United States
          Environmental Protection
          Agency
           Research and Development
&EPA
The Office of
Research and Development
1989

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                                        November 1988
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
     The Office of Research and Development
                    1989
             U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
                 Washington, DC, 20460

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                                         Contents
EPA Organization Chart  	 iv
ORD Organization Chart  	  v
Office of Research and Development	  1
Office of Research Program Management  	  5
Office of Technology Transfer and Regulatory Support  	  9
Center for Environmental Research Information	   13
Office of Exploratory Research  	   17
Risk Assessment Forum 	   21
Senior Official for Research and Development-Cincinnati, OH  	   25
Senior Official for Research and Development-Research Triangle Park, NC  	   26
Office of Modeling, Monitoring Systems and Quality Assurance 	   27
Atmospheric Research and Exposure Assessment Laboratory  	   33
Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory-Cincinnati, OH 	   37
Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory-Las Vegas, NV 	   41
Office of Environmental Engineering and Technology Demonstration  	   45
Air and Energy Engineering Research Laboratory  	   49
Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory  	   53
Office of Environmental Processes and Effects Research  	   57
Robert S.  Kerr Environmental Research Laboratory - Ada, OK 	   63
Environmental Research Laboratory-Athens, GA 	   67
Environmental Research Laboratory-Corvallis, OR 	   71
Environmental Research Laboratory-Duluth, MN  	   75
Environmental Research Laboratory-Gulf Breeze, FL  	   79
Environmental Research Laboratory-Narragansett, RI 	   83
Office of Health Research	   87
Health Effects Research Laboratory 	   91
Office of Health and Environmental Assessment  	   95
Exposure Assessment Group	   99
Human Health Assessment Group  	   101
Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office-Cincinnati, OH 	   105
Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office-Research Triangle Park, NC  	   109

                                             iii

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U. S. Environmental Protection Agency Organization Chart


Staff Offices
Administrative
Civil Rights
Small & Dlsad\
Business Utiliz
Administrator — Associate Administrator
Law Judges lor International Activities
/antaged , . Associate Administrator
.. Administrator — . _ . . _
ation tor Regional Operations
1
r
Assistant
Administrator for
Administration and
Resources Management
Office of
' the Comptroller
Office of
Administration
Office of Information
' Resources Management
Office of
• Human Resources
Management
Office of
Administration &
" Resource Management
RTP, NC
Office of Administration
Cincinnati. OH

Assistant General
Administrator for Counsel
Enforcement and
Compliance Monitoring
Office of Criminal
Enforcement
Office of Senior
Enforcement Counsel








Assistant
Administrator for
Water
Office of Water
. Enforcement and
Permits
Office of Water
. Regulations and
Office ol Municipal
Pollution Control
Office ol
Drinking Water
Ollice o
Protect
Marine and
es
on
Ollice ol Ground
Water Protection
Office ol Wetlands
Protection

Assistant
Administrator lor
Solid Waste and
Emergency Response
Ollice ol
• Solid Waste
Ollice ol
Emergency and
Remedia Response
Office ol Waste
. Programs
Enforcement
Office ol
L Underground
Storage Tanks



|
Assistant
Administrator for
Policy, Planning
and Evaluation
Office of
Policy Analysis
Office of Standards
and Regulations
Office ol Management
Systems and Evaluation






1 1
Assistant
Administrator tor
External Affairs
Office ol
" Congressional Liaison
Oltice of
Federal Activities
Office of
Legislative Analysis
Office ol Community
. and Intergovernmental
Relations
Office ol
Public Affairs

1
Assistant
Administrator lor
Air and Radiation
Olfice ol Air
_ Quality Planning and
Standards
Oltice of
Mobile Sources
Office ol
Radiation Programs

Inspector
General
Office of
" Audit
Olfice ol
Investigations
Office of Management
- and Technical
Assessment

1
Assistant
Administrator for
Pesticides and
Toxic Substances
-
-
-
Office of
Pesticide Programs
Office ol
Toxic Substances
Office of
Compliance
Monitoring

