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NVIRONMENTAL   F"                                                      Y   *   WATKK   QUALITY    OFF1C

-------
      DRAFT THIRD REPORT

       ON WASTE PROFILES

     OF THE PAPER INDUSTRY
              BY

        WAPORA, Inc. '
    1725 DeSales St., N.W.
       Washington, D. C.
            for the

    Office of Water Quality
Environmental Protection Agency
           Covering

     Contract #68-01-0012
     Contract #68-01-0022
        May 3, 1971

-------
                           CONTENTS


                                                 PAGE

  I.   SUMMARY 	 1

 II.   STANDARD RAW WASTE LOAD	 2

III.   BASE LEVEL OF TREATMENT	5 '

      Table - BOD5 Reduction by
      Various Degrees of Biological Treatment	8

 IV.   BEST AVAILABLE TREATMENT 	 9

  V.   RECOMMENDED ADDENDUM TO REPORT	 12

 VI.   APPENDIX

      Figure 1 (Report //I)	13

      Figure 1 (Report #2)	 14

      Figure 2 (Report #2) 	 15

      Treatment Table Key	 16

      Treatment Tables (Report #2)  	 	 17

      Standard Raw Waste Loads (Report #1]	 25

-------
                                       SUMMARY







      This report summarizes the contents of preliminary reports #1 and #11.




 Those reports contained,  along with  other items,  profiles of the common pulp




 and paper manufacturing processes,  their "Standard Raw Waste Loads," and the




 methods of treating them together with the results obtained in practice from which




 "Base Level of Treatment" ranges can be established.   For convenient reference




 updated SRWL tables from Preliminary Report #1 and treatment tables from Report




 #11 are printed in the appendix of  this report.




     Work is well along on the report dealing with advanced treatment methods




from which the "Best Available Treatment" can be developed.  While all the data




needed to complete this latter section may not be available by the time the next




report is to be submitted, comments concerning the "Best Available Treatment"




are included herein.




     Attention is called to the fact that the figures presented are subject to




modification on receipt of additional data and comments and expansion from




individuals and agencies to whom the preliminary reports were distributed.  These




included the Office of Water Quality, the pollution control agencies of the States




of Wisconsin, Washington, and Georgia, the Corps of Engineers, the NCASI, and the




American Hardboard Association, as well as individual companies and consultants




to the project.  A group of individuals from the industry who are active in the




water quality control area also received the preliminary reports and the receipt




of additional information from them is also anticipated.  This additional information




and suggestions for improving the presentation will be incorporated in the final




report by the contractor.

-------
                              STANDARD RAW WASTE LOAD







     The term "Standard Raw Waste Load" was carefully considered in this report




and the supporting data is intended to faithfully represent discharges from




manufacturing operations employing good practice in retention of raw materials




in the product.  For exantple, figures given for papermaking operations in this




section of the report are from mills having save-alls as part of the paper, machine




system whereby fiber and filler of usable quality lost from the paper machine are




to    a reasonable degree reclaimed and returned to the manufacturing operation




for reuse in the sheet.  Where chemical recovery processes are employed, such as




in chemical pulp manufacture, data from mills operating at a typical range of




efficiency were selected for inclusion.  Under these circumstances the effluent




contains only those residual uncontrollable losses occurring during the course of




normal operation.




     For processes in which water-carried solid wastes are removed as part of mill




operations, such as barking and lime slaking, only the character of the water




leaving the process was considered in determining the SRWL.  For example, the




effluent from the wet barking processes was considered to be that which had been




through the bark and silt removal system integral to most barking operations.




Disposal of the solid wastes other than those in the effluent was assumed.




     There are some circumstances where appreciable control can be exerted over




raw effluent quality through the capacity and operational efficiency of internal




equipment.  An example of this is the pulp mill recovery system, in which adequate




evaporators and pulp washing equipment can maintain a low level of sewer losses




from this operation.  In other instances, no internal control is possible as is




the case with pulp bleaching.  In this operation so much material must be removed




from the pulp in order to produce a certain grade of product that recovery of it




is not possible at the present stage of the art.  Even a high degree of water reuse




within the process only serves to concentrate  the substances in  the effluent.




Hence, it must be sewered.

-------
     In other cases raw materials themselves exert a very significant effect on




the SRWL.  This is particularly true in respect to processes employing recycled




papers such as pulp deinking, broke reclamation, and waste paperboard manufacture.




Materials such as filler, coatings, and ink must be removed in the deinking and




broke reclamation operations, and these are not suitable for reuse.  Hence they




must leave the plant in the waste stream and since their nature and quantity




vary with the type and quality of the waste paper used, a wide variation in the




SRWL occurs not only from mill to mill but at any particular mill.  In the case




of waste paperboard, solubles present in or on the stock purchased can cause




major variation in raw effluent BOD values at any one ntill.  These are frequently




starches and adhesives used in making the original product but they may consist




of materials in which the paper came in contact through packaging.  Here,  too,




processing itself can effect the SRWL since asphalt dispersion processes raise




both the BOD and suspended solids content of the waste water.




