Draft
5/6/87
Manual of Instructions for Preparing Aquatic Life
Water Quality Criteria Documents
Charles E. Stephan
U.S. EPA
Environmental Research Laboratory
Duluth, Minnesota
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Acknowledgements
David J. Hansen and Gary A. Chapman deserve considerable credit for the
development of the instructions in this manual. The authors of the individual
criteria documents have also provided many questions and suggestions. In
addition, Frank Gostomski, Mary Harden, Shelley Heintz, Terry Highland, Tom
Purcell, Diane Spehar, and Nelson Thomas have been very helpful.
i i
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CONTENTS
Page
I. Introduction 1
II. Obtaining Data 3
III. Defining the Pollutant 6
IV. Selecting and Evaluating Data 8
V. Reading the Literature 22
VI. Format for Citations 24
VII. Preparation of Tables 25
VIII. Preparation of Text 28
IX. Terminology 34
X. Preparation of References 40
XI. Final Checks 47
XII. Submittal for Public Comment 48
XIII. Preparation of Final Document 49
References . 50
Appendix 1. Blank Tables
Appendix 2. Blanks for "Unused Data"
Appendix 3. Abbreviations of Journal Titles
Appendix 4. Proceedings of Symposia, etc.
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[. Int roduct i on
The "Guidelines for Deriving Numerical National Water Quality Criteria
for the Protection of Aquatic Organisms and Their Uses" (Stephan et al. 1985),
hereinafter referred to as the Guidelines, describe the technical aspects of
deriving aquatic life water quality criteria. The purpose of this "Manual of
Instructions for Preparing Aquatic Life Water Quality Criteria Documents,"
hereinafter referred to as the Manual, is to describe other aspects of the
preparation of an aquatic life water quality criteria document, such as
format, editorial practices, etc.
Although this manual is intended to deal with non-technical aspects of
aquatic life criteria documents, some repetition of material that is in the
Guidelines is unavoidable. In addition, some technical information that was
not in the Guidelines is presented herein, and some clarifications and
modifications of material in the Guidelines are presented. As stated on pages
18 and 57 of the Guidelines, good science is more important than blind
adherence to the Guidelines. The technical additions, clarifications, and
modifications presented in this manual are felt to be examples of "good
science" and will be proposed for incorporation into the next version of the
Gui de1i nes .
Information is presented here in an order that approximates an idealized
order of activities in the preparation of a criteria document. First, a
literature search is conducted and copies of all potentially useful material
are obtained. Second, all the material is read, each datum is classified, and
data are put in Tables 1, 2, 4, 5, and 6 as appropriate. Third, Table 3 is
prepared and criteria are calculated. Fourth, the text is written. Fifth,
the reference section is prepared. Sixth, the draft criteria document is
typed, proofed, and corrected. Seventh, the draft document is sent to
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Criteria and Standards Division, U.S. EPA, Washington, DC and an announcement
is placed in the Federal Register that the document is available for public
comment. Eighth, after the end of the public comment period, the public
comments are read, and the draft criteria document is revised as appropriate.
Finally, the final version of the criteria document is sent to Criteria and
Standards Division, which submits it to NTIS and places an announcement in the
Federal Register. Of course, no criteria document has yet been prepared in
thi s manner.
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I I. Obtai ni ng Data
A. Sources of References
Some of these sources will not provide any useful references, but they
should all be checked just to be sure. Other references will probably be
obtained in unexpected ways.
1. AQUIRE
- will be searched using the program AQLIST when work on the criteria
document begins and again for new references near the end of the public
comment period.
2. Bibliographic Retrieval Services (BRS)
- BIOZ, NTIS, DISS, CHEB, and CHEM will be searched when work on the
criteria document begins and again for new references near the end of
the public commend period.
3. Office of Pesticides Programs - only for chemicals that are or were
registered as pesticides with U.S. EPA.
4. McKee, J.E. and H.W. Wolf. 1963. Water quality criteria. 2nd ed.
Publication No. 3-A. State Water Quality Control Board, Sacramento, CA.
5. Green Book, Blue Book, Red Book, and AFS review of the Red Book.
6. Ambient water quality criteria documents published by U.S. EPA in 1980,
1984, and 1985, if one was published on the same chemical.
7. Annual reviews in the June issues of the Journal of the Water Pollution
Control Federation.
8. Monthly checks of new issues of major journals concerning aquatic
toxicology in the library from the beginning of work on the criteria
document at least to the end of the public comment period.
9. The lists of references in documents obtained for possible use in the
criteria document.
10. Comments received during the public comment period.
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B. Selecting References
Although most the references obtained from some sources, such as AQUIRE,
should be pertinent, many of the references obtained from other sources, such
as BRS, will not be pertinent. To prevent the expenditure of too much time
and money obtaining documents that will be rejected anyway, the printouts from
BRS, as well as the lists of documents obtained from some other sources,
should be screened carefully using the following guidelines for selecting
documents to be borrowed, purchased, and/or photocopied.
1. Obtain a copy of each document that contains data on toxicity to or
uptake by North American aquatic species.
2. It is generally not worthwhile to obtain a copy of a document that:
a. only contains data on nonresident species, unless there is some
reason to believe that the data are especially interesting.
b. merely reports on methods for measuring the concentration of the
pollutant in aquatic organisms, unless there is some reason to
believe that the reference also contains useful data on
concentrations in aquatic organisms.
c. only contains data on the concentration of the pollutant in water,
sediment, etc.
d. only contains experimental data on the fate of the pollutant.
3. Obtain copies of documents that are not too difficult to obtain and
appear to be major reviews on the fate, chemistry, sources, etc. of the
pollutant and appear to be worth mentioning in the Introduction.
4. When in doubt, obtain copies of references that are in English and can be
obtained easily and cheaply. Do not bother to obtain copies of marginal
references that are not in English and are difficult to obtain or must be
purchased because such documents rarely contain useful data.
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5. Documents that are in a foreign language and contain important data, such
as results of chronic tests with North American species, are always worth
purchasing and having translated if necessary.
C. Photocopying
In the long run it will be beneficial to make photocopies of all selected
documents that are less than about 30 pages long and to keep these in your
office so they are readily available whenever needed. Even rejects should be
kept in a reject file, rather than being discarded. When a portion of a book
is used, that portion should be photocopied, along with the title page, so
that information is readily available concerning titles, editors, publishers,
etc.
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III. Defining the Pollutant
Most criteria documents should deal with, and contain criteria for, only
one pollutant. Criteria documents that deal with more than one pollutant are
unnecessarily difficult to write and to read.
A. Each organic chemical should be a separate pollutant except that:
1. an organic acid and its potassium and sodium salts;
2. a phenol and its potassium and sodium salts;
3. an amine and its hydrochloride, nitrate, and sulfate salts;
4. structurally similar organic chemicals that only exist in large
quantities as commercial mixtures of the various chemicals and
apparently have similar biological, chemical, physical, and
toxico1ogical properties, such as PCBs and toxaphene.
B. For metals such as cadmium, copper, and zinc, only data from tests on the
chloride, nitrate, and sulfate salts (either anhydrous or hydrated)
should be used. Other metals require special consideration on an
individual basis. Most mercury is discharged and exists in surface water
as the mercuric ion, but the problems are mostly caused by methylmercury
that is formed by biomethylation. Chromium exists as the cation Cr(III)
and as anions of Cr(VI); it is very unlikely that these two oxidation
states are environmentally or toxicologically interchangeable, so they
should be treated as two separate pollutants. On the other h'and,
selenium exists in surface water mainly as anions of both selenium(IV)
and selenium(VI); it seemed appropriate and advantageous to treat both
oxidation states of selenium in the same criterion document.
C. For chloride, it is necessary to consider the associated cation.
D. Many pesticides are used and disposed of as technical (commercial,
use)-grade materials that contain related impurities. It is certainly
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desirable to have data that show that such materials have about the same
toxicity and bioconcentrati on f-actor, on the basis of the active
ingredient, as the active ingredient itself. Even if such data are not
available, use of data on technical-grade materials is usually
acceptable. On the other hand, toxicity and bioconcentration data on
formulations, emulsifiable concentrates, and commercial products should
be used only if data show that the toxicity. on the basis of the active
ingredient, is about the same as that of the active ingredient itself.
Sometimes data in the literature will be very helpful for deciding how to
define the pollutant or for deciding which salts provide pertinent data. Thus
before defining the pollutant and deciding which salts, formulations, etc. to
use, it is usually wise to check the literature to see which salts,
formulations, etc. have been tested and to see what data are available
concerning the relative toxicity and bioconcentration of the salts,
formulations, etc.
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IV. Selecting and Evaluating Data
A. Classes of Data
All data obtained for a criteria document must be placed into one of four
classes:
1. Data used in Tables, 1, 2, 4, and 5. These are good quality, pertinent
data. (Note: The numbers used herein to refer to tables will assume
that the criteria document contains all six possible tables.)
2. Data used as "other data," in either the text or Table 6 or both. These
are good data, but do not satisfy one or more of the requirements for
Tables 1, 2, 4, or 5. Some ''other data" might be mentioned in the text
on acute or chronic toxicity. toxicity to plants, or bioaccumulat ion, but
not also mentioned in either Table 6 or in the section of the text titled
"Other Data."
3. Data included in the section of the text titled "Unused Data," along with
a brief explanation as to why they were not used. This section does not
have to be exhaustive.
4. Rejected data. These are data that are not mentioned in the criteria
document at all for one reason or another.
Each individual datum must be placed in one of these four classes. Some
publications might contain data in more than one class. For example, a
publication that contains LCSOs for four species might contain one LC50 that
goes in Table 1, another that goes in Table 6 (possibly because the acute test
with this second species was too short for Table 1), one that goes in the
section on unused data because control mortality was to high for the third
species, and a fourth that is rejected because the species is not resident.
(This fourth LC50 could be mentioned in "unused data" if desired.)
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There will be a choice as to where to place some data:
1. Some data might go either in Table 6 or in Tables 1, 2, 4, or 5 with a
footnote. (Note: Each datum in Table 6 should have enough information
with it, preferably not in a footnote, to indicate why it is not in
Tables 1, 2, 4, or 5. The reason might be the form of the test material,
duration of the test, etc. However, in some cases, if the data are
otherwise acceptable but cannot be used in calculations, such as because
they are "greater than" or "less than" values or because hardness was not
reported for a test on a metal, the data should usually be placed in
Table 1, 2, 4, or 5 and footnoted if necessary.
2. If a datum might be placed in either "other data" or "unused data," it is
usually wiser to opt for "other data."
3. If a datum might be either "unused" or "rejected," it is often preferable
to opt for "unused."
Note: Some data are rejected rather than being used as other data or being
put in the section on unused data just because here are so many data available
for the pollutant that it is not considered worthwhile to try to include all
possible data in the criteria document. For pollutants for which only a few
data are available, both "Other Data" and "Unused Data" can be exhaustive
without the sections becoming very long.
Usually, data should not be used from secondary sources, but such sources
should be searched for primary publications that contain pertinent first-hand
data. Reviews are treated in two different ways, depending on the subject:
1. Reviews that deal with such subjects as the fate or analytical chemistry
of a pollutant should be used in the Introduction or rejected.
2. Reviews that deal with effects on aquatic organisms should usually be
included in the section on "Unused Data" because they are compilations.
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However, a review article that contains much data that could go in Table 6,
such as a review of the physiological effects of zinc on fishes, might be
mentioned in the text on "Other Data" without putting the individual data in
Table 6.
Data must be rejected if they are not available in typed, dated, and
signed hard copy (publication, manuscript, letter, memorandum, etc.) with
enough supporting information to indicate that acceptable test procedures were
probably used and that the results are probably reliable. Although it is
preferable that data be peer-reviewed and published, it is much more important
that the data be good quality and pertinent. (Peer-reviewed data are not
necessarily good and some good data have not been published.) In some cases
it might be appropriate to obtain additional written information from the
investigator if possible.
Information that is confidential or privileged or otherwise not available
for distribution should not be used. Data that are in the files of the Office
of Pesticide Programs of the U.S. EPA and concern the environmental effects of
pesticides are not legally confidential Many data that are generated and
submitted by manufacturers concerning environmental toxicology are stamped
"confidential," but can be legally obtained and used if one goes through the
procedures established by the Office of Pesticide Programs. This should be
done whenever a criteria document is prepared on a pesticide.
B. General Rules
1. Data not pertaining directly to the pollutant of interest usually
should be rejected. On the other hand, data demonstrating
relationships or data on similar pollutants might be useful in the
text in some cases.
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2. Data not obtained with resident North American species (see Appendix
I of National Guidelines) should usually be either in the section on
unused data or rejected. Most should be rejected, but a few might be
mentioned in the section on unused data as examples. Particularly
interesting data, such as data on the effect of hardness on toxicity,
might be discussed in the appropriate place in the text.