1 1 1
Region 1
Boston
Region II Region III Region IV Region V Region VI Region VII
New York Philadelphia Atlanta Chicago Dallas Kansas City
Assistant
Administrator tor
Research and
Development
Ollice ol
Modeling. Monitoring
Systems and
Quality Assurance
Environmental
Engineering and
Technology
Demonstration




Oltice of
Environmental
Processes and
Effects Research
Office ol
Health Research
Office ol Health
and Environmental
Assessment

1 1
Region VIII
Denver Sc
Region IX Region X
in Francisco Seattle


                        IV

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                                Office of Research and Development Organization Chart
  Otfice ot Research
Program Management
 Office of Technology
Transfer & Regulatory
      Support
                                    J
                                                     Assistant Administrator lor Research
                                                             and Development
                                                       Deputy Assistant Administrator
        _L
 Office ot Modeling,
Monitoring Systems &
 Quality Assurance
   Program Operations
          Staff
    Quality Assurance
    Management Staff
       Modeling &
   Monitoring Systems
          Staff
       Atmospheric
   Research & Exposure
       Assessment
      Lab..Research
     Triangle Park, NC
      Environmental
    Monitoring Systems
    Lab., Cincinnati, OH
      Environmental
    Monitoring Systems
    Lab ,Las Vegas. NV
           _L
  Office ot Environmental
 Engineering & Technology
      Demonstration
     Program Development
            Staff
     Program Management
            Statt
       Air » Energy
   Engineering Research
  Lab., Research Triangle
         Park. NC
                                 Risk Reduction
                                Engineering Lab,
                                 Cincinnati, OH
      Center lor Environmental Research
          Information Cincinnati, OH
                                 Office of Exploratory
                                     Research
                             Risk Assessment
                                 Forum
Office of Environmental
  Processes & Effects
      Research
    Program Operations
          Staff
                                    Terrestrial & Ground
                                        Water Stall
                                    Marine, Freshwater &
                                       Modeling Staff
 R. S Kerr Environmental
  Research Lab .Ada, OK
                                                             Environmental Research
                                                                 Lab .Athens, GA
                                  Environmental Research
                                     Lab .Corvallis, OR
                                                             Environmental Research
                                                                 Lab .Dululh. MN
                                                             Environmental Research
                                                               Lab ,Gull Breeze. FL
                                                             Environmental Research
                                                               Lab .Narragansett. Rl
Office of Health
   Research
     Program
  Operations Staff
                                                                                                Environmental
                                                                                               Health Research
                                                                                                    Staff
Olfice of Health &
 Environmental
   Assessment
 Program Operations
        Staff
                                                                 Program Liaison
                                                                      Staff
                                                                    Technical
                                                                 Inlormation Stall
                            Exposure Assessment
                                   Group
                                                                                                 Human health
                                                                                                Assessment Group
                                                              Environmental Criteria
                                                              & Assessment Office,
                                                                 Cincinnati, OH
                                                                                              Environmental Criteria
                                                                                               & Assessment Office,
                                                                                              Research Triangle Park,
                                                                                                      NC

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                         Office of Research and Development
                                                     Erich W.  Bretthauer is  the Acting
                                                  Assistant Administrator for the Office of
                                                  Research  and Development.  From September
                                                  1987 through October 1988, he was the Deputy
                                                  Assistant  Administrator.  Within EPA he has
                                                  served as the director of both the Environmental
                                                  Monitoring Systems Laboratory, Las Vegas, and
                                                  the Office of Environmental Processes and
                                                  Effects Research, Washington, DC. In 1962 he
                                                  began  his  career in scientific  research with the
                                                  Public Health Service. He received bachelor's
                                                  and master's degrees in  Chemistry from the
                                                  University of Nevada, Reno.  He has authored
                                                  many  technical papers and  has received the
                                                  EPA Gold  Medal.
Mission

Introduction

   The primary goal of the U.S. Environmental
Protection  Agency  is to mitigate the adverse
impacts of pollution on human health and the
environment.   Toward  that  end,  Agency
management must make decisions regarding the
development of policy,  guidance, standards,
regulations, and  the appropriate  tools for
implementing pollution abatement strategies. It is
the primary mission of the Office of Research and
Development (ORD) to provide high quality, timely
scientific and technical information in the service of
Agency goals. The Agency's research program is
conducted through 12 environmental laboratories
across  the country, employing some 2000 people,
with an annual budget  of $380 million. The
research focuses on areas targeted by the planning
process as needing additional emphasis in order to
provide  the information required for Agency
decision making.

