EPA-450/3-74-043
April 1974
COMPILATION
OF INDIRECT SOURCE
*
MONITORING STUDIES
A
W
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Office of Air and Waste Management
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
r
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EPA-450/3-74-043
COMPILATION
OF
INDIRECT SOURCE
MONITORING STUDIES
by
John T. MacWaters and Douglas J. Pelton
GEOMET, Inc.
50 Monroe Street
Rockville, Maryland 20850
Contract No. 68-02-1094
Task Order #5
Program Element No. 2AC129-53
EPA Project Officer: Edwin L. Meyer, Jr.
Prepared for
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Office of Air and Waste Management
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards
Research Triangle Park, N. C. 27711
April 1974
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This report is issued by the Environmental Protection Agency to report
technical data of interest to a limited number of readers. Copies are
available free of charge to Federal employees, current contractors and
grantees, and nonprofit organizations - as supplies permit - from the Air
Pollution Technical Information Center, Environmental Protection Agency,
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711; or, for a fee, from the
National Technical Information Service, 5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield,
Virginia 22151.
This report was furnished to the Environmental Protection Agency by
GEOMET Inc. , in fulfillment of Contract No. 68-02-1094. The contents
of this report are reproduced herein as received from GEOMET Inc.
The opinions, findings, and conclusions expressed are those of the
author and not necessarily those of the Environmental Protection Agency.
Mention of company or product names is not to be considered as an endorse-
ment by the Environmental Protection Agency.
Publication No. EPA-450/3-74-043
11
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INTRODUCTION
GEOMET, Incorporated has compiled a set of abstracts from studies related
to the influence of indirect sources on air quality. The work has been
done.in response to Task Order 5 under Contract 68-02-1094. The speci-
fications of that Task Order stated that,
"The Environmental Protection Agency, in response to a court
order, is promulgating regulations requiring the review by
State Air Pollution Control Agencies of indirect sources of
pollution. ... As a result of Ihe EPA regulations, states
and/or developers may find it necessary to draw upon the results
of previous studies and existing expertise to adequately esti-
mate the impact of a proposed indirect source. ..."
The purpose of the Task Order was to make a compilation of previous
monitoring studies to familiarize interested parties with the extent of
previous studies. The scope of work statement indicated that the required
compilation would be included as an appendix to an EPA prepared guideline
document for review of indirect sources. The compilation of abstracts
has been provided to the project officer at an earlier date to comply
with his timing requirements.
A final version of the abstracts compiled and the necessary introductory
material is provided as the main portion of this report, in a form ready
for insertion to the guideline document.
Approach and Scope of Work
The approach to the work completed for this task was to gather any infor-
mation regarding appropriate studies from (1) GEOMET's awareness of
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studies underway or completed, (2) from a literature search provided by
APTIC or from a telephone canvassing effort.
The abstracts included have been prepared by GEOMET for this report by
writing the abstract; (1) after reviewing a report, (2) from information
received during the telephone conversations or (3) modifying the abstract
provided by the author of the study.
A significant portion of the work effort was expended on the telephone
survey. A proportional amount of the relevant studies for this task were
found through the telephoning effort. The telephone portion of work worked
like a chain letter in that initial telephone calls were made to each of
the 10 EPA regional offices. In a typical telephone interview the inter-
viewee was asked to provide any information from studies he was aware of
and then asked to furnish names of anyone whom he knew might be able to
provide additional information regarding other studies.
The regional offices referenced state air pollution control agencies or
state highway departments which they thought would be possible sources.
Follow-up calls v/ere made to each state agency which had been specifically
mentioned by the regional EPA office or by state agencies from other
states. During.each telephone call each person was asked to furnish any
possible leads to pertinent studies that he was av/are of. By following
up on each referral the agency or contractor which had performed the
monitoring activity was contacted. At that point a request was made
for a copy of the report, a copy of an abstract or enough information
by telephone to prepare a summary which could be included with this
report. Frequently, that was not the end of the work involved to get
the necessary information because the contractor often had to have per-
mission from the sponsor to release the information, which required
additional calls to request that permission.
L
The responses to the requests were usually cooperative and in most cases
when the sponsor of a study was willing to release the information the
contractor (or sponsor) sent copies of the reports or abstracts of the
report. That assistance is gratefully acknowledged. It is important
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to point out that although most.of the requests were met with a cooperative
attitude it is known that some significant work which has been conducted
is not included in this survey because the release of the information
could not be obtained or the work involved'what was considered to be
privileged information by the interviewee.
In addition to the 10 EPA regional offices, officials in 26 states were
called. Contacts made with state officials included calls to the air
quality control agencies and frequently to the state's department of
transportation. Local air pollution control agencies were called when
state level agencies referred to them. Other calls included a selected
list of research organizations which were known or suspected to have
conducted such studies. Architectural 'and engineering firms were called
only from specific referrals.
In order to keep the effort within reasonable limits, and more importantly
to limit the information supplied to the Guidelines Document user to that
which would be truly helpful, a large number of the studies or abstracts
reviewed were rejected. With very few exceptions, the criterion was that
the study had to include air quality measurements related to automotive
emissions associated with an indirect source to be included. Various
other reasons for omitting studies were:
(1) No traffic or meteorological data
(2) Meager quantities of air quality data especially in
older studies ;>
(3) Lack of definitive information in an abstract coupled
with an untranslated foreign text (there were perhaps
100 abstracts of Japanese text studies produced by the
APTIC search. There may be valuable information in-
cluded in these studies but the information in the
abstract would not justify the effort required for the
average Guidelines Document user to have a translation
made).
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This Appendix provides a set of abstracts from studies which relate to
indirect sources. The abstracts have been compiled from a general
awareness of studies completed or underway, from a computerized litera-
ture search provided by APTIC or from an extensive telephone canvassing
effort. The abstracts which are included are intended to help those
who will be conducting similar studies in the future by providing a
general review of the work that has been done. It is fully realized
there are more studies which could be included in this collection but
have not been included because the information was not available within
the time and effort allocated to this portion of the document preparation.
The format used to report the studies includes the following headings:
(1) Study Title
(2) Sponsoring Agency
(3) Agency/Contractor (If Applicable)
(4) Agency/Contractor (Performing Monitoring)
(5) Report
(6) Abstract
A brief explanation of the information included with each heading will
be helpful to understand the flexibility which was used in preparing
each report.
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Study Title: On formal studies or studies for which a report has been
written the use of this heading is obvious. For some studies which are
in preparation or for some reason a title was not given, a descriptive
phrase is used as a title. In the cases where a descriptive phrase is
used a series of periods (. . .) is used before and after the phrase.
Sponsoring Agency: The entry here is usually the direct sponsor for
the study. In some studies with complex sponsorship the relationships
were not clear from the material obtained, and the sponsor listing may
not be complete.
Agency/Contractor (If Applicable): The name of the agency or firm
responsible for the overall study is included for those cases where a
prime contractor subcontracted some or all of the monitoring work.
.Frequently this information was not appropriate or was not known. In
these cases no entry was made.
Agency/Contractor (Performing Monitoring): The name of the firm which
actually set up and maintained the monitoring instruments is entered.
In those studies where there was only an abstract to work from e.g.,
from the APTIC literature search, it could not be determined who per-
formed the monitoring.
Rejort: The entry here is one of the following:
(a) The formal designation of the report
e.g., company and report number
(b) The type of report
e.g., final report to EPA for contract
(c) A publication reference to the report
e.g., publication title, volume and number
(d) NTIS identification number
(e) APTIC abstract number.
For these studies for which information was provided from a telephone
conversation there is no entry after this heading.
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Abstract: Whenever possible the author's abstract is included with any
additional information which was thought necessary. When a suitable
abstract was not available_an abstract was prepared either from the report,
from summaries or other descriptive material supplied, or from information
obtained by telephone interview, as appropriate. Whenever it was defi-
nitely known that actual traffic counts or on-site meteorological data
was collected, that information is so stated.
The abstracts included are grouped by the source type which it related
to. The seven indirect sources specifically identified have been arranged
alphabetically and are presented in that order. An additional category
has been added to include those studies which do not belong in the first
seven headings. The order of arrangement is:
1. Airports
2. Amusement Parks
3. Highways
4. Parking Lots
5. Recreational
6. Shopping Centers
7. Sports Complexes
8. General Studies
Some studies included more than one type of indirect source. In these
cases, the abstract was included in each of the appropriate categories.
For identification of each category a title and number has been placed
on the upper right corner of the first page of each abstract for the
user's convenience.
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1 - AIRPORT
Study Title:
Sponsoring Agency:
Agency/Contractor
(If Applicable):
Agency/Contractor
(Performing Monitoring):
Report:
AIR POLLUTION AT HEATHROW AIRPORT, LONDON
APRIL-SEPTEMBER 1970'
Warren Spring Laboratory, Department of Trade
and Industry, England
Paper 710324 Presented at SAE/DOT Conference
on Aircraft and the Environment, Washington,
D.C., February 8-10, 1971
ABSTRACT
Calculations have been made of total pollution emissions at Heathrow
Airport, London, from aircraft operations, heating installations and
road traffic. Comparisons were made of concentrations of pollution
levels from the airport and from nearby residential areas. Measurements
of smoke, sulphur dioxide, oxides of nitrogen, carbon monoxide, total
hydrocarbons and deposited matter were also carried out in different
parts of the airport.
The results showed that the airport was not contributing unduly to local
pollution. At no time did pollution concentrations at the airport ever
exceed values which have been found in Central London. The highest
values obtained came from road traffic in the Central Area.
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1 - AIRPORT
Study Title:
Sponsoring Agency:
Agency/Contractor
(If Applicable):
Agency/Contractor
(Performing Monitoring):
Report:
MODEL VERIFICATION - AIRCRAFT EMISSIONS IMPACT
ON AIR QUALITY . .. ...
Environmental Protection Agency
GEOMET, Incorporated
GEOMET, Incorporated
Final Report to E.P.A. for Contract No. 68-02-0665
ABSTRACT
Under EPA contract, GEOMET completed a program of air quality measure-
ment, model development and model validation at Washington National Airport.
The measurement program generated six months of records of air quality
data, airport operational data, and meteorological data, some of which
were used in the model development and validation, and all of which are
recorded in edited, processed form on magnetic tape for future use.
Seven air quality monitoring sites were located on the airport with con-
tinuous measurement of carbon monoxide and particulates. At three of the
seven sites total hydrocarbons, methane, nitrogen dioxide, ozone and
coefficient of haze was also measured continuously. At one station
meteorological data was recorded continuously. Meteorological and air
quality data were collected during October 1972 through April 1973.
The model development work started from a model developed previously by
Northern Research and Engineering Corporation (NREC), which had been pre-
viously shown by others to generally underpredict concentrations by a
factor of about ten. In this project, the first step was to make a number
of improvements in implementing the model, without basically changing the
model itself. Briefly, these may be summarized as: the use of different
methods (from those used by NREC and others): for calculating single
values of short-term concentrations; for calculating maximum values of
short-term concentrations; and for calculating long-term average'values
of concentrations. For the first of these three, the change involved the
dropping of a superimposed wind direction variability parameter, substi-
tuting a single direction only. The next two were handled jointly by
calculating long-term average concentrations from a sufficiently large
sample of single short term values, rather than the NREC use of the joint
frequency distribution of meteorological conditions. This also provides
better estimates of maxima than, as NREC does, calculating presumed maxima
based on the selection of the meteorological condition judged to cause
the highest concentrations. The NREC model with this improved implementa-
tion was applied to make estimates of the non^reactive pollutants (carbon
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monoxide and particulates). This model still consistently underpredicted;
however, now the combined estimated station median and mean values were
low by factors ranging from 1.5 to 4, rather than the rpeviously stated
factor of 10.
Further more significant modifications were then made to the model, in
the form of an improved aircraft classification system,, improved aircraft
operational modes and pollution emission rates, increased and improved
details of airport representation, improved environ area source modeling
and emission rates, more representative depiction of line sources, and
inclusion of major peripheral highways. This is called the modified
(GEOMET) model.
The final result of much validation analysis showed the modified (GEOMET)
model as consistently predicting near the mean and median values for CO
and particulates (ranging from 16 percent underprediction to 36 percent
overprediction); an occasional tendency to overpredict by as much as a
factor of two for some of the higher percent!le values is explained and
can be accounted for in model use.
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1 - AIRPORT
Study Title: , ANALYSIS OF AIRPORT AIR QUALITY MONITORING DATA
Sponsoring Agency: Federal Aviation Administration.
Agency/Contractor
(If Applicable): Northern Research,;and Engineering Corporation
Agency/Contractor
(Performing Monitoring): Environmental Research and Technology, Inc.
Report: Paper 73-156 given at 66th Annual Meeting of
the Air Pollution Control Association, Chicago,
Illinois, June 24-28, 1973
ABSTRACT
The body of information presented in this paper is directed to persons
who are concerned with the general level of air quality at airports and
who are also concerned with understanding the relationship between air-
port ground operations and the resultant time and spatial variations in
air pollution concentrations within the airport boundaries. The paper
describes the results of an air quality measurements program conducted
at a major urban airport (Washington National Airport). Five pollutants
(CO, NOX, HC, TSP, and $02) were monitored continuously at three sites
for a 3-month winter period (December 1971 through March 1972), and for
a 1-month summer period (August 1972). In addition, CO was monitored at
a fourth site throughout each sample period.
A detailed analysis of the CO data describes compliance with ambient air
quality standards, diurnal variations in average hourly observations,
and correlations between meteorological conditions and observed worst
case CO levels. In addition, pollution roses for the CO data are analyzed
to determine correlations among air quality, meteorological conditions,
and emission source strength.
Results of the study indicate that CO violates ambient standards, and
that the highest observed concentrations occur in the immediate vicinity
of the terminal gate areas. The analysis of the pollution roses indicates
that: (1) significant variations in CO concentration levels occur within
short distances within the airport boundaries; (2) building structures
and heavily traveled roadways represent significant influences on the
observed spatial air quality patterns; and (3) high CO concentrations
over the sampling period are due primarily to high source emissions
rather than to adverse meteorological conditions.
