EPA-450/3-74-046-a
JULY 1974
AIR POLLUTION
CONSIDERATIONS
IN RESIDENTIAL PLANNING
VOLUME I:
MANUAL
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Office of Air and Waste Management
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
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EPA-450/3-74-046-a
AIR POLLUTION
CONSIDERATIONS
IN RESIDENTIAL PLANNING
VOLUME I:
MANUAL
by
T. M. Briggs, M. Overstreet,
A. Kothari, andT. W. Devitt
PEDCo-Environmental Specialists, Inc
Suite 13 , Atkinson Square
Cincinnati, Ohio 45246
Contract No. 68-02-1089
EPA Project Officer: John Robson
Prepared for
DEPARTMENT OF HOUSING AND URBAN DEVELOPMENT
Washington, D. C. 20410
and
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Office of Air and Waste Management
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards
Research Triangle Park, N. C. 27711
July 1974
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This report is issued by the Environmental Protection Agency to report
technical data of interest to a limited number of readers. Copies are
available free of charge to Federal employees, current contractors
and grantees, and nonprofit organizations - as supplies permit - from
the Air Pollution Technical Information Center, Environmental Protection
Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711; or, for a
fee, from the National Technical Information Service, 5285 Port Royal
Road, Springfield, Virginia 22161.
This report was furnished to the Environmental Protection Agency
by PEDCo-Environmental Specialists, Inc. Cincinnati, Ohio 45246,
in fulfillment of Contract No. 68-02-1089- The contents of this report
are reproduced herein as received from PEDCo-Environmental
Specialists, Inc. The opinions, findings, and conclusions expressed
are those of the author and not necessarily those of the Environmental
Protection Agency. Mention of company or product names is not to
be considered as an endorsement by the Environmental Protection
Agency.
Publication No. EPA-450/3-74-046-a
11
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This report was prepared for the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency and the Department of Housing and Urban
Development by PEDCo-Environmental Specialists, Inc.,
Cincinnati, Ohio and Vogt, Sage and Pflum, Cincinnati, Ohio.
Mr. Timothy Devitt was the PEDCo Project Manager. Principal
investigators were Messrs. Terry Briggs, Mace Overstreet and
Atul Kothari. Mrs. Anne Cassel edited the report and Mr.
Chuck Fleming was responsible for final report preparation.
Mr. John Robson was Project Officer for the U.S. En-
vironmental Protection Agency and Mr. Charles Z. Szczepanski
served as Project Officer for the Department of Housing and
Urban Development. Mr. Tom McCurdy of the U.S. Environ-
mental Protection Agency conducted an in-depth review of the
manual for overall content and validity of the calculation
procedures. The authors appreciate the assistance and
cooperation expended to them by members of the U.S. Environ-
mental Protection Agency and the Department of Housing and
Urban Development.
111
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The procedures presented in this manual should not be con-
sidered accurate estimating methods. They represent a first
attempt to present simplified procedures for determining the
impact of air pollutants on residential developments. The
procedures presented have not been empirically tested to
determine their validity. However, the manual calculation
methods have been checked by the Environmental Protection
Agency and the Department of Housing and Urban Development
employing relevant existing data.
The manual has been written for use, primarily by residen-
tial planners and assumes the user has little or no formal
training in air pollution and related scientific disci-
plines.
IV
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
ACKNOWLEDGMENT iii
LIST OF FIGURES vii
LIST OF TABLES ix
1 INTRODUCTION 1
THE POLLUTANTS 3
USE OF THE MANUAL 5
WHAT THIS MANUAL DOES 5
ORGANIZATION OF THE MANUAL 7
2 RAPID EVALUATION OF AIR POLLUTION IMPACT 9
ON RESIDENTIAL PLANNING
RAPID CALCULATION PROCEDURE 10
AIR QUALITY STANDARDS AND RECOMMENDED ACTION 14
3 ANALYZING AND EVALUATING THE SITE 17
CO CONCENTRATIONS 17
PARTICULATE AND S02 CONCENTRATIONS 18
ANALYSIS FOR HIGH-DENSITY SITES 19
AIR QUALITY STANDARDS 21
OTHER POLLUTANTS 22
OVERALL ANALYSIS OF AIR POLLUTION IMPACT 24
v
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Page
4 ASSEMBLING MATERIALS AND DATA 27
MATERIALS 27
DATA GENERAL 29
DATA, HIGH-DENSITY SITE 31
DATA, LOW-DENSITY SITE 31
5 CALCULATING OUTDOOR POLLUTANT LEVELS 35
CRITICAL SITE POINTS 35
POLLUTION FROM ROADWAYS 37
POLLUTION FROM PARKING LOTS 45
POLLUTION FROM POINT SOURCES 50
POLLUTION FROM SPACE HEATING 65
POLLUTION FROM AIRPORTS 73
EVALUATING OUTDOOR POLLUTANT LEVELS 75
6 CALCULATING INDOOR POLLUTANT LEVELS 77
PRELIMINARY CALCULATIONS 78
TOTAL INDOOR POLLUTANT LEVELS 84
EVALUATING INDOOR POLLUTANT LEVELS 86
7 RECOMMENDED DESIGN PRACTICES 87
SITE DESIGN 87
BUILDING AND CONSTRUCTION 89
8 SITE ANALYSIS: AN EXAMPLE 99
COLLECTING DATA 99
COMPUTING CO CONCENTRATIONS 102
COMPUTING PARTICULATE AND S02 CONCENTRATIONS 109
EVALUATING THE SITE 124
GLOSSARY OF TERMS 129
APPENDIX A INDUSTRIAL SOURCES OF POLLUTION 131
APPENDIX B AIR QUALITY MONITORING REQUIREMENTS 133
APPENDIX C INFORMATION NEEDED FROM NEDS FORMS 137
SAMPLE WORKSHEETS 141
VI
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Page
2-1 Normalized CO Concentration at Grade Due 15
to an At-Grade Road
2-2 Normalized CO Concentration at 50 Feet 15
Above Ground Due to an At-Grade Road
3-1 Outline of Site Evaluation 23
3-2 Evaluation Flowsheet 25
4-1 Sample Area Map 28
5-1 Conversion from AADT to Peak and Off-Peak 41
Hourly Traffic Volume
5-2 Determination of Average Highway Speed 41
5-3 Calculation of Normalized Concentration 46
of CO from Roadways
5-4 CO Impact Due to Parking Lots 49
5-5 Determination of Source Significance 53
5-6 Conversion from Tons/Year to Grams/Sec. 53
5-7 Determination of Plume Rise 59
5-8 Calculation of Normalized Concentration 61
for Point Sources
5-9 Correction Factor for Particulates 64
5-10 Correction Factor for SO2 64
5-11 Concentrations of Pollutants from 74
Space Heating
6-1 Indoor-Outdoor Ratios: Carbon Monoxide, 82
All Systems
VI1
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Figure Page
6-2 Indoor-Outdoor Ratios: Particulates, 82
Recirculation, no Make-Up Air
6-3 Indoor-Outdoor Ratios: Particulates, 83
Make-Up Air Only Filtered
6-4 Indoor-Outdoor Ratios: Particulates, 83
Recirculation and Make-Up Air Filtered
7-1 Illustrations of Good and Poor Design 90-94
Practices
8-1 Simplified Area Map for Example 100
8-2 Schematic Representation of a Section 101
of an Area Map for the Example
8-3 - Schematic Representation of the Area 113
Map for Point Source Evaluation
B-l Point Source Coding Form 134
Vlll
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LIST OF TABLES
Table Page
2-1 Carbon Monoxide Emission Factors 13
for Roadways
5-1 Average Carbon Monoxide Emission 42
Factors for Collector Roads
5-2 Average Carbon Monoxide Emission 42
Factors for Highways
5-3 Parking Lot Correction Factors 50
6-1 Structural Permeability Coefficients 80
B-l NEDS Form Coding 135
IX
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1 INTRODUCTION
Over the past several years the responsibilities of the
residential development planner have expanded; whereas he once
represented primarily the interests of the developer, he is now
concerned also with safeguarding the health and welfare of the
residents of the proposed development and of the public at large.
Environmental impact statements are often required to ensure that
development of a site, or the method of development, will not
adversely affect the environment. Increasingly stringent zoning
laws and building standards are being enacted to preserve the
integrity of communities and of the surrounding areas. To protect
the potential residents of a development, the planner must also
assess land use compatibility, site hazards, and pollution and
noise potential of the proposed site and structures.
Within this context of concern for the health and welfare
of residents, planners are giving increased attention to the
levels of air pollution to which potential residents may be
exposed. Possible air pollution exposures are particularly
important in urban residential developments. The U.S. Environmen-
tal Protection Agency and the Department of Housing and Urban
Development, recognizing the need for procedures by which planners
can assess potential air pollution exposures, initiated a study
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to produce guidelines for residential planners. This manual
is designed to assist the planner in site selection and planning,
in building design, and in determining whether the air pollution
levels resulting from activities external to the site as well
as from the manner in which the site is developed and used will
satisfy standards and provide the best possible air quality.
Detailed procedures are presented for determining anticipated
outdoor and indoor air pollutant levels at proposed or existing
housing sites. Guidelines that apply to each pollutant are based
on national standards citing the pollutant level not to be ex-
ceeded .
It is obvious that predicting the concentrations of air
pollutants at a given site, for a given time, is extremely com-
plex. Pollutant concentrations depend upon a variety of meteoro-
logical, topographical, and emission factors. In preparing this
manual we have to compromise the technical accuracy of the esti-
mation procedures to avoid the need for detailed atmospheric
dispersion models, which can be solved only with high-speed com-
puters. For this reason, the results obtained by the procedures
set forth herein should be considered as approximations.
The manual is generally applicable to a wide variety of
residential developments, from single family units to high-rise
apartments and from small projects to high acreage developments.
With certain residential sites, use of these procedures
may be wholly inappropriate. They would not apply, for example,
to very rough terrains, to sites already surrounded by tall build-
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ings, to coastal terrains, and other unusual sites. Further,
these procedures do not account for local recessed or elevated
thruways, emissions from underground garages, or possible high
levels of certain unusual and hazardous pollutants. The planner
who is faced with these or other unusual siting considerations
should obtain the services of a reliable environmental engineering
firm to monitor air quality at the proposed site and to provide
consultation regarding site development. Care should be taken
that air sampling and monitoring procedures comply with EPA guide-
lines.
THE POLLUTANTS
The pollutants of concern in these guidelines for residen-
tial planning are carbon monoxide, particulates, and sulfur
dioxide.
Carbon monoxide (CO), the most common air pollutant, reduces
the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood. Short-term exposures
to CO have been shown to cause changes in cardiovascular func-
tioning and impairment of visual and time-interval discrimina-
tion. Fuel combustion is the main source of CO. Major sources
of CO emission are motor vehicles, industrial processes, and
solid waste disposal.
Particulate pollutants (abbreviated TSP, for 'total
suspended particulate') have been shown to increase the inci-
dence of respiratory illness, especially in chronic conditions.
Certain particulate matter is toxic, and a number of substances
are carcinogenic. Particulates can also cause visibility reduc-
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tiori and odors. The major sources of participate pollutants
and of the third pollutant, sulfur dioxide, relate to combustion
of fuels.
The biological effects of sulfur dioxide (S02) on humans
appear to be related to irritation of the respiratory system.
S02 also reduces visibility and can cause extensive damage to
materials and vegetation. The major SO2 emissions are combus-
tion of coal and oil and certain industrial operations.
Other major pollutants, some of which significantly affect
human health, cannot be considered within the scope of these
basic guidelines. Hydrocarbons, for example, enter into and
promote the formation of photochemical oxidants, which have
adverse effects on health, vegetation, and materials. Because
of the complexity of the photochemical reactions, procedures
for estimating these pollutant concentrations cannot be pre-
sented in a simplified format. Likewise, some specific substances,
mainly from industrial sources, can produce adverse health effects:
asbestos, arsenic, beryllium, cadmium, lead, mercury, organic
carcinogens, pesticides, and radioactive materials. An important
phase of the planner's analysis of air pollution impact, therefore,
is to consider the possibility that these additional pollutants
may impinge upon the site proposed for development. Analysis
of neighboring industries with respect to the pollutants they
emit is considered in a later section on pollutant standards.
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USE OF THE MANUAL
When an evaluation of the air pollution impact on a residen-
tial site must be made, the following steps are recommended:
1 - Use the Preliminary Evaluation procedure presented in
Section 2 to rapidly identify sites and specific site locations
with potential air pollution problems.
2 - For small projects from 1 to 50 housing units in size,
only the Preliminary Evaluation procedure in Section 2 need be
performed if the air quality criteria for TSP, SO2 and CO are
not exceeded.
3 - The complete procedure presented in the manual starting
with Section 3 should be followed if:
a) the air quality criteria are exceeded for a small
project using the Preliminary Evaluation procedure,
b) the project is sufficiently large to require Special
Environmental Clearance according to HUD Handbook
1390-1. This is for design of projects with 50 or
more housing lots or 100 or more apartments or both.
4 - For large projects, site monitoring and mathematical
modeling or air pollution exposure of the population in the pro-
ject area are recommended. A general designation of projects
in this size range is:
a) projects with an estimated cost above $15 million.
b) Projects requiring approval by local governments
in contiguous areas for aggregate value of several
applications totalling more than $15 million.
WHAT THIS MANUAL DOES
The main procedures set forth in the manual will enable the
user to determine for a given site the following pollutant expo-
sures over the designated time intervals:
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Carbon monoxide 1 hour and 8 hours
Particulates 1 day
Sulfur dioxide 3 hours
The time intervals are those specified in National Ambient
Air Quality Standards.
In developing an estimate of air pollution impact on a pro-
posed site, the residential planner performs the following calcu-
lations :
Total CO concentrations = concentrations due to roadways
+ concentrations due to parking.
Total particulate and = concentrations due to point
SO- concentrations sources + concentrations due
to space heating (area sources).
Notice that the planner deals basically with four categories
of pollution: from roadways, from parking, from point sources,
and from heating. Since these four categories form the basis
of the computation procedure, let us consider how the terms are
used 4-n this manual.
Roadway emissions are treated as infinitely long line pollu-
tant sources. Major intersections are treated separately, since
they can generate significantly higher local pollution levels.
Point sources are defined as local industrial and commercial
operations including fuel burning and process operations. Typical
point sources are power plants, chemical plants, refineries,
and asphalt batching plants.
Area sources are considered to be distributed fairly uni-
formly over an area. We are concerned principally with two types:
emissions from ground-level car parking lots (for calculating
CO concentrations), and emissions from residential, commercial,
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and institutional heating (for calculating particulate and
concentrations). Emissions from airports are handled separately.
ORGANIZATION OF THE MANUAL
The manual is organized in the following manner:
Section 2 provides a procedure for preliminary evaluation
to aid in identifying areas with potential air pollution problems
and also areas with low air pollution levels that require no
further calculations.
Section 3 outlines briefly the basic steps of site analysis,
indicating the types of calculations the planner will perform and
results he will obtain. Following this overview of the basic
procedures are listed the Ambient Air Quality Standards - the yard-
sticks against which results are measured.
Sectior^ 4 gives instructions for information-gathering; it
identifies the types of data required and sources from which to
obtain them.
Section 5 presents in detail the procedures for determining
air pollution impact on a residential site. Each step of the
analysis is described; worksheets, graphs, and tables needed for
computation are provided.
Section 6 gives procedures for converting outdoor pollutant
levels to indoor levels as a function of the structural character-
istics of buildings.
Section 7 considers design practices, for both sites and
structures, that can minimize outdoor and indoor pollutant concen-
trations .
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Section 8 presents an example of site analysis by the
recommended procedures.
8
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2 RAPID EVALUATION OF AIR POLLUTION
IMPACT ON RESIDENTIAL SITES
By the procedures presented here, a planner can rapidly
identify potential air pollution problems at a proposed residen-
tial development site. The rapid evaluation technique also is
adequate for calculating air pollution impact on residential
projects ranging in size from 1 to 50 housing units. No further
evaluation is required for these small projects if the following
requirements are met:
1. The local air pollution control agency specifies that
there is an air monitoring station within 5 miles of the site
and that the annual average levels of both total suspended particu-
lates (TSP) and sulfur dioxide (SO..,) are less than 60 yg/m .
2. The agency specifies that there are no point sources
within 1 mile of the site boundary that are likely to cause sig-
nificant air pollution impact on the site.
3. The procedure presented here for rapid calculation of
concentrations of carbon monoxide (CO) indicates a maximum CO
impact at the site lower than 10 mg/m^.
Follow the complete evaluation procedures given in the Manual
(starting with Section 3) if:
0 Reported levels of TSP and SO- exceed 60 yg/m .
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0 Calculated levels of CO (rapid method) exceed 10 mg/m .
0 The project is large enough to require Special Environmental
Clearance according to HUD Handbook 1390-1. Environmental
clearance is required for design of projects with 50 or
more housing lots or 100 or more apartments, or both.
Evaluation of very large projects may require air quality
monitoring at the proposed site and mathematical modeling of
air pollution exposures of the populations in the project areas.
This treatment is recommended for:
0 Projects with an estimated cost above $15 million.
0 Projects requiring approval by local governments in con-
tiguous areas for aggregate value of several applications
totalling more than $15 million.
Appendix B presents guidelines to be used by the planner
when air quality monitoring is required.
RAPID CALCULATION PROCEDURE
Particulates and Sulfur Dioxide
Contact an engineer with the local or regional air pollution
control agency to determine whether an air monitoring station
measuring TSP and SO- is located within 5 miles of the ^ite bound-
ary. If a monitoring station is located within this distance,
obtain the annual average concentrations of TSP and S02. Also,
ask the engineer to determine whether any point source within
1 mile of the site boundary might cause a significant air pollution
impact at the site.
If the air pollution control agency reports that the annual
average levels of both TSP and SO2 are less than 60 yg/m and
that no significant point sources are located within 1 mile of
the site, this evaluation indicates no TSP or SO.^ pollution
problems. If the levels are higher follow Lhe recommended
procedures described on Page l-'i .
10
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Carbon Monoxide
Obtain the Annual Average Daily Traffic volume (AADT) for
all collector streets within 1000 feet of the site boundary and
all highways within 2000 feet of the site boundary. If possible,
obtain estimated AADT values for these roads 10 years hence.
These AADT values can be obtained from A-95 Review Agencies or
from the offices of a city, county, or state traffic engineer.
Next, obtain an area map and on it outline an area encom-
passing 1 mile radius around the site. Select a central location
at the site for which to determine the CO pollution impact from
roadways. If the site is larger than 5 acres, perform the calcu-
lations for several critical site locations. Locations adjacent
to major roadways usually have the highest concentration of CO.
When the current (today's AADT values) CO impact on the site is
determined, repeat the procedure using the AADT values estimated
for 10 years hence.
Using the Rapid Evaluation Worksheet, make the following
computations and entries.
Line 1: Enter the name of each roadway meeting the
criteria cited (collector streets within 1000 feet;
highways within 2000 feet).
Line 2: Assign a road number to each roadway.
Line 3: Enter the shortest distance between the roadway
and the site location. Use a scale and the area map.
Line 4: Enter the traffic rate, AADT-
Line 5: Determine the CO emission factors for each
collector street and highway from Table 2-1.
Select the year to designate either the occupancy date
of the project or 10 years after that date.