Research Perspectives

   The overall  planning process engenders an
applied research and development program focused
on answering key scientific and technical questions
related to  EPA's decision making, short-term
scientific  and  technical  studies  supporting
immediate  regulatory and enforcement decisions,
and a longer-term research  program that extends
the knowledge base of environmental science and
anticipates environmental problems.

   The core research and development program is
focused on the following functional areas:

   •   Health effects research - to determine the
       adverse effects of pollutants  on human
       health

   •   Ecological effects research - to determine
       the  adverse  effects of pollutants  on
       ecosystems

   •   Environmental  processes   and  fate
       research - to understand how pollutants are
       transported and modified as they move
       through soils, ground and surface waters,
       and  the atmosphere

   •   Environmental monitoring research -  to
       develop methods of identifying pollutants in
       the  environment and  measuring exposure
       to such substances

   •   Risk assessment research  - to develop
       methods to integrate information  on
       pollutant sources, fate  and transport,
       exposure, and health and ecological effects
       in order to assess the overall risk posed by a
       pollutant or a group of pollutants

   •   Risk reduction research - to develop control
       technologies to treat, destroy,  or contain
       pollutants  and methods  to  reduce  or

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 Office of Research and Development
       eliminate the sources of pollutants or to
       prevent exposure to pollutants.

   In addition to functional areas, several cross-
media  problems also  categorize the total ORD
program. Those cross-media problems receiving
special emphasis at present and for the foreseeable
future and the Agency programs most concerned
are:

   •   Global  climate  change  (air, water,
       hazardous waste);

   •   Total and human exposure assessment (air,
       water,  hazardous  waste/Superfund,
       pesticides/toxic substances)

   •   Wetlands  (water, hazardous waste and
       Superfund);

   •   Accidental releases (air, water, hazardous
       waste and Superfund);

   •   Comparative risk for complex mixtures (air,
       water, hazardous waste and Superfund,
       pesticides/toxic substances);

   •   Technology Transfer (all);

   •   Biotechnology (air, water, pesticides/toxic
       substances).

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                                                     Office of Research and Development
FY 89 Resources

         220
         200
         180
         160
         140
         120
         100
          80
          60
          40
          20
                      S&E
R&D
Total Full Time Employees:

Total Budget:
A&C
           1,857
SF
   Salaries and Expenses (S&E)                     $109,799,000
   Research and Development (R&D)                  200,500,000
   Abatement and Control A&C/Leaking Underground
     Storage Tanks (LUST)                            1,768,000
   Superfund (SF)                                   68.224.000
         Grand Total                              $380,291,000

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                     Office of Research Program Management
                                                   Clarence E. Mahan has been the Director
                                                of the Office of Research Program Management
                                                since April 1986. From 1983 to 1986, he was
                                                Associate Comptroller for EPA. Before that, he
                                                spent a year as the Director, Office of Fiscal and
                                                Contracts Management.  He  held  several
                                                positions with the Army, the Air Force, and the
                                                Department of Energy.  Mr. Mahan received an
                                                MBA degree from Syracuse  University, a
                                                master's in History from American University,
                                                and a bachelor's from the  University of
                                                Maryland. He has received the Presidential
                                                Rank of Meritorious Executive Award.
FY89 BUDGET:
PERSONNEL:
$3,700,000
      45
         Program
        Coordination
           Staff
         382-7468
            Evaluation and
             Review Staff
              382-7500
Planning Staff
  382-2597
Program and
 Information
Management
   Staff
 382-7462

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 Office of Research Program Management
Functions

   The Office of Research Program Management
(ORPM) is the principal staff office to the Assistant
Administrator on matters of budgeting, account-
ability, program planning,  analysis,  review,
integration and coordination, resource manage-
ment, organizational and manpower management,
environmental compliance, policy development and
analysis, and administrative management services.
The  Headquarters Staff Offices responsible to
ORPM are required to:

•  recommend ORD  policies,  procedures  and
   resource targets;
•  administer planning, budgeting, reporting and
   review systems;

•  determine ORD program responsiveness to
   Agency goals and measure performance;

•  provide administrative support services to ORD
   Headquarters components;

•  allocate resources,  as directed by the Assistant
   Administrator;

•  operate ORD fiscal  and manpower controls.

