NORTH AND MIDDLE PORK
PROJECT
Snohomish. River Basin, Washington
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
Federal Water Pollution Control Administration
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WATER SUPPLY AND WATER QUALITY CONTROL STUDY
NORTH AND MIDDLE FORK SNOQUALMIE PROJECTS
SNOHOMISH RIVER BASIN, WASHINGTON
An investigation has been made which discloses a need for
storage in Snoqualmie River Watershed to meet future water
demands in the Seattle urban area. A need for storage for
water quality control is not foreseen at this time. Future
water requirements and quality projections are based on economic,
demographic, and engineering studies.
Prepared at the Request of the
U. S. Army Engineer. District, Seattle
Corps of Engineers, Seattle, Washington
By the
U. S. Department of the Interior
Federal Water Pollution Control Administration
Northwest Region, Portland, Oregon
November 1966
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TABLE of CONTENTS
Page No.
I. INTRODUCTION
A. Request and Authority 1
B. Purpose and Scope I
C. Acknowledgments 2
II. SUMMARY OF FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS
A. Summary of Findings 3
B. Conclusions 4
III. PROJECT DESCRIPTION
A. Location 6
B. Proposed Project 7
IV. STUDY AREA DESCRIPTION
A. Location and Boundaries 8
B. Physical Features 8
C. Principal Communities 9
V. WATER RESOURCES OF THE STUDY AREA
A. Surface Water 10
B. Groundwater 13
VI. THE ECONOMY
A. General 14
B. Present 14
C. Projected Economic Base and Population .... 17
VII. WATER REQUIREMENTS - MUNICIPAL AND INDUSTRIAL
A. Historic and Present Water Use 22
B. Future Water Demands 23
C. Water Supply Requirements 24
VIII. WATER QUALITY CONTROL
A. Need for Control 27
B. Municipal, Industrial and Agricultural Pollution 29
C. Water Quality Objectives 32
D. Flow Regulation 32
IX. BENEFITS WATER QUALITY CONTROL
A. Water Supply - Municipal and Industrial. ... 34
B. Water Quality Control 34
X. BIBLIOGRAPHY 35
APPENDIX
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LIST OF TABLES
Title
Page
No.
V-l Low Flow Frequency Distribution Snoqualmie
River near Carnation 12
VI-1 Employment, By Industry, King and Snohomish Counties 15
VI-2 Percentage Distribution of Employment, By
Industry, King and Snohomish Counties 16
VI-3 Population of Communities in King County 17
VI-4 Population of Communities in Snohomish County. ... 17
VI-5 Pulp Mill Capacity, King-Snohomish Area, 1962. ... 19
VI-6 Projected Population, King and Snohomish Counties,
1960-2020 21
VI-7 Projected Population of King and Snohomish Counties,
Inside and Outside Urban Area, 1960-2020 21
VII-1 Projected Municipal and Industrial Water Demands,
Seattle Urban Area 23
VII-2 Monthly Municipal and Industrial Water Demand
for the Seattle Urban Area 24
VII-3 Future Municipal and Industrial Water Demand
and Supply, Seattle Facilities 25
VIII-1 Present Study Area Waste Loads 29
VIII-2 Projected Waste Loadings for the Snoqualmie
River Basin 31
VIII-3 Projected Pulp and Paper and Oil Refining Waste
Loads, Central Puget Sound Area 31
*****
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Page
No. Title No.
1 Location Map Back Cover
2 Schematic Diagram 11
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I. INTRODUCTION
A. REQUEST AND AUTHORITY
The District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer District, Seattle,
in a letter dated May 14, 1963, requested the advice of the U. S.
Department of Health, Education, and Welfare concerning the needs
for storage for water supply and water quality control in the
proposed North and Middle Fork Snoqualmie River Projects in the
Snoqualmie River subbasin of Snohomish River Basin, near Seattle,
Washington, and the value of benefits resulting therefrom.
The water supply portion of this study was made in accordance
with the Memorandum of Agreement, dated November 4, 1958, between
the Department of the Army and the Department of Health, Education,
and Welfare relative to the Water Supply Act of 1958, as amended
(43 U.S.C. 390b). The water quality control aspects are considered
under authority of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act, as
amended (33 U.S.C. 466 et seq.). Responsibility for these activ-
ities was transferred from the Department of Health, Education,
and Welfare to the Department of the Interior by Re-organization
Plan No. 2 of 1966, effective May 10, 1966.
B. PURPOSE AND SCOPE
This investigation was undertaken by the Federal Water Pollu-
tion Control Administration for the purpose of advising the Corps
of Engineers on the need for and value of storage in the Snoqualmie
River Basin for the purposes of municipal and industrial water
supply and flow regulation for water quality control. To accom-
plish this, available data on water uses, waste sources, and water
quality were examined, evaluated, and projected. Future needs
were projected to the year 2020 with interim projections to 1980
and 2000. An economic base study and forecast of future population
and industrial growth was prepared for this purpose and is summa-
rized in this report.
The study area covered in the report is the Snohomish River
Basin, excluding the drainage area of the Skykomish River Basin.
The Skykomish Basin will be covered separately in connection with
the Corps of Engineers Sultan Project investigation.
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C. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The preparation of this report was aided substantially by
officials of the Washington Department of Conservation; Washington
Department of Health; Washington Pollution Control Commission;
Gray and Osborne, Consulting Engineers; Harstad and Associates,
Consulting Engineers; the city of Seattle, Washington; and the
U. S. Army Engineer District, Seattle.
The use of information furnished in the references listed in
the bibliography is also acknowledged.
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II. SUMMARY of Findings and Conclusions
A. SUMMARY OF FINDINGS
1. The proposed Middle and North Fork Snoqualmie River Pro-
jects are located in the Snohomish River Basin in northwestern
Washington. The Middle Fork Project site is located at about
River Mile 10 on the Middle Fork of the Snoqualmie River and the
North Fork Project site is located at about River Mile 12 on the
North Fork of the Snoqualmie River (see Location Map, back cover).
2. The proposed Middle Fork Project would have a total storage
capacity of 129,000 acre-feet of which 120,000 acre-feet would be
usable for the purposes of flood control and recreation. The pro-
posed North Fork Project would have a total storage capacity of
155,000 acre-feet of which 140,000 acre-feet is being considered
for the purposes of flood control, power generation, recreation,
fishery enhancement, water quality control, and municipal and
industrial water supply.
3. The average annual runoff of the Snoqualmie River as
measured at the gaging station near Carnation, Washington (608 sq.
mi. drainage), is 2,734,000 acre-feet (3,777 cfs) for the 32-year
period of record (1928-1960). The one-in-ten year low, mean annual
flow of the Snoqualmie River near Carnation, Washington, is 2,810 cfs
and the mean monthly minimum (August) flow for this recurrence
interval is about 700 cfs.
4. The economy of the study area is largely dependent upon
transportation equipment manufacturing and service industries in
the Seattle vicinity, and pulp, paper, lumber and wood products
manufacturing industries in the Everett area. In 1960, the popu-
lation of the Central Puget Sound study area (King and Snohomish
Counties) was 1,107,200.
5. The city of Seattle presently obtains its water supply
from both the Tolt River and Cedar River Basins. The presently
developed capacity of the Seattle system is 310 mgd. The Cedar
River system has a capacity to deliver 220 mgd and the Tolt River
system,, 90 mgd. Provisions to expand the system to 580 mgd have
been made.
6. Municipal and industrial water demands in the Seattle
urban area average 125 mgd. The Seattle system in 1963 served
809,000 people, or about 80 percent of the Seattle area urban
3
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population and miscellaneous industries, with a combined average
demand of 100 mgd. Average demands for the urban area are fore-
cast to increase to 234 mgd by 1980, 398 mgd by 2000, and 625 mgd
by 2020. The Seattle system is expected to serve increasing pro-
portions of the urban areas's demands (80 percent by 1980, 85
percent by 2000 and 90 percent by 2020).
7. Water quality in the upper reaches of the Snoqualmie River
watershed is excellent for all uses. The Tolt River supply for
example, is treated only by simple disinfection for domestic con-
sumption. Further downstream in the Snohomish River, water quality
data indicate some dissolved oxygen and bacterial deterioration
(see Appendix TABLE A-l). In the Snohomish River, tidal influence
extends to about River Mile 18.
8. At the present time, 7.14 million population equivalents
(PE) of organic waste are produced daily in the study area excluding
the wastes produced by food processing operations. Of this amount,
about 99 percent is attributable to the pulp and paper operations
of Simpson Lee Paper Co., located on Ebey Slough, Weyerhaeuser
Paper Co., located on the lower Snohomish River, and Scott Paper Co.,
located on Port Gardner Bay, all in the vicinity of Everett. During
the food-processing season, it is estimated that the daily raw
waste production in the study area is increased by approximately
181,000 PE.
9. At the present time, 5,740 population equivalents (PE) are
discharged to the Snoqualmie River watershed, 37,000 PE are dis-
charged to the lower Snohomish River, and 7,195,000 PE are discharged
in the Port Gardner Bay area. Raw waste production in the Snoqualmie
drainage area is projected to be 23,400 PE by 1980, 50,500 PE by
2000, and 132,500 PE by 2020.
B. CONCLUSIONS
1. Population of the Central Puget Sound Area (King and
Snohomish Counties) is projected to increase to 1,831,000 by 1980,
2,830,000 by 2000 and 4,200,000 by 2020. About 80 percent of the
projected population is expected to reside in King County with
about 95 percent of the King County population within the Seattle
urban area.
2. Seattle's present water supply system is expected to reach
its capacity by about the year 1985. The ultimate development of
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the Cedar and Tolt watersheds (580 mgd) will be exceeded by the
year 2007.
3. A need for storage in North or Middle Fork reservoirs to
meet future M&I water demands in the Seattle urban area is fore-
seen. By the year 2020, annual storage to yield 58,000 acre-feet
(80 mgd) of supplemental water will be required.