     The figures for SRWL were established on the basis of unit manufacturing




operations.  In some instances this represents no problem since the procedures




at all mills producing a particular product are similar and individual operational




losses are substantially the same.  An example of this is kraft linerboard pro-




duction in which unbleached kraft pulp is manufactured and made into paperboard.




At some linerboard mills some NSSC pulp is also made and the spent liquor  from




it employed as make-up in the kraft recovery system.  Given equal equipment and




common good water reuse practice the effluent and SRWL from the various mills can




be expected to be similar from each pulping and papermaking process.




     In bleached pulp mills a more complicated situation exists.  Not only are




different degrees of bleaching practiced causing variable effluent loads,  but




substantially the same product is often manufactured by somewhat different means.




One mill for example may remove less of the wood substance in the cooking  process




than another, in which case the additional removal must be accomplished in the

-------
bleachery.  In this instance the bleachery SRWL will be higher than for the mill

doing more of the work in the digesters.  Also the overall load will be greater

since in  the latter case the recovery system receives and destroys more of the

wood substance.

     However, an attempt has been made to reconcile such irregularities and it

is hoped  that in the final presentation of the SRWL, a meaningful range of figures

can be presented which, in use, can be tempered with specific knowledge of parti-

cular manufacturing operations and the raw materials employed in them.  The need

for employing a range is clearly brought out by examination of effluent data

for a new linerboard mill published by Davis.* The normal swings in effluent

strength  occurring even in the best of operations are epitomized by the data

presented in this paper.  For older mills such swings can be considerably wider

so that an average figure cannot be assumed to prevail over any long period of

time.  Even though treatment serves to eliminate to a large extent such changes,

variations naturally occur.**
 Davis, C. L.,  Jr., "Lime Precipitation for Color Removal in Tertiary Treatment
Kraft Mill Effluent at the Interstate Paper  Corporation,"  AICHE Water Pollution
Symposium, ChicagOj 111.  (Dec. 1970).
** .            .    .         	
  Burns, 0. B.  and Eckenfelder, W.  W., Jr.,  A Statistical Study of Five Years
Operation of the West Virginia Paper Company's Waste Treatment Plant,"Purdue,  Ind.
Waste Conference #18, P. 83  (1963).

-------
                              BASE LEVEL OF TREATMENT







     The major surface water quality problems resulting from the discharge of




pulp and papermill wastes  arise from their content of suspended solids and




biologically decomposable dissolved organic matter as well as biologically




refractive organics which" are for the most part colored.  Their color is similar




to that of swamp water since they are primarily wood substances such as lignins




and tannins and their degredation products.  All three of these fractions can




cause undesirable effects of one kind or another and are the subject of water




quality standards established by the states.  No attempt is made here to elaborate




on these effects since they will be covered in detail in the final report and




are given in textbooks dealing with the subject.




     There are other waste constituents, some of which are not clearly defined,




that can be troublesome under particular circumstances.  Some "of these are complex




organic compounds which can affect marine and aquatic productivity and simple




inorganic salts such as chlorides and sulfates of calcium and sodium.  Pigments,




dyes, heavy metals, and acidity-alkalinity may be added to this list although the




latter is seldom a problem.  Where it is, it is very readily corrected.  The




presence and importance of heavy metals are not at this time well defined nor




thought to be a serious problem for this industry.  If present, heavy metals




enter the process through impurities in purchased chemicals.  Compounds containing




them are no longer widely used in attendant functions such as slime control.  Other




possible sources are corrosion of materials, construction in the mill, or inks




removed from old papers.  Heavy metals from the latter, howe'ver, are most likely




to be in an insoluble state and be removed by treatment.




     All pulp and papermill wastes do not contain all the three major polluting




constituents to significant degree.  For example, a number of papermaking wastes




contain only suspended material in significant amounts with practically




no dissolved organics present.  Hence, after clarification, which removes the

-------
suspended matter and its equivalent in BOD, the waste water is of similar quality




to that of other effluents having received biological treatment and is suitable




for discharge without contravention of any of the water quality criteria set forth




in the standards.  Examples of operations producing such wastes are .tissue and




wrapping paper manufacture, pulp lapping,and the production of specialty board




products.




