NORTH  AND MIDDLE PORK
                                   PROJECT
           Snohomish. River Basin, Washington
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
Federal Water Pollution Control Administration

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                   WATER SUPPLY AND WATER QUALITY CONTROL STUDY


                      NORTH AND MIDDLE FORK SNOQUALMIE PROJECTS

                              SNOHOMISH RIVER BASIN, WASHINGTON
     An investigation has been made  which discloses a need for
storage in Snoqualmie  River  Watershed  to meet future   water
demands in the  Seattle  urban  area.  A need  for  storage for
water  quality  control is not foreseen at this time.    Future
water requirements and quality projections are based on  economic,
demographic, and engineering studies.
    Prepared   at   the   Request   of   the

                          U. S. Army Engineer. District, Seattle
                        Corps of Engineers, Seattle, Washington
    By   the
                               U. S. Department of the Interior
                 Federal Water Pollution Control Administration
                             Northwest Region, Portland, Oregon

                                                  November 1966

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                   TABLE of CONTENTS


                                                          Page No.

   I.  INTRODUCTION
       A.  Request and Authority	    1
       B.  Purpose and Scope	    I
       C.  Acknowledgments	    2

  II.  SUMMARY OF FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS
       A.  Summary of Findings	    3
       B.  Conclusions	    4

 III.  PROJECT DESCRIPTION
       A.  Location	    6
       B.  Proposed Project 	    7

  IV.  STUDY AREA DESCRIPTION
       A.  Location and Boundaries	    8
       B.  Physical Features	    8
       C.  Principal Communities	    9
   V.  WATER RESOURCES OF THE STUDY AREA
       A.  Surface Water	   10
       B.  Groundwater	   13

  VI.  THE ECONOMY
       A.  General	   14
       B.  Present	   14
       C.  Projected Economic Base and Population  ....   17

 VII.  WATER REQUIREMENTS - MUNICIPAL AND INDUSTRIAL
       A.  Historic and Present Water Use	   22
       B.  Future Water Demands 	   23
       C.  Water Supply Requirements	   24

VIII.  WATER QUALITY CONTROL
       A.  Need for Control	   27
       B.  Municipal, Industrial and Agricultural  Pollution 29
       C.  Water Quality Objectives 	   32
       D.  Flow Regulation	   32

  IX.  BENEFITS	WATER QUALITY CONTROL
       A.  Water Supply - Municipal and Industrial. ...   34
       B.  Water Quality Control	   34
   X.  BIBLIOGRAPHY	   35

       APPENDIX

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                         LIST OF TABLES
                              Title
Page
No.
   V-l  Low Flow Frequency Distribution Snoqualmie
          River near Carnation	   12
  VI-1  Employment, By Industry, King and Snohomish Counties   15
  VI-2  Percentage Distribution of Employment, By
          Industry, King and Snohomish Counties	   16
  VI-3  Population of Communities in King County	   17
  VI-4  Population of Communities in Snohomish County. ...   17
  VI-5  Pulp Mill Capacity, King-Snohomish Area, 1962. ...   19
  VI-6  Projected Population, King and Snohomish Counties,
          1960-2020	   21
  VI-7  Projected Population of King and Snohomish Counties,
          Inside and Outside Urban Area, 1960-2020 	   21
 VII-1  Projected Municipal and Industrial Water Demands,
          Seattle Urban Area	   23
 VII-2  Monthly Municipal and Industrial Water Demand
          for the Seattle Urban Area	   24
 VII-3  Future Municipal and Industrial Water Demand
          and Supply, Seattle Facilities 	   25
VIII-1  Present Study Area Waste Loads 	   29
VIII-2  Projected Waste Loadings for the Snoqualmie
          River Basin	   31
VIII-3  Projected Pulp and Paper and Oil Refining Waste
          Loads, Central Puget Sound Area	   31

                              *****

                         LIST OF FIGURES
Figure                                                        Page
  No.                         Title                           No.
  1     Location Map	Back Cover
  2     Schematic Diagram	   11

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I. INTRODUCTION
A.  REQUEST AND AUTHORITY

     The District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer District, Seattle,
in a letter dated May 14, 1963, requested the advice of the U. S.
Department of Health, Education, and Welfare concerning the needs
for storage for water supply and water quality control in the
proposed North and Middle Fork Snoqualmie River Projects in the
Snoqualmie River subbasin of Snohomish River Basin, near Seattle,
Washington, and the value of benefits resulting therefrom.

     The water supply portion of this study was made in accordance
with the Memorandum of Agreement, dated November 4, 1958, between
the Department of the Army and the Department of Health, Education,
and Welfare relative to the Water Supply Act of 1958, as amended
(43 U.S.C. 390b).  The water quality control aspects are considered
under authority of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act, as
amended (33 U.S.C. 466 et seq.).  Responsibility for these activ-
ities was transferred from the Department of Health, Education,
and Welfare to the Department of the Interior by Re-organization
Plan No. 2 of 1966, effective May 10, 1966.
B.  PURPOSE AND SCOPE

     This investigation was undertaken by the Federal Water Pollu-
tion Control Administration for the purpose of advising the Corps
of Engineers on the need for and value of storage in the Snoqualmie
River Basin for the purposes of municipal and industrial water
supply and flow regulation for water quality control.  To accom-
plish this, available data on water uses, waste sources, and water
quality were examined, evaluated, and projected.  Future needs
were projected to the year 2020 with interim projections to 1980
and 2000.  An economic base study and forecast of future population
and industrial growth was prepared for this purpose and is summa-
rized in this report.

     The study area covered in the report is the Snohomish River
Basin, excluding the drainage area of the Skykomish River Basin.
The Skykomish Basin will be covered separately in connection with
the Corps of Engineers Sultan Project investigation.

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C.  ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

     The preparation of this report was aided substantially by
officials of the Washington Department of Conservation; Washington
Department of Health; Washington Pollution Control Commission;
Gray and Osborne, Consulting Engineers; Harstad and Associates,
Consulting Engineers; the city of Seattle, Washington; and the
U. S. Army Engineer District, Seattle.

     The use of information furnished in the references listed in
the bibliography is also acknowledged.

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II. SUMMARY of Findings and Conclusions


A.  SUMMARY OF FINDINGS

     1.  The proposed Middle and North Fork Snoqualmie River Pro-
jects are located in the Snohomish River Basin in northwestern
Washington.  The Middle Fork Project site is located at about
River Mile 10 on the Middle Fork of the Snoqualmie River and the
North Fork Project site is located at about River Mile 12 on the
North Fork of the Snoqualmie River (see Location Map, back cover).

     2.  The proposed Middle Fork Project would have a total storage
capacity of 129,000 acre-feet of which 120,000 acre-feet would be
usable for the purposes of flood control and recreation.  The pro-
posed North Fork Project would have a total storage capacity of
155,000 acre-feet of which 140,000 acre-feet is being considered
for the purposes of flood control, power generation, recreation,
fishery enhancement, water quality control, and municipal and
industrial water supply.

     3.  The average annual runoff of the Snoqualmie River as
measured at the gaging station near Carnation, Washington (608 sq.
mi. drainage), is 2,734,000 acre-feet (3,777 cfs) for the 32-year
period of record (1928-1960).  The one-in-ten year low, mean annual
flow of the Snoqualmie River near Carnation, Washington, is 2,810 cfs
and the mean monthly minimum (August) flow for this recurrence
interval is about 700 cfs.

     4.  The economy of the study area is largely dependent upon
transportation equipment manufacturing and service industries in
the Seattle vicinity, and pulp, paper, lumber and wood products
manufacturing industries in the Everett area.  In 1960, the popu-
lation of the Central Puget Sound study area (King and Snohomish
Counties) was 1,107,200.

     5.  The city of Seattle presently obtains its water supply
from both the Tolt River and Cedar River Basins.  The presently
developed capacity of the Seattle system is 310 mgd.  The Cedar
River system has a capacity to deliver 220 mgd and the Tolt River
system,, 90 mgd.  Provisions to expand the system to 580 mgd have
been made.

     6.  Municipal and industrial water demands in the Seattle
urban area average 125 mgd.  The Seattle system in 1963 served
809,000 people, or about 80 percent of the Seattle area urban
                                                                 3

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population  and miscellaneous  industries, with  a  combined  average
demand of 100 mgd.  Average demands  for  the  urban  area  are  fore-
cast  to  increase  to 234 mgd by  1980,  398 mgd by  2000, and 625 mgd
by  2020.  The Seattle  system  is  expected to  serve  increasing pro-
portions of the urban  areas's demands (80  percent  by  1980,  85
percent  by  2000 and 90 percent by  2020).

      7.  Water quality in the upper reaches  of the Snoqualmie River
watershed is excellent for all uses.  The  Tolt River supply for
example, is  treated only by simple disinfection  for domestic con-
sumption.   Further downstream in the  Snohomish River, water quality
data  indicate some dissolved oxygen and bacterial deterioration
(see Appendix TABLE A-l).  In the Snohomish  River, tidal  influence
extends to  about River Mile 18.

      8.  At  the present time, 7.14 million population equivalents
(PE) of organic waste are produced daily in  the  study area excluding
the wastes  produced by food processing operations.  Of  this amount,
about 99 percent is attributable to the pulp and paper  operations
of Simpson  Lee Paper Co., located on  Ebey  Slough, Weyerhaeuser
Paper Co.,  located on  the lower Snohomish River, and Scott Paper Co.,
located on  Port Gardner Bay, all in the vicinity of Everett.  During
the food-processing season, it is estimated  that the daily raw
waste production in the study area is increased by approximately
181,000 PE.

     9.  At  the present time, 5,740 population equivalents (PE) are
discharged  to the Snoqualmie River watershed, 37,000 PE are dis-
charged to  the lower Snohomish River, and  7,195,000 PE  are discharged
in the Port Gardner Bay area.  Raw waste production in  the Snoqualmie
drainage area is projected to be 23,400 PE by 1980, 50,500 PE by
2000, and 132,500 PE by 2020.
B.  CONCLUSIONS

     1.  Population of the Central Puget Sound Area  (King and
Snohomish Counties) is projected to increase to 1,831,000 by 1980,
2,830,000 by 2000 and 4,200,000 by 2020.  About 80 percent of  the
projected population is expected to reside in King County with
about 95 percent of the King County population within  the Seattle
urban area.

     2.  Seattle's present water supply system is expected to  reach
its capacity by about the year 1985.  The ultimate development of

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the Cedar and Tolt watersheds (580 mgd) will be exceeded by the
year 2007.

