fiT C'.t 1 111' »• - Tn/^^L ! =.
•
ilATA IN ,'UH (Af'.fll
..-,, T .in ; .., (/i-,/7 .
Figure 4. Example of modified output from NEDS
-------
For Each Type of Control Equipment
(Nos. 000- 023, 039- 049):
I
Change:
Data Record for
New or Revised
Fractional
Efficiency
L
For Each SCC:
r
No
I
L_
New or
Revised
Particle Size
Distribution
Change:
Data Record for
New or Revised
Particle Size
Distribution
Figure 5. Simplified flow diagram of continuing data
additions and modifications to NEDS
79
-------
DETAILED EMISSION INVENTORIES FOR SPECIFIC GEOGRAPHIC REGIONS
The NEDS data bank with the modifications outlined in the preceding
sections can be used to develop detailed emission inventories for various
geographic regions. Two examples that might be of interest are: (1)
a more detailed inventory of the entire United States, and (2) inventories
of cities which represent a spectrum ranging from those having a severe
fine particle problem to those with a typical situation. Brief comments
on each of these examples are given next.
Emission Inventory for the United States - The NEDS data bank contains
more extensive information on specific sources than was used to prepare
the emission inventory in this report, and the computational procedures
outlined in the modifications .to the NEDS data bank could be used to re-
fine che nationwide emission inventory of fine particulates. However,
the full potential of NEDS will not be realized until the many data gaps
in both particle size distribution data and fractional efficiency of •
control devices are filled.
Inventory for Specific Cities - Currently, NEDS cannot retrieve summary
data on individual cities; the lowest geographical area NEDS can
presently deal with is the county. Hence to accomplish an inventory
of specific cities, the existing NEDS retrieval program would have to be
modified to retrieve on the city ID code (see Figure 3, page 73) which
should be entered for all cities greater than 25,000. Moreover, because
of the way .tlie NEDS program operates, this would be most efficiently
achieved by first specifying the county or counties the city is located
in, and then sorting through each record therein to select those having
• the proper city ID. With this additional modification and assuming that
the basic NEDS contains detailed information on sources in specific
cities, emission inventories of fine particulates for various cities
could be developed using the modified NEDS data bank.—'
Four cities that might be used to develop a profile ranging from a bad
or severe fine particle problem to a typical situation are:
1. Gary, Indiana - representing a city'With a severe problem,
2. St. Louis, Missouri - representing a city with a medium problem.
St. Louis was also selected because the ongoing RAPS program will
generate a comprehensive data base for the city.
80
-------
3i Minneapolis, Minnesota - representing a city with a typical urban
pollution situation.
4. Columbus, Ohio - representing a city with relatively "clean" air.
The computational procedures outlined in the modifications to the NEDS
data bank could be used to develop the emission inventories for the
above cities. At the present time, the accuracy and comprehensiveness
oC any inventory for the U.S. or any specific city will be limited by
the available information for the emission sources existing in the U.S.
or a city and the control devices in use on the existing sources. The
general status of emission inventories for fine particulates is discussed
in more detail in the next section.
81
-------
STATUS OF EMISSION INVENTORIES FOR FINE PARTICIPATES
The development of an emission inventory for fine parti.culates requires
a much broader and refined data base than that necessary for an inventory
reported on a tonnage basis. The availability and extent of the requisite
data imposes definite constraints on the accruacy and precision of emis-
sion inventories which can be performed at the present time. Comments on
fine particle emission inventories on nationwide, regional 'jr state, and
metropolitan bases and a general overview of the subject are presented in
the next sections.
NATIONWIDE EMISSION INVENTORIES OF FINE PARTICIPATED
Inadequacies in nearly all phases of the data base h •••verely restricted
the accuracy as well as the comprehensiveness of the n_*'iwlde emission
inventories of fine particulates thac MSI has developed co date. Examina-'
tion of Tables 28 and 29 (pages 69 to 75) in the section that outlines the
methodology for using NEDS in future emission inventories shows that the
most significant inadequacies are in the areas of particle size distribu-
tions of particles emitted from uncontrolled ind contiolled sources and
fractional efficiency curves for various types of control devices. Major
extrapolations have been necessitated by the lack of an adequate data base
on particle size distributions and control equipment fractional efficiency.
It is also not possible to develop a complete inventory of fine particle
emissions for most industry categories because of the lack of emission
factor and extent of control information, as well aa particle size data,
for many processes or operations in a given indrstry. At the r/resent
time, only the most significant sources of particulate pollut-Vnts in a
given industry (e.g., rotary kilns in cement plants) have been studied
in sufficient detail to generate even a partially ^acceptable data bnse.
Also, fine particle emissions from segments of many industrial categories
such as primary notiferrous metallurgy, secondary nonferrous metallurgy,
clay products, mineral products, and chemical process industries cannot
be estimated because of incomplete data on emission factors, extent of
control, particle size, and fractional efficiency of control equipment.
-------
In viow of the limitations of the data base, the nationwide emission
inventory for fine particles presented in this report should not be con-
sidered as more than a "first-cut" or preliminary estimate. In our
opinion, the emission figures present a conservative estimate of fine
particle emission levels, and the actual emission levels are probably
higher than shown in chis report.
REGIONAL, STATE OR METROPOLITAN EMISSION INVENTORIES OF FINE PARTICIPATES
An inventory of fine particle emissions for a geographical region, state
or metropolitan area requires Information of the same type as that re-
quired for a nationwide inventory except that the information must be
available for the specific sources in the given region, state or metro-
politan area. The advent of EPA's National Emission Data System (NEDS)
has made It possible to conside conducting an inventory of fine particle
emissions on a variety of geographical bases. The National Emissions
Data System includes: (a) listing of emission sources by city, county,
and state; (t) production capacity for eacn source; (c) type of control
equipment on each source; and (d) measured or estimated mass efficiencies
of the control systems on each source. By making some modifications to
the NEDS retrieval program and expanding the NEDS data bank to include
particle size distributions and fractional efficiency data for control
equipment, emission inventories for fine particles can be developed for
a wide variety of geographical configurations.
The -^curacy and comprehensiveness of the inventories will be limited by
the degree of completeness of the data base for the geographical regions
of interest. A preliminary review of the NEDS information suggests that
the major limiting factors will be the availability of reliable particle
size and fractional efficiency data.
OVERVIEW OF EMISSION INVENTORIES OF FINE PARTICULATES
Currently, our knowledge of the characteristics of emission sources and
control equipment Is such that only general indications of the levels of
fine particulate emissions from various sources can be provided. The data
base required to develop detailed emission inventories is not available at
this time. In performing the current an^ previous emission inventories,
MRI has acquired and analyzed all the readily available data on: (a) par-
ticle size distributions of particles from uncontrolled and controlled
sources; (b) fractional efficiency curves for specific control devices;
(c) the degree of application of control equipment for specific sources;
and (d) mass emission factors. Deficiencies exist In the data in each
of the above categories^ and the deficiencies range from minor to very
significant. In order to refine the emission inventories it will be
necessary to upgrade every aspect of the data base. Our recommendations
for additional research are presented in the next section of this report.
83
-------
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE WORK
In view of the increasing interest in the fine particulate pollution
problem, MRI believes that a program to upgrade the data base needed to
perform emission inventories for fine particuletes and to assess the
importance,~«f man-made contributions should be initiated. Output fum
the recommended programs will result in a clearer definition of the pol-
lution problem from fine particulates.
In order to refine existing emission inventories for fine particles, it
will be necessary to upgrade the data base with respect to each factor
in Eqs. (1) and (2), pages 20 and 21. However, available information on
production or consumption rates and emission factors is in general snore
reliable than is the available information on percentage of production
capacity on which control equipment is installed, particle size distribu-
tion of emitted particles, and fractional efficiency of control equipment.
Priority in future programs should be given to refining the data base for
the latter three factors. In addition, because it is currently necessary
to make major extrapolations of available data on particle size distribu-
tions and fractional efficiency, special emphasis should be placed on
acquiring new and more reliable data for these two important terms.
Field testing on c-cr-sfully selected control equipment source combinations
should be a major part of activities to improve the existing data base.
Efforts in the recommended field testing activity should be focused on
obtaining additional information relative to;
1. Particle size distributions of particles emitted from uncontrolled
and controlled sources, end
2. Fractional efficiency characteristics of control equipment.
Source testing and particle sizing procedures have been improved to the
point where the acquisition of reliable data is a reasonable expectation
of field testing programs. For example, during the past year, techniques
84
-------
have been utilised which are capable of measuring particle size distribu-
tions down to 0.2 u using inert
-------
and reaction rates involve'J in secondary partleulate formation Is not
advanced to the point of being included in any transport and transforma-
tion models. Additional research is recommended to delineate the mechanisms
of secondary participate formation and transport.
Only limited effort has been devoted to defining the removal mechanisms
for fine participates in the atmosphere. The questions of how partic-
uletes get removed and whether these removal rates are dependent on land
use, surface foliage, and other factors are suggested as topics for
future research programs.
86, , -..
-------
REFERENCES
1. "Particulate Pollutant System Study, Volume II—Flue Particle Emis-
sions," Midwest Research Institute, Contract No. CPA-22-69-104,
1 August 1971.
2. "Partlculate Pollutant System Study, Volume I--Mass Emissions,"
Midwest Research Institute, Contract No. CPA-22-69-104, 1 May 1971.
3. Henschen, H. C., "Wet vs Dry Gas Cleaning in the Steel Industry,"
Journal APCA. 18, 338-342 (1968).
4. Weilet, H. P., and D. E. Pike, "The Venturi Scrubber for Clean-.ng
Oxygen Steel Process Gases," Iron and Steel Engineer, 126-131, July
1961.
5. Private Communication, Mr. Al Brandt, Bethlehem Steel Corporation,
January 1971.
6. Private Communication, Jack Smith, Jr., Kaiser Steel Company, January
1971.
7. "Systems Analysis of Emissions and Emissions Control in the Iron
Foundry Industry, Volume I," A. T. Kearney Company, PB 198-348,
February 1971.
8. Private Communication, Mr. Norman Jlecht, University of Dayton, Dayton,
Ohio, November 1973.
9. OAQPS Data File of Nationwide Emissions, 1971, National Air Data Branch,
Monitoring and Data Analysis Division, May 1973.
10. Niessnn, Walter R., "Systems Study of Air Pollutions from Municipal
Incineration," Arthur D. Little, Inc., Contract No. CPA-22-69-23,
Cambridge, Maosachusetta, prepared for National Air Pollution Control
Administration, Durham, North Carolina, March 1970.
87
-------
11. Barrett, R. E., et al., "Field Investigation*! of Emissions from Com-
bustion Equipment for Space Heating," Battelle Columbus Laboratories,
PB 223-148, June 1973.
12. "Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, 2nd Edition," EPA
Publication AP-42, April 1973.
13. Private Communication, Mr. Robert W. Cooper, Southern Forest Fire
Laboratory, November 1973.
14. Cooper, R. W., "The Pros and Cons of Prescribed Burning in the South,"
Forest Fanner. 31(2), 10-12 (1971).
15. Darley, E. F., et al., "Laboratory Testing for Gaseous and Partlcu-
late Pollutants from Forest and Agricultural Fuels," Air Quality
and Smoke from Urban and Forest Fires, presented at the International
Symposium, Fort Collins, Colorado, October 1973.
16. Sandberg, D. V., and R. E. Martin, "Particle Sizes in Slash Fire
Smoke," Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station,
USDA, Portland, Oregon, September 1973.
17. Private Communication, George Yamate, ITTRI, Chicago, Illinois,
November 1973.
18. 1971 Wildfire Statistics. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest
Service, Division of Cooperative Forest Fire Control (1972).
19. Data from EPA National Emissions Data Bank.
20. Personal Communication with the National Fire Protection Association,
60 Batterymarch Street, Boston, Massachusetts.
21. Coal Refuse Fires, An Environmental Hazard. Bureau of Mines Informa-
tion Circular 8515, Department of the Interior (1971).
22. "Particulate Pollutant System Study, Volume III - Handbook of Emis-
sion Properties," Midwest Research Institute, Contract CPA 22-69-
104, 1 May 1971.
23. Goldberg, A. J., "A Survey of Emissions and Controls for Hazardous
and other Pollutants," EPA/APT1" Internal Report, November 1972.
24. Greco, J., and W. A. Wynot, "1971 Operating and Maintenance Problems
Encountered with Electrostatic Precipltntors," American Power Conf.
Proc.. 33_, 345-353.
88
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25. Private comnunication, Mr. Thomas F. Lahre, EPA/OAQPS, February
1974.
26. Cowherd, Chatten, "Development of Emission Factors for Estimating
Atmospheric Emissions from Agricultural Tilling, Unpaved Roads
and Air Strips, Heavy Construction Sites and Aggregate Storage
Pller" (Draft Report, 10 April 1974), EPA Contract No. 68-02-
0619.
89
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APPENDIX A
PARTICLE-SIZE DISTRIBUTIONS
90
-------
100
10
0.1
O ARITHMETIC MEAN
D GEOMETRIC MEAN
A EXTREMIS
I I
J I
II I I i I | I
0.01 0.01 0.5 I S 10
so
90 9S 99 99.9 99.99
WEIGHT % IKS THAN STATED SIZE
Figure A-l. Particle-size distribution of participates emitted
from uncontrolled hot-mix asphalt plant dryers (Bahcu data)
91
-------
100
10
n i
A EXTREMES
O ARITHMETIC MEAN
I I I I I
I I I I I I I I I
I I
I
0.01 0.1 0.5 1
10 50 90 95
WEIGHT-* LESS THAN STATED SIZE
99
99.9 99.99
Figure A-2. Particle-size distribution of partlculates emitted
from uncontrolled hot*mlx asphalt plant vent lines
(Bahco data)
92
-------
iKi.no
io.no
5
o
1.00
n.10
i r
i T
i i
0.01
0.01
0.1
0.3 I
A UnccntrolUd C.m«"l Kilni
Extrcflwi of ftoheo Dolo
Q G*oMliic Mwn
O Arithmetic M*on
10 SO TO 91
WEIGHT * US! THAN STATCD SIZE
99.9 99.99
Figure A-3. Particle-size distributions of particalates emitted
from uncontrolled cement kilns
93
-------
10
z
o
&.
u
5
<
O
LU
_l
O
1
0.1
0.01
0.001
0.01 0.1 1 10 50 90 95 99 99.9 99.99
WEIGHT % LESS THAN STATED SIZE
Figure A-4. Particle-size distributions of participates emitted from
uncontrolled ferroalloy electric furnaces producing
ferroalllcon alloys
94
-------
o
I
oe.
uj
| 0.1
5
UJ
U
0.01
0.001
I
0.01 0.1 1 10 50 9095 99 99.9 99.99
WEIGHT % LESS THAN STATED SIZE
Figure A-5. Particle-size distribution of participates emitted
from uncontrolled ferroalloy electric furnaces producing
ferromarganeoe flllc/s
95
-------
10
z
o
a:
U
i
a:
Q
LU
_l
U
0.)
0.01
0.001
1. Open Fe Cr Si Furnace at Outlet
2. Open Fe Cr Si Furnace at Baghojse Inlef
3 Open HC Fe Cr Furnace at ESP Inlet
0.01 0.1 1 10 50 90 95 99 99.9 99.99
"WEIGHT % LESS THAN STATED SIZE
Figure A^6-».- particle-size distribution of participates emitted
from uncontrolled ferroalloy electric furnaces producing
ferrochrotnium alloys
96
-------
100
s
8
O.I
0.01
I .