4. With adequate waste treatment (85 percent BOD reduction),
sufficient streamflow (>165 cfs) is expected to be available in the
Snoqualmie and Snohomish Rivers above tidewater to maintain dis-
solved oxygen (5 mg/1 for passage and 7 mg/1 for rearing) and
temperature (70 F July-August and 57 F other months) objectives for
fishlife, recreation, and general aesthetics of the stream without
specific releases from the proposed North or Middle Fork reservoirs
for this purpose.
5. Adequate water quality can be maintained in Snohomish
River estuary by removal of settleable solids from pulp and paper
mill waste effluents. Deep water disposal of untreated pulp and
paper mill wastes to Port Gardner Bay is currently being investi-
gated by the FWPCA Puget Sound Enforcement Project, and recommenda-
tions with respect to needs for additional control in this regard
will be forthcoming. Regulation of fresh water inflow from
Snohomish River is neither needed nor effective in the control of
estuary or bay water quality.
6. The annual value of storage in the North or Middle Fork
Snoqualmie reservoirs to yield 58,000 acre-feet of water for M&I
purposes in the Seattle urban area is estimated to be $354,000 or
$6,850 per mgd. This value is based on the capital and investment
cost of least-cost alternative single-purpose reservoir construction
at the North Fork site, amortized over a 100-year period at 3.125
percent, discounted from time of first need in 2005.
7. Since adequate treatment or other means of waste control
can maintain water quality objectives without flow regulation, no
benefit for this purpose is assignable to storage in the proposed
North or Middle Fork Snoqualmie reservoirs at this time.
8. If unforeseen future development in the basin results in
sustained minimum flows of less than 165 cfs, the adverse effects
on water quality should be considered in evaluating the benefits
of the proposed water withdrawals.
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III. PROJECT DESCRIPTION
A. LOCATION
The projects considered in this report are located on the
North and Middle Forks of the Snoqualmie River Fork of the
Snohomish River in northwestern Washington. Drainage area above
the North Fork Project site is approximately 32 square miles. The
drainage area above the Middle Fork Project site is about 154
square miles. Average annual runoff at the North and Middle Fork
sites is approximately 350,000 and 850,000 acre-feet, respectively.
The Snohomish River drainage basin encompasses a total area of
1,825 square miles in northeastern King County and southern
Snohomish County. The main stem, 22 miles long, is formed at the
confluence of the Skykomish River (drainage area, 843 square miles)
and the Snoqualmie River (drainage area, 688 square miles). Head-
waters of both rivers are located in the Cascade Mountains. The
Snoqualmie River flows in a northwesterly direction to the Snohomish
River at the town of Monroe; the Skykomish River flows in more of
a westerly direction to the Snohomish River (see FIGURE 1, Location
Map, back cover).
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B. PROPOSED PROJECT
As shown in FIGURE 1, Location Map (inside back cover), the
Corps of Engineers' proposed North Fork Project is located about
ten miles east of Carnation at about River Mile 12. The main
reservoir, as proposed, would have a total storage capacity of
155,000 acre-feet, of which 140,000 acre-feet would be usable for
flood control, water supply, power generation, fishery enhancement
and recreation. Also included in the project is the installation
of a 3,800 acre-foot re-regulating reservoir and powerhouse six
miles downstream from the main dam.
Also shown in FIGURE 1, the proposed Middle Fork Project is
located at River Mile 10 on the Middle Fork of the Snoqualmie River.
The reservoir would have a total storage capacity of 129,000 acre-
feet of which 120,000 acre-feet would be usable for flood control
and recreation purposes.
As part of the Middle Fork Project, it is planned to stabilize
a slide area in the Taylor River drainage. This slide area, up-
stream from the proposed dam and reservoir, has long been a source
of silt carried by the Middle Fork. Success of the stabilization
project should greatly improve the quality of Middle Fork waters.
The proposed North Fork Project would be operated for flood
control purposes from November 1 to March 1 of each year and for
recreational purposes during the summer. The project would pro-
vide a minimum release of 225 cfs which would serve to enhance
the fishery and would allow for municipal and industrial water
supply, when needed.
Under the proposed reservoir operation schedules, the proposed
Middle Fork reservoir would be operated for flood control from
November 1 to March 1 of each year and for recreation during the
summer months with reservoir drawdown being held to ten feet.
Minimum release from the project would be 50 cfs.
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IV. STUDY ARE A DESCRIPTION
A. LOCATION AND BOUNDARIES
The study area is the drainage area of the Snoqualmie River,
the main stem of the Snohomish River, and the area lying west of
the drainage to the Snoqualmie in the vicinity of Seattle in King
and Snohomish Counties. The Skykomish River drainage will be
discussed in another report in connection with the Corps of
Engineers' Sultan Project investigation.
For purposes of this report, discussion regarding water
supply is concerned with the Seattle urban area.
The economic base study area is comprised of King and
Snohomish Counties, Washington.
The areas and stream reaches examined for water quality con-
trol purposes are the North and Middle Forks of the Snoqualmie
River, the main stem of the Snoqualmie to its confluence with the
Skykomish River and the Snohomish River throughout its length.
B. PHYSCIAL FEATURES
1. Geology and Soils
The Cascade Mountains are a north-south range marked by strong
structural elements trending northwest-southeast. The rocks are a
very complex assemblance of Cretaceous sediments, Miocene extrusives
and intrusives with many older sediments and extrusives highly
metamorphosed. The stream valleys were occupied by valley glaciers
during the early Pleistocene age. The present bottom land deposits
resulted from the action of the latest continental ice sheet. When
this ice sheet occupied the Puget Trough, lower portions of valleys
extending westerly from the Cascade Mountains were blocked. The
rivers were dammed by glacial moraines, forming large valley lakes.
When the glacial ice melted, the rivers again extended to the sea,
draining the valley lakes and building deltas into the estuaries
which have been converted to flood plains in the valley bottoms as
tidewater has been pushed back to its present position.
Much of the lower basin and portions of the upper valleys are
underlain by deep glacial, glaciofluvial, and alluvial deposits.
The soils of the eastern mountainous portion of the basin, com-
prising about two-thirds of the drainage area, consist of a thin
mantle of glacial debris on the slopes, with considerable amounts
of glacial drift on gentler slopes and the valley bottoms. Much
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of the soil is very gravelly and is not adapted to agricultural
use. The soil of the western portion falls into two general classi-
fications made by the Soil Conservation Service: Everett gravelly
sandy loam and Puget silty clay.
2. Topography
Mountain peaks reaching altitudes of 6,000 and 7,000 feet are
common along the eastern boundary of the drainage basin. The
western portion of the basin is rolling in character, the altitude
decreasing until tidal flats are reached at the mouth of the river.,
In its upper four miles the Snohomish River flows through a narrow
valley from one half to one mile in width, bordered on each side
by hills that rise to an elevation of about 500 feet. Along the
lower reaches of the stream the valley is from two to three miles
wide, much of it consisting of marshes and lowland. The valleys
of the three forks of the Snoqualmie River are, in general, quite
narrow and are flanked by rugged foothills. Below Snoqualmie FalLs
the valley floor spreads out and ranges from one-half to one and
one-half miles in width.
3. Climate
Because of the wide variation in elevation from sea level to
over 7,000 feet, the study area exhibits marked differences in
climate. Mean temperatures range from 50 F at the lower elevations
to 43 F in the mountains. Maximum temperatures of over 100 F at
the lower elevation and a minimum of minus 17 F at Snoqualmie Pass
have been recorded. Average annual precipitation varies from over
100 inches in the mountains to about 35 inches in the lower eleva-
tions. Mean annual snowfall, which is generally less than ten
inches in the lowlands, reaches 458 inches at Stampede Pass and
420 inches at Snoqualmie Pass. Approximately 75 percent of the
yearly precipitation falls during the period October through March.
The growing season varies from 165 days in northern Snohomish
County to 240 days in southern King County.
C. PRINCIPAL COMMUNITIES
The study area includes the northern portions of the Pacific
Northwest's largest metropolitan complex—the Seattle-Everett urban
area, located in King and Snohomish Counties, Washington. The
non-urban areas of the Snohomish-Snoqualmie basin contain other
relatively small communities, such as Duvall (350), Carnation (490),
Snohomish (3,900), Snoqualmie (1,200), Snoqualmie Falls (800),
and North Bend (950).
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V. WATER RESOURCES of the Study Area
A. SURFACE WATER
1. Existing Water Resource Development
Water resource development in the Snohomish River Basin has
been minimal in the past. The Puget Sound Power and Light Company
has a run-of-the-river power plant on the upper Snoqualmie River at
Snoqualmie Falls. In 1963, the city of Seattle completed construc-
tion of water supply storage facilities on the South Fork of the
Tolt River, a tributary of the Snoqualmie River. In addition, some
local flood control and navigation works are underway or have been
completed in the lower basin.
2. Water Rights
Water rights in the Snohomish River Basin have been summarized
by the Washington Department of Conservation as of 1962. This
summary lists 462 applications for diversions totalling over
5,600 cfs in the entire basin. Temporary permits have been granted
to 442 of these applicants in the amount of almost 1,300 cfs.
Three hundred sixty-two certified or permanent water rights have
been issued for approximately 600 cfs. The largest water right
holders are the cities of Everett and Seattle. Everett has five
rights totalling 195 cfs for municipal supply in the Sultan River,
and Seattle has rights for 360 mgd in the Tolt River. Another
right of 180 cfs is held by the Department of Fisheries for the
operation of a fishway in the South Fork of the Skykomish River.
The remaining rights are all less than 50 cfs.
Water rights in the Snoqualmie River drainage total 2,282 cfs.
Applications account for 1,792 cfs of this amount with temporary
permits and certified or permanent water rights accounting for 394
and 95 cfs, respectively. Water rights for the Snoqualmie River
drainage are shown below.
Stream Application cfs
Main Stem
South Fork
Middle Fork
North Fork
831.03
11.88
6.60
942.58
Permits cfs
373.43
11.88
6.59
2.58
Certified cfs
76.68
10.48
5.33
2.58
Totals 1,792.09 394.48 95.07
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3. Streamflow Frequency Analysis
The Snohomish River usually has two high water periods each
year. One, caused by heavy precipitation, occurs in the late fall
or winter months and the other, caused by melting snow, occurs in
late spring. Low flows usually occur in the months of August or
September with a second low-flow period occurring in early spring.