     3.  A need for storage in North or Middle Fork reservoirs to
meet future M&I water demands in the Seattle urban area is fore-
seen.  By the year 2020, annual storage to yield 58,000 acre-feet
(80 mgd) of supplemental water will be required.
     4.  With adequate waste treatment (85 percent BOD reduction),
sufficient streamflow (>165 cfs) is expected to be available in the
Snoqualmie and Snohomish Rivers above tidewater to maintain dis-
solved oxygen (5 mg/1 for passage and 7 mg/1 for rearing) and
temperature (70 F July-August and 57 F other months) objectives for
fishlife, recreation, and general aesthetics of the stream without
specific releases from the proposed North or Middle Fork reservoirs
for this purpose.

     5.  Adequate water quality can be maintained in Snohomish
River estuary by removal of settleable solids from pulp and paper
mill waste effluents.  Deep water disposal of untreated pulp and
paper mill wastes to Port Gardner Bay is currently being investi-
gated by the FWPCA Puget Sound Enforcement Project, and recommenda-
tions with respect to needs for additional control in this regard
will be forthcoming.  Regulation of fresh water inflow from
Snohomish River is neither needed nor effective in the control of
estuary or bay water quality.

     6.  The annual value of storage in the North or Middle Fork
Snoqualmie reservoirs to yield 58,000 acre-feet of water for M&I
purposes in the Seattle urban area is estimated to be $354,000 or
$6,850 per mgd.  This value is based on the capital and investment
cost of least-cost alternative single-purpose reservoir construction
at the North Fork site, amortized over a 100-year period at 3.125
percent, discounted from time of first need in 2005.

     7.  Since adequate treatment or other means of waste control
can maintain water quality objectives without flow regulation, no
benefit for this purpose is assignable to storage in the proposed
North or Middle Fork Snoqualmie reservoirs at this time.

     8.  If unforeseen future development in the basin results in
sustained minimum flows of less than 165 cfs, the adverse effects
on water quality should be considered in evaluating the benefits
of the proposed water withdrawals.
                                                                  5

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III. PROJECT DESCRIPTION
A.  LOCATION

     The projects considered in this report are located on the
North and Middle Forks of the Snoqualmie River Fork of the
Snohomish River in northwestern Washington.  Drainage area above
the North Fork Project site is approximately 32 square miles.  The
drainage area above the Middle Fork Project site is about 154
square miles.  Average annual runoff at the North and Middle Fork
sites is approximately 350,000 and 850,000 acre-feet, respectively.

     The Snohomish River drainage basin encompasses a total area of
1,825 square miles in northeastern King County and southern
Snohomish County.  The main stem, 22 miles long, is formed at the
confluence of the Skykomish River (drainage area, 843 square miles)
and the Snoqualmie River (drainage area, 688 square miles).   Head-
waters of both rivers are located in the Cascade Mountains.   The
Snoqualmie River flows in a northwesterly direction to the Snohomish
River at the town of Monroe; the Skykomish River flows in more of
a westerly direction to the Snohomish River (see FIGURE 1, Location
Map, back cover).

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B.  PROPOSED PROJECT

     As shown in FIGURE 1, Location Map (inside back cover), the
Corps of Engineers' proposed North Fork Project is located about
ten miles east of Carnation at about River Mile 12.  The main
reservoir, as proposed, would have a total storage capacity of
155,000 acre-feet, of which 140,000 acre-feet would be usable for
flood control, water supply, power generation, fishery enhancement
and recreation.  Also included in the project is the installation
of a 3,800 acre-foot re-regulating reservoir and powerhouse six
miles downstream from the main dam.

     Also shown in FIGURE 1, the proposed Middle Fork Project is
located at River Mile 10 on the Middle Fork of the Snoqualmie River.
The reservoir would have a total storage capacity of 129,000 acre-
feet of which 120,000 acre-feet would be usable for flood control
and recreation purposes.

     As part of the Middle Fork Project, it is planned to stabilize
a slide area in the Taylor River drainage.  This slide area, up-
stream from the proposed dam and reservoir, has long been a source
of silt carried by the Middle Fork.  Success of the stabilization
project should greatly improve the quality of Middle Fork waters.


     The proposed North Fork Project would be operated for flood
control purposes from November 1 to March 1 of each year and for
recreational purposes during the summer.  The project would pro-
vide a minimum release of 225 cfs which would serve to enhance
the fishery and would allow for municipal and industrial water
supply, when needed.

     Under the proposed reservoir operation schedules, the proposed
Middle Fork reservoir would be operated for flood control from
November 1 to March 1 of each year and for recreation during the
summer months with reservoir drawdown being held to ten feet.
Minimum release from the project would be 50 cfs.
                                                                  7

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 IV.  STUDY ARE A DESCRIPTION

 A.   LOCATION AND  BOUNDARIES

       The  study  area  is  the drainage  area  of  the Snoqualmie River,
 the  main  stem of  the Snohomish River, and the area  lying west of
 the  drainage  to the  Snoqualmie in  the vicinity of Seattle in King
 and  Snohomish Counties.  The Skykomish River drainage will be
 discussed in another report in connection with the  Corps of
 Engineers'  Sultan Project investigation.

       For  purposes of this report,  discussion regarding water
 supply  is concerned with the Seattle urban area.

       The  economic base  study area  is comprised of King and
 Snohomish Counties, Washington.

       The  areas  and stream reaches  examined for water quality con-
 trol purposes are the North and Middle Forks of the Snoqualmie
 River,  the  main stem of the Snoqualmie to its confluence with the
 Skykomish River and  the Snohomish  River throughout  its length.

 B.   PHYSCIAL FEATURES

       1.   Geology  and Soils
       The  Cascade  Mountains are a north-south range  marked by strong
 structural elements  trending northwest-southeast.   The rocks are a
 very complex assemblance of Cretaceous sediments, Miocene extrusives
 and  intrusives  with many older sediments  and extrusives highly
 metamorphosed.  The  stream valleys were occupied by valley glaciers
 during  the early  Pleistocene age.  The present bottom land deposits
 resulted  from the action of the latest continental  ice sheet.  When
 this ice  sheet  occupied the Puget  Trough,  lower portions of valleys
 extending westerly from the Cascade Mountains were  blocked.  The
 rivers  were dammed by glacial moraines, forming large valley lakes.
 When the  glacial  ice melted, the rivers again extended to the sea,
 draining  the valley  lakes and building deltas into  the estuaries
 which have been converted to flood plains in the valley bottoms as
 tidewater has been pushed back to  its present position.

       Much of  the  lower basin and portions of the upper valleys are
 underlain by deep glacial, glaciofluvial, and alluvial deposits.
 The  soils of  the  eastern mountainous portion of the basin, com-
 prising about two-thirds of the drainage  area, consist of a thin
 mantle  of glacial debris on the slopes, with considerable amounts
 of glacial drift  on  gentler slopes and the valley bottoms.  Much
8

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of the soil is very gravelly and is not adapted  to agricultural
use.  The soil of the western portion falls  into  two general classi-
fications made by the Soil Conservation Service:  Everett gravelly
sandy loam and Puget silty clay.

     2.  Topography
     Mountain peaks reaching altitudes of 6,000 and 7,000 feet are
common along the eastern boundary of the drainage basin.  The
western portion of the basin is rolling in character, the altitude
decreasing until tidal flats are reached at  the mouth of the river.,
In its upper four miles the Snohomish River  flows through a narrow
valley from one half to one mile in width, bordered on each side
by hills that rise to an elevation of about  500  feet.  Along the
lower reaches of the stream the valley is from two to three miles
wide, much of it consisting of marshes and lowland.  The valleys
of the three forks of the Snoqualmie River are,  in general, quite
narrow and are flanked by rugged foothills.  Below Snoqualmie FalLs
the valley floor spreads out and ranges from one-half to one and
one-half miles in width.

     3.  Climate
     Because of the wide variation in elevation  from sea level to
over 7,000 feet, the study area exhibits marked  differences in
climate.  Mean temperatures range from 50 F  at the lower elevations
to 43 F in the mountains.  Maximum temperatures  of over 100 F at
the lower elevation and a minimum of minus 17 F  at Snoqualmie Pass
have been recorded.  Average annual precipitation varies from over
100 inches in the mountains to about 35 inches in the lower eleva-
tions.  Mean annual snowfall, which is generally  less than ten
inches in the lowlands, reaches 458 inches at Stampede Pass and
420 inches at Snoqualmie Pass.  Approximately 75 percent of the
yearly precipitation falls during the period October through March.
The growing season varies from 165 days in northern Snohomish
County to 240 days in southern King County.

C.  PRINCIPAL COMMUNITIES

     The study area includes the northern portions of the Pacific
Northwest's largest metropolitan complex—the Seattle-Everett urban
area, located in King and Snohomish Counties, Washington.   The
non-urban areas of the Snohomish-Snoqualmie  basin contain other
relatively small communities, such as Duvall (350), Carnation (490),
Snohomish (3,900), Snoqualmie (1,200), Snoqualmie Falls (800),
and North Bend (950).
                                                                 9

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  V. WATER RESOURCES of the Study Area
  A.   SURFACE WATER

       1.   Existing Water Resource Development

       Water resource  development in  the Snohomish River Basin has
  been minimal  in  the  past.  The Puget Sound Power and Light Company
  has  a run-of-the-river power plant  on the upper Snoqualmie River at
  Snoqualmie Falls.   In 1963, the city of Seattle completed construc-
  tion of water supply storage facilities on the South Fork of the
  Tolt River, a tributary of the Snoqualmie River.  In addition, some
  local flood control  and navigation  works are underway or have been
  completed in  the lower basin.

       2.   Water Rights

       Water rights in the  Snohomish  River Basin have been summarized
  by  the Washington Department of Conservation as of 1962.  This
  summary lists 462 applications for  diversions totalling over
  5,600 cfs in  the entire basin.  Temporary permits have been granted
  to  442 of these  applicants in the amount of almost 1,300 cfs.
  Three hundred sixty-two certified or permanent water rights have
  been issued for  approximately 600 cfs.  The largest water right
  holders are the  cities of Everett and Seattle.  Everett has five
  rights totalling 195 cfs  for municipal supply in the Sultan River,
  and Seattle has  rights for 360 mgd  in the Tolt River.  Another
  right of  180  cfs is  held  by the Department of Fisheries for the
  operation of  a fishway in the South Fork of the Skykomish River.
  The remaining rights are  all less than 50 cfs.