     In the case of effluents of this nature the "Base Level of Treatment" is




obviously clarification alone.  Further treatment could obviously serve no useful




purpose relative to receiving water quality since there remains little further




impurities to remove.  This contention is  supported by information presented in




Figures #1 and #2 of Preliminary Report #11 and Figure  #1 of Preliminary Report




#1 (also included in the Appendix of this report ) which clearly indicate the




effectiveness of sedimentation alone on the suspended solids and BOD-5 content of




some of these wastes.  The use of coagulants will extend to some degree the wastes




falling in this category because of their ability to enhance both suspended solids




removal and the BOD reduction attending it.




     It is therefore recommended that if the effluent remaining after clarification




contains less than eight pounds of total suspended solids and five pounds of




BOD-5 per ton of product, the BLT of this waste be considered to be clarification




to a degree necessary to meet existing water quality standards unless unusual and




extenuating circumstances as determined by engineering judgment exist.




     Most of the spent process waters from pulping and bleaching operations




contain appreciable BOD as is obvious from the SRWL tables.  The fact that a




substantial portion of this is in a soluble state is obvious from Figures #1 and




#2 in Preliminary Report #11 which indicate  that suspended solids removal to a




high degree fails to reduce the BOD substantially.  It is for this reason that




many mills employ biological treatment to effectively reduce the BOD remaining




after clarification as do public sewage treatment systems receiving papermill




wastes .




                                          6

-------
     Tables presented in Preliminary Report #11 and accompanying this report


indicate that by use of either storage oxidation, aerated stabilization, or the


activated sludge process after clarification, effective BOD reduction is achieved


for the soluble fraction of most wastes.


     With the exception of the treatment of strong wastes resulting from
                         •

sulfite pulping and bleaching at two mills, most wastes receiving biological


treatment are relatively weak.  Thus, the following Table was constructed showing


the BOD- in terms of pounds per ton and mg/1 concentration before and after the


degrees of biological  treatment commonly practiced.  In computing the BODg


concentration in mg/1,.20,000 gallons per ton of product was used since most


single processes can be conducted with the discharge of this quantity of waste


water or less.


     Where BOD5 present in a particular clarified process waste is of sufficient


magnitude to require its reduction, the Base Level of Treatment can be determined


from this table on the basis of engineering computations and judgment relative


to the initial strength of the waste, its volume, and the water quality standards


of the receiving waters involved.


     It is conceivable that some bleachery wastes may not require either

                                                                           N
clarification because of a very low initial suspended solids content or need


oxidation due to a similarly low BOD value.  In such instances color could be


their sole pollutional contribution.  In this case it appears obvious that the


BLT would consist of color reduction alone.

-------
   BOD5 REDUCTION BY VARIOUS




DEGREES OF BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT
Percent
BOD-i Reduction
TiOD5 Remaining
* @20,000 gal.
of effluent per
ton of product
Initial
///ton
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
A
mg/1
120
180
240
300
360
420
480
540
600
60
#/ton
8.0
12.0
16.0
20.0
24.0
28.0
32.0
36.0
40.0
ft
mg/1 '
48
72
96
120
144
168
192
216
240
75
///ton
5.0
7.5
10.0
12.5
15.0
18.5
20.0
22.5
25.0
ft
mg/1
30
45
60
75
90
105
120
135
150
85
///ton
3.0
4.5
6.0
7.5
9.0
10.5
12.0
13.5
15.0
ft
mg/1
18
27
36
45
54
63
72
81
90
90
///ton
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
rag/1
12
18
24
30
36
42
48
54
60

-------
                             BEST AVAILABLE TREATMENT







     Both normal clarification processes and biological treatment are unable to




remove the color bodies extracted from wood by pulping and bleaching to a major




degree.  Most of these will pass a sub-micron filter, are biologically refractive,




and difficult to coagulate.  When coagulated and precipitated they form a




gelatinous mass, highly hydrous and difficult to dewater.  Improvements in recovery




systems and modification of the bleaching processes have to date been only partially




successful in alleviating the color problem.  For thirty years the pulp and




paper industry has conducted extensive experimentation on both in-process and




treatment techniques witn only limited success.  The most promising treatment




methods appear to be lime precipitation and activated carbon absorption and




presently demonstration units employing several such processes,  jointxy supported




by the industry and OWQ,  are in operation at pulp mills.




     The single full scale plant in operation, removing color from the entire




waste stream is at a five hundred ton per day linerboard mill in the South.




Clarification and lime precipitation are combined in a single clarifier operation.




The underflow from the clarifier is discharged to sludge lagoons for land




disposal and the overflow is treated for further BOD reduction by storage




oxidation as is water decanted from the sludge lagoons.