A Gaginf Station
• T«n
•• Oivirtion Don
/\ 0«i" • Roior»olr
EH SUPPLY 5 WATER QUALITY CONTROL STUDY
SNOHOMISH RIVER BASIN. WASHWOTON
SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIM
Fooor* Wotw Pollution Control A*nM*tr«tion
FIGURE 2
More than 20
stream gaging stations
are currently operating
in the Snohomish River
Basin with some records
having been started as
early as 1898 (see
Schematic Diagram,
FIGURE 2). Although
a station is located
near the mouth of the
Snohomish River at the
town of Snohomish,
tidal fluctuations
make it impractical to
compute flows below
10,000 cfs. In the
Snoqualmie River drain-
age, the best indicator
of discharge is the
station located near
the town of Carnation.
Drainage area above
this station is approxi-
mately 600 square miles.
Records at this station
for the period of record
1928 through 1958 were
analyzed in the deter-
mination of the once-
in-ten year low flow.
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During this period of record, the average discharge at this station
was 3,777 cfs. A low-flow frequency analysis at this location was
performed using mean monthly flows for the 31 years of record (1928-
1958). The annual mean low flows that may be expected to occur at
this station for recurrence intervals of 5, 10, and 20 years are
3,091 cfs, 2,810 cfs and 2,400 cfs, respectively. The monthly
distribution of these low flows is shown in TABLE V-l.
TABLE V-l
LOW FLOW FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION—SNQQUALMIE RIVER NEAR CARNATION
Flows in Cubic Feet per Second
Month
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
Annual Mean
Percent of
Annual Mean
133
111
104
120
147
129
60.3
25
25.3
76.8
118
150
Recurrence Interval
1/5 .Year
4,110
3,440
3,220
3,710
4,550
3,990
1,868
773
782
2,376
3,650
4,640
3,091
1/10 Year
3,740
3,120
2,920
3,380
4,130
3,630
1,695
703
712
2,160
3,320
4,220
2,810
1/20 Year
3,190
2,660
2,500
2,880
3,530
3,100
1,446
600
607
1,840
2,830
. 3,600
2,400
4. Quality of Water Available
Quality of surface waters of the Snohomish River Basin has
been measured on a routine basis since July 1960 as a part of a
cooperative State-Federal basic data program. This program is
conducted by the Washington Department of Conservation, the
Washington Pollution Control Commission, and the U. S. Geological
Survey. Sampling was initiated on the Snoqualmie River at Snoqualmie
in July 1959, on the Tolt River at Carnation in 1960, and on the
Snohomish River at Snohomish in 1959.
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Selected water quality data for three stations in the
Snohomish River Basin are presented in Appendix A, TABLE A-l.
«•
Phosphate concentrations are generally below the threshold
limit (>0.01 mg/1) for stimulation of aquatic organisms. Nitrate
concentrations are usually near or slightly above the limit
(>0.3 mg/1). The over-all mineral quality, however, is adequate
for M&I uses. —
MPN values in the Snohomish River at Snohomish have been
recorded as high as 24,000 coliforms per 100 ml. Such high values
make the river undesirable for swimming (>1,000 coliforms per
100 ml) or as a raw water supply (>5,000 coliforms per 100 ml) for
treatment by conventional methods for municipal and food processing
purposes. Coliform counts in the Tolt River at Carnation are
considerably lower.
Based on water temperature data recorded for the Snohomish
River at Snohomish from July 1959 to June 1960, maximum daily
temperatures, occurring in August, reach 70 F. At the Tolt River
station recorded temperatures have reached levels as high as 74 F.
B. GROUNDWATER
Limited data on the quality of groundwater in the basin indi-
cate water generally low in dissolved solids, soft to moderately
hard, and free from color or odor. Hardness of the waters taken
from alluvial materials is around 50 mg/1 and that taken from
deeper sands and gravels varies from about 15 mg/1 to 150 mg/1.
Salinity of groundwater is generally less than 15 mg/1 of chloride
except for wells in the lower flood plain and delta regions where
brackish waters are the rule. The most common objectionable con-
stituent in groundwater is iron. Iron content generally decreases
with depth and is found almost universally in areas underlain with
peaty alluvial materials. Iron concentrations as high as 9 mg/1
have been found in many well waters. Water quality data for
selected wells in King and Snohomish Counties are presented in
Appendix A, TABLE A-2.
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VI. THE ECONOMY
A. GENERAL
The demand for water for municipal and industrial purposes,
and the amount and character of waste waters resulting from such
,uses, are determined largely by the activities associated with a
"region's economic base. The purpose of this section is to present
economic and demographic data to be used as a basis for projecting
the needs for water for municipal and industrial purposes and for
estimating the future amounts and types of waste and land drainage
material that may be expected to occur in the Central Puget Sound
Area with the expanded development anticipated in the future.
B. PRESENT
1. Economic Activities
King and Snohomish Counties, referred to in this report as
the Central Puget Sound Area, include the Seattle-Everett urban
center, the largest population cluster in the Pacific Northwest.
Seattle is the metropolitan service center for a large region
comprising most of western Washington and parts of eastern
Washington. Important transportation service industries are
associated with the Port of Seattle. The manufacturing sector is
dominated by the Boeing Company, with substantial manufacturing
employment also in pulp and paper and lumber and wood products.
In the King and Snohomish two-county area, the total labor
force in 1960 was 451,700, of which 116,800 were employed in
manufacturing. About half of all manufacturing employment is in
transportation equipment, the classification which includes the
Boeing Company. The degree of specialization in this class of
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manufacturing increased
markedly during the
1950-60 decade. As is
shown in TABLE VI-1.
29 percent of all manu-
facturing employment
was in this category
as of April 1, 1950,
and 48 percent as of
April 1, 1960.
TABLE VI-1
EMPLOYMENT, BY INDUSTRY, KING AND SNOHOMISH COUWTIES
(Employment Ln thousands)
1960 Employment
Industry
.
Forestry and fisheries
Mining
Lumber, wood prod., fun. fix.
Primary metals
Fabricated metals
Machinery, non-electric
Electrical machinery
Motor vehicles, equip.
Other transp., (air, water, rail)
Other durables
Food and kindred
Textiles
Apparel
Printing and publishing
Chemicals
Other non-dur. , and misc.—
Construction
Transportation, Total
R. R. Transportation
Trucking, warehousing
Other (air, water transp.)
Communications, Utilities
Wholesale trade
Retail trade
Finan. , Insur., Real Est.
Bus in., & Repair Services
Personal Services-
Education
Professional & Related Serv.—
Public Administration
Industry not reported
Total Employed, civilian
Unemployed
Military
King
Co.
1.0
.4
5.9
2.5
5.2
3.7
2.4
2.0
52.8
4.1
8.8
.3
2.4
6.3
1.5
2.5
20.7
20.9
4.2
5.2
11.5
9.9
19.1
54.6
21.4
9.7
21.7
20.6
27.2
16.6
13.9
362.7
21.2
4.7
Snoho-
iiush
Co.
.3
.1
16.4
5.5
.2
.6
.6
.3
.1
2.8
.7
1.3 .
a/
.1
.8
.1
3.3
4.7
2.7
.8
.7
1.2
1.7
2.0
9.5
2.1
1.4
3.5
3.1
3.5
2.2
1.5
57.2
4.5
1.4
King*
Snoho-
mish
Cos.
1.3
,5
116.8
11.4
2.7
5.8
4.3
2.7
2.1
55.6
4.8
10.1
.3
2.5
7.1
1.6
5.8
25.4
23.6
5.0
5.9
12.7
11.6
21.1
64.1
23.5
11.1
25.2
23.7
30.7
18.8
15.4
419.9
25.7
6.1
1950 Change
Empl . in Em-
King* ploy't
Snoho- 1950 -
mish 1960
Cos . 2 Cos .
2.4 -1.1
.9 - .4
67.7 + 49. 1
13.0 -1.6
2.9 - .2
3.5
2.9
.8
1.1
19.6 »
2.9
8.1
.4
1.9
5.2
1.4
4.0
23.1
23.3
6.3
4.4
12.6
9.8
16.8
58.6
17.4
9.9
23.2
2.3
1.4
1.9
1.0
6.0
1.9
2.0
.1
.6
1.9
.2
1.8
2.3
.3
1.3
1.5
.1
1.8
4.3
5.5
6.1
1.2
2.0
12.9 * 10.8
19.2 » 11.5
20.0 -1.2
4.3 * 11.1
318.9 »101.0
25.5 »0.2
10.0 -3.9
TOTAL LABOR FORCE
388.6 63.1
97.3
a/ Less than 50 persons.
b_/ Includes paper, pulp, petroleum refining, rubber and leather products.
c/ Includes private household workers, hotel and lodging places, and other
personal services, and entertainment and recreation.
d_/ Includes hospitals, welfare and nonprofit organizations, medical and related,
and other professional services.
Source: U. S. Census of Population
During the 1950-60 decade, 49,000 new jobs were established
in manufacturing, and 36,000 of those were in transportation equip-
ment, principally at the Boeing Company. Modest increases in
other manufacturing categories were, to some degree, related to
production of material for Boeing, indicating the company's
influence on the area's economic base.
15
-------
TABLE VI-2
PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION OF EMPLOYMENT, BY INDUSTRY
KING AND SNOHOMISH COUNTIES
Industry
King + Snohomtsh Go's. U.S.
1950 1960 1960
The dominance of
transportation equipment
manufacturing in the area's
economic base can also be
seen in TABLE VI-2. More
than 12 percent of the
entire labor force is in
this category, whereas in
the United States as a
whole, the comparable
figure is only 1.4 percent.
The percentage of the total
labor force in all types of
manufacturing was about the
same in'the King-Snohomish
two-county area as in the
United States. The only
other manufacturing cate-
gory in which the two-
county area has any degree
of specialization, relative
to the United States as a
whole, is lumber and wood
products. There are, of
course, specializations in
terms of smaller classifi-
cations than those in
TABLE VI-2. For example,
pulp and paper manufactur-
ing, located at Everett, is an important specialization of the
two-county area, but this activity is classed with "other non-
durables" (following the procedure of the U. S. Census Bureau),
and in that classification as a whole, employment in the two-
county area is below the national average.
