EPA-450/3-76-025
July 1976
NATIONAL ASSESSMENT
OF THE URBAN
PARTICULATE PROBLEM
VOLUME II
PARTICLE
CHARACTERIZATION
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Office of Air and Waste Management
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
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EPA-450/3-76-025
1VATIONAL ASSESSMENT OF THE
URBAN PARTICIPATE PROBLEM
VOLUME II
PARTICLE CHARACTERIZATION
by
Robert M. Bradway
Frank A. Record
GCA/Technology Division
Burlington Road
Bedford, Massachusetts 01730
Contract No. 68-02-1376, Task Order No. 18
EPA Project Officer: Thompson G. Pace
Prepared for
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Office of Air and Waste Management
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
July 1976
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FOREWORD
This document is one volume of a 16-volume report presenting an overall
assessment of the particulate problem, which was conducted by GGA./
Technology Division for EPA.
This particular document presents the results of analyses that were under-
taken in an effort to characterize the various components and types of
particles that comprise ambient suspended particulate matter. Most of
this information was obtained by optical microscopic analysis of filter
segments. A quality control program in the form of blind replicate anal-
ysis was utilized and a statistical analysis of the results is also re-
ported in this volume.
The chemical and physical analyses reported herein were included in the
program to complement the conclusions derived from other, independent
types of analyses utilized throughout this study. The working summaries
of these other studies are contained in Volumes III through XVI which
cover the 14 urban areas. This and the 14 city reports are viewed pri-
marily as repositories of data and provide documentation and background
information for Volume I of the study — National Assessment of the Par-
ticulate Problem — Final Report. Volume I should be considered the prin-
cipal output of the study.
The 16 volumes comprising the overall report are as follows:
Volume ' I — National Assessment
Volume II — Particle Characterization
111
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Volume III — Denver
Volume IV — Birmingham
Volume V — Baltimore
Volume VI - Philadelphia
Volume VII — Washington
Volume VIII — Chattanooga
Volume IX — Oklahoma City
Volume X — Seattle
Volume XI — Cincinnati
Volume XII — Cleveland
Volume XIII — San Francisco
Volume XIV - Miami
Volume XV - St. Louis
Volume XVI — Providence
IV
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CONTENTS
Page
Foreword iii
List of Figures vii
List of Tables ix
Acknowledgments xxi
Sections
I Introduction 1
II Analytical Methods 4
Acquisition, Handling and Submittal of Filters for
Analysis 4
Laboratory 1 5
Laboratory 2 7
Environmental Monitoring and Support Laboratories (EMSL) 7
Aerosol Research Branch (ARE) 8
Local Agency Routine Analysis 9
III Experimental Design 11
Filter Selection Criteria 11
IV Quality Control 14
V Summary Results 26
VI City Studies 33
Denver 33
v
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CONTENTS (continued)
Sections Page
Birmingham 51
Baltimore 76
Philadelphia 97
Washington 124
Chattanooga 137
Oklahoma City 150
Seattle 165
Cincinnati 177
Cleveland 189
San Francisco 201
Miami 214
St. Louis . 224
Providence 241
VII References 258
VI
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LIST OF FIGURES
No. Zili
1 Denver TSP Monitoring Sites Selected for Filter Analyses 37
2 Cumulative Size Distributions for Three Particle Types,
State Health Building, Denver, January 25, 1974 47
3 Cumulative Size Distributions for Three Particle Types,
State Health Building, Denver, June 14, 1974 48
4 Cumulative Size Distributions for Three Particle Types,
School Administration Building, Denver, June 14, 1974 49
5 Birmingham TSP Monitoring Sites Selected for Filter Analyses 54
6 Cumulative Size Distributions for Three Particle Types,
Downtown Site, Birmingham, October 14, 1974 72
7 Cumulative Size Distributions for Three Particle Types,
North Birmingham, October 26, 1974 73
8 Cumulative Size Distributions for Three Particle Types,
North Birmingham Site, Birmingham, November 1, 1974 74
9 Baltimore TSP Monitoring Sites Selected for Filter Analyses 79
10 Location of Monitoring Sites in Philadelphia County 101
11 Cumulative Size Distribution for Three Particle Types,
Broad and Spruce, Philadelphia, November 19, 1974 117
12 Cumulative Size Distributions for Three Particle Types,
Broad and Lombard, Philadelphia, September 26, 1974 118
13 Cumulative Size Distributions for Two Particle Types,
Broad and Lombard, Philadelphia, December 19, 1974 119
14 District of Columbia Hi-Vol Monitoring Network 126
15 Chattanooga TSP Monitoring Sites Selected for Filter Analyses 140
vn
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LIST OF FIGURES (Continued)
No. Page
16 Locations of Monitoring Sites in Oklahoma City 152
17 Location of Monitoring Sites Selected for Filter Analyses
in Seattle 167
18 Location of Monitoring Sites Selected for Filter Analyses
in Cincinnati 179
19 Location of Monitoring Sites Selected for Filter Analyses
in Cleveland 191
20 Location of Monitoring Sites Selected for Filter Analyses
in San Francisco 204
21 Locations of Air Quality Monitoring Sites in Dade County 218
22 Traffic Counts and Lead Concentrations at Site 10, Miami 222
23 Lead Concentration Versus Particle Size at Site 10, Miami 223
24 Location of Monitoring Sites Selected for Filter Analyses
in St. Louis 229
25 Temporal Variation in the Concentration of Vanadium at two
St. Louis Sites 240
26 Providence TSP Monitoring Sites Selected for Filter Analyses 243
27 Cumulative Particle Size Distributions for Three Particle
Types, Westminster Street Site, Providence, August 14, 1974 254
28 Cumulative Particle Size Distributions for Three Particle
Types, Tristam Surges School, Providence, September 20, 1974 255
29 Cumulative Particle Size Distributions for Three Particle
Types, Dyer Street, Providence, November 19, 1974 256
Vlll
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LIST OF TABLES
No. Page
1 Comparisons of Mlcroscopists 17
2 Summary of Discrepancies in Duplicate Analyses 19
3 Comparisons of Microscopists: Minerals and Combustion
Products 20
4 Significance of Differences Between Means 21
5 Samples Analyzed by More Than Two Analysts 22
6 Consistency of Individual Microscopists 24
7 Constituent Analysis: B C 25
8 Citywide Composite Summary of Filter Analyses in 14 Study
Cities 28
9 U.S. Composite Summary of Filter Analyses 30
10 Composite Summary of Filter Analyses by Site Classification 31
11 Estimates of Average Filter Loadings by Site Classification 32
12 Composite Summary of Particle Size by Components 32
13 Round-Off Values Used in Reports of Individual Filter
Analyses 36
14 Characteristics of Monitoring Sites in the Denver AQCR 38
15 Meteorological Data on Selected Sampling Days (Stampleton
International Airport, Denver) 39
16 Annual Average Concentrations of Sulfate and Nitrate Ions
at the Denver, Colorado, NASN Site No. 060580001 (yg/m3) 39
IX
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LIST OF TABLES (continued)
No. Page
17a Results of Filter Analyses for Selected Sites in Denver and
Vicinity (State Health Department—No. 2) 40
17b Results of Filter Analyses for Selected Sites in Denver and
Vicinity (Sewer Plant—No. 4) 41
17c Results of Filter Analyses for Selected Sites in Denver and
Vicinity (School Administration Building—No. 5) 42
17d Results of- Filter Analyses for Selected Sites in Denver and
Vicinity (Englewood—No. 9) 43
18 Composite Summary of Filter Analyses for Selected Sites in
Denver and Vicinity 44
19 Results of Replicate Analyses of Denver Filters 45
20 Citywide Composite Summary of Filter Analyses in Denver 46
21 Detailed Physical Examination: State Health Building,
Denver, June 14, 1974 50
22 Sampling Site Description and Land Use Characteristics 55
23 Meteorological Data on Selected Sampling Days (Municipal
Airport, Birmingham) 56
24 Annual Average Concentrations of Sulfate and Nitrate Ions
at the Birmingham, Alabama, NASN Site No. 010380003 (yg/m3) 58
25a Results of Filter Analyses for Selected Sites in Birmingham
and Vicinity (Downtown Aux.) 59
25b Results of Filter Analyses for Selected Sites in Birmingham
and Vicinity (No. Birmingham Aux.) 60
25c Results of Filter Analyses for Selected Sites in Birmingham
and Vicinity (West End) 61
25d Results of Filter Analyses for Selected Sites in Birmingham
and Vicinity (Mountain Brook and Leeds) 62
26 Composite Summary of Filter Analyses for Selected Sites in
Birmingham and Vicinity 63
27 Results of Replicate Analyses of Birmingham Filters 64
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LIST OF TABLES (continued)
No. Page
28a Results of Filter Analyses for Trends at NASN Site No.
010380003 in Birmingham (1970) 65
28b Results of Filter Analyses for Trends at NASN Site No.
010380003 in Birmingham (1971) 66
28c Results in Filter Analyses for Trends at NASN Site No.
010380003 in Birmingham (1972) 67
28d Results of Filter Analyses for Trends at NASN Site No.
010380003 in Birmingham (1973) 68
28e Results of Filter Analyses for Trends at NASN Site No.
010380003 in Birmingham (1974) 69
29 Composite Summary of Filter Analyses for NASN Sites in
Birmingham and Vicinity (By Year) 70
30 Citywide Composite Summary of Filter Analyses in Birmingham 71
31 Detailed Physical Examination: Downtown, Birmingham,
October 14, 1974 75
32 Sampling Site Characteristics 80
33 Meteorological Data on Selected Sampling Days (Friendship
International Airport, Baltimore) 81
34 Annual Average Concentrations of Sulfate and Nitrate Ions
at the Baltimore, Maryland, NASN Site No. 210120001 (ug/m3) 82
35a Results of Filter Analyses for Selected Sites in Baltimore
and Vicinity (Fire Department HQ—No. 7) 83
35b Results of Filter Analyses for Selected Sites in Baltimore
and Vicinity (Fort McHenry—No. 17) 84
35c Results of Filter Analyses for Selected Sites in Baltimore
and Vicinity (N.E. Policy—No. 9, Fire Engine Co. 10—No. 8,
and Patapsco—No. 19) 85
35d Results of Filter Analyses for Selected Sites in Baltimore
and Vicinity (Fire Engine Co. 22—No. 18) 86
35e Results of Filter Analyses for Selected Sites in Baltimore
and Vicinity (Lansdowne— No. 26) 87
XI
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LIST OF TABLES (continued)
No. Page
36 Composite Summary of Filter Analyses for Selected Sites in
Baltimore and Vicinity 88
37 Results of Replicate Analyses of Baltimore Filters 89
38a Results of Filter Analyses for Trends at NASN Site No.
210120001 in Baltimore (1964 and 1970) 90
38b Results of Filter Analyses for Trends at NASN Site No.
210120001 in Baltimore (1970, 1971, andll973) 91
38c Results of Filter Analyses for Trends at NASN Site No.
210120001 in Baltimore (1973 and 1974) 92
39 Composite Summary of Filter Analyses for NASN Sites in
Baltimore and Vicinity (by Year) 93
40 Citywide Composite Summary of Filter Analyses in Baltimore 94
41 Detailed Physical Examination: Fire Engine Co. 22, Baltimore,
January 17, 1974 95
42 Monthly Composite Lead Levels in Baltimore for 1974, yg/m3 96
43 Monthly Composite Benzo(a)Pyrene Levels in Baltimore for
1974, yg/m3 96
44 Characteristics of Monitoring Sites in the City of
Philadelphia 102
45 Meteorological Data on Selected Sampling Days (International
Airport, Philadelphia) 103
46 Annual Average Concentration of Sulfate and Nitrate Ions at
the Philadelphia, Pennsylvania NASN Site No. 397140001 for
1972 and 1973 and Site No. 397140004 for 1974 (yg/m3) 104
47a Results of Filter Analyses for Selected Sites in Philadel-
phia and Vicinity (Broad and Spruce - No. 10) 105
47b Results of Filter Analyses for Selected Sites in Philadel-
phia and Vicinity (Broad and Lombard - No. 12) 106
47c Results of Filter Analyses for Selected Sites in Philadel-
phia and Vicinity (Defense - No. 1, Allegheny - No. 2, and
Belmont - No. 4) 107
xii
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LIST OF TABLES (continued)
No. Page
47d Results of Filter Analyses for Selected Sites in Philadel-
phia and Vicinity (N. E. Airport - No. 6) 108
47e Results of Filter Analyses for Selected Sites in Philadel-
phia and Vicinity (Camp - No. 8A, Fri Roof - No. 8B) 109
48 Composite Summary of Filter Analyses for Selected Sites in
Philadelphia and Vicinity 110
49 Results of Replicate Analyses of Philadelphia Filters 111
50a Results of Filter Analyses for Trends at NASN Site No.
397140001 in Philadelphia (1965 and 1970) 112
50b Results of Filter Analyses for Trends at NASN Site No.
397140001 in Philadelphia (1971 and 1973) 113
50c Results of Filter Analyses for Trends at NASN Site
Nos. 391740002 and 397140004 in Philadelphia (1974) 114
51 Composite Summary of Filter Analyses for NASN Sites in
Philadelphia and Vicinity (by Years) 115
52 Citywide Composite Summary of Filter Analyses in
Philadelphia 116
53 Detailed Physical Examination: Broad and Spuree,
Philadelphia, November 19, 1974 120
54 Monthly Mean Aluminum Levels At Selected Philadelphia Sites
for 1974, yg/m3 121
55 Monthly Mean Cadmium Levels At Selected Philadelphia Sites
for 1974, yg/m3 121
56 Monthly Mean Copper Levels At Selected Philadelphia Sites
for 1974, yg/m3 121
57 Monthly Mean Iron Levels At Selected Philadelphia Sites
for 1974, yg/m3 122
58 Monthly Mean Lead Levels At Selected Philadelphia Sites for
1974, yg/m3 122
59 Monthly Mean Magnesium Levels At Selected Philadelphia Sites
for 1974, yg/m3 122
xiii
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LIST OF TABLES (continued)
No. Page
60 Monthly Mean Nickel Levels At Selected Philadelphia Sites
for 1974, yg/m3 123
61 Monthly Mean Sulfate Levels At Selected Philadelphia Sites
for 1974, yg/m3 123
62 Land-Use and Particulate Sources Surrounding the Monitoring
Sites 127
63 Meteorological Data on Selected Sampling Days (Washington,
D.C.) 128
64 Annual Average Concentration of Sulfate and Nitrate Ions at
the Washington, D.C. NASN Site No. 090020001 (yg/m3) 128
65a Results of Filter Analyses - Selected Sites in Washington,
D.C. (American Chemical Society - ACS) 129
65b Results of Filter Analyses - Selected Sites in Washington,
D.C. (Nevel Thomas School - NTS) 130
65c Results of Filter Analyses - Selected Sites in Washington,
D.C. (Catholic University - CU) 131
65d Results of Filter Analyses - Selected Sites in Washington,
D.C. 132
65e Results of Filter Analyses For Selected Sites in Washington,
D.C. 133
66 Composite Summary of Filter Analyses - Selected Sites in
Washington, D.C. 134
67 Results of Replicate Analyses of Washington, D.C. Filters 135
68 Citywide Composite Summary of Filter Analyses in Washington,
D.C. 136
69 Sampling Site Descriptions 141
70 Meteorological Data on Selected Sampling Days (Lovell Field,
Chattanooga) 142
71 Annual Average Concentration of Sulfate and Nitrate Ions at
the Chattanooga, Tennessee NASN Site No. 440380001 (yg/m3) 142
xiv
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LIST OF TABLES (continued)
No. Page
72a Results of Filter Analyses for Selected Sites in Chattanooga
and Vicinity (City Hall - No. 1) 143
72b Results of Filter Analyses for Selected Sites in Chattanooga
and Vicinity (Broad Street - No. 3) 144
72c Results of Filter Analyses for Selected Sites in Chattanooga
and Vicinity (Brainerd - No. 4) 145
72d Results of Filter Analyses for Selected Sites in Chattanooga
and Vicinity (East Chattanooga - No. 6, Silverdate - No. 7,
and Shallowford Road - No. 9) 146
73 Composite Summary of Filter Analyses for Selected Sites in
Chattanooga and Vicinity 147
74 Results of Replicate Analyses of Chattanooga Filters 148
75 Citywide Composite Summary of Filter Analyses in Chattanooga 149
76 Oklahoma City Hi-Vol Sites 153
77 Meteorological Data on Selected Sampling Days (Will Rogers
World Airport, Oklahoma City) 154
78 Annual Average Concentrations of Sulfate and Nitrate Ions at
the Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, NASN Site No. 372200015 (ug/m3) 154
79a Results of Filter Analyses for Selected Sites in Oklahoma
City and Vicinity (200 North Walker - No. 1 and S.W. 66th
and Denning - No. 2) 155
79b Results of Filter Analyses for Selected Sites in Oklahoma
City and Vicinity (Bethany - No. 14 and N.E. 13th and
Phillips - No. 17) 156
79c Results of Filter Analyses for Selected Sites in Oklahoma
City and Vicinity (2045 N.W. 10th - No. 18 and N.W. Highway
and Meridian - No. 19) 157
79d Results of Filter Analyses for Selected Sites in Oklahoma
City and Vicinity (S.E. 74th and High - No. 21 and S.W. 2nd
and Robinson - No. 22) 158
79e Results of Filter Analyses for Selected Sites in Oklahoma
City and Vicinity (Jones - No. 5, N.E. 10th and Douglas -
No. 10 and 428 W. California - No. 15) 159
xv
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LIST OF TABLES (continued)
Np_._ Page
80a Composite Summary of Filter Analyses for Selected Sites in
Oklahoma City and Vicinity 160
80b Composite Summary of Filter Analyses for Selected Sites in
Oklahoma City and Vicinity 161
81 Results of Replicate Analyses of Oklahoma City Filters 162
82 Citywide-Composite Summary of Filter Analyses in Oklahoma
City 163
83 Monthly and Annual Lead Concentrations from Hi-Vol Filters
in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma for 1974, yg/m3 164
84 Characteristics of Seattle Monitor Sites Reviewed 168
85 Meteorological Data on Selected Sampling Days (Seattle-
Tacoma Airport) 169
86 Annual Average Concentration of Sulfate and Nitrate Ions
at the Seattle, Washington NASN Site No. 491840001 (yg/m3) 169
87a Results of Filter Analyses for Selected Sites in Seattle and
Vicinity (Public Safety Bldg. - No. K-l and 6770 E. Marginal
Way - No. K-99) 170
87b Results of Filter Analyses for Selected Sites in Seattle and
Vicinity (Harbor Island - No. K-60) 171
87c Results of Filter Analyses for Selected Sites in Seattle
and Vicinity (Duwamish Valley - No. K-59) 172
87d Results of Filter Analyses for Selected Sites in Seattle
and Vicinity (Food Circus - No. K-10 and USCG Station -
No. K-4) 173
88 Composite Summary of Filter Analyses for Selected Sites in
Seattle and Vicinity 174
89 Results of Replicate Analyses of Seattle Filters 175
90 Citywide Composite Summary of Filter Analyses in Seattle 176
91 Sampling Site Characteristics 180
92 Meteorological Data on Selected Sampling Days (Greater Cin-
cinnati Airport) 181
xvi
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LIST OF TABLES (continued)
No. Page
93 Annual Average Concentrations of Sulfate and Nitrate Ions
at the Cincinnati, Ohio, NASN Site No. 361220001 (pg/m3) 181
94a Results of Filter Analyses for Selected Sites in Cincinnati
and Vicinity (Public Library - No. 1) 182
94b Results of Filter Analyses for Selected Sites in Cincinnati
and Vicinity (Wyoming Elementary School - No. 8) 183
94c Results of Filter Analyses for Selected Sites in Cincinnati
and Vicinity (St. Bernard - No. 12) 184
94d Results of Filter Analyses for Selected Sites in Cincinnati
and Vicinity (College Hill Fire House - No. 2) 185
95 Composite Summary of Filter Analyses for Selected Sites in
Cincinnati and Vicinity 186
96 Results of Replicate Analyses of Cincinnati Filters 187
97 Citywide Composite Summary of Filters Analyses in Cincinnati 188
98 Sampling Site Descriptions 192
99 Meteorological Data on Selected Sampling Days (Cleveland
Hopkins International Airport) 193
100 Annual Average Concentrations of Sulfate and Nitrate Ions
at the Cleveland, Ohio, NASN Site No. 361300001 (ug/m3) 193
lOla Results of Filter Analyses for Selected Sites in Cleveland
and Vicinity (Supplementary Education Center - No. 21) 194
lOlb Results of Filter Analyses for Selected Sites in Cleveland
and Vicinity (Harvard Yards - No. 13) 195
lOlc Results of Filter Analyses for Selected Sites in Cleveland
and Vicinity (Fire Station No. 13 - No. 9) 196
lOld Results of Filter Analyses for Selected Sites in Cleveland
and Vicinity (J. F. Kennedy High School - No. 14 and Cleve-
land Health Museum - No. 4) 197
102 Composite Summary of Filter Analyses for Selected Sites in
Cleveland and Vicinity 198
xvi i
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LIST OF TABLES (continued)
No. Page
103 Results of Replicate Analyses of Cleveland Filters 199
104 Citywide Composite Summary of Filter Analyses in Cleveland 200
105 Characteristics of BAAPCD Monitor Sites Reviewed 205
106 Meteorological Data on Selected Sampling Days (San Francisco
International Airport) 206
107 Annual Average Concentrations of Sulfate and Nitrate Ions at
the San Francisco, California NASN Site No. 056860001 (ug/m3) 206
108a Results of Filter Analyses for Selected Sites in San Fran-
cisco and Vicinity (Livermore - No. A-ll) 207
108b Results of Filter Analyses for Selected Sites in San Fran-
cisco and Vicinity (San Francisco - No. SF-9) 208
108c Results of Filter Analyses for Selected Sites in San Fran-
cisco and Vicinity (East San Francisco - No. SF-10) 209
109 Composite Summary of Filter Analyses for Selected Sites in
San Francisco and Vicinity 210
110 Results of Replicate Analyses of San Francisco Filters 211
111 Citywide Composite Summary of Filter Analyses in San
Francisco 212
112 1974 Geometric Mean Concentrations of Selected Particulate
Constituents at Three BAAPCD Sites 213
113 Annual Average Concentrations of Sulfate and Nitrate Ions
at the Miami, Florida NASN Site No. 10270002 219
114 Meteorological Data on Selected Sampling Days (International
Airport, Miami) 219
115 Results of Filter Analyses at NASN Site No. 10270002 in Miami 220
116 Composite Summary of Filter Analyses at NASN Site No.
10270002 in Miami 221
117 St. Louis Sampling Site Information 230
xviii
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LIST OF TABLES (continued)
No. Page
118 Meteorological Data on Selected Sampling Days (International
Airport, St. Louis) 231
119 Annual Average Concentration of Sulfate and Nitrate Ions at
the St. Louis, Missouri, NASN Site No. 264280001 (yg/m3) 231
120a Results of Filter Analyses for Selected Sites in St. Louis
and Vicinity (Municipal Court - No. 18) 232
120b Results of Filter Analyses for Selected Sites in St. Louis
and Vicinity (S. Broadway Fire House - No. 19) 233
120c Results of Filter Analyses for Selected Sites in St. Louis
and Vicinity (East St. Louis - No. 26) 234
120d Results of Filter Analyses for Selected Sites in St. Louis
and Vicinity (Donovan Street - No. 9) 235
120e Results of Filter Analyses for Selected NASN Sites in
St. Louis and Vicinity (Site Nos. 264280001 and 26480002) 236
121 Composite Summary of Filter Analyses for Selected Sites in
St. Louis and Vicinity 237
122 Results of Replicate Analyses of St. Louis Filters 238
123 Citywide Composite Summary of Filter Analyses in St. Louis 239
124 Sampling Site Characteristics 244
125 Meteorological Data on Selected Sampling Days (Theo. Francis
Green State Airport, Providence) 245
126 Annual Average Concentrations of Sulfate and Nitrate Ions at
the Providence, Rhode Island, NASN Site No. 410300001 (yg/m3) 245
127a Results of Filter Analyses for Selected Sites in Providence
and Vicinity (Westminster Street - No. 21) 246
127b Results of Filter Analyses for Selected Sites in Providence
and Vicinity (Tristam Burges School - No. 46) 247
127c Results of Filter Analyses for Selected Sites in Providence
and Vicinity (Cranston General Hospital - No. 47) 248
xix
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LIST OF TABLES (continued)
No. Paei
127d Results of Filter Analyses for Selected Sites in Providence
and Vicinity (Dyer Street - No. 42) 249
127e Results of Filter Analyses for Selected Sites in Providence
and Vicinity (NASN Site No. 41030001) 240
128 Composite Summary of Filter Analyses for Selected Sites in
Providence and Vicinity 251
129 Results of Replicate Analyses of Providence Filters 252
130 Citywide Composite Summary of Filter Analyses in Providence 253
131 Detailed Physical Analysis: Dyer Street, Providence,
November 19, 1974 257
xx
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
A great number of people contributed to this phase of the study; too many
to even begin thanking each one. The efforts of several groups, however,
deserve special recognition. The voluntary contributions of Dr. William
Wilson and the Aerosol Research Branch and of Dr. Richard Thompson and
the Environmental Monitoring and Support Laboratories are very much ap-
preciated. The diligence and scientific curiosity displayed by Walter C.
McCrone Associates, Inc., and Eastern Analytical Laboratories, Inc. made
many facets of this program possible. The assistance of the many local,
state and regional air pollution agencies that contributed to the study
by conducting hi-vol site visits and providing filters for analysis are
also gratefully acknowledged.
xxi
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SECTION I
INTRODUCTION
This volume presents data concerning the physical and chemical properties
of the particulate matter collected on selected hi-vol filters obtained
from existing filter banks for each of the 14 study cities. Most of this
information was obtained as part of this contractual effort via optical
microscopic analysis of 445 samples of hi-vol filters. The microscopy
was performed by two analytical laboratories: 400 hi-vol filter samples
were analyzed by Water C. McCrone Associates, Inc. (Laboratory 1), and
45 hi-vol filter samples were analyzed by Eastern Analytical Laboratories,
Inc. (Laboratory 2). As part of the quality control procedures, each of
the 45 samples analyzed by Laboratory 2 were cut from filters from which
samples were also analyzed by Laboratory 1. In addition, all samples
submitted were identified only by a randomly generated five digit number.
The analysts had no information concerning the geographic location, time
of year, or nature of the area in which the sample had been collected.
In addition, replicate samples from some filters were resubmitted to both
laboratories with new identification so as to appear as normal submittals.
Since both laboratories utilized more than one analyst, these procedures
resulted in as many as four microscopists observing samples from the same
filter and, in some cases, the same analyst examining replicate samples
from the same filter as many as three times. The results of statistical
evaluations of these several quality control procedures are presented so
that, perhaps for the first time, some quantitative level of significance
can be ascribed to the results of optical microscopy as an analytical
method for hi-vol filter analysis in general, and, more specifically, the
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degree to which this type of analysis supported or refuted the conclusions
derived from other, independent types of analysis utilized throughout this
study.
In addition to the routine optical microscopic analyses, Laboratory 1 was
asked to perform some special analytical tasks in an effort to obtain even
greater detail of the particulate. These tasks included the following:
• Detailed physical examination of 15 hi-vol filter samples
• Chemical analysis of 8 hi-vol filter samples
• Particle size distributions as a function of particle type
for 4 hi-vol filter samples.
EPA1s Environmental Monitoring and Support Laboratories (EMSL) analyzed
samples from some of the filters that underwent microscopic examination.
This included analyses for 13 metals as well as for ammonium, nitrate,
and sulfate ions. Another EPA group, the Aerosol Research Branch (ARE)
of the Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory, conducted research
programs in two of the study cities as part of their own air pollution
research and development activities. Much of this data, which included
wind direction-specific TSP monitoring, particle sizing, and elemental
analysis as a function of wind direction and particle size, were made
available to the GCA/Technology Division study team. The data generated
by EMSL and some of that provided by ARE are summarized in this volume.
In addition, some of the local agencies in the study cities provided the
results of their routine analytical activities and much of those data are
also summarized.
The data in this volume are presented in much the same way in which the
study was conducted; that is, on a city-by-city basis. The summary re-
sults for each city are organized around the following common items:
• A map showing the sampling site locations
• A table giving the sampling site descriptions
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• A table summarizing the meteorological observations
for the days of interest
• A table showing the results of microscopic analyses
for the selected filters
• A table showing the composite summary results of
microscopic analyses for each site
• A table showing the results of replicate microscopic
analyses
• A table showing the composite summary results of
microscopic analyses for all sites combined.
These data are supplemented with any additional information available for
a particular city and a discussion of the key results or conclusions for
each city.
In order to give the reader a better understanding of this portion of the
study, and to present data which should give guidance as how to best in-
terpret the results and insight into its overall significance, several
facets of the filter analysis program are discussed prior to the presen-
tation of the summary results for the 14 cities. These include a brief
description of the experimental design as far as the selection of the
sites to be studied, as well as the rationale for selecting particular
days at each site. In some cities a study of the trends in the types and
amounts of TSP was conducted, and this portion of the program is also
briefly discussed. Probably the single most important product of the
filter analysis portion of the study, however, is the information gleaned
from the quality control effort. Therefore, the basic purpose and design
of that effort, as well as the results and statistical analyses of results,
precede the city summary results section. It is hoped that this organiza-
tion of the data will allow for maximum utilization of the analytical re-
sults, along with an understanding of the underlying precautions that must
be considered in applying them.
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SECTION II
ANALYTICAL METHODS
Several laboratories contributed to the particulate characterization
portion of this study at various levels of effort. Optical microscopy
was intended as the primary analytical method with a limited number of
chemical analyses and sophisticated instrumental techniques to be em-
ployed for supporting information. Two analytical laboratories did the
microscopy under contract, with Walter C. McCrone Associates, Inc. being
responsible for the analyses of 400 filters and Eastern Analytical Lab-
oratories, Inc. for the analyses of 45 filters. Two EPA groups generated
chemical and/or physical data concerning particulate characterization
that was of importance to the present program. In addition, some local
agencies in the study areas provided the results of their routine analyt-
ical activities. The analytical techniques utilized by each of these
several contributors is summarized, insofar as possible, to enable the
reader to understand the types of procedures and the variability that
may have existed. No attempt has been made to evaluate the analytical
methods as that was beyond the scope of the present program.
ACQUISITION, HANDLING AND SUBMITTAL OF FILTERS FOR ANALYSIS
Members of the GCA study team acquired filters directly from the cognizant
agencies while conducting each city visit. Although there was a general
understanding of the sites and dates of interest prior to the city visits,
the final selection of study sites was not made until after conferring with
the local authorities. Generally, more filters were selected than could
ultimately be analyzed so that there would be maximum flexibility in select-
ing the exact sampling days to be examined.
4
-------
All filters that were obtained from the control agencies were returned
to a clean room at GCA/Technology Division. Each filter that was con-
sidered for microscopic analysis was examined visually for tears, pin-
holes, rain splatter, and improper installation in the hi-vol as indicated
by a nonuniform border. Those filters that were acceptable for analysis
were assigned a randomly generated five digit number. A 3/4-inch by
8-inch strip was removed from the filter, the identifying number affixed
to the margin, and the sample folded on itself and sealed in a small
glassine envelope. The appropriate identification number was also printed
on the outside of the envelope. Records and cross references identifying
each sample with the associated city, site, date, and TSP loading were
maintained in triplicate by GCA.
In the case of Laboratory 1, samples were submitted in groups of 26 and
transmitted by registered air mail with return receipts. Samples, usu-
ally in batches of three, were hand carried to Laboratory 2 because of
its proximity to GCA/Technology Division.
LABORATORY 1
Particles on the hi-vol filter samples were removed with a tungsten needle
^
which carried a drop of slightly warm and semi-sticky Aroclor 5442 (re-
fractive index - 1.662) at the tip. The drop of Aroclor containing the
particles from the filter was then transferred to a glass slide and cov-
ered with a coverslip. This task was not performed by the microscopists
but rather by specially trained personnel working in a clean room.
The principal instrument used for the routine analysis of the filters was
the polarizing microscope. Particles were examined with both transmitted
and reflected light and characterized as to their generic type by observ-
ing morphology, transparency, color, and other physical properties. The
microscopists then used their knowledge, experience, and suitable refer-
ence standards to specify the particle types. The size and number of each
-------
type of observed particle were tallied so that the mass percent for each
category could be calculated using either assumed or measured densities.
Each category of particles that comprised more than 5 percent of the col-
lected mass was also classified as to the range (maximum and minimum) of
particle sizes and the average size in that category.
Fifteen of the four hundred filter segments thus analyzed were designated
for detailed physical examination by microscopic and physical techniques
so as to constitute a more exclusive filter analysis to such degree of
detail as to assure the ultimate achievable level of confidence in the
particle characterization. Techniques typically utilized for this de-
tailed examination included dispersion staining, electron microprobe
analyses, x-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and energy
dispersive x-ray analyses.
Laboratory 1 was also asked to perform some detailed particle sizing and
some chemical analyses. The particle sizing was done for specific par-
ticle types using conventional particle counting techniques. The size
intervals that were used during this program were: < 1 ym, 1 ym - 5 ym,
5 ym - 10 ym, 10 ym - 20 ym, 20 ym - 50 ym, and largest observed particle
size. The chemical analyses task included benzene solubles, organic carbon,
inorganic carbon, and total carbon. The benzene soluble fraction was
determined by treating a preweighed portion of filter with benzene,
evaporating the solvent, and reweighing the filter. The inorganic carbon
determination involved placing the benzene soluble-free sample into a
small chamber and adding hydrochloric acid solution to hydrolyze carbon-
ates. The carbon dioxide thus released was swept from the chamber with
pure nitrogen gas and bubbled through a barium hydroxide solution to form
a barium carbonate precipitate. The precipitated barium carbonate was
separated by centrifugation, dried, and mixed with a known amount of po-
tassium bromide. This mixture was then pressed into a pellet, and the
barium carbonate fraction determined with infrared absorption spectro-
photometry. The organic carbon content was determined by conventional,
-------
Pregl-Dumas type combustion analyses and the organic and inorganic carbon
fractions were summed to give the total carbon content.
LABORATORY 2
Laboratory 2 made four mounts from each filter. Three of those were dry
mounts; that is, the particles were transferred without the use of a
mounting medium; and one wet mount was made using immersion oil (refrac-
tive index - 1.660). The microscopists at this laboratory prepared their
own mounts.
As was the case with the other microscopy contractor, Laboratory 2 relied
heavily on the polarizing microscope as the analytical tool of choice.
Particles were examined with both transmitted and reflected light and
characterized as to their generic type by observing morphology, trans-
parency, color, and other physical properties. This laboratory, however,
utilized scanning electron microscopy and photomicroscopy frequently for
the routine examination of hi-vol samples. Again, the size and number of
each type of observed particle were tallied so that the mass percent for
each category could be calculated using either assumed or measured densi-
ties. The range of particle sizes and the average particle size for each
category of particles was also reported as noted above.
ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND SUPPORT LABORATORIES (EMSL)
This section of EPA which, among other duties, is responsible for the
routine analysis of all the National Aerometric Sampling Network samples,
volunteered to analyze hi-vol filter samples that were selected for micro-
scopic examination. In keeping with its own well established quality
assurance policies, however, only filters which were accompanied by an
unexposed blank filter traceable to the same batch would be accepted for
analysis. Most agencies do not follow such rigid procedures, so that the
-------
total number of filters that were ultimately submitted to, and analyzed
by, EMSL was 51. Each of the filters was subjected to the routine NASN
analytical procedures and included the following analyses:
• Ammonium ion by the sodium hypochlorite method
• Nitrate ion by the N-(l-naphthyl)ethylenediamine method
• Sulfate ion by the methylthymol blue method
• Thirteen metals (vanadium, lead, titanium, beryllium,
tin, arsenic, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, copper, iron,
manganese, and nickel) by quantitative optical emission
spectrography.
AEROSOL RESEARCH BRANCH (ARE)
This section of EPA conducted special ambient air sampling programs in
two of the study cities. These studies, which were performed in Miami
during June 1975 and in St. Louis during July 1975, included both conven-
tional and novel sampling and analysis procedures. Daily TSP levels were
monitored with conventional hi-vols while special instrumentation allowed
determination of 18 metals at 2-hour intervals, the size distribution of
particulates as a function of wind direction, and the corresponding ele-
mental composition of the size fractionated samples.
A novel sampling device, known as the streaker, allowed collection of
particulate material for subsequent determination of 18 metals with a
2-hour time resolution. This device draws an air sample at a rate of
2 liters per minute through a strip of Nuclepore filter. The sampling
head moves at a rate of 2 millimeters per hour which allows the collection
of particulate matter for several days of unattended operation. The
Nuclepore strip can then be removed for elemental determination of the
2
particulate by proton-induced x-ray emission analysis. This technique
is useful for determining the following 18 elements: aluminum, silicon,
phosphorus, sulfur, carbon, potassium, calcium, titanium, vanadium,
-------
chromium, manganese, iron, nickel, copper, zinc, bromine, strontium, and
lead. The use of this powerful analytical technique, combined with the
short time resolution of the sampling device, greatly facilitates corre-
lation of the chemical properties of particulate with meteorological
parameters.
The ARB studies also included cascade impactors that were controlled by
a wind direction sensor. Up to four impactors were operated such that
each was operating only when the wind was from a desired direction. For
example, each of four impactors could be run only when the wind was from
a particular 90 degree sector so that the particle size distribution as
a function of the four selected wind directions could be determined. The
impactors utilized were low flow rate instruments so that long sampling
times (e.g., 1 week) were required. The particulate collected on the
impactor stages was also subjected to proton-induced x-ray emission analy-
sis, indicating the elemental composition as a function of particle size.
LOCAL AGENCY ROUTINE ANALYSIS
Several of the local agencies that were visited perform routine chemical
analyses on all or some of the collected hi-vol filters. Although only
portions of the data are presented in summary form, a brief description
of the analytical methods is warranted. Filters from Baltimore are ana-
lyzed by the Maryland Bureau of Air Quality Control. The concentration
of lead is determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry after low
temperature ashing and nitric acid digestion. Benzo(a)pyrene is deter-
mined by spectrophotofluorometry after separation by their layer
chroma tography.
The Air Management Services Laboratory in Philadelphia analyzes for sev-
eral metals by atomic absorption spectrophotometry after nitric acid di-
gestion. Sulfate is determined gravimetrically by precipitation of barium
sulfate with barium chloride. The Oklahoma City-County Health Department,
-------
Environmental Health Services, Division of Air Quality Control, runs
monthly composited analyses for some metals, including lead, at each
monitoring site. They also utilize atomic absorption spectrophotometry
following a nitric acid digestion.
Filters from the San Francisco area are analyzed by the Bay Area Air Pol-
lution Control District. Although regular glass fiber filters are used
to report TSP levels, cellulose filters are utilized for sampling particu-
late matter for subsequent chemical analyses because of their chemical
purity. A portion of each filter is ashed at low temperature, extracted
with nitric acid and the metals content determined by atomic absorption.
Another portion of the filter is extracted with water and then analyzed
for four species. Ammonium ion is determined by specific in electrode,
sulfate by the barium chloride turbidimetric procedure, nitrate by first
reducing to nitrite with cadmium and then colorimetric analysis by the
Griess reaction, and chloride by the turbidimetric silver nitrate
procedure.
10
-------
SECTION III
EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN
FILTER SELECTION CRITERIA
The most recent year of record for air quality data at the initiation of
this study was 1974 and, thus, the major thrust of the microscopic analy-
sis effort was directed at that most currently available set of samples.
Within each study area the selection of samples was normally limited to
filters from the 3 months of 1974 with the highest observed TSP levels
and the 3 months of 1974 with the lowest observed TSP levels. In this
way, it was hoped that significant differences in the types of particles
identified on the filters, if they existed, could help in identifying the
source(s) responsible for the differences in TSP levels.
Whenever possible, three sites were chosen as typical of the study area,
and these sites composed the core for the selection of filter samples.
The sites selected usually typified a central business district location,
an industrial location, and a residential area. Obviously it was impos-
sible to strictly adhere to these guidelines in each city and, further, the
site classification for one study city did not necessarily correspond par-
ticularly well with that of another city. However, insofar as possible,
this common thread was sewn into the site selection process. Several
"wild card" sites were also chosen for study because of special circum-
stances or influences. Sites of this type included those very near major
highways, some sites particularly close to troublesome sources, some sites
that appeared not to be influenced by identifiable sources, and, when pos-
sible, sites at or near the same location but at different heights.
11
-------
Six filters were usually selected for examination at each of the three
core sites. Three of these were from the 3 months of 1974 with the
highest TSP levels and three filters were from the 3 months of 1974 with
the lowest TSP levels, as described previously. Within each 3-month
group, one filter was selected that recorded a high particulate loading,
one filter was selected that recorded a loading near the mean from that
group of samples, and a third filter was selected that was intermediate
between the high and mean levels. It was hoped that in this way the ex-
amination of filters representative of several different TSP loadings
would indicate if a significant change in the type of particulate mate-
rial accompanied changes in the particulate loadings.