       Water rights in the  Snoqualmie River drainage total 2,282 cfs.
  Applications  account for  1,792 cfs  of this amount with temporary
  permits and certified or  permanent  water rights accounting for 394
  and 95 cfs, respectively.  Water rights for the Snoqualmie River
  drainage  are  shown  below.
Stream Application cfs
Main Stem
South Fork
Middle Fork
North Fork
831.03
11.88
6.60
942.58
Permits cfs
373.43
11.88
6.59
2.58
Certified cfs
76.68
10.48
5.33
2.58
    Totals           1,792.09            394.48           95.07
10

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3.   Streamflow Frequency Analysis

     The Snohomish River usually has  two high water periods each
year.  One,  caused by heavy precipitation, occurs in  the  late fall
or winter months and the other, caused by melting snow, occurs in
late spring.   Low flows usually occur in the months of  August or
September with a second low-flow period occurring in  early spring.
                          A   Gaginf Station

                          •   T«n

                         ••   Oivirtion Don

                         /\  0«i" • Roior»olr
                    EH SUPPLY 5 WATER QUALITY CONTROL STUDY
                    SNOHOMISH RIVER  BASIN. WASHWOTON
                       SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM
                   UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIM
                    Fooor* Wotw Pollution Control A*nM*tr«tion
                FIGURE  2
      More than 20
stream gaging stations
are  currently operating
in  the Snohomish River
Basin with some records
having been started as
early as  1898 (see
Schematic Diagram,
FIGURE 2).   Although
a station is located
near the  mouth of the
Snohomish River at the
town of Snohomish,
tidal fluctuations
make it impractical to
compute flows below
10,000 cfs.   In the
Snoqualmie  River drain-
age,  the  best indicator
of discharge is the
station located near
the  town  of  Carnation.
Drainage  area above
this station is approxi-
mately 600  square miles.
Records at  this station
for  the period of record
1928 through 1958 were
analyzed  in  the deter-
mination  of  the once-
in-ten year  low flow.

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  During  this period of record,  the  average discharge  at  this  station
  was  3,777  cfs.  A low-flow  frequency  analysis  at  this location was
  performed  using mean monthly  flows for  the  31  years  of  record  (1928-
  1958).   The annual mean  low flows  that  may  be  expected  to  occur  at
  this station for recurrence intervals of 5,  10, and  20  years are
  3,091 cfs, 2,810 cfs and 2,400 cfs, respectively.  The  monthly
  distribution of these low flows is shown in  TABLE V-l.
                               TABLE V-l
    LOW FLOW FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION—SNQQUALMIE RIVER NEAR CARNATION
                    Flows  in Cubic  Feet  per Second
Month
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
Annual Mean
Percent of
Annual Mean
133
111
104
120
147
129
60.3
25
25.3
76.8
118
150

Recurrence Interval
1/5 .Year
4,110
3,440
3,220
3,710
4,550
3,990
1,868
773
782
2,376
3,650
4,640
3,091
1/10 Year
3,740
3,120
2,920
3,380
4,130
3,630
1,695
703
712
2,160
3,320
4,220
2,810
1/20 Year
3,190
2,660
2,500
2,880
3,530
3,100
1,446
600
607
1,840
2,830
. 3,600
2,400
        4.   Quality of Water Available

        Quality of surface waters of the Snohomish River Basin has
   been measured on a routine basis since July 1960 as a part of a
   cooperative State-Federal basic data program.   This program is
   conducted by the Washington Department of Conservation,  the
   Washington Pollution Control Commission,  and the U. S.  Geological
   Survey.   Sampling was initiated on the Snoqualmie River at Snoqualmie
   in July  1959, on the Tolt River at Carnation in 1960, and on the
   Snohomish River at Snohomish in 1959.
12

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     Selected water quality data for three stations in the
Snohomish River Basin are presented in Appendix A, TABLE A-l.
                                                                 «•
     Phosphate concentrations are generally below the threshold
limit (>0.01 mg/1) for stimulation of aquatic organisms.  Nitrate
concentrations are usually near or slightly above the limit
(>0.3 mg/1).  The over-all mineral quality, however, is adequate
for M&I uses.                                                    —

     MPN values in the Snohomish River at Snohomish have been
recorded as high as 24,000 coliforms per 100 ml.  Such high values
make the river undesirable for swimming (>1,000 coliforms per
100 ml) or as a raw water supply (>5,000 coliforms per 100 ml) for
treatment by conventional methods for municipal and food processing
purposes.  Coliform counts in the Tolt River at Carnation are
considerably lower.

     Based on water temperature data recorded for the Snohomish
River at Snohomish from July 1959 to June 1960, maximum daily
temperatures, occurring in August, reach 70 F.  At the Tolt River
station recorded temperatures have reached levels as high as 74 F.
B.  GROUNDWATER

     Limited data on  the quality of groundwater  in  the  basin  indi-
cate water generally  low in dissolved  solids,  soft  to moderately
hard, and free from color or odor.  Hardness of  the waters  taken
from alluvial materials is around 50 mg/1  and  that  taken  from
deeper  sands and gravels varies from about 15  mg/1  to  150 mg/1.
Salinity of groundwater is generally less  than 15 mg/1  of chloride
except  for wells in the lower  flood plain  and  delta regions where
brackish waters are the rule.  The most  common objectionable  con-
stituent in groundwater is iron.  Iron content generally  decreases
with depth and is found almost universally in  areas underlain with
peaty alluvial materials.  Iron concentrations as high  as 9 mg/1
have been found in many well waters.   Water quality data  for
selected wells in King and Snohomish Counties  are presented in
Appendix A, TABLE A-2.
                                                                 13

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   VI. THE ECONOMY
   A.  GENERAL

        The demand for water for municipal and industrial purposes,
   and the amount and character of waste waters resulting from such
   ,uses, are determined largely by the activities associated with a
   "region's economic base.  The purpose of this section is to present
   economic and demographic data to be used as a basis for projecting
   the needs for water for municipal and industrial purposes and for
   estimating the future amounts and types of waste and land drainage
   material that may be expected to occur in the Central Puget Sound
   Area with the expanded development anticipated in the future.
   B.  PRESENT

        1.   Economic Activities

        King and Snohomish Counties, referred to in this report as
   the Central Puget Sound Area, include the Seattle-Everett urban
   center,  the largest population cluster in the Pacific Northwest.
   Seattle  is the metropolitan service center for a large region
   comprising most of western Washington and parts of eastern
   Washington.  Important transportation service industries are
   associated with the Port of Seattle.   The manufacturing sector is
   dominated by the Boeing Company, with substantial manufacturing
   employment also in pulp and paper and lumber and wood products.

        In  the King and Snohomish two-county area, the total labor
   force in 1960 was 451,700, of which 116,800 were employed in
   manufacturing.  About half of all manufacturing employment is in
   transportation equipment, the classification which includes the
   Boeing Company.  The degree of specialization in this class of
14

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manufacturing  increased
markedly during the
1950-60  decade.  As is
shown in TABLE VI-1.
29  percent of  all manu-
facturing employment
was in this  category
as  of April  1, 1950,
and 48 percent as of
April 1,  1960.
            TABLE VI-1

EMPLOYMENT, BY INDUSTRY, KING AND SNOHOMISH COUWTIES

        (Employment Ln thousands)
1960 Employment
Industry
.
Forestry and fisheries
Mining
Lumber, wood prod., fun. fix.
Primary metals
Fabricated metals
Machinery, non-electric
Electrical machinery
Motor vehicles, equip.
Other transp., (air, water, rail)
Other durables
Food and kindred
Textiles
Apparel
Printing and publishing
Chemicals
Other non-dur. , and misc.—
Construction
Transportation, Total
R. R. Transportation
Trucking, warehousing
Other (air, water transp.)
Communications, Utilities
Wholesale trade
Retail trade
Finan. , Insur., Real Est.
Bus in., & Repair Services
Personal Services-
Education
Professional & Related Serv.—
Public Administration
Industry not reported
Total Employed, civilian
Unemployed
Military
King
Co.

1.0
.4
5.9
2.5
5.2
3.7
2.4
2.0
52.8
4.1
8.8
.3
2.4
6.3
1.5
2.5
20.7
20.9
4.2
5.2
11.5
9.9
19.1
54.6
21.4
9.7
21.7
20.6
27.2
16.6
13.9
362.7
21.2
4.7
Snoho-
iiush
Co.

.3
.1
16.4
5.5
.2
.6
.6
.3
.1
2.8
.7
1.3 .
a/
.1
.8
.1
3.3
4.7
2.7
.8
.7
1.2
1.7
2.0
9.5
2.1
1.4
3.5
3.1
3.5
2.2
1.5
57.2
4.5
1.4
King*
Snoho-
mish
Cos.

1.3
,5
116.8
11.4
2.7
5.8
4.3
2.7
2.1
55.6
4.8
10.1
.3
2.5
7.1
1.6
5.8
25.4
23.6
5.0
5.9
12.7
11.6
21.1
64.1
23.5
11.1
25.2
23.7
30.7
18.8
15.4
419.9
25.7
6.1
1950 Change
Empl . in Em-
King* ploy't
Snoho- 1950 -
mish 1960
Cos . 2 Cos .

2.4 -1.1
.9 - .4
67.7 + 49. 1
13.0 -1.6
2.9 - .2
3.5
2.9
.8
1.1
19.6 »
2.9
8.1
.4
1.9
5.2
1.4
4.0
23.1
23.3
6.3
4.4
12.6
9.8
16.8
58.6
17.4
9.9
23.2
2.3
1.4
1.9
1.0
6.0
1.9
2.0
.1
.6
1.9
.2
1.8
2.3
.3
1.3
1.5
.1
1.8
4.3
5.5
6.1
1.2
2.0
12.9 * 10.8
19.2 » 11.5
20.0 -1.2
4.3 * 11.1
318.9 »101.0
25.5 »0.2
10.0 -3.9
                             TOTAL LABOR FORCE
                                                   388.6  63.1
                                                                         97.3
                             a/ Less than 50 persons.
                             b_/ Includes paper, pulp, petroleum refining, rubber and leather products.
                             c/ Includes private household workers, hotel and lodging places, and other
                                personal services, and entertainment and recreation.
                             d_/ Includes hospitals, welfare and nonprofit organizations, medical and related,
                                and other professional services.
                             Source: U. S. Census of Population
      During the 1950-60  decade,  49,000 new jobs were established
in  manufacturing, and 36,000  of  those were in  transportation  equip-
ment, principally at the Boeing  Company.   Modest increases in
other manufacturing  categories were,  to  some degree, related  to
production of  material for Boeing,  indicating  the  company's
influence on the area's  economic base.
                                                                              15

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                                                    TABLE VI-2
                                         PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION OF EMPLOYMENT, BY INDUSTRY
                                               KING AND SNOHOMISH COUNTIES
                                          Industry
King + Snohomtsh Go's. U.S.
  1950   1960	1960
      The dominance  of
transportation equipment
manufacturing in  the area's
economic base can also be
seen  in TABLE VI-2.   More
than  12 percent of  the
entire labor force  is in
this  category, whereas in
the United States as a
whole, the comparable
figure is only 1.4  percent.
The percentage of the total
labor force in all  types of
manufacturing was about the
same  in'the King-Snohomish
two-county area as  in the
United States.  The  only
other manufacturing  cate-
gory  in which the two-
county area has any  degree
of specialization,  relative
to the United States as a
whole, is lumber  and wood
products.  There  are, of
course,  specializations in
terms of smaller  classifi-
cations than those  in
TABLE VI-2.  For  example,
pulp  and paper manufactur-
ing,  located at Everett, is an important specialization of  the
two-county area,  but this activity  is classed with "other non-
durables" (following the procedure  of the U. S.  Census Bureau),
and in that classification as a whole, employment in the two-
county area is below the national average.