     The first stage of treatment removes substantially all of the total suspended




solids from the waste, the effluent being reported to contain less than 10 mg/1




or less than 0.8 of a pound per ton of product.  The influent color of from 38




to 175 pounds per ton or 460 to 2120 mg/1 is reduced to between 5 and 15 pounds




or 60 to 180 mg/1.  BODg  reduction amounts to about 30 percent in this stage,




reducing the initial range of values from between 25 to 35 pounds per ton to




between 1,5 and 25 pounds  per ton of product.  A substantial reduction in COD




is also accomplished by this process.  The storage oxidation system installed is




of sufficient size to allow atmospheric carbonation and precipitation of the lime

-------
saturated effluent to occur and provide a long retention period for oxidation.




The BODs  value of the final effluent amounts to about one pound per ton of




product or between 10 and 15 mg/1 concentration.  At this particular installation




there is a rise in color due to extraction of color bodies from the swampy soil




from which the oxidation basin is constructed.  This is, however,  a peculiar




local situation.




     Experiments with recarbonation of the clarifier effluent with lime kiln




off-gases indicate that the effluent could be neutralized and calcium carbonate




recovered by this method.  If this technique were used the effluent could be




oxidized by aerated stabilization or the activated sludge process.




     Two installations use lime precipitation for treating caustic extraction




bleachery waste.  At one of these plants this waste water passes through a wet




drum barking system prior to treatment.  Lime precipitation is carried on in




clarifiers ,  the underflow from which is mixed with the lime mud from the causticiz-




ing system,  dewatered by vacuum filtration, and burned in the kiln, the lime used




in the precipitation being thus recovered.




     It is reported that a 90 percent reduction of the color of the caustic




extract results from this treatment together with a substantial  reduction in




BOD5.   Specific performance figures will be available for the next report.  Since




the caustic extract generally accounts for about 80 percent of the total color




discharged by a kraft mill bleaching all the pulp produced a color reduction




achieved in the total effluent in the order of 70 percent would be anticipated




from this treatment.




     At one of these mills this treatment is followed by storage oxidation but




overall results are not as yet available to the contractor.




     The major limitation of lime precipitation is the cost of the lime employed




and the sludge disposal problem attendant to its application.  For these reasons




very extensive efforts are being made by the industry and WQO to develop adequate




                                        10

-------
lime recovery systems.  Once these are available the third problem of effluent




neutralization should be in hand.  However, the lime treatment processes have




other limitations.  The quantity of calcium added to the effluent, particularly




in treatment of bleaching wastes, could raise the hardness of a receiving stream




to a considerable degree.  For example, if a bleach plant employed a total of




10 percent chlorine, as much as 312 pounds of calcium chloride could be discharged




per ton of pulp produced.  It is unlikely that it would be this high because of




reaction of.part of the chlorine with organic matter and the sodium ion introduced




in the extraction stage.  However, it could be appreciable even if the decolorized




effluent was recarbonated for calcium carbonate recovery.




     Another factor is that if lime precipitation was employed on more than one




effluent stream, too much water would be introduced into the recovery system




raising the fuel and equipment capacity requirements to an inordinate degree.




In fact, all such processes increase the quantity of water requiring evaporation




due to introduction of the hydrous lime-organic fraction resulting from precipitation




of color bodies into either the kiln or to the liquor system.  This procedure can




raise both the capital and operating costs to an intolerable degree.




     It can be concluded that the BAT at present consists of a combination of




processes including clarification, lime precipitation,  and biological oxidation




which can serve to reduce very substantially the three  major pollutional constit-




uents of pulp and papermill effluents,  namely suspended solids, color,  and BOD.




In the case of wastes containing only one or two of these characteristics, the




BLT and the BAT become synonymous.  Also as the BAT becomes more effective the area




of water reclamation, either for process or other uses, comes into focus.
                                        11

-------
                          RECOMMENDED ADDENDUM TO REPORT





     It is highly recommended that the methods of sampling and analysis of these



wastes which will be used in accessing treatment performance be set forth and



agreed upon by the review committee.  This was thought to be an absolute necessity



by the state regulatory agency members of the group who will be involved in



programs embracing the effluent standards that may evolve.  The peculiar character-



istics of these wastes are such that special sampling techniques are needed and


                            ^
in fact recommended by NCASI  and some of the state agencies such as Wisconsin and



Washington since many devices marketed for general sewer sampling fail to produce



representative samples because of the fiberous nature of the solids contained



therein.  While "standard Methods"   of analysis yield satisfactory results for



some constituents or characteristics of pulp and papermill wastes, others leave



much to be desired, particularly those dealing with suspended matter.  It would



be desirable if the "Standard Methods" could include  specialized techniques for



these effluents.  However, there has been no disposition on the part of the



committees concerned with these methods to do so for 30 years. Hence this approach



appears most doubtful and a specifically directed effort on the part of WQO to set



forth the best available sampling and analytical methods for use in promulgating



an effluent standards program appears mandatory as has been pointed out by personnel



of the state agencies in reviewing Preliminary Reports #1 and #11.



