EPA-450/3-75-084
October 1975
MONITORING
VINYL CHLORIDE
AROUND POLYVINYL
CHLORIDE FABRICATION
PLANTS
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Office of Air and Waste Management
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
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EPA-450/3-75-084
MONITORING
VINYL CHLORIDE
AROUND POLYVINYL
PLANTS
by
PEDCo-Environmentftl Specialists, Inc.
Suite 13, Atkinson Square
Cincinnati, Ohio 45246
Contract No. 68-02-1375
Project No. 20
EPA Project Officer: Harold G. Richter
Prepared for
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Office of Air and Waste Management
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
October 1975
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This report is issued by the Environmental Protection Agency to report
technical data of interest to a limited number of readers. Copies are
available free of charge to Federal employees, current contractors and
grantees, and nonprofit organizations - as supplies permit - from the
Air Pollution Technical Information Center, Environmental Protection
Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711; or, for a fee,
from the National Technical Information Service, 5285 Port Royal Road,
Springfield, Virginia 22161.
This report was furnished to the Environmental Protection Agency by
PEDCo-Environmental Specialists, Inc. Cincinnati, Ohio 45246, in fulfillment
of Contract No, 68-Q2-1375. The contents of this report are reproduced
herein as received from PEDCo-Environmental Specialists, Inc. The
opinions, findings, and conclusions expressed are those of the author
and not necessarily those of the Environmental Protection Agency.
Mention of company or product names is not to be considered as an endorse-
ment by the Environmental Protection Agency.
Publication No. EPA-450/3-75-084
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This report was prepared for the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency by PEDCo-Environmental Specialists, Inc.,
Cincinnati, Ohio. Mr. Lawrence Elfers was the PEDCo Project
Manager. Principal authors of the report were Messrs.
Anthony Wisbith, Everett Barnett and Lawrence Elfers.
Mr. Harold Richter was the Project Officer for the
Environmental Protection Agency. The authors appreciate the
many contributions made to this study by Mr. Richter and
other members of the National Environmental Research Center
in Raleigh, North Carolina.
iii
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
ACKNOWLEDGMENT iii
1.0 INTRODUCTION 1-1
2.0 SAMPLING LOCATIONS 2-1
2.1 Specific Monitoring Activities 2-3
2.1.1 Ford Company Vinyl Plant 2-3
2.1.2 Sylvania Electric Corporation 2-5
2.1.3 Congoleum Company 2-6
2.1.4 Reynolds Metals Company 2-8
2.1.5 Charlotte Plastics 2-10
2.1.6 Royal Electric, Division of ITT 2-12
3.0 SAMPLING AND ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES 3-1
3.1 Sampling Equipment 3-1
3.2 Field Operations 3-3
3.2.1 Meteorological Measurements 3-3
3.3 Analytical Procedures 3-4
3.3.1 Preparation of Standards 3-4
3.3.2 Desorption of Vinyl Chloride 3-5
from Charcoal
3.3.3 Analytical Method 3-6
3.3.4 Desorption Efficiency 3-6
3.4 Quality Assurance Data 3-8
3.4.1 NBS Vinyl Chloride Reference Samples 3-8
3.4.2 Split Samples 3-12
3.4.3 Calibrating Hypodermic Needles 3-12
4.0 RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS 4-1
4.1 Maximum Detected Levels 4-1
4.1.1 Ford Vinyl Plant 4-1
IV
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TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued).
Paqe
4.1.2 Congoleum Company 4-2
4.1.3 Reynolds Metals 4-2
4.2 Conclusions 4-5
APPENDIX A SAMPLING SITE DESCRIPTIONS A-l
APPENDIX B METEOROLOGICAL DATA SUMMARY B-l
APPENDIX C EPA METHOD FOR THE ANAYLSES OF VINYL C-l
CHLORIDE
APPENDIX D FIELD OPERATORS GUIDE D-l
APPENDIX E AMBIENT VINYL CHLORIDE DATA SUMMARY E-l
V
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1.0 INTRODUCTION
Vinyl chloride has recently been demonstrated to be a
carcinogen. It has been detected in the atmosphere sur-
rounding both vinyl chloride monomer plants and polymeriza-
tion plants. As a result of these discoveries, the need for
ambient air standards for this and similar materials are
under investigation by the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency.
The presence of vinyl chloride in the atmosphere sur-
rounding polyvinyl chloride (PVC) fabrication plants has not
yet been demonstrated. If it does exist, then State Imple-
mentation Plans (SIP) may have to be modified to require
surveillance monitoring around these plants. The purpose of
this contract was to determine whether the concentration of
vinyl chloride near such fabrication plants is of a suf-
ficient magnitude as to require agency action.
To this end an ambient air monitoring program was
conducted in the spring of 1975. This program encompassed
six sampling areas in the Eastern United States. Five of
the sampling areas were in the vicinity of PVC fabrication
plants. The sixth was a "control" area near a plastic
fabrication plant which did not use PVC. This was designed
to provide background data from a similar industrialized
1-1
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area. Locations were selected by the Monitoring and Reports
Branch, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, of the
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Table 1-1 presents
the sampling locations and dates of sampling periods. Four
sampling sites were located near each plant. The sampling
program for each plant site was conducted for 14 consecutive
days, during which integrated 24-hour samples were collected
on activated charcoal adsorption tubes. The samples were
shipped to the PEDCo-Environmental laboratory and analyzed
for their vinyl chloride content within 48 hours of sam-
pling. The sampling sites, techniques, analysis, and
quality control procedures are described and the monitoring
results are presented in this report. No attempt has been
made to evaluate the health-related implications of the
data.
1-2
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Table 1-1. VINYL CHLORIDE STUDY AREAS
AND SAMPLING PERIODS
Study area
Sampling period
Ford Motor Company, Vinyl Plant
Mt. Clemens, Michigan
G.T.E. Sylvania, Inc.
Warren, Pennsylvania
Congoleum Industries
Marcus Hook, Pennsylvania
Reynolds Metals Company
Packaging Division - Plastics
Grottoes, Virginia
Charlotte Pipe and Foundry Co.
Charlotte Plastics Division
Monroe, North Carolina
ITT
Royal Electric Division
Pawtucket, Rhode Island
February 12 to
February 26, 1975
February 15 to
March 1, 1975
March 12 to
March 26, 1975
March 15 to
March 29, 1975
April 10 to
April 24, 1975
May 22 to
June 5, 1975
1-3
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2.0 SAMPLING LOCATIONS
The fabrication plants which were selected are located
throughout the Eastern United States. The general geo-
graphic location of each site is presented in Figure 2-1 and
brief geographic site descriptions are provided as follows:
0 Ford Motor Company - This plant is located within
the city of Mt. Clemens, Michigan. Mt. Clemens
has a population of twenty-one thousand and is
located approximately three miles west of Lake St.
Clair and twenty miles north of Detroit.
0 G.T.E. Sylvania, Inc. - This plant is located
within the city of Warren, Pennsylvania. Warren
is a city of thirteen thousand, located in the
northwestern section of Pennsylvania within the
Allegheny River Valley.
0 Congoleum Industries - This plant is located in
the city of Marcus Hook, Pennsylvania. Marcus
Hook is one of the many small industrial towns
located along the Delaware River between Phila-
delphia, Pennsylvania and Wilmington, Delaware.
0 Reynolds Metals Company - This plant is located
near the town of Grottoes, Virginia which is a
small town of twelve hundred residents. The area
is primarily rural and lies within the Shenandoah
Valley, approximately twenty-two miles northwest
of Charlottesville, Virginia.
0 Charlotte Plastics Division - This plant is
located in the rural area of Monroe Township,
North Carolina. The city of Monroe, North Caro-
lina is approximately four miles southeast and the
city of Charlotte, North Carolina is approximately
fifteen miles northwest of the plant site.
0 ITT, Royal Electric Division ITT - This plant is
located within the city of Pawtucket, Rhode Island.
Pawtucket, a city of eighty-eight thousand, lies
at the northern edge of Providence, Rhode Island.
2-1
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ITT ROYAL
ELECTRIC
Figure 2-1. Map of sampling locations,
2-2
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2.1 SPECIFIC MONITORING ACTIVITIES
Four sampling sites were selected at each plant loca-
tion, considering prevailing wind conditions, proximity to
the plant, availability of electric power and security.
Whereever possible, sites were located on all four sides of
the plant area. Each sampling site had one sampler with the
exception of the site considered to be in the prevailing
downwind direction. Two samplers were placed at the down-
wind site in order to achieve duplicate samples for the
quality assurance program. Additionally, meteorological
data were obtained from the nearest reliable source.
2.1.1 Ford Motor Company Vinyl Plant
Sampling in this area was conducted from February 12 to
February 26, 1975. This polyvinyl chloride fabrication
plant is located at the outskirts of the city of Mount
Clemens, Michigan. Residential areas adjoin the plant
property on three sides. The terrain is generally flat.
Sampling sites were established as indicated in Figure 2-2.
No site was located north of the plant since it was felt
that organic solvents from the nearby Ford paint plant could
interfere with analytical determinations. Descriptions of
individual sampling sites are presented in Appendix A.
2.1.1.1 Meteorological Data - Meteorological data for this
sampling period were obtained from the Selfridge Air National
Guard Base located three miles east of the plant. These
meteorological data are also presented in Figure 2-2 as
2-3
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SCALE
1 in. = 600 ft.
LITTLE LEAGUE
BALL PARK
ST. JOSEPH HOSPITAL
Figure 2-2.
Sampling sites at Ford vinyl plant,
Mt, Clemens, Michigan.
2-4
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directional frequency components and wind speed frequencies.
A complete meteorological data summary for the 14-day sam-
pling period is presented in Appendix B.
2.1.1.2 Plant Operations - The Ford vinyl plant manufac-
turers vinyl upholstery material for the automobile in-
dustry. Overall production during the 14-day sampling
period was estimated at 35 percent of capacity.* During
this time approximately 360,000 pounds of PVC plastics were
used.
2..1.2 G.T.E. Sylvania, Inc.
Sampling in this area was conducted from February 15 to
March 1, 1975. The Sylvania plant is located in the In-
dustrial River front area at Warren, Pennsylvania. Indus-
trial properties border the plant on two sides. The resi-
dential areas of the town lie to the northwest, north and
northeast. The topography of the land is generally level
from the bank of the Allegheny River to the edge of town
where the elevation rises and the land becomes wooded. On
the southwest side of the river wooded hills rise at the
rivers edge. Sampling sites were established as indicated
in Figure 2-3. All sites were at the same ground elevation
as the plant except Site D which was approximately 50 feet
higher. Descriptions of individual sampling sites are
presented in Appendix A.
Production rates are estimates obtained from plant manage-
ment and are not based on official records.
2-5
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2.1.2.1 Prevailing Meteorological Conditions - No reliable
meteorological data were available for this sampling area.
Observations by the field operator indicated that winds were
generally in a northeasterly or southwesterly direction, as
depicted in Figure 2-3.
2.1.2.2 Plant Operations - G.T.E. Sylvania, Inc., plant at
Warren is a manufacturer of wire and cable products. This
plant does not employ polyvinyl chloride plastic in its
manufacturing process; thus it was used as a control study
area. During the sampling period the plant was operating at
80 percent of capacity.*
2.1.3 Congoleum Industries
Sampling in this area was conducted from March 12 to
March 26, 1975. The Congoleum Industries plant is located
in Marcus Hook, Pennsylvania, which is one of the small but
highly industrialized towns along the Delaware River south
of Philadelphia. Industrial and residential properties are
intermixed in this area. The topography of the land dis-
plays a gentle slope rising upward from the Delaware River a
half mile southeast of the plant. Northwest of the plant
the elevation increases until it forms a low ridge rising
above the height of the plant buildings. To the northeast
and southwest the elevation of the land varies little from
that of the plant.
* Production rates are estimates obtained from plant manage-
ment and are not based on official records.
2-6
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0 300 600
X.i 1
SCALE
1 in. = 600 ft.
Figure 2-3.
Sampling sites at G.T.E. Sylvania, Inc.,
Warren, Pennsylvania.
2-7
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Two of the sampling sites, (A and B), as indicated in
Figure 2-4, were located near company property. Sites C and
D were located at a greater distance for security reasons.
Descriptions of individual sampling sites are given in
Appendix A.