The TSP data for each study area were analyzed to determine if the obser-
vations at all sties in general, and the three core study sites in par-
ticular, followed the same trends. That is, did the sites tend to record
high (and low) values on the same day or did some of the sites experience
particulate burdens atypical of the rest of the area on any particular
day.
In most cases, the TSP levels at the sites did follow a similar trend,
and an "area wide" approach was followed in which the filters were se-
lected for the same day at the three sites. There were cases, however,
in which a "site" approach was followed where the filters were selected
for their suitability for meeting the criteria at each site regardless
of the sample day. This was particularly true in the case of "wild card"
sites, and occasionally in cities where filters were missing or consumed
in prior analyses, so that the "area wide" approach was impracticable.
In three of the study cities, samples from filters collected prior to
1974 were obtained for microscopic analysis to see if any trend in par-
ticulate types could be observed. The sites selected for this special
analysis were from the NASN since the filters were known to have been
12
-------
properly preserved in the EPA filter bank. Time and fiscal constraints
limited this effort to only three or four filter analyses for each year
of interest. Filters selected for each year were representative of a
high TSP level at that site for that year, an observation near the mean
for the year, and an intermediate observation between the mean and high
levels.
It was explicitly understood by both microscopy subcontractors that as
complete objectivity as possible was a key component of the experimental
design. As described in Section II, this meant that a randomly generated
number was the only piece of information available for each filter sample.
Absolutely no information concerning the city, site, TSP loading, etc.
could be obtained by the analysts. Furthermore, the blind submittal of
samples was vital to the successful execution of the replicate analysis
portion of the experiment.
Initially, the replicate analysis task was designed to include only the
examination by Laboratory 2 of 45 filters previously analyzed by Labora-
tory 1. Early in the program, however, it became evident that the re-
submittal of filter samples to the same laboratory would be a meaningful
experiment. Since more than one analyst was involved in each laboratory,
and since there was no control over the assignment of samples to analysts,
it was impossible to precisely design this portion of the program. All
that was known was that the resubmittal of samples would result in either
inter- or intra-analyst comparisons. Further, since there was no control
over the choice of analysts for any particular sample, it was impossible
to determine the number of such submittals required to achieve statisti-
cally significant levels of confidence in th^ results. Recognizing these
limitations, while at the same time understanding the potential for greatly
increasing the usefulness of the data, 48 of the 400 total samples submit-
ted to Laboratory 1 were replicate submissions.
13
-------
SECTION IV
QUALITY CONTROL
As mentioned in Section II, each filter was assigned a randomly generated
five-digit number which served as the only identifier for the filter sam-
ple so that each analyst had no information concerning the city, site,
TSP loading or probable local sources associated with the sample. Fur-
thermore, the use of two laboratories for the microscopy, coupled with
the randomly generated identifying numbers, permitted a fairly compre-
hensive quality control program in the form of blind replicate analyses.
Since both laboratories utilized more than one analyst, these procedures
resulted in as many as four microscopists observing samples from the same
filter and, in some cases, the same analyst examining replicate samples
from the same filter as many as three times.
Table 1 shows the weight percentage of the four major constituents for
each pair of analysts that examined samples from the same filter. Table 2
summarizes the differences between results reported by different analysts
and by the same analyst when examining samples from the same filter for
minerals and combustion products, the two classes of particles which to-
gether typically account for about 90 percent of the filter loadings.
Table 2 shows some very large average differences in the results reported,
both by different analysts and by the same analyst. It appears, however,
that the results of replicate analyses by a single analyst are more con-
sistent than comparisons between analysts. Analysts A, B and C were from
one laboratory and analysts D and E from the other laboratory. Analyst D,
who consistently differed substantially from the other analysts, was used
very little during the program.
14
-------
Table 3 presents statistical summaries of comparisons of microscopists
again for two categories, minerals and combustion products. It is ap-
parent from the means that some very sizable differences occur in the
general run of two analysts' results. To provide some quantitative per-
spective, a simple t-test was made on the matched data from each pair of
analysts. (The calculated Student's t-value presented in Table 3 was
calculated in such a way as to take account of the matched-pair nature
of the data, so that the variability of the various filters does not in-
flate the t-value.) Table 4 presents the significance probabilities as-
sociated with the t-tests, and the verbal description of the meaning
that we would attach to each probability. Although the assumptions under-
lying the t-test are not strictly met by this data, the results of the
comparisons are sufficiently clear-cut that we have no important concern
on that matter. Only three of the eight pairs for minerals (AB, CD, CE)
and two for combustion products (AB, CD) exhibit sufficient consistency
such that one can reasonably attribute the difference to chance. Addition-
ally, two of the five pairs that do show agreement had only two comparisons
so the ability to illustrate disagreement is limited.
Table 5 presents the data for those samples analyzed by more than two ana-
lysts and Table 6 summarizes the intra-analyst comparisons for the three
microscopists that examined replicate samples from the same filter. In
general the intra-analyst results were more consistent than were the com-
parisons between two analysts, but there were some distressingly large
differences.
Given the inconsistencies documented above, it was decided to look at the
more detailed components of the microscopy results for one pair of analysts
to see whether any ready explanation could be found for some of the incon-
sistency. Table 7 presents the results of this detailed analysis, involv-
ing analysts B and C. Though this one case can by no means be presented
as being conclusive, it does bring up certain curiosities. Looking at the
data in Table 7, it is indicated that analyst B had, on the average, higher
mineral readings than analyst C. Analyst C had higher readings for com-
bustion products, and to a lesser extent biologicals, than did analyst B-
15
-------
The major contribution to these differences were calcite and quartz for
minerals and incinerator fly ash for combustion products.
The microscopists that were involved in the analyses were asked to comment
on the results of the quality control program. The analysts identified
three problem areas: misidentificatlon, misassignment and fatigue. Al-
though they did not consider misidentificatlon to be much of a problem
in this program, it was felt that additional training and standardized
procedures would help.
Misassignment may be more of a problem in that different microscopists
may identify a particle correctly but assign it to different categories.
For example, coal fly ash often has substantial amounts of quartz, lime-
stone and other minerals and may be classified as combustion product by
one analyst and as mineral by another. Again a consistent set of guide-
lines would be of great value. Fatigue, especially when faced with the
prospect that when finished with the present sample there are many more
waiting to be done, was frequently noted by the microscopists. The prob-
lem is aggravated when conversions into weight percents must be made. One
recommendation was that no more than three or four samples be done at one
sitting and, when counting and converting becomes tedious, the analyst
should stop for the day.
16
-------
Table la. COMPARISONS OF MICROSCOPISTS
Mineral* (percentage by weight)
A
48
21
96
82
66-
75
78
70
68
78
91
86
77
30
B
56
82
96
86
78
77
65
66
68
89
79
93
78
74
A
63
10
87
31
68
48
76
27
80
69
C
50
31
46
22
10
32
53
28
14
23
A
10
65
83
87
92
80
D
7
5
6
5
10
5
A
77
21
6
75
66
75
63
50
59
10
87
89
91
80
86
E
23
42
22
26
50
26
45
39
64
39
66
30
25
9
47
B
74
69
74
63
75
91
69
A4
C
32
40
24
30
39
40
30
56
B
No
D
ne
B
74
74
93
84
ee
78
77
63
99
84
93
63
75
84
96
39
49
74
E
45
39
49
11
35
50
26
12
3b
31
47
39
30
23
57
28
15
48
C
46
14
D
5
5
C
32
48
24
31
50
31
29
46
30
50
39
31
56
E
45
25
39
31
45
39
39
66
39
53
30
27
23
D
5
S
66
Conbuitlon product! (percentage by weight)
51
78
0
6
20
1)
12
IS
4
1
1
10
21
W
42
17
4
14
10
IS
9
26
12
7
16
7
17
25
27
85
8
60
10
15
8
42
18
ie
28
68
26
55
50
37
36
40
49
38
89
32
13
8
4
18
47
95
94
95
90
95
21
79
84
19
20
15
27
40
y
85
8
6
3
10
10
77
58
78
74
48
73
55
60
35
58
27
70
75
91
39
16
30
16
2B
5
5
21
6
23
48
34
50
41
36
62
29
N<
ne
16
16
7
16
11
10
IS
32
1
10
7
28
5
6
4
14
49
24
52
61
51
89
63
48
73
48
64
53
39
61
70
77
43
36
64
52
26
49
9S
»S
23
30
34
53
28
68
60
26
SO
27
41
27
29
52
74
61
66
55
58
51
27
61
47
70
72
77
95
27
-------
Table Ib. COMPARISONS OF MICROSCOPISTS
Biological! (percentage try weight
A
1
1
0
2
11
0
4
3
0
2
0
1
0
0
B
0
0
0
0
6
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0 .
A
0
0
1
0
1
3
0
0
0
4
C
0
1
3
8
5
1
1
2
12
18
A
1
0
0
1
1
0
D
46
0
0
0
0
0
A
1
0
1
0
1
1
0
10
5
11
0
0
0
0
0
E
7
0
0
0
14
0
0
0
0
2
1
0
1
1
3
B
5
0
0
0
0
7
0
S
C
4
0
3
0
0
39
8
28
B
No
D
1C
B
0
0
0
3
0
0
0
47
1
1
7
5
0
0
1
6
0
0
E
0
16
14
0
0
0
0
36
1
0
3
0
0
0
2
2
1
40
C
3
12
'
D
0
0
C
3
4
3
0
2
0
39
16
28
0
0
1
0
B
7
0
0
0
1
0
3
1
0
3
0
3
9
D
0
B
7
00
Rubber (percontege by weight)
28
19
0
3
0
1
0
0
4
9
3
»
3
10
20
4
5
0
5
1
I
I
0
0
6
8
25
8
4
9
21
33
16
31
2
9
2
4
25
13
35
30
10
30
25
21
2
0
4
3
2
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
4
4
10
3
0
0
0
0
3
9
2
9
o-
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
20
4
10
10
5
1
5
16
20
21
8
15
6
4
14
None
0
6
0
4
20
10
0
0
1
1
5
5
0
0
0
6
8
i
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
C
25
25
0
0
25
16
20
20
40
15
6
6
14
16
2
0
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-------
Table 2. SUMMARY OF DISCREPANCIES IN DUPLICATE
ANALYSES
3
o
00
rt
I
l-H
0)
CO
4J
O
•§
O
o
co
1
o
Analyst
A
B
C
D
E
Minerals (above diagonal)
A
56
(8)
18
(8)
75
(14)
66
(10)
133
(6)
92
(15)
B
21
(14)
25
(7)
9
(
12
(1
13
(7)
4
8)
4
8)
C
69
(10)
71
( 8)
8
(
5
(1
—
9
2)
0
3)
D
149
(6)
128
(2)
11
(
—
1
D
E
77
(15)
79
(18)
31
(13)
172
(D
48
(2)
49
(2)
Note: Each entry is the average difference between the
results reported for pairs of repeated analyses of
the same filter, expressed as the percentage of the
mean of the two reported results in each case. The
entries along the main diagonal summarize the rep-
licate analyses by the same analyst, while those off
the diagonal are averages of the comparisons between
two analysts. The number of paired analyses in each
comparison is given in parentheses.
19
-------
Table 3. COMPARISONS OF MICROSCOPISTS: MINERALS AND COMBUSTION PRODUCTS
A B
A C
A D
A E
B C
B E
C D
C E
Minerals
Mean percentage by weight
Standard deviation
Differences between means
Degrees of freedom
t- value
69 78
22 11
9
13
1.6
56 31
26 14
25
9
2.9
70 6
31 2
64
5
5.1
62 37
28 16
25
14
3.0
75 36
9 10
39
7
12.4
77 35
16 14
42
17
11.5
30 5
23 0
25
1
1.6
38 39
10 12
1
12
0.1
Combustion products
Mean percentage by weight
Standard deviation
Difference between means
Degrees of freedom
t- value
22 16
25 10
6
13
1.1
29 43
26 13
14
9
2.3
27 86
32 19
59
5
2.9
31 61
29 18
30
14
3.5
16 40
10 13
24
7
6.3
15 59
12 15
44
17
11.3
38 95
16 0
57
1
5.0
38 59
15 14
21
12
4.0
-------
Table 4. SIGNIFICANCE OF DIFFERENCES BETWEEN MEANS
Minerals
Analysts
A B
A C
A D
A E
B C
B E
C D
C E
Probability associated
with t
0.10 < P < 0.20
P « 0.02
0.001 < P < 0.005
0.005 < P < 0.01
P < 0.001
P < 0.001
0.30 < P < 0.40
P > 0.90
Difference between means
Not significant
Significant
Significant
Significant
Extremely significant
Extremely significant
Not significant
Not significant
Combustion Products
A B
A C
A D
A E
B C
B E
C D
C E
0.25 < P < 0.30
0.025 < P < 0.05
0.025 < P < 0.05
0.001 < P < 0.05
P < 0.001
P < 0.001
0.10 < P < 0.20
0.001 < P < 0.005
Not significant
Significant
Significant
Significant
Extremely significant
Extremely significant
Not significant
Significant
21
-------
Table 5a. SAMPLES ANALYZED BY MORE THAN TWO ANALYSTS0
Minerals
B
74
74
63
75
84
C
32
24
30
39
56
E
45
39
. 39
30
23
Combustion
B
16
16
28
5
6
C_
23
34
50
41
29
products
E
52
61
61
70
77
A
66
75
86
B
78
77
93
E
50
26
47
A
20
15
10
B
10
15
7
E
48
73
39
A
63
10
C
50
31
E
45
39
A
27
85
C
28
68
E_
55
58
A
80
C
14
D
5
A
18
C
49
D
95
A
87
C
46
D E
5 66
A
8
C
26
D E
95 27
All numbers are percentage by weight
22
-------
Table 5b. SAMPLES ANALYZED BY MORE THAN TWO ANALYSTS
Biologicals
B
7
5
5
0
0
C
39
28
4
0
0
E
2
0
0
0
0
Rubber
B
5
5
4
20
10
C
6
14
16
20
15
E_
0
0
0
0
0
A
11
0
1
B
6
0
E
2
1
0 14
A
0
0
C
0
1
E
0
3
A
3
9
3
B_
6
8
0
E
0
0
0
A
2
4
£
2
0
E
0
0
A
0
C
12
D
0
A
1
C
3
D E
0 7
A
2
C
25
D
0
A
4
£
25
D E
0 0
All numbers are percentage by weight
23
-------
Table 6. CONSISTENCY OF INDIVIDUAL MICROSCOPISTS
Analyst
Average percent
difference between
observations
Number of
comparisons
Minerals
Analyst A
Analyst B
Analyst E
18
13
49
8
7
2
Combustion products
Analyst A
Analyst B
Analyst E
56
25
48
8
7
2
Biologicals
Analyst A
Analyst B
Analyst E
85
81
34
8
7
2
Rubber
Analyst A
Analyst B
Analyst E
118
117
0
8
7
2
24
-------
Table 7. CONSTITUENT ANALYSIS: B C
Components
Minerals
Quartz
Calcite
Feldspars
Hematite
Mica
Coal
Combustion
products
Soot:
Oil
Coal
Fine soot
Glassy fly ash
Incinerator
fly ash
Burned wood
Burned paper
Magnetite
Biologicals
B
75
29
34
3
8
—
—
16
13
1
2
— •
—
—
—
2
C
36
16
6
12
2
—
—
40
6
7
1
—
27
—
—
—
10
Difference
(B -C)
39
13
28
-9
6
—
—
-24
7
-6
-1
2
-27
—
—
—
-8
ft
All numbers represent percent contribu-
tion to the total TSP level and are mean
values
25
-------
SECTION V
SUMMA.RY RESULTS
This section presents composite summary results of the microscopic anal-
yses. This serves not only to give an overview of the results and to
facilitate comparison but also, hopefully, to minimize any systematic
biases and other inaccuracies discussed in the preceding section. In
Table 8 the microscopy results for each city have been averaged by the
generic type of material present. It can be seen that in every study
city except Chattanooga more than half of the mass of the observed par-
ticles were from minerals. Table 9, which is a composite of all the re-
sults presented in the preceding table, shows that minerals average 65
percent of the observed mass and combustion products only 25 percent.
In Table 10 all filters except the NASN filters have been averaged by
monitor site classification. These composite results show the effect of
land use in the vicinity of the monitor on the composition of suspended
particulate matter. In order to normalize for the differences in concen-
tration at the various site types, the average percentages for the major
component classifications have been multiplied by the average concentra-
tion for the filters included in each group as shown in Table 11. It
should be emphasized that the optical microscope does not permit identi-
fication of particles smaller than about 1 ym. Based upon the experience
of the microscopists involved an average of about 15 percent of the mass
is submicrometer in size and invisible to the analyst. Therefore, in pre-
paring the table it was assumed that 15 percent of the mass is invisible
to the microscopist.
The average particle size for each of the major visible components is pre-
sented in Table 12. The average size of the mineral fraction, 8 ym, is
26
-------
consistent with the average sizes of the principal components. However,
the average size reported for combustion products, 5 um, is surprisingly
low in view of the average size of the individual components within that
group. This may be due in part to the fact that the filters for which
sizing was done for the individual components are not necessarily the
same filters that comprise the combustion products group in this case.
For some filters the size range was reported only for the combustion
products group as a whole because the individual components comprised
less than 5 percent of the observed particulate.
The average size of the biological material is quite large but understand-
able in terms of its source and aerodynamic shape. The very large average
particle size reported for rubber (43 jam), however, is somewhat harder to
understand. The generation of large rubber particles by mechanical abra-
sion is easily understood, but it is difficult to explain how such large
particles can be transported over substantial horizontal or vertical
distances.
27
-------
Table 8. CITYWIDE COMPOSITE SUMMARY OF FILTER ANALYSES IN 14 STUDY CITIES
N>
CO
City
No. of filters
Components
Minerals
Quartz
Calcite
Feldspars
Hematite
Mica
Other
Combustion
Products
Soot:
Oil
Coal
Misc. soot
Glassy
fly ash
Incinerator
fly ash
Burned wood
Burned paper
Magnetite
Carbon black
Other
Biological
Material
Pollen
Spores
Paper
Starch
Misc. plant
tissue
Leaf
trichomer
Mi seel laneo us
Iron or steel
Rubber
Other
Baltimore3
27
Quantity,
percent
Average
(69)
31
18
3
15
<1
2
(25)
9
5
4
6
<1
<1
<1
1
( 3)
<1
<1
<1
1
2
( 3)
1
2
Range
52-88
10-50
2-41
0-6
2-46
0-46
11-61
0-60
0-52
0-50
0-42
0-12
<1-11
0-8
0-10
0-26
0-10
0-26
Birmingham3
22
Quantity ,
percent
Average
(66)
25
24
<1
17
<1
<1
(22)
4
2
12
3
<1
<1
1
( 2)
<1
<1
<1
<1
2
(10)
2
8
Range
14-90
8-67
3-52
0-4
3-65
0-2
0-3
2-86
0-86
0-10
0-71
0-20
0-15
0-8
0-8
0-50
0-25
0-50
Chattanooga
21
Quantity,
percent
Average
(36)
10
16
8
2
<1
(35)
7
14
5
9
(16)
7
<1
<1
1
8
(13)
<1
13
Range
3-96
<1-30
2-93
0-20
0-12
0-3
8-78
0-40
0-40
0-76
0-26
0-90
0-25
0-2
0-2
0-5
0-80
0-45
0-4
0-45
Cincinnati
20
Quantity,
percent
Average
(51)
19
22
3
6
<1
<1
(44)
9
6
<1
24
4
<1
<1
<1
( 1)
<1
<1
<1
<1
1
( 4)
<1
4
Range
24-88
5-63
5-50
0-10
-------
Table 8 (continued). GIT WIDE COMPOSITE SUMMARY OF FILTER AMI YSES IN 14 STUDY CITIES
to
v£>
City
No. of filters
Components
Minerals
Quartz
Calcite
Feldspars
Hematite
Mica
Other
Combustion
Products
Soot:
Oil
Coal
Misc. soot
Glassy
fly ash
Incinerator
fly ash
Burned wood
Burned paper
Magnetite
Carbon black
Other
Biological
Material
Pollen
Spores
Paper
Starch
Misc. plant
tissue
Leaf
trichooer
Miscellaneous
Iron or steel
Rubber
Other
Oklahoma City
27
Quantity,
percent
Average
(88)
29
45
3
11
<1
( 8)
5
2
1
<1
<1
<1
(
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
( 4)
<1
4
Range
21-99
4-50
16-68
0-20
0-30
0-5
1-79
0-5
0-2
0-79
0-10
0-2
0-5
0-5
0-10
0-10
San Franciaco
14
Quantity,
percent
Average
(52)
25
7
18
2
<1
(29)
3
9
<1
1
15
1
<1
(3)
2
<1
<1
<1
1
(16)
16
<1
Range
29-73
15-50
2-16
6-35
0-8
10-50
0-8
0-25
0-2
0-10
0-45
0-10
0-2
tr-10
tr-5
0-5
0-35
0-26
0-10
Seattle
23
Quantity,
percent
Average
(60)
35
9
10
5
<1
1
(27)
10
6
1
<1
9
<1
<1
1
( 3)
1
<1
1
<1
<1
1
(10)
<1
10
<1
Range
30-96
7-65
1-20
0-28
1-15
0-4
1-62
0-25
0-22
0-16
0-45
0-6
tr-24
0-20
0-2
0-3
0-2
0-2
0-18
<1-40
0-2
0-40
0-15
Washington, D.C
25
Quantity,
percent
Average
(70)
31
15
3
20
<1
<1
(23)
13
3
7
<1
<1
<1
( 5)
4
<1
<1
<1
1
( 2)
<1
2
<1
Range
39-87
15-60
5-45
2-4
10-50
5-49
2-30
-------
Table 9. U.S. COMPOSITE SUMMARY OF FILTER ANALYSES
No. of filters
300
Components
Minerals
Quartz
Calcite
Feldspars
' Hematite
Mica
Other
Combustion Products
Soot:
Oil
Coal
Misc. soot
Glassy fly ash
Incinerator fly ash
Burned wood
Burned paper
Magnetite
Carbon black
Other
Biological Material
Pollen
Spores
Paper
Starch
Misc. plant tissue
Leaf trichomer
Miscellaneous
Iron or steel.
Rubber
Other
Quantity,
percent
Average
(65)
29
21
5
10
<1
<1
(25)
7
5
5
6
2
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
( 3)
1
<1
<1
1
1
<1
( 7)
, <1
7
<1
Range
3-99
-------
Table 10. COMPOSITE SUMMARY OF FILTER ANALYSES BY SITE CLASSIFICATION3
Site classification
No. of filters
No. of sites
Average concentration,
Hg/n3
Components
Minerals
Quartz
Calcite
Feldspars
Henatite
Mica
Other
Combustion Products
Soot:
Oil
Coal
Misc. soot
Glassy fly ash
Incinerator fly ash
Burned wood
Burned paper
Magnetite
Carbon black
Other
Biological Material
Pollen
Spores
Paper
Starch
Misc. plant tissue
Leaf trichomer
Miscellaneous
Iron or steel
Rubber
Other
Commercial
114
29
120
Quantity ,
percent
Average
(63)
28
20
6
9
<1
<1
(26)
8
4
7
4
3
<1
<1
<1
( 2)
1
<1
<1
<1
1
( 9)
<1
9
<1
Range
6-99
2-80
1-75
0-35
0-45
0-6
0-5
2-86
0-86
0-34
0-84
0-55
0-45
0-47
0-45
0-2
0-2
0-10
0-17
0-50
0-4
0-50
0-10
Residential
90
21
92
Quantity ,
percent
Average
(65)
31
18
4
12
<1
<1
(25)
9
5
3
6
1
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
( 4)
2
<1
<1
<1
2
( 6)
<1
6
<1
Range
3-99
-------
Table 11. ESTIMATES OF AVERAGE FILTER LOADINGS BY SITE CLASSIFICATION
Component
Mineral
Combustion products
Biological material
Misc. (mostly rubber)
Assumed <1 [am
Total
3
Average loading, |ig/m
Commercial
64
27
2
9
18
120
Residential
51
19
3
5
14
92
Industrial
87
42
3
9
25
166
Undeveloped
66
6
<1
<1
13
86
Table 12. COMPOSITE SUMMARY OF PARTICLE SIZE BY COMPONENTS
Component
Minerals
Quartz
Calcite
Hematite
Combustion products
Oil soot
Coal soot
Glassy fly ash
Biological material
Pollen
Rubber
Average
size, jim
( 8)
11
9
3
( 5)
13
30
12
(24)
35
(43)
Average size
range, \m
-------
SECTION VI
CITY STUDIES
The results for each of the 14 cities are presented below. Although the
results of each microscopic analysis are presented, the implications of
the quality control discussion must be kept in mind. The results of in-
dividual analyses have been rounded of, as detailed in Table 13, in
order to present only as much detail as appears justified and can be
comprehended easily. The composite summary tables and replicate analy-
ses tables, however, have maintained the actual mass percent reported to
allow better comparison.
DENVER
The Denver AQCR represents a lightly industrialized area with above
average heating requirements and less than average amount of rain. There
have been no real trends in TSP levels during the past 6 years in the
AQCR although Denver County has shown some improvement in its air quality
since 1965. The primary annual air quality standard is being exceeded at
most sites around the AQCR, and the secondary annual air quality standard
is being exceeded at all but one site. The highest annual geometric mean
3
was 131 (ig/m , 8 percent higher than that used in the SIP for strategy
planning. Violations of the 24-hour standards have also been frequent,
with the secondary standard exceeded occasionally at most of the monitors
in 1974. The reader is directed to Volume III of this report for a com-
plete discussion of the subject city.
The spatial distribution of the air quality is primarily the result of
the topography with highest levels near the river bed and the levels
33
-------
decreasing in the suburban and rural areas on higher ground. The County-
's
wide geometric mean of all stations in Denver County was 97 |ig/m .
The locations of the four sites that were selected for filter analysis in
Denver are shown in Figure 1. Table 14 details the pertinent character-
istics of these sites, and Table 15 summarizes the meteorological data
for the selected sampling days. To gain some insight into the contribu-
tion of secondary particulates, much of which is too small to be observed
by the microscopists, the annual average sulfate and nitrate concentrations
for the NA.SN site are shown in Table 16. The results of each of 20 sam-
ples submitted for routine analysis are presented in Table 17. The re-
sults for the filters at each site have been averaged to give a"composite
of the particulate composition as shown in Table 18. Six filters under-
went replicate analyses, and the results of this task are presented in
Table 19.
The composite particulate characterization for all filters from Denver
that underwent routine analysis, presented in Table 20, shows that min-
erals predominate the particulate material. Of the 14 study cities, only
one showed higher average percent minerals than Denver. The high mineral
contribution apparently is a citywide phenomenon with the average of each
of the four sites studied ranging from 79 percent to 87 percent. The
major mineral constituent is quartz, which by itself comprises over half
of the mass of the observed particles.
The relative contribution of combustion products to the Denver aerosol
appears to be very low. It is, in fact, the lowest percent contribution
for the category in any of the 14 study cities. If the microscopy re-
sults are a reliable indicator of the makeup of all the particulate col-
lected on the hi-vol filters, then the weighted average concentration of
3
combustion products on the 20 Denver filters would be only 11 jig/m .
Denver was also one of just two study cities that were found to have a
higher percent contribution of rubber than combustion products. The
34
-------
average percent rubber content in Denver was not excessively high com-
pared to the other study cities (Denver was fifth highest) , but it does
support the theory of fugitive emissions , especially after road sanding
operations, being an important consideration.
Three of the filters from Denver were also submitted for determination
of particle size as a function of particle type, as shown in Figures 2
through 4. Two of these filters were also subjected to chemical analy-
sis. The filter from the State Health Department on June 14, 1974, had
3 3
4 |ig/m benzene solubles and just over 12 ng/m total carbon with nearly
all of it reported as organic carbon. The filter from the School Admin-
3
istration Building on the same day had over 12 |ag/m benzene solubles
3
and about 15 |jg/m total carbon, again nearly all reported as organic
carbon. The State Health Department filter from June 14, 1974, was also
selected for detailed physical analysis, and the results are presented
in Table 21.
35
-------
Table 13, ROUND-OFF VALUES USED IN REPORTS
OF INDIVIDUAL FILTER ANALYSES
Percent
0 -
4 -
8 -
13 -
16 -
18 -
23 -
26 -
28 -
33 -
36 -
38 -
43 -
46 -
48 -
55 -
56 -
58 -
63 -
66 -
68 -
73 -
76 -
78 -
83 -
86 -
88 -
93 -
96 -
98 -
reported
3
7
12
15
17
22
25
27
32
35
37
42
45
47
52
55
57
62
65
67
72
75
77
82
85
87
92
95
97
100
Indicated as
0+
1-
1
1+
2-
2
2+
3-
3
3+
4-
4
4+
5-
5
5+
6-
6
6+
7-
7
7+
8-
8
8+
9-
9
9+
10-
10
NOTE: Subcategory quantities reported as
0-3 percent have been omitted from the
tabulation.
36
-------
'A1
NO. 4
A NO. 5
A NO. 2 i
DENVER
f
_,
-\ p^S ENGLEWOOD L ^
LEGEND
NO. 2 STATE HEALTH DEPARTMENT
NO. 4 SEWER PLANT
NO. 5 SCHOOL ADMINISTRATION BUILDING ? ' ? M 5 6 7
NO. 9 ENGLEWOOD km
j i
01234
ii ) i |
Miles
Figute 1. Denver TSP monitoring sites selected
for filter analyses
37
-------
Table 14. CHARACTERISTICS OF MONITORING SITES IN THE DENVER AQCR
oo
County
Arapahoe
Denver
CAPCD
no.
9
2
4
5
Location
Englewood
State Health
Department
Sewer Plant
School Admin-
istration
Building
Height
above
ground,
feet
20
60
10
50
Site
' characteristic
Residential/
commercial
Light commer-
cial suburban
Light commer-
cial suburban
Center city-
commercial
TSP
1974
geometric
mean ,
|ig/m3
107
74
131
107
-------
Table 15. METEOROLOGICAL DATA ON SELECTED SAMPLING
DAYS (STAPLETON INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT,
DENVER)
Date
1/25/74
6/14/74
6/26/74
7/20/74
12/19/74
12/27/74
Precipitation,
in.
Day of
obs.
0
0
t
0
0
0
Preced-
ing day
0
0.02
0
0
t
t
Wind speed, mph
Average
6.0
7.1
10.2
5.5
15.2
11.2
Resultant
4.2
3.3
4.8
1.3
12.8
10.8
Wind direction, deg
3-hour observation
C, 220, 210, 200
190, 80, 250, 250
320, 230, 200, 120
120, 90, 160, 200
180, 220, C,. 10
50, 260, 130, 180
180, 190, 240, 30
80, 20, 310, C
310, 360, 270, 270
360, 310, 290, 330
210, 190, 190, 210
220, 160, 200, 190
Resul-
tant
210
150
190
30
300
200
Note: C
t
Calm
Trace
Table 16.
ANNUAL AVERAGE CONCENTRATIONS OF
SULFATE AND NITRATE IONS AT THE
DENVER, COLORADO, NASN SITE NO.
060580001
Year
1972
1973
1974
Sulfate
Arithmetic
mean
6.65a
8.41a
4.92a
Geometric
mean
5.703
7.92a
4.803
Nitrate
Arithmetic
mean
3.55a
7.36a
4.27a
Geometric
mean
3.13a
6.1ia
4.08a
Indicates insufficient data for statistically valid year.
39
-------
Table 17 a. RESULTS OF FILTER ANALYSES FOR SELECTED SITES IN DENVER AND VICINITY
(STATE HEALTH DEPARTMENT - NO. 2)
Date
TSP (ug/m3)
Components
Minerals
Quartz
Calcite
Feldspars
Hematite
Mica
Combustion
Products
Soot:
Oil
Coal
Fine soot
Glassy
fly ash
Incinerator
lly ash
Burned wood
Burned paper
Magnetite
Carbon black
Biological
Material
Pollen
Spores
Paper
Starch
Misc. plant
tissue
Miscellaneous
Iron or steel
Rubber
25 January 1974
204
Quan-
tity,
tenths
(9)
8+
(1-)
1-
(0+)
(1-)
1-
Size
range ,
jjun
-------
Table 17b. RESULTS OF FILTER ANALYSES FOR SELECTED SITES IN DENVER AND VICINITY
(SEWER PLANT - NO. 4)
Dace
TSP (u«/«3)
Conponents
Minerals
Quartz
Calclte
Feldspars
Hematite
Mica
Combustion
Products
Soot:
Oil
Coal
Soot
Glassy
fly ash
Incinerator
fly ash
Burned wood
Burned paper
Magnetite
Biological
Material
Pollen
Spores
Paper
Starch
Misc. plant
tissue
Miscellaneous
Iron or steel
Rubber
25 January 1974
565
Quan-
tity,
tenths
(9)
6
1+
1-
(1-)
1-
«H->
(1-)
1-
Size
range
um
<1-80
<1-18
5-45
Avg.
size,
utn
12
9
21
14 June 1974
111
Quan-
tity,
tenths
(8)
4
2+
1+
(1)
1-
(1-)
1-
(1)
1
Size
range,
un
1-80
5-80
Avg.
size,
urn
12
1
30
26 June 1974
241
Quan-
tity,
tenths
(9)
7
1
1-
(1-)
1-
(0+)
U-)
Size
range ,
um
-------
Table 17c. RESULTS OF FILTER ANALYSES FOR SELECTED SITES IN DENVER AND VICINITY
(SCHOOL ADMINISTRATION BUILDING — NO. 5)
Date
TSP (ng/m3)
Components
Minerals
Quartz
Calcite
Feldspars
Hematite
Mica
Combustion
Products
Soot:
Oil
Coal
V.f .soot
Soot par-
ticles
Glassy
fly ash
Incinerator
fly ash
Burned wood
Burned paper
Magnetite
Biological
Material
Pollen
Spores
Paper
Starch
Misc. plant -
tissue
Miscellaneous
Iron or steel
Rubber
25 January 1974
436
Quan-
tity,
tenths
(9)
5
3+
(W-)
(WO
(1-)
1-
Size
range,
ntn
<1-105
5-75
Avg.
size,
pjn
15
14 June 1974
89
Quan-
tity,
tenths
(8)
5-
2
1
(1)
1
(wo
27
(i)
i
Size
range,
jim
-------
Table 17d. RESULTS OF FILTER ANALYSES
FOR SELECTED SITES IN DENVER
AND VICINITY (ENGLEWOOD -
NO. 9)
Date
XSP (iig/ir5)
Component?
Minerals
Quarti.
Calclte
Feldspars
Hematite
Mica
Combustion
Products
Sooc:
Oil
Coal
Fine soot
Glassy
fly p.ah
Incinerator
Cly ash
Burned wood
Burned paper
Magnetite
Biological
Material
Pollen
Spores
Paper
Starch
Misc. plant
tissue
Miscellaneous
Iron or steel
Rubber
25 January 1974
230
Quan-
tity ,
tenths
(10-)
a
1
1-
(0+)
(Of)
(Of)
Size
range ,
^TTl
<1-60
Avg.
size,
urn
10
14 June 1974
114
Quan-
tity,
tenths
(8-)
6-
1
1-
(1)
1
(Of)
Size
range ,
ua
-------
Table 18. COMPOSITE SUMMARY OF FILTER ANALYSES FOR SELECTED SITES
IN DENVER AND VICINITY
Site
No. of filters
Components
Minerals
Quartz
Calcite
Feldspars
Hematite
Mica
Hornblende
Combustion
Products
Soot:
Oil
Coal
Fine soot
Soot par-
ticles
Glassy
fly ash
Incinerator
fly ash
Burned wood
Burned paper
Magnetite
Carbon black
Biological
Material
Pollen
Spores
Paper
Starch
Misc. plant
tissue
Miscellaneous
Iron or steel
Rubber
State Health
Dept . - No . 2
6
Quantity,
percent
Average
(80)
56
6
9
6
3
( 5)
1
1
<1
3
( 1)
<1
<1
<1
<1
1
(14)
14
Range
68-89
40-84
1-11
0-12
2-16
tr-5
1-19
0-5
0-4
0-1
0-19
-------
Table 19. RESULTS OF REPLICA.TE ANALYSES OF DENVER FILTERS
Ul
Site
Date
TSP (ug/m3)
Laboratory
Analysis
Cjpponents
Mineral?
Quartz
C^lcito
Feldspars
Horwtite
Mica
Coirbusrion
Products
Soot:
Oil
Coal
V.f .soot
Glassy
fly ash
Incinerator
fly ash
Burned v •«.'
Burned c. .,._..-
Magnetite
Biological
Material
Pollen
Spares
Paper
Starch
Misc. plant
tissue
Miscellaneous
Iron or steel
Rubber
School Administration Bldg. - No. 5
25 January 1974
436
A
1
(91)
52
35
3
1
( 3)
2
1
( 1)
<1
1
( 5)
<:
4
»
1
(25)
(75)
1
15
1
1
60
)
(<1)
«D
14 June 1974
89
A
1
(80)
46
18
3
9
4
(10)
8
2
(<1)
<1
<1
(10)
tr
1C
B
1
( 9)
(91)
|
I 5
1
1
/ 86
)
(
4
B
1
(30)
(70)
)
15
)
)
h
t
(
-------
Table 20. CITYWIDE COMPOSITE SUMMARY OF
FILTER ANALYSES IN DENVER
No. of filters
Components
Minerals
Quartz
Calcite
Feldspars
Hematite
Mica
Other
Combustion
Products
Soot:
Oil
Coal
Misc. soot
Glassy
fly ash
Incinerator
fly ash
Burned wood
Burned paper
Magnetite
Carbon black
Other
Biological
Material
Pollen
Spores
Paper
Starch
Misc. plant
tissue
Leaf
trichomes
Miscellaneous
Iron or steel
Rubber
Other
20
Quantity,
percent
Average
(81)
55
11
7
5
3
<1
( 7)
1
4
1
1
( 1)
<1
<1
<1
<1
1
(ID
<1
11
Range
62-97
37-84
1-35
0-15
1-18
0-6
1-19
0-20
0-14
0-5
0-19
0-7
0-4
0-7
0-32
0-32
46
-------
-p-
--J
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
I I I I
I T
30
E
=1
2
<
0
UJ
_l
o
h-
QC
10
9
8
7
6
3 -
O QUARTZ
A COMBUSTION PRODUCTS
QFELDSPAR
0.01 O.I as I 2 5 10 20 30 50 70 80 90 95 98 99 99.9
NUMBER PERCENT LESS THAN OR EQUAL TO STATED SIZE
99.99
Figure 2. Cumulative size distributions for three particle types,
State Health Building, Denver, January 25, 1974
-------
-o
c»
'§8
60
70
60
50 -
40 -
30 -
E
4.
20
DC
UJ
i-
ui
< 10
5 5
7
6
111
P 5
OC
< 4
a.
O QUARTZ
A COMBINATION PRODUCTS
D CLAY
0.01 O.I as I 2 5 10 20 30 50 70 80 90 95 98 99 99.9 99.99
NUMBER PERCENT LESS THAN OR EQUAL TO STATED SIZE
Figure 3. Cumulative size distributions for three particle types,
State Health Building, Denver, June 14, 1974
-------
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
E
20
UJ
< 10
° 1
Mf t
-J 6
O
p: s
I I
I I 1
«_JL__L
O QUARTZ
X OIL SOOT
Q INCINERATOR FLY ASH
I I _J
0.0 O.i a5 I 2 5 10 20 30 50 70 80 90 95 98 99 99.9 99.99
NUMBER PERCENT LESS THAN OR EQUAL TO STATED SIZE
Figure 4. Cumulative size distributions for three particle types,
School Administration Building, Denver, June 14, 1974
-------
Table 21. DETAILED PHYSICAL EXAMINATION: STATE HEALTH BUILDING,
DENVER, JUNE 14, 1974
A. Quartz confirmed by dispersion staining and (-) uniaxial interference
figure. EDXRA shows only silicon and trace of iron (from hematite).
B. Calcite confirmed by EDXRA — shows only calcium.
C. Feldspars show plagioclase twinning, refractive indices above 1.530,
EDXRA shows aluminum, silicon, calcium, sodium.
D. Hematite confirmed by high refractive indices, birefringence, and deep
red color. EDXRA shows only iron.
E. Mica confirmed by crystal optics. Refractive indices and platy habit,
showing biaxial interference figure (centered) with small 2V and
negative optic sign. EDXRA shows only potassium, silicon, aluminum
and trace of iron.
F. Glassy fly ash was confirmed by its morphology and EDXRA spectrum:
showing only aluminum and silicon.
G. Rubber was confirmed by its elastomeric nature, surface appearance and
EDXRA spectrum showing mostly carbon with minor amounts of calcium,
aluminum, silicon (all probably from road wear products), sulfur,
chlorine, iron, titanium and zinc.
50
-------
BIRMINGHAM
Birmingham, in Jefferson County, Alabama, is a heavy industrial city in
a shallow valley at the southwestern end of the Appalachian Mountains.
Generally, southern and warm though not subtropical, Birmingham is in
the area where major air stagnations are very frequent. It is located
in the area of the eastern United States where stagnant high pressure
systems are the most frequent, and in addition, the valley topography
increases the frequency and severity of nocturnal radiation inversions.
Precipitation is moderately heavy (53 inches per year) and plays a major
role in determining day-to-day variations in TSP levels. The reader is
directed to Volume IV of this report for a complete discussion of the
subject city.