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RAPID EVALUATION WORKSHEET: CO POLLUTION FROM ROADWAYS
Line
1
2
3
4
5
6
Road name
Road number
Normal distance, ft
AADT, vpd
CO emission factor
Emission rate
North Wind Direction
7 Angle with roadway (0)
8 Normal concentration
(Figure 2.1)
9 Impact , mg/m
East Wind Direction
7 Angle with roadway
8 Normal concentration
(Figure 2.1)
9 Impact , mg/m
South Wind Direction
7 Angle with roadway
8 Normal concentration
(Figure 2.1)
9 Impact, mg/m
West Wind Direction
7 Angle with roadway (;zO
8 Normal concentration
(Figure 2.1)
9 Impact , mg/m
10 Highest impact, mg/m
11 Parking lot contribution,
mg/m
12 Total CO impact , mg/m
Total CO,
Impact,
mg/m
12
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Table 2.1 CARBON MONOXIDE (CO) EMISSION
FACTORS FOR ROADWAYS
Year
Collector
Roads
Highways
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1985
1990
8.
7.
6.
5.
4.
4.
3.
2.
1.
4
6
6
6
8
1
5
1
9
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
10-4
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
-4
-4
-4
-4
-4
-4
-4
-4
3.
3.
2.
2.
2.
1.
1.
0.
0.
8
4
9
5
2
9
6
9
8
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
io'i
ID'4
10-4
10~4
10-4
io~4
10~?
ID'4
lO-4
Line 6: Enter the emission rate = line 4 x line 5.
To evaluate the pollution impact for different wind directions,
complete lines 1, 8 and 9 for each roadway, draw lines repre-
senting the four major wind directions, intersecting at the
site location as shown below.
Roadway
13
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Line 7: Determine the angle, in degrees (designated), made
by the roadway and each wind direction vector. If the roadway
does not intersect a wind direction vector, leave line 7
blank. In the example shown, the roadway intersects wind
directions North and West, forming angles 1 and 2, respectively,
Line 8: Refer to Figure 2-1 with normal dir^ance (line 3)
and angle with roadway (line 7) to obtain nr malized CO
concentration. To determine concentration at an elevation
50 feet above ground level at the site, refer to Figure 2-2
with values from line 3 and line 7.
Line 9: Calculate the CO concentration at the site due to
the roadway- CO impact = line 6 x line 8.
Determine total CO impact from roadways by summing across
the line 9's for each wind direction.
Line 10: Enter the highest roadway impact concentration from
values for the four wind directions.
Line 11: If the closest point of one or more residential
parking lots is located within 150 feet of the site, enter
2 mg/m^-
Line 12: For total CO impact at the site, add line 10 and
line 11. If the total CO impact is less than 10 mg/m ,
this rapid estimate indicates no CO pollution problems.
AIR QUALITY STANDARDS AND RECOMMENDED ACTION
The primary functioning of this preliminary procedure is to
rapidly identify developments with low air pollution levels and
circumvent the full procedure presented in the manual. If, however
only this preliminary procedure is used to determine site accept-
ability, the following air quality standards are applicable:
CO 15 mg/m , 1 hour concentration
TSP 75 ug/m , annual average
S09 80 yg/m , annual average
The Department of Housing and Urban Development recommends
certain actions for design and construction of residential develop-
ments, based on the pollutant values determined in this section.
14
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1.0
.9
.8
.7
.6
.5
2
y
g
o
.2
0.10
.09
.08
.07
.06
0-ANGLE OF INTERSECTION
BETWEEN WIND DIRECTION -
AND HIGHWAY ALIGNMENT
IN DEGREES
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800 METERS
200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400 2600 FEET
NORMAL DISTANCE FROM EDGE OF SHOULDER
Figure 2-1. Normalized CO concentration at
grade due to an at-grade road.
o
§
0 - AflGLE1 OF INTERSECTION
BETWEEN WIND DIRECTION i
AND HIGHWAY ALIGNMENT
IN DEGREES
400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 FEET
NORMAL DISTANCE FROM EDGE OF THE SHOULDER
Figure 2-2. Normalized CO concentration at 50
feet above ground level due to an at-grade road
15
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To determine the appropriate action, apply the following factors
to the pollutant values obtained with the rapid evaluation tech-
nique and compare results with the standards given above.
1. If the concentration of any pollutant exceeds the air
quality standard by a factor of 1.4 or more, the site is not
recommended for residential use. Poor air quality constitutes
an immediate danger to human health.
2. If the concentration of any pollutant ranges from 1.0 to
1.4 times the standard, do not designate use of outdoor space
at the site for recreation or rest, especially for children or
the elderly. Building construction will require plastic membrane
in walls and ceilings, tight windows and doors, filtration of
inside air, and no abutting garages. Kitchen ranges must be
non-polluting.
"' r
3. If the concentration of any pollutant ranges from 0.7 to
1.0 times the standard, exercise some precautions in design and
construction of buildings and use of the property. Refer to
Section 7 of the manual for some recommended design practices.
4. If concentrations of all pollutants are lower than 0.7
times the standards, traditional construction methods and unre-
stricted use of property are possible.
It should be noted here that the air quality standards for
TSP and S0~ used in the rest of the manual are based on short-
term exposure levels, not on an annual average.
16
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3 ANALYZING AND EVALUATING THE SITE
In this section we consider briefly the basic steps of
site analysis, looking at the process as a whole. This over-
view is presented to orient the user of the manual so that he
can envision from the outset the kind of processes involved and
the results they produce.
Pollutant concentrations at the proposed site are determined
by summing the effects of all major outdoor emission sources.
The procedures yield (1) short-term concentrations of carbon
monoxide, sulfur dioxide, and particulates, and (2) the wind
directions that produce the worst-case concentrations
for each pollutant.
CO CONCENTRATIONS
The analysis will sum the pollutant contributions to the
site from automobile emissions from the eight major wind direc-
tions . Since two categories of pollutant sources are involved
for CO (roadways and parking), the tabulation of CO concentra-
tions takes this form:
17
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Summary: CO Concentrations
Wind Direction
N NE E SE S SW W NW
Concentration, mg/m3
1 . Roadways
2 . Parking
3 . Total
4 . Maximum 1-hour Concentration
•
Detailed instructions showing how to obtain the values needed
to complete this table are given in Section 4. The planner will
find that because of the geographical distribution of sources
there are no values for some wind directions. In any event, the
highest CO concentration in any wind direction, recorded on line
4, becomes the value he is to compare with the air quality
standard.
PARTICULATE AND S02 CONCENTRATIONS
Unlike those for carbon monoxide, the calculations for TSP
and SOj entail computations for a maximum of four winH Directions,
which are selected as described fully in Section 5. with these two
pollutants the major source categories are individual point sources
and the over-all area source comprised of building heating units.
The format for summarizing concentrations of TSP and SO9 is this:
*The units used to express pollutant concentration in this
manual are: for CO - mg/m^ or milligrams/meter3; for parti-
culate and SO - yg/m3 or micrograms/meter3 = 10"^ x
18
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Summary: Particulate and SO2 Concentrations
TSP
SO.
1. Highest impact wind
direction number
2 . Point source total
concentration f yg/m
3. Space heating concen-
tration, yg/m
4. Total yg/m
If there are no significant point sources of particulate,
or if the maximum total concentration calculated for particulates
is less than 100 yg/m , it is assumed that the ambient level of
this pollutant is in the acceptable region and no further calcula-
tions are made. Similarly, if there are no significant sources
of S02 or if the maximum total is less than 200 yg/m , no further
calculations are made. Again, line 4 of the TSP and SO- summary
table gives the total concentrations for comparison with the
standards.
The two formats presented above for summarizing pollutant
concentrations are used only for low-density sites. Criteria for
determining whether the proposed site is characterized as having
high or low density are considered in later sections; the criteria
relate primarily to the type and density of roadways in the area
and affect chiefly the CO concentrations.
ANALYSIS FOR HIGH-DENSITY SITES
In this manual the analysis for the high-density site is
far less rigorous than that for the low-density site because of
19
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practical difficulties of dealing with the usually complex
urban development site. The user should bear in mind that the
simplified procedure discussed here will generate only a very
rough approximation of pollutant concentrations at the site.
The residential planner should seek professional consultation
for a more thorough analysis of air pollution impact at a high-
density site.
For the high-density site we analyze only those roadways
within one block; i.e., the roadways fronting on the site,
together with all other roadways within one block or 500 feet
(whichever is closer) of any point on the site. If a highway
with traffic volume more than double that of the nearby streets
is located within 100 feet of the site at the nearest point, it
is included in the analysis.
Analysis for a high-density site also entails data on
background levels of the pollutants; these values are obtained
through the local air pollution control agency or from the HUD
Regional or Areawide Planning Agency, designated as an A-95
Review Agency. The summary of pollutants for a high-density
site is presented as follows:
Pollutant Summary: High-Density Site
123
Roadway Background Total
Level Level
/ 3
i. TSP yg/m
3
2. so2 yg/m
3. CO (1 hr)
20
-------
The three summary formats presented in this section are
used throughout the manual. They are adequate for most cases
to which the procedures described herein can be applied. As
already mentioned, special cases, such as those involving
unusual terrain or the proximity of airports, require profes-
sional evaluation. In all cases, whether pollutant concentra-
tions are estimated by procedures of this manual or are computed
by other means, they are compared with the concentrations set
forth in National Ambient Air Quality Standards.
AIR QUALITY STANDARDS
The following pollution levels derived from the National
Standards are presented as standards to protect human health:
OUTDOOR INDOOR
3 3
CO - 15 mg/m , 1-hour level 6 mg/m , 8-hour level
TSP - 210 yg/rn3, 24-hour level 210 yg/ra3, 24-hour level
S02 - 450 yg/m , 3-hour level 450 yg/m , 3-hour level
These values represent levels not to be exceeded more than
3 percent of the time period per year and they would indicate
severe although not emergency air quality conditions. The
normal pollutant levels at a residential site should be consi-
derably lower, especially in areas designated for sports or
other strenuous activities.
If all the pollutant levels obtained in site analysis are
below the standards, the area can be considered acceptable for
average uses. If any pollutant concentration is higher than
the standard, the pollutant level is considered unacceptable
21
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and too high for extended exposure.
If an outdoor pollutant level is unacceptable, efforts should
be made to rearrange functional elements of the proposed site
so that active recreational areas lie within zones where concen-
trations are in the acceptable range. The planner should under-
take a detailed analysis of methods of reducing outdoor pollution
exposures, as outlined in Section 7.
If outdoor pollution concentrations are lower than 80 percent
of the standards, the indoor levels should be acceptable and
no further calculations are necessary. If this criterion is
not met, the procedure described in Section 7 is followed to
determine the indoor pollutant concentrations.
If the indoor carbon monoxide level must be determined,
the outdoor 1-hour level is translated into an 8-hour indoor
level. This transformation is made to represent the effects
of building materials and air circulation systems 'on indoor CO
levels in a realistic manner. The 8-hour CO level not to be
exceeded more than 3 percent of the time per yeair is 6 mg/m .
If the indoor standards are exceeded, steps must be taken
to minimize indoor pollutant levels. Some recommended practices
are described in Section 7-.
An outline of the site air pollution evaluation procedure
is presented in Figure 3-1.
OTHER POLLUTANTS
Listed below are compounds that have been identified as
potentially harmful contaminants in the atmosphere. If any plant
22
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PRELIMINARY EVALUATION
HIGH DENSITY
DATA
COLLECTION
DETERMINE SITE
LOCATIONS TO CHECK
AIR QUALITY
CALCULATE CO LEVEL
ROADWAYS
ACQUIRE MAPS
DETERMINE DENSITY OF
LOCAL LAND DEVELOPMENT
LOW DENSITY
DATA
COLLECTION
v
DETERMINE SITE
LOCATIONS TO CHECK
AIR QUALITY
CALCULATE CO LEVEL
ROADWAYS & PARKING LOTS
CALCULATE TSP & S02 LEVELS
POINT SOURCES & SPACE HEATING
DETERMINE
TOTAL
OUTDOOR POLLUTION
1
LEVELS
r
COMPARE WITH STANDARDS
CALCULATE INDOOR LEVELS
DETERMINE SITE ACCEPTABILITY
Figure 3.1 Outline of site evaluation
23
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located within 2 km (1.25 miles) of the proposed site emits
one or more of these compounds, the planner should consult the
local air pollution agency to determine whether the site presents
a human health hazard. A more detailed analysis of pollutants
from industrial sources is given in Appendix A.
Aldehydes (includes acrolein
and formaldehyde)
Ammonia
Arsenic and its compounds
Asbestos
Barium and its compounds
Beryllium and its compounds
Boron and its compounds
Cadmium and its compounds
Chloride gas
Chromium and its compounds
(includes chromic acid)
Hydrochloric acid
Mercury and its compounds
Nickel and its compounds
Organic carcinogens
Pesticides
Phosphorus and its compounds
Radioactive substances
Selenium and its compounds
Vanadium and its compounds
Zinc and its compounds
OVERALL ANALYSIS OF AIR POLLUTION IMPACT
In this section we have touched briefly upon the major ele-
ments of analysis and evaluation of proposed residential sites.
By way of further delineating the total evaluation process,
Figure 3-2 depicts the sequential flow of analytical procedures,
which are discussed in detail in the following sections.
24
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[ PREPARE AREA MAP (P-27) j
IQBTAI:; BUILDUP DATA (p-29T|
3ETERHI.IE INTENSITY
DEVELOPMENT -
OF LOCAL LAND
(P-30)
HIGH OEH5ITY ANALYSIS |
DEFME SITE SUE (P-35) j
LARGE I I SMALL!
DEFINE SITE SIZE (P-3S)
LARGE
SMALL
[ CET TRAFFIC DATA (P-31) |
GET CAIIP DATA (P-31)
CHOOSE 4
CRITICAL SITE
LOCATIONS
(P-36)
CHCOSE 1
CENTRAL
SITE LOCATION
(P-36)
CHOOSE AT LEAST 6
CRITICAL SITE L
FOR ANALYSIS (P-36)
I 1 I
1
GET TRAFFIC DATA (P-31) )
I
I
| OBTAIN POINT SOURCE DATA (P-32) ]
I
IOBTAM
J
f OBTAIN
|
ATIONS
6)
I
SPACE HEATi.'IG DATA (P-33)]
1
AIRPORT 4 LEATHER DATA
|
CHOOSE 3 OR 4
SITE LOCATIONS
FOR ANALYSIS (P-36)
(P-M) |
I
CHOOSE 1
SITE LOC
TOR ANAL
(P-36)
CALCULATE IMPACT FROM ROADUAYS-UORKSHEETS 1 t 2 (P-37)
J
| CALCULATE IhOACT
*
I t
FROM PARKING LOTS-WORKSHEET
^ I
3 (P-45) J
CALCULATE MAXIMUM CO IMPACT - (P-4S)
J
[DETERMINE THE SIGNIFICANT ponr SOURCES-UORKSHEET 4 (P-SO)|
USE CAMP DATA F03 TOTAL
TSP t S02 LEVELS (P-63)
NO
CALCULATE TOTAL TSP. i so, I.IPACT FROM POINT SOURCES
WORKSHEETS 5, 6. 7a.i 7t fP-60)
IS TOTAL POINT SOURCE IMPACT FOR ,
T3P > '00 wg/nr OJ) SOj > 200 v9/n
US
FULL SPACE HEATING
ANALYSIS (P-65)
WORKSHEETS 819
JL
SPACE HEATING
li-.PACT-l yi.io
DIRECTION (P-«5)
UORKSHEETS 8 t 9
IF OIL OR COM.
SUR.'IED-AOO
20X TO TSP t SO,
(P-65) 2
I
I.
DETERMINE TOTAL OUTDOOR TSP i S02 LEVELS (P-62)!
f
AIRPORT EVALUATION (P-73)
COMPARE TOTAL TSP . SOj & CO LEVELS WITH OUTDOOR STANDARDS (P-75)
IF TSP . SO, I CO LEVELS ALL
LESS THAN S6l OF OUTDOOR STANDARD
IF TSP OR S02,OR CO LEVEL > BOX OF STANDARD
CALCULATE TOTAL IHOOOR LEVELS (P-77) —I
COMPARE THESE LEVELS I
WITH INDOOR STANDARDS (P-8S)[~
IIIOOOR t OUTDOOR
LEVELS BELOW
STANDARDS
DESIGN ACCEPTABLE FROM
A,1. AIR POLLUTIOM PERSPECTIVE
REJECT SITE
OR
DESIGN TO LIMIT
HUMAN OUTDOOR EXPOSURE TIME
RECOMMEND
REJECTION
OF SITE
Figure 3-2 Evaluation flowsheet.
25
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4 ASSEMBLING MATERIALS AND DATA
MATERIALS
Most of the basic materials and data required for this
analysis can be obtained from the A-95 Review Agency.
The chief materials required for site analysis are a base
map or aerial photograph of the area and a site plan. If no
A-95 Review Agency is available, in most locations a public agency
such as the local Director of Public Works, the U.S. Geological
Survey, or the office of the City, County, or Township Engineer
can provide the required area maps. An area map at a scale of
1 inch = 200 feet is recommended for the CO analysis; the map
should indicate all streets and highways, political subdivisions,
zoning plans, and topography within a 1-mile perimeter of the
site. An area map of 1 inch = 1000 feet is recommended for the
TSP and SO2 analyses; this map should be large enough to show
clearly a 3-mile perimeter around the site.
If terrain within 500 feet of the site includes a 100-foot
change in ground elevation, the assistance of an experienced
consultant is needed.
Add to the area map in a prominent location (see Figure
4-1) the following information:
1. Name of the project.
2. Name and address of the developer.
27
-------
s=^SE
cu'" Don f] r
UfJULjLJLin^
Figure 4-1. Sample area map
28
-------
3. Name and address of the site planner.
4. Scale indication and north arrow.
5. Boundaries of the project.
The site plan can be prepared at any scale that shows
clearly all on-site building locations, site boundaries, parking
and other auxiliary land uses, and bounding roadways.
It is assumed that the planner will supplement these basic
materials with the drafting implements, calculation aids, and
general reference materials he is accustomed to working with.
To the extent possible, all tables, graphs, and factors required
for conversion and computation are incorporated into this manual.
DATA, GENERAL
Although different procedures are entailed for evaluation
of high- and low-density sites, certain types of data are needed
in all cases.
Building Construction Data
The following data are required for analysis of indoor pollu-
tant concentrations on site:
.Exterior wall and ceiling areas of on-site structures.
. Volume of heated or air-conditioned spaces in on-site
structures.
. Characteristics of the heating/circulation system including
type and efficiency of filter and whether the design in-
cludes make-up air and return air ducting.
.Construction materials of all windows, doors, and exterior
walls.
If detailed structural plans are not yet available, pre-
liminary construction and specification information may be used
29
-------
for input to the computations.
Data for High/Low Density Case Determination
The need for further data is governed by whether the site
under evaluation is classified as having high or low density-
Having secured an area map, you are prepared to make that deter-
mination. On the area map, plot eight 45-degree sectors centered
on the site, in the following manner:
sw
NE
From the map, scale the total length of all roadways with
traffic volume within each sector exceeding 15,000 AADT. If
the total length in any sector exceed 5 miles, the site is con-
sidered high density. If the total length in each of the eight
sectors is less than 5 miles, the site is considered low density
30
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DATA, HIGH-DENSITY SITE
For a high-density site, the principal additional data
required for computing air pollution impact consist of background
data on the pollutants of interest. The local air pollution con-
trol agency will be able to provide or to secure these data from
the closest representative CAMP station (Continuous Air Moni-
toring Program). The values needed are the upper 3 percentile
3 3
concentrations (mg/m ) of CO (1 hr), (yg/m ) of TSP (24 hr),
and (yg/m ) of S02 (3 hr) .
Analyze only those roadways within one block of the site,
i.e., those roadways fronting on the site, together with all
other roadways within one block or 500 feet (whichever is closer)
of any point on the site. If a highway with traffic volume more
than double that of the nearby streets is located within 1000
feet of the site at the nearest point, it is to be included
in the analysis. Traffic data are collected as described under
Traffic Counts below.