3. Data should be in the section on unused data if the scientific name
is not given and the test organisms were not obtained from a wild
population in North America.
4. If the organisms were obtained from a wild population in North
America but the scientific name is not given, the data may be used in
Tables 4, 5 and 6, but may not be used in Tables 1 or 2 unless the
organisms are identified to genus.
5. Data calculated for a group of test organisms that included organisms
from more than one genus should be other data, if they are otherwise
acceptable. (This does not apply if different genera are exposed
together but results are calculated for each individual genus or
species. )
6. Data from tests in which the test species was brine shrimp should be
in the section on unused data.
7. Data from tests which used test organisms that had been previously
exposed to substantial concentrations of the pollutant or to other
pollutants in water or food should usually be in the section on
"other data" to show the effect of prior exposure on sensitivity to
the po11utant.
8. Data from tests which are not adequately described should be in the
section on unused data if source of test organisms, acclimation, or
duration of the exposure is not stated.
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9. Data from tests on drilling muds, effluents, mixtures, and sludges
should be in the section on unused data.
10. Data from tests in which the organisms were exposed to sediment to
which the pollutant had been added or from tests in which the
pollutant was added to the dilution water but sediment (whether clean
or contaminated) was placed in the test chambers should be in the
section on unused data, unless the concentration of pollutant in the
test solution was measured and the concentration of particulate
matter and the concentration of total organic carbon (TOC) in the
test solution were each less than 5 mg/L (see »23 below). /y,
S'---:''i '
11. Data from tests on formulated mixtures and emulsifiable concentrates
should be in the section on unused data unless data are available to
show that, based on active ingredient, tests on these materials give
the same results as tests on the individual pollutant. Tests on
technical-grade (or use-grade or commercial-grade) materials may be
put in Tables 1, 2, 4, and 5 if otherwise acceptable.
12. Data from tests on materials that are less than 80% pure should
usually be in the section on unused data, unless (a) the impurities
are known to be much less toxic than the chemical of interest or (b)
data are available to show that, based on active ingredient, tests on
the impure material give the same results as tests on the pure
chemical.
13. Data from tests in which the test organisms were exposed to the
pollutant by injection or gavage should be in the section on unused
data.
14. Data from tests in which test organisms were exposed by adding the
pollutant to food should usually be other data, especially if they
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can be used to show whether uptake (and probably resultant effects)
from food adds to uptake (and possibly resultant effects) from water.
15. If approved by the Guideline Committee, data on some highly
biodegradable, hydrolyzable, oxidizable, reducible, or volatile
materials should be in the section on unused data if they are not
from flow-through tests in which the concentrations of test material
in the test solutions were measured often enough using acceptable
analytical methods.
16. For most metals and metalloids, data for only a few salts can be put
in Tables 1, 2, 4, and 5 and data for all other salts will either be
in the section on other data, or be in the section on unused data,
or be rejected. For metals such as cadmium, chromium( I I I ) , copper,
lead, mercury, nickel, and zinc, only data for chloride, nitrate, and
sulfate salts (either anhydrous or hydrated) will be in Tables 1, 2,
4, and 5. Data for other salts of these metals, such as copper
sulfide, copper acetate, copper phosphate, copper-EDTA, and copper
ammonium sulfate will be other data. For most oxidation states of
metals and metalloids that exist as oxyanions, such as arsenic(111),
arsenic(V), chromium(VI), and selenium(IV), and se1enium(VI), only
data for the acid forms or the potassium and sodium salts will be in
Tables 1, 2, 4, and 5. Data for chemicals such as lead arsenate will
usually be in the section on other data.
17. Data from tests in which enzymes, excised or homogenized tissue, or
cell cultures from resident North American aquatic species were
exposed to test material should be in the section on unused data.
18. Data obtained in tests which did not have a control treatment should
be in the section on unused data.
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19. Data obtained in tests in which too few test organisms were used
should be in the section on unused data.
20. Data obtained in tests in which too many organisms died in the
control treatment should be in the section on unused data.
21. Data from tests in which the test organisms were cultured or held in
one water and tested in another without proper acclimation should be
in the section on unused data.
22. Data obtained in tests in which distilled or deionized water was used
as the dilution water without addition of appropriate salts should be
in the section on unused data.
23. Data from tests which were conducted in a dilution water that
contained unusual amounts or ratios of inorganic ions should be in
the section on unused data.
24. Data from tests which were conducted in a dilution water that
contained more than 5 mg of TO.C/L or 5 mg of particulate matter/L
should be in the section on other data with a comment such as "high
TOC" in parentheses, unless a relationship is developed between TOC
or particulate matter and toxicity or unless data show that TOC
and/or particulate matter do not affect the toxicity or
bioavai1abi1ity of the test material.
25. Data from tests in which an organic solvent that is not
water-miscible or a surfactant was used in the preparation of a stock
solution or test solution should be in the section on unused data;
such data might be used in the section on other data to show a
relationship between the solvent or surfactant and toxicity.
26. Data obtained by exposing aquatic organisms to concentrations of test
material that exceed the solubility of the material in water usually
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should be considered qualitative rather than quantitative data.
These and values that are reported as "greater than" or "less than"
values can be placed in Tables 1, 2, 4, or 5 if they are otherwise
acceptable.
27. Data from tests or field exposures in which the concentration(s) of
test material fluctuated substantially, e.g., the highest
concentration was more than 5 times (depending on the test material)
the lowest concentration, should be in the section on unused data
unless the data can be used to compare the effects of exposure to
constant and fluctuating, including intermittent, concentrations.
28. Data that are only presented graphically should be placed in Tables
1, 4, or 6 if they are otherwise acceptable. An LC50 obtained from a
graph, such as from a plot of LC50 vs. time, that is in Table 1 and
is for one of the four most sensitive genera, probably should be
footnoted and not used in any calculations.
29. The result of an exposure to only one concentration of test material
should be placed in Tables 1, 2, 4, 5, and 6 if it is otherwise
acceptable.
C. Acute Toxicity to Animals
1. Data from acute tests in which more than 10% of the control organisms
died or showed signs of stress or disease should be in the section on
unused data. With the approval of the Guideline Committee, more than
10% mortality might be acceptable for some species such as copepods.
2. Results of tests with single-celled animals should be in the section
on other data, even if the duration was 96 hours or more.
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3. Data from acute tests in which young were produced should be in the
section on unused data if the young and adults cannot be
distinguished at the end of the test.
4. Data from acute tests in which a water-miscible solvent was used in
the preparation of a stock solution or test solution and its
concentration in the test solution exceeded 0.5 mL/L should be in the
section on unused data, unless the data are used to show the effect
of the solvent on toxicity.
5. For most species the only acceptable acute values are 96-hr LCSOs and
properly defined 96-hr EC50s. For (a) freshwater daphnids, other
cladocerans, and midges, (b) saltwater mysids, and (c) embryos and
larvae of saltwater barnacles, bivalve molluscs (clams, mussels,
oysters and scallops), sea urchins, lobsters, crabs, shrimps, and
abalones, the EC50s and LCSOs can be for 48 to 96 hours. Usually,
acute values for shorter test durations should be in the section on
other data. However, if otherwise acceptable LCSOs are published for
24, 48, 72, and 96 hours from one test, the 96-hr LC50 should be
placed in Table 1 and other values should be ignored, unless it seems
important to mention the ratio of the values for two particular
durations. LCSOs and ECSOs for longer durations might be in the
section on other data or might be ignored if they are from the same
test as a value in Table 1.
6. An EC50 should be used in Table 1 only if it reflects the total
severe acute adverse impact of the test material on the organisms
used in the test. Therefore, with freshwater daphnids, other
cladocerans, and midges, the EC50 should be based on the percentage
of organisms immobilized plus the percentage of organisms killed.
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With embryos and larvae of saltwater barnacles, bivalve molluscs, sea
urchins, lobsters, crabs, shrimps, and abalones, the EC50 should be
based on the percentage of organisms with incompletely developed
shells plus the percentage of organisms killed. With all other
freshwater and saltwater animal species the EC50 should be based on
the percentage of organisms exhibiting loss of equilibrium, plus the
percentage of organisms immobilized, plus the percentage of organisms
killed. If such an EC50 is not available from a test, the LC50
should be used, if available.
7. Data from acute tests during which the organisms were fed should be
in the section on other data, although four exceptions are allowed:
a. If the test organisms will be severely stressed if they are unfed
for 96 hours, either the organisms may be fed a diet that will
support survival, growth, and reproduction during a 96-hr test or
the test may last only 48 hours with no food. The option which
gives the lower acute value is preferable. Because some daphnid
foods substantially decrease the toxicities of some metals to
daphnids, acute tests with daphnids are usually conducted for
48 hours with no food.
b. Although feeding during acute tests should be discouraged,
results of 96-hr acute tests with saltwater polychaetes should be
put in Table 1 even if the organisms were fed during the test.
Polychaetes do not have to be fed during a 96-hr test, but most
96-hr values have been obtained as part of a longer exposure in
which the organisms were fed from the beginning.
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c- Organisms may be fed during acute tests if data are available to
show that the concentration or amount of food used does not
affect the result of the test.
d. Saltwater mysids should be fed during acute tests and the tests
should last for 96 hours.
Note: If otherwise acceptable, an EC50 or LC50 should not be kept out
of Table 1 just because it is a "greater than" or "less than"
value.
D. Chronic Toxicity to Animals
1. Although life-cycle and partial life-cycle tests can theoretically be
conducted with a.ny aquatic animal species, early life-stage tests can
be considered to provide useful chronic data only with fishes at the
present. The durations of all three tests are dependent on the test
species. Thus, for example, although life-cycle tests with Daphni a
magna must last at least twenty-one days, life-cycle test with
ceriodaphnids do not necessarily have to last for twenty-one days.
2. Data from chronic tests in which too many (usually 20%) of the
control organisms died or showed signs of stress or disease (or did
not reproduce in a life-cycle or partial life-cycle test) should be
in the section on unused data. However, some life-cycle tests with
fish that are unacceptable might provide acceptable data for an early
life-stage test.
3. Data from chronic tests that were not renewal or flow-through should
be in the section on unused data.
4. Data from chronic tests during which the concentrations of test
material in the test solutions were not measured adequately and data
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that were not calculated based on measured concentrations should be
in the section on other data. (Note: It is not enough to measure
the concentration of test material in the stock solution(s);
measurements must be made on samples of test solutions.)
Note: If otherwise acceptable, the result of a chronic test should not
be kept out of Table 2 just because it is a "greater than" or a
"less than" value.
E. Toxicity to Plants
1. Data from tests with algae that are not known to have lasted for at
least 96 hours should be other data.
2. Data from tests on metals in which the medium contained an excessive
amount of EDTA or similar complexing agent (for example, more than
200 ug/L) should be in the section on unused data.
Note: If otherwise acceptable, the result of a test with a plant
species should not be kept out of Table 4 just because it is a
"greater than" or a "less than" value.
F . Bi oaccumulat ion
1. Data from bioconcentration tests that were not renewal or
flow-through should be in the section on unused data.
2. Data from bioconcentration tests during which the concentrations of
test material in the test solutions were not measured adequately
should be in the section on unused data. (Note: It is not enough to
measure the concentration of test material in the stock solution(s);
measurements must be made on samples of test solutions.)
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3. Data from bioconcentration tests with a duration of less than 28 days
should be in the section on other data, unless data show that
steady-state had been reached.
4. Data from bioconcentration tests in which more than ten percent of
the control organisms died or showed signs of stress or disease
should be in the section on unused data. If data on bioconcentration
are obtained by analyzing organisms from a life-cycle, partial
life-cycle, or early life-stage test, the data should be in the
section on unused data if the organisms were unacceptably affected
during the test. Data from a test concentration which affected the
test organisms can be put in Table 5 if the bioconcentration factor
is similar to those obtained at lower concentrations of the test
material.
5. Bioaccumulation factors (BAFs) may be calculated from organisms
collected in the field if:
a. the concentration of pollutant was measured in tissue,
b. the concentration in the water was measured often enough over a
long enough period of time over the range of territory inhabited
by the species, and
c. the concentration in water did not vary too much.
It is being found for more and more pollutants that BAFs determined
in the field are substantially higher than BCFs determined in the
laboratory. This should probably be suspected for all pollutants
that are persistent, e.g., metals, metalloids, organometal1ics, and
highly chlorinated organic chemicals. Field data should not be
expected to satisfy the same requirements as laboratory data, but
field data should not be unconditionally accepted either
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6. Only data for total soft tissue of bivalve molluscs, whole body or
muscle of other animals, and whole plants should be in Table 5. BCFs
and BAFs for other tissues may be used in the section on other data,
but are usually rejected.
Note: BCFs determined using radiolabled materials are acceptable,
except that with degradable organic chemicals, the identity of
the material in the tissue must be verified.