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1 - AIRPORT
Study Title: SEA-TAC/COMMUNITIES PLAN
Sponsoring Agency: Port of Seattle and King County, Washington
Agency/Contractor
(If Applicable): Environmental Systems Laboratories, Inc.
Agency/Contractor
(Performing Monitoring): Environmental Systems Laboratories, Inc.
Report: Six-Month Summary Report of Progress
ABSTRACT
Background - Increased levels of air traffic intensity coupled with
increased residential development in nearby communities has created land
use problems in some areas of those communities. A Sea-Tac International
Airport and Vicinity Master Plan Project has been initiated to resolve
the incompatibility of the airport use and community development.
The Port of Seattle and King County are jointly sponsoring the study.
Two-thirds of the study cost is financed through an Airport Master
Planning Grant from the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). The study
project was initiated in March 1973, and reports of progress are issued
at six-month intervals.
Environmental studies is one of the five major efforts of the study
project. The environmental studies include: (1) noise exposure, (2) air
quality, (3) water quality/drainage, (4) solid waste, (5) natural
determinants, (6) aesthetic and visual characteristics, and (7) community
attitudes.
Air quality measurements were made at two sites in close proximity of the
airport. At each site vans with equipment to measure concentrations of
(1) carbon monoxide, (2) hydrocarbons, (3) nitrogen oxides, (4) particu-
lates, (5) oxidants were set up and operated during June and September
1973 by Environmental Systems Laboratories, Inc. of Sunnyvale, California.
Predictions of future air quality levels were computed using a computer
model. The data collection was to include nine weeks of air quality
monitoring. Comparison of the existing and forecast levels of those
pollutants to the Federal primary air quality standards indicated the
standards would not be exceeded in the 1973-1993 time period.
A study of surface transportation is included as part of the overall
study but traffic data were not available in the documents reviewed.
Air quality data for the Sea-Tac Communities Plan were reported by
Environmental Systems Laboratory in two reports: 1. Sea-Tac Air Quality-
Preliminary, Sunnyvale, California, October 12, 1973 and 2. Addendum,
Sea-Tac Air Quality-Preliminary, Sunnyvale, California, October 12.
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1 - AIRPORT
Study Title:
Sponsoring Agency:
Agency/Contractor
(If Applicable):
Agency/Contractor
(Performing Monitoring)
Report:
BOSTON-LOGAN INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT PRELIMINARY
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT, REPORT FOR A PROJECT TO
EXTEND RUNWAYS 41 AND 9 AND CONSTRUCT STOL/GA
RUNWAY 1.5-33
Massachusetts Port Authority
Landrum & Brown, Inc.
Booz, Allen & Hamilton, Inc., Environmental
Resources Group
Appendix E. Environmental Impact Statement for
Extension of Runways 4L and 9-and Construction
of STOL/GA Runway 15-33 at Logan International
Airport
ABSTRACT
Air quality data for Logan International'Airport were compiled by Booz,
Allen & Hamilton, Environmental Resources Group and reported in a Draft
Environmental Impact Statement required for proposed construction work
which would extend runways 4L and 9 and construct STOL/GA runway 15-33.
The report is dated July 1973 and was available for review from E.P.A.
Region I office in Boston. Appendix E of that report provides the air
quality data pertinent to the proposed airport changes.
Air quality measurements were made for three one-week periods in the
winter of 1972. Measurements of sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide,
coefficient of haze, carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons were made at
various locations both on and off the airport. Not all pollutants were
measured at each site. The air quality data collected were combined
with air quality data collected in the spring of 1971 and were thus con-
sidered to be an adequate sample to represent the airport and environs.
Continuous (24 hour) particulate sampling was carried out at six selected
sites on the airport property. Samples for the gaseous pollutants were
collected at the downwfnd end of the most active runway two to four times
a day during the sampling periods.
Analysis of the data collected indicates the ambient air at the airport
is generally of better quality than the air in the urban area of Boston.
Calculations were made which show the aircraft operations cause less
than one-half of one percent of the formation of the five principle air
pollutants generated in the Metropolitan Boston area. Projections of
aircraft emissions for 1980 were made in order to compare the possible
alternatives to the airport plan and the impact on air quality which
would result from those alternatives.
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1 - AIRPORT
Study Title:
Sponsoring Agency:
Agency/Contractor
(If Applicable):
Agency/Contractor
(Performing Monitoring):
Report:
AIRPORTS AS TRACE METAL SOURCES: A STUDY OF
FRIENDSHIP INTERNATIONAL AND WASHINGTON NATIONAL
AIRPORTS
U.S. Atomic Energy Commission Contract Number
AT-(40-1)-4028 and National Science Foundation
RANN Program Grant No. GI 36338X
University of Maryland
University of Maryland
Master's Thesis - Tomas J. Conry
ABSTRACT
Samples of atmospheric particulate material were collected using filters
at Baltimore's Friendship International, and Washington's National Air-
ports. These samples were analyzed by instrumental neutron activation
analysis for about 20 trace elements to tietermine if trace metals are
emitted in significant quantities by airports. A few samples were col-
lected using a cascade impactor to determine the size distribution of the
observed atmospheric trace elements. Samples were collected during the
winter of 1972-73.
The emissions were usually characteristic of vehicular activity and other
sources around the airports rather than aircraft. Some elements that
showed downwind enrichments did correlate with aircraft and service
vehicle activity: Na, Ba, V, Mn, Zn, As, Se, Sb. Correlation with wind
direction indicates that small amounts of V, Mn, Zn, As, and Se are
coming from aircraft activity.
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1 - AIRPORT
Study Title: STUDY OF JET .AIRCRAFT EMISSIONS AND AIR QUALITY
IN THE VICINITY OF THE LOS ANGELES INTERNATIONAL
AIRPORT
Sponsoring Agency: Environmental Protection Agency
Agency/Contractor
(If Applicable): Los Angeles County Air Pollution Control District
Agency/Contractor
(Performing Monitoring): Los Angeles County Air Pollution Control District
Report: NTIS No. PB 198 699
ABSTRACT
A study was conducted at Los Angeles International Airport (LAX) in 1968
to obtain the most complete and comprehensive information possible on the
kinds and quantities of air contaminants emitted by jet aircraft. A later
study was made at LAX during the period June 30, 1969 through November 18,
1970. Specific objectives of this study.were to determine:
e Total pollutant emissions from aircraft and ground operations.
• Measurement of exhaust emissions from Pratt & Whitney JT4A
and JT9D engines to complete the emission data previously
obtained by APCD for other contemporary gas turbine aircraft
engines.
e Atmospheric concentrations of CO and particulate matter at
ground level within and around the airport.
0 Measurement of CO exposure within aircraft cabins during all
ground operations.
Measurements of ambient concentrations of CO and suspended particulates
were made at fixed and mobile sites outside airport locations, inside
airport terminals, and in residential and commercial areas on a 2-mile
radius of the airport.
Background concentrations were continuously measured at two sites. Mobile
monitoring stations were set up at 41 different locations where they were
operated each weekday and on six weekend days for a continuous 6-hour
period.
Estimates were developed for a large variety of ground operations
routinely carried on in support of aircraft operations. Special tests
were made to measure CO concentrations inside an aircraft cabin during
the period when passengers are loaded through the time when the aircraft
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idled on the runway prior to take-off. Conclusions as to the extent of
impact aircraft operations have on air quality are given as well as data
for the derived emission estimates and a summary of data from the air
quality monitoring stations. Some major conclusions from this study are
summarized below:
Aircraft and Ground Operations
Jet flights account for 53 percent of the total atmospheric pollution
burden generated within the boundary of Los Angeles International Airport
(LAX). About 90 percent of the particulate matter and 72 percent of the
hydrocarbons in this total originate from jet sources.
Ground operations account for 42 percent of total air contaminant emissions
and 55 percent of total CO emissions at LAX.
LAX is a significant area source of air contaminants, generally upwind of
metropolitan Los Angeles.
The 6.7 tons of particulate matter emitted daily in the 4.7 sq mi LAX
source area exceeds the atmospheric loading rate of particulates from
any area of comparable size in Los Angeles County.
About 70 percent of total jet aircraft operation time to and from 3500 ft
altitude, is spent in the idle and taxi mode, which accounts for about
55 percent of total aircraft emissions.
Particulate emissions from jet aircraft engines are very conspicuous
during both final approach and take-off. However, about 40 percent of
particulate matter emitted from jet flights occurs during taxi and idle
modes after arrival touchdown and before initiating the take-off run.
The JT8D engine emits total air contaminants at a rate about twice that
of any of the other six models tested.
Atmospheric Measurements
One result of airport activities is an increased soiling effect. Atmo-
spheric contamination measurements of particulates by Km show signifi-
cantly higher values in the airport area than at a location several miles
removed, such as Downtown Los Angeles, although total weight of particu-
late material, Hi-Vol, varies little between the areas.
Monthly average CO values at Downtown Los Angeles (4-6 ppm) and Lennox
(6-7 ppm) are within the range of ambient concentrations measured at the
airport stations (2-18 ppm).
CO levels at paired inside-outside sampling locations, with one exception,
are higher at the inside station. Statistical analysis indicates that
higher internal readings are caused by undetermined emission sources.
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The emission inventory indicated that auto traffic is an appreciable
contributor to the observed contaminant levels and should be considered
in any appraisal of the impact of an airport on the surrounding community.
Aircraft Cabin Air Sampling
During'runway operations, carbon monoxide concentrations in aircraft
cabins ranged from 2 to 7 ppm and usually averaged 4 ppm. These values
are compared to airport background values and significantly lower than
levels to which the air traveler is exposed during his stay at the air
terminal prior to taxiing onto the runway.
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1 - AIRPORT
Study Title: VEHICLE BEHAVIOR IN AND AROUND COMPLEX SOURCES
AND RELATED COMPLEX SOURCE CHARACTERISTICS
SUBTASK 2 - AIRPORTS
Sponsoring Agency: Environmental Protection Agency
Agency/Contractor:
(If Applicable)
Agency/Contractor: GEOMET, Incorporated
(Performing Monitoring)
ReP°rt: Task Report under EPA Contract Number 68-02-1094
Task Order Number 3
ABSTRACT
The project consisted of a task, under a task order level of effort type
of contract, to "collect, analyze and integrate technical data, and develop
methodologies which can be used to provide guidelines for EPA and state
agencies in reviewing and evaluating proposed new or expanded complex
sources." The principal technical effort involved quantitatively relating
the physical characteristics of each type of complex source to automobile
movements, numbers, and engine running times or speeds.
For the six complex source types which involve parking facilities (shopping
centers, airports, sports stadiums, parking facilities,. recreational areas,
and amusement parks), the methodology involved developing the concept of
combining the numbers of cars operating, with a characteristic time of
operation. Both of these parameters have characteristic and.peak values
depending on the type of source and its physical and operational character-
istics; methods of calculation of appropriate values are given, to permit
use in emission and air quality estimations.
For the seventh complex source (major highways), for which parking is not
a factor, a different principle was developed for relating parameters
descriptive of highway traffic to highway parameters. Briefly, one approx-
imation technique which was developed, relates operating speed to design
speed and the ratio of volume demand to capacity, and then evolves this
into equivalent vehicle miles travelled. A more precise technique develops
traffic density for specified highway segments, from volume demand and oper-
ating speed; emission rates can then be derived from consideration of unit
emission rates, operating speed, and traffic density.
The seven methodologies have been used by EPA as the basis for guidelines
which relate complex source characteristics to traffic behavior parameters
(described above), thence to emissions, and finally to air quality estimates,
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1 - AIRPORT
Study Title: AIRPORT VICINITY AIR POLLUTION STUDY AT O'HARE
INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT, CHICAGO, ILLINOIS AND
ORANGE COUNTY (CALIFORNIA) AIRPORT
Sponsoring Agency: Federal Aviation Administration
Agency/Contractor
(If Applicable): Argonne National Laboratory
Agency/Contractor
(Performing Monitoring): Argonne National Laboratory
Report: . Final Report to F.A.A. for Interagency Agreement
No. DOT-FA-71 WAI-223
ABSTRACT
The report contains a complete description of the results obtained during
the Airport Vicinity Air Pollution Study performed by the Argonne National
Laboratory, tnergy and Environmental Systems Division* for the Federal
Aviation Administration under Interagency Agreement DOT-FA-71WI-223.
Additional support for portions of this program was provided by the
Illinois Institute for Environmental Quality.
The primary objective of the program was the development of a computer
model that could be used to determine the impact of an existing or planned
airport on the air quality in .its vicinity.
The model development was supported by an air quality monitoring and
emission activity data acquisition program. O'Hare International Airport
(the busiest commercial airport in the world), which is located near
Chicago, Illinois, and Orange County Airport (a busy general aviation
facility), which is 40 miles south of Los Angeles, California, were
selected as test sites for the program.
The activity simulation and air quality model developed during this pro-
gram are discussed in detail in the text. Results of computations of air
quality concentrations and comparisons with observations are presented
and discussed. The results of the data acquisition program are given in
the appendices.
The casual reader will find the introduction and summary sections of
greatest interest. Section 3, which provides a detailed description of
the air quality model and aircraft activity simulation should be of more
interest to the modeling audience. The potential computer program user
will find the latter portions of Section 3, which describe the computa-
tional package, of use. Those readers who are concerned primarily with
* Formerly Center for Environmental Studies
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airport activity, emissions, and air quality data will want to refer to
the appropriate appendices.
Air quality measurements for particulates, coefficient of haze, hydro-
carbons, nitric oxide and other oxides of nitrogen were made at various
locations at both airports using stationary and mobile samplers.
A number of airborne monitoring flights were made in the O'Hare Airport
and Orange County Airport vicinity to determine if pollutant concentra-
tion gradients existed within or near the airport and the flight paths
of approaching or departing aircraft. Results of these studies will be
available when the final report is published in the near future.
