NORTH AND MIDDLE PORK PROJECT Snohomish. River Basin, Washington UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Federal Water Pollution Control Administration ------- WATER SUPPLY AND WATER QUALITY CONTROL STUDY NORTH AND MIDDLE FORK SNOQUALMIE PROJECTS SNOHOMISH RIVER BASIN, WASHINGTON An investigation has been made which discloses a need for storage in Snoqualmie River Watershed to meet future water demands in the Seattle urban area. A need for storage for water quality control is not foreseen at this time. Future water requirements and quality projections are based on economic, demographic, and engineering studies. Prepared at the Request of the U. S. Army Engineer. District, Seattle Corps of Engineers, Seattle, Washington By the U. S. Department of the Interior Federal Water Pollution Control Administration Northwest Region, Portland, Oregon November 1966 ------- TABLE of CONTENTS Page No. I. INTRODUCTION A. Request and Authority 1 B. Purpose and Scope I C. Acknowledgments 2 II. SUMMARY OF FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS A. Summary of Findings 3 B. Conclusions 4 III. PROJECT DESCRIPTION A. Location 6 B. Proposed Project 7 IV. STUDY AREA DESCRIPTION A. Location and Boundaries 8 B. Physical Features 8 C. Principal Communities 9 V. WATER RESOURCES OF THE STUDY AREA A. Surface Water 10 B. Groundwater 13 VI. THE ECONOMY A. General 14 B. Present 14 C. Projected Economic Base and Population .... 17 VII. WATER REQUIREMENTS - MUNICIPAL AND INDUSTRIAL A. Historic and Present Water Use 22 B. Future Water Demands 23 C. Water Supply Requirements 24 VIII. WATER QUALITY CONTROL A. Need for Control 27 B. Municipal, Industrial and Agricultural Pollution 29 C. Water Quality Objectives 32 D. Flow Regulation 32 IX. BENEFITS WATER QUALITY CONTROL A. Water Supply - Municipal and Industrial. ... 34 B. Water Quality Control 34 X. BIBLIOGRAPHY 35 APPENDIX ------- LIST OF TABLES Title Page No. V-l Low Flow Frequency Distribution Snoqualmie River near Carnation 12 VI-1 Employment, By Industry, King and Snohomish Counties 15 VI-2 Percentage Distribution of Employment, By Industry, King and Snohomish Counties 16 VI-3 Population of Communities in King County 17 VI-4 Population of Communities in Snohomish County. ... 17 VI-5 Pulp Mill Capacity, King-Snohomish Area, 1962. ... 19 VI-6 Projected Population, King and Snohomish Counties, 1960-2020 21 VI-7 Projected Population of King and Snohomish Counties, Inside and Outside Urban Area, 1960-2020 21 VII-1 Projected Municipal and Industrial Water Demands, Seattle Urban Area 23 VII-2 Monthly Municipal and Industrial Water Demand for the Seattle Urban Area 24 VII-3 Future Municipal and Industrial Water Demand and Supply, Seattle Facilities 25 VIII-1 Present Study Area Waste Loads 29 VIII-2 Projected Waste Loadings for the Snoqualmie River Basin 31 VIII-3 Projected Pulp and Paper and Oil Refining Waste Loads, Central Puget Sound Area 31 ***** LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page No. Title No. 1 Location Map Back Cover 2 Schematic Diagram 11 ------- I. INTRODUCTION A. REQUEST AND AUTHORITY The District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer District, Seattle, in a letter dated May 14, 1963, requested the advice of the U. S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare concerning the needs for storage for water supply and water quality control in the proposed North and Middle Fork Snoqualmie River Projects in the Snoqualmie River subbasin of Snohomish River Basin, near Seattle, Washington, and the value of benefits resulting therefrom. The water supply portion of this study was made in accordance with the Memorandum of Agreement, dated November 4, 1958, between the Department of the Army and the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare relative to the Water Supply Act of 1958, as amended (43 U.S.C. 390b). The water quality control aspects are considered under authority of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act, as amended (33 U.S.C. 466 et seq.). Responsibility for these activ- ities was transferred from the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare to the Department of the Interior by Re-organization Plan No. 2 of 1966, effective May 10, 1966. B. PURPOSE AND SCOPE This investigation was undertaken by the Federal Water Pollu- tion Control Administration for the purpose of advising the Corps of Engineers on the need for and value of storage in the Snoqualmie River Basin for the purposes of municipal and industrial water supply and flow regulation for water quality control. To accom- plish this, available data on water uses, waste sources, and water quality were examined, evaluated, and projected. Future needs were projected to the year 2020 with interim projections to 1980 and 2000. An economic base study and forecast of future population and industrial growth was prepared for this purpose and is summa- rized in this report. The study area covered in the report is the Snohomish River Basin, excluding the drainage area of the Skykomish River Basin. The Skykomish Basin will be covered separately in connection with the Corps of Engineers Sultan Project investigation. ------- C. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The preparation of this report was aided substantially by officials of the Washington Department of Conservation; Washington Department of Health; Washington Pollution Control Commission; Gray and Osborne, Consulting Engineers; Harstad and Associates, Consulting Engineers; the city of Seattle, Washington; and the U. S. Army Engineer District, Seattle. The use of information furnished in the references listed in the bibliography is also acknowledged. ------- II. SUMMARY of Findings and Conclusions A. SUMMARY OF FINDINGS 1. The proposed Middle and North Fork Snoqualmie River Pro- jects are located in the Snohomish River Basin in northwestern Washington. The Middle Fork Project site is located at about River Mile 10 on the Middle Fork of the Snoqualmie River and the North Fork Project site is located at about River Mile 12 on the North Fork of the Snoqualmie River (see Location Map, back cover). 2. The proposed Middle Fork Project would have a total storage capacity of 129,000 acre-feet of which 120,000 acre-feet would be usable for the purposes of flood control and recreation. The pro- posed North Fork Project would have a total storage capacity of 155,000 acre-feet of which 140,000 acre-feet is being considered for the purposes of flood control, power generation, recreation, fishery enhancement, water quality control, and municipal and industrial water supply. 3. The average annual runoff of the Snoqualmie River as measured at the gaging station near Carnation, Washington (608 sq. mi. drainage), is 2,734,000 acre-feet (3,777 cfs) for the 32-year period of record (1928-1960). The one-in-ten year low, mean annual flow of the Snoqualmie River near Carnation, Washington, is 2,810 cfs and the mean monthly minimum (August) flow for this recurrence interval is about 700 cfs. 4. The economy of the study area is largely dependent upon transportation equipment manufacturing and service industries in the Seattle vicinity, and pulp, paper, lumber and wood products manufacturing industries in the Everett area. In 1960, the popu- lation of the Central Puget Sound study area (King and Snohomish Counties) was 1,107,200. 5. The city of Seattle presently obtains its water supply from both the Tolt River and Cedar River Basins. The presently developed capacity of the Seattle system is 310 mgd. The Cedar River system has a capacity to deliver 220 mgd and the Tolt River system,, 90 mgd. Provisions to expand the system to 580 mgd have been made. 6. Municipal and industrial water demands in the Seattle urban area average 125 mgd. The Seattle system in 1963 served 809,000 people, or about 80 percent of the Seattle area urban 3 ------- population and miscellaneous industries, with a combined average demand of 100 mgd. Average demands for the urban area are fore- cast to increase to 234 mgd by 1980, 398 mgd by 2000, and 625 mgd by 2020. The Seattle system is expected to serve increasing pro- portions of the urban areas's demands (80 percent by 1980, 85 percent by 2000 and 90 percent by 2020). 7. Water quality in the upper reaches of the Snoqualmie River watershed is excellent for all uses. The Tolt River supply for example, is treated only by simple disinfection for domestic con- sumption. Further downstream in the Snohomish River, water quality data indicate some dissolved oxygen and bacterial deterioration (see Appendix TABLE A-l). In the Snohomish River, tidal influence extends to about River Mile 18. 8. At the present time, 7.14 million population equivalents (PE) of organic waste are produced daily in the study area excluding the wastes produced by food processing operations. Of this amount, about 99 percent is attributable to the pulp and paper operations of Simpson Lee Paper Co., located on Ebey Slough, Weyerhaeuser Paper Co., located on the lower Snohomish River, and Scott Paper Co., located on Port Gardner Bay, all in the vicinity of Everett. During the food-processing season, it is estimated that the daily raw waste production in the study area is increased by approximately 181,000 PE. 9. At the present time, 5,740 population equivalents (PE) are discharged to the Snoqualmie River watershed, 37,000 PE are dis- charged to the lower Snohomish River, and 7,195,000 PE are discharged in the Port Gardner Bay area. Raw waste production in the Snoqualmie drainage area is projected to be 23,400 PE by 1980, 50,500 PE by 2000, and 132,500 PE by 2020. B. CONCLUSIONS 1. Population of the Central Puget Sound Area (King and Snohomish Counties) is projected to increase to 1,831,000 by 1980, 2,830,000 by 2000 and 4,200,000 by 2020. About 80 percent of the projected population is expected to reside in King County with about 95 percent of the King County population within the Seattle urban area. 2. Seattle's present water supply system is expected to reach its capacity by about the year 1985. The ultimate development of ------- the Cedar and Tolt watersheds (580 mgd) will be exceeded by the year 2007. 