G. Other Data
Topics that might be discussed in the section on other data or at
another place in the text include:
a. synergism and antagonism
b. acclimation and other effects of prior exposure
c. intermittent exposures and fluctuating concentrations
d. effects on protozoa (amoeba, paramecia, tetrahymena, bacteria, fungi,
etc. )
e. delayed effects, i.e., effects that occurred after the end of the
exposure.
f. field studies, if the concentrations in water were adequately
measured.
g. behavioral, biochemical, histological, and physiological effects
h. carcinogenicity. mutagenicity and teratogenicity
i. microcosm studies
j. results obtained in unusual dilution waters
k. results of exposures by consumption of contaminated food.
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V. Reading the Literature
With a little experience, it should be possible to completely process
most documents during the first reading. One advantage of a dedicated copv of
each document is that notes and calculations may be written on the copy. If
you do not write notes and calculations on photocopies, you will often wish
you had if you ever reexamine the document. Anyone else who tries to use the
document later for the same or a different pollutant will usually feel that
notes and calculations are invaluable.
In order to avoid wasting too much time, it is important that the
pollutant be defined well as early as possible (see Section III). If
information that requires a change in the definition is found, the change
should be made and necessary documents reread.
If the whole document is to be rejected, simply write "Reject" and the
reason on the first page and put the document in the "Reject File" (not in the
garbage can.)
If the whole document is to be put in the section on unused data, write
"Unused" and the reason on the first page and put the document in the "Unused
File." If only some of the data are to be in the unused section, make a note
on a separate piece of paper and put the note in the "Unused File."
If the document is to be used in the Introduction, write on the first
page what is to be said in the Introduction and put the document in the
" Introduction File."
If the document contains data that are to be put in Tables 1, 2, 4. 5, or
6, fill out the appropriate blank table forms (see Appendix 1), file the
forms, and put the document in the file of documents that will be included in
the criteria document.
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Notes should be kept for each section of the text to identify such things
as data in Table 6 that should be mentioned in the text concerning "Acute
Toxicity to Aquatic Animals."
Documents that go in the section on unused data and those mentioned in
the Introduction will probably have to be handled briefly a second time when
these sections are prepared. All documents will have to be processed again
when the reference section is prepared. Also, the documents will have to be
handled again when the tables and references are proofed against the
documents.
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VI. Format for Citations
The name-and-year system will be used for citations in the text and
tables:
One author: (Hansen 1978) or Hansen (1978)
Two authors: (Chapman and Hansen 1980) or Chapman and Hansen (1980)
Three authors: (Hansen et al. 1981) or Hansen et al. (1981).
Whenever this system does not uniquely identify a reference, use an a, b,
etc., after the year, according to the order in which they appear in the list
of references, even if the documents are by different authors.
If two or more citations are together in the text, they should be put in
alphabetical order and separated with a semicolon because:
1. The references will be in alphabetical order, and
2. This allows use of a condensed form in some situations: (Chapman and
Carton 1979a,b,1981,Manuscript; Hansen et al. 1978,1980) or "Chapman
and Carton (1979a,b,1981,Manuscript). Hansen et al. (1978,1980). . ."
Multiple citations for a datum in a table should be in historical order.
For manuscripts, the form for citations will be "Chapman, Manuscript" or
"Chapman and Stevens, Manuscript" or "Chapman et al. Manuscript". Because
they are vague or often misused, phrases such as "in press" and "in
preparation" should not be used. Also, "personal communication" should not be
used; "letter" or "memorandum" should be used as appropriate.
Notes: 1. Spell out "and" between two authors.
2. Do not use a comma between the first author and "et al."
in either the text or the tables.
3. Diacritical marks will not be used in authors' names, but
apostrophies will, e.g., Dani1'chenko.
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VII. Preparation of Tables
A. General
1. When initially preparing tables for typing, use copies of the blank
tables in Appendix 1. On each page put only one species from one
reference so the data can be easily put in proper order for typing.
2. The column for "Chemical" on Tables 1, 2, 4, 5 and 6 will be used for
almost all inorganic and ionizable organic pollutants and for many
pesticides. It will rarely be used for other pollutants. In some
cases abbreviations may ,e used for the name of the chemical, e.g.,
PCP and NaPCP for pentachlorophenol and sodium pentachlorophenate,
respect ively.
3. The column for "Hardness" on Tables 1, 2, 4, 5 and 6 should be used
for all pollutants in fresh water. In salt water it should be
replaced by "Salinity (g/kg)." For ionizable organics both hardness
and salinity should be replaced by "pH."
4. Unless approved by Charles Stephan, only animal species listed in
Appendix I of the National Guidelines may be used. (The purposes of
this requirement are to ensure that the status of each new species is
verified, that Appendix I is kept up to date, and that new species
are only verified once.) The order of species and the scientific and
common names listed in Appendix I must be used in Tables 1, 2, 5, and
6. In Table 3 the correct common and scientific names must also be
used and species must be in alphabetical order within a genus.
5. Each concentration transcribed from publications, etc., should
contain all the digits presented by the original authors except that
the concentration should be rounded to four significant digits if the
author gave more than four. All values calculated in the criteria
-------
document, such as SMAVs, GMAVs, slopes, FAVs, ACRs, etc., should be
presented to four significant digits.
6. When data have been published in more than one source by the original
author(s), the replicate citations will be listed in order of year of
publication. Do not use a comma before or after "et al." When there
are two authors, spell out "and" between their last names.
B. Table 1
1. If such information is available, give the age, size, or life stage
of the test organisms in parentheses after the common name in the
column for "Species." (Life stage should be singular, e.g., embryo,
not embryos. )
2. Us'e S, R, F, M, and U as abbreviations for static, renewal,
flow-through, measured, and unmeasured, respectively, in the column
for "Method."
3. For each species, list the results of tests that are not "F,M" in
order by year of first publication from earliest to latest with
manuscripts last, and then list the results of tests that are "F,M"
in order by year of first publication.
C. Table 2
D. Table 3
1. Give both the common and scientific names, but do not specify age,
size, or life stage.
E. Table 4
1 Use LC50, EC50, etc., for the effect when the concentration was
statistically calculated. If the result is an actual percent dead or
-------
percent affected in a treatment, give the percent, exposure
concentration, and duration.
2. Whenever EC50, etc., is used as the effect, give the actual effect in
parentheses underneath "EC50" in the column for "Effect."
3. Within a species, put data in order by year of publication from the
earliest to latest with manuscripts last.
F. Table 5
1. If it is a field study, refer to a footnote in the column for either
*
"Duration" or "Effect."
2. The columns for "Percent Lipids" and "Normalized BCF or BAF" should
be used only for organic chemicals and should be deleted for all
other chemicals.
G. Table 6
1. Use LC50, EC50, etc., for the effect when the concentration was
statistically calculated. If the result is an actual percent dead or
percent affected in a treatment, give the percent, exposure
concentration, and duration.
2. Whenever EC50, etc., is used as the effect, give the actual effect in
parentheses underneath "EC50" in the column for "Effect."
3. Within a species, put data in order by year of publication from
earliest to latest with manuscripts last.
4. In the column for "Duration," use "hr" as the abbreviation for both
"hour" and "hours." Similarly, use "wk" for "week" and "weeks" and
"mo" for "month" and "months." Do not abbreviate either "day" or
"days."
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VIII. Preparation of Text
A. Introductory Pages
Use the 1987 criteria document for 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene as a prototype
and make only changes that are absolutely necessary on pages i to vi .
B. Introduction
The first, and possibly a second, paragraph should discuss any items that
are important for understanding the aquatic toxicology of the pollutant or the
particular criteria document. Published information on sources, fate,
speciation, concentrations in pristine and other waters, etc., might be
mentioned, but extensive discussions of such topics should be avoided. For
priority pollutants (i.e., the list of 65), the Introduction should contain a
reference to Callahan et al. (1979). The Introduction should not contain
Guideline terminology such as "Final Acute Value."
Documents on metals and metalloids will contain a nearly standard
discussion of "acid-soluble."
The last paragraph of the Introduction should be changed only as
absolutely necessary.
C. Acute toxicity to Aquatic Animals
The first sentence of this section is a format sentence.
Data that are adequately presented in Table 1 should not be unnecessarily
also presented in the text. Generally data should only be presented in the
text if they are used to make a point. It is usually possible to say that the
range of sensitivities of invertebrates completely overlaps that of fishes,
but this is not suprising because the fishes are all in one class whereas the
invertebrates are from a number of phyla.
-------
It is generally best to discuss anything especially unusual or
interesting and then discuss things that have been shown to affect acute
toxicity. There is a format paragraph for discussing the derivation of a
slope based on hardness or pH.
The last paragraph of the discussion of acute toxicity to freshwater
animals is a format pargraph. It discusses calculation of Species Mean Acute
Values, Genus Mean Acute Values, the Final Acute Value, the range of GMAVs,
the agreement between SMAVs in the same Genus, and the relationship between
the FAV and the lowest SMAVs in Table 3. If the FAV was lowered to protect an
important species, say so.
D. Chronic Toxicity to Aquatic Animals
The first sentence of this section is a format sentence.
It is usually desirable to discuss each test individually and state the
observed percent reduction in survival, growth, and reproduction at the upper
and lower chronic limits. Then discuss the acute chronic ratios, the
derivation of the Final Acute-Chronic Ratio and the calculation of the Final
Chronic Value. Briefly discuss the relationship between the FCV and the
chronic values in Table 2 and any especially pertinent chronic data in Table
6.
E. Toxicity to Aquatic Plants
F. Bioaccumuiation
G. Other Data
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H. Unused Data
The purpose of the section on "Unused Data" in the criteria document is
to explain why certain data were not used. If this section is to be useful,
the reasons given must be valid, specific, and stated clearly. The reasons
listed below are used in so many documents that format sentences can be used
and it is only necessary to fill in the names of the references. It is not
necessary to make the list of unused references as comprehensive as possible.
For many of the reasons, especially the first (i.e., nonresident species), it
is only necessary to list examples. Blanks forms for the major sixteen
reasons are given in Appendix 2. These sixteen reasons are numbered in the
order in which they should usually be used in the section on "Unused Data" in
the text of the criteria document. Usually two or more of them can be
combined into one paragraph.
Use of these format sentences will greatly facilitate combining the
freshwater and saltwater components of the section on unused data.
Of course, whenever appropriate, references can be listed as unused for
additional reasons, and placed in the text of this section where appropriate,
but the reasons must be specific and clearly stated. The first half of reason
*1 will always be at the beginning of the section on "Unused Data," even if no
specific references are cited, in order to at least remind readers of this
major reason.
When two or more references are cited together, they should be in the
same order that they are in in the reference section, not in order by year of
publi cati on.
The easiest way to deal with the bulk of the references mentioned in the
section on unused data is to make photocopies of the pages in Appendix 2 and
cite each publication where appropriate the first time it is read. Before the
-------
text is given to the typist, all the references on each page (or each section
of pages that contain two or more sections) should be put in proper order.
Some reasons that might cause data to be put in the section on "Unused
Data" are not valid. Data from acute and bioconcentration tests that are too
short should be put in Table 6. Results that are presented graphically can
often be used. The possibility of isotopic discrimination is not a valid
reason for not using bioconcentration data.
I. Summary
The Summary must be capable of standing alone, i.e., it must be
understandable if removed from the criteria document. It should be a concise
summary of what is known about the effects of the pollutant on aquatic
organisms and their uses. The summary should not contain any references or
Guideline terminology. The summary should be written in the present tense as
much as possible.
J. National Criteria
The standard version of the criterion statement is presented in the
National Guidelines. Modifications are necessary if the CMC or CCC or both
are the same (see criteria document for aluminum). The 1985 criterion
statement for mercury is a special non-standard format. The concentration
given in the criterion statements should be rounded to two significant
digits.
Caveats should be added to the criterion statement in some situations:
1. If data for a commercially or recreational ly important species
indicate that the species might not be adequately protected by the
criterion, but the data do not justify lowering the criterion (for
-------
example, because the concentrations of test material were not
measured), a caveat should be added stating that the species might
not be adequately protected.
2. If ECSOs for a variety of species of algae (or aquatic plants in
general) are below the criterion, a caveat should be added stating
that algae (or aquatic plants) might not be adequately protected.
K. Implementation
This is a format section and should not be changed. The format paragraph
on metals and metalloids will be included only in criteria documents on metals
and metalloids.
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IX. Terminology
Note: Terminology derived from the National Guidelines should be used
sparingly and as used in the National Guidelines. Several of the
terms listed below will be used rarely in criteria documents, but
they are listed here just in case.
1. "Toxicity tests" should not be called "bioassays." These are two
different kinds of tests. The first term clearly and accurately
describes what is meant.
2. "Dose" and "level" should not be used when "concentration" is meant.