20
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2 - AMUSEMENT PARKS
Study Title: VEHICLE BEHAVIOR IN AND AROUND COMPLEX SOURCES
AND RELATED COMPLEX SOURCE CHARACTERISTICS
SUBTASK 5 - AMUSEMENT PARKS
Sponsoring Agency: Environmental Protection Agency
Agency/Contractor:
(If Applicable)
Agency/Contractor: GEOMET, Incorporated
(Performing Monitoring)
Task Report under EPA Contract Number 68-02-1094
Task Order Number 3
ABSTRACT
The project consisted of a task, under a task order level of effort type
of contract, to "collect, analyze and integrate technical data, and develop
methodologies which can be used to provide guidelines for EPA and state
agencies in reviewing and evaluating proposed new or expanded complex
sources." The principal technical effort Involved quantitatively relating
the physical characteristics of each type of complex source to automobile
movements, numbers, and engine running times or speeds.
For the six complex source types which involve parking facilities (shopping
centers, airports, sports stadiums, parking facilities, recreational areas,
and amusement parks), the methodology involved developing the concept of
combining the numbers of cars operating, with a characteristic time of
operation. Both of these parameters have characteristic and peak values
depending on the type of source and its physical and operational character-
istics; methods of calculation of appropriate values are given, to permit
use in emission and air quality estimations.
For the seventh complex source (major highways), for which parking is not
a factor, a different principle was developed for relating parameters
descriptive of highway traffic to highway parameters. Briefly, one approx-
imation technique which was developed, relates operating speed to design
speed and the ratio of volume demand to capacity, and then evolves this
into equivalent vehicle miles travelled. A more precise technique develops
traffic density for specified highway segments, from volume demand and oper-
ating speed; emission rates can then be derived from consideration of unit
emission rates, operating speed, and traffic density.
The seven methodologies have been used by EPA as the basis for guidelines
which relate complex source characteristics to traffic behavior parameters
(described above), thence to emissions, and finally to air quality estimates.
21
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3 - HIGHWAY
Study Title:
Sponsoring Agency:
Agency/Contractor
(If Applicable):
Agency/Contractor
(Performing Monitoring)
Report:
AIR QUALITY ASPECTS OF THE 1-66 CORRIDOR
TRANSPORTATION ALTERNATES STUDY
Virginia State Department of Highways
Howard, Needles, Tammen and Bergendoff
Alexandria, Virginia
Battelle Memorial Laboratories
Columbus, Ohio
Air Quality Aspects of the 1-66 Corridor
Transportation Alternates Study
ABSTRACT
As indicated by the title the program is*designed to evaluate several
transportation alternatives in the vicinity of Hashington, D. C. and the
Northern Virginia area of Arlington and Fairfax counties. Air quality
measurements were made at three locations along the proposed interstate
corridor for approximately 10 days at each site during July and August
1973. Air quality measurements included: suspended particulates, lead,
total hydrocarbons, methane, oxidants, and carbon monoxide. Wind speed
and direction measurements were made at the monitoring trailer, other
meteorological data was obtained from the hourly observations made at
Washington National Airport. Emissions estimates were generated for
grid areas in the study area and air quality estimates were made for
various future time periods using different transportation alternatives.
Traffic data included data from traffic counts and a home interview survey
conducted in 1968. Results of the study indicate:
1) No matter which alternative is selected the air
quality should improve.
2) Air quality standards will occasionally be exceeded
within 300 feet of the more heavily traveled portions
of 1-66 or U.S. 50.
3) Of six alternatives considered the highway option is
predicted to produce the maximum air pollutants emissions
but each strategy considered there were locations where
the air quality would be poorer than from the highway
option.
4) Hydrocarbons and oxidants do exceed air quality standards
however carbon monoxide is not likely to exceed standards
even in the heavy traffic area of Key Bridge in the winter
time.
22
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o
5) Lead concentrations would exceed 2 yg/m if the
highway option is used and lead content of gasoline
is not reduced.
23
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3 - HIGHWAY
Study Title:
Sponsoring Agency:
Agency/Contractor
(If Applicable):
Agency Contractor
(Performing Monitoring)
Report:
A Carbon Monoxide Profile of a Main Artery
in Mexico City
APTIC Abstract 27408
A Carbon Monoxide Profile of a Main Artery
in Mexico City. Preprint Air Pollution Control
Assoc., Pittsburgh, Pa., 16P., 1970.
(Presented at the Air Pollution Control Association,
Annual Meeting, 63rd, St. Louis, Mo., June 14-18,
1970, Paper 70-13.)
ABSTRACT
Unusually favorable conditions for the production and retention of
atmospheric pollution in Mexico City include many.factories with
uncontrolled smoke emissions, large numbers of old, poorly tuned auto-
mobiles using low-grade, high-sulfur content fuels, many diesel motors,
wide-spread trash burning, and fuel oil use for heating. Also, the
city is surrounded by mountains and the natural air flow is minimum,
while the altitude of 7100 feet and a large percentage of sunny days
contribute to the importance of photochemical smog. Preliminary carbon
monoxide concentrations sampled in November 1969 along the Paseo De La
Reforma showed levels of about 45 PPM in areas where this street is
about 150 feet wide. In the downtown area this street narrows to only
three lanes and is about 40 feet wide, lined with 5-story buildings.
Here, 100 PPM of CO was recorded, and a high of 190 PPM at the entrance
of a parking garage. Traffic density was moderate at the time.
25
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3 - HIGHWAY
Study Title: INDOOR-OUTDOOR CARBON MONOXIDE POLLUTION STUDY
Sponsoring Agency: Environmental Protection Agency
Agency/Contractor
(If Applicable): General Electric Company
Agency/Contractor
(Performing Monitoring): General Electric Company
Report: Final Report to EPA under Contract No. EPA 70-77
ABSTRACT
The high value of land in some urban areas has caused some developers to
build "air rights" buildings which occupy the space above highways.
The object of this study was to-assess the potential danger to the
health of persons inhabiting the building from the pollutants generated
by vehicular traffic on the highway. The study design was 'to obtain
a large statistical data base of carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, par-
ticulates and lead concentration inside and outside each building at
different levels above the roadways and to relate those concentrations
to the wind, temperature and traffic conditions. Two buildings were
studied, one an "air rights" apartment building and the other a more
conventional high rise apartment buildina in a canyon like street in
midtown Manhattan. Measurements included simultaneous continuous
monitoring of air pollutants, meteorological variables and traffic flow
rate and velocity at each building for 5 months.
Extensive conclusions are made regarding the relationship of traffic
generated pollutants to horizontal and vertical distribution both
indoors and outdoors and the variability of concentrations with
meteorological parameters. Among the many conclusions it is noted
that carbon monoxide concentrations at both sites were traffic gener-
ated. Hydrocarbon concentrations at the air rights building were
attributed to both traffic and cooking facilities, while at the
conventional building painting work emissions masked any traffic
related hydrocarbons. Particulate concentrations were not related to
traffic at either building. Lead concentrations at the air rights
building were probably due to traffic but lead concentrations at the
conventional building were controlled by painting operations.
26
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3 - HIGHWAY
Study Title: ANALYSIS OF EXHAUST GAS INVESTIGATIONS IN PARIS
Sponsoring Agency:
Agency/Contractor
(If Applicable)
Agency/Contractor
(Performing Monitoring) -
Report: APTIC Abstract 08568
Carbon Monoxide: Analysis of Exhaust Gas
Investigations in Paris. Environ. Res.,
1(2):198-2168 Oct. 1967. 3 Refs.
APTIC ABSTRACT
Using a motor car sampler, ambient air samples from Parisian streets
were taken at 317 locations. The conten-t of CO in unventilated tunnels
as well as streets was measured with infrared analyzers. Yearly maps
of vehicular pollution (CO levels) were drawn: differences in maps from
1959 through 1966 were found to be insignificant. In tunnels, there was
a good correlation between tunnel length and CO level. A 24-hr, curve
of street CO level shows CO level and traffic intensity to be directly
correlated. A close correlation is found between average CO level (for
10 hrs.) and average lead content in the air, suggesting the two pollutants
have the same origin. There is no correlation between CO and benzo(A)pryene
levels. Automobile exhausts are responsible only for 10-20 percent of
benzo(A)pyrene air pollution. A technique for reducing the CO content of
exhaust gases during idling by means of a carburetor adjustment is mentioned.
It is used on all police cars, with a resultant reduction of CO levels (from
97-150 ppm. to 24-38ppm.) in the police garage. In the blood of traffic
policemen, tested before and after duty, carboxyhemoglobin (COHB) levels
increased in nonsmokers, but may decrease in smokers, due to high levels
achieved before duty. Cab drivers, when driving in traffic, tend to have
higher COHB levels than workers exposed to CO, traffic policemen, or private
individuals with suspected accidental CO exposure. Underground parking
garages can have astonishingly high levels of CO: a new one in Paris was
found to have levels above 200 ppm. for as long as 20 min. and average CO
levels often reached 90-100 ppm. The adoption of air quality standards
for garages is now in force in Paris.
27
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3 - HIGHWAY
Study Title:
Sponsoring Agency:
Agency/Contractor
(If Applicable):
Agency/Contractor
(Performing Monitoring):
Report:
AIR QUALITY ANALYSIS FOR THE MOUNT HOOD
FREEWAY - I-80N IN PORTLAND, OREGON
Oregon State Highway Division and U.S. DOT
Federal Highway Administration
Skidmore, Owings, & Merrill
Environmental Systems Laboratory
I-80N Environmental Study - Air Quality
Analysis Technical Supplement
ABSTRACT
Dispersal model validation and ambient air quality measurements were
executed over a 4-month period as a basis for prediction of future air
quality changes due to the construction of a 5.Simile-long, 10-lane
section of Interstate SON.
The field experiment was conducted at an urban site in Southeast Portland,
Oregon. A mobile air quality laboratory and data collection system was
operated at three different locations selected to characterize dispersal
for the roadway geometries planned, varying from deep cut to at grade,
and to typify 24-hour air quality variation. Pollutants measured
included CO, NO , total particulate lead and reactive hydrocarbons.
A
Validation measurements were taken in complete data sets for all pollutants
for a variety of meteorological and traffic conditions at each site,
utilizing an array of up to seven monitoring locations including one
upwind to characterize dispersal. CO was collected using automatic
elevated bag samplers at all locations, and analyzed using gas chromatog-
raphy in the van. NO was recorded using a movable teflon tube sample
line directly connected to a wet-chemical analyzer, and particulate
including lead was collected on filter paper using high volume samplers.
Filters were weighted, and analyzed for elements heavier than aluminum
using X-ray flourescence analysis. Wind speed, direction, and horizontal
sigma were recorded. All data sets were collected in conjunction with
simultaneous ambient pollutant monitoring bidirectional traffic speed
and volume, vehicle mix, temperature, cloud cover and precipitation
information being recorded.
Ambient background concentrations or all pollutants were collected con-
tinuously 24 hours a day along with meteorological data at the validation
sites. In addition, automatically timed remote samplers at 10 locations
simultaneously throughout the roadway corridor collected CO over periods
of up to 2 hours in bags, at pre-set intervals through the day. These
were collected and analyzed at the mobile laboratory.
28
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All data was normalized, calibrated, and reduced by computer. Outputs
included hourly, 8- and 24-hour averages, and a graphical presentation
of varying pollutant levels and meteorological parameters.
29
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3 - HIGHWAY
Study Title:
Sponsoring Agency:
Agency/Contractor
(If Applicable:
Agency/Contractor
(Performing Monitoring)
Report:
AIR QUALITY IMPACT STUDY FOR -PROPOSED HIGHWAY
WIDENING NEAR OJAI
California DOT (District 7)
Stanford Research Institute
To be prepared in summer of 1974
ABSTRACT
Stanford Research Institute is undertaking a research project to analyze
the potential effects on air quality that might be associated with a
proposed highway widening and realignment in the Ojai area of Ventura
County - specifically Routes 33 and 150 from the end of Route 33 Freeway
at Casiias Springs Road to Maricopa Road in the City of Ojai. This
research project is funded by the California Department of Transportation,
District 7.
The objectives of this study are as follows:
1. Measure and characterize the current air quality
and meteorology in the Ojai area.
2. Predict future air quality near the roadway and area-
wide, with and without the highway improvement, for
the years 1980 and 2000.
3. Assess the effects of current air quality on local
agriculture by means of site surveys, and predict
future effects with and without the proposed highway
improvement for the years 1980 and 2000.
Air quality measurements will include nitric oxide, nitrogen dioxide,
nitrogen oxides, ozone, carbon monoxide, methane, total nydrocarbons
suspended particulates, lead, and atmospheric turbidity.
The measurement program will consist of three phases. Two area-wide
measurement phases will be conducted - the first during the smog season
when visibility reduction occurs, and the second during late fall when
pollutants are present but visible smog is not evident. The third measure-
ment phase will determine pollutant concentrations near the roadway area
where the proposed improvement would occur.
During the area-wide measurement phases, a total of six sites will be
located throughout the Ojai Valley to measure winds and to monitor
30
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pollutant levels by means of either collected air samples or continuous
measurements. Air samples will be collected at five outlying stations
and returned for measurement of pollutant levels to a central air monitoring
station to be established near Ojai. An instrumented light aircraft will
also be used on selected days to obtain measurements at upper levels.
Winds at these levels will be obtained regularly by means of small weather
balloons.
Once the measurement program has been completed, the data will be analyzed
and assembled with other available data on current air quality, meteorology,
stationary source pollutant emissions, and traffic patterns and volumes for
the region. Using this data base, current air quality in and around the
Ojai area will be simulated numerically using a computer. Predictions of
future air quality will be made by using traffic projections for the years
1980 and 2000 as inputs to the computer simulation model. In addition,
the influence of alternative forms of transportation such as bus or rail
transit systems on air quality will be modeled. Estimates will also be
made of the effects of predicted future air quality on local agriculture.
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3 - HIGHWAY
Study Title: A STATEMENT ON THE EXPECTED IMPACT OF INDIRECT
SOURCES ON AMBIENT AIR QUALITY
Sponsoring Agency: Texas Air Control Board
Agency/Contractor
(If Applicable):
Agency/Contractor
(Performing Monitoring): Texas Air Control Board
Report:
ABSTRACT
The Texas Air Control Board has conducted a series of studies of carbon
monoxide concentrations near highways, roads and major intersections in
Fort Worth and Dallas, Houston, San Antonio, and the Houston Ship Channel
area. In Fort Worth and Dallas, 55 sampling sites were selected at major
intersections and carbon monoxide was measured for five minutes at each
site. Traffic count data are available from some sites and estimates of
traffic are made where actual counts were not made. Five minute average
CO values in Fort Worth ranged from 1.5 to 8.0 ppm. In Dallas the CO
values ranged from 3.5 to 16.0 ppm. Data from studies in San Antionio,
Houston and the Houston Ship Channel are given. The data from those
studies support the findings in Dallas-Fort Worth that low concentrations
of CO are found throughout those cities. CO measurements in Houston were
made from a roving van with the results showing 90 percent of the obser-
vations made, which included measurements on high traffic volume freeways
and interchanges which have traffic volumes as high as 202,000 vehicles
per day» were below 10 ppm.
