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NVIRONMENTAL F" Y * WATKK QUALITY OFF1C
-------
DRAFT THIRD REPORT
ON WASTE PROFILES
OF THE PAPER INDUSTRY
BY
WAPORA, Inc. '
1725 DeSales St., N.W.
Washington, D. C.
for the
Office of Water Quality
Environmental Protection Agency
Covering
Contract #68-01-0012
Contract #68-01-0022
May 3, 1971
-------
CONTENTS
PAGE
I. SUMMARY 1
II. STANDARD RAW WASTE LOAD 2
III. BASE LEVEL OF TREATMENT 5 '
Table - BOD5 Reduction by
Various Degrees of Biological Treatment 8
IV. BEST AVAILABLE TREATMENT 9
V. RECOMMENDED ADDENDUM TO REPORT 12
VI. APPENDIX
Figure 1 (Report //I) 13
Figure 1 (Report #2) 14
Figure 2 (Report #2) 15
Treatment Table Key 16
Treatment Tables (Report #2) 17
Standard Raw Waste Loads (Report #1] 25
-------
SUMMARY
This report summarizes the contents of preliminary reports #1 and #11.
Those reports contained, along with other items, profiles of the common pulp
and paper manufacturing processes, their "Standard Raw Waste Loads," and the
methods of treating them together with the results obtained in practice from which
"Base Level of Treatment" ranges can be established. For convenient reference
updated SRWL tables from Preliminary Report #1 and treatment tables from Report
#11 are printed in the appendix of this report.
Work is well along on the report dealing with advanced treatment methods
from which the "Best Available Treatment" can be developed. While all the data
needed to complete this latter section may not be available by the time the next
report is to be submitted, comments concerning the "Best Available Treatment"
are included herein.
Attention is called to the fact that the figures presented are subject to
modification on receipt of additional data and comments and expansion from
individuals and agencies to whom the preliminary reports were distributed. These
included the Office of Water Quality, the pollution control agencies of the States
of Wisconsin, Washington, and Georgia, the Corps of Engineers, the NCASI, and the
American Hardboard Association, as well as individual companies and consultants
to the project. A group of individuals from the industry who are active in the
water quality control area also received the preliminary reports and the receipt
of additional information from them is also anticipated. This additional information
and suggestions for improving the presentation will be incorporated in the final
report by the contractor.
-------
STANDARD RAW WASTE LOAD
The term "Standard Raw Waste Load" was carefully considered in this report
and the supporting data is intended to faithfully represent discharges from
manufacturing operations employing good practice in retention of raw materials
in the product. For exantple, figures given for papermaking operations in this
section of the report are from mills having save-alls as part of the paper, machine
system whereby fiber and filler of usable quality lost from the paper machine are
to a reasonable degree reclaimed and returned to the manufacturing operation
for reuse in the sheet. Where chemical recovery processes are employed, such as
in chemical pulp manufacture, data from mills operating at a typical range of
efficiency were selected for inclusion. Under these circumstances the effluent
contains only those residual uncontrollable losses occurring during the course of
normal operation.
For processes in which water-carried solid wastes are removed as part of mill
operations, such as barking and lime slaking, only the character of the water
leaving the process was considered in determining the SRWL. For example, the
effluent from the wet barking processes was considered to be that which had been
through the bark and silt removal system integral to most barking operations.
Disposal of the solid wastes other than those in the effluent was assumed.
There are some circumstances where appreciable control can be exerted over
raw effluent quality through the capacity and operational efficiency of internal
equipment. An example of this is the pulp mill recovery system, in which adequate
evaporators and pulp washing equipment can maintain a low level of sewer losses
from this operation. In other instances, no internal control is possible as is
the case with pulp bleaching. In this operation so much material must be removed
from the pulp in order to produce a certain grade of product that recovery of it
is not possible at the present stage of the art. Even a high degree of water reuse
within the process only serves to concentrate the substances in the effluent.
Hence, it must be sewered.
-------
In other cases raw materials themselves exert a very significant effect on
the SRWL. This is particularly true in respect to processes employing recycled
papers such as pulp deinking, broke reclamation, and waste paperboard manufacture.
Materials such as filler, coatings, and ink must be removed in the deinking and
broke reclamation operations, and these are not suitable for reuse. Hence they
must leave the plant in the waste stream and since their nature and quantity
vary with the type and quality of the waste paper used, a wide variation in the
SRWL occurs not only from mill to mill but at any particular mill. In the case
of waste paperboard, solubles present in or on the stock purchased can cause
major variation in raw effluent BOD values at any one ntill. These are frequently
starches and adhesives used in making the original product but they may consist
of materials in which the paper came in contact through packaging. Here, too,
processing itself can effect the SRWL since asphalt dispersion processes raise
both the BOD and suspended solids content of the waste water.