Aside from manufacturing, other specializations of the
two-county area include air and water transportation, wholesale
trade, and financial, educational and professional services.
Agriculture
Forestry and Fisheries
Mining
Manufacturing, Total
Lumber & wood prod, (ind., Furn.,
Primary metals
Fabricated metals
Machinery, non-electric
Electrical machinery
Motor vehicles, equip.
Other durables
Food and kindred
Textiles
Apparel
Printing and publishing
Chemicals /
Other non-dur., and misc. —
Construction
Transportation, Total
R.R. Transportation
Trucking, warehousing
Other (air, water transp.)
Communications, Utilities
Wholesale Trade
Retail Trade
Finan., Insur., Real Est.
Busin. , & Repair Services
Personal Services -
Education c^
Professional and related serv. —
Public Administration
Industry not reported
Total Employed, Civilian
Unemployed
Military
TOTAL LABOR FORCE
a/ Includes paper, pulp, petroleum
2.7
.7
.2
19.1
Fix) 3.7
.8
1.0
.8
.2
.3
il) 5.6
is
2.3
.1
.5
1.5
.4
1.1
6.5
6.6
1.8
1.2
3.6
2.8
4.7
16.5
4.9
2.8
6.6
3.7
5.4
5.6
1.2
90.0
7.2
2.8
100.0
refining, rubber
1.6
.3
.1
25.9
2.5
.6
1.3
.9
.6
.5
12.3
lil
2.2
.1
.6
1.6
.3
1.3
5.6
5.2
1.1
1.3
2.8
2.6
4.7
14.2
5.2
2.4
5.6
5.2
6.8
4.2
3.4
93.0
5.7
1.3
100.0
and leathi
6.1
.1
.9
25.1
1.5
1.8
1.8
2.3
2.1
1.2
1.4
2.0
2.6
1.4
1.7
1.6
1.2
2.5
5.5
3.9
1.3
1.3
1.3
2.5
3.2
13.7
3.9
2.3
6.2
4.8
6.0
4.6
3.7
92.5
5.0
2.5
100.0
2r
products.
Includes private household workers, hotel and lodging places,
and other personal services, and entertainment and recreation.
Includes hospitals, welfare and nonprofit organizations,
medical and related, and other professional services.
Source: U. S. Census of Population.
2. Population
The 419,900 civilian jobs itemized in TABLE VI-1 were, as
of April 1, 1960, the principal economic support for a popula-
tion of 1,107,200 persons in the two-county area. TABLES VI-3
16
-------
TABLE VI-3
POPULATION OF COMMUNITIES IN KING COUNTY
TABLE VI-4
POPULATION OF COMMUNITIES IN SNOHOMISH COUNTY
PORTION OF
URB/
TOTAL
OTHER
URI
TOTAL
PORTION OF
URBi
TOTAL
OTHER
City or Area
KING COUNTY INSIDE SEATTLE
iN AREA COMMUNITIES
Algona
Auburn
Beaux Arts
Bellevue
Clyde Hill
Des Moines
Duvall
East Richmond
Houghton
Hunts Point
Kent
Kirkland
Medina
Normandy Park
Pacific
Redmond
Renton
Seattle
Tukwila
Yarrow Point
IN COMMUNITIES INSIDE URBAN AREA
POPULATION (RURAL ETC.) INSIDE
IAN AREA
POPULATION INSIDE URBAN AREA
KING COUNTY OUTSIDE SEATTLE
Ul AREA COMMUNITIES
Black Diamond
Carnation
Enumc law
North Bend
Skykomish
Snoqua Imie
IN COMMUNITIES OUTSIDE URBAN AREA
POPULATION (RURAL. ETC.) OUTSIDE
Population
1960 1950
1
11
12
2
1
2
9
6
2
3
1
1
18
557
1
639
265
904
1
3
1
7
22
,311
,933
351
,809
237
^987
345
203
,426
428
]oi7
,025
,285
,224
,577
,426
,453
,087
,804
766
,435
,408
a/
,843 -
,026
490
,269
945
366
,216
,312
,859
n.a.
6,497
n.a.
n.a.
1 019
n.a.
236
n.a.
1,005
n.a.
3,278
4,713
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
573
16,039
467,591
800
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
2,789
787
497
806
n.a.
n.a.
City or Area
PORTION OF SNOHOMISH COUNTY INSIDE URBAN
AREA COMMUNITIES
Beverly Park (uninc.)
Edmonds
Everett
Fairmont (uninc.)
Lake Stevens (uninc,)
Lowell (uninc.)
Lynwood
Marysville
Mountlake Terrace
Mukilteo
Shoultes (uninc.)
Snohomish
Woodway
TOTAL IN COMMUNITIES INSIDE URBAN AREA
OTHER POPULATION (RURAL ETC.) INSIDE
URBAN AREA
TOTAL POPULATION INSIDE URBAN AREA
PORTION OF SNOHOMISH COUNTY OUTSIDE URBAN
AREA COMMUNITIES
Arlington
Darrington
East Stanwood
Gold Bar
Granite Falls
Index
Monroe
Stanwood
Sultan
TOTAL IN COMMUNITIES OUTSIDE URBAN AREA
OTHER POPULATION (RURAL ETC.) OUTSIDE
URBAN AREA
TOTAL POPULATION OUTSIDE URBAN AREA
TOTAL POPULATION. SNOHOMISH COUNTY
Population
1960 1950
1
8
40
1
1
1
7
3
9
1
3
3
3
87
49
127
2
1
1
8
26
34
172
,950
,016
,304
,227
^538
,086
,207
,117
,122
,128
,989
,159
,894
713
,925
,944
,869 i'
,025
,272
477
315
599
158
,901
646
821
,214
,116
,330 *'
,199
n.a.
2,057
33,849
n.a.
n!°!
n.a.
n.a.
2,259
n.a.
826
n.a.
n.a.
3,094
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
1,635
921
378
305
635
211
1,556
710
814
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
111,580
TOTAL POPULATION OUTSIDE URBAN AREA
TOTAL POPULATION. KING COUNTY
a/ From preliminary, unpublished
Transportation Study.
30,171 n.a.
935,014 732,992
a_/ From preliminary, unpublished material by Puget
Sound Regional Transportation Study.
laterial by Puget Sound Regional
and VI-4 show that in 1960, about 97 percent of the total King
County population was within urban areas while for Snohomish
County, 80 percent was within urban areas.
C. PROJECTED ECONOMIC BASE AND POPULATION
1. Factors Influencing Future Growth
The future growth of the Central Puget Sound Area
depends upon the further development of industry which is now
the foundation of the economic base. Future production in
transportation equipment manufacturing, the most important
industry group in terms of total employment, depends largely
on obtaining military contracts and commercial aircraft orders
17
-------
by the Boeing Company. The record of this company suggests
that average employment in this category during the study period
will not decrease, except for short-run production adjustments,
and may increase substantially.
The timber resource available for processing may continue at
about the present level, with improved utilization and management
offsetting the loss of acreage. However, the use of the basic
resource is expected to alter, with a decrease in sawed lumber and
increases in plywood, particle board, and pulp and paper manu-
facturing.
Employment in transportation services, especially in connection
with the Port of Seattle, should increase in the future as well as
employment in the other service industries which are now an impor-
tant part of the economic base, particularly wholesale trade,
finance, professional services, and education. Service industry
employment related to tourism is also expected to become an
increasingly important part of the economic base in the future.
2. Projected Industrial Activity and Employment
Because it has been possible in this study to adopt the popu-
lation projections developed by the Puget Sound Regional Trans-
portation Study, it has not been necessary to develop estimates of
future employment by major industry group in order to derive popu-
lation figures from the projected labor force. However, because
of this study's orientation towards problems of water supply and
pollution control, some analysis must be made of the outlook for
future production in those industries which have important impact
on the water resource. These industries are, generally, food pro-
cessing, pulp manufacturing, and certain chemical manufacturing,
notably petroleum refining. In the case of King and Snohomish
Counties, it is not anticipated that food processing will become a
significant part of the economic base, particularly since there is
a trend towards locating food processing and packaging closer to
agricultural production.
A major pulp producing center has developed at Everett.
TABLE VI-5 shows the present pulp capacity there, which is the only
location of pulp production in the King-Snohomish area.
18
-------
TABLE VI-5
PULP MILL CAPACITY, KING-SNOHOMISH AREA, 1962
Mill Owner
Scott Paper Company
Simpson Logging Company
Weyerhaeuser Company
Weyerhaeuser Company
Total
Type of Process
Sulfite
Sulfate
Sulfite
Sulfate
Tons/24 hours
850
80
350
325
1,605
It has been estimated that total pulp consumption in the
United States may double between 1960 and 1980, and double again
between 1980 and 2000. This would represent an annual compound
rate of increase of about 3.5 percent. The rate of growth in con-
sumption of pulp per capita in the United States during the past
decade suggests that an even higher rate of increase may occur.
However, in the case of the mills in the King-Snohomish area, at
Everett, a limiting factor on growth is the supply of raw materials
for pulping. A large part of the raw material for the Everett mills
comes from Snohomish and King Counties, but substantial amounts of
chips are brought in from sawmills in British Columbia. In future
years, this latter source is likely to diminish due to increased
demand for chips by pulp mills in British Columbia. In addition,
competition for the raw material in western Washington is likely
to increase in the future, since the Everett mills are among 13
mills in the Puget Sound region and others at Grays Hsrbor and on
the Columbia River. These limiting factors will be partially off-
set by improved timber management, and by the diversion to pulp of
a share of the harvest formerly used for lumber. The mills at
Everett are not new. As equipment is replaced, it seems logical to
expect that somewhat larger capacities will be installed within the
limits of the supply of raw materials. For purposes of this study,
it is assumed that growth will average about one percent per year
during 1960-80 and somewhat lower during 1980-2020. On this basis,
pulp capacity at Everett would increase from about 1,600 tons per
day at present to about 2,000 tons in 1980, to about 2,300 tons in
2000 and to about 2,500 tons in 2020. It is expected that all pulp
capacity in the King-Snohomish area would continue to be at Everett.