3. The terms "LC50," "EC50," etc., should be typed with letters and numbers
on the same line, not with the numbers as subscripts (i.e., not as
"LC50")'
4. "LC50" should be used instead of the obsolete "TLm" and "TL50." (Note
that although a "TL50" is the same as an "LC50," a "TL10" is the same as
and "LC90.")
5. "LD50" should not be used when referring to a concentration in water,
air, or food.
6. "EC50" should be used instead of "LC50" when death is not actually meant
or determined, such as in most acute tests with daphnids.
7. Unnecessary words like "concentration" and "value" should not be used
after "LC50," etc.
8. The plural of "LC50" is "LCSOs," not "LCSO's."
9. "Data" is plural because it is a synonym for "values."
10. "Test chamber" should be used rather than "test tank," "vessel,"
"beaker," etc.
11 "Test material" should be used rather than "test substance," "toxin,"
etc .
-------
12. The phrase "static renewal" should not be used because it is internally
contradictory. If the test solution is renewed, it is a renewal test,
and use of the word "static" is inappropriate.
13. "Flow-through" should be used instead of "continuous-flow" or
"intermittent-flow" when referring generically to types of tests or
metering systems. "Continuous-flow" and "intermittent-flow" may be used
when referring to that specific type of test or metering system. For
example, metering systems such as the Mount-Brungs proportional diluter
are both flow-through and intermittent-flow, but not continuous-flow.
Because all three terms should always be used as adjectives, they should
always be hyphenated.
14. "Dynamic" should not be used to mean "flow-through" because a renewal
test might be considered "dynamic."
15. Use "dilution water" instead of "diluent" when referring to the water in
which the test is conducted.
16. Use "salt water'1 instead of "sea water."
17. When used as a noun, "salt water" is correct; when used as an adjective,
"saltwater" is correct. Similarly, "fresh water", "warm water", and
"cold water" are two words when used as nouns, and one word when used as
adj ectives.
18. Use "reconstituted fresh water" instead of "synthetic fresh water" or
"artificial fresh water."
19. Salinity should be reported in the metric units "g/kg," not as the
synonymous, but less desirable, "parts per thousand" or "o/oo." The
units "g/litre" are incorrect and should not be used.
-------
20. The adjective "euryhaline" should be used when referring to widely
varying salinities in salt water (e.g., euryhaline conditions) or to
organisms or species tolerating wide-ranging salinities (e.g., 5 to 20
g/kg). Use the adjective "stenohaline" to refer to "true marine"
conditions (i.e., salt water with a high and constant salt content) and
to organisms unable to tolerate low salinity.
21. The adjective "saltwater" should be used instead of the vague "marine"
(which might or might not be intended to mean "true marine") or the
cumbersome "marine plus estuarine." Unfortunately, many laypersons use
"marine" to mean "aquatic."
22. Singular and plural usage of the following terms should be as indicated
be 1ow:
Singular Usage Plural Usage
fish (one individual or one species) fishes (more than one species)
toxicity (of a chemical) toxicities (of several chemicals)
sensitivity (of one individual or sensitivities (of several indivi-
species) duals or species)
23. Usually it is appropriate to refer to the "test species" rather than the
"test organisms."
24. The common and scientific names listed in Appendix I of the National
Guidelines should be used instead of other names.
25. Do not use brand names (e.g., Tygon) when a more general term (e.g., PVC
= polyvinyl chloride) is appropriate.
26. "Litre" should be used instead of "liter."
27. "L" should be used instead of "1" as the abbreviation for "litre."
28. The form "mg of copper/L" should be used instead of mg/L of copper." In
most cases "of copper" is not needed at all.
-------
29. It is usually more appropriate to refer to the effect of a test material
on a species rather than to refer to the response of the species to the
material. In particular, deformities and death are effects, not
responses.
30. "Embryos" should only be used to refer to fertilized eggs.
31. "Eggs" should only be used to refer to unfertilized eggs.
32. "Life cycle" should be two words when used as a noun and hyphenated when
used as an adjective. For example, "In life-cycle tests, organisms are
exposed throughout a life cycle." Similarly, "life stage" is hyphenated
when used as an adjective (e.g., life-stage tests), but is two words when
used as a noun.
33. There are only three kinds of tests from which chronic limits and chronic
values can be obtained:
Life-cycle tests with aquatic animals.
Partial life-cycle tests with aquatic animals.
Early life-stage tests with fishes.
34. Early life-stage-tests should not be called "embryo-larval tests" or
"egg-fry tests."
35. Use "acute-chronic ratio" instead of "acute/chronic ratio" or
"application factor" and abbreviate it "ACR," not "A/C ratio."
36. Use "upper and lower chronic limits" to refer to results of chronic-
tests, rather than "MATC," "NOEC," etc. Use "chronic value" to refer
to the geometric mean of the upper and lower chronic limits from a
test.
37. The phrases "no effect" and "no observed effect" should not be used,
either with or without hyphens or quotation marks. Both terms are
usually used to mean "no statistically significant effect," but
usually only refer to one or a few specific effects. Tested
-------
concentrations that are called "NOECs" usually cause 5 to 35% adverse
effect and therefore the term "NOEC" is a misnomer. However, you may
say, for example, "In an early life-stage test with the fathead
minnow, 6 mg/L caused an unacceptable reduction in survival, but 3
mg/L did not."
38. "Bioconcentration" covers only uptake directly from water whereas the
broader "bioaccumulation" covers both uptake directly from water and
uptake directly from food, although in some situations both might not
actually take place. "Bioaccumulation factor" (BAF) should be used
instead of "bioconcentration factor" (BCF) when a factor is determined
in a field situation, because uptake might be from both food and
water.
39. Whenever the words "replicate" or "duplicate" are used, it should be
clearly specified what was "replicated" or "duplicated." For example,
was the whole test (including the stock solution) duplicated at a
different time or place or were the test chambers duplicated within a
treatment.
40. "Variability" and "variation" should be used to refer to observed
differences between replicates, but not to real differences between
things that are not replicates. For example, it is not appropriate to
refer to "variability" between the fathead minnow and the bluegill
because there is no reason why they should have the same
sensitivities, weights, life spans, etc.
41. "a" should be used to refer to a probability value selected as the
basis for a decision before a hypothesis test is conducted. "P" should
be used to refer to the comparable value calculated from the
experimental data. In a hypothesis test the calculated value of P is
-------
compared to the preselected value of a to determine whether the
result is considered statistically significant. Although a is
often set at 0.05, P will rarely ever be 0.05. It is more informative
to give the value of P and say whether it was considered statistically
significant than to simply say whether P was above or below a
preselected value of a.
42. "P = 0.17" should be used instead of "p = 0.17."
43. Regardless of whether results of chronic tests are discussed in terms
of statistical significance, it is important to discuss the actual
percent reductions that were observed in survival, growth, and
reproduction.
44. The control treatment is one of the treatments in a toxicity test.
Thus it is correct to say "Hypothesis testing was used to compare the
other treatments to the control treatment" but it is not correct to
say "Hypothesis testing was used to compare the treatments to the
control."
45. "Oxidation state" should be used with metals instead of "valence" or
"valence state." Do not use terms like "pentavalent."
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X. Preparation of References
A. Format
Note: The format specified here is similar to those used in the journals
Aquatic Toxicology, Environmental Toxicology and Contamination, and
Limnology and Oceanography. It is designed to give all necessary
information in a manner that is not confusing, without the use of
italics, boldface, or quotation marks. Underlining is only used for
scientific names of species.
Because citations in the text and tables will be in the name-and-year
system, the year will immediately follow the names of the authors in the
references.
All authors will be listed. The initials of the first author will be
after the last name of the first author, but the initials for all other
authors will be before the last name. If a first name or middle name is
hyphenated (e.g., Hyang-Kui), the abbreviation will consist of only the first
initial (i.e., "H.", not "H.-K."). When there are two or more authors, there
will not be a comma before the "and" before the last author. Diacritical
marks will not be used in authors' names but apostrophies (e.g., Dani1'chenko)
will be used. Use whatever initials are given on the publication, even if
they are wrong or if there are three.
In titles of articles, books, reports, chapters, etc., only capitalize
the first word in the title, the first word after a period or colon in a
title, proper nouns and adjectives, and the name of a genus, family, order, or
phylum in scientific names of species. If a book has a title and is also the
proceedings of a symposium, give the title but do not also state that it is
the proceedings unless this is an integral part of the title. Titles should
be reproduced exactly as in the original, with three exceptions:
-------
1. Capitalization will be as described above.
2. Scientific names of species will be underlined.
3. If the original title of the publication is in a foreign language,
give an English translation rather than the original title.
Titles of journals will be abbreviated as per Appendix 3.
When not in a title, names of states will be abbreviated using the ZIP
CODE abbreviations (two capital letters with no period or space between the
letters; see Table X-l). Specify the state for all cities in the United
States, including New York (e.g., New York, NY.) If the city is not in the
United States, give the country.
Document and report numbers should be given when available. If there are
two, give both with an "or" between them so that people know the two numbers
refer to the same report.
For publications that are not in journals or books, it is important to
give enough information to make it as easy as possible to get a copy.
1. All reports available from NTIS will be referenced only to: National
Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA. Nearly all reports or
documents with the following kinds of numbers on them are available from
NTIS: PB, EPA, CONF, ADA, ORNL, EUR, and NSF.
2. Do not refererence Dissertation Abstracts for a thesis or dissertation
(see below under "Thesis or dissertation.").
3. There are several Canadian report series. Thus, although the "J. Fish.
Res. Board Can." and "Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci." should be treated as
journals, the report series should not be treated as journals because
this does not tell people how they can get copies of the reports. The
reference must include the title of the series, number of the report,
institution, and.city, province, and country. Some of these reports are
-------
a single article, whereas others are proceedings for which editors and
page numbers must be given.
For all other reports, bulletins, manuscripts, letters, memoranda, etc., the
institution, city and state (and country if not U.S.A.) must be given.
If the reference is to a whole book or report, do not give the number of
pages in the publication.
Do not abbreviate names of organizations, institutions, universities,
departments, etc., unless they are part of a journal abbreviation (see
Appendix 3).
Spell out "report," "bulletin," "circular," etc., exc.ept when they are
part of a journal abbreviation (see Appendix 3). Use "No." and "Vol." instead
of "Number" and "Volume," respectively.
Always put dashes as indicated in the following:
EPA-600/3-07-086
PB-65217
PB83-41296
Order No. 17692
Order No. 83-65912
Use the following for these three organizations:
1. U.S. EPA
2. U.S. Food and Drug Administration
3. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
(Do not give other information, such as Department of Interior, etc.)
Do not use an EPA number as a primary reference if it has an "S" or "J"
in it, e.g., do not use EPA-600/S2-78-124 or EPA-600/J-78-125. An "S" means
it is a summary; the publication (i.e., EPA-600/2-78-124) should be obtained
-------
and cited if appropriate. A "J" means it is a journal article; the reference
should be to the journal of original publication, not to NTIS.
B. Examples
Journal article:
White, J.W., III, B.D. Waltz, Jr., A.C. Briggs and J. Evans. 1970. The
toxicity of zinc. II. Fishes. Water Res. 5:62-89.
Whole book:
Osier, A.G. 1982. The toxicity of copper. 3rd ed. Academic Press, New
York, NY.
Rhodes, A.J. and E.G. Strauss (Eds.). 1983. The toxicity of nickel:
Mechanisms and selectivity. Vol. 3. Wiley. Philadelphia, PA.
Section of edited publication (see also appendix 4):
Foster, R.B. and R.G. Lile, Jr. 1942a. The toxicity of lead. In: Aquatic
toxicology. Eaton, A.B., C.D. Ells and F.G. Hiu (Eds.). ASTM STP 777.
American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, PA. pp. 13-26.
Hall, D. and J. Oats. 1981. The toxicity of chloride. In: Trace
substances in environmental health - XIV. Hemphill, D.D. (Ed.).
University of Missouri, Columbia, MO. pp. 68-70.
Highland, T.L. 1983c. The toxicity of boron. In: Proceedings of the
thirtieth annual aquatic toxicity workshop. Heintz, S. and J.L. Rudman
-------
(Eds.). Canadian Technical Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences No.
3962. Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, pp.
8-12.
Reports:
Willis, J.C., J. Dimon and J.T. Bryans, III. 1982. The toxicity of
silver. PB82-123456 or EPA-600/3-79-082. National Technical Information
Service, Springfield, VA.
Wilson, D.J. 1923. The toxicity of chromium: Theory and practice.
Circular 124. Illinois State Geology Survey, Urbana, IL. pp. 8-20.
Thesis or dissertation:
Gordon, I.E. 1983. The toxicity of arsenic. Ph.D. thesis. University of
Maryland, College Park, MD. Available from: University Microfilms, Ann
Arbor, MI. Order No. 83-145217.