2.1.3.1 Prevailing Meteorological Conditions - Meteoro-
logical data for the area were obtained from a system
located at the main gate of the Sun Oil Company, one mile
south of the Congoleum plant. These data are presented in
Figure 2-4 as directional frequency components and wind
speed frequencies for the sampling period. A complete
summary of wind data for the sampling period is presented in
Appendix B.
2.1.3.2 Plant Operations - The Congoleum plant at Marcus
Hook is a manufacturer of flooring materials. The actual
production weight of PVC was not provided by plant manage-
ment. Overall production rates of the plant during the
sampling period were estimated at 80 percent «. f capacity.*
2.1.4 Reynolds Metals Company
Sampling in this area was conducted from March 15 to
March 29, 1975. The Reynolds Metals plant is located at the
south edge of the town of Grottoes, Virginia. The topo-
graphy of the land is generally flat to the south, north and
east. To the west, a small hill rises from the bank of the
* Production rates are estimates obtained from plant manage-
ment and are not based on official records.
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% FREQUENCY^-'
CALM OUT
CALM 1-5 6-10 11-20 21
W1IKD SPEED, mtft
0 300 600
SCALE'
1 in. = 600 ft.
Figure 2-4. Sampling sites at Congoleum pj.ant,
Marcus Hook, Pennsylvania.
2-9
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South River. Sampling sites, which are presented in Figure
2-5, were located as close to plant property as the avail-
ability of electrical power would permit. Descriptions of
individual sampling sites are presented in Appendix A.
2.1.4.1 Prevailing Meteorological Conditions - Meteoro-
logical data for this area were obtained from the Shenandoah
Valley Airport located three miles west of the plant. Tnese
data are also presented in Figure 2-5, as directional fre-
quency components and wind speed frequencies for this sam-
pling period Since-meteorological data were recorded from
5:00 a.m. to 10:00 p.m. each day, these data represent 75
percent of the sampling period. ,A complete summary of wind
data for the 14-day sampling period is presented in Appendix
B.
2.1.4.2 Plant Operations - The Reynolds Metals plant at
Grottoes is a producer of plastic film for the packaging
industry. Overall production for the sampling period was
estimated at 40 percent of capacity.* During this time
approximately 295,000 pounds of suspension polymerized PVC
were used.
2.1.5 Charlotte Pipe and Foundry Co., Charlotte Plastics
Division
Sampling in this area was conducted from April 10 to
April 24, 1975. The Charlotte Plastics plant is located in
a rural area four miles northwest of Monroe, North Carolina.
* Production rates are estimates obtained from plant manage-
ment and are not based on official records.
2-10
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CALM 1-5 6-10 11-20 21
WIND SPEED, mph
Figure 2-5,
Sampling sites at Reynolds Metals plant,
Grottoes, Virginia.
2-11
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The topography of the area is flat with mixed wooded and
open areas. The sampling sites, shown in Figure 2-6, were
placed on all four sides of the plant at varying distances.
The lack of electrical power made it necessary to locate
Site B on company property. Descriptions of individual
sampling sites are given in Appendix A.
2.1.5.1 Prevailing Meteorological Conditions - Meteoro-
logical data for this area were obtained from Douglas Air-
port at Charlotte, North Carolina, which is twenty-five
miles northwest of the sampling area. Due to the distance
involved, care should be taken in interpretation of these
data with respect to the sampling area. As before, data are
presented in Figure 2-6 as directional frequency components
and wind speed frequencies for the sampling period. A
complete summary of wind data for the 14-day sampling period
is presented in Appendix B.
2.1.5.2 Plant Operations - The Charlotte Plastics plant at
Monroe is a fabricator of plastic pipe and fittings. During
the sampling period approximately two million pounds of PVC
were used in production operations.* The polymerization
process of the PVC employed was not provided by plant
management.
2.1.6 ITT, Royal Electric, Division
Sampling in this area was conducted from May 22 to June
5, 1975. The Royal Electric plant is located in the north-
* Production rates are estimates obtained from plant manage
ment and are not based on official records.
2-12
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"
§20
UJ
£10
0 300 600
i i i
SCALE
1 in. = 600 ft.
20
0 % FREQUENC.V
97*
I
1
CALM 1-5 6-10 11-20 21-
V/INO SPEED, mph
Figure 2-6. Sampling sites at Charlotte Plastics plant,
Monroe, North Carolina.
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east section of Pawtucket, Rhode Island. Residential areas
lie on three sides of the plant. Adjacent to the west side
of the plant is a small industrial property. The topography
of the land is generally level. The sampling sites, shown
in Figure 2-7, were located on all four sides of the plant.
Descriptions of individual sampling sites are presented in
Appendix A.
2.1.6.1 Prevailing Meteorological Conditions - Meteoro-
logical data for this area were obtained from the Rhode
Island Department of Health Air Pollution Station at Prov-
idence, located five miles southwest of the sampling area.
These data are presented in Figure 2-7 as directional fre-
quency components and wind speed frequencies for the sam-
pling period. A complete summary of meteorological data for
the 14-day sampling period is presented in Appendix B.
2.1.6.2 Plant Operations - The Royal Electric plant is a
manufacturer of rubber and vinyl-coated wire and cable.
During the sampling period approximately 176,000 pounds of
PVC were used in production operations.* The polymerization
process of the PVC employed was not provided by plant manage-
ment.
* Production rates are estimates obtained from plant manage-
ment and are not based on official records.
2-14
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. SCALE.
sk. 1 in. = 600 ft
NOTRE DAME
CEMETERY
-*
SO
40
30
20
10
1
I
i
CALM 1-5 6-10 11-20 21-
WIND SPfEDVmph
E
D
K
rc
L
Figure 2-7. Sampling sites at Royal Electric plant
Pawtucket, Rhode Island. '
2-15
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3.0 SAMPLING AND ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES
3.1 SAMPLING EQUIPMENT
Vinyl chloride sampling was conducted with a specially
designed sampler as shown in Figure 3-1. A vacuum pump (1)
was used to maintain a vacuum greater than 0.5 atmosphere,
measured by a vacuum gage (2). A critical orifice (3),
consisting of a 3/4-inch twenty-seven gage hypodermic
needle, controlled the sample air flow at approximately 200
ml/min. An adsorption tube (4), consisting of a borosili-
cate glass tube (18 in. long and 10 mm O.D.) filled with
activated charcoal, provided the collection medium. This
tube was connected to the vacuum source by an appropriate
fitting. A rotometer, calibrated at 25°C and 760 mm Hg with
a positive-displacement-type calibrator, (traceable to an
NBS standard), was used to measure the sampling rate before
and after each 24-hour sampling period. A tubular shield
(5) was provided to protect the absorption tube from light
and rain during sampling. The sampler was normally mounted
on a wooden stand with the sampler inlet five feet above the
ground. This sampling configuration incorporated all opera-
tional parameters as recommended in the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency publication "Tentative Methods for Deter-
mination of Vinyl Chloride in the Atmosphere." This method
is presented in Appendix C.
3-1
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CRITICAL ORIFICE (3)
TO VACUUM
GAUGE (2)
LIGHT AND RAIN (5)
SHIELD ATTACHED HERE
ABSORPTION TUBE
ATTACHED HERE (4)
VACUUM PUMP (1)
Figure 3-1. Custom-built vinyl chloride sampler,
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3.2 FIELD OPERATIONS
For each survey, a local field operator was instructed
in operating the sampling devices as described in the
Operators Guide, see Appendix D.
In order to standardize all field operations, the
operators would visit the sites at the same time each day,
starting at Site A and ending at Site D. This permitted
sampling time at each site to be as near to 24 hours as
possible. After installing a new adsorption tube, the
vacuum gage reading, tube number, flow rate and exact time
were recorded. At the end of each sampling period and prior
to removing,, the adsorption tube, these readings were again
recorded. The exposed adsorption tubes were capped and
stored in a light tight container. Every other day the 10
exposed adsorption tubes were shipped in special padded
boxes via air mail to the PEDCo-Environmental laboratory for
analysis.
3.2.1 Meteorological Measurements
Meteorological data at each sampling area were obtained
from the nearest reliable source. As noted, the only
exception was at Warren, Pennsylvania, where visual observa-
tions made by the field operator were used. Since these
measurements were generally not made in the immediate
vicinity of the sampling area, care should be taken in
relating them to measured vinyl chloride levels.
3-3
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3.3 ANALYTICAL PROCEDURES
All standards were prepared using the procedure recom-
mended by the National Institute of Occupational Safety and
Health method P&CAM 127. Analytical procedures followed the
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's "Tentative Method for
the Determination o_f Vinyl Chloride in the Atmosphere by_ 24-
Hour Integrated Sampling" (Appendix C).
3.3.1 Preparation of Standards
Vinyl chloride standards were prepared by dissolving
99.9 percent vinyl chloride gas in spectrophotometric grade
carbon disulfide. Initially, five milliliters of carbon
disulfide were pipetted into two tared vials fitted with
teflon valve caps. The vials were then weighed to the
nearest milligram and the liquid volume of carbon disulfide
determined from its weight and specific gravity;
A 100 ml gas sampling bulb was flushed and filled with
vinyl chloride gas. The bulb was allowed to equilibrate to
room temperature and pressure. A 250 microli*-.er aliquot was
withdrawn, using a gas tight syringe, and injected into one
of the vials containing carbon disulfide. This solution was
used as a'master stock.
Fifty microliters of the master stock solution was
injected into a second vial containing a known volume of
carbon disulfide. The concentration of vinyl chloride in
this solution was calculated and used as a working standard.
3-4
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Initially, standards were prepared in the range of
0.001 yg VC/microliter of solution. Since these tended to
degrade rapidly, standards were intentionally prepared at
lower concentrations (=0.0003 pg/microliter solution). New
standards were prepared, as previously described, for each
set of analysis. These were compared to the original low-
level standard and no significant change was observed in the
concentration of the original low-level standard during the
four month period of this study. This low-level standard
was stored at 0°C in a teflon sealed vial when not in use.
3.3.2 Desorption of Vinyl Chloride from Charcoal
Twenty-five ml graduated cylinders, fitted with ground
glass stoppers, were used as the desorption vessels.
Twenty-five milliliters of carbon disulfide were pipetted
into a cylinder, which was then stoppered and cooled to 0°C
in a refrigerated bath. An exposed charcoal adsorption tube
was opened, the glass wool plug removed from one end, and
the contents shaken as rapidly as possible into the cyl-
inder, which was restoppered and swirled in the ice bath to
remove the heat of reaction (from the charcoal contacting
the solvent). This process was repeated for the rest of the
sample tubes. The cylinders were left in the bath for one
hour to desorb the vinyl chloride from the charcoal.
After one hour the tubes were removed, agitated, and a
portion transferred to a vial and sealed with a teflon-
3-5
-------
lined septum. This aliquot of the sample was then used for
analysis.
3.3.3 Analytical Method
A 2.5 m glass column, filled with 0.4 percent carbowax
1500 on carbopak A, was used with a Perkin Elmer model 990
gas chromotograph equipped with a flame ionization detector.
Helium was used as carrier gas, inlet pressure 60 psig, flow
rate 73 ml per minute. Detector temperature and injection
block temperature were maintained at 150°C. Column tempera-
ture was maintained at 70°C and was operated isothermally.
Approximately 3 microliters of sample were injected for
analysis. Figure 3-2 illustrates the resulting chromatogram
typically obtained.
3.3.4 Adsorption-Desorption Efficiency
Blank adsorption tubes were connected to a vacuum pump
using a critical orifice to regulate flow. A glass "T" was
connected to the other end of the adsorption tube and one
end of the glass "T" was sealed with a septum.- which was
used for sample injection. Another blank adsorption tube
was fitted to the other end of the "T" and served as a
scrubber for the room air being drawn into the tube.
A gas sampling bulb was filled with vinyl chloride gas
and a 100 microliter sample of the gas was then injected
slowly into the adsorption tube through the septum. Air
flow was continued through the tube for 10 minutes. The
3-6
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10
1 0
Time, minutes
Figure 3-2.
Chromatogram for the determination
of vinyl chloride.
3-7
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tubes were then disconnected and allowed to equilibrate for
24 hours. They were then desorbed by the same procedure as
described in Section 3.3.2, analyzed with the gas chromato-
graphic technique as described in Section 3.3.3, and the
desorption efficiency calculated from the amount of vinyl
chloride injected versus the amount recovered. The overall
desorption efficiency for twenty-eight samples was deter-
mined to be 89 percent. The results of this study are
graphically displayed in Figure 3-3.