It is anticipated, by the Texas Air Control Board that the findings of
the highways and intersections studies can be applied to other indirect
sources. The conclusions made in this paper were:
1. CO levels are uniform across urban areas and are we.ll
below the national ambient air quality standard.
2. No significant consistent correlation can be made be-
tween traffic count on the highways and intersections
and measured CO concentrations.
3. Ambient CO levels are not significantly influenced by
traffic on highways beyond a short horizontal distance
from the highway due to the rapid dispersion of the
pollutant.
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3 - HIGHWAY
Study Title:
Sponsoring Agency:
Agency/Contractor
(If Applicable):
Agency/Contractor
(Performing Monitoring)
Report:
AN AIR QUALITY ASSESSMENT FOR 148th STREET,
BELLEVUE, .WASHINGTON
CH2M Hill and Associates
Northwest Environmental Technology Laboratories,
Inc.
NETL No. 38-73-038
ABSTRACT
The study conducted was to provide an assessment of the impact of increas-
ing traffic capacity on the air quality in the vicinity of 148th Street
in Bellevue. The air quality assessment required evaluation of pollutant
contributions from several sources, e.g., background levels from homes,
businesses, and vehicles on local streets. Additional contributions from
vehicles using parking lots at two shopping centers are considered
separately. Carbon monoxide concentrations and meteorological data were
collected over a 16-day period in December 1973. Continuous air quality
measurements were made at two locations for eight days at each site.
Results of the CO monitoring showed that under constant meteorological
conditions the CO concentrations built up as a result of the morning
traffic peak tended to persist throughout the day and only a slight
additional increase in the evening due to the peak evening traffic.
There was little difference between the 1-hour maximum concentrations and
8-hour average concentrations. Air quality standards were not exceeded
during the monitoring period.
Traffic data is taken from projected road design capacity. Computer
modelling is used to estimate air quality conditions through the year
1990.
33
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3 - HIGHWAY
Study Title: 1-205 AIR MONITORING DATA SUPPLEMENT TO FINAL
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT ...
Sponsoring Agency: State of Oregon, Department of Transportation,
Highway Division
Agency/Contractor
(If Applicable):
Agency/Contractor '
(Performing Monitoring): Environmental.Section, Highway Division,
Oregon Department of Transportation
ABSTRACT
The assessment of the impact of the proposed 1-205 Freeway on air quality
has been studied in a three part program. The three parts of the program
are: (1) Prediction of future air quality, (2) Measurement of existing
air quality - long term, and (3) Measurement of air quality - short term
(bag sampling). Part I has been completed and reported. Part II is an
ongoing program for continuous long-ternrmom'toring of transportation-
related pollutants. This part of the program includes a mobile air
monitoring trailer which is parked at a site near the 1-205 corridor and
operated for a three-week period o'nce every three months for a full year.
The monitoring program will obtain information on carbon monoxide, nitric
oxide, nitrogen dioxide, ozone, total hydrocarbons, reactive hydrocarbons,
methane, suspended particulates and lead particulates. Meteorological
parameters will be recorded also. Data will be recorded continuously on
a 24-hour basis and stored on a magnetic tape.
Part III of the program has been completed and reported. Part III
included a short-term simultaneous bag sampling program designed to
determine the instantaneous carbon monoxide background levels over large
areas of a freeway corridor. Two meteorological stations were set up to
supplement the data collected for the immediate areas of concern.
Information for this summary was taken from the report made for the third
part of the program. Results of the whole measuring program are not
furnished. Data summaries for Part III are presented which indicate
uniform results were obtained from the wide area sampled when care was
taken in selecting the sample sites.
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3 - HIGHWAY
Study Title: ROSTOV-ON-DON ATMOSPHERIC AIR POLLUTION WITH
AUTO-TRAFFIC EXHAUST CARBON MONOXIDE
Sponsoring Agency: USSR
Agency/Contractor
(If Applicable):
Agency/Contractor
(Performing Monitoring):
Report: CFSTI: 63-11570 (Document temporarily out of
stock - Abstract below is APTIC Abstract 21076)
ABSTRACT
Air pollution from automobile exhaust gases was studied at four main
highways at five observation points located where automobile traffic was
heavy. Air samples were collected through the months of April-September
during the hours from 8 a.m. - 9 p.m. and through the months of October-
November during the hours of 8 a.m. - 5 p.m. Samples were collected into
liter flasks by the salt solution-negative-pressure method for 1-2 minutes
at 1.5 m above the ground. Three samples were collected at each point:
one on the highway itself, one on the sidewalk, and one near trees or
bushes. With the aid of a gas analyzer, 1280 samples were analyzed. The
results clearly indicated that the city air basin was heavily polluted
with carbon monoxide and concentrations ranged between 1.5-80.0 mg/cu m.
Approximately 87.7 percent of the samples exceeded the maximum allowable
concentration. Generally, the CO concentration varied proportionately
with the number of passing automobiles and also with the terrain and
meteorological conditions. Carbon monoxide concentrations were higher
in the summer and varied very little between the highway, sidewalk, and
trees. Samples collected at the wider highways contained lower CO con-
centrations than did samples collected at narrower highways, probably
due to more intensive air circulation and ventilation.
35
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3 - HIGHWAY
Study Title: AIR QUALITY ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVE HIGHWAY
OPTIONS IN THE CLOVERDALE AND HOPLAND AREA
Sponsoring Agency: California Department of Highways, District ,4
Agency/Contractor
(If Applicable):
Agency/Contractor
(Performing Monitoring): Environmental Systems Laboratory
Report: ESL-ET48, June 1973
ABSTRACT
This air quality and meteorology study for the Highway 101 bypass around
Cloverdale was sponsored by the California Department of Highways District
4. A validation experiment using automatic collection of air samples at
a height of 1-1/2 meters at distances of 8, 16, 32, 64, 128 meters on
both sides of an open roadway as well as different locations in downtown
Cloverdale was a major part of this effort. Various meteorological and
traffic conditions were examined including cairn conditions and winds
parallel to the roadway. Experiments included validation and reliability
measurements. Approximately 1000 air bags were collected in order to
validate a dispersal model from the roadway in the urban community and
flat terrain. Ambient concentrations of carbon monoxide, lead, oxidants,
and nitrogen dioxide were measured for several months.
The influence of valley drainage was found to effect pollution dispersal.
The influence of drainage was measured by correlating the wind direction
at stations near the bottom of the valley walls to concentrations of CO
in the center of Cloverdale. The extreme stagnation from drainage flows
at the bottom of the valley results in accumulation of CO from vehicles
in the atmosphere.
The results of measurements near the roadway and ambient stations were
used to describe the community exposure to degraded air under build and
no build strategies. This evaluation will be a part of the Department of
Highway's Environmental Impact Statement regarding the proposed construction,
36
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3 - HIGHWAY
Study Title: AIR QUALITY ANALYSIS FOR THE 1-505 CORRIDOR
PORTLAND, OREGON
Sponsoring Agency: Oregon State Highway Division/Federal Highway
Administration
Agency/Contractor ;
(If Applicable):
Agency/Contractor
(Performing Monitoring): Environmental Systems Laboratory, Inc.
Report: ESL-ET44, September 1973
ABSTRACT
Validation measurements to calibrate air pollution dispersal models for
elevated, hi 11 si ope, and at grade roadway geometries were conducted along
with ambient air quality monitoring in the corridor area for the planned
1-505 freeway in Northwest Portland, Oregon. Measurements for CO, NO ,
total particulate and particulate lead were made over a period of
approximately 3 months.
Measurements of pollutant dispersion was accomplished at three sites
utilizing the ESL Mobile Air Quality Laboratory. An array of up to
seven sensing locations extending to 1000 feet from the roadway was used
to collect profile data for all pollutants. Analysis of samples was by
gas chromatography, liquid chemical analyzer for NO , and by atomic
excited X-ray flourescence. Wind speed, direction, and horizontal sigma
were measured with a sensitive propeller anemometer vane. For data
sets, traffic speed, direction and vehicle mix in both directions,
temperature, cloud cover, and precipitation information ,were recorded.
Continuous 24-hour ambient background pollutant concentrations were
collected along with meteorological data. Ten automatic timed samplers
simultaneously collected bags of ambient air for CO measurement at
various locations spaced through the corridor, at pre-set intervals
through the day.
This study was the basis for a Draft Environmental Impact Statement.
Graphical presentation of air quality data, meteorological data and
comparisons of dispersal model predictions with experimental data are
presented.
37
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3 - HIGHWAY
Study Title: . AIR POLLUTION IMPACT OF PROPOSED WIDENING
OF THE NEW JERSEY TURNPIKE BETWEEN EXITS
NINE AND'TEN
Sponsoring Agency: New Jersey Department of Transportation
Agency/Contractor
(If Applicable):
Agency/Contractor
(Performing Monitoring): Environmental Systems Laboratory
Sunnyvale, California
Report: ESL-ET32 March 1972
ABSTRACT
•Air and noise pollution impact to the predominantly residential community
of East Brunswick, New Jersey,"was analysed for widening and no widening
alternatives of this major highway. Predictions were made using expected
traffic volumes and vehicle emissions for the year 1990. Air pollution
measurements of nitrogen oxides with msteorological measurements and
traffic counts were made in order to determine the present air quality
and study the manner in which air pollutants disperse near the highway.
As a result a mathematical model describing the dispersal of vehicle
emissions into neighboring land was verified; this model was used to
predict future community air quality for oxides of nitrogen, carbon
monoxide and hydrocarbons.
3S
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3 - HIGHWAY
Study Title:
Sponsoring Agency:
Agency/Contractor
(If Applicable):
Agency/Contractor
(Performing Monitoring)
Report:
WEST SIDE HIGHWAY PROJECT (INTERSTATE ROUTE
CONNECTION 518, WEST SIDE HIGHWAY FROM THE
BATTERY TO 52nd STREET)
New York State Department of Transportation
Parson, Brinkerhoff, Quade and Douglas
New York City
General Electric Company, Reentry and Environ-
mental Systems Division, Philadelphia
(A draft EIS is expected by June 1974)
ABSTRACT
The technical air quality study is reported to be patterned on a previous
study "Study of Air Pollution Aspects of Various Roadway Configurations",
General Electric, September 1973 (NTIS No. PB-211-235). Pollutants measured
were carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, total hydrocarbons and methane, par-
ti culates, and particulate lead. There v/erc four primary measurement sites
on the highway and 15 secondary sites in the region which would be most
affected by the West Side Highway Project. Meteorological measurements
consisted of a continuous recording of wind speed and direction and air
temperature. Traffic measurements included volume and speed on each lane
of the highway made. A draft environmental impact statement is expected
to be published by June 1974.
39
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3 - HIGHWAY
Study Title: ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF THE PROPOSED 1-287
IN BERGEN AND PASSAIC COUNTIES
Sponsoring Agency: Local Municipalities in Bergen and Passaic
Counties, New Jersey
Agency/Contractor
(If Applicable):
Agency/Contractor
(Performing Monitoring): Environmental Systems Laboratory
Sunnyvale, California
Report: ESL-ET 42, February 1973
ABSTRACT
The study was sponsored by the various municipalities influenced by the
corridor decision of Interstate 287. The study involved measurements
of ambient air pollution levels as well as the pollution dispersal
characteristics of highways. Pollutants measured were carbon monoxide
and nitrogen oxides. Meteorological and traffic measurements were also
made. The relative exposure to the community of degraded air was evaluated
for several alternate corridor decisions and for alternatives generated' by
the study. In addition to the air quality considerations, community noise
exposure and ecological impacts were examined in detail for each alternative,
40
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3 - HIGHWAY
Study Title: AIR QUALITY ANALYSIS OF THE WIDENING OF 1-80
IN THE VICINITY OF CARGUINEZ, CALIFORNIA
Sponsoring Agency: California Department of Highways
Agency/Contractor
(If Applicable):
Agency/Contractor
(Performing Monitoring): Environmental Systems Laboratory
Sunnyvale, California
Report: ESL-ET74 (to be published in 1974)
ABSTRACT
In a program for the California Department of Highways, ESL carried out
a program to validate both highway and area source dispersal models.
Four sites near different characteristics of Interstate 80 north of
Berkeley, California were chosen for the highway validation. Air quality
at these sites were monitored at several distances from the roadway simul-
taneously; concurrent traffic counts and meteorology were measured.
Pollutants measured were carbon monoxide, total and non-methane hydrocarbons,
participates, nitrogen oxides, and oxidants.
Four ambient CO monitoring sites at the perimeter of the study area were
also monitored. This information was supplemented by extensive bag sampling
for CO throughout the area.
The information gained during this study was input to a least squares
validation of the ESL vertical strip model and the Gifford-Hamma area
source model supplementing and extending previous ESL Model validation
in Oregon, California, New Jersey and New York. Predictions based on
these models were also incorporated as the air quality impact study for
the environmental impact statement.
Of particular importance in this study was the meteorological monitoring.
The meteorological field experiments measured thermal gradients, wind shear,
and turbulence variation with height as input to the subsequent analysis of
the relationship between these gradients and the meteorological variables
of air temperature, relative humidity, solar radiation and cloud cover.
The instrumentation used consisted of arrays of UVW anemometers distributed
at various heights and locations and thermocouple .arrays as well as the
instrumentation for measuring solar radiation. For this program ESL
developed a special data acquisition unit which permitted sampling inter-
vals as short as one second in order to collect the small time scale tur-
bulence and temperature fluctuations. The measurements were used to
produce magnetic tape in the field in an ESL mobile laboratory.