Note: Do not reference Dissertation Abstracts. Whenever possible,
get the name of the university, the city and state, and the
University Microfilm Order No. Get a copy of the thesis if the data
are in Tables 1, 2, 4, or 5. Masters theses and foreign theses are
rarely available from University Microfilms.
Letter or memorandum:
Darwin, C. 1973. U.S. EPA, Duluth, MN. (Memorandum to C.E. Stephan, U.S.
EPA, Duluth, MN. April 25.)
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Manuscript:
Jones, J.F.K. and P. Smith. Manuscript. The toxicity of mercury.
University of Wisconsin-Superior, Superior, WI.
Abstract from an abstracting journal:
Bath, J.R. 1982. the toxicity of antimony. Rev. Trav. Inst. Peaches.
Marit. Nantes 45:5071; Aquat. Sci. Fish. Abstr. Part I. 1983. 12(12):141.
Abstr. No. 11472-1Q12.
Note: Abstracts from abstracting journals will be used only in special
situations. If the title of the original publication is not in English, give
an English translation. The formats to be used for the second portions of the
references (i.e., the reference to the abstracting journals) are:
Aquat. Sci. Fish. Abstr. Part I. 1983. 12(12):141. Abstr. No.
1U72-1Q12.
Biol. Abstr. 1978. 66(5):2892. Abstr. No. 29374.
C. A. Sel.: Environ. Pollut. 1985. (14):3. Abstr. No. 103:17404.
Fish. Rev. 1986. 31(l):19. Abstr. No. 860-000170.
Nucl. Sci. Abstr. 1985. 25:39806.
Sel. Water. Resour. Abstr. 1985. 18(4):9. Abstr. No. W85-D1937.
Sport Fish. Abstr. 1985. 30(2):26. Abstr. No. 85-001130.
C. Order
1. Put references in alphabetical order according to the last name of the
first author.
2. If two first authors spell their last names the same, put them in
alphabetical order according to first initial, second initial, etc.
-------
3- If tne same author has one initial on some publications and two initials
on other publications, for the purposes of alphabetical order all the
publications should be treated as if they had both initials on them.
4. If an author is the sole author on two or more papers published in the
same year or if two different sole authors with the same last name
publish papers in the same year, use "a", "b", "c", etc., after the year
so that the publications can be distinguished in the citations in the
text and tables.
5. If a sole author also is first author in references with coauthors, all
the references with only one author go before the references with
coauthors.
6. Because of the use of "et al." in citations in the text and tables when
there are more than two authors, if the same first author has one or more
publications with one coauthor and one or more papers with two or more
coauthors, all the publications with one coauthor will be placed (in
alphabetical order according to last name of the second author) before
all the publications with two or more coauthors. All the publications
with more than two authors with the same first author will be put in
order by year of publication regardless of the number or names of the
additional authors. If two or more of these publications with more than
two authors were published in the same year, they must be distinguished
by a, b, c, etc., after the year so that the references can be
distinguished in the citations in the text and tables.
-------
D. Typing
1. All drafts of text and references must be double spaced. A special set
of instructions for use of the Multimate Word Processor is maintained by
the typist.
2. Unless you can find a typist who will type references directly from the
reprints, a reference card should be prepared in the proper format for
each reprint. The individual cards can be put in proper order and
checked for duplication before being given to the typist. The references
for (a) the last paragraph of the Introduction and (b) the section at the
end of the text titled "Implementation" are saved in a file on the word
processor.
-------
Table X-l. State Abbreviations
Mabama AL
Alaska AK
Arizona AZ
Arkansas AR
American Samoa AS
California CA
Canal Zone CZ
Colorado CO
Connecticut CT
Delaware DE
District of Columbia DC
Florida FL
Georgia GA
Guam GU
Hawaii HI
Idaho ID
111inoi s IL
Indiana IN
Iowa IA
Kansas KS
Kentucky KY
Louisiana LA
Maine ME
Maryland MD
Massachusetts MA
Michigan MI
Minnesota MN
Mississippi MS
Missouri MO
Montana MT
Nebraska NE
Nevada NV
New Hampshire NH
New Jersey NJ
New Mexico NM
New York NY
North Carolina NC
North Dakota ND
Ohio OH
Oklahoma OK
Oregon OR
Pennsylvania PA
Puerto Rico PR
Rhode Island RI
South Carolina SC
South Dakota SD
Tennessee TN
Trust Territories TT
Texas TX
Utah UT
Vermont VT
Virginia VA
Virgin I s 1 ands VI
Washington WA
West Virginia WV
Wisconsin WI
Wyoming WY
-------
XI. Final Checks
Check that the page numbers in the table of contents and in the list of
tables agree with the page numbers in the text and tables.
2. Check that all animal species in Tables 1, 2, 5, and 6 are in Appendix 1
of the Guidelines and are listed in the same order and that the
scientific and common names are spelled correctly.
3. Check the calculation of the Species Mean Acute Values in Table 1.
4. Check the calculation of the Chronic Values in Table 2.
5. Check the acute values in Table 2 against the acute values in Table 1.
6. Check the calculation of the Acute-Chronic Ratios in Table 2.
7. Check the transfer of Species Mean Acute Values from Table 1 to Table 3.
8. Check the transfer of Acute-Chronic Ratios from Table 2 to Table 3.
9. Check that each freshwater genus and each saltwater genus is in Table 3
only once.
10. Check that the eight requirements for acute toxicity data are satisfied
in Table 3.
11. Check that the requirement for three ACRs is satisfied in Table 3.
12. Check the calculation of Genus Mean Acute Values in Table 3.
13. Check the calculation of the Final Acute Value in Table 3.
14. Check whether any Species Mean Acute Values are lower than the Final
Acute Value.
15. Check the calculation of the Final Acute-Chronic Value in Table 3.
16. Check the calculation of the Final Chronic Value in Table 3.
17. Check whether any chronic values or estimated chronic values are lower
than the Final Chronic Value.
18. Check all the information in all the references against copies of the
publications, not against reference cards.
-------
19. Check all the citations in the text and tables against the references to
be sure that (a) the names and dates in the citations are correct, (b)
there is a reference for each citation, and (c) there is a citation for
each reference. Items (b) and (c) are most easily accomplished by
putting a check mark by each reference as it is checked in item (a)
-------
XII. Submittal for Public Comment
-------
XIII. Preparation of Final Document
A. BRS Update
B. Revision of Document
C. Response to Public Comment
D. Final Checks
-------
References
Callahan, M.A., M.W. Slimak, N.W. Gabel, I.P. May, C.F. Fowler, J.R. Freed, P.
Jennings, R.L. Durfee, F.C. Whitmore, B. Maestri, W.R. Mabey, B.R. Holt and C.
Gould. 1979. Water-related environmental fate of 129 priority pollutants. Vol
I (or II). EPA-440/4-79-029a (or b). National Technical Information Service,
Springfield, VA. pp. ?-?.
Stephan, C.E., D.I. Mount, D.J. Hansen, J.H. Gentile, G.A. Chapman and W.A.
Brungs. 1985. Guidelines for deriving numerical national quality criteria for
the protection of aquatic organisms and their uses. PB85-227049. National
Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA.
-------
Appendix 1. Blank Tables
-------
Table I. Acute Toxicity of to Aquatic Animals
Hardness , LC50 Species Mean
(mg/L as or EC50 Acute Value
Species Method" Chemical CoCOj ^ffiq/L)b (ui/l) Reference
FRESHWATER SPECIES
a S = Static, R = Renewal; Flow-through; M = Measured; U = Unmeasured
b Concentration of not the chemical
-------
Table 2. Chronic Toxicity of to Aquatic Animals
Hardness Chronic
(ng/L as Limits Chronic Value
Species Test" Cheaicol CaCOj) lu*/i]b lud/i) Reference
FRESHWATER SPECIES
LC = Life-cycle or partial life-cycle; ELS = early life-stage
Results are based on measured concentrations of
-------
Table 2. (Continued)
Acute-Chronic Ratio
Hardness
(mg/L as
CaCO,)
Acute Value
(ua/L)
Chronic Value
(UQ/L)
Ratio
-------
Table 3. Ranked Genus Mean Acute Values with Species Mean Acute-Chronic Ratios
Genus Mean Species Mean Species Mean
Acute Value Acute Value Acute-Chronic
Rant" (WD Species (0q/L)b RatioC
FRESHWATER SPECIES
"Ranked from most resistant to most sensitive based on Genus Mean Acute Value.
Inclusion of "greater than" or "less than" values does not necesarily imply a true
ranking, but does allow use of all genera for which data are available so that the
Final Acute Value is not unnecessarily lowered
From Table I
-------
Table 3. (Continued)
Fresh water
Final Acute Value =
Criterion Maximum Concentration =
Final Acute-Chronic Ratio = (see text)
Final Chroni c Value =
SaIt water
Final Acute Value =
Criterion Maximum Concentration =
Final Acute-Chronic Ratio = (see text)
Final Chronic Value =
-------
Species
Table 4. Toxicity of
to Aquatic Plants
Chemical
Hardness
(mg/L as
CoCOj)
Ourati on
(days)
FRESHWATER SPECIES
Concentrat i on
Effect
Reference
Concentration of
not the chemical
-------
Table S. BioaccumuI ation of by Aquatic Organisms
Hardness
Concentration (">9/L as Duration Percent BCF or Normalized
Species Chemical in Water (iiq/l)" CoCOj) (days) Tissue lipids BAFb BCF or BAFC Reference
FRESHWATER SPECIES
Measured concentration of
Bioconcentration factors (BCfs) and bioaccumuI ation factors (BAFs) are based on measured concentrations of in water and in tissue
When possible, the factors were normalized to 1% lipids by dividing the BCFs and BAFs by the percent lipids
-------
Table 6. Other Data on Effects of on Aquatic Organisms
Hardness
(fflg/L as Concentration
Species Chemical CaCO,) Duration Effect (/jq/L°) Reference
FRESHWATER SPECIES
a Concentration of not the chemical
-------
Appendix 2. Blanks for "Unused Data"
-------
1. Some data on the effects of xxxxxx on aquatic organisms were not used
because the studies were conducted with species that are not resident in
North America or because the test species was not obtained from a wild
population in North America and was not identified well enough to
determine whether it is resident in North America (e.g ).
-------
2. Results (e.g., ) of tests conducted with brine shrimp, Artemi a sp.,
were not used because these species are from a unique saltwater
envi ronment.
-------
compiled data from other sources.
Notes: a. Generally this should not be used if the the original
investigators republished their own data. Such republication
should be handled by duplicate references in tables or text or
both.
b. Only list publications that contain data concerning aquatic
organisms. Do not include reviews of chemical properties,
etc.
-------
4. Results were not used ^P either the test procedures, test material, or
dilution water was not adequately described (e.g., ....).
-------
5. Data were not used if xxxxxxx was a component of a drilling mud, effluent.
fly ash, mixture, sediment, or sludge (e.g., )
-------
6. Data were not used if the organisms were exposed to xxxxxxx by injection
or gavage ( e . g ) .
Note: Exposure to the test material in food should generally be in the
section on "Other Data" if otherwise acceptable.
-------
exposed plasma, enzymes, excised or homogenized tissue, tissue
extracts, or cell cultures.
-------
8. Tests conducted without controls or with too few test organisms were not
used (e.g., ) .
-------
9. High control mortalities occurred in tests reported by
-------
cultured or acclimated organisms in one water and conducted tests
in another.
-------
11 did not acclimate the test organisms to the dilution water for a
long enough period of time.
-------
12. Results of some laboratory tests were not used because the tests were
conducted in distilled or deionized water without addition of appropriate
salts or were conducted in chlorinated or "tap" water (e.g )
-------
13. ... were not used because the results were not adequately described or
could not be interpreted.
-------
14. BCFs and BAFs from laboratory tests were not used 4# the tests were static
**rt*^-
or >T the concentration of xxxxxxxxxx in the test solution was not
adequately measured or varied too much (e.g ).
Note: If a test was otherwise acceptable but was too short to be used
in Table 4, use it in Table 6.
-------
15. Reports of the concentrations of xxxxxxx in wild aquatic or^anisms (e.».
^-/^
) were not used to calculate BAFs *T either the number of
measurements of the concentration in water was too small or the range of
the measured concentrations in water was too large.
Note: BAFs should be calculated from field data whenever the data are
reasonably good. Field data are expected to have a greater
variance than laboratory data.
-------
16. BCFs obtained from microcosm or model ecosystem studies were not used
the concentration of xxxxx in water decreased with time (eg., )
-------
Appendix 3. Abbreviations of Journal Titles
All one-word journal titles will be spelled out with no period after the title
(e.g., Ambio, Estuaries, Nature, Science). Periods will be placed at the end
of an abbreviated journal title only if the last word is abbreviated. For
journals that have series or sections, such as A, B, etc., give the letter
after the volume number as shown for the pertinent journals.