•  oversee  ORD's  information  resources
   management activities, which includes all ADP
   management.
throughout the nation.  If the Agency is to be
effectively served by ORD, it is essential that the
inhouse research program be supported by an
adequate infrastructure of  research facilities,
scientific equipment and supplies, as well as a
highly trained and motivated scientific workforce.


   Beginning in the mid to late 1970's,  ever
increasing mission demands and increasingly
constrained intramural resource availability has
caused the quality of the  ORD infrastructure to be
eroded. The majority of ORD laboratory facilities
are mostly over 25 years old. Things are beginning
to break down, some roofs have actually fallen in
and nearly all physical plants  are  in  need of
renovation and modernization. Industry standards
for the replacement of scientific  equipment is 7
years. By such a standard,  over  60% of ORD's
scientific equipment is either obsolete or in need of
upgrade at a cost which will approach $84 million.
While  ORD  has  recently  invested  in  a
contemporary computing and telecommunications
network, capacity remains a problem and with the
increasing need for large environmental models it
is essential that ORD acquire a "super computing"
capability.  With respect to  the  workforce, the
current ORD investment in training and career
development averages approximately $240 per
employee per year.  When compared to as much as
$1500 per  employee  by many technically
sophisticated industries,  we do not stand in very
good stead.
Issues

Reinforcing the ORD Infrastructure

    If the EPA is to be successful in its mission of
protecting public health and the environment, its
regulatory decisions and control strategies must be
firmly grounded in the best possible scientific and
technological base. This scientific  mission within
the Agency is carried out by ORD through a major
inhouse  research and development  program
supported by an extensive extramural program of
research contracts and various  cooperative
agreements with academic institutions.
    The inhouse research program is conducted by
ORD scientists  and engineers  in  12 major
laboratories and 7 other  field  installations
   In response to the problem, ORPM has taken
the lead in chairing a new Intramural Task Force
consisting of the ORD  Deputy Office Directors.
During the past year, that committee fashioned a
series of 1990 intramural budget initiatives which
total in excess of $56.8 million. This would include:

•  Inflationary Adjustment
   of intramural account                 $4.5M

•  Human Resources
   (training & development)                1M

•  Scientific Instrumentation
   (New: $5M Replacement: $15M)         20M

•  Facilities and Equipment ($1M Repair/
   Maintenance Under $25K;
   $1.2M Bldg.Equipment Replacement;
   $8.5M Operate New Facilities)         10.7M

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                                                   Office of Research Program Management
•  Travel                             1.2M

•  Super Computer                    19.4M

In addition to the requested dollars, the budget
proposal also included increased flexibility which
would enable ORD management to use different
appropriations for dealing with priority
infrastructure problems.

   These budget initiatives for ORD  were
incorporated into the Agency FY 1990 budget
request to OMB.

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          Office of Technology Transfer and Regulatory Support
                                                Peter W. Preuss has been the Director of
                                             the Office of  Technology Transfer  and
                                             Regulatory Support since 1988.  From  1985 to
                                             1988, he was the Director of the Office of Health
                                             and Environmental Assessment. Dr. Preuss
                                             began his career  with  the  Boyce-Thompson
                                             Institute  for Plant Research. He  received a
                                             Ph.D. and master's degrees in Plant Physiology
                                             and Biochemistry  from Columbia  University
                                             and a bachelor's in  Chemistry and Mathematics
                                             from Brooklyn College.
FY89 BUDGET:
PERSONNEL:
$6,900,000
       61
DIRECTOR
382-7669
         Regional Operations
                Staff
             382-7667
                  Regulatory Support
                         Staff
                       382-7669
           Regional Scientist
              Program
              382-7667
                      Technology Transfer
                             Staff
                           382-7671
                                              Center for Environmental
                                               Research Information
                                                   684-7391
           Air Team
          382-7669
            Water Team
             382-7669
        Toxic/Pesticide
           Team
          382-7891
 Hazardous
Waste Team
 382-7669