Petroleum refining has not yet been established in the King-
Snohomish area although there are two refineries at Anacortes (Shell
and Texaco), in Skagit County, one at Ferndale (Mobile Oil Co.), in
Whatcom County, and a small refinery at Tacoma. The present capa-
city of these four refineries is only about 60 percent of present
19
-------
demand for gasoline in the Puget Sound area. But if the potential
marketing area of the Puget Sound oil refineries is considered to
be all of Washington and Oregon, then there is even more potential
for expansion.
Furthermore, it is expected that demand for petroleum products
will increase in the future, both on a per capita basis and as a
result of economic and population growth. One estimate is that
demand for petroleum to be used as fuel for motor vehicles will
increase at 3.7 percent per year during the period 1960 to 2000 in
the United States as a whole. The Puget Sound region and the Pacific
Northwest as a whole are expected to exceed the national average
growth rate.
In anticipation of future expansion in the Puget Sound area,
Union and Richfield Oil Companies now hold large sites (1,000 or
more acres each) for possible refineries near the Tulalip Indian
Reservation, in Snohomish County, a few miles north of Everett,
and Standard Oil of California holds a site of about 2,500 acres
near Paine Field, southwest of Everett. These sites might be held
for some years before any plant construction begins, but it is
assumed for purposes of this study that refineries will be in opera-
tion at each of these sites by 1980. The typical size of the
existing refineries in the area, except for the small one at Tacoma,
is on the order of 50,000 barrels per day capacity.
It is assumed that these projected refineries in Snohomish
County will be of this size. On this basis, present refinery capa-
city in the Puget Sound area, about 152,000 barrels per day, would
be doubled by 1980.
Beyond 1980, additional growth in refinery capacity is expected
to take place at existing plants. It is expected that capacity
will double at each of the projected refineries (Ferndale, two at
Anacortes, and three at Everett) between 1980 and 2020.
3. Projected Population
The projected population of King and Snohomish Counties,
1960 to 2020, is shown in TABLE VI-6. For purposes of this
report, projections developed for the period 1960-2000 by the Puget
Sound Governmental Conference have been adopted. For the period
2000 to 2020, a slightly lower rate of increase has been adopted
20
-------
as a result of the increasing average population densities in the
area and the anticipated decline in growth rate of U. S. population
as a whole.
TABLE VI-6
PROJECTED POPULATION, KING AND SNOHOMISH COUNTIES, 1960-2020
(Population in thousands—Growth rates as percent compounded per yr.)
County
King
Snohomish
1960
Pop.
935
172
1960-80
Rate,%
2.3
3.7
1980
Pop.
1,475
356
1980-2000
Rate, 7o
2.2
2.2
2000
Pop.
2,280
550
2000-20
Rate, %
2.0
2.0
2020
Pop..
3,380
820
Source: Projections 1960 to 2000 from Interim Report, September 21,
1962, Puget Sound Governmental Conference. Figures beyond
2000 derived by assuming annual growth rate of 2.070 for
2000-2020.
The allocation of the projected future population of King and
Snohomish Counties to the urban area and ex-urban area of each
county has been based on work done by the Puget Sound Regional
Transportation Study. Percentages developed by that study have
been used for the period 1960-1980, and trends have been extrap-
olated to obtain percentages for 1980-2020. By applying these
percentages to the total county populations projected in TABLE VI-6,
estimates of future population in the urban and ex-urban area of
each county are obtained. These are shown in TABLE VT-7.
TABLE VI-7
PROJECTED POPULATION OF KING AND SNOHOMISH COUNTIES
Inside and Outside Urban Area, 1960-2020
(population in thousands)
Area
1960
1980
2000
2020
King County:
Urban Area 905
Ex-Urban Area 30
Total County 935
Snohomish County:
Urban Area 138
Ex-Urban Area 34
Total County 172
1,415
60
1,475
293
63
356
2,150
130
2,280
448
102
550
3,040
340
3,380
655
165
820
21
-------
VII. WATER REQUIREMENTS
Municipal & Industrial
A. HISTORIC AND PRESENT WATER USE
1. General
Water for municipal and industrial purposes in the study area
is currently supplied by the city of Seattle, the city of Everett
and many smaller systems developed by municipalities, water dis-
tricts or associations, public utility districts, private water
companies, and individual industries.
2. Seattle Urban Area
a. Existing Source Development
Chester Morse Lake (elevation 1,500 feet), a natural body
of water in the upper Cedar River watershed, was developed at the
turn of the century to provide 57,000 acre-feet of storage for
water supply and hydroelectric power generation. The 143 square
mile isolated and protected Cedar River watershed (80 percent
owned by the city) was the sole source of water supply for Seattle
and many of the surrounding communities until 1963 when a reservoir
to provide 57,900 acre-feet of storage was completed on the South
Fork of the ToIt River.
Average discharge in the Cedar River at the point of di-
version is 665 cfs (430 mgd), and the transmission system into Seattle
has a capacity of 220 mgd. In 1936, Seattle obtained water rights
totalling 360 mgd in the North and South Forks of the Tolt River,
a tributary of the Snoqualmie River. The presently developed water
supply source and/or transmission capabilities of utilities serving
the Seattle urban area is about 350 mgd. This includes 310 mgd
for the Cedar and Tolt systems (220 mgd - Cedar, plus 90 mgd - Tolt).
b. Municipal and Industrial Water Use
Although industrial water use is an important factor in
the Seattle water system, there are no extremely large water users
such as pulp and paper mills or oil refineries on the Seattle system
which warrant separation from the total water usage figure. The
determination of the municipal per capita water usage figure was,
therefore, based on total water usage in the Seattle urban area and
the estimated served population, which in 1963 was approximately
809,000.
-------
Water usage data supplied by the Seattle Water Depart-
ment indicate a gradual increase in per capita demand of a gallon
per year. Per capita demands have historically been as high as
150 gpd. During the last twenty-year period, however, per capita
usage during recent dry years has been in the order of 145 gpd.
The latter figure, therefore, was used as the base for projection
of future demands. Water demands on the Seattle system for the
five-year period 1959-1963 have averaged 99 mgd (113,000 acre-feet
per year).
Use varies according to season and year, depending prima-
rily on temperature and rainfall. Based on records of the 'Seattle
Water Department, the monthly demand profile for the Seattle water
system, also based on the period 1959-1963, was as shown in
TABLE VII-2 (Demand Profile Percent).
B. FUTURE WATER DEMANDS
Future water needs of the Seattle urban area were projected by
examining the historic use patterns of the Seattle Water Department.
It is assumed that the one gallon per capita per year rate of
increase for the Seattle urban area will continue through the next
several decades and subsequently stabilize. On this basis, the
yearly average demand by 1980 will be 165 gpcd and that for 2000
and 2020 will be 185 and 205, respectively. Applying these unit
use figures to projected population for the Seattle urban area
(King County urban area) shown in TABLE VI-7, the following average
demands are obtained as shown in TABLE VII-1.
TABLE VII-1
PROJECTED MUNICIPAL AND INDUSTRIAL WATER DEMANDS
SEATTLE URBAN AREA
M&I Average Water Demands
Year
1980
2000
2020
Population
1,000's
1,415
2,150
3,040
gpcd
165
185
205
mgd
234
398
625
Acre-Fee t/Yr.
(X 1,000)
262
445
700
23
-------
The projected monthly water demands for the Seattle urban area,
based on the monthly demand profile for the period 1959-1963, are
shown in TABLE VII-2.
TABLE VII-2
MONTHLY MUNICIPAL AND INDUSTRIAL WATER DEMAND FOR
THE SEATTLE URBAN AREA
Month
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
Demand
Profile
Percent
87
80
76
84
83
96
133
145
124
120
91
79
1980
MGD
204
187
178
196
194
225
312
340
290
281
213
185
AF/MO
1000 's
19.4
16.0
16.9
18.0
18.4
20.7
29.6
32.3
26.6
26.6
19.6
17.6
2000
MGD
346
318
302
335
330
382
530
578
494
478
362
314
AF/MO
1000 's
32.8
27.2
28.6
30.8
31.3
35.1
50.4
54.8
45.4
45.4
33.2
29.8
2020
MGD
544
500
475
525
520
600
830
906
775
750
570
495
AF/MO
1000 's
56.6
42.8
45.0
48.2
49.4
55.2
78.8
86.0
71.2
71.2
52.4
47.0
The Seattle system presently serves about 80 percent of the
urban area water demands. The Seattle system is expected to serve
increasing proportions of the urban area demands (80 percent in
1980, 85 percent in 2000, and 90 percent in 2020).
Those demands not satisfied by the Seattle facilities are
expected to be adequately satisfied by either local community sys-
tems or by individual supplies.
C. WATER SUPPLY REQUIREMENTS
Projected water demands on the Seattle facilities are compared
with ultimate development capabilities of the Cedar and Tolt
sources in TABLE VII-3. It is indicated, from this analysis, that
the capacity of the present system will be reached about the year
1985. The ultimate development of the Cedar and Tolt watersheds
(580 mgd) would be exceeded by the year 2007, and by the year 2020
deficits as high as 236 mgd nay be experienced during the month
of maximum usage in August.
24
-------
TABLE VII-3
FUTURK MUNICIPAL AND INDUSTRIAL WATER DEMAND AND SUPPLY
Seattle Facilities - MGD
Month
January
February
March
April
May
Tune
Tuly
August
September
October .
November
December
Demand
y
168
150
142
157
155
180
250
272
232
224
170
148
1980
Present
Supply!'
310
310
310
310
310
310
310
310
310
310
310
310
Deficit Demand
MCD AF i/
294
270
257
285
281
325
451
493
420
407
308
267
2000
Supply
No. 1
400
400
400
400
400
400
400
400
400
400
400
400
2020
Deficit 1
MOD
-
-
51
73
20
7
-
-
AF
-
-
4.840
8.820
1.840
660
-
-
Demand
490
450
427
473
467
540
748
816
697
675
514
445
Supply
No. 2
580
580
580
580
580
580
580
580
580
580
580
580
Deficit
MGD
_
-
168
236
117
95
-
-
AF
_
-
15,900
22,400
10,700
9,000
-
—
I/ For purnoses of this study, It is assumed that the Seattle facilities will supply SOX of
the~1980 Urban Area demand, 852 of the 2000 Urban Area demand, and 90Z of the 2020 Urban Area
demand.