      Aside from manufacturing, other specializations of the
two-county area include air and water transportation, wholesale
trade, and financial, educational and professional services.
Agriculture
Forestry and Fisheries
Mining
Manufacturing, Total
Lumber & wood prod, (ind., Furn.,
Primary metals
Fabricated metals
Machinery, non-electric
Electrical machinery
Motor vehicles, equip.
Other durables
Food and kindred
Textiles
Apparel
Printing and publishing
Chemicals /
Other non-dur., and misc. —
Construction
Transportation, Total
R.R. Transportation
Trucking, warehousing
Other (air, water transp.)
Communications, Utilities
Wholesale Trade
Retail Trade
Finan., Insur., Real Est.
Busin. , & Repair Services
Personal Services -
Education c^
Professional and related serv. —
Public Administration
Industry not reported
Total Employed, Civilian
Unemployed
Military
TOTAL LABOR FORCE
a/ Includes paper, pulp, petroleum
2.7
.7
.2
19.1
Fix) 3.7
.8
1.0
.8
.2
.3
il) 5.6
is
2.3
.1
.5
1.5
.4
1.1
6.5
6.6
1.8
1.2
3.6
2.8
4.7
16.5
4.9
2.8
6.6
3.7
5.4
5.6
1.2
90.0
7.2
2.8
100.0
refining, rubber
1.6
.3
.1
25.9
2.5
.6
1.3
.9
.6
.5
12.3
lil
2.2
.1
.6
1.6
.3
1.3
5.6
5.2
1.1
1.3
2.8
2.6
4.7
14.2
5.2
2.4
5.6
5.2
6.8
4.2
3.4
93.0
5.7
1.3
100.0
and leathi
6.1
.1
.9
25.1
1.5
1.8
1.8
2.3
2.1
1.2
1.4
2.0
2.6
1.4
1.7
1.6
1.2
2.5
5.5
3.9
1.3
1.3
1.3
2.5
3.2
13.7
3.9
2.3
6.2
4.8
6.0
4.6
3.7
92.5
5.0
2.5
100.0
2r
                                      products.
                                      Includes private household workers, hotel and lodging places,
                                      and other personal services, and entertainment and recreation.
                                      Includes hospitals, welfare and nonprofit organizations,
                                      medical and related, and other professional services.
                                      Source: U. S. Census of Population.
       2.   Population

       The  419,900 civilian jobs itemized in TABLE VI-1 were,  as
  of April  1,  1960,  the  principal economic support for a popula-
  tion of  1,107,200  persons in the  two-county area.   TABLES VI-3
16

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                 TABLE VI-3
         POPULATION OF COMMUNITIES IN KING COUNTY
                                       TABLE VI-4
                             POPULATION OF COMMUNITIES IN SNOHOMISH COUNTY

PORTION OF
URB/



















TOTAL
OTHER
URI

TOTAL
PORTION OF
URBi






TOTAL
OTHER
City or Area
KING COUNTY INSIDE SEATTLE
iN AREA COMMUNITIES
Algona
Auburn
Beaux Arts
Bellevue
Clyde Hill
Des Moines
Duvall
East Richmond
Houghton
Hunts Point
Kent
Kirkland
Medina
Normandy Park
Pacific
Redmond
Renton
Seattle
Tukwila
Yarrow Point
IN COMMUNITIES INSIDE URBAN AREA
POPULATION (RURAL ETC.) INSIDE
IAN AREA

POPULATION INSIDE URBAN AREA
KING COUNTY OUTSIDE SEATTLE
Ul AREA COMMUNITIES
Black Diamond
Carnation
Enumc law
North Bend
Skykomish
Snoqua Imie
IN COMMUNITIES OUTSIDE URBAN AREA
POPULATION (RURAL. ETC.) OUTSIDE
Population
1960 1950


1
11

12
2

1


2

9
6
2
3
1
1
18
557
1

639
265


904


1

3


1
7
22


,311
,933
351
,809
237

^987
345
203
,426
428
]oi7
,025
,285
,224
,577
,426
,453
,087
,804
766
,435
,408

a/
,843 -


,026
490
,269
945
366
,216
,312
,859


n.a.
6,497
n.a.
n.a.
1 019

n.a.
236
n.a.
1,005
n.a.
3,278
4,713
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
573
16,039
467,591
800
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.


n.a.


n.a.
n.a.
2,789
787
497
806
n.a.
n.a.
City or Area
PORTION OF SNOHOMISH COUNTY INSIDE URBAN
AREA COMMUNITIES
Beverly Park (uninc.)
Edmonds
Everett
Fairmont (uninc.)
Lake Stevens (uninc,)
Lowell (uninc.)
Lynwood
Marysville
Mountlake Terrace
Mukilteo
Shoultes (uninc.)
Snohomish
Woodway
TOTAL IN COMMUNITIES INSIDE URBAN AREA
OTHER POPULATION (RURAL ETC.) INSIDE
URBAN AREA
TOTAL POPULATION INSIDE URBAN AREA

PORTION OF SNOHOMISH COUNTY OUTSIDE URBAN
AREA COMMUNITIES
Arlington
Darrington
East Stanwood
Gold Bar
Granite Falls
Index
Monroe
Stanwood
Sultan
TOTAL IN COMMUNITIES OUTSIDE URBAN AREA

OTHER POPULATION (RURAL ETC.) OUTSIDE
URBAN AREA
TOTAL POPULATION OUTSIDE URBAN AREA
TOTAL POPULATION. SNOHOMISH COUNTY
Population
1960 1950


1
8
40
1
1
1
7
3
9
1
3
3
3

87
49

127


2
1




1


8

26

34
172


,950
,016
,304
,227
^538
,086
,207
,117
,122
,128
,989
,159
,894
713
,925
,944

,869 i'


,025
,272
477
315
599
158
,901
646
821
,214

,116

,330 *'
,199


n.a.
2,057
33,849
n.a.
n!°!
n.a.
n.a.
2,259
n.a.
826
n.a.
n.a.
3,094
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.

n.a.


1,635
921
378
305
635
211
1,556
710
814
n.a.

n.a.

n.a.
111,580
   TOTAL POPULATION OUTSIDE URBAN AREA
TOTAL POPULATION. KING COUNTY
a/ From preliminary, unpublished
  Transportation Study.
                             30,171     n.a.
                             935,014   732,992
                                          a_/ From preliminary, unpublished material by Puget
                                            Sound Regional Transportation Study.
laterial by Puget Sound Regional
and VI-4 show that  in 1960,  about  97 percent of  the total King
County population was within urban areas  while for Snohomish
County, 80  percent  was within urban areas.
      C.   PROJECTED ECONOMIC  BASE AND POPULATION

            1.   Factors  Influencing Future Growth

            The  future growth  of the  Central  Puget  Sound Area
 depends  upon the further development of industry  which is  now
 the foundation of the  economic base.  Future production  in
 transportation equipment manufacturing, the most  important
 industry group in terms of total employment, depends largely
 on obtaining military  contracts and commercial aircraft  orders
                                                                           17

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  by the Boeing Company.  The record of  this company  suggests
  that average employment in this category during  the study period
  will not  decrease, except for  short-run production  adjustments,
  and may increase  substantially.


       The  timber resource available for processing may  continue  at
  about  the present level, with  improved utilization  and management
  offsetting the  loss  of  acreage.   However,  the  use of the basic
  resource  is expected to alter, with  a  decrease in sawed  lumber  and
  increases in plywood, particle board,  and  pulp and  paper manu-
  facturing.

       Employment in transportation services,  especially in connection
  with the  Port of  Seattle, should  increase  in the future as well as
  employment in the other service industries which are now an  impor-
  tant part of the  economic base, particularly wholesale trade,
  finance,  professional services, and  education.   Service  industry
  employment related to tourism  is  also  expected to become an
  increasingly important  part of the economic  base in the  future.

       2.   Projected Industrial  Activity and Employment

       Because it has  been possible in this  study  to  adopt the popu-
  lation projections developed by the  Puget  Sound  Regional Trans-
  portation Study,  it  has not been  necessary to  develop  estimates of
  future employment by major industry  group  in order  to  derive popu-
  lation figures  from  the projected labor force.   However, because
  of this study's orientation towards  problems of  water  supply and
  pollution control, some analysis  must  be made  of the outlook for
  future production in those industries  which  have important impact
  on the water resource.  These  industries are,  generally, food pro-
  cessing,  pulp manufacturing, and  certain chemical manufacturing,
  notably petroleum refining.  In the  case of  King and Snohomish
  Counties,  it is not  anticipated that food  processing will become a
  significant part  of  the economic  base, particularly since there is
  a trend towards locating food  processing and packaging closer to
  agricultural production.
       A major  pulp  producing  center  has  developed  at  Everett.
   TABLE VI-5  shows  the  present pulp capacity  there, which  is  the  only
   location  of pulp  production  in  the  King-Snohomish area.
18

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                           TABLE VI-5
          PULP MILL CAPACITY, KING-SNOHOMISH AREA, 1962
Mill Owner
Scott Paper Company
Simpson Logging Company
Weyerhaeuser Company
Weyerhaeuser Company
Total
Type of Process
Sulfite
Sulfate
Sulfite
Sulfate
Tons/24 hours
850
80
350
325
1,605
     It has been estimated that total pulp consumption in the
United States may double between 1960 and 1980, and double again
between 1980 and 2000.  This would represent an annual compound
rate of increase of about 3.5 percent.  The rate of growth in con-
sumption of pulp per capita in the United States during the past
decade suggests that an even higher rate of increase may occur.
However, in the case of the mills in the King-Snohomish area, at
Everett, a limiting factor on growth is the supply of raw materials
for pulping.  A large part of the raw material for the Everett mills
comes from Snohomish and King Counties, but substantial amounts of
chips are brought in from sawmills in British Columbia.  In future
years, this latter source is likely to diminish due to increased
demand for chips by pulp mills in British Columbia.  In addition,
competition for the raw material in western Washington is likely
to increase in the future, since the Everett mills are among 13
mills in the Puget Sound region and others at Grays Hsrbor and on
the Columbia River.  These limiting factors will be partially off-
set by improved timber management, and by the diversion to pulp of
a share of the harvest formerly used for lumber.  The mills at
Everett are not new.  As equipment is replaced, it seems logical to
expect that somewhat larger capacities will be installed within the
limits of the supply of raw materials.  For purposes of this study,
it is assumed that growth will average about one percent per year
during 1960-80 and somewhat lower during 1980-2020.  On this basis,
pulp capacity at Everett would increase from about 1,600 tons per
day at present to about 2,000 tons in 1980, to about 2,300 tons in
2000 and to about 2,500 tons in 2020.  It is expected that all pulp
capacity in the King-Snohomish area would continue to be at Everett.