3.4 QUALITY ASSURANCE PROGRAM
In order to assure the validity of data generated
during the course of this project, a rigorous quality
assurance program was maintained in order to support the
data and also to point out any errors during analysis.
3.4.1 NBS Vinyl Chloride Reference Samples
Charcoal adsorption tubes, identical to those used for
the collection of samples, were prepared by the National
Bureau of Standards and supplied to PEDCo-Env.' ronmental by
the Project Officer for quality control checks. Thece tubes
had been spiked with vinyl chloride, in the range of 12 to
60 vg. Using exactly the same desorption procedure as
described in Section 3.3.2, randomly selected quality
control samples were analyzed along with each batch of
samples and the results compared to the values provided by
the National Bureau of Standards. Figures 3-4 and 3-5
3-8
-------
e-e
PERCENT RECOVERY
j oo eo co co o
en o vi o en a
II I.I 1 II 1 II 1 1 1 1
O O 0
'->',- l-i /> O
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O
O O
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o o o
0 0
0 0
0 0
o o
^w f\ .w-u.
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
24 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28
2o
X-a
X-2a
NUMBER OF ANALYSIS
"Figure 3-3. Vinyl chloride desorption efficiency from activated charcoal.
-------
15
z- 14
O
1 13
1 12
w g
M
o E
i "
3£
O
J 11 fi
9
1 1 I 1 1 1 1 | 1 1 1 1 1 1
NBS VALUES PEDCo VALUES
«» MBS MEAN PEDCo MEAN
IMIIII NBS 3a LEVEL
B
- 0
mm a «
m
11 a
__ «
_
I 1 I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
X+3a
X~
V
X-3a
NUMBER OF ANALYSIS
Figure 3-4. Comparison of low-level vinyl chloride quality control data.
-------
« 68
3.
i 66
DE CONCENTRAT
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o 60
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^ 58
I 1 1 I 1 1 1 1 1 1
NBS VALUES
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_
:"-..* _,
iYiiniiliiiiiiiiiiiiiiiHiiiiiiitlliiiiBniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiigiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii
- .
1 It 1 1 III
1 23 45 6 7 8
1 1
9 10
"
1 1 1
11 12 13
X+3a
X
X
X-3a
NUMBER OF ANALYSIS
Figxire 3-5. Comparisons of high-level vinyl chloride quality control data,
-------
illustrate these comparisons. In the 12 yg range, the
average value determined by the PEDCo laboratory on 14
samples was 11.4 yg versus 11.9 yg reported by NBS. This
results in an average difference of 4.4 percent. In the 60
yg range, the average value determined by PEDCo on 13
samples was 61.4 yg versus 63.4 yg reported by NBS, an
average difference of 2.0 yg or 3.2 percent.
3.4.2 Split Samples
Another phase of our Quality Assurance Program involved
the use of duplicate samples. One of the sites in each
survey had two samplers operating simultaneously. One of
the samples' was analyzed by the PEDCo laboratory. For those
samples on which vinyl chloride was detected, the duplicate
was sent to the Project Officer for analysis by an indepen-
dent laboratory. Table 3-1 shows the results of nine sets 3
of duplicate tubes analyzed by PEDCo and the independent
laboratory. The average difference between laboratories was
0.9 +_ 0.6 yg. The values indicated by an asterisk were not
included in the statistical evaluation since the "Q-test" of
Dean and Dixon, for the rejection of an observation, showed
that at the 90 percent confidence level the observed dif-
ference was found to exceed the expected range of differ-
ences. Therefore, this set of values was rejected.
3.4.3 Calibrating Hypodermic Needles
An additional phase of the Quality Assurance Program
was checking the flow rate of the critical orifices ^iu
-------
Table 3-1. PAIRED SAMPLE ANALYSIS
Micrograms vinyl chloride determined
PEDCo
3.4
2.2
5.6
2.5
4.1
1.0
1.8*
1.2
0.75
Independent
laboratory
2.6
2.5
6.4
3.9
3.7
3.5
6.7*
2.3
0.64
* Values not included in statistical evaluation.
3-13
-------
in the sampling equipment (a 3/4-inch, 27 gage hypodermic
needle was used as the critical orifice in the sampler).
The flow rate through each needle was determined by the
PEDCo laboratory using a soap bubble meter. Six needles
were chosen at random and given to the Project Officer.
Flow rates were determined by the EPA and these values were
compared to those originally determined by PEDCo. The
results are tabulated in Table 3-2. Both values are cor-
rected to 760 mm Hg and 25°C. The average difference, based
on an average flow rate of 200 cc/min, is 1.5 percent.
3-14
-------
Table 3-2. COMPARISON OF CRITICAL ORIFICE FLOW RATE
Needle No.
1
2
3
4
5
6"
Laboratory*
PEDCO
206
210
207
202
195
174
EPA
209
213
210
206
197
178
* All measurements reported as cc/min corrected to 25°C
and 760 mm Hg.
3-15
-------
4.0 RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS
Vinyl chloride levels detected in the vicinity of
polyvinyl chloride fabrication plants were generally found
to be in the range of <0.5 ppb to 5 ppb for a 24-hour in-
tegrated average. These are relatively low levels. The
maximum vinyl chloride level for any single 24-hour period
was 7 ppb for a 24-hour integrated average. In the six
study areas vinyl chloride was detected at three of them,
and these are subsequently discussed. Sampling at the
G.T.E. Sylvania, Inc. plant, which was a "background" loca-
tion within a highly industrialized area, at the Charlotte
Plastics plant and at the Royal Electric Plant, produced
levels below the detection limit of 0.5 ppb. A summary of
all measurement data is presented in Appendix E.
4.1 MAXIMUM DETECTED LEVELS
4.1.1 Ford Motor Company Vinyl Plant
Figure 2-2, as previously presented, depicts the sam-
pling sites and the predominate meteorological conditions
which prevailed throughout the sampling period. During most
of the sampling period, vinyl chloride was not detected.
However, one sampling day in particular should be given
special consideration. On February 19, 1975 the highest
value for the sampling period was observed. Meteorological
4-1
-------
conditions for this sampling day are presented in Figure 4-
1. The winds were predominately from the southwest at 6 to
20 miles/hr. A vinyl chloride concentration of 7 ppb for a
24-hour integrated average was observed at sampling site B
which is downwind of the plant. No logical explanation
exists for this high level since the winds throughout the
sampling period were generally from the same direction.
4.1.2 Congoleum Industries
During the first six days of the sampling period, from
March 12 to March 17, vinyl chloride was twice detected in
the range of 1 ppb. From March 18 through March 25 vinyl
chloride was detected in every twenty-four hour sampling
period. The general meteorological conditions, as shown in
Figure 4-2, did not differ significantly from those occur-
ring during the entire sampling period (See Figure 2-4).
In general, measurements of vinyl chloride at Sites A,
C and B which were at the greatest distance from the plant
showed levels in the 1 to 3 ppb range. Site il. which was
100 feet from the plant, displayed higher levels in the
range of 3 to 4 ppb.
4.1.3 Reynolds Metals Company
During seven days in the middle of the sampling period
(March 19 to March 25), vinyl chloride levels were detected
during each twenty-four hour period. The levels were
consistently in the 1 to 2 ppb range for each site. The
4-2
-------
0 300 600
SCALE
1 in. = 600 ft.
FORD PAINT
PLANT
LITTLE LEAGUE
BALL PARK
% FREQUENCY
1
FORD
mi PLANT
ENGLEWQODAVE
WATER TANK
ST. JOSEPH HOSPITAL
1
HUBBARD AVE. ,\
CALM 1-5 6-10 11-7.0 21
WIND SPEED ,mph
Figure 4-1. Meteorological data at the Ford vinyl plant
for February 19, 1975, Warren, Michigan.
4-3
-------
CALM 1-5 6-10 11-20 21«=
WIND SPEED, mnh
0 300 600
'SCALE'
1 in. = 600 ft.
Figure 4-2. Meteorological data for the period March 18 through
March 25, 1975 at the Congoleum plant, Marcus Hook, Pennsylvania.
.4-4
-------
meteorological conditions which prevailed during this period
are presented in Figure 4-3.
4.2 CONCLUSIONS
This study demonstrates that very low concentrations of
vinyl chloride occasionally exist in the ambient air in the
vicinity of some polyvinyl chloride fabrication plants.
Concentrations found varied from less than 0.5 ppb to approxi-
mately 5 ppb for a 24-hour integrated average.
4-5
-------
CALM 1-5 6-10 11-20 21
WIND SPEED, mph
SCALE
1 in. = 600 ft.
Figure 4-3. Meteorological data for the period March 19 chr ugh
March 25 at the Reynolds Metals Company, Grottoes, '< c^irr
-------
APPENDIX A
SAMPLING SITE DESCRIPTION
A-l
-------
Location of Vinyl Chloride Study Sites
Ford Motor Company (vinyl plant)
151 Lafayette Avenue
Mt. Clemens, Michigan
Site A
Location Residence of Mr. Ray Jolly
230 North Wilson Boulevard
Mt. Clemens, Michigan
This site was located in the backyard of the Jolly residence
and was 100 feet west of plant property. The monitor was mounted
on a power pole five feet above the ground.
Site B
Location Residence of Mr. Dimitri Strilany
51 Dorothea Street
Mt. Clemens, Michigan
This site was located in the backyard of the Strilany residence
about 1400 feet northeast of the vinyl plant. The area between
the plant and this- sampling site was flat and grassy with no ob-
structions. The monitor was mounted on a power pole five feet
above the ground.
Site C
Location Madison Water Tower
Contact Mr. Spencer Fenton
Superintendent of Streets and Parks
145 Hubbard Street
Mt. Clemens, Michigan
This site was located on a piece of property which is owed by
the City of Mt. Clemens and on which a large water tower is located.
The monitors were about 600 feet east-southeast of the vinyl plant
and 200 feet from plant property. There were two monitors at this
site located four feet apart and five feet above the ground.
Site D
Location Residence of Mr. Francis Presley
112 Grove Park
Mt. Clemens, Michigan
This site was located in the front yard of the Presley rt ^
about 1200 feet south of the vinyl plant. The monitor war mounted
on a stand five feet above the ground.
-------
Location of Vinyl Chloride Study Sites
G.T.E. Sylvania, Inc.
12 - 2nd Avenue
Warren, Pennsylvania
Site A
Location State Forestry Office
50 Hammond Street
Warren, Pennsylvania
Owner Intervestment Corp.
Contact Mr. G. Ensworth (Sec.-Treas.)
Phone 814-726-1910
This site was located near the maintenance building of the
State Forestry Office about 1000 feet east of the Sylvania plant.
There were two monitors at this site mounted on a wooden stand
five feet above the ground.
Site B
Location Riverside Acid and Inhibitor Co.
South Parker Street
Warren, Pennsylvania
Contact Mr. Robert Bonadio
This site was located near a small one-story building belonging
to the Riverside Acid Co. The monitor was mounted five feet above
the ground on a wooden stand. This site was about 500 feet south
of the plant.
Site C
Location Barnhart Davis Co.
702 Lexington Avenue
Warren, Pennsylvania 16365
Contact Mr. William Bank (Treas.)
This site was located on a flat roof of a small building.
The roof was 14 feet above the ground and the monitor was mounted
on a wooden stand five feet above the roof. This site was about
500 feet northwest of the plant.
Site D
Location Residence of Mr. L. Burdick
10 Central Avenue
Warren, Pennsylvania
This site was located in the backyard of the Burdick residence
about 1000 feet northeast of the plant. The monitor was mounted
five feet above the ground on a wooden stand. The ground level at
this location is about 50 feet higher than ground level at the plant.
-------
Location of Vinyl Chloride Study Sites
Congoleum Industries
Ridge Road
Marcus Hook, Pa.
Site A
Location Cox Trailer Park
4300 West 9th Street
Trainer, Pa.
This site was located in the fenced-in swimming pool area of
the Cox Trailer Park 600 feet north of the nearest plant building.
The sampler was mounted on a wooden stand five feet above the
ground and at the same elevation as the plant roof.
Site B
Location Residence of Mr. Daniel Bonaventure
169 Ridge Road
Linwood, Pa.
This site was located in the backyard of the Bonaventure
residence 100 feet southwest of the nearest plant building. The
sampler was mounted on a wooden stand five feet above the ground,
Site C
Location Residence of Mr. Jackie West
5 Ceader Street
Marcus Hook, Pa.