Acad. Sc i .
Acta Anat.
Acta Biol. Acad. Sci. Hung.
Acta Bot. Indica
Acta Hydrobiol.
Acta Hydrochim. Hydrobiol.
Acta Microbiol. Pol. 99A:42-45.
Acta Oecol. Oecol. Appl
Acta Pharmacol. Toxicol.
Adv. Environ. Sci. Technol. [Note: Do not use; this is the title of a series
of books published by Wiley.]
Adv. Mar Biol.
Adv. Microb. Ecol.
Adv. Water Pollut. Res.
Agri c. Biol Chem.
Agric. Environ.
Air Water Pollut. [Note: Do not use; see "Int. J. Air Water Pollut."]
Air Water Pollut. Int. J. [Note: Do not use; see "Int. J. Air Water Pollut."]
Ambi o
A.C.S. Symp. Ser. [Note: Do not use; reference these as books so people can
f i nd them.]
Am. J. Bot.
-------
Am. J. Clin. Nutr.
Am. J. Forensic Med. Pathol.
Am. Midi. Nat.
Am. Soc. Civ. Eng. [Note: Do not use; see "J. Sanit. Eng. Div."]
Am. Water Resour. Assoc. Bull.
Am. Water Works Assoc. J. [Note: Do not use; see "J. Am. Water Works Assoc "
Am. Zool.
An. Fac. Farm. Porto
Anal. Chem.
Anal. Chim. Acta
Anal. Proc.
Angew. Bot.
Ann. Appl. Bi ol.
Ann. Bot. (Lond.)
Ann. Bot. (Rome)
Ann. Bot. Fenn.
Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am.
Ann. Limnol.
Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci.
Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol.
Annu. Rev. Microbiol.
Antonie Leeuwenhoek J. Microbiol.
Antonie Leeuwenhoek J. Microbiol. Serol.
Appl. Environ. Microbiol.
Aquacult. Fish. Manage.
Aquat. Bot.
Aquat. Toxicol.
-------
Aquat. Toxicol. (N. Y. ) [Note: This journal is published infrequently and is
rarely if ever used.]
Arch. Biochem. Biophys.
Arch. Environ. Contain. Toxicol.
Arch. Environ. Health
Arch. Fischereiwiss.
Arch. Hydrobiol.
Arch. Hydrobiol. Suppl.
Arch. Inst. Pasteur Tunis
Arch. Microbio1.
Arch. Mikrobio 1 .
Arch. Toxi col .
Arkansas Farm Res.
Assoc. Southeastern Biologists Bull.
ASTM STP [Note: Do not use; reference these as books so people can find them.
Aust. J. Mar. Freshwater Res.
Aust. J. Plant Physiol
Bami dgeh
Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.
Biochem. Pharmaco 1 .
Biochem. Physiol. Pflanz.
Biochim. Biophys. Acta
Biokon Rep.
Biol . Bull. (Woods Hole)
Biol . Bui 1. India
Biol. Conserv.
Biol. Nauki
Biol. Reprod.
-------
Biol. Rev. Camb. Philos. Soc.
Bios
BioSc i ence
Biotechnol. Bioeng.
Biotechnol. Lett.
Black Hills Eng.
Bot. Gaz.
Bot. Mar.
Botyu-Kagaku [Note: Do not use; see "Sci. Pest Control."]
Br. J. Exp. Biol.
Br. J. Ind. Med.
Br. J. Nutr.
Bryologi st
Bull. Agric. Chem. Insp. Stn. (Tokyo) [Note: Use instead of "Noyaku Kensasho
Hokoku."]
Bull. Bur. Fish.
Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol.
Bull. Freshwater Fish. Res. Lab. (Tokyo) [Note: Use instead of "Tansuika
Suisan Kenkyusho Kenkyu Hokoku."
Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish.
Bull. Mar. Sci.
Bull. Mt. Desert Isl. Biol. Lab.
Bull. N. J. Acad. Sci.
Bull. Natl. Inst. Hyg. Sci. (Tokyo) [Note: Use instead of "Eisei Shikenjo
Hokoko."]
Bull. Soc. Pathol. Exot.
Bull. Tokai Reg. Fish. Res. Lab.
-------
Bull. Torrey Bot. Club
Bull. W. H. 0.
C. R. Hebd. Seances Acad. Sci.
C. R. Hebd. Seances Acad. Sci. (Series D)
C. R. Seances Acad. Sci. (Series III)
C. R. Seances Soc. Biol. Fi1.
£''.'-/,
Calif. Fish Game
Can. Fish Cult.
Can. J. Bot.
Can. J. Comp. Med.
Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci.
Can. J. Microbio1.
Can. J. Zool .
Can. Tech. Rep. Fish. Aquat. Scjrj/Note: Do not use; reference these
as books so people can find them.]
Caryologia
Ceylon J. Sci. Biol. Sci. [Note: Started sometime before 1978.]
Ceylon J. Sci. 99C:42-45. [Note: Discontinued sometime before 1978.]
Chem.-Biol. Interact.
Chem. Geol.
Chem. Scr.
Chesapeake Sci .
Clin. Toxicol.
Colonial Waterbirds
Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 72A:205-210. [Note: The A, B, and C series began in
1971. Include the series designation after 1970.
Comp. Physiol. Ecol.
-------
Compt. Rend. Soc. Biol.
/s- *
-. . - • ^pvC?-->~. _
Contrib. Boyce fhompson Inst. ^r--^
Contrib. Mar. Sci.
Cope i a
Cornell Vet.
Crit. Rev. Environ. Control
Crit. Rev. Mi crobi ol .
Crit. Rev. Toxi col .
Curr. Sci.
Dev. Ind. Mic robi ol .
Down Earth
Drug Metab. Di spos.
Dtsch. Gewasserkd. Mitt.
Ecol. Bull.
Ecol. Mode 1.
Ecol. Monogr.
Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf.
Effluent Water Treat. J.
Eisei Shikenjo Hokoku [Note: Do not use; see "Bull. Natl. Inst. Hyg. Sci.
(Tokyo)."]
Eng. Bull.
Envi ron. Biol. Fi shes
Environ. Conserv.
Environ. Entomol
Environ. Exp. Bot.
Environ. Health Perspect.
Environ. Int.
-------
Environ. Manage.
Environ. Monit. Assess
Environ. Pol lut. 23^f: 19-25 . [Note: The series designation started in 1980.
r
Include the series designation after 1979.]
Environ. Qual. Saf .
Environ. Res.^
Environ. Sci. Technol.
Environ. Technol. Lett.
Environ. Toxicol. Chem.
r - •' •'
Estuaries
Estuarine Coastal Mar. Sci.
Estaurine Coastal Shelf Sci.
Fed. Proc. "
Federal Reg i st.
Finn. Mar. Res.
Fish. Bull. (Dublin)
Fish. Bull. S. Afr.
(7lr£
Fiziol. Rast. -bingl , Ti
Food Cosmet. Toxi col.
Fresenius' Z. Anal. Chem. [Note: Do not use; see "Z. Anal. Chem."
Freshwater Biol.
Fundam. Appl. Toxicol.
Gas-Wasserfach
Gen. Comp. Endrocrinol.
Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta
Gesundh.-Ing.
-------
Gewasser Abwasser
Gidrobiol. Zh. [Note: Do not use; see "Hydrobiol. J."]
Haustech. Bauphys. Unwelttech.
Helgol. Meeresunters.
Helgol. Wiss. Meeresunters.
HiIgardia
Hiroshima J. Med. Sci.
Holarct. Ecol.
Huanj ing Kexue
Hydrobiol. J. (Engl. Transl. Gidrobiol. Zh.) 24(2):8-12. [Note: Give all info
, , e . . including issue number.]
111. Nat. Hist. Surv. Bull.
Indian J. Environ. Health
Indian J. Exp. Biol.
Indian J. Phys. Nat. Sci .
Ind. Eng. Chem.
Ind. Water Wastes
Ind. Wastes
Inorg. Chem.
INSERM (Inst. Nat. Sante Rech. Med.) Colloq.
INSERM (Inst. Nat. Sante Rech. Med.) Symp. ^ / / / • "
f~ ^~ "t ' .-• - ' J • c-r-"-^-*-' ^* »*--~"w- f-^ •
Int. Assoc. Great Lakes Res.L/T* '' """' *' ,• r-— /* r^F •
Int. J. Air Water i'ollut. [Note: Use instead of "Air Water Pollut." or "Air
Water Pollut. Int. J."]
Int. J. Appl. Radiat. I sot.
Int. J. Environ. Stud.
Int. J. Environ. Anal. Chem.
-------
Int. Pest Control
Int. Rev. Gesamten Hydrobiol.
Int. Ver. Theor. Angew. Limnol. Verb.
Invest. Pesq.
Iowa State J. Res.
Isr. J. Zool.
J. Agric. Food Chem.
J. Am. Coll. Toxicol.
J. Am. Water Works Assoc. [Note: Use instead of "Am. Water Works Assoc. J."]
J. Anim. Sci .
J. Appl. Ecol.
J . Appl . Po lymer Sc^i .
"j, 2-ti/u', 'r?'jL£s'/*
J. Assoc. Off. Agri. Chem. [Note: Through at least 1962.]
J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem. [Note: Started on or before 1969.]
J. Bacteri ol.
J. Biol. Educ.
J. Cell Biol.
J. Cell Sci . _
'/ .r 'r •,,-, "^ .z."'-•--*
^ • ^r4L s * v — F /
J. Commun. Di s.
J. Comp. Physiol. 988:42-45.
J . Econ. Entomo1.
J. Environ. Pathol. Toxicol.
J. Envi ron. Qual.
J. Envi ron. Sci.
J. Environ. Sci. Health 13A:62-70.
J. Exp. Biol.
J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol.
-------
J. Exp. Med.
J. Fish Biol.
J. Fish Dis.
J. Fish. Res. Board Can.
J. Food Sci.
J. Fr. Hydrol.
J. Gen. Appl. Microbiol.
J. Great Lakes Res.
J. Hazard. Mater.
J. Hydrol. (Amst.)
J. Hydrol. ( Dunedin)
J. Hyg. Epidemiol. Microbiol. Immunol. (Prague)
J. Ichthyol. (Engl. Transl. Vopr. Ikhtiol.) 24(4) :134-140. [Note: Give all
info. There is no issue number prior to 1979 but it must
be given for 1979 and later.]
J. Inl. Fish. Soc. India
J. Kans. Entomol. Soc.
J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. U. K.
J. Microbiol. [Note: Do not use; see "Antonie..."]
J. Microbiol. Serol. [Note: Do not use; see "Antonie.. "]
J. Miss. Acad. Sci.
J. Nutr.
J. Paint Technol.
J. Pestic. Sci.
J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther.
J. Phycol.
J. Plankton Res.
J. Protozool.
J . Radioanal. Chem.
-------
J. Sanit. Eng. Div. Proc. Am. Soc. Civ. Eng.
J. Tenn. Acad. Sci.
J. Test. Eval.
J. Therm. Biol.
J. Toxicol. Environ. Health
J. Water Pollut. Control Fed.
J. Wildl. Manage.
J. World Maricul. Soc.
Jpn. J. Exp. Med.
Jpn. J. Limnol.
Jpn. J. Paras i to 1.
Lab. Anim. Care
Limnol. Oceanogr.
La. Acad. Sci.
Mar. Biol. (Berl.)
Mar. Biol. (N. Y.)
Mar. Biol. Lett.
Mar. Chem.
Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser
Mar. Environ. Res.
Mar. Pollut. Bull.
Mar. Sci. Commun.
Med. Clin. N. Am.
Medd. Dan. Fisk. Havunders.
Medd. Komm Havundusog., Kbh.
Meded. Fac. Landbouwwet. Rijksuniv Gent.
Mich. Acad.
-------
Microb. Ecol .
Microbios Lett.
Micron Microsc. Acta
Microsc. Acta
Miner. Environ.
Mitt. Int. Ver. Theor. Angew. Limnol.
Monit. Zool. Ital.
Mosq. News
Mutat. Res.
Natl. Acad. Sci. Lett. (India)
Natl. Oceanogr. Atmos. Admin. Fish. Bull.
Natl. Speleological Soc. Bull.
Natl. Spelunkers Soc.
Nature
Naturwissenschaften
Nautilus
Neth. J. Sea Res.
New Phytol.
Nogaku Kenkyu
Nova Hedwigia
N. Y. Fish Game J.
N. Z. J. Mar. Freshwater Res.
N, Z. Med. J.
Nippon Nogeikagaku Kaishi
Northeast Gulf Sci .
Northwest Sci .
Not. Nat. (Phila.) 361:6-12. [Note: Use the^number as the volume.]
-------
Noyaku Kensasho Hokoku [Note: Do not use; see "Bull. Agric. Chem. Insp. Stn.