3. A need for storage in North or Middle Fork reservoirs to meet future M&I water demands in the Seattle urban area is fore- seen. By the year 2020, annual storage to yield 58,000 acre-feet (80 mgd) of supplemental water will be required. 4. With adequate waste treatment (85 percent BOD reduction), sufficient streamflow (>165 cfs) is expected to be available in the Snoqualmie and Snohomish Rivers above tidewater to maintain dis- solved oxygen (5 mg/1 for passage and 7 mg/1 for rearing) and temperature (70 F July-August and 57 F other months) objectives for fishlife, recreation, and general aesthetics of the stream without specific releases from the proposed North or Middle Fork reservoirs for this purpose. 5. Adequate water quality can be maintained in Snohomish River estuary by removal of settleable solids from pulp and paper mill waste effluents. Deep water disposal of untreated pulp and paper mill wastes to Port Gardner Bay is currently being investi- gated by the FWPCA Puget Sound Enforcement Project, and recommenda- tions with respect to needs for additional control in this regard will be forthcoming. Regulation of fresh water inflow from Snohomish River is neither needed nor effective in the control of estuary or bay water quality. 6. The annual value of storage in the North or Middle Fork Snoqualmie reservoirs to yield 58,000 acre-feet of water for M&I purposes in the Seattle urban area is estimated to be $354,000 or $6,850 per mgd. This value is based on the capital and investment cost of least-cost alternative single-purpose reservoir construction at the North Fork site, amortized over a 100-year period at 3.125 percent, discounted from time of first need in 2005. 7. Since adequate treatment or other means of waste control can maintain water quality objectives without flow regulation, no benefit for this purpose is assignable to storage in the proposed North or Middle Fork Snoqualmie reservoirs at this time. 8. If unforeseen future development in the basin results in sustained minimum flows of less than 165 cfs, the adverse effects on water quality should be considered in evaluating the benefits of the proposed water withdrawals. 5 ------- III. PROJECT DESCRIPTION A. LOCATION The projects considered in this report are located on the North and Middle Forks of the Snoqualmie River Fork of the Snohomish River in northwestern Washington. Drainage area above the North Fork Project site is approximately 32 square miles. The drainage area above the Middle Fork Project site is about 154 square miles. Average annual runoff at the North and Middle Fork sites is approximately 350,000 and 850,000 acre-feet, respectively. The Snohomish River drainage basin encompasses a total area of 1,825 square miles in northeastern King County and southern Snohomish County. The main stem, 22 miles long, is formed at the confluence of the Skykomish River (drainage area, 843 square miles) and the Snoqualmie River (drainage area, 688 square miles). Head- waters of both rivers are located in the Cascade Mountains. The Snoqualmie River flows in a northwesterly direction to the Snohomish River at the town of Monroe; the Skykomish River flows in more of a westerly direction to the Snohomish River (see FIGURE 1, Location Map, back cover). ------- B. PROPOSED PROJECT As shown in FIGURE 1, Location Map (inside back cover), the Corps of Engineers' proposed North Fork Project is located about ten miles east of Carnation at about River Mile 12. The main reservoir, as proposed, would have a total storage capacity of 155,000 acre-feet, of which 140,000 acre-feet would be usable for flood control, water supply, power generation, fishery enhancement and recreation. Also included in the project is the installation of a 3,800 acre-foot re-regulating reservoir and powerhouse six miles downstream from the main dam. Also shown in FIGURE 1, the proposed Middle Fork Project is located at River Mile 10 on the Middle Fork of the Snoqualmie River. The reservoir would have a total storage capacity of 129,000 acre- feet of which 120,000 acre-feet would be usable for flood control and recreation purposes. As part of the Middle Fork Project, it is planned to stabilize a slide area in the Taylor River drainage. This slide area, up- stream from the proposed dam and reservoir, has long been a source of silt carried by the Middle Fork. Success of the stabilization project should greatly improve the quality of Middle Fork waters. The proposed North Fork Project would be operated for flood control purposes from November 1 to March 1 of each year and for recreational purposes during the summer. The project would pro- vide a minimum release of 225 cfs which would serve to enhance the fishery and would allow for municipal and industrial water supply, when needed. Under the proposed reservoir operation schedules, the proposed Middle Fork reservoir would be operated for flood control from November 1 to March 1 of each year and for recreation during the summer months with reservoir drawdown being held to ten feet. Minimum release from the project would be 50 cfs. 7 ------- IV. STUDY ARE A DESCRIPTION A. LOCATION AND BOUNDARIES The study area is the drainage area of the Snoqualmie River, the main stem of the Snohomish River, and the area lying west of the drainage to the Snoqualmie in the vicinity of Seattle in King and Snohomish Counties. The Skykomish River drainage will be discussed in another report in connection with the Corps of Engineers' Sultan Project investigation. For purposes of this report, discussion regarding water supply is concerned with the Seattle urban area. The economic base study area is comprised of King and Snohomish Counties, Washington. The areas and stream reaches examined for water quality con- trol purposes are the North and Middle Forks of the Snoqualmie River, the main stem of the Snoqualmie to its confluence with the Skykomish River and the Snohomish River throughout its length. B. PHYSCIAL FEATURES 1. Geology and Soils The Cascade Mountains are a north-south range marked by strong structural elements trending northwest-southeast. The rocks are a very complex assemblance of Cretaceous sediments, Miocene extrusives and intrusives with many older sediments and extrusives highly metamorphosed. The stream valleys were occupied by valley glaciers during the early Pleistocene age. The present bottom land deposits resulted from the action of the latest continental ice sheet. When this ice sheet occupied the Puget Trough, lower portions of valleys extending westerly from the Cascade Mountains were blocked. The rivers were dammed by glacial moraines, forming large valley lakes. When the glacial ice melted, the rivers again extended to the sea, draining the valley lakes and building deltas into the estuaries which have been converted to flood plains in the valley bottoms as tidewater has been pushed back to its present position. Much of the lower basin and portions of the upper valleys are underlain by deep glacial, glaciofluvial, and alluvial deposits. The soils of the eastern mountainous portion of the basin, com- prising about two-thirds of the drainage area, consist of a thin mantle of glacial debris on the slopes, with considerable amounts of glacial drift on gentler slopes and the valley bottoms. Much 8 ------- of the soil is very gravelly and is not adapted to agricultural use. The soil of the western portion falls into two general classi- fications made by the Soil Conservation Service: Everett gravelly sandy loam and Puget silty clay. 2. Topography Mountain peaks reaching altitudes of 6,000 and 7,000 feet are common along the eastern boundary of the drainage basin. The western portion of the basin is rolling in character, the altitude decreasing until tidal flats are reached at the mouth of the river., In its upper four miles the Snohomish River flows through a narrow valley from one half to one mile in width, bordered on each side by hills that rise to an elevation of about 500 feet. Along the lower reaches of the stream the valley is from two to three miles wide, much of it consisting of marshes and lowland. The valleys of the three forks of the Snoqualmie River are, in general, quite narrow and are flanked by rugged foothills. Below Snoqualmie FalLs the valley floor spreads out and ranges from one-half to one and one-half miles in width. 3. Climate Because of the wide variation in elevation from sea level to over 7,000 feet, the study area exhibits marked differences in climate. Mean temperatures range from 50 F at the lower elevations to 43 F in the mountains. Maximum temperatures of over 100 F at the lower elevation and a minimum of minus 17 F at Snoqualmie Pass have been recorded. Average annual precipitation varies from over 100 inches in the mountains to about 35 inches in the lower eleva- tions. Mean annual snowfall, which is generally less than ten inches in the lowlands, reaches 458 inches at Stampede Pass and 420 inches at Snoqualmie Pass. Approximately 75 percent of the yearly precipitation falls during the period October through March. The growing season varies from 165 days in northern Snohomish County to 240 days in southern King County. C. PRINCIPAL COMMUNITIES The study area includes the northern portions of the Pacific Northwest's largest metropolitan complex—the Seattle-Everett urban area, located in King and Snohomish Counties, Washington. The non-urban areas of the Snohomish-Snoqualmie basin contain other relatively small communities, such as Duvall (350), Carnation (490), Snohomish (3,900), Snoqualmie (1,200), Snoqualmie Falls (800), and North Bend (950). 