I I
i r
O AHITHMETIC MEAN
D GEOMfUIC WEAN
A IXWMIS
r 1
i i
i
i i
i
0.01 O.I 0.5 I
10 30 90
WIIGHT % l£JS THAN STATED SIZE
99
99.9 99.99
Figure A-7. Particle-size diotributicn of participates emitted
from uncontrolled fertilizer dryers
(Bahco data)
97
-------
ton
J '
5
•a
H
O.I
"I T'"i—i—i—i 1—i r—i—i—r~i—i—i i—I 1—i r
O EXTREMES
£ ARIJMMETlC MEAN
n nil III 111 I 1
0.01 O.I 0.5 I 5 10
III I II II II
50 90 95 99 99.9 99.99
WEIGH! % USS THAN SUtED SIZt
Figure A-8. Particle-size distribution of participates emitted
from uncontrolled basic oxygen furnaces
98
-------
100
0
i
O.I
0.01
-m—r—i—i 1—i 1—i—i—i—i—i—i 1—i—i—i IT
0.5 i 10 SO ' W 95 99 99.9 99.79
WEIGHT * U'.iS THAN STATED SIZE
Figure A-9. Particle-size distribution of partlculatea emitted
from uncontrolled electric arc furnaces
99
-------
100
I II
10
2
O
a:
U
5
os
UJ
t—
y
»—
ce
0.1
0.01
I I
0.01 0.1 1 10 50 90 95 99 99.9 99.99
WEIGHT % LESS THAN STATED SIZE
Figure A-10. Portlcle-sise distribution of particulates emitted from
uncontrolled Iron and oteel plant open hearth furnaces
100
-------
1000
100
z
g
5
2
i
C£
UJ
I 10
5
LU
u
ce.
0.1
0
-j—r" i i i i i—r
Size Range of Dust From
Sinter Machine to the
Mechanical Collector
f
/
/
01 0.1
Sieve
Analysis
Size Ronga by
Sahco Analysis of Dust
to Precipitator Following
Mechanical Collector
sp.at 3.35g/cc
J_
10 50 90 99 99.9 99.99
WEIGHT % LESS THAN STATED SIZE
Figure A-ll. Particle-size distribution of participates emitce.d from
uncontrolled iron and steel plant sintering machine
' windbox
101
-------
100
0.01
O.I
-0
I I
\ I I
A (XWMfS
J L
I
I
J I
O.I
0.5 I
50
90 «5
WUGW S. USS THAN SUUO 51 Zf
Figure A-12. Particle-stze distribution of particulates emitted
from uncontrolled iron foundry cupolas
(Bahco data)
102
-------
100
5
3
O.I
0.01
i ' i I i i i i i—I—i—r—i n ~
EXTREMES
ARITHMETIC MtAN
III I
I I I I 1 I I I I I
0.01 O.I 0.5 I
5 10 90 90
WflOHT * U5J THAN STATED SIZI
9»
99.9 99.99
Figure A-13. Particle-size distribution for participates emitted
from uncontrolled pulp mill bark boilers
(Bahco data)
103
-------
100
e
O.I
O CASCADE IMPACTOR
A (LECNtlCAl PRKIPIUTOR
0 SAMPLING, OPTICAL SIZING
£ ARITHMETIC MEAN
n ml I llll
0.01 0.1 0.5 I 5 10
90 95 99 99.9 99.9°
WflGHT K. USi THAN STATED SIZE
Figure A-14. Particle-size distribution for participates emitted
from uncontrolled pulp mill recovery furnaces
104
-------
lOO
o
e
5
5
a
u
10
0.1
0.01
' '
J t I i i i I 11
O.I 0.5 ) . D 10 50 90 95
WEIGHT % USS THAN STATED SIZE
99
99.9 99.09
Figure A-15. Particle-size distribution of participates emitted
from uncontrolled pulp mill lime kilns
105
-------
IOU
10
1/1
o
ec.
U
0.1
0.0)
I" ri1I I ii i i i i I I r
Legend
A Extreme Range
O Arithmetic Mean
I l l I
I i
0.01 0.1 I 10 50 90 99 99.9 99.99
WEIGHT % LESS THAN STATED SIZE
Figure A-16. Particle-size distribution of particulates emitted from
uncontrolled lime plant rolary kilns
106
-------
100.00
10.00 -
o
u
5
E 1.00 -
U
I—
ee.
0.10 -
O.Ol
1 - Hommer Mill
2 - Screenhouse
3 - Raymond Mill
1 i
0.01 0.1 0.5.1 5 10 50 90 95 99 99.9 99.99
WFIGHT % LESS THAN STATED SIZE
Figure A-17. Particle-size distribution of participates emitted
from uncontrolled lime plant secondary sources
107
-------
'00. Ml'
10
z
o
a
Ul
_l
U
0.1
0.01
— Southern Research
Institute Data
'—- MRI Data Bonk
L I I /I / I I I
I I I I I I
I I
0.01 0.1 1 10 50 90 99 99.9 99.99
WEIGHT % LESS THAN STATED SIZE
Figure A-18. Particle-sizes distribution of partlculatcs emitted from
uncontrolled municipal Incinerators
108
-------
100.0
Q Une«fltroU*d Power (Monti,
Pulverized* Unite, tutrtmn
of Mtco Data
A Unconrro'Ud Pow«r Plonti,
Pulv.rli.xJ Unit., ArilSmtMC
Mian 01 BoKco Data
0.01
I I J
0.01
O.I
0.5 I
10
SO
90 95
99.9 99.99
WfIGHT * USS THAN STATED SIZE
Figure A-19. Particle-alzu distributions of particulates emitted
from uncontrolled power plants (pulverized coal-
fired boilers)
109
-------
IOO.PO
io.ro
1.00
0.10
0.01
T 1—i r
I T
r Fired EUclric Utility Boil«r
Cyclont InUi
O Aritlnulic M«ori
0.01 O.I O.S I
10 50 90 95
WEIGHT % USS THAN STATED Sin
»9 9*.9 99 99
Figure A-20. Particle-size dlatrlbutlon of partloulates emitted
from uncontrolled power plants (stoker coal-
fi.red boilers)
110
-------
too no
10.on
t
£
3
5
1.00
0.1(1
0.01
t r
0.01 O.I 0.5
J L.
Fir«IEI«ctric UiMi'ty Boilir •
1 10 SO 90 »5 M 99.9 99.9»
WtlOHT » USS THAN STATED SIZE
Figure A-21. Particle-size distributions of particulates emitted
from uncontrolled power plants (cyclone coal-
fired boilers)
111
-------
IPO.on
10.on -
|
I.or
n.io —
P.nt
Traveling Giot*
Sprvadcr Stofctf
Un«Ur(«
Pulvlril*d Coal
O Cyclon* Fufnoct
o.oi
O.I
0.5 I
10 XI 90 95
WtlGHt % ItSS TH*N STATfO SIZE
99.9
99.99
Figure A-22. Particle-size distributions of oartlculates emitted
from uncontrolled industrial powet plants
(coal-fired)
112
-------
ri i
it L
_L
o>
°5
— o
o
ig a|D||Jo
-------
10
8
o
o
5
-2
"o
1.0
0.1
I | III
10
A Citrus Pruning!
O Rice Straw
• Sugar Cane Leovet
Arllh. Average -
i i i j i i
50 90 95 99
Weight % Lets than Stated Size
99.9 99.99
Figure A-24. Particle-size distributions of particles generated by
the burning of various agricultural wastes
114
-------
APPENDIX B
DATA SHEETS
115
-------
Table B-l. SUMMARY. OF FINE-PARTICLE EMISSIONS FROM ASPHALT DRYERS
(tons/year)
Source - Asphalt, hot mix
Process - Dryers
Distribution of Emissions
Controlled
Particle Size Range
(u)
3-7
1-3
0.5-1.0
0.1-0.5
0.05-0.1
Uncontrolled
11,970
8,253
1.386
435
6
Cyclone
13,272
13,459
2.662
852
12
Cyclone and
Scrubber
10.833
116.777
46.930
25.853
486
Cyclone and
Fabric Filter
11
543
383
225
4
Total
Emissions
36.086
139.032
51r361
77.365
508
0.01-0.05 •
Total Emissions
22,050
30,257
200,879
1,166
254,352
-------
Table B-2. DISTRIBUTION OF PROCESS EMISSIONS FROM ASPHALT DRYERS
Source - Asphalt, hot mix
Process - Dryers
Production Emission Factor^'
(tons/year)^ (Ib/ton)
Process Emissions = (350 x 106 ) ( 36 ) f * A = 6.300.000 tons/year
Application of Control « 99 % c/
Process Emissions into Uncontrolled Plants = 63,000 tons/year
Process Emissions into Controlled Plants = 6,237,000 tons/year
Type of % Application on Process Emissions Into
Control Device Controlled Plants—' Control Device (tons/year)
Cvclpne 2
Cyclone and snrubber 82
Cyclone and FF 16
124.740
5,114,340
997,920
a/ John Gray, National Asphalt Pavers Association.
b_/ Reference 12 gives 45 Ib/ton total emissions 80% is from dryers and
207, from vent lines Ref. 2.
c_/ Reference 2.
d/ Same as a/, for fabric filter others estimated.
117
-------
Table B-3. FINE-PARTICLE EMISSIONS FROM UNCONTROLLED ASPHALT DRYERS
Process - Asphalt dryers
Control Device - Uncontrolled ___
Process Emissions into Control Device
S3.OOP
tons/vear
Process Emissions
Control Device
|Uncontrolled[
Penetration (%)
Size (yQ Percent (1 - efficiency)
3-7
19.0
100
Control Device
I I
Penetration (7.)
(1 - efficiency)
Emissions
(tons/year)
11.970
1-3
13.1
100
8.253
0.5-1.0
2.2
100
1,386
0.1-0.5
0.69
100
435
0.05-0.1
0.01
100
0.01-0.05
Total.
35.00
22,050
118
-------
Table B-4. FINE-PARTICLE EMISSIONS FROM ASPHALT DRYERS CONTROLLED BY
CYCLONES
Process - Asphalt dryers
Control Device - Cyclones
Process Emissions into Control Device 124,740
_tons/year
Control Device . Control Device
| Cyclone ]-' |
Process Emissions Penetration (%) Penetration (%)
Size (u) Percent (1 - efficiency) (1 - efficiency)
3-7
19.0
56
Emissions
(tons/year)
13.272
1-3
13.1
83
13.459
0.5-1.0
2.2
97
2.662
0.1-0.5
0.69
99
852
0.05-0.1
0,01
100
1?
0.01-0.05
Total
35.00
30,257
ja/ From medium efficiency cyclone curve.
119
-------
Table B-5. FINE-PARTICLE EMISSIONS FROM ASPHALT DRYERS CONTROLLED
BY CYCLONES PLUS SCRUBBERS
Process - Asphalt dryer .
Control Device - Cyclone plua scrubber
Process Emissions into Control Device 5,114,340
__tons/year
Control Device
Control Device
b/
vl
Cyclone f I Scrubber | ~
Process Emissions Penetration (%) Penetration (%) Emissions
Size (u) Percent (1 - efficiency) (1 - efficiency) (tons/year)
3-7
19.0
56
10,833
1-3
13.1
83
21
116,777
0.5-1.0
2.2
97
43
46,930
0.1-0.5
0.69
74
25,853
0.05-0.1
0.01
100
95
486
0.01-0.05
Total
35.00
200,879
&J From medium efficiency cyclone curve.
Jb/ From medium efficiency wet scrubber curve.
120
-------
Table B-6. FINE-PARTICLE EMISSIONS FROM ASPHALT DRYERS CONTROLLED
BY CYCLONES PLUS FABRIC FILTERS
Process - Asphalt dryer
Control Device - Cyclones plua fabric filters
Process Emissions into Control Device 997,920
_tons/year
Control Device Control Device
Cyclone \l [Fabric filterJb/
Process Emissions Penetration (%) Penetration (7.) Emissions
Size (p) Percent (1 - efficiency) (1 - efficiency) (tons/year)
3-7
19.0
56
0.01
11
1-3
13.1
83
0.5
543
0.5-1.0
2.2
97
1.8
383
0.1-0.5
0.69
99
3.3
225
0.05-0.1
0.01
100
4.2
0.01-0.05
Total
35.00
1,166
aj From medium efficiency cyclone curve.
bj From fabric filter fractional efficiency curve.
121
-------
Table B-7. SUMMARY OF FINE-PARTICLE EMISSIONS FROM ASPHALT VENT LINES
(tons/year)
ro
10
Source - Asphalt, hot mix
Process - Vent lines
Distribution of Emissions
Controlled
Particle Size Range
(u)
3-7
1-3
0.5-1.0
*
0.1-0.5
Cyclone and
Uncontrolled Cyclone Scrubber
3,654 4,052 3,322
1,153 1,902 16,380
65 124 2,187
6 12 375
Cyclone and
Fabric Filter
3
76
18
3
Total
Emissions
11,031
19,516
2,394
396
0.05-0.1
0.01-0.05
Total
Emissions
4,883 6,090 22,264
100
33,337
-------
Table B-8. DISTRIBUTION OF PROCESS EMISSIONS FROM ASPHALT VENT LINES
Source - Asphalt, hot mix
Process - Vont Hnoa
Production Emission Factor
(tons/year) (Ib/ton)
Process Emissions => ( 350 x 10 ) (_9 ) (. *\ =1.575.000tons/year
Application of Control •= 99 %
Process Emissions into Uncontrolled Plants • 15.750 tons/year
Process Emissions into Controlled Plants •* 1,559,250 tons/year
Type of % Application on Process Emissions Into
Control Device Controlled Plants Coptrol Device (tons/year)
Cyclone 2 31,185
Cyclone and scrubber 82 1,278,585
Cyclone and fabric filter 16 249,480
123
-------
Table B-9. FINE-FARTTCLE EMISSIONS FROM UNCONTROLLED ASPHALT VENT'LINF5
Process - Asphalt vent lines
Control Device - Uncontrolled
Process Emissions into Control Device 15,750
_tons/year
Control Device
[ Uncontrolled [
Process Emissions Penetration (7.)
Size Qi) Percent (1 - efficiency)
23.2
100
Control Device
Penetration (7.)
(1 - efficiency)
Emissions
(tons/year)
3,654 ;
1-3
7.35
100
1,158
0.5-1.0
0.41
100
65
0.1-0.5
C.04
100
0.05-0.1
0.01-0.05
Total
31.00
4,883
124
-------
Table B-10. FINE-PARTICLE EMISSIONS FROM VENT LINES CONTROLLED BY CYCLONES
Process - AsPh*lt: vent lines
Control Devtce - Cyclcnes
Process Emissions Into Control Device 31,185-
_tons/year
Control Devtce
I Cyclo'.ies [
Process Emissions Penetration (%)
Size (v*) Percent (1 - efficiency)
3-7
22.2
55
Control Device
I 1
Penetration (7.)