41
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Wind and temperature data were reduced to the form of mean values and
standard deviations over various time averaging periods. Computer codes
were developed to test relationships among the measured variables and to
compute the Richardson's Number to understand the impact of measured
variables upon stability of the boundary layer.. The data were analyzed
to study spatial and temporal variation of the gradient parameters and
applications were made to trace the microscale air flow field over irregular
terrain.
42
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3 - HIGHWAY
Study Title: . . . HIGHWAY AIR POLLUTION DISPERSAL USING
TRACER GAS ...
Sponsoring Agency: Environmental Protection Agency
Agency/Contractor
(If Applicable):
Agency Contractor
(Performing Monitoring): Environmental Systems Laboratory
Sunnyvale, California
Report:
ABSTRACT
ESL is currently under contract to the United States Environmental
Protection Agency to perform extensive field measurements in order to
characterize air pollution dispersal from highways. This very complex
measurement and data reduction program, which will provide definitive
data to public and private air quality modeling institutions throughout
the country, is being performed in Santa Clara County, California. The
program features the detection of controlled releases of sulfur hexafloride
along with dispersal measurements of carbon monoxide; four sites near dis-
tinctly different single roadway types are being instrumented. Simul-
taneous air samples are token at 10 spatially distinct locations and
meteorological data at six simultaneous stations at each site. The
meteorological data includes U.V.W. sensors at each station. Simultaneous
measurements of v/ind shear, lapse rate, turbulence and other meteorological
data were made at six spatially separated locations.
43
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3 - HIGHWAY
Study Title: AIR, NOISE, AND TRAFFIC ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
ASSOCIATED WITH THE DUMBARTON. BRIDGE REPLACEMENT
Sponsoring Agency: California Division of Bay Toll Crossings
Agency/Contractor
(If Applicable):
Agency/Contractor
(Performing Monitoring): Environmental Systems Laboratory
Sunnyvale, California
Report: ESL-ET39 July 1972
ABSTRACT
This initial study and its follow-on examined the air pollution, traffic,
and noise impact to residential areas regarding the replacement of the
Dumbarton Bridge; this highway would col.lect traffic diverted from the
Dumbarton Bridge in the event of bridge replacement. Nitrogen dioxide,
oxidant, and carbon monoxide concentrations were measured. Meteorological
measurements and traffic measurements were also made. Validation experi-
ments on carbon monoxide were performed in the vicinity of Highway 17.
The study indicated the traffic conditions, air quality and noise climate
concerning the replacement. In particular, the relative community exposure
to degraded air in the vicinity of the proposed western feeders to the
bridge was evaluated for different feeder route plans. In addition, the
study suggested a new alternate feeder route plan which would satisfy all
of the air quality and traffic concerns.
44
-------
3 - HIGHWAY
Study Title:
Sponsoring Agency:
Agency/Contractor
(If Applicable):
Agency/Contracror
(Performing Monitoring)
Report:
VALIDATION AND APPLICATIONS OF AN URBAN DIFFUSION
MODEL FOR VEHICULAR POLLUTANTS
Coordinating Research Council and Environmental
Protection Agency
Stanford Research Institute
Stanford Research Institute
Atmospheric Environment, Permagon Press,
Vol. 7, pp. 603-618, 1973
ABSTRACT
A practical, multipurpose urban diffusion model (APRAC-1A) has been developed
and evaluated for predicting concentrations of inert, vehicle-generated
pollutants. The model requires only routinely available meteorological and
traffic data to give the following outputs: (1) areal concentration isopleths,
(2) sequential hourly point values, and (3) .frequency distributions. An ex-
tensive field experiment was conducted in San Jose to evaluate and refine
all components of the model. A street effects submodel was developed to
account for the high concentrations and large gradients observed in urban
street canyons. Results are presented from a second experimental program
conducted in St. Louis to further evaluate the performance of the model.
Predicted and observed concentrations of carbon monoxide (CO) in St. Louis
differ by root-mean-square values of the order of 3 ppm (parts per million),
while frequency distributions of hourly concentrations are given within 2-3ppm.
Along-street observations of CO concentrations show variations generally less
than Ippm.
In San Jose, measurements of CO were made at 5 levels on both sides of the
street and at 5 points across each street. Two streets were studied. Three
component winds were measured at roof level and at 4.5m. level on both sides
of the street. In St. Louis, airport meteorological data were used and State
Highway Department traffic data was used. CO data was collected on four
streets.
45
-------
3 - HIGHWAY
Study Title: STUDY OF AIR POLLUTION ASPECTS OF VARIOUS
ROADWAY CONFIGURATIONS'
Sponsoring Agency: New York City Department of Air Resources and
Environmental Protection Agency, Air Pollution
Control Office and United States Bureau of
Public Roads, New York Division Office
Agency/Contractor
(If Applicable):
Agency/Contractor
(Performing Monitoring): General Electric Co., Reentry and Environmental
Systems Division, Philadelphia.
Report: NTIS No. PB 211 235, September 1971
ABSTRACT
The study was undertaken to ascertain the current air quality in the
immediate vicinity of various urban roadway configurations, to determine
how the selected urban roadway configurations aid or hinder the diffusion
of the pollutants emitted by urban traffic, and to develop mathematical
relationships between traffic, traffic speed, pollutant concentration,,
meteorological parameters and roadway configuration. There were 10 typical
sites selected for monitoring. These sites were representative of open-cut
roadways, tunnels, cantilever covered roadways, open roadways, and inter-
mittantly covered roadways. Carbon monoxide was measured continuously at
16 different locations at each site. In addition a pooled hydrocarbon
measurement was made from the 16 locations, and a particulate and trace
metal measurement was made. Simultaneous meteorological measurements
were recorded at two locations at each site, one location was usually on
the median of the road being studied, the other location was at a higher
location and away from obstructions to record general wind conditions in
the area. The recorded information was wind speed, azimuth, elevation,
azimuth sigma (standard deviation) and elevation sigma. Traffic volumes
were obtained with pneumatic tube counters and multi-axle vehicles were
classified as gasoline or diesel from visual observation. Traffic speeds
were also recorded from stopwatch, radar, and pneumatic tube observations.
At five sites indoor/outdoor carbon monoxide measurements were made. The
indoor monitors were located in air rights buildings or nearby buildinqs.
The report presents measured horizontal and vertical concentration profiles
and a detailed discussion of the effects observed at each of the 10 sites.
46
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3 - HIGHWAY
Study Title: Not Available
Sponsoring Agency: U. S. DOT, Federal Highways Administration
Agency/Contractor
(If Applicable):
Agency/Contractor
(Performing Monitoring): California Department of Highways
Report: First report of progress not due at
this time.
ABSTRACT
There are no reports written regarding this major study which is just
getting underway in March 1974. The scope and intent of this study
are significant enough to warrant the attention of all those who are
concerned with highway models. The information regarding this study
is not complete but some of the salient features of the program are
noted to inform the reader that a study of this magnitude is underway.
The purpose of the study is to gather and record enough information
to verify any mesoscale or microscale models available. Measurements
of carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, particulates and hydrocarbons will
be made at different roadway configurations where the roadbed is below,
above and at grade. Meteorological data will include 2 and 3 direc-
tional winds, 2 levels of temperature and relative humidity. Traffic
data will be recorded using traffic radar and automatic traffic
counters. Three complete mobile monitorinq laboratories are being
assembled in the early part of 1974 and will be in the field for monitor-
ing work as soon as they are ready. The field data will be assembled
for input to various dispersion models for model verification.
Under a separate study California Department of Highways is studying
highway related pollutants with a large scale model which will allow
modeling for corridor scale studies - and will include a photochemical
model for study of oxidants. The model will be calibrated for
Sacramento then used in other cities to verify its usefulness.
47
-------
3 - HIGHWAY
Study Title: AIR QUALITY MANUAL VOL. VIII
Sponsoring Agency: U.S. DOT, Federal Highways Administration
Agency/Contractor
(If Applicable):
Agency/Contractor
(Performing Monitoring):
Report: Final Report to DOT on Contract DOT-FH-11-7730
ABSTRACT
This publication is included in this group of studies to insure reference
to this-major piece of work accomplished by the California Division of
Highways. The series of publications is available from NTIS. The fore-
ward to Volume VIII is reproduced to introduce the complete set of publi-
cations produced.
FOREWORD
A number of studies must be completed prior to the writing of an Environ-
mental Impact Statement for a highway project. One of these studies is
concerned with the gathering of field data, analysis of such data, and
writing an air quality report.
The California Division of Highways has embarked on a program of equipping
and training district personnel to prepare air quality reports. This re-
quired a two-week training course and the preparation of air quality manuals
to be used as guides in the gathering of field data, analysis of results,
and writing the report.
This volume is the first in a series of eight volumes, the titles of which
follows:
1. Meteorology and its Influence on the Dispersion of
Pollutants from Highway Line Sources.
2. Motor Vehicle Emission Factors for Estimates of Highway
Impact on Air Quality.
3. Traffic Information Requirements for Estimates of Highway
. Impact on Air Quality.
4. Mathematical Approach to Estimating Highway Impact
on Air Quality.
5. Appendix, to Volume 4.
6. Analysis of Ambient Air Quality for Highway Environ-
mental Projects.
7. A Method for Analyzing and Reporting Highway Impact
on Air Quality.
48
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8. Synthesis of Information on Highway Transportation
and Air Quality.
The material presented in these volumes is subject to change as further
research provides information. The following items are not discussed
or, if presented, are subject to care" in the interpretation of results.
1. There is no accepted emission factors for oxides of
nitrogen relating emissions to speed.
2. There are no statistically validated photochemical
models for different meteorological conditions which
will permit calculations of oxidant formed downwind
from a line source.
3. Further research is required to ful.ly'validate model
calculations when winds blow parallel to the line source.
49
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3 - HIGHWAY
Study Title: VEHICLE BEHAVIOR IN AND AROUND COMPLEX SOURCES
AND RELATED COMPLEX SOURCE CHARACTERISTICS
SUBTASK 6 - MAJOR HIGHWAYS
Sponsoring Agency: Environmental Protection Agency
Agency/Contractor:
(If Applicable) .
Agency/Contractor: GEOMET, Incorporated
(Performing Monitoring)
Report: Task Report under EPA Contract Number 68-02-1094
Task Order Number 3
ABSTRACT
The project consisted of a task, under a task order level of effort type
of contract, to "collect, analyze and integrate technical data, and develop
methodologies which can be used to provide guidelines for EPA and state
agencies in reviewing and evaluating proposed new or expanded complex
sources." The principal technical effort involved quantitatively relating
the physical characteristics of each type of complex source to automobile
movements, numbers, and engine running times or' speeds.
For the six complex source types which involve parking facilities (shopping
centers, airports, sports stadiums, parking facilities, recreational areas,
and amusement parks), the methodology involved developing the concept of
combining the numbers of cars operating, with a characteristic time of
operation. Both of these parameters have characteristic and peak values
depending on the type of source and its physical and operational character-
istics; methods of calculation of appropriate values are given, to permit
use in emission and air quality estimations.
For the seventh complex source (major highways), for which parking is not
a factor, a different principle was developed for relating parameters
descriptive of highway traffic to highway parameters. Briefly, one approx-
imation technique which was developed, relates operating speed to design
speed and the ratio of volume demand to capacity, and then evolves this
into equivalent vehicle miles travelled. A more precise technique develops
traffic density for specified highway segments, from volume demand and oper-
ating speed; emission rates can then be derived from consideration of unit
emission rates, operating speed, and traffic density.
The seven methodologies have been used by EPA as the basis for guidelines
which relate complex source characteristics to traffic behavior parameters
(described above), thence to emissions, and finally to air quality estimates,
50
-------
3 - HIGHWAY
Study Title:
Sponsoring Agency:
Agency/Contractor:
Agency/Contractor
(Performing Monitoring)
Report:
ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSES AND REPORT FOR ROUTE 18
FREEWAY EXTENSION, CITY OF NEW BRUNSWICK AND
PISCATAWAY TOWNSHIP, MIDDLESEX COUNTY, NEW JERSEY
New Jersey State Department of Transportation
King and Gavares, Consulting Engineers
New York City
General Electric Co., Reentry and Environmental
Systems Division, Philadelphia, Pa.
July 1972
ABSTRACT
The air monitoring study was undertaken to assess the ambient air quality
in the vicinity of a planned four-lane Divided highway. The measurements
were made on George Street parallel to the proposed route. Four carbon
Monoxide monitors were used; two were located in dormatories and two were
located outside. Wind speed, wind direction, and traffic were measured.
51
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4- PARKING LOTS
Study Title: VEHICLE BEHAVIOR IN AND AROUND COMPLEX SOURCES
AND RELATED COMPLEX SOURCE CHARACTERISTICS
SUBTASK 4 - PARKING FACILITIES
Sponsoring Agency: Environmental Protection Agency
Agency/Contractor:
(If Applicable)
Agency/Contractor: GEOMET, Incorporated
(Performing Monitoring)
Report: Task Report under EPA Contract Number 68-02-1094
ABSTRACT
The project consisted of a task, under a task order level of effort type
of contract, to "collect, analyze and integrate technical data, and develop
methodologies which can be used to provide guidelines for EPA and state
agencies in reviewing and evaluating proposed new or expanded complex
sources." The. principal technical effort involved quantitatively relating
the physical characteristics of each type of complex source to automobile
movements, numbers, and engine running times or speeds.
For the six complex source types which involve parking facilities (shopping
centers, airports, sports stadiums, parking facilities, recreational areas,
and amusement parks), the methodology involved developing the concept of
combining the numbers of cars operating, with a characteristic time of
operation. Both of these parameters have characteristic and peak values
depending on the type of source and its physical and operational character-
istics; methods of calculation of appropriate values are given, to permit
use in emission and air quality estimations.
For the seventh complex source (major highways), for which parking is not
a factor, a different principle was developed for relating parameters
descriptive of highway traffic to highway parameters. Briefly, one approx-
imation technique which was developed, relates operating speed to design
speed and the ratio of volume demand to capacity, and then evolves this
into equivalent vehicle miles travelled. A more precise technique develops
traffic density for specified highway segments, from volume demand and oper-
ating speed; emission rates can then be derived from consideration of unit
emission rates, operating speed, and traffic density.