This site was situated between two rows of houses which run
parallel in the direction of the plant. It was located in the
backyard of the West residence 900 feet southeast of the nearest
plant building. The sampler was mounted on a wooden stand five
feet above the ground.
Site D
Location Residence of Mr. Jack Elliot
4336 Post Road
Trainer, Pa.
This site was located in a grassy area behind the Elliott's
garage 1200 feet east of the nearest plant building. According
to local information this site was considered to be in the
prevailing wind direction for this time of year; therefore, two
monitors were located at this site. The samplers were mouated
on a wooden stand five feet above ground and four feet apart.
-------
Location of Vinyl Chloride Study Sites
Reynolds Metals Company
Packaging Division-Plastics
Grottoes, Va. 24441
Site A
Location Residence of Mr. H. F. Rankin
Rt. #1
Grottoes, Va.
This site was located in the rear yard of the Rankin
residence which is on a rise that is the same height as the
plant roof. The sampler was mounted on a wooden stand five
feet above the ground and 1400 feet southeast of the plant.
There were no obstructions between this site and the plant.
Site B
Location Residence of Mr. Douglas Good
Cavern Boulevard
Grottoes, Va.
This site was located in the backyard of the Good
residence. The elevation was about 30 feet higher than the
plant property and was located 700 feet east of the plant
and adjoining the plant property. Two monitors were estab-
lished at this location. The samplers were mounted on a
wooden stand five feet above the ground and four feet apart.
Site C
Location Residence of Mr. William Davies
2nd and Cherry
Grottoes, Va.
This site was located in the front yard of the Davies
residence 1200 feet northeast of the plant. There was a
small wooded area owned by the Reynolds Metals Co. be-
tween this site and the plant. The site location however
was elevated such that the plant roof could be seen over the
trees. It was felt that the woods would offer little or no
interference with sampling. The sampler was mounted on a
wooden stand five feet above the ground.
Site D
Location W. E. Wilkerson's South River Dairy Farm
Grottoes, Va.
Owner W. E. Wilkerson
Box 127
Grottoes, Va.
A-5
-------
This site was located near a barn on the Wilkerson's
South River Dairy Farm. The barn was located 2000 feet
southwest of the plant in the center of a large field. Most
of the land between the plant and this site is owned by the
Reynolds Metals Company. The land is flat and there are
no trees or obstructions between the plant and the site.
Although the distance to this site was greater than that
preferred, no other location was available in this area.
The sampler was mounted on a wooden stand placed atop a pile
of dirt. The sampler inlet was 10 feet above the Furroun-
ding ground.
A-6
-------
Location of Vinyl Chloride Study Sites
Charlotte Plastics
P. 0. Box 1220
Monroe, North Carolina
(A division of Charlotte Pipe and
Foundry Company)
28110
Site A
Location
Residence of Mr. Benjamin E. Steele
Rt. 8, Box 308
Monroe, North Carolina 28110
This site was located in the front yard of the Steele
residence 1200 feet south-southeast of the plant. The
sampler was mounted on a wooden stand five feet above the
ground.
Site B
Location
Charlotte Plastics Plant
Monroe, North Carolina
This station was located on the property of the Charlotte
Plastics plant. The site was in a grassy area between the
plant fence and the Seaboard Air Line Railroad track. It
was 20 feet from the fence and 150 feet north of themain plant
building. Electrical power for this site was obtained by
running a power cord from a small building inside the fenced-
in area. Two monitors were located at this site because
it was closest to the plant and also in the prevailing wind
direction. The samplers were mounted on a wooden stand 5 feet
above the ground and 4 feet apart.
Site C
Location
Monroe RC Club
Monroe, North Carolina
This site was located on a piece of property that is owned
by Charlotte Plastics and leased to the Monroe RC Club. The
sampler was located 75 feet from a small building and was 1000
feet west of the plant. The sampler was mounted on a wooden
stand five feet above the ground.
Site D
Location Residence of Mr. Campbell, owned and located
on the property of
Kendrick Brick and Tile Co.
Box 779
Monroe, North Carolina
This site was located in the backyard of the Campbell residence
and was 2500 feet north-northeast of the plant. The sampler was
mounted on a wooden stand five feet above the ground.
A-7
-------
Location of Vinyl Chloride Study Sites
ITT, Royal Electric Division
95 Grand Avenue
Pawtucket, Rhode Island 02816
Site A
Location Residence of Mr. Stanley Brooks
14 Hutchinson Avenue
Pawtucket, Rhode Island 02816
This site was located in the side yard of the Brooks residence
200 feet east of the plant. The sampler was mounted on a wooden
stand five feet above the ground.
Site B
Location Residence of Mr. Earl Barry
411 Carter Avenue
Pawtucket, Rhode Island
This site was located in the front yard of the Barry resi-
dence 140 feet southeast of the plant. The sampler was mounted on
a wooden stand five feet above the ground.
Site C
Location Residence of Mr. A. Mitsmen
335 Carter Avenue
« Pawtucket, Rhode Island
This site was located in the side yard of the Mitsmen resi-
dence 200 feet southwest of the plant. The sampler was mounted on
a wooden stand five feet above the ground.
Site D
Location Residence of Mr. John Bolton
142 London Avenue
Pawtucket, Rhode Island
This site was located in the rear yard of the Bolton residence,
Two monitors were located at this site as it was thought to be
in the prevailing downwind direction. The samplers were 100 feet
north of the plant and were mounted four feet apart and five feet
above the ground.
-------
APPENDIX B
METEOROLOGICAL DATA SUMMARY
B-l
-------
METEOROLOGICAL DATA SUMMARY
Ford Vinyl Plant
Mount Clemens, Michigan
February 12 to February 25, 1975
2/12/75
DATE
2/13/75
HOUR
00
01
02
03
04
OS
0«
07
09
09
10
11
12
13
14
IS
16
.17
18
10
20
21
22
23
WIND SPEED
11
12
13
16
20
23
16
18
15
WIND DIRECTION
260
260
2SO
260
290
290
310
300
290
HOUR
00
01
02
03
04
OS
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
IS
16
17
IB
19
20
21
22
23
WIND SPEED
14
12
16
12
IS
14
12
10
07
10
12
14
16
19
IS
15
14
12
12
04
04
06
09
07
WIND DIRECTION
300
320
310
310
290
290
300
300
300
290
290
290
290
290
320
310
310
300
300
300
290
280
270
280
DATE
2/14/7S
DATE
2/15/7S
HOUR
00
01
02
03
04
OS
06
07
01
09
10
11
12
1}
14
15
16
17
18
1*
20
21
22
23
WIND SPEED
06
06
05
03
04
04
OS
OS
03
00
00
00
02
OS
04
06
04
00
03
03
04
00
00
02
' WIND DIRECTION
290
290
300
300
270
260
290
290
300
000
000
000
280
300
310
310
280
000
100
130
190
000
000
160
HOUR
00
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
IS
16
17
18
19
20
_ . 21,
22
23
HIND SPEED
00
00
43
C
05
03
. 04
04
06
OS
07
06
06
06
07
07
07
05
OS
07
06
,04
07
OS
WIND DIRECTION
000
000
100
090
090
120
110
110
100
130
130
120
100
100
070
080
070
080
080
070
070
060
040
030
B-2
-------
METEOROLOGICAL DATA SUMMARY
Ford Vinyl Plant (continued).
2/16/75
2/17/75
HOUR
00
01
02
03
04
OS
06
07
0«
09
10
11
12
11
14
IS
16
17
. IB
11
20
21
22
2)
WIND SPEED
07
08
08
08
08
08
08
10
11
10
13
11
13
09
13
11
11
12
10
11
10
06
08
10
WIND DIRECTION
040
020
020
010
010
010
010
020
030
030
030
040
040
OSO
030
030
OSO
OSO
050
OSO
070
060
050
070
DATE
2/18/75
HOUR
00
01
02
03 '
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
IS
16
17
18
10
20
21
22
2}
WIND SPEED
10
12
12
10
09
08
08
07
08
08
09
08
09
08
10
06
06
OS
06
05 ' ^
. 06
07
10
01
WIND DIRECTION
250
250
250
240
250
260
260
260
260
260
260
230
250
240
240
210
240
230
230
240
230
2SO
260
260
HOUR
00
01
02
03
Oi
95
06
07
08
09
.10 ...
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
WIND SPEED
09
09
09
09
07
09
11
10
10
11
08
14
12
06
07
08
04
14
12
12 '
10
10
10
11
WIND DIRECTION
0(0
060
070
070
070
070
OBO
080
080
090
100
100
110
120
140
190
220
220
240
250
250
250
2SO
240
DATE
HOUR
00
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
0»
09
10
11
«
. »
14
IS
16
17
IB
14
20
21
22
23
WIND SPEED
09
09
09
08
08
06
09
OB
09
10
12
13
13
14
12
12
11
08
08
06
OS
02
04
OS
WIND DIRECTION
260
250
260
260
260
260
260
250
260
270
280
290
300
310
290
300
300
290
280
260
260
270
240
ISO
B-3
-------
METEOROLOGICAL DATA SUMMARY
Ford Vinyl Plant (continued).
DATE
3/31/75
HOUR
00
01
02
03
0<
OS
0«
07
01
09
10
11
12
11
14
11
1C
17
1*
19
20
21
22
23
WIND SPEED
10
08
08
13
08
09
12
06
06
13
10
10
14
14
12
12
09
10
09
07 :
04
03
07
07
WIND DIRECTION
250
250
230
230
230
230
250
2SO
240
220
240
230
230
230
220
240
230
230
230
230
220
210
230
270
2/22/7S
HOUR
00
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
IS
16
17
18
\1
20
21
32
23
WIND SPEED
04
02
02
02
03
04
03
04
04
04
10
10
08
06
05
04
04
04
02
00
00
00
00
00
' WIND DIRECTION
170
160
130
140
160
150
170
160
170
170
220
220
230
240
240
300
240
020
080
000
000
000
000
000
HOUR
00
01
02
03
04
OS
06
VI
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
IS
16
17
18
11
20
21
22
23 '
WIND SPEED
06
08
07
05
05
00
00
00
00
05
04
05
08
05
09
09
08
OS
03
06
06
03
04
04
WIND DIRECTION
230
240
250
240
250
000
000
000
000
230
250
230
140
170
170
170
170
170
150
ISO
160
170
170
170
DATE
HOUR
00
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
IS
16
'17
18
10
20
21
22
23
WIND SPEED
02
02
00
v
05
06
07
06
02
09
08
08
08
08
10
10
08
06
08
09
10
10
08
10
WIND DIRECTION
050
140
000
050
030
020
020
150
050
350
360
360
010
010
010
030
020
020
010
040
050
050
0«,0
050
-------
METEOROLOGICAL DATA SUMMARY
Ford Vinyl Plant (continued).
DATC
2/24/7S
HOUR
00
01
02
01
0«
OS
06
01
08
09
10
11
12
1}
14
IS
16
17
18
1*
20
21
22
2)
HIND SPEED
10
12
14
08
09
00
o;
06
09
06
11
10
10
11
08
11
15
12
16
14
IS
1}
13
13
WIND DIRECTION
040
060
060
060
070
000
160
210
260
250
240
240
220
220
170
210
230
230
240
230
230
220
200
200
HOUR
00
01
02
OJ
04
OS
06.
07
98
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
It
20
21
22
23
WIND SPEED
10
10
1<
12
12
U
.12
12
12
12
16
15
20
19
IS
15
21
20
23
I 18 <
20
24
20
20
WIND DIRECTION
210
200
200
200
210
210
220
220
230
230
230
220
220
240
250
250
250
260
260
260
250
260
260
260
B-5
-------
METEOROLOGICAL DATA SUMMARY
Congoleum Industries Plant
Marcus Hook, Pennsylvania
March 12 to March 26, 1975
DATE 3-12-73
HOUR
00
01
02
01
01
OS
06
07
08
09
. w .
11
II
13
14
15
16
17
18
15
30
21
32
23
WIND SPEED
10
OS
OG
04
07
10
oa
04
OS
04
09
11
09
04
OS
10
1 WIND DIRECTION
22S
135
135
135
111
run
i«
IflO
360
360
090
135
180
180
225
inn
HOUR
00
01
02
03
04
85
06.