9 ------- V. WATER RESOURCES of the Study Area A. SURFACE WATER 1. Existing Water Resource Development Water resource development in the Snohomish River Basin has been minimal in the past. The Puget Sound Power and Light Company has a run-of-the-river power plant on the upper Snoqualmie River at Snoqualmie Falls. In 1963, the city of Seattle completed construc- tion of water supply storage facilities on the South Fork of the Tolt River, a tributary of the Snoqualmie River. In addition, some local flood control and navigation works are underway or have been completed in the lower basin. 2. Water Rights Water rights in the Snohomish River Basin have been summarized by the Washington Department of Conservation as of 1962. This summary lists 462 applications for diversions totalling over 5,600 cfs in the entire basin. Temporary permits have been granted to 442 of these applicants in the amount of almost 1,300 cfs. Three hundred sixty-two certified or permanent water rights have been issued for approximately 600 cfs. The largest water right holders are the cities of Everett and Seattle. Everett has five rights totalling 195 cfs for municipal supply in the Sultan River, and Seattle has rights for 360 mgd in the Tolt River. Another right of 180 cfs is held by the Department of Fisheries for the operation of a fishway in the South Fork of the Skykomish River. The remaining rights are all less than 50 cfs. Water rights in the Snoqualmie River drainage total 2,282 cfs. Applications account for 1,792 cfs of this amount with temporary permits and certified or permanent water rights accounting for 394 and 95 cfs, respectively. Water rights for the Snoqualmie River drainage are shown below. Stream Application cfs Main Stem South Fork Middle Fork North Fork 831.03 11.88 6.60 942.58 Permits cfs 373.43 11.88 6.59 2.58 Certified cfs 76.68 10.48 5.33 2.58 Totals 1,792.09 394.48 95.07 10 ------- 3. Streamflow Frequency Analysis The Snohomish River usually has two high water periods each year. One, caused by heavy precipitation, occurs in the late fall or winter months and the other, caused by melting snow, occurs in late spring. Low flows usually occur in the months of August or September with a second low-flow period occurring in early spring. A Gaginf Station • T«n •• Oivirtion Don /\ 0«i" • Roior»olr EH SUPPLY 5 WATER QUALITY CONTROL STUDY SNOHOMISH RIVER BASIN. WASHWOTON SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIM Fooor* Wotw Pollution Control A*nM*tr«tion FIGURE 2 More than 20 stream gaging stations are currently operating in the Snohomish River Basin with some records having been started as early as 1898 (see Schematic Diagram, FIGURE 2). Although a station is located near the mouth of the Snohomish River at the town of Snohomish, tidal fluctuations make it impractical to compute flows below 10,000 cfs. In the Snoqualmie River drain- age, the best indicator of discharge is the station located near the town of Carnation. Drainage area above this station is approxi- mately 600 square miles. Records at this station for the period of record 1928 through 1958 were analyzed in the deter- mination of the once- in-ten year low flow. ------- During this period of record, the average discharge at this station was 3,777 cfs. A low-flow frequency analysis at this location was performed using mean monthly flows for the 31 years of record (1928- 1958). The annual mean low flows that may be expected to occur at this station for recurrence intervals of 5, 10, and 20 years are 3,091 cfs, 2,810 cfs and 2,400 cfs, respectively. The monthly distribution of these low flows is shown in TABLE V-l. TABLE V-l LOW FLOW FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION—SNQQUALMIE RIVER NEAR CARNATION Flows in Cubic Feet per Second Month January February March April May June July August September October November December Annual Mean Percent of Annual Mean 133 111 104 120 147 129 60.3 25 25.3 76.8 118 150 Recurrence Interval 1/5 .Year 4,110 3,440 3,220 3,710 4,550 3,990 1,868 773 782 2,376 3,650 4,640 3,091 1/10 Year 3,740 3,120 2,920 3,380 4,130 3,630 1,695 703 712 2,160 3,320 4,220 2,810 1/20 Year 3,190 2,660 2,500 2,880 3,530 3,100 1,446 600 607 1,840 2,830 . 3,600 2,400 4. Quality of Water Available Quality of surface waters of the Snohomish River Basin has been measured on a routine basis since July 1960 as a part of a cooperative State-Federal basic data program. This program is conducted by the Washington Department of Conservation, the Washington Pollution Control Commission, and the U. S. Geological Survey. Sampling was initiated on the Snoqualmie River at Snoqualmie in July 1959, on the Tolt River at Carnation in 1960, and on the Snohomish River at Snohomish in 1959. 12 ------- Selected water quality data for three stations in the Snohomish River Basin are presented in Appendix A, TABLE A-l. «• Phosphate concentrations are generally below the threshold limit (>0.01 mg/1) for stimulation of aquatic organisms. Nitrate concentrations are usually near or slightly above the limit (>0.3 mg/1). The over-all mineral quality, however, is adequate for M&I uses. — MPN values in the Snohomish River at Snohomish have been recorded as high as 24,000 coliforms per 100 ml. Such high values make the river undesirable for swimming (>1,000 coliforms per 100 ml) or as a raw water supply (>5,000 coliforms per 100 ml) for treatment by conventional methods for municipal and food processing purposes. Coliform counts in the Tolt River at Carnation are considerably lower. Based on water temperature data recorded for the Snohomish River at Snohomish from July 1959 to June 1960, maximum daily temperatures, occurring in August, reach 70 F. At the Tolt River station recorded temperatures have reached levels as high as 74 F. B. GROUNDWATER Limited data on the quality of groundwater in the basin indi- cate water generally low in dissolved solids, soft to moderately hard, and free from color or odor. Hardness of the waters taken from alluvial materials is around 50 mg/1 and that taken from deeper sands and gravels varies from about 15 mg/1 to 150 mg/1. Salinity of groundwater is generally less than 15 mg/1 of chloride except for wells in the lower flood plain and delta regions where brackish waters are the rule. The most common objectionable con- stituent in groundwater is iron. Iron content generally decreases with depth and is found almost universally in areas underlain with peaty alluvial materials. Iron concentrations as high as 9 mg/1 have been found in many well waters. Water quality data for selected wells in King and Snohomish Counties are presented in Appendix A, TABLE A-2. 13 ------- VI. THE ECONOMY A. GENERAL The demand for water for municipal and industrial purposes, and the amount and character of waste waters resulting from such ,uses, are determined largely by the activities associated with a "region's economic base. The purpose of this section is to present economic and demographic data to be used as a basis for projecting the needs for water for municipal and industrial purposes and for estimating the future amounts and types of waste and land drainage material that may be expected to occur in the Central Puget Sound Area with the expanded development anticipated in the future. B. PRESENT 1. Economic Activities King and Snohomish Counties, referred to in this report as the Central Puget Sound Area, include the Seattle-Everett urban center, the largest population cluster in the Pacific Northwest. Seattle is the metropolitan service center for a large region comprising most of western Washington and parts of eastern Washington. Important transportation service industries are associated with the Port of Seattle. The manufacturing sector is dominated by the Boeing Company, with substantial manufacturing employment also in pulp and paper and lumber and wood products. In the King and Snohomish two-county area, the total labor force in 1960 was 451,700, of which 116,800 were employed in manufacturing. About half of all manufacturing employment is in transportation equipment, the classification which includes the Boeing Company. The degree of specialization in this class of 14 ------- manufacturing increased markedly during the 1950-60 decade. As is shown in TABLE VI-1. 29 percent of all manu- facturing employment was in this category as of April 1, 1950, and 48 percent as of April 1, 1960. TABLE VI-1 EMPLOYMENT, BY INDUSTRY, KING AND SNOHOMISH COUWTIES (Employment Ln thousands) 1960 Employment Industry . Forestry and fisheries Mining Lumber, wood prod., fun. fix. Primary metals Fabricated metals Machinery, non-electric Electrical machinery Motor vehicles, equip. Other transp., (air, water, rail) Other durables Food and kindred Textiles Apparel Printing and publishing Chemicals Other non-dur. , and misc.— Construction Transportation, Total R. R. Transportation Trucking, warehousing Other (air, water transp.) Communications, Utilities Wholesale trade Retail trade Finan. , Insur., Real Est. Bus in., & Repair Services Personal Services- Education Professional & Related Serv.— Public Administration Industry not reported Total Employed, civilian Unemployed Military King Co. 1.0 .4 5.9 2.5 5.2 3.7 2.4 2.0 52.8 4.1 8.8 .3 2.4 6.3 1.5 2.5 20.7 20.9 4.2 5.2 11.5 9.9 19.1 54.6 21.4 9.7 21.7 20.6 27.2 16.6 13.9 362.7 21.2 4.7 Snoho- iiush Co. .3 .1 16.4 5.5 .2 .6 .6 .3 .1 2.8 .7 1.3 . a/ .1 .8 .1 3.3 4.7 2.7 .8 .7 1.2 1.7 2.0 9.5 2.1 1.4 3.5 3.1 3.5 2.2 1.5 57.2 4.5 1.4 King* Snoho- mish Cos. 1.3 ,5 116.8 11.4 2.7 5.8 4.3 2.7 2.1 55.6 4.8 10.1 .3 2.5 7.1 1.6 5.8 25.4 23.6 5.0 5.9 12.7 11.6 21.1 64.1 23.5 11.1 25.2 23.7 30.7 18.8 15.4 419.9 25.7 6.1 1950 Change Empl . in Em- King* ploy't Snoho- 1950 - mish 1960 Cos . 2 Cos . 2.4 -1.1 .9 - .4 67.7 + 49. 