(1 - efficiency)
Emissions
(tons/year)
4.052
1-3
7.35
83
1.902
0.5-1.0
0.41
97
124
0.1-0.5
0.04
99
12
0.05-0.1
0.01-0.05
Total
31.00
6,090
125
-------
Table B-ll. FINE-PARTICLE EMISSIONS FROM ASPHALT VENT LINES
CONTROLLED BY CYCLONES PLUS SCRUBBERS
Process - Aaphalt vent Hnea
Control Device - Cyclones plus scrubber
Process Emissions into Control Device 1,278,585 tons/year
Control Device
| Cyclone |
Process Emissions Penetration (%)
Size (n) Percent (1 - efficiency)
Control Device
Sen '.'o> •
]
3-7
23.2
56
Pene •. -- (%) Emissions
(* - etl«.c. r/cy) (tons/year)
3.322
1-3
7.35
83
21
16.380
0.5-1.0
0.41
97
2.187
0.1-0.5
0.04
99
74
375
0.05-0,1
0.01-0.05
Total
31.00
22,264
126
-------
Table B-12. FINE-PARTICLE EMISSIONS FROM ASPHALT VENT LINES CONTROLLED
BY CYCLONES PLUS FABRIC FILTERS
Process - Asphalt vent lines
Control Device - Cyclones plus fabric filters
Process Emissions Into Control Device 249,480
_tonn/year
Process Emissions
Size (n) Percent
3-7
23.2
Control Device
I Cyclone I
Penetration (%)
(1 - efficiency)
56
Control Device
I Fabric Filter i
Penetration (%) Emissions
(1 - efficiency) (tons/year)
0.01 1
1-3
7.35
83
0.5
76
0.5-1.0
0.41
97
1.8
18
0.1-0.5
0.04
99
3.3
0.05-0.1
0.01-0.05
Total
31.00
100
127
-------
Table B-13. SUMMARY OF FINE-PARTICLE EMISSIONS FROM ROTARY CEMENT KILNS
(tons/year)
fo
oo
Source - Cement plants
Process - Rotary kilns
Distribution of Emissions
Controlled
Particle Size Range
00
3-7
1-3
0.5-1.0
0.1-0.5
0.05-0.1
Uncontrolled
22,770
14,214
2,277
745
14
Cyclone
35,703
39,699
9,149
3,432
68
ESP
39,050
38,306
9,484
5,294
139
Cyclone & ESP
4,999
8,734
3,110
1,991
56
Fabric
22
697
401
241
6
Total
Emissions
102,544
101,650
24,421
11,703
283
0.01-0.05
Total Emissions
40,020
88,051
92,273
18,890
1,367
240,601
-------
Table B-14. DISTRIBUTION OF PROCESS EMISSIONS FROM ROTARY CEMENT KILNS
Source - Cement plant
Process - Rotary kllns
Production Emission Factor
(tons/year)!/ (lo/ton) £/
Process Emissions = (82.6 x 106 ) (1,67 ) ( L^ =6^900, QQQtons/year
Application of Control = 98 % £/
Process Emissions into Uncontrolled Plants = 138.000 tons/year
Process Emissions Into Controlled Plants =6,762,000 tons/year
Type of % Application on Process Emissions Into
Control Device Controlled Plants^/ Control Device (tons/year)
Cyclone _ 10 _ 676. 2CQ _
ESP _ 50 _ 3,381,000 _
Cyclone and ESP _ 20 _ 1,352,400 _
Fabric filter _ 20 _ 1,352,400 _
al Survey of current business, July 1973.
b/ Geometric mean of available data.
£/ Estimate of current application (based on 94.5% in 1968).
d/ Estimated present values based on 1968 telephone survey and
indicated trends. -...—„
129
-------
Table B-15. FINE-PARTICLE EMISSIONS FROM UNCONTROLLED CEMENT KILNS
Process -
Cement kilns
Control Device -
Uncontrolled
Process Emissions into Control Device
138.000
_tons/year
Process Emissions
Size (vQ Percent
3-7
16.5
Control Device
1 Uncontrolled [
Penetration (%)
(1 - efficiency)
100
Control Device
II
Penetration (7,)
(1 - efficiency)
Emissions
(tons/year)
22.770
1-3
10.3
100
14.214
0.5-1.0
1.05
100
2.277
0.1-0.5
0.54
100
745
0.05-0.1
0.01
100
14
0.01-0.05
Total
29.00
40,020
130
-------
Table B-16. FINE-PARTICLE EMISSIONS FROM CEMENT KILNS CONTROLLED BY
CYCLONES
Process -
Cement kilns
Control Device - Cyclones
Process Emissions into Control Device
676,200
_tons/year
Process Emissions
Size (p) Percent
3-7
16.5
Control Device
| Cyclones |
Penetration (7.)
(1 - efficiency!
32
Control Device
I 1
Penetration (7.)
(1 - efficiency)
Emissions
(tons/year)
35.703
1-3
10.3
57
39.699
0.5-1.0
1.65
82
9.149
0.1-0.5
0.54
94
3.432
0.05-0.1
0.01
100
68
0.01-0.05
Total
29.00
88,051
131
-------
Table R-17. FINE- PARTICLE EMISSIONS FROM CEMENT KILNS CONTROLLED
BY ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATORS
Process -
Cement kilns
Control .Ucvice -
Process Emissions into Control Device 3.381,000
tons/year
Control Device
Control Device
Process Emissions
Size (vO Percent
3-7
1-3
0.5-1.0
0.1-0.5
0.05-0.1
16.5
10.3
1.65
0.54
0.01
1 ESP || |
Penetration (%) Penetration (7.)
(1 - efficiency) (1 - efficiency)
7
11
17
29
41
Emissions
(tons/year)
39,050
38.306
9,484
5,294
139
0.01-0.05 . . .-
Total
29.00
92,273
132
-------
Table B-18. FINE-PARTICLE EMISSIONS FROM CEMENT KILNS CONTROLLED BY
CYCLONES PLUS ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATORS
Process - Cement kilns
Control Device - Cyclones and SSP
Process Emissions into Control Device 1.352.400
_tons/year
Control Device
I Cyclone
Process Emissions Penetration (%)
Size (u) Percent (1 - efficiency)
3-7
Control Device
I ESP I
Penetration (%)
(1 -_ efficiency)
16.5
32
Emissions
(tons/year)
4.999
1-3
10.3
57
11
8.734
0.5-1.0
1.65
JOL
17
3.110
0.1-0.5
0^54
94
29
1.99-1
0.05-0.1
0.01
100
_5£_
0.01-0.05
Total
29.00
18,890
133
-------
.Table B-19. FINE-PARTICLE EMISSIONS FROM CEMENT KILNS CONTROLLED
BY FABRIC FILTERS
Process -
Cement kilns
Control Device - Fabric filter
Process Emissions into Control Device 1,352,400
_tons/year
Process Emissions
Size ([i) Percent
3-7
16.5
Control Device
[Fabric filter |
Penetration (%)
(1 - efficiency)
0.01
Control Device
I I
Penetration (51)
(1 - efficiency)
Emissions
(tons/year)
22
1-3
10.3
0.50
697
0.5-1.0
1.65
1.8
401
0.1-0.5
0.54
3.3
241
0.05-0.1
0.01
4.2
0.01-0.05
Total
29.00
1,367
134
-------
Table B-20. SUMMARY CF FINE-PARTICLE EMISSIONS FROM FERROALLOY ELECTRIC FURNACES
PRODUCING FERROSILICON ALLOYS
(tons/year)
CO
Source - Ferroalloy.
electric furnace
Process - Ferrosillcon alloys
Distribution of Emissions
Particle Size Range
•00
3-7
1-3
0.5-1.0
0.1-0.5
0.05-0.1
0.01-0.05,
i
Total Emissions
Uncontrolled
1,885
1.8,845
23,268
81,663 1,
17,275. ;
7,852
155,788 2,
Wet
Scrubber
7
126
271
293
396
268
361
Controlled
Fabric Filter
—
24
127
674
181
86
1,092
Total
Bnissions
1,892
18,995
28,666
83,630
: 17,852
8,206
159,241
-------
Table B-21. DISTRIBUTION OF PROCESS EMISSIONS FROM FERROALLOY ELECTRIC
FURNACES PRODUCING FERROS1L1CON ALLOYS-' .
Source - Ferroalloy electric furnace
Process - Fcrrosilicon alloys
Production-'
• . (tons/year)
Process Emissions = ( 865,000 )
Emission Factor^
'
(lb/con)
( _ ) /...O = 261.740 tons/yearl/
Application of Control = 40 7, -'
Process Emissions into Uncontrolled Plants = 157,044 tons/year
Process Emissions into Controlled Plants = 104,696 tons/year
Type of
Control Device
b/
% Application on-
Controlled Plants
Process Emissions Into
Control Device (tons/year)
Wet scrubbers . 62.5
Fabric filters 37.5
65,435
39,261.
• ' .
af The process emissions are calculated as a composite for the following
alloys.
Process Emissions
Production
Emission Factor
Silvery pig iron
50% FeSi
60-75% FeSi
Si. metal
-.ton/year)
165,000
440,000
140,000
120,000.
. (Ib/ton)
x 116 x
446 x
915 x
1,500 x
1
2,000
1
2,000
1
2,000
1
9 nno
(ton/year)
. 9,570
98,120.
64,050
90,000
261,740
865,000
b/ Based on 1970 ferroalloy emission control survey which covered 4G furnaces
which produced fcrrosilicon alloys.
136 . -'
-------
Table B-22. FINE-PARTICLE EMISSIONS FROM UNCONTROLLED FERROALLOY
ELECTRIC FURNACES PRODUCING FERROSILICON ALLOYS^/
Process - Ferroalloy electric furnace
Control Device - Uncontrolled
Process Emissions into Control Device 157,044 tons/year
Process Emissions
Control Device
|Uncontrolled |
Penetration (%)
Size (u)
3-7
Percent (1 - efficiency)
1.2
100
Control Device
I —1
Penetration (%)
(1 - efficiency)
Emissions
(tons/year)
1.88S
1-3
12.0
100
18.84S
0.5-1.0
18.0
100
28.268
0.1-0.5
52.0
100
81.663
0.05-0.1
0.01-0.05
11.0
100
J100
17.275
Total
99.2
155,738
a/ See distribution table note a.
137
-------
Table B-23. FINE-PARTICLE EMISSIONS FROM WET SCRUBBER CONTROLLED
FERROALLOY ELECTRIC FURNACES PRODUCING FERROSILICON ALLCYSi/
Process - Ferroalloy electric furnace
Concrol Device - Wet scrubber-'
Emissions into Control Device 65,435
_tons/year
Process Emissions
Control Device
I VJct scrubber I
Penetration (%)
Size (u)
3-7
Percent (1 - efficiency)
Control Device
.1 I
Penetration (%)
(1 - efficiency)
1.2
0.9
Emissions
(tons/year)
12.0
1.6
126
0.. 5-1.0
18.0
2.3
271
0.1-0.5
52.0
3.8
1.29^.
0.05-0.1
11.0
5.5
396
0.01-0.05
5.0
8.2
268
Total
99.2
2,361
£/ See distribution table note a.
J>/ Includes high energy wet scrubbers, disintegrator scrubbers, electro-
static precipitators with water sprays, etc.
£/ Efficiency values assumed equal to high efficiency electrostatic
precipitator.
138 .
-------
Table B-24. FINE-PARTICLE EMISSIONS FROM FABRIC FILTER CONTROLLED FERRO-
ALLOY ELECTRIC FURNACES PRODUCING FERROSILICON ALLOYS^
Process - Ferroalloy electric furnace
Control Device - Fabric filter
Process Emissions into Control Device 39,261
_tons/year
Control Device
Control Device
Process
Size (n)
3-7
1-3
0.5-1.0
0.1-0.5
0.05-0.1
| Fabric filter
Emissions Penetration. .(%)
Percent (1 - efficiency)
1.2 0.01
12.0 0.5
18.0 1.8
52.0 3.3
11.0 4.2
|
Penetration (%) Emissions
(1 - efficiency) (tons/year)
.*
2A
127
674
181
0.01-0.05
5.0
4.4
86
Total
99.2
1,092
a/ See distribution table note a.
139
-------
Table B-25. SUMMARY OF FINE-PARTICLE EMISSIONS FROM FERROALLOY ELECTRIC FURNACES
PRODUCING FERROMANGANESE ALLOYS
(tons/year)
Source <• Ferroalloy
electric furnace
Process - Ferromanganese alloys
Particle Size Range
(U)
3-7
1-3
0.5-1.0
0.1-0.5
0.05-0.1
Uncontrolled
3,125
15,464
9.278
4.372
23
Distribution of Emissions
Controlled
Wet Fabric
Scrubber Filter
33
290 30
250 65
195 56
1
Total
Emissions
3,158
15,78.4
9,593
4,623
24
0.01-0.05
Total Emissions
32,262
769 151
'33,182
-------
Table B-26. DISTRIBUTION OF PROCESS EMISSIONS FROM FERROALLOY ELECTRIC
FURNACES PRODUCING FERROMANGANESE ALLOYS^
Source - Ferroalloy electric furnaces
Process - Ferromanganese alloys
Productions/ Emission Factora/
(tons/year) (Ib/ton)
( 570,000 ) ( )
Process Emissions =
Application of Control = 61 7. W
Process Emissions into Uncontrolled Plants = 32,555 tons/year
Process Emissions into Controlled Plants • 50.920 tons/year
83.475 tons/yeara/
Type of
Control Device'
Wet scrubbers
% Application onb./
Controlled Plants
75
Process Emissions Into
Control Device (tons/year)
38,190
Fabric filtors
25-
12,730
a./ The process emissions are calculated as a cpmposite for the following alloys.
Production Emission Factor
(ton/year) (Ib/ton) Process Bnisstons
Ferromanganese
Silicomangpnese
Ferromanganese silicon
SMZ
330,000 x
200,000
40,000
Neglect
570,000
335 x
219 x
2,000
2,000
1
315 x
Unknown
55,275
21,900
6,300
0
83,475
b/ Based on 1970 ferroalloy emission control survey which covered 33 furnaces
which produced ferromanganese alloys.
141
-------
Table B-?7. KINE-PARTICLE EMISSIONS FROM UNCONTROLLED FERROALLOY
ELECTRIC FUKNACES PRODUCING FERROMANGANESE ALLOYS3'
Process - Ferroalloy electric furnaces
Control Device - Uncontrolled
Process Emissions into Control Device
Control Device
| Uncontrolled
Process Emissions Penetration (7.)
Size (u) Percent (1 - efficiency)
3-7 9.6 100
1-3 47.5 100
0.5-1.0 28.5 100
0.1-0.5 13.43 100
0.05-0.1 0.07 100
0.01-0.05 0 100
Total 99.10
32,555 tons/year
Control Device
1
Penetration (7.) Emissions
(1 - efficiency) (tons/year)
3,125
15j464
9^278
4.372
" ' 23
32,262
a/ See distribution table note a.
142
-------
Table B-28. FINE-PARTTCLE EMISSIONS FROM WET SCRUBBER CONTROLLED
FERROALLOY ELECTRIC FURNACES PRODUCING FERROMANGANESE ALLOYS-'
Process - Ferroalloy electric furnaces
Control Device - Wet scrubbers—'
Process Emissions Into Control Device 38,190
_tons/year
Control Device
.Control Device
Process Emissions
Size (u) Percent
3-7
1-3
0.5-1.0
0.1-0.5
0.05-0.1
0.01-0.05
Total
9.6
47.5
28.5
13.43
0.07
0.0
99.10
|Wet scrubber | -[ i
Penetration (7.) Penetration (%)
(1 - efficiency^/ (1 - efficiency)
0.9
1.6
2.3
3.8
5.5
8.2
Emissions
(tons/year)
33
290
250
195
1
— —
769
a_/ See distribution table note a.
b/ Includes high energy wet scrubbers, disintegrator scrubbers, electro-
static precipitators with water sprays, etc.
£/ Efficiency values assumed equal to high efficiency electrostatic
precipltator.
143
-------
Table B-29. FINE-PARTICLE EMISSIONS FROM FABRIC. FILTER CONTROLLED
FERROALLOY ELECTRIC FURNACES PRODUCING FERROMANGANESE ALLOYS^'
Process - Ferroalloy electric furnace
Control Device - Fabric filter
Process Emissions into Control Device 12,730
_tons/year
Control Device
| Fabric filter)
Process Emissions Penetration (%)
Size (n) Percent (1 - efficiency)
3-7
Q.OL
Control Device
i. 1
Penetration (7«)
(1 - efficiency)
Emissions
(tons/year)
1-3
47.5
0.5
0.5-1.0 28.5
1.8
65
0.1-0.5
13.43
3.3
56
0.05-0.1
0.07
4.2
0.01-0.05 0
4.4
Total
99.10
151
a/ See distribution table note a.