The figures for SRWL were established on the basis of unit manufacturing
operations. In some instances this represents no problem since the procedures
at all mills producing a particular product are similar and individual operational
losses are substantially the same. An example of this is kraft linerboard pro-
duction in which unbleached kraft pulp is manufactured and made into paperboard.
At some linerboard mills some NSSC pulp is also made and the spent liquor from
it employed as make-up in the kraft recovery system. Given equal equipment and
common good water reuse practice the effluent and SRWL from the various mills can
be expected to be similar from each pulping and papermaking process.
In bleached pulp mills a more complicated situation exists. Not only are
different degrees of bleaching practiced causing variable effluent loads, but
substantially the same product is often manufactured by somewhat different means.
One mill for example may remove less of the wood substance in the cooking process
than another, in which case the additional removal must be accomplished in the
-------
bleachery. In this instance the bleachery SRWL will be higher than for the mill
doing more of the work in the digesters. Also the overall load will be greater
since in the latter case the recovery system receives and destroys more of the
wood substance.
However, an attempt has been made to reconcile such irregularities and it
is hoped that in the final presentation of the SRWL, a meaningful range of figures
can be presented which, in use, can be tempered with specific knowledge of parti-
cular manufacturing operations and the raw materials employed in them. The need
for employing a range is clearly brought out by examination of effluent data
for a new linerboard mill published by Davis.* The normal swings in effluent
strength occurring even in the best of operations are epitomized by the data
presented in this paper. For older mills such swings can be considerably wider
so that an average figure cannot be assumed to prevail over any long period of
time. Even though treatment serves to eliminate to a large extent such changes,
variations naturally occur.**
Davis, C. L., Jr., "Lime Precipitation for Color Removal in Tertiary Treatment
Kraft Mill Effluent at the Interstate Paper Corporation," AICHE Water Pollution
Symposium, ChicagOj 111. (Dec. 1970).
** . . .
Burns, 0. B. and Eckenfelder, W. W., Jr., A Statistical Study of Five Years
Operation of the West Virginia Paper Company's Waste Treatment Plant,"Purdue, Ind.
Waste Conference #18, P. 83 (1963).
-------
BASE LEVEL OF TREATMENT
The major surface water quality problems resulting from the discharge of
pulp and papermill wastes arise from their content of suspended solids and
biologically decomposable dissolved organic matter as well as biologically
refractive organics which" are for the most part colored. Their color is similar
to that of swamp water since they are primarily wood substances such as lignins
and tannins and their degredation products. All three of these fractions can
cause undesirable effects of one kind or another and are the subject of water
quality standards established by the states. No attempt is made here to elaborate
on these effects since they will be covered in detail in the final report and
are given in textbooks dealing with the subject.
There are other waste constituents, some of which are not clearly defined,
that can be troublesome under particular circumstances. Some "of these are complex
organic compounds which can affect marine and aquatic productivity and simple
inorganic salts such as chlorides and sulfates of calcium and sodium. Pigments,
dyes, heavy metals, and acidity-alkalinity may be added to this list although the
latter is seldom a problem. Where it is, it is very readily corrected. The
presence and importance of heavy metals are not at this time well defined nor
thought to be a serious problem for this industry. If present, heavy metals
enter the process through impurities in purchased chemicals. Compounds containing
them are no longer widely used in attendant functions such as slime control. Other
possible sources are corrosion of materials, construction in the mill, or inks
removed from old papers. Heavy metals from the latter, howe'ver, are most likely
to be in an insoluble state and be removed by treatment.
All pulp and papermill wastes do not contain all the three major polluting
constituents to significant degree. For example, a number of papermaking wastes
contain only suspended material in significant amounts with practically
no dissolved organics present. Hence, after clarification, which removes the
-------
suspended matter and its equivalent in BOD, the waste water is of similar quality
to that of other effluents having received biological treatment and is suitable
for discharge without contravention of any of the water quality criteria set forth
in the standards. Examples of operations producing such wastes are .tissue and
wrapping paper manufacture, pulp lapping,and the production of specialty board
products.