2/ Transmission system capabilities:
Present supply - Cedar 0 220 ragd + Tolt @ 90 mttd - 310
Supply No. 1 - Cedar @ 220 mgd + Tolt
-------
The preceding comments on M&I water needs from the North Fork
Project exclude consideration of the possible effects of the pro-
posed resource development by King County Water District No. 97.
The water district obtained a preliminary permit from the Federal
Power Commission for investigation of the development of a reservoir
site on the North Fork Snoqualmie River about one mile upstream
from the proposed Corps of Engineers' site. The Water District
No. 97 project, briefly, is concerned with construction of a dam
and reservoir for water supply and hydropower purposes. The pro-
posed water distribution system covers much of the Seattle-Everett
urban area between Lake Washington and the Snoqualmie River. It
extends from the Pierce County line on the south into the Mountlake
Terrace-Lynnwood-Edmonds area of southern Snohomish County on the
north.
Based on the deficits computed in TABLE VII-3, annual storage
to yield 58,000 acre-feet by the year 2020 is required for water
supply purposes in the Seattle urban area.
26
-------
VIII. WATER QUALITY CONTROL
A. NEED FOR CONTROL
1. General
The waters of the study area are subjected to a wide range of
uses. Municipal water supply for Everett, Snohomish, and a portion
of the Seattle supply is obtained from surface waters of the basin.
Other uses which are dependent upon quality of the waters are
fisheries, wildlife, and recreation.
2. Municipal and Industrial Water Supply
Surface waters of the study area are utilized quite heavily
for municipal and industrial water supply purposes. Bacterio-
logical and chemical quality of both the Cedar and Tolt waters is
considered excellent. Maintenance of high water quality has been
in large part due to restriction of watershed activities to con-
trolled logging operations. Protection of the watershed from con-
tamination by restricting public access has made it possible to
provide a safe water supply without treatment other than simple
disinfection.
3. Fisheries
The Snohomish River has limited spawning habitat for anadromous
fish. It is primarily a migration route for upstream and downstream
migrant salmon and steelhead between the ocean and the extensive
spawning and rearing areas in the upstream tributaries. The river
system supports large runs of chinook and coho salmon, medium
sized runs of chum salmon, small runs of pink salmon, and large
runs of steelhead and sea-run cutthroat trout. Resident game
fishes in the area consist of rainbow, brook, and cutthroat trout.
The tributary streams which are most important to spawning of
anadromous fishes are the Pilchuck River, the Skykomish along with
its North and South Forks, the Wallace River, the Snoqualmie below
Snoqualmie Falls, and the Tolt -River system below the points of
diversion for the Seattle water supply. The North, Middle, and
South Forks of the Snoqualmie River are inaccessible to anadromous
fish due to the falls, but they support a resident population of
rainbow trout as well as other fish.
27
-------
From data supplied by the
Fish and Wildlife Service, the Chinook Salmon 20,000 fish
average annual commercial catch Coho Salmon 55,000 fish
of anadromous fish produced by Pink Salmon 125,000.fish
the Snohomish River Basin is
shown alongside. The run of
chum salmon has diminished to
the point that the catch has Chinook 3,500 days
been restricted to restore the Coho 14,000 days
population. Sport fisherman- Pink 16,300 days
days spend in angling for these Steelhead Trout 100,000 days
and other species per year are Resident Species 400,000 days
also shown alongside.
4. Wildlife
Big game found in the Snohomish River Basin include sizable
populations of black-tailed deer and black bear. Fewer numbers of
mountain goat occur at high elevations in the eastern end of the
basin. The basin provides suitable habitat for moderate populations
of pheasant, quail, partridge, grouse and band-tailed pigeon. Aver-
age annual hunter-days expended for big game in the North Fork
Snoqualmie, Middle Fork Snoqualmie, and Sultan River watersheds are
6,000 to 12,000, 200, and 400 to 500, respectively. Hunting pres-
sure for upland game particularly ring-necked pheasants is intense.
Fur-bearing animals include muskrat, mink, raccoon, beaver, opossum,
skunk, marten, otter, weasel, and fox. King and Snohomish Counties
rank first and third, respectively, in the sale of trapping licenses
in the State but because of low pelt prices, the economic value of
fur animals is considered small. Because of mountainous terrain,
waterfowl habitat is restricted primarily to sloughs along lower
Snohomish and Snoqualmie Rivers where considerable nesting and
moderate waterfowl hunting occur.
5. Recreation
Recreational activities, other than fishing and hunting, of
importance to the Snohomish Basin are swimming, boating, picnicking,
camping, and hiking. Although only one State park, Mt. Pilchuck,
lies within the basin, there are two county recreation areas and
many local picnic areas, particularly in those municipalities along
major streams. Some seventeen public camp grounds are maintained
by the Federal, State, and local governments and private timber
companies. Although much of the above mentioned activity is not of
a water-contact nature, its value is considerably enhanced by the
28
-------
presence of a clean lake or stream. It is expected that initial
recreational use of the proposed North and Middle Fork Project
areas will be in the order of 340,000 visitor-days annually.
B. MUNICIPAL, INDUSTRIAL AND AGRICULTURAL POLLUTION
1. Present
Data on water-carried waste discharges from all significant
municipal and industrial sources in the Snohomish River Basin are
presented in Appendix B. Individual sources in this summary are
listed in downstream sequence under the appropriate receiving
watercourse. For purposes of this report, primary attention is
given to the Snoqualmie River and lower Snohomish River.
The major waste discharges in the Snohomish Basin are located
in the lower Snohomish River from the city of Snohomish to the
mouth at Everett. Of the almost 54,000 people served by municipal
sewerage in the basin, 48,000, or about 90 percent, are in the
lower Snohomish drainage area. Chief sources of the industrial
wastes produced in the study area are the Weyerhaeuser kraft and
sulfite plants, the Simpson Lee Paper Company, and the Scott Paper
Company. Other sources of organic industrial wastes are seasonal
fruit and vegetable canneries and milk and meat processing plants.
The present municipal and industrial waste loads for the
Snoqualmie River drainage and the Snohomish River are summarized
in TABLE VIII-1.
TABLE VIII-1
PRESENT STUDY AREA WASTE LOADS
Population Equivalents (PE)
Drainage Municipal Industrial Total
Area Raw Discharged Raw Discharged Raw Discharged
Snoqualmie 6,400 5,040 5,300 700 11,700 5,740
Snohomish 57,000 22,400 7,329,000 7,203,000 7,386,000 7,225,500
The Snohomish River is 22 miles in length with tidal influence
extending to about River Mile 18. About 90 percent of the wastes
of the present sewered population and 96 percent of the present
industrial waste load in the entire Snohomish Basin are discharged
29
-------
to the lower 13 miles of the Snohomish River. Water quality prob-
lems have been encountered in this river reach due to these dis- .
charges. In 1960, the city of Everett constructed a sewage lagoon
and interceptor sewers to eliminate discharge of untreated municipal
wastes to the lower river. Partially treated industrial waste
effluents from the two pulp mills continue to cause occasional
sludge beds, low dissolved oxygen and toxicity problems in the
estuary area. Studies by the FWPCA Puget Sound Enforcement Project
currently nearing completion are designed to determine the effect
of these and related problems on passage of migratory fishes through
Port Gardner Bay.
In addition to the direct water-carried waste discharges
discussed previously, another usually more subtle facet of water
quality deterioration is related to land drainage and man's various
activities in the watershed. Such essentially land-based opera-
tions as farming, road construction, logging, mining and recreation
can cause quality deterioration in a number of ways. One such
problem, although not man-caused, is the silt from a slide area in
the Taylor River drainage, a tributary of the Middle Fork of the
Snoqualmie River. It is expected that stabilization of this slide
area as proposed by the Corps of Engineers will do much to reduce
sediment in the stream. Other localized problems may be associated
with return flows from the estimated 7,000 acres under irrigation
by individual irrigators in the Snohomish Basin. For projection
purposes, loads from these and other potential land drainage sources
are considered to be covered in the BOD of uncontrolled urban run-
off. Return flow data for other similar areas and conditions indi-
cate BOD to be relatively minor generally resulting in less than
1.0 mg/1 in the receiving stream.
In preliminary classification of lands in the Snohomish Basin,
the Bureau of Reclamation considers 23,900 acres as being poten-
tially irrigable. If some of this land is developed for project
type irrigation where return flows may be of significant quantity,
then quality deterioration, particularly by pesticides, nutrients
and turbidity may occur in the receiving stream. Good farming
practices can provide control of these effects thereby providing
the equivalent of adequate treatment.
2. Future
In projecting 1980, 2000, and 2020 waste production for the
Snoqualmie Basin it is expected that population and industry will
grow at the same rate as the population projected for the King
30
-------
County ex-urban area and that adequate treatment to at least 85
percent BOD reduction will be provided. The projected waste pro-
duction together with the associated waste discharges after adequate
waste treatment are shown in TABLE VIII-2.
TABLE VIII-2
PROJECTED WASTE LOADINGS FOR THE SNOQUALMIE RIVER BASIN
Population Equivalents
Municipal
Year
1980
2000
2020
Raw
12
27
72
,800
,600
,500
Discharged
1,920
4,150
10,900
Industrial
Raw
10
22
60
,600
,900
,000
Discharged
1,
3,
9,
590
440
000
Raw
23
50
132
,400
,500
,500
Total
Discharged
3
7
19
,510
,590
,900
Future growth in pulp and paper manufacturing and oil refining
projected for the Snohomish Basin is expected to center on salt
water in the Port Gardner Bay vicinity. Population increase is
also expected to center in the vicinity of Everett where the addi-
tional waste is expected to be collected and treated for discharge
to Port Gardner Bay.
Projected waste loads for the pulp and paper and oil refining
industries are shown in TABLE VIII-3.