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  Office of Technology Transfer andRegulatory Support
Functions
Technology Transfer (TT) Staff Functions:
   The Office of Technology Transfer and
Regulatory  Support (OTTRS)  has three  main
functions:
•  analysis and integration of science  in  the
   development of regulations,


•  technology transfer on behalf of the Office of
   Research and Development, and
•  channels information exchange and technology
   transfer of ORD risk assessment activities,


•  develops and manages a TT program,


•  promotes transfer of information to state  and
   local users and ensures  that ORD  products
   deliver results from analysis and communica-
   tion,
•  maintenance of a network of scientists in each
   of the EPA Regions to provide ORD expertise
   for regional programs.


   OTTRS has a  staff of about 70 people and a
budget of about $6 million.  It  integrates and
disseminates ORD's scientific and engineering
information and expertise into regulatory decision-
making and transfers information and technology
to state and local organizations involved in
environmental protection. The Director advises the
Assistant  Administrator on regulatory support
provided to Program Offices by ORD scientists and
engineers, on methods for enhancing program
effectiveness through technology  transfer and
ORD-specific  implementation of the  1986
Technology Transfer Act, and on increased
attention to Regional Office needs and networking
of national issues. OTTRS will  have the lead role
for technology transfer within ORD, will provide
technical and policy assistance to ORD laboratories
and serve as a focal point for communication and
coordination with  EPA program offices,  EPA
regional offices, and non-EPA organizations.


Regulatory Support Staff Functions:
•  assesses TT needs, and


•  manages the Center for Environmental
   Research Information (CERI) to:

       implement a comprehensive national
       program,

       facilitate dissemination and exchange of
       scientific or technical information resulting
       from ORD research and development
       programs.

Regional Operations Staff Functions:
•  assists regions with short- and long-term
   research,
•  identifies and integrates  regional  research
   requirements,


•  represents regional interests in planning and
   budgeting,
•  rotates ORD scientists through regional offices,
   and
•   analyzes, integrates and communicates policy
    issues and research requirements,

•   makes sure ORD evaluates and contributes to
    basis of scientific issues, and

•   coordinates ORD's involvement in issues.
•  serves as a liaison between regional offices and
   ORD offices and laboratories.
                                             10

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                                        Office of Technology Transfer and Regulatory Support
Program Activities


    Historically, ORD's expertise has not been fully
utilized in the development of Agency policy,
despite  the  fact that a large part of the ORD
program is  directed at regulatory issues. The
OTTRS  regulatory support function ensures that
scientists in all ORD offices and laboratories review
the scientific and technical basis of Agency
regulatory approaches. As a result,  technical
weaknesses are identified, cross-disciplinary issues
are reviewed in an integrated fashion, and ORD
positions are clearly communicated. We  provide
early  and active analysis of legislation that may
affect ORD  programs and  provide feedback on
research needed  to execute specific regulatory
approaches.
Scientist Program. We  have  assigned four senior
ORD scientists to work in EPA regional offices, and
we plan to select six more within the year. Regional
Scientists will broker technical assistance to the
regions and will champion regional research needs
within ORD. Cooperative agreements with the
National Governors' Association;  the National
League of Cities; and the Association of State and
Territorial  Health Officials, provide  us with
additional insight with  respect to better serving
state and local clients.
    ORD's efforts in technology transfer are  well
received by our EPA headquarters and regional
clients but have not been directed at state and local
governmental  agencies.   Many   complex
environmental  issues  facing states  and
municipalities, lend themselves to solutions  that
can be  provided through an  aggressive EPA
technology transfer program. These issues include:
Leaking Underground  Storage Tanks (LUST);
Municipal Waste Management and Incinerator
Siting Decisions; Toxic Chemical Releases and the
Community's "Right to Know;" and Indoor Air
Pollution. OTTRS has formulated a new program of
"Cooperative Environmental Management"  that is
designed to ensure that the scientific and technical
information that ORD generates is shared with the
broadest possible audience. This program  will
refocus ORD's research effort to respond  to  the
needs of a decentralized environmental program;
give ORD resources leverage by joining efforts  with
states and municipalities; and provide leverage for
ORD  resources through joint efforts with  the
private  sector  -  stressing  the goals of the
Technology Transfer Act of 1986.