DATA, LOW-DENSITY SITE
Computations for evaluation of low-density sites require con-
siderably more data, including information on population, business
and industry, pollutant emissions, parking, aircraft activity,
and weather.
Traffic Counts
Data on peak hourly traffic volume are required for all
collector streets and highways at the site. These values are
available at A-95 Review Agencies or are usually obtainable from
31
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the office of the City, County, or State Traffic Engineer. If
not, obtain values for average daily traffic volume for all
roadways having traffic volume greater than 15,000 vehicles per
day and lying within the following distances from the site:
Freeways 1000 meters (3000 feet)
Collector Roads 500 meters (1500 feet)
The values for traffic volume are normally rates projected
for the date of the completion of the project and 10 years after
that. Thus, for calculating potential pollution from roadways,
the target date for completion must be known. Note that at
present we can undertake long-term projections of concentration
only for carbon monoxide. No data are available that allow cal-
culation of future emissions of the other pollutants.
Point Source Data
A listing of the main point sources in the site vicinity,
as delineated in Section 5, can be obtained from the local air
pollution control agency. If this is not possible, acquire a
city directory containing names of householders and businesses
tabulated by street address. Two widely used directories are
the Polk Directory and the Haines "Criss-Cross". Census data
and directories are usually kept in reference sections of public
and university libraries.
Data on emissions from point sources are available from
the A-95 Review Agency or from the local air pollution control
agency- You will have need for the National Emission Data System
(NEDS) forms relating to local point sources of pollutants.
32
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Parking Lots
Parking areas on the site should be located on the map and
their dimensions recorded.
Off-site parking areas within 200 meters (about 600 feet)
of the site can be identified by inspecting the site area. The
facilities of concern are those of greater than 100-car capacity
in use from 6 to 9 a.m.
Building Data
Building data will be required only if the point source
calculation shows a sufficiently high pollution level to warrant
determining emissions from space heating.
A. Contact the A-95 Review Agency to determine whether
aerial photographs of the site vicinity are listed in the SCS
National Index. If aerial photographs are not available/ follow
the alternative procedure B.
B. Obtain census data for the area from the U.S. Department
of Commerce Field Office or the U.S. Government Printing Office.
You will need:
1. "Detailed Housing Characteristics" compiled for
counties, cities over 10,000 population, and
Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas (SMSA's).
2. "Census Tracts", published for counties and SMSA's.
Aircraft and Weather Data
Data on aircraft activity are needed for all airports
within a 5-mile radius of the site. Information on the yearly
commercial aircraft landings and takeoffs from these airports
can be obtained from the A-95 Review Agency, the FAA control
tower, or the airport manager's office.
33
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Weather data are obtained from the nearest office of the
U.S. Weather Service or from ASHRAE Handbook of Fundamentals.
You will need values for:
0 The 97.5 percentile temperature (coldest day occurring
2.5 percent of the days per year, on an average) from
the nearest recording weather station.
0 The annual average temperature.
•''American Society of Heating, Ventilating and Air Conditioning
Engineers (ASHRAE). "Handbook of Fundamentals", 1971 Edition
34
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5 CALCULATING OUTDOOR POLLUTANT LEVELS
This section presents in detail the procedures for calcu-
lation of outdoor pollutant concentrations to be expected at
a proposed development site. As indicated earlier, the four
major categories to be considered are pollution from roadways,
parking lots, point sources, and area sources (in this case,
space heating of buildings). For each of these categories and
for certain preliminary calculations, the planner will develop
a worksheet. When these are completed, he can then summarize
the expected pollutant concentrations, using the formats given
in Section 3, for comparison with listed standards.
CRITICAL SITE POINTS
First, critical points at the site are identified for
analysis. These are the areas of the highest anticipated pol-
lutant levels. For CO analysis these points are normally on
the first floor of lowest-level living quarters opening to major
roadways or adjacent to an on-site parking lot. For particulate
and SO~ analysis, the critical points are those closest to major
industrial emitters. For each pollutant, the number of site
points selected for analysis depends upon the size and complexity
of the site and the number of major pollutant emitters. Analyses
for multiple site points can be made concurrently if care is
35
-------
taken to separate the data.
Following are guidelines for determining how many site points
should be analyzed. The number is based on magnitude and density
of the site development.
Site in High-Density Area
Two categories are considered, as a function of development
size:
Small - 100 or fewer housing units or_ 2 acres or less of
site development.
Large - All other developments.
The numbers of site points needed for analysis are:
Small High-Density - One central site point.
Large High-Density - At least four site points, including
different site exposures and different activity areas (e.g.,
patios, children's play area).
Site inLow-Density Area
Small, medium, and large site developments are differentiated
as follows:
Small - 50 or fewer housing units or 5 acres or less of
site development.
Medium - 50 to 250 housing units or 5 to 25 acres of site
development.
Large - All other developments.
The numbers of site points needed for analysis are:
Small Low-Denisty - One central site point.
Medium Low-Density - Three or four site points.
36
-------
Large Low-Density - At least six site points.
Different site points can be designated for analysis of
TSP, S02, and CO levels as a function of their respective major
emission sources. For medium and large sites, the choice of
site points should be predicated upon the pollution impacts from
different site exposures and impacts at different site activity
areas. Points closest to major roadways and parking lots should
be considered for CO analysis and locations in the direction
of any heavy industrial development should be chosen for TSP
ans S02 analysis.
NOTE - To avoid confusion when evaluating multiple site
points, use different site maps or a system of coding.
POLLUTION FROM ROADWAYS
Worksheet 1 is to be completed for each street or freeway
near the site. Following are line-by-line instructions.
Line 1: Projected year for which roadway emissions are
calculated.
Line 2: Assign a road number.
Line 3 : Road name .
Line 4: Enter the measured shortest distance from the
roadway to the site location in kilometers (km).
Line 5: Enter the peak-hour traffic volume (V), if it is
available, and skip lines 6 through 12.
Fill in lines 6 to 12 only if line 5 cannot be completed.
Line 6: If the peak-hour traffic volume is not available,
enter the average traffic volume, termed Annual Average
Daily Traffic (AADT), in vehicles/day.
Line 7: Enter the number of traffic lanes under peak traffic
load during morning rush-hour.
37
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Worksheet 1. EMISSIONS FROM SINGLE ROADS
Line
1 Projection year
2 Road number
3 Road name
4 Normal distance, km
5 Peak traffic volume
(V) , vph
Complete lines 6 through 12 only if traffic data for
line 5 is not available.
6 AADT , vpd
7 Peak lanes (N)
8 Off-peak lanes
9 Daily traffic/lane pair
10 Peak lane volume, vph
11 Off-peak lane volume, vph
12 Total traffic (v) , vph
13 V/Ca for highways
14 Traffic speed, mph
15 CO emission factor
(Eco) gm/mi
16 CO emission rate
(Qco) , mg/sec-m
17 Intersection emissions
(Rco) , mg/sec-m
38
-------
Line 8: Enter the number of traffic lanes under off-
peak traffic volume per lane pair
Line 9: Determine the traffic volume per lane pair
Line 9 = line 6
0.5 [line 7 + line 8]
Refer to Figure 5-1, using the volume per lane pair (line 9)
to obtain:
Line 10: Volume per lane in peak periods, vehicles per hour.
Line 11: Volume per lane in non-peak periods, vehicles per hour.
Line 12: Determine the total traffic volume per hour (v):
Total traffic = Off-peak lanes (line 8 x Volume
(line 11) + Peak lanes (line 7)
x Volume (line 10)
NOTE: Off-peak means not in rush hour condition.
EXAMPLE - Determining rush-hour traffic volume on a highway;
AADT = 36,000 vehicles per day, 3-lane pair highway: 3 peak
and 3 off-peak traffic lanes during rush hour.
Daily traffic per lane pair = 36,000 = 12,000 veh/day.
3
Referring to Figure 5-1:
1) Peak lane volume = 750 vph
2) Off-peak lane volume = 285 vph
Total traffic (line 12) = 3 x 750 + 3 x 285
= 2250 + 855
= 3105 vph
Line 13: For highways only. Determine the V/Ca* ratio as
follows:
V/Ca = Traffic volume (line 5 or 10)
1800 x peak traffic lanes (line 7)
*V/Ca is used instead of the normal designation V/C to avoid
confusing C with concentration.
39
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Line 14: Enter the rush-hour average traffic speed. For roads
on which the speed limit is 45 mph or lower, the posted speed
limit can be used as the average traffic speed. For highways,
refer to Figure 5-2 with the V/Ca ratio and the posted speed
limit to arrive at the average traffic speed, mph.
Line 15: Determine the average CO emission factor (Eco) in
qm/mile by referring to Table 5-1 for local roads and Table
5-2 for highways. The 'year1 column on the tables refers to
the 'projected1 year for which pollution impact is being deter-
mined .
Line 16: Determine the CO emission rate (Qco) as follows:
.-4
Qco = 1.73 x 10
x V (line 5 or 12) x Eco (line 15)
(mg/sec-m)
Line 17: Roadway intersections are considered as an added
pollution impact in accordance with these criteria:
2-lane roads intersecting within 200 m (600 ft) of the site.
3-or 4-lane roads intersecting within 300 m (900 ft) .
4-to 6-lane roads intersecting within 400 m (1200 ft).
Where roadways of different sizes intersect, apply the distance
criterion for the larger road. Determine values for intersec-
tion emissions as follows:
Rco
1.30 x Qco (line 16)mg/sec-m.
Worksheet 2 is used to determine the total CO pollution
from all significant roads near the site with respect to the
eight wind direction lines drawn in Section 4 to characterize
the site as high or low density. Six data entries are
required for each roadway -
Line 1: Enter the road number as assigned on Worksheet 1, line 2
Line 2: Determine the angle made by intersection of the
centerline of the roadway and the vector lines for wind
direction. In the example below, angles 1, 2, 7, and 8
are formed by intersection of the road with wind directions
N, NE, W, and NW. Wind directions E, SE, S, and SW do not
intersect and spaces for these directions are left blank
on line 2.
40
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ONE-WAY VOLUME PER LANE
J
jg
"3
2000
1800
1600
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
E- /
E /
K
10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000
TWO-WAY AADT PER LANE PAIR, vehicles per day
0
200
400
600 J
0*
800 o
1000
«I
LU
a.
1200 iL
1400
1600
50,000
Figure 5-1. Conversion from AADT to peak and
off-peak hourly traffic volume.
POSTED
HIGHWAY
SPEED
m.p.h.
0.4 0.6
(v/Ca) RATIO
Figure 5-2. Determination of average highway speed
41
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Table 5-1. AVERAGE CARBON MONOXIDE (CO) EMISSION FACTORS
(Eco) FOR COLLECTOR ROADS (CO EMISSIONS, GM/MILE/VEHICLE)
Year
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1985
1990
15 mph
91.22
81.99
71.03
60.86
52.04
44.87
38.11
22.54
20.25
Traffic speed limit
20 mph
63.35
56.94
49.33
42.26
36.14
31.16
26.46
15.65
14.06
25-30 mph
48.65
43.73
37.88
32.46
27.75
23.93
20.32
12.02
10.80
35-40 mph
40.54
36.44
31.57
27.05
23.13
19.94
16.94
10.02
9.00
45 mph
34.97
31.43
27.23
23.33
19.95
17.20
14.61
8.64
7.76
Table 5-2. AVERAGE CARBON MONOXIDE (CO) EMISSION FACTORS
(Eco) FOR HIGHWAYS (CO EMISSIONS, GM/MILE/VEHICLE)
Average Traffic Speed
Year
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1985
1990
25 mph
40.54
36.44
31.57
27.05
23.13
19.94
16.94
10.02
9.00
30 mph
34.97
31.43
27.23
23.33
19.95
17.20
14.61
8.64
7.76
35 mph
30.91
27.79
24.07
20.62
17.64
15.21
12.91
7.64
6.86
40 mph
27.37
24.60
21.31
18.26
15.61
13.46
11.43
6.76
6.08
45 mph
21.59
19.44
16.86
14.47
12.41
10. 74
9.21
5.69
5.21
50 mph
21.81
19.64
17.04
14.62
12.53
10.85
9.30
5.75
5.26
55 mph
22.03
19.84
17.71
14.77
12.66
10.96
9.40
5.81
5.31
60 mph
22.14
19.94
17.30
14.85
12.73
11.02
9.44
5.84
5.34
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Worksheet 2. POLLUTION FROM ROADWAYS
Wind Direction
N
1. Road No.
2. Angle (a)
3. Emission Q, mg/sec-m
4. Distance, m
5. Norm. Cone.
6. Ceo, mg/m
line 3 x line 5
1. Road No.
2. Angle (a)
3. Emission Q, mg/sec-m
4. Distance, m
5. Norm. Cone.
6. Ceo, mg/m
line 3 x line 5
1. Road No.
2. Angle (a)
3. Emission Q, mg/sec-m
4. Distance, m
5. Norm. Cone.
6. Ceo, mg/m
line 3 x line 5
Total Concentration
mg/m 3
NE
SE
SW
W
NW
43
-------
Line 3: If an intersection falls within + 20 degrees of
the wind direction line and intersection emissions are
shown in Worksheet 1, enter the intersection emissions/
Rco, (Worksheet 1, line 17). Otherwise, enter the roadway
emission, Qco (Worksheet 1, line 16). If the roadway does
not' intersect a wind direction line, enter zero. In the
example that follows, the intersection falls within + 20
degrees of the northwest wind direction. ~
NW
NE
intersection
W
*-E
44
-------
Line 4: Enter the distance from the roadway to the site
location, measured perpendicular to the roadway alignment.
(Worksheet 1, line 4 )
Line 5: Refer to Figure 5-3 with values for distance (line
4) and angle (line 2) to obtain the normalized concentration.
Line 6: Calculate the CO concentration at the site (Ceo)
due this roadway:
Ceo = line 3 x line 5
When Ceo values are determined for each roadway, summarize
the total CO pollution from all roadways at the site for each wind
direction. These values are entered in the CO concentration summary,
as shown in Section 2 and repeated below.
Summary: CO Concentrations
1) Roadways
2) Parking
3) Total
4) Maximum 1-hr concen-
tration, mg/m^
N
NE
E
SE
S
SW
W
NW
POLLUTION FROM PARKING LOTS
This section is concerned with concentrations of CO result-
ing from vehicle emissions on (1) the on-site parking areas and
(2) all parking lots within 200 meters of the site location having
more than 100 parking spaces and substantially occupied during
any 1-hour period between 6 and 9 a.m., as identified in Section
4. The eight major wind directions used in analysis of roadways
45
-------
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.3
0.4
0.3
0.2
S 0.09
|3 0.08
g 0.07
0.06
0.0 S
004
0X13
0.02
0.01
<{>= Angle of intersection between wind
direction,and highway alignment in degrees
100
200
300 400 500 600 700
NORMAL DISTANCE FROM EDGE Of SHOULDER, METERS
800
900
1000
Figure 5-3. Calculation of normalized
concentration of CO from roadways.
46
-------
are again used here. A parking lot is considered to have impact
in only those wind directions on whose wind direction vector it
lies .
A site map is preferable for this analysis.
Worksheet 3 is used to determine pollution from parking
lots .
Line 1: Assign a number to the parking lot. Enter the
number on line 1 under the wind direction in which the
parking lot lies.
Line 2: Enter depth of the parking lot.
Line 3: Determine the distance from the designated site
location to the nearest edge of the parking lot.
Line 4 : Determine distance to the far edge of the lot
by adding line 2 and line 3.
Line 5: Refer to Figure 5-4 with near-edge distance
(line 3) and read CO concentration.
Line 6: ""Refer to Figure 5-4 with far-edge distance
(line 4) and read CO concentration.
Line 7: Obtain net CO concentration by subtracting
line 5 from line 6.
Line 8: Sum the concentrations from each wind direction.
Line 9: Correction factor from Table 5-3 for target year
of calculation.
Line 10: Corrected total impact for each wind direction,
line 8 x line 9,
Enter the values from line 10 in the CO concentrations
summary under the values determined for roadways .
47
-------
Worksheet 3. POLLUTION FROM PARKING LOTS
Wind Directions
Line number
1. Parking lot number
2. Depth, meters
3. Distance near edge, m
4. Distance-far edge, m
5. Near-edge cone., mg/m
6. Far-edge cone., mg/m
7. Net concentration,
mg/m line 6 - line 5
1. Parking lot number
2. Depth, meters
3. Distance near edge, m
4. Distance-far edge, m
5. Near-edge cone., mg/m
6. Far-edge cone., mg/m
7. Net concentration,
mg/m line 6 - line 5
8. Total impact, mg/m
9. Correction factor
10. Corrected total impact,
mg/m , line 8 x line 9
N
NE
SE -
SW
W
NW
48
-------
30
25
20
o
o
22.9
26.2
678 9 10Z
DISTANCE, METERS
3 4 56789
Figure 5-4. CO impact due to parking lots.
-------
Table 5.3 PARKING LOT CORRECTION FACTORS
Year
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
Correction
factor
0.84
0.76
0.66
0.56
0.48
0.41
Year
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985 to
1990
Correction
factor
0.35
0.32
0.29
0.26
0.23
0.20
POLLUTION FROM POINT SOURCES
This section presents procedures for computing particulate
and sulfur dioxide concentrations to be expected at the site as
a result of point source emissions.
First, prepare a point source list showing the name and
location of all commercial and industrial establishments within
5 kilometers (3 miles) of the site and any power plants within
24 kilometers (15 miles). Assign a number to each point source
The impact of a point source* on a site depends on its
size (capacity, output) and on its distance from the site.
Since we intend to consider only sources having significant
impact on the site, the first step in this procedure is to
determine the relative significance of sources near the site.
The procedure is simplified if separate maps are used for
particulates and S02. Each should cover an area approximately
*The term point source refers to a stationary industrial or
commercial pollution emitter. A point source may have a
large number of individual stacks or emission points.
50
-------
10 km square.
Determining Impact of Individual Point Sources
Much of the material required for this analysis will be
provided by your local air pollution control agency. After the
point source list has been assembled, ask for copies of the appro-
priate forms of the National Emission Data System (NEDS) from the
air pollution control agency or the A-95 Review Agency. The
NEDS forms are provided by the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency and are intended for use in analyses and studies of
the sort you are conducting as well as in governmental
pollution control activities. NEDS forms may be available
only for the larger plants in the area. A full explanation of
the NEDS format and coding system is given in Appendix C.
Worksheet 4 is used for preliminary determination of the
significance of a point source witu respect to the site. Com-
plete Worksheet 4 as follows.
Line 1: Locate the source on an area map. Measure the
straight-line distance (d) between the source and the
site location.
Line 2: Using the (d) value, refer to Figure 5-5 to obtain
the minimum significant emission rate (Em) at that distance
from the site. This value will be used as a cut off for
determining significant sources.
Line 3: (Table) Refer to the NEDS form, using Key 10
to calculate the number of hours of stack operation per
year:
S (hr/yr) = hr/day x day/week x weeks/year
Using the S value and Figure 5-6, convert the pollutant
emission rate (keys 11 and 12) from tons/year to gm/sec.
Enter the Point ID (Key 4) and corresponding emission rates.
Repeat for each Point ID of the source. Total the emission
rates of each pollutant on line 3a.
51
-------
Worksheet 4. POINT SOURCE SIGNIFICANCE TEST
Plant Name,
Address
Number
Evaluation of the source
Line
Number
2
3
Straight line distance between the
source and the site, d
Minimum emission rate for Em for sig-
nificance (from Figure 5-5)
(Table)
Meters
gm/sec
3a
Point ID
TOTAL
Pollutant, gm/sec
Particulate
Sulfur Dioxide
Is the total emission rate for particulate or sulfur
dioxide greater than the emission rate Em on line 2?