144
-------
Table B-30. SUMMARY OF FINE-PARTICLE EMISSIONS FROM FERROALLOY ELECTRIC FURNACES
PRODUCING FERROCHROMIUM ALLOYS^
(tons/year)
Source - Ferroall'~v electric furnaces
Process - Ferrochromium
alloys
Particle Size Range
(U) Uncontrolled
3-7
•
1-3
0.5-1.0
0.1-0.5
0.05-0.1
0.01-0.05
Total Emissions
10,955 •
22,693
14,477
18,780
M.956
763
69,644
Distribution of Emissions
Controlled
Wet
Scrubbers
20
74
68
146
22
13
343
•
Total
Emissions
10,975
22,767
14,545
18,926
1,978
796
69,987
-------
Table B-31. DISTRIBUTION OF PROCESS EMISSIONS FROM FERROALLOY
ELECTRIC FURNACES PRODUCING FERROCHROMIUM ALLOYS^/
Source - Ferroalloy electric furnaces
Process - Forrochromtum alloys
Production—' Emission Factor£/
(tons/year) (Ib/ton)
Process Emissions = ( 400,000 ) ( ) (—L_\ =94 280 tons/yeara/
Vz.oooy
Application of Control = 17 7, k/
Process Emissions into Uncontrolled Plants = 78', 252 tons/year
Process Emissions into Controlled Plants
16,028 tons/year
Type of
Control Device
Wet scrubbers
% Application on £
Controlled Plants
100
b/
Process Emissions Into
Control Device (tons/year)
16,028
Alloy
Ferrochromium
Ferrochrom silicon
and other chrome
alloys
Production
(ton/year)'
Emission Fnctor
(Ib/ton)
290,000 x 335 x
110.000
400,000
x 831 x
2,000
2,000
Process Emissions
(t.?ri/year)
48,575
45,705
94,280
b/ Based on 1970 ferroalloy emission control survey which covered 30 furnaces
producing ferrochromium alloys.
146
-------
Table B-32. FINE-PARTICLE EMISSIONS FROM UNCONTROLLED FEREC1 \i-.OV
ELECTRIC FURNACES PRODUCING FERROCHROMIUM AU..>YS2'
Process - Ferroalloy electric furnaces
Control Device - Uncontrolled
Process Emissions into Control Device 78.252
_tons/year
Control Device
IUncontrolled!
Process Emissions Penetration (%)
Size (p) Percent (1 - efficiency)
3-7
Control Device
I I
Penetration (%)
(1 - efficiency)
14
100
Emissions
(tons/yea'")
10.955
1-3
29
100
22.693
0.5-1.0
0.1-0.5
0.05-0.1
0.01-r.05
18.5
24.0
2.5
1.0
100
100
100
100
14.477
18.780
1.956
_7J3_
Total
89.0
69,644
a/ Sae distribution table note a.
147
-------
Table B-33. FINE-PARTICLE EMISSIONS FROM WET SCRUBBER CONTROLLED
FERROALLOY ELECTRIC FURNACES PRODUCING FERROCHROMIUM ALLOYS-'
Process - Ferroalloy electric furnaces
Control Device - Wet scrubbers-
Process Emissions into Control Device
16,028
tons/year
Control Device Control Device
I Wet scrubber | | |
Process Emissions Penetration (%) Penetration (7»)
Size (u) Percent (1 - efftciency)c/ (1 - efficiency)
3-7
14
0.9
Emissions
(tons/year)
20
1-3
29
1.6
74
0.5-1.0
18.5
2.3
68
0.1-0.5
24.0
3.8
146
0.05-0.1
2.5
5.5
22
0.01-0.05
1.0
8.2
13
Total
89.0
343
al See distribution table note a.
b_/ Includes high energy wet scrubbers, disintegrator scrubbers, electro-
static precipitating with water sprays, etc.
£/ .Efficiency values assumed equal to high efficiency electrostatic
precipitator.
148
-------
Table B-34. SUMMARY OF FINE-PARTICLE EMISSIONS FROM FERROALLOY ELECTRIC FURNACES
PRODUCING MISCELLANEOUS FERROALLOYS
(tons/year)
Source - Ferroalloy
electric furnace
Process - Miscellaneous alloys
Distribution of Emissions
Particle Size Range '
(u).
3-7
1-3
0.5-1.0
0.1-0.5
0.05-0.1
0.01-0.05
Total Emissions
Uncontrolled
3,830
11,894
9,274
12,701
1,048
363
39,110
Wet
Scrubber
18
97
109
246
29
15
514
Controlled
Fabric
Filtpr
_.
9
26
65
7
2
109
Total
Emissions
3,848
12,000
9,409
13,012
1,084
380
39,733 .•
-------
Table B-35. DISTRIBUTION HK r- JCESS EMISSIONS FROM FERROALLOY ELECTRIC
FURNACES PR" MISd'.LLANEOUS FERROALLOYS*/
Source - Ferroalloy electric furnace
Process - Miscellaneous alloys
Emission Factor"./
(Ib on)
Production &J
(tons/year)
(280,000 ) '(A.l) / * A = 67,200 tons/year
^2,000;
ApplicFi-.'ion .of Control = 40Z £/
Process Emissions
Process Emissions into Uncontrolled Plants = 40,320 tons/year
Process Emissions into Controlled Plants = 26,880 tons/year
Type of
Control Device
% Application on
Controlled Plants
Process Emissions Into
Control Device (tons/year)
Wet scrubbers
Fabric filters
76.6 ' 20,590
23.4 6,290
' ... ' . . '- - -
• .
a./ Difference between total olectric furnace ferroalloy production of 2,115,000
tons/year and 1,835,000 tons/year covered separately by ferrosilicon,
ferrotr.anganese, and ferrochromium calculations.
b_/ Geometric average of all known emission factors and alloy production.
£/ Based on 1970 ferroalloy emission control survey which covered 112
furnaces producing all ferroalloys.
150
-------
Table B-36. FINE-PARTICLE EMISSIONS FROM UNCONTROLLED FERROALLOY
ELECTRIC FURNACES PRODUCING MISCELLANEOUS FERROALLOYS^
Process - Ferroalloy electric furnace
Control Device - Uncontrolled
Process Emissions into Control Device
40,320
_tons/year
Control Device
[Uncontrolled |
Process Emissions Penetration (%)
Size (u) Percent (1 - efficiency)
3-7
Control Device
I I
Penetration (%)
(1 - efficiency)
9.5
100
Emissions
(tons/year)
3,830
1-3
29.5
100
11,894
0.5-1.0
23.0
100
9,274
0.1-0.5
31.5
100
12,701
0.05-0.1
2.6
100
1.048
0.01-0.05
0.9
100
363
Total
97.0
39,110
jj/ See distribution of process emissions note a.
151
-------
Table D-37. FINE-PARTICLE EMISSIONS "ROM WET SCRUBBER CONTROLLED FERRO-
ALLOY ELECTRIC FURNACES PRODUCING MISCELLANEOUS FERROALLOYS^
Process - Ferroalloy electric furnaces
Control Device - Wet scrubbers^
Process Emissions into Control Device
20,590
tons/year
Control Devi' i Control Device
[Wet scrubber f | ~~\
Process Emissions Penetration (7.) Penetration (7.) Emissions
Size OQ Percent (1 - efficiency) (1 - efficiency) (tons/year)
3-7
1-3
9.5
29.5
0.9
1.6
18
97
0.5-1.0
::3.o
2.3
199
0.1-0.5
31.5
3.8
246
0.05-0.1
2.6
5.5
29
0.01-0.05
0.9
8.2
15
Total
97.0
514
a/ See distribution table note a.
b/ Includes high energy wet scrubbers, disintegrator scrubbers, electro-
static precipii <^or- with water sprays, etc.
£/ Efficiency values assumed equal to high efficiency electrostatic
precipitator.
152
-------
Table B-38. FINE-PARTICLE EMISSIONS FROM FABRIC FILTER CONTROLLED
FERROALLOY ELECTRIC FURNACES PRODUCING MISCELLANEOUS FERROALLOYS^
Process - Ferroalloy electric furnacee
Control Device - Fabric flltera
Process Emissions into Control Device^
6.290
tons/-'ear
Control Device
Control Device
[Fabric filter | | [
Process Emissions Penetration (7.) Penetration (7.)
Size (M) Percent (1 - efficiency) (1 - efficiency)
3-7
9.5
O.C1
Emissions
(tons/year)
1-3
29.5
0.5
0.5-1.0 23.0
1.8
26
0.1-0.5 31.5
3.3
65
0.05-0.1 2.6
4.2
0.01-0.05 0-9
4.4
Total
97.0
109
a/ See distribution table note a.
153
-------
Table B-39. SUMMARY OF FINE-PARTICLE EMISSIONS FROM FERTILIZER GRANULATION AND DRYING
(tons/year)
Source - Fertilizer
Process - Granulation
Particle Size Range
(U)
3-7
1-3
0.5-1.0
0.1-0.5
0.05-0.1
0.01-0.05
Total Emissions
and drying
Uncontrolled
3,822
1,739
411
220
19
0
6,211
• [
i
Distribution of Emissions
Controlled
Scrubber
1,452
6,939
3,357
3,090
345
0
15,133
•
Total
Emissions
5,274
8,678
3,768
3,310
364
0
21,394
-------
Table B-40. DISTRIBUTION OF PROCESS EMISSIONS FROM FERTILIZER
GRANULATION AND DRYING
Source - Fertilizer
Process - Granulation and drying
Production
(tons/year)
Emission Factor
(Ib/ton)
195) / lflA = 1.911.000 tons/year
Process Emissions = ( 19.6 x 10 )
Application of Control •» 95 %
Process Emissions into Uncontrolled Plants = 95,550 tons/year
Process Emissions into Controlled Plants = 1,815,450 tons/year
Type of
Control Device
Wet scrubbers
% Application on
Controlled Plants
100
Process Emissions Into
Control Device (tons/year)
1,815,450
155
-------
Table Br41. FINE-PARTICLE EMISSIONS FROM FERTILIZER GRADUATION AND
DRYING CONTROLLED BY WET SCRUBBERS
Process - Fertilizer granulation and drying
Control Device - Wet scrubbers ^
Process Emissions Into Control Device 1,315,4.')0
_tons/year
Control Device
Control Device
1 Scrubbers I I
1
Process Emissions Penetration (%) Penetration (TO Emissions
Size (u) Percent (1 - efficiency) (1 - efficiency) (to:u/year)
3-7
1-3
0.5-1.0
0.1-0.5
0.05-0.1
0.01-0.05
Total
4.0 2
1.82 21
0.43 43
0.23 74
0.02 . 95
0 100
6.5
1,452
6,939
3,357
3,090
345
0
15,183
a/ Efficiency values were taken from medium fractional efficiency curve.
156
-------
Table B-42. FINE-PARTICLE EMISSIONS FROM UNCONTROLLED FERTILIZER
GRANULATION AND DRYING
Process - Fertilizer granulation and drying
Control Device - Uncontrolled '
Process Emissions Into Control Device 95,550
_tons/year
Control Device
I Uncontrolled |
I'rocess Emissions Penetration (%)
Size (U) •.. Percent (1 - efficiency)
3-7
Control Device
i ' I
Penetration (7.)
(1 - efficiency!
4.0
100
Emissions
(tons/year)
3.822
1-3
1.82
100
1.7-39
0.5-1.0
0.43
100
411
0.1-0.5
0.23
100
220
0.05-0.1
0.02
100
19
0.01-0.05
Tot p.l
6.5
100
6,211
157
-------
Table B-43. SUMMARY OF FINE-PARTICLE EMISSIONS FROM BASIC OXYGEN FURNACES, I^ON AND STEEL ..
(.tons/year)
Ul
co
Source - Iron and steel
Process - Basic oxygen furnace
Distribution of Emissions
Particle Size Range
(u) Uncontrolled
Controlled
Total
ESP Cyclone Venturi FF Emissions
3-7 ' • • " " , . "
1-3
0.5-1.0
0.1--0.5
0.05-0.1 . "
802 969 1,771
6,917 32,394 39,311
18,348 300,057 318,405
92 1,984 • 2,076
0.01-0.05 ....
Total Emissions
26,159 335,404 . 361,563
-------
Table B-44. DISTRIBUTION OF PROCESS EMISSIONS FROM BASIC OXYGEN FURNACE
_ ' Iron and steel
Source -
Proce98 - BOF
Production Emission Factor
(tons/year) (Ib/ton)
Process Emissions = (78 x 106 ) (51 ) / ..l.-N °lP989.00Qton8/year
Application of Control » 100%
Process Emissions into Uncontrolled Plants = P tons/year
Process Emissions into Controlled Plants = 1,989,000 tons/year
Type of % Application on Process Emissions Into
Control Device Controlled Plants Control Device (tons/year)
ESP lil 835.380
Venturi 58 1,153,620
15?
-------
Table B-45. FINE-PARTICLE EMISSIONS FROM BASIC OXYGEN FURNACES
CONTROLLED BY ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATOR
Process - Basic oxygen furnace
Control Device - Electrostatic preclpitatof
Process Emissions into Control Device 835,380 tons/year
Control Device Control Device
ESP
Process Emissions Penetration (%) Penetration (%) iYnissions
Size (u) Percent (1 - effictencyH/ (1 - efficiency) (tons/year)
3-7 0 0.9 —
_l-3 6 1.6 802
0.5-1.0 36 2.3 6.917
•Q'.l-O.b 57.8 3.8 18.348
0.05-0.1 0.2 'j.5 92
0.01-0.05 8.J --
Total 100 . . 26,159
al Efficiency values were taken from high fractional efficiency curve.
160
-------
Table B-46, FINE-PARTICLE EMISSIONS FROM BASIC. OXYGEN FURNACES
CONTROLLED BY VENTURI SCRUBBER
Process - Basic Oxy8cn furnace
.Control Device - Venturi scrubber
Process Emissions into Control Device ' '•53,620
_tons/year
Process Emissions
Size (u) Percent
3-7 0
Control Device • Control Device
I Venturi | I I
Penetration (%) Penetration ("/„) Emissions
(1 - efficiency) (1 - efficiency) (tons/year)
0.02 --
1-3
1.4
969
0.5-1.0
36
7.8
32,394
0.1-0.5
57.8
45
300.057
0.05-0.1
0.01-0.05
Total
0.2
100
86
1.984
335,404
161
-------
Table B-47. SUMMARY OF FINE-PARTICLE EMISSIONS FROM ELECTRIC ARC FURNACE, IRON AND STEEL
(tons/year)
cr-
Source - Iron and steel
Process - Electric arc furnace
Distribution of Emissions
Particle Siz£ Range
(P)
3-7
1-3
0.5 i.O
0.1-0.5
0.05-0.1
0.01-0.05
Total Emissions
Uncontrolled
3,140
4,830
2,898
5,072
1,449
1,691
19,080
ESP
7
20
18
51
21
37
154
Controlled
Wet
Cyclone Scrubber
none
180
312
1,301
552
686
3,031
FF
1
74
161
516
188 :
?35
1,175
Total
Emissions .
3,148
5,104
3,389
6,940
2,210
. 2,649
I 23,440
-------
Table K-48. DISTRIBUTION OF PROCESS EMISSIONS FROM ELECTRIC ARC FURNACE
Source - Iron and steel '
Process - Electric arc furnace • . '
Production Emission Factor
(tons/year) (Ib/ton)
Process Emissions = (23 x 106 ) (_10 ) f 1 \ = 115.000 tons/year
Application of Control = 79 7.
Process Emissions Into Uncontrolled Plants = 24»150 tons/year
Process Emissions into Controlled Plants «• "O.°50 tons/year
Type of % Application on Process Emissions Into
Control Device Controlled Plants Control Device (tons/year)
Wet scrubber 11 9,994
ESP 7 6,359
FF 82 74,497
163
-------
Table B-49. FINE-PARTICLE EMISSIONS FROM UNCONTROLLED ELECTRIC
ARC FURNACES
Process - ' Electric arc furnace
Control Device - Uncontrolled
Process Emissions into Control Device 24,150
tons/year
Control Device
| UncontrolledJ
Process Emissions Penetration (7.)
Size (vQ Percent (1 - efficiency)
3-7
13
100
Control Device
I I
Penetration (%)
(1 - efficiency)
Emissions
(tons/year)
3,UO
1-3
20
100
4,830
0.5-1.0
12
100
2,898
0.1-0.5
21
100
5.072
0.05-0.1
100
1,449
0.01-0.05
Total
79
100
1.691
. 19,080
164
-------
Table B-50. FINE-PARTICLE EMISSIONS FROM ELECTRIC ARC FURNACES
CONTROLLED BY ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATORS
Process -
Electric prc furnace
Control Device - Electrostatic preclpitator
Process Emissions into Control Device 6,359
_tons/year
Control Device
Control Device
I F3P
Process Emissions Pe- *ration-~£%) Penetration .(7,)
Size (u) Percent (1 - efficiency)8./ (1 - efficiency)
3-7
13
0.9
Emissions
(tons/year)
1-3
20
1.6
20
0.5-1.0
12
2.3
18
0.1-0.5
21
3.8
51
0.05-0.1
0.01-0.05
Total
79
5.5
8.2
21
37
154
&J Efficiency valves wer.- taken from high fractional efficiency curve.