1 13.0 -1.6 2.9 - .2 3.5 2.9 .8 1.1 19.6 » 2.9 8.1 .4 1.9 5.2 1.4 4.0 23.1 23.3 6.3 4.4 12.6 9.8 16.8 58.6 17.4 9.9 23.2 2.3 1.4 1.9 1.0 6.0 1.9 2.0 .1 .6 1.9 .2 1.8 2.3 .3 1.3 1.5 .1 1.8 4.3 5.5 6.1 1.2 2.0 12.9 * 10.8 19.2 » 11.5 20.0 -1.2 4.3 * 11.1 318.9 »101.0 25.5 »0.2 10.0 -3.9 TOTAL LABOR FORCE 388.6 63.1 97.3 a/ Less than 50 persons. b_/ Includes paper, pulp, petroleum refining, rubber and leather products. c/ Includes private household workers, hotel and lodging places, and other personal services, and entertainment and recreation. d_/ Includes hospitals, welfare and nonprofit organizations, medical and related, and other professional services. Source: U. S. Census of Population During the 1950-60 decade, 49,000 new jobs were established in manufacturing, and 36,000 of those were in transportation equip- ment, principally at the Boeing Company. Modest increases in other manufacturing categories were, to some degree, related to production of material for Boeing, indicating the company's influence on the area's economic base. 15 ------- TABLE VI-2 PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION OF EMPLOYMENT, BY INDUSTRY KING AND SNOHOMISH COUNTIES Industry King + Snohomtsh Go's. U.S. 1950 1960 1960 The dominance of transportation equipment manufacturing in the area's economic base can also be seen in TABLE VI-2. More than 12 percent of the entire labor force is in this category, whereas in the United States as a whole, the comparable figure is only 1.4 percent. The percentage of the total labor force in all types of manufacturing was about the same in'the King-Snohomish two-county area as in the United States. The only other manufacturing cate- gory in which the two- county area has any degree of specialization, relative to the United States as a whole, is lumber and wood products. There are, of course, specializations in terms of smaller classifi- cations than those in TABLE VI-2. For example, pulp and paper manufactur- ing, located at Everett, is an important specialization of the two-county area, but this activity is classed with "other non- durables" (following the procedure of the U. S. Census Bureau), and in that classification as a whole, employment in the two- county area is below the national average. Aside from manufacturing, other specializations of the two-county area include air and water transportation, wholesale trade, and financial, educational and professional services. Agriculture Forestry and Fisheries Mining Manufacturing, Total Lumber & wood prod, (ind., Furn., Primary metals Fabricated metals Machinery, non-electric Electrical machinery Motor vehicles, equip. Other durables Food and kindred Textiles Apparel Printing and publishing Chemicals / Other non-dur., and misc. — Construction Transportation, Total R.R. Transportation Trucking, warehousing Other (air, water transp.) Communications, Utilities Wholesale Trade Retail Trade Finan., Insur., Real Est. Busin. , & Repair Services Personal Services - Education c^ Professional and related serv. — Public Administration Industry not reported Total Employed, Civilian Unemployed Military TOTAL LABOR FORCE a/ Includes paper, pulp, petroleum 2.7 .7 .2 19.1 Fix) 3.7 .8 1.0 .8 .2 .3 il) 5.6 is 2.3 .1 .5 1.5 .4 1.1 6.5 6.6 1.8 1.2 3.6 2.8 4.7 16.5 4.9 2.8 6.6 3.7 5.4 5.6 1.2 90.0 7.2 2.8 100.0 refining, rubber 1.6 .3 .1 25.9 2.5 .6 1.3 .9 .6 .5 12.3 lil 2.2 .1 .6 1.6 .3 1.3 5.6 5.2 1.1 1.3 2.8 2.6 4.7 14.2 5.2 2.4 5.6 5.2 6.8 4.2 3.4 93.0 5.7 1.3 100.0 and leathi 6.1 .1 .9 25.1 1.5 1.8 1.8 2.3 2.1 1.2 1.4 2.0 2.6 1.4 1.7 1.6 1.2 2.5 5.5 3.9 1.3 1.3 1.3 2.5 3.2 13.7 3.9 2.3 6.2 4.8 6.0 4.6 3.7 92.5 5.0 2.5 100.0 2r products. Includes private household workers, hotel and lodging places, and other personal services, and entertainment and recreation. Includes hospitals, welfare and nonprofit organizations, medical and related, and other professional services. Source: U. S. Census of Population. 2. Population The 419,900 civilian jobs itemized in TABLE VI-1 were, as of April 1, 1960, the principal economic support for a popula- tion of 1,107,200 persons in the two-county area. TABLES VI-3 16 ------- TABLE VI-3 POPULATION OF COMMUNITIES IN KING COUNTY TABLE VI-4 POPULATION OF COMMUNITIES IN SNOHOMISH COUNTY PORTION OF URB/ TOTAL OTHER URI TOTAL PORTION OF URBi TOTAL OTHER City or Area KING COUNTY INSIDE SEATTLE iN AREA COMMUNITIES Algona Auburn Beaux Arts Bellevue Clyde Hill Des Moines Duvall East Richmond Houghton Hunts Point Kent Kirkland Medina Normandy Park Pacific Redmond Renton Seattle Tukwila Yarrow Point IN COMMUNITIES INSIDE URBAN AREA POPULATION (RURAL ETC.) INSIDE IAN AREA POPULATION INSIDE URBAN AREA KING COUNTY OUTSIDE SEATTLE Ul AREA COMMUNITIES Black Diamond Carnation Enumc law North Bend Skykomish Snoqua Imie IN COMMUNITIES OUTSIDE URBAN AREA POPULATION (RURAL. ETC.) OUTSIDE Population 1960 1950 1 11 12 2 1 2 9 6 2 3 1 1 18 557 1 639 265 904 1 3 1 7 22 ,311 ,933 351 ,809 237 ^987 345 203 ,426 428 ]oi7 ,025 ,285 ,224 ,577 ,426 ,453 ,087 ,804 766 ,435 ,408 a/ ,843 - ,026 490 ,269 945 366 ,216 ,312 ,859 n.a. 6,497 n.a. n.a. 1 019 n.a. 236 n.a. 1,005 n.a. 3,278 4,713 n.a. n.a. n.a. 573 16,039 467,591 800 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 2,789 787 497 806 n.a. n.a. City or Area PORTION OF SNOHOMISH COUNTY INSIDE URBAN AREA COMMUNITIES Beverly Park (uninc.) Edmonds Everett Fairmont (uninc.) Lake Stevens (uninc,) Lowell (uninc.) Lynwood Marysville Mountlake Terrace Mukilteo Shoultes (uninc.) Snohomish Woodway TOTAL IN COMMUNITIES INSIDE URBAN AREA OTHER POPULATION (RURAL ETC.) INSIDE URBAN AREA TOTAL POPULATION INSIDE URBAN AREA PORTION OF SNOHOMISH COUNTY OUTSIDE URBAN AREA COMMUNITIES Arlington Darrington East Stanwood Gold Bar Granite Falls Index Monroe Stanwood Sultan TOTAL IN COMMUNITIES OUTSIDE URBAN AREA OTHER POPULATION (RURAL ETC.) OUTSIDE URBAN AREA TOTAL POPULATION OUTSIDE URBAN AREA TOTAL POPULATION. SNOHOMISH COUNTY Population 1960 1950 1 8 40 1 1 1 7 3 9 1 3 3 3 87 49 127 2 1 1 8 26 34 172 ,950 ,016 ,304 ,227 ^538 ,086 ,207 ,117 ,122 ,128 ,989 ,159 ,894 713 ,925 ,944 ,869 i' ,025 ,272 477 315 599 158 ,901 646 821 ,214 ,116 ,330 *' ,199 n.a. 2,057 33,849 n.a. n!°! n.a. n.a. 2,259 n.a. 826 n.a. n.a. 3,094 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 1,635 921 378 305 635 211 1,556 710 814 n.a. n.a. n.a. 111,580 TOTAL POPULATION OUTSIDE URBAN AREA TOTAL POPULATION. KING COUNTY a/ From preliminary, unpublished Transportation Study. 30,171 n.a. 935,014 732,992 a_/ From preliminary, unpublished material by Puget Sound Regional Transportation Study. laterial by Puget Sound Regional and VI-4 show that in 1960, about 97 percent of the total King County population was within urban areas while for Snohomish County, 80 percent was within urban areas. C. PROJECTED ECONOMIC BASE AND POPULATION 1. Factors Influencing Future Growth The future growth of the Central Puget Sound Area depends upon the further development of industry which is now the foundation of the economic base. Future production in transportation equipment manufacturing, the most important industry group in terms of total employment, depends largely on obtaining military contracts and commercial aircraft orders 17 ------- by the Boeing Company. The record of this company suggests that average employment in this category during the study period will not decrease, except for short-run production adjustments, and may increase substantially. The timber resource available for processing may continue at about the present level, with improved utilization and management offsetting the loss of acreage. However, the use of the basic resource is expected to alter, with a decrease in sawed lumber and increases in plywood, particle board, and pulp and paper manu- facturing. Employment in transportation services, especially in connection with the Port of Seattle, should increase in the future as well as employment in the other service industries which are now an impor- tant part of the economic base, particularly wholesale trade, finance, professional services, and education. Service industry employment related to tourism is also expected to become an increasingly important part of the economic base in the future. 2. Projected Industrial Activity and Employment Because it has been possible in this study to adopt the popu- lation projections developed by the Puget Sound Regional Trans- portation Study, it has not been necessary to develop estimates of future employment by major industry group in order to derive popu- lation figures from the projected labor force. However, because of this study's orientation towards problems of water supply and pollution control, some analysis must be made of the outlook for future production in those industries which have important impact on the water resource. These industries are, generally, food pro- cessing, pulp manufacturing, and certain chemical manufacturing, notably petroleum refining. In the case of King and Snohomish Counties, it is not anticipated that food processing will become a significant part of the economic base, particularly since there is a trend towards locating food processing and packaging closer to agricultural production. A major pulp producing center has developed at Everett. TABLE VI-5 shows the present pulp capacity there, which is the only location of pulp production in the King-Snohomish area. 18 ------- TABLE VI-5 PULP MILL CAPACITY, KING-SNOHOMISH AREA, 1962 Mill Owner Scott Paper Company Simpson Logging Company Weyerhaeuser Company Weyerhaeuser Company Total Type of Process Sulfite Sulfate Sulfite Sulfate Tons/24 hours 850 80 350 325 1,605 It has been estimated that total pulp consumption in the United States may double between 1960 and 1980, and double again between 1980 and 2000. This would represent an annual compound rate of increase of about 3.5 percent. The rate of growth in con- sumption of pulp per capita in the United States during the past decade suggests that an even higher rate of increase may occur. However, in the case of the mills in the King-Snohomish area, at Everett, a limiting factor on growth