     Since this activity v/as not a part of the present contract some extended



provision will be necessary should the present contractor be given this assignmeitt.
 "Procedures for Conducting Mill Effluent Surveys," NCASI Tech. Bull. #183 (1965).



**"Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Waste Water," 12th Edition,

APHA, New York (1965).

                                         12

-------
APPENDIX

-------
                              •   FIGURE I



                               (Rpjoort //I)


                                 SETTLING RATE OF



                             BARKER SCREENING EFFLUENT
   100
H

B
P
g
O
w

Q
W
    90
    80
    70
    60
    50
                   20
  40
   60
  80
 100
                 3240
1620
1000
810
648
                      CLARIFIER SURFACE LOADING- Gal./Ft./Day
                                      13

-------
        Percent Total Suspended Solids Reduction by Settling
      o>
                              -J
                              o
00
o
-H-
CD
O
•8
   Deinking Mills
   Bleached Kraft Mills
   Linerboard Mills
   Waste Paperboard Mills
    Fine Paper Mills
   Insulating Board Mills
   Tissue  Mills
   Newsprint Mills
  Wrapping  Paper Mills
 - Specialty Board Mills
                           FIGURE //I



          . i       .  :  .    (Report #2)


          Total Suspended Solids Reduction by Settling
                               14

-------
 20
                                FIGURE $2

                                (Report #2)

                          BOD Rates of Suspended
                       and Dissolved Organic Matter
100
 80
 60
               *
              /
                     /
Dissolved
 Solids
 40
                           Suspended
                           Solids
                                       10
                                  15
20
                         Time in Days
                                     15

-------
                          Treatment Table Key
Internal
 Fiber Recovery
Pretreatment
Susp. Solid Reduction



Intermediate Treatment

BOD Reduction
Third Stage Treatment



Sludge Thickening


Sludge Dewatering




Sludge Disposal
Discharge Control
S-Settling
DAF-Dissolved Air Floatation
F-Filtration

N-Neutralization
K-Nutrient Addition
SC-Screening
E-Equalization
Q-Cooling Tower

C-Mechanical Clarifier
AB-Alternating Basins
SB-Set in Storage Basin

CC.-Chem. Coagulation

T.F.-Trickling Filter
H.L.-Holding lagoon
A.L.-Aerated Lagoon
A.S.-Activated Sludge
E.A.-Extended Aeration

I-Irrigation Disposal
P.L.—Polishing Laggon
A.-Aeration

T.G.-Gravity Thickener
T.C.-Centrifugal Thickener

B-Drying Beds
VF.-Vacuum Filter
CE-Centrifuge
P-Pressing

LF-Land Fill
INC-Incineration
P-Return to Process
PS-To Public Sewer
H-Hauled Away
BP-By-Product Mfg.

DIF.-Diffusser
Do C. -Flow Control
                                        16

-------
    TABLE VII





    (Report #2)




LINERBOARD MILLS
tfc
J
J
n
S3
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
(A
W •
CQ O
£ §
F
F
F :
F
F
F
F
F
F
DAF
F
F
F
DAF
PJ&TREAT.MENT
K
K
K
K
K
E
K
*-
C.C
K
-
-
K
K
K
K
SUSP. SOLIDS
RED.
C
C
C
C
C
C
AB
C
C
AB
C
C
C
C
•
a,.-
W '
K'
•
Q
O
CQ
AL
AL
TF/
AL
AL
AL
AL
HL
HL
HL
HL
AL
AL
AL
AL

8£
nN
W EH

-------
                                                        TABLE VIII




                                                        (Report #2)




                                                 NEWSPRINT MILLS - KRAFT
00



tfc
.J
i-t
1
2
3
4
5
6



W •
M U
£ 2
DAF
F
F
F
F
F


£
PBE.IREATME
K
K
-
-
-
-


V)
Q
i-i
_)
O
w •
•
ft •
W Q
W «
C
C
C
C
C
AB



*
Q »•'
w •
Q
O
W
AS
AS
HL
HL
AL
AL



§w
erf
co E-*
A

-
-
-
PL
SLUDGE
HANDLING

THICKENING
-
GT
-
-
—
-
o
X.
Cu
u
Q
B
V.F.
CE
-
—
-
DISPOSAL
L
L.F.
INC
L.F.
L.F.
L.F.
L.F.

t-
S
EFFLUENT 1
MGD
19
13
40
27
27
25
BODr
5
#/ton
Prod .
w
U)
1
M
24

39
44
56
35
Fi .
*'
W
&H
W
2

15
5
29
15
'TSS
ft/ton
Prod .
INFLUENT
60

122
71
80
77
H
W
PH
W
3

4
10
11
6

-------
        TABLE IX
        (Report #2)