     Petroleum refining has not yet been established in the King-
Snohomish area although there are two refineries at Anacortes  (Shell
and Texaco), in Skagit County, one at Ferndale (Mobile Oil Co.), in
Whatcom County, and a small refinery at Tacoma.  The present capa-
city of these four refineries is only about 60 percent of present
                                                                 19

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 demand for gasoline in the Puget Sound area.  But if  the potential
 marketing area of the Puget Sound oil refineries is considered  to
 be all of Washington and Oregon, then there is even more potential
 for expansion.

      Furthermore, it is expected that demand for petroleum products
 will increase in the future, both on a per capita basis and as  a
 result of economic and population growth.  One estimate is that
 demand for petroleum to be used as fuel  for motor vehicles will
 increase at 3.7 percent per year during  the period 1960 to 2000 in
 the United States as a whole.  The Puget Sound region and the Pacific
 Northwest as a whole are expected to exceed the national average
 growth rate.

      In anticipation of future expansion in the Puget Sound area,
 Union and Richfield Oil Companies now hold large sites (1,000 or
 more acres each) for possible refineries near the Tulalip Indian
 Reservation, in Snohomish County, a few miles north of Everett,
 and Standard Oil of California holds a site of about  2,500 acres
 near Paine Field, southwest of Everett.  These sites  might be held
 for some years before any plant construction begins,  but it is
 assumed for purposes of this study that refineries will be in opera-
 tion at each of these sites by 1980.  The typical size of the
 existing refineries in the area, except for the small one at Tacoma,
 is on the order of 50,000 barrels per day capacity.

      It is assumed that these projected refineries in Snohomish
 County will be of this size.  On this basis, present  refinery capa-
 city in the Puget Sound area, about 152,000 barrels per day, would
 be doubled by 1980.

      Beyond 1980, additional growth in refinery capacity is expected
 to take place at existing plants.  It is expected that capacity
 will double at each of the projected refineries (Ferndale, two  at
 Anacortes, and three at Everett) between 1980 and 2020.
      3.   Projected  Population

      The  projected  population of  King  and  Snohomish  Counties,
 1960  to 2020,  is  shown in TABLE VI-6.   For purposes  of  this
 report, projections developed for the  period  1960-2000  by  the  Puget
 Sound Governmental  Conference have been adopted.   For  the  period
 2000  to 2020,  a slightly  lower rate  of increase has  been adopted
20

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as a result of the increasing average population densities in the
area and the anticipated decline in growth rate of U. S. population
as a whole.

                           TABLE VI-6
  PROJECTED POPULATION, KING AND SNOHOMISH COUNTIES, 1960-2020
(Population in thousands—Growth rates as percent compounded per yr.)

County
King
Snohomish
1960
Pop.
935
172
1960-80
Rate,%
2.3
3.7
1980
Pop.
1,475
356
1980-2000
Rate, 7o
2.2
2.2
2000
Pop.
2,280
550
2000-20
Rate, %
2.0
2.0
2020
Pop..
3,380
820
Source:  Projections 1960 to 2000 from Interim Report, September 21,
         1962, Puget Sound Governmental Conference.  Figures beyond
         2000 derived by assuming annual growth rate of 2.070 for
         2000-2020.
     The allocation of the projected future population of King and
Snohomish Counties to the urban area and ex-urban area of each
county has been based on work done by the Puget Sound Regional
Transportation Study.  Percentages developed by that study have
been used for the period 1960-1980, and trends have been extrap-
olated to obtain percentages for 1980-2020.  By applying these
percentages to the total county populations projected in TABLE VI-6,
estimates of future population in the urban and ex-urban area of
each county are obtained.  These are shown in TABLE VT-7.

                           TABLE VI-7
       PROJECTED POPULATION OF KING AND SNOHOMISH COUNTIES
            Inside and Outside Urban Area, 1960-2020
                     (population in thousands)
Area
1960
1980
2000
2020
King County:
  Urban Area          905
  Ex-Urban Area        30
  Total County        935

Snohomish County:
  Urban Area          138
  Ex-Urban Area        34
  Total County        172
              1,415
                 60
              1,475

                293
                 63
                356
              2,150
                130
              2,280

                448
                102
                550
             3,040
               340
             3,380


               655
               165
               820
                                                                 21

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VII. WATER REQUIREMENTS
      Municipal & Industrial

A.   HISTORIC AND PRESENT WATER USE

      1.  General

      Water for municipal and industrial purposes in the study area
is currently supplied by the city of Seattle, the city of Everett
and  many smaller systems developed by municipalities, water dis-
tricts or associations, public utility districts, private water
companies, and individual industries.

      2.  Seattle Urban Area

          a.  Existing Source Development

          Chester Morse Lake (elevation 1,500 feet), a natural body
of water in the upper Cedar River watershed, was developed at the
turn of the century  to provide 57,000 acre-feet of storage for
water supply and hydroelectric power generation.  The 143 square
mile  isolated and protected Cedar River watershed (80 percent
owned by the city) was the sole source of water supply for Seattle
and  many of the surrounding communities until 1963 when a reservoir
to provide 57,900 acre-feet of storage was completed on the South
Fork of the ToIt River.

          Average discharge in the Cedar River at the point of di-
version is 665 cfs (430 mgd), and the transmission system into Seattle
has  a capacity of 220 mgd.  In 1936, Seattle obtained water rights
totalling 360 mgd in  the North and South Forks of the Tolt River,
a tributary of the Snoqualmie River.  The presently developed water
supply source and/or  transmission capabilities of utilities serving
the  Seattle urban area is about 350 mgd.  This includes 310 mgd
for  the Cedar and Tolt systems (220 mgd - Cedar, plus 90 mgd - Tolt).

          b.  Municipal and Industrial Water Use

          Although industrial water use is an important factor in
the  Seattle water system, there are no extremely large water users
such as pulp and paper mills or oil refineries on the Seattle system
which warrant separation from the total water usage figure.  The
determination of the municipal per capita water usage figure was,
therefore, based on  total water usage in the Seattle urban area and
the  estimated served population, which in 1963 was approximately
809,000.

-------
          Water usage data supplied by the Seattle Water Depart-
ment indicate a gradual increase in per capita demand of a gallon
per year.  Per capita demands have historically been as high as
150 gpd.  During the last twenty-year period, however, per capita
usage during recent dry years has been in the order of 145 gpd.
The latter figure, therefore, was used as the base for projection
of future demands.  Water demands on the Seattle system for the
five-year period 1959-1963 have averaged 99 mgd (113,000 acre-feet
per year).

          Use varies according to season and year, depending prima-
rily on temperature and rainfall.  Based on records of the 'Seattle
Water Department, the monthly demand profile for the Seattle water
system, also based on the period 1959-1963, was as shown in
TABLE VII-2 (Demand Profile Percent).

B.  FUTURE WATER DEMANDS

     Future water needs of the Seattle urban area were projected by
examining the historic use patterns of the Seattle Water Department.
It is assumed that the one gallon per capita per year rate of
increase for the Seattle urban area will continue through the  next
several decades and subsequently stabilize.  On this basis, the
yearly average demand by 1980 will be 165 gpcd and that for 2000
and 2020 will be 185 and 205, respectively.  Applying these unit
use figures to projected population for the Seattle urban area
(King County urban area) shown in TABLE VI-7, the following average
demands are obtained as shown in TABLE VII-1.
                            TABLE VII-1
         PROJECTED MUNICIPAL AND INDUSTRIAL WATER DEMANDS
                        SEATTLE URBAN AREA
M&I Average Water Demands
Year
1980
2000
2020
Population
1,000's
1,415
2,150
3,040
gpcd
165
185
205
mgd
234
398
625
Acre-Fee t/Yr.
(X 1,000)
262
445
700
                                                                 23

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        The  projected  monthly water  demands  for the  Seattle  urban area,
   based on  the  monthly  demand  profile  for  the  period  1959-1963,  are
   shown in  TABLE VII-2.

                             TABLE  VII-2
          MONTHLY MUNICIPAL AND INDUSTRIAL  WATER DEMAND FOR
                        THE  SEATTLE  URBAN AREA
Month
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
Demand
Profile
Percent
87
80
76
84
83
96
133
145
124
120
91
79
1980
MGD
204
187
178
196
194
225
312
340
290
281
213
185
AF/MO
1000 's
19.4
16.0
16.9
18.0
18.4
20.7
29.6
32.3
26.6
26.6
19.6
17.6
2000
MGD
346
318
302
335
330
382
530
578
494
478
362
314
AF/MO
1000 's
32.8
27.2
28.6
30.8
31.3
35.1
50.4
54.8
45.4
45.4
33.2
29.8
2020
MGD
544
500
475
525
520
600
830
906
775
750
570
495
AF/MO
1000 's
56.6
42.8
45.0
48.2
49.4
55.2
78.8
86.0
71.2
71.2
52.4
47.0
        The  Seattle  system presently  serves  about  80  percent  of  the
   urban area water  demands.   The  Seattle  system is expected  to  serve
   increasing proportions  of  the urban area  demands  (80  percent  in
   1980,  85  percent  in 2000,  and 90 percent  in 2020).

        Those demands  not  satisfied by the Seattle facilities are
   expected  to  be  adequately  satisfied by  either local community sys-
   tems  or by individual supplies.

   C.  WATER SUPPLY  REQUIREMENTS

        Projected  water demands on the Seattle facilities  are compared
   with  ultimate development  capabilities  of the Cedar and Tolt
   sources in TABLE  VII-3.   It is  indicated, from  this analysis, that
   the capacity of the present system will be reached about the  year
   1985.  The ultimate development of the  Cedar and Tolt watersheds
   (580  mgd) would be  exceeded by  the year 2007, and by the year  2020
   deficits  as  high  as 236 mgd nay be experienced  during the  month
   of maximum usage  in August.
24

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                               TABLE VII-3
              FUTURK MUNICIPAL AND INDUSTRIAL WATER DEMAND AND SUPPLY
                          Seattle Facilities - MGD
Month
January
February
March
April
May
Tune
Tuly
August
September
October .
November
December

Demand
y
168
150
142
157
155
180
250
272
232
224
170
148
1980
Present
Supply!'
310
310
310
310
310
310
310
310
310
310
310
310

Deficit Demand
MCD AF i/
294
270
257
285
281
325
451
493
420
407
308
267
2000
Supply
No. 1
400
400
400
400
400
400
400
400
400
400
400
400
2020
Deficit 1
MOD
-
-
51
73
20
7
-
-
AF
-
-
4.840
8.820
1.840
660
-
-
Demand
490
450
427
473
467
540
748
816
697
675
514
445
Supply
No. 2
580
580
580
580
580
580
580
580
580
580
580
580
Deficit
MGD
_
-
168
236
117
95
-
-
AF
_
-
15,900
22,400
10,700
9,000
-
—
  I/ For purnoses of this study, It is assumed that the Seattle facilities will supply SOX of
the~1980 Urban Area demand, 852 of the 2000 Urban Area demand, and 90Z of the 2020 Urban Area
demand.
  2/ Transmission system capabilities:
             Present supply - Cedar 0 220 ragd + Tolt @ 90 mttd - 310
             Supply No. 1   - Cedar @ 220 mgd + Tolt 
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       The preceding comments on M&I water needs  from  the North Fork
   Project exclude consideration of  the possible effects of  the pro-
   posed resource development by King County Water District  No. 97.
   The water district obtained a preliminary permit  from the Federal
   Power Commission  for investigation of  the development of  a reservoir
   site on the North Fork Snoqualmie River about one mile upstream
   from the proposed Corps of Engineers'  site.  The Water District
   No. 97 project, briefly, is concerned  with construction of a dam
   and reservoir for water supply and hydropower purposes.   The pro-
   posed water distribution system covers much of  the Seattle-Everett
   urban area between Lake Washington and the Snoqualmie River.  It
   extends from the  Pierce County line on the south  into the Mountlake
   Terrace-Lynnwood-Edmonds area of  southern Snohomish  County on the
   north.