The seven methodologies have been used by EPA as the basis for guidelines
which relate complex source characteristics to traffic behavior parameters
(described above), thence to emissions, and finally to air quality estimates,
53
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5 - RECREATIONAL AREA
Study Title: ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT ON THE NORTH BAYSHORE
REDEVELOPMENT COMMERCIAL RECREATIONAL PARK
Sponsoring Agency: Private
Agency/Contractor
(If Applicable):
Agency/Contractor
(Performing Monitoring): Environmental Systems Laboratory
Sunnyvale, California
Report: ESL-ET31 December 1971
ABSTRACT
The Environmental Systems Laboratory prepared an environmental impact
statement of a proposed Commercial and Recreational Redevelopment Project
for the North Baylands area of Mountain .View, California. The analysis
conformed to the guidelines set forth by the National Environmental Quality
Act as v/ell as the California Environmental Quality Act. Both ambient air
quality and noise levels were measured at several sites in the project area.
Pollutants measured were carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides. Meteorological
measurements and traffic measurements were made. The analysis examined, in
detail, the implications of the project to the community air quality and
noise levels.
55
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5 - RECREATIONAL AREA
Study Title: VEHICLE BEHAVIOR IN AND AROUND COMPLEX SOURCES
AND RELATED COMPLEX SOURCE CHARACTERISTICS
SUBTASK 7 - RECREATION AREAS
Sponsoring Agency: Environmental Protection Agency
Agency/Contractor:
(If Applicable)
Agency/Contractor: GEOMET, Incorporated
(Performing Monitoring)
Report: Task Report under EPA Contract Number 68-02-1094
Task Order Number 3
ABSTRACT
The project consisted of a task, under a task order level of effort type
of contract, to "collect, analyze and integrate technical data, and develop
methodologies which can be used to provide guidelines for EPA and state
agencies in reviewing and evaluating proposed new or expanded complex
sources." The principal technical effort involved quantitatively relating
the physical characteristics of each type-of complex source to automobile
movements, numbers, and engine running times or speeds.
For the six complex source types which involve parking facilities (shopping
centers, airports, sports stadiums, parking facilities, recreational areas,
and amusement parks), the methodology involved developing the concept of
combining the numbers of cars operating, with a characteristic time of
operation. Both of these parameters have characteristic and peak values
depending on the type of source and its physical and operational character-
istics; methods of calculation of appropriate values are given, to permit
use in emission and air quality estimations.
For the seventh complex source (major highways), for which parking is not
a factor, a different principle was developed for relating parameters
descriptive of highway traffic to highway parameters. Briefly, one approx-
imation technique which was developed, relates operating speed to design
speed and the ratio of volume demand to capacity, and then evolves this
into equivalent vehicle miles travelled. A more precise technique develops
traffic density for specified highway segments, from volume demand and oper-
ating speed; emission rates can then be derived from consideration of unit
emission rates, operating speed, and traffic density.
The seven methodologies have been used by EPA as the basis for guidelines
which relate complex source characteristics to traffic behavior parameters
(described above), thence to emissions, and finally to air quality estimates,
56
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6 - SHOPPING CENTER
Study Title: PRELIMINARY ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF THE
HUNT VALLEY SHOPPING CENTER IN BALTIMORE
COUNTY
Sponsoring Agency: Private
Agency/Contractor
(If Applicable):
Agency/Contractor
(Performing Monitoring): Environmental Systems Laboratory
Sunnyvale, California
Report: ESL-ET69, November 1973
ABSTRACT
An environmental analysis was conducted for the Arthur Fischer Corporation,
the developer of a regional shopping center in Baltimore County, Maryland.
The principal issues investigated were impact on air, noise, and water.
Air end noise issues were generated by the vehicular traffic attracted to
the facility.
Special attention was paid to assessing the present air quality characteristics
of the area and ascertaining what typo of increment on air pollution would be
caused by the traffic patterns generated at peak hours and the most critical
eight hour period of operation of the center. Air quality, meteorology,
traffic, and noise were monitored at a fixed station on site. Pollutants
measured were carbon monoxide and oxidants. The air quality and noise
measurement was supplemented by sampling meteorological 'conditions near the
major roadway facilities feeding the center. This assessment allowed pre-
dictions of air quality to be made using actual on-site meteorological data
rather than an extrapolation from the nearest airport.
57
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6 - SHOPPING CENTER
Study Title:
Sponsoring Agency:
Agency/Contractor
(If Applicable):
Agency/Con tractor
(Performing Monitoring)
Report:
VALIDATION STUDY OF AN APPROACH FOR EVALUATING
THE IMPACT OF A SHOPPING CENTER.ON AMBIENT
CARBON MONOXIDE CONCENTRATIONS
Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards, Monitoring and
Data Analyses Division, Sources, Receptors, and
Analyses Branch
G.C.A. Corporation
A draft report is expected in March 1974
ABSTRACT
The purpose of the study was to attempt to validate the previously developed
approach proposed by EPA for estimating the peak impact of a regional shopping
center on ambient air quality in its immediate vicinity. The study was con-
ducted at a large shopping mall in the two weeks preceding Christmas, 1973. Five
continuous carbon monoxide analyzers were used, one located near the major
gate and the others in selected locations within the parking lot. Meteoro-
logical measurements recorded included a continuous recording of wind speed
and direction, surface temperature, and visual indications of stability
such as cloud cover. Traffic measurements included continuous counting
devices at all entrances and exits and spot checks of running times during
congested and minimal use periods.
Preliminary reports of the results of the monitoring indicate that the
concentrations of carbon monoxide were highest near gates with a highest
recorded value of 30 ppm. Concentrations within the lot were reported to
be always within the National Ambient Air Quality Standards. A draft report
is expected in March 1974.
58
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6 - SHOPPING CENTER
Study Title: ... AIR QUALITY IMPACT OF LARGE TRAFFIC
GENERATING COMPLEX SOURCES . . .
Sponsoring Agency: County of Milwaukee, Wisconsin
Agency/Contractor
(If Applicable):
Agency/Contractor
(Performing Monitoring): County of Milwaukee, Department of Air
Quality Control
Report: Interoffice Memorandum, September 21, 1973
ABSTRACT
The County of Milwaukee is faced with the question of where to locate a
new sports arena. Impact on air quality is one of the criterion which
will be considered in the decision makijig .process. In order to evaluate
the potential impact the County Department of Air Quality Control made
on-site carbon monoxide surveys in May and June 1973 at:
a. The Milwaukee County Stadium
b. State Fair Park
c. Lakefront Parking Area
d. Southridge Shopping Center
The observations made indicated neither the 1 hour or the 8 hour standards
were exceeded at any of the four sites. Sampling was done during peak
Friday afternoon and evening shopping hours; on a Sunday afternoon when
10,366 arrived at the State Fair Park. Meteorological data was not collected.
Carbon monoxide detector tubes were used which provided a six minute sample
time. Traffic data is provided.
59
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Study Title:
Sponsoring Agency:
Agency/Contractor
(If Applicable):
Agency/Contractor
(Performing Monitoring)
Report:
6 - SHOPPING CENTERS
RALEIGH, NORTH CAROLINA SHOPPING CENTER
AIR QUALITY MONITORING STUDY ...
Environmental Protection Agency, Office of
Air Quality Planning and Standards, Monitor-
ing and Data Analysis Division
Research Triangle Institute
Research Triangle Park, Durham, N. C.
ABSTRACT
The study of carbon monoxide concentrations related to shopping centers
was conducted in two phases. Phase I (January-February 1973) involved
preliminary monitoring of carbon monoxide concentrations at five separate
locations. Wind speed and direction were measured at one location in
each center. Traffic counts were obtained at each location.
Phase II (February-March 1973) concentrated on one shopping center.
Carbon monoxide concentrations were measured at four locations within
the shopping center parking area and one location adjacent to a nearby
highway. Maximum hourly concentrations and maximum eight hour CO con-
centrations are .plotted for each of the five sites. Daily traffic counts
were taken at four entrances to the shopping center and in one traffic
lane within the center. No meteorological data is presented.
60
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6 - SHOPPING CENTER
Study Title:
Sponsoring Agency:
Agency/Contractor
(If Applicable):
Agency/Contractor
(Performing Monitoring)
Report:
A MONITORING PROJECT TO EXAMINE THE RELATIONSHIP
BETWEEN CO CONCENTRATIONS AND VEHICULAR ACTIVITY
ASSOCIATED WITH COMPLEX SOURCES
Illinois, Division of Air Pollution Control
Illinois, Division of Air Pollution Control (DAPC)
Information on Proposed "Complex Sources" Regu-
lation Sent to Illinois Pollution Control Board
by DAPC on August 24, 1973
ABSTRACT
The Illinois Division of Air Pollution Control has conducted a series of
air quality measurements at three shopping centers and a sports complex
pursuant to obtaining information necessary to draft regulations regarding
complex sources.
Data for these studies were collected during the peak traffic times for
four days at each of the shopping centers and for one day at the Arlington
Park Race Track. Data collected include ambient CO concentrations, wind
speed and direction, and traffic data. Traffic data includes number of
vehicles entering/leaving the facility, number of vehicles passing on
adjacent roads, average speeds and distances traveled within the complex,
etc. These data are and will be used to evaluate various approaches to
determining the relationship between vehicle activity and CO concentrations.
Two monitors were set up at each area; one at a place where heavy vehicular
activity could be anticipated and another mobile monitor moved to locations
in the parking lot as was judged appropriate. Data collected were reviewed
from the standpoint of comparing those measurements at receptors subject
to the roadway effect with simultaneous measurements at a receptor which
was primarily subject to area-source influences. The-data obtained show
the roadway effect to be dominant therefore, the review criteria for the
proposed regulation, used only to determine if a complex source is required
to apply for a permit, are based on roadway effect considerations. Observed
data were compared to air quality estimates made using (a) the Hanna Area-
Source Model and (b) the HIWAY Model provided to Illinois DAPC by EPA.
Some modifications to the HIWAY Model have been proposed. Data obtained
from the .monitoring studies were not given.
61
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6 - SHOPPING CENTER
Study Title: AIR QUALITY AND NOISE INPUT OF THE CAPITAL
CENTER DEVELOPMENT,.BOISE, IDAHO
Sponsoring Agency: Boise Redevelopment Agency
Agency/Contractor
(If Applicable):
Agency/Contractor
(Performing Monitoring): Environmental Systems Laboratory
Sunnyvale, California
Report:
ABSTRACT
An eight-block downtown shopping center is proposed by the local Redevelop-
ment Agency for Boise, Idaho. Since no air quality data exists for Boise,
ESL has been meeting with regional and Itical EPA officials to draw up an
air quality monitoring program which fulfills EPA requirements at minimum
cost to the Redevelopment Agency. As well as air quality and noise monitor-
ing, ESI. is applying its computer models to predict future pollutant and
noise levels in the vicinity of the shopping center area and throughout
Boise. The resulting predictions will be the basis for design consulting
to minimize adverse impacts.
62
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6 - SHOPPING CENTER
Study Title: ... AIR QUALITY IMPACT STUDY FOR EVERGREEN EAST
SHOPPING MALL ...
Sponsoring Agency: International Council of Shopping Centers
Agency/Contractor
(If Applicable):
Agency/Contractor
(Performing Monitor): Environmental Systems Laboratory
Report:
ABSTRACT
In the Seattle/Tacoma vicinity an extensive air quality monitoring program
has been conducted to compare predicted air quality with observed air quality
to verify and adjust a diffusion model developed for predicting air quality
impact of traffic at a shopping center. ..A proprietary model has been vali-
dated at an existing shopping center and will be used to estimate air quality
impact of future shopping centers.
Hourly averages of carbon monoxide concentration were measured at 12 sites
around a shopping center for 16 hours each day. Meteorological data were
collected on site and recorded for input to this model. Model development
work has been conducted under supervision of Dr. Rossano at the University
of Washington. Air quality measurements have been made by Environmental
Systems Laboratory, Sunnyvale, California. It was not known at the time
of this writing if a report of this study will be released by the sponsor.
63
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6 - SHOPPING CENTER
Study Title: OAKBROOK, ILLINOIS, SHOPPING CENTER
;
Sponsoring Agency: International Council of Shopping Centers, N.Y.C.
Agency/Contractor
(If Applicable): Barton,Aschman Associates, Inc.
Agency/Contractor
(Performing Monitoring): Environmental Technology Associates, Inc.
Report:
ABSTRACT
The Oakbrook, Illinois, Shopping Center air quality monitoring study
measured carbon monoxide at four stations. The measurements were made
in the shopping center parking lot and at an adjacent intersection.
Associated traffic counts were made. Wind speed and direction were
measured at the parking lot. Atmospheric stability categories will be
estimated from cloud cover and wind speed data. Publication date for
the report is estimated to be May or'June 1974.
64
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6 - SHOPPING CENTER
Study Title:
Sponsoring Agency:
Agency/Contractor
(If Applicable)
Agency/Contractor
(Performing Monitoring):
Report:
AIR AND NOISE IMPACT OF ADDITIONAL DEVELOPMENT
OF THE LLOYD CORPORATION PROPERTY, PORTLAND,
OREGON ' •
Private
Environmental Systems Laboratory
Sunnyvale, California
ESL-ET67, Vol. I, March 1973
(Vol. Ill to be published March 1974)
ABSTRACT
The Lloyd Corporation, owner of extensive property in downtown Portland,
has planned several additions to its Lloyd Center, a large regional
shopping center. In response to the Department of Environmental Quality
(DEQ), a state agency, a comprehensive environmental statement is being
written for all projected developments through 1980. Essential elements
of this study are ESL's use of existing noise and air quality data in
Portland, acquisition of a limited amount of new data, and prediction of
future air quality and noise levels. The pollutant measured was carbon
monoxide, meteorological and traffic measurements were also made.