In the case of effluents of this nature the "Base Level of Treatment" is
obviously clarification alone. Further treatment could obviously serve no useful
purpose relative to receiving water quality since there remains little further
impurities to remove. This contention is supported by information presented in
Figures #1 and #2 of Preliminary Report #11 and Figure #1 of Preliminary Report
#1 (also included in the Appendix of this report ) which clearly indicate the
effectiveness of sedimentation alone on the suspended solids and BOD-5 content of
some of these wastes. The use of coagulants will extend to some degree the wastes
falling in this category because of their ability to enhance both suspended solids
removal and the BOD reduction attending it.
It is therefore recommended that if the effluent remaining after clarification
contains less than eight pounds of total suspended solids and five pounds of
BOD-5 per ton of product, the BLT of this waste be considered to be clarification
to a degree necessary to meet existing water quality standards unless unusual and
extenuating circumstances as determined by engineering judgment exist.
Most of the spent process waters from pulping and bleaching operations
contain appreciable BOD as is obvious from the SRWL tables. The fact that a
substantial portion of this is in a soluble state is obvious from Figures #1 and
#2 in Preliminary Report #11 which indicate that suspended solids removal to a
high degree fails to reduce the BOD substantially. It is for this reason that
many mills employ biological treatment to effectively reduce the BOD remaining
after clarification as do public sewage treatment systems receiving papermill
wastes .
6
-------
Tables presented in Preliminary Report #11 and accompanying this report
indicate that by use of either storage oxidation, aerated stabilization, or the
activated sludge process after clarification, effective BOD reduction is achieved
for the soluble fraction of most wastes.
With the exception of the treatment of strong wastes resulting from
sulfite pulping and bleaching at two mills, most wastes receiving biological
treatment are relatively weak. Thus, the following Table was constructed showing
the BOD- in terms of pounds per ton and mg/1 concentration before and after the
degrees of biological treatment commonly practiced. In computing the BODg
concentration in mg/1,.20,000 gallons per ton of product was used since most
single processes can be conducted with the discharge of this quantity of waste
water or less.
Where BOD5 present in a particular clarified process waste is of sufficient
magnitude to require its reduction, the Base Level of Treatment can be determined
from this table on the basis of engineering computations and judgment relative
to the initial strength of the waste, its volume, and the water quality standards
of the receiving waters involved.
It is conceivable that some bleachery wastes may not require either
N
clarification because of a very low initial suspended solids content or need
oxidation due to a similarly low BOD value. In such instances color could be
their sole pollutional contribution. In this case it appears obvious that the
BLT would consist of color reduction alone.
-------
BOD5 REDUCTION BY VARIOUS
DEGREES OF BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT
Percent
BOD-i Reduction
TiOD5 Remaining
* @20,000 gal.
of effluent per
ton of product
Initial
///ton
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
A
mg/1
120
180
240
300
360
420
480
540
600
60
#/ton
8.0
12.0
16.0
20.0
24.0
28.0
32.0
36.0
40.0
ft
mg/1 '
48
72
96
120
144
168
192
216
240
75
///ton
5.0
7.5
10.0
12.5
15.0
18.5
20.0
22.5
25.0
ft
mg/1
30
45
60
75
90
105
120
135
150
85
///ton
3.0
4.5
6.0
7.5
9.0
10.5
12.0
13.5
15.0
ft
mg/1
18
27
36
45
54
63
72
81
90
90
///ton
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
rag/1
12
18
24
30
36
42
48
54
60
-------
BEST AVAILABLE TREATMENT
Both normal clarification processes and biological treatment are unable to
remove the color bodies extracted from wood by pulping and bleaching to a major
degree. Most of these will pass a sub-micron filter, are biologically refractive,
and difficult to coagulate. When coagulated and precipitated they form a
gelatinous mass, highly hydrous and difficult to dewater. Improvements in recovery
systems and modification of the bleaching processes have to date been only partially
successful in alleviating the color problem. For thirty years the pulp and
paper industry has conducted extensive experimentation on both in-process and
treatment techniques witn only limited success. The most promising treatment
methods appear to be lime precipitation and activated carbon absorption and
presently demonstration units employing several such processes, jointxy supported
by the industry and OWQ, are in operation at pulp mills.
The single full scale plant in operation, removing color from the entire
waste stream is at a five hundred ton per day linerboard mill in the South.
Clarification and lime precipitation are combined in a single clarifier operation.
The underflow from the clarifier is discharged to sludge lagoons for land
disposal and the overflow is treated for further BOD reduction by storage
oxidation as is water decanted from the sludge lagoons.