       Based on the deficits computed in TABLE VII-3,  annual storage
   to yield 58,000 acre-feet by the  year  2020 is required for water
   supply purposes in the Seattle urban area.
26

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VIII. WATER QUALITY CONTROL
 A.   NEED FOR CONTROL

      1.   General

      The waters of the study area are subjected to a wide range of
 uses.   Municipal water supply for Everett,  Snohomish, and a portion
 of  the Seattle supply is  obtained from surface waters of the basin.
 Other uses which are dependent upon quality of the waters are
 fisheries, wildlife, and recreation.

      2.   Municipal and Industrial Water Supply

      Surface waters of the study area are utilized quite heavily
 for municipal and industrial water supply purposes.  Bacterio-
 logical and chemical quality of both the Cedar and Tolt waters is
 considered excellent.  Maintenance of high water quality has been
 in  large part due to restriction of watershed activities to con-
 trolled logging operations.   Protection of the watershed from con-
 tamination by restricting public access has made it possible to
 provide a safe water supply without treatment other than simple
 disinfection.

      3.   Fisheries

      The Snohomish River has limited spawning habitat for anadromous
 fish.   It is primarily a migration route for upstream and downstream
 migrant salmon and steelhead between the ocean and the extensive
 spawning and rearing areas in the upstream tributaries.  The river
 system supports large runs of chinook and coho salmon, medium
 sized runs of chum salmon, small runs of pink salmon, and large
 runs of steelhead and sea-run cutthroat trout.  Resident game
 fishes in the area consist of rainbow, brook, and cutthroat trout.

      The tributary streams which are most important to spawning of
 anadromous fishes are the Pilchuck River, the Skykomish along with
 its North and South Forks, the Wallace River, the Snoqualmie below
 Snoqualmie Falls, and the Tolt -River system below the points of
 diversion for the Seattle water supply.  The North, Middle, and
 South Forks of the Snoqualmie River are inaccessible to anadromous
 fish due to the falls, but they support a resident population of
 rainbow trout as well as other fish.
                                                                 27

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        From data supplied by the
   Fish and Wildlife Service, the     Chinook Salmon    20,000 fish
   average annual commercial catch    Coho Salmon       55,000 fish
   of anadromous fish produced by     Pink Salmon      125,000.fish
   the Snohomish River Basin is
   shown alongside.  The run of
   chum salmon has diminished to
   the point that the catch has       Chinook              3,500 days
   been restricted to restore the     Coho                14,000 days
   population.  Sport fisherman-      Pink                16,300 days
   days spend in angling for these    Steelhead Trout    100,000 days
   and other species per year are     Resident Species   400,000 days
   also shown alongside.

        4.  Wildlife

        Big game found in the Snohomish River Basin include sizable
   populations of black-tailed deer and black bear.  Fewer numbers of
   mountain goat occur at high elevations in the eastern end of the
   basin.   The basin provides suitable habitat for moderate populations
   of pheasant, quail, partridge, grouse and band-tailed pigeon.  Aver-
   age annual hunter-days expended for big game in the North Fork
   Snoqualmie, Middle Fork Snoqualmie, and Sultan River watersheds are
   6,000 to 12,000, 200, and 400 to 500, respectively.  Hunting pres-
   sure for upland game particularly ring-necked pheasants is intense.
   Fur-bearing animals include muskrat, mink, raccoon, beaver, opossum,
   skunk,  marten, otter, weasel, and fox.  King and Snohomish Counties
   rank first and third, respectively, in the sale of trapping licenses
   in the  State but because of low pelt prices, the economic value of
   fur animals is considered small.  Because of mountainous terrain,
   waterfowl habitat is restricted primarily to sloughs along lower
   Snohomish and Snoqualmie Rivers where considerable nesting and
   moderate waterfowl hunting occur.

        5.  Recreation

        Recreational activities, other than fishing and hunting, of
   importance to the Snohomish Basin are swimming, boating, picnicking,
   camping, and hiking.  Although only one State park, Mt. Pilchuck,
   lies within the basin, there are two county recreation areas and
   many local picnic areas, particularly in those municipalities along
   major streams.  Some seventeen public camp grounds are maintained
   by the  Federal, State, and local governments and private timber
   companies.  Although much of the above mentioned activity is not of
   a water-contact nature,  its value is considerably enhanced by the
28

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   presence of a clean lake or stream.  It is expected that initial
   recreational use of the proposed North and Middle Fork Project
   areas will be in the order of 340,000 visitor-days annually.
   B.  MUNICIPAL, INDUSTRIAL AND AGRICULTURAL POLLUTION

        1.  Present

        Data on water-carried waste discharges from all significant
   municipal and industrial sources in the Snohomish River Basin are
   presented in Appendix B.  Individual sources in this summary are
   listed in downstream sequence under the appropriate receiving
   watercourse.  For purposes of this report, primary attention is
   given to the Snoqualmie River and lower Snohomish River.

        The major waste discharges in the Snohomish Basin are located
   in the lower Snohomish River from the city of Snohomish to the
   mouth at Everett.  Of the almost 54,000 people served by municipal
   sewerage in the basin, 48,000, or about 90 percent, are in the
   lower Snohomish drainage area.  Chief sources of the industrial
   wastes produced in the study area are the Weyerhaeuser kraft and
   sulfite plants, the Simpson Lee Paper Company, and the Scott Paper
   Company.  Other sources of organic industrial wastes are seasonal
   fruit and vegetable canneries and milk and meat processing plants.

        The present municipal and industrial waste loads for the
   Snoqualmie River drainage and the Snohomish River are summarized
   in TABLE VIII-1.

                             TABLE VIII-1
                    PRESENT STUDY AREA WASTE LOADS
                      Population Equivalents (PE)

Drainage        Municipal           Industrial	      	Total	
  Area	Raw   Discharged    Raw    Discharged	Raw    Discharged

Snoqualmie   6,400   5,040        5,300        700      11,700      5,740
Snohomish   57,000  22,400    7,329,000  7,203,000   7,386,000  7,225,500


        The Snohomish River is 22 miles in length with tidal influence
   extending to about River Mile 18.  About 90 percent of the wastes
   of the present sewered population and 96 percent of the present
   industrial waste load in the entire Snohomish Basin are discharged
                                                                    29

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   to the  lower 13  miles of the Snohomish River.   Water quality prob-
   lems  have been encountered in this river reach due to these dis- .
   charges.   In 1960,  the city of Everett constructed a sewage lagoon
   and interceptor  sewers to eliminate discharge  of untreated municipal
   wastes  to the lower river.   Partially treated  industrial waste
   effluents from the  two pulp mills continue to  cause occasional
   sludge  beds, low dissolved oxygen and toxicity problems in the
   estuary area.   Studies by the FWPCA Puget Sound Enforcement Project
   currently nearing completion are designed to determine the effect
   of these  and related problems on passage of migratory fishes through
   Port  Gardner Bay.

        In addition to the direct water-carried waste discharges
   discussed previously, another usually more subtle facet of water
   quality deterioration is related to land drainage and man's various
   activities in the watershed.  Such essentially land-based opera-
   tions as farming, road construction, logging,  mining and recreation
   can cause quality deterioration in a number of ways.  One such
   problem,  although not man-caused, is the silt  from a slide area in
   the Taylor River drainage, a tributary of the  Middle Fork of the
   Snoqualmie River.  It is expected that stabilization of this slide
   area as proposed by the Corps of Engineers will do much to reduce
   sediment in the stream.  Other localized problems may be associated
   with return flows from the estimated 7,000 acres under irrigation
   by individual irrigators in the Snohomish Basin.  For projection
   purposes, loads from these and other potential land drainage sources
   are considered to be covered in the BOD of uncontrolled urban run-
   off.   Return flow data for other similar areas and conditions indi-
   cate BOD to be relatively minor generally resulting in less than
   1.0 mg/1 in the receiving stream.

        In preliminary classification of lands in the Snohomish Basin,
   the Bureau of Reclamation considers 23,900 acres as being poten-
   tially irrigable.  If some of this land is developed for project
   type  irrigation where return flows may be of significant quantity,
   then quality deterioration, particularly by pesticides, nutrients
   and turbidity may occur in the receiving stream.  Good farming
   practices can provide control of these effects thereby providing
   the equivalent of adequate treatment.

        2.  Future

        In projecting 1980, 2000, and 2020 waste  production for the
   Snoqualmie Basin it is expected that population and industry will
   grow at the same rate as the population projected for the King
30

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 County  ex-urban  area and  that  adequate  treatment  to  at  least  85
 percent BOD  reduction will  be  provided.   The  projected  waste  pro-
 duction together with the associated waste  discharges after adequate
 waste treatment  are  shown in TABLE VIII-2.
TABLE VIII-2
PROJECTED WASTE LOADINGS FOR THE SNOQUALMIE RIVER BASIN
Population Equivalents
Municipal
Year
1980
2000
2020
Raw
12
27
72
,800
,600
,500
Discharged
1,920
4,150
10,900
Industrial
Raw
10
22
60
,600
,900
,000
Discharged
1,
3,
9,
590
440
000
Raw
23
50
132
,400
,500
,500
Total

Discharged
3
7
19
,510
,590
,900
     Future growth in pulp and paper manufacturing and oil refining
projected for the Snohomish Basin  is expected  to center on salt
water in the Port Gardner Bay vicinity.  Population increase  is
also expected to center in the vicinity of Everett where the  addi-
tional waste is expected to be collected and treated for discharge
to Port Gardner Bay.