165
-------
Table B-51. FINE-PARTICl 'TSSIONS FROM ELECTRIC ARC FURNACES
CONT ) BY WET SCRUBBER
Process - Electric arc furnaces
Control Device - Wet scrubber
Process Emissions into Control Device 9,994 tons/year
Control Device
[ Wet scrubber[ [_
Control Device
Process Emissions
Penetration (X) . Penetration (%)
Size (u) Percent (1 - efficiency).^/ (1 - efficiency)
3-7
13
0.03
Emissions
(tons/year)
1-3
20
180
0.5-1.0
12
26
312
0.1-0.5
21
62
1,301
0.05-0.1
92
552
0.01-0.05
98
686
Total
79
3,031
al Efficiency values were taken from high fractional efficiency curve.
166
-------
Table B-52. FINE-PARTICLE EMISSIONS FROM ELECTRIC ARC FURNACES
CONTROLLED BY FABRIC FILTER
Process - Electric arc furnace
Control Device - Fabric filter
Process Emissions into Control Device 74,497
tons/year
Control Device
| FF |
Process Emissions Penetration (7»)
Size 00 Percent (1 - efficiency)
3-7
13
0.01
Control Device
I I
Penetration (7.)
(1 - efficiency)
Emissions
(tons/year)
1-3
20
0.5
74
0.5-1.0
12
1.8
161
0.1-0.5
21
3.3
516
0.05-0.1
4.2
188
0.01-0.05
Total
79
4.5
1,175
167
-------
Table B-53. SUMMARY 0* FINE-PARTICLE EMISSIONS FROM OPEN HEARTH FURNACES
(tons/year)
oo
Source - iron an,d steel
Process - °Pen hearth
Particle Size Range
(P)
3-7
1-3
0.5-1.0
O.'.-O.S
0.05-0.1
0.01-0.05
Total Emissions
furnace
Uncontrolled
530
4,162
9,384
24,072
2,122
326
40,596
Distribution of Emissions
Controlled
:ESP
210
2,594
9,040
39,558
4,929
1,017
57,348
Total
• Err1 «?sions
740
6,756
18,424
63,630
7,051
1,343
97,944
-------
Table B-54. DISTRIBUTION OF PROCESS EMISSIONS FROM OPEN
HEARTH FURNACES
Source - Iron and ateel
Process - Open hearth furnace .
Production^/ Emission Factor
(tons/year) (lb/ton)
Process Emissions = ( 32 x 106 ) (.17 ) / ^\ = 272^000 tons/year
Application of Control = _fi5__7«
Process Emissions into Uncontrolled Plants *- ' tons/year
231 200
Process Emissions into Controlled Plants = ' tons/year
Type of 7. Application on Process Emissions Into
Control Device Controlled Plants Control Device (tons/year)
ESP 100 231,200
a/ Estimate based on 1968-1971 trend.
169
-------
Table B-55. FINE-PARTICLE EMISSIONS FROM UNCONTROLLED OPEN DEARTH FURNACES
Process - Open hearth furnaces
Control Device - Uncontrolled
Process Emissions into Control Device
40.800
_tons/year
Process Emissions '
Size (u) Percent
3-7
1.3
Control Device
I Uncontrolled |
Penetration (%)
(1 - efficiency)
100
Control Device
I I
Penetration (%) Emissions
(1 - efficiency) (tons/year)
530
1-3
10.2
100
4.162
0.5-1.0
0.1-0.5 .
23.0
59.0
100
100
9,384
24,072
0.05-0.1
5.2
100
2.122
0.01-0.05
Total
0.8
99.5
100
326
40,596
170
-------
Table B-56. FINE-PARTICLE EMISSIONS FROM OPEN HEARTH FURNACES
CONTROLLED BY ELECTROSTATIC
PRECIPITATORS
Process - Open hearth furnaces
Control Device - Electrratatic precipltators
Process Emissions into Control I.evice 231,200 tons/year
Control Device
Control Device
Process
Size (P)
3-7
Emissions
Percent (
1.3
ESP
k/
Penetration (%)
1 - efficiency)
/
i
1
Penetration (7»)
(1 - efficiency)
Emissions
(tons/year)
210
1-3
10.2
11
2.594
0.5-1.0
23.0
17
9,040
0.1-0.5
59.0
29
09.558
0.05-0.1
5.2
41
4.929
0.01-0.05
0.8
55
1.017.
Total
99.5
57,348
a/ Efficiency valves were taken from medium fractiona' efficiency curve.
171
-------
Table B-57. SUMMARY OF FINE-PARTICLE EMISSIONS FROM IRON AND STEEL PLANT SINTER
MACHINE WINDBOXES
(tons/year)
•vj
ro
Source - Iron and steel plant
Process - Sinter machine windboxes
Particle Size Range
(U) Uncontrolled
3-7 0
1-3 0
0.5-1.0 0
0.1-0.5 0
Distribution of Emissions
Controlled
Cyclone
Cyclone and ESP Fabric Filter
3,456 242 1
3,324 366 .15
992 169 11
487 141 9
^•^•^•^^^•^MM^V^B«.^H^V*V^^^^HB4BMWW*^VM^H^V
Total
Emissions
3,699
3,705
1,172
637
0.05-0.1 ;0
0.01-0.05
Total Emissions °
8,259 918 36
9,213
-------
Table B-53. DISTRIBUTION OF PROCESS EMISSIONS FROM IRON AND
STEEL PLANT SINTER MACHINE WINDBOXES
Source - Iron and steel
i'rocess - Sinter machine wtndboxea
Production Emission Factor
(tons/year) . (Ib/ton)
( 20 )
Process Emissions = (54 x 105 )
Application of Control = 100 7.
Process Emissions into Uncontrolled Plants = 0 tons/year
Process Emissions into Controlled Plants = 540.000 tons/year
= 540.000 tons/year
Type of
Control Device
Cyclone
% Application on
Controlled Plants
40
Process Emissions Into
Control Device (tons/year)
2K,000
Cyclone and ESP
40
216,000
Fabric filter
20 v
108,000
173
-------
Table B-59. FINE-PARTICLE EMISSIONS FROM SINTER MACHINE WINBBOXES
CONTROLLED BY CYCLONES
Process - Sinter machine wtndboxes
Control Device - Cyclones
Process Emissions into Control Device 216,000
_tons/year
Control Device
Control Device
Process Emissions
Size (n) tercent
3-7
1-3
0.5-1.0
0.1-0.5
0.05-0.1
0.01-0.05
Total
5.0
2.7
0.56
0.24
8.50
| Cyclones |
Penetration (%)
(1 - efficiency)
32
57
82
94
100
100
1 1
Penetration (7.) Emissions
(1 - efficiency) (tons/vear)
3,456
3,324
992
487
. -- ' . 0
0
8,259
&J Efficiency values were taken from high fractional efficiency c
174
-------
Table B-60. FINE-PARTICLE EMISSIONS FROM SINTER MACHINE WIND-
BOXES CONTROLLED BY CYCLONES PLUS ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATORS
Process - Sinter machine windboxes
Control Davice - Cyclone and ESP
Process Emissions into Control Device 216.000
_tor>3/ye*;r
Control Device • Control Device
| Cyclone [a/ . [~~ESP
Process Emissions Penetration (%) Penetration (7.)
Sise (u) Percent (I - efficiency) (I - efficiency)
3-7
5.0
32
Emissions
(tons/year!
242
1-3
2.7
57
11
366
0.5-1.0
0.56
82
17
169
0.1-0.5
0.24
94
29
141
0.05-0.1
100
41
0.01-0.05
100
55
Total
8.50
918
at Efficiency valves were taken from high fractional efficiency curve.
b/ Efficiency valves were taken from medium fractional efficiency curve.
175
-------
Table B-61. FINE-PARTICLE EMISSIONS FROM SINTER MACHINE
WINDBOXES CONTROLLED BY FABRIC FILTERS
Process - Sinter machine windboxes
Control Device - Fabric filter
Process Emissions into Control Device 108>OOP
_tons/year
Control Device
Control Device
[ Fabric filter! [_
J
Process Emissions
Size (n) Percent
3-7
Penetration (7.)'" Penetration (%) Emissions
(1 - efficiency) (1 - efficiency) (tons/year)
5.0
0.01
1.
1-3
2.7
0.5
15
0.5-1.0
0.56
1.8
11
0.1-0.5
0.24
3.3
0.05-0.1
4.2
0.01-0.05
Total
8.50
4.4
36
176
-------
Table B-62. SUMMARY OF FINE-PARTICLE EMISSIONS FROM IRON FOUNDRY CUPOLAS
(tons/year)
Spurce - Iron foundries
Process - Cupolas
Distribution of Emissions
Controlled
particle Size Range
(V)
Total
3-7
1-3
0.5-1.0
0.1-0.5
0.05-0.1
0.01-0.05
Emissions
Uncontrolled
5,610
5,178
1,726
1,985
302
302
15,103
Cyclone
377
516
201
240
36
36
1,406
Wet
Scrubber
79
761
520
1,028
201
211
2,800
ESP
8
11
6
12
3
3
43
Fabric Filter
0
4
5
10
2
2
23
Total
Emi MS ions
6,074
6,466
2,458
3,27:
544
554
19,375
-------
Table B-63. DISTRIBUTION OF PROCESS EMISSIONS FROM IRON
FOUNDRY CUPOLAS
Source - Iron foundries
Process - Cupolas
Production^/ Emission Factor]!/
(ton's/year) (Ib/ton)
Process Emissions - ( 20.3 x 10&) (17 ) ( 1 \ = 172,6CO tons/year
\2, ooo;
Application of Control = 50 °l£t
Process Emissions into Uncontrolled Plants = 86,300 tons/year
Process Emissions into Concrolled Plants = ^6.300 tons/year
Type of % Application ond/ Process Emissions Into
Control Device Controlled Plants Control Device (tons/year)
Cyclone
Wet scrubber
ESP
Fabric filter
12
70^
2
16
10,
60.
1.
13.
356
410
726
8Q8
£/ Based on 16.5 x 10^ tons of gray and malleable iron castings shipped in
1972 (U.S. Industrial Outlook) and 73% of hot metal pcured is shipped
(A.T. Kearny FB-207 14?) and 907. of production is from cupolas.
16.5 x 106 x —^ = 20;3 x 106 tons of hot metal from cupolas
/ J fi>
b/ Reference 12.
£/ Ifiased on Particulate Pollutant System Study Volume I and treads
±1 j indicated by A.T. Kearny in PB-207 148 and PB-198 348.
e/ Based on 32% wet csps and 38% wet scrubb. rs.
178
-------
Table B-64. FINE-PARTICLE EMISSIONS FROM IRON FOUNDRY CUPOLAS
Process - Iron foundry cupolas
Control Device - Uncontrolled
Process Emissions into Control Device 86,300
_tons/year
Control Device
[ Uncontrolled |
Process Bnissions Penetration (%)
Slge (ti) Percent (1 - efficiency)
3-7
6.5
100
Control Device
r ' i
Penetration (%)
(1 - efficiency)
Bnissions
(tons^year)
5,610
1-3
6.0
100
5,178
0.5-1.0
2.0
100
1,726
0.1-0.5
2.3
100
1,985
0.05-0.1
0.35
100
302
0.01-0.05
Total
0.35
17.5
100
302
15,103
179
-------
Table B-65. FINE-PARTICLE EMISSIONS FROM IRON FOUNDRY CUPOLAS CONTROLLED
BY CYCLONES
Process
Control
Process
Process
Size (H)
3-7
1-3
0.5-1.0
0.1-0.5
0.05-0.1
Iron foundry cupolas
Device - Cyclones
Emissions into Control Device
Control Device
f Cyclones
Emissions Penetration (7,)
Percent (1 - efficiency)
6.5 56
6.0 83
2.0 97
2.3 99
0,35 100
0.01-0.05 0.35 100
Total
17.50
10,356 tons/year
Control Devfce
1 1
a/ Penetration (%) Emissions
(1 - efficiency) (tons/year)
377
516
201
240
36
36
1,406
£/ Efficiency values were taken from medium fractional efficiency curve.
180
-------
Table B-66. FINE-PARTICLE EMISSIONS FROM IRON FOUNDRY CUPOLAS
CONTROLLED BY WET SCRUBBERS
Process - Iron foundry cupolas
Control Device - Wet scrubbers
Process Emissions into Control Device 60,410
_tons/year
Control Device
| Wet scrubber j [_
Control Device
Process Emissions
3-7
Penetration (7.) Penetration (7.)
Size (u) Percent (1 - efficiencyjjl/ (1 - efficiency)
6.5
Emissions
(tons/year)
79
1-3
6.0
21
761
0.5-1.0
2.0
43
520
0.1-0.5
2.3
74
1,028
0.05-0.1
0.35
95
201
0.01-0.05
0.35
100
211
Total
2,800
£/ Efficiency valves taken from medium fractional efficiency curve.
181
-------
Table B-67. FINE-PARTICLE EMISSIONS FROM IRON FOUNDRY CUPOLAS
CONTROLLED BY ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATORS
Process - Iron foundry cupola
Control D?'
ESP
1'roccss Emissions Into Control Device
1,726
_tons/year
Control Devtce
I ESP
Control Device
Process Emissions Penetration (7.) Penetration (7.)
Size (u) Percent (1 - effictencyja/ (1 - efficiency)
3-7
6.5
Emissions
(tons/year)
8
1-3
6.0
11
11
0.5-1.0
2.0
17
0.1-0.5
2.3
29
12
0.05-0.1
0.35
41
0.01-0.05
0.35
55
Total
17.50
43
ji/ Efficiency values were taken from medium fractional efficiency
curve".
182
-------
Table B-58. FINE-PARTICLE EMISSIONS FROM IRON FOUNDRY CUPOLA
CONTROLLED BY FABRIC FILTER
Process - Iron foundry cupola
Control Device - Fabric filter
Process Emissions into Control Device 13.808
_tons/year
Control Device
| Fabric filter]
Process Emissions Penetration (7<>)
Size (u) Percent (1 - efficiency)
3-7
Control Device
•I I
Penetration (7.)
(1 - efficiency)
6.5
0.01
Emissions
(tons/year)
1-3
. 6.0
0.5
0.5-1.0
2.0
1.8
0.1-0.5
2.3
3.3
10
0.05-0.1
0.35
4.2
0.01-0.05
Total
0.35
17.50
4.4
23
183
-------
Table B-69. SUMMARY OF FINE-PARTICLE EMISSIONS FROM PULP MILL BARK-FIRED BOILERS
(tons/year)
oo
Source - Pulp mills
Process - Bark-flrqd
t
Barticle Size Ran§e
(P)
3-7
1-3
0.5-1.0
0.1-0.5
0.05-0.1
0.01-0.05
boilers
Uncontrolled
6,070
4,198
910
435
15
5
Distribution of Emissions
Controlled
CycJones
53,251
54,590
13', 836
6,834
238
79
Total
Emissions
i 59,321
58,788 i
14,746
: 7,319
253
84
Total Emissions
11,633
128,842
140,511
-------
Tab!2 B-70. DISTRIBUTION OF PROCESS EMISSIONS FROM PULP MILL BARK-
FIRED BOILERS
Source - FulP raills
Process - Bark-fired boilers
Production Emission Factor^/
(tons/year)^/ (Ib/ton) ,
Process Emissions = ( ) ( ) f ^\ =843,000- tons/year
Application of Control = 94 7. W
Process Emissions into Uncontrolled Plants = 50,580 tons/year
Process Emissions inta Controlled Plants = 792.420 tons/year
Type of 7. Application on Process Emissions Into
Control Device Controlled Plants Control Device (tons/year)
Cyclones 100 792,420
. . - 1972 pulp production , ,.„
a/ Ratio of — L—*—E = 1.148
1968 pulp production
1968 process emissions were calculated as 734,400 tons/year in Particulate
Pollutant System Study Volume I, p. 114. Therefore, 1972 processes
emissions are estimated to be 734,400 x 1.148 = 843,000 tons/year
b/ Eighty percent of process emissions are produced in boilers with fly-ash
reinjection. Twenty percent of process emissions are produced in boilers
without fly-ash reinjection. One-hundred percent of boilers vlth fly-ash
reinjection are controlled by cyclones. Seventy percent of boilers without
fly-ash retnjection are controlled by cyclones.