    There is general agreement among ORD senior
management  that we  need  to   improve
communication between ORD and  the EPA
regional offices. Although we have been responsive
to ad hoc requests for technical assistance, regional
research needs have not received  the priority
attention that they deserve in the ORD planning
process.  In order to foster a more  interactive
relationship we have established the ORD Regional
                                              11

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                  Center for Environmental Research Information
                                                     Calvin O. Lawrence has served as the
                                                  Director of the Center for Environmental
                                                  Research Information since 1980. He was the
                                                  Deputy Director of CERI for three years. Mr.
                                                  Lawrence worked for ORD in  Washington,
                                                  D.C. from 1972 - 1977 ending his tenure there
                                                  as Technical Assistant to the  Assistant
                                                  Administrator for ORD. He began his Federal
                                                  career in 1963 as Mathematician and
                                                  Electrical Engineer at  the Naval Ordinance
                                                  Laboratory, White Oak,  Maryland.  Mr.
                                                  Lawrence was awarded a EPA Bronze Medal
                                                  in 1973. He has a bachelor's in Mathematics
                                                  from Lamar University and a master's in
                                                  Numerical Science from John  Hopkins
                                                  University.
Functions

   The Center  for Environmental Research
Information (CERI) is a focal point for the exchange
of scientific and technical information both within
the Federal government and to the public. CERI's
Technology Transfer and  Technical Information
staffs coordinate a comprehensive technical
information program in support of the activities of
EPA's Office of Research and Development (ORD)
and its laboratories nationwide.

   The Technology Transfer Staff is responsible for
working with the Program Offices and Regions to
produce Technology Transfer products  that aid
states, local governments,  and the regulated
community in complying with EPA regulations.
This  information is based upon the latest
technology and  is in a form that is easily
understood as well as comprehensive in coverage.

   CERI's technical information components are
responsible for the production and distribution of
ORD scientific and technical reports, responding to
requests for publications and the quality control of
all ORD's information products through the
application of standard procedures  for the
production of documents and through a review and
sign-off mechanism to  insure that the science has
met applicable standards.
FY88 Products

Emerging Technologies for Upgrading Existing or
Designing New Drinking  Water Treatment
Facilities

Assessment and Management of Drinking Water
Contamination

Assessment and Management Workshop

National AWWA Meeting, Orlando, FL, June 20-
23,1988

Constructed Wetlands and Aquatic Plant Systems

Requirements for Hazardous Waste Landfill Design,
Construction, and Closure

Model on Exposure and  Bioaccumulation of
Toxicants in Surface Waters

Model  for  Metals Equilibrium  Speciation
(MINTEQAI)

Transport  and Fate  of Contaminants in the
Subsurface

Leak Detection Methods for Underground  Storage
Tanks
                                             13

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 Center for Environmental Research Information
Field Evaluations of Municipal Wastewater
Treatment Technologies

APCA Meeting

WPCF Meeting

Alternative Treatment Technologies for Superfund
Sites

Compendium of Technologies  Used  in the
Treatment of Hazardous Wastes

Guide to Technical Resources for the Design of Land
Disposal Facilities

Community Relations in Superfund

Field Screening Methods Catalog
Superfund Exposure Assessment Manual

Guidance Document for Providing Alternative
Water Supplies

Technical Approaches to Cleanup of Radiologically
Contaminated Superfund Sites

Technology Screening  Guide for Treatment of
CERCLA Soils and Sludges

Assessment of International Technologies for
Superfund Applications
Most Important Publication

Constructed Wetlands and Aquatic Plant Systems
for Municipal Wastewater Treatment
                                             14

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                                         Center for Environmental Research Information
FY89 BUDGET:
PERSONNEL:
$3,684,000
       27
DIRECTOR
684-7391
   Environmental Control Systems Staff
              684-7354
   Publications Production
          684-7555
                                  Environmental Assessment Staff
                                            684-7358
              ORO Research Information
                      684-7562
                          Editorial Support
                             684-7551
                                          I 5