     Projected waste loads for the pulp and paper and oil refining
industries are shown in TABLE VIII-3.
                          TABLE VIII-3
      PROJECTED PULP AND PAPER AND OIL REFINING WASTE LOADS
                     CENTRAL PUGET SOUND AREA
Year
1980
2000
2020

9
10
11

Raw
,150
,500
,430
Pulp
and Paper

Discharged *
,000
,000
,000
1,370,
1,575S
1,715,
,000
,000
,000

Oil
Raw
90,
125.
180.
,000
,000
,000
Refining
Discharged
13,500
18,800
27,000

*

* Based on 85 percent BOD reduction.
                                                                 31

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   C.   WATER QUALITY OBJECTIVES

        Water quality objectives  for the  various  water uses  to be
   served  are discussed as  follows.

        1.   Dissolved Oxygen

        The  dissolved oxygen (DO)  objective  for the Snoqualmie River
   is  dependent  upon anadromous  fishery requirements—the  use requiring
   the highest DO level.  Other uses served  at  this level  are recrea-
   tion and  aesthetic conditions.

        Maintenance  of 5  rag/1  of dissolved oxygen would provide suit-
   able conditions for anadromous  fish  passage  while 7 mg/1  provides
   adequate  conditions for  rearing.   Spawning areas,  however,  require
   dissolved oxygen  at saturation  levels.
        2.  Temperature
        Temperature  requirements  for  the  Snohomish  and  Snoqualmie
  Rivers are governed primarily  by the anadromous  fishery.  Maximum
  temperatures  should not exceed 70  F during  July  and  August,  to
  facilitate fish migration, holding and rearing;  by mid-September,
  temperatures  should not exceed 57  F to obtain optimum egg survival.

        3.  Bacteria
        Bacterial objectives for  recreation and water supply use are
  1,000 MPN and 5,000 MPN, respectively.  Treatment, including dis-
  infection, is required to reduce bacterial concentrations.

  D.  FLOW REGULATION

       Prior to 1951 a barrier to the normal migration of salmon
  existed in the lower Snohomish River estuary and Port Gardner Bay.
  The barrier consisted of oxygen-deficient water in the river mouth
  during periods of low flow as a result of waste discharges prima-
  rily from two large pulp mills at  the river mouth.  Construction
  of a deep water outfall in Port Gardner Bay to achieve better
  dilution and dispersion of untreated waste has done much to allevi-
  ate the problem.   Studies by the FWPCA Puget Sound Enforcement
  Project currently nearing completion will assess the effectiveness
  of this disposal method.

       Adequate water quality can be  maintained in Snohomish River
  estuary by removal of settleable solids from pulp and paper mill
  waste effluents.   Regulation of fresh water inflow to this area
32

-------
or to Port Gardner Bay is neither needed nor effective in accom-
plishing the necessary control.

     Computations utilizing oxygen balance techniques show that
about 165 cfs will be required to receive the 2020 projected waste
load (20,000 PE) and maintain minimum DO objectives for fish pas-
sage and rearing in lower Snoqualmie River.  More than adequate
flow without regulation is available (minimum average daily flow of
record, 396 cfs, upstream near Carnation) to maintain these objec-
tives.

     It is cautioned, with regard to expected future minimum flows,
that water right applications in the Snoqualmie River watershed
totalling 1,792 cfs if granted and fully exercised, would completely
deplete streamflows during low flow periods.  Firm rights at
present in the Snoqualmie Basin total 95 cfs.

     The Washington State Department of Conservation, Division of
Water Resources, has advised that depletions to no less than about
100 cfs, depending upon fisheries requirements, would be allowed
in the lower reaches of the Snoqualmie River.  For hydrologic pro-
jection and storage determination purposes of this study it is
assumed that sustained depletions to less than the required 165 cfs
will not take place within the study period.


     If, however, future development in the basin results in sus-
tained minimum flows of less than 165 cfs, the adverse effects on
water quality should be considered in evaluating the benefits of
the proposed water withdrawals.

     Lack of adequate temperature data for the Snohomish River
Basin precludes judgment of the possible need for temperature
control or of the potential temperature effects of the proposed
projects on the Snoqualmie and Snohomish Rivers.  However, studies
are being conducted in other basins by the FWPCA regarding the
effects of impoundments on stream temperature, which may provide
information at a later date applicable to the projects under study.,

     As foreseen at this time, adequate treatment or control of
waste at the source will provide satisfactory control of water
quality in the Snoqualmie and Snohomish Rivers without specific
release from storage in the proposed North or Middle Fork reservoirs
for this purpose.
                                                                 33

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   IX.  BENEFITS....Water Quality Control
   A.   WATER SUPPLY -  MUNICIPAL AND INDUSTRIAL

        A future need  for storage  for municipal  and  industrial water
   exists in the Snoqualmie  River  watershed.  By the year 2020,
   58,000 acre-feet (80 mgd) of annual  supplemental  storage will be
   required.   Time of  first  need is estimated to be  about the year
   2005, thirty years  after  the assumed project  completion in 1975.

        For benefit computation purposes  the value of  this storage is
   considered to be equal to the cost of  the least-cost, most-likely,
   non-Federal single-purpose alternative  reservoir  that could be
   constructed in the  absence of the North and Middle  Fork Snoqualmie
   Projects.   After considering three possible alternative sites, it
   has  been determined,  based on cost data provided  by the Corps of
   Engineers, that the most  likely alternative would be a single-
   purpose impoundment on the North Fork  Snoqualmie River.

        The annual value of  58,000 acre-feet of  storage in the North
   Fork Snoqualmie Project has been determined to be $354,000 or
   $6,850 per mgd.   This value includes operation and  maintenance
   costs ($50,000) and is based on a 100-year amortization period at
   an  interest rate of 3.125 percent, discounted for 30 years (assumed
   project completion  in 1975) from the first need in  2005.  In
   arriving at this value the capital cost ($32,600,000) of a 73,000
   acre-foot reservoir which would provide approximately the same
   development of available  stream water  at the  lowest unit cost was
   used.
   B.  WATER  QUALITY  CONTROL

        As  already  indicated, no requirements for storage for water
   quality  control  in the  Snoqualmie or Snohomish Rivers are foreseen
   at  this  time.  No  apparent damage to water quality is expected to
   occur as a result  of  operations of  the North Fork Snoqualmie River
   Project.  No  positive or negative benefits can be assigned to
   storage  in or operation of the proposed project.
34

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X. BIBLIOGRAPHY
State of Washington, Department of Conservation and U.  S.  Geological
     Survey, Monthly and Yearly Summaries of Hydrographic  Data in
     the State of Washington to September 1953, Olympia, Washington,
     State Printing Plant, 1955, (Water Supply Bulletin No.  6).

State of Washington, Department of Conservation and U.  S.  Geological
     Survey, Monthly and Yearly Summaries of Hydrographic  Data in
     the State of Washington. October 1953 to September 1960.
     Olympia, Washington, State Printing Plant, 1962, (Water Supply
     Bulletin No. 15).
State of Washington, Pollution Control Commission, Department of
     Conservation and U. S. Geological Survey, Quality  of  Surface
     Waters. June 1959-July 1960. Olympia, Washington,  State Printing
     Plant, 1961.

State of Washington, Pollution Control Commission, Snohomish River
     Basin Water Quality Data. August 1960-August 1965.

Geological Survey, Ground-Water Resources of Snohomish  County.
     Washington. Washington, Government Printing Office, 1952.
     (Water-Supply Paper 1135).

Ramey, Jesse C., "The Seattle Water System," Water and  Sewage Works.
     V. 110, No. 7, July 1963.

Tyler, H. Ward, The Tolt River Story. Seattle Water Department,
     March 1960.

Bramhall, Burle D., City of Seattle. Washington. Seattle Water
     Department Reports. June 17, 1953, December 15, 1959, and
     February 18, 1963 (Bond Prospecti).

Fish and Wildlife Service, An Interim Report on Fish and Wildlife
     Resources Affected by Proposed Corps of Engineers  Water
     Development Projects - Snohomish River Basin. Washington.
     Portland, Oregon, July 1964.

U. S. Army Engineer District, Seattle, Preliminary Recreation Plan
     North Fork Snoqualmie River. Middle Fork Snoqualtnie River.
     Avon By-Pass Skagit River. Seattle, Washington, 20 September 1963.
Washington Department of Conservation, Tabular Summation of Water
     Rights - Snohomish River Basin.

Unpublished data, Washington State Pollution Control Commission.

Washington State Department of Conservation, Ground Water in Washington.
     Its Chemical and Physical Quality. Water Supply Bulletin No. 24, 1965.
                                                                 35

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APPENDIX

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     APPENDIX A
                                                                     TABLE  A-^
                                                    REPRESENTATIVE ANALYSES OF SURFACE WATERS
                                                       SNOHOMISH RIVER BASIN, WASHINGTON
	 Constituent 	
Date
Discharge, cfs
Silica (Si02), ppm
Calcium (Ca) , ppm
Magnesium (Mg), ppm
Sodium (na) , ppm
Potassium (K), ppm
Bicarbonate (HCO,), ppm
Sulfate (SO^), ppm
Chloride (Cl), ppm
Nitrate (NOj), ppm
Phosphate (PO. ) , ppm
I/ '
Dissolved Solids— , ppm
2/
Specific Conductance—
PH
Temperature
Dissolved Oxygen, ppm
MPN^
Snoqualmie River at
7/8/59
-
5.3
3.5
0.1
0.8
0.3
12
1.4
0.8
0.3
0.00
20
25
6.5
54°F
10.7
750
7/11/61 8/15/62
.
5.0 6.1
4.5 4.5
0.4 0.7
1.0 1.5
0.2 0.6
16 18
2.0 2.2
0.5 0.5
0.1 0.3
.07 0.02
27 28
31 38
7.1 7.1
15.9°C 17.0°C
9.0 9.4
2400 4600
11/13/63
-
5.8
3.5
0.6
1.5
0.3
14
2.4
1.0
0.9
-
24
30
6.9
8.1°C
10.8
930
8/10/65
-
6.1
5.6
0.9
1.6
0.4
21
2.6
0.8
0.3
0.02
28
45
6.9
Tolt River at Carnation
11/1/61
-
5.3
3.0
0.7
1.3
0.3
10
3.4
1.0
0.5
0.02
29
28
6.6
15.2°C 6v5°C
9.0
4600
11.7

8/15/62
-
8.0
6.5
1.2
1.9
0.4
26
5.4
0.8
0.4
0.01
39
26
7.5
18.2°
9.4

11/13/63
.-
7.4
5.0
1.2
1.8
0.3
20
4.2
1.2
1.0
-
35
44
7.0
C 8.6°C
10.7
36
11/23/64
-
6.2
5.0
1.1
1.7
0.3
20
4.2
0.8
0.6
0.01
34
43
7.1
7.0°C
12.0
390
8/10/65
-
7.7
7.6
1.9
2.1
0.3
32
4.8
1.0
0.4
0.03
39
65
7.2
Snohomish
1/15/61
23,230
5.9
4.0
0.4
1.3
0.4
14
2.2
0.5
0.9
0.01
30
33
6.9
1/10/62
28,700
6.6
3.0
0.9
1.4
0.5
12
3.0
1.0
1.3
0.11
29
34
6.8
15.0°C -
9.8
430
-