The first stage of treatment removes substantially all of the total suspended
solids from the waste, the effluent being reported to contain less than 10 mg/1
or less than 0.8 of a pound per ton of product. The influent color of from 38
to 175 pounds per ton or 460 to 2120 mg/1 is reduced to between 5 and 15 pounds
or 60 to 180 mg/1. BODg reduction amounts to about 30 percent in this stage,
reducing the initial range of values from between 25 to 35 pounds per ton to
between 1,5 and 25 pounds per ton of product. A substantial reduction in COD
is also accomplished by this process. The storage oxidation system installed is
of sufficient size to allow atmospheric carbonation and precipitation of the lime
-------
saturated effluent to occur and provide a long retention period for oxidation.
The BODs value of the final effluent amounts to about one pound per ton of
product or between 10 and 15 mg/1 concentration. At this particular installation
there is a rise in color due to extraction of color bodies from the swampy soil
from which the oxidation basin is constructed. This is, however, a peculiar
local situation.
Experiments with recarbonation of the clarifier effluent with lime kiln
off-gases indicate that the effluent could be neutralized and calcium carbonate
recovered by this method. If this technique were used the effluent could be
oxidized by aerated stabilization or the activated sludge process.
Two installations use lime precipitation for treating caustic extraction
bleachery waste. At one of these plants this waste water passes through a wet
drum barking system prior to treatment. Lime precipitation is carried on in
clarifiers , the underflow from which is mixed with the lime mud from the causticiz-
ing system, dewatered by vacuum filtration, and burned in the kiln, the lime used
in the precipitation being thus recovered.
It is reported that a 90 percent reduction of the color of the caustic
extract results from this treatment together with a substantial reduction in
BOD5. Specific performance figures will be available for the next report. Since
the caustic extract generally accounts for about 80 percent of the total color
discharged by a kraft mill bleaching all the pulp produced a color reduction
achieved in the total effluent in the order of 70 percent would be anticipated
from this treatment.
At one of these mills this treatment is followed by storage oxidation but
overall results are not as yet available to the contractor.
The major limitation of lime precipitation is the cost of the lime employed
and the sludge disposal problem attendant to its application. For these reasons
very extensive efforts are being made by the industry and WQO to develop adequate
10
-------
lime recovery systems. Once these are available the third problem of effluent
neutralization should be in hand. However, the lime treatment processes have
other limitations. The quantity of calcium added to the effluent, particularly
in treatment of bleaching wastes, could raise the hardness of a receiving stream
to a considerable degree. For example, if a bleach plant employed a total of
10 percent chlorine, as much as 312 pounds of calcium chloride could be discharged
per ton of pulp produced. It is unlikely that it would be this high because of
reaction of.part of the chlorine with organic matter and the sodium ion introduced
in the extraction stage. However, it could be appreciable even if the decolorized
effluent was recarbonated for calcium carbonate recovery.
Another factor is that if lime precipitation was employed on more than one
effluent stream, too much water would be introduced into the recovery system
raising the fuel and equipment capacity requirements to an inordinate degree.
In fact, all such processes increase the quantity of water requiring evaporation
due to introduction of the hydrous lime-organic fraction resulting from precipitation
of color bodies into either the kiln or to the liquor system. This procedure can
raise both the capital and operating costs to an intolerable degree.
It can be concluded that the BAT at present consists of a combination of
processes including clarification, lime precipitation, and biological oxidation
which can serve to reduce very substantially the three major pollutional constit-
uents of pulp and papermill effluents, namely suspended solids, color, and BOD.
In the case of wastes containing only one or two of these characteristics, the
BLT and the BAT become synonymous. Also as the BAT becomes more effective the area
of water reclamation, either for process or other uses, comes into focus.
11
-------
RECOMMENDED ADDENDUM TO REPORT
It is highly recommended that the methods of sampling and analysis of these
wastes which will be used in accessing treatment performance be set forth and
agreed upon by the review committee. This was thought to be an absolute necessity
by the state regulatory agency members of the group who will be involved in
programs embracing the effluent standards that may evolve. The peculiar character-
istics of these wastes are such that special sampling techniques are needed and
^
in fact recommended by NCASI and some of the state agencies such as Wisconsin and
Washington since many devices marketed for general sewer sampling fail to produce
representative samples because of the fiberous nature of the solids contained
therein. While "standard Methods" of analysis yield satisfactory results for
some constituents or characteristics of pulp and papermill wastes, others leave
much to be desired, particularly those dealing with suspended matter. It would
be desirable if the "Standard Methods" could include specialized techniques for
these effluents. However, there has been no disposition on the part of the
committees concerned with these methods to do so for 30 years. Hence this approach
appears most doubtful and a specifically directed effort on the part of WQO to set
forth the best available sampling and analytical methods for use in promulgating
an effluent standards program appears mandatory as has been pointed out by personnel
of the state agencies in reviewing Preliminary Reports #1 and #11.