Eleven of the 13 hi-vol sites in the county exceed the annual standard
3
frequently, with levels ranging from 84 to 144 (jig/m . Three of the
sites exceed the 24-hour standard very frequently, and daily loadings in
3
the range 400 to 500 (j,g/m do occur. At all but one of the sites in
violation, however, levels have been declining significantly since the
mid-1960's, and especially since the early 1970's. Decreases of about
50 percent have occurred at the industrial sites that still have the
highest levels.
The locations of the six sites that were selected for filter analysis in
Birmingham are shown in Figure 5. Table 22 details the pertinent charac-
teristics of these sites and Table 23 summarizes the meteorological data
for the selected sampling days. To gain some insight into the contribu-
tion of secondary particulates, much of which is too small to be observed
by the microscopists, the annual average sulfate and nitrate concentra-
tions for the NASN site are shown in Table 24. The results for each of
the 22 filters submitted for routine analysis from all sites except the
NASN site are presented in Table 25. The results for each site have been
51
-------
averaged to give a composite of the particulate composition as shown in
Table 26. Seven filters underwent replicate analyses and the results of
this task are presented in Table 27.
Birmingham was one of three study cities selected for particulate trends
analysis. To accomplish this task, four to six filters for each calendar
year between 1970 and 1974 from the NASN sampling site were selected for
microscopic analysis. The results of each filter analysis are presented
in Table 28 and a composite summary for each year is presented in Table 29.
From the limited number of filters analyzed it is difficult to discern any
consistent trend in the composition of the particulate matter although there
are apparent variations year to year. The contribution of biological mate-
rial was high in 1971 but that is primarily due to one observation day
(April 11, 1971) which had an inordinate amount of pollen. Similarly, the
higher average rubber content for 1970 was due to one observation day
(January 2, 1970) which reported excessive amounts. The data do, however;
indicate an increase in the percent rubber for 1974. Not only was the
average amount of rubber higher; but that constituent was observed on four
of the six filters analyzed at that site for 1974.
Table 30, which presents the citywide composite summary for the 22 non-NASN
filters that were analyzed for 1974, shows a rubber content comparable to
that observed at the NASN site for 1974. It is also interesting to note
from Table 26 that the levels of rubber detected at the out-of-town resi-
dential sites (Leeds and Mountain Brook) were much lower than those at the
in-town sites. The average percent contribution of rubber in Birmingham
is quite typical of the other study cities, however, being seventh out of
14 in that category. It is also typical as far as average mineral content,
again ranking seventh out of 14 study cities, and for combustion products,
ranking ninth highest.
The individual constituents within the major particulate categories are
somewhat unusual in Birmingham, however. The average amount of hematite,
the principal ore of iron, was reported as 17 percent, the second highest
-------
of the 14 study cities. In addition, iron and/or steel was detected on
17 of the 22 filters and ranged as high as 25 percent of the total mass
visible to the microscopist. The average percent iron and steel, although
only 2 percent, was the highest observation for that category of the 14
cities. It is also apparent that the analysts had a difficult time deter-
mining the precise nature and source of much of the combustion products.
In few cities did as much of the combustion-related material get cate-
gorized as "miscellaneous soot." It is likely that this confusion was
caused by the complex nature of the emissions of the coke ovens and
steel furnaces which predominate the industrial activity in the Birmingham
area.
Three of the filters from Birmingham were also submitted for determina-
tion of particle size as a function of particle type, as shown in
Figures 6 through 8. Two of these samples were also subjected to chemi-
cal analyses. The sample from North Birmingham on October 26, 1974 had
17 yg/m3 benzene solubles and nearly 75 yg/m3 total carbon with most re-
ported as organic carbon. The sample from the downtown site on October
14, 1974 had just over 7 yg/m3 benzene solubles and nearly 50 yg/m3 total
carbon, again nearly all reported as organic carbon. This latter sample
was also selected for detailed physical analysis, and the results are
presented in Table 31.
53
-------
N
A
A NORTH BIRMINGHAM
A DOWNTOWN
BIRMINGHAM A NASN
A WEST END
APROX. 10 MILES
.-^ A LEEDS
•-"V
/ 01234
s i I j i i
Km
I 2 3
ii i
MILES
Figure 5. Birmingham TSP monitoring sites selected for filter analysis
-------
Table 22. SAMPLING SITE DESCRIPTION AND LAND USE CHARACTERISTICS
Site
North Birmingham
Leeds
NASN
Downtown
West End
Mountain Brook
1974
geometric
mean
144
143
96
94
88
47
Predominant
influence
Industrial
Industrial
Major CBD
Major CBD
Dense residential
Open residential
Sampler
height, ft
6
6
45
10
6
6
Immediate site location
Grassy area in industrial
neighborhood
Small town backyard with
trees
Rooftop office building near
intersection
Corner Post Office official
parking lot
Grassy island in street
intersection
Nearby land use
Industrial, decrepit residential; foundry
50 ft across street, two others nearby;
old house adjacent
Small town central business area within
two blocks; major cement mill several
blocks south
Dense CBD and heavy traffic; medical center
complex with parking area adjoining
Dense CBD, heavy traffic; expressway four
blocks NW, railroad tracks four blocks SE
Older residential; minimal commercial at
intersection; relatively light traffic
Open, wooded residential
Oi
-------
Table 23. METEOROLOGICAL DATA ON SELECTED SAMPLING DAYS
(MUNICIPAL AIRPORT, BIRMINGHAM)
Date
1/02/70
3/09/70
6/23/70
7/04/70
12/05/70
4/11/71
5/04/71
5/21/71
7/01/71
1/10/72
6/02/72
7/08/72
11/17/72
Precipitation,
in.
Day of
obs.
0
0
0
0
t
0
0
0
1.06
2.74
0
0
0
Preced-
ing day
t
• o
0
0
0
0
0
t
0.49
0.71
0
0
t
Wind speed, mph
Average
1.7
4.6
4.2
6.9
4.5
4.2
4.0
7.6
3.0
6.3
1.6
3.0
7.3
Resultant
1.5
2.6
4.0
5.6
1.8
0.3
1.1
6.6
1.7
4.3
1.4
2.6
5.8
Wind direction, deg
3 -hour observation
C, C, C, C
220, 280, C, C
60, C, C, 310
260, 280, 210, 50
C, C, C, 340
330,, 350, 10, C
60, C, 270, 20
320, 330, 20, 10
C, C, C, 90
210, 270, 320, 10
30, C, C, 30
200, 270, 170, 60
50, 60, C, C
320, 260, 200, 360
C, 130, C, 360
10, 20, 10, 80
C, C, C, 270
280, 160, 160, C
190, 180, 320, C
200, 150, 150, C
C, C, C, 30
C, 330, 350, C
C, C, C, 160
210, 130, 130, C
280, 320, 350, 330
290, 350, 360, 80
Resul-
tant
260
270
350
350
310
260
270
20
250
190
350
160
330
56
-------
Table 23 (continued). METEOROLOGICAL DATA ON SELECTED SAMPLING
DAYS (MUNICIPAL AIRPORT, BIRMINGHAM)
Date
1/04/73
2/21/73
9/25/73
10/19/73
8/09/74
8/21/74
8/27/74
10/14/74
10/15/74*
10/26/74
11/01/74
Precipitation ,
in.
Day of
obs.
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.34
0
0.08
0
0
m
Preced-
ing day
0.63
0
0
0
0.26
0
0
0
0
0
0
Wind speed, mph
Average
1.9
5.2
9.1
3.2
3.5
5.8
1.7
3.9
4.8
3.2
5.3
Resultant
1.8
4.9
8.5
2.3
1.1
5.2
0.1
3.1
1.2
2.8
Wind direction, deg
*
3 -hour observation
c, c, c, c
310, 290, 320, C
C, C, C, C
320, 320, 290, 350
20, 50, 40, 90
90, 90, 90, 90
C, C, C, 150
40, 360, 30, C
90, 150, C, 170
280, 350, 360, C
90, 60, 90, 120
50, 90, 80, 30
C, C, C, C
150, 360, 240, C
C, C, 10, 160
160, 160, 130, 70
160, 160, 160, 130
70, 150, 200, 160
40, C, C, 180
340, 280, 90, 50
30. 140, 120, 150
210, 180, 40, 30
Resul-
tant
310
320
80
30
320
80
110
150
330
150
From 0800 10/14/74 to 0800 10/15/74 (for Leeds sample dated 10/15/74)
Note: G =
t =
Trace
57
-------
Table 24. ANNUAL AVERAGE CONCENTRATIONS OF SULFATE AND
NITRATE IONS AT THE BIRMINGHAM, ALABAMA, NASN
SITE NO. 010380003 (|ag/m3)
Year
1972
1973
1974
Sulfate
Arithmetic
mean
12.19
11.82
16.07
Geometric
mean
10.96
11.17
14.16
Nitrate
Arithmetic
mean
2.91
3.68
4.07
Geometric
mean
2.65
3.42
3.05
58
-------
Table 25a. RESULTS OF FILTER ANALYSES FOR SELECTED SITES IN BIRMINGHAM AND VICINITY
(DOWNTOWN AUX.)
Date
ISP (ug/m3)
Component*
Minerals
Quartz
Calclte
Feldspar*
Hematite
Mica
Coabustion
Products
Soot:
Oil
Coal
Soot
V.F.soot
Classy
fly ash
Incinerator
fly ash
Burned wood
Burned paper
Magnetite
Biological
Material
Pollen
Spores
Paper
Starch
Misc. plane
tissue
Miscellaneous
Iron or *teel
Rubber
9 August 1974
102
Quan-
tity,
tenth*
(7->
3
2+
1
(1)
1
(Of)
(2)
2
Size
range.
UB
1-30
CD
1
Size
range,
U»
9-
(Of)
(Of)
Size
range,
UB
<1-30
1-S9
Avg.
size,
ua
7
9
26 October 1974
214
Quan-
tity,
tenth*
(7-)
3
3
1
(2+)
2+
(Of)
(1)
1
Size
range,
um
1-
(5)
(5)
Size
range,
ua
1-80
6-7S
2-115
Avg.
•lie,
ua
7
IS
50
-------
Table 25b, RESULTS OF FILTER ANALYSES FOR SELECTED SITES IN BIRMINGHAM AND VICINITY
(NO„ BIRMINGHAM AUX.)
"•ice 9 August 1974
JT.
1-
(Of)
(3-)
2+
Size
range,
urn
1-95
1-26
2-18
Avg.
• lz«,
un
15
13
10
27 August 1974
228
Quan-
tity,
tenths
(5)
1-
2
2+
<*>
3-
(1-)
1-
(1-)
1-
Slze
range,
Mm
-------
Table 25c. RESULTS OF FILTER ANALYSES FOR SELECTED SITES IN BIRMINGHAM AND VICINITY
(WEST END)
Date
TSP (ug/m3)
Component! -
Minerals
Quartz
Calclte
Feldspars
Hematite
Mica
Combustion
Products
Soot:
Oil
Coal
Soot
Glassy
fly ash
Incinerator
fly ash
Burned wood
Burned paper
Magnetite
Fused matter
Biological
Material
Pollen
Spores
Paper
Starch
Misc. plant
tissue
Mtsr.ellaneoug
Iron or steel
Rubber
9 August 1974
111
Quan-
tity,
tenths
(7)
3+
1+
2
(1)
1-
<0f)
(2)
2
Size
range,
UD
4
1
2
(2)
I
1+
(1)
1
(Of)
Size
range ,
urn
2+
Size
range,
Via
<1-80
(W-)
(1-)
1-
Size
range,
pm
1-97
-------
Table 25d. RESULTS OF FILTER ANALYSES FOR SELECTED SITES IN BIRMINGHAM AND VICINITY
(MOUNTAIN BROOK AND LEEDS)
fO
Site
Date
TSP (yg/m3)
Components
Minerals
Quartz
Calcite
Feldspars
Hematite
Mica
Combustion
Products
Soot:
Oil
Coal
Soot
Classy
fly ash
Incinerator
fly ash
Burned wood
Burned paper
Magnetite
Biological
Material
Pollen
Spores
Paper
Starch
Misc. plant
tissue
Miscellaneous
Iron or steel
Rubber
Mountain Brook
9 August 1974
48
Quan-
tity,
tenths
(3>
1
1
1
(7)
7
(Of)
(Of)
Size
range,
urn
1-12
1-
Size
range,
um
<1-150
<1-21
Avg.
size.
pm
A '
26 October 1974
78
Quan-
tity,
tenths
(9)
7-
2
(1-)
(Ot)
u->
1-
Size
range ,
tin
<1-60
<1-41
Avg.
sire.
pm
9
1
Leeds
IS October 1974
231
Quan-
tity,
tenths
' (V)
3-
3
1-
1
(3)
1
1
1
<<0
«D
Size
range,
urn
<1-50
<1-50
-------
Table 26. COMPOSITE SUMMARY OF FILTER ANALYSES FOR SELECTED SITES
IN BIRMINGHAM AND VICINITY
Site
No. of filters
Components
Minerals
Quartz
Calcite
Feldspars
Hematite
Mica
Other
Combustion
Products
Soot:
Oil
Coal
Soot
Glassy
fly ash
Incinerator
fly ash
Burned wood
Burned paper
Magnetite
Other
Biological
Material
Pollen
Spores
Paper
Starch
Misc. plant
tissue
Miscellaneous
Iron or steel
Rubber
Down Town Aux.
6
Quantity,
percent
Average
(60)
16
26
18
(24)
14
<1
8
2
( 1)
<1
<1
<1
<1
1
(15)
<1
15
Range
14-85
8-30
1-40
3-45
2-86
0-86
0-3
0-24
0-9
0-5
-
0-5
0-50
0-50
West End
6
Quantity,
percent
Average
(74)
27
25
22
<1
<1
(10)
3
1
3
3
( 3)
<1
<1
<1
<1
3
(13)
1
12
Range
58-85
10-38
8-45
8-65
0-2
0-2
3-22
0-10
0-5
1-6
0-15
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
( 3)
<1
3
Range
28-90
10-67
3-8
10-20
5-71
0-71
0-20
0-1
1-5
1-4
Leeds
1
Quantity,
percent
-
(70)
26
30
4
10
(30)
10
10
10
<1
<1
(<1)
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
(
-------
Table 27. RESULTS OF REPLICATE ANALYSES OF BIRMINGHAM FILTERS
Site
Date
TSP (.jg/m3)
Laboratory
Analysis
Components
Minerals
Quartz
Calcite
Feldspar*
Hematite
Mica
Other
Combustion
' Product*
Soot:
Oil
Coal
Soot
Glassy
fly ash
Incinerator
fly ash
Burned wood
Burned paper
Magnetite
Biological
Material
Pollen
Spores
Paper
Starch
Misc. plant
tissue
Miscellaneous
Iron or steel
Rubber
West End
14 Oct. 1974
103
A
1
(82)
25
45
10
2
( 6)
5
1
( 2)
(<0
Downtown
27 Aug. 1974
123
A
1
(83)
. 8
30
45
(13)
11
2
(<1>
tr
tr
(A)
3
1
B
1
( 6)
(94)
(
1 Nov. 1974
112
A
1
(43)
8
30
5
( 2)
2
( 5)
tr
tr
tr
<1
5
(50)
50
A
2
(69)
30
32
7
(26)
26
(
tr
<1
<1
( 5)
<1
5
-------
Table 28a. RESULTS OF FILTER ANALYSES FOR TRENDS AT NASN SITE NO. 010380003
IN BIRMINGHAM (1970)
Ul
Dace
TSP Ug/m3)
Components
Mineral's
Quartz
Calcite
Feldspars
Hematite
Mica
'toobustion
Products
Soot:
Oil
Coal
V.fine soot
Glassy
fly ash
Incinerator
fly ash
Burned wood
Burned pap«r
Magnetite
Other
biological
Material
Pollen
Spores
Paper
Starch
Misc. plant
tissue
Miscellaneous
Iron or ate«l
Rubber
2 January 1970
142
Quan-
tity,
tenths
(2)
1
1
1-
(1+)
1
(Of)
(7-)
7-
Size
range ,
urn
2-60
1-50
1-30
1-75
10-150
Avg.
size,
urn
20
15
5
25
50
9 March 1970
156
Quan-
tity,
tenths
(9)
3
3
3
(1)
1
(Of)
(Of)
Size
range,
him
1-60
<1-20
Avg.
size,
yra
8
1
23 June 1970
184
Quan-
tity,
tenths
(8)
2+
4
1
(2)
1
1
(Of)
(Of)
Size
range,
tin
1-60
<1-30
Avg.
aize,
urn
6
8
4 July 1970
629
Quan-
tity,
tenths
(9-)
3-
2
4
(1)
1 1
/ *
(Of)
(Of)
Size
range ,
Mm
1-60
-------
Table 28b. RESULTS OF FILTER ANALYSES FOR TRENDS AT NASN SITE NO. 010380003
IN BIRMINGHAM (1971)
Date
TSP (-g/n3)
Component*
Minerals
Quartz
Calcite
Feldspar*
Herat it*
Mica
Other
Combustion
Products
Soot:
Oil
Coal
Soot
Glassy
fly ash
Incinerator
fly ash
Burned wood
Burned pa par
Magnetite
Biological
tecorlal
Pollen
Spores
Paper
Starch
Misc. plant
tissue
Miscellaneous
Iron or steel
Rubber
11 April 1971
100
Quan-
tity,
tenths
(4+)
1
1
2+
(Of)
(5+)
5+
(Of)
Size
range .
pa
<1-40
20-50
Avg.
size,
MB
1
,
38
4 May 1971
165
Quan-
tity,
tenths
(7+)
2
4+
1
(2*)
2+
(Of)
(Of)
Size
range,
Mm
1
(Of)
(1)
1-
Size
range ,
lira
<1-60
2-52
6-50
Avg.
size
put
5
6
9
1 July 1971
105
Quan-
tity,
tenths
(6)
1-f
2f
X
1
(4-)
1
1
1
1-
(Of)
1-
Size
range,
pra
5-65
2-75
2-60
1-50
5-50
1-80
5-25
10-40
Avg.
size
pm
30
15
20
10
20
25
15
20
-------
Table 28c. RESULTS OF FILTER ANALYSES FOR TRENDS AT NASN SITE NO. 010380003
IN BIRMINGHAM (1972)
Date
TSP (ug/»3)
Components
Minerals
Quartz
Calcite
Feldspar*
Hematic*
Mica
Clay
Combustion
Products
Soot:
Oil
Coal
Soot
Classy
fly ash
Incinerator
fly ash
Burned wood
Burned paper
Magnetite
Biological
Material
Pollen
Spores
Paper
Starch
Misc. plant
tissue
Miscellaneous
Iron or steel
Rubber
10 January 1972
35
Quan-
tity.
tenths
(7)
2
2
3
(2)
1
1-
1-
«»)
(i)
i
Size
range.
ym
10-60
2-50
1-70
5-50
5-60
5-25
10-80
Avg.
•ize,
P"
15
20
IS
•
25
20
10
30
2 June 1972
297.
Quan-
tity,
tenths
(8)
3
4+
(2)
2
(Of)
(Of)
Sice
range ,
un
<1-12
1-
2
(Of)
(Of)
Sice
range,
urn
<1-18
Avg.
size,
VB
2
17 November 1972
164
Quan-
tity,
tenths
<7->
2
3+
1-
<*•)
2+
(Of)
(1)
1
Size
range.
pn
1-45
-------
Table 28d. RESULTS OF FILTER ANALYSES FOR TRENDS AT NASN SITE NO. 010380003
IN BIRMINGHAM (1973)
00
Dace
TSP (ig/t.3)
ConponentB
Minerals
Quartz
Calclte
Feldspar*
Heoatite
Mica
Clay
Combustion
Products
Soot:
Oil
Coal
Soot
Glassy
fly ash
Incinerator
fly ash
Burned wood
Burned paper
Magnetic*
Other
Biological
Material
Pollen
Spores
Paper
Starch
Misc. plant
tissue
Miscellaneous
Iron or steel
Rubber
A January 1973
143
Quan-
tity,
tenthi
(5)
2
2
I
(4->
1+
1-
1-
1
(Of)
(1+)
1+
^~— 1
Size
range ,
pm
10-70
5-50
2-60
<1"2
5-25
Avg.
•ize,
pm
30
25
20
1
15
L
21 February 1973
172
Quan-
tity,
tenth •
(W-)
4
4
1-
1+
(Of)
(Of)
Size
range,
|1B
<1-10
Avg.
•ice,
PB
1
25 September 1973
116
Quan-
tity,
tenth*
(7+)
3+
3
1-
1-
(2)
1-
1
(Of)
(1-)
1-
Slze
range ,
Utn
-------
Table 28e. RESULTS OF FILTER ANALYSES FOR TRENDS AT NASN SITE NO. 010380003
IN BIRMINGHAM (1974)
Date
TSP ('.g/m3)
Component*
Minerals
Quartz
Calcite
Feldspars
Heaatite
Mica
Combustion
Products
Soot:
Oil
Coal
Soot
Classy
fly ash
Incinerator
fly ash
Burned wood
Burned paper
Magnetite
Other
Biological
Material
Pollen
Spores
Paper
Starch
Misc. plant
tissue
Miscellaneous
Iron or 'steel
Rubber
9 August 1974
93
Quan-
tity,
tenths
(4)
2
1-
1+
(3)
1
2
(Of)
O)
3
Size
range,
pm
1-34
<1-60
7-60
Avg.
size,
pn
6
6
35
21 August 1974
65
Quan-
tity,
tenths
(9+)
8
1
Size
range,
pm
1-40
<1-40
1-30
20-150
Avg.
size,
pm
15
3
4
35
26 October 1974
190
Quan-
tity,
tenths
(1+)
1-
1-
1-
(9-)
9-
(Of)
(W-)
Size
range,
pm
-------
Table 29. COMPOSITE SUMMARY OF FILTER ANALYSES FOR NASN SITES IN
BIRMINGHAM AND VICINITY (BY YEAR)
Year
No. of f liters
Components
Minerals
Quartz
Calcite
Feldspars
Hematite
Mica
Other
Combustion
Products
Soot:
Oil
Coal
Soot
Glassy
fly ash
Incinerator
fly ash
Burned wood
Burned paper
Magnetite
Other
Biological
Material
Pollen
Spores
Paper
Starch
Misc. plant
tissue
Miscellaneous
Iron or steel
Rubber
1970
5
Quantity,
percent
Average
(57)
19
20
18
<1
(29)
1
1
22
1
2
2
( 1)
<1
<1
<1
1
(13)
<1
13
Range
10-90
5-30
3-40
2-40
0-1
10-89
0-5
0-5
0-89
0-2
0-8
0-10
13
<1
<1
<1
1
( 4)
<1
4
Range
43-80
8-30
10-45
0-10
7-25
0-25
2-36
0-12
0-12
0-23
-------
Table 30. CITYWIDE COMPOSITE SUMMARY OF FILTER ANALYSES IN BIRMINGHAM
No. of filters
Components
Minerals
Quartz
Calcite
Feldspars
Hematite
Mica
Other
Combustion
Products
Soot:
Oil
Coal
Misc. soot
Glassy
fly ash
Incinerator
fly ash
Burned wood
Burned paper
Magnetite
Carbon black
Other
Biological
Material
Pollen
Spores
Paper
Starch
Misc. plant
tissue
Leaf
trlchomes
Miscellaneous
Iron or steel
Rubber
Other
22a
Quantity ,
percent
Average
(66)
25
24
<1
17
<1
-------
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
oc.
1*1
<
5
10
5
U 7
-* 6
O
P 5
OC
< 4
Q.
B CALCITE
© SOOT
A IRON OXIDES
0.01 O.I a5 I Z 5 10 20 30 50 70 80 90 95 98 99 99.9
NUMBER PERCENT LESS THAN OR EQUAL TO STATED SIZE
99.99
Figure 6. Cumulative size distributions for three particle types, Downtown site, Birmingham,
October 14, 1974
-------
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
L20
cc
LLl
< 10
5 !
Uj 7
-J 6
o
cc
< 4
OL
T~T
i — r
I ! I I I I
I I I T
O QUARTZ
X INCINERATOR FLY ASH
A IRON OXIDES
I i I
I
0.01 O.I a5 I 2 5 10 20 30 50 70 60 90 95 96 99 99.9 99.99
NUMBER PERCENT LESS THAN OR EQUAL TO STATED SIZE
Figure 7. Cumulative size distributions for three particle types, North Birmingham site,
Birmingham, October 26, 1974
-------
•is
80
70
60
50
40
30
E
^•20
DC
IU
I-
Ul
< 10
5:
U 7
d 6
K 5
tc
< 4
Q.
I \ T
O QUARTZ
A COMBUSTION PRODUCTS
D CALCITE
i i i i i i
JL
JL
_L
_L_I I I L
J L
J L
i
I
0.01 O.I 0.5 I 2 5 10 20 30 50 70 80 90 95 98 99 99.9
NUMBER PERCENT LESS THAN OR EQUAL TO STATED SIZE
99.99
Figure 8. Cumulative size distributions for three particle types, North Birmingham site,
Birmingham, November 1, 1974
-------
Table 31. DETAILED PHYSICAL EXAMINATION: DOWNTOWN, BIRMINGHAM,
OCTOBER 14, 1974
a. Quartz confirmed by dispersion staining and (-) uniaxial
interference figure. EDXRA shows only silicon and trace
of iron (from hematite).
b. Oil soot confirmed (as far as possible, due to small par-
Licie si— .. -.d variability of fly ash due to operating
conditions) by brittleness, morphology and especially EDXRA
analysis showing: aliiminum, silicon (both from clay -
feldspar impurities), calcium, sulfur, chlorine (these
as normal constituents of oil soots), iron and vanadium
(normal constituents of oils). The major constituent was
carbon.
c. This sample was found to contain some rubber which was
not reported in the original report. Confirmed as by its
elastomeric nature, surface appearance and aluminum, sili-
con (all probably from road wear products), sulfur, chlorine,
iron, titanium and zinc.
75
-------
BALTIMORE
The Baltimore AQCR lies in the central portion of the State of Maryland
along the western edge of the northern section of Chesapeake Bay. The
important features of the AQCR are the Bay, the generally flat, low
eastern portion, and the rolling hills and somewhat higher elevations
of the western portion. The region lies near the path of low pressure
systems which move across the country, resulting in changeable winds and
weather in the region. During the summer, the region is influenced by
the circulation of air masses over the area from the Deep South. Pre-
cipitation occurs frequently and moderately, averaging about 40 inches
per year. Temperatures are moderated by the proximity to the Bay. High
relative humidites are caused by the inflow of southerly winds and the
proximity of the Bay. The region frequently experiences short-term
inversions.
There is a high level and a wide variety of heavy industrial activity,
much of which is concentrated along the Patapsco River. An extensive
program of urban renewal and highway construction is being conducted.
The reader is directed to Volume V of this report for a complete discus-
sion of the subject city.
Of the 29 monitors recording TSP in the AQCR in 1974, nine sites exceeded
3
the national annual primary standard of 75 |ig/m , and five other sites
3
exceeded only the annual secondary standard of 60 p.g/m . Out of a total
of 2,025 days of sampling, the 24-hour secondary standard was exceeded on
154 days (7.6 percent) and the primary standard was exceeded on 18 days
(0.9 percent). Only eight of the 29 stations did not exceed either 24-
hour standard during the year. All but two of the nine sites exceeding
the annual primary standard are located in Baltimore City.
The locations of the eight sites that were selected for filter analysis in
Baltimore are shown in Figure 9. Table 32 details the pertinent charac-
teristics of these sites, and Table 33 summarizes the meteorological data
76
-------
for the selected sampling days. To gain some insight into the contribu-
tion of secondary particulates, much of which is too small to be observed
by the microscopists, the annual average sulfate and nitrate concentra-
tions for the NA.SN site are shown in Table 34. The results of each of the
27 filters submitted for routine analysis are presented in Table 35. The
results for the filters at each site have been averaged to give a composite
of the particulate composition as shown in Table 36. Seven filters under-
went replicate analyses, and the results of this task are presented in
Table 37.
Baltimore was one of three study cities selected for particulate trends
analysis. To accomplish this task, two to four filters for each of the
calendar years 1964, 1970, 1971, 1973 and 1974 were selected from the NA.SN
sampling site for microscopic analysis. The results of each filter anal-
ysis are presented in Table 38 and a composite summary for each year is
presented in Table 39. Several changes in the makeup of the particulate
have apparently taken place, especially between 1964 and 1970 although the
number of samples is limited. During that interval the percent contribution
by combustion products decreased by more than a factor of two. This decrease,
from 47 percent to 22 percent of the observed particulate, was matched, how-
ever, by an equally impressive increase in the percent contribution by
minerals. Of course when describing the amount of material in percents, a
decrease in one constituent must be matched by an increase in another con-
stituent (s) because the total must equal 100 percent. However, if the
microscopy results are a reliable indication of the makeup of all the partic-
ulate collected on the hi-vol filters, then the weighted average concentra-
3
tion of combustion products on the filters analyzed dropped from 94 jig/m
in 1964 to 44 /ng/m-' in 1970. The correspond ng increase in minerals was
from 154 pig/m3 in 1964 to 192 p,g/m3 in 1970.
The makeup of the particulate at the NA.SN site since 1970 has shown year
to year fluctuations, but a continued downward trend in combustion products
is indicated. This decrease in the combustion products apparently has not
been accompanied by an increase in the percent minerals. The amount of
77
-------
rubber detected on filter samples from this site, however, has risen
sharply. In the two most recent years of record rubber accounted for
nearly 15 percent of the particulate at the NASN site. This is in sharp
contrast to the composite results of analyses of non-NASN sites in Balti-
more for 1974, as shown in Table 40. A citywide average rubber content
of only 2 percent is indicated, which is as low as any of the 14 study
cities. Interestingly, the non-NASN site with the highest reported levels
of rubber was Site 7 which is located on the same roof as the NASN hi-vol.
The average rubber content for the four filters analyzed from that site
was 7 percent, but ranged as high as 26 percent on August 27, 1974. That
was also a NASN sampling day and a sample of the NASN filter was also
analyzed microscopically. The results, compiled by two separate analysts,
compare reasonably well, especially for the percent combustion products.
Oddly, the NASN sample was reported to have less rubber than the sample
from the local agency site.
The total amount of mineral material reported at the NASN site for 1974
is in excellent agreement with the composite shown in Table 40 for the
non-NASN sites. Even the individual constituents of quartz, calcite,
feldspars and hematite are in good agreement. The amount of mineral mate-
rial reported for Baltimore is very typical of the other study cities,
ranking sixth highest. In terms of combustion products, Baltimore is
seventh out of the 14 study sites and so is quite typical in that respect
as well.
One of the filters that had undergone routine optical microscopic analysis
was also submitted for detailed physical examination. The results of this
task are presented in Table 41. The Maryland Bureau of Air Quality Con-
trol takes portions of hi-vol filters and runs chemical analyses on the
monthly composite samples. The results of analyses for lead and benzo(a)
pyrene are presented in Tables 42 and 43 respectively for six Baltimore
City sites.
78
-------
A NO. 9
A
N0.26A
LEGEND
NO. 7 = FIRE DEPARTMENT HQ
NO. 8 = FIRE ENGINE CO- 10
NO. 9 - NE POLICE
NO. 17= FORT McHENRY
NO- 18= FIRE ENGINE CO- 22
NO. 19 = PATAP5CO
NO. 26= LANDSDOWNE
Km
MILES
Figure 9. Baltimore TSP Monitoring Sites Selected for Filter Analyses
79
-------
Table 32. SAMPLING SITE CHARACTERISTICS
oo
o
Code
7 & NASN
8
9
17
18
19
26
Town
Baltimore
Baltimore
Baltimore
Baltimore
Baltimore
Baltimore
Lansdowne
Address
Fire Dept. HQ
Fire Company #10
NE Police Station
Fort McHenry
Fire Company #22
Patapsco Sewage
Plant
High School
Height
(feet)
30
30
20
50
30
15
25
Site
characteristics
Center City
Commercial- Indus trial
Suburban- Residential
Industrial
Suburban- Residential
Commercial- Indus trial
Suburban- Residential
1974
Geometric
mean TSP
105
134
53
102
95
112
62
-------
Table 33. METEOROLOGICAL DATA ON SELECTED SAMPLING DAYS
(FRIENDSHIP INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT, BALTIMORE)
Date
7/19/64
10/07/64
10/27/64
4/09/70
5/27/70
7/04/70
8/14/70
1/29/71
2/11/71
5/04/71
3/29/73
7/27/73
9/01/73
Precipitation,
in.
Day of
obs.
0.01
0
0.42
t
t
0
0
0
0
0
Preced-
ing day
0
0.03
0
0
t
0
0
0
0.02
0
Wind speed, mph
Average
12.7
11.2
7.1
6.6
8.3
4.8
15.5
4.8
9.2
4.2
Resultant
10.4
10.1
4.4
2.8
7.6
4.6
15.3
4.0
7.8
3.7
Wind direction, deg
3 -hour observation
250, 240, 240, 230
200, 290, 290, 300
290, 290, 310, 280
290, 330, 350, 350
200, 200, 240, 270
200, 140, 330, 240
260, C, 210, 160
340, 180, 260, 310
260, 170, 160, 210
220, 210, 190, 180
C, C, C, 170
130, 140, 160, 170
270, 260, 270, 290
270, 280, 280, 250
80, C, 70, 60
120, 120, 170, 100
190, 210, 250, 230
260, 280, 200, 190
C, 250, C, 240
360, 260, 240, 260
Resul-
tant
250
310
230
280
200
150
270
100
230
250
81
-------
Table 33.(continued).
METEOROLOGICAL DATA ON SELECTED SAMPLING DAYS
(FRIENDSHIP INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT, BALTIMORE)
Date
1/05/74
1/17/74
2/12/74
2/28/74
8/15/74
8/27/74
9/17/74
9/26/74
Precipitation,
in.
Day of
obs.
0
0
0
t
0
0
t
0
Preced-
ing day
0.15
0
t
0
0.12
1.73
0
0
Wind speed, mph
Average
4.5
8.9
6.5
8.5
6.9
5.3
5.6
6.8
Resultant
2.2
7.8
5.0
7.0
4.3
4.8
4.5
6.1
Wind direction, deg
3 -hour observation
290, 350, 360, 70
70, 140, C, C
280, 20, 350, 360
10, 30, 40, 60
190, 250, 260, 270
270, 240, 140, C
190, C, C, 200
160, 220, 260, 180
270, 40, 20, 60
80, 100, 140, 340
210, 230, C, 150
220, 210, 180, 180
C, 60, 160, 200
190, 210, 200, 180
250, 280, 260, 270
270, 270, 170, 250
Resul-
tant
30
10
250
210
60
200
190
260
Note: C = Calm
t = Trace
Table 34. ANNUAL AVERAGE CONCENTRATIONS OF SULFATE AND NITRATE IONS AT THE
BALTIMORE, MARYIAND, NASN SITE NO. 210120001
Year
1972
1973
1974
Sulfate
Arithmetic
mean
16.52
12.71
\
11.43
Geometric
mean
15.07
11.69
10.26
Nitrate
Arithmetic
mean
3.05
3.17
3.69
Geometric
mean
2.59
2.87
3.35
82
-------
Table 35a. RESULTS OF FILTER ANALYSES FOR SELECTED SITES IN BALTIMORE AND
VICINITY (FIRE DEPT. HQ. - NO. 7)
oo
Date
TSP (ug/m3)
Components
Minerals
Quartz
Calcite
Feldspars
Hematite
Mica
Combustion
Products
Soot:
Oil
Coal
Soot
Glassy
fly ash
Incinerator
fly ash
Burned wood
Burned paper
Magnetite
Biological
Material
Pollen
Spores
Paper
Starch
Misc. plant
tissue
Miscellaneous
Iron or steel
Rubber
12 February 1974
237
Quan-
tity,
tenths
(7+)
3
2+
1-
1+
(2)
1+
1-
(0+)
(1-)
1-
Size
ran^e ,
un
<1-100
<1-100
<1-20
<1-200
AVJJ.
size ,
um
2
2
0.5
0.5
28 February 1974
198
Quan-
tity,
tenths
(8)
4
3
1-
(1)
1
(1-)
(1-)
Size
range ,
urn
<1-60
<1-30
Avg.
size ,
lira
11
4
27 August 1974
NAa
Quan-
tity,
tenths
(5+)
3
2-
1-
(2)
1-
1+
(Of)
(3-)
3-
Size
range,
lim
1-67
<1-12
10-250
Avg.
size,
urn
7
5
50
17 September 1974
171
Quan-
tity,
tenths
(8)
4
2+
1-
1
(2)
1
1-
(Ot)
<«•)
Size
range,
urn
<1-60
<1-60
<1-30
Avg.
size,
un
6
6
O.S
Not Available
-------
Table 35b. RESULTS OF FILTER ANALYSES FOR SELECTED SITES IN BALTIMORE AND VICINITY
(FORT McHENRY — NO. 17)
Date
TSP (pg/m3)
Components
Minerals
Quartz
Calcite
Feldspars
Hematite
Mica
Clay
Combustion
Products
Soot:
Oil
Coal
Soot
Glassy
fly ash
Incinerator
fly ash
Burned wood
Burned paper
Magnetite
Glass
Biological
Material
Pollen
Spores
Paper
Starch
Misc. plant
tissue
Miscellaneous
Iron or steel
Rubber
5 January 1974
90
Quan-
tity,
tenths
(8)
3+
2
2+
(1+)
1
(1-)
1-
(0+)
Size
range,
pm
<1-70
<1-100
<1-30
<1-400
Avg.
size,
Vim
5
5
0.5
0.5
17 January 1974
118
Quan-
tity,
tenths
(8+)
3
3
1-
2
(1+)
1
(Of)
(Of)
Size
range ,
pm
<1-50
<1-50
<1-30
<1-15
<1-80
Avg.
size,
pm
5
5
5
0.5
0.5
28 February 1974
197
Quan-
tity,
tenths
(4-)
1+
2-
1™
(6)
5
1
(1-)
1-
((M-)
Size
range,
pm
<1-21
<1-30
3-14
Avg.
size ,
pm
7
2
12
15 August 1974
99
Quan-
tity,
tenths
(8+)
3-
1+
4
(1+)
1
1-
(0+)
(Of)
Size
range ,
pm
<1-100
<1-50
<1-120
<1-180
Avg.
size ,
pm
5
5
0.5
0.5
27 August 1974
74
Quan-
tity,
tenths
(6)
1
5-
(4-)
2
1
(Of)
(Of)
Size
range ,
pm
-------
Table 35c. RESULTS OF FILTER ANALYSES FOR SELECTED SITES IN BALTIMORE AND VICINITY
(N.E. POLICE—NO. 9, FIRE ENGINE CO. 10— NO. 8, AND PATAPSCO— NO. 19)
Site
Date
TSP (ug/m )
Components
Minerals
Quartz
Calclte
Feldspars
Hematite
Mica
Combustion
Products
Soot:
Oil
Coal
Carbon black
soot
Glassy
fly ash
Incinerator
fly ash
Burned wood
Burned paper
Magnetite
Biological
Material
Pollen
Spores
Paper
Starch
Misc. plant
tissue
Miscellaneous
Iron or steel
Rubber
N. E. Police - No. 9
12 February 1974
114
Quan-
tity,
tenths
(4)
1+
1+
1-
1-
(6)
6
(Of)
(0+)
Size
range ,
ym
<1-50
<1-50
<1-30
<1-500
Avg.
size,
urn
2
2
0.5
0.5
28 February 1974
116
Quan-
tity,
tenths
(3+)
1
1
1+
(6)
5
1-
(1-)
1-
(Of)
Size
range ,
urn
<1-15
-------
Table 35d. RESULTS OF FILTER ANALYSES FOR SELECTED SITES IN BALTIMORE AND VICINITY
(FIRE ENGINE CO. 22 - NO. 18)
oo
Dace
TSP (Vg/m3)
Conponep.es
Miner- Is
Quartz
Calcite
Feldspars
Henatite
Mica
Combustion
Products
Soot:
OU
Ccal
Mixed coal
a.id oil
Classy
fly ash
Incinerator
fly ash
Burned wood
Burned paper
Magnetite
Bioloixiccl
Material
Pollen
Spores
Paper
Starch
Misc. plant
tissue
Miscellaneous
Iron or steel
Rubber
5 January 1974
86
Quan-
tity ,
tenths
(8)
3
1+
3+
<2)
1
1-
(Of)
(0+)
Size
range,
(jin
+
2
1-
(2)
1+
1-
(1)
1
(0+)
Size
range ,
urn
2-60
1-99
\
4-24
Avg.
size,
urn
9
3
15
15 August 1974
119
Quan-
tity,
tenths
(8+)
2+
1+
1-
4
(2-)
1
1-
(0+)
(0+)
Size
range,
urn
<1-70
-------
Table 35e. RESULTS OF FILTER ANALYSES FOR SELECTED SITES IN BALTIMORE AND VICINITY
(LANSDOWNE — NO. 26)
Date
TSP (ng/m.)