65
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6 - SHOPPING CENTER
Study Title: VEHICLE BEHAVIOR IN AND AROUND COMPLEX SOURCES
AND RELATED COMPLEX SOURCE CHARACTERISTICS
SUBTASK 1 - SHOPPING CENTERS
Sponsoring Agency: Environmental Protection Agency
Agency/Contractor:
(If Applicable)
Agency/Contractor: GEOMET, Incorporated
.(Performing Monitoring)
ReP°rt: Task Report under EPA Contract Number 68-02-1094
Task Order Number 3
ABSTRACT
The project consisted of a task, under a task order level of effort type
of contract, to "collect, analyze and integrate technical data, and develop
methodologies which can be used to provide guidelines for EPA and state
agencies in reviewing and evaluating proposed new or expanded complex
sources." The principal technical effort involved quantitatively relating
the physical characteristics of each type of complex source to automobile
movements, numbers, and engine running times or speeds.
.For the six complex source types which involve parking facilities (.shopping
centers, airports, sports stadiums, parking facilities, recreational areas,
and amusement parks), the methodology involved developing the concept of
combining the numbers of cars operating, with a characteristic time of
operation. Both of these parameters have characteristic and peak values
depending on the type of source and its physical and'operational character-
istics; methods of calculation of appropriate values.are given, to permit
use in emission and air quality estimations.
For the seventh complex source (major highways), for which parking is not
a factor, a different principle was developed for relating parameters
descriptive of highway traffic to highway parameters. Briefly, one approx-
imation technique which was developed, relates operating speed to design
speed and the ratio of volume demand to capacity, and then evolves this
into equivalent vehicle miles travelled. A more precise technique develops
traffic density for specified highway segments, from volume demand and oper-
ating speed; emission rates can then be derived from consideration of unit
emission rates, operating speed, and traffic density.
The seven methodologies have been used by EPA as the basis for guidelines
which relate complex source characteristics to traffic behavior parameters
(described above), thence to emissions, and finally to air quality estimates,
66
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7 - SPORTS COMPLEX
Study Title: CARBON MONOXIDE MEASUREMENTS IN THE VICINITY
OF SPORTS STADIUMS
Sponsoring Agency: Environmental Protection Agency, Office of
Air Quality Planning and Standards Monitoring
and Data Analysis Division
Agency/Contractor
(If Applicable):
Agency/Contractor
(Performing Monitoring): Research Triangle Institute
Research Triangle Park, Durham, N. C.
Report:
ABSTRACT
The study was undertaken to obtain background data which would be useful
in guaging the impact of sports complexes on ambient air quality. The
data was also used to assess the performance of estimating methods proposed
in the June 1973 Guidelines for Complex Sources. The monitoring was con-
ducted during June and July of 1973 at the Atlanta and Pittsburg baseball
stadiums. Seven days of monitoring were conducted at the Atlan-ta stadium
which is in essentially flat terrain and four days of monitoring were con-
ducted at the Pittsburg stadium which represented valley type terrain.
In each stadium, three non-dispersive infrared carbon monoxide analyzers
were set up upwind, downwind, and in the center of the stadium parking lot.
In addition a series of 15 minute carbon monoxide grab samples were taken
at four locations near major entrances during the period beginning one
hour and fifteen minutes after the game. Traffic at four major entrances
was recorded at five minute intervals during the same time periods and
the time for randomly selected vehicles to enter and leave the parking
lot was recorded. Meteorological measurements of surface wind speed,
direction, and temperature were made within the parking lots.
Because of the relatively short time to fill or empty the parking lots
the major air quality impact was on the hourly measurements. However,
none of the observations indicated a violation of the one-hour NAAQS
since the highest hourly concentrations observed were 22 ppm. in Pittsburg
and 27 ppm. in Atlanta. A diurnal trend of background carbon monoxide
concentrations not associated with stadium traffic was observed with the
maximum concentration occurring between 0000 and 0600 hours. The eight-
hour running average background concentrations nearly exceeded the eight-
hour NAAQS of 9 ppm. during the early morning hours.
67
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Although the number of observations are limited, a comparison of the
observed and predicted values indicates that the proposed method for
evaluating the maximum direct impact of complex sources on carbon monoxide
concentrations appears appropriate for sports complexes. In all cases the
agreement was within a factor of two and in most cases much closer than
that.
68
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7 - SPORTS COMPLEX
Study Title:
Sponsoring Agency:
Agency/Contractor
(If Applicable)
Agency/Contractor
(Performing Monitoring)
Report:
TECHNICAL APPENDIX , AIR QUALITY AND NOISE
IMPACTS FOR THE PROPOSED SANTA CLARA'COUNTY
SPORTS ARENA
Santa Clara County, California
Environmental Systems Laboratory
Sunnyvale, California
ESL-ET49
ABSTRACT
An environmental impact report (EIR) for the .proposer! Sports Arena was
required in which three proposed sites were accorded equal and complete
treatment. All three sites were within a-triangle bounded by three
heavily travelled highways.
For the air quality and noise elements of this study, ESL measured carbon
monoxide, total and non-methane hydrocarbons, oxidant and noise at each
site, meteorological and traffic measurements were also made. This data
was related to historical data of the Bay Area Air Pollution Control
District and to ESL's highway source model calculations, to characterize
existing air quality and noise in the area. Predictions of future levels
were then made based on future traffic, land use, and emissions. The EIR
was submitted to the appropriate local agencies and jurisdictions. It is
presently being employed in the decision on the final choice of site.
69
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7 - SPORTS COMPLEX
Study Title: AUTOMOTIVE POLLUTION LEVELS NEAR VETERAN'S STADIUM
Sponsoring Agency: Air Management Services, City of Philadelphia
Agency/Contractor
(If Applicable):
Agency/Contractor . .
(Performing Monitoring): Air Management Services, City of Philadelphia
Report:
ABSTRACT
This study of air quality related to traffic arriving and departing from
a sports complex has not been written up as a report. The information
was obtained from an informal memo sent by the sponsor. Air quality was
monitored at one location for 12 hours before and after a football game
with a sell-out crowd attending the game. Total hydrocarbons, .methane,
and carbon monoxide were measured on the curb at an intersection just
outside Veteran's Stadium from noon to midnight on the day of the football
game. Wind speed and direction data are provided. Automobile traffic
counts are not provided but adjacent parking lot capacities are known
(12,167 cars) plus on-street parking can be estimated. Observed concen-
trations of carbon monoxide during peak pregame and postgame traffic was
10 to 20 times that observed during afternoon traffic. Total hydrocarbon
concentrations doubled during peak traffic periods and no noticeable
change was observed with methane concentrations.
70
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7 - SPORTS COMPLEX
Study Title:
Sponsoring Agency:
Agency/Contractor
(If Applicable):
Agency/Contractor
(Performing Monitoring)
Report:
AIR QUALITY IMPACT OF LARGE TRAFFIC GENERATING
COMPLEX SOURCES ...
County of Milwaukee, Wisconsin
County of Milwaukee, Department of Air
Quality Control
Interoffice Memorandum, September 21, 1973
ABSTRACT
The County of Milwaukee is faced with the question of where to locate a
new sports arena. Impact on air quality is one of the criterion which
will be considered in the decision rnakiitg process. In order to evaluate
the potential impact the County Department of Air Quality Control made
on-site carbon monoxide surveys in May and June 1973 at:
a. The Milwaukee County Stadium
b. State Fair Park
c. Lakefront Parking Area
d. Southridge Shopping Center
The observations made indicated neither the 1 hour or the 8 hour standards
were exceeded at any of the four sites. Sampling was done during peak
Friday afternoon and evening shopping hours; on a Sunday afternoon when
10,366 arrived at the State Fair Park. Meteorological data was not collected.
Carbon monoxide detector tubes were used which provided a six minute sample
time. Traffic data is provided.
71
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7 - SPORTS COMPLEX
Study Title:
Sponsoring Agency:
Agency/Contractor
(If Applicable):
Agency/Contractor
(Performing Monitoring)
Report:
A MONITORING PROJECT TO EXAMINE THE RELATIONSHIP
BETWEEN CO CONCENTRATIONS AND VEHICULAR ACTIVITY
ASSOCIATED WITH COMPLEX SOURCES
Illinois, Division of Air Pollution Control
Illinois, Division of Air Pollution Control (DAPC)
Information on Proposed "Complex Sources" Regu-
lation Sent to Illinois Pollution Control Board
by DAPC on August 24, 1973
ABSTRACT
The Illinois Division of Air Pollution Control has conducted a series of
air quality measurements at three shopping centers and a sports complex
pursuant to obtaining information necessary to draft regulations regarding
complex sources.
Data for these studies were collected during the peak traffic times for
four days at each of the shopping centers and for one day at the Arlington
Park Race Track. Data collected include ambient CO concentrations, wind
speed and direction, and traffic data. Traffic data includes number of
vehicles entering/leaving the facility, number of vehicles passing on
adjacent roads, average speeds and distances traveled within the complex,
etc. These data are and will be used to evaluate various approaches to
determining the relationship between vehicle activity and CO concentrations.
Two monitors were set up at each area; one at a place where heavy vehicular
activity could be anticipated and another mobile monitor moved to locations
in the parking lot as was judged appropriate. Data collected were reviewed
from the standpoint of comparing those measurements at receptors subject
to the roadway effect with simultaneous measurements at a receptor which
was primarily subject to area-source influences. The data obtained show
the roadway effect to be dominant therefore, the review criteria for the
proposed regulation, used only to determine if a complex source is required
to apply for a permit, are based on roadway effect considerations. Observed
data were compared to air quality estimates made using (a) the Hanna Area-
Source Model and (b) the HIWAY Model provided to Illinois DAPC by EPA.
Some modifications to the HIWAY Model have been proposed. Data obtained
from the monitoring studies were not given.
72
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7 - SPORTS COMPLEX
Study Title: VEHICLE BEHAVIOR IN AND AROUND COMPLEX SOURCES
AND RELATED COMPLEX SOURCE CHARACTERISTICS
SUBTASK 3 - SPORTS STADIUMS
Sponsoring Agency: Environmental Protection Agency
Agency/Contractor:
(If Applicable)
Agency/Contractor: GEOMET, Incorporated
(Performing Monitoring)
Report: Task Report under EPA Contract Number 68-02-1094
Task Order Number 3
ABSTRACT
The project consisted of a task, under a task order level of effort type
of contract, to "collect, analyze and integrate technical data, and develop
methodologies which can be used to provide guidelines for EPA and state
agencies in reviewing and evaluating proposed nev,1 or expanded complex
sources." The principal technical effort involved quantitatively relating
the physical characteristics of each type of complex source to automobile
movements, numbers, and engine running times or speeds.
For the six complex source types which involve parking facilities (shopping
centers, airports, sports stadiums, parking facilities,, recreational areas,
and amusement parks), the methodology involved developing the concept of
combining the numbers of cars operating, with a- characteristic time of
operation. .Both of these parameters have characteristic and peak values
depending on the type of source and its physical and operational character-
istics; 'methods of calculation of appropriate values are given, to permit
use in emission and air quality estimations.
For the seventh complex source (major highways), for which parking is not
a factor, a different principle was developed for relating parameters
descriptive of highway traffic to highway parameters. Briefly, one approx-
imation technique which was developed, relates operating speed to design
speed and the ratio of volume demand to capacity, and then evolves this
into equivalent vehicle miles travelled. A more precise technique develops
traffic density for specified highway segments, from volume demand and oper-
ating speed; emission rates can then be derived from consideration of unit
emission rates, operating speed, and traffic density.
The seven methodologies have been used by EPA as the basis for guidelines
which relate complex source characteristics to traffic behavior parameters
(described above), thence to emissions, and finally to air quality estimates,
73
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8 - COMMERCIAL-RESIDENTIAL
DEVELOPMENT
Study Title: ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS FOR COMMERICAL RESIDENTIAL
DEVELOPMENT IN MONTGOMERY COUNTY, MARYLAND
Sponsoring Agency: Private
Agency/Contractor
(If Applicable):
Agency/Contractor
(Performing Monitoring): Environmental Systems Laboratory
Sunnyvale, California
Report: ESL-ET70, November 1973
ABSTRACT
An air and noise pollution analysis was conducted for a proposed develop-
ment of residential and commercial properties in an urbanized portion of
Montgomery County. The analysis was performed for the specific require-
ment of an administrative zoning hearing held by the County. Air quality
monitoring of carbon monoxide was conducted at selected sites on and around
the proposed development area. Meteorological and traffic measurements
were also made. Specific attention was paid to characterize the air quality
from major arterials adjacent to the site. Prediction of air quality and
noise levels was conducted using models that ESL has developed applicable
to roadway sources. Major emphasis was placed upon relating the predicted
air and noise levels to federal and state standards and in performing
mitigating design which would alleviate potential problems.
75
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8 - REGIONAL PLANNING
Study Title:
Sponsoring Agency:
Agency/Contractor
(If Applicable)
Agency/Contractor
(Performing Monitoring)
Report:
AIR QUALITY AND NOISE IMPACT OF THE CAPITAL
CENTER DEVELOPMENT, BOISE, IDAHO
Idaho Department of Highways and the Department
of Environmental and Community Services
Environmental Systems Laboratory
Sunnyvale, California
ESL-ET68 Vol. I, September 1973
(Vol. II to be published April 1974)
ABSTRACT
In the first major air quality monitoring program in Boise, Idaho, ESL
is working with the Idaho Department of Highways (IDH) and the Depart-
ment of Environmental and Community Services (DECS) to monitor carbon
monoxide and meteorology. Information as to maximum and average CO
levels is being gathered to provide a basis by which IDH can evaluate
the impact for several of its near-term projects.
The monitoring tasks inlcude installation and maintenance-of five stations
monitoring ambient CO, lead, wind speed and wind direction. Of these
stations one, centrally located, will be in operation for six months;
the others will be operated in pairs for at least one month each. Continuous
data will be supplemented by bag sampling near traffic sources and traffic
counts will be made. The data will be reduced to one and eight hour values,
and correlations between all stations will be computed. Meteorology from
Boise airport (on a plateau above and about three miles from the central
station) will also be included in the correlations.
As a result of this study, IDA and DECS are expected to be able to write
and evaluate, respectively, air quality studies for most areas of, Boise
for near-term highway projects. The goal is a technical report which,
combined with existing EPA publications and published tools, will allow
them to accomplish this work.
76
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8 - TRANSPORTATION
PLANNING
Study Title:
Sponsoring Agency:
Agency/Contractor:
(If Applicable):
Agency/Contractor
(Performing Monitoring)
Report:
AIR QUALITY AND NOISE IMPACT RELATED TO THE
SALEM-PEABODY STUDY
(Tasks A, B, and C)
Massachusetts Department of Public Works .