Since this activity v/as not a part of the present contract some extended
provision will be necessary should the present contractor be given this assignmeitt.
"Procedures for Conducting Mill Effluent Surveys," NCASI Tech. Bull. #183 (1965).
**"Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Waste Water," 12th Edition,
APHA, New York (1965).
12
-------
APPENDIX
-------
FIGURE I
(Rpjoort //I)
SETTLING RATE OF
BARKER SCREENING EFFLUENT
100
H
B
P
g
O
w
Q
W
90
80
70
60
50
20
40
60
80
100
3240
1620
1000
810
648
CLARIFIER SURFACE LOADING- Gal./Ft./Day
13
-------
Percent Total Suspended Solids Reduction by Settling
o>
-J
o
00
o
-H-
CD
O
8
Deinking Mills
Bleached Kraft Mills
Linerboard Mills
Waste Paperboard Mills
Fine Paper Mills
Insulating Board Mills
Tissue Mills
Newsprint Mills
Wrapping Paper Mills
- Specialty Board Mills
FIGURE //I
. i . : . (Report #2)
Total Suspended Solids Reduction by Settling
14
-------
20
FIGURE $2
(Report #2)
BOD Rates of Suspended
and Dissolved Organic Matter
100
80
60
*
/
/
Dissolved
Solids
40
Suspended
Solids
10
15
20
Time in Days
15
-------
Treatment Table Key
Internal
Fiber Recovery
Pretreatment
Susp. Solid Reduction
Intermediate Treatment
BOD Reduction
Third Stage Treatment
Sludge Thickening
Sludge Dewatering
Sludge Disposal
Discharge Control
S-Settling
DAF-Dissolved Air Floatation
F-Filtration
N-Neutralization
K-Nutrient Addition
SC-Screening
E-Equalization
Q-Cooling Tower
C-Mechanical Clarifier
AB-Alternating Basins
SB-Set in Storage Basin
CC.-Chem. Coagulation
T.F.-Trickling Filter
H.L.-Holding lagoon
A.L.-Aerated Lagoon
A.S.-Activated Sludge
E.A.-Extended Aeration
I-Irrigation Disposal
P.L.Polishing Laggon
A.-Aeration
T.G.-Gravity Thickener
T.C.-Centrifugal Thickener
B-Drying Beds
VF.-Vacuum Filter
CE-Centrifuge
P-Pressing
LF-Land Fill
INC-Incineration
P-Return to Process
PS-To Public Sewer
H-Hauled Away
BP-By-Product Mfg.
DIF.-Diffusser
Do C. -Flow Control
16
-------
TABLE VII
(Report #2)
LINERBOARD MILLS
tfc
J
J
n
S3
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
(A
W
CQ O
£ §
F
F
F :
F
F
F
F
F
F
DAF
F
F
F
DAF
PJ&TREAT.MENT
K
K
K
K
K
E
K
*-
C.C
K
-
-
K
K
K
K
SUSP. SOLIDS
RED.
C
C
C
C
C
C
AB
C
C
AB
C
C
C
C
a,.-
W '
K'
Q
O
CQ
AL
AL
TF/
AL
AL
AL
AL
HL
HL
HL
HL
AL
AL
AL
AL
8£
nN
W EH
-------
TABLE VIII
(Report #2)
NEWSPRINT MILLS - KRAFT
00
tfc
.J
i-t
1
2
3
4
5
6
W
M U
£ 2
DAF
F
F
F
F
F
£
PBE.IREATME
K
K
-
-
-
-
V)
Q
i-i
_)
O
w
ft
W Q
W «
C
C
C
C
C
AB
*
Q »'
w
Q
O
W
AS
AS
HL
HL
AL
AL
§w
erf
co E-*
A
-
-
-
PL
SLUDGE
HANDLING
THICKENING
-
GT
-
-
-
o
X.
Cu
u
Q
B
V.F.
CE
-
-
DISPOSAL
L
L.F.
INC
L.F.
L.F.
L.F.
L.F.
t-
S
EFFLUENT 1
MGD
19
13
40
27
27
25
BODr
5
#/ton
Prod .
w
U)
1
M
24
39
44
56
35
Fi .
*'
W
&H
W
2
15
5
29
15
'TSS
ft/ton
Prod .
INFLUENT
60
122
71
80
77
H
W
PH
W
3
4
10
11
6
-------
TABLE IX
(Report #2)
INTEGRATED KRAFT MILLS.
d
i
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
a
W-
M O
s
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
H
05
1
K
E/K
K/S
Q/K
K
-
F/K
K
K
K
SUSP. SOLIDS
RED.