is the supply of raw materials for pulping. A large part of the raw material for the Everett mills comes from Snohomish and King Counties, but substantial amounts of chips are brought in from sawmills in British Columbia. In future years, this latter source is likely to diminish due to increased demand for chips by pulp mills in British Columbia. In addition, competition for the raw material in western Washington is likely to increase in the future, since the Everett mills are among 13 mills in the Puget Sound region and others at Grays Hsrbor and on the Columbia River. These limiting factors will be partially off- set by improved timber management, and by the diversion to pulp of a share of the harvest formerly used for lumber. The mills at Everett are not new. As equipment is replaced, it seems logical to expect that somewhat larger capacities will be installed within the limits of the supply of raw materials. For purposes of this study, it is assumed that growth will average about one percent per year during 1960-80 and somewhat lower during 1980-2020. On this basis, pulp capacity at Everett would increase from about 1,600 tons per day at present to about 2,000 tons in 1980, to about 2,300 tons in 2000 and to about 2,500 tons in 2020. It is expected that all pulp capacity in the King-Snohomish area would continue to be at Everett. Petroleum refining has not yet been established in the King- Snohomish area although there are two refineries at Anacortes (Shell and Texaco), in Skagit County, one at Ferndale (Mobile Oil Co.), in Whatcom County, and a small refinery at Tacoma. The present capa- city of these four refineries is only about 60 percent of present 19 ------- demand for gasoline in the Puget Sound area. But if the potential marketing area of the Puget Sound oil refineries is considered to be all of Washington and Oregon, then there is even more potential for expansion. Furthermore, it is expected that demand for petroleum products will increase in the future, both on a per capita basis and as a result of economic and population growth. One estimate is that demand for petroleum to be used as fuel for motor vehicles will increase at 3.7 percent per year during the period 1960 to 2000 in the United States as a whole. The Puget Sound region and the Pacific Northwest as a whole are expected to exceed the national average growth rate. In anticipation of future expansion in the Puget Sound area, Union and Richfield Oil Companies now hold large sites (1,000 or more acres each) for possible refineries near the Tulalip Indian Reservation, in Snohomish County, a few miles north of Everett, and Standard Oil of California holds a site of about 2,500 acres near Paine Field, southwest of Everett. These sites might be held for some years before any plant construction begins, but it is assumed for purposes of this study that refineries will be in opera- tion at each of these sites by 1980. The typical size of the existing refineries in the area, except for the small one at Tacoma, is on the order of 50,000 barrels per day capacity. It is assumed that these projected refineries in Snohomish County will be of this size. On this basis, present refinery capa- city in the Puget Sound area, about 152,000 barrels per day, would be doubled by 1980. Beyond 1980, additional growth in refinery capacity is expected to take place at existing plants. It is expected that capacity will double at each of the projected refineries (Ferndale, two at Anacortes, and three at Everett) between 1980 and 2020. 3. Projected Population The projected population of King and Snohomish Counties, 1960 to 2020, is shown in TABLE VI-6. For purposes of this report, projections developed for the period 1960-2000 by the Puget Sound Governmental Conference have been adopted. For the period 2000 to 2020, a slightly lower rate of increase has been adopted 20 ------- as a result of the increasing average population densities in the area and the anticipated decline in growth rate of U. S. population as a whole. TABLE VI-6 PROJECTED POPULATION, KING AND SNOHOMISH COUNTIES, 1960-2020 (Population in thousands—Growth rates as percent compounded per yr.) County King Snohomish 1960 Pop. 935 172 1960-80 Rate,% 2.3 3.7 1980 Pop. 1,475 356 1980-2000 Rate, 7o 2.2 2.2 2000 Pop. 2,280 550 2000-20 Rate, % 2.0 2.0 2020 Pop.. 3,380 820 Source: Projections 1960 to 2000 from Interim Report, September 21, 1962, Puget Sound Governmental Conference. Figures beyond 2000 derived by assuming annual growth rate of 2.070 for 2000-2020. The allocation of the projected future population of King and Snohomish Counties to the urban area and ex-urban area of each county has been based on work done by the Puget Sound Regional Transportation Study. Percentages developed by that study have been used for the period 1960-1980, and trends have been extrap- olated to obtain percentages for 1980-2020. By applying these percentages to the total county populations projected in TABLE VI-6, estimates of future population in the urban and ex-urban area of each county are obtained. These are shown in TABLE VT-7. TABLE VI-7 PROJECTED POPULATION OF KING AND SNOHOMISH COUNTIES Inside and Outside Urban Area, 1960-2020 (population in thousands) Area 1960 1980 2000 2020 King County: Urban Area 905 Ex-Urban Area 30 Total County 935 Snohomish County: Urban Area 138 Ex-Urban Area 34 Total County 172 1,415 60 1,475 293 63 356 2,150 130 2,280 448 102 550 3,040 340 3,380 655 165 820 21 ------- VII. WATER REQUIREMENTS Municipal & Industrial A. HISTORIC AND PRESENT WATER USE 1. General Water for municipal and industrial purposes in the study area is currently supplied by the city of Seattle, the city of Everett and many smaller systems developed by municipalities, water dis- tricts or associations, public utility districts, private water companies, and individual industries. 2. Seattle Urban Area a. Existing Source Development Chester Morse Lake (elevation 1,500 feet), a natural body of water in the upper Cedar River watershed, was developed at the turn of the century to provide 57,000 acre-feet of storage for water supply and hydroelectric power generation. The 143 square mile isolated and protected Cedar River watershed (80 percent owned by the city) was the sole source of water supply for Seattle and many of the surrounding communities until 1963 when a reservoir to provide 57,900 acre-feet of storage was completed on the South Fork of the ToIt River. Average discharge in the Cedar River at the point of di- version is 665 cfs (430 mgd), and the transmission system into Seattle has a capacity of 220 mgd. In 1936, Seattle obtained water rights totalling 360 mgd in the North and South Forks of the Tolt River, a tributary of the Snoqualmie River. The presently developed water supply source and/or transmission capabilities of utilities serving the Seattle urban area is about 350 mgd. This includes 310 mgd for the Cedar and Tolt systems (220 mgd - Cedar, plus 90 mgd - Tolt). b. Municipal and Industrial Water Use Although industrial water use is an important factor in the Seattle water system, there are no extremely large water users such as pulp and paper mills or oil refineries on the Seattle system which warrant separation from the total water usage figure. The determination of the municipal per capita water usage figure was, therefore, based on total water usage in the Seattle urban area and the estimated served population, which in 1963 was approximately 809,000. ------- Water usage data supplied by the Seattle Water Depart- ment indicate a gradual increase in per capita demand of a gallon per year. Per capita demands have historically been as high as 150 gpd. During the last twenty-year period, however, per capita usage during recent dry years has been in the order of 145 gpd. The latter figure, therefore, was used as the base for projection of future demands. Water demands on the Seattle system for the five-year period 1959-1963 have averaged 99 mgd (113,000 acre-feet per year). Use varies according to season and year, depending prima- rily on temperature and rainfall. Based on records of the 'Seattle Water Department, the monthly demand profile for the Seattle water system, also based on the period 1959-1963, was as shown in TABLE VII-2 (Demand Profile Percent). B. FUTURE WATER DEMANDS Future water needs of the Seattle urban area were projected by examining the historic use patterns of the Seattle Water Department. It is assumed that the one gallon per capita per year rate of increase for the Seattle urban area will continue through the next several decades and subsequently stabilize. On this basis, the yearly average demand by 1980 will be 165 gpcd and that for 2000 and 2020 will be 185 and 205, respectively. Applying these unit use figures to projected population for the Seattle urban area (King County urban area) shown in TABLE VI-7, the following average demands are obtained as shown in TABLE VII-1. TABLE VII-1 PROJECTED MUNICIPAL AND INDUSTRIAL WATER DEMANDS SEATTLE URBAN AREA M&I Average Water Demands Year 1980 2000 2020 Population 1,000's 1,415 2,150 3,040 gpcd 165 185 205 mgd 234 398 625 Acre-Fee t/Yr. (X 1,000) 262 445 700 23 ------- The projected monthly water demands for the Seattle urban area, based on the monthly demand profile for the period 1959-1963, are shown in TABLE VII-2. TABLE VII-2 MONTHLY MUNICIPAL AND INDUSTRIAL WATER DEMAND FOR THE SEATTLE URBAN AREA Month January February March April May June July August September October November December Demand Profile Percent 87 80 76 84 83 96 133 145 124 120 91 79 1980 MGD 204 187 178 196 194 225 312 340 290 281 213 185 AF/MO 1000 's 19.4 16.0 16.9 18.0 18.4 20.7 29.6 32.3 26.6 26.6 19.6 17.6 2000 MGD 346 318 302 335 330 382 530 578 494 478 362 314 AF/MO 1000 's 32.8 27.2 28.6 30.8 31.3 35.1 50.4 54.8 45.4 45.4 33.2 29.8 2020 MGD 544 500 475 525 520 600 830 906 775 750 570 495 AF/MO 1000 's 56.6 42.8 45.0 48.2 49.4 55.2 78.8 86.0 71.2 71.2 52.4 47.0 The Seattle system presently serves about 80 percent of the urban area water demands. The Seattle system is expected to serve increasing proportions of the urban area demands (80 percent in 1980, 85 percent in 2000, and 90 percent in 2020). Those demands not satisfied by the Seattle facilities are expected to be adequately satisfied by either local community sys- tems or by individual supplies. C. WATER SUPPLY REQUIREMENTS Projected water demands on the Seattle facilities are compared with ultimate development capabilities of the Cedar and Tolt sources in TABLE VII-3. It is indicated, from this analysis, that the capacity of the present system will be reached about the year 1985. The ultimate development of the Cedar and Tolt watersheds (580 mgd) would be exceeded by the year 2007, and by the year 2020 deficits as high as 236 mgd nay be experienced during the month of maximum usage in August. 