Components
Minerals
Quartz
Calcite
Feldspars
Hematite
Mica
Combustion
Products
Soot:
Oil
Coal
Soot
Glassy
fly ash
Incinerator
fly ash
Burned wood
Burned paper
Magnetite
Biological
Material
Pollen
Spores
Paper
Starch
Misc. plant
tissue
Miscellaneous
Iron or steel
Rubber
5 January 1974
77
Quan-
tity,
tenths
(8+)
4+
2
1+
(1)
1
(1-)
1-
(Of)
Size
range ,
um
-------
Table 36. COMPOSITE SUMMARY OF FILTER ANALYSES FOR SELECTED SITES IN BALTIMORE AND VICINITY
oo
oo
Site
No. of filters
Components
Minerr.ls
Quartz
Calcite
Feldspars
Heratite
Mica
Other
Combustion
Products
Soot:
Oil
Coal
Soot
Mixed coal
and oil
Glassy
fly ash
Incinerator
fly ash
Burned wood
Burred paper
Magnetite
Other
Biological
>'.aterial
Pollen
Spores
Paper
Starch
Misc. plant
tissue
Miscellaneous
Iron or steel
Rubber
Lansdowne
No. 26
6
Quantity ,
percent
Average
(64)
40
13
2
9
(31)
9
2
5
15
( 3)
<1
1
-------
Table 37. RESULTS OF REPLICATE ANALYSES OF BALTIMORE FILTERS
Site
Date
TSP ( g/m3)
Laboratory
Analysis
Components
Minerals
Quartz
Calcite
Feldspars
Hematite
Mica
Combustion
Products
Soot:
Oil
Coal
Soot
Glassy
fly ash
Incinerator
fly ash
Burned wood
Burned paper
Magnetite
Biological
Material
Pollen
Spores
Paper
Starch
Misc. plant
tissue
Miscellaneous
Iron or steel
Rubber
Fire Engine Co. 22 -
17 January 1974
72
A
1
(88)
50
20
3
15
<1
(ID
6
2
3
<1
<1
<1
( 1)
<1
<1
<1
1
<1
(
-------
Table 38a. RESULTS OF FILTER ANALYSES FOR TRENDS AT NASN SITE NO. 210120001
IN BALTIMORE (1964 AND 1970)
Date
TSP (;*/n3)
Component's
Minerals
Quartz
Calciie
Feldspars
Hecatite
Mica
Coal
Cori>ustion
Products
Soot:
Oil
Coal
Soot
Glassy
fly ash
Incinerator
fly ash
Burned wood
Burned paper
Magnetite
Shaly particles
Biological
Material
Pollen
Spores
Papir
Starch
Misc. plant
tissue
Miscellaneous
Iron or seed
Rubber
19 July 1964
177
Quan-
tity,
tenths
(6)
5
1"
(4)
Size
range,
l>n
1-30
<1-150
|
2+
1-
1-
(Of)
(Of)
AVG.
size,
urn
15
10
7 October 1964
140
Quan-
tity,
tenths
(2+)
1
1-
1
(7+)
7+
(CM-)
(Of)
Size
range ,
pm
<1-60
<1-100
Avfe.
size,
urn
15
2
27 October 1964
435
Quan-
tity,
tenths
(7+)
4
1-
3
(2+)
2
1-
(CH-)
(CM-)
Size
range .
IJK
<1-60
-------
Table 38b. RESULTS OF FILTER ANALYSES FOR TRENDS AT NASN SITE NO. 21012001
IN BALTIMORE (1970, 1971, AND 1973)
Date
TSP (,g/m3)
Components
Miner;-. !s
Quartz
Calciza
Feldspars
Ke=.j.tite
Mice
Combustion
Products
Soot:
Oil
Coal
Fine soot
Classy
fly ash
Incinerator
fly ash
Burned vood
Burned paper
Magnetite
Biological
Material
Pollen
Spores
Paper
Starch
Misc. plant
tissue
Miscellaneous
Iron or steel
Rubber
14 August 1970
227
Quan-
tity,
turiths
(8+)
&f
1
1
(1+)
1
(Of)
(Of)
Siae
range ,
|!11!
<1-105
Avg.
size,
urn
4
29 January 1971
266
Quan-
tity,
ter.th.n
(5)
2
1+
1-
1
(A)
3+
1-
<&«•)
(1)
1
Size
ranje ,
JJITI
<1-100
<1-60
<1-60
<1-200
Avg.
size,
pm
5
5
0.5
0.5
11 February 1971
143
Quan-
tity,
tenths
(6f)
3+
1
1+
(4-)
2+
1
(Of)
(Of)
Size
rangu ,
)JtD
<1-1QO
<1-50
<1-40
<1-200
Avg.
size,
ym
8
5
0.5
4 May 1971
89
Quan-
tity,
tenths
(3-)
2-
3
1-
H-
1
(1+)
1
1-
(Of)
(1-)
1-
Sizu
range,
Mm
<1-80
<1-16
9-75
Avg.
size,
lira
12
3
20
29 March 1973
149
Quan-
tity,
tenths
(7+)
3
3
1
(1)
1
(Of)
(1+)
1+
Size
range ,
(jm
<1-100
<1-60
<1-40
<1-120
<1-110
Avg.
size, ,
)im
5
5
0.5
0.5
30
27 July 1973
80
Quan-
tity,
tenths
(74)
3
3
1-
1
(1)
1-
(Of)
(1+)
1+
Size
range ,
lie
<1-80
<1-60
<1-30
<1-120
<1-200
Avg.
size,
pm
5
5
0.5
0.5
30
-------
Table 38c. RESULTS OF FILTER ANALYSES FOR TRENDS
AT NASN SITE NO. 210120001 IN BALTIMORE
(1973 AND 1974)
Date
TSP (Mg/ni )
Components
Mineral a
Quartz
CalcitP.
Feldspars
Hematite
Mica
Combustion
Products
Soot:
Oil
Coal
Classy
fly ash
Incinerator
fly ash
Burned wood
Burned paper
Magnetite
Biological
Material
Pollen
Spores
Paper
Starch
Misc. plant
tissue
Miscellaneous
Iron or steel
Rubber
1 September 1973
112
Quan-
ti.ty.
tenths
(7+)
3+
i
1+
(1)
1
(0+)
(1+)
1+
Size
range ,
urn
<1-100
<1-80
<1-100
<1-200
<1-200
Avg.
size,
um
5
5
0.5
0.5
3
15 August 1974
102
Quan-
tity,
tenths
(3)
3
3
1-
1+
(1)
1-
(0+)
(1)
1
Size
range ,
Mm
•cl-50
<1-50
<1-40
<1-100
<1-120
Avg.
size,
ym
5
5
0.5
0.5
30
27 August 1974
69
Quan-
tity,
tenths
(6+)
3
2
1-
1
(2)
1+
1-
(0+)
(1+)
1+
Size
range ,
um
<1-60
<1-60
<1-30
<1-120
<1-120
Avg.
size,
urn
0.5
0.5
30
92
-------
Table 39. COMPOSITE SUMMARY OF FILTER ANALYSES FOR NASN
SITES IN BALTIMORE AND VICINITY (BY YEAR)
Year
No. of filters
Components
Minerals
Quartz
Calcite
Feldspars
Hematite
Mica
Other
Combustion
Products
Soot:
Oil'
Coal
Soot
Glassy
fly ash
Incinerator
fly ash
Burned wood
Burned paper
Magnetite
Other
Biological
Material
Pollen
Spores
Paper
Starch
Misc. plant
tissue
Other
Miscellaneous
Iron or steel
Rubber
1964
3
Quantity,
percent
Average
(52)
33
4
2
13
<1
(47)
33
3
7
3
2
( 1)
<1
1
<1
(
<1
Range
56-85
45-64
0-12
0-8
4-35
0-6
13-40
12-25
1-5
0-10
0-4
0-1
0-1
0-3
1971
3
Quantity,
percent
Average
(63)
23
19
4
13
4
(31)
21
1
3
6
(<1)
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
( 6)
<1
6
Range
49-77
16-35
10-32
3-4
10-15
0-10
15-41
2-35
0-2
0-9
4-10
<1-1
<1-1
<1-10
<1-10
1973
3
Quantity,
percent
Average
(74)
32
27
3
12
<1
(11)
9
<1
2
(<1)
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
(15)
<1
15
Range
73-75
30-35
20-30
3-4
10-15
0-1
10-12
7-10
0-1
2
15
15
1974
2
Quantity,
percent
Average
(72)
30
25
4
13
(15)
11
1
3
(
-------
Table 40. CITYWIDE COMPOSITE SUMMARY
OF FILTER ANALYSES IN
BALTIMORE
No. of filters
Components
Minerals
Quartz
Calcite
Feldspars
Hematite
Mica
Other
Combustion
products
Soot:
Oil
Coal
Misc. soot
Glassy
fly ash
Incinerator
fly ash
Burned wood
Burned paper
Magnetite
Carbon black
Other
Biological
material
Pollen
Spores
Paper
Starch
Misc. plant
tissue
Leaf
trichomer
Miscellaneous
Iron or steel
Rubber
Other
27a
Quantity,
percent
Average
(69)
31
18
3
15
<1
2
(25)
9
5
4
6
<1
<1
<1
1
( 3)
<1
<1
<1
1
.2
( 3)
1
2
Range
52-88
10-50
2-41
0-6
2-46
0-46
11-61
0-60
0-52
0-50
0-42
0-12
<1-11
0-8
0-10
0-26
0-10
0-26
aExcludes filter analyses of NASN
site samples
94
-------
Table 41. DETAILED PHYSICAL EXAMINATION: FIRE ENGINE CO. 22, BALTIMORE,
JANUARY 17, 1974
A. Quartz - confirmed by refractive indices and (+) uniaxial interfer-
ence figure. EDXRA shows only silicon and traces of aluminum.
B. Calcite - Confirmed by refractive indices, and (-) uniaxial Inter-
ference figure. Carbonate confirmed microchemically by evolution of
C0~ gas. EDXRA shows only calcium. Some samples show trace of
magnesium indicating some particles are dolomite,
C. Hematite - confirmed by high refractive indices, birefringence and
deep red color* EDXRA shows only iron.
D. Oil soot - oil soot confirmed by brittleness, morphology of large
pieces and EDXRA which showed aluminum, silicon, calcium, sulfur,
iron and vanadium. The major constituent was carbon. The vanadium
principally distinguishes this sample chemically from fine coal
soot.
95
-------
Table 42. MONTHLY COMPOSITE LEAD LEVELS IN BALTIMORE FOR 1974, jag/m"
Site
Fire Dept. HQ
Fire Dept. #10
Northeast Police
Northwest Police
Southeast Police
Southwest Police
Monthly Average
Jan
1.138
.847
.992
.542
1.533
1.255
1.051
Feb
.576
.356
.152
.622
.529
.639
.474
Mar
.865
.620
.344
.712
1.799
1.081
.904
Apr
1.549
.942
.865
.966
2.095
1.191
1.268
May
.670
1.181
.381
.585
1.036
.709
.760
Jun
.937
.754
.879
.668
1.137
.976
.892
Jul
.840
.732
.766
.739
1.675
1.095
.975
Aug
1.259
-
.876
.943
2.159
.912
1.230
Sept
1.314
1.157
.960
1.492
2.694
1.519
1.523
Oct
1.149
2.350
.554
1.031
1.308
1.005
1.233
Nov
1.410
-
1.918
2.030
3.081
1.835
2.055
Dec
1.415
1.130
1.152
1.101
1.742
1.765
1.384
Avg
1.094
1.007
.820
.953
1.732
1.165
-
Table 43. MONTHLY COMPOSITE BENZO(A) PYRENE LEVELS IN BALTIMORE FOR 1974, |ig/m
Site
Fire Dept. HQ
Fire Dept. #10
Northeast Police
Northwest Police
Southeast Police
Southwest Police
Monthly Average
Jan
4.49
4.46
4.13
2.87
6.35
5.59
4.65
Feb
3.29
2.24
2.12
3.50
3.95
5.33
3.41
Mar
4.06
2.47
2.60
3.70
3.80
3.00
3.27
Apr
-
2.05
1.13
.81
3.48
2.43
1.98
May
.70
1.10
.51
1.35
1.60
1.10
1.06
Jun
.62
1.76
.57
.54
1.10
.80
.70
Jul
1.10
2.00
1.05
.70
1.00
1.10
1.16
Aug
.92
-
1.90
1.05
.86
.32
1.01
\ " —
Sept
1.21
1.75
1.10
1.00
.84
1.14
1.17
Oct
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Nov
3.86
-
3.81
4.23
4.86
3.52
4.06
Dec
2.29
3.17
1.96
2.10
2.94
3.19
2.61
Avg
2.25
2.33
2.01
1.99
2.80
2.50
-
-------
PHILADELPHIA
The Metropolitan Philadelphia Interstate Air Quality Control Region (AQCR)
lies along the Delaware River basin and encompasses 11 counties from three
states and two EPA regions. While the major center of population in the
area is Philadelphia, the fourth largest Standard Metropolitan Statistical
Area (SMSA) in the country, the AQCR also contains the SMSA's of Trenton,
New Jersey, and Wilmington, Delaware, with populations of one-third and
one-half million, respectively. The major topographical feature of the
area is the Delaware River which separates the Pennsylvania and Delaware
portions of the AQCR from the State of New Jersey. The region lies near
the path of low pressure systems which move across the country, resulting
in changeable winds and weather in the region. The annual prevailing wind
direction is from the west-southwest with the prevailing winds for the
summer months being from the southwest and northerly winds prevailing
during the winter. The proximity of the Delaware Bay helps to moderate
temperatures, often encouraging the city heat island effect to change
snow to rain, and also adds to the humidity in the summer months with the
prevalence of maritime air. Precipitation occurs frequently but moderately,
averaging about 41 inches per year. Philadelphia experiences some degree
of inversion on approximately 200 days each year; however, on only about
5 days is there insubstantial heating and the inversion becomes relatively
severe.
Philadelphia is quite highly industrialized, ranking third in the nation
for overall manufacturing and first in the production of textiles, ships,
and radios. Nevertheless, the inventoried emissions in the area indicate
that space heating is currently the largest source category in the city,
amounting to 44 percent of the total emissions, with industrial processes
contributing 30 percent. The reader is directed to Volume VI of this
report for a complete discussion of the subject city.
97
-------
Concentrations of TSP in the ambient air have shown a fairly steady de-
crease since the early 1960's with the decrease leveling off in the past
couple of years. The national annual secondary standard is generally
being exceeded throughout the city with levels increasing closer to the
center city area. Several sites have TSP annual mean concentrations ex-
3
ceeding levels of 100 |j.g/m in 1974.
The locations of the 11 sites that were selected for filter analysis in
Philadelphia are shown in Figure 10. Table 44 details the pertinent char-
acteristics of these sites, and Table 45 summarizes the meteorological
data for the selected sampling days. To gain some insight into the con-
tribution of secondary particulates, much of which is too small to be
observed by the microscopists, the annual average sulfate and nitrate con-
centrations for the NASN site are shown in Table 46. The results for
each of the 40 filters submitted for routine analysis from all sites ex-
cept the NASN site are presented in Table 47. The results for the filters
at each site have been averaged to give a composite of the particulate
composition as shown in Table 48. Seven filters underwent replicate
analyses, and the results of this task are presented in Table 49.
Philadelphia was one of three study cities selected for particulate trends
analysis. To accomplish this task, two or three filters for each of the
calendar years 1965, 1970, 1971, 1973, and 1974 from NASN sampling sites
were selected for microscopic analysis. The results of each filter analy-
sis are presented in Table 50 and a composite summary for each year is
presented in Table 51. Operation of the NASN site of historical interest
was terminated at the end of 1973, so filters from two other NASN sites
in Philadelphia were selected for 1974. In order to eliminate the compli-
cating factor of site location, only the interval of 1965 and 1973 will be
considered for the purpose of trend analysis.
It can be seen from Table 51 that there has been a consistent increase in
the percent contribution of minerals since 1965. During the same time,
98
-------
the contribution of combustion products has been decreasing. The overall
particulate loadings at that site have also shown marked decreases with
3 3
the annual geometric mean going from 170 |_tg/m in 1965 to 89 p.g/m in
1973. This indicates that even though the percent contribution of minerals
is on the increase, the net concentration may be decreasing.
Of the eight non-NASN sites from which filters were analyzed for 1974,
only one (Allegheny) showed higher amounts of combustion products than
minerals. This site is in an industrial area and had the highest 1974
annual geometric mean of all sites in Philadelphia. All the other sites
shown in Table 48 displayed a predominance of mineral material with the
average values at each site ranging from 55 percent to 87 percent. Two
sites were located so as to allow a comparison of sampler height with TSP
levels and composition. The Camp station, 8A, is located in a parking lot
adjacent to the Franklin Research Institute and the sampler is 13 feet
off the ground. Another sampler is located on the roof of the Institute
approximately 60 feet off the ground. The geometric mean for the 40
paired samples at the rooftop monitor and the Camp station monitor were
3 3
83 ng/m and 110 ug/m , respectively. Filters from the two sites were
examined microscopically for two sampling days and the results are shown
in Table 47e. On November 1, 1974, the lower sampler had a much higher
concentration presumably caused by local fugitive dust, probably generated
by the parking lot. The higher percentage of minerals at the Camp station
confirms that observation. On December 19, 1974, the composition at the
two sites was very similar, however, and there is no evidence of monitor
height influencing the results.
The composite particulate composition for all 1974 non-NASN filters from
Philadelphia that underwent analyses, presented in Table 52, shows that
the minerals quartz, calcite, and hematite account for nearly twice as
much of the particulate mass as do combustion products. The average per-
cent minerals is quite typical of the other 14 study cities (eighth high-
est) but the average percent combustion products is high (fourth highest).
99
-------
Philadelphia was ranked among the lowest study cities in regard to average
percent biological and rubber content.
Three of the filters from Philadelphia were also submitted for determina-
tion of particle size as a function of particle type, as shown in Figures
11 through 13. Two of these samples were subjected to chemical analyses.
3
The sample from Broad and Lombard on December 19, 1974, had 9 iug/m benzene
3
solubles and about 18 yg/m total carbon with most reported as organic carbon.
3
The sample from Broad and Spruce on November 19, 1974, had 11 |j.g/m benzene
3
solubles and about 32 ug/m total carbon, again nearly all reported as
organic carbon.
This latter sample was also selected for detailed physical analysis, and
the results are presented in Table 53. The Philadelphia Air Management
Services Laboratory runs chemical analyses on daily samples collected at
selected sites in the city. The results of some of these analyses are
presented in Tables 54 through 61.
100
-------
4445-
4440 -
4435-
4430-
4425-
4420-
4415-
•p H/l L A D E L P H I A
0NASN
2
4410-
i
475
i
460
I
485
I
490
i
495
i
500
I
505
Figure 10. Location of monitoring sites in Philadelphia County
101
-------
Table 44. CHARACTERISTICS OF MONITORING SITES IN THE CITY OF PHILADELPHIA
No.
1
2
4
6
8a
8b
10
12
NASN 001
NASN 002
NASN 004
AMS
code
DEF
ALL
BEL
N/E
FRI
CAMP
SBR
500
Address
Defense Supply Depot
Allegheny Ave. &
Delaware River
Belmont Filter Station
Northeast Airport
Franklin Research
Institute
Franklin Institute
(CAMP)
South Broad & Spruce
500 S. Broad
3200 Frankford Avenue
2031 Race Street
1501 E. Lycoming
Height,
feet
13
13
13
13
60
11
13
35
30
11
17
Site characteristic
Suburban- industrial
Suburban-indus tr ial
Suburban-residential
Suburban-residential
Center city-
commercial
Center City-
commercial
Center city-
commercial
Center city-
commercial
Center city-
industrial
Center city-
commercial
Suburban-residential
TSP 1974
geometric
mean
105
122
72
64
NA
119
NA
76
NA
NA
NA
Note: NA - not applicable due to incomplete sampling.
-------
Table 45. METEOROLOGICAL DATA ON SELECTED SAMPLING DAYS
(INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT, PHILADELPHIA)
Date
6/09/65
10/07/65
12/22/65
3/24/70
8/26/70
9/22/70
1/19/71
12/03/71
12/11/71
1/23/72
1/23/74
9/08/74
9/26/74
Precipitation,
in.
Day of
obs.
t
0
0
0
0
0
t
0
0
0
Preced-
ing day
t
0
0
0
0
t
0.01
0
0.79
0
Wind speed, mph
Average
12.1
6.9
8.2
9.5
6.5
11.8
6.6
7.1
5.5
7.1
Resultant
11.4
6.3
7.9
9.1
5.4
7.7
3.6
3.4
2.9
5.8
Wind direction, deg
3 -hour observation
240, 220, 230, 260
240, 280, 260, 250
200, 210, 220, 200
190, 230, 270, 200
200, 210, 220, 240
220, 220, 180, 210
260, 310, 260, 300
300, 280, 290, 270
330, 310, C, 290
220, 290, 290, 290
180, 210, 230, 280
320, 330, 290, 240
110, 100, 320, 220
290, 240, 230, 170
100, 90, C, 290
260, 240, 240, 340
350, 80, 350, 100
140, 130, 190, 140
260, 260, 280, 230
290, 320, 210, 240
Resul-
tant
250
210
210
280
280
270
220
270
120
270
103
-------
Table 45 (continued).
METEOROLOGICAL DATA ON SELECTED SAMPLING DAYS
(INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT, PHILADELPHIA)
Date
11/01/74
11/19/74
12/07/74
12/19/74
Precipitation,
in.
Day of
obs.
0
0
0.07
t
Preced-
ing day
0
0
0
0
Wind speed, mph
Average
6.8
6.8
8.1
6.9
Resultant'
6.4
5.8
3.4
5.6
Wind direction, deg
3 -hour observation
230, 230, 240, 250
230, 280, 230, 250
230, 260, 270, 250
240, 230, 180, 170
360, 10, 70, 70
200, 190, 130, 150
240, 250, 170, 140
230, 230, 180, 220
Resul-
tant
250
230
120
210
Note: C = Calm
t = Trace
Table 46. ANNUAL AVERAGE CONCENTRATION OF SULFATE AND
NITRATE IONS AT THE PHILADELPHIA, PENNSYLVANIA
NASN SITE NO. 397140001 FOR 1972 AND 1973 AND
SITE NO. 397140004 FOR 1974 (ng/m3)
Year
1972
1973
1974
Sulfate
Arithmetic
mean
16.14
13.51
15.24
Geometric
mean
14.16
12.13
13.33
Nitrate
Arithmetic
mean
3.36
4.85
4.14
Geometric
mean
3.08
3.81
3.66
104
-------
Table 47a. RESULTS OF FILTER ANALYSES FOR SELECTED SITES IN PHILADELPHIA AND VICINITY
(BROAD AND SPRUCE - NO. 10)
o
Ui
Date
TSP (ug/m3)
Components
Minerals
Quartz
Calcite
Feldspars
Hematite
Mica
Combustion
Products
Soot:
Oil
Coal
Soot
Glassy
fly ash
Incinerator
fly ash
Burned wood
Burned paper
Magnetite
Biological
Material
Pollen
Spores
Paper
Starch
Misc. plant
tissue
Miscellaneous
Iron or steel
Rubber
8 September 1974
123
Quan-
tity,
tenths
(9)
6
1+
1-
1+
(1)
1-
(CH-)
(0+)
Size
range.
u,m
<1-100
<1-100
<1-60
<1-175
Avg.
size,
}ira
5
5
0.5
0.5
26 September 1974
161
Quan-
tity,
tenths
(7)
4
1+
1-
1
(1-)
1-
(0+)
(2+)
2f
Size
range ,
un
<1-160
<1-100
<1-20
<1-800
Avg.
size,
|am
5
5
0.5
100
19 November 1974
189
Quan-
tity,
tenths
(9)
4+
3
1
(1)
1
(0+)
(Of)
Size
range,
tint
-------
Table 47b. RESULTS OF FILTER ANALYSES FOR SELECTED SITES IN PHILADELPHIA AND VICINITY
(BROAD AND LOMBARD - NO. 12)
Date
TSP (^g/m3)
Components
Minerals
Quartz
Calcite
Feldspars
Hematite
Mica
Combustion
Products
Soot:
Oil
Coal
Soot
Glassy
fly ash
Incinerator
fly ash
Burned wood
Burned paper
Magnetite
Biological
Material
Pollen
Spores
Paper
Starch
Misc. plant
tissue
Miscellaneous
Iron or steal
Rubber
23 January 1974
141
Quan-
tity,
tenths
(5+)
2
1
1-
2
(4+)
4
1-
(Of)
(Of)
Size
range ,
jam
1-50
1-75
1-30
1-10
<1-120
Avg.
size,
urn
15
10
10
1
<0.5
8 September 1974
56
Quan-
tity,
tenths
(9)
5
1+
2+
(1)
1-
(0+)
(Of)
Size
range ,
^im
-------
Table 47c. RESULTS OF FILTER ANALYSES FOR SELECTED SITES IN PHILADELPHIA AND VICINITY
(DEFENSE - NO. 1, ALLEGHENY - NO. 2, AND BELMONT - NO. 4)
Site
Dace
TSP (ug/m3)
Components
Minerals
Quartz
Calcite
Feldspars
Heraatite
Mica
Combustion
Products
Soot:
Oil
Coal
Soot
Glassy
fly ash
Incinerator
fly ash
Burned wood
Burned paper
Magnetite
Biological
Material
Pollen
Spores
Paper
Starch
Misc. plant
tissue
•Miscellaneous
Iron or steel
Rubber
Defense — No. 1
26 September 1974
163
Quan-
tity,
tenths
(9-)
3+
3+
1+
(1+)
1
(Of)
(CH-)
Size
range ,
pm
-------
Table 47d. RESULTS OF FILTER ANALYSES FOR SELECTED SITES IN PHILADELPHIA AND VICINITY
(N. E. AIRPORT - NO. 6)
o
00
Date
TSP (ug/rn3)
Components
Minerals
Quartz
Calcite
Feldspars
Hematite
Mica
Combustion
Products
Soot :
Oil
Coal
Soot
Glassy
fly ash
Incinerator
fly ash
Burned wood
Burned paper
Magnetite
Biological
Material
Pollen
Spores
Paper
Starch
Misc. plant
tissue
Miscellaneous
Iron or steel
Rubber
23 January 1974
107
Quan-
tity,
tenths
(»+)
3
3
1-
2
(2-)
1
1-
(«•)
(Of)
Size
range;
um
<1-50
<1-50
<1-20
<1-50
Avg.
size,
jam
10
5
0.5
0.5
8 September 1974
99
Quan-
tity,
tenths
(9+)
6
2
1
U->
l-
(Of)
(Of)
Size
range ,
Mm
<1-150
<1-100
<1-50
Avg.
size,
Mm
2
5
0.5
26 September 1974
206
Quan-
tity,
tenths
(9)
6
1+
1
(1)
1
(Of)
(Of)
Size
range ,
Mm
<1-50
<1-50
<1-15
<1-50
Avg.
s;Lze,
lira
5
5
0.5
0.5
19 November 1974
106
Quan-
tity,
tenths
(8)
4
3
1
(2)
1
1-
(Of)
(Of)
Size
range ,
MID
-------
Table 47e. RESULTS OF FILTER ANALYSES FOR SELECTED SITES IN PHILADELPHIA AND VICINITY
(CAMP - NO. 8A, FRI ROOF - NO. 8B)
o
VO
Site
Dace
TSP (ng/m3)
Components
Minerals
Quartz
Calcite
Feldspars
Hematite
Mica
Combustion
Products
Soot:
Oil
Coal
Soot
Glassy
fly ash
Incinerator
fly ash
Burned wood
Burned paper
Ms> . '. ite
Biological
Material
Pollen
Spores
Paper
Starch
Misc. plant
tissue
Miscellaneous
Iron or steel
Rubber
CAMP - No. 8A
1 November 1974
264
Quan-
tity,
tenths
(9+)
1+
7
1
d->
1-
(Of)
(Of)
Size
range ,
UID
<1-100
<1-100
<1-50
Avg.
size,
iim
15
15
0.5
19 December 1974
NA*
Quan-
tity,
tenths
(<>>
1
3-
(6)
5
1-
(Of)
(Of)
Size
range,
uin
1-45
1-20
Avg.
size,
um
6
1
FRI Roof - No. 8B
1 November 1974
199
Quan-
tity,
tenths
(7)
3
2+
1
(3)
1-
2+
((M-)
(Of)
Size
range,
u.m
<1-80
<1-80
<1-20
<1-100
1-15
Avg.
size,
LI Hi
5
5
0.5
0.5
3
19 December 1974
133
Quan-
tity,
tenths
(A)
3
1
1-
(5+)
4
1+
(Of)
(1-)
1-
Size
range ,
|im
-------
Table 48. COMPOSITE SUMMARY OF FILTER ANALYSES FOR SELECTED SITES IN
PHILADELPHIA AND VICINITY
Site
No. of filters
Coraponants
Minerals
Quartz
Calcice
Feldspars
Heoatite
Mica
Combustion
Products
Soot:
Oil
Coal
Soot
Glassy
fly ash
Inci.-.erator
fly ash
Burned wood
Burned paper
Magnetite
Biological
Material
Pollen
Spores
Paper
Starch
Misc. plant
tissue
Miscellaneous
Iron or steel
Rubber
Broad & Lom-
bard - No. 12
6
Quantity,
percent
Average
(60)
27
14
2
17
(37)
20
2
14
1
<1
<1
<1
( 2)
<1
<1
<1
2
<1
(
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
(
3
Range
42-68
29-30
8-25
0-3
5-10
32-53
0-5
0-2
0-38
15-25
0-5
-------
Table 49. RESULTS OF REPLICATE ANALYSES OF PHILADELPHIA FILTERS
Sice
Date
TSP (ng/m3)
Laboratory
Analysis
Components
Minerals
Quartz
Calcite
Feldspars
Hematite
Mica
Combustion
Products
Soot:
Oil
Coal
Soot
Glassy
fly ash
Incinerator
fly ash
Burned wood
Burned paper
Magnetite
Biological
Material
Pollen
Spores
Paper
Starch
Misc. plant
tissue
Miscellaneous
Iron or stee1.
Rubber
Broad & Lombard — No. 12
23 January 1974
141
A
1
(55)
20
10
5
20
(44)
40
4
<1
<1
( 1)
<1
1
<1
<1
( 28
1
49
( 1)
Allegheny - No. 2
19 December 1974
„ 109
A
1
(10)
6
2
2
(89)
88
<1
(
-------
Table 50a. RESULTS OF FILTER ANALYSES FOR TRENDS AT NASN SITE NO.- 397140001
IN PHILADELPHIA (1965 AND 1970)
Date
TSP (ug/m3)
Components
Minerals
Quartz
Calcite
Feldspars
Hematite
Mica
Combustion
Products
Soot:
Oil
Coal
Glassy
fly ash
Incinerator
fly ash
Burned v»ood
Burned paper
Magnetite
Biological
Material
Pollen
Spores
Paper
Starch
Misc. plant
tissue
Miscellaneous
Iron or steel
Rubber
9 June 1965
170
Quan-
tity,
tenths
(6+)
3
2
1-
1
(3-)
2
1-
<0f)
(1)
1
Size
range ,
um
<1-60
<1-40
<1-40
<1-140
<1-14
Avg.
size,
^im
3
3
0.5
0.5
30
7 October 1965
215
Quan-
tity,
tenths
(4+)
2
1
1
(6-)
4+
1
(Of)
(Of)
Size
range ,
|im
<1-40
<1-40
<1-60
<1-120
Avg.
size,
lira
5
5
0.5
C.S
22 December 1965
279
Quan-
tity,
tenths
(6)
3
1+
1
(3+)
3
(Of)
a->
i-
Slze
range,
u.m
<1-125
<1-125
<1-80
<1-200
<1-125
Avg.
size,
|im
5
5
0.5
0.5
30
24 March 1970
136
Quan-
tity,
tenths
(6+)
3+
1+
1-
1
(3-)
2
1-
(Of)
(1)
1
Size
range,
lira
<1-240
<1-50
<1-30
<1-120
<1-100
Avg.
size,
pm
5
5
0.5
0.5
30
26 August 1970
166
Quan-
tity,
tenths
(7)
3
2
1-
1+
•(1+)
1
1-
(CH-)
(1+)
1+
Size
range ,
UJI
<1-50
<1-50
<1-40
<1-150
<1-30
<1-150
Avg.
size,
(in
5
5
0.5
0.5
10
30
22 September 1970
287
Quan-
tity,
tenths
(6+)
3
1+
1-
1+
(2)
1+
1-
(Of)
(1+)
1+
Size
range ,
lim
<1-80
<1-60
<1-80
<1-120
<1-1SO
Avg.
size,
ujn
5
5
0.5
0.5
30
-------
Table 50b. RESULTS OF FILTER ANALYSES FOR TRENDS AT NASN SITE NO. 397140001
IN PHILADELPHIA (1971 AND 1973)
Date
TSP (ug/a3)
Components
Minerals
Quartz
Calcite
Feldspars
Hematite
Mica
Conbu scion
Products
Soot:
Oil
Coal
Classy
fly ash
Incinerator
fly ash
Burned vood
Burned paper
Magnetite
Biological
Material
Pollen
Spores
Paper
Starch
Misc. plant
tissue
Miscellaneous
Iron or steal
Rubber
19 January 1971
95
Quan-
tity,
tenths
(7+)
3
3
1
(1+)
1
_x
(W-)
(1)
1
Size
range ,
pjn
<1-50
<1-50
<1-20
<1-10
<1-«0
Avg.
size,
jjn
8
8
0.5
0.5
40
3 December 1971
136
Quan-
tity,
tenths
(7-)
2+
2
2
(2+)
2+
(0*)
U>
1
Size
range ,
um
<1-50
-------
Table 50c. RESULTS OF FILTER ANALYSES FOR TRENDS AT NASN SITE
NOS. 391740002 AND 397140004 IN PHILADELPHIA (1974)
Site
Date
TSP (Mg/m3)
Components
Minerals
Quartz
Calcite
Feldspars
Hematite
Mica
Combustion
Products
Soot:
Oil
Coal
Fine soot
Glassy
fly ash
Incinerator
fly ash
Burned wood
Burned paper
Magnetite
Biological
Material
Pollen
Spores
Paper
Starch
Misc. plant
tissue
Miscellaneous
Iron or steel
Rubber
397140002
23 January 1974
NA3
Quan-
tity,
tenths
(7+)
3
3
1
(2-)
1
1-
(Of)
(1)
1
Size
ran^e ,
Urn
<1-80
<1-100
<1-20
<1-100
<1-15
<1-125
Avg.
size.
uia
5
5
0.5
0.5
2
30
397140004
8 September 1974
48
Quan-
tity,
tenths
(5+)
2+
1-f
1
(2)
2
(Of)
(2+)
2+
Slr.e
range ,
urn
<1-80
-------
Table 51. COMPOSITE SUMMA.RY OF FILTER ANALYSES FOR NASN SITES IN
PHILADELPHIA AND VICINITY (BY YEARS)
Site No.
Year
Ho. of filters
Components
Minerals
Quartz
Calcite
Feldspars
Hematite
Mica
Combustion
Products
Soot:
Oil
Coal
Fine coot
Glassy
fly ash
Incinerator
fly ash
Burned wood
Burned paper
Magnetite
Biological
Materials
Pollen
Spores
Paper
Starch
Misc. plant
tissue
Miscellaneous
Iron or steel
Rubber
397140001
1965
3
Quantity,
percent
Average
(56)
27
15
3
11
(39)
32
2
5
(
-------
Table 52. CmWIDE COMPOSITE SUMMARY OF FILTER
ANALYSES IN PHILADELPHIA
No. of filters
Components
Minerals
Quartz
Calcite
Feldspars
Hematite
Mica
Other
Combustion
Products
Soot:
Oil
Coal
Misc. soot
Glassy
fly ash
Incinerator
fly ash
Burned wood
Burned paper
Magnetite
Carbon black
Other
Biological
Material
Pollen
Spores
Paper
Starch
Misc. plant
tissue
Leaf
trichomer
Miscellaneous
Iron or steel
Rubber
Other
26a
Quantity,
percent
Average
(64)
29
19
2
15
<1
(33)
8
2
18
5
<1
<1
<1
( 1)
<1
<1
<1
1
<1
( 2)
<1
2
Range
6-93
2-60
1-68
0-5
0-40
6-89
0-60
0-15
0-88
0-30
0-10
0-10
0-30
0-30
Excludes Filter analyses of NASN site samples.
116
-------
© QUARTZ
ED CALCITE
A OIL SOOT
0.01
O.I 0.5 I 2 5 10 20 30 50 70 80 90 95 98 99 99.9* 99.99
NUMBER PERCENT LESS THAN OR EQUAL TO STATED SIZE
Figure 11. Cumulative size distribution for three particle types,
Broad and Spruce, Philadelphia, November 19, 1974
-------
00
•w
80
70
60
50
40
30
-------
100
90
60
70
60
50
40
30
20
DC
IU
UJ
< 10
5 1
UJ 7
-I 6
JI 5
3 -
i I
I T
T I
I T
O QUARTZ
A COMBUSTION PRODUCTS
I I
0.01 O.I as I 2 5 10 20 30 50 70 60 90 95 98 99 99.9
NUMBER PERCENT LESS THAN OR EQUAL TO STATED SIZE
Figure 13. Cumulative size distributions for two particle types,
Broad and Lombard, Philadelphia, December 19, 1974
99.99
-------
Table 53. DETAILED PHYSICAL EXAMINATION: BROAD AND SPRUCE,
PHILADELPHIA, NOVEMBER 19, 1974
a. Quartz confirmed by dispersion staining and (-) uniaxial
interference figure. EDXRA shows only silicon and trace
of iron (from hematite).
b. Calcite confirmed by EDXRA - shows only calcium.
c. Hematite confirmed by high refractive indices, birefrin-
gence, and deep red color. EDXRA shows only iron.
d. Oil soot confirmed (as far as possible, due to small par-
ticle size and variability of fly ash due to operating
conditions) by brittleness, morphology and especially
EDXRA analysis showing: aluminum, silicon (both from
clay feldspar impurities), calcium, sulfur, chlorine
(these two as normal constituents of oil soots), iron
and vanadium (a normal constituent of oils). The major
constituent was carbon.
e. Rubber was confirmed by its elastomeric nature, surface
appearance and EDXRA spectrum showing mostly carbon with
minor amounts of calcium, aluminum, silicon (all prob-
ably from road wear products), sulfur, chlorine, iron,
titanium, and zinc.
120
-------
Table 54. MONTHLY MEAN ALUMINUM LEVELS AT SELECTED PHILADELPHIA
SITES FOR 1974, ug/m3
Site
500 S. Broad
1501 E. Lycoming
S. E. Sewage
Jan.
1.30
1.36
1.18
Feb.
1.52
1.26
1.35
Mar.
1.13
1.48
1.57
Apr.
1.66
1.32
1.31
May
1.86
1.99
1.63
June
2.18
1.96
2.14
July
1.86
1.68
1.50
Aug.
0,97
1.05
0.90
Sep.
0.72
0.95
0.70
Oct.
0.96
0.90
0.95
Nov.
1.61
1.89
1.92
Dec.
1.82
2.17
2.11
Avg.
1.47
1.50
1.44
Table 55. MONTHLY MEAN CADMIUM LEVELS AT SELECTED PHILADELPHIA
SITES FOR 1974, jig An3
Site
500 S. Broad
1501 E. Lycoming
Jan.
.0044
.0064
Feb.
.0031
.0056
Mar.
.0039
.0063
Apr.
.0029
.0042
May
.0032
.0033
June
.0036
.0045
July
.0048
.0040
Aug.
.0018
.0029
Sep.
.0051
.0023
Oct.
.0044
.0056
Nov.
.0070
.0070
Dec.
.0042
.0060
Avg
.0041
.0048
Table 56. MONTHLY MEAN COPPER LEVELS AT SELECTED PHILADELPHIA
SITES FOR 1974, |ig/m3
Site
500 S. Broad
1501 E. Lycoming
Jan.
0.161
0.204
Feb.
0.079
0.109
Mar.
0.076
0.124
Apr.
0.079
0.254
May
0.098
0.190
June
0.239
0.193
July
0.211
0.207
Aug.
0.485
0.336
Sep.
0.361
0.224
Oct.
0.208
0.307
Nov.
0.140
0.241
Dec.
0.163
0.238
Avg.
0.192
0.219
-------
Table 57. MONTHLY MEAN IRON LEVELS AT SELECTED PHILADELPHIA
SITES FOR 1974, ug/m3
Site
500 S. Broad
1501 E. Lycoming
S . E . S ewage
Jan.
1.71
2.18
1.37
Feb.
1.36
1.50
1.51
Mar.
1.31
1.59
1.80
Apr.
1.32
1.62
3.79
May
1.38
1.79
1.76
June
1.66
1.77
1.65
July
1.51
1.55
1.89
Aug.
2.25
1.68
2.25
Sep.
1.32
1.48
1.73
Oct.
1.32
1.43
1.96
Nov.
1.07
1.37
1.36
Dec.
1.35
1.57
2.09
Avg.
1.46
1.63
1.93
Table 58. MONTHLY MEAN LEAD LEVELS AT SELECTED PHILADELPHIA
SITES FOR 1974, ug/m3
Site
1501 E. Lycoming
S. E. Sewage
Jan.
2.00
1.11
Feb.
0.85
1.13
Mar.
0.75
1.11
Apr.