C
C
C
C
C
AB
C
AB
C
C
Q -.'
BJ'«
Q
O
W
AS
AS
AS
AS
AS
HL
AS
AL
AL
AS
3RD STAGE
TREAT,MENT
-
AL-
-
-
-
-
-
HP
SLUDGE
HANDLING
.
THICKENING
-
-
GT
GT
GT
-
-
-
-
GT
P
M
W
w
Q
D
VF
VF
VF
VF
-
-
VF
-
VF
DISPOSAL
1
LF
LF.
LF
LF
LF
LF
LF
INC
LF
LF
EFFLUENT FLOW
MOD
14.5
10.3
26.1
25.1
63.0
28.0
4.2
40.0
3.0
38.0
BODr
5
ft/ ton
Prod .
INFLUENT
56
121
33
73
91
63
41
39
35
67
W
w
9
19
9
11
10
25
1
13
11
9
"TSS
Prod.
W
196
39
211
158
96
87
49
49
189
75
X
1
P-H
ft,
W
14
7
57
18
17
2
19
10
21
27
-------
TABLE X
NJ
o
(Report #2)
BLEACHED KRAFT MILLS
It
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
OS
w
ca o
M W
fy . rtjf
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
ft
H '
H
W
DS
-E-f
"-S
0.
N/K
K
E/N
K
K
K
-
K
E/K
co
Q
M
O
t
OT Q
w 3
C
C
C
C
C
AB
C
AB
C
Q .
W "
i
AL
AL
AL
AL
AL
HL
AL
HL
AL
W FH
o .:<
gw
OS
ro H
-
PL
-
-
HP
-
-
PL
PL
SLUDGE
HANDLING
THICKENING
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
£2
I-H
W
F-<
W
Q
-
-
K
-
-
-
VF
-
-
DISPOSAL
LF
LF.
LF
LF
LF
LF
LF
LF
LF
s
fe
£
3
^ Q
PM O
W ^
13.0
45.0
13.9
34.0
35.0
47.0
22.0
36.0
55.0
DODg
ff/ton
Prod.
w
M
60
75
38
78
100
43
102
118
94
EFFLUENT
11
31
5
15
12
0.5
59
17
24
'TSS
ff/ton
Prod .
INFLUENT
49
71
-
61
111
-
188
109
w
£
w
5
5
-
10
0.6
-
37
17
-------
TABLE XI
(Report #2)
ACID SULFITE PULP MILLS
1h
t_3
,_}
M
1
2
QM
w
CQ O
f* i ff^
DAG
"
j_
EH
H .
<£
w
-H
'" fj3
'PL,
KN
HB
K
w
Q
0
f\.
CO Q
£S
c
AB
*
Q *>
W "
PC
*
p
3
AS
AL
W £-<
o .y-
*^I U
H S
§w
OH
HB
-
SLUDGE
HANDLING
.O
H-{
^
a
u
E-"
K
-
O
f '
ci
w
W
Q
K
-
^."]
5
M
-
i
H
W
PH
W
30
Volatile
21 I 21
-------
TABLE XII
(Report #2)
NSSC - Mill
N)
^fc
J
J
PS
1
fj*
a-
CQ O
M W
p4 (X
F
c.4
R
H
H
w
OJ
;"c"1
"-,3
K
to
Q
0
w;
f\,
c/} Q
cnS
Int.
only
.
Q ^.'
W "
DH *
Q
O
W
AL
W H'
O -X.
< W
H S
§w
CJ
CO H
' SLUDGE
HANDLING '
.O
'y<
h-l
C -1
a
u
t-H
K
H
O
^''t
>-H
C£
w
FH
i;
w
Q
' h-3
fe
125
f-1
X^i
Cn
fn
W
75
'TSS
rf/ "LOU
Prod .
f-4
/^
W
3
>< .
45
f~*
^
3
w
60
-------
TABLE XIII
(Report #2)
DEINKING - PAPERMILLS
NJ
U>
^
!__*]
hJ
i i
- 1
2
3 !
DS
W-
pa u
M W
F
F
F
R .
H-
£H
<£
w
BJ
-H
'PW
K
K
-
w
Q
O
A
K) Q
£S
C
C
AB
.
Q "
W.'
p^ «
%
Q
O
W
AL
AL
HB
W f-<
0 .X
-,
w
l-J
PH
fl
pa
23
17
26
-------
TABLE XIV
(Report #2)
WASTE PAPERBOARD MILLS
*k
1 1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
OS
w
03 U
PM «
S
F
S
-
S
-
-
S
S
1
^
H
ui
03
W
K
K
K
K
K
K
K
K
K
SUSP. SOLIDS
RED.