24 ------- TABLE VII-3 FUTURK MUNICIPAL AND INDUSTRIAL WATER DEMAND AND SUPPLY Seattle Facilities - MGD Month January February March April May Tune Tuly August September October . November December Demand y 168 150 142 157 155 180 250 272 232 224 170 148 1980 Present Supply!' 310 310 310 310 310 310 310 310 310 310 310 310 Deficit Demand MCD AF i/ 294 270 257 285 281 325 451 493 420 407 308 267 2000 Supply No. 1 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 2020 Deficit 1 MOD - - 51 73 20 7 - - AF - - 4.840 8.820 1.840 660 - - Demand 490 450 427 473 467 540 748 816 697 675 514 445 Supply No. 2 580 580 580 580 580 580 580 580 580 580 580 580 Deficit MGD _ - 168 236 117 95 - - AF _ - 15,900 22,400 10,700 9,000 - — I/ For purnoses of this study, It is assumed that the Seattle facilities will supply SOX of the~1980 Urban Area demand, 852 of the 2000 Urban Area demand, and 90Z of the 2020 Urban Area demand. 2/ Transmission system capabilities: Present supply - Cedar 0 220 ragd + Tolt @ 90 mttd - 310 Supply No. 1 - Cedar @ 220 mgd + Tolt 180 mud - 400 Supply No. 2 - Cedar 0 400 mgd + Tolt P 180 mgd - 580 The remaining major streams available to meet the future needs are in the Snoqualmie River Basin immediately east of Seattle. The Corps of Engineers' project on the North Fork of the Snoqualmie River, approximately the same distance from Seattle as the present sources, affords an excellent opportunity to supply future needs. The quality of this raw water is comparable to that of the Cedar and Tolt supplies. Since the project area will be open for recrea- tion purposes, which may contribute to bacterial contamination, water supplies drawn from the project will require treatment by conventional methods. The city of Seattle has requested the Corps of Engineers to investigate the cost of obtaining water from the North Fork Project for future water supply purposes. The storage requirement requested by the city was to be based upon a maximum monthly (July) diversion of 100 mgd, or a total yearly requirement of 88,000 acre-feet. 25 ------- The preceding comments on M&I water needs from the North Fork Project exclude consideration of the possible effects of the pro- posed resource development by King County Water District No. 97. The water district obtained a preliminary permit from the Federal Power Commission for investigation of the development of a reservoir site on the North Fork Snoqualmie River about one mile upstream from the proposed Corps of Engineers' site. The Water District No. 97 project, briefly, is concerned with construction of a dam and reservoir for water supply and hydropower purposes. The pro- posed water distribution system covers much of the Seattle-Everett urban area between Lake Washington and the Snoqualmie River. It extends from the Pierce County line on the south into the Mountlake Terrace-Lynnwood-Edmonds area of southern Snohomish County on the north. Based on the deficits computed in TABLE VII-3, annual storage to yield 58,000 acre-feet by the year 2020 is required for water supply purposes in the Seattle urban area. 26 ------- VIII. WATER QUALITY CONTROL A. NEED FOR CONTROL 1. General The waters of the study area are subjected to a wide range of uses. Municipal water supply for Everett, Snohomish, and a portion of the Seattle supply is obtained from surface waters of the basin. Other uses which are dependent upon quality of the waters are fisheries, wildlife, and recreation. 2. Municipal and Industrial Water Supply Surface waters of the study area are utilized quite heavily for municipal and industrial water supply purposes. Bacterio- logical and chemical quality of both the Cedar and Tolt waters is considered excellent. Maintenance of high water quality has been in large part due to restriction of watershed activities to con- trolled logging operations. Protection of the watershed from con- tamination by restricting public access has made it possible to provide a safe water supply without treatment other than simple disinfection. 3. Fisheries The Snohomish River has limited spawning habitat for anadromous fish. It is primarily a migration route for upstream and downstream migrant salmon and steelhead between the ocean and the extensive spawning and rearing areas in the upstream tributaries. The river system supports large runs of chinook and coho salmon, medium sized runs of chum salmon, small runs of pink salmon, and large runs of steelhead and sea-run cutthroat trout. Resident game fishes in the area consist of rainbow, brook, and cutthroat trout. The tributary streams which are most important to spawning of anadromous fishes are the Pilchuck River, the Skykomish along with its North and South Forks, the Wallace River, the Snoqualmie below Snoqualmie Falls, and the Tolt -River system below the points of diversion for the Seattle water supply. The North, Middle, and South Forks of the Snoqualmie River are inaccessible to anadromous fish due to the falls, but they support a resident population of rainbow trout as well as other fish. 27 ------- From data supplied by the Fish and Wildlife Service, the Chinook Salmon 20,000 fish average annual commercial catch Coho Salmon 55,000 fish of anadromous fish produced by Pink Salmon 125,000.fish the Snohomish River Basin is shown alongside. The run of chum salmon has diminished to the point that the catch has Chinook 3,500 days been restricted to restore the Coho 14,000 days population. Sport fisherman- Pink 16,300 days days spend in angling for these Steelhead Trout 100,000 days and other species per year are Resident Species 400,000 days also shown alongside. 4. Wildlife Big game found in the Snohomish River Basin include sizable populations of black-tailed deer and black bear. Fewer numbers of mountain goat occur at high elevations in the eastern end of the basin. The basin provides suitable habitat for moderate populations of pheasant, quail, partridge, grouse and band-tailed pigeon. Aver- age annual hunter-days expended for big game in the North Fork Snoqualmie, Middle Fork Snoqualmie, and Sultan River watersheds are 6,000 to 12,000, 200, and 400 to 500, respectively. Hunting pres- sure for upland game particularly ring-necked pheasants is intense. Fur-bearing animals include muskrat, mink, raccoon, beaver, opossum, skunk, marten, otter, weasel, and fox. King and Snohomish Counties rank first and third, respectively, in the sale of trapping licenses in the State but because of low pelt prices, the economic value of fur animals is considered small. Because of mountainous terrain, waterfowl habitat is restricted primarily to sloughs along lower Snohomish and Snoqualmie Rivers where considerable nesting and moderate waterfowl hunting occur. 5. Recreation Recreational activities, other than fishing and hunting, of importance to the Snohomish Basin are swimming, boating, picnicking, camping, and hiking. Although only one State park, Mt. Pilchuck, lies within the basin, there are two county recreation areas and many local picnic areas, particularly in those municipalities along major streams. Some seventeen public camp grounds are maintained by the Federal, State, and local governments and private timber companies. Although much of the above mentioned activity is not of a water-contact nature, its value is considerably enhanced by the 28 ------- presence of a clean lake or stream. It is expected that initial recreational use of the proposed North and Middle Fork Project areas will be in the order of 340,000 visitor-days annually. B. MUNICIPAL, INDUSTRIAL AND AGRICULTURAL POLLUTION 1. Present Data on water-carried waste discharges from all significant municipal and industrial sources in the Snohomish River Basin are presented in Appendix B. Individual sources in this summary are listed in downstream sequence under the appropriate receiving watercourse. For purposes of this report, primary attention is given to the Snoqualmie River and lower Snohomish River. The major waste discharges in the Snohomish Basin are located in the lower Snohomish River from the city of Snohomish to the mouth at Everett. Of the almost 54,000 people served by municipal sewerage in the basin, 48,000, or about 90 percent, are in the lower Snohomish drainage area. Chief sources of the industrial wastes produced in the study area are the Weyerhaeuser kraft and sulfite plants, the Simpson Lee Paper Company, and the Scott Paper Company. Other sources of organic industrial wastes are seasonal fruit and vegetable canneries and milk and meat processing plants. The present municipal and industrial waste loads for the Snoqualmie River drainage and the Snohomish River are summarized in TABLE VIII-1. TABLE VIII-1 PRESENT STUDY AREA WASTE LOADS Population Equivalents (PE) Drainage Municipal Industrial Total Area Raw Discharged Raw Discharged Raw Discharged Snoqualmie 6,400 5,040 5,300 700 11,700 5,740 Snohomish 57,000 22,400 7,329,000 7,203,000 7,386,000 7,225,500 The Snohomish