INTEGRATED KRAFT MILLS.
d
i
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
a
W- •
M O
s
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
H
05
1
K
E/K
K/S
Q/K
K
-
F/K
K
K
K
SUSP. SOLIDS
RED.
C
C
C
C
C
AB
C
AB
C
C
Q -.'
BJ'«
Q
O
W
AS
AS
AS
AS
AS
HL
AS
AL
AL
AS

3RD STAGE
TREAT,MENT
-
AL-
-
-
-
-
-
HP
—
—
SLUDGE
HANDLING
.
THICKENING
-
-
GT
GT
GT
-
-
-
-
GT
P
M
W
w
Q
D
VF
VF
VF
VF
-
-
VF
-
VF
DISPOSAL
1
LF
LF.
LF
LF
LF
LF
LF
INC
LF
LF
EFFLUENT FLOW
MOD
14.5
10.3
26.1
25.1
63.0
28.0
4.2
40.0
3.0
38.0
BODr
5
ft/ ton
Prod .
INFLUENT
56
121
33
73
91
63
41
39
35
67
W
w
9
19
9
11
10
25
1
13
11
9
"TSS
Prod.
W
196
39
211
158
96
87
49
49
189
75
X
1
P-H
ft,
W
14
7
57
18
17
2
19
10
21
27

-------
                                                         TABLE  X
NJ
o
                                                         (Report #2)


                                                   BLEACHED KRAFT MILLS
It
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
OS
w •
ca o
M W
fy . rtjf
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
ft
H '•
H •
W
DS
-E-f
"-S
0.
N/K
K
E/N
K
K
K
-
K

E/K
co
Q
M
O
t
OT Q
w 3
C
C
C
C
C
AB
C
AB
C
Q .••
W "
i
AL
AL
AL
AL
AL
HL
AL
HL
AL

W FH
o .:<
gw
OS
ro H
-
PL
-
-
HP
-
-
PL
PL
SLUDGE
HANDLING
THICKENING
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
£2
I-H
W
F-<
W
Q
-
-
K
-
-
-
VF
-
-
DISPOSAL
LF
LF.
LF
LF
LF
LF
LF
LF
LF
s
fe
£
3
^ Q
PM O
W ^
13.0
45.0
13.9
34.0
35.0
47.0
22.0
36.0
55.0
DODg
ff/ton
Prod.
w
M
60
75
38
78
100
43
102
118
94
EFFLUENT
11
31
5
15
12
0.5
59
17
24
'TSS
ff/ton
Prod .
INFLUENT

49
71
-
61
111
-
188
109
w
£
w

5
5
-
10
0.6
-
37
17

-------
        TABLE XI
        (Report  #2)



ACID SULFITE PULP MILLS



1h

t_3
,_}
M



1


2




QM
w •
CQ O
f* i ff^



DAG


"•

j_

EH
H .
<£
w
-H
'•" fj3
'PL,

KN
HB

K

w
Q

0


f\. •
CO Q
£S

c


AB



*
Q *>•
W "
PC •
*
p
3

AS


AL



W £-<
o .y-
*^I U
H S

§w
OH

HB


-
SLUDGE
HANDLING

.O

H-{
^
a
u

E-"
K


-
O

f— '
ci
w

W
Q
K


-


^."]
5
M
-


i
H

W

PH
W
30

Volatile
21 I 21

-------
                                                           TABLE  XII



                                                           (Report #2)
                                                        NSSC  - Mill
N)




^fc

J
J
PS


1





fj*
a- •
CQ O
M W
p4 (X


F


c.4
R
H •
H •

w
OJ
;"c"1
•"-,3


K


to
Q

0
w; •

f\, •
c/} Q
cnS

Int.
only




.
Q ^.'
W "
DH *
Q
O
W


AL




W H'
O -X.
< W
H S
§w
CJ
CO H


—
' SLUDGE
HANDLING '


.O
'y<
h-l
C -1
a
u
t-H
K
H

—
O
^•''t
>-H
C£
w
FH
i;
w
Q

—


' h-3

fe


125


f-1
X^i
Cn
fn
W

75
'TSS

rf/ "LOU
Prod .


f-4
/•^
W
3
>••< .

45


f~*
^
3
w

60

-------
                                                       TABLE XIII


                                                        (Report  #2)


                                                   DEINKING - PAPERMILLS
NJ
U>



^

!__*]
hJ
i— i


- 1
2
3 !