Therefore, net application of control is (1.00 x 0.80 + 0.70 x O.fO) x 100 =
94%.
- ' 185
-------
Table B-71. FINE-PARTICLE EMISSIONS FROM UNCONTROLLED
PULP MILL BARK-FIUED BOILERS
Process -
bark-fired boilers
Control Device - Uncontrolled
Process Emissions into Control Device 50,580
_tons/year
Control Device
Control Device
Uncontrolled j | |
Proceps Emissions Penetration (%) Penetration (7.) Emissions
Size (P) Percent (1 - efficiency) (1 - efficiency) (tons/yearl
3-7
1-3
0.5-1.0'
0.1-0.5
0.05-0.1
0.01-0.05
Total
12.0
.8.3
1.8
0.86
0.03
0.01
23.00
100
100
100
100
100
100
6,070
4,198
910
435
15
C
_/
11,633
186
-------
Table B-72. .FINE-PARTICLE EMISSIONS FROM PULP MILL BARK-FIRED
BOILERS CONTROLLED BY CYCLONES
Process -
mill bark fired boilers
Control Device - Cyclones
Process Emissions into Control Device 792,420
_tons/year
Control Device
Control Device
Process Emissions
Size (u) Percent
3-7
1-3
0.5-1.0
0.1-0.5
0.05-0.1
0.01-0.05
Total
12.0
8.3
1.8
0.86
0.03
0.01
23.00
1 Cyclones [ | |
Penetration (7.) Penetration (7o)
(1 - efficiency) £/ (1 - efficiency)
56
83
97
99
100
100
Emissions
(tor s/y-^ar)
53r251
54r590
13r£36
6.884
•>W
128,842
aj Efficiency values were taken from medium fractional efficiency curve.
187
-------
Table B-73. SUMMARY OF FINE-PARTICLE EMISSIONS FROM KRAFT PULP MILL RECOVERY FURNACES
(tpns/year)
00
CO
Source - Kraft pulp mill
° Process -• Re,cove.rv furnaces
Particle Size Range
(u) Uncontrolled
3-7 3,533
1-3 10,365
)
0.5-1.0 5,653
0.1-0.5 3,V251
0.05-0.1 45
0.01-0.05 2
Total Emissions 22,849
Distribution of Emissions
Controlled
ESP*'
24,486
112,871
95,147
93,328 •
1,817
128
327,777
- .. • -_-_tir-
Total
emissions
28,019
123,236
100.800 .
96,579
1,862
130
350,626
a) Fractional efficiency characteristics of specialized Venturl evaporator systems which are also uned
are not known. Since electrostatic precipitator represents most applications, we will assume all
are equivalent to "medium" efficiency electrostatic precipitators.
-------
Table B-74. DISTRIBUTION OF PROCESS EMISSIONS FROM KRAFT PULP KILL
RECOVERY FURNACES
Source - Kraft pulp mill
Process - Recovery furnaces
Production
(tons/year)
Process Emissions = ( 31.2 x 10 )
Application of Control - gg 7.
Process Emissions Into Uncontrolled Plants
Process Emissions into Controlled Plants
Emission Factor!/
(Ib/ton)
C 151) f 1 \ =2,355.600tons/year
23.556 tons/year
2.332.044 tons/year
Type of
Control Device
7. Application on
Controlled Plants
Process Emissions Into
Control Device (tons/year)
ESP.
ESP and wet
Venturi evaporator
Venturi and wet
82
4
11
3
2, 332, 044^
j»/ Reference 12.
b/ Fractional efficiency characteristics of these specialized venturi
evaporator systems are not known. Since electrostatic precipitator
represents most applications, we will assume all are equivalent to
"medium" efficiency electrostatic precipitators.
189
-------
Table B-75. FINE-PARTICLE EMISSIONS FROM UNCONTROLLED KRAFT
PULP MILL RECOVERY FURNACES
Process - Kraft pulp mill recovery furnace
Control Device - Uncontrolled
Process Emissions into Control Device 23,556
_tons/year
Control Device
[Uncontrolled ]
Process Emissions Penetration (7o)
Size (p) Percent (1 - efficiency)
Control Device
J
3-7
Penetration (7.) Emissions
(1 - efficiency) (tons/year)
15
100
3.533
1-3
44
100
10.365
0.5-1.0
24
100
5.653
0.1-0.5
13.8
ICO
3.251
0.05-0.1
0.19
100
45
0.01-0.05
Total
0.01
97.00
100
22,849
190
-------
Table B-76. FINE-PARTICLE EMISSIONS FROM KRAFT PULP MILL RECOVERY
FURNACES CONTROLLED BY ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATORS
Process - Kraft pulp mill recovery furnaces
Control Device - Electrostatic prectpltators
Process Bnissions, into Control Device 2,332,044 tons/year
Control Device
Control Device
ESP
Ja.b/
Process Emissions Penetration (/i) Penetration (%) Emissions
Size (u) Percent (1 - efficiency) (1 - efficiency) (tons/year)
3-7
15
24.486
1-3
44
11
112.871
0.5-1.0
24
17
95.147
0.1-0.5
13.8
29
93.328
0.05-0.1
0.01-0.05
0.19
0.01
41
1J317
55
123
Total
97.00
327,777
aj Efficiency valves were taken from medium fractional efficiency curve.
W Fractional efficiency characteristics of specialized Venturi evaporator systems
which are also used are not known. Since electrostatic precipitator
represents most applications, we will assume all are equivalent to
"medium" efficiency electrostatic precipitators«
191
-------
Table B-77. SUMMARY OF FINE-PARTICLE EMISSIONS FROM KRAFT PULP MILL LIMS KILNS
(tons/year)
VO
NJ
Source - Kraft pulp n.1
Process - Litne kilns
Particle Size Range
(u)
3-7
1-3
0.5-1.0
0.1-0.5
0.05-0.1
0.01-0.05
Total Emissions
Ills
Distribution of Emissions
Controlled
Uncontrolled Scrubbers
386 764
98 2,029
6 269
1 103
0 0
0 0
<:<>1 3,165
Total
Emissions
1,150
2,127
275
104
0
0
3,656
-------
Table B-78. DISTRIBUTION OF PROCESS EMISSIONS FROM KRAFT
PULP MILL LIME KILNS
Source - Kraft pulp mills
Process - Lime kilns
Production— Emission Factor—'
(tons/year) (Ib/ton)
Process Emissions = (31.2 x 106 ) (45 ) (j-ggg) = ' tons/year
Application of Control = 99 %
Process Emissions Into Uncontrolled Plants - 7,020 tons/year
Process Emissions into Controlled Plants = 694.980 tons/year
Type of 7. Application on Process Emissions Into
Q3ntr_oln Device Contra 1 led Plants Control Device (tons/year)
Wet scrubbers 100 694,980
a/ Production of kraft pulp.
b/ Emission factor is per ton of kraft pulp. Reference 12.
193
-------
Table B-79. FINE-PARTICLE EMISSIONS FROM UNCONTROLLED KRAFT
PULP MILL LIME KILNS
Process - Kraft pulp mill lime kilns
Control Device - Uncontrolled
Process Emissions into Control Device_
7,020
_tons/year
Process Emissions
Size (U)
3-7
Control Device
[Uncontrolled |
Penetration (7.)
Percent (1 - efficiency)
5.5
100
Control Device
"I i
Penetration (7.)
(1 - efficiency)
Emissions
(tons/year)
386
1-3
1.39
100
98
0.5-1.0
0.09
100
0.1-0.5
0.02
100
0.05-0.1
100
0.01-0.05
Total
7.00
100
491
194
-------
Table B-80. FINE-PARTICLE EMISSIONS FROM KRAFT PULP MILL LIME
KILNS CONTROLLED BY WET SCRUBBERS
Process - Kraft pulp mill lime kilns
Control Device -
Wet scrubbers
Process Emissions into Control Device 694,980
_tons/year
| Scrubbers a_
Process Emissions Penetration (%)
Size (u) Percent (1 - efficiency)
3-7
1-3
0.5-1 0
0.1-0.5
0.05-0.1
0.01-0.05
Total
5.5 2
1.39 21
0.09 43
0.02 74
0 95
0 100
7.00 • .
' 1
Penetration (%) Emissions
(1 - efficiency) (tons/year)
764
2,029
269
103
0
0
3,165
a/ Efficiency valves were taken from medium fractional efficiency curve.
195
-------
Table B-81. SUMMARY OF FINE-PARTICLE EMISSIONS FROM ROTARY LIME KILNS
(tons/year)
Source - Llme Plant
Process - Rotary kiln
Distribution of Emissions
Controlled
Particle Size Range
(P)
3-7
1-3
0.5-1.0
0.1-0.5
0.05-0.1
0.01-0.05
Total Emissions
Uncontrolled
11,760
9,996
3,528
3,469
383
259
29,400
Cyclone
14,874
18,739
7,708
7,914
877
584
50,696
Wet
Scrubber
1,156
10,319
7/57
12,620
1,812
1,272
34,636
Fabric Filter
7
305
388
700
100
70
1,570
Total
Emissions
27,797
39,559
19,081
24,703
3,177
2,185
116,502
-------
Table B-82. DISTRIBUTION OF PROCESS EMISSIONS FROM ROTARY LIME KILNS
Source - Lltne
Process - Rotary kiln
Production £/ Emission Factor^/
(tons/year} (Ib/ton)
Process Emissions = (16.8 x 10b ) (200 ) ( I \ =1,680.OOOtons/year
— V2'000/
Application of Control » 93 7,~c_/
Process Emissions into Uncontrolled Plants = 117,600 tons/year
Process Emissions into Controlled Plants = 1.562,400 tons/year
Type of 7. Application on Process Emissions Into
Control Device Controlled Plants Control Device (tons/year)
Cyclones 17
Wet 37
Fabric filter 46
265,608
578,086
718,704
a/ Mr. Kenneth A. Gutschick, Technical Service Manager, National Lime
Association.
21.0 x 106 total lime production in 1972
13.5 x 10 commercial production
7.5 x 10° captive production
80% rotary kiln production; 207. vertical kiln production.
b_/ Reference 12.
1968 Survey 1972 Estimate
c/ [Estimates based on Uncontrolled 13.0% 7.07.
>1968 phone survey and Cyclone 17.97. 15.87.
d/J indicated trends. wet 30.87, 34.47.
Fabric filter 38.3% 42.8%
197
-------
Table B-83. FINIi-PARTICLE EMISSIONS FROM UNCONTROLLED ROTARY
LIME KILNS
Process - Lltne plant—rotary kilns
Control Device - Uncontrolled
Process Emissions Into Control Device 117*6
_tons/year
Control Device
I Uncontrolled T
Process Emissions Penetration (7.)
Size 00 Percent (1 - efficiency)
3-7
10.0
100
Control Device
I I
Panetration (7.)
(1 - efficiency)
Emissions
(tons/year)
11,760
1-3
8.5
100
.9,996
0.5-1.0
3.0
100
3,528
0.1-0.5
2.95
100
3,469
0.05-0.1
0.33
100
388
0.01-0.05
Total
0.22
25.00
100
259
29,400
198
-------
Table B-84. FINE-PARTICLE EMISSIONS FROM ROTARY LIME KILNS CONTROLLED
BY CYCLONES
Process - Lime plarj*~-rotary kiln
Control Device - Cyclones
Process Emissions into Control Device
265.608
_tons/year
Control Device
I Cyclone I
Process Emissions Penetration (%)
Size (p) Percent (1 - efficiency)
3-7
10.0
56
Control Device
3
Penetration (%) Emissions
(1 - efficiency) (tons/year)
14.874
1-3
8.5
83
18,739
0.5-1.0
3.0
97
7,708
0.1-0.5
2.95
99
7.914
0.05-0.1
0.33
100
877
0.01-0.05
0.22
100
584
Total
25.00
50,696
199
-------
Table B-85. FINE-PARTICLE EMISSIONS FROM ROTARY LIME KILNS
CONTROLLED BY WET SCRUBBERS
Process - Lime plant--rotary kiln
Control Device -
Wet scrubbers
Process Emissions into Control Device
_tons/year
Control Device Control Device
[Wet scrubber ~[ a/ [ ~
Process Emissions . Penetration (%) Penetration (?„)
Size (u) Percent (1 - efficiency) (1 - efficiency)
3-7
10.0
Emissions
(tons/year)
1,156
1-3
8.5
21
10,319
0.5-1.0
3.0
43
7,457
0.1-0.5
2.95
74
12,620
0.05-0.1
0.33
95
1,812
0.01-0.05
0.22
100
1,272
Total
25.00
34,636
aj Efficiency valves were taken from medium fractional efficiency curve.
200
-------
Table B-86. FINE-PARTICLE EMISSIONS FROM ROTARY LIME KILNS CONTROLLED
BY FABRIC FILTERS
Process - Lime plant — rotary kiln
Control Device - Fabric filter
Process Emissions into Control Device 718,704
_tons/year
Control Device Control Device
I Fabric filter] j |
Process. Emissions Penetration (%•)• Penetration (7.) Emissions
Size (u) Percent (1 - efficiency; (1 - efficiency) (tons/year)
3-7
10.0
0.01
1-3
8.5
0.5
305
0.5-1.0
3.0
1.8
388
0.1-0.5
2.95
3.3
700
0.05-0.1
0.33
4.2
100
0.01-0.05
Total
0.22
25.00
4.4
70
1,570
201
-------
Table B-87. SUMMARY OF FINE-PARTICLE EMISSIONS FROM LIME PLANT SECONDARY SOURCES
(tons/year)
o
NJ
Source - Lime plant
Process - Secondary sources
Particle Size Range
(u) Uncontrolled
3-7 22,176
1-3 24,255
0.5-1.0 3,119
0.1-0.5 346
0.05-0.1 0
0.01-0.05 0
Total Emissions ' 49,896
Distribution of Emissions
Controlled
Scrubber-/
1,774
20,374
5,364
1,026
0
0
28,538
Total
Emissions
23,950
44,629
8,483
1,372
0
0
78,434
a/ See note d in Table B-88.
-------
Tabie B-88. DISTRIBUTION OF PROCESS EMISSIONS FROM LIME PLANT
SECONDARY SOURCES
Source - Lime plant
Process - Secondary qourcea
Production!/ Emission Factor b_/
(tons/year) (Ib/ton)
Process -Missions = ( 21 x Id6 ) ( 33 ) / 1 A = 346.530ton;./ve3r
Application of Control = 80 7.
Process Emissions Into Uncontrolled Plants = 69,300 tons/year
Process Emissions Into Controlled Plants = 277,230 tons/year
Type of 7. Application on Process Emissions Into
Control Device Controlled Plantsj/ Control Device (tons/year)
Medium efficiency wet 100 277,200
scrubber
a/ See note a in Table B-82.
b_/ Reference" 12.
£/ 1968 phone survey.
A/ Control devices vary from simple water sprays to fabric filters. Since
note enough Information was obtained for an accurate break-down all
controlled plants were assumed to have medium efficiency wet scrubbers.
203
-------
Table B-89. FINE-PARTICLE EMISSIONS FROM UNCONTROLLED LIME
PLANT SECONDARY SOURCES
Process - Lime plant--secondery sources
Uncontrolled
Control Device -
69 300
Process Emissions into Control Device '
_tons/year
Control Device
Control Device
Process Emissions
Size 00 . Percent
3-7
1-3
0.5-1.0 '.