TABLE VIII-3
PROJECTED PULP AND PAPER AND OIL REFINING WASTE LOADS
CENTRAL PUGET SOUND AREA
Year
1980
2000
2020
9
10
11
Raw
,150
,500
,430
Pulp
and Paper
Discharged *
,000
,000
,000
1,370,
1,575S
1,715,
,000
,000
,000
Oil
Raw
90,
125.
180.
,000
,000
,000
Refining
Discharged
13,500
18,800
27,000
*
* Based on 85 percent BOD reduction.
31
-------
C. WATER QUALITY OBJECTIVES
Water quality objectives for the various water uses to be
served are discussed as follows.
1. Dissolved Oxygen
The dissolved oxygen (DO) objective for the Snoqualmie River
is dependent upon anadromous fishery requirements—the use requiring
the highest DO level. Other uses served at this level are recrea-
tion and aesthetic conditions.
Maintenance of 5 rag/1 of dissolved oxygen would provide suit-
able conditions for anadromous fish passage while 7 mg/1 provides
adequate conditions for rearing. Spawning areas, however, require
dissolved oxygen at saturation levels.
2. Temperature
Temperature requirements for the Snohomish and Snoqualmie
Rivers are governed primarily by the anadromous fishery. Maximum
temperatures should not exceed 70 F during July and August, to
facilitate fish migration, holding and rearing; by mid-September,
temperatures should not exceed 57 F to obtain optimum egg survival.
3. Bacteria
Bacterial objectives for recreation and water supply use are
1,000 MPN and 5,000 MPN, respectively. Treatment, including dis-
infection, is required to reduce bacterial concentrations.
D. FLOW REGULATION
Prior to 1951 a barrier to the normal migration of salmon
existed in the lower Snohomish River estuary and Port Gardner Bay.
The barrier consisted of oxygen-deficient water in the river mouth
during periods of low flow as a result of waste discharges prima-
rily from two large pulp mills at the river mouth. Construction
of a deep water outfall in Port Gardner Bay to achieve better
dilution and dispersion of untreated waste has done much to allevi-
ate the problem. Studies by the FWPCA Puget Sound Enforcement
Project currently nearing completion will assess the effectiveness
of this disposal method.
Adequate water quality can be maintained in Snohomish River
estuary by removal of settleable solids from pulp and paper mill
waste effluents. Regulation of fresh water inflow to this area
32
-------
or to Port Gardner Bay is neither needed nor effective in accom-
plishing the necessary control.
Computations utilizing oxygen balance techniques show that
about 165 cfs will be required to receive the 2020 projected waste
load (20,000 PE) and maintain minimum DO objectives for fish pas-
sage and rearing in lower Snoqualmie River. More than adequate
flow without regulation is available (minimum average daily flow of
record, 396 cfs, upstream near Carnation) to maintain these objec-
tives.
It is cautioned, with regard to expected future minimum flows,
that water right applications in the Snoqualmie River watershed
totalling 1,792 cfs if granted and fully exercised, would completely
deplete streamflows during low flow periods. Firm rights at
present in the Snoqualmie Basin total 95 cfs.
The Washington State Department of Conservation, Division of
Water Resources, has advised that depletions to no less than about
100 cfs, depending upon fisheries requirements, would be allowed
in the lower reaches of the Snoqualmie River. For hydrologic pro-
jection and storage determination purposes of this study it is
assumed that sustained depletions to less than the required 165 cfs
will not take place within the study period.
If, however, future development in the basin results in sus-
tained minimum flows of less than 165 cfs, the adverse effects on
water quality should be considered in evaluating the benefits of
the proposed water withdrawals.
Lack of adequate temperature data for the Snohomish River
Basin precludes judgment of the possible need for temperature
control or of the potential temperature effects of the proposed
projects on the Snoqualmie and Snohomish Rivers. However, studies
are being conducted in other basins by the FWPCA regarding the
effects of impoundments on stream temperature, which may provide
information at a later date applicable to the projects under study.,
As foreseen at this time, adequate treatment or control of
waste at the source will provide satisfactory control of water
quality in the Snoqualmie and Snohomish Rivers without specific
release from storage in the proposed North or Middle Fork reservoirs
for this purpose.
33
-------
IX. BENEFITS....Water Quality Control
A. WATER SUPPLY - MUNICIPAL AND INDUSTRIAL
A future need for storage for municipal and industrial water
exists in the Snoqualmie River watershed. By the year 2020,
58,000 acre-feet (80 mgd) of annual supplemental storage will be
required. Time of first need is estimated to be about the year
2005, thirty years after the assumed project completion in 1975.
For benefit computation purposes the value of this storage is
considered to be equal to the cost of the least-cost, most-likely,
non-Federal single-purpose alternative reservoir that could be
constructed in the absence of the North and Middle Fork Snoqualmie
Projects. After considering three possible alternative sites, it
has been determined, based on cost data provided by the Corps of
Engineers, that the most likely alternative would be a single-
purpose impoundment on the North Fork Snoqualmie River.
The annual value of 58,000 acre-feet of storage in the North
Fork Snoqualmie Project has been determined to be $354,000 or
$6,850 per mgd. This value includes operation and maintenance
costs ($50,000) and is based on a 100-year amortization period at
an interest rate of 3.125 percent, discounted for 30 years (assumed
project completion in 1975) from the first need in 2005. In
arriving at this value the capital cost ($32,600,000) of a 73,000
acre-foot reservoir which would provide approximately the same
development of available stream water at the lowest unit cost was
used.
B. WATER QUALITY CONTROL
As already indicated, no requirements for storage for water
quality control in the Snoqualmie or Snohomish Rivers are foreseen
at this time. No apparent damage to water quality is expected to
occur as a result of operations of the North Fork Snoqualmie River
Project. No positive or negative benefits can be assigned to
storage in or operation of the proposed project.
34
-------
X. BIBLIOGRAPHY
State of Washington, Department of Conservation and U. S. Geological
Survey, Monthly and Yearly Summaries of Hydrographic Data in
the State of Washington to September 1953, Olympia, Washington,
State Printing Plant, 1955, (Water Supply Bulletin No. 6).
State of Washington, Department of Conservation and U. S. Geological
Survey, Monthly and Yearly Summaries of Hydrographic Data in
the State of Washington. October 1953 to September 1960.
Olympia, Washington, State Printing Plant, 1962, (Water Supply
Bulletin No. 15).
State of Washington, Pollution Control Commission, Department of
Conservation and U. S. Geological Survey, Quality of Surface
Waters. June 1959-July 1960. Olympia, Washington, State Printing
Plant, 1961.
State of Washington, Pollution Control Commission, Snohomish River
Basin Water Quality Data. August 1960-August 1965.
Geological Survey, Ground-Water Resources of Snohomish County.
Washington. Washington, Government Printing Office, 1952.
(Water-Supply Paper 1135).
Ramey, Jesse C., "The Seattle Water System," Water and Sewage Works.
V. 110, No. 7, July 1963.
Tyler, H. Ward, The Tolt River Story. Seattle Water Department,
March 1960.
Bramhall, Burle D., City of Seattle. Washington. Seattle Water
Department Reports. June 17, 1953, December 15, 1959, and
February 18, 1963 (Bond Prospecti).
Fish and Wildlife Service, An Interim Report on Fish and Wildlife
Resources Affected by Proposed Corps of Engineers Water
Development Projects - Snohomish River Basin. Washington.
Portland, Oregon, July 1964.
U. S. Army Engineer District, Seattle, Preliminary Recreation Plan
North Fork Snoqualmie River. Middle Fork Snoqualtnie River.
Avon By-Pass Skagit River. Seattle, Washington, 20 September 1963.
Washington Department of Conservation, Tabular Summation of Water
Rights - Snohomish River Basin.
Unpublished data, Washington State Pollution Control Commission.
Washington State Department of Conservation, Ground Water in Washington.
Its Chemical and Physical Quality. Water Supply Bulletin No. 24, 1965.
35
-------
APPENDIX
-------
APPENDIX A
TABLE A-^
REPRESENTATIVE ANALYSES OF SURFACE WATERS
SNOHOMISH RIVER BASIN, WASHINGTON
Constituent
Date
Discharge, cfs
Silica (Si02), ppm
Calcium (Ca) , ppm
Magnesium (Mg), ppm
Sodium (na) , ppm
Potassium (K), ppm
Bicarbonate (HCO,), ppm
Sulfate (SO^), ppm
Chloride (Cl), ppm
Nitrate (NOj), ppm
Phosphate (PO. ) , ppm
I/ '
Dissolved Solids— , ppm
2/
Specific Conductance—
PH
Temperature
Dissolved Oxygen, ppm
MPN^
Snoqualmie River at
7/8/59
-
5.3
3.5
0.1
0.8
0.3
12
1.4
0.8
0.3
0.00
20
25
6.5
54°F
10.7
750
7/11/61 8/15/62
.