0.83
1.31
May
0.72
1.24
June
0.60
1.13
July
0.73
1.06
Aug.
0.70
1.26
Sep.
0.83
1.38
Oct.
1.03
1.57
Nov.
0.83
1.44
Dec.
1.19
1.38
Avg.
0.92
1.26
ro
Table 59. MONTHLY MEAN MAGNESIUM LEVELS AT SELECTED PHILADELPHIA
SITES FOR 1974, ug/m3
Site
500 S. Broad
S. E. Sewage
Jan.
0.64
0.64
Feb.
0.53
0.66
Mar.
0.57
0.62
Apr.
0.59
0.57
May
0.57
0.61
June
0.58
0.47
July
0.55
0.47
Aug.
0.53
0.49
Sep.
0.45
0.40
Oct.
0.44
0.39
Nov.
0.41
0.44
Dec.
0.48
0.52
Avg.
0.53
0.52
-------
Table 60. MONTHLY MEAN NICKEL LEVELS AT SELECTED PHILADELPHIA
SITES FOR 1974, ug/m3
Site
500 S. Broad
1501 E-. Lycoming
Jan.
0.065
0.061
Feb.
0.059
0.039
Mar.
0.037
0.042
Apr.
0.035
0.043
May
0.031
0.034
June
0.023
0.025
July
0.017
0.014
Aug.
0.021
0.037
Sep.
0.032
0.027
Oct.
0.031
0.030
Nov.
0.034
0.038
Dec.
0.039
0.039
Avg.
0.035
0.036
Table 61. MONTHLY MEAN SULFATE LEVELS AT SELECTED PHILADELPHIA
SITES FOR 1974, yg/m3
Site
1501 E. Lycoming
Jan.
39.6
Feb.
21.6
Mar.
18.3
Apr.
21.5
May
19.0
June
17.4
July
16.4
Aug.
19.5
Sep.
21.5
Oct.
24.0
Nov.
22.4
Dec.
21.4
Avg.
21.9
u>
-------
WASHINGTON
The National Capital Interstate Air Quality Control Region (NCIAQCR) is
situated on the flat Atlantic Coastal Plain and the gently rolling Piedmont
Plateau. The terrain to the east is generally flat with elevations of less
than 100 feet above mean sea level. Gentle rolling hills with elevations
of 200 to 500 feet extend to the Blue Ridge Mountains at the western edge
of the region. These mountains warm and dry the westerly winds reaching
the region. The AQCR is located 35 miles west of Chesapeake Bay, far
enough inland from the ocean to escape the sea breeze effect. In general,
the topography of the area permits free air movement with few channeling
effects. Measurable precipitation is evenly distributed throughout the
year, occurring about 1 day in 3 except 1 day in 4 during autumn. The
annual rainfall averages about 39 inches per year. The reader is directed
to Volume VII of this report for a complete discussion of the subject city.
There were nine hi-vol monitoring sites operating during 1974. The annual
mean TSP concentrations at two center-city sites exceeded the national
primary standards, while the other seven sites had levels between 50 and
o
70 yg/m . The trend in TSP levels has been generally downward for the last
several years, although the 1974 data generally showed an increase of a
o
few yg/m over 1973 levels.
The locations of the seven sites that were selected for filter analysis
in Washington are shown in Figure 14. Table 62 details the pertinent
characteristics of these sites, and Table 63 summarizes the meteorological
data for the selected sampling days. To gain some insight into the con-
tribution of secondary particulates, much of which is too small to be ob-
served by the microscopists, the annual average sulfate and nitrate con-
centrations for the NASN site are shown in Table 64. The results for each
of the 33 filters submitted for routine analysis are presented in Table 65.
The results for the filters at each site have been averaged to give a com-
posite of the particulate composition as shown in Table 66. Five filters
underwent replicate analyses, and the results are presented in Table 67.
124
-------
The composite particulate characterization for all filters from
Washington that underwent routine analysis, presented in Table 68, shows
that minerals predominate, comprising nearly three quarters of the TSP.
Of the 14 study cities Washington was ranked sixth highest in average
percent minerals. Quartz was the major constituent with somewhat lesser
quantities of hematite and calcite. Although there were some site-to-site
variations in the apparent composition of the TSP, there were no identi-
fiable factors for the causes of the variations.
Washington was ranked second highest of the study cities in average
percent biologicals even though the citywide average for the 23 filters
analyzed was only 5 percent. It is apparent that biological materials,
especially pollen, can sometimes have a significant impact on the TSP
levels. On April 22, 1974, with moderate winds from the south-southwest,
Washington apparently experienced very high levels of suspended pollen.
The four filters selected for analysis for that day ranged from 8 per-
cent to 45 percent pollen, with most of the pollen identified as pine
pollen. If the percent pollen identified on the filters can be mul-
tiplied by the TSP loadings for the filters for that day, then the
3
24-hour average concentration of pollen ranged from 13 pg/m at the
3
General Hospital to 154 ug/m at the American Chemical Society site.
125
-------
•>
=
*>
I i i I
p « o «
M M m g
to « « rt
I I i I I I i i I I i I I I I I I i I I I
—4320
—4315
-4310
—4308
—4300
—4293
Figure 14. District of Columbia hi-vol monitoring network
126
-------
Table 62. LAND-USE AND PARTICULATE SOURCES SURROUNDING THE MONITORING SITES
GCA
code
CAMP
NASN
CU
ACS
NA
CPL
NT
DC
Address
CAMP Station
427 N.J. Ave. NW
Municipal Center
301 Indiana Ave. NW
Catholic University
620 Michigan Ave. NE
American Chemical Society
M and 16th St., NW
National Arboretum
24th & R St. NE
Cleveland Park Library
Conn. & Macom NW
Nevel Thomas School
Anacostia & Grant NE
D.C. General Hospital
19th & Mass. Ave. SE
1974 TSP
geometric
mean,
yg/m*
102
92a
70
67
59
54
54
52
Land use
Construction in surrounding area
In downtown office area; construction SE
Adjacent to residential and commercial areas;
hospitals N, SW, W; influence of subway con-
struction E, N
In the midst of office buildings and hotels
Some construction near monitor during
November
Adjacent to residential area (W) ; on heavily-
travelled route (E)
Power plant and incinerator 1/2 mile W; high-
way 150, E
Power plant NE 1/4 mile; stadium nearby; con-
struction SW and SE; subway construction NW
Height
above
ground ,
feet
15
80
35
100
3
20
60
40
10
*NASN site, sampling one in every 12 days.
-------
Table 63. METEOROLOGICAL DATA ON SELECTED SAMPLING DAYS
(WASHINGTON, D.C.)
Dace
2/15/74
2/21/74
2/24/74
4/01/74
4/22/74
8/14/74
8/23/74
10/25/74
Precipitation,
in.
Day of
obs.
0
0
0
t
0.03
0.12
t
t
Preced-
ing day
t
0.01
t
0.01
0
t
0.27
0
Hind speed, mph
Average
10.6
5.3
9.4
6.0
14.2
6.3
6.5
7.5
Resultant
10.1
4.5
9.0
1.1
14.2
2.0
5.8
5.1
Wind direction, deg
3 -hour s obs.
70, 40, 30, 40
30, 50, 50, 90
210, 240, C, C
200, 190, 130, 170
50, 50, 80, 80
80, 100, 100, 80
260, 320, 330, 180
30, 130, 150, 60
200, 200, 210, 210
210, 210, 210, 210
210, 210, 30, 330
230, 330, 100, 260
240, 270, C, 240
200, 180, 190, 210
200, 200, 200, 190
180, 200, 330, 330
Resul-
tant
50
180
80
90
210
290
210
210
Mote: C
t
Calm
Trace
Table 64. ANNUAL AVERAGE CONCENTRATION OF SULFATE AND
NITRATE IONS AT THE WASHINGTON, D.C. NASN
SITE NO. 090020001 (yg/m3)
Tear
1972
1973
1974
Sulfate
Arithmetic
toe an
13.83*
10.66*
12.95*
Geometric
mean
12.86*
9.66*
12.13*
Nitrate
Arithmetic
mean
2.88*
3.11*
3.25*
Geometric
mean
2.52*
2.79*
2.77*
*Indicates insufficient data for statistically valid year.
128
-------
Table 65a. RESULTS OF FILTER ANALYSES - SELECTED SITES IN WASHINGTON, D. C.
(AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY - ACS)
S3
VO
D*t«
TSP (piB/m3)
Components
Minerals
Quartz
Calcite
Feldspars
Henatite
Mica
CoBbustion
Produc ts
Soot:
Oil
Coal
Glassy
fly ash
Incinerator
fly ash
Burned wood
Burned paper
Magnetite
Biological
Material*
Pollen
Spore*
Paper
Starch
Misc. plant
tissue
Miscellaneous
Iron or *tMl
lubber
Class
21 February 1974
113
Quan-
tity,
tenths
(7+)
4+
1
1-
1+
(2+)
1
1
(Of)
(Of)
Size
range,
pm
<1-60
<1-60
<1-20
<1-100
<1-12
Avg.
size,
Mm
5
5
0.5
0.5
6
1 April 1974
89
Quan-
tity,
tenth*
(6+)
3
1
2
(4+)
2
1+
(Of)
(Of)
Size
range,
pm
<1-70
<1-40
<1-40
<1-1SO
<1-30
Avg.
• ize,
PO
5
5
0.5
0.5
6
22 April 1974
342
Quan-
tity,
tenth*
(4)
1+
1
1-
1
(1+)
1
(5-)
4+
(Of)
Size
range,
urn
<1-50
<1-50
<1-40
<1-150
20-60
Avg.
• Ize,
urn
3
5
0.5
0.5
40
23 August 1974
56
Quan-
tity,
tenth*
(6+)
2
1
1-
3
(D
1-
(1-)
(2)
1
1
Size
range,
pro
1-100
<1-20
<1-30
<1-150
<1-250
1-100
Avg.
•Ize,
pm
5
5
0.5
0.5
25
75
25 October 1974
85
Quan-
tity,
tenths
(8)
4
2
1-
1+
(2)
2
(Of)
(Of)
Size
range,
pm
<1-40
<1-30
<1-60
<1-150
Avg.
•ize,
pa
3
5
0.5
0.5
-------
Table 65b. RESULTS OF FILTER ANALYSES - SELECTED SITES IN WASHINGTON, D. C.
(NEVEL THOMAS SCHOOL - NTS)
Date
TSP (ng/m3)
Components
Minerals
Quartz
Calcite
Feldspar*
Hematite
Mica
Clays
Coobustlon
Products
Soot:
Oil
Coal
Glassy
fly ash
Incinerator
fly ash
Burned wood
Burned paper
Magnetite
Biological
Material
Pollen
Spores
Paper
Starch
Misc. plant
tissue
Miscellaneous
I roc or steal
Ruble*
15 February 1974
72
Quan-
tity,
tenths
(8+)
2
4-f
1+
(2-)
1
1-
(Of)
(Of)
Size
range ,
um
<1-150
<1-100
<1-20
<1-80
Avg.
size,
pm
1
1
0.5
0.5
21 February 1974
66
Quan-
tity,
tenths
<«•)
3
4
1+
'
(1+)
1
(Of)
(Of)
Size
range ,
pm
<1-50
<1-60
<1-30
<1-150
Avg.
size,
pm
3
3
0.5
0.5
24 February 1974
99
Quan-
tity,
tenths
(7)
3+
2
1-f
(3)
2
1-
1-
(Of)
(Of)
Size
range ,
MB
<1-30
<1-30
<1-30
<1-300
Avg.
size,
Mm
2
2
0.5
0.5
22 April 1974
186
Quan-
tity,
tenths
(8)
4
1
2+
(1+)
1-
1-
1-
(1)
1
(Of)
Size
range,
MID
<1-60
<1-50
<1-30
10-60
Avg.
size,
MID
5
5
0.5
50
23 August 1974
61
Quan-
tity,
tenths
(8-)
4
1-f
1- .
2-
(2+)
1-f
1-
1-
(Of)
(Of)
Size
range ,
pm
<1-40
<1-30
<1-20
<1-100
Avg.
size,
um
3
5
0.5
0.5
25 October 1974
115
Quan-
tity,
tenths
(7)
1-f
1-
1-
4
1-
(3)
2+
1-
(Of)
(Of)
Size
range,
110
<1-60
<1-50
<1-30
<0.5
<1-100
Avg.
size,
ua
3
5
0.5
<0.5
0.5
-------
Table 65c. RESULTS OF FILTER ANALYSES - SELECTED SITES IN WASHINGTON, D. C.
(CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY - CU)
Date
TSP
Component!
Minerals
Quartz
Calcite
Feldspars
Hematite
Mica
Combustion
Product*
Soot:
Oil
Coal
Glassy
fly «8h
Incinerator
fly ash
Burned wood
Burned p«p«r
Magnetite
Biological
Material
Pollen
Spores
Paper
Starch
Misc. plant
tissue
Miscellaneous
Iron or steel
lubber
Iron rust
21 February 1974
101
Quan-
tity,
tenths
(6+)
2+
2
1+
(4-)
Size
range .
urn
<1-80
<1-70
<1-20
1-
(Of)
(Of)
<1-200
<1-20
Avg.
size,
urn
3
3
0.5
0.5
6
1 April 1974
64
Quan-
tity,
tenths
(5)
1+
1+
1-
1+
(5)
2
1-
2+
(w-)
(Of)
Size
range ,
va
<1-60
<1-60
<1-60
<1-150
<1-30
Avg.
size,
IIB
3
3
0.5
0.5
6
22 April 1974
138
Quan-
tity,
tenths
<*)
3
1+
1+
(1+)
1
I-
(2)
2
(Ot)
Size
range,
urn
<1-80
-------
Table 65d. RESULTS OF FILTER ANALYSES - SELECTED SITES IN WASHINGTON, D. C.
Site
Date
TSP (um/m3)
Component!
Minerals
Quartz
Calclte
Feldspars
Hematite
Mica
Coabultlon
Products
Soot:
Oil
Coal
Glassy
fly ash
Incinerator
fly ash
Burned wood
Burned paper
Magnetite
Biological
Material
Pollen
Spores
Paper
Starch
Misc. plant
tissue
Miscellaneous
Iron or steel
Rubber
D. C. General Hospital - DCC
1 April 1974
60
Quan-
tity,
tenths
(7)
A
1
1-
2-
(3->
1
1
(Of)
(Of)
Size
range ,
WQ
<1-50
<1-40
<1-40
<1-150
1-20
Avg.
site,
po
5
5
0.5
0.5
6
22 April 1974
44
Quan-
tity,
tenths
(6+)
4
1
1-
1
(l->
(3)
3
(Of)
Size
range,
urn
<1-80
<1-40
<1-40
20-60
Avg.
size,
uo
5
5
0.5
SO
CAMP - CA
14 August 1974
47
Quan-
tity,
tenths
(7)
3+
1+
1-
1+
(3)
2+
1-
(Of)
(Of)
Size
range ,
vm
<1-80
-------
Table 65e. RESULTS OF FILTER ANALYSES FOR SELECTED SITES
IN WASHINGTON, B.C.
00
Site
Date
TSP (Mg/m3)
Components
Minerals
Quartz
Calcite
Feldspars
Hematite
Mica
Combustion
Products
Soot:
Oil
Coal
Glassy
fly ash
Incinerator
fly ash
Burned wood
Burned paper
Magnetite
Biological
Material
Pollen
Spores
Paper
Starch
Misc. plant
tissue
Miscellaneous
Iron or steel
Rubber
NA.SN - No. 090020001
25 December 1974
NA
Quan —
tity,
tenths
( 5)
3
1
0+
1
( 3)
1-
1-
2
(
-------
Table 66. COMPOSITE SUMMARY OF FILTER ANALYSES - SELECTED SITES IN WASHINGTON, D.C.
Site
No. of filters
Components
Minerals
Q'jartz
Calcite
Feldspars
Henatite
Mica
Clay
Combustion
Products
Soot:
Oil
Coal
Glassy
fly ash
Incinerator
fly ash
Burned wood
Burned paper
Magnetite
Biological
Material
Pollen
Spores
Paper
Starch
Misc. plant
tissue
Miscellaneous
Iron or steel
Rubber
Iron rust
Class
Nevel Tliotaas
School - NTS
6
Quantity,
percent
Average
(78)
30
23
3
21
<1
1
(21)
14
4
3
<1
<1
<1
( 1)
1
<1
<1
<1
(
-------
Table 67, RESULTS OF REPLICATE ANALYSES OF WASHINGTON, D. C. FILTERS
u>
01
Site
Date
TSP (ug/rn )
Laboratory
Analysis
Connponents^
Minerals
Quartz
Calcite
Feldapars
He-nacite
Mica
Combustion
Products
Soot:
Oil
Coal
Classy
fly ash
Incinerator
fly ash
Burned wood
Burned paper
Kaynatite
Coked coal
Biological
Material
Pollen
Spores
Paper
Starcii
Misc. plant
tissue
Miscellaneous
Iron or steal
Rubber
American Chemical Society —ACS
21 Feb. 1974
113
A
1
(74)
45
10
4
15
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
( D
-------
Table 68. CITYWIDE COMPOSITE SUMMARY OF FILTER
ANALYSES IN WASHINGTON, D.C.
No. of filters
Components
Minerals
Quartz
Calcite
Feldspars
Hematite
Mica
Other
Combustion
Products
Soot:
Oil
Coal
Misc. soot
Glassy
fly ash
Incinerator
fly ash
Burned wood
Burned paper
Magnetite
Carbon black
Other
Biological
Material
Pollen
Spores
Paper
Starch
Misc . plant
tissue
Leaf
trichomer
Miscellaneous
Iron or steel
Rubber
Other
25
Quantity,
percent
Average
(70)
31
15
3
20
<1
<1
(23)
13
3
7
<1
<1
<1
( 5)
4
<1
<1
<1
1
( 2)
<1
2
<1
Range
39-87
15-60
5-45
2-4
10-50
5-49
2-30
-------
CHATTANOOGA
The City of Chattanooga is located in Hamilton County in the southeastern
portion of Tennessee along the Tennessee-Georgia state line. The impor-
tant features of Hamilton County are the Tennessee River and river valley
and the ridges, mountain ranges, and valleys which run in a northeast to
southwest direction. Chattanooga is surrounded by Lookout Mountain to
the southwest which is 1,200 feet higher than the city, the river and
several ridges to the west to north and Missionary Ridge to the east.
A more detailed discussion of the city is presented in Volume VIII.
Hamilton County lies near the center of the geographical region having
the maximum high air pollution potential forecast days for the eastern
United States. Dispersion is generally poor because the terrain tends to
reduce wind speeds arid enhance the frequency of occurrence of low-level
temperature inversions. Chattanooga has a moderate climate and moderately
heavy rainfall, averaging 52 inches per year. There is a high degree and
a wide variety of heavy industrial activity, much of which is concentrated
along the Tennessee River.
Five of the 12 monitors exceeded the national annual primary standard of
3
75 yg/m ; the 24-hour primary standard was exceeded on 5 days (0.9 percent)
at the site near the quarry and the 24-hour secondary standard was ex-
ceeded on 48 sampling days (6.9 percent) at eight of the sites. Air quality
has been improving since the 1960's - geometric mean TSP concentrations
o
decreased 110 yg/m at the NASN site in the center city. An average
3
decrease of 21 yg/m occurred from 1971 to 1974 at three center city sites.
The locations of the six sites that were selected for filter analysis in
Chattanooga are shown in Figure 15. Table 69 details the pertinent charac-
teristics of these sites, and Table 70 summarizes the meteorological data
for the selected sampling days. To gain some insight into the contribu-
tion of secondary particulates, much of which is too small to be observed
by the microscopists, the annual average sulfate and nitrate concentrations
137
-------
for the NASN site are shown in Table 71. The results for each of the 21
filters submitted for routine analysis are presented in Table 72. The
results for the filters at each site have been averaged to give a com-
posite of the particulate composition as shown in Table 73. Seven filters
underwent replicate analyses, and the results are presented in Table 74.
The composite particulate characterization for all filters from Chatta-
nooga that underwent routine analysis, presented in Table 75, shows that
there are nearly equal amounts of minerals and combustion products, a very
unusual observation. In all other study cities the mineral components
comprised more than half of the observed particles, while in Chattanooga
it averaged only about one third. There was an expection, however, at the
Shallowford Road site where 96 percent of the material was mineral matter
(nearly all calcite). This was undoubtedly the result of the local in-
fluence of a nearby quarry and trucking activities.
Chattanooga was ranked high (third highest) in average percent combustion
products. The principal combustion product identified was coal soot
with a lesser amount identified as incinerator fly ash. The presence of
products related to coal combustion is understandable in view of the
high coal consumption in the area. The material identified as incinerator
fly ash is suspected of being the result of the many diverse industrial
processes (coking, smelting, founding, mineral products industries, etc.)
prevalent in Chattanooga.
Biological materials were also very high in the area with Chattanooga
averaging three times as much as any other study city. The Brainerd
site averaged the highest percent biologicals but nearly all filters
that were examined from April to May showed substantial levels of pollen
and miscellaneous plant tissue. Chattanooga also ranked high in aver-
age percent rubber (13 percent) with only one other city recording higher
levels. The Broad Street site, which is located near a heavily traveled
highway, averaged 20 percent rubber. Lesser but still significant amounts
138
-------
of rubber were found at the City Hall and Brainerd. It is interesting to
note the extremely high levels of rubber observed on December 13, 1974 at
City Hall and Brainerd. If the microscopy results are a reliable indicator
of the makeup of all the particulate collected on the hi-vol filters, then
the rubber concentration at City Hall and Brainerd on that date would be
3 3
41 yg/m and 54 yg/m , respectively.
139
-------
•P-
o
A7
Figure 15. Chattanooga TSP monitoring sites selected for filter analysis
-------
Table 69. SAMPLING SITE DESCRIPTIONS
Site
number
1
3
4
6
7
9
City Hall Annex
WDEF, Broad St.
Brainerd , Shawnee
Trail
East Chattanooga
Silverdale
Shallowford Rd.
1974 TSP
geometric
mean,
Ug/m3
80
86
60
81
38
101
Predominant
influence
Center city
Industrial
Residential
Residential-
Industrial
Undeveloped
Industrial
Land use
Commercial-surrounding; train yard - W 1000
feet, S and SE 500 feet; flour mill - ESE
3000 feet; industrial area -SI mile.
Foundries - N 1500 feet; industrial area -
surrounding; heavy traffic on street - W
100 feet; Lookout Mt. - SW 1/2 mile.
Residential-surrounding
Residential and commercial - surrounding;
train yard - W to NW 3000 feet ; supermar-
ket incinerator - SW 300 feet; medium traf-
fic on-street - E 60 feet ; nearby streets -
no curbs or gutters.
Forest-surrounding; industrial park (fertil-
izer, munitions) - NW 1-1/2 miles.
Quarry - W 2000 feet; batching plant, truck
terminals - surrounding, with some unpaved
roads .
Height
above
ground ,
feet
50
30
3
25
30
12
-------
Table 70. METEOROLOGICAL DATA ON SELECTED SAMPLING
DAYS (LOVELL FIELD, CHATTANOOGA)
Date
4/11/74
4/29/74
5/11/74
10/26/74
12/13/74
12/31/74
Precipitation
(in.)
Day of
obs.
0
0
0.46
0
A
0
0.02
Preced-
ing day
0
0
0.36
0
0
0.03
Wind speed (mph)
Average
10.1
6.5
6.8
1.7
2.6
5.8
Resultant
10.0
5.9
3.6
0.9
1.5
5.7
Wind direction (deg)
3 -hour observation
C, C, C, 170
160, 170, 100, 100
C, C, C, 80
140, 100, 70, 60
40, 70, 50, 150
180, 180, 50, 100
C, C, C, C
230, 350, C, C
170, C, C, 220
80, 160, 250, C
C, C, C, C
30, 20, 20, 30
Resul-
tant
180
250
110
310
170
210
Note: C - Calm
Table 71.
ANNUAL AVERAGE CONCENTRATION OF
SULFATE AND NITRATE IONS AT THE
CHATTANOOGA, TENNESSEE NASN SITE
NO. 440380001 (yg/m3)
Year
1972
1973
1974
Sulfate
Arithmetic
mean
12.84
11.64a
11.43*
Geometric
mean
10.39
10.48a
10.88a
Nitrate
Arithmetic
mean
2.28
2.54a
3.04a
Geometric
mean
2.10
2.02*
2.79a
aIndicates insufficient data for statistically valid year.
142
-------
Table 72a. RESULTS OF FILTER ANALYSES FOR SELECTED SITES IN CHATTANOOGA AMD
VICINITY (CITY HALL -NO. 1)
TSP (..;/=3)
Cenpenents
i
;i April 197,
140
Quan-
tity,
tenths
Size
range ,
i-r.
i i
Xir.erais
Quartz
Caicitc
Feldspars
Hematite
Mica
Coal
CoEbus t ion
Products
Soot
Oil
Coal
Glassy
fly ash
Incinerator
fly ish
Burnud wood
Burned paper
Magnetite
Biological
Materials
Pollen
Spores
Paper
Starch
Misc. plant
tissue
Miscellaneous
Iron or steel
Rubber
(4)
1-
2
2-
(2)
1
1-
(2)
1+
(2)
2
10-30
10-40
5-50
2-40
5-70
20-50
20-100
Av^.
size ,
;im
20
20
25
20
35
40
70
29 April 1974 11 May 1974 i 26 October 1974
165
Quan-
tity ,
tenths
(3)
1
2
(2+)
1+
1
(M
2-
1-
2-
(1)
1-
Sizc
range ,
tnri
2-10
1-30
2-70
5-50
20-60
8-15
200-500
20-150
Avg.
size,
l.m
6
10
30
20
35
10
400
60
80
Quan-
tity,
tenths
Size
range,
l.m
(5)
1+
2
1+
(3)
1-
1
1
(2-)
1
(1-)
1-
5-25
5-40
2-50
10-30
5-50
10-100
20-40
20-100
Avg.
size ,
;*m
10
20
20
25
25
40
25
60
128
Quan-
tity,
tenths
(5)
3
1
1
(4-)
1
1
2-
(l->
(1-)
,t.
i- .
Size
range ,
t.n
1-40
5-30
2-50
10-20
20-80
10-70
20-80
Av£.
size,
V.r.
5
20
15
30
40
30
50
13 December 1974
106
Quan-
tity,
tenths
(2)
1
1-
(3)
1+
1+
(1)
1-
(4)
1-
3+
Size
range ,
,jp.
4-20
2-30
5-30
10-80
8-14
5-30
Avg.
size,
-..a
8
12
20
40
10
10
31 December 1974
95
Quan-
tity,
tenths
(4)
2
1-
1
(5)
1-
1+
3-
(1)
1-
1-
(1-)
1-
Size
range ,
M^>
10-60
5-40
5-50
20-40
10-80
10-70
5-20
Avg.
size,
40
30
30
30
60
40
12
-p-
u>
-------
Table 72b. RESULTS OF FILTER ANALYSES FOR SELECTED SITES IN CHATTANOOGA AND
VICINITY (BROAD STREET -NO. 3)
TSF ue/n3)
11 April 1974
112
j Quan- ! Size
Components
tity, I range,
tenths ' yir.
- - 1 , .
1
Minerals
Quartz
Calcite
Feldspars
Hcaitite
Mica
Coal
Cocbustlon
Products
Soot
Oil
Coal
Glassy
fly ash
Incinerator
fly ash
Burned wood
Burned paper
Magnetite
Biological
Materials
Pollen
Spores
Pa pet-
Starch
Misc. plant
tissue
Miscellaneous
Iron or steel
Rubber
(3)
1
1-
2-
(3)
1-
1+
1-
(3+)
2+
1-
(1-)
1-
25-70
10-35
5-75
5-50
5-75
10-150
20-60
20-75
Avg.
29 April 1974
139
Quan-
size, tity,
Mn
50
20
30
30
50
50
40
40
tenths
(2+)
1
1
1-
(3+)
2+
,-
(3)
2
1
(1+)
1+
Size JAvg.
range ,
1) May 1974 ! 26 October 1974
99
Quan- ] Size
size, j tity,
\im I ..IT.
1
2-30
2-40
2-60
2- JO
2-75
15-45
long
20-100
15
10
20
20
30
30
60
tenths
(1)
(6)
1-
4
1+
(1-)
1-
(2+)
2+
range ,
|im
10-60
1-50
1-100
20-40
5-100
Avg.
166
Quan-
size, 1 tity,
UtD
30
30
40
25
50
tenths
(2)
1-
1-
1
(7)
4-
1
1
2
(Of)
(1)
1
Size
range ,
Ijro
5-50
5-10
5-60
20-200
10-50
5-15
1-200
10-150
Avg.
eize,
Mm
•
20
6
40
60
30
10
80
100
13 December 1974
119
Quan- I Size
tity, i range ,
tenths
(2+)
1
1
(3)
1-
2-
1
«>»•)
(4+)
4+
l.n
5-30
5-40
10-50
5-75
5-100
50-500
Avg.
size,
uin
15
20
20
40
40
100
31 Deceaher 1974
63
Quan-
tity,
tenths
(2)
1
1-
(&+)
4
1+
1-
(0+)
(2)
2
Size
range,
•-a
5-25
3-15
10-100
5-70
5-100
Avg.
size.
ua
15
8
40
40
40
-------
Table 72c. RESULTS OF FILTER ANALYSES FOR SELECTED SITES IN CHATTANOOGA AND
VICINITY (BRAINERJD - NO. 4)
TSFUi;/a3)
Components
Minerals
Quartz
Calcice
Feldspars
Heriaci te
Mica
Coal
Combustion
Products
Soot
Oil
Coal
Fine soot
Glassy
fly ash
Incinerator
fly ash
Burned wood
Burned paper
Magnetite
Biological
Materials
Pollen
Spores
Paper
Starch
Misc. plant
tissue
Miscellaneous
Iron or steel
Rubber
11 April 1974
113
Quan-
tity,
tenths
(4+)
2-
2-
1
(2-)
1-
1-
(3)
2+
1-
(1)
1
Size
range,
urn
10-40
2-30
2-50
10-75
10-100
20-50
10-80
Ave.
size,
i-ra
20
15
24
40
30
30
30
29 April 1974
68
Quan-
tity,
tenths
(3)
1+
1
1-
(2)
1-
1-
1
(3)
1+
1
(2)
2
Size
range,
JJITI
5-30
5-35
2-25
10-40
20-60
30-50
Ave.
size,
VJITI
15
15
10
25
30
35
11 May 1974
37
Quan-
tity,
tenths
(-)
(1)
1
(9)
1
8
(-)
Size
range ,
urn
8-60
Ave.
size,
urn
30
26 October 1974
207
Quan-
tity,
tenths
(4)
2
1
1-
(4)
1+
2-
1
(2)
1+
(1-)
1-
Size
range,
urn
5-30
5-25
2-25
10-25
10-50
< 1-3
10-150
—
Ave.
size,
VJITI
15
15
15
20
30
2
13 December 1974
95
Quan-
tity,
tenths
(4)
1-
3-
1
(4)
1-
2
1
1
(0+)
d+)
1+
Size
range ,
um
5-20
1-20
5-30
2-40
< 1-2
2-40
25-200
Ave.
size,
um
12
6
20
10
1.5
30
100
31 December 1974
48
Quan-
tity,
tenths
(6+)
1-
2+
2
1
(1)
1-
(2-)
1+
(1)
1
Size
range ,
un
5-50
2-25
2-50
2-60
10-100
20-25
i
Ave.
size,
MB
30
15
25
20
40
22
-p-
Ui
-------
Table 72d. RESULTS OF FILTER ANALYSES FOR SELECTED SITES IN CHATTANOOGA AND
VICINITY (EAST CHATTANOOGA - NO. 6, SILVERDALE - NO. 7 AND
SHALLOWFORD ROAD - NO. 9)
Site
Date
TSP (,5/m3)
Components
Minerali
Quartz
Calcite
Feldspars
Henatite
Mica
Coal
Combustion
Products
Soot
Oil
Coal
Glassy
fly ash
Incinerator
fly ash
Burned wood
Burned paper
Magnetite
Biological
Materials
Pollen
Spores
Paper
Starch
Misc. plant
tissue
Miscellaneous
Iron or steel
Rubber
East Chattanooga - No. 6
13 December 1974
179
Quan-
tity,
tenths
(5)
1
4
(5)
3+
1+
(Of)
(Of)
Size
range ,
Mm
< 1-30
< 1-140
Avg.
size,
Mm
7
8
SHverdale - No. 7
26 October 1974
38
Quan-
tity,
tenths
(2)
1+
(8)
8-
(Of)
(Of)
Size
range ,
urn
< 1-20
< 1-21
Avg.
size,
um
6
4
Sliallouford Road - No. 9
11 April 1974
292
Quan-
tity,
tenths
(10-)
9+
(Of)
(Of)
(1-)
Size
range,
pm
< 1-40
Avg.
size,
Mm
8
-------
Table 73. COMPOSITE SUMMARY OF FILTER ANALYSES FOR SELECTED SITES IN CHATTANOOGA AND VICINITY
Site
Citv Kail
No. 1
No. of filters 6
Broad Street
No. 3
6
j Quantity, Quantity,
percent
Components Average I Range
Minerals
Quartz
Calcite
Feldspars
Hematite
Ocher
CoirJbustion
Products
Soot
Oil
Coal
Classy
fly ash
Incinerator
fly ash
Other
Biological
VJtirials
Pollen
Sports
Paper
Stnrch
Misc. plant
tissae
Miscellaneous
Iron or steel
Rubber
(39)
13
11
13
2
(31)
4
13
14
(16)
7
1
3
5
(14)
1
13
22-52
2-30
3-20
6-18
Tr- 3
0- 1
19-48
0-12
8-15
0- 2
5-26
6-39
Tr-16
0- 1
Tr- 2
1- 5
1-17
4-39
0- 4
4-35
percent
Average
(21)
6
6
7
2
(48)
15
20
2
11
(11)
8
3
(20)
20
Range
9-31
2-10
2-12
2-16
1-3
0-Tr
28-71
Tr-40
10-40
0- 5
6-20
0-33
0-25
0-Tr
0- 2
0-Tr
Tr- 8
8-45
0
8-45
Braincrd
So. 4
6
Quantity ,
percent
Average
(37)
11
15
9
2
(22)
5
9
1
7
(31)
10
1
1
19
(10)
10
Range
3-63
<1-20
2-26
1-20
0-12
8-42
0-13
Tr-18
0- 3
0-11
2-90
Tr-25
0- 2
0- 2
0- 1
Tr-80
0-20
0
Tr-20
1
East Chatta-
looga - No. 6
1
Quantity,
percent
(48)
8
40
(51)
3
34
13
1
(
-------
Table 74. RESULTS OF REPLICATE ANALYSES OF CHATTANOOGA FILTERS
oo
Site
Dito
TSP (jg/a3)
laboratory
Analysis
Components
Minerels
Quartz
Calcile
F'jldsp-ars
Hairatite
Micj
Coal
Other
Coahustiosi
Products
SOOL:
Oil
Coal
Very fine
Classy
fly ash
Incinerator
fly ash
Burned wood
B-irncd paper
'.lagneti te
Bi^l^gical
.-lacerial
Pollen
Spores
Paper
Starch
Misc. plant
t is rue
Miscellaneous
Iron or steel
Rubber
City Hall - No. 1
29 April 1974
165
A 1
1
(32)
8
3
18
3
(23)
tr
13
tr
10
(39)
16
tr
1
5
17
( 6)
6
2
(74)
20
40
4
10
B
1
(45)
I
(16)
10
2
4
( 7)
5
<1
10
2
4
( 5)
5
26
(<1)
(
-------
Table 75. CITYWIDE COMPOSITE SUMMARY OF FILTER
ANALYSES IN CHATTANOOGA
No. of filters
Components
Minerals
Quartz
Calcite
Feldspars
Hematite
Mica
Other
Combustion
Products
Soot:
Oil
Coal
Misc. soot
Glassy
fly ash
Incinerator
fly ash
Burned wood
Burned paper
Magnetite
Carbon black
Other
Biological
Material
Pollen
Spores
Paper
Starch
Misc. plant
tissue
Leaf
trichomer
Miscellaneous
Iron or steel
Rubber
Other
21
Quantity,
percent
Average
(36)
10
16
8
2
<1
(35)
7
14
5
9
(16)
7
<1
<1
1
8
(13)
<1
13
Range
3-96
<1-30
2-93
0-20
0-12
0-3
8-78
0-40
0-40
0-76
0-26
0-90
0-25
0-2
0-2
0-5
0-80
0-45
0-4
0-45
149
-------
OKLAHOMA CITY
Oklahoma City is an institutional, light-industrial city located in
slightly rolling hills in the center of Oklahoma. The major fuel is
natural gas, and the biggest industrial categories are electric equip-
ment manufacture and food and agriculture products. The Oklahoma City
area receives less precipitation than is typical of the northeastern por-
tion of the country, but is fairly well vegetated and is not truly arid.
Precipitation comes primarily in the spring and summer, much of it in
occasional heavy thunderstorms. Wind speeds are generally high, averag-
ing 12 to 15 miles per hour. There is a generally prevailing flow from
the south, except during January and February when northerly breezes pre-
dominate. Dust storm type conditions occur but air quality data taken
during such conditions are discounted. A more detailed discussion of the
city is presented in Volume IX.
During 1974, five of the 14 sites had levels above the primary standard,
one was above the secondary standard, and the other eight sites has TSP
o
levels below 60 yg/m . The five sites not attaining the primary standard
include three (Nos. 15, 17, 22) of the four located in the central business
area, one (No. 18) that is fairly central and subject to heavy traffic,
and one suburban site (No. 14) subject to the influence of immediately
local construction.
The locations of the 11 sites that were selected for filter analysis in
Oklahoma City are shown in Figure 16. Table 76 details the pertinent
characteristics of these sites, and Table 77 summarizes the meteorological
data for the selected sampling days. To gain some insight into the con-
tribution of secondary particulates, much of which is too small to be ob-
served by the microscopists, the annual average sulfate and nitrate con-
centrations for the NASN site are shown in Table 78. The results for each
of the 27 filters submitted for routine analysis are presented in Table 79.
The results for the filters at each site have been averaged to give a com-
posite of the particulate composition as shown in Table 80. Three filters
underwent replicate analyses, and the results are presented in Table 81.
150
-------
The composite particulate characterization for all filters from Oklahoma
City that underwent routine analysis, presented in Table 82, shows that
minerals, principally calcite and quartz, overwhelm the suspended partic-
ulate material. Oklahoma City ranked highest of the 14 study cities in
percent minerals, averaging 88 percent citywide. The only site that showed
any substantial deviation from the citywide trend was the Southwest 2nd
and Robinson location (No. 22) which also recorded the highest TSP levels
of all sites in 1974. That site averaged 72 percent minerals and a high
18 percent rubber. The high rubber values observed are no doubt caused
by the heavy vehicular traffic on the nearby expressway and ramp. In
fact on the filter from October 11, 1974 rubber particles as long as
500 iam were observed which would indicate a very local source. Oddly,
on that same day rubber particles as long as 300 ym were observed on the
filter from the 200 North Walker site (No. 1) which is located 70 feet
above grade.
The Oklahoma City-County Health Department, Environmental Health Services,
Division of Air Quality Control, runs monthly composited analyses for lead
and cadmium at each monitoring site. The monthly and annual values for
lead, presented in Table 83, substantiate the influence of vehicular traf-
fic at some sites. The highest average lead concentration occurred at
site 22, where large amounts of rubber were also observed. The second
highest lead levels were observed at site 18 which is also suspected of
being heavily influenced by traffic.
151
-------
610
650
— 3950
— 3940
—3910
— 3900
—389O
Figure 16. Locations of monitoring sites in Oklahoma City
152
-------
Table 76. OKLAHOMA CITY HI-VOL SITES
SAROAD
code
37 2200 001 F02
37 2200 002 F02
37 2180 005 F03
37 1940 010 F01
37 0260 014 F01
37 2200 015 F02
37 2200 017 F02
37 2200 018 F02
37 2200 019 F03/1
37 2200 021 F03/1
37 3300 022 F02/1
Local
code
no.
1
2
5
10
14
15
17
18
19
21
22
City
Oklahoma
City
Oklahoma
City
Jones
Midwest
City
Bethany
Oklahoma
City
Oklahoma
City
Oklahoma
City
Oklahoma
City
Oklahoma
City
Oklahoma
City
Address
200 N. Walker
S.W. 66th and
Denning
S.W. First and
Main
N.E. 10th and
Douglas
3919 N. Rockwell
428 W. California
800 N.E. 13th
& Phillips
2045 N.W. Tenth
N.W. Highway &
Meridian
S.E. 74th and
Highway
S.W. Second
& Robinson
Site char-
acteristics
CBD
Rural
Rural
Suburban
Suburban
CBD
CBD
CBD
Suburban
Suburban
CBD
Height
above
ground ,
feet
70
14
14
14
4
15
15
8
15
15
12
Comments / influences
High office bldg; near urban renewal
Airport to east; agriculture to west
Agriculture to south
Suburban fire station
On grass; construction nearby
Downtown fire station; higher
buildings near
Heavy traffic; stop-go on arterials
Open fields; traffic and shopping
center distant
Near expressway
Heavy traffic; expressway and ramp
1974
geometric
mean
TSP
55
41
39
49
80
92
89
98
62
54
107
-------
Table 77. METEOROLOGICAL DATA ON SELECTED SAMPLING
DAYS (WILL ROGERS WORLD AIRPORT, OKLAHOMA
CITY)
Date
5/09/74
6/29/74
7/16/74
10/11/74
10/18/74
12/16/74
Precipitation,
In.