AB
C
AB
C
C
C
AB
C
C
o ,.
w
Q
O
AL
AL
AL
AL
AS
AL
AL
AS
AS
W H
0 .X.
OT H
qS
2 u
co H
I
-
A
-
AS
-
-
-
-
SLUDGE
HANDLI'NG
P
f <
u
H-l
a
H
-
TC
-
-
TC
-
-
-
-
DEV/ATERIXG
B
B
B
-
-
B
B
B
B
DISPOSAL
LF
LF
LF
PS
R
H
LF
LF
LF
LF
EFFLUENT FLOW
MGD
0.7
2.0
2.7
2.0
3.3
0.3
0.3
2.7
' 0.6
BOD,.
#/ton
Prod .
INTLUENT
45
26
23
30
15
8
15
14
19
F-;
W
3
4
3
2
7
0.2
1
2
0.7
2
'TSS
n-'/ton
Proc! .
INFLUENT
46
51
81
87
7
56
60
56
73
H
w'
3
S
2
4
9
8
0.5
3
4
2
6
-------
(Kigu
STANDARD RAW WASTE LOADS FROM PULP AMI PAPER
ok period with 90X frequency)
PROCESS
CATEC-ORY
I
I -A
I-B
I-C
I-D
II
II-A
1I-B
II-C
I I-D
III
III-A
I1I-B
IV
INDIVIDUAL MANUFACTURING
PROCESSES
WOOD I'r.F.PAKATIOil
Hydraulic llarklnc
Drun Hark ins *
Wood H.i shins
Co 111 Durklns
CaOUNDU'OOD TU1.P
Stone Croundwood
Refiner Croundu-iiod
Cold Soti;i i Chrai-
rr.-.,...-,! -.'..'
lile.'ichc-d Croundwood
' NEUTRAL SULFITB SEMI-CHEMICAL
No Recovery
Uirn Recovery
KRAFT AND SODA PULPING
NO.
OK
SABLES
4
3
5
-
8
S
3
2
6
13
35
KiTLUKST FLOW
lOOO gals, per ton product:
RANCH
(r.nrkiru:
0.3
0.2
0.1
-
2
2
,
No AdilJ
5
2
16
Pisces Tr
0.5
0.4
0.2
-
3
8
6
ionul W.Tt
20
2o
36
TYVICAL
-created)
O.'j
0.3
0.1
-
5
i
3
r Added
15
10
25
UODj
ounds per ton product
'""""'"
0.22
5
0.1
7 pur
4
/,
"
31
110
27
20
) .20
15
0.3
::crc per
3.8
18
101
48
310
150
59
TYPICAL
0.60
10
0.2
day
15
15
100
/.I
u,:pi:iula on
Vic Id
75
50
TOTAL SUSTENDSn SOLIDS
pounds per tor. produce
RANGE
1.1
2.5
3
2.2
3.5
S
i -
11
11
15
20
60
8
11
42
42
52
40
110
100
85
TYPICAL
2
3
4
-
30
30
40
30
30
60
50
COLOR
(MS/I)
TYPICAL
OO
450
<;50
-
£50
OO
1200
i
pll
KAKCE
1
Nt-.ut r/il
Neutral
Nnur.ral
POSSTI1I.F.
HljWY
HliTALS .
Nuno
tioue
None
Neutral | Hone
Keutral
Iirutr.il
7.n
y.n
K-f> t Non..
Neutral | X.n
tfcutral
I
Neulrnl
9-10
Kune
None
Cl'.Kl
AQUATIC
roxictri-
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
YOG
Yes
No
Yes
MAJOR POI.1.1IT10KAI.
C11ARACTEUIST1CS
Suspended (. dissolved ov[;.T.-,lc EJtte
Suspended & dissolved organic malic
Smpnvled i dissolved orjanlc matte
Suupenuid i dissolved orcar.ic r.attc
Suupended 4 dissolved organic natt.