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
IS
16
17
18
It
20
21
22
23
WIND SPEED
1C
09
07
07
06
OS
04
05
11
08
11
11
11
14
16
1«
WIND DIRECTION
ifin
22S
J2*
225
225
225
22S
225
270
315
315
31S
315
31*
IfiO
3*0
DATE
3-14-75
BATE
HOUR
00
01
02
0]
04
OS
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
11
14
U
17
1»
19
20
21
22
23
WIND SPEED
14
IS
14
16
18
21
18
19
21
27
in
22
24
27
20
IT
WIND DIRECTION
315
045
045
045
045
04S
04S
045
045
045
fld*
043
045
045
045
P.M
HOUR
00
01
02
01
04
OS
06
07
08
09
Id
11
12
13
14
H
18
17
18
19
20
21
ti
2J
WIND SPEED
07
15 '
14
0«
OS
10
10
26
17
16
13
10
10
IS
09
09
WIND DIRECTION
270
360
31S
31S
270
270
315
315
31S
315
313
31S
315
31S
315
2*3
B-5
-------
METEOROLOGICAL DATA SUMMARY
Congoleum Industries Plant (continued).
DATE
1-16-75
3-17-75
HOUR
00
01
02
01
Ot
01
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
1]
14
IS
16
17
IS
14
10
21
22
2}
HIND SPEED
OS
08
05
OS
06
06
07
06
06
10
oe
10
09
05
OS
04
HIND DIRECTION
180
270
270
J15
315
360
360
045
135
225
225
225
225
225
225
135
DATE
HOUR
00
01
02
03
04
9*
06
07 *
01
09
10
11
12
13
14
IS
16
17
11
10
20
21
2,2
. - > J ' '
MIND SPEED
11
10
09
10
09
09
10
10
10
07
10
10
10
10
11
11
WIND DIRECTION
045
045
045
045
045
045
045
135
135
135
135
135
135
135
135
,,911.,..
HOUR
00
01
02
03
01
05
06
07
OS
09
10
11
12
13
14
IS
16
IT
18
14
20
21
22
23
WIND SPEED
08
07
10
13
10
10
20
21
20
18
17
' 17
10
09
08
05
WIND DIRECTION
045
360
360
360
360
360
045
04S
045
045
045
045
045
045
135
135
DATE
3-19-7S
HOUR
00
01
01
Of
Ot
OS
06
07
OS
09
10
11
12
11
14
1«
L6
17
It
19
20
21
22
23
HIND SPEED .
08
12'
14
13
10
12
12
20
26
24
2<
21
18
16
08
06
WIND DIRECTION
090
090
045
090
090
090
090
090
135
13S
13S
IIS
180
IIS
04S
IIS
B-7
-------
METEOROLOGICAL DATA SUMMARY
Congoleum Industries Plant (continued)
3-20-75
DATE
3-21-75
HOUR
00
01
02
03
nt
OS
0«
07 *
OB
09
10
11
12
13
14
is
16
17
IB
19
20
21
22
23
WIND SPEED
14
10
10
09
12
14
16
18
20
22
20
16
18
22
22
23
WIND DIRECTION
315
22S
22S
270
315
315
315
315
315
315
?;s
315
315
315
315
315
HOUR
00
01
02
03
04
OS
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
14
20
21
22
23
WIND SPEED
07
08
07
07
06
06
10
10
12
10
11
11
10
08
06
. 07
WIND DIRECTION
225
31S
315
315
270
315
315
315
315
315
115
315
315
225
225
045
DATE
3-22-75
DATE
3-23-75
HOUR
00
01
02
03
04
05
ot
07
08
0»
10
11
12
13
14
1»
16
17
18
J*
20
21
22
23
WIND SPEED
18
12
14
11
10
09
10
12
09
10
12
. 11
16
18
13
11
WIND DIRECTION
315
180
045
045
090
180
180
180
135
135
135
180
225
225
225
225
HOUR
00
01
02
03
.01
...M..
0«
07
OB
09
10
11
12
13
14
1*
16
17
ia
A«
20
21
22
23
WIND SPEED
04
Ob
*J
12
06
09
12
14
12
10
10
11
09
10
07
06
HIND DIRECTION
090
315
315
315
270
315
31S
315
315
315
315
315 '
270
270
270
270
-------
METEOROLOGICAL DATA SUMMARY
Congoleum Industries Plant (continued).
DATE
3-24-7S
DATE
3-2S-75
HOUR
00
01
02
01
tt4
85
oe
07
OS
09
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
IB
19
20
21
22
2)
HIND SPEED
11
05
05
06
10
06
07
08
07
OS
06
06
.. 08
09
10
04
WIND DIRECTION
225
315
180
090
045
045
045
135
135
135
045
045
045
360
04S
225
3-26-7S
HOUR
00
01
02
03
as
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
JS
16
17
18-
19
20
21
22
21
WIND SPEED
12
10
10
10
11
13
HIND DIRECTION
31S
315
270
270
315
31S
HOUR
00
01
02
03
04
OS
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
IS
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
WIND SPEED
12
It
11
"12
07
06
07
07
08
08
09
07
12
13
12
IS
HIND DIRECTION
315
22S
22S
22S
22S
225
225
22S
22S
225
22S
315
31S
315
315
315
B-9
-------
METEOROLOGICAL DATA SUMMARY
r
Reynolds Metals Company Plant
Grottoes, Virginia
March 14 to March 28, 1975
DATE
DATE
3/15/7S
HOUR
00
01
02
01
04
OS
04
07
08
09
10
11
12
1)
14
15
16
17
18
1^
20
21
22
23
HIND SPEED
10
10
09
15
08
06
07
06
07
oa
08
oa
OS
OS
oe
00
OS
05
WIND DIRECTION
060
090
060
060
050
070
010
030
030
060
050
360
050
360
040
000
270
270
HOUR
00
01
02
03
04
9.5
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
IS
16
17
18
1*1
20
21
22
23
WIND SPEED
00
00
05
OS
05
00
OS
00
04
04
05
05
00
00
00
WIND DIRECTION
000
000
040
020
030
000
240
000
060
100
120
150
000
000
000
DATE
3/16/7S
DATE
_3/17/7S
HOUR
00
01
02
03
04
OS
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
IS
16
17
18
10
20
21
22
23
WIND SPEED
00
08
10
10
10
15
10
08
00
OS
OS
OS
05
00
OS
WIND DIRECTION
000
200
200
180
180
180
ZOO
180
000
,_ 180
150
040
060
000
360
HOUR
00
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
IS
1«
17
18
15
20
21
22
23
WIND SPEED
10
10
10
10
05
05
04
OS
05
05
05
05
05
00
00
05
05
OS
00
WIND DIRECTION
040
050
''SO
050
060
080
080
090
120
oso
060
050
090
000
000
220
190
270
000
10
-------
METEOROLOGICAL DATA SUMMARY
Reynolds Metals Company Plant (continued).
3/18/75
HOUR
00
01
02
0]
04
OS
06
07
06
0*
10
11
12
11
14
^5
16
17
11
in
20
21
22
2]
MIND SPEED
OS
04
00
00
00
OS
OS
OS
04
OS
00
00
OS
OS
OS
OS
WIND DIRECTION
3SO
340
000
000
000
160
ISO
160
160
180
000
000
360
340
310
360
DATE
HOUR
00
01
02
01
04
OS
0*
07
01
09
10
11
12
13
14
IS
16
17
18
1«
20
21
22
21
MIND SPEED
10
10
OS
10
12
12
IS
IS
19
16
11
17
16
11
. 11
i_ °*
07
HIND DIRECTION
320
330
300
320
320
340
320
330
330
310
320
330
3SO
340
ISO
330
310
HOUR
00
01
02
03
04
OS
06
07
08
09
.10
1'.
12
13
14
IS
16
17
18
14
20
21
22
23
HIND SPEED
OS
04
OS
10
10
10
OS
00
OS
04
OS
OS
08
OS
10
10
IS
WIND DIRECTION
060
300
030
060
360
040
ISO
000
340
280
330
240
320
320
310
030
320
DATE V21/7S
HOUR
00
01
02
03
,. .04 . .
, . 0? .
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13 .
14
IS
16
17
'11
19
20
21
22
11
WIND SPEED
.
00
00
00
OS J
03
04
OS
10
08
06
12
10
08
10
08
10
00
00
WIND DIRECTION
. ooo
000
000
210
240
180
210
180
ISO
210
180
180
180
190
160
ISO
000
000
B-ll
-------
METEOROLOGICAL DATA SUMMARY
Reynolds Metals Company Plant (continued).
3/22/75
3/23/75
HOUR
00
01
02
01
P*
0)
06
07
08
0»
10
11
11
13
14
IS
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
WIND SPEED
OS
OS
10
10
10
10
08
08
08
05
OS
08
OS
WIND DIRECTION
2SO
230
200
200
240
240
240
230
230
220
270
270
270
OATE
3/24/75
HOUR
00
01
02
93
04
OS
06
07
01
09
10
k>
12
11
H
1^
16
17
n
j^
20
21
2}
/, ^:
HIND SPEED
OS
OS
OS
05
05
OS
05
OS
OS
04
08
08
' 08
08
OS
08
10
05
WIND DIRECTION
200
200
240
220
220
210
210
330
110
230
220
200
190
210
220
220
220
270
HOUR
00
01
02 .
03
04
OS
OS
07-
08
09
10
11
12
1}
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
WIND SPEED
00
00
04
OS
OS
10 .
OS
OS
08
OS
OS
OS
OS
OS
WIND DIRECTION
000
000
2SO
200
070
170
190
180
210
190
ISO
180
210
220
OATE
HOUR
00
01
02
01
04
OS
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
'18
14
20
21
22
21
WIND SPEED
05
OS
OS
08
10
IS
10
10
15
IS
12
12
08
12
10
10
12
10
HIND DIRECTION
300
210
'30
240
]40
300
240
240
260
270
270
270
300
280
330
330
330
320
B-12
-------
METEOROLOGICAL DATA SUMMARY
Reynolds Metals Company Plant (continued)
J/26/7S
DATE
3/27/75
HOUR
00
01
02
01
04
as
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
1}
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
WIND SPEED
oe
10
11
05
10
12
10
10
08
10
10
. 10
10
10
OS
OS
a;
WIND DIRECTION
290
290
110
330
330
300
310
330
300
270
. 330
330
010
030
030
040
030
DATE
3/28/TS
HOUR
00
01
02
0]
04
OS
06
07
01
09
10
n
12
13
14
IS
1C
17
'18
19
20
21
22
2)
WIND SPEED
00
00
00
OS
10
10
08
07
07
OS
OS
OS
00
00
00
00
00
00
WIND DIRECTION
000
000
000
040
040
060
060
060
020
060
070
330
000
000
000
000
000
000
HOUR
00
01
02 -
03
04
OS
oc
07'
08
OS
10
11
12 .
13
14
IS
16
17
lg
14
20
21
22
23
MIND SPEED
00
DO
00
OS
OS
OS
03
03
OS
08
10
10
OS
OS
OS
00
. OS ;
OS
WIND DIRECTION
000
000
000
010
140
040
230
240
240
210
210
200
190
200
230
000
... 200.
200
B-13
-------
METEOROLOGICAL DATA SUMMARY
Charlotte Plastics
Monroe, North Carolina
April 10 to April 24, 1975.
4/10/78
4/U/7S
HOUR
00
01
02
01
04
OS
06
. 07
08
99
10
11
12
13
14
15
IS
1-7
18
19
20
21
22
2)
WIND SPEED
08
08
OS
09
04
OS
OS
08
OS
08
10
OS
04
05
OS
OS
04
OS
OS
04
04
04
04
WIND DIRECTION
230
230
230
210
300
210
240
220
360
3SO
050
030
OSO
120
140
160
170
170
160
130
120
130
130
HOUR
00
01
02
03
04
OS
06-
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
IS
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
2)
WIND SPEED
04
03
03
05
05
07
09
11
07
10
08
06
07
09
07
06
OS
05
07
05
04
07
12
13
WIND DIRECTION
110
300
090
080
340
350
340
120
080
060
080
090
080
100
090
J.20
130
X70
160
150
150
040
050
020
OATI
4/12/75
4/13/7S
HOUR
00
01
02
03
04
OS
os
07
08
09
10
11
12
1,1
14
IS
IS
17
18
19
20
21
12
23
MIND SPEED
08
06
04.