Day of
obs.
0
0
0
0
0
0
Preced-
ing day
0
0
0
0
0
0
Wind speed, mph
Average
11.8
16.5
5.8
13.2
10.2
10.9
Resultant
11.0
15.5
3.8
13.0
9.6
9.8
Wind direction, deg.
3-hour observation
140, 160, 140, 180
200, 190, 180, 150
150, 150, 170, 200
200, 180, 150, 180
C, 210, 320, 140
140, 160, 120, 120
150, 150, 150, 160
180, 170, 150, 160
320, 340, 320, 310
340, 360, 360, 10
350, 310, 330, 310
320, 330, 340, 220
Resul-
tant
180
180
140
160
340
320
Note: C = Calm
Table 78.
ANNUAL AVERAGE CONCENTRATIONS OF
SULFATE AND NITRATE IONS AT THE
OKLAHOMA CITY, OKLAHOMA, NASN SITE
NO. 372200015 (yg/m3)
Year
1972
1973
1974
Sulfate
Arithmetic
mean
6.65
4.35a
4.59a
Geometric
mean
5.85
4.00a
3.33a
Nitrate
Arithmetic
mean
2.98
1.78
2.91
Geometric
mean
2.62
1.42
1.94
Indicates insufficient data for statistically valid year.
154
-------
Table 79a. RESULTS OF FILTER ANALYSES FOR SELECTED SITES IN OKLAHOMA CITY AND
VICINITY (200 NORTH WALKER - NO. 1 AND S.W. 66th AND DENNING - NO, 2)
Site
Date
TSP (ug/rn3)
Components
Minerals
Quartz
Calcite
Feldspars
Hematite
Mica
Combustion
Products
Soot:
Oil
Coal
Glass/
fly ash
Incinerator
fly ash
Burned wood
Burned paper
Magnetite
Biological
Material
Pollen
Spores
Paper
Starch
Misc. plant
tissue
Miscellaneous
Iron or steel
Rubber
200 North Walker - No. 1
16 July 197A
92
Quan-
tity,
tenths
(9)
1+
6
1-
1
(1)
1-
1-
(Of)
(0+)
Size
range ,
vm
<1-70
<1-70
<1-15
1-50
Avg.
size,
vm
2
2
0.5
0.5
11 October 1974
70
Quan-
tity,
tenths
(8)
3
3+
1-
1
(1-)
(Of)
(1*)
1+
Size
range ,
pm
<1-100
<1-150
<1-50
<1-300
Avg.
size,
pin
2
2
0.5
50
16 December 1974
46
Quan-
tity,
tenths
(8+)
5
2+
1-
1-
(1)
1-
«H)
(1)
1
Sire
range ,
urn
<1-100
<1-70
<1-20
<1-250
Avg.
size,
pm
1
2
0.5
S. W. 66th and Denning — No. 2
9 May 1974
38
Quan-
tity,
tenths
(9-)
2
5+
1
(1)
1-
a->
(Of)
Size
range ,
pm
<1-60
<1-60
<1-20
<1-20
Avg.
size,
pm
2
2
0.5
0.5
29 June 1974
204
Quan-
tity,
tenths
(9f)
4
3-f
1+
u->
(Of)
(Of)
Size
range ,
pm
<1-60
<1-30
<1-40
Avg.
size,
pm
3
3
0.5
18 October 1974
55
Quan-
tity,
tenths
(9-)
2f
5
1
(1)
1-
1-
(Of)
(1-)
d->
Size
range,
Vim
<1-80
<1-80
<1-20
Avg.
• ize.
pa
2
2
0.5
-------
Table 79b. RESULTS OF FILTER ANALYSES FOR SELECTED SITES IN OKLAHOMA CITY AND
VICINITY (BETHANY - NO. 14 and N.E. 13th AND PHILLIPS - NO. 17)
Site
Date
TSP (ag/m3)
Components
Minerals
Quartz
Calcite
Feldspars
Heaatite
Mica
Combustion
Products
Soot:
Oil
Coal
Glassy
fly ash
Incinerator
fly ash
Burned wood
Burned paper
Magnetite
Biological
Material
Pollen
Spores
Paper
Starch
Misc. plant
tissue
Miscellaneous
Iron or steel
Rubber
Bethany - No. 14
9 May 1974
165
Quan-
tity,
tenths
(9+)
4+
3+
1-
1
(1-)
1-
(o*-)
(Of)
Size
range,
pm
-------
Table 79c. RESULTS OF FILTER ANALYSES FOR SELECTED SITES IN OKLAHOMA CITY AND
VICINITY (2045 N.W. 10th - NO. 18 AND N.W. HIGHWAY AND MERIDIAN - NO. 19)
Site.
Date
TSP (tg/m3)'
Component •
Mineral*
Quartz
Calclte
Feldspar*
Hematite
Mica
Combustion
Products
Soot:
Oil
Coal
Glassy
fly ash
Incinerator
fly ash
Burned wood
Burned paper
Magnetite
Biological
Material
Pollen
Spores
Paper
Starch
Misc. plant
tissue
Miscellaneous
Iron or steal
Rubber
2045 N.W. 10th - No. 18
9 May 1974
97
Quan-
tity,
tenths
(9)
1+
6
1
U->
(Of)
(1-)
i-
Slze
range ,
pD
<1-100
<1-100
<1-50
1-100
Avg.
size,
PB
2
2
0.5
40
29 June 1974
202
Quan-
tity,
tenths
(10)
1+
7+
1-
( Of)
( Of)
( w-)
Size
range ,
pm
<1-100
<1-160
<1-20
Avg.
alze,
pin
2
2
0.5
18 October 1974
123
Quan-
tity,
tenths
(7)
2+
2+
1+
(3)
2f
(Of)
(Of)
Size
range ,
urn
<1-50
<1-50
<1-30
Avg.
size.
pn
1
3
0.5
N.W. Highway and Meridian - No. 19
16 July 1974
83
Quan-
tity,
tenth*
(9+)
2
6
1+
(1-)
(1-)
(Of)
(Of)
Size
range,
yO
<1-50
<1-50
<1-20
Avg.
• ize.
pm
2
2
0.5
11 October 1974
49
Quan-
tity,
tenth*
(Sf)
5+
2
1-
1-
(1)
1-
1-
(Of)
(1-)
1-
Slze
range,
pm
<1-100
<1-100
<1-20
<1-50
Avg.
•ize.
um
2
2
0.5
«
8
16 December 1974
46
Quan-
tity.
tenth*
(9)
2+
5
l-
1
(1)
1-
(Of)
(Of)
Size
range .
ym
<1-60
-------
Table 79d. RESULTS OF FILTER ANALYSES FOR SELECTED SITES IN OKLAHOMA CITY AND
VICINITY (S.E. 74th AND HIGH - NO. 21 AND S.W. 2nd AND ROBINSON - NO. 22)
Site
Date
TSP (ug/m3)
Components
Minerals
Quartz
Calcite
Feldspar*
Hematite
Mica
Combustion
Products
Soot:
Oil
Coal
Glassy
fly ash
Incinerator
fly ash
Burned wood
Burned paper
Magnetite
Biological
Material
Follen
Spores
Paper
Starch
Misc. plant
tissue
Miscellaneous
Iron or steel
Rubber
S.E. 74th and High - No. 21
16 July 1974
66
Quan-
tity,
tenths
(9)
2+
4+
1-
1+
(1)
1
(Of)
«M-)
Size
range ,
pm
<1-
<1-
<1-20
<1-50
Avg.
size,
pm
2
2
0.5
0.5
11 October 1974
71
Quan-
tity,
tenths
(9+)
4
4
1-
1
(1-)
(0+)
(Of)
Size
range.
pin
<1-100
<1-100
<1-30
Avg.
size,
pm
2
2
0.5
16 December 1974
53
Quan-
tity,
tenths
(9)
2+
5
1-
1
(1)
1
(Of)
(Of)
Size
range,
pro
<1-60
<1-60
<1-10
-------
Table 79e. RESULTS OF FILTER ANALYSES FOR SELECTED SITES IN
OKLAHOMA CITY AND VICINITY (JONES - NO. 5, N.E. 10th
AND DOUGLAS - NO. 10, AND 428 W. CALIFORNIA - NO. 15)
Site
Date
TSP. (yg/m3)
Components
Minerals
Quartz
Calcite
Feldspars
Hematite
Mica
Combustion
Products
Soot:
Oil
Coal
Classy
fly ash
Incinerator
fly ash
Burned wood
Burned paper
Magnetite
Biological
Material
Pollen
Spores
Paper
Starch
Misc. plant
tissue
Miscellaneous
Iron or steel
Rubber
Jones — No. 5
29 June 1974
53
Quan-
tity,
tenths
(10)
6
2+
1-
1
( CM")
( 0+)
( Of)
Size
range,
UfD
<1-100
<1-150
<1-30
Avg.
size,
urn
2
2
0.5
N.E. 10th and
Douglas - No. 10
29 June 1974
119
Quan-
tity,
tenths
(9+)
1+
7
1
(1-)
1-
(Of)
(Of)
Size
range ,
pm
<1-70
<1-70
<1-30
Avg.
size,
Mm
2
2
0.5
428 U. California
No. 15
29 June 1974
237
Quan-
tity,
tenths
(9+)
5+
3+
(1-)
(Of)
(Of)
Size
range ,
urn
<1-200
<1-200
Avg.
size.
yn
3
3
159
-------
Table 80a. COMPOSITE SUMMARY OF FILTER ANALYSES FOR SELECTED SITES IN OKLAHOMA CITY AND VICINITY
Site
No. of filters
Components
Minerals
Quartz
Calcite
Feldspars
Hematite
Mica
Combustion
Products
Soot:
Oil
Coal
Glassy
fly ash
Incinerator
fly ash
Burned wood
Burned paper
Magnetite
Biological
Material
Pollen
Spores
Paper
Starch
Misc. plant
tissue
Miscellaneous
Iron or steel
Rubber
North Walker
No. 1
3
Quantity,
percent
Average
(84)
32
40
4
8
( 9)
4
3
2
<1
(
<1
Range
94-99
20-35
40-60
4
6-30
1-6
1-4
<1-1
<1-1
-------
Table 80b. COMPOSITE SUMMARY OF FILTER ANALYSES FOR SELECTED SITES IN OKLAHOMA. CITY AND VICINITY
Site
No. of filters
Components
Minerals
Quartz
Calclte
Feldspars
Hematite
Mica
Combustion
Products
Soot:
Oil
Coal
Glassy
fly ash
Incinerator
fly ash
Burned wood
Burned paper
Magnetite
Biological
Material
Pollen
Spores
Paper
Starch
Misc. plant
tissue
Miscellaneous
Iron or steel
Rubber
S.E. 74th &
High - No. 21
3
Quantity,
percent
Average Range
(91) 89-96
30 25-40
45 40-50
4 4
12 10-15
( 9) 4-11
6 2-8
3 2-3
<1 0-1
(
0-1
<1-1
4-30
4-30
Jones — No. 5
1
Quantity,
percent
-
(99)
60
25
4
10
( 1)
1
<1
<1
(
<1
<1
<1
<1
(
-------
Table 81. RESULTS OF REPLICATE ANALYSES OF OKLAHOMA CITY FILTERS
Site
Date
3
rpc B / ** / \
lor VuS/111 )
Laboratory
Analysis
Components
Minerals
Quartz
Calcite
Feldspars
Hematite
Mica
Combustion
Products
Soot:
Oil
Coal
Unidenti-
fied soot
Coal fly ash
Glassy fly ash
Incinerator
fly ash
Burned wood
Burned paper
Magnetite
Biological
Material
Pollen
Spores
Paper
Starch
Misc. plant
tissue
Miscellaneous
Iron or steel
Rubber
Bethany — No. 14
29 June 1974
238
A
1
(99)
65
15
4
15
( 1)
1
<1
<1
(
6
,
)
23
( 9)
( 5)
162
-------
Table 82. CITYWIDE COMPOSITE SUMMARY
OF FILTER ANALYSES IN
OKLAHOMA CITY
No. of filters
27
Quantity,
percent
Components
Average
Range
Minerals
Quartz
Calcite
Feldspars
Hematite
Mica
Other
Combustion
Products
Soot:
Oil
Coal
Misc. soot
Glassy
fly ash
Incinerator
fly ash
Burned wood
Burned paper
Magnetite
Carbon black
Other
Biological
Material
Pollen
Spores
Paper
Starch
Misc. plant
tissue
Leaf
trichomer
Miscellaneous
Iron or steel
Rubber
Other
(88)
29
45
3
11
( 8)
5
2
( 4)
63-99
10-65
15-75
0-30
1-31
1-25
0-3
0-1
<1-30
0-30
163
-------
Table 83.
MONTHLY AND ANNUAL LEAD CONCENTRATIONS FROM HI-VOL FILTERS IN
OKLAHOMA CITY, OKLAHOMA FOR 1974,
Site No.
1
2
5
6
10
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
Jan.
1.41
0.33
0.34
0.83
0.87
0.94
2.22
2.38
0.48
0.94
1.19
0.19
0.58
2.13
Feb.
1.24
0.17
0.13
0.41
0.46
0.28
2.21
0.52
0.51
1.43
0.86
0.19
0.57
1.82
Mar.
0.67
0.13
0.10
0.40
0.45
0.40
0.95
0.32
0.39
1.47
0.45
0.11
0.29
1.67
Apr.
0.43
0.12
0.10
0.52
0.61
0.34
1.49
0.41
0.44
1.78
0.61
0.12
0.29
1.59
May
0.62
0.17
0.14
0.34
0.26
0.38
0.92
0.40
0.31
1.23
0.58
0.11
0.29
1.02
June
0.61
0.14
0.12
0.39
0.38
0.41
1.11
0.48
0.39
1.60
0.53
0.13
0.28
1.22
July
0.70
0.22
0.14
0.52
0.75
0.54
1.27
0.49
0.53
1.67
0.87
0.15
0.46
1.83
Aug.
0.47
0.11
0.07
0.39
0.47
0.39
1.88
0.68
0.39
1.54
0.78
0.12
0.30
1.61
Sep.
0.45
0.14
0.21
0.65
0.49
0.65
1.77
0.51
0.62
1.92
0.67
0.11
0.26
1.39
Oct.
1.16
0.15
0.27
0.39
0.44
0.37
1.08
0.51
0.34
1.99
0.74
0.27
0.53
2.36
Nov.
0.42
0.07
0.23
0.38
0.42
0.25
1.01
0.27
0.56
1.28
0.32
0.12
0.35
0.86
Dec.
0.46
0.11
0.17
0.36
0.43
0.30
0.84
0.26
0.43
1.20
0.35
0.14
0.31
0.98
Annual
arith-
metic
mean
0.72
0.18
0.17
0.47
0.50
0.44
1.40
0.60
0.45
1.50
0.66
0.15
0.38
1.54
-------
SEATTLE
The Puget Sound Intrastate Air Quality Control Region (AQCR) encompasses
the Counties of King, Kitsap, Pierce and Snohomish, and straddles the
central part of Puget Sound, a large irregular mass of salt water con-
taining numerous islands. On the east side of the AQCR is the 3000- to
6000-foot high Cascade Range, which effectively blocks the ventilation
of the Puget Sound Lowlands in that direction. On the west side, the
Olympic Mountains intercept a large part of the westerly rain-bearing
winds. However, the winds can sweep freely north and south through the
valley. The climate is predominantly midlatitude, west coast, with a
dry, warm summer and a rather mild but wet winter. Precipitation aver-
ages less than 40 inches in the lowlands bordering Puget Sound.
Most of the population of the AQCR is located along a narrow, low-land
corridor, mainly on the eastern side of the Sound. The industry of the
area is also located along this strip, much of it being concentrated in
the Duwamish Valley where fugitive dust is also prominent. Industry is
oriented toward manufacturing and service activities, especially trans-
portation equipment and forest-related industries. A more detailed
discussion of the city is presented in Volume X.
Of those stations reporting a full year of data, the national primary
3
annual air quality standard for particulates (75 ^.g/m ) was exceeded at
two stations in the industrial area of Seattle and the secondary annual
3
standard (60 |ig/m ) was exceeded at another two sites — one in the in-
dustrial valley and one in the city. The highest annual geometric mean
3
was 105 p.g/m at a site in the industrial valley which is being con-
sidered for relocation back away from the road. Violations of the
24-hour standards occurred five times for the primary and 41 times for
the secondary standard out of a total of almost 700 observations in 1974.
165
-------
The locations of the six sites that were selected for filter analysis
in Seattle are shown in Figure 17. Table 84 details the pertinent char-
acteristics of these sites, and Table 85 summarizes the meteorological
data for the selected sampling days. To gain some insight into the con-
tribution of secondary particulates, much of which is too small to be
observed by the microscopists, the annual average sulfate and nitrate
concentrations for the NASN site are shown in Table 86. The results for
each of the 23 filters submitted for routine analysis are presented in
Table 87. The results for the filters at each site have been averaged
to give a composite of the particulate composition as shown in Table 88.
Six filters underwent replicate analyses, and the results are presented
in Table 89.
The composite particulate characterization for all filters from Seattle
that underwent routine analysis, presented in Table 90, shows that min-
erals predominate but not to as great a degree as observed in many study
cities. Only three cities had lower average percent minerals than Seattle.
Quartz was the major mineral constituent observed (over half of the min-
eral content) followed by lesser but nearly equal amounts of feldspars
and calcite. The DOE site, which recorded the highest TSP levels in 1974,
showed somewhat larger than average amounts of minerals presumably because
of its proximity to the highway.
The site with the lowest average percent minerals was the Public Safety
Building (K-l) which seems to be consistent with the high sampler loca-
tion (80 feet above ground). Oddly, this site also recorded the highest
levels of rubber, an observation apparently inconsistent with the sampler
location.
166
-------
N
0 I 2345
i I i i i I
MILES
LEGEND
K-l : PUBLIC SAFETY BUILDING
K-4! USCG STATION
K-IO'FOOD CIRCUS
K-59:DUWAMISH VALLEY
K-60'HARBOR ISLAND
K-99'6770 E. MARGINAL WAY
Figure 17. Location of monitoring sites selected for filter
analysis in Seattle
167
-------
Table 84. CHARACTERISTICS OF SEATTLE MONITOR SITES REVIEWED
Neighborhood
Commercial "~
Center City
Industrial
PSAPCA
No.
K 1
K10
K 4
K59
K60
K99
Location
Public Service
Building
Food Circus
USCG Station
Duwamish Valley,
4500 Block
E. Marginal
Harbor Island
Duwamish Valley,
DOE site
1974 annual
geometric
mean,
ug/nH
63
45
50
68
77
105
Height
above
ground ,
feet
80
70
—
20
15
15
Siting comments
Seven stories rise to the NNW of
monitor; 4-foot parapet 12 feet
from monitor; heavy traffic in
area
On hill above city and Duwamish
Valley, in park; expect high
readings only during inversions
—
Openly located in industrial area,
not source specific but probable
influence from E. Marginal Way
to east of monitor
Well located in center of major in-
dustrial area; junky area to north,
shipyards to east, cement plant to
south, steel to SW
Possible interference from low trees
5 feet above monitor to west; heavy
traffic volume to west
00
-------
Table 85. METEOROLOGICAL DATA ON SELECTED SAMPLING DAYS
(SEATTLE-TACOMA AIRPORT)
Date
6/10/74
6/28/74
7/22/7 1*
9/14/74
9/26/74
10/08/74
Precipitation,
in.
Day of
obs.
0
0
0
0
t
0
Preced-
ing day
0
t
0
0
0
0
Wind speed, mph
Average
8.1
5.6
8.9
3.5
8.5
4.6
Resultant
6.6
3.2
8.2
2.3
2.9
4.6
Wind direction, deg
3 -hour obs.
20, 10, 350, 250
360, 310, 350, 20
120, 160, 200, 250
210, 240, C, 330
200, 160, 190, 220
220, 230, 230, 240
C, C, 300, 260
270, 290, C, 30
180, 130, 170, 220
160, 320, 340, 100
20, 10, 330, 10
290, 290, 30, C
Resul-
tant
360
220
210
300
170
350
Note: C
t
Calm
Trace
Table 86. ANNUAL AVERAGE CONCENTRATION OF SULFATE AND
NITRATE IONS AT THE SEATTLE, WASHINGTON
NASN SITE NO. 491840001 (ng/m3)
Year
1972
1973
1974
Sulfate
Arithmetic
mean
6.27
6.69
8.40a
Geometric
mean
6.02
6.53
8.19a
Nitrate
Arithmetic
mean
1.56
2.36
2.158
Geometric
mean
1.22
2.09
1.94a
Indicates insufficient data for statistically valid year.
169
-------
Table 87a. RESULTS OF FILTER ANALYSES FOR SELECTED SITES IN SEATTLE AND VICINITY
(PUBLIC SAFETY BLDG. - NO. K-l AND 6770 E. MARGINAL WAY - NO. K-99)
Site
Date
TSP (..g/mJ)
Components
Minerals
Quartz
Calcite
Feldspars
Heraatire
Mica
Other
Combustion
Products
Soot:
Oil
Coal
Glassy
fly ash
Incinerator
fly ash
Burned wood
Burned paper
Magnetite
Biological
Material
Pollen
Spores
Paper
Starch
Misc. plant
tissue
Leaf
trichomer
Miscellaneous
Iron or steel
Rubber
Public Safety Bldg. - No. K-l
10 June 1974
54
Quan-
tity,
tenths
(3 )
1-
2
Size
range ,
urn
10-40
5-40
1
(3-)
2
1-
(Of)
(A )
4
5-100
5-40
Avg.
size,
MM
25
25
25
15
20-100
40
14 Sept. 1974
117
Quan-
tity,
tenths
( 3)
1+
1
( 6)
2+
4-
( Of)
( 1)
1
Size
range ,
urn
5-40
2-50
25-75
50-300
25-100
Avg.
size.
um
20
20
35
150
50
26 Sept. 1974
126
Quan-
tity,
tenths
(6-)
2+
1
1+
1-
(3 )
1-
2+
(Of)
(If)
If
Size
range ,
Vim
5-60
2-35
2-50
1-15
5-75
2-80
10-150
Avg.
size,
MM
30
20
20
7
35
30
60
6770 E. Marginal Way - No. K-99
22 July 1974
101
Quan-
tity,
tenths
(6 )
5f
(Of)
(2)
2
(2)
2
Size
range ,
pm
<1-30
5-90
Avg.
size,
urn
8
500
28
14 Sept. 1974
115
Quan-
tity,
tenths
( 8)
' 6f
1-
1-
1-
( 2)
2
( Of)
( Of)
Size
range ,
uu
-------
Table 87b. RESULTS OF FILTER ANALYSES FOR SELECTED SITES IN SEATTLE AND VICINITY
(HARBOR ISLAND - NO. K-60)
Date
TSP (wg/m3)
Components
Minerals
Quartz
Calcite
Feldspars
Hematite
Mica
Combustion
Products
Soot:
Oil
Coal
Classy
fly ash
Incinerator
fly ash
Burned wood
Burned paper
Magnetite
Biological
Material
Pollen
Spores
Paper
Starch
Misc. plant
tissue
Miscellaneous
Iron or steel
Rubber
Silicate glass
10 June 1974
136
Quan-
tity,
tenths
(7+)
4+
1
1
1
(2+)
1
1
1-
(0+)
(0+)
Size
range,
5-75
5-30
2-40
1-30
40-60
20-75
2-70
Avg.
size,
lim
40
20
20
10
50
50
30
28 June 1974
86
Quan-
tity,
tenths
(5+)
3+
1-
1
1-
(2+)
1-
1
1-
1-
(0+)
(2+)
1
1+
Size
range,
um
5-100
2-50
5-100
1-75
2-70
5-75
1-100
5-70
25-75
10-200
Avg.
size,
pen
40
30
40
20
30
35
30
20
40
75
22 July 1974
68
Quan-
tity.
tenths
(7)
3+
1+
1
1
(2+)
1-
1
1-
(0+)
(1-)
1-
Size
range.
5-50
2-40
2-60
1-20
15-75
10-70
15-30
Avg.
bize,
Uin
35
20
30
3
40
50
25
14 Sept. 1974
118
Quan-
tity,
tenths
(3+)
1
1
1
1-
(5)
1+
1-
3
(0+)
(1)
1
Size
range ,
lira
5-50
2-60
2-40
2-15
15-50
5-70
1-50
15-120
Avg.
size,
um
20
25
20
10
30
30
30
60
26 Sept. 1974
138
Quan-
tity,
Tenths
(3+)
1
1
1
(5+)
1-
4+
1-
(Of)
(1)
1
Sice
range ,
UQ
5-25
5-40
2-60
15-55
1-60
5-30
20-100
Avg.
size,
urn
15
20
30
30
30
20
70
8 October 1974
180
Quan-
tity,
tenths
(8)
4
2
1+
(1+)
1
1-
(Of)
(1-)
1-
Size
range,
pu
<1-100
Avg.
size,
um
3
-------
Table 87c. RESULTS OF FILTER ANALYSES FOR SELECTED SITES IN SEATTLE AND VICINITY
(DUWAMISH VALLEY - NO. K-59)
Date
TSP (.g/m3)
Components
Minerals
Quartz
Calcite
Feldspars
Hematite
Mica
Combustion
Products
Soot:
Oil
Coal
Fine soot
Glassy
fly ash
Incinerator
fly ash
Burned wood
Burned paper
Magnetite
Biological
Material
Pollen
Spores
Paper
Starch
Misc. plant
tissue
Miscellaneous
Iron or steel
Rubber
10 June 1974
66
Quan-
tity,
tenths
<4>
2
1-
1
0-)
1-
2
(2+)
2
(1)
1
Size
range ,
pm
2-45
2-30
5-50
5-30
2-75
20-50
10-70
Avg.
size,
pm
20
15
25
15
30
25
40
28 June 1974
45
Quan-
tity,
tenths
(7-)
5
1
1-
(2)
1+
1-
(0*-)
(1)
1
Size
range ,
pra
5-50
2-40
2-50
10-100
5-80
40-150
Avg.
size,
urn
20
20
20
30
30
70
22 July 1974
27
Quan-
tity,
tenths
(4)
2
1-
2-
(4+)
I
1
1+
1-
U>
(1)
1
Size
range ,
pm
5-25
2-35
5-30
5-50
-------
Table 87d. RESULTS OF FILTER ANALYSES FOR SELECTED SITES IN SEATTLE AND VICINITY
(FOOD CIRCUS - NO. K-10 AND USCG STATION - NO. K-4)
Lo
Sice
Dace
TSP (ug/ra )
Components
Minerals
Quartz
Calcite
Feldspars
Hematite
Mica
Other
Coobusclon
Produces
Soot:
Oil
Coal
Soot
Glassy
fly ash
Incinerator
fly ash
Food Circus - No. K-10
28 June 1974
39
Quan-
tity,
tenths
(5+)
1
1
3
(3+)
1
2
1-
Burned wo' '
Burned paper
Magnetite
Biological
Material
Pollen
Spores
Paper
Starch
Misc. plant
tissue
Miscellaneous
Iron or »teel
Rubber
(1-)
U)
1
Size
range ,
pm
-
5-35
2-20
1-50
10-40
5-70
40-70
20-200
Avg.
size,
pm
15
6
20
25
30
50
60
22 July 1974
41
Quan-
tity,
tenths
(5)
2+
1-
2
(3+)
1+
1+
(1-)
(1)
1
Size
range ,
pm
10-50
2-15
2-60
10-100
5-100
30-150
Avg,
size,
pm
25
8
25
25
30
14 Sept. 1974
78
Quan-
tity,
tenths
(8)
6
1-
1-f
1-
(2)
1
1-
1-
(Of)
(1-)
Size
range ,
pin
1-60
<1-30
Avg.
size,
pm
6
8 October 1974
95
Quan-
tity,
tenths
(8-)
5
1+
1
(2)
1+
1-
(Of)
(W-)
Size
range,
urn
<1-80
<1-80
<1-15
<1-60
Avg.
size,
pm
1
1
0.5
USCG Station - No. K-4
8 October 1974 %
90
Quan-
tity,
tenths
(9+)
6+
1+
1-
1
a->
i-
(Of)
(Of)
Size
range ,
pm
<1-70
<1-40
<1-30
Avg.
size,
pm
2
2
0.1
-------
Table 88. COMPOSITE SUMMARY OF FILTER ANALYSES FOR SELECTED SITES IN SEATTLE AND VICINITY
Site
No. of filters
Components
Minerals
Quartz
Calcite
Feldspars
Hematite
Mica
Coal
Other
Combustion
Products
Soot:
Oil
Coal
Very fine
Soot
Glassy
fly ash
Incinerator
fly ash
Burned vood
Burned paper
Magnetite
Biological
Material
Pollen
Spores
Paper
Starch
Misc. plant
Leaf
trichomer
Miscellaneous
Iron or steel
Rubber
Silicate glass
Other
Public Safety
Bldg. - No. K-l
3
Quantity,
percent
Average
(39)
15
5
15
3
<1
(39)
17
<1
22
( 1)
tr
1
tr
tr
(21)
21
Range
30-56
7-23
2-12
12-20
2-6
0-1
27-62
5-25
0-1
6-37
tr-2
0-tr
0-2
0-tr
0-tr
8-40
8-40
Harbor Island
No. K-60
6
Quantity,
percent
Average
(57)
30
11
9
7
<1
tr
(33)
9
7
<1
<1
14
<1
<1
3
( 1)
<1
tr
<1
<1
tr
( 9)
<1
7
2
<1
Range
33-78
12-45
8-20
3-12
1-15
0-1
0-tr
17-55
5-15
0-12
0-1
0-2
0-45
0-tr
0-tr
0-6
(tr-3)
0-1
0-tr
0-2
0-2
0-tr
0-27
tr-12
0-15
0-2
Duwamish Valley
No. K-59
6
Quantity,
percent
Average
(56)
33
9
10
4
<1
(29)
9
11
3
<1
7
tr
tr
( 6)
4
<1
1
<1
1
( 9)
<1
9
Range
41-76
18-50
5-15
4-16
1-12
0-1
22-43
2-15
0-20
0-16
0-2
<1-20
0-tr
0-tr
tr-24
0-20
0-2
0-3
0-1
0-2
2-15
0-tr
2-15
Food Circus
No. K-10
4
Quantity,
percent
Average
(65)
37
9
13
5
<1
1
(27)
12
7
<1
1
1
5
<1
<1
( 2)
1
tr
<1
<1
1
( 6)
6
Range
51-78
12-61
5-15
0-28
tr-10
0-1
18-34
8-15
0-22
0-1
0-5
0-4
0-14
0-1
0-1
<1
-------
Table 89. RESULTS OF REPLICATE ANALYSES OF SEATTLE FILTERS
Ln
Site
Date
TSP (Mg/m3)
Laboratory
Analysis
Comnonents
Minerals
Quartz
Calcite
Feldspars
Hematite
Mica
Other
Combustion
Products
Soot:
Oil
Coal
V.v.fine
Soot
Glassy
fly ash
Incinerator
fly ash
Burned wood
Burned paper
Magnetite
Biological
Material
Pollen
Spores
Paper
Starch
Misc. plant
tissues
Leaf
trichomer
Miscellaneous
Iron or steel
' Rubber
Public Safety Bldg. - No. K-l
10 June 1974
54
A
1
(31)
7
12
20
2
(27)
20
1
6
( 2)
tr
2
tr
(40)
10
B
1
(27)
(72)
)
46
(
;
)
r
;
( 1)
«D
14 Sept. 1974
117
A
1
(30)
14
2
12
2
tr
(62)
25
37
<<1)
tr
( 8)
8
A
2
(69)
30
25
4
10
(21)
15
2
3
1
(
Harbor Island
No. K-60
8 October 1974
180
A
1
(78)
40
20
3
15
(17)
10
4
2
1
<1
<1
«1>
tr
tr
tr
tr
( 5)
tr
5
A
2
(77)
51
8
18
(21)
18
3
<1
<
-------
Table 90. CITYWIDE COMPOSITE SUMMARY OF
FILTER ANALYSES IN SEATTLE
No. of filters
Components
Minerals
Quartz
Calcite
Feldspars
Hematite
Mica
Other
Combustion
Products
Soot:
Oil
Coal
Misc. soot
Glassy
fly ash
Incinerator
fly ash
Burned wood
Burned paper
Magnetite
Carbon black
Other
Biological
Material
Pollen
Spores
Paper
Starch
Misc. plant
tissue
Leaf
trichomer
Miscellaneous
Iron or steel
Rubber
Other
23
Quantity,
percent
Average
(60)
35
9
10
5
<1
1
(27)
10
6
1
<1
9
<1
<1
1
( 3)
1
<1
1
<1
<1
1
(10)
<1
10
<1
Range
30-96
7-65
1-20
0-28
1-15
0-4
1-62
0-25
0-22
0-16
0-45
0-6
tr-24
0-20
0-2
0-3
0-2
0-2
0-18
<1-40
0-2
0-40
0-15
176
-------
CINCINNATI
The City of Cincinnati is located in Hamilton County in the southwestern
corner of the State of Ohio along the Indiana and Kentucky borders. The
Ohio River forms the southern border of the county. Due to its location
on the Ohio River and its proximity to the coal fields of West Virginia,
Kentucky, Pennsylvania, and Ohio, Cincinnati has become an important trans-
portation and manufacturing center. Cincinnati is located in a basin area
of the Ohio River flood plain which is surrounded by steep bluffs cut by
streams and rivers and rising 200 to 400 feet to the level of the upland
plain.
There is a high degree and a wide variety of manufacturing activity, most
of which is concentrated along the Ohio River and in the Mill Creek Valley
and the Norwood Through. Cincinnati has a moderate climate, averaging
5070 heating degree days per year, and moderate rainfall, an average of
39 inches per year. Nocturnal inversions occur frequently in the valleys
during the summer and fall. Extended periods of poor dispersion occur
during the fall. A more detailed discussion of the city is presented in
Volume XI.
Eight of the 25 sites in the county exceeded the national primary standard
of 75 ug/m^ and 13 other sites exceeded the secondary standard of 60 u'g/m .
The 24-hour primary standard was exceeded on two sampling days (0.1 percent)
and the 24-hour secondary standard was exceeded on 61 sampling days
(4.2 percent). Air quality has been improving for the past 10 years-
annual geometric mean TSP concentrations decreased 70 ug/m^ at the NASN
site in the center city. An average decrease of 19 iug/m3 occurred from 1970
to 1974 at the seven city sites that sampled during that time.
The locations of the four sites that were selected for filter analysis in
Cincinnati are shown in Figure 18. Table 91 details the pertinent charac-
teristics of these sites, and Table 92 summarizes the meteorological data
for the selected sampling days. To gain some insight into the contribution
177
-------
of secondary particulates, much of which is too small to be observed by
the microscopists, the annual average sulfate and nitrate concentrations
for the NASN site are shown in Table 93. The results for each of the 20
filters submitted for routine analysis are presented in Table 94. The
results for the filters at each site have been averaged to give a composite
of the particulate composition as shown in Table 95. Five filters under-
went replicate analyses, and the results are presented in Table 96.
The composite partieulate characterization for all filters from Cincinnati
that underwent routine analysis, presented in Table 97, shows that minerals
predominate but that there is nearly an equal contribution from combustion
products. In fact, Cincinnati had the highest average percent contribution
of combustion products of all 14 study cities. A large portion of the
combustion products is coal related (glassy fly ash, coal soot) which is
reflective of the large industrial and utility use of coal.
It is somewhat perplexing that the site at the highest elevation above grade
also had the highest average rubber content. Although the citywide average
percent rubber was low compared to most other study cities, the Public
Library site, which is 80 feet above grade, experienced as much as 20 per-
cent rubber on one selected sampling day.
178
-------
NO. 8
LE8ENO
NO. I : PUBLIC LIBRARY
NO. 2-COLLEGE HILL FIRE HOUSE
NO. 8: WYOMING ELEMENTARY SCH
NO. 12= ST. BERNARD
0 I t
i i i
MILES
Figure 18. Location of monitoring sites selected for filter analysis in Cincinnati
-------
Table 91. SAMPLING SITE CHARACTERISTICS
Site
number
1
2
8
12
Location
Public Library
College Hill
Fire House
Wyoming
St. Bernard
1974 TSP
geometric
mean
75
57
56
130
Predominant
influence
CBD
Residential
Residential
Industrial
Height
(feet)
80
30
12
16
Land use
Commercial — surrounding; urban
renewal areas - 1/4 mile S and W
Residential — surrounding; Mill
Creek Valley - 3 miles SE
Residential — surrounding
Industry (chemical, shipping) — „
surrounding; 1-75 - 1/4 mile SE
00
o
-------
Table 92. METEOROLOGICAL DATA ON SELECTED SAMPLING
DAYS (GREATER CINCINNATI AIRPORT)
Date
7/16/74
7/28/74
8/15/74
10/08/74
10/26/74
12/31/74
Precipitation,
in.
Day of
obs.
0
0
0
0
0
0.43
Preced-
ing day
0.74
0
0
0
0
t
Wind speed, mph
Average
7.2
3.0
6.8
4.0
4.5
8.2
Resultant
5.1
2.9
5.8
1.2
3.4
1.8
Wind direction, deg
3 -hour obs.
60, 70, 50, 90
80, 30, 40, 90
C, 230, 220, 230
260, 220, 240, C
50, 70, 80, 140
80, 120, 140, 120
40, 30, 60, 100
220, 160, 190, 210
20, 10, 40, 50
10, .310, C, 210
70, 90, 100, 120
100, 220, 270, 290
Resul-
tant
60
230
100
160
20
140
Note: C =
t =
Calm
Trace
Table 93. ANNUAL AVERAGE CONCENTRATIONS OF
SULFATE AND NITRATE IONS AT THE
CINCINNATI, OHIO, NASN SITE NO.
361220001 (yg/m3)
Year
1972
1973
1974
Sulfate
Arithmetic
mean
11.98
11.37a
12.42*
Geometric
mean
11.36
10.43a
11.50*
Nitrate
Arithmetic
mean
3.71
3.15a
3.47a
Geometric
mean
3.54
2.92a
3.14a
8Indicates insufficient data for statistically valid year.
181
-------
Table 94a. RESULTS OF FILTER ANALYSES FOR SELECTED SITES IN CINCINNATI AND
VICINITY (PUBLIC LIBRARY - NO. 1)
Date
TSP (Pg/B3)
Components
Minerals
Quartz
Calclte
Feldspar
R«natlta
Mica
Combustion
Products
Soot:
Oil
Coal
Very fine
Classy
fly ash
Incinerator
fly ash
Burned wood
Burned paper
Magnetite
Biological
Materials
Pollen
Spores
Paper
Starch
Misc. plant
tissue
Miscellaneous
Iron or atMl
Ruktwr
16 July 1974
102
Quan-
tity,
tenths
(A)
1
H
1-
(4)
1-
2
1
u->
1-
(1+)
1+
Size
range,
)im
5-75
2-50
2-35
5-30
5-75
1-60
30-150
Avg.
size,
um
35
20
15
15
25
15
70
28 July 1974
1A2
Quan-
tity,
tenths
(4)
2+
1-
1
(5+)
1-
1-
1+
3
(Of)
(1-)
1-
Slze
range
Urn
5-40
2-30
5-50
5-70
5-70
2-50
5-75
20-100
Avg.
•ize,
urn
20
15
20
20
25
15
20
$0
15 August 1974
130
Quan-
tity,
tenth!