SkisipenJed & dissolved or£anic r.fitt.
r.u::;ien.lc.i f. dis:.olved ocf.nr.ic iv-tt-
Sur.rer. leJ f* dissolved or£.inic i.-art
'<,.( "li ;l
Co)or t, potential aquatic toxicity
Suupenileii 4 dissolved crRar.ic r..-.£C
Color 4 potential aquatic toxiclty
*Frech water * no recycle
25
-------
vr.occss
CATEUlilY
-A
-B
1-A
1-B
I-C
1-3
II
II-A
1I-B
:i-c
in-
HI-A
III-B
i MiivimiAt (WKUFACTURISC
PRK-1IYDROLYSIS
so r i wood
IMnivot'J
KRAFT BI.F.VCHINC
Svnil-lllcnch
Ilifli nluar.h
OF
SAMPLES
3
.1
4
'<
EFFLUENT FLOW
1000 c-'ili;. per ton product:
RANCH
'
1
0.3
18
18
!)!:-,.:i-.]vln;: Cr.'K!pa(Sof t Won.!!' 2 j 4'i
DlesoJvlns Cr;:Jcs(llard WooiDJ 2
ACID SUI.FITF. pyi.PiKC
t
I.'o Kvfovcry i 5
M.-O Hii.c Recovery | 1
Mlj HccoviTy
SW-l-ITl; PULP I1LEACMTNC
l'.i|>c:r Grade
Dissolving Crude
3
1
44
CO
9
*
12
_
TYPICAL
! . ! -.-
_;
30
3ft
r ,
70
,00
: »
JO
0.3
25
25
50
50
Pounds npr cor. produce
RAXCE
fin
ISO
34
y.
120
200
49
TOTAL S'jfipr;::f)ED SOL ins
I'oiip.ds oc-r con nroc'icc
COLOR
(MS/0
TYPICAL j RAKCi; | TYPICAL (TYPICAL
) : 1
200
10
..
Nt.'S
43 j ] 0
143 I 100
!
100 1.50
MO j 700
""i , "~ "
70 j 000 j 950
9
3
I
23 | 20
t
135
146
15
230
233
\
J£0
COO
10
123
ISO
=Q
J- J
30 j 20
JO
150
210
G50 3 30 j 60
200
.
200
40
CO .
.
pH
I'Os.sir.i.r.
H!'.AVY
M::TAI.S
|
KeuLrr. :( None
II!,j!i NcuLr.-.J
30CO
20 ) 6000
150
150
.
50
40
50
3-4
_±i__
3-4
2-3
2-3-
2-3
IS | 17 | 5 12 j 10 | : 2'3
j 200 j 450
450
1 .1
1 J.-3
No,,c
Cr , N j
Hi; '
Cr, Ki<
^'li':'1'
_._i^
Cr, Ni
STY
Yes
I.'o
Yes
y,s
_=_
Yes
t
l'l>
I'h, Cr,
Ki
PuK.fr,
Cr, MI,
Cr, Ni,
"a
Y,:S
Yes
Yes
No
7
MAJOR POU.UTICNAJ. CrlASACTURLSTICS
.'
Su.,,r«,,,l i ^«olvtd ors.,nic n«-.t,
DJ..OJVCJ orL;.,,;.c ,,u,,r
ml or , A pf; ''i"1 1 i 1 1 ;!*!! iff'' to-: fci ry
Siu jii'i'.n i ti ft d i i :.oivt j (,]-;;;,n ic i. ". 1 1 1
rolor. fr pM i nt ill .-. '--tntir r^:-;ir. it v
Suj;pi-n:!c.i & dl-'^.ntve.! rrs*jnic nattc.-
coJt-i', t. poi-CMul r..iu.-a-ic to.xicity
. . :..
rolor , virti'ii. 1 c 1 nx ic liv , & "utr I «:';<
., ,, ..!.-...>.!.. _^^..,._a . - .,, ,,, _.,.
Su,PrnJed t Oi^olveJ ors.n« «tc.
Color
-------
PROCESS
IX
iX-A
iX-3
f
-:-A
<-B
<-C
-t-D
:-E
L
\n
ai-A .
rr,"-r.ir. ir-.-ifter
SJuspcnilfxJ i tllt^ojvod inorganic i
orr.nnic r;nt t-ir
ounpi?:id(.'i! & dlsr.olvcit! inorg.-.r.ic &
or £3ii Ic ui.icr t:r
SuspcT.ilt.-J f. »i isno Ivrd inorganic 6
or(:.in.Ifi mnt.L*-r **
jtJi-^ri'.J.-j .'. ui^i.w..vv-o mor j;.:;-. ic t.
orj;;n;ic r..itier w* - .
Suspi-n.l oJ f. Q i ^^(,1 i vu,J 1 nor ^«nic 6
Duspi-1'..Icsl i dJnsolviu or'.;r.r.ic u^ttc
^ ""
*Pos=ibly froa Inks
**Aquatlc coxlcity nay 'result fron
MditiVf
27
-------
|