Yes
No
52
-------
10
9
•
7
4
104
2 3
OC »
Ul
H- 4
UJ *
X
i
i.i 3
O
z
1
S
<,
U
S
/
S
0
/
2
/
/
3
/
4
/
3
>
6
X1
7
/•
1
x'
9
X
10
X
3
X
[x
3
x
X
4
X
3
4
X
7
X
1
1
,X
9 1C
MINIMUM SIGNIFICANT EMISSION RATE ( E). cm/sec
Figure 5-5. Determination of source significance.
53
-------
7
t
t
1.0
1CJ
9
I
7
6
a
4
,-§760
10*
9
I
7
3
4
3
S
6
7
9
10
10
tout
yr
t*c
Figure 5-6. Conversion from tons/year to grams/sec.
54
-------
If the air pollution control agency maintains a file on
emission summaries, the total plant emissions can be
entered in Figure 5-6.
Line 4: Determine significance. If the source is not sig-
nificant, it is not included in the calculation procedure
and is not analyzed on Worksheet 5.
If the source is determined to be significant, more detailed
analysis is required. Locate all significant point sources on
the particulate and S0? area maps. The next procedure is to
determine the pollutant contributions from the sources to the
site.
For a plant having more than one stack (i.e., point ID's)
with similar parameters, calculations are simplified by grouping
the stacks on the basis of stack height and gas flow rate. Stacks
are first grouped in three height ranges: 0 to 50 ft, 51 to
100 ft, and 101 to 200 ft. Each group is then subdivided
according to gas flow rate in two categories: flow rate less
than or equal to 100 ft /min and flow rate higher than 100
ft /min.
Grouping of stacks is accomplished by calculations on
Worksheet 5. You will need six copies of the worksheet to
accommodate the six combinations of stack flow range and
height range combinations:
Flow Range, ft /min Height Range, ft
< 100 0-50
< 100 51 - 100
< 100 101 - 200
x 100 0-50
100 51 - 100
100 101 - 200
N.
55
-------
Worksheet 5. GROUPING OF STACKS
Line
Number
1
2
3
Stack Number
(1-6)
Stack Group Characteristics
Flow Range
Height Range
(Table)
ft /min or m /sec
ft or meters
Number
in
Group
1
2
3
4
5
n=
Point
ID
TOTAL
Height
H, ft
Temp.
Ts,
°F
Gas
flow
rate
ft3/min
Pollutants,
gm/sec
TSP
SO2
Number of Stacks n =
,- , „ . , . TT Sum of Heights c. A ->r»io
5 Average Height H = 2 = ft x 0.3048 =
6 Average Temp.
n
- Sum of Temps _ 5
_ g
7 Average Gas Flow Rate Vf =
( ft3/min)
2120
EMISSION RATES
Sum of gas flow rates
n
m /sec.
8 Particulate = Sum of the emission rates -
9 Sulfur Dioxide = Sum of emission rates =
gm/sec.
gm/sec.
m
56
-------
Lines 1 and 2 : Enter the six sets of values on six work-
sheets.
Line 3 (Table) : For each NEDS form for a plant, determine
the appropriate worksheet (on the basis of flow rate and
stack height range) and enter the point ID, stack height,
temperature, gas flow rate and TSP and SO- emission rates
(the conversion from tons/year to gin/sec Is presented
in Figure 5-6) . Sum the columns as indicated.
Lines 4 through 9: Total the number of stacks (n) and
calculate the representative parameters for the group of
stacks as shown. These are the stack parameters to be
used in further calculations.
Discard any sheets with no stacks listed. Number each
group of stacks and each separate stack sequentially. The stack
number now represents either a single stack or a group of stacks
for use in calculating pollutant contributions from individual
sources. These calculations are done on Worksheet 6 as follows.
Line 1: Enter stack number as assigned.
Lines 2, 3 and 4: Enter values for stack height, stack gas
temperature, and gas flow rate (NEDS form Keys 7, 8, 9 or
Worksheet 5, lines 5, 6, 7).
Line 5: Annual average temperature obtained from weather
service.
Line 6: Calculate factor (F) as follows:
F = 3 12 x V (line 4) x Ts (line 3) - 20
j.i^ x vf (line 4) x Ts (line 3) + 273
Line 7: Consult Figure 5-7 with F to obtain the plume rise (h)
Line 8: Effective stack height h (meters) = line 2 + line 6.
Lines 9 and 10: For a group of stacks, obtain emission
rates for particulate and sulfur dioxide from Worksheet
5, lines 8 and 9.
For a separate stack, obtain emission rates from Worksheet
4, line 3.
e
57
-------
Worksheet 6. ESTIMATION OF POLLUTANT CONTRIBUTION
FROM THE SOURCE TO THE SITE
Line
Number
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
ITEM
Stack Number
Stack Height (H) , m
Stack Gas Temperature (Ts) , °C
Gas Flow Rate (Vf ) , m3/sec
Ambient Temperature (t) , °C
F Value
Plume Rise (h ) , m
Effective Stack Height, m
(h total) , line 2 + line 6
Particulate (C^) , gm/sec
Sulfur Dioxide (Q2) , gm/sec
NORMALIZED CONCENTRATION
Particulate and S02 (C/Q) ,
Figure 5-8
ESTIMATED DOWNWIND CONCENTRATIONS
Particulate, yg/m
Sulfur Dioxide, yg/m
Total Particulate, yg/m
Total Sulfur Dioxide, yg/m
STACK OR
GROUP OF STACKS
58
-------
1.5
4
5
7
S
9
10
1.5
6
7
e
9
10
1.5
F factor from
Worksheet 6, line 6
1.5
10
9
8
1.5
1.5
1
F FACTOR
Figure 5-7. Determination of plume rise.
PLUME. RISE:
He-MCTERS
59
-------
Line 11: Consult Figure 5-8 with distance (d) and effective
stack height (line 7) to obtain normalized concentration
(C/Q).
Line 12: Particulate concentration = line 11 x line 9 x
0.6.
Line 13: Sulfur dioxide concentration = line 11 x line 10
Line 14: Total particulate concentration = sum of line 12
across the columns.
Line 15: Total sulfur dioxide concentration = sum of line
13 across the columns.
With the completion of these worksheets to determine the
impact of individual point sources, you are now prepared to cal-
culate the total expected concentrations at the site resulting
from the significant point sources.
Calculating Particulate Concentrations from PointSources
Select the point source contributing the greatest quantity
of particulate from Worksheet 6. Mark one copy of the area
map with lines representing wind direction vectors oriented
through each of the four sources having highest particulate im-
pact directly to the designated site location. Proceed with
Worksheet 7a as follows.
Line 1: Enter the number assigned to the source.
Line 2: Enter downwind particulate concentration
(Worksheet 6, line 14).
Lines 3 and 4: These values are used to determine correc-
tion factors for a source not falling directly on one
of the four wind vectors. If the point source falls on
the wind direction, go directly to Line 6. For each
point source within ± 15° of a wind vector, plot a
perpendicular line from the wind vector to the source,
as shown below. This is defined as the "Y" distance.
The "X" distance is the distance from the intercept to
the site. Record "X" and "Y" distance on Lines 3 and 4.
60
-------
100
o (ex
Figure 5-8 Calculation of normalized concentration
for point sources.
61
-------
Worksheet 7a. POLLUTION FROM POINT SOURCES (PARTICULATE)
Line
Number
1. Source Number
2. Downwind Particulate,
yg/m
3. X meters
4. Y meters
5. Correction Factor
6. Particulate yg/m
1: Source Number
2. Downwind Particulate,
yg/m
3. X meters
4. Y meters
5. Correction Factor
6. Particulate yg/m
1. Source Number
2. Downwind Particulate,
yg/m
3. X meters
4. Y meters
5. Correction Factor
6. Particulate yg/m
1. Source Number
2. Downwind Particulate,
yg/m
3. X meters
4. Y meters
5. Correction Factor
6. Particulate yg/m
TOTAL yg/m3
Wind Directions
62
-------
Wind Direction
Site Location
Impact of Point Source 2
at Site Location for the
Wind Direction from Point
Source 1 to the Site
Point Source 2
Major Point Source
Point 1
For point sources outside the ± 15 degree of a given wind
direction, do not enter in the table.
Line 5: Refer to Figure 5-9 with X and Y coordinates to
determine the correction factor for each of the point
sources. If the factor is less than 10 , enter zero.
Line 6: Particulate contribution from the source in the
given wind direction = line 2 x line 5.
When all point sources are evaluated, calculate the total
particulate concentration in each wind direction by adding all
lines 6 for each wind vector. Enter these values in the 'TOTAL1
row of the worksheet. From this row, select the maximum parti-
culate concentration; enter this value and the corresponding
wind direction in the Particulate and SC>2 Concentrations Summary,
shown in Section 3 and repeated below.
63
-------
O
I—
O
o 10
o
in
GC.
of.
O
100 1000 10,000
DISTANCE, M
Figure 5-9. Correction factor for particulates.
100,000
l.Or
on
o
10-1
o
LU
ce.
o
10-2
1000 10,000
DISTANCE, M
Figure 5-10. Correction factor for SG>2
100,000
64
-------
Summary:
Particulate and SO- Concentrations
1.
2.
3.
4.
Wind, direction no.
(from Worksheet 7 A and 7b)
Point sources
Building heating
Total
TSP
so2
Calculating S02 Concentrations from Point Sources
The procedure for calculating sulfur dioxide concentrations
is exactly the same as that for particulate. Use worksheet 7b
to calculate SO concentrations and Figure 5-10 to determine
the correction factor. Enter the maximum SO concentration and
2
the corresponding wind direction in the Particulate and SO Con-
centrations Summary.
POLLUTION FROM SPACE HEATING
If the maximum impact from point sources is either greater
than 100 yg/m3 for TSP or greater than 200 yg/m3 for S02, the
impact from space heating should be determined. If not, omit
this calculation and go directly to calculating pollution from
airports.
This procedure is to be used for analysis of low-density
sites, with the following restrictions:
Large Low-Density - Do the full analysis. For each
pollutant, for wind directions within 30°, only the impact from
the first calculation need be made. For example, when calcu-
lating the TSP impact for different site locations, the differ-
ence in downwind direction from a given point source is likely
65
-------
Worksheet 7b. POLLUTION FROM POINT SOURCES (S02)
Line
Number
1. Source Number
*
2. Downwind SO2, yg/m*
3. X meters
4. Y meters
5. Correction Factor
3
Wind Directions
6. S02, yg/nf
1. Source Number
2. Downwind SO2, yg/m~
3. X meters
4. Y meters
5. Correction Factor
3
6. so2, yg/m"
1 . Source Number
2. Downwind SO-/
3. X meters
4 . Y meters
5. Correction Factor
6. S02 , yg/m
1 . Source Number
2. Downwind S02, yg/m
3. X meters
4 . Y meters
5 . Correction Factor
6 . S02, yg/m3
TOTAL yg/m
66
-------
less than 30° so the space heating impact for the first site
location can be used for all subsequent cases within 30° of this
angle.
Medium Low-Density - Determine the space heating impact
at only one location for TSP and one location for S02• Use
the wind direction giving the overall highest impact for TSP
and for SO? and use the resulting values for all the other
wind directions.
Small Low-Density - The full calculation procedure is
not required/ since the space heating impact can be estimated.
First determine if oil or coal is used for space heating in
the 1-2 km perimeter of the site. If only a small portion of
the space heating fuel is coal or oil (less than about 20%),
assume that the pollution impact is negligible and place zeros
in the total. If coal and oil are used substantially (by estimate
greater than 20% of the total load), use 30 yg/m for space
heating impact for both TSP and SCU • If coal and oil are used
very extensively for space heating (developed area with greater
than 75% coal and oil), follow the full procedure described for
medium low-density developments.
Procedures for estimating pollution from space heating
entail plotting on the map for each pollutant the space heating
area to be considered, and computing the floor areas to deter-
mine space heating load.
On the map used for calculating point sources contri-
butions of particulate, locate the wind direction vector
67
-------
that yielded the maximum particulate concentration at the site.
(Refer to Worksheet 7a.) Construct a square with a 1-kilometer
(0.625 mi.) side, centered on the site and the wind direction
vector, as illustrated below. You will estimate part-iculate
impact on the site from space heating in buildings located
within this square. Use procedure A to estimate floor area if
aerial photos are available, if not use procedure B.
A Acquire aerial photos for the designated area and use
the photos to estimate the average floor area per floor. A
field survey is needed to determine the number of floors per
building to give the total floor area which is entered in line 3
of Worksheet 9.
If the scale of the aerial photos is sufficiently large,
the number of building floors can be estimated by stereoscopically
viewing overlapping 8-1/2- by 11-inch photos.
If a number of buildings are of similar size, estimate
the average building size.
B Using maps supplied with "Census Tracts" data as reference,
plot boundaries of all tracts lying wholly or partially within
the 1-kilometer square.
Wind Direction
corresponding to
maximum particulate
concentration
"
-------
Follow the same procedure to estimate S02 contributions from
space heating using the area map on which were plotted the point
source contributions of SO . As before, locate the maximum-impact
wind vector for S0_ and construct a 1-km square oriented on the S,0~
vector. Follow procedure A if aerial photos are available;
otherwise use procedure B and plot census tract boundaries for
all tracts lying wholly or partially within this square.
If procedure B is to be followed, complete Worksheet 8.
Worksheet 8 is designed to yield the gross total of floor
areas of all heated structures in the 1-kilometer square area
under consideration. Complete one worksheet for particulate
emissions and a second for sulfur dioxide emissions, using the
appropriate area maps.
Input data for the first section of Worksheet 8, listing
dwellings having a given number of rooms, are available in
"Census Tracts". If a given tract does not lie wholly within
the 1-kilometer square, data are entered proportionally to the
percentage of the tract that falls within the square. In
completing Worksheet 8, proceed as follows.
Line 1: List the number of dwellings in each room-number
category for each tract.
Line 2:. Total the numbers of dwellings in each column.
Line 3: Multiply each column total by the factor (f) shown
to obtain total heated area (in thousands of square feet)
in each category.
Line 4: Add the totals for all columns in line 3 to obtain
approximate total residential floor space within the 1-
kilometer square. Non-residential floor area within the
1-kilometer square is calculated in the next section.
69
-------
Worksheet 8. DETERMINING FLOOR AREAS (SPACE HEATING LOAD)
POLLUTANT:
Particulates
SO
(Check one)
Dwelling Size Categories
Residential Buildings
Tract
1 Number
2 TOTAL
x f
-. Sq.Ft.
1000
Number of rooms per dwelling
1
x.650
2
x.800
3
x.950
4
xl.100
5
xl.250
6
xl.400
7
xl.600
8
xl.800
4 TOTAL
xuuu;
5
Street Address
Number St. Name
Non-Residential Uses
Establishment Name
Floor Area
(in thousands
of sq. feet)
6 TOTAL - Non-Residential Floor Space
7 Update Information - Construction (sq. ft.)
- Demolition (sq. ft.)
8 GRAND TOTAL (4+6+7)
(Add construction, subtract demolition)
70
-------
Line 5: Using tabulations from the appropriate sections
of Polk or Haines "Criss-Cross", list addresses and full
titles of all non-residential occupants within the square.
From the State "Directory of Manufacturers" and "Directory
of Retail Businesses", obtain the floor space of each
listed establishment, for those establishments not listed,
and for other non-residential uses, such as institutional,
obtain approximate floor areas by asking building mana-
gers or by noting the exterior dimensions of the buildings.
Line 6: Total all non-residential floor space.
Line 7: By consulting engineering records of the appro-
priate city or county building inspection authority, deter-
mine the total floor space constructed in the area since
publication of the data. For example, if a site is analyzed
in the year 1976, floor space of all residential construc-
tion between 1970 (the date of the last census) and 1976
should be determined and added. Floor area lost by dem-
olition is deducted.
Line 8: Total residential and non-residential floor
space, plus corrections obtained by checking of building
records. Line 8 = line 4 + line 6 + line 7.
The value for total floor area within the 1-km square will
be used in completing Worksheet 9, which yields total concentra-
tions of particulate and SO2 at the site attributable to space
heating. Following are instructions for completion of Worksheet
9.
Line 1 and 2: Refer to "Detailed Housing Characteristics"
(Bureau of Census publication) to determine the percen-
tages of dwellings in the county (or city or SMSA) using
coal and oil.
Line 3: Enter total floor area, from line 8 of Worksheet
5.
Line 4: Calculate amount of floor space heated by coal.
Line 4 = line 1 x line 3.
Line 5: Calculate amount of floor space heated by oil.
Line 5 = line 2 x line 3.
71
-------
Worksheet 9. Pollution From Space Heatina
Line
1 Percent of dwellings using coal
Particulates
SO.
Same
2 Percent of dwellings using oil
Same
3 Grand total floor area
4 Floor space heated by coal
line 1 x line 3
5 Floor space heated by oil
line 2 x line 3
6 65 -Tc = L
65 - = L =
Same
7 Particulate Emission:
(line 4 + 0.76 x line 5)
-11 2
x line 6 x 10 gm/sec-m
8 SO, Emission:
(2.9 x line 4 + 3.2 x line 5)
-11 2
x line 6 x 10 gm/sec-m
9 Concentration yg/m"
(from Figure 5-11)
72
-------
Line 6: Enter temperature (Tc) of 9 7th -percent! le coldest
day, obtained earlier from U.S. Weather Service. Subtract
from 65°F to obtain factor for heating load (L) . 65 -T,,
= L
Line 7: Calculate particulate emissions.
[1.0 x Line 4) + (0.76 x line 5)] x L x 10"11 =
particulate emission in
sec-m^
Line 8: Calculate SG>2 emissions.
[2.9 x Line 4) + (3.2 x line 5)J x L x 10"11 = S02
emission in grams
sec-m^
Line 9: Refer to Figure 5-11 with TSP emission from Line 7
and read TSP concentration, and with SO2 emission from line
8 and read SO- concentration. Enter these data on line 9
and in the Summary Table .
POLLUTION FROM AIRPORTS
The air pollution impact of an airport on the site depends
on the airport's capacity (number of aircraft operations) and
its distance from the site. Any commercial airport within 8
kilometers (5 miles) of the site should be evaluated to determine
whether airport emissions should be considered in computing total
pollution impact.
From the Director, Public Relations, of the airport obtain
the number of commercial landing and take-off operations (LTO)
per year. Determine the distance (km) from the outer boundary
of the airport to the site. Listed below are yearly LTO values
and the_corresponding distances at which the airport would have
no significant impact. If the distance between an airport and
the site is less than the distance corresponding to the number
of LTO's at the airport, seek professional help in evaluating
73
-------
I1
5
6
7
8
9
1.0
6
7
8
9
10
10
m
+
S02
Particulate
For example:
If Q for TSP is 2 x 10
c = 10
-7
-5
Figure 5-11. Concentrations of pollutants
from space heating.
74
sec-m2
-------
the impact of the airport.
Yearly LTO Minimum distance between
the outer boundary of the
airport and the site at
which airport has insignif-
icant impact, (kilometer)
Less than 36,500 0.5
Less than 73,000 1.3
Less than 365,000 2.0
Above 365,000 5.0
EVALUATING OUTDOOR POLLUTANT LEVELS
The maximum outdoor levels of CO, particulates and
just calculated should now be compared with the standards.
CO - 15 mg/m , 1-hour level
TSP - 210 yg/m3, 24-hour level
S02 - 450 yg/m3, 3-hour level
If any of these standards have been exceeded, refer to
Section 7 in an effort to minimize the outdoor levels. If any
of the calculated levels are above 80 percent of a standard,
proceed with Section 6 to calculate the indoor levels. If all
levels are below 80 percent of each standard, no further calcu-
lations are required, however refer to Sections 6 and 7 for
methods of minimizing site pollution levels.