Nutr. Rep. Int.
Ohio J. Sci .
Pergamon Ser. Environ. Sci. jNote: Do not use; reference these as books so
people can f ind them.]
Period. Biol.
Pestic. Biochem. Physiol.
Pestic. Monit. J.
Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. 2628:42-50.
Photogr. Sci. Eng.
Physiol. Plant.
Physiol. Zool.
Phytochemi stry
Plant Cel1 Physiol.
Plant Physiol. (Bethesda) .^ ~ .
Plant Physiol. [^iTtinDo not uco for tnoEnglijli U aiiiULiun, see "FUi
Plant Sci. Lett.
Pol . Arch. Hydrobiol .
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.
Proc. Annu. Conf. Southeast. Assoc. FishWildl. Agencies 30:28-42 [Note: From
1976, Vol. 30, to present. The volume number is the numbej-.of the
^conference. The year is the year of the conference.]
Proc. Annu. Conf. Southeast. Assoc. Game Fish Comm. 29:179-184 [Note: Through
1975, Vol. 29]"
Proc. Annu. Meet. Utah Mosq. Abatement Assoc.
Proc. Entomol. Soc. Ont.
-------
_.•
Proc. Ind. Waste Conf . Purdue Univ. 26:340-351. [Note: Give the number of the
conference, not the Engineering Extension Series Number.]
Proc. Mont. Acad. Sci.
Proc. N. J. Mosq. Control Assoc.
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. India 99A:41-47.
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A.
Proc. Natl. Shellfish Assoc.
Proc. N. S. Inst. Sci.
Proc . Pa. Acad. Sc i .
Proc. Pap. Annu. Conf. Calif. Mosq. Control Assoc. [Note: Through at least
1974. ]
Proc. Pap. Annu. Conf. Calif. Mosq. Vector Control Assoc. [Note: From at least
1977. ]
Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci.
Proc. R. Soc. Queensl.
Proc. S. D. Acad. Sci.
Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med.
Proc. Soc. Water Treat. Exam.
Proc. Univ. Mo. Annu. Conf. Trace Subst. Environ. Health [Note: Do not use;
[W^. »*^~* _ -
/ ~> reference these as books so people can find them.]
Proc. Utah Acad. Sci. Arts Lett.
Proc. W. Va. Acad. Sci.
Proc. West. Pharmacol. Soc.
Prog. Fish-Cult.
Prog. Water Techno 1. /W&/ ^ - ^' " ^ / ^^^^ ''
-------
Rapp. P.V. Reun. Cons. Int. Explor. Mer. }^
*~
Regul . Toxicol. Pharmacol. /
Residue Rev.
Rev. Biol. (Lisb.)
/?
Rev. Bnis, Malariol. Doencas Trop.
Rev. Int. Oceanogr. Med.
Rev. Plant Prot. Res.
Rev. Sui sse Zool.
•fa'. Ts-n.-^ <^.^f. (?^?/^-j .>;-.<.*•<-'.
Riv. Parassitol .
Rocz. Nauk. Roln. 998:102-189.
Rocz. Panstw. Zakl. Hig.
S. Afr. J. Sci.
Salmon Trout Mag.
Schweiz Z. Hydro 1.
Sc ience
Sci. Cult.
Sci. Pest Control [Note: Use instead of "Botyu-Kagaku."]
Sci. Total Envi ron.
Sep. Sci. Technol.
Sewage Ind. Wastes
Sewage Works J.
Soil Sci.
Sonderdruck aus Fleishwirtschaft
Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health
Southwest .gfa. />iyjW (LptT^^/.f./. fL+j
Suom. Kemistil. 99B:81-83.
Symp. Biol. Hung.
-------
Tansuiku Suisan Kenkyusho Kenkyu Hokoku [Note: Do not use; see "Bull.
Freshwater Fish. Res. Lab. (Tokyo)."]
Tex. J. Sci.
Thalassia Jugosl.
Tissue & Cel 1
TNO Nieuws
-,y^'- - '• .' V
Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol.
/>• / ' • - - „. "', -, f
Toxicol. Lett.
Trans. Am. Fish. Soc.
Trans. Am. Microsc. Soc.
Trans. 111. State Acad. Sci .
Trans. Kans. Acad. Sc i .
Trans. Mo. Acad. Sci .
Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg.
Ukr. Bot. Zh.
Va. J. Sci.
Verh. Int. Ver. Theor. Angew. Limnol. [Note: Do not use; see "Int. Ver. Theor.
Angew Limnol. Verh."]
Vssury^- ' lL*-+?, ^U^LJ^jh>^-<1~d' tf/i~i^*+jL4*&*~''*-^r<-'
Versf. Landbouwkd. Onderz. (Agric. Res. Rep.) [Note: Give all info as title ]
Vet. Arh.
Vom Wasser
Vopr. Ikhtiol. [Note: Do not use; see "J. Ichthyol."]
W. Va. Acad. Sci.
Water Air Soi1 Pullut.
Water Pollut. Control
Water Pollut. Res. Can.
Water Res.
-------
Water Resour. Bui 1.
Water Resour. Res.
Water S A
Water Sci. Technol.
Water Sewage Works
Water Treat. Exam.
Water Waste Treat.
Wilson Bui 1.
Wiss. Z. Univ. Rostock Math. Naturwiss. Reihe
Z. Anal. Chem. [Note: Use this instead of "Fresenius' Z. Anal. Chem."]
Z. Angew. Zool.
Z. Lebensm. Unters. Forsch.
Z. Mikrosk. Anat. Forsch. (Leipz.)
Z. Naturforsch. 39C:90-92.
Z. Pflanzenphsiol.
Z. Tierphysiol. Tierernaehr. Futtermitte1kd.
Z. Wasser Abwasser Forsch.
Zentralbl. Bakteriol. Parasitenkd. Infektionskr. Hyg. Abt. I. Org.
Zool. Afr.
Zool. Anz.
Zool. Beitr.
Zool. J. Linn. Soc.
-------
Most of the above journal abbreviations were taken from the "Serial Sources
for the Biosis Data Base" Volume 1985. These abbrevia-tTons generally follow
/' •
the abbreviation rules set by the American National StAad/ards Institute. Most
of the other journal abbreviations were taken from "Lis-t of Periodicals"
published by Chemical Abstracts in 1961.
-------
to
7 JU:
/ s- ~^
Appendix 4. Proceedings of Symposia, etc.
The following is a list of edited publications that are sometimes difficult
identify from computerized literature searches and are sometimes referenced
incorrectly. For each, the available bibliographic information is provided
and additional notes are provided for some. The documents are in order by
year of publication, but are in no particular order within a year. To create
the references actually used in Criteria Documents, the author(s) must be
added before the year, the title of the article inserted between the year and
"In:", and the page numbers added at the end. See section X of the Manual for
additional information concerning the format of references.
In order to save space, two series of edited publications are not included on
this list. "Trace substances in environmental health" is edited by D.D.
Hemphi11 and published by the University of Missouri. The "Purdue Waste
Conference" is published by Purdue University. See section X for the format
to be used for these two series.
1957. In: Biological problems in water pollution. Tarzwell, C.M. (Ed.). U.S.
Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Cincinnati, OH. pp.
[ERLD Library - Document Control 1000443]
1959. In: Proceedings of the 1st conference of waste disposal in the marine
environment. Pearson, E.A. (Ed.). Berkeley, CA. pp.
1959. In: Proceedings of the symposium on coordination of mosquito control and
wildlife management. Washington, DC. pp.
1959. In: Transactions of the 24th North American wildlife conference.
Wildlife Management Institute, Washington, DC. pp.
1960. In: Biological problems in water pollution. Second seminar. Tarzwell,
C.M. (Ed.). Technical Report W60-3. U.S. Department of Health, Education, and
Welfare, Cincinnati, OH. pp.
[ERLD Library - Document Control *001129]
1963. In: Radioecology. Shultz, V. and A.W. Klement, Jr. (Eds.). Reinhold
Publishing Corporation, New York, NY. pp.
1963. In: Symposium on marine microbiology. Oppenheimer, C.M. (Ed.). Thomas
Publishers, Springfield, MA. pp.
1965. In: Biological problems in water pollution. Third seminar. Tarzwell,
C.M. (Ed.). 999-WP-25. U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare,
Cincinnati, OH. pp.
[ERLD Library - Document Control »000089]
^966. In: Organic pesticides in the environment. Rosen, A.A. and H.F. Kraybill
(Eds'). Advances in Chemistry Series No. 60. American Chemical Society,
Washington, DC. pp.
[ERLD Library - QD1A355]
j>
1968 In: Proceedings of the first mid-Atlantic industrial wastes conference.
University of Delaware, Newark, DE. pp.
-------
''
(C
<,*-£*%.
t£
1 _^yZ^^<^Z_^-;
X
* *z
/^
•-/*-
x / Zn-gnf.**
-------
>L--T; * t/v-
'> /-??&', .(L,,
ft •*.* j /, /y,
^J z>, //. *?/+*,
-*•/
-------
7<^U/V ^^^
.
-------
•y.
-' -''«-'- - * ' f s ^' S* <^-W-
*"/
'/£-/?,
/_
t- • f~££j
t/,,^ /: ^
^L^^r
'ri^s
^ /^^C/
b
•«UU- -
-------
PolynucSear
Aromatic
Chemistry and Biological Effects
Alf Bj0rseth
Analytical and Environmental Chemistry
Battelle's Columbus Laboratories
and
Anthony J. Dennis
Biomedical Sciences
Battelle's Columbus Laboratories
Fourth International Symposium
Sponsored by
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Battelle Memorial Institute
Battelle's Columbus Laboratories
Electric Power Research Institute
BATTELLE PRESS
Columbus. Ohio
-------
197(i. In: Baseline studies of pollutants in the marine environment (heavy
metals, halogenated hydrocarbons and petroleum). Goldberg, E.D (Ed )
Brookhaven National Laboratory, Brookhaven, NY. pp.
1972. In: Fate of organic pesticides in the aquatic environment. Faust, S D
(Ed.). Advances in Chemistry No. 111. American Chemical Society Washington
DC. pp. s
[ERLD Library - QD1A355]
1972. In: Proceedings of the 18th annual technical meeting on environmental
progress in science and education. Institute of Environmental Sciences, Mt .
Prospect, IL. pp.
1972. In: Water Pollution Research in Canada 1972. Publication No. EI-3.
Institute of Environmental Sciences and Engineering.
1973. In: Proceedings of joint conference on prevention and control of oil
spills. American Petroleum Institute, New York, NY. pp.
[ERLD Library - Document Control *000945]
1974. In: The early life history of fish. Tho ppoooodingo of an international
oymp8»ium. Blaxter, J.H.S. (Ed.). Springer-Verlag, New York, NY. pp.
x-^ERLD Library - QL639.25E32] ^ , ' ~ - " "-,
/ / i^rTUL-t-^^-v-^v /^r-rf^-jt^L^ti^tx^-ly ,/ 3
1974. In: Proceedings of the f i rst ""animal NSF trace contaminants conference.
Fulkerson, W. , W.D. Shults and R.I. Van Hook (Eds.). CONF-730802. National
Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA. pp.
[ERLD Library - Document Control *001789]
1974. In: Pollution and physiology of marine organisms. Vernberg, F.J. and
ff.B. Vernberg (Eds.). Academic Press, New York, NY. pp.
[ERLD Library - QP82.2 P6P64]
1974. In: Trace contaminants in the environment. Navokov, T. (Ed.), pp.
^ [Second Annual NSF-RANN Trace Contaminants Conference.]
1975. In: Environmental quality and safety supplement. Vol. III. Pesticides.
Coulston, P. F. and F. Korte (Eds.). International Union of Pure and Applied
Chemistry, Helsinki, Finland, pp.
1975. In: Marine chemistry in the coastal environment. Church. T.M. (Ed.). ACS
Symposium Series 18. American Chemical Society, Washington, DC. pp.
1975. In: The pathology of fishes. Ribelin, W.E. and G. Migaki (Eds.).
University of Wisconsin Press, Madison, WI . pp.
[ERLD Library - SH171P38]
1975 In- Sublethal effects of toxic chemicals in aquatic animals. Koeman,
J.H. and J.J.T.W.A. Strick (Eds.). Elsevier, New York, NY. pp.
1975. In: Water quality parameters. Barabas, S. (Ed.). ASTM STP 573. American
Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, PA. pp.
[ERLD Library - TD380593]
-------
1 Q 7 fi t
confer L°ntrol of hazardous material spills. Proceedings of national
inr.«t-^ °e °n control of hazardous material spills. Information Transfer
Incorporated, Rockvilie, MD. pp.
D In: C°ntrolled release pesticide formulations. Cardarelli, N.F. (Ed.).
Press, Cleveland, OH. pp.