04
OS
07
OS
OS
06
10
11
09
12
08
13
15
12
07
09
08
07
OS
OS
07
WIND DIRECTION
050
340
360
340
320
340
330
330
340
330
360
350
300
270
300
280
320
330
330
330
340
350
340
330
HOUR
00
01
OJ
01
04
05
OS
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
IS
IS
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
. HIND SPEED
05
OS
07
,_ i
04
00
03
03
OS
04
03
04
06
OS
11
10
11
08
03
OS
OS
04
OS
01
WIND DIRECTION
010
340
360
030
020
000
080
040
060
OSO
050
080
060
140
220
190
240
230
220
140
180
220
1,70
100
B-14
-------
METEOROLOGICAL DATA SUMMARY
Charlotte Plastics (continued).
HOUR
00
01
02
0]
04
as
o«
07
06
0»
10
11
12
11
14
IS
16
17
IS
14
20
31
22
23
WIND SPEED
03
01
05
03-
04
03
03
09
09
09
09
02
07
04
OS
11
11
08
04
07
07
09
10
10
WIND DIRECTION
090
240
150
180
090
120
070
020
020
080
070
100
230
180
180
170
170
no
110
130
090
100
340
360
DATE
4/16/75
HOUK
00
01
02
03
0<
05
06
Q7
09
09
10
11
«
13
14
11
1«
IT
11
It
20
Jl
J2
23
WIND SPEED
12
06
14
05
05
04
00.
03
08
12
14
13
12
13
08
08
09
08
03
05
03
03
04
00
WIND DIRECTION
360
350
360
350
350
340
000
340
340
340
360
100
280
310
320
250
300
260
300
180
180
240
330
000
HOUR
00
01
02
03
04
OS
OS-
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
11
16
17
18
14
20
21
22
23
WIND SPEED
10
09
07-
08
09
06
S7
06
07
07
08
08
10
12
12
13
12
13
12
10
10
08
12
12
WIND DIRECTION
360
100
3SO
200
200
340
340
330
340
300
340
300
310
300
300
310
330
340
330
340
320
320
330
360
DATE
4/17/75
HOUR
00
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
IS
16
17
18
19
20
21
JZ
2)
HIND SPEED
00
05.
00
00
03
D3
04
03
08
09
07
03
10
08
05
07
OS
07
07
07
04
07
oe
10
WIND DIRECTION
000
100
000
000
100
080
070
070
060
090
120
110
190
190
190
170
200
120
130
110
120
130
170
»0
B-15
-------
METEOROLOGICAL DATA SUMMARY
Charlotte Plastics (continued).
DATE
DATS V1V"
HOUR
00
01
02
0)
at
OS
0<
07
08
09
10
11
12
1)
14
IS
IS
17
18
1»
20
21
22
2)
WIND SPEED
11
11
12
13
11
10
08
09
13
12
14
14
14
18
16
12
15
13
12
11
12
09
14
11
WIND DIRECTION
210
220
220
230
220
210
180
180
200
210
220
210
210
210
210
230
210
200
210
200
200
190
200
180
DATS
4/20/75
HOUR
00
01
02
01
04
05
04
07
OS
09
10
11
12
11
14.
IS
It
17
11
14
20
21
21
2)
HIND SPEED
06
06
06
07
04
03
04
05
04
06
07
04
08
04
07
13
12
13
13
06
07
-------
METEOROLOGICAL DATA SUMMARY
Charlotte Plastics (continued).
DATE
4/23/78
DATS
4/23/75
HOUR
00
01
02
03
04
OS
06
07
08
09
10
11
11
13
14
14
14
17
18
1«
10
21
22
2)
WIND SPEED
00
00
00
00
03
05
05
03
OS
04
06
07
07
08
10
08
10
08
09
05
07
07
07
06
WIND DIRECTION
000
000
000
000
010
030
070
080
060
140
180
180
170
260
190
200
200
190
210
180
190
160
170
180
OATS
HOUR
00
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
It
IS
17
1«
14
20
21
22
23
WIND SPEED
07
08
09
10
AX
04
00
06
07
14
14
16
14
13
16
. 15
16
15
12
10
09
10
10
13
HIND DIRECTION
180
180
210
210
200
240
000
250
220
230
210
200
230
190
210
210
200
210
200
200
210
190
210
220
HOUR
00
Oi
02
01
at
OS
at
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
IS
!
IT
11
1*
20
21
11
1)
WIND SPEED
14
10
11
12
10
11
08
08
14
15
17
15
18
14
18
18
16
17
14
13
14
14
10
11
HIND DIRECTION
190
190
190
190
200
190
220
190
240
220
220
210
210
220
220
210
210
200
210
200
210
220
200
210
B-17
-------
METEOROLOGICAL DATA SUMMARY
ITT, Royal Electric Division
Pawtucket, Rhode Island
May 22 to June 4, 1975
DATE
8-31-7}
DATE
S-23-75
HOUR
00
01
02
01
Dt ,
OS
08
07
OS
09
10
11
11
13
14
15
16
17
IB
19
20
21
22
2}
WIND SPEED
06
07
08
07
06
07
06
OS
OS
04
03
02
01
04
OS
09
09
06
OS
03
03
04
03
02
WIND DIRECTION
040
040
040
040
040
040
040
040
04S
03$
035
105
165
105
155
155
150
150
160
200
200
215
190
180
HOUR
00
01
02
01
at
OS
06
07 '
OB
09
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
14
20
21
22
23
MIND SPEED f WIND DIRECTION
02
02
02
02
01
02
02
02
04
04
06
09
11
10
12
10
07
11
oa
OB
oa
07
06
07
190
200
200
215
20S
210
215
16S
155
155
155
155
155
155
150
145
170
220
220
220
225
225
230
240
DATS
S-24-7S
DATE
5-25-75
HOUR
00
01
02
01
04
OS
06
07
OB
09
10
11
12
13
14
li
It
17
18
14
20
21
22
2)
MIND SPEED
06
05
04
04
03
03
02
03
03
05
07
06
09
P?
WIND DIRECTION
250
245
245
260
220
22S
270
315
350
030
045
045
055
075
09 1 070
. OB
10
08
09
09
07
07
07
01
090
060
075
090
oeo
090
070
045
045
HOUR
00
01
02
03
04
OS
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
14
16
17
\t
14
20
21
22
21
WIND SPEED
07
OS
05'
n.
m
ofi
as
04
01
04
ps
at
Ofi
0?
no
Pn
09
07
06
ns
n*
nfi
04
04
WIND DIRECTION
045
045
050
060
oso
060
100
100
100
080
105
090
130
1«0
i *n
1 3*
210
170
mo
165
'H
145
nn
1*0
B-18
-------
METEOROLOGICAL DATA SUMMARY
ITT, Royal Electric Division (continued).
DATE
S-26-7S
5-27-75
HOUR
00
01
0]
0]
at
05
0«
07
08
09
10
11
12
11
It
IS
16
17
IB
1«
20
21
22
2)
WIND SPEED
04
02
01
02
ni
01
OS
06
08
07
10
10
11
10
11
15
13
10
08
07
OB
08
05
OS
WIND DIRECTION
180
205
260
215
215
210
210
220
220
210
225
225
225
225
230
225
225
22S
220
215
220
220
225
220
HOUR
00
01
02
01
04 '
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
IS
16
17
18
19
20
21
jl
21
HIND SPEED
06
07
06
05
06
08
09
13
14
13
11
13
10
09
08
09
09
09
OS
06
06
OC
08
07
WIND DIRECTION
290
295
310
305
315
320
315
320
330
33S
335
330
315
315
110
305
310
300
285
285
295
300
114
325
HOUR
00
01
02
01
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
11
J4
IS
16
17
18
1«
20
21
22
23
HIND SPEED
05
04
05
04
04
01
01
06
OB
08
05
05
06
03
03
04
06
04
01
02
02
04
08
07
WIND DIRECTION
220
215
215
225
225
215
215
245
260
260
270
260
260
245
105
265
100
340
255
235
220
305
100
100
DATE
S-29-7S
Houa
00
01
02
01
01
05
OS
07
OS
09
10
11
12
13
11
1%
16
17
11
1«
20
21
22
23
HIND SPEED
04
06
06
05
04
04
04
05
07
07
08
08
08
07
07
08
08
02
0«
07
04
04
04
02
HIND DIRECTION
325
330
330
315
330
350
340
290
3(0
340
310
315
285
305
305
160
160
155
155
15C
160
165
155
ISO
B-19
-------
METEOROLOGICAL DATA SUMMARY
ITT, Royal Electric Division (continued).
DATE
DATE
S-31-7S
HOUR
00
01
02
03
04
OS
0«
07 "
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
14
16
17
18
14
20
21
22
2)
WIND SPEED
01
02
01
ni
fll
01
rtl
fll
OK
on
in
1 A
11
in
1°
m
OS
ni
at
fit
nfi
m
ni
04
WIND DIRECTION
ISO
155
155
155
150
150
150
150
150
150
145
145
150
170
1Q«
JOS
ISO
155
165
170
170
165
170
170
DATE
6-1-75
HOUR
00
01
02
03
04
OS
06
07
oe
09
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
IS
19
20
21
22
21
WIND" SPEED
04
03
05
OS
05
OS
08
08
09
07
07
06
06
OS
06
04
OS
OS
04
06
OS
05
04
04
WIND DIRECTION
180
170
175
180
180
no
205
215
215
220
225
234
230
190
1KO
175
245
270
020
025
045
055
3«
330
HOUR
00
01
02
03
01
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
10
20
21
22
23
HIND SPEED
OS
05
04'
06
06
05
'03
04
08
09
10
12
12
. 13
10
09
08
05
08
04
04
04
04
03
WIND DIRECTION
17S
175
180
205
210
215
180
180
ISO
150
155
155
155
170
180
210
215
180
210
180
no
175
180
180
6-2-75
HOUR
00
01
02
03
(14
05
06 .
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
11
20
21
22
21
HIND SPEED
04
04
OS
16
OS
OS
06
06
10
09 .
09
09
08
06
07
07
' OB
07
04
OS
06
04
02
01
WIND DIRECTION
3SO
040
040
31S
315.
325
330
340
340
320
310
315
290
315
310
280
290
310
290
290
290
313
025
330
B-20
-------
METEOROLOGICAL DATA SUMMARY
ITT, Royal Electric Division (continued).
DATE
«-4-7S
HOUR
00
01
02
03
04
OS
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
1}
14
15
16
17
18
10
20
21
22
23
WIND SPEED
02
01
01
01
01
01
01
01
03
04
04
08
OS
06
06
06
' 04
08
04
02
02
OS
07
04
WIND DIRECTION
325
310
270
275
28$
010
020
US
150
150
175
350
025
090
100
130
090
075
135
090
120
160
170
190
HOUR
00
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
10
20
21
]]
23
WIND SPEED
02
03
03 .
02
03
04
OJ
04
06
07
07
07
09
IS
14
13
10
08
08
09
07
OS
04
01
WIND DIRECTION
225
200
240
2SO
295
310
310
315
31S
3SO
090
08S
355
360
350
. 3SO
3SS
090
110
055
04S
030
030
1(0
B-21
-------
APPENDIX C
EPA METHOD FOR THE ANALYSIS
OF VINYL CHLORIDE
C-l
-------
TENTATIVE NETNOD TOR THE DETERMINATION OF VINYL CHLORIDE
IN THE ATMO:>r-i!ERE (24-H.OUR INTEGRATED SAMPLING;
OCTOBER 197C
This method has been drafted frcin available information and
reviev:ed editorially within the Methods Standardization and
Performance Evaluation Branch, QAEML. The method has received
no laboratory evaluation, is still under investigation and,
therefore, is subject to revision.
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
METHODS STANDARDIZATION AND PEP.FCRMANCE EVALUATION BRANCH
QUALITY ASSURANCE AND ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING LABORATORY
NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH CENTER
RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK, NORTH CAROLINE(27711
C-2
-------
October 22, 1974
TENTATIVE METHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION OF
VINYL HiLO-Ur-E IN THE ATMOSPHERE
BY 24-HOUR INTEGRATED SAMPLING
1. Principle and Applicability.
1.1 Vinyl chloride (chloroethene) is absorbed from air onto
charcoal adsorbers, which are subsequently extracted with carbon disulfide,
The resulting solutions are then measured chroniatographically, using
a flame ionozation detector.
1.2 The method is applicable to the measurement of vinyl chloride
*
in ambient air using a 24-hour sampling period.