Environmental Systems Laboratory
Sunnyvale, California
Task A, ESL-ET53, August 1973
Task B, ESL-ET54, August 1973
Task C, ESL-ET63, August 1973
ABSTRACT
The Salem-Peabody Study in Boston, Massachusetts comprised three separate
efforts to provide a transportation plan for the area. ESL selected sites
and monitored air quality, meteorology, traffic, and noise for all three
efforts. Pollutants measured were carbon monoxide, total and non-methane
hydrocarbons, and nitrogen oxides.
ESL staff met v/ith EPA and Massachusetts Department of Public Works
officials to discuss the impact found and produced technical reports
detailing all work performed. Measures to mitigate adverse air quality
effects were suggested.
77
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8 - AUTOMOBILE EMISSIONS
Study Title:
Sponsoring Agency:
Agency/Contractor
(If Applicable)
Agency/Contractor
(Performing Monitoring)
Report:
LEAD CONCENTRATIONS IN DETROIT,..NEW-YORK AND
LOS ANGELES AIR ..
APTIC Abstract 10612L
Lead concentrations in Detroit, New York and
Los Angeles air. Preprint, General Motors
Research Labs., Fuels and Lubricants Dept.
and General,Motors Industrial Hygiene,
Dept., Warren, Mich., 24p., 1968. 18 Refs.
(Presented at the 61st Annual Meeting of the
Air Pollution Control Association, St. Paul,
Minn., June 24-28, 1968. Publication GMB-773,
Paper 68-90).*
APTIC ABSTRACT
The concentrations of lead in air at 12 sites in Detroit, New York, and
Los Angeles are reported. Sampling was carried out by filtration using
a large "absolute" filter and equipment contained in a step-van truck.
A portion of the filter was macerated in nitric acid and the lead determined
spectrographi'cally. The combined annual average lead concentration for four
sites in metropolitan Los Angeles was approximately 40% higher than the com-
bined averages of either the five sites in metropolitan New York or the three
sites in metropolitan Detroit. Concentrations ranged from 0.4 micrograms/CU M
at coastal Santa Monica, to 18.4 micrograms/CU M at a Los Angeles freeway
interchange. Concentrations were generally highest in freeway areas, inter-
mediate in commercial areas, and lowest in residential areas, and were about
40% higher in daytime than at night. Average lead concentrations were highest
during autumn in New York and winter in Los Angeles reflecting an inverse
realtionship with wind speed. Correlation coefficients between lead and
carbon monoxide, at all sites, were statistically non-zero with 99% confidence,
and varied from 0.75 to 0.96. Lead levels in road dirt were also measured and
discussed. (Authors' abstract, modified).
78
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8 - AUTOMOBILE EMISSIONS
Study Title:
Sponsoring Agency:
Agency/Contractor
(If Applicable):
Agency/Contractor
(Performing Monitoring)
Report:
CARCINOGENIC AIR POLLUTANTS IN RELATION TO
AUTOMOTIVE TRAFFIC IN NEW YORK
APTIC Abstract 11028L
Carcinogenic Air Pollutants in Relation to
Automotive Traffic in New York. Preprint,
General Motors Research Labs., Warren, Mich.,
Dept. of Fuels and Lubricants, RP-GMR-777,
32p.t 1968. 33 Refs. (Presented at the 61st
Annual Meeting, Air Pollution Control Associa-
tion, St. Paul, Minn., June 23-27, 1968.
Paper 68-71.)
APTIC ABSTRACT
Sampling for particulates and carbon monoxide was carried out at
tions of certain polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (Benzo(A)pyrene and
Benz(A)anthracene) to automobile traffic. Carbon monoxide and lead were
determined as indicators of air pollution from automotive combustion
sources. Sampling tciuipMient was contained in a step-van truck. Par-
ticulate matter was collected on a large "absolute" filter. The benzene
extract (tar) was analyzed for benzo(A)pyrcne and benz(A)anthraccne
utilizing column ant! roversed-phase paper chroinatography in combination
with ultraviolet spectro-photometry. The average concentrations of all
pollutants were highest at Herald Square in Central Manhattan, and lowest
in suburban Scarsdale. Concentrations of benzo(A)p.yrene ranged from 0.1
micrograms/1000 CU M to 9.4 microgrems/1000 CU M, were higher
than at night, and were highest in autumn and winter. For all sites con-
sidered together, the correlation coefficient of benzo(A)pyrene with carbon
monoxide was 0.65, with load, 0.74, and vanadium 0.54; a]l three correlations
were statistically non-zero with 99% confidence. At individual sites, how-
ever some of these correlation coefficients were significant and others
were not. Benzo(A)pyrene, in air, even in areas of greatest automobile
traffic, appears related with both automotive and non-automotive sources
(space heating). Benzo(A)pyrene concentrations at the Manhattan sites in
New York were lower than previously measured in central Detroit, even
though traffic was greater at the New York sites. BAP in New York was
lower than reported for most U.S. cities, and more than reported for
several European cities.
Note: This Abstract was reproduced "as is" from the APTIC survey. The
omission of the second line was missing from the Aptic Abstract
when received.
79
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8 - AUTOMOBILE EMISSIONS
Study Title:
Sponsoring Agency:
Agency/Contractor
(If Applicable):
Agency/Contractor
(Performing Monitoring)
Report:
THE AUTOMOTIVE CONTRIBUTION TO AIR-BORNE
POLYNUCLEAR AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS IN DETROIT
General Motors Research Laboratories
General Motors Research Laboratories
Warren, Michigan
JAPCA 15(3) pp. 113-22 March 1965
ABSTRACT
The aim was to determine the contribution by automotive vehicles to the
polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in city air. Samoling of particulate
matter at the rate of 140 cu m/min 5000 *(CFM) was carried out at two
heavily-trafficked sites in Detroit and one suburban site in Warren,
Michigan. Carbon monoxide was determined continuously, and particulate
matter was analyzed for "tar," polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, lead,
vanadium, and sulfates. Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in automobile
exhaust gas are assumed to be dispersed in air along with carbon monoxide
or lead from automobiles. It is further assumed that automobiles are the
sole source of carbon monoxide and lead in the atmosphere. Concentrations
of carbon monoxide and lead in exhaust gas and in the air are utilized to
estimate the percentage of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in the air
attributable to automobiles. The mean automobile contributions to
benzo(a)pyrene in the air, based on lead concentrations, were 18% at a
freeway interchange, 5% in a downtown commercial area, and 42% in sub-
burban Warren. The average concentrations of benzo(a)pyrene at the sites
were 6 micrograms/1,000 cu m, 7 micrograms/1,000 cu m and 1 microgram/1,000
cu m, respectively. Mean contributions based on carbon monoxide concen-
trations were approximately twice the levels based on lead concentration
Benzo(a)pyrene and Benz(a)anthracene in- air were not statistically
related to carbon monoxide or lead in air, but were higher in winter than
in summer, probably because of the higher levels of these materials emitted
in space heating combustion in winter.' (Authors abstract modified).
80
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8 - CONVENTION CENTER
Study Title: . ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS OF- PROPOSED NEW YORK
CITY CONVENTION AND EXHIBITION CENTER
Sponsoring Agency: New York City Convention and Exhibition Center
Agency/Contractor
(If Applicable):
Agency Contractor
(Performing Monitoring): Environmental Systems Laboratory
Sunnyvale, California
Report: ESL-ET62, November 1973
ABSTRACT
The proposed Midtown Convention Center in Nev/ York City represents a
project with potentially significant traffic related impacts. In the
air quality study, ESL combined a monitoring program with statistical
analyses of past air quality data in Nev/ York. The monitoring program
measured ambient CO, NO?, and oxidants. Meteorological and traffic
measurements v;ere also made. The monitoring program was also employed
to calibrate ESL's urban street canyon dispersal model.
Predictions of future air, noise and water quality were calculated for
both build and no build and for conditions leading to least, most probable,
and greatest impact. For these conditions varying growth rates were assumed;
in addition vehicle emissions were calculated for three different features
of the emission control program. Material for the final environmental
impact statement is being prepared.
81
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8 - PARKING GARAGE
Study Title:
Sponsoring Agency:
Agency/Contractor
(If Applicable):
Agency/Contractor
Performing Monitoring)
Report:
CARBON MONOXIDE DETERMINATIONS IN SUBTERRANEAN
CARPORTS
APTIC Abstract 09010
Carbon monoxide determinations in subterranean
carports. ((Kohlenoxidmessungen in unterirdischen
autooinstellhallen.)) Chfm. Rundschau (Solothurn),
17(26):l-8, 1964. 5 references translated from
German. Joint publications research service,
Washington, D. C., R-8937-D, 13P., Jan. 12, 1968.
APTIC ABSTRACT
CO determinations with a recording infrared spectrograph are reported. The
measurements pertain to ventilated garages and garages without ventilation
systems in the city of Zurich. The CO concentrations in ventilated garages
are in the average (for o 10-hour measurement period) below 60 cc CO/CU.M.
Individual short-term peak values of more than 500 ppm could be occasionally
observed. The values determined in an unventilated garage with approximately
70 to 90 parking spaces ranged in the average from 90 to 100 ppm and the peak
values reached a height of more than 500 ppm CO. (Author's summary)
82
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8 - PARKING GARAGE
Study Title: LINCOLN CENTER GARAGE ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURES
Sponsoring Agency: Department of Air Resources, New York City
Agency/Contractor
(If Applicable):
Agency/Contractor
(Performing Monitoring): Department of Air Resources, New York City
Report: Interoffice Memorandum (Dept. of Air Resources,
New York City)
ABSTRACT
On Thanksgiving Day, November 23, 1972 a number of people experienced
symptoms of being overcome or were overcome due to exposure to high
levels of carbon monoxide while v/aiting in their automobiles to leave
the parking garage. The Department of Air Resources installed carbon
monoxide monitoring equipment in the garage the following day to measure
the CO levels in the garage. Data reported in the memo that was furnished
showed a maximum 1 hour average concentration as high as 71-85 ppm. Data
for other hours on Saturdays and Sundays showed 1 hour maximums of 46-42
ppm. and maximum 8 hour averages of 18-42 ppm.
The high levels of CO on the Thanksgiving Day weekend were attributed
to traffic conditions on 65th street which did not permit automobiles
to exit from the garage freely and thereby caused auto's to idle in the
garage for long times. Also, possibly the ventilation system was not
being used to its capacity.
Expected dosage levels to persons exposed to high levels of CO for short
periods of time .are given and-comparison is then made in terms of the
expected carboxyhemoglobin levels of the blood. Recommendations to avoid
the high levels of CO in the garage in the future are listed.
83
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8 - RESIDENTIAL
DEVELOPMENT
Study Title:
Sponsoring Agency:
Agency/Contractor
(If Applicable):
Agency/Contractor
(Performing Monitoring)
Report:
DRAFT ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT TO THE CITY
OF MOUNTAIN VIEW
SUBJFCT: PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT AT
266 ESCUELA-STREET
Private
Environmental Systems Laboratory
Sunnyvale, California
ESL-ET45 March 1973
ABSTRACT
An environmental impact statement was written by ESL for a residential
tract in Mountain View, California. Since the development was near
U.S. 101, a major highway with a projected Average Daily Traffic of 185,000
vehicles, air quality and noise were the major issues. Both air quality
and noise were monitored at the site during this project. The pollutant
monitored was carbon monoxide. Meteorological measurement and traffic
measurements were also made. ESL assisted the developer in designing a
phased construction plan, in which houses will be built nearer the roadway
as future emission controls take effect.
84
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TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
1. REPORT NO.
EPA-450/3-74-043
2.
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION-NO.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
S. REPORT DATE
Compilation of Indirect Source Monitoring Studies
April 3, 1974
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. ^UTHOR(S)
John T. MacWaters, Douglas J. Pel ton
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
EF-316
P. PERFORMING ORG'NNIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
GEOMET, Inc.
50 Monroe Street
Rockville, Maryland 20850
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
2AC129-53
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-02-1094
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
U.S. EPA; OAQPS, MDAD, SRAB
Research Triangle Park, N. C. 2771"
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
16. ABSTRACT
•
A presentation of abstracts of air quality monitoring studies conducted in
the vicinity of indirect sources is made. Types of indirect sources include
airports, amusement parks, highways, parking lots, shopping centers, recreational
areas, sports complexes, commercial and residential developments and parking
garages. The purpose of the report is to provide potential sources of information
to these agencies or developers having to make an analysis of the impact of a
proposed indirect source on air quality.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.IDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
c. COSATI Field/Group
Air pollution, atmospheric composition,
exhaust emissions, carbon monoxide
Air quality monitoring
indirect sources
1302
Civil Engineering
air pollution
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
Release unlimited
19. SECURITY CLASS (This Report)
Unclassified
21. NO. OF PAGES
82
20. SECURITY CLASS (Thispage)
Unclassified
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
85
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rNSTRUCTIONS
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(a) DESCRIPTORS - Select from the Thesaurus of Engineering and Scientific Terms the proper authorized terms that identify the major
concept of the research and are sufficiently specific and precise to be used us index entries for cataloging.
(b) IDENTIFIERS AND OPEN-ENDED TERMS - Use identifiers for project names, code names, equipment designators, etc. Use open-
ended terms written in descriptor form for those subjects for which no descriptor exists.
(c) COSATI FIELD GROUP - Field and group assignments are to be taken from the 1965 COSATI Subject Category List. Since the ma-
jority of documents are multidisciplinary in nature, the Primary Field/Group assignment(s) will be specific discipline, area of human
endeavor, or type of physical object. The application(s) will be cross-referenced with secondary Field/Group assignments that will follow
the primary posting(s).
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
Denote releasability to the public or limitation for reasons other than security for example "Release Unlimited." Cite any availability to
the public, with address and price.
19. &20. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION
DO NOT submit classified reports to the National Technical Information service.
21. NUMBER OF PAGES
Insert the total number of pages, including this one and unnumbered pages, but exclude distribution list, if any.
22. PRICE
Insert the price set by the National Technical Information Service or the Government Printing Office, if known.
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73) (Reverse) 86
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