0.1-0.5
.0.05-0.1
0.01-0.05
Total
32
35
4.5
0.5
0
0
72.0
(Uncontrolled | j
1
Penetration (%) Penetration (7.) Emissions
(1 - efficiency) (1 - efficiency) (tons/year)
100
100
100
100
100
100
22,176
24,255
3,119
346
0
0
49,89.6
204
-------
Table B-90. FINE-PARTICLE EMISSIONS FROM LIME PLANT SECONDARY
SOURCES CONTROLLED BY WET SCRUBBERS^
Process - Limg plant secondary sources
Control Device - Wet scrubber-^
Process Emissions into Control Device 277, 200 tons/year
Control Device
Control Device
-------
Table B-91. SUMMARY OF FINE-PARTICLE EMISSIONS FROM MUNICIPAL INCINERATORS
(tons/year)
Source - Municipal
incinerators
Process - Incineration
Distribution of Emissions
Controlled
Particle Size Range
00
3-7
1-3
0.5-1.0
0.1-0..0
0.05-0.1
0.01-0.05
Total Emissions
Uncontrolled
3,564
5,346
2,495
3,208
713
1,069
16,395
Cyclone
405 .
900
491
658
145
217
2,816
Scrubber^
543
2,524
2,317
4,200
1,075
1,628
1.2,287
Scrubber^/
14
228
218
482
137
217
1,296
ESP
25
60
43
94
30
60
312
Total
Emissions
4,551
9,058
5,564
8,642
2,100
3,191
33,106
a/ Low efficiency.
b/ Medium efficiency.
-------
Table B-92. DISTRIBUTION OF PROCESS EMISSIONS FROM MUNICIPAL
INCINERATORS
Source - Municipal incinerators
Process - Incineration
Production
(tons/year)
Process Emissions = (18 x'10 )
Emission Factor
(Ib/ton)
( 24)
Application of Control = 67- %
Process Emissions into Uncontrolled Plants
Process Emissions into Controlled Plants
(2,660)
= 216.000 tons/year
71,280 tons/year
144.720 tons/year
Type of
Control Device
Cyclone
% Application on
Controlled Plants
10
Process Emissions Into
Control Device (tons/year)
14.472
Low efficiency scrubber
75
108,540
Medium efficiency scrubber
10
14,472
Electrostatic precipitator
7,236
207
-------
Table B-93. FINE-PARTICLE EMISSIONS FROM UNCONTROLLED MUNICIPAL
INCINERATORS
., Municipal Incinerators
Control Device - Uncontrolled
Process Emissions into Control Device 71,280
tons/year
Control Device Control Device
! Uncontrolled | • (_
Process Emissions Penetration (7.)
Size (u) Percent (1 - efficiency)
3-7
Penetration (%)
(1 - efficiency)
5.0
100
Emissions
(tons/year)
3.564
1-3
7.5
100
5.346
0.5-1.0 3.5
100
2.495
0.1-0.5 4.5
100
3.208
0.05-0.1 l.Q
100
713
0.01-0.05 1.5
Total 23.0
100
1.069
16,395
208
-------
Table B-94. FINE-PARTICLE EMISSIONS FROM MUNICIPAL INCINERATORS
CONTROLLED BY CYCLONES
Process - Municipal incinerators
Control Device - Cyclones
Process Emissions into Control Device 14,472
_tons/year
Control Device Control Device
y \
| Cyclones
Process Emissions Penetration (%) Penetration (7.)
Size (u) Percent (1 - efficiency) (1 - efficiency)
3-7
5.0
56
Emissions
(tons/year)
405
1-3
7.5
83
900
0.5-1.0
3.5
97
491
0.1-0.5
4.5
_99
658
0.05-0.1
1.0
100
0.01-0.05
1.5
100
717
Total
23.0
2,816
aj Efficiency'valves were taken from medium fractional efficiency curve.
209
-------
Table B-95. FIHE-PARTICLE EMISSIONS FROM MUNICIPAL INCINERATORS
CONTROLLED BY LOW EFFICIENCY SCRUBBERS
Proceoe - Municipal Ineir.oratora
Control Device - Low efficiency scrubbers
Process Bnissions into Control Device 108,540
_tons/year
Control Devicr.
(Scrubber |
Process Emissions Penetration (7=)
Size (u) Perc.ftnt (_1 - efficiency)
3-7
5.0
Control Device
I I
Penetration (%)
(1 - efficiency)
10
Bnissions
(tons/year)
543
1-3
7.5
31
2,524
0.5-1.0 3.5
61
2,317
0.1-0.5 4.5
86
4,200
0.05-0.1 1.0
99
1,075
O.OlrO.05 1.5
100
1,628
Total
23.0
12,287
&l Efficiency valves were taken from low fractional efficiency curve.
210
-------
Table B-96. FINE-PARTICLE EMISSIONS FROM MUNICIPAL INCINERATORS
CONTROLLED BY MEDIUM EFFICIENCY SCRUBBERS
Process - Municipal incinerators
Control Device - Medium efficiency scrubbers
Process Emissions into Control Device 14,472 tons/year
Control Device ' Control Device
I Scrubber |a/ j
Process Emissions
Size
3-7
Penetration (%) Penetration ("/„)
Percent (1 - efficiency) (1 - efficiency)
5.0
Emissions
(tons/year)
14
1-3
7.5
21
228
0.5-1.0 3.5
43
218
0.1-0.5 4.5
74
482
0.05-0.1 1.0
95
137
0.01-0.05 1.5
100
217
Total 23.0
1,296
sj Efficiency valves were taken from medium fractional efficiency curve.
211
-------
Table 3-97. FINE-PARTICLE EMISSIONS FROM MUNICIPAL INCINERATORS
CONTROLLED BY ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATORS
Process - Municipal Incinerators
Control Device - Electrostatic precipitators
Process Emissions into Control Device 7,236 tons/year
Control Device Control Device
| ESP a/
Process Emissions Penetration (%) Penetration ("/„) Emissions
Size (yi) Percent (1 - efficiency) (1 - efficiency) (tons/year)
3_17 5.0 7 25
1-3 . 7.5 11 60
Q.5-1..0 3'5 17 43
0.1-0.5 **5 29 94
0.05-Q.l .1-0 *1 30
0.01-0.05 1«5 55 60
Total 23.0 312
aj Efficiency valves wer-2 taken from medium fractional efficiency curve.
212
-------
Table B-98. SUMMARY OF FINE-PARTICLE EMISSIONS FROM ELECTRIC UTILITY PULVERIZED COAL-FIRED BOILERS
(tons/year)
Source - Stationary combustion
Process - Electric
Particle Size Range
(U)
3-7
!-3
>-•
CO
0.5-1.0
0.1-0.5
0.05-0.1
utility pulverized
Uncontrolled
137 , 600
86.000
18,060
7,462
172
coal-fired boiler
Distribution of Emissions
Controlled
Cyclone
ESP Cvclone and ESP FF
181r440 332,288 14,443 None
178r200 369,930 25.268
57,8^4 111,758 11,797
40,873 53,075 9,558
1,328 1,298 330
Total
Emissions
665.771
659.398
199,449
110,988
3,128
0.01-0.05
Total Emissions
249,314
459,675 868,349 61,396
1.638,734
-------
Table B-99. DISTRIBUTION OF PROCESS EMISSIONS FROM ELECTRIC UTILITY
PULVERIZED COAL-FIRED BOILERS
Source - Stationary combustion
Process - Electric utility coal-fired boiler
Production Emission Factor
(tons/year) (Ib/ton)
Process Emissions = ( 290.6 x 10? . (190 ) ( . 1 \ =27.6 x ICcons/year
Application of Control = 96.9 %
Procet.c Emissions into Uncontrolled Plants = 0.86 x 10° tons/year
Process Emissions into Controlled Plants =26.7 x 10 tons/year
Type of 7. Application on Process Emissions Into
Control, Device Controlled Plants Control Device (tons/year)
Cyclones 24.3 6.59 x 106
Cyclones and ESP 15.1 4.03 x 106
ESP 60.6 16.2 x 106
214
-------
Table B-100. FINE-PARTICLE EMISSIONS FROM UNCONTROLLED ELECTRIC
UTILITY PULVERIZED COAL-FIRED BOILERS
Process - Electric utility pulverized coal-fired boilers
Control Device - Uncontrolled
Process Emissions into Control Device 0.86 x 10 tons/year
Control Device
j Uncontrolled [ j~
Control Device
Process Emissions Penetration (7,)
Size (n) Percent (1 - efficiency)
3-7
Penetration (7.)
(1 - efficiency)
16
100
Emissions
(tons/year)
137,600
1-3
10
100
86,000
0.5-1.0
2.1
100
18,060
0.1-0.5
0.87
100
7,482
0.05-0.1
0.02
100
172
0.01-0.05
Total
249,314
215
-------
Table B-101. FINE-PARTICLE EMISSIONS FROM ELECTRIC UTILITY PULVERIZED
COAL-FIRED BOILERS CONTROLLED BY'ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATOR
Process - Electric utility pulverized coal-fired boiler
Control Device - Electrostatic precipitator
Process Emissions into Control Device 16.2 x 10 _tons/year
Control Device Control Device
ESP
Process Emissions Penetration (7.) Penetration (7.) Emissions
Size (u) Percent (1 - efficiency) &J (1 - efficiency) (tons/year)
3-7 16 7 181.440
1-3 10 11 178.200
0.5-1.0 £,J 17 57,334
0.1-0.5 0.87 22 40,873
0.05-0.1 Q.Q2 41 1,328
0.01-0.05
Total 459,675
&l Efficiency values used were taken from.medium efficiency fractional
efficiency curve.
216
-------
Table B-102. FINE-PARTICLE EMISSIONS FROM ELECTRIC UTILITY PULVERIZED
COAL-FIRED BOILERS CONTROLLED BY CYCLONES
Process - Electrlc utility pulverized coal-fired boiler
Control Device - Cyclone
Process Emissions into Control Device 6.49 x 10
tons/year
Control Device- Control Device
t Cyclone I I I
Process Emissions Penetration (7,) Penetrotion (7.)
Size (u) Percent (1 - efficiency^/ (1 - efficiency)
3-7
16
32
Emissions
{tons/year)
332,288
1-3
10
57
369,930
0.5-1.0
2.1
82
111,758
0.1-0.5
0.87
94
53,075
0.05-0.1
0.02
100
1,298
0.01-0.05
Total
868,349
£/ Efficiency values used were taken from, high efficiency cyclone curve
because power plants use higher efficiency units.
217
-------
Table B-103. FINE-PARTICLE EMISSIONS FROM ELECTRIC UTILITY PULVERIZED
COAL-FIRED BOILERS CONTROLLED BY CYCLONE PLUS ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATOR
Process - Electric utility pulverized coal-fired boilers
Control Device - Cyclone and ESP
Process Emissions Into Control Device4.03 x 10
_tons/year
Control Device
[ Cyclone
Process Emissions Penetration (7.)
Size (yi) Percent (I - efficiency)
3-7
Control Device
I ESP 1
Penetration (7=)
(1 - efficiency)
16
32
Emissions
(tens/year)
14,443
1-3
10
57
11
25,268
0.5-1.0
2.1
82
17
11,797
0.1-0.5
0.87
94
29
9,558
0.05-0.1
0.02
100
41
330
0.01-0.05
Total
61,396
218
-------
Table B-104. SUMMARY OF FINE-PARTICLE EMISSIONS FROM ELECTRIC UTILITY STOKER COAL-FIRED BOILERS
(tons/year)
Source f Stationary
combustion
Process - Electric utility stoker coal
-fired
boiler
Distribution of Emissions
Particle Size Range
3-7
1-3
0.5-1.0
0.1-0.5
Uncontrolled
18,720
4,992
936
302
ESP
457
191
56
31
Controlled
Cyclone
Cyclone and ESP
38,131 None
18,112
4,886
1,805
Total
FF Emissions
57 , 308
23,295
5,878
2,138
0.05-0.1
0.01-0.05
Total Emissions •
24,950
735
62,934
88,619
-------
Table B-105. DISTRIBUTION OF PROCESS EMISSIONS FROM ELECTRIC
UTILITY STOKER COAL-FIRED BOILER
Source - Stationary combustion
Process - Electric utility stoker coal-fired boiler
Production Emission Factor
(tons/year) (Ib/ton)
Process Emissions = (11.02x10° ) (146 ) / \ \ = 0.804xlOgons/year
\2,000/
Application of Control = 87 %
Process Emissions Into Uncontrolled Plants = 0.104 x 10 tons/year
Process Emissions into Controlled Plants = 0.699 x 10 tons/year
Type of 7. Application on Process Emissions Into
Control Device Controlled Plants . Control Device (tons/year)
ESP 5.2 0.0363 x 106
Cyclone 94.8 0.662 x 106
220
-------
Table B-106. FINE-PARTICLE EMISSIONS FROM UNCONTROLLED ELECTRIC
UTILITY STOKER COAL-FIRED BOILERS
Process - Electric utility atoker coal-fired boiler
Control Device - Uncontrolled _
Process Emissions into Control Device 0* *^ x ^
tons/year
Control Device
[Uncontrolled |
Process Emissions " 'Penetration (%)
Size (uj Percent (1 - efficiency)
3-7
Control Device
i I
PeneLration (7o)
(1 - efficiency)
18
100
"" Emissions
(tons/year)
18,720
1-3
4.8
100
4.992
0.5-1.0
0.9
100
936
0.1-0.5
0.29
100
302
0.05-0.1
0.01-0.05
Total
24,950
221
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Table B-107. FINE-PARTICLE EMISSIONS FROM ELECTRIC UTILITY STOKER
COAL-FIRED BOILERS CONTROLLED BY ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATORS
Process - Electrlc utility stoker coal-fired boiler
Control Device -
ESP
Process Emissions into Control Device 0.0363 x 10 tons/year
Control Device
Control Device
! ESP j .
Process Emissions Penetration (7.) £/
Size (P) Percent (1 - efficiency) (
3-7 18 7
1-3 4.8 11
0.5-1.0 °'9 17
0.1-0.5 °'29 29
0.05-0.1
0.01-0.05
Total
1
Penetration (70) Emissions
1 - efficiency) (tons/year)
457
191
: 56
31
735
aj Efficiency value taken from medium efficiency curve.
222
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Table B-108. TINE-PARTICLE EMISSIONS FROM ELECTRIC UTILITY STOKER
COAL-FIRED BOILERS CONTROLLED BY CYCLONES
_ Electric utility stoker coal-fired boiler
Process -
Control Device - Cyclone
Process Emissions into Control Device 0.662 x 10
_tons/year
Control Device
I Cyclone
Control Device
Process Emissions Penetration (%) £/ Penetration (%)
Size (u) Percent (1 - efficiency) (1 - efficiency)
3-7
18
32
Bnissions
(tons/year)
38,131
1-3
4.8
57
18,112
0.5-1.0
0.9
82
4.886
0.1-0.5
0.29
94
1.805
0.05-0.1
0.01-0.05
Total
62,934
at Efficiency values used were taken from high efficiency cyclone curve
because power plants use higher efficiency units.
223
-------
N>
Table B-109. SUMMARY OF FINE-PARTICLE EMISSIONS FROM ELECTRIC UTILITY CYCLONE COAL-FIRED BOILERS
(tons/year)
Source - Stationary
combustion
•
Process - Electric utility cyclone coal-fired boilers
Particle Size Range
(P)
3-7
1-3
0.5-1.0
0.1-0.5
0.05-0.1
Uncontrolled
41,250
36,300
9,075
4,026
100
Distribution of Emissions
Controlled
Cyclone
ESP Cvclone and FSP
5,758 6,080
7,962 9,530
3,203 3,428
2,328 1,743
67 38
Total
FF Emissions
53,088
53,792
15,706
8,097
205
0.01-0.05
Total Emissions
90,751
19,318 20,819
130,888
-------
Table B-110. DISTRIBUTION OF PROCESS EMISSIONS FROM ELECTRIC
UTILITY CYCLONE COAL-FIRED BOILERS
Source - Stationary combustion
Process - Electric utility cyclone coal-fired boiler
Production Emission Factor
(tons/year) (Ib/ton)
Process Emissions = (32.3 x 10° ) (35 ) / ^\ =0.57xl06 tons/year
Application of Control - 71 7.