River is 22 miles in length with tidal influence extending to about River Mile 18. About 90 percent of the wastes of the present sewered population and 96 percent of the present industrial waste load in the entire Snohomish Basin are discharged 29 ------- to the lower 13 miles of the Snohomish River. Water quality prob- lems have been encountered in this river reach due to these dis- . charges. In 1960, the city of Everett constructed a sewage lagoon and interceptor sewers to eliminate discharge of untreated municipal wastes to the lower river. Partially treated industrial waste effluents from the two pulp mills continue to cause occasional sludge beds, low dissolved oxygen and toxicity problems in the estuary area. Studies by the FWPCA Puget Sound Enforcement Project currently nearing completion are designed to determine the effect of these and related problems on passage of migratory fishes through Port Gardner Bay. In addition to the direct water-carried waste discharges discussed previously, another usually more subtle facet of water quality deterioration is related to land drainage and man's various activities in the watershed. Such essentially land-based opera- tions as farming, road construction, logging, mining and recreation can cause quality deterioration in a number of ways. One such problem, although not man-caused, is the silt from a slide area in the Taylor River drainage, a tributary of the Middle Fork of the Snoqualmie River. It is expected that stabilization of this slide area as proposed by the Corps of Engineers will do much to reduce sediment in the stream. Other localized problems may be associated with return flows from the estimated 7,000 acres under irrigation by individual irrigators in the Snohomish Basin. For projection purposes, loads from these and other potential land drainage sources are considered to be covered in the BOD of uncontrolled urban run- off. Return flow data for other similar areas and conditions indi- cate BOD to be relatively minor generally resulting in less than 1.0 mg/1 in the receiving stream. In preliminary classification of lands in the Snohomish Basin, the Bureau of Reclamation considers 23,900 acres as being poten- tially irrigable. If some of this land is developed for project type irrigation where return flows may be of significant quantity, then quality deterioration, particularly by pesticides, nutrients and turbidity may occur in the receiving stream. Good farming practices can provide control of these effects thereby providing the equivalent of adequate treatment. 2. Future In projecting 1980, 2000, and 2020 waste production for the Snoqualmie Basin it is expected that population and industry will grow at the same rate as the population projected for the King 30 ------- County ex-urban area and that adequate treatment to at least 85 percent BOD reduction will be provided. The projected waste pro- duction together with the associated waste discharges after adequate waste treatment are shown in TABLE VIII-2. TABLE VIII-2 PROJECTED WASTE LOADINGS FOR THE SNOQUALMIE RIVER BASIN Population Equivalents Municipal Year 1980 2000 2020 Raw 12 27 72 ,800 ,600 ,500 Discharged 1,920 4,150 10,900 Industrial Raw 10 22 60 ,600 ,900 ,000 Discharged 1, 3, 9, 590 440 000 Raw 23 50 132 ,400 ,500 ,500 Total Discharged 3 7 19 ,510 ,590 ,900 Future growth in pulp and paper manufacturing and oil refining projected for the Snohomish Basin is expected to center on salt water in the Port Gardner Bay vicinity. Population increase is also expected to center in the vicinity of Everett where the addi- tional waste is expected to be collected and treated for discharge to Port Gardner Bay. Projected waste loads for the pulp and paper and oil refining industries are shown in TABLE VIII-3. TABLE VIII-3 PROJECTED PULP AND PAPER AND OIL REFINING WASTE LOADS CENTRAL PUGET SOUND AREA Year 1980 2000 2020 9 10 11 Raw ,150 ,500 ,430 Pulp and Paper Discharged * ,000 ,000 ,000 1,370, 1,575S 1,715, ,000 ,000 ,000 Oil Raw 90, 125. 180. ,000 ,000 ,000 Refining Discharged 13,500 18,800 27,000 * * Based on 85 percent BOD reduction. 31 ------- C. WATER QUALITY OBJECTIVES Water quality objectives for the various water uses to be served are discussed as follows. 1. Dissolved Oxygen The dissolved oxygen (DO) objective for the Snoqualmie River is dependent upon anadromous fishery requirements—the use requiring the highest DO level. Other uses served at this level are recrea- tion and aesthetic conditions. Maintenance of 5 rag/1 of dissolved oxygen would provide suit- able conditions for anadromous fish passage while 7 mg/1 provides adequate conditions for rearing. Spawning areas, however, require dissolved oxygen at saturation levels. 2. Temperature Temperature requirements for the Snohomish and Snoqualmie Rivers are governed primarily by the anadromous fishery. Maximum temperatures should not exceed 70 F during July and August, to facilitate fish migration, holding and rearing; by mid-September, temperatures should not exceed 57 F to obtain optimum egg survival. 3. Bacteria Bacterial objectives for recreation and water supply use are 1,000 MPN and 5,000 MPN, respectively. Treatment, including dis- infection, is required to reduce bacterial concentrations. D. FLOW REGULATION Prior to 1951 a barrier to the normal migration of salmon existed in the lower Snohomish River estuary and Port Gardner Bay. The barrier consisted of oxygen-deficient water in the river mouth during periods of low flow as a result of waste discharges prima- rily from two large pulp mills at the river mouth. Construction of a deep water outfall in Port Gardner Bay to achieve better dilution and dispersion of untreated waste has done much to allevi- ate the problem. Studies by the FWPCA Puget Sound Enforcement Project currently nearing completion will assess the effectiveness of this disposal method. Adequate water quality can be maintained in Snohomish River estuary by removal of settleable solids from pulp and paper mill waste effluents. Regulation of fresh water inflow to this area 32 ------- or to Port Gardner Bay is neither needed nor effective in accom- plishing the necessary control. Computations utilizing oxygen balance techniques show that about 165 cfs will be required to receive the 2020 projected waste load (20,000 PE) and maintain minimum DO objectives for fish pas- sage and rearing in lower Snoqualmie River. More than adequate flow without regulation is available (minimum average daily flow of record, 396 cfs, upstream near Carnation) to maintain these objec- tives. It is cautioned, with regard to expected future minimum flows, that water right applications in the Snoqualmie River watershed totalling 1,792 cfs if granted and fully exercised, would completely deplete streamflows during low flow periods. Firm rights at present in the Snoqualmie Basin total 95 cfs. The Washington State Department of Conservation, Division of Water Resources, has advised that depletions to no less than about 100 cfs, depending upon fisheries requirements, would be allowed in the lower reaches of the Snoqualmie River. For hydrologic pro- jection and storage determination purposes of this study it is assumed that sustained depletions to less than the required 165 cfs will not take place within the study period. If, however, future development in the basin results in sus- tained minimum flows of less than 165 cfs, the adverse effects on water quality should be considered in evaluating the benefits of the proposed water withdrawals. Lack of adequate temperature data for the Snohomish River Basin precludes judgment of the possible need for temperature control or of the potential temperature effects of the proposed projects on the Snoqualmie and Snohomish Rivers. However, studies are being conducted in other basins by the FWPCA regarding the effects of impoundments on stream temperature, which may provide information at a later date applicable to the projects under study., As foreseen at this time, adequate treatment or control of waste at the source will provide satisfactory control of water quality in the Snoqualmie and Snohomish Rivers without specific release from storage in the proposed North or Middle Fork reservoirs for this purpose. 33 ------- IX. BENEFITS....Water Quality Control A. WATER SUPPLY - MUNICIPAL AND INDUSTRIAL A future need for storage for municipal and industrial water exists in the Snoqualmie River watershed. By the year 2020, 58,000 acre-feet (80 mgd) of annual supplemental storage will be required. Time of first need is estimated to be about the year 2005, thirty years after the assumed project completion in 1975. For benefit computation purposes the value of this storage is considered to be equal to the cost of the least-cost, most-likely, non-Federal single-purpose alternative reservoir that could be constructed in the absence of the North and Middle Fork Snoqualmie Projects. After considering three possible alternative sites, it has been determined, based on cost data provided by the Corps of Engineers, that the most likely alternative would be a single- purpose impoundment on the North Fork Snoqualmie River. The annual value of 58,000 acre-feet of storage in the North Fork Snoqualmie Project has been determined to be $354,000 or $6,850 per mgd. This value includes operation and maintenance costs ($50,000) and is based on a 100-year amortization period at an interest rate of 3.125 percent, discounted for 30 years (assumed project completion in 1975) from the first need in 2005. In arriving at this value the capital cost ($32,600,000) of a 73,000 acre-foot reservoir which would provide approximately the same development of available stream water at the lowest unit cost was used. B. WATER QUALITY CONTROL As already indicated, no requirements for storage for water quality control in the Snoqualmie or Snohomish Rivers are foreseen at this time. No apparent damage to water quality is expected to occur as a result of operations of the North Fork Snoqualmie River Project. No positive or negative benefits can be assigned to storage in or operation of the proposed project. 