-

8/25/64
-
5.1
4.0
1.0
2.1
0.5
19
1.6
1.0
0.3
0.01
23
43
7.3
16.0°C
9.4
4600
7/12/65
-
7.9
4.4
0.5
1.6
0.4
17
2.2
0.8
0.4
0.0V
26
35
7.0
15.7°C
9.8
930
8/10/65
-
6.5
5.6
1.2
2.3
0.6
24
2.8
1.2
0.4
0.02
37
53
6.8
18.0°C
8.5
24,000
!_/ Residue on evaporation at 180"c
21 Micromhos at 25°C
3_/ Most probable number coliform groups  per ICC ml
Source:  Unpublished data,  Washington State  Pollution  Control Commission

-------
     APPENDIX A
                                                                      TABLE  A-2
                                                                 GROUND WATER QUALITY
                                                              KING AND SNOHOMISH COUNTIES
PARTS PER MILLION
Owner
KING COUNTY
King County Water Dist. #64
Boeing Aircraft Co.
King County Water Dist. #82
City of Issaquah
Darigold Farms
Fall City Water Co.
City of Redmond
Carnation Farms
Bothell Water District
City of Duvall
SNOHOMISH COUNTY
City of Edmonds
Alderwood Manor Water Dist.
Snohomisli County PUD #1
City of Marysville
Potlatch Beach Water Dist.
City of Arlington
Well
Location
Code
21/4-5Q2
23/4-4A1
24/6-4N1
24/6-27Q1
24/6-28J1
24/7-11L1
25/5-12C1
25/7-6R1
26/5-5E1
26/6-13D1

27/3-24Q3
27/4-10N1
28/5-7G2
29/5-2C1
30/4-35R1
31/5-2L1
Date
12/18/59
4/19/54
4/ 3/58
8/20/51
8/20/51
8/20/51
3/24/59
10/ 6/60
8/24/51
10-/ 6/60

12/18/59
12/ 1/59
10/13/60
12/18/59
10/ 5/60
4/27/61
Temp
50
56
48
50
-
-
40
54
-
50

-
50
51
48
49
48
Silica
(Si02)
19
25
34
17
22
47
23
27
47
16

36
45
33
25
40
8.5
Iron
(Fe)
4.4
0.14
l.Ot
0.07
0.01
1.6t
0.06
1.1
0.03
.11

0.00
0.00
0.05
0.81
0.89
0.08
Magne-
Calcium slum
(Ca) (Mg)
14
-
10
22
10
20
10
22
21
24

9.5
13
10
18
36
9.0
5. 3
-
4.6
3.5
3.3
6.8
4.7
9.2
8.4
5.8

9.4
6.1
10
7.5
19
3.5
Sodium
(Na)
5.8
314
4.2
7.4
5.4
6.6
4.9
22
8.6
32

5.9
7.8
5.3
6.1
11
2.2
Potas-
sium
(K)
2.6
8.4
3.3
1.8
1.6
3.4
1.1
4.2
4.0
2.2

2.1
2.7
1.7
1.3
3.4
0.7
Ortho- Dissolved Hardness Specific
Nitrate Phosphate Solids (as Conduct" pH
(N03) (P04) I/ CaC03) anc«~'
0.2
1.0
3.3
0.1
3.5
0.2
5.6
0.0
0.7
0.8

3.3
0.2
6.9
0.2
2.0
0.7
0.09 102
872
96
109
84
143
82
0.58 176
158
0.47 179

0.21 113
0.60 123
0.17 113
0.69 118
0.43 229
0.00 58
57
-
44
69
38
78
44
93
87
84

62
58
67
76
170
37
157
1600
106
162
105
175
116
269
201
290

160
156
162
179
364
86
7.6
-
7.2
8.0
7.0
7.7
7.3
8.0
7.2
8.1

7.6
7.7
7.5
7.8
7.4
7.2
\l Residue on evaporation  at  180  C

2_/ Micromhos at 25°  C
Iron:   Total iron concentrations are followed by a "t."  All other values-represent iron in
       solution at the  time of  sample collection.
Source:  GROUND WATER IN WASHINGTON, ITS CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL QUALITY, Water Supply Bulletin No.  24,
         Washington  State  Department of Conservation,  1965.

-------
               APPENDIX B
MUNICIPAL AND INDUSTRIAL WASTES INVENTORY
          SNOHOMISI1 RIVER BASIN
Receiving Water Course & River
Municipality or Separately Miles Above
Discharging Industry Mouth
Snohomish-Skykomish River
Index
S. Fk. Skykomish River
Stevens Pass Rec. Area
Skykomish
Grotto
Ideal Cement Co.
Gold Bar
Sultan
Monroe
Sky Valley Meat Co.
State Reformatory
Snoqualmie River
S. Fk. Snoqualmie River
Snoqualmie Pass Rec . Area
North Bend
Snoqualmie
Snoqualmie Falls
Weyerhaeuser Co.
Fall City
Carnation
Duvall
James Wallace Meat Pkg. Co
Pilchuck River
Granite Falls
Little Pilchuck River
Lake Stevens
Berry Valley Farm Pak
Snohomlsh
Berry land Packers Inc.
Clancy's Frozen Sticks
Snohomlsh Co. Dalrymens Aasn
Evergreen Frozen Foods
Ferguson Canning Co.
Hershey Packing Co.
Puyallup & Sumner Sales Co.
Snohomlsh Meat Co.
Ebey Slough
Mary svi lie

51.4
50.0

49-8
49-4

40
35
25


20.7
20-45
20-45-28
20-45-2
20-42


20-36
20-25
20-14

13.7
14-16
14-9.3
14-9-3

13








8.3

Snohomish Co. Berry Growers
Jansha Tanning Co.
Lowell
Simpson Lee Paper Co.
Everett
Foremost Dairy
Scheerer Canning Co.
Puget Sound By Products
Federal Packing Co.
Weyerhaeuser Lumber Mill
Weyerhaeuser Kraft Div.
Everett Fish Co.
I
Scott Paper Co.(
(
Weyerhaeuser SulfiteJ
Boeing Assembly Plant
Nukllteo
Paine Air Force Base

7.0

3.3


2.5
2.5
1.3









1960
Population

158


366
X

315
821
1,901

X


X
945
1,216
X
X
X
490
345
X

599



3,894
X
X
X






3,117
X
X
1,086
--
40,304












1,128

Est.
Pop.
Served

170


X
X

X
500
1,950

1,000


X
900
900
300
X
X
X
X
X

600



4,000
X
X
X






3,000
X
X
(1,000)
X
41,000












1,200

Estimated
PE of Waste
before 'ftBattrent

170


X
X
Inorganic
X
500
2,400
300
1,000


4,000
1,200
900
300
5,000
X
X
X
300

600


Seasonal
8,400
Seasonal
(1,000)
(1,800)
Seasonal
(500)
Seasonal
Seasonal
700

3,000
Seasonal
600
(1,000)
75,000
45,000
(450)
(450)
1,000
2,400
10,000
240,000
600
4,740,000 Deep
155,000
125,000
1,980,000

1,300
1,300
Treatment ' Estimated Seasonal Remarks
Provided PE Discharged Waste PE
to Watercourse Raw Disch.

None .


No System
No System

No System
None
Primary
Primary
Lagoon


None
Primary
Lagoon
Primary
Pond
X
No System
No System
Primary

Primary

No System
None
Lagoon

City Sewer
City Sewer
City Sewer
City Sewer
City Sewer
City Sewer
Septic Tank

Lagoon
(Lagoon)
Lagoon
Everett Lagoon
Swamp
Lagoon
City Sewer
City Sewer
None
None
None
Pond
None
Water Onfall 4,
Clarlfiei

1,

Primary


170


X
X

X
500
1,800
150
100


4,000
840
100
100
500
X
X
X
200

420



1,500

(X)
(X)

(X)


300

450

300
(X)
50,000
20,000
(X)
(X)
1,000
2,400
10,000
237,000
600
740,000
57.100
125,000
830,000
156,000

460
200



Primarily Winter Use

Unincorporated small hanlet


Grant applied for May 1966





Planning Construction 1966



14 mgd water used on barker



6 Beef 1 day/week




5,000 5,000 June-July — SOT strawberries, 20T raspberries
89,000 20,000 June-July
(3,000) (X) June-July


(45,000) (X) July-September

(30,000) (X) June-August
(2,000) (X) June- July


5,000 750
(2,000) (X) June- July, 10T strawberries


271 T/day






To Steamboat Slough

Deep Water Outfall
New Survey, June 1966
Main Mill - No Treatment
Deep Water Cut fall
To Inner Harbor
Under Construction 196*
To Puget Sound
To Puget Sound

-------

TULAOJP
  INDIAN
   RESERVATION

           I
                                                                                                                                                   WASHING!
                                                                                                                   Sloan Peak
                                                                                                                     7,739
                                             CITY OF SNOHOMISH
                                              DIVERSION  DAM
             (\  GARDNER
WHIOBEY

   ISLAND
                                                                                                                   Soda  Springs
                Mountlake
                  Terrace

                                                                    COUNTY

                                                                    COUNTY
  Richmond
  Highlanlds
                                                                          TOUT-SEATTLE WATER
                                                                       SUPPLY DAM PROJECT
                                                                                         NORTH  FORK
                                                                                            PROJECT
                                                                                                                                                    MT. Daniel
                                                                                                                                                  I* 7986
                                                 SNOQUALMIE FALLS
                                              HYDROELECTRIC PROJECT
                                                           Dorothy

                                                                Lake
                                                                                        PROPOSED
                 Sammamish
                      Lake
                                                                    Snoqualmie
                                                                      •  Falls
                                                                                            MIDDLE  FORK
                                                                                                PROJECT
                                                                                               Snoqualmie MT.
                                                                                                                      WATER SUPPLY 8 WATER QUALITY  CONTROL STUDY
                                                                                                                         SNOHOMISH  RIVER      BASIN, WASHINGTON
                                                                     OAR RIVER
                                                                   HYDROELECTR
                                                                        PROJECT
                                                                            Chester Morse
                                                                                     Lake
                                                                                                                         LOCATION
CITY OF SEATTLE
DIVERSION  DAM
                                                                                                                        UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF  THE INTERIOR
                                                                                                                         Federal Water  Pollution  Control Administration

                                                                                                                        REGION IX    (DATE 8/66)            PORTLAND. OREGON

-------