75
-------
6 CALCULATING INDOOR POLLUTANT LEVELS
This section presents procedures for calculating indoor
concentrations of pollutants that penetrate the structure from
the outside by various means and that are generated indoors.
To some extent, the planner/designer can control certain factors
affecting the ratio of indoor to outdoor concentrations: mass
and shape of the building, permeability of the walls to pollu-
tants, mechanical circulation and filtration characteristics,
and the amount and treatment of pollutants generated within
the structure.
The primary goal of the planner is to develop the site
and the structures in such a way that pollutant levels indoors
are maintained at an acceptable level. A further goal is to
incorporate into the plans the means for achieving a superior
level of indoor air quality.
An analysis is made for each structure in an area where out-
door pollutant levels are estimated to exceed 80 percent of the
Federal standards. It is not necessary to perform duplicate
analyses for identical structures exposed to virtually identical
outdoor pollution loads. If the anticipated levels outside the
structures do not exceed 80 percent of the standards, no analysis
is required. For purposes of this analysis, 'structure is defined
77
-------
as a single dwelling or a number of dwellings within a common
exterior wall and roof, such as an apartment building.
PRELIMINARY CALCULATIONS
Structural Analysis
The first step of the analysis is to assign a number to
each structure to be analyzed and enter the numbers on the
site map. Next, determine the structural characteristics of
the buildings by preparation of Worksheet 10 .
Line 1: Calculate and enter total volume (V) of the
interior heated or cooled portions of the structure.
Line 2: Calculate and enter the total exterior surface
area (SA) of the structure.
a) SAC: Ceiling or roof surface, whichever forms the
exterior boundary of heated or air-conditioned volume.
b) SA^ Wall surface, including fixed windows.
c) SAQ: Area of moveable windows and doors
SA = SAC + SAW + SAQ
Line 3: Calculate and enter Volume to Surface area ratio
(F).
F = V/SA
Permeability Coefficients
Line 4: Calculate and enter the proportion (P) of each
component of surface area to the total surface area. Again,
subscripts c, w, and o indicate ceiling, wall, and movable
areas.
a. Pff = SAc
SA
b. Pw = SAW
SA
c. P^ = SAo
SA
78
-------
Worksheet 10. STRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS OF BUILDINGS
Structure Number
Dimensional Parameters
1. Volume (V)
2. Surface Area
a,
b,
c.
d,
SA
w
SAo
Total SA
3. Ratio (F) of Volume to
Surface Area F = V/SA
Coefficients
Permeability
4. Proportion (P) of each component
a. P=
SA
Pw =
W
SA
C. P = SAo
5. Permeability Coefficient (K)
a. KW (from Table 6-1)
b. KQ (from Table 6-1)
6. Weighted Permeability Coefficients
a. X = P K
c w
b. Y = P K
w w
c. Z = P K
o o
d. K=X + Y+Z
7. Indoor-Outdoor Ratios
CO
TSP
SO,
79
-------
Line 5: Refer to Table 6-1. Select permeability coefficients
corresponding to wall and ceiling construction, and window
construction and enter in Line 5a and b.
Table 6-1. STRUCTURAL PERMEABILITY COEFFICIENTS
Wall and ceiling construction
Permeability
coefficient (K )
Vv
Frame construction with infiltration
barrier*
Frame construction without infiltration
barrier
Masonry construction with infiltration
barrier
Masonry construction without infiltra-
tion barrier
0.15
2.50
0.25
3.50
Window and door construction
Permeability
Coefficient (K )
All weatherstripped windows
Casement, non-weatherstripped
Double hung or horizontal sliding,
non-weatherstripped
!5
25
50
* Infiltration barrier materials in order of effectiveness:
metal film, mylar film polyester film, stucco, plaster,
plasterboard.
Line 6: Compute and enter the weighted permeability coeffi-
cients (K) , using appropriate K factor as selected from Table
6-1.
a) X = PcKw
b> Y = PwKw
Z = PQKo
c)
d) K=X
80
-------
Line 7: Indoor/outdoor ratios for CO, SO2 and participates are
presented below. Figure numbers refer to graphs developed for
relationships of different pollutants and heating/circulation
systems.
The E shown in Figure 6-1 to 6-4 refers to the filter removal
efficiency.
Heating/circulation Indoor Ratio or Figure
ITU-LXU. L.O.H U
CO
so2
TSP
TSP
TSP
TSP
system outdoor
All Systems
All Systems 0.60
Unfiltered Systems* 0.96
No Make -Up Air
Make-Up Air Filtered
Recirculated Air and
Make-Up Air Both Filtered
number
6-1
Constant
Constant
6-2
6-3
6-4
* Unfiltered systems include hot water and steam radiator
(hydronic) systems, electric room units, electro-hydronic
systems, and forced-air systems without filtration.
The indoor/outdoor ratios can be read directly
from the graphs by use of the appropriate per-
meability coefficient (K) (Worksheet 10, line 5)
and volume to surface area ratio (F) (Worksheet
10, line 3).
Pollutants Generated Indoors
In addition to the pollutants that infiltrate structure
walls or are drawn into air intakes, pollutants generated within
dwelling structures affect interior pollution levels, sometimes
significantly. The activities that produce pollutants within
our range of consideration are cooking and attached garages,
which produce measurable amounts of CO and hydrocarbons; walking
81
-------
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o
oo
o
o
g .6
o
o;
o
2. »44-
u. o.
o ••••H-
o
4 8 12 16 20
F « STRUCTURE .VOLUME/SURFACE AREA
24
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*9
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-------
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uj • 7-
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a:
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1f
K - 11.6 E = 0.2
E - 0.3
E - 0.4
E = 0.5
E « 0.6
E * 0.7
E = 0.8
K " 11.6 E - 0.9
BELOW
0 4 8 12 16 20
F * STRUCTURE VOLUME/SURFACE AREA
.9--
.8+
.74-
o
o
OL
O
o *
a
o
£ .
o
o
o
o
o
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« 0.2
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\ Y\ \ rr i"i—pf
i hi IIPi i i IT
04 8 12 16 20
F = STRUCTURE VOLUME/SURFACE AREA
¥•4-
24
Figure 6-3. Indoor-outdoor ratios:
particulates, make-up air only filtered.
Figure 6-4. Indoor-outdoor ratios
particulates, recirculation and
make-up air.
-------
and cleaning, which increase the dust level; and tobacco smoking,
which produces fine particulate materials. On the basis of
limited test data, some average increases in pollutant concentra-
tion to be expected from indoor factors have been estimated.
These factors are listed in instructions (line 4) for completion
of Worksheet 11, which summarizes total potential concentrations
of indoor pollutants at the site.
TOTAL INDOOR POLLUTANT CONCENTRATIONS
Worksheet 11 will yield the total pollutant concentrations
.to be expected within structures at the site.
Line 1: Enter total outdoor levels calculated for each
pollutant (from pollutant concentration summaries).
Line 2: Enter indoor/outdoor ratios (Worksheet 10, line 7).
Line 3: Calculate indoor concentrations from outdoor
sources (line 1 x line 2).
Line 4: Enter concentrations due to indoor pollutant
generation, as shown below:
CO;
For attached garage, add 0.5 mg/m (single family residence),
For gas cooking, add 0.5 mg/m per dwelling unit.*
Particulate:
For forced-air systems without filtration, add 0.10 to
values derived from graphs.
For non-forced-air systems, add 0.22 to the indoor/outdoor
ratios used on Worksheet 10.
Line 5: Calculate total indoor concentrations (line 3 +
line 4) .
* Multi-family garages are highly variable in configuration,
auto density, method of attachment to structure, and type
and location of ventilation exhausts. Thus, they have been
excluded from the manual.
84
-------
Worksheet 11 - TOTAL INDOOR POLLUTANT CONCENTRATIONS
Line
1 Total Outdoor Levels
CO (Section 5) mg/m
TSP (Section 5) yg/m3
S02 (Section 5) yg/m
2 Indoor-Outdoor Ratio
CO
TSP
4
Indoor Concentration from
Outdoor Source
CO mg/m
TSP yg/m3
,2
SO,, yg/m"
Concentrations due to
Indoor Generation
3
CO mg/m
TSP yg/m
Total Indoor Concentration
CO mg/m
TSP yg/m
Structure Number
1 2
S02 yg/m'
85
-------
The indoor CO level obtained here is for an 8-hour period.
This change from time duration of the outdoor level was made to
incorporate the effects of building construction on pollutant
dispersion.
EVALUATING INDOOR POLLUTANT LEVELS
The following standards cite pollutant levels not to be
exceeded more than 3 percent of the time period:
Particulates 210 yg/m for 24 hr
S02 450 yg/m3 for 3 hr
CO 6 mg/m3 for 8 hr
Compare these values with those on Worksheet 11, line 5.
If the worksheet values are higher, the indoor levels are con-
sidered too high for exposure for the general population.
If indoor concentrations exceed the standards, there is
often a potential for reducing the concentrations by manipulation
of certain elements of design, such as structure permeability
and the configuration or operation of the air circulation system.
Refer to Section 7 (Structural Design) for ways to reduce indoor
pollutant levels. A more rigorous analysis of potential for
structural reduction of air pollution levels requires access to
a computer and probably the services of a specialist in air condi-
tioning and heating. If any structural or mechanical character-
istics of the building are changed, follow the procedures of Work-
sheets 7 and 8 for analysis of the new configuration.
86
-------
7 RECOMMENDED DESIGN PRACTICES
Although the residential developer may consult with the
site planner before he selects parcels of land for a proposed
development, it is much more likely that he will have purchased
the land long before site planning begins. The planner, there-
fore, usually has little control over the kinds and quantities
of pollutants that may reach the development site. Certain
means are available, however, by which the planner and the
developer may reduce the impact of pollutants on future residents
of the complex. These design practices are recommended for con-
sideration though their effects are not yet fully known. Some
entail very little cost. Each has been shown to constitute
a step toward the goal of reducing the impact of air pollution
in and around residences.
SITE DESIGN
Setbacks. Studies have shown that concentrations of pollu-
tants from heavily traveled roadways decrease almost exponentially
with distance from the center of the road (see Figure 5-3). Set-
back of structures or of heavily frequented areas of the site
from major roadways can therefore reduce the average exposure of
the residents. For site locations at which the standards are
exceeded, this is normally the first method used to reduce pollu-
tant impact.
87
-------
Landscaping. Although trees, shrubs, and other landscape
features do not significantly affect the reduction of pollutants,
either by screening or by biochemical action, they do affect wind
speeds and the mixing of air. Trees and landscape masses tend
to induce turbulence in air flow, which in turn tends to reduce
the intensity of air pollution at ground level because of im-
proved mixing. Placing trees and other landscape masses next to
structures also can reduce wind pressures against exterior walls
of the structures in the windward direction. Conversely, in the
leeward direction, trees tend to break up the "vacuum" effect.
In general then, trees tend to reduce pressures and vacuums
against walls of buildings and therefore, the infiltration of
pollutants into structures. Because of these considerations,
as well as aesthetic and ecological concerns, site developers
show increasing interest in conserving mature trees and wooded
areas of a site and in placement of structures in optimum re-
lation to these natural features.
Parking. Whenever possible, planners should avoid large
masses of parking space in favor of smaller parking areas more
broadly distributed. This scheme will tend to reduce the peak
pollution load on any given structure, although it will also in-
crease the average exposure throughout the development. Setbacks
from parking areas are beneficial.
Grading. Planners should avoid site grading that creates
low sump areas, since these spaces tend to trap pollutants.
During cold weather, these sumps collect a laminar stratified
88
-------
body of air in which pollutants of all kinds are trapped.
Arrangement of Structures. Arrangement of structures in
such a manner as to block the through movements of prevailing
winds tends to trap, pool, and stagnate air masses. Planners
therefore should avoid long linear blocks of structures without
breaks if at all possible. Along the street-ward side of struc-
tures, long linear facades, especially those of uniform height,
tend to create a 'canyon1 effect, which can, in certain condi-
tions of wind velocity and direction, greatly increase the loc-
alized wind speeds (as much as 4 to 5 times the prevailing wind
speeds at rooftop levels). Whenever possible, varying setbacks
should be introduced in order to break up the canyon effect.
Use of setbacks and other features of site design are illustrated
in Figure 7-1.
BUILDING AND CONSTRUCTION
Permeability. All structures should include in the exterior
walls vapor barrier material having an effective permeance of
approximately 2 perms per 100 square inches, as defined in ASTM
Standard C-355. Reduction of infiltration will greatly reduce
the peak pollution values below those encountered outside the
structure.
Door and Window Sealing. By far most of the infiltration
delivered to the interior of a structure is through seams and
cracks in windows and doors and through the openings of openable
windows and doors. Therefore, it is recommended that all open-
able doors and windows be properly weather-sealed, with a seal
89
-------
SETSBACKS (HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL)
NOT THIS:
LARGE SETBACK
RECREATION SPACE LOCATED
AWAY FROM ROADWAY
OR THIS:
WHERE LARGE SETBACK
IS IMPOSSIBLE VERTICAL
DISTANCE MAY BE SUBSTI-
TUTED, ORIENTING LOWER
UNITS AWAY FROM ROADWAY
Figure 7-1. Illustrations of good and poor design practices
90
-------
GRADING
NOT THIS:
SITE GRADING AND BUILDING
LOCATION BLOCK AIR FLOW,
TRAPS POLLUTANTS
BUT THIS:
SITING BUILDINGS AROUND
RAVINE AVOIDS DISROPTION
OF AIR FLOW AND NATURAL
FEATURES.
Figure 7-1. (Continued).
Illustrations of good and poor design practices
91
-------
LANDSCAPING
THIS:
NOT THIS:
THIS:
PARKING
NOT THIS:
nrrrn rmrr
MiHif—| ninii
JTTTI
in
BUT THIS:
Figure 7-1. (Continued).
Illustrations of good and poor design practices
92
-------
ARRANGEMENT OF STRUCTURES
NOT THIS:
OR THIS
BUT THIS:
BUT THIS:
NOT THIS:
WIND AMPLIFYING BUILDING
MASSES CAUSE "CANYON
EFFECT"
BROKEN FACADES AND VARIED
SETBACKS HELP SLOW WIND
VELOCITY
Figure 7-1. (Continued).
Illustrations of good and poor design practices.
93
-------
Note openness of the plan to wind movements.
Towers tied together form a wind barricade. A
redeeming factor is rough aerodynamics of the
surface and a good setback.
Figure 7-1. (Continued).
Illustrations of good and poor design practices
94
-------
that meets a test specification of passing no more than 10 cubic
feet per hour per linear foot of opening along an interface
between window and frame (or door and frame). For high-rise
structures, it is recommended that main entry doors be vestibule
doors, that is double swinging doors structures, or that en-
trances having extremely high traffic be equipped with revolving
doors. Vestibule doors or positive air pressure locks between
spaces and parking garage structures are also required.
Circulation. Introduction of outside air for circulation
within the structure should be reduced to the absolute minimum
required for oxygen supply to inhabitants, for interior com-
bustion, and for reduction of odors within the structure. This
value is usually about 7 cubic feet per minute per inhabitant.
Even this level could be reduced by use of effective filtration
devices in a central air conditioning plant.
Filtration. It is recommended that all central air circu-
lation and air conditioning systems incorporate a high-
efficiency filter (overall filtration efficiency of over 90 per-
cent for particulate removal). Most electronic filters on the
market and many low-rate mechanical filters now provide this
degree of efficiency.
Oxidizing Agents. Oxidizing agents such as the permanga-
nates and activated charcoal have a marked effect in reducing
odors in the air and also a lesser effect in reducing levels of
certain hydrocarbons, some of the oxides of sulfur,- and a fair
amount of oxides of nitrogen. Use of devices incorporating
activated charcoal or permanganate wash as oxidizing agents is
95
-------
encouraged in central air conditioning systems.
Central Air Conditioning. In warm-weather areas, central
air conditioning greatly reduces peak interior concentrations
of air pollutants during hot weather periods. With open windows
in all types of structures, the interior concentrations of every
pollutant tend to approximate outdoor values very closely.
Structures can be sealed and closed only if they are properly
air-conditioned. Air conditioning devices, in themselves, pro-
vide a slight filtering effect since particulates tend to con-
dense on the cooling coils and fallout of dust is caused by
turbulence around the coils.
Air Conditioning Programming. There is a potential for
reducing both short-term peaks and long-terms averages of air
pollutant levels in tightly sealed structures by properly timing
the introduction of makeup air into the system. Many commercial
systems recharge makeup air into the system when they start in
the morning, at approximately 7:00 a.m. If the charging period
is moved ahead to a time at which outdoor pollutant levels are
extremely low, the levels inside can be reduced throughout the
entire daytime period. This application is also a possibility
for homes, especially for multi-family home heating and air
conditioning systems.
Venting of Structures. The architect and designer should
be aware of the potential for polluting a building by reintro-
duction of pollutant materials from its own or closely adjacent
flues and vents. Certain design rules should be followed as a
matter of course:
96
-------
1. Air- intakes for ventilation systems should be well separated
from major exhaust vents and chimney flues.
2. Chimney flues should project well beyond the roof ridge
lines.
Cooktop-Vents - Emissions from gas-fired cooktops 'are concen-
trated in the cooking area. Effective venting to the outside
will reduce pollutant concentrations. Vents that recycle pol-
luted air from the cooktop area through an activated charcoal
filter are not effective for removal of carbon monoxide or nitro-
gen dioxide. Vents should be located directly above the cooktop
surface, no more than 4 feet away, and should be constructed
with effective backflow prevention valves to prevent infiltration
of outside air during periods when the vent is not operating.
97
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8 SITE ANALYSIS: AN EXAMPLE
This section presents an example of analysis of potential
air pollution impact on a suburban residential housing site. In
this illustration we follow the procedures outlined earlier, using
the suggested worksheet formats and consulting the figures and
tables provided. The target year for the analysis is 1974.
COLLECTING DATA
The first step in data collection is acquisition of a 1
inch = 200 feet area map for the roadway calculations and a 1
inch = 10,000 feet map for point source calculations. Although
the entire map cannot be reproduced here, Figure 8-1 shows a
simplified sketch of the area and Figure 8-2 depicts the immedi-
ate vicinity of the proposed site. The development will contain
four 3-story, 12-unit apartment buildings on 4 acres of land.
We next identify and categorize the six significant roadways
indicated in Figure 8-2. We obtain traffic counts and speed
limits for these roads from the local traffic engineer. On
the basis of 45-degree sectors plotted on the area map, we deter-
mine total "collector" and "highway" street length; in this
instance the site qualifies as "low density".
Since the only parking facility meeting the significance
test is the proposed on-site parking, we estimate dimensions
of the parking area. It is noted also that no airports are
99
-------
POWER PLANT
O
ACID PLANT
LEGEND
HIGHWAY
LOCAL ROADS
POINT SOURCE
Figure 8-1. Simplified area map for the example
100
-------
RESIDENTIAL STREETS
Figure 8-2. Schematic representation of a section
of an area map for the example.
101
-------
located within 5 miles of the site.
Since aerial photographs of the area are not available,
maps and "Census Tract" data are obtained from the local A-95
Review Agency. Calling the U.S. Weather Service, we learn
that the local mean temperature is 20°C and the 97.5 percentile
low temperature is 0°C.
With this preliminary information, we are prepared to begin
computing the pollution levels at the site.
The site will contain 48 housing units on 4 acres of land;
according to the criteria given in Section 4, we can categorize
the development as small low-density. Thus, only one central
site location is used for the calculation procedure for each
pollutant.
COMPUTING CO CONCENTRATIONS
Emissions from Roadways
The first step is completion of Worksheet 1, providing traf-
fic data for each of the six significant roadways affecting the
site.