Process Emissions into Uncontrolled Plants * 0.165 x 10 tons/year
Process Emissions into Controlled Plants = 0.405 x 10 tons/year
Type of 7. Application on Process Emissions Into
Control Device Controlled Plants Control Device (tons/year)
ESP
81.2 0.329 x 106
Cyclone 18.8 0.076 x 106
225
-------
Table B-lll. FINE-PARTICLE EMISSIONS FROM UNCONTROLLED ELECTRIC
UTILITY CYCLONE COAL-FIRED BOILERS
Process - Electric utility coal-fired boiler
Control Device - Uncontrolled
Process Emissions into Control Device 0-165 x 10 tons/year
Control Device
Control Device
| Uncontrolled j |
1
Process Emissions Penetration (%) Penetration (%) Emissions
Size (M) Percer.t (1 - efficiency) (1 - efficiency) (tons/year)
3.7 25 100
1-3 22 100
0.5-1.0 5.5 100
0.1-0.5 2.44 - 100
0-.05-0.1 0.05 100
41,250
36,300
9,075
4,026
100
0.01-0.05
Total
90,751
226
-------
Table B-112. FINE-PARTICLE EMISSIONS FROM ELECTRIC UTILITY CYCLONE
COAL-FIRED BOILERS CONTROLLED BY ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATOR
Process - Electric utility cyclone coal-fired boiler
Control Device -
ESP
0 "??Q x 10
Process Emissions into Control Device tons/year
Control Device Control Device
iESPf |
Process Emissions Penetration (%}§./ Penetration (7») Emissions
Size (u) Percent (1 - efficiency) (1 - efficiency) (tons/year)
3^ 25 7 5,758
1-3 22 11 7,962
0.5-1.0 5^5 17 3.203
0.1-0.5 2.44 29 2.328
0.05-0.1 0.05 41 67
Q.01-0.05 .
Total 19,316
ej Efficiency values used were taken from medium fractional efficiency
curve.
227
-------
Table B-113. FINE-PARTICLE EMISSIONS FROM ELECTRIC UTILITY CYCLONE
COAL-FIRED BOILERS CONTROLLED BY CYCLONE
Process - Electric utility cyclone coal-fired boiler
Control Device - Cyclone
Process Emissions into Control Device 0.076x10
_tons/year
Control Device
Control Device
I Cyclone |
j
Process Emissions Penetration (%)£/ Penetration (%) Emissions
Size (u} Percent (1 - efficiency^ (1 - efficiency) (J:ons/year)
3-7
1-3
0.5-1.0
0.1-0.5
0.05-0.1
25 32
22 57
5.5 82
2.44 94
0.05 100
6,080
9,530
3,428
1 , 743
38
0.01-0.05
Total
20,819
.a/ Efficiency values were taken from high efficiency cyclone curve.
228
-------
Table B-114. SUMMARY OF FINE-PARTICLE EMISSIONS FROM INDUSTRIAL PULVERIZED COAL-FIRED BOILERS
(top^/year)
*^ •' '"IBH" !• !• ^ ••• II • I !•••• •^^^^••^^^^^•••^^^••^•^^•^^^^•^^•^^•^^^•^^••^••••.^^^•^^•^•••^••J 111 • ~^~mm*^l I • • I I • • II ••!•• i I 11 I • I !• ^^»J^^^^«»^^^^^^*^^»^^^»^— • I • [^^^^^•^^^^•^••^^•^^^^ !• I* •^-^^^^••••••^^•^•la
Source - Stationary combustion _^
Process - Industrial pulverized coal-fired boilers
Distribution of Emissions
Controlled
Particle Size Range Cyclone Total
(u) Uncontrolled ESP Cyclone and ESP FF Emissions
3-7 11,000 5,180 52,800 None None 68,980
NO
to
1-3 2,145 1,587 18,34| 22,072
0.5-1.0 55 63 67^ i 795 ,v
0.1-0.5 , ^
0.05-0.1
0.01-0.05
Total Emissions
13,200
6,830 71,81^
91,847
-------
fable B-115. DISTRIBUTION Of" PROCESS EMISSIONS FROM INDUSTRIAL
PULVERIZED COAL-FIRED BOILERS
Source - Stationary combustion
Process - Industrial pulverized coal-fired boiler
Production Emission Factor
(tons/year) ' (Ib/ton)
Process Emissions = ( 29.84x10° ) ( 170) f * A = 2.5 x lOEons/year
Application of Control = gs.S %
Process Emissions into Uncontrolled Plants = °-ll x 10 tons/year
Process Emissions into Controlled Plants = 2.39 x 10 tons/year
Type of % Application on Process Emissions Into
Control Device Controlled Plants Control Device (tons/year)
ESP 31 0.74 x TO6
Cyclone 69 1.65 x 106
230
-------
Table B-116. FINE-PARTICLE S-1ISSIONS FROM UNCONTROLLED INDUSTRIAL
PULVERIZED COAL-FIRED BOILERS
Process - Industrial pulverized coal-fired boiler
Control Device -
Uncontrolled
Process Emissions into Control Device
0.11 x 10
_tons/year
Control Device
j Uncontrolled. I
Process Emissions Penetration (%)
Size (u) Percent (I - efficiency)
3-7
10
100
Control Device
I I
Penetration (7.)
(1 - efficiency)
Emissions
(tons/year)
11,000
1-3
1.95
100
2,145
0.5-1.0
0.05
100
55
0.1-0.5
0.05-0.1
0.01-0.05
Total
13,200
231
-------
Table B-H7. FINE-PARTICLE EMISSIONS FROM INDUSTRIAL PULVERIZED COAL-
FIRED BOILERS CONTROLLED BY ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATOR
Process - Industrial pulverized coal-fired boiler
Control Device - ESP
Process Em'ssions into Control Device 0.74 x 10" . tons/year
Control Device
Control Device
1 ESP I ! I
Process Emissions Penetration (%)^/ Penetration (7.)
Size (n) Percent (1 - efficiency) (1 - efficiency)
3-7 10 7
1-3 1.95 11
0.5-1.0 0.05 17
Emissions
(tons/yonr)
5,180
1,587
63
0.1-0.5 . .
0.05-0.1
0.01-0.05 .
Total
6,830
a/ Efficiency values used were taken from medium fractional efficiency
curve.
232
-------
Table B-118. FINE-PARTICLE EMISSIONS FROM INDUSTRIAL PULVERIZED COAL-
FIRED BOILERS CONTROLLED BY CYCLONES
Process - Industrial pulverized coal-fired boiler
Control Device. - Cyclones
Process Emissions Into Control Device 1.65 x 10 tons/year
Control Device Control Device
| Cyclone | j |
Process Emissions Penetration (%) Penetration (70)
Size (p) Percent (] - efficiency) £/ (1 - efficiency)
3-7
10
32
Emissions
(tons/year)
52,800
1-3
1,95
57
18.340
0.5-1.0
0.05
82
677
0.1-0.5
0.05-0.1
0.01-0.05
Total
71,817
aj Efficiency values used were taken 'from high efficiency cyclone curve.
233
-------
Table B-119. SUMMARY OF FINE-PARTICLE EMISSIONS FROM INDUSTRIAL STOKER COAL-FIRED BOILERS
(tons/year)
to
Source - Stationary
Process - Industrial
Particle Size Range
(H\
3-7
j
1-3 j
0.5-1.0
O..l-0.5: :.'
combust ioa
stoker coal-fired
Uncontrolled
132,000
46,464
5,016
1,320
boilers
Distribution of Emissions
Controlled
Cyclone
ESP Cvclone and ESP
2,240 58,720
1,239 36,817
207 5,718
93 1,725
Total
FF Emissions
192,960
84,5^0
,10,^41
3,138
0.05-0.1
0.01-0.05
Total Emissions
184,800
3,779 102,980
291,559
-------
Table B-120. DISTRIBUTION OF PROCESS EMISSIONS FROM INDUSTRIAL
STOKER COAL-FIRED BOILERS
Source - Stationary coribustlon
Process - Industrial stoker coal-fired boilers
Production Emission Factor
(tons/year.) (Ib/ton)
Process Emissions = (104.&4) ( 133) /—lj\ =6.95 x lOrons/year
Application of Control a 62 7.
Process Bnisslons Into Uncontrolled Plants =2.64 x 10° tons/year
Process Emissions Into Controlled Plants = 4.31 x 10 tons/year
Tyj-j of % Application oa Process Emissions Into
Control Device Controlled Plants Control Device (tons/yeac)
ESP 14.8 0.64 x 106
Cyclone 85.2 3.67 x 106
235
-------
Table B-121. FINE-PARTICLE EMISSIONS FROM UNCONTROLLED INDUSTRIAL
STOKER COAL-FIRED BOILERS
Process - Industrial stoker coal- fired boiler
Control Device - Uncontrolled
Process Emissions into Control Device
2.64 x
_tons/year
Control Device
[Uncontrolled |
Process Emissions Penetration (%)•
Size Qi) Percent (1 - efficiency)
3-7
100
•Control Device
I .'• I
Penetration (7,)
(1 - efficiency)
Emissions
(tons/year)
132,000
1-3
1.76
100
46,464
O.'-l.O
0.19
100
5,016
0.1-0.5
0.05
100
1,320
0.05-0.1
0.01-0.05
Total
184,800
236
-------
Table B-122. FINE-PARTICLE EMISSIONS FROM INDUSTRIAL STOKER COAL-
FIRED BOILERS CONTROLLED BY ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATOR
Process - Industrial stoker coal-fired boiler
Control Device - ESP
Process Emissions into Control Device 0.64 x 10^ tons/year
Control. Device Control Device
1 ESP
Process Emissions Penetration (%)
Size (u) Percent (1 - efficiency)
3-7 «; 7
1-3 1.76 11
0.5-1.0 0.19 17
0.1-0.5 0.05 29
0.05-0.1
0.01-0.05
Total
1 !
£/ Penetration (7.) Emissions
(1 - efficiency) (ton«:/year)
2.240
1 . 239
207
93
3,779
af Efficiency values were taken from medium fractional efficiency curve.
237
-------
Table B-123. FINE-PARTICLE EMISSIONS FROM INDUSTRIAL STOKER COAL-
FIRED BOILERS CONTROLLED BY CYCLONES
Process - Industrial etoker coal-fired boiler
Control Device - Cyclone
Process Emissions Into Control Device3-67 x
_tons/year
Control Device Control Device
I Cyclone | j ' ' "I
Process Emissions Penetration (%)£/ Penetration (7»)
Size (u) Percent (1 - efficiency) (1 - efficiency)
3-7
32
Emissions
(tons/year)
58,720
1-3
1.76
57
36,817
0.5-1.0
0-19
82
5,718
0.1-0.5
0-°5
94
1,725
0.05-0.1
0.01-0.05
Total
^02,980
aj Efficiency values were taken from high efficiency cyclone curve.
238
-------
Table B-124. SUMMARY OF FINE-PARTICLE EMISSIONS FROM INDUSTRIAL CYCLONE COAL-FIRED BOILERS
(tons/year)
Source - Stationary
Process - Industrial
combustion
cyclone coal-fired
boiler
Distribution of Emissions
i
Particle Size Range
(Vi)
3-7
1-3
u>
VO
0.5-1.0
0.1-0.5
0.05-0.1
0.01-0.05
Total Emissions .
Uncontrolled
4,140
4,761
1,760
890
33
8
11,592
ESP
1,610
2,910
1,662
1.434
75
25
7,716
Controlled
Cyclone
Cyclone and ESP
6,016
12,323
6,552
3,800
150
38
28,879
Total
FF Emissions
11,766
19, 994
9,974
6,124
258
71
48,187
-------
Table B-125. DISTRIBUTION OF PROCESS EMISSIONS FROM INDUSTRIAL
CYCLONE COAL-FIRED BOILERS
Source - Stationary combustion
Process - Industrial cyclone coal-fired boiler
Production Emission Factor
(tons/year) (Ib/ton)
Process Emissions = ( 14'92 x 101 (31) f ..1. \ = 0.23 x IQ&ns/year
Application of Control = 91 % .
Process Qnissions into Uncontrolled Plants = 0-0207x10 tons/year
Process Emissions into Controlled Plants = 0.209x10 tons/year
Type of 7» Application on Process Emissions Into
Control Device Controlled Plants Contrpl Device (tons/year)
ESP
55 0.115 x 106
Cyclone 45 0.094 x 106
240
-------
Table B-126. FINE-PARTICLE EMISSIONS FROM UNCONTROLLED INDUSTRIAL CYCLONE
COAL-FIRED BOILERS
p _ Industrial cyclone, coal-fired boiler
Control Device -
Uncontrolled
Process Emissions into Control Device 0-0207 x 10° tons/year
Process Emissions
Size (P) Percent
3-7
1-3
0.5-1.0
0.1-0.5
0.05-0.1
0.01-0.05
Total
20
23
8.5
4.3
0.16
0.04
1 Uncontrolled] j |
Penetration (%) Penetration (%)
(1 - efficiency) (1 - efficiency)
100
100
100
100
100
100
Emissions
(tons/year)
4,140
4,761
1,760
890
33
8
11,592
241
-------
Table B-127. FINE-PARTICLE EMISSIONS FROM INDUSTRIAL CYCLONE COAL-FIRED
BOILERS CONTROLLED BY ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATOR
Process - Industrial cyclone coal-fired boiler
Control Device - ESP .
Process Emissions into Control Device 0.115 x 10 tons/year
Control Device
Control Device
! ESP [' i
I
Process Emissions Penetration (%) -'- Penetration (%) Bnissions
Size (v») Percent (1 - efficiency) (1 - efficiency) (tons/year)
3-7 20 7
1-3 23 11
0.5-1.0 8.5 17
0.1-0.5 4.3 29
0.05-0.1 0.16 41
0.01-0.05 Q.04 55
Total
1.610
2.910
Ir662
Ir434
75
25
7,716
&J Efficiency values were taken from medium fractional efficiency curve.
242
-------
Table B-128. FINE-?ARTICLE EMISSIONS FROM INDUSTRIAL CYCLONE COAL-
FIRED BOILERS CONTROLLED BY CYCLONES
Process - Industrial cyclone coal-fired boiler
Control Devicp - Cyclones
Process Emissions into Control Device 0.094 x 10° tons/year
Process Emissions
Size (u) Percent
3-7
1-3
0.5-i.O
0.1-0.5
0.05-0.1
0.01-0.05
T^tal
20
23
8.5
4.3
0.16
0.04
'
1 Cyclones | j |
Penetration (%)§/ Penetration (%)
"(1 - efficiency) (1 - efficiency)
32
57
82
94
100
100
-
Emissions
(tons/year)
6,016
12,323
6,552
3,800
150
38
28,379
al Efficiency values were taken from high efficiency curve.
243
-------
Table B-129. SUMMARY OF FINE-PARTICLE EMISSIONS FROl ELECTRIC UTILITY AND INDUSTRIAL
OIL-FIRED BOILERS
(tons/year)
Source - Stationary combustion
Process - Electric utility and industrial oil-fired boiler
Distribution of Emissions
Controlled
Particle Size R&r.ge
(u) Uncontrolled
3-7 190. 665^
Total
Emissions
190,665
1-3
0.5-1.0
0.1-0.5
0.05-0.1
0.01-0.05
Total Emissions
190,665
a/ No accurate particle size or net control data available, assumed that process emissions ar.-. 907.
< 7 Um and all plants uncontrolled.
-------
Table B-130. SUMMARY OF FINE-PARTICLE EMISSIONS FROM ELECTRIC UTILITY AND INDUSTRIAL
GAS-FIRED BOILERS
(tons/year)
Source - Stationary combustion
Process - Electric utility and Industrial gas and LPG-flred boilers
Distribution of Emissions
Controlled
Particle Size Range
(U) Uncontrolled
3-7 104.8953'
Total
Emissions
104,895
1-3 '
0.5-l.C
0.1-0.5
0.05-0.1
0.01-0.05
Total Emissions
104,895
al No accurate particle size or net control data; assumed that process emissions are 907. < 3
and all plants uncontrolled.
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|