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                     Office of Exploratory Research
                                               Roger S. Cortesi has been the Director of
                                           the Office of Exploratory Research since 1984.
                                           From 1972 to 1984, he held supervisory
                                           positions  in several Agency programs,
                                           including the Office of Health and Ecological
                                           Effects, the Environmental Research Center,
                                           and the Office of Planning and Evaluation.
                                           Dr. Cortesi began his career as an advisory
                                           engineer with Westinghouse. He received a
                                           Ph.D. in Physics from the  University of
                                           Virginia  and a bachelor's degree in
                                           Mathematics from Harvard University.
FY89 BUDGET:
PERSONNEL:
$26,266,000
       14
DIRECTOR
382-5750
  Research Grants Staff
       382-7445
                Senior Environmental
                  Employment and
               Workforce Development
                        Staff
                     382-5750
                       Centers and Special
                         Programs Staff
                            382-7473
                                      17

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 Office of Exploratory Research
Functions

   The Office of Exploratory  Research (OER) is
responsible for planning, administering, managing
and  evaluating EPA's  exploratory research
program  in  general and,  in particular, its
extramural grant research in  response to Agency
priorities as established by  Agency planning
mechanisms. It supports fundamental  research
aimed at developing a better basic scientific
understanding of the environment and its inherent
problems  and entails close relations  with the
American environmental  research community.
OER's main goals are:

•  to have the environmental research community
   aware of and working on problems of interest to
   EPA;

•  to  promote close interaction and mutual
   awareness between EPA researchers and the
   environmental research community;

•  to provide general  support to the  research
   community  for work  on  fundamental
   environmental research, thereby promoting a
   solid foundation of knowledge for the country's
   large applied environmental research program,
   a cadre of scientific and technical personnel in
   the environmental sciences, and an "over-the-
   horizon" capability for identifying  problems
   and solutions.
    OER's  goals  are accomplished  primarily
through four core programs: (a) a competitive
investigator-initiated research grants program, (b)
an environmental research centers program, (c) a
visiting scientists program, and (d) a small business
innovation research (SBIR) program.


Program Activities
areas of particular interest to the Agency such as
global climate change and hazardous substances.
All proposals received in response to either
mechanism are subjected to external peer review.
   In an effort to provide more support to minority
institutions for the conduct of basic environmental
research, the Research Grants Program makes
available pre-application assistance for minority
faculty at Historically  Black Colleges  and
Universities (HBCUs) through  its Minority
Institutions Assistance Program.
•  The Research Centers  Program  (RCP)--
supports multidisciplinary research, which  is
conducted  in a university setting and focused  in
areas of priority interest to EPA. Research centers
are supported in the areas of: waste elimination,
intermedia transport, ecosystems, marine sciences,
advanced  control technology, ground water,
epidemiology, and hazardous waste. In FY88, the
RCP initiated the establishment of five hazardous
substance research centers.
•  The Visiting Scientists Program—has two
components: a competitive visiting scientists and
engineers  program  and a summer fellowship
program. The objective of the Visiting Scientists
and Engineers Program is to attract accomplished
visitors into ORD laboratories for 1 to 3 years to
strengthen the Agency's research  program by
fostering better exchange between EPA researchers
and  the rest  of the environmental  research
community. The Summer  Fellows Program is
carried out in cooperation with the American
Association for the Advancement of Science and
sponsors  the  assignment  of post-doctoral
environmental science and engineering  fellows to
EPA facilities for the summer months to conduct
environmental research and policy projects.
•   The Research Grants Program (RGP)-supports
research initiated by individual investigators in
areas of interest to the Agency. Research proposals
are solicited via two mechanisms: (1) the general
"Solicitation for Research  Proposals," which is
published each year and invites proposals in five
broadly defined areas of environmental science and
engineering; and (2)  the Request for Applications
(RFA) which is  a  more targeted solicitation
mechanism that requests proposals in well-defined
•  The Small  Business Innovation Research
Program-is mandated by Public Law 97-219 which
requires EPA to devote 1.25% of its extramural
research  and  development budget to Small
Business Innovation Research (SBIR). The  SBIR
Program funds, via contracts, small  businesses
with ideas relevant to EPA's mission. The program
focuses exclusively on projects in control technology
or process instrumentation development.
                                              18