Next the specific site location must be identified to check
the CO level. A location at the center of the four buildings at
first-floor elevation is selected. Other site locations should
be evaluated if results of this analysis indicate a high pollu-
tion level.
Notice on the example worksheet that not all information is
required for all roads. For road 6, however, which is the only
highway, the V/Ca ratio (line 13) is required.
1^200 dine 10)
2000 x 6 (line
102
-------
Worksheet 1. EMISSIONS FROM SINGLE ROADS
Line
1 Projection year
2 Road number
3 Road name
4 Normal distance, km
5 Peak traffic volume
(V) , vph
/m
'
*>
l"°°
/??y
2.
12.0
J*0
mv
3
30
100
l?7?
V
IS-o
/ooo
1171
*
2.00
2-IOO
Complete lines 6 through 12 only if traffic data for
line 5 is not available.
AADT, vpd
Peak lanes (N)
Off-peak lanes
Daily traffic/lane pair
Peak lane volume , vph
Off-peak lane volume, vph
Total traffic (v) , vph
V/Ca for highways
Traffic speed, mph
CO emission factor
(Eco) / gm/mi
CO emission rate
(Qco) , mg/sec-m
Intersection emissions
(Rco) , gm/sec-m
25-
W7
•I 3 -*l
20
w
-
A5-
?/.Z
««
~
30
W
<"*
2.5
H7
/7-7
16
17
103
-------
Line
1
2
3
4
5
Worksheet 1. EMISSIONS FROM SINGLE ROADS
(Continued)
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
Projection year
Road number
Road name
Normal distance, km
Peak traffic volume
(V) , vph
mt-
(o
too
11 2-00
Complete lines 6 through 12 only if traffic data for
line 5 is not available.
AADT, vpd
Peak lanes (N)
Off-peak lanes
Daily traffic/lane pair
Peak lane volume, vph
Off-peak lane volume, vph
Total traffic (v) , vph
V/Ca for highways
Traffic speed, mph
CO emission factor
(Eco) , gm/mi
CO emission rate
(Qco) , mg/sec-m
Intersection emissions
(Rco) , mg/sec-m
0.?3
37
M.o
ft,. a
—
104
-------
This V/Ca ratio and the speed limit of 70 mph are entered
on the graph, Figure 5-2, to determine that the traffic speed
for road 6 is 42 mph; this value is rounded off to the nearest
5 mph and replaces the speed limit on line 12.
The target date for the analysis is 1974. We therefore
consult the appropriate tables (5-1 and 5-2) to determine emis-
sion factors for each of the local roads and for the highway.
These data are entered on line 13.
To calculate the roadway emission rates (Qco, line 14),
we proceed as follows, with road 1:
1.73 x 10~4 (constant) x 1600 (line 5) x 48.7 (line 15)
= 13.4 mg/sec-m
We perform this calculation for all roadways and complete
line 14.
The Rco values, for intersections, are determined for roads
1 and 3, the two significant roads that intersect near the site.
This is the calculation for road 1:
Rco =1.3 (constant) x 13.4 (line 14) =
17.4 mg/sec-m
After computation of a similar value for road 3, Worksheet
1 is complete. We turn now to Worksheet 2, which will provide
the required total concentrations of CO from roadways expected
at the site for each of the eight wind directions. Values for each
roadway are calculated separately.
The impact of the individual roadways for the eight wind
directions is calculated on Worksheet 2.
105
-------
Worksheet 2. POLLUTION FROM ROADWAYS
Wind Direction
1. Road No.
2. Angle (a)
3. Emission Q, mg/sec-m
4. Distance, m
5. Norm. Cone.
6. Ceo, mg/m
line 3 x line 5
1. Road No.
2. Angle (Q)
3. Emission Q, mg/sec-m
4. Distance, m
5. Norm. Cone.
6. Ceo, mg/m
line 3 x line 5
1. Road No.
2. Angle (a)
3., Emission Q, mg/sec-m
4. Distance, m
5. Norm. Cone.
6. Ceo, mg/m
line 3 x line 5
Total Concentration
N
2
30°
12,0
o.n
o.i
3
11,0
30
O.IS-
1.1
NE
2.
12-0
o.fr
1.0
3
it. a
30
O.2&
z.b
E
SE
S
SW
to
0.2.3
w
i-o
Tc
NW
/^.y
to
0.13
106
-------
Worksheet 2. POLLUTION FROM ROADWAYS
Wind Direction
1. Road No.
2. Angle (a)
3. Emission Q, mg/sec-m
4. Distance, ui
5. Norm. Cone.
6 . Ceo, mg/m
line 3 x line 5
1. Road No.
2. Angle (a)
3. Emission Q, mg/sec-m
4. Distance, m
5. Norm. Cone.
3
6. Ceo, mg/m
line 3 x line 5
1. Road No.
2. Angle (a)
3. Emission Q, mg/sec-m
4. Distance, m
5. Norm. Cone.
6. Ceo, mg/m
line 3 x line 5
Total Concentration
N
A.Y
NE
'
n*
too
a/3
73
/0.J
E
6
^? V '*"
ft>0
o.oe
+ *
+s
SE
-------
First we determine the angle made by each roadway with
each wind direction vector (line 2). Lines for roadways with
angles less than 22.5 degrees are left blank.
The roadway emissions just calculated for Worksheet 1
are entered on line 3. The only intersection qualifying for
pollution impact on the site (see instructions for Worksheet
1, line 15) is the junction of roads 1 and 3 in the northwest
wind direction. The values calculated for emissions at this
intersection are used here.
Distances from the roadways to the site are entered on
line 4.
Normalized concentrations for each road are determined by
referring to Figure 5-3 with values for distance (line 4) and
angle (line 2).
Concentrations at the site are obtained for each road by
multiplying line 3 x line 5.
The total concentration for each wind direction is deter-
mined at the end of the worksheet by summing values for all
roads. These total values for the eight wind directions are
entered in the CO Concentrations Summary.
Summary: CO Concentrations
Wind Direction
N NE E SE S SW W NW
Concentration -mg/m^
2.4 10.9 4.5 7.3 "2.7 6.2 4.6 7.1
1 Roadways
2 Parking
3 Total
4 Largest 1-hour concentra-
tion, mg/m^
1.3 1.3
2.4 10.9 4.5 8.6 5.0 6.2 4.6 7.1
10.9
1Q8
-------
Emissions from Parking Lots
The pollution impact due to the on-site parking lot is
calculated on Worksheet 3. Note that the distances used are the
distances normal to the parking lot, that is, along a line drawn
at right angles to the parking lot. Line 3 is the distance
from the site location to the near edge of the lot, and line
4 is the sum of lines 2 and 3.
We refer to Figure 5-4 with distance values from lines 3
and 4 and record the resulting concentrations in lines 5 and
6, respectively. The difference is the net CO concentration
at the site.
Impact of pollution from the parking lot on the site occurs
only from directions that cross the lot, in this case winds
from the south and the southeast. CO concentrations for those
wind directions are 'entered in the CO Concentrations Summary.
Total CO concentrations resulting from roadways and the
parking lot are now summed for the eight wind directions on
the Concentrations Summary. Line 4 shows the highest CO con-
centration, which is 10.9 mg/m3 from the northeast.
COMPUTING PARTICULATE AND SO2 CONCENTRATIONS
Emissions from Point Sources
Following the procedures outlined for determining pollution
from point sources, we locate nine point sources within a 3-mile
radius of the center of the site (15 miles for power plants) and
list the names and addresses. First we call the local air
pollution control agency having jurisdiction at the site. The
local agency provides the NEDS forms for the nine point sources
109
-------
Worksheet 3. POLLUTION FROM PARKING LOTS
Wind Directions
Line number
1. Parking lot number
2. Depth, m
3. Distance near edge, m
4. Distance-far edge, m
5. Near-edge cone., mg/m
6.-Far-edge cone., mg/m
7. Net concentration,
mg/m line 6 - line 5
1. Parking lot number
2. Depth, m
3. Distance near edge, m
4. Distance-far edge, m
5. Near-edge cone., mg/m
6. Far-edge cone., mg/m
7. Net concentration,
rag/m line 6 - line 5
8. Total impact, mg/m
9. Correction factor
10. Corrected total impact,
mg/m , line 8 x line 9
N
NE
SE
l-o
70
JO
1*6
1.6
sw
w
NW
110
-------
on our list.
We check significance of the point sources using Worksheet
4. Only one of the nine significance tests is illustrated here.
In this case the distance from the site to the plant is 3000
meters, recorded on line 1. We consult Figure 5-5 to deter-
mine the emission rate for significance, 7.0 gin/sec.
Emissions of particulate and SC>2 are found on the NEDS
forms for this plant and recorded on line 3. We convert from
tons/yr to gm/sec by using Figure 5-6 and the operating hours
per year, also from the NEDS forms. The total emissions of TSP
are higher than the minimum rate for significance, and emissions
of S02 are close. This point source therefore is significant
and is included in the calculations.
Proceeding with the analysis, we find that five of the
nine point sources are calculated to be significant. The stacks
are grouped for the significant sources by use of Worksheet 5.
Site locations of maximum particulate and maximum SO2 concentra-
tions are selected. For simplicity only one site location is
selected for each, as shown in Figure 8-3. The Worksheet 5 cal-
culation is illustrated for only one of the point sources. The
NEDS forms obtained for the source show that stacks fall into
two groups based on height and flow ranges. We therefore
complete two copies of Worksheet 5, using data from the NEDS
forms. Since the TSP and SO2 emissions are expressed in tons/yr,
111
-------
Worksheet 4. POINT SOURCE SIGNIFICANCE TEST
Plant Name
CO.
Number
Address
Evaluation of the source
Line
Number
Straight line distance between the
source and the site, d
Minimum emission rate for Em for sig-
nificance (from Figure 5-5)
(Table)
3OOO Meters
7 O gin/sec
3a
Point ID
/
2.
3
y
TOTAL
Pollutant, gm/sec
Particulate
o.iz
t.lt-
2,S8
i,30
2. it
Sulfur Dioxide
1, 2
-------
SITE LOCATIO:i[
P3
Particulate analysis
PI, ..., P4 are wind
directions in order
of point sources.
P4
S)
SO2 analysis SI, S2,
S3 are wind directions
in order of point
source size.
SITE
Figure 8-3. Schematic representation of the area map
for point source evaluation.
113
-------
Worksheet 5. GROUPING OF STACKS
Line
Number
1
2
3
Stack Group Characteristics
Flow Range
Height Range
(Table)
Stack Number / (1-6)
x*""""^ ^\ ^
^lOO (ft /minj.or m /sec
^—
ft
Number
in
Group
1
2
3
4
5
n= 2
Point
ID
/
Z
TOTAL
Height
H, ft
76
5S-
,31
Temp.
Ts,
too
70
170
Gas
flow
rate
ft3/min
6?o; ooo
17,100
(07 700
Pollutants,
gm/sec
TSP
0.11
I'll
/.»
so2
l.9t>
// O (o
4 Number of stacks n = 2,
5 Average Height H = Sum of Heights =/o£"£ gm/sec
9 Sulfur Dioxide = Sum of emission rates = /, 8(0 gm/sec
114
-------
Worksheet 5. GROUPING OF STACKS
(Continued)
Line
Number
Stack Number
(1-6)
Stack Group Characteristics
1 Flow Range
2 Height Range
3 (Table)
/C>oCft /minjor m /sec
O-5-Q ft
Number
in
Group
1
2
3
4
5
n-
Point
ID
3
t
TOTAL
Height
H, ft
ys~
Z.O
&-
Temp.
Ts,
70
/?0
ifeO
Gas
flow
rate
ft3/min
3?/00
1SOOO
37/OO
Pollutants,
gm/sec
TSP
2..3S
7.3
(o.SS
so2
5-,05-
S'.OS
Number of stacks n =
5 Average Height H = Sum of Heights = j^£_ft
6 Average Temp.
Q
Ts = Sum °f Temps = |(/30_°F -32)
n
= ?. ? m
5-y^ °c
7 Average Gas Flow Rate Vf =
Sum of
flow rates
EMISSION RATES
8 Particulate = Sum of the emission rates = £>/ SS gm/sec
9 Sulfur Dioxide = Sum of emis.'^ion rates = $~, OS" gm/sec
115
-------
we convert to gin/sec by determining the plant operating hours
(NEDS forms) and consulting Figure 5-6. The totalled values
are divided by the number of stacks to give the average values
recorded in lines 5 through 9. The two Worksheets 5 contain-
ing the grouped stack data for this plant are now applied to
Worksheet 6. The values for stack gas flow rate (line 4) and
gas temperature (line 3) are used to calculate the correction
factor F:
' F = 3.12 x Vf (Line 4) x (Ts (line 3) - 20)
(Ts (line 3) + 273
= 3.12 x 25.4 m/sec x
= 19.1
Plume rise is determined by consulting Figure 5-7 with the
F factor. The plume rise value, 45 m, is recorded on line 7.
Effective stack height (line 8) is determined by adding
stack height (line 2) and plume rise (line 7). The TSP and S02
emission values from Worksheet 5 are recorded on lines 9 and 10.
To obtain normalized concentration (line 11) , we refer to
Figure 5-8 with effective stack height (line 8) and distance to
the site. We then determine downwind TSP concentration (line 12)
by multiplying Line 9 x Line 11 x 0.60. The S02 concentration
(line 13) is determined by multiplying line 11 x line 10. The
total TSP and S00 levels (lines 14 and 15) result from summing
across the groups of stacks.
116
-------
Worksheet 6. ESTIMATION OF POLLUTANT CONTRIBUTION
FROM THE SOURCE TO THE SITE
Line
Number
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
ITEM
Stack Number
Stack Height (H) , m
Stack Gas Temperature (Ts) , °C
3
Gas Flow Rate (Vf ) , m /sec
Ambient Temperature (t) , °C
F Value
Plume Rise (h ) , m
Effective Stack Height, m
(h total) , line 2 + line 6
Particulate (Q1) , gni/sec
Sulfur Dioxide (Q2) , gm/sec
NORMALIZED CONCENTRATION
Particulate and S02 (C/Q) ,
Figure 5-8
ESTIMATED DOWNWIND CONCENTRATION
Particulate, yg/m
Sulfur Dioxide, yg/m
Total Particulate, yg/m
Total Sulfur Dioxide, yg/m
STACK OR
GROUP OF STACKS
/
zo
113
Z51
ZO
/t.l
^
bS
i,3&
1.8
-------
The downwind TSP and S02 concentrations at the site, deter-
mined by calculations on Worksheets 7a and 7b are shown below.
Downwind Concentration, yg/m3
Source No.
TSP S02
1 112 147
2 0 100
3 80 27
4 61 0
5 71 0
Point Source Pollutants at the Site
In computing pollutant concentrations at the site, we select
the four point sources showing the highest TSP and S02 levels and
draw lines from these sources to the site. Figure 8-3 shows the four
principal sources for both pollutants (three for S02). The wind
direction lines are numbered sequentially starting with the source
making the largest pollutant impact. Next we sum the concentra-
tions from each plant for each wind direction by use of Worksheets
7a and 7b. The pollution impacts are considered only if the
source-to-receptor locations are within 15 degrees on the given wind
direction. The downwind concentrations (line 2) were determined
on Worksheet 6. To determine the pollutant impact from a point
source for a wind direction through another point source, tan-
gential distances X and Y are plotted on the map and measured.
They are then used with Figure 5-9 to obtain the correction factor
for particulate and with Figure 5-10 for S02. The correction
factors are multiplied by the downwind concentrations to yield
concentrations at the site (Line 6).
118
-------
Worksheet la. POLLUTION FROM POINT SOURCES (PARTICULATE)
Wind Directions
Line
Number
1. Source Number
2. Downwind Particulate,
yg/m
3. X meters
4. Y meters
5. Correction Factor
6. Particulate yg/m
1. Source Number
2. Downwind Particulate,
yg/m
3. X meters
4. Y meters
5. Correction Factor
6. Particulate yg/m
1. Source Number
2. Downwind Particulate,
/ 3
yg/m
3. X meters
4. Y meters
5. Correction Factor
6. Particulate yg/m
1. Source Number
2. Downwind Particulate,
yg/m
3. X meters
4. Y meters
5. Correction Factor
6. Particulate yg/m
TOTAL yg/m3
1
m
o
l<0
s-
11
75-3
Zli
LOW
112.
2
3
So
looo
O
10
30
*t
3^5-3
z-y#
—
go
3
l'l*
'I'lXfo3
LO\fJ
&
11
800
o
l.o
71
7/
4
3
SO
707
707
LOW
•
y
^00
O
1.0
fa 1
119
-------
Worksheet 7b. POLLUTION FROM POINT SOURCES (SO,)
Line
Number
1. Source Number
2. Downwind S02 Pg/m'
3. X meters
4. Y meters
5. Correction Factor
6. S02 Pg/m3
1. Source Number
2. Downwind SO- pg/m"
3. X meters
4. Y meters
5. Correction Factor
6. S02 pg/m
1. Source Number
2. Downwind S02 pg/m"
3. X meters
4. Y meters
5. Correction Factor
6. S02 pg/m
1. Source Number
3
2. Downwind S00 pg/m
£.
3. X meters
4. Y meters
5. Correction Factor
6. S02 Pg/m3
TOTAL Pg/m3
Wind Directions
1
o
/,o
117
/ii
2
z
100
3000
0
ho
3
2.1
?8S-
/?y
o.os-
1
/o/
3
2.
A?0
Z960
>*r/o
0.2.Z
3
/O&o
O
1,0
2-7
^
4
120
-------
The total impacts at the site from the different wind
directions are summarized. The highest TSP and SO2 levels and
their corresponding wind directions are entered in the parti-
culate and S02 Concentrations Summary.
Summary: PARTICULATE AND S02 EMISSIONS
TSP S02
1. Highest impact wind direction 1 1
2. Point source total concentration, 112 147
yg/m3
3. Building heating, yg/m^ 20 15
4. Total, yg/m3 132 162
Emissions from Space Heating
For a small low-density development, a simplified proce-
dure can be used to determine air pollution impact, as described
in Section 5. For illustrative purposes the more involved pro-
cedure used for medium and large low-density developments is
described.
In calculating the pollution at the site attributable to
space heating, we construct on the area map a 1-kilometer square
centered on the site and the maximum particulate wind vector
as shown in Section 5. using maps supplied with "Census Tracts"
data as reference, we plot the boundaries of all census tracts
within this square. We use Worksheet 8 to calculate total floor
area for buildings in this square, as illustrated in the example,
We then calculate emission rates for TSP and S02 on Worksheet 9,
and by referring to Figure 5-11, derive estimated concentrations
121
-------
Worksheet 8. DETERMINING FLOOR AREAS (SPACE HEATING LOAD)
POLLUTANT:
Particulates
SO,
(Check one)
Dwelling Size Categories
Residential Buildings
Tract
1 Number
/
Z
3
H-
s5"
6
7
8
2 TOTAL
x f
, Sq.Ft.
1000
Number of rooms per dwelling
1
x.650
2
x.800
3
2.
2-
x.950
A?
4
2
vf
6
?
30
7
3
ID
78
xl.100
2S,8
5
6O
5~l
^
7-5-
vs-
70
t>(
fc?
i ?£
xl.250
(f>20,D
6
//
22.