2. Kdnue and Sensitivity. Tim limit of detection is aporoximatelv
3 3
0.003 mg/m (1 ppb). The maximum of the range is 20 nig/m (3 ppm);
it may be increased by extending the calibration range or by diluting
the sample.
3. Interferences. At the ptesent -time, there are no known common
pollutants in the ambient atmosphere in sufficient concentrations to
interfere with the- measurement of vinyl chlorida. However, certain
volatile hyd>-oc'iroons arid Freons have elution characteristics similar
*
Warning: Vinyl chloride is a suspected carcinogen. Care must be
exercised to protect operators from breathing vinyl chloride fume?.
Carbon ilisulfidi? is toxic and its vaoors form explosive mixtures with
air. Work with this material in a well ventillated fur.v3 hood.
C-3
-------
-2-
to vinyl chloride. Among the Latter is Freon 12 (dichlorodifluoromethanel
Under certain conditions, a peak is associated vn'th the injection and
subsequent v/ithdrowal of the microsyringe into and from the G.C. septum.
These peaks can also give interferences with the vinyl chloride peak.
4. Precision and Accuracy. Replicate gas chromatographic analyses of
standard gas mixtures and sample aliquots should not deviate by inore than
3 per cent relative standard deviation. When the entire analysis is
repeated, preliminary studies indicate that relative standard deviations
of 6 per cent are attainable. No information is presently available on
accuracy.
5. Apparatus.
5.1 Sampling - Air Monitoring materials
5.1..1 Pump - Capable of maintaining an air pressure differential
greater than 0.5 atmospheres at the desired flow rate.
5.1.2 Critical Orifice - Twenty-seven gauge 3/8" hypodermic needle.
To control flow rate at approximately 200 ml/min.
5.1.3 Tubing - 18 cm length of 10 mm O.D. borosilicate glass with
tapered ends, to prepare adsorption tube.
5.1.4 Serum caps -5x9 mm and 7 x 11 mm sizes.
5.1.5 Vibrator - To achieve close packing of the adsorption tube.
5.1.6 Air flow meter - Rotometer type; 1 - 2GO ml/min range. To
calibrate critical orifice.
C--
-------
-3-
5.1.7 Furnace, rv.uffle - To operate at 400 C.
5.2 Sample recovery.
5.2.1 Graduated cylinder - Glass stoppered; capacity, 25 ml (TC).
5.2.2 Pipette, dropping - 2 ml.
5.2.3 Serum bottle - Narrow mouth for septum sealing; 2 ml.
5.2.4 Serum cap - With Teflon coating on the side of the septum
exposed to the sample 5x9 mm size. (Hewlett-Packard ^SOSO-SJIS1 has
been found to be satisfactory.)
5.2.5 Aluminum serum cap seal.
5.2.6 Crimper - For use with aluminum serum cap seals.
5.3 Analysis.
5.3.1 Gas chromatograph - With flame ionization detector and
potentiometric strip chart recorder.
5.3.2 Chromatographic column - Borgsilicate glass, 2.5 m x 2 mm I.D.,
containing 0.4% Carbowax 1500 on Carbopak A packing, (w/w)
5.3.3 Microsyinges - 0 to 10 and 0 to 100 microliter range,
graduated.
5.3.4 Syringes, sampling - Gas tight, 1 ml and 50 ml, graduated.
5.3.5 Sampling loop - one ml.
5.3.6 Flow meter - Rotometer type, 0 to 100 ml/min capacity.
5.3.7 Gas regulator - 4 to 50 psig range.
5.3.8 Gas sample bags - Poly(vinyl fluoride). Sixteen inch square
and seven inch square sizes.
.5.3.9 Stop watch - To time gas flow in preparation of standard
gas mixtures.
Mention of trade nain^s or specific products- does not constitute
endorsement by the Environmental Protection Agency.
C-5
-------
-4-
6. Reagents
Unless otherwise indicated, it is intended that all reagents be
chromatoc/raphic grade or confomi to the specifications established by
the Committee of Analytical Reagents of the American Chemical Society,
where such specifications are available; otherwise, use best available
grade.
6.1 Sampling
6.1.1 . Charcoal - Activated coconut shell charcoal. (Fisher
Scientific Company, 6 to 14 mesh is.effective.)
6.1.2 Glass wool - borosilicate
6.1.3 Aluminum foil.
6.2 Sample recovery.
6.2.1 Carbon disulfido.
6.3 Analysis.
6.3.1 Nitrbgc-n gas - Zero grade, for chromatographic carrier gas
and for preparation of standard gas samples'.
6.3.2 Vinyl chloride - 128 mg/m3 at 25° C, 1 atm (50 ppm v/v) in zero
nitrogen. Analyzed. For calibration.
6.3.3 Combustion Air - Containin
(2 ppm as methane). To operate flame ionization detector.
3
6.3.3 Combustion Air - Containing less than 1.3 nk/m hydrocarbons
7. Procedure.
7.1 Sampling
7.1.1 Activation of charcoal - Heat charcoal to 400° C for one hour
to remove adsorbed gases. Store in a sealed container.
C-6
-------
-5-
7.1.2 Preparation of adsorption tube - Insert glass v/ool into tubing
(see Section 5.1.3} and tamp into position at one end to a depth of
approximately 2.5 cm. Mount tube on vibrator in a vcrticle position.
Add charcoal a little at a time and vibrate after each addition to
prevent channelling. Fill tube to a depth of 13 cm with charcoal.
Insert glass wool into remainder of tube. Prepare additional adsorption
tubes in a similar and uniform manner. Cover tnds of tubes with serum
caps. Wrap with aluminum foil to protect tubes from light during
storage and subsequent use. Insert critical orifice through septum at
one end of tube. Retain until calibration, sampling and recalibration
procedures have been completed.
7.1.3 Tv/entv-fotir hour sample co'i lection. Remove serum cap from
one end of the adsorption tube and mount it with open end downward.
m ' ,
Connect critical orifice to the sampling train. Begin drawing air
through the tube. Record tims and adsorption tube number. Continue
sampling for at least 23 hrs 45' but for not more than 24 hrs 15'. At
end of sampling interval, record time, disconnect adsorption tuba from
sampling train and protect open end with serum cap. Remove sample to
analytical area. Protect tube from light.
7.2 Saiv.ple recovery. Till the graduated cylinder to the 25 ml
mark with carbon disulfide, stopper and cool in an ice bath. Remove
cap and glass wool from one end of the adsorption tube and, with continued
cooling, rapidly add charcoal to the carbon disulfid-1. Stopper cylinder
immediately. (Mote: The mixing of charcoal and cari.'on disulfide is an
exothermic process that causes local boiling of. the solution. The
C-7
-------
-6-
mixture must be cooled and the container stoppered to prevent loss of
vinyl chloride), nix thoroughly. Allow mixture to stand for one half-
hour in the ice bath. Mix thoroughly and draw off two ml of the
supernatant liquid. Completely fill 2 ml serum bottle, cap and seal.
7.3 Analysis.
7.3.1 Column preconditioning. Prior to its initial use, the
chromatographic column is heat treated to remove impurities. To do
this, establish a 40-60 ml/rnin flow of zero nitrogen through the column
and raise its temperature from ambient by 2° C/min to 200 C. Maintain
these conditions for 48 hours, or until base line drift is eliminated.
7.3.2 Chromatographic analysis. Set the column temperature to
60° C and the sample inlet port temperature to at least 170° C. Operate-
the flame ionization detector at the temperature specified by the
manufacturer. Using zero nitrogen as the carrier, gas, establish a flow
rate in the range consistent with the manufacturer's requirements for
satisfactory detector operation. A flow rate of 40 rnl/min has been
shown to produce adequate separations. Observe the base line periodically
and determine that the noise level has stabilized and thac base-line
drift has ceased. Inject a 2.5 micro!iter aliquot of the supernatant
solution of the sample into the gas chromatograph. Hark the injection
point on the chart. (The injection point is defined as the position
of the pen on the chart at the time of sample injection.) Record the
sample number, the column temperature, carrier gas flow rate, chart
speed and the attenuator setting. From the chart, select the peak having
C -8
-------
-7-
the retention tiir.-r? corresponding to vinyl chloride. (See Sect. 8.3 below).
Measure the peok huMnht, H;11, the distance in chart divisions from the
average valua of the busoline' to the m.iximum of the wave form. Record
Hnl and the retention tiivo. Purge the column at 160°C for five minutes.
0. Calibration and Standards.
8.1 Calibration of absorption tube flow rates. Connect absorption
tube to sampling train as in 7.1.3, above. Connect flovmster in series.
Turn on pump and measure flow rate. Record flow rate and adsorption tube
numoer. Repeat flow rate calibration procedure after sample collection.
Denote flow rate before sampling as F-); denots flow rate after sampling
as Fp.
8.2 Preparation of vinyl r.hloridp standard gas mixture?, Eva.c'"»t(*
a 16-inch square gas sample bag and mster-in 2.00 liters of the 128 mg/m
(50 ppm) standard vinyl chloride gas mixture ir.Lo the bag. Meter-in
3.00 liters of zero nitrogen. This gives a concentration of 51 mg/m3 (20 ppm)
of vinyl chloride. In a like manner, prepare dilutions having 12.8 (5 ppm),
2.55 (1 ppni), 0.51 (0.2 ppm) and 0.15 (0.06 ppm) mg/m3 vinyl chloride
concentrations. (Alternately, calibration samples may be prepared from
99/^ vinyl chloride gas, using appropriate dilution factors.)
8.3 Determination of vinyl chloride retention time. Establish
chromatographic conditions identical with those in 7.3.2, above. Set
attenuator to X 1 position. Flush 1.0 ml sampling loop with zero nitrogen
and inject into gas inlet port. Mark the injection point on the chart
and record the column temperature, the carrier gas flow rate, the'chart
09
-------
-8-
speed and the attenuator setting. Record peaks and detector responses
that occur in the absence of vinyl chloride. Maintain conditions.
Flush 1.0 nil sampling loop with 5 ml of the 0.16 uig/nv'' (0.06 opn) vinyl
chloride calibration mixture and inject into gas chromatograph. Mark
the injection point on the chart. Select the peak that corresponds to
vinyl chloride. Measure the distance on the chart in mm' from the
injection point to the peak maximum. This distance, divided by the
chart speed in mni/min, is defined as the retention time. Record.
8.4. Preparation of chromatograph calibration curve. Make a gas
chromatographic measurement of each standard gas mixture described in
Section 8.2 (0.16 mg/m^ through 128 mg/m^), using conditions identical
with ttiose listed in Section 7.3.2, above. Flush-the 1.0 ml sampling
loop with dt least B ml of standard qas r»i''xh.iire g^d inject into "oc
chromatograph. Record Hvc, the quantity of vinyl chloride injected
(in nanograms), the attenuator setting, chart spsed, peak height and
retention time. Calculate Hc, the peak height multiplied by the at-
tenuator setting. Plot WVc vs Hc. Repeat until replicate measurements
do not deviate by more than 3 percent relative standard deviation and
draw a smooth curve through the points. Check calibration after every
fifth analysis using the 0.16 mg/rn^ (0.06 ppm) standard gas mixture.
Recalibrate daily, and whenever remeasursment of it standard gas sample
deviates from its calibration value by more than 6";.
9. Calculations.
9;1 Uncorrrcted volume. The volume of air sample is not corrected
to S.T.P., because of the uncertainty associated. wKh 24-hour average
C-10
-------
-9-
temperature and pressure values. Determine the air sample volume taken
for analysis.
Fi + F? R
Vni = - ' 2 - x T x 10"b,
where:
V = The volume of gas sampled (uncorrected) , m .
F, = The measured flow rate before sampling, nrt/min.
Fp = The measured flow rate after sampling, ml/min.
T = The sampling time, min.
9.2 Determine the sample peak height as follows:
Hc = HmAm»
where :
Hc = The sample peak height, chart divisions.
H,n = The measured peak height, chart divisions.
A,n = The attenuator setting.
9.3 Vinyl chloride concentration.
9.3.1 Calculate the vinyl chloride concentration as ir,g/rn . From
the calibration curve described in Section 8.4, above, select the value
of Wvc that corresponds to Hc, the sample peak height.