DS
W- •
pa u
M W


F
F
F


R • .
H- •
£H
<£
w
BJ
-H
'PW

K
K
-

w
Q

O


A •
K) Q
£S

C
C
AB



.
Q "
W.'
p^ «
%
Q
O
W

AL
AL
HB



W f-<
0 .X
-,
w
l-J
PH
fl
pa
23
17
26

-------
        TABLE XIV





         (Report  #2)




WASTE PAPERBOARD MILLS
*k
1— 1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
OS
w •
03 U
PM «
S
F
S
-
S
-
-
S
S
1
•^
H •
ui
03
W
K
K
K
K
K
K
K
K
K
SUSP. SOLIDS
RED.
AB
C
AB
C
C
C
AB
C
C
o ,.
w •
Q
O
AL
AL
AL
AL
AS
AL
AL
AS
AS

W H
0 .X.
OT H
qS
2 u
co H
I
-
A
-
AS
-
-
-
-
SLUDGE
HANDLI'NG
•P
f •<
u
H-l
a
H
-
TC
-
-
TC
-
-
-
-
DEV/ATERIXG
B
B
B
-
-
B
B
B
B
DISPOSAL
LF
LF
LF
PS
R
H
LF
LF
LF
LF
EFFLUENT FLOW
MGD
0.7
2.0
2.7
2.0
3.3
0.3
0.3
2.7
' 0.6
BOD,.
#/ton
Prod .
INTLUENT
45
26
23
30
15
8
15
14
19
F-;
W
3
4
3
2
7
0.2
1
2
0.7
2
'TSS
n-'/ton
Proc! .
INFLUENT
46
51
81
87
7
56
60
56
73
H
w'
3
S
2
4
9
8
0.5
3
4
2
6

-------
                                                                                (Kigu
STANDARD RAW WASTE LOADS FROM PULP AMI PAPER
ok period  with 90X  frequency)

PROCESS
CATEC-ORY
I
I -A
I-B
I-C
I-D
II
II-A
1I-B
II-C
I I-D
III
III-A
I1I-B
IV
INDIVIDUAL MANUFACTURING
PROCESSES
WOOD I'r.F.PAKATIOil
Hydraulic llarklnc
Drun Hark ins *
Wood H.i shins
Co 111 Durklns
CaOUNDU'OOD TU1.P
Stone Croundwood
Refiner Croundu-iiod
Cold Soti;i i Chrai-
rr.-.,...-,! •-.'..'
lile.'ichc-d Croundwood
' NEUTRAL SULFITB SEMI-CHEMICAL
No Recovery
Uirn Recovery
KRAFT AND SODA PULPING
NO.
OK
SABLES

4
3
5
-

8
S
• 3
2

6
13
• 35
KiTLUKST FLOW
lOOO gals, per ton product:
RANCH
(r.nrkiru:
0.3
0.2
0.1
-

2
2
,
No AdilJ

5
2
16
Pisces Tr
0.5
0.4
0.2
-

3
8
6
ionul W.Tt

20
2o
36
TYVICAL
-created)
O.'j
0.3
0.1
-

5
i
3
•r Added

15
10
25
UODj
•ounds per ton product
'""""'"

0.22
5
0.1
7 pur

4
/,
"
31

110
27
20

) .20
15
0.3
::crc per

3.8
18
101
48

310
150
59
TYPICAL

0.60
10
0.2
day

15
15
100
/.I

u,:pi:iula on
Vic Id
75
50
TOTAL SUSTENDSn SOLIDS
pounds per tor. produce
RANGE

1.1
2.5
3

2.2
3.5
S
i -

11
11
15
20

60
8
11

42
42
52
40

110
100
85
TYPICAL

2
3
4
-

30
30
40
30

30
60
50
COLOR
(MS/I) •
TYPICAL

OO
450
<;50
-

£50
OO





1200
i
pll
KAKCE
1
Nt-.ut r/il
Neutral
Nnur.ral
POSSTI1I.F.
HljWY
HliTALS .
Nuno
tioue
None
Neutral | Hone

Keutral
Iirutr.il

7.n
y.n
K-f> t Non..
Neutral | X.n

tfcutral
I
Neulrnl
9-10

Kune
None
Cl'.Kl
AQUATIC
•roxictri-

No
No
No
No

No
No
No
YOG

Yes
No
Yes
MAJOR POI.1.1IT10KAI.
C11ARACTEUIST1CS

Suspended (. dissolved ov[;.T.-,lc EJtte
Suspended & dissolved organic malic
Smpnvled i dissolved orjanlc matte
Suupenuid i dissolved orcar.ic r.attc

Suupended 4 dissolved organic natt.
SkisipenJed & dissolved or£anic r.fitt.
r.u::;ien.lc.i f. dis:.olved ocf.nr.ic iv-tt-
Sur.rer. leJ f* dissolved or£.inic i.-art
•'<,.(• "li 	 	 ;l

Co)or t, potential aquatic toxicity
Suupenileii 4 dissolved crRar.ic r..-.£C
Color 4 potential aquatic toxiclty
   *Frech water * no recycle
                               25