(3)
2
1-
1-
(7)
1
1
5
(Of)
(Of)
Size
range ,
lira
2-40
1-50
5-60
5-150
5-75
5-50
Avg.
size,
um
15
15
20
40
30
15
8 October 1974
128
Quan-
tity,
tenths
(3+)
1
2
1-
(4+)
1-
2
1-f
1-
(Of)
(2)
2
Size
range ,
Mm
5-30
5-70
5-50
10-60
2-50
5-25
2-50
10-100
Avg.
size,
um
10
40
20
25
20
10
20
40
26 October 1974
88
Quan-
tity,
tenths
(3)
1
1
1-
•
(6)
1
1+
1+
2
(Of)
(1)
1
Size
range ,
\im
5-40
2-50
2-50
5-75
2-75
2-25
2-60
25-100
Avg.
size,
(ID)
25
25
20
50
35
15
35
75
31 December 1974
50
Quan-
tity,
tenth*
(4+)
1+
2
1
(4f)
1
i-
2+
1-
(Of)
(1)
1
Size
range
um
5-50
1-40
2-50
5-40
<1- 3
2-25
5-100
20-100
Avg.
size,
UB
25
25
30
20
1
10
40
60
CO
N>
-------
Table 94b. RESULTS OF FILTER ANALYSES FOR SELECTED SITES IN CINCINNATI AND
VICINITY (WYOMING ELEMENTARY SCHOOL - NO. 8)
Date
TSP (us/m3)
Components
Minerals
Quartz
Calcite
Feldspar
Hematite
Mica
Combustion
Products
Soot:
Oil
Coal
Glassy
fly ash
Incinerator
fly ash
Burned wood
Burned paper
Magnetite
Biological
Material
Pollen
Spores
Paper
Starch
Misc. plant
tissue
Miscellaneous
Iron or steel
lubber
16 July 197A
89
Quan-
tity,
tenths
(7-)
2+
3
1
0)
1
2
(Of)
(Of)
Size
range,
pro
<1-50
<1-50
<1-10
<1-50
<1-100
Avg.
size,
pm
5
5
0.5
0.5
5
28 July 1974
130
Quan-
tity,
tenths
(7+)
1+
1
4+
(3-)
1
1+
(Of)
(Of)
Size
range,
pm
<1-30
<1-30
<1-200
<1-40
<1-30
Avg.
size,
pm
3
3
30
0.5
10
15 August 1974
106
Quan-
tity,
tenths
(6+)
2+
2+
1
(3)
2
1
(Of)
a-)
i-
Size
range,
pin
<1-70
<1-60
<1-20
<1-80
<1-40
1-60
Avg.
size,
pm
5
5
0.5
0.5
10
20
8 October 1974
84
Quan-
tity,
tenths
(8+)
2
5
1
(2-)
1+
(Of)
(Of)
Size
range,
pm
<1-60
<1-60
<1-15
<1-80
Avg.
size
pm
2
2
0.5
0.5
26 October 1974
58
Quan-
tity,
tenths
(8-)
2+
4
1
(2)
1-f
1-
(Of)
(Of)
Size
range,
pm
<1-30
<1-30
<1-40
<1-50
,
Avg.
size,
pm
5
5
0.5
0.5
31 December 1974
49
Quan-
tity,
tenths
(2+)
1
1
(7+)
5
2
(Of)
(Of)
>
Size
range,
pm
-------
Table 94c. RESULTS OF FILTER ANALYSES FOR SELECTED SITES IN CINCINNATI AND
VICINITY (ST. BERNARD - NO. 12)
Date
TSP (ug/m3)
Components
Minerals
Quartz
Calcite
Feldspar
Hematite
Mica
Isocropic ,
brittle
particles
Combustion
Products
Soot:
Oil
Coal
Unidenti-
fied soot
Classy
fly ash
Incinerator
fly ash
Burned wood
Burned paper
Magnetite
Biological
Kate rial
Pollen
Spores
Paper
Starch
Misc. plant
tissue
Miscellaneous
Iron or *teal
Rubber
16 July 1974
170
Quan-
tity,
tenths
(7)
4
3-
1-
(3)
1-
2+
(Of)
(Of)
Size
range,
um
<1-30
<1-90
Avg.
size,
Vim
12
10
28 July 1974
204
Quan-
tity,
tenths
(4+)
2
1
1+
(*+)
1-
5
(Of)
(Of)
Size
range ,
urn
2-80
-------
Table 94d. RESULTS OF FILTER ANALYSES FOR SELECTED SITES
CINCINNATI AND VICINITY (COLLEGE HILL FIRE
HOUSE - NO. 2)
IN
Date
TSP (ug/m3)
Components
Minerals
Quartz
Calcite
Feldspar
Hematite
Mica
Combustion
Products
Soot:
Oil
Coal
Glassy
fly ash
Incinerator
fly ash
Burned wood
Burned paper
Magnetite
Biological
Material
Pollen
Spores
Paper
Starch
Misc. plant
tissue
Miscellaneous
Iron or steel
Rubb«r
28 July 1974
140
Quan-
tity,
tenths
(1+)
.1-
1-
(*•>
1
7-
1
* '
(CM-)
Size
range,
urn
-------
Table 95. COMPOSITE SUMMARY OF FILTER ANALYSES FOR
SELECTED SITES IN CINCINNATI AND VICINITY
Site
No. of filters
Components
Minerals
Quartz
Calcite
Feldspars
Hematite
Mica
Other
Combustion
Products
Soot:
Oil
Coal
Very fine
Unidentified
soot
Glassy
fly ash
Incinerator
fly ash
Burned wood
Burned paper
Magnetite
Biological
Material
Pollen
Spores
Paper
Starch
Misc. plant
tissue
Miscellaneous
Iron or steel
Rubber
Public
Library - No. 1
6
Quantity,
percent
Average
(36)
15
14.
6
1
Tr
Tr
(53)
8
12
1
20
12
-------
Table 96. RESULTS OF REPLICATE ANALYSES OF CINCINNATI FILTERS
Site
Date
TSP (ng/m3)
Laboratory
Analyst*
Component
Minerals
Quartz
Calcite
Feldspar*
Hematite
Mica
Coal
Other
Coabuatlon
Products
Soot:
Oil
Coal
Classy
fly ash
Incinerator
fly ash
Burned wood
Burned paper
Magnetite
Biological
Material
Pollen
Spores
Paper
Starch
Misc. plant
tissue
Mitcellaneous
Iron or steel
Rubber
Public Library - No. 1
15 August 1974
130
A
1
(31)
20
5
4
2
(68)
8
10
SO
Ir
( I)
1
«D
Tr
A
2
(10)
4
3
3
(85)
8
77
(
-------
Table 97. CITYWIDE COMPOSITE
SUMMARY OF FILTERS
ANALYSES IN CINCINNATI
No. of filters
Components
Minerals
Quartz
Calcite
Feldspars
Hematite
Mica
Other
Combustion
Products
Soot:
Oil
Coal
Misc. soot
Glassy
fly ash
Incinerator
fly ash
Burned wood
Burned paper
Magnetite
Carbon black
Other
Biological
Material
Pollen
Spores
Paper
Starch
Misc. plant
tissue
Leaf
trichomer
Miscellaneous
Iron or steel
Rubber
Other
20
Quantity,
percent
Average
(51)
19
22
3
6
<1
<1
(44)
9
6
<1
24
4
<1
<1
<1
(1)
<1
<1
<1
<1
1
( 4)
<1
4
Range
24-88
5-63
5-50
0-10
-------
CLEVELAND
The City of Cleveland is located in Cuyahoga County in the northeastern
corner of the State of Ohio and is on the southern shore of Lake Erie.
Because of its location on one of the Great Lakes, Cleveland has become
an important transportation, industrial, and manufacturing center. The
terrain rises smoothly and gradually over 500 feet from the lake to the
suburban heights of land. The Cuyahoga River cuts through the plain, bi-
secting the city and forming a rather deep and narrow north-south valley.
Cleveland is highly industrialized — the industries are mainly concerned
with primary metals, metal fabrication, machinery, tools, and automotive
parts but also include numerous other products.
The climate is moderately cold, averaging 6150 heating degree-days per
year with moderate rainfall, an average of 35 inches per year. The
presence of Lake Erie strongly influences Cleveland "s climate and pro-
duces a lake breeze during the summer. Inversions occur frequently in
the river valley. A more detailed discussion of the city is presented
in Volume XII.
Twelve of the 25 sites in the county exceeded the annual primary stan-
3
dard of 75 jig/m and nine others exceeded the annual secondary standard,
3
60 |j.g/m . The 24-hour primary standard was exceeded on 73 sampling days
(4.7 percent) and the secondary standard on 273 sampling days (17.6 per-
cent). Citywide air quality monitoring began in 1967 and since 1970,
15 sites in the city have had an average decrease of 36.5 |ag/m in annual
mean TSP concentrations.
The locations of the five sites that were selected for filter analysis
in Cleveland are shown in Figure 19. Table 98 details the pertinent
characteristics of these sites, and Table 99 summarizes the meteorologi-
cal data for the selected sampling days. To gain some insight into the
189
-------
contribution of secondary particulates, much of which is too small to be
observed by the microscopists, the annual average sulfate and nitrate
concentrations for the NASN site are shown in Table 100. The results
for each of the 21 filters submitted for routine analysis are presented
in Table 101. The results for the filters at each site have been aver-
aged to give a composite of the particulate composition as shown in
Table 102. Six filters underwent replicate analyses, and the results
are presented in Table 103.
The composite particulate characterization for all filters from Cleveland
that underwent routine analysis, presented in Table 104, shows that min-
erals predominate but that the contribution of combustion products is
also high. Indeed only one other study city was found to have higher
average percent combustion products and only two cities displayed as low
or lower levels of minerals. The combustion products category is com-
prised primarily of glassy fly ash and coal soot which reflects the sub-
stantial utilization of coal by industry and utilities.
The Supplementary Education Center in the downtown area showed consider-
ably higher levels of minerals than the other sites. This is most likely
the result of local fugitive emissions from the nearby parking lots and
urban renewal areas. Rubber was also detected on most filters although
its average citywide contribution amounted to less than 10 percent and
only eighth highest in that category of the 14 study cities. The
J. F. Kennedy High School had the highest average percent rubber although
the TSP levels are generally low at that site.
190
-------
VO
LE6END
NO. 4 = CLEVELAND HEALTH MUSEUM
NO. 9: FIRE STATION 13
NO. 13-HARVARD YARDS
NO. 14'J.iF. KENNEDY HIGH SCHOOL
HO. 21 '• SUPPLEMENTARY EDUCATION CENTER
N
CLEVELAND
I 3
MILES
Figure 19. Location of monitoring sites selected for filter analysis in Clevland
-------
Table 98. SAMPLING SITE DESCRIPTIONS
Site
number
4
9
13
14
21
Location
Cleveland
Health
Museum
Fire Station
No. 13
Harvard Yards
J. F. Kennedy
School
Supplementary
Education
Center
1974 TSP
geometric
mean
90
147
168
50
112
Predominant
influence
Residential
Industrial
Industrial
Residential
Center city
Total
elevation
699
703
700
1,070
705
Height
24
23
60
60
65
*
Land use
Surrounding — residential; heavy
traffic; hospitals nearby
Surrounding — residential; heavy
traffic; industrial valley —
1/4 mile W (steel mills)
Surrounding — industrial (steel
mills, stock piles, unpaved
roads and lots, truck traffic,
railroad yard)
Surrounding — residential; super-
market, parking lot
Surrounding — commercial; Lake
Erie - 3/4 mile NW; heavy traf-
fic; industrial valley — 1 mile S
VD
N5
-------
.Table 99. METEOROLOGICAL DATA ON SELECTED SAMPLING
DAYS (CLEVELAND HOPKINS INTERNATIONAL
AIRPORT)
Date
3/18/74
4/17/74
4/29/74
6/04/74
6/28/74
7/31/74
Precipitation,
in.
Day of
obs.
0.08
0
t
0
0.32
0
Preced-
ing day
t
0
t
0.05
0
t
Wind speed, mph
Average
13.8
7.3
11.7
7.6
7.1
7.5
Resultant
10.4
5.8
9.3
7.0
5.2
5.7
Wind direction, deg
t
3-hour observation
290, 300, 260, 260
240, 200, 200, 190
220, 220, 210, 240
300, 300, 230, 210
190, 220, 210, 220
290, 270, 310, C
180, 220, 190, .210
240, 220, 180, 170
60, 110, 140, 90
30, 60, 80, 170
250, 220, 230, 230
280, 290, 320, 180
Resul-
tant
240
250
240
200
80
250
Note: C
t
Calm
Trace
Table 100. ANNUAL AVERAGE CONCENTRATIONS OF
SULFATE AND NITRATE IONS AT THE
CLEVELAND, OHIO, NASN SITE NO.
361300001 (yg/m3)
Year
1972
1973
1974
Sulfate
Arithmetic
mean
16.62a
12.46a
10.50s
Geometric
mean
15.34a
11.66a
9.97a
Nitrate
Arithmetic
mean
3.63a
4.05a
1.343
Geometric
mean
3.05a
3.03a
1.02a
Indicates insufficient data for statistically valid year.
193
-------
Table lOla.
RESULTS OF FILTER ANALYSES FOR SELECTED SITES IN CLEVELAND AND
VICINITY (SUPPLEMENTARY EDUCATION CENTER — NO. 21)
Date
TSP (;.g/m3)
Components
Minerals
Quartz
Calcite
Feldspars
Hematite
Mica
Combustion
Prod-jets
Soot:
Oil
Coal
Coked coal
soot
Classy
fly ash
Incinerator
fly ash
Burned wood
Burned paper
Magnetite
Biological
Material
Pollen
Spores
Paper
Starch
Misc. plant
tissue
Miscellaneous
Iron or steel
Rubber
18 March 1974
71
Quan-
tity,
tenths
(8)
3+
2+
1
1
1-
(1+)
1-
1-
(Of)
(1-)
1-
Size
range,
pro
2-90
<1-60
10-45
Avg.
size,
urn
10
15
31
17 April 1974
264
Quan-
tity,
tenths
(8)
1+
3
1-
3
(2-)
1+
1-
(W-)
(Of)
Size
range,
pm
1-60
-------
Table lOlb. RESULTS OF FILTER ANALYSES FOR SELECTED SITES IN CLEVELAND AND
VICINITY (HARVARD YARDS - NO. 13)
vo
Dace
TSP (jg/m3)
Components
Minerals
Quartz
Calcice
Feldspars
Hematite
Mica
Combustion
Products
Soot:
Oil
Coal
Glassy
fly ash
Incinerator
fly ash
Burned wood
Burned paper
Magnetite
Biological
Material
Pollen
Spores
Paper
Starch
Misc. plant
tissue
Miscellaneous
Iron or iteel
Rubber
18 March 1974
150
Quan-
tity,
tenths
(5)
2
1+
1-
1
(3)
1
1
1-
(Of)
(2)
2
Size
range ,
Vim
5-90
1-125
1-100
1-50
1-40
5-100
1-75
5-75
Avg.
size,
pm
30
25
25
10
25
35
40
40
17 April 1974
327
Quan-
tity,
tenths
(«)
1+
1
1
1
(5+)
1
1+
1-
1
1+
(Of)
(1)
1
Size
range ,
urn
5-80
2-60
2-50
1-50
20-100
5-80
5-40
5-10J
5-50
20-150
Avg.
sire,
lira
30
20
20
20
30
30
25
30
25
70
29 April 1974
238
Quan-
tity,
tenths
(4)
2
1
1-
(5+)
1+
2+
1+
(Of)
(1-)
1-
Size
range ,
(in
10-50
5-50
5-50
10-200
2-70
4-40
10-50
Avg.
size,
Vim
25
20
20
100
30
20
25
31 July 1974
244
Quan-
tity,
tenths
(7)
3
3
1
O-)
1-
2
(Of)
-------
Table lOlc.
RESULTS OF FILTER ANALYSES FOR SELECTED SITES IN CLEVELAND AND
VICINITY (FIRE STATION NO. 13 — NO. 9)
ON
Date
TSP (^g/m3)
Components
Minerals
Quartz
Calcite
Feldspars
Hematite
Mica
Combustion
Products
Soot:
Oil
Coal
Glassy
fly ash
Incinerator
fly ash
Burned wood
Burned paper
Magnetite
Biological
Material
Pollen
Spores
Paper
Starch
Misc. plant
tissue
Miscellaneous
Iron or steel
Rubber
16 March 1974
243
Quan-
tity,
tenths
(6)
2
2
2
(A)
1
2-
1
(Of)
(0+)
Size
range ,
um
<1-30
<1-180
Avg.
size,
um
8
9
29 April 1974
339
Quan-
tity,
tenths
(8+)
1
2+
5
(1)
1-
1-
<0f)
(1-)
Size
range ,
um
<1-20
-------
Table lOld.
RESULTS OF FILTER ANALYSES FOR SELECTED SITES IN CLEVELAND AND
VICINITY (J. F. KENNEDY HIGH SCHOOL — NO. 14 AND CLEVELAND
HEALTH MUSEUM - NO. 4)
Site
Date •
ISP (jg/m3)
Components
Minerals
Quartz
Calcite
Feldspars
Hematite
Mica
Other
Combustion
Products
Soot:
Oil
Coal
Classy
fly ash
Incinerator
fly ash
Burned wood
Burned paper
Magnetite
Biological
Material
Pollen
Spores
Paper
Starch
Misc. plant
tissue
Miscellaneous
Iron or steel
Rubber
J. F. Kennedy High School - No. 14
18 March 1974
42
Quan-
tity,
tenths
(4+)
2+
1
1-
(3+)
9
8
1+
1-
(OO
(2)
2
Size
range,
urn
5-75
5-75
1-25
5-75
5-80
2-50
1-50
Avg.
size.
urn
30
30
10
30
30
15
20
17 April 1974
93
Quan-
tity,
tenths
(3)
1
1
1-
(5+)
2+
2
1+
(0+)
(1)
1
Size
range ,
pm
2-50
1-30
2-50
Avg.
size.
urn
30
20
20
5-100 ! 30
5-60
2-25
20-200
30
10
50
29 April 1974
86
Quan-
tity,
tenths
(4+)
2
1
1
1-
(3+)
1
1+
1
1
(1-)
1-
(1+)
1+
Size
range ,
urn
5-100
1-75
1-70
1-75
10-100
5-150
5-60
5-100
20-50
20-100
Avg.
size,
lira
25
25
20
10
25
35
30
30
30
50
Cleveland Health Museum — No. 4
4 June 1974
162
Quan-
tity.
tenths
(3+)
2
1-
1-
(6+)
2
1+
2+
1-
(0+)
(W-)
Size
range ,
Win
5-70
1-30
5-50
2-50
2-40
Avg.
size,
un
30
10
20
20
15
28 June 1974
117
Quan-
tity,
tenths
(3+)
1+
1
1-
1-
(4+)
1
1+
1-
1
(1-)
(1+)
1+
Size
range ,
urn
5-35
1-40
5-60
1-30
10-100
5-100
5-40
1-150
20-100
Avg.
size,
urn
15
20
25
10
40
30
20
30
»i
35
31 July 1974
102
Quan-
tity,
tenth*
(6-)
2
2
1
1
1
2
1-
1-
(CM-)
(1-)
1-
Size
range.
urn
5-120
2-60
2-75
1-75
10-70
1-100
5-50
5-25
20-120
Avg.
• ire
ua
35
30
25
15
25
35
20
IS
50
-------
Table 102. COMPOSITE SUMMARY OF FILTER ANALYSES FOR SELECTED
SITES IN CLEVELAND AND VICINITY
Site
No. of filters
Components
Minerals
Quartz
Calcite
Feldspars
Hematite
Mica
Other
Combustion
Products
Soot:
Oil
Coal
V.F. soot
Coked coal
soot
Glassy
fly ash
Incinerator
fly ash
Burned wood
Burned paper
Magnetite
Biological
Material
Pollen
Spores
Paper
Starch
Misc. plant
tissue
Miscellaneous
Iron or steel
Rubber
Graphite
Supplementary
Education
Center — No. 21
6
Quantity,
percent
Average
(65)
21-
24
2
17
<1
1
(31)
8
1
21
1
(<1>
tr
tr
tr
tr
tr
( A)
1
3
Range
40-82
10-35
9-40
0-9
4-30
0-1
0-1
13-60
0-13
0-6
4-55
0-5
0-tr
0-tr
0-tr
0-tr
0-tr
tr-10
-------
Table 103. RESULTS OF REPLICATE ANALYSES OF CLEVELAND FILTERS
Site
Date
TSP (jig/ra )
Laboratory
Analysis
Components
Minerals
Quarts
Calcite
Feldspars
Hematite
Mica
Other
Combustion
Products
Soot:
Oil
Coal
Glassy
fly ash
Incinerator
fly ash
Burned wood
Burned paper
Magnetite
Biological
Material
Pollen
Spores
Paper
Starch
Misc. plant
tissue
Leaf
trichomer
Miscellaneous
Iron or steel
Rubber
Fire Station
No. 13
- No. 9
4 June 1974
141
A
1
(31)
6
14
5
6
(53)
12
15
16
4
6
(
f 5
55
( 1)
(
-------
Table 104. CITYWIDE COMPOSITE SUM-
MARY OF FILTER ANALYSES
IN CLEVELAND
No. of filters
Components
Minerals
Quartz
Calcite
Feldspars
Hematite
Mica
Other
Combustion
Products
Soot :
Oil
Coal
Misc. soot
Glassy
fly ash
Incinerator
fly ash
Burned wood
Burned paper
Magnetite
Carbon black
Other
Biological
Material
Pollen
Spores
Paper
Starch
Misc. plant
tissue
Leaf
trichomer
Miscellaneous
Iron or steel
Rubber
Other
21
Quantity,
percent
Average
(51)
18
17
4
12
<1
<1
(40)
9
12
<1
15
2
2
( 1)
1
<1
<1
<1
<1
( 8)
2
6
<1
Range
28-85
5-35
6-40
0-10
2-50
10-70
0-30
0-25
4-55
0-10
0-15
-------
SAN FRANCISCO
The San Francisco Bay Area AQCR is located on the Pacific coast of
northern California. The center of the AQCR is the San Francisco Bay,
a large shallow basin ringed by hills as high as 2000 feet and tapering
into a series of sheltered valleys. This topography gives,the area
/
great potential for trapping and accumulating air pollutants. The area
is lightly industrialized with many of the major point sources located
away from the centers of population, so that overall there is a rather
low emission density. The climate is moderately warm, averaging 3044
heating degree-days per year, with somewhat light amounts of precipi-
tation, an average of 19.5 inches per year. The seasonal patterns of
ventilation and precipitation seem to affect TSP levels. TSP levels
are greatest (up to 50 percent higher) during the summer and autumn
months when ventilation is reduced and precipitation is lightest. A
more detailed discussion of the city is presented in Volume XIII.
None of the 17 monitors in the AQCR exceeded the annual primary standard
in 1974 while only two exceeded the annual secondary standard. None of
the sites exceeded the 24-hour primary standard more than once and only
24 of the more than 1800 observations in 1974 exceeded the 24-hour
secondary standard.
The locations of the three sites that were selected for filter analysis
in San Francisco are shown in Figure 20. Table 105 details the pertinent
characteristics of these sites, and Table 106 summarizes the meteorological
data for the selected sampling days. To gain some insight into the con-
tribution of secondary particulates, much of which is too small to be ob-
served by the microscopists, the annual average sulfate and nitrate con-
centrations for the NASN site are shown in Table 107. The results for
each of the 14 filters submitted for routine analysis are presented in
Table 108. • The results for the filters at each site have been averaged
201
-------
to give a composite of the particulate composition as shown in Table 109.
Four filters underwent replicate analyses, and the results are presented
in Table 110.
The composite particulate characterization for all filters from San
Francisco that underwent routine analysis, presented in Table 111, shows
that minerals make up a majority of the particulate but do not predo-
minate to the degree as in most other study cities. San Francisco
ranked fourth lowest in that category. Of the three sites from which
filters were analyzed, Livermore had the highest percent minerals. This
site also experienced the highest TSP levels in 1974 and is exposed to
nearby dirt parking lots, gravel pits and highway construction.
The most striking result of the filter analyses is the large amount of
rubber observed. San Francisco ranked highest of all study cities with
a citywide average of 16 percent. The station at 939 Ellis Street
consistently had the highest percentage of rubber but the lower overall
TSP levels at that site probably inflate a fairly uniform rubber con-
centration into a higher percentage. If the microscopy results can be
used as a reliable distribution of the entire particulate mass, then
the average rubber concentration at this site would be just over 13
3
yg/m . Likewise at both the Livermore and East San Francisco sites, the
3
concentrations would be about 9 yg/m . This seems to imply a citywide
phenomenon rather than localized observations as has been observed in
some cities.
The Bay Area Air Pollution Control District performs extensive chemical
analyses on the material collected on hi-vol filters. The analyses are
not performed on the regular glass fiber filters that are run every
sixth day, but on Whatman 41 filter papers which are also run every
sixth day but three days displaced from the glass fiber filter schedule.
The resulting data, although not directly comparable to the sampling
days reported herein, give a very good picture of the concentrations of
202
-------
some chemical constituents of environmental concern. Table 112 gives
the annual geometric mean concentrations of eight constituents for the
three sites from which filters were selected for microscopic analysis.
It can be seen that the two sites closer to the salt water (SF9 and
SF10) have much higher concentrations of chloride than the Livermore
site, as would be expected. SF9 also reports higher levels of lead
which is probably the result of the nearby parking garage as well as
higher traffic levels.
203
-------
CO
o
N
SF-9 A
LEGEND
SF-9 : SAN FRANCISCO
SF-IO' EAST SAN FRANCISCO
A-ll •• LIVERMORE
APPROX. 34 MILES
SF-IOA ^
FRANC ISCO
Figure 20. Location of monitoring sites selected for filter analysis in San Francisco
-------
Table 105. CHARACTERISTICS OF BAAPCD MONITOR SITES REVIEWED
Neighborhood
Industrial
Commercial
Map
code
SF10
SF9
All
Location
East San Francisco
San Francisco
Livermore
1974
Annual
geometric
mean.
ug/m3
NA
53
74
Height
above
ground ,
ft
30
15
18
Siting comments
Trucking terminals, and light to moderate industry
area, good exposure.
Poor exposure, building directly to west of monitor,
monitor surrounded on all four siees to height of
3 feet, window box with dirt at intake level 3 feet
to east, gas station stack 50 feet to ENE.
Good exposure to large amounts of fugitive dust - dirt
parking lots, gravel pits, highway construction, etc.,
no major industry noticeable.
-------
Table 106. METEOROLOGICAL DATA ON SELECTED SAMPLING DAYS
(SAN FRANCISCO INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT)
Date
2/10/74
4/5/74
4/29/74
6/10/74
7/22/74
8/21/74
Precipitation,
in.
Day of
obs.
0
0
0
0
0
0
Preced-
ing day
0
0.01
0
0
0
0
Wind speed, mph
Average
8.8
11.2
14.4
13.4
13.9
12.2
Resultant
—
—
-
—
—
—
Wind direction, deg
3 -hour observation
310, 300, 300, 280
250, 190, 210, 210
200, 270, 270, 290
290, 300, 20, 310
280, 280, 330, 300
300, 310, 310, 300
310, 300, 310, 300
300, 320, 340, 330
300, 310, 310, 310
310, 310, 310, 310
310, 310, 310, 300
300, 300, 50, 310
Resul-
tant
-
—
—
-
—
—
Note: C = Calm
Sampling tine, 1500 to 1500; sampling date recorded as start day.
Average wind speed is average of 3-hour observations.
Table 107. ANNUAL AVERAGE CONCENTRATIONS OF
SULFATE AND NITRATE IONS AT THE
SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA NASN
SITE NO. 056860001 (ug/m3)
Year
1972
1973
1974
Sulfate
Arithmetic
mean
5.58
5.16
5.13
Geometric
mean
5.14
4.85
4.90
Nitrate
Arithmetic
mean
2.75
3.52
3.51
Geometric
mean
2.00
2.13
2.70
206
-------
Table 108a.
RESULTS OF FILTER ANALYSES FOR SELECTED SITES IN SAN FRANCISCO
AND VICINITY (LIVERMORE — NO. A-ll)
Date
TSP (ug/m3)
Components
Minerals
Quartz
Calcite
Feldspars
Hematite
Mica
Combustion
Products
Soot:
Oil
Coal
Glassy
fly ash
Incinerator
fly ash
Burned wood
Burned paper
Magnetite
Biological
Material
Pollen
Spores
Paper
Starch
Misc. plant
tissue
Miscellaneous
Iron or steel
Rubber
10 February 1974
94
Quan-
tity,
tenths
(7)
3+
3
(2)
1
1-
(0+)
(1)
1
Size
range ,
pm
5-40
5-50
5-75
5-50
10-150
Avg.
size,
pm
25
20
30
30
100
5 April 1974
48
Quan-
tity,
tenths
(7+)
5
1
1
(2)
2
(Of)
(1-)
1-
Size
range ,
pm
5-35
5-25
10-50
5-75
25-125
Avg.
size,
pm
25
15
20
50
75
29 April 1974
100
Quan-
tity,
tenths
(5)
2+
1-
2
(4)
2+
1+
(0+)
(1)
1
Size
range ,
pm
5-50
5-35
2-40
5-50
10-75
20-200
Avg.
size,
pm
35
25
20
30
40
75
10 June 1974
121
Quan-
tity,
tenths
(4)
2
1-
1+
(4-)
1-
3
(0+)
(2)
2
Size
range ,
pm
2-25
2-10
2-40
15-40
2-40
10-50
Avg.
size,
pm
12
5
15
25
10
20
22 July 1974
100
Quan-
tity,
tenths
(7)
3
1
3
(2)
1-
1-
1
(1-)
(1-)
1-
Size
range ,
pm
5-30
2-15
2-40
10-30
10-60
5-100
Avg.
size,
pm
20
7
20
20
40
40
**
21 August 1974
104
Quan-
tity,
tenths
(6)
2+
3+
(3)
1
2
(0+)
(1-)
1-
Size
range ,
pm
5-25
1-50
5-60
10-100
Avg.
size,
pm
15
20
25
60
K5
O
-------
Table 108b.
RESULTS OF FILTER ANALYSES FOR SELECTED SITES IN SAN FRANCISCO
AND VICINITY (SAN FRANCISCO — NO. SF-9)
Date
TSP (yg/m3)
Components
Minerals
Quartz
Calcite
Feldspars
Hematite
Mica
Combustion
Products
Soot:
Oil
Coal
Glassy
fly ash
Incinerator
fly ash
Burned wood
Burned paper
Magnetite
Biological
Material
Pollen
Spores
Paper
Starch
Misc. plant
tissue
Miscellaneous
Iron or steel
Rubber
Salt
10 February 1974
44
Quan-
tity ,
tenths
(3)
1+
1
(5-)
1
2
1
1
(Of)
(2-f)
2+
Size
range ,
um
5-60
2-40
2-60
5-100
2-15
5-50
20-120
Avg.
size ,
um
25
15
20
25
8
20
60
5 April 1974
38
Quan-
tity ,
tenths
(6-)
2
1+
2
(1)
1
(1)
1-
1-
(3-)
3-
Size
range ,
pro
5-70
5-40
2-50
10-100
15-35
50-600
50-200
Avg.
size,
um
15
15
20
20
400
75
29 April 1974
65
Quan-
tity,
tenths
(4+)
3+
1-
1-
(2)
1-
2-
(1)
1-
1-
(2+)
2+
Size
range ,
ym
5-70
2-20
2-30
10-40
2-60
20-50
20-120
Avg.
size,
um
30
5
10
25
20
30
30
10 June 1974
88
Quan-
tity,
tenths
(3)
1+
1
1-
(5)
1-
4+
(1-)
(2-)
2-
Size
range ,
pm
5-25
4-20
4-50
10-30
2-60
20-200
Avg.
size,
um
15
10
20
20
30
100
22 July 1974
54
Quan-
tity,
tenths
(5)
•2+
1-
2
(1)
1
(1-)
(3+)
2+
1
Size
range ,
um
3-25
2-20
1-40
5-60
4-10
Avg.
size,
um
10
10
15
30
6
21 August 1974
50
Quan-
tity,
tenths
(5)
2
1-
2+
(3-)
1-
1+
1-
(0+)
(2)
2
Size
range,
um
10-70
5-30
5-50
15-25
5-55
5-75
10-200
Avg.
size,
ym
40
15
25
20
35
40
r-o
o
oo
-------
Table 108c.
RESULTS OF FILTER ANALYSES FOR SELECTED SITES IN
SAN FRANCISCO AND VICINITY (EAST SAN FRANCISCO -
NO. SF-10)
Dale
TSP (i.g/».3)
Cumponcntv
Minerals
Quurcz
Calcite
t'eltl&parv
Hematite
Mica
Combust Ion
Prii.liicts
Soot:
on
Coa 1
i;las:iy
fly u:.h
Inclnciacur
fly a.h
Iiuriii:il wood
htiriicd paper
Magnet lie
Biological
MJteri.tl
Pollen
Spores
Paper
Starch
Misc. plane
tissue
Mlsce.ll aueoub
Iron or steel
Rubber
22 July 197<>
75
Quan-
tity.
tenths
(6)
2
2-
2
1
(3)
2
1
U-)
«H)
Size
range ,
pm
5-35
5-20
2-60
. 2-10
10- BO
30-ttO
Avg.
size ,
U
-------
Table 109. COMPOSITE SUMMARY OF FILTER ANALYSES FOR SELECTED
SITES IN SAN FRANCISCO AND VICINITY
Site
No. of filters
.
Components
Minerals
Quartz
Calcice
Feldspars
hematite
Mica
Comb us.- ion
I'roducts
So •'t :
Oil
Coal
Fine soot
V.v. fine
Clnssy
fly ash
Incinerator
tly ash
Burned wood
Burned paper
Magnetite
Biological
Material
Pollen
Spores
Paper
Starch
Misc. plant
tissue
Miscellaneous
Iron or steel
Rubber
Salt
San Francisco
No. SF-9
6
Quantity ,
percent
Average
(43)
22
6
14
1
(28)
4
8
<1
2
14
( 5)
2
tr
1
tr
2
(24)
22
2
Range
29-56
15-35
2-15
6-25
tr-1
10-50
0-8
0-18
0-2
0-10
0-45
tr-10
tr-5
0-tr
0-1
0-tr
tr-5
16-35
16-26
0-10
Livermore
No. A-ll
6
Quantity ,
percent
Average
(61)
31
6
23
1
tr
(27)
2
12
<1
13
( 2)
2
tr
<1
<1
<1
(10)
10
Range
40-73
20-50
2-12
10-35
0-1
0-tr
18-39
0-6
0-25
0-1
0-30
tr-5
tr-3
0-tr
0-1
0-1
0-1
5-21
5-21
East
Sun Francisco
No. SK-10
2
Quantity
percent
Average
(51)
19
10
17
5
tr
(36)
1
2
1
25
6
1
( 3)
1
tr
tr
<1
2
(10)
10
Range
39-62
18-19
4-16
15-18
2-8
0-tr
33-41
0-2
0-3
0-2
18-35
2-10
0-2
tr-5
tr-1
0-tr
0-tr
0-tr
tr-3
0-20
0-20
210
-------
Table 110. RESULTS OF REPLICATE ANALYSES OF SAN FRANCISCO FILTERS
Site
Date
TSP (ug/ro )
Laboratory
Analysis
Coinpunenth
Minerals
Quart?
Calc? te
Feldspars
Hematite
Mica
Gypsum
Combust : m
Produ. tf
Soot:
Oil
Coal
V.v.fine
Glassy
Qy ash
Incinerator
fly asli
Burned wood
Burned paper
Magnetite
Biological
Material
Pollen
Spores
Paper
Starch
Misc. plant
tissue
Miscellaneous
Iron or steel
Rubber
San Francisco — No-. SF-9
10 June 197A
88
A
1
(30)
15
8
6
1
(30)
5
A5
( A)
1
1
2
(16)
16
A
2
(63)
25
30
3
5
(28)
25
1
2
( 5)
<1
<1
<1
5
( A)
Livermore
No. A-ll
10 June 1974
121
A
1
(AO)
20
A
15
1
tr
(36)
6
30
( -')
3
tr
t/
tr
(21)
21
A
2
(91)
35
50
2
4
<1
( 5)
5
^.T
«D
<;!
( A)
A
211
-------
Table 111. CITYWIDE COMPOSITE SUMMARY OF
FILTER ANALYSES IN SAN FRANCISCO
No. of filters
Components
Minerals
Quartz
Calcite
Feldspars
Hematite
Mica
Other
Combustion
Products
Soot:
Oil
Coal
Misc. soot
Glassy
fly ash
Incinerator
fly ash
Burned wood
Burned paper
Magnetite
Carbon black
Other
Biological
Material
Pollen
Spores
Paper
Starch
Misc. plant
tissue
Leaf
trichomer
Miscellaneous
Iron or steel
Rubber
Other
14
Quantity,
percent
Average
(52)
25
7
18
2
<1
(29)
3
9
<1
1
15
1
<1
( 3)
2
<1
<1
<1
1
(16)
16
<1
Range
29-73
15-50
2-16
6-35
0-8
10-50
0-8
0-25
0-2
0-10
0-45
0-10
0-2
tr-10
Lr-5
0-5
0-35
0-26
0-10
212
-------
Table 112. 1974 GEOMETRIC MEAN CONCENTRATIONS OF SELECTED PARTICULATE CONSTITUENTS
AT THREE BAAPCD SITES
Constituent
Cu
Pb
Mn
Zn
NH4+
804
N03
Cl"
Site
All
No. of
observations
30
30
29
30
.27
25
27
27
Concentration,
ug/m3
0.125
0.415
0.036
0.080
0.876
1.529
3.384
0.795
SF9
No. of
observations
29
29
18
28
26
26
26
26
Concentration,
ug/m3
0.096
0.939
0.014
0.064
0.662
3.348
2.839
3.305
SFlOa
No. of
observations
11
11
11
12
7
9
9
9
Concentration,
ug/m3
0.120
0.498
0.025
0.111
1.150
4.096
3.126
2.692
ro
I-1
u>
a
Observations from July - December only.
-------
MIAMI
The Southeast Florida Intrastate AQCR consists of the eight counties Lo-
cated along the southern and eastern coasts of Flordia. The AQCR ex-
tends from the Keys to Indian River on flat, often marshy land. Much
of the nonurban area outside metropolitan Miami is part of the Everglades
swamp. The Miami area is a lightly-industrialized resort and retirement
community. Major employment groups are the wholesale and retail trades,
professional services, and manufacturing.
The climate in Miami is marine subtropical influenced by the Gulf Stream.
The average annual temperature is 75°F, with little seasonal variation.
Rainfall is moderate to heavy, averaging about 60 inches, and winds are
moderate with seasonal directions: northerly in the winter and east to
southeast during the remainder of the year. Wind speeds and mixing
heights are such as to normally prevent the occurrence of inversions
over the city. The reader is directed to Volume XIV of this report for
a complete discussion of the subject city.
The 1974 geometric mean TSP concentrations in Bade County ranged from
42 yg/m3 to 86 yg/m . In general, patterns of TSP levels do not obviously
relate to conventional land-use categories (residential, commercial) but
rather reflect more local conditions. The citywide mean TSP concentra-
tion for 1974 was 61 yg/m , nearly meeting the national secondary stan-
dard (60 yg/m3) . Seven of the 17 sites had annual means above that stan-
dard, and two did not meet the primary standard of 75 pgAn • The 24-hour
o
primary standard — 260 yg/m — was not exceeded in 1974, while the second-
ary standard of 150 yg/nr' was exceeded at three of the stations; the
greatest frequency of violations was 10 percent of the observations at
the same site that had the second highest 1974 mean TSP level - 79 yg/m3.
Sampling in the Miami area began in 1965 with eight stations, and by 1974
there were 17 sites sampling at least part of the year. TSP levels have
214
-------
fluctuated over time with peak years being 1971 and 1973 at most sites.
1974 levels were somewhat hij
higher over the entire city.
q
1974 levels were somewhat higher than 1967, averaging about 10 yg/m
Historical data concerning the composition of the suspended particulate
matter in Miami is quite limited, with the NASN site having the most in-
formation. The NASN site, Number 1 in Figure 21, is located about 30 feet
above grade and had a 1974 geometric mean TSP level of 75 yg/m3. Table 113
shows the sulfate and nitrate levels at this site to be low compared to the
industrialized areas of the country; the total annual average contribution
of these two components is only 7 to 8 micrograms per cubic meter.
Samples from three filters at the NASN site were obtained for microscopic
examination. The meteorological data for the three sampling days are
summarized in Table 114, and the results of the analysis of the three
filters are presented in Table 115. The results of the three analyses
have also been averaged to provide a composite summary as shown in
Table 116.
It is apparent that minerals predominate in the collected particulate
material; Miami ranks behind only Oklahoma City and Denver with respect
to the average percent minerals. The suspended particulate concentrations
are lower in Miami than in many cities, however, so the actual concentra-
tion of the constituents must be scaled accordingly. Although only a
limited number of samples from the one site were analyzed, these results
showed Miami to have the fourth highest average rubber content and to be
one of only two sutdy cities that was shown to have more rubber than com-
bustion products. This implicates vehicular reentrainment as being at
least partially responsible for the observed mineral content.
During June,1975 the Aerosol Research Branch of EPA conducted a special
ambient air sampling program in Miami. This study included both conven-
tional and novel sampling and analysis procedures and involved sampling
215
-------
at Dade County sites no. 10, 11, and 14. Daily TSP levels were monitored
with conventional hi-vols while special instrumentation allowed determina-
tion of elemental composition over short time intervals, the size distri-
bution of particulates as a function of wind direction, and the correspond-
ing elemental composition of the size fractionated samples.
A novel sampling device, known as the streaker, allowed collection of
particulate material fo subsequent determination of 18 metals with a
2-hour time resolution. This device draws an air sample at a rate of
2 liters per minute through a strip of Nuclepore filter. The sampling
head moves at a rate of 2 millimeters per hour which allows the collec-
tion of particulate matter for several days of unattended operation. The
filter strip is then removed for elemental determination of .the particulate
2
by proton-induced X-ray emission analysis. This technique is useful for
determining the following elements: aluminum, silicon, phosphorus, sulfur;
carbon, potassium, calcium, titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron,
nickel, copper, zinc, bromine, strontium, and lead. The use of this
powerful analytical technique, combined with the short time resolution
of the sampling device, facilitates correlation of the chemical proper-
ties of particulate with meteorological parameters.