34 ------- X. BIBLIOGRAPHY State of Washington, Department of Conservation and U. S. Geological Survey, Monthly and Yearly Summaries of Hydrographic Data in the State of Washington to September 1953, Olympia, Washington, State Printing Plant, 1955, (Water Supply Bulletin No. 6). State of Washington, Department of Conservation and U. S. Geological Survey, Monthly and Yearly Summaries of Hydrographic Data in the State of Washington. October 1953 to September 1960. Olympia, Washington, State Printing Plant, 1962, (Water Supply Bulletin No. 15). State of Washington, Pollution Control Commission, Department of Conservation and U. S. Geological Survey, Quality of Surface Waters. June 1959-July 1960. Olympia, Washington, State Printing Plant, 1961. State of Washington, Pollution Control Commission, Snohomish River Basin Water Quality Data. August 1960-August 1965. Geological Survey, Ground-Water Resources of Snohomish County. Washington. Washington, Government Printing Office, 1952. (Water-Supply Paper 1135). Ramey, Jesse C., "The Seattle Water System," Water and Sewage Works. V. 110, No. 7, July 1963. Tyler, H. Ward, The Tolt River Story. Seattle Water Department, March 1960. Bramhall, Burle D., City of Seattle. Washington. Seattle Water Department Reports. June 17, 1953, December 15, 1959, and February 18, 1963 (Bond Prospecti). Fish and Wildlife Service, An Interim Report on Fish and Wildlife Resources Affected by Proposed Corps of Engineers Water Development Projects - Snohomish River Basin. Washington. Portland, Oregon, July 1964. U. S. Army Engineer District, Seattle, Preliminary Recreation Plan North Fork Snoqualmie River. Middle Fork Snoqualtnie River. Avon By-Pass Skagit River. Seattle, Washington, 20 September 1963. Washington Department of Conservation, Tabular Summation of Water Rights - Snohomish River Basin. Unpublished data, Washington State Pollution Control Commission. Washington State Department of Conservation, Ground Water in Washington. Its Chemical and Physical Quality. Water Supply Bulletin No. 24, 1965. 35 ------- APPENDIX ------- APPENDIX A TABLE A-^ REPRESENTATIVE ANALYSES OF SURFACE WATERS SNOHOMISH RIVER BASIN, WASHINGTON Constituent Date Discharge, cfs Silica (Si02), ppm Calcium (Ca) , ppm Magnesium (Mg), ppm Sodium (na) , ppm Potassium (K), ppm Bicarbonate (HCO,), ppm Sulfate (SO^), ppm Chloride (Cl), ppm Nitrate (NOj), ppm Phosphate (PO. ) , ppm I/ ' Dissolved Solids— , ppm 2/ Specific Conductance— PH Temperature Dissolved Oxygen, ppm MPN^ Snoqualmie River at 7/8/59 - 5.3 3.5 0.1 0.8 0.3 12 1.4 0.8 0.3 0.00 20 25 6.5 54°F 10.7 750 7/11/61 8/15/62 . 5.0 6.1 4.5 4.5 0.4 0.7 1.0 1.5 0.2 0.6 16 18 2.0 2.2 0.5 0.5 0.1 0.3 .07 0.02 27 28 31 38 7.1 7.1 15.9°C 17.0°C 9.0 9.4 2400 4600 11/13/63 - 5.8 3.5 0.6 1.5 0.3 14 2.4 1.0 0.9 - 24 30 6.9 8.1°C 10.8 930 8/10/65 - 6.1 5.6 0.9 1.6 0.4 21 2.6 0.8 0.3 0.02 28 45 6.9 Tolt River at Carnation 11/1/61 - 5.3 3.0 0.7 1.3 0.3 10 3.4 1.0 0.5 0.02 29 28 6.6 15.2°C 6v5°C 9.0 4600 11.7 8/15/62 - 8.0 6.5 1.2 1.9 0.4 26 5.4 0.8 0.4 0.01 39 26 7.5 18.2° 9.4 11/13/63 .- 7.4 5.0 1.2 1.8 0.3 20 4.2 1.2 1.0 - 35 44 7.0 C 8.6°C 10.7 36 11/23/64 - 6.2 5.0 1.1 1.7 0.3 20 4.2 0.8 0.6 0.01 34 43 7.1 7.0°C 12.0 390 8/10/65 - 7.7 7.6 1.9 2.1 0.3 32 4.8 1.0 0.4 0.03 39 65 7.2 Snohomish 1/15/61 23,230 5.9 4.0 0.4 1.3 0.4 14 2.2 0.5 0.9 0.01 30 33 6.9 1/10/62 28,700 6.6 3.0 0.9 1.4 0.5 12 3.0 1.0 1.3 0.11 29 34 6.8 15.0°C - 9.8 430 - - 8/25/64 - 5.1 4.0 1.0 2.1 0.5 19 1.6 1.0 0.3 0.01 23 43 7.3 16.0°C 9.4 4600 7/12/65 - 7.9 4.4 0.5 1.6 0.4 17 2.2 0.8 0.4 0.0V 26 35 7.0 15.7°C 9.8 930 8/10/65 - 6.5 5.6 1.2 2.3 0.6 24 2.8 1.2 0.4 0.02 37 53 6.8 18.0°C 8.5 24,000 !_/ Residue on evaporation at 180"c 21 Micromhos at 25°C 3_/ Most probable number coliform groups per ICC ml Source: Unpublished data, Washington State Pollution Control Commission ------- APPENDIX A TABLE A-2 GROUND WATER QUALITY KING AND SNOHOMISH COUNTIES PARTS PER MILLION Owner KING COUNTY King County Water Dist. #64 Boeing Aircraft Co. King County Water Dist. #82 City of Issaquah Darigold Farms Fall City Water Co. City of Redmond Carnation Farms Bothell Water District City of Duvall SNOHOMISH COUNTY City of Edmonds Alderwood Manor Water Dist. Snohomisli County PUD #1 City of Marysville Potlatch Beach Water Dist. City of Arlington Well Location Code 21/4-5Q2 23/4-4A1 24/6-4N1 24/6-27Q1 24/6-28J1 24/7-11L1 25/5-12C1 25/7-6R1 26/5-5E1 26/6-13D1 27/3-24Q3 27/4-10N1 28/5-7G2 29/5-2C1 30/4-35R1 31/5-2L1 Date 12/18/59 4/19/54 4/ 3/58 8/20/51 8/20/51 8/20/51 3/24/59 10/ 6/60 8/24/51 10-/ 6/60 12/18/59 12/ 1/59 10/13/60 12/18/59 10/ 5/60 4/27/61 Temp 50 56 48 50 - - 40 54 - 50 - 50 51 48 49 48 Silica (Si02) 19 25 34 17 22 47 23 27 47 16 36 45 33 25 40 8.5 Iron (Fe) 4.4 0.14 l.Ot 0.07 0.01 1.6t 0.06 1.1 0.03 .11 0.00 0.00 0.05 0.81 0.89 0.08 Magne- Calcium slum (Ca) (Mg) 14 - 10 22 10 20 10 22 21 24 9.5 13 10 18 36 9.0 5. 3 - 4.6 3.5 3.3 6.8 4.7 9.2 8.4 5.8 9.4 6.1 10 7.5 19 3.5 Sodium (Na) 5.8 314 4.2 7.4 5.4 6.6 4.9 22 8.6 32 5.9 7.8 5.3 6.1 11 2.2 Potas- sium (K) 2.6 8.4 3.3 1.8 1.6 3.4 1.1 4.2 4.0 2.2 2.1 2.7 1.7 1.3 3.4 0.7 Ortho- Dissolved Hardness Specific Nitrate Phosphate Solids (as Conduct" pH (N03) (P04) I/ CaC03) anc«~' 0.2 1.0 3.3 0.1 3.5 0.2 5.6 0.0 0.7 0.8 3.3 0.2 6.9 0.2 2.0 0.7 0.09 102 872 96 109 84 143 82 0.58 176 158 0.47 179 0.21 113 0.60 123 0.17 113 0.69 118 0.43 229 0.00 58 57 - 44 69 38 78 44 93 87 84 62 58 67 76 170 37 157 1600 106 162 105 175 116 269 201 290 160 156 162 179 364 86 7.6 - 7.2 8.0 7.0 7.7 7.3 8.0 7.2 8.1 7.6 7.7 7.5 7.8 7.4 7.2 \l Residue on evaporation at 180 C 2_/ Micromhos at 25° C Iron: Total iron concentrations are followed by a "t." All other values-represent iron in solution at the time of sample collection. Source: GROUND WATER IN WASHINGTON, ITS CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL QUALITY, Water Supply Bulletin No. 24, Washington State Department of Conservation, 1965. ------- APPENDIX B MUNICIPAL AND INDUSTRIAL WASTES INVENTORY SNOHOMISI1 RIVER BASIN Receiving Water Course & River Municipality or Separately Miles Above Discharging Industry Mouth Snohomish-Skykomish River Index S. Fk. Skykomish River Stevens Pass Rec. Area Skykomish Grotto Ideal Cement Co. Gold Bar Sultan Monroe Sky Valley Meat Co. State Reformatory Snoqualmie River S. Fk. Snoqualmie River Snoqualmie Pass Rec . Area North Bend Snoqualmie Snoqualmie Falls Weyerhaeuser Co. Fall City Carnation Duvall James Wallace Meat Pkg. Co Pilchuck River Granite Falls Little Pilchuck River Lake Stevens Berry Valley Farm Pak Snohomlsh Berry land Packers Inc. Clancy's Frozen Sticks Snohomlsh Co. Dalrymens Aasn Evergreen Frozen Foods Ferguson Canning Co. Hershey Packing Co. Puyallup & Sumner Sales Co. Snohomlsh Meat Co. Ebey Slough Mary svi lie 51.4 50.0 49-8 49-4 40 35 25 20.7 20-45 20-45-28 20-45-2 20-42 20-36 20-25 20-14 13.7 14-16 14-9.3 14-9-3 13 8.3 Snohomish Co. Berry Growers Jansha Tanning Co. Lowell Simpson Lee Paper Co. Everett Foremost Dairy Scheerer Canning Co. Puget Sound By Products Federal Packing Co. Weyerhaeuser Lumber Mill Weyerhaeuser Kraft Div. Everett Fish Co. I Scott Paper Co.( ( Weyerhaeuser SulfiteJ Boeing Assembly Plant Nukllteo Paine Air Force Base 7.0 3.3 2.5 2.5 1.3 1960 Population 158 366 X 315 821 1,901 X X 945 1,216 X X X 490 345 X 599 3,894 X X X 3,117 X X 1,086 -- 40,304 1,128 Est. Pop. Served 170 X X X 500 1,950 1,000 X 900 900 300 X X X X X 600 4,000 X X X 3,000 X X (1,000) X 41,000 1,200 Estimated PE of Waste before 'ftBattrent 170 X X Inorganic X 500 2,400 300 1,000 4,000 1,200 900 300 5,000 X X X 300 600 Seasonal 8,400 Seasonal (1,000) (1,800) Seasonal (500) Seasonal Seasonal 700 3,000 Seasonal 600 (1,000) 75,000 45,000 (450) (450) 1,000 2,400 10,000 240,000 600 4,740,000 Deep 155,000 125,000 1,980,000 1,300 1,300 Treatment ' Estimated Seasonal Remarks Provided PE Discharged Waste PE to Watercourse Raw Disch. None . No System No System No System None Primary Primary Lagoon None Primary Lagoon Primary Pond X No System No System Primary Primary No System None Lagoon City Sewer City Sewer City Sewer City Sewer City Sewer City Sewer Septic Tank Lagoon (Lagoon) Lagoon Everett Lagoon Swamp Lagoon City Sewer City Sewer None None None Pond None Water Onfall 4, Clarlfiei 1, Primary 170 X X X 500 1,800 150 100 4,000 840 100 100 500 X X X 200 420 1,500 (X) (X) (X) 300 450 300 (X) 50,000 20,000 (X) (X) 1,000 2,400 10,000 237,000 600 740,000 57.100 125,000 830,000 156,000 460 200 Primarily Winter Use Unincorporated small hanlet Grant applied for May 1966 Planning Construction 1966 14 mgd water used on barker 6 Beef 1 day/week 5,000 5,000 June-July — SOT strawberries, 20T raspberries 89,000 20,000 June-July (3,000) (X) June-July (45,000) (X) July-September (30,000) (X) June-August (2,000) (X) June- July 5,000 750 (2,000) (X) June- July, 10T strawberries 271 T/day To Steamboat Slough Deep Water Outfall New Survey, June 1966 Main Mill - No Treatment Deep Water Cut fall To Inner Harbor Under Construction 196* To Puget Sound To Puget Sound ------- TULAOJP INDIAN RESERVATION I WASHING! Sloan Peak 7,739 CITY OF SNOHOMISH DIVERSION DAM (\ GARDNER WHIOBEY ISLAND Soda Springs Mountlake Terrace COUNTY COUNTY Richmond Highlanlds TOUT-SEATTLE WATER SUPPLY DAM PROJECT NORTH FORK PROJECT MT. Daniel I* 7986 SNOQUALMIE FALLS HYDROELECTRIC PROJECT Dorothy Lake PROPOSED Sammamish Lake Snoqualmie • Falls MIDDLE FORK PROJECT Snoqualmie MT. WATER SUPPLY 8 WATER QUALITY CONTROL STUDY SNOHOMISH RIVER BASIN, WASHINGTON OAR RIVER HYDROELECTR PROJECT Chester Morse Lake LOCATION CITY OF SEATTLE DIVERSION DAM UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Federal Water Pollution Control Administration REGION IX (DATE 8/66) PORTLAND. OREGON ------- |