5.0 6.1
4.5 4.5
0.4 0.7
1.0 1.5
0.2 0.6
16 18
2.0 2.2
0.5 0.5
0.1 0.3
.07 0.02
27 28
31 38
7.1 7.1
15.9°C 17.0°C
9.0 9.4
2400 4600
11/13/63
-
5.8
3.5
0.6
1.5
0.3
14
2.4
1.0
0.9
-
24
30
6.9
8.1°C
10.8
930
8/10/65
-
6.1
5.6
0.9
1.6
0.4
21
2.6
0.8
0.3
0.02
28
45
6.9
Tolt River at Carnation
11/1/61
-
5.3
3.0
0.7
1.3
0.3
10
3.4
1.0
0.5
0.02
29
28
6.6
15.2°C 6v5°C
9.0
4600
11.7
8/15/62
-
8.0
6.5
1.2
1.9
0.4
26
5.4
0.8
0.4
0.01
39
26
7.5
18.2°
9.4
11/13/63
.-
7.4
5.0
1.2
1.8
0.3
20
4.2
1.2
1.0
-
35
44
7.0
C 8.6°C
10.7
36
11/23/64
-
6.2
5.0
1.1
1.7
0.3
20
4.2
0.8
0.6
0.01
34
43
7.1
7.0°C
12.0
390
8/10/65
-
7.7
7.6
1.9
2.1
0.3
32
4.8
1.0
0.4
0.03
39
65
7.2
Snohomish
1/15/61
23,230
5.9
4.0
0.4
1.3
0.4
14
2.2
0.5
0.9
0.01
30
33
6.9
1/10/62
28,700
6.6
3.0
0.9
1.4
0.5
12
3.0
1.0
1.3
0.11
29
34
6.8
15.0°C -
9.8
430
-
-
8/25/64
-
5.1
4.0
1.0
2.1
0.5
19
1.6
1.0
0.3
0.01
23
43
7.3
16.0°C
9.4
4600
7/12/65
-
7.9
4.4
0.5
1.6
0.4
17
2.2
0.8
0.4
0.0V
26
35
7.0
15.7°C
9.8
930
8/10/65
-
6.5
5.6
1.2
2.3
0.6
24
2.8
1.2
0.4
0.02
37
53
6.8
18.0°C
8.5
24,000
!_/ Residue on evaporation at 180"c
21 Micromhos at 25°C
3_/ Most probable number coliform groups per ICC ml
Source: Unpublished data, Washington State Pollution Control Commission
-------
APPENDIX A
TABLE A-2
GROUND WATER QUALITY
KING AND SNOHOMISH COUNTIES
PARTS PER MILLION
Owner
KING COUNTY
King County Water Dist. #64
Boeing Aircraft Co.
King County Water Dist. #82
City of Issaquah
Darigold Farms
Fall City Water Co.
City of Redmond
Carnation Farms
Bothell Water District
City of Duvall
SNOHOMISH COUNTY
City of Edmonds
Alderwood Manor Water Dist.
Snohomisli County PUD #1
City of Marysville
Potlatch Beach Water Dist.
City of Arlington
Well
Location
Code
21/4-5Q2
23/4-4A1
24/6-4N1
24/6-27Q1
24/6-28J1
24/7-11L1
25/5-12C1
25/7-6R1
26/5-5E1
26/6-13D1
27/3-24Q3
27/4-10N1
28/5-7G2
29/5-2C1
30/4-35R1
31/5-2L1
Date
12/18/59
4/19/54
4/ 3/58
8/20/51
8/20/51
8/20/51
3/24/59
10/ 6/60
8/24/51
10-/ 6/60
12/18/59
12/ 1/59
10/13/60
12/18/59
10/ 5/60
4/27/61
Temp
50
56
48
50
-
-
40
54
-
50
-
50
51
48
49
48
Silica
(Si02)
19
25
34
17
22
47
23
27
47
16
36
45
33
25
40
8.5
Iron
(Fe)
4.4
0.14
l.Ot
0.07
0.01
1.6t
0.06
1.1
0.03
.11
0.00
0.00
0.05
0.81
0.89
0.08
Magne-
Calcium slum
(Ca) (Mg)
14
-
10
22
10
20
10
22
21
24
9.5
13
10
18
36
9.0
5. 3
-
4.6
3.5
3.3
6.8
4.7
9.2
8.4
5.8
9.4
6.1
10
7.5
19
3.5
Sodium
(Na)
5.8
314
4.2
7.4
5.4
6.6
4.9
22
8.6
32
5.9
7.8
5.3
6.1
11
2.2
Potas-
sium
(K)
2.6
8.4
3.3
1.8
1.6
3.4
1.1
4.2
4.0
2.2
2.1
2.7
1.7
1.3
3.4
0.7
Ortho- Dissolved Hardness Specific
Nitrate Phosphate Solids (as Conduct" pH
(N03) (P04) I/ CaC03) anc«~'
0.2
1.0
3.3
0.1
3.5
0.2
5.6
0.0
0.7
0.8
3.3
0.2
6.9
0.2
2.0
0.7
0.09 102
872
96
109
84
143
82
0.58 176
158
0.47 179
0.21 113
0.60 123
0.17 113
0.69 118
0.43 229
0.00 58
57
-
44
69
38
78
44
93
87
84
62
58
67
76
170
37
157
1600
106
162
105
175
116
269
201
290
160
156
162
179
364
86
7.6
-
7.2
8.0
7.0
7.7
7.3
8.0
7.2
8.1
7.6
7.7
7.5
7.8
7.4
7.2
\l Residue on evaporation at 180 C
2_/ Micromhos at 25° C
Iron: Total iron concentrations are followed by a "t." All other values-represent iron in
solution at the time of sample collection.
Source: GROUND WATER IN WASHINGTON, ITS CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL QUALITY, Water Supply Bulletin No. 24,
Washington State Department of Conservation, 1965.
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APPENDIX B
MUNICIPAL AND INDUSTRIAL WASTES INVENTORY
SNOHOMISI1 RIVER BASIN
Receiving Water Course & River
Municipality or Separately Miles Above
Discharging Industry Mouth
Snohomish-Skykomish River
Index
S. Fk. Skykomish River
Stevens Pass Rec. Area
Skykomish
Grotto
Ideal Cement Co.
Gold Bar
Sultan
Monroe
Sky Valley Meat Co.
State Reformatory
Snoqualmie River
S. Fk. Snoqualmie River
Snoqualmie Pass Rec . Area
North Bend
Snoqualmie
Snoqualmie Falls
Weyerhaeuser Co.
Fall City
Carnation
Duvall
James Wallace Meat Pkg. Co
Pilchuck River
Granite Falls
Little Pilchuck River
Lake Stevens
Berry Valley Farm Pak
Snohomlsh
Berry land Packers Inc.
Clancy's Frozen Sticks
Snohomlsh Co. Dalrymens Aasn
Evergreen Frozen Foods
Ferguson Canning Co.
Hershey Packing Co.
Puyallup & Sumner Sales Co.
Snohomlsh Meat Co.
Ebey Slough
Mary svi lie
51.4
50.0
49-8
49-4
40
35
25
20.7
20-45
20-45-28
20-45-2
20-42
20-36
20-25
20-14
13.7
14-16
14-9.3
14-9-3
13
8.3
Snohomish Co. Berry Growers
Jansha Tanning Co.
Lowell
Simpson Lee Paper Co.
Everett
Foremost Dairy
Scheerer Canning Co.
Puget Sound By Products
Federal Packing Co.
Weyerhaeuser Lumber Mill
Weyerhaeuser Kraft Div.
Everett Fish Co.
I
Scott Paper Co.(
(
Weyerhaeuser SulfiteJ
Boeing Assembly Plant
Nukllteo
Paine Air Force Base
7.0
3.3
2.5
2.5
1.3
1960
Population
158
366
X
315
821
1,901
X
X
945
1,216
X
X
X
490
345
X
599
3,894
X
X
X
3,117
X
X
1,086
--
40,304
1,128
Est.
Pop.
Served
170
X
X
X
500
1,950
1,000
X
900
900
300
X
X
X
X
X
600
4,000
X
X
X
3,000
X
X
(1,000)
X
41,000
1,200
Estimated
PE of Waste
before 'ftBattrent
170
X
X
Inorganic
X
500
2,400
300
1,000
4,000
1,200
900
300
5,000
X
X
X
300
600
Seasonal
8,400
Seasonal
(1,000)
(1,800)
Seasonal
(500)
Seasonal
Seasonal
700
3,000
Seasonal
600
(1,000)
75,000
45,000
(450)
(450)
1,000
2,400
10,000
240,000
600
4,740,000 Deep
155,000
125,000
1,980,000
1,300
1,300
Treatment ' Estimated Seasonal Remarks
Provided PE Discharged Waste PE
to Watercourse Raw Disch.
None .
No System
No System
No System
None
Primary
Primary
Lagoon
None
Primary
Lagoon
Primary
Pond
X
No System
No System
Primary
Primary
No System
None
Lagoon
City Sewer
City Sewer
City Sewer
City Sewer
City Sewer
City Sewer
Septic Tank
Lagoon
(Lagoon)
Lagoon
Everett Lagoon
Swamp
Lagoon
City Sewer
City Sewer
None
None
None
Pond
None
Water Onfall 4,
Clarlfiei
1,
Primary
170
X
X
X
500
1,800
150
100
4,000
840
100
100
500
X
X
X
200
420
1,500
(X)
(X)
(X)
300
450
300
(X)
50,000
20,000
(X)
(X)
1,000
2,400
10,000
237,000
600
740,000
57.100
125,000
830,000
156,000
460
200
Primarily Winter Use
Unincorporated small hanlet
Grant applied for May 1966
Planning Construction 1966
14 mgd water used on barker
6 Beef 1 day/week
5,000 5,000 June-July — SOT strawberries, 20T raspberries
89,000 20,000 June-July
(3,000) (X) June-July
(45,000) (X) July-September
(30,000) (X) June-August
(2,000) (X) June- July
5,000 750
(2,000) (X) June- July, 10T strawberries
271 T/day
To Steamboat Slough
Deep Water Outfall
New Survey, June 1966
Main Mill - No Treatment
Deep Water Cut fall
To Inner Harbor
Under Construction 196*
To Puget Sound
To Puget Sound
-------
TULAOJP
INDIAN
RESERVATION
I
WASHING!
Sloan Peak
7,739
CITY OF SNOHOMISH
DIVERSION DAM
(\ GARDNER
WHIOBEY
ISLAND
Soda Springs
Mountlake
Terrace
COUNTY
COUNTY
Richmond
Highlanlds
TOUT-SEATTLE WATER
SUPPLY DAM PROJECT
NORTH FORK
PROJECT
MT. Daniel
I* 7986
SNOQUALMIE FALLS
HYDROELECTRIC PROJECT
Dorothy
Lake
PROPOSED
Sammamish
Lake
Snoqualmie
• Falls
MIDDLE FORK
PROJECT
Snoqualmie MT.
WATER SUPPLY 8 WATER QUALITY CONTROL STUDY
SNOHOMISH RIVER BASIN, WASHINGTON
OAR RIVER
HYDROELECTR
PROJECT
Chester Morse
Lake
LOCATION
CITY OF SEATTLE
DIVERSION DAM
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
Federal Water Pollution Control Administration
REGION IX (DATE 8/66) PORTLAND. OREGON
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