W V
r ^-c s
cvc ~ v V~
vmvi
'-V x ,0-2'
U A I U ,
V!tl
C-ll
-------
-10-
where:
C = The concentration of vinyl chloride in the air sample,
W = The quantity of vinyl chloride meav-ireJ by gas
chroma tcgraphy, ng.
V = The total vo-lume of carbon disulfide in which the vinyl
chloride sample is contained, 25 ml.
V = The uncorrected sample volume, from 9.1 above, m .
V- = The voiles of carbon disulfide solution injected into
the chromatcgraph for analysis, 0.0025 ml.
9.3.2 If desired, the concentration of vinyl chloride may be
calculated as parrs per million vinyl chloride,
n>- _ up - ~~ \;r /~3 ,, o om c
"
10. Effects of storage. Charcoal tubes containing adsorbed vinyl
chloride have been found to be stable for. more than seven days,.though
there is seine evidence that they are adversely affected by strong
sunlight. Carbon disulfide solutions lose vinyl chloride to the
atmosphere but have been stored unchanged for more than a iv.onth in
sealed serum bottle5 having minimum headspace. Gas standards may te
kept in poly (vinyl fluoride) gas sample bags for several v;eeks without
undergoing concentration chonqas. However, present knowledge of the
stability of vinyl chloride samples is based on studies with pure
substances. No information is available on the storage of samples
containing other active substances ac are commonly found in ambient air.
C-12
-------
-11-
11. References.
Lodge, J. i-'. s Pole. J. 3., Airanons, 3. E. and Sv/anson, G. A.
"The Use of Kypocvraic iieedles as Critical Orifice in Air
Sampling-." J. Air Pollution Control Association. 16:4, 197-200, (1966)
"Vinyl Chloride Monitoring Near the B.F, Goodrich Chemical Company
in Louisville, Ken Lucky." Region IV, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Surveillance and Analysis Division, Athens, Georgia.
June 24, 1974.
C-13
-------
AIR PUMP
SERUM CAP
I. - ^CRITICAL ORIFICE
GLASS WOOL ~-
fc~ ': -.i
CHARCOA!.
>,
tv-'
GLASS WOOL
V.
Figure 12-1. Air monitoring apparatus,
C-14
-------
APPENDIX D
FIELD OPERATORS GUIDE
D-l
-------
PEDCo-EN VI RON MENTAL-
SUITE 13 ATKINSON SQUARE
CINCINNATI. OHIO 452.4.6
513 /VV1-433O
OPERATORS GUIDE
FOR
AMBIENT VINYL CHLORIDE
SURVEY
PN-3155-T
January, 1975
D-2
-------
CHARCOAL ABSORPTION GAS RECORD SHEET
AMBIENT VINYL CHLORIDE SURVEY
SAM-LE;
10
.c. vg., Ohio
TCITY OR TOW::}
ABSORPTION TUBE
X23 /3i
2. 5 3
(SAMPLER LOCATION)
WI\D
nrar.~7Tfy:
G CALM
{X; LIGHT
G GUSTY
OA~- 2-X6~- 7^
-^ OCCO to 2iC3
J HOURS
VISIBILITY
[El CLEAR
n HAZY
METER RE AD IN'"
START
r ' ' n
^ ! 1 U1
20.0
20.0
SKY.
[H CLEAR
[X] SCATTERED
G OVERCAST
HUMIDITY
G DRY
[xj MODERATE
G HUMID
Q RAIN
TEMP. °F-
D -' 20
[X] 20-40
G 61-30
REMARKS & UNUSUAL CONDITIONS OR ACTIVITIES NEAR THE SITE
Stti'^'tl ~T~i 7/7 c fy'.IC1 P- N(. Flo* l~7 5 c. t~/ <2y/->7
o
I
Co
Figure 1 Example of Data Record Sheet
-------
0 INTRODUCTION °
Within the past few months, vinyl chloride has been
demonstrated to be a carcinogen. It has been detected in
the atmosphere surrounding both vinyl chloride monomer
plants and polymerization plants. As a result of these
discoveries, control regulations are being formulated and
proposed for these plants.
The presence of vinyl chloride in the atmosphere sur-
rounding polyvinyl chloride fabrication plants has not yet
been demonstrated. If it does exist, then State Implemen-
tation Plans may have to be modified to require surveillance
monitoring around these plants. The purpose of this study
is to determine whether the concentration of vinyl chloride
is of such magnitude that SIP's will have to be modified.
INSTALLATION OF EQUIPMENT
PEDCo-Environmental will select the sampling site and
install the sampler.
OPERATION OF EQUIPMENT
Sampling will be performed at four locations for a
period of 15 consecutive days. Each day the sampler is to
be serviced at the same time such that a 24-hour (+ 15
minutes) sample is collected. The operator will adjust his
schedule such that sufficient travel time between sampling
-------
sites is provided. Anticipation of traffic delays and
weather conditions should be included when preparing this
schedule. The following steps are procedures that should be
followed while servicing a sampler site:
1. Record the sampler serial number on the record
sheet (see example Figure 1) and on the operator's
log sheet provided in Appendix A.
2. Record the adsorption tube number, site location
and sampler location on the same data and opera-
tor 's log sheets.
3. Record the vacuum reading (reading must be in
excess of 16 inches of mercury). Should vacuum be
less than 16 inches Hg., check sampler for leaks
or replace sampler with spare sampler supplied.
4. Remove the light and rain shield from the sampler.
5. Remove the rubber caps from the adsorption tube
ends and connect the adsorption tube to the sam-
pler.
6. Connect the Rotometer to the adsorption tube and
record the initial flow, as derived form the
Rotometer calibration curve, on the record sheet
and on the operator's log sheet.
7. Remove the Rotometer and connect the light and
rain shield.
8. Record the starting date and time on the record
sheet and on the operator's log sheet.
9. Return to the sampling site after 24-hours (+ 15
minutes) and record the date, time and the end
vacuum readings.
10. Remove the light and rain shield and connect the
Rotometer and record the final flow as in Step 6.
11. Disconnect the adsorption tube and place the
rubber caps on each end.
12. Place the adsorption tube and the record sheet in
the special shipping box provided.
D-5
-------
13. Begin a new sampling period (refer to Step 1).
14. After two days of sampling, immediately send the
samples collected in one box (five samples in each
foam rubber layer) via air mail to the PEDCo
laboratory.
METEOROLOGICAL DATA
Each day meteorological data from the nearest Weather
Bureau Station or local airport will be collected. Hourly
averages for wind speed and direction will be obtained and
recorded on the form provided in Appendix B.
D--6
-------
APPENDIX A
OPERATORY DAILY LOG
D-7
-------
OPERATORS DAILY LOG
Site Location
Site Number
ON
DATE
OFF
SAMPLING PERIOD
WIN
VACUUM
"Hg
TUBE
NO.
REMARKS
D-3
-------
APPENDIX E
AMBIENT VINYL CHLORIDE DATA SUMMARY
E-l
-------
AMBIENT VINYL CHLORIDE DATA
FORD MOTOR COMPANY VINYL PLANT - MOUNT CLEMENTS, MICHIGAN
w
I
\J
Date sampled
2/12/75
2/13/75
2/14/75
2/15/75
2/16/75
2/17/75
2/18/75
Site
A
B
C
C
D
A
B
C
C
D
A
B
C
D
A
B
C
C
D
A
B
C
D
A
B
C
C
D
A
B.
C
C
D
ug/m3
<1
2.0
1.5
<1
<1
<1
<1
6.8
5.3
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
1.7
<1
<1
<1
<1
PPB
<0.5
0.8
0.6
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
2.7
2.1
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
4.3
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
Date sampled
2/19/75
2/20/75
2/21/75
2/22/75
2/23/75
2/24/75
2/25/75
Site
A
B
C
D
A
B
. C
D
A
B
C
C
D
A
B
C
C
D
A
B
C
D
A
B
C
C
D
A
B
C
D
pg/m
3.8
17.9
4.4
4.4
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1 '
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
PPB
1.5
7.0
1.7
1.7
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
-------
AMBIENT VINYL CHLORIDE DATA
G.T.E. SYLVANIA INC., PLANT - WARREN, PENNSYLVANIA
W
I
u>
Date sampled
2/1 5/7 b
2/16/75
2/17/75
-
2/18/75
2/19/75
2/20/75
2/21/75
Site
A
A
B
C
D
A
B
C
D
A
B
C
D
A
A
B
C
D
A
B
C
D
A
A
B
C
D
A
B
C
D
Vig/m3
< 1
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
. <1
-------
AMBIENT VINYL CHLORIDE DATA
CONGOLEUM INDUSTRIES PLANT - MARCUS HOOK, PENNSYLVANIA
Date sampled
3/12/75
3/13/7&
3/14/75
3/15/75
3/16/75
3/17/75
3/18/75
Site
A
B
C
D
A
B
C
D
D
A
B
C
D
D
A
B
C
D
A
B
C
D
D
A
B
C
D
A
B
C
D
yg/ra3
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
2.6
<1
<1
<1
<1
3.0
< 1
< 1
3.1
7.0
2.1
3.8
PPB
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
1.0
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
1.2
-------
AMBIENT VINYL CHLORIDE DATA
REYNOLDS METALS COMPANY PLANT, PACKAGING DIVISION-PLASTICS - GROTTOES, VIRGINIA
W
i
Date sampled
3/15/75
3/16/75
3/17/75
3/18/75
3/19/75
3/20/75
3/21/75
Site
A
B
C
D
A
B
B
C
D
A
B
B
C
D
A
B
C
D
A
B
B
C
D
A
B
C
D
A
B
C
D
lig/m3
<1
4.7
3.5
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
-------
AMBIENT VINYL CHLORIDE DATA
ITT, ROYAL ELECTRIC DIVISION PLANT - PAWTUCKET, RHODE ISLAND
Date sampled
4/10/75
4/11/75
4/12/75
4/13/75
4/14/75
4/15/75
4/16/75
Site
A
B
C
D
A
B
B
C
D
A
B
C
D
A
B
B
C
D
A
B
B
C
D
A
B
C
D
A
B
B
C
D
yg/m3
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
PPE
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
-*0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
-------
AMBIENT VINYL CHLORIDE DATA
CHAKLQTTE FIPi: AND FOUNDRY CO., CHARLOTTE PLASTICS DIVISION PLANT - MONORE, NORTH CAROLINA
W
I
Date sampled
5/22/75
5/23/75
5/24/75
5/25/75
5/26/75
5/27/75
5/28/75
Site
A
B
C
D
A
B
C
D
D
A
B
C
D
A
B
C .
D
D
A
B
C
D
D
A
B
C
D
A
B
C
D
D
Date
analyzed
6/2/75
6/2/75
6/2/75
6/2/7 5
6/2/75
6/2/75
6/2/75
6/2/75
6/2/75
6/2/75
6/2/75
6/2/75
6/2/75
6/2/75
6/2/75
6/2/75
6/2/75
6/2/75
6/3/75
6/3/75
6/3/75
6/3/75
6/3/75
6/3/75
6/3/75
6/3/75
6/3/75
6/4/75
6/4/75
6/4/75
6/4/75
6/4/75
pg/ra3
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
< 1
<1
< 1
<1
.< 1
< 1
<1
< 1
<1
PPB
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
1. FIEPORT NO.
EPA-450/3-75-084
2.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
Monitoring Vinyl Chloride Around Polyvinyl
Fabrication Plants
7. AUTHOR(S)
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION-NO.
5. REPORT DATE
Chloride Issue - October 1975
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
PEDCo Environmental Specialists, Inc.
Suite 13, Atkinson Square
Cincinnati, Ohio 45246
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, N.C. 27711
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-02-1375 TO 20
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
16. ABSTRACT
A program to measure vinyl chloride emissions from polyvinyl chloride
fabrication plants was carried out. Four charcoal collectors were stationed
around each of five PVC fabrication plants. 24-hour samples were collected
daily for 14 days around each plant. Analysis of the collected samples was
by GC. Most of the samples contained less than the minimum detectable
amount of VCM (1 yg/m3 = ^ 0.5PPB 24-hour average). The maximum quantity of
VCM found in any sample was 17.9 yg/m3 (= 7PPB)
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
a. DESCRIPTORS
Vinyl Chloride, Polyvinyl
PVC Fabrication plants.
Chloride,
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
Release Unlimited
b. IDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
19. SECURITY CLASS (This Report)
Unclassified
20. SECURITY CLASS (This page)
Unclassified
c. COSATI Field/Group
21. NO. OF PAGES
103
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
F-l
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