/O
2-
3
/
7
Z
£~&
xl.400
^/.Z
7
xl.600
8
xl.800
4 TOTAL
(Sq.Ft
1000)
733, 7
Non-Residential Uses
Street Address
Number St. Name
Establishment Name
A
B
C
D
Floor Area
(in thousands
of sq . feet)
loo
300
35-0
JS~0
6 TOTAL - Non-Residential Floor Space
7 Update Information - Construction
- Demolition
8 GRAND TOTAL (4+6+7)
122
-------
Worksheet 9. POLLUTION FROM SPACE HEATING
Line
1 Percent of dwellings using coal
2 Percent of dwellings using oil
3 Grand total floor area
4 Floor space heated by coal
line 1 x line 3
5 Floor space heated by oil
line 2 x line 3
6 65 -Tc = L
65 -3S = L =
7 Particulate Emission:
(line 4 + 0.76 x line 5)
x line 6 x lo"11
8 SO- Emission:
(2.9 x line 4 + 3.2 x line 5)
x line 6 x lo"11
9 Concentration yg/m"
(from Figure 5-11)
Particulates
30%
~10%
i(*8
-------
of TSP and S02 at the site. These concentrations are entered
on line 9 of the worksheet, then on the Particulate and SO2 Con-
centration Summary. The total TSP and S02 concentrations from
point sources and space heating are entered on line 4 of the
Summary.
EVALUATING THE SITE
Outdoor Pollutant Levels
The total outdoor pollution levels shown in the pollutant
concentrations summaries are compared with the Federal Standards:
Total Levels at Site Federal Standard
co 10.9 mg/m3 15 mg/m3, 1 hr
TSP 132 yg/m3 210 yg/m3, 24 hr
S02 162 ug/m3 450 yg/m3, 3 hr
The concentrations at the site are all below the standards,
and thus pollution levels at the site are acceptable. Since none
of the levels are as high as 80 percent of the standard, indoor
pollutant levels need not be calculated. By way of illustration,
however, we determine indoor pollutant levels in the following
section.
Calculation of Indoor Pollutant Levels
Following the procedures presented in Section 6, we deter-
mine structural characteristics of the building on Worksheet 10.
For this example we assume a single building of dimensions 50 by
100 by 40 feet, with no forced-air system. The dimensional par-
ameters give an F value of 11.9.
To derive the overall permeability coefficient, K, we
assume that the building is made of brick with a vapor barrier
and that all windows are weather stripped. From permeability
124
-------
Worksheet 10. STRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS OF BUILDINGS
Structure Number
i i
Dimensional Parameters
1. Volume (V)
2. Surface Area
a. SA
c
b,
c,
d
SA
0
Total SA
3. Ratio (F) of Volume to
Surface Area F = V/SA
Coefficients
Permeability
4.
Proportion (P) of each component
« - SA,,
a.
SA
c.
_,
P =
SA
SA
SA"
5. Permeability Coefficient (K)
a. KW (from Table 6-1)
b. KQ (from Table 6-1)
6. Weighted Permeability Coefficients
a. X = P K
c w
b. Y = P K
w w
c. Z = P K
o o
d. K=X+Y+Z
7 . Indoor-Outdoor Ratios
1
3LOO.OOO
600(1
(oOO
/ 1, oo&
11%
5nt
O.03
2.5
ients
0-07
o n
0-^JS
CO 0-Vtf
TSP O,?k
S02 O '(oO
2
3
125
-------
coefficients in Table 6-1, we calculate the weighted permeability
coefficient. Using the F and K values, we determine the pollu-
tant Indoor-Outdoor ratios taking the CO value from Figure 6-1 and
the TSP value from Page 81. The S02 is a constant, 60 percent.
Total indoor pollutant concentrations are calculated on
Worksheet 11, multiplying the outdoor level (Line 1) by the
Indoor-Outdoor ratio (Line 2) and adding any indoor generation
in a given apartment, which in this case is limited to carbon
monoxide from gas cooking.
The total indoor levels (Worksheet 11, line 5) are also
lower than the standards. Thus, the site subjected to this
analysis is completely acceptable with respect to the air pollu-
tion impact on human health.
126
-------
Worksheet 11 - TOTAL INDOOR POLLUTANT CONCENTRATIONS
Structure Number
Line
Total Outdoor Levels
CO (Section 5) mg/m
TSP (Section 5) yg/m3
o
S00 (Section 5) yg/m
Indoor-Outdoor Ratio
CO
TSP
S02
Indoor Concentration from
Outdoor Source
CO
TSP
mg/m"
«
yg/m"
yg/m"
Concentrations due to
Indoor Generation
CO mg/m
TSP yg/m
Total Indoor Concentration
3
CO mg/m
TSP yg/m
S02 yg/m
/O.
-------
GLOSSARY OF TERMS
AADT - Annual Average Daily Traffic. Average daily traffic
rate based on annual data.
Ambient Air Quality Standard - The air quality level established
by Federal or State agencies to be achieved or maintained.
Primary standards are promulgated to protect public health
and secondary standards to protect the public welfare from
any known or anticipated adverse effects of a pollutant.
Ceo - The concentration of carbon monoxide at the site location
due to emissions from a roadway in mg/m3.
CO - Carbon monoxide.
C/Q - The normalized particulate or S02 concentration at a site
location due to a point source emission. C is concentra-
tion in yg/m3 and Q is point source emission rate in gm/sec.
CAMP - Continuous Air Monitoring Program. These stations make-up
a network of major air contaminant monitoring locations
in major metropolitan areas in the U.S.
Collector Street - defined for this Manual as any street or road-
way with greater than 15,000 vehicles per day traffic
volume and not a limited access road.
Concentrations - A measure of the average density of pollutants,
specified as pollutant mass per unit volume in this manual.
Correction Factor - for Point Sources. A multiplier to the down-
wind pollutant concentration to account for a different
wind direction.
E - Filter pollutant removal efficiency.
Eco - Carbon monoxide emission factor from roadways, in gm/mile.
Effective Stack Height - Total height a point source emission rises
in the atmosphere. Equal to the stack height plus plume rise
Emissions - Effluents to the atmosphere, specified as weight per
unit time for a given pollutant from a given source.
F_ - An intermediate factor used to determine a point source plume
rise. Determined from the stack gas flow rate and the stack
gas temperature.
129
-------
NEDS - National Emission Data System - A data collection system
which records relevant information of all significant point
sources in the U.S. A standard computer input form is com-
pleted for each significant point source emitter in a
facility.
97% Percentile Level - The air pollutant concentration that
will not be exceeded in 97% of a given time interval per
year.
Peak-Hour Traffic - The traffic rate for the highest volume hour
in the day for a given road
Permeability Coefficient - (Kw, Ko) is the infiltration rate in
•ft-Vhr/ft^ of building area for a given building construction,
Kw is the ceiling and wall rate and Ko is the window and
door rate.
Plume Rise - The height an emission from a point source stack
rises in the atmosphere above the stack height.
Point Sources - Localized emissions emanating from industrial
and commercial fuel burning and from process operations.
Qco - Emission rate from roadways in gm/sec/m of road
length
RCO - Emission rate from roadway intersections in grams/sec/meter
of road length.
S00- Sulfur dioxide.
— J^
TSP - Total suspended particulate, also just referred to as
particulate.
yg/m - Micrograms per cubic meter.
V/Ca - Traffic volume to roadway traffic capacity ratio.
Wind Direction - Designates the direction from which the wind
is approaching the site.
a - Angle between the wind direction and the roadway.
130
-------
APPENDIX A
INDUSTRIAL SOURCES OF POLLUTANTS
An alphabetical listing of pollutants with their major indus-
trial sources is presented below.
Aldehydes
Insulated wire reclaiming,
covering
Meat smokehouses
Mineral wool production
Phthalic acid plant
Varnish cooking kettles
Ammonia
Ammonia liquor storage
Ammonia production
Ammonium carbonate production
Ammonium nitrate production
Ammonium sulfate production
Arsenic
Arsenic ore mining and
concentrating
Arsenic production
Pesticide production
Gold and copper smelters
Asbestos
Asbestos, manufacture of
Asbestos strip-mining and
processing
Asbestos insulation
Barium
Barium chloride production
Beryllium
Production of fluorescent
lamps
Metallurgical industry
Boron
Detergent manufacture
Weather proofing wood
Cadmium
Metallurgical alloying
Lead mine drainage
Dye production
131
-------
Chlorine
Chlorinated hydrocarbon
production
Chlorine production
Chlorine storage tanks
Electrolysis of alkali
solution
Chromium
Chromium salt production
Metallurgical industry
Chromate-producing industry
Cyanide Compounds
Cyanide compound production
Hydrochloric Acid
Hydrochloric acid production
Metal and industrial cleaning
Lead
Lead ore mining and
concentrating
Lead reduction and melting
Mercury
Mercury production
Nickel
Nickel production (aqueous
solution electrolysis)
Nickel
Plating plants
Incineration of nickel products
Pesticides
Pesticide production
Phosphorus
Phosphorite mining and
production
Phosphorus production
Selenium
Fuels and ores used by industry
Vanadium
Vinyl Chloride
Plastic manufacturing
Refrigerant
Organic synthesis
Polyvinyl chloride manufacture-
(PVC) - many PVC applications
Zinc
Zinc alloying, smelting,
galvanizing, refining
Zinc production
Lead industries
Brass alloy manufacturing
132
-------
APPENDIX B
AIR QUALITY MONITORING REQUIREMENTS
Limitations on applicability of the procedures were presented
in the manual, including these situations which the procedures
cannot adequately handle:
1. Very uneven topography where more than a 100-foot
difference in ground elevations occurs within 500
feet of the site.
2. Site location close to a large body of water.
3. Airport situated within the distance parameters
listed in the manual.
4. Very large residential developments, roughly
greater than 1,000 housing units or 100 acres.
These require a more detailed air pollution
analysis.
5. Sites situated close to any of the industrial
operations listed in Appendix A of the manual.
For such sites the impact of specific air pollu-
tant (s) should be measured. A preliminary esti-
mate of the potential hazard should be obtained
from an engineer at the local air pollution control
agency.
In the cases cited above, monitoring of air pollutant levels
is recommended. The purpose of this section is to provide guide-
lines for the planner concerning the scope of air sampling work
required.
Sampling locations are a function of the site size, topography,
and number and location of pollution sources. We therefore recom-
mend that the planner engage a consulting firm experienced in
133
-------
air sampling to determine the location and number of sampling
points, pollutants to be monitored at each point, sampling time,
and type of sampling equipment required. The consulting firm
should be selected from a list of those recommended by the state
air pollution control agency or the Regional office of the EPA.
Following are some rough guidelines to aid in evaluating
the scope of work required:
1. A 2-week sampling period is a minimum time that
is adequate to generate meaningful data. For very
large developments, a more extended study might be
justified to generate recommended uses for different
parts of the site.
2. For sites of 10 acres or less, one central sampling
point should be adequate. In rehabilitation pro-
jects, structural features of the buildings may
require additional sampling locations.
3. For sites in the 50- to 100-acre size range with no
unusual topographical features, two sampling points
should be adequate. If high-traffic-volume roadways
are adjacent to more than one site exposure, more
sampling locations for carbon monoxide may be required.
4. For sites in the 100- to 500-acre size range, four
sampling points are recommended.
5. The choice of air pollutants to be measured can only
be determined after a professional site evaluation
based on knowledge of the local air pollution problems.
Measurement of photochemical oxidants is often advis-
able. Since the oxidant level would not be expected
to fluctuate as a function of site location as much as
do the levels of primary air pollutants, one or two
sampling locations should be adequate.
6. A more intensive sampling program may be advisable
where rows of tall buildings cause a canyon or funnel
effect. Also, if the site design includes high-rise
structures, sampling at elevated points may be recom-
mended, particularly where significant pollution impact
is anticipated from point sources.
134
-------
The monitoring should include measurements of wind speed
and direction near the sampling points and determination of surface
atmospheric stability.
Site Selection
Although few site locations are ideally located for monitoring
of all pollutants, for purely economic reasons it is common prac-
tice to consolidate sampling equipment for a number of pollutants
at each sampling site. Within this restriction, the factors
that affect site selection are distribution of the buildings
and the site, location of pollutant emission sources, meteorology,
and topography.
If a major portion of the pollution impact at a sampling
point results from a dominant point source, an effort should
be made to determine the extent of this impact on the entire
site. The same is true for the downwash of air masses from adja-
cent buildings.
Meteorological conditions determine the ability of the atmos-
phere to transport and diffuse air pollutants. Among the factors
are wind speed and direction, atmospheric stability, and mixing
depth. For most regions the only meteorological data available
are those from the local airport weather station. Because these
airport measurements are not representative of the microscale
meteorology throughout a region, some air pollution control agen-
cies include meteorological instrumentation in their continuous
air monitoring stations.
The microscale meteorological conditions for any land areas
135
-------
are significantly affected by local topographical features.
Their effects should be considered in locating sampling points.
In urban areas topographical effects are often further complicated
by the grouping of buildings and structures and by elevated or
recessed highways.
Recommended methods and instruments for monitoring of particu-
lates, S02, CO, hydrocarbons, oxidants, and nitrogen oxides are
described thoroughly in "Air Quality Monitoring Systems Training
Course Manual."1 Methods of analysis of other air pollutants
are described in "Methods of Air Sampling and Analysis."2
The cost of field monitoring is proportional to the number
of sampling points and number and type of pollutants sampled.
1. Air Quality Monitoring Systems Training Course Manual,
Environmental Protection Agency, contract NO. bb-U2-u /83,
October 1973.
2. Methods of Air Sampling and Analysis, Intersociety Com-
mittee, American Public Health Assoc., 1972.
136
-------
APPENDIX C
INFORMATION NEEDED FROM NEDS FORMS
The NEDS form, shown in Figure C-l, is a computer input
form for a point source. A source may have more than one stack
emitting pollutants. We shall consider that each stack is coded
on a separate form. Thus, there may be more than one NEDS form
for a source.
The horizontal rows on the NEDS form in Figure C-l are
numbered 1 through 7. Further, each important field (group of
columns) is assigned a Key Number for easy identification. The
explanation of NEDS coding is given, by rows and keys, in Table
C-l. For example, Key 1_ gives stack height in Columns 33-36 of
Row 3.
Point ID: Point ID is the sequential number given to
a stack at the source for identification. Thus, Point ID
represents an individual stack.
137
-------
State
1
2
(3)
County
3
4
5
6
AQCR
7
8
9
Plant ID
Number
10
11
12
13
NATIONAL EMISSIONS DATA SYSTEM (NEDS)
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
OFFICE OF AIR PROGRAMS
POINT SOURCE
Input Form
Nam ol Penon
Completing Form
vi/
City,
Ulm
Zone
Year of
Record
0
Establishment Name and Address
Contact-Personal
cd
-
16
17
18 19
20
21
22
23
ftint
ID
©
Year ot
1IJ 1 7
SIC
1»JV9J20 21
IPP
Process
22
ill-'7
Boiler Design
Capacity
!06 BTiJ hr
Primary
Part.
LLJ.
•'.ANNUAL THRUPUT
23
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33'
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
UTM COORDINATES
Horizontal
km
?4
25
26
27
Vertical
km
28
29
30
31
32
STACK DATA
Height (II)
33
34
35
36
Diam (It)
37
38
39
Temp f°F)
40
41
42
43
Flow Rale (ftj/min)
3/
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
Plume Height
II no slack II.
51
52
53
loll
Dec I M.i i
Fet
M.iy
June
Aug
22J23
Scpl
Nov
24J25
Secondary
Part.
Primary
Secondary
S02
CONTROL EQUIPMENT
^6 27 28
"!7L _
@ NORMAL
OPERATING
29'30l31 32|33|3J
Tut XT;
Primary
NOX
Secondary
NO,
38 39 40
Primary
HC
41
42 43
Secondary
HC
Primary
CO
^1 asl 46 47 48 [49
Secondary
CO
50
51
52
54
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
66
67
68
69
70m
72
7374
75
76
77
78
79
80
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
ESTIMATED CONTROL EFFICIENCY (%)
Part.
53
54
55
S02
56
57
58
NO,
59
60
61
HC
62
63
64
CO
65
66
Hr day
0
?6J27 28 291:
L
NG
k yr
3J30
(n)
Parliculate
31J32I33
34
35| 36| 37
"IT
© E
S02
38
39
40l4l|4jl4J
EMISSION ESTIMATES (tons/year)
44
NO,
45 46 47 48
49
50
51
HC
52
53
CO
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
cd
80
68
69
70
71
,ESTIMATION
METHOD
fa NO;
66
67
HC
68
69
CO
70
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
cd
80
% Space
Heat
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
cd
80
1b
ol
•d
I/
Vcaiul
16
17
18
J
1
18
1 J
1
19
F'JI
.'Oj
i
20
.culatc
23|24
sec
III
21
22
23
25
IV
24
25
26
S0?
27J28
/>
29
LLOW/I
30
31
BLE EMISSIONS (Ions yej
NOX
32
Fue^Process
Solid Waste
Operating Rale
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37|38
0
39
Maximum Design
Rale
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
1
40
HC
41
42
Sullur
fDnlenl •.
40
j
41
42
43
44
15
Ash
Content %
43
44
45
46
47
48
CC
49
)
50
Heat Content
106 BTU/scc
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
Q.
e
o
CJ
53
COMPL
SCHEC
Year
54
55
IANCE
HJLE
Month
56
57
COMPL
I
Year
58
59
ANCES
PDATE
Month
60
61
TATUS
Day
52
63
o.
o
UJ
64
CO
Re{l
55
66
67
Comments
sT
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
YTROL REGIK.
Res 2
69
70
68
69
70
71
41
O
^O
71
72
•o
<5
72
ATIONS
Rej3
73
74
75
76
77
73
74
75
76
77
C
O
78
A
C
O
is
78
A
A
A
A
A
79
P
79
P
P
P
P
P
cd
SO
5
cd
80
6
6
6
6
6
' 2.20
Figure C-l. Point source coding form.
-------
Table C-l. NEDS FORM CODING
Key
number
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Information
Source name and address
City
County
Point ID
Year of data
SIC (Standard Industrial
Classification)
Stack height, ft
Stack gas temp, °F
Stack gas flow rate
Operating Schedule
hr/day, days/wk, wk/year
Particulate emission rate
tons/year
Sulfur dioxide emission
rate, tons/year
Row
number
1
2
1
3
3
3
3
3
3
5
5
5
Field
(columns)
22
14
3
14
16
18
33
40
44
26
31
38
- 61
- 17
- 6
- 15
- 17
- 21
- 36
- 43
- 50
- 30
- 37
- 44
139
-------
APPENDIX D
CONVERSION FROM ENGLISH TO METRIC UNITS
English Unit
1 Foot
1 Inch
1 Square Foot
1 Cubic Foot
1 Mile
1 Ft.3/min
1 Pound
1 Ton
Metric Unit
30.48 centimeters
0. 3048 meter
2.54 centimeters
0.0929 square meter
0.0283 cubic meter
1609.3 meters
1.609 kilometers
4.72 x 10~4 M3/sec
453.6 grams
907.2 kilograms
1 gm = 1000 mg
= 106 yg
°C = - (°F - 32)
141
-------
SAMPLE WORKSHEETS
143
-------
RAPID EVALUATION WORKSHEET: CO POLLUTION FROM ROADWAYS
Line
1
2
3
4
5
6
Road name
Road number
Normal distance, ft
AADT, vpd
CO emission factor
Emission rate
North Wind D.i rection
7 Angle with roadway (0)
8 Normal concentration
(Figure 2.1)
9 Impact, mg/m
East Wind Direction
7 Angle with roadway
8 Normal concentration
(Figure 2.1)
9 Impact, mg/m
South Wind Direction
7 Angle with roadway
8 Normal concentration
(Figure 2.1)
9 Impact, mg/m
West Wind Direction
7 Angle with roadway
8 Normal concentration
(Figure 2.1)
9 Impact, mg/m
10 Highest impact, mg/m
11 Parking lot contribution,
mg/m
12 Total CO impact, mg/m
Total CO
Impact,
mg/m
144
-------
RAPID EVALUATION WORKSHEET: CO POLLUTION FROM ROADWAYS
Line
1
2
3
4
5
6
Road name
Road number
Normal distance, ft.