-------
vr.occss
CATEUlilY
 -A


 -B
 1-A

 1-B


 I-C

 1-3


 II


 II-A

 1I-B

 :i-c


 in-


 HI-A

 III-B
i MiivimiAt (WKUFACTURISC
PRK-1IYDROLYSIS
so r i wood
IMnivot'J
KRAFT BI.F.VCHINC
Svnil-lllcnch
Ilifli nluar.h
OF
SAMPLES

3
.1

4
'<
EFFLUENT FLOW
1000 c-'ili;. per ton product:
RANCH
'
1
0.3
18
18
!)!:-,.:i-.]vln;: Cr.'K!pa(Sof t Won.!!' 2 j 4'i
DlesoJvlns Cr;:Jcs(llard WooiDJ 2
ACID SUI.FITF. pyi.PiKC

t
I.'o Kvfovcry i 5
M.-O Hii.c Recovery | 1
Mlj HccoviTy
SW-l-ITl; PULP I1LEACMTNC
l'.i|>c:r Grade
Dissolving Crude
	
3
1
44

CO
9
*

12
_
TYPICAL

! . ! -.-
_; 	
30
3ft
r ,
70

,00
: »
JO
0.3

25
25
50
50

Pounds npr cor. produce
RAXCE

fin
ISO

34
y.

120
200

49
TOTAL S'jfipr;::f)ED SOL ins
I'oiip.ds oc-r con nroc'icc
COLOR
(MS/0
TYPICAL j RAKCi; | TYPICAL (TYPICAL
) : 1

200


10
.. „
Nt.'S •

43 j ] 0
143 I 100
!
100 1.50
MO j 700


""i , "~ "
70 j 000 j 950
9
3
I
23 | 20
t
135
146

15
230
233
\
J£0 	
COO

10
123
ISO


=Q



J- J

30 j 20
JO
150
210

G50 3 30 j 60
200
.
200

40

	
CO .
.
pH

I'Os.sir.i.r.
H!'.AVY
M::TAI.S

|
KeuLrr. :( None
II!,j!i NcuLr.-.J

30CO
20 ) 6000
150
150


.

50
40
50




3-4
_±i__
3-4

2-3
2-3-
2-3

IS | 17 | 5 12 j 10 | : 2'3
j 200 j 450
450
1 .1
1 J.-3
No,,c

Cr , N j
Hi; '
Cr, Ki<
^'li':'1'
_._i^ 	
Cr, Ni
STY
Yes
I.'o

Yes
y,s
_•=_
Yes
t
l'l>
I'h, Cr,
Ki
PuK.fr,

Cr, MI,
Cr, Ni,
"a
Y,:S
Yes
Yes

No
7
MAJOR POU.UTICNAJ. CrlASACTURLSTICS
.'
Su.,,r«,,,l i ^«olvtd ors.,nic n«-.t,
DJ..OJVCJ orL;.,,;.c ,,u,,r

ml or , A pf; ''i"1 1 i 1 1 ;!•*!! iff'' to-: fci ry
Siu jii'i'.n i ti ft d i i :.oivt j (,]-;;;,n ic i. •". 1 1 1

rolor. fr pM i nt ill .-. '--tntir r^:-;ir. it v
Suj;pi-n:!c.i & dl-'^.ntve.! rrs*jnic nattc.-
coJt-i', t. poi-CMul r..iu.-a-ic to.xicity
	 . 	 . 	 :..
rolor , virti'ii. 1 c 1 nx ic liv , & "utr I «:';<
., ,, ..!•.-...>.!.. _^^..,._a . - .,, ,,„, _.,.


Su,PrnJed t Oi^olveJ ors.n« «tc.
Color

-------
PROCESS
IX
iX-A
iX-3
f
-:-A
<-B
<-C
-t-D
•:-E
L
\n
ai-A .
rr,"-r.ir. ir-.-ifter
SJuspcnilfxJ i tllt^ojvod inorganic i
orr.nnic r;nt t-ir

ounpi?:id(.'i! & dlsr.olvcit! inorg.-.r.ic &
or £3ii Ic ui.icr t:r

SuspcT.ilt.-J f. »i isno Ivrd inorganic 6
or(:.in.Ifi mnt.L*-r **
jtJi-^ri'.J.-j .'. ui^i.w..vv-o mor j;.:;-. ic t.
orj;;n;ic r..itier w* - .
Suspi-n.l oJ f. Q i ^^(,1 i vu,J 1 nor ^«nic 6
Duspi-1'..Icsl i dJnsolviu or'.;r.r.ic u^ttc
^ •""
                                                                                                                                                  *Pos=ibly froa  Inks
                                                                                                                                                 **Aquatlc  coxlcity nay 'result  fron
                                                                                                                                                                        MditiVf
27

-------