The ARB studies also included cascade impactors that were controlled by
a wind direction sensor. Up to four impactors were operated such that
each was operating only when the wind was from a desired direction. For
example, each of four impactors could be run only when the wind was from
a particular 90 degree sector so that the particle size distribution as
a function of the four selected wind directions could be determined. The
impactors utilized were low flow rate instruments so that long sampling
times (e.g., 1 week) were required. The particulate collected on the
impactor stages was also subjected to proton-induced X-ray emission analy-
sis, indicating the elemental composition as a function of particle size.
216
-------
The results of the study are far too comprehensive for presentation here
and will be published separately by EPA. However, examination of the
resulting data in the light of issues posed by the study visit provided
some confirmations and emphasized the usefulness of such special monitoring
data in source identification investigations.
The study included the collection of detailed data on traffic volumes at
site 10; this provided an opportunity to examine the relationship between
vehicular traffic and lead levels on a short time scale. Figure 22 is a
plot of the combined north and south bound traffic on NW 27th Avenue
between NW 66 and 67 and the lead concentrations determined at 2-hour
intervals by the streaker. The two parameters follow each other very
closely except that the lead peaks precede the traffic peaks. This is
believed to be caused by a slight error in the synchronization of the
traffic counters and the streaker. Figure 23, which shows the lead
concentration as a function of particle size, confirms the common pre-
sumption that the lead is generally associated with very small particles.
217
-------
510 520
i
530
I
540
I
550
•2670
-2860
-2850
-2840
2830
-2820
-28IO
-2800
•2790
•2760
•2770
560 570 580 590
Figure 21. Locations of air quality monitoring sites
in Dade County
218
-------
Table 113. ANNUAL AVERAGE CONCENTRATIONS OF SULFATE AND NITRATE IONS
AT THE MIAMI, FLORIDA NASN SITE NO. 10270002
Year
1972
1973
1974
Sulfate
Arithmetic
mean
5.72
6.28a
5.65
Geometric
mean
5.31
6.13a
5.13
Nitrate
Arithmetic
mean
1.46
2.15a
1.87
Geometric
mean
1.22
1.89a
1.45
Indicates insufficient data for statistically valid year.
Table 114. METEOROLOGICAL DATA ON SELECTED SAMPLING DAYS
(INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT, MIAMI)
Date
1/18/74
2/16/74
7/10/74
Precipitation
(in.)
Day of
obs.
0
0
0
Preced-
ing day
0
0
0.12
Wind speed (mph)
Average
5.6
10.1
4.6
Resultant
2.3
9.3
1.1
Wind direction (deg)
3 -hour observation
210, 10, 280, 340
220, 80, 80, 90
190, 150, 180, 180
210, 210, 230, 240
190, 340, 350, 330
120, 140, C, C
Resul-
tant
80
210
90
Note: C = Calm
219
-------
Table 115. RESULTS OF FILTER ANALYSES AT MSN SITE
NO. 10270002 IN MIAMI
Date
TSP (Mg/m3)
Components
Minerals
Quartz
Calcite
Feldspars
Hematite
Mica
Combustion
Products
Soot:
Oil
Coal
Glassy
fly ash
Incinerator
fly ash
Burned v;ood
Burned paper
Magnetite
Biological
Material
Pollen
Spores
Paper
Starch
Misc. plant
tissue
Miscellaneous
Iron or steel
Rubber
18 January 1974
90
Quan-
tity,
tenths
(7+)
1-
6
1-
1-
(1)
1-
1-
(
-------
Table 116. COMPOSITE SUMMARY OF FILTER ANALYSES AT
NASN SITE NO. 10270002 IN MIAMI
No. of filters
Components
Minerals
Quartz
Calcite
Feldspars
Hematite
Mica
Combustion
Products
Soot:
Oil
Coal
Glassy
fly ash
Incinerator
fly ash
Burned wood
Burned paper
Magnetite
Biological
Material
Pollen
Spores
Paper
Starch
Misc . plant
tissue
Miscellaneous
Iron or steel
Rubber
3
Quantity,
percent
Average
(79)
9
62
4
4
( 9)
4
3
2
<1
<1
<<1)
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
(12)
<1
12
Range
75-83
7-10
60-65
4
4
7-12
4
2-4
1-4
10-15
10-15
221
-------
3000|
2000
Ni
8
u
III
_l
o
X
w
1000
LEAD CONCENTRATION
VEHICLE COUNT
14.8
4.0
13.2^
o
H
ac.
O6IO
\9
ifc-
u
§
u
o
<
u
_J
0.8
>/ \
_i a i
0611
0612
0613
O6I4
DAY, 1979
Figure 22. Traffic counts and lead concentrations at Site 10, Miami
-------
ro
u>
6.40 r
5.60
4.80
4.00
Z
O
* 3.20|-
z
u
u
§
O
c, 2.40
1.60
0.80
0.00
3 1 4
IMPACTOR STAGE
I
2 i as
EFFECTIVE CUTOFF DIAMETER,Mm
BU
<0.25
Figure 23. Lead concentration versus particle size at Site 10, Miami
-------
ST. LOUIS
The St. Louis Metropolitan Area is located immediately south of the con-
fluence of the Mississippi and Missouri Rivers. The Metropolitan Area
spans the Mississippi River and includes counties in two states - St. Louis
and St. Louis City in Missouri and Madison and St. Clair in Illinois
Due to its location, St. Louis has become an important center of rail and
river transportation and manufacturing.
The St. Louis area is located on a broad, flat plain which is cut by the
wide and shallow valleys of the Mississippi and Missouri Rivers. There
is a high degree and a wide variety of manufacturing activity, most of
which is located along the Mississippi River. The reader is directed to
Volume XV of this report for a complete discussion of the subject city.
St. Louis has a continental climate, averaging 4750 heating degree days
per year and 36.6 inches rainfall per year. The area experiences fre-
quent migrations of low pressure systems but infrequent stagnations of
large high pressure systems. Due to the continental-type climate, poor
dispersion conditions frequently occur at night and in the fall and winter
seasons. The rivet valley, though shallow, is sufficient to induce fre-
quent inversions which trap the pollutants emitted by the industries loca-
ted along the river. Early morning temperature inversions occur on about
65 percent of all days.
An extensive urban renewal program has been conducted in St. Louis for
the past 20 years. In general, data are not available to quantify the
effects of construction activity on TSP concentrations, except for the
Market Street monitoring site (site 20) where concentrations increased
70 yg/nr during 1969 and 1970 while land clearing and construction of the
nearby Post Office building was occurring. There is a strong relation-
ship between annual TSP concentrations and the predominant land use
surrounding the monitoring sites,
224
-------
The 1974 geometric mean TSP concentrations in the St. Louis Metropolitan
Area ranged from 40 yg/m^ at a remote site to 50 to 70 yg/m^ at the re-
sidential sites, 60 to 80 yg/m^ at the commercial sites, and generally
O
over 80 yg/m at the industrial sites. Sixteen of the 33 sampling sites
exceeded the annual primary standard and 10 other sites exceeded the
annual secondary standard. The 24-hour primary standard was exceeded on
16 sampling days (1.1 percent) and the 24-hour secondary standard on 131
sampling days (8.7 percent). Records show that air quality has been im-
proving since 1969 - sites in St. Louis County showed an average decrease
M
of 21 yg/m^, sites in St. Louis City, an average decrease of 72 yg/m ,
and sites in Madison and St. Clair Counties in Illinois an average de-
o
crease of 50 yg/m .
The locations of the six sites that were selected for filter analysis
in St. Louis are shown in Figure 24. Table 117 details the pertinent
characteristics of these sites, and Table 118 summarizes the meteorological
data for the selected sampling days. To gain some insight into the con-
tribution of secondary particulates, much of which is too small to be ob-
served by the micorscopists, the annual average sulfate and nitrate con-
centrations for the NASN site are shown in Table 119. The results of
each of the 26 samples submitted for routine analysis are presented in
Table 120. The results for the filters at each site have been averaged
to give a composite of the particulate composition as shown in Table 121.
Three filters underwent replicate analyses, and the results of this task
are presented in Table 122.
The composite particulate characterization for all filters from St. Louis
that underwent routine analysis, presented in Table 123, shows that three
quarters of the particulate material is minerals and about one-quarter
is composed of combustion products. St. Louis ranks high compared to
the other study cities (third out of 14) with respect to the percent
mineral content, a somewhat perplexing observation considering the large
amount of industry in the area. Although fugitive dust is implicated,
the sources of the mineral material are likely varied and the relative
225
-------
contribution of these sources to TSP levels in St. Louis is not clear;
the analysts implicate soil and road wear materials in some cases and
in other cases they implicate raw material storage piles as the likely
source(s). The relatively low levels of rubber found on the filters
could seem to contraindicate extensive contributions from vehicular
reentrainment. In addition, the microscopists oftentimes observed large
amounts of mineral material associated with combustion products. This
observation would seem to implicate sources such as steel mills and
foundries.
In July 1975 the Aerosol Research Branch of EPA conducted a special am-
bient air sampling program in St. Louis. This study included both con-
ventional and novel sampling and analysis procedures. Daily TSP levels
were monitored with conventional hi-vols while special instrumentation
allowed determination of 18 metals at 2-hour intervals, the size distri-
bution of particulates as a function of wind direction, and the correspond-
ing elemental composition of the size fractionated samples. A novel
sampling device, known as the streaker, allowed collection of particulate
material for subsequent determination of 18 metals with a 2-hour time
resolution. This device draws an air sample at a rate of 2 liters per
minute through a strip of Nuclepore filter. The sampling head moves at
a rate of 2 millimeters per hour which allows the collection of particulate
matter for several days of unattended operation. The Nuclepore strip can
then be removed for elemental determination of the particulate by proton-
2
induced x-ray emission analysis. This technique is useful for determin-
ing the following 18 elements: aluminum, silicon, phosphorus, sulfur,
carbon, potassium, calcium, titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron,
nickel, copper, zinc, bromine, strontium, and lead. The use of this
powerful analytical technique, combined with the short time resolution
of the sampling device, greatly facilitates correlation of the chemical
properties of particulate with meteorological parameters.
226
-------
The ARB studies also included cascade impactors that were controlled by
a wind direction sensor. Up to four impactors were operated such that
each was operating only when the wind was from a desired direction. For
example, each of four impactors could be run only when the wind was from
a particular 90 degree sector so that the particle size distribution as
a function of the four selected wind directions could be determined. The
impactors utilized were low flow rate instruments so that long sampling
times (e.g., 1 week) were required. The particulate collected on the
impactor stages was also subjected to proton-induced x-ray emission analy-
sis, indicating the elemental composition as a function of particle size.
The results of the study are far too comprehensive for presentation here
and will be published separately by EPA. An example of the usefullness
of the techniques employed is demonstrated in Figure 25 which shows the
temporal variations in the concentration of vanadium, a convenient tracer
for residual fuel oil combustion, at the two St. Louis sampling locations
included in the ARB program. The Broadway and Hurck site was selected
because of its proximity to the heavily industrialized area on the south
side of St. Louis and the Municipal Court site was chosen because it is
typical of the downtown area. Two large peaks in the vanadium concentra-
tion at Broadway and Hurck can be seen late in the day of July 23, 1975.
The wind, displayed at the top of the figure, was coming from the 170 to
230 degree sector where the industrial complex is located. At the same
time much smaller peaks occur at the Municipal Court site. Whether the
increase in vandium concentrations at the downtown site, which is five
miles away from the Broadway and Hurck site, is attributable to the same
source is impossible to determine.
The vanadium concentration at both sites shows a peak around midday of
July 25, 1975. The wind during that period is from the 10 to 15 degree
sector, nearly the opposite direction as that observed on July 23. The
peak at'the Broadway and Hurck site is considerably smaller than on the
previously discussed day and the concentration at the Municipal Court
site was only slightly lesss. The implications of these observations are
227
-------
twofold: first, vanadium concentration at the Municipal Court site can
be increased when the wind is from the 170 to 230 degree sector or the
10 to 50 degree sector but that the increase in concentration is about
the same in both cases. Second, the vanadium concentration at the
Broadway and Hurck site can also be increased with the wind from either
of the two wind directions, but that the increase is much greater when
the wind is from the southwesterly direction.
228
-------
NASN 02
NASN 01A A
NO. ISA $ A NO. 26
EAST ST. LOUIS
ST. L 0 .U 1 S
LEGEND
NO.9 i DONOVAN
NO. 181 MUNICIPAL COURT
NO. 19'BROADWAY AND HURCK
NO. 26 'EAST ST. LOUIS
NASN 01 > NASN SITE NO. 26428001
NASN 02 t NASN SITE NO. 26428002
Figure 24. Location of monitoring sites selected for filter
analysis in St. Louis
229
-------
Table 117. ST. LOUIS SAMPLING SITE INFORMATION
U>
o
Site
No.
01
02
9
18
19
26
Location
1720 Market St.
2155 S. 12th Blvd.
4408 Donovan St.
14th & Market Sts.
8227 S. Broadway
City Hall
City
St . Louis
St. Louis
St . Louis
St . Louis
St. Louis
E. St. Louis
State
Mo.
Mo.
Mo.
Mo.
Mo.
111.
Classification
Commercial
Commercial
Residential
Commercial
Industrial
Industrial
Height
above
ground ,
foot
59
9
30
55
35
50
1974
mean
TSP
concen-
tration,
yg/m3
-
-
61
80
126
89
-------
Table 118. METEOROLOGICAL DATA ON SELECTED SAMPLING DAYS
(INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT, ST. LOUIS)
Date
6/16/74
6/28/74
7/16/74
10/08/74
11/07/74
11/19/74
Precipitation,
in.
Day of
obs.
0
0
0
0
0
t
Preced-
ing day
0
0
t
0
t
t
Wind speed, mph
Average
11.4
1.2
6.6
4.5
4.2
9.4
Resultant
10.9
0.0
6.4
4.4
2-4
4.7
Wind direction,
3-hour observation
320, 280, 280, 310
310, 320, 320, 280
270, C, C, 90
C, C, C, C
50, C, 20, 60
70, 70, 70, 60
C, C, -C, 220
220, 220, 230, 230
C, 250, 280, 280
290, 250, 150, 140
150, 170, 130, 140
190, 170, 250, 300
deg
Resul-
tant
310
C
60
220
250
190
Note: C - Calm
t • Trace
Table 119. ANNUAL AVERAGE CONCENTRATION OF
SULFATE AND NITRATE IONS AT THE
ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI. NASN SITE
NO. 264280001 (yg/m5)
Year
1972
1973
1974
Sulfate
Arithmetic
mean
16.27
12.36
14.02
Geometric
mean
15.01
11.52
12.92
Nitrate
Arithmetic
mean
3.85
3.97
3.75
Geometric
mean
3.54
3.68
3.29
231
-------
Table 120a.
RESULTS OF FILTER ANALYSES FOR SELECTED SITES IN ST. LOUIS AND VICINITY
(MUNICIPAL COURT - NO. 18)
Date
TSP (ug/m3)
Components
Minerals
Quartz
Calcite
Feldspars
Hematite
Mica
Combustion
Products
Soot:
Oil
Coal
Soot
Glassy
fly ash
Incinerator
fly ash
Burned wood
Burned paper
Magnetite
Biological
Material
Pollen
Spores
Paper
Starch
Misc. plant
tissue
Miscellaneous
Iron or iteel
Rubber
16 June 197 A
93
Quan-
tity,
tenths
(10)
5
3+
1-
1
(o+)
(Of)
(Of)
Size
range ,
um
-------
Table 120b. RESULTS OF FILTER ANALYSES FOR SELECTED SITES IN ST.
(S. BROADWAY FIRE HOUSE - NO. 19)
LOUIS AND VICINITY
Date
TSP (Ug/m3)
Components
Mineral8
Quartz
Calcite
Feldspars
Hematite
Mica
Clays
Combustion
Products
Soot:
Oil
Coal
Fine soot
Glassy
fly ash
Incinerator
fly ash
Burned wood
Burned paper
Magnetite
Biological
Material
Pollen
Spores
Paper
Starch
Misc. plant
tissue
Miscellaneous
Iron or steel
Rubber
16 June 1974
131
Quan-
tity,
tenths
(9)
2+
5
1
1-
(1)
1-
(Of)
(OO
Size
range ,
Urn
<1-50
Avg.
size,
urn
3
28 June 1974
227
Quan-
tity,
tenths
(6+)
3
3
(3+)
3
1-
(Of)
(CM-)
Size
range ,
ym
2-39
-------
Table 120c. RESULTS OF FILTER ANALYSES FOR SELECTED SITES IN ST. LOUIS AND VICINITY
(EAST ST. LOUIS - No. 26)
Dace
TSP (gg/o,3)
Components
Minerals
Quartz
Calotte
Feldspars
Hematite
Mica
Combustion
Products
Soct:
Oil
Coal
Soot
Glassy
fly ash
Incinerator
fly 'ash
Burned wood
Burned paper
Magnetite
Biological
Material
Pollen
Spores
Paper
Starch
Misc. plant
tissue
Miscellaneous
Iron or steel
Rubber
16 June 1974
98
Quan-
tity,
tenths
(9)
4
3+
1+
(1)
1-
(CM-)
<0f)
Size
range,
nn
<1-100
Avg.
size,
Mm
5
28 June 197't
154
Quan-
tity,
tenths
(9+)
2
4
3
U->
1-
((M-)
(Of)
Size
range,
uni
<1-60
<1-100
Avg.
size,
Mm
3
0.5
16 July 1974
112
Quan-
tity,
tenths
(8-)
2
4+
1
2
2
(Of)
(Of)
Size
range ,
Ma
-------
Table 120d.
RESULTS OF FILTER ANALYSES FOR SELECTED SITES IN ST. LOUIS AND VICINITY
(DONOVAN STREET - NO. 9)
Date
TSP (ug/m3)
Components
Minerals
Quartz
Calcite
Feldspars
Hematite
Mica
Combustion
Products
SOOL:
Oil
Coal
Soot
Glassy
fly ash
Incinerator
fly ash
Burned wood
Burned paper
Magnetite
Biological
Material
Pollen
Spores
Paper
Starch
Misc. plant
tissue
Miscellaneous
Iron or »te«l
Rubber
16 June 1974
103
Quan-
tity,
tenths
(9-)
4
3
1-
1
(1)
(1-)
1-
(Of)
Size
range ,
pm
<1-60
<1-70
Avg.
size,
urn
3
20
28 June 1974
104
Quan-
tity,
tenths
(6+)
4-
2+
(3+)
3+
(Of)
(Of)
Size
range,
Mm
1-18
<1-30
Avg.
size,
urn
6
1
16 July 1974
74
Quan-
tity,
tenths
(8)
4-f
3
1-
(2-)
1
1-
(0+)
(Of)
Size
range ,
(im
1-60
-------
Table 120e,
RESULTS OF FILTER ANALYSES FOR SELECTED NASN SITES IN ST. LOUIS AND
VICINITY (SITE NOS. 264280001 AND 26480002)
N>
U)
ON
Site
Date
TSP (ug/m3)
Components
Minerals
Quartz
Calclte
Feldspars
Hematite
Mica
Combustion
Products
Soot:
Oil
Coal
Glassy
fly ash
Incinerator
fly ash
Burned wood
Burned paper
Magnetite
Biological
Material
Pollen
Spores
Paper
Starch
Misc. plant
tissue
Miscellaneous
Iron or steel
Rubber
NISN Site - No. 264280001
16 June 1974
58
Quan-
tity,
tenths
(<»)
4
4
1-
(1-)
1-
(Of)
(1)
1
Size
range,
(jm
<1-60
<1-60
<1-20
<1-80
<1-120
Avg.
size.
um
3
3
0.5
0.5
30
7 November 1974
163
Quan-
tity,
tenths
(6)
2
4-
1
(2)
1
1
(0+)
(1)
1
Size
range ,
pm
<1-100
<1-100
<1-
<1-120
<1-30
<1-120
Avg.
size,
urn
5
5
0.5
0.5
10
6
19 November 1974
68
Quan-
tity,
tenths
(9)
2
7
(1)
(Of)
(Of)
Size
range ,
pm
-------
Table 121. COMPOSITE SUMMARY OF FILTER ANALYSES FOR SELECTED SITES IN ST. LOUIS AND VICINITY
NS
U>
Site
No. of filters
Conponents
Minerals
Quartz
Calcite
Feldspars
Hematite
Mica
Clays
Combustion
Products
Soot:
Oil
Coal
Fine soot
Glassy
fly ash
Incinerator
fly ash
Burr. ">od
Burned paper
Magnetite
Biological
Material
Pollen
Spores
Paper
Starch
Misc. plant
tissue
Miscellaneous
Iron or steel
Rubber
Municipal
Court - No. 18
6
Quantity,
percent
Average
(76)
27
40
4
5
(21)
<1
<1
20
1
<1
<1
<1
(
-------
Table 122. RESULTS OF REPLICATE ANALYSES OF ST. LOUIS FILTERS
Site
Date
TSP (jig/m3)
Laboratory
Analyses
Components
Minerals
Quartz
Calcite
Feldspars
Hematite
Mica
Combustion
Products
Soot:
Oil
Coal
Soot
Glassy
fly ash
Incinerator
fly ash
Burned wood
Burned paper
Magnetite
Biological
Material
Pollen
Spores
Paper
Starch
Misc . plant
tissue
Miscellaneous
Iron or steel
Rubber
East St. Louis - No. 26
28 June 1974
154
A
A
(93)
20
40
3
30
( 7)
5
1
1
<1
(
-------
Table 123. CITYWIDE COMPOSITE STOftiARY OF
FILTER ANALYSES IN ST. LOUIS
No. of filters
Components
Minerals
Quartz
Calcite
Feldspars
Hematite
Mica
Other
Combustion
products
Soot :
Oil
Coal
Misc. soot
Glassy
fly ash
Incinerator
fly ash
Burned wood
Burned paper
Magnetite
Carbon black
Other
Biological
material
Pollen
Spores
Paper
Starch
Misc. plant
tissue
Leaf
trichomer
Miscellaneous
Iron or steel
Rubber
Other
26
Quantity, percent
Average
15
15
(75)
26
40
2
7
<1
(21)
2
<1
16
2
<1
<1
<1
«D
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
( 4)
-------
CITY
ST. LOUIS.nO.
ELEMENT SITE LE&END
V BROflOWflYIHURCK ^ *
MUNICIP. COURT e &
WIND OmCnON
*O 100 110 120 ISO 160 170 1
9 13 IS'
Q 8O *0 100 110 120 i«0 160 170 170 166 ZZO 230 300 £40 2SO 300 310 HO 20 IA 10 SO 0 SO 10 CO to 70 N 0 0 0 j>
«n I—I—I—I—r—I—I 1—I—I—)—I—f—I—j—I—\—I—I—I 1—I—I—I—I—I—I—I—I—I—I—I—r~
•- 9 13 IS « 13 tf 13 19 » il 20 17 \S fl 13 15 13 H » » 19 7 O C IT 11 17 • 7 0 O O «
0723
0124
0725
0726
Figure 25
TIME
Temporal variation in the concentration of vanadium at two St. Louis sites
-------
PROVIDENCE
Providence, Rhode Island, located in the northeastern portion of the
United States, is an example of an area which is meeting the air quality
standards for particulates and has never had much of a problem except for
a few center city monitoring sites. Providence is included in the study
because it is a coastal city, receiving frequent rain, with a small amount
of industrial activity but large space heating requirements. The reader
is directed to Volume XVI of this report for a complete discussion of the
subject city.
The general pattern of particulate concentrations is concentric about the
metropolitan area, with most of the sites at or below the annual secondary
3
standard of 60 ug/m . Out of the 21 monitors in the State in 1974, only
one site (number 42 on Dyer Street in Providence) exceeded the national
3
annual primary standard of 75 ug/m while four sites exceeded the annual
secondary standard. The 24-hour secondary standard was exceeded eight
times, at a total of six stations, out of 966 total observations. All of
the violations of the standards occurred at sampling sites in the center-
city area of metropolitan Providence.
The locations of the five sites that were selected for filter analysis in
Providence are shown in Figure 26. Table 124 details the pertinent charac-
teristics of these sites, and Table 125 summarizes the meteorological data
for the selected sampling days. To gain some insight into the contribu-
tion of secondary particulates, much of which is too small to be observed
by the microscopists, the annual average sulfate and nitrate concentra-
tions for the NASN site are shown in Table 126. The results for each of
the 25 filters submitted for routine analysis are presented in Table 127.
The results for the filters at each site have been averaged to give a
composite of the particulate composition as shown in Table 128. Nine
filters underwent replicate analyses, and the results of this task are
presented in Table 129.
241
-------
The composite particulate characterization for all filters from Providence
that underwent routine analysis, presented in Table 130, shows that most
of the TSP is composed of minerals. The average percent minerals reported,
however, is not atypical in terms of the other cities studied, with Provi-
dence ranked eighth out of the 14 cities. The amount of combustion prod-
ucts is also quite typical, with Providence ranked ninth highest in that
category. The predominant type of combustion product identified was oil
soot, an expected result in view of the predominance of oil as a fuel in
the area. In fact, the identification of coal soot and fly ash, although
in very small -amounts, was somewhat surprising because coal is not be-
lieved to be utilized at all in the Providence area.
The average percent rubber reported is high, with only one other city
included in the study exceeding Providence. The composite average of
16 percent rubber is not the result of a few isolated observations;
indeed, 23 of the 25 filters analyzed were reported to have rubber on
them. The highest observed percent rubber content of any sample was
35 percent at the Westminster Street site which is located 100 feet
above street level. The Dyer Street site, which had the highest 1974
TSP levels in the Providence AQCR, also had the highest average rubber
content. This finding is strongly supportive of the belief that the
high TSP levels at Dyer Street are adversely affected by the proximity
of the site to Interstate 195.
Three of the filters from Providence were also submitted for determina-
tion of particle size as a function of particle type, as shown in Fig-
ures 27 through 29. One of these samples was also selected for detailed
physical analysis, and the results are presented in Table 131.
242
-------
PROVIDENCE
NASN&
NO. 42
NO. 46
NO. 47 A
LEGEND
NO. 12 WESTMINSTER STREET
NO. 42 DYER STREET
NO, 46 TRISTAM SURGES SCHOOL
NO. 47 CRANSTON GENERAL HOSPITAL
Figure 26. Providence TSP monitoring sites
selected for filter analyses
243
-------
Table 124. SAMPLING SITE CHARACTERISTICS
DAPC
code
12
42
46
47
52
Town
Providence
Providence
East Prov-
idence
Crans ton
Providence
Address
Westminster
Street
Dyer Street
Tristam Burges
School
General Hospital
Police Station
Height,
feet
100
15
30
50
45
24-hour
second
highest
value,
Pg/ra3
134
173
140
98
1974
geometric
mean
TSP
68
88
61
43
66
Site
characteristic
CBD
CBD
Residential
Residential
CBD
Major influences
on air quality levels
Space heating, screened
by taller buildings
Beside expressway, near
power plant
General urban activity,
unpaved streets
Residential area activity
General urban activity,
near expressway
-------
Table 125. METEOROLOGICAL DATA ON SELECTED SAMPLING DAYS (THEO.
FRANCIS GREEN STATE AIRPORT, PROVIDENCE)
Date
3/24/74
8/15/74
9/20/74
10/14/74
10/26/74
11/01/74
11/19/74
12/19/74
Precipitation,
in.
Day of
aba.
0.01
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.02
Preced-
ing day
0.06
0
t
t
0.10
0.49
0
0
Wind speed, «ph
Average
11.7
9.4
7.5
9.6
9.5
9.2
6.8
9.1
Resultant
7.5
5.7
5.5
7.5
7.7
8.5
5.5
8.6
Wind direction, deg
3 -hour observation
70, 320, 330, 210
250, 330, 300, 320
360, 350, 360, 30
20, 160, 300, 360
180, 210, 180, 170
220, 190, 190, 350
C, 340, 300, 170
170, 170, 180, 190
290, 320, 340, 330
310, 300, 230, 250
200, 230, 230, 220
260, 250, 270, 270
280, 320, 230, 350
310, 290, 260, 250
270, 280, 270, 250
260, 210, C, 250
Resul-
tant
300
360
200
180
300
240
290
260
Note: C
t
Calm
Trace
Table 126. ANNUAL AVERAGE CONCENTRATIONS OF SULFATE AND
NITRATE IONS AT THE PROVIDENCE, RHODE ISLAND,
NASN SITE NO. 410300001 (yg/m3)
Year
1972
1973
1974
Sulfate
Arithmetic
mean
11.11
10.83s
9.98a
Geometric
mean
10.14
9.77a
8.87a
Nitrate
Arithmetic
mean
1.50
2.35a
2.92a
Geometric
mean
1.17
1.91*
2.35a
alndicates insufficient data for statistically valid year.
245
-------
Table 127a.
RESULTS OF FILTER ANALYSES FOR SELECTED SITES IN PROVIDENCE AND VICINITY
(WESTMINSTER STREET — NO. 12)
Date
TSP (ug/m3)
Components
Minerals
Quartz
Calcite
Feldspars
Hematite
Mica
Combus t i on
Products
Soot:
Oil
Coal
15 August 1974
63
Quan-
tity,
tenths
(9-)
5.
3
1
(1)
1-
Fine soot |
Glassy
fly ash
Incinerator (
fly ash
Burned wood
Burned paper
Magnetite
Biological
Material
Pollen
Spores
Paper
Starch
Misc. plant
tissue
Miscellaneous
Iron or steel
Rubber
(0+)
(1-)
1-
Size
range ,
um
-------
Table 127b.
RESULTS OF FILTER ANALYSES FOR SELECTED SITES IN PROVIDENCE AND VICINITY
(TRISTAM BURGES SCHOOL — NO. 46)
Date
TSP (ug/m3)
Components
Minerals
Quartz
Calcite
Feldspars
Hematite
Mica
Combustion
Products
Soot:
Oil
Coal
Soot
Glassy
fly ash
Incinerator
fly ash
Burned wood
Burned paper
Magnetite
Very fine car-
bon black
Biological
Material
Pollen
Spores
Paper
Starch
Misc. plant
tissue
Miscellaneous
Iron or steel
Rubber
15 August 1974
48
Quan-
tity,
tenths
(8+)
6
2
1-
(1)
(1)
(Of)
(1-)
1-
Size
range ,
um
<1-50
<1-10
5-150
Avg.
size,
um
15
1-2
<1
20 September 1974
66
Quan-
tity,
tenths
(9)
7
1
1-
(1-)
(0+)
(0+-)
Size
range ,
um
-------
Table 127c.
RESULTS OF FILTER ANALYSES FOR SELECTED SITES IN PROVIDENCE AND VICINITY
(CRANSTON GENERAL HOSPITAL — NO. 47)
Date
TSP (ng/m3)
Components
Minerals
Quartz
Calcite
Feldspars
Hematite
Mica
Combustion
Products
Soot:
Oil
Coal
Very fine
Glassy
fly ash
Incinerator
fly ash
Burned wood
Burned paper
Magnetite
Biological
Material
Pollen
Spores
Paper
Starch
Misc. plant
tissue
Miscellaneous
Iron or steel
Rubber
15 August 1974
44
Quan-
tity,
tenths
(7+)
2
1
2
1
1+
(2)
I ,
r
i
(Of)
(1-)
1-
Size
range ,
^m
<1-80
<1-115
Avg.
size,
(jra
7
20 September 1974
54
Quan-
tity,
tenths
(7)
5
1
1
(2)
2-
(1-)
1-
(1)
1
Size
range ,
|jm
<1-80
-------
Table 127d.
RESULTS OF FILTER ANALYSES FOR SELECTED SITES IN
PROVIDENCE AND VICINITY (DYER STREET - NO. 42)
.p-
VO
Date
TSr (pg/io3)
Component*
Minerals
Quartz
Calelte
Feldspars
Hematite
Mica
Combustion
Products
Soot:
Oil
Coal
Soot and
spheres
Classy
fly ash
Incinerator
fly ash
Burned wood
Burned paper
Magnetite
Biological
Material
Pollen
Spores
Paper
Starch
Misc. plant
tissue
Miscellaneous
Iron or steel
Rubber
14 October 1974
61
Quan-
tity,
tenths
(5)
3+
1
(1+)
1+
(W-)
-------
Table 127e.
RESULTS OF FILTER ANALYSES FOR SELECTED SITES IN PROVIDENCE AND VICINITY
(NASN SITE NO. 410300001)
Date
TSP (Mg/«3)
Component*
Hint rail
Quartz
Calclte
Feldspar*
Hematite
Mica
Hydra ced Ie
oxide*
Conbuatloa
Product*
Soot:
Oil
Coal
Soot
Clany
fly ash
Incinerator
fly Alh
Burned wood
Burned paper
Magnetite
Biological
Material
Pollen
Sporei
Paper
Starch
Hlic. plant
tlnaue
Mlnctllancoin
Iron or ataal
lubber
24 March 1974
83
Quan-
tity,
tenth*
(»)
6
1-
1-
1
1
1-
<0f)
(1-)
1-
Slz*
range,
urn
2-150
5-50
2-75
1-50
1-60
2-50
Avg.
• Ice,
V*
40
30
30
10
30
20
15 Auguit 1974
67
Quan-
tity.
tenth*
<»->
6f
1+
1
U->
1-
Slce
range.
M»
<1-125
8-35
3-62
Avg.
• 1M.
M»
10
9
20 September 1974
NAa
Quan-
tity,
tenth*
(9)
4
4+
1-
<0f)
(Of)
(1)
1
Sice
range,
ua
3-66
6-70
Avg.
•lie,
V*
24
50
26 October 1974
34
Quan-
tity,
tenth*
(6)
1+
' 3
1+
(1)
1
(3)
3
Size
range,
M«
1-30
1-32
2-53
Avg.
•ize,
"•
2
40
-------
Table 128. COMPOSITE SUMMARY OF FILTER ANALYSES FOR SELECTED
SITES IN PROVIDENCE AND VICINITY
Site
No. of {liters
Component*
Mineral*
Quarts
Calelte
Feldspars
Hematite
Mica
Other
Combustion
Product*
Soot:
Oil
Coal
Fine soot
Glaasy
fly ash
Incinerator
fly ash
Burned wood
Burned paper
Magnetite
Carbon black
Biological
Material
Pollen
Spore*
Paper
Starch
Misc. plant
tissue
Miscellaneous
Iron or steel
Rubber
Site No. 12
6
Quantity.
percent
Average
(60)
39
11
2
6
2
(21)
14
1
5
1
(<1>
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
(19)
<1
19
Ranee
31-87
16-65
2-31
0-6
0-10
0-10
4-60
0-59
0-5
0-27
0-3
0-1
0-1
4-35
4-35
Site No. 46
6
Quantity.
percent
Average
(72)
51
7
2
10
2
(19)
14
2
I
2
( 1)
<1
<1
-------
Table 129. RESULTS OF REPLICATE ANALYSES OF PROVIDENCE FILTERS
Site
Date
TSP (ng/m )
Laboratory
Analyses
Components
Minerals
Quartz
Calcite
Feldspars
Hematite
Mica
Coal
Combustion
Products
Soot:
Oil
Coal
Fine soot
Glassy
fly ash
Incinerator
fly ash
Burned wood
Burned paper
Magnetite
Biological
Material
Pollen
Spores
Paper
Starch
Misc. plant
tissue
Other
Miscellaneous
Iron or steel
Rubber
Asphalt
Dyer Street - No. 42
14 October
1974
61
A
1
(48)
35
12
1
(15)
15
( 3)
<]L
<1
<1
2
1
(33)
tr
33
A
2
(32)
27
2
2
1
tr
(37)
8
15
14
( 1)
tr
tr
tr
1
(30)
30
1 November
1974
110
A
1
(76)
59
1
6
10
( 8)
3
5
«D
<1
<]_
<1
(16)
tr
16
A
2
(53)
35
3
6
9
tr
(36)
12
8
6
10
( 1)
tr
tr
1
tr
(10)
10
19 November
1974
98
A
1
(27)
16
8
1
2
(42)
42
(
-------
Table 130. CITYWIDE COMPOSITE SUMMARY OF FILTER ANALYSES IN PROVIDENCE
No. of filters
Components
Minerals
Quartz
Calcite
Feldspar
Hematite
Mica
Othera
Combustion
products
Soot:
Oil
Coal
Misc. soot
Glassy
fly ash
Incinerator
fly ash
Burned wood
Burned paper
Magnetite
Carbon black
Othera
Biological
Material
Pollen
Spores
Paper
Starch
Misc. plant
tissue
Leaf
trichomer
Miscellaneous
Iron or steel
Rubber
Other
25
Quantity,
percent
Average
(64)
39
7
7
8
3
(22)
12
2
4
2
1
1
(1)
<1
<1
<1
<1
1
(13)
<1
13
Range
28-92
11-71
0-31
0-45
0-18
0-15
2-68
0-63
0-15
0-27
0-29
0-14
0-10
0-5
0-2
0-4
0-35
0-35
253
-------
tsJ
80
70
60
50
40
30
L20
hi
< 10
5 1
HI T
P 5
5 4
Q.
A COMBuSilON PRODUCTS
O QUARTZ
Q CALCITE
ill ii
-L
i i i i I I I
I I
0.01 O.I a3 I 2 5 10 20 30 50 70 80 90 95 98 99 99.9
NUMBER PERCENT LESS THAN OR EQUAL TO STATED SIZE
99.99
Figure 27. Cumulative particle size distributions for three particle types,
Westminster Street site, Providence, August 15, 1974
-------
NJ
Ln
Ln
I
80
70
60
50
40
30
E
^20
oc
UJ
H
Ul
< 10
5 1
7
6
5
5 4
Q.
bl
_l
O
I T^
©OIL SOOT
B.COAL SOOT
A GLASSY PLY ASH
0.01 O.I 0.5 I 2 5 10 20 30 50 70 BO 90 95 98 99 99.9
NUMBER PERCENT LESS THAN OR EQUAL TO STATED SIZE
99.99
Figure 28. Cumulative particle size distributions for three particle types,
Tristam Burges School, Providence, September 20, 1974
-------
II
N5
Ul
80
70
60
50
40
30
'20
-------
Table 131. DETAILED PHYSICAL ANALYSIS: DYER STREET, PROVIDENCE,
NOVEMBER 19, 1974
A. Quartz confirmed by dispersion staining and (-) uniaxial
interference figure. EDXRA shows only silicon and trace of
iron (from hematite).
B. Calcite confirmed by EDXRA - shows only calcium.
C. Oil soot confirmed (as far as possible, due to small parti-
cle size and variability of fly ash due to operating condi-
tions) by brittleness, morphology and especially EDXRA
analysis showing: aluminum, silicon (both from clay - feld-
spar impurities); calcium, sulfur, chlorine (these as normal
constituents of oil soots); iron and vanadium (normal con-
stituents of oils). The major constituent was carbon.
D. Rubber was confirmed by its elastomeric nature, surface
appearance and EDXRA spectrum showing mostly carbon with
minor amounts of calcium, aluminum, silicon (all probably
from road wear products), sulfur, chlorine, iron, titanium,
and zinc.
257
-------
SECTION VII
REFERENCES
1. Jensen, B. and J. W. Nelson. Novel Aerosol Sampling Apparatus for
Elemental Analysis. Proceedings of the Second International Con-
ference - Nuclear Methods in Environmental Research. July 1974.
2. Johansson, T. B. , R. E. Van Griekon, J. W. Nelson, and J. W. .Win-
chester. Elemental Trace Analysis of Small Samples by Proton-
Induced X-Ray Emission. Analytical Chemistry. 43(6), May 1975.
258
*U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1977-740-110/307 REGION NO. t
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
1. REPORT NO.
EPA 450/3-76-025
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
National Assessment Of The
2.
Urban Particulate Problem;
Volume II - Particle Characterization
7. AUTHOR(S)
Robert L. Bradway
Frank Record, Project Director
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AIN
GCA Technology Division
Burlington Road
Bedford, MA 01730
ID ADDRESS
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES Wnl..mp T
Particle Characterization -
EPA 450/3-76-026a thru 026n
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION-NO.
5. REPORT DATE
July 1976
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
GCA-TR-76-25-G(2)
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-02-1376
Task Order 18
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
, National Assessment - EPA 450/3-76-024;
EPA 450/3-76-025; Volumes III-XVI, Urban
•
Volume II,
Area Reports -
16. ABSTRACT
This document is one volume of a 16-volume report presenting an overall assessment
of the particulate problem, which was conducted by GC A/Tech no logy Division for EPA.
This particular document presents the results of analyses that were undertaken in
an effort to characterize the various components and types of particles that comprise
ambient suspended particulate matter. Most of this information was obtained by
optical microscopic analysis of filter segments. A quality control program in the
form of blind replicate analysis was utilized and a statistical analysis of the
results is also reported in this volume. This and the 14 city reports are viewed
primarily as repositories of data and provide documentation and background informa-
tion for Volume I of the study - National Assessment of the Particulate Problem -
Final Report.
17.
a. DESCRIPTORS
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
Particulate Matter Optical Microscopy
Total Suspended Particulate Elemental Analysis
Emission Sources Quality Control
Control Methods Particle Size
Air Quality Measurements
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT ReledS
Available for a fee, thru t
Technical Information Servi
Royal Road, Springfield, V/1
6 Unlimited. ^- SECURITY CLASS (ThisReport)
he National Unclassified
C6, 5285 Port 20- SECURITY CLASS (This page)
( 22151 Unclassified
c. cos AT I Field/Group
21. NO. OF PAGES
280
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
259
------- |