AADT, vpd
CO emission factor
Emission rate
North Wind Direction
7 Angle with roadway (0)
8 Normal concentration
(Figure 2.1)
9 Impact , mg/m
East Wind Direction
7 Angle with roadway (0)
8 Normal concentration
(Figure 2.1)
9 Impact, mg/m
South Wind Direction
7 Angle with roadway
8 Normal concentration
(Figure 2.1)
9 Impact, mg/m
West Wind Direction
7 Angle with roadway (>zO
8 Normal concentration
(Figure 2.1)
9 Impact, mg/m
10 Highest impact, mg/m
11 Parking lot contribution,
mg/m
12 Total CO impact, mg/m
Total COi
Impact
mg/m
145
-------
Worksheet 1. EMISSIONS FROM SINGLE ROADS
Line
1 Projection year
2 Road number
3 Road name
4 Normal distance, km
5 Peak traffic volume
1 (V) , vph
Complete lines 6 through 12 only if traffic data for
line 5 is not available.
6 AADT, vpd
7 Peak lanes (N)
8 Off-peak lanes
9 Daily traffic/lane pair
10 Peak lane volume, vph
11 Off-peak lane volume/ vph
12 Total traffic (v) , vph
13 V/Ca for highways
14 Traffic speed, mph
15 CO emission factor
(Eco) gm/mi
16 CO emission rate
(Qco) , mg/sec
17 Intersection emissions
(Rco) , gm/sec-m
146
-------
Worksheet 1. EMISSIONS FROM SINGLE ROADS
Line
1 Projection year
2 Road number
3 Road name
4 Normal distance, km
5 Peak traffic volume
(V) , vph
Complete lines 6 through 12 only if traffic data for
line 5 is not available.
6 AADT , vpd
7 Peak lanes (N)
8 Off-peak lanes
9 Daily traffic/lane pair
10 Peak lane volume, vph
11 Off-peak l^ne volume, vph
12 Total traffic (v) , vph
13 V/Ca for highways
14 Traffic speed, mph
15 CO emission factor
(Eco) gm/mi
16 CO emission rate
(Qco) , mg/sec-m
17 Intersection emissions
(Rco) , mg/sec-m
-
147
-------
Worksheet 2. POLLUTION FROM ROADWAYS
Wind Direction
1. Road No.
2. Angle (a)
3. Emission Q, mg/sec-m
4. Distance, m
5. Norm. Cone.
6. Ceo, mg/m
line 3 x line 5
1. Road No.
2. Angle (a)
3. Emission Q, mg/sec-m
4. Distance, m
5. Norm. Cone.
6 . Ceo, mg/m
line 3 x line 5
1. Road No.
2. Angle (a)
3. Emission Qf mg/sec-m
4. Distance, m
5. Norm. Cone.
6 . Ceo, mg/m
line 3 x line 5
Total Concentration
mg/m3
N
NE
SE
SW
W
NW
148
-------
Worksheet 2. POLLUTION FROM ROADWAYS
Wind Direction
1. Road No.
2. Angle (a)
3. Emission Q, mg/sec-m
4. Distance, m
5. Norm. Cone.
6 . Ceo, mg/m
line 3 x line 5
1. Road No.
2. Angle (a)
3. Emission Q, mg/sec-m
4. Distance, m
5. Norm. Cone.
6. Ceo, mg/m
line 3 x line 5
1. Road No.
2. Angle (a)
3. Emission Q, mg/sec-m
4. Distance, m
5. Norm. Cone.
6. Ceo, mg/m
line 3 x line 5
Total Concentration
mg/m^
N
NE
SE
SW
W
NW
149
-------
Worksheet 3. POLLUTION FROM PARKING LOTS
Wind Directions
Line number
1. Parking lot number
2. Depth, meters
3. Distance near edge, m
4. Distance-far edge, m
5. Near-edge cone., mg/m
6. Far-edge cone., mg/m
7. Net concentration,
3
mg/m line 6 - line 5
1. Parking lot number
2. Depth, meters
3. Distance near edge, m
4. Distance-far edge, m
5. Near-edge cone., mg/m
3
6. Far-edge cone., mg/m
7. Net concentration,
mg/m line 6 - line 5
8. Total impact-, mg/m
9. Correction factor
10. Corrected total impact,
mg/m , line 8 x line 9
N
NE
E
SE
SW
W
NW
150
-------
Worksheet 3. POLLUTION FROM PARKING LOTS
Wind Directions
Line number
1. Parking lot number
2. Depth, meters
3. Distance near edge, m
4. Distance-far edge, m
5. Near-edge cone., mg/m
6. Far-edge cone., mg/m
7. Net concentration,
mg/m line 6 - line 5
1. Parking lot number
2. Depth, meters
3. Distance near edge, m
4. Distance-far edge, m
5. Near-edge cone., mg/m
6. Far-edge cone., mg/m
7. Net concentration,
mg/m line 6 - line 5
8. Total impact, mg/m
9. Correction factor
10. Corrected total impact,
mg/m , line 8 x line 9
N
NE
SE
SW
W
NW
151
-------
Worksheet 4. POINT SOURCE SIGNIFICANCE TEST
Plant Name_
Address
Number
Evaluation of the source
Line
Number
Straight line distance between the
source and the site, d
Minimum emission rate for Em for sig-
nificance (from Figure 5-5)
(Table)
Meters
gm/sec
3a
Point ID
TOTAL
Pollutant, gm/sec
Particulate
Sulfur Dioxide
Is the total emission rate for particulate or sulfur
dioxide greater than the emission rate Em on line 2?
Yes
No
152
-------
Worksheet 4. POINT SOURCE SIGNIFICANCE TEST
Plant Name
Number
Address
Evaluation of the source
Line
Number
2
3
Straight line distance between the
source and the site, d
Minimum emission rate for Em for sig-
nificance (from Figure 5-5)
(Table)
Meters
gm/sec
3a
Point ID
TOTAL
Pollutant, gm/sec
Particulate
Sulfur Dioxide
Is the total emission rate for particulate or sulfur
dioxide greater than the emission rate Em on line 2?
Yes
No
-------
Worksheet 5. GROUPING OF STACKS
Line
Number
1
2
3
Stack Number
(1-6)
Stack Group Characteristics
Flow Range
Height Range
(Table)
ft /min or m /sec
ft or meters
Number
.in
Group
1
2
3
4
5
n=
Point
ID
TOTAL
Height
H, ft
Temp.
Ts,
oF
Gas
flow
rate
ft3/min
Pollutants,
gm/sec
TSP
so2
Number of Stacks n =
5 Average Height H = Sum of Heights = ffc x 0<3048 =
6 Average Temp.
n
m - Sum of Temps _ 5,
13 n 9l-
>F -32) =
-7 ^. rm T-, j. tr Sum of gas flow rates
1 Average Gas Flow Rate Vf = 2— =
ft"3/min)
m /sec.
2120
EMISSION RATES
8 Particulate = Sum of the emission rates =
Sulfur Dioxide = Sum of emission rates =
gm/sec.
gm/sec.
m
154
-------
Worksheet 5. GROUPING OF STACKS
Line
Number
1
2
3
Stack Number
(1-6)
Stack Group Characteristics
Flow Range
Height Range
(Table)
ft /min or m /sec
ft or meters
Number
in
Group
1
2
3
4
5
n=
Point
ID
TOTAL
Height
H, ft
Temp.
Ts,
OF
Gas
flow
rate
ft3/min
Pollutants,
gm/sec
TSP
so2
Number of Stacks n =
5 Average Height H = Sum of Heights = ffc x 0>3048 =
6 Average Temp.
n
Ts = Sum of Temps = 5_( op _32)
n 9
7 Average Gas Flow Rate Vf = Sum of gas flow rates =
ftVmin)
m /sec.
2120
EMISSION RATES
8 Particulate = Sum of the emission rates =
Sulfur Dioxide = Sum of emission rates =
gm/sec,
gm/sec
m
155
-------
Worksheet 6. ESTIMATION OF POLLUTANT CONTRIBUTION
FROM THE SOURCE TO THE SITE
Line
Number
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
ITEM
Stack Number
Stack Height (H) , m
Stack Gas Temperature (Ts) , °C
Gas Flow Rate (Vf ) , m3/sec
Ambient Temperature (t) , °C
F Value
Plume Rise (h ) , m
Effective Stack Height, m
(h total) , line 2 + line 6
Particulate (Q, ) , gm/sec
Sulfur Dioxide (Q~) , gm/sec
NORMALIZED CONCENTRATION
Particulate and S02 (C/Q) ,
Figure 5-8
ESTIMATED DOWNWIND CONCENTRATIONS
Particulate, yg/m
Sulfur Dioxide, yg/m
Total Particulate, yg/m
Total Sulfur Dioxide, yg/m
STACK OR
GROUP OF STACKS
156
-------
Worksheet 6. ESTIMATION OF POLLUTANT CONTRIBUTION
FROM THE SOURCE TO THE SITE
Line
Number
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
ITEM
Stack Number
Stack Height (H) , m
Stack Gas Temperature (Ts) , °C
Gas Flow Rate (Vf ) , m3/sec
Ambient Temperature (t) , °C
F Value
Plume Rise (h ) , m
Effective Stack Height, m
(h total) , line 2 + line 6
Particulate (Q., ) , gm/sec
Sulfur Dioxide (Q2) , gm/sec
NORMALIZED CONCENTRATION
Particulate and S02 (C/Q) ,
Figure 5-8
ESTIMATED DOWNWIND CONCENTRATIONS
Particulate, yg/m
Sulfur Dioxide, yg/m
Total Particulate, yg/m
Total Sulfur Dioxide, yg/m
STACK OR
GROUP OF STACKS
157
-------
Worksheet 7a. POLLUTION FROM POINT SOURCES (PARTICULATE)
Line
Number
1. Source Number
2. Downwind Particulate,
yg/m
3. X meters
4. Y meters
5. Correction Factor
6. Particulate yg/m
1. Source Number
2. Downwind Particulate,
yg/m
3. X meters
4. Y meters
5. Correction Factor
6. Particulate yg/m
1. Source Number
2. Downwind Particulate,
yg/m
3. X meters
4. Y meters
5. Correction Factor
6. Particulate yg/m
1. Source Number
2. Downwind Particulate,
yg/m
3. X meters
4. Y meters
5. Correction Factor
6. Particulate yg/m
TOTAL yg/m
Wind Directions
158
-------
Worksheet 7a. POLLUTION FROM POINT SOURCES (PARTICULATE)
Wind Directions
Line
Number
1. Source Number
2. Downwind Particulate,
yg/m
3. X meters
4. Y meters
5. Correction Factor
6. Particulate yg/m
1. Source Number
2. Downwind Particulate,
yg/m
3. X meters
4. Y meters
5. Correction Jb'actor
6. Particulate yg/m
1. Source Number
2. Downwind Particulate,
yg/m
3. X meters
4. Y meters
5. Correction Factor
6. Particulate yg/m
1. Source Number
2. Downwind Particulate,
yg/m
3. X meters
4. Y meters
5. Correction Factor
6. Particulate yg/m
TOTAL yg/m3
159
-------
Worksheet 7b. POLLUTION FROM POINT SOURCES (S02)
Line
Number
1. Source Number
2. Downwind S02, yg/m"
3. X meters
4. Y meters
5. Correction Factor
6. S02, yg/m3
1. Source Number
2. Downwind SO,,, yg/m"
3. X meters
4. Y meters
5. Correction Factor
3
6. SO
2'
yg/m"
1. Source Number
2. Downwind SO,.,, yg/m"
3. X meters
4. Y meters
5. Correction Factor
6. SO2 , yg/m
1. Source Number
2. Downwind S02, yg/m~
3. X meters
4. Y meters
5. Correction Factor
6. S02/ yg/m
TOTAL yg/m3
Wind Directions
160
-------
Worksheet 7b. POLLUTION FROM POINT SOURCES (S02)
Line
Number
1. Source Number
2. Downwind S02, yg/m"
3. X meters
4. Y meters
5. Correction Factor
3
Wind Directions
6. SO2, yg/m"
1. Source Number
2. Downwind S02/ yg/m"
3. X meters
4. Y meters
5. Correction Factor
6. S02/ yg/m
1. Source Number
2. Downwind S02, yg/rrf
3. X meters
4. Y meters
5. Correction Factor
6. S02 , yg/m
1. Source Number
2. Downwind S02/ yg/m"
3. X meters
4. Y meters
5. Correction Factor
6. S02/ yg/m3
TOTAL yg/m3
161
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Worksheet 8. DETERMINING FLOOR AREAS (SPACE HEATING LOAD)
POLLUTANT:
Particulates
SO,
(Check one)
Dwelling Size Categories
Residential Buildings
Tract
1 Number
2 TOTAL
x f
, Sq.Ft.
J 1000
Number of rooms per dwelling
1
x.650
2
x.800
3
x.950
4
xl.100
5
xl.250
6
xl.400
7
xl.600
8
xl.800
TOTAL
(Sq.Ft
iuuu;
5
Street Address
Number St . Name
Non-Residential Uses
Establishment Name
Floor Area
(in thousands
of sq. feet)
6 TOTAL - Non-Residential Floor Space
7 Update Information - Construction (sq. ft.)
- Demolition (sq. ft.)
8 GRAND TOTAL (4+6+7)
(Add construction, subtract demolition)
162
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Worksheet 8. DETERMINING FLOOR AREAS (SPACE HEATING LOAD)
POLLUTANT:
Particulates
SO,
(Check one)
Dwelling Size Categories
Residential Buildings
Tract
1 Number
2 TOTAL
x f
? Sq.Ft.
J 1000
Number of rooms per dwelling
1
x.650
2
x.800
3
x.950
4
xl.100
5
xl.250
6
xl.400
7
xl.600
8
xl.800
4 TOTAL
± U U U J
5
Street Address
Number St. Name
Non-Residential Uses
Establishment Name
Floor Area
(in thousands
of sq . feet)
6 TOTAL - Non-Residential Floor Space
7 Update Information - Construction (sq. ft.)
- Demolition (sq. ft.)
8 GRAND TOTAL (4+6+7)
(Add construction, subtract demolition)
163
-------
Worksheet 9. Pollution From Space Heatina
Line
1 Percent of dwellings using coal
Particulates
SO.
Same
2 Percent of dwellings using oil
Same
3 Grand total floor area
4 Floor space, heated by coal
line 1 x line 3
5 Floor space heated by oil
line 2 x line 3
6 65 -Tc = L
65 — = L =
7 Particulate Emission:
(line 4 + 0.76 x line 5)
x line 6 x 10"11 gm/sec-m'
8 SO2 Emission:
(2.9 x line 4 + 3.2 x line 5)
x line 6 x 10"11 gm/sec-m
9 Concentration yg/nT
(from Figure 5-11)
Same
164
-------
Worksheet 9. Pollution From Space Heatina
Line
Particulates
SO*
1 Percent of dwellings using coal
Same
2 Percent of dwellings using oil
Same
3 Grand total floor area
4 Floor space heated by coal
line 1 x line 3
5 Floor space heated by oil
line 2 x line 3
6 65 -To = L
65 - = L =
Same
7 Particulate Emission:
(line 4 + 0.76 x line 5)
-11 2
x line 6 x 10 gm/sec-m
8 S02 Emission:
(2.9 x line 4 + 3.2 x line 5)
-11 2
x line 6 x 10 gm/sec-m
9 Concentration yg/m"
(from Figure 5-11)
165
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Worksheet 10. STRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS OF BUILDINGS
Structure Number
Dimensional Parameters
1
2
Volume (V)
Surface Area
a. SA
b.
c.
SA
SA
W
d. Total SA
Ratio (F) of Volume to
Surface Area F = V/SA
Coefficients
Permeability
4. Proportion (P) of each component
SA
c
SA
SA
SA~
SA
a.
b.
P =
C
P =
W
W
c.
P =
o
o
SA
5. Permeability Coefficient (K)
a. KW (from Table 6-1)
b. KQ (from Table 6-1)
6. Weighted Permeability Coefficients
a- X = PcKw
b- Y =-PwKw
c- z = PoKo
d. K=X + Y + Z
7 - Indoor-Outdoor Katios
CO
TSP
S02
166
-------
Worksheet 10. STRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS OF BUILDINGS
Structure Number
Dimensional Parameters
1
2
Volume (V)
Surface Area
a. SA
b
c
d
SAv
SA
w
Total SA
3. Ratio (F) of Volume to
Surface Area F = V/SA
Coefficients
Permeability
4. Proportion (P) of each component
SA
c
SA~
SA
D -
p =
c
b
p =
w
r.
P =
w
SA
SA
o
SA
5.
Permeability Coefficient (K)
a.
b.
KW (from Table 6-1)
K (from Table 6-1)
6. Weighted Permeability Coefficients
a. X = P K
c w
b. Y = P K
w w
C . Z = P K
o o
d. K=X +
7. Indoor-Outdoor Ratios
CO
TSP
SO,
-------
Worksheet 11 - TOTAL INDOOR POLLUTANT CONCENTRATIONS
Structure Number
1 2
Line
Total Outdoor Levels
CO (Section 5) mg/m"
TSP (Section 5) yg/nf
SO (Section 5) yg/m"
Indoor-Outdoor Ratio
CO
TSP
so2
Indoor Concentration from
Outdoor Source
3
CO
TSP
mg/m"
yg/m"
ug/m~
Concentrations due to
Indoor Generation
CO mg/m
TSP yg/m3
Total Indoor Concentration
CO mg/m
TSP yg/m
S02 yg/m'
168
-------
Worksheet 11 - TOTAL INDOOR POLLUTANT CONCENTRATIONS
Line
Structure Number
1 2
Total Outdoor Levels
CO (Section 5) mg/m"
TSP (Section 5) yg/nf
S00 (Section 5) yg/nf
Indoor-Outdoor Ratio
CO
TSP
S02
Indoor Concentration from
Outdoor Source
3
CO
TSP
mg/m
2 yg/m
Concentrations due to
Indoor Generation
CO mg/m
TSP yg/m
Total Indoor Concentration
CO mg/m
TSP yg/m
S00 yg/m
169
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
1. REPOPT MO
EPA-450/3-74-046-a
4: TITLE AND SUBTITLE
Air Pollution Considerations in- Residential Planning
Volum I: Manual
5. REPORT DATE
July 1974
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7'AT-rHORBriggs, ^ Qverstreet, A. Kothari, T.W. Devitt
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
PEDCo-Environmental Specialists, Inc.
Suite 13, Atkinson Square
Cincinnati, Ohio 45246
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68=02-1089
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
15pSreparedNTnRCooperation with the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development,
Office of Community and Environmental Standards
16. ABSTRACT
A practical procedure is presented for use.by HUD staff and housing planners and
designers in determining the air pollution exposure of residential developments.
Methods are presented to determine the short term worst case concentrations at
specific site locations of carbon monoxide from roadways and parking lots and
particulate and sulfur dioxide from point sources and space heating. Procedures
are also presented to .convert total outdoor pollutant concentrations to indoor
levels as a function of building structural characteristics. Outdoor and indoor
pollutant levels are compared to air quality standards to determine site
acceptability. Recommended design practices are also presented to aid the planner
in minimizing the impact of air pollution on residents of the development.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS C. COSATI Field/Group
Land Use, Planning and Zoning, Design
Standards, Urban Areas, Residential Areas,
Diffusion
13. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
Unlimited
19. SECURITY CLASS (TliisReport)
Unclassified
21. NO. OF PAGES
173
20. SECURITY CLASS (This page)
Unclassified.
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
170
U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1975 - 640-880/646 - Region 4
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