1976. In: Effects of pollutants on aquatic organisms. Lockwood, A.P.M. (Ed.).
Society for experimental biology seminar series. Vol. 2. Cambridge University
Press, Cambridge, MA. pp.
1976. In: Toxicity to biota of metal forms in natural water. Andrew R.W., P.V,
Hodson and D.E. Konasewich (Eds.). International Joint Commission, Windsor,
Ontario, Canada, pp.
, [ERLD Library - Document Control »001790]
1977. In: Controlled release pesticides. Scher, H.B. (Ed.). ACS Symposium
Series No. 53. American Chemical Society, Washington, DC.
[ERLD Library - SB951.C648]
pp.
1977. In: Fate of pollutants in the air and water environments. Part 2.
Chemical and biological fate of pollutants in the environment. Suffet, I.H.
(Ed.). Wiley, New York, NY. pp.
[Advances in environmental science and technology. Vol. 8].
[ERLD Library - TD180.A38]
1977. In: Biological implications of metals in the environment. Drucker, H.
and R.E. Wildung (Eds.). ERDA Symposium Series 42. CONF-75099^). National
Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA. pp.
[ERLD Library - QH545.M45 H36]
1977. In: Physiological responses of marine biota to pollutants. Vernberg,
F.J., A. Calabrese, F.P. Thurberg and W. B. Vernberg (Eds.). Academic Press,
New York, NY. pp.
[ERLD Library - SH174.P8]
1977. In: Proceedings of the 3rd aquatic toxicity workshop. Parker, W.R., E.
Pessah, P.G. Wells and G.F. Westlake (Eds.). Surveillance Report
EPS-5-AR-77-1. Environment Canada, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, pp.
[ERLD - McCormick's office]
1977. In: Aquatic toxicology and hazard evaluation. Mayer, F.L. and J.L.
Hamelink (Eds.). ASTM STP 634. American Society for Testing and Materials,
Philadelphia, PA. pp.
[ERLD Library - QH545.W3S95]
1977. In: Proceedings world mariculture society, 8th annual meeting, San Jose,
Costa Rica. pp.
1978. In: Energy and environmental stress in aquatic systems. Thorp, J.H. and
J.W. Gibbons (Eds.). CONF-771114. National Technical Information Service,
Springfield, VA. pp.
[ERLD Library - QH541.5.W3 E53]
-------
• In: Physiology and behaviour of marine organisms. McLusky, D.S. and A.J.
Berry (Eds.). Pergamon Press, New York, NY. pp.
1978. In: Proceedings of the first and second USA-USSR symposia on the effects
IVA \ *ants uP°n aquatic ecosystems. Vol. II. Swain, W.R. and N.K. Ivanikiw
(tds.). EPA-600/3-78-076. National Technical Information Service, Springfield,
VA. pp.
[ERLD Library - EPA reports]
1978. In: Surface mining and fish/wildlife needs in the eastern United States.
Samuel, E.D., J.R. Stauffer, C.H. Houtt andW.T. Mason, Jr. (Eds.). PB-298353.
National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA.
[ERLD Library - Document Control 0002273]
1978. In: Proceedings of the fourth annual aquatic toxicity workshop. Davis,
J.C., G.L. Greer and I.K. Birtwell (Eds.). Fisheries and Marine Service
Technical Report No. 818. Fisheries and Marine Service, West Vancouver,
British Columbia, Canada, pp.
[ERLD - McCormick's office]
1979. In: Animals as monitors of environmental pollutants. Neilson, S.W., G.
Migaki and D. G. Scarrelli (Eds.). National Academy of Sciences, Washington,
DC. pp.
[ERLD Library - QP82.2.P65S695]
1979. In: Chemical modeling in aqueous systems. Speciation, sorption,
solubility and kinetics. Jenne, E.A. (Ed.). ACS Symposium Series 93. American
Chemical Society. Washington, DC. pp.
1979. In: Marine pollution: Functional responses. Vernberg, W.B., A.
Calabrese, F.P. Thurberg and F.J. Vernberg (Eds.). Academic Press, New York,
NY. pp
[ERLD Library - QH541.553M285]
1979. In: Proceedings of the 2nd biennial crustacean health workshop. Lewis,
D. and J. Liang (Eds.). Texas A & M Sea Grant, TAMM-SE-79-114.
1979. In: Proceedings of the fifth annual aquatic toxicity workshop. Wong,
P.T.S., P.V. Hodson, A.J. Niimi, V. Cairns and U. Borgmann (Eds.). Fisheries
and Marine Service Technical Report No. 862. Fisheries and Marine Service,
Burlington, Ontario, Canada, pp.
[ERLD Library - Document Control 0002320]
1979. In: Aquatic toxicology. Marking, L.L. and R.A. Kimerle (Eds.). ASTM STP
667. American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, PA. pp.
[ERLD Library - QH545.W359]
~~/*
1979. In: Toxicity of heavy metals in the environment. Part 1 (or Part 2).
Oehme F W. (Ed.). Marcel Dekker, New York, NY. pp.
[ERLD Library - RA1231.M52T69]
1980. In: Advances in ephemeroptera biology. Flannagan, J.F. and K.E. Marshall
(EdsJ. Plenum Publishing Corporation, New York, NY. pp.
-------
, • n: Agrochemical residue-biota interactior/s in soil and aquatic
systems. International Atomic Fner*~~-',£j^\^ iirfi.
1 • In: Controlled release of bioactive "materials. Baker, R. (Ed.). Academii
York, NY. pp.
>• <. ?TZ-ttt- , ,,^L^ £-t^. J~**.l£~\^r-l •"•-"' ' •.'•,.. /-,
1980 Tn- Vn • *^**/'Lt*-<<^t-'-*-'<-£+~'s^*~-, -*-^'~9^~e-i
• in. environment and quality of life. Second environmentaT research
programme 1976-1080. Commission of the European Communities, pp.
(VA \ shale symposium: Sampling, analysis and quality assurance. Gale,
C. fcd. . EPA-600/9-80-022. National Technical Information Service,
Springfield, VA. pp.
[ERLD Library - EPA reports]
1980. In: Proceedings of the 2nd conference on control processes, European
society for comparative physiology and biochemistry. Southampton, England, pp.
1980. In: 2nd interagency workshop on in-situ water quality sensing:
Biological sensors. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration,
Rockville, MD. pp.
[Symposium held in Pensacola Beach, FL. on April 28-30, 1980.]
[ERLD Library - Document Control 1002359]
1980. -fn: Proceedings of the 3rd USA-USSR symposium on the effects of
pollutants upon aquatic ecosystems. EPA-600/9-80-034. Swain, W.R. and V.R.
Shannon (Eds.). National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA. pp.
1980. In: Proceedings of the sixth annual aquatic toxicity workshop.
Klaverkamp, J.F., S.L. Leonhard and K.E. Marshall (Eds.). Canadian Technical
Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences No. 975. Deparment of Fisheries and
Oceans, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, pp.
[ERLD Library - Document Control 1002355]
1980. In: Aquatic toxicology. Eaton, J.G., P.R. Parrish, and A.C. Hendricks
(Eds.). ASTM STP 707. American Society for Testing and Materials,
Philadelphia, PA. pp.
[ERLD Library - QH545.W3S95]
1981. In: Advances in the identification and analysis of organic pollutants in
water. Vol. 2. Keith, L.H. (Ed.). Ann Arbor Science, Ann Arbor, MI. pp.
1981. In: Biological monitoring of marine pollutants. Vernberg, F.J., A.
Calabrese, P.P. Thurberg and W. B. Vernberg (Eds.). Academic Press, New York,
NY. pp.
[ERLD Library -
1981. In: Controlled r^eaTr~»*-^ -s.r^s- "--'^+- " ''^^ ^°"^-
1981. "in: Hazard assessment of chemicals: Current developments. Vol. 1.
Saxena, J. and F. Fisher (Eds.). Academic Press, New York, NY. pp.
. In: Proceedings of the seventh annual aquatic toxicity workshop.
Bermingham, N. , C. Blaise, P. Couture, B. Hummel, G. Joubert and M. Speyer
-------
na Technical Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences No. 990.
fERI n°i -^ Sneries and Oceans, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, pp.
I m Library - Document Control »002334]
Indian co'°Sical assessment of effluent impacts on communities of
i I aqu*tic organisms. Bates, J.M. and C.I. Weber (Eds.). ASTM STP 730.
^ety for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, PA. pp.
Library - QH541 . 5 . W3E36]
1981. In: Aquatic toxicology and hazard assessment. Branson, D.R. and K.L.
Dickson (Eds.). ASTM STP 737. American Society for Testing and Materials,
Philadelphia, PA. pp.
[ERLfi^. Library - QH545.W3S95]
|. and A. Dennis (Eds.). Battelle, Columbus, OH. pp.
1981. In: Proceedings of the second symposium on process measurements for
environmental assessment. EPA-600/9-81-018. National Technical Information
Service, Springfield, VA. pp.
1982. In: Developments in arid zone ecology and environmental quality. Vol. 1.
Shuval, H.I. (Ed.). Balaban International Science Service, Philadelphia, PA.
pp.
1982. In: Ecological stress and the New York bight: Science and management.
Mayer, G.F. (Ed.). Estuarine Research Federation, Columbia, SC. pp.
1982. In: Physiological mechanisms of marine pollutant toxicity. Vernberg,
W.B., A. Calabrese, F.P. Thurberg and F.J. Vernberg (Eds.). Academic Press,
New York, NY. pp.
[ERLD Library - QL121.P49]
1982. In: Aquatic toxicology and hazard assessment. Pearson, J.G., R.B. Foster
and ff.E. Bishop (Eds.). ASTM STP 766. American Society for Testing and
Materials, Philadelphia, PA. pp.
[ERLD Library - QH545.W3S95]
1982. In: Polynucl ejj^ aromatic hydrocarbons: Physical and biological
chemistry^Ctfoke, W. and~~A>J . Dennis (Eds.). Battelle, Columbus, OH. pp.
.--
1983. /In:,* Aromatic hydroc^atbons : Formation, metabolism, and measurement.
Cookel Mr and A.J.D>nfrTs (Eds.). Battelle, Columbus, OH. pp.
1983. In: Agrochemical-biota interactions in soil and water using nuclear
techniques. Technical Document 283^. .J.at.ernati.ojnia,L . Atpmi.c_Energj. Agency^ —
Vienna, Austria. PF- ^Mr*/^^*-^: F*&. ^ Fr^ + 1&. C^~^*™~*^ t ^
~I H f f I > l/^TO^t- j V y t*~J _______ __ _________ , _______ — "'
1983. In: Envi ronmental qTTa-ttty~"a"ffd~elTOtogyr Proceedings of the 2nd
international conferene ecology and environmental quality. Vol. 11. Shuval,
H.I. (Ed.). Balaban International Science Service, Philadelphia, PA. pp.
1983 In- Heavy metals in the environment. Vol. 1. CEP Consultants, Ltd.,
Edinberg! U. K. PP- .„.,.. ,
[Conference held in Heidelberg]
-------
1983. In: Heavy metals in the environment. Vol. 2. CEP Consultants Ltd
Edinberg, U. K. pp. '
[Conference held in Heidelberg]
1983. In: Pesticide chemistry: Human welfare and the environment. Vol 2
Takahashi, N. , H. Yoshioka, T. Misato and S. Matsunaka (Eds ) Per
-------
I If 'fF/i'
M.
anc* strategies in the design of bioactive compounds. Seydel
VCH Publishers, Deerfield Beach, FL. pp.
L^rary, Cincinnati, OH]
of the tenth annual aquatic toxicity workshop. Wells,
(Eds.). Canadian Technical Report of Fisheries and
1368. Deparment of Fisheries and Oceans, Ottawa, Ontario,
PR IJi:
Aquatic sciences No.
Canada, pp.
[ERLD Library - Document Control »002757]
1985. In: Aquatic toxicology and hazard assessment: Seventh symposium.
Cardwell, R.D., R. purdy and R.C. Bahner (Eds.). ASTM STP 854. American
Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, PA. pp.
[ERLD Library - QH545. W3A675]
1985. In: Validation and predictability of laboratory methods for assessing
the fate and effects of contaminants in aquatic ecosystems. Boyle, T.P. (Ed.)
ASTM STP 865. American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, PA.
pp.
[ERLD Library - QH545. W3V35]
1986. In: Aquatic toxicology and environmental fate: Ninth volume. Poston,
T.M. and R. Purdy (Eds.). ASTM STP 921. American Society for Testing and
Materials, Philadelphia, PA. pp.
[ERLD - C. Stephan's office]
1986. In: Problems of aquatic toxicology, biotesting and water quality
management. Ryans, R.C. (Ed.). EPA-600/9-86-024. National Technical
Information Service, Springfield, VA. pp.
[ERLD Library - EPA reports]
;?.'„, ^
•L*: A*
S~t*£*e-&~^-
-------
|