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                                                              Office of Exploratory Research
   In addition to the above core programs, OER
administers  other programs  which  are also
important to the accomplishment of its goals. They
include:
•  a Minority Fellowship Program, which awards
   fellowships  to college seniors and graduate
   students  enrolled on a full-time  basis at
   Historically Black Colleges and Universities
   and majoring in curricula that could be applied
   to the solution of environmental problems.

•  a Minority  Summer Intern Program, which
   extends to recipients of fellowships under the
   Minority Fellowship  Program the opportunity
   for hands-on experience  in the area of their
   academic training by  way  of a  summer
   internship at EPA or some other environmental
   organization.


•  the   Agency's  Senior  Environmental
   Employment Program (SEE), which utilizes the
   skills and talents of  older Americans to meet
   employment needs of environmental programs
   throughout EPA.


•  the Federal Workforce  Training Program,
   which coordinates  ORD's participation in
   workforce training programs used by state and
   local governments.
•   the Scientific and Technological Achievement
    Awards Program, which gives recognition and
    makes monetary awards to  EPA/ORD
    laboratory  scientists and  researchers for
    outstanding contributions to environmental
    research.
   (Last year of commitment is FY90 for seven of
   the centers and FY91 for the other.)

   In the proposed FY90 budget forwarded to OMB
by EPA, the need for and funding of a federal grants
program in the general area of environmental
science and technology is discussed. The rationale
is:
   The federal government needs such a program
(1) to support its large environmental applied
research program, (2) to have adequate manpower
for  future  environmental  research  and
management needs and (3) to provide an "over-the-
horizon" capability  to  get  an early start on
environmental problems and  their solutions. The
program should be at least $50 million/yr. This
would support 40 new starts a year in each of the
five general areas of the program's research. This
level was chosen as probably  the lowest level that
would let competent researchers "bet their careers"
on reliable funding. EPA should run the program
(1) because it has a good record in running a grants
program and  (2) because the other agencies who
would be candidates have their own priorities and
would not fund in a way efficiently useful to EPA's
needs.


   The future of the  environmental research
centers program does  not need immediate action or
decisions. Currently we are evaluating the program
with the help of an outside contractor with a report
due in early 1989. Included in the evaluation are:
(1) what has worked in  the current EPA program
and why, (2) what has worked in other agencies'
center programs and why, (3) political resistance to
closing a center, and  (4) how the center program
would fit if more  legislated centers (e.g.,  ground
water) are added to the five Superfund centers.
Issues

    There are two main programatic issues (August
1988) relating to OER. They are:

•   the desirability and  size of the investigator-
    initiated competitive grants program, and

•   the  future of the Environmental Centers
    program when the current commitment is over.
                                              19

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                   Risk Assessment Forum
                                     Dorothy E. Patton has been the Executive
                                  Director of the Risk Assessment Forum since
                                  1985. From 1976-1985, she was an attorney for
                                  EPA in the Air  Division and Pesticides  and
                                  Toxic Substances Division. She has received two
                                  EPA Bronze Medals. Before coming to EPA, Dr.
                                  Patton held consulting positions at Columbia
                                  and Tufts Universities. She began her career as
                                  an instructor in cell biology  at Albert Einstein
                                  College of Medicine. Dr. Patton received a J.D.
                                  degree from Columbia University School of Law,
                                  a Ph.D.  in Developmental  Biology at  the
                                  University of Chicago, and a bachelor's degree
                                  in Chemistry at the University of Wisconsin.
                         RISK ASSESSMENT
                             COUNCIL
                         RISK ASSESSMENT
                               FORUM
                        EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR
                             475-6743
    _L
 Guidelines
Work Groups
Technical
 Panels
                                  1
   Special
Subcommittees
                              21

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 Risk Assessment Forum
Functions


   EPA's  Risk  Assessment  Forum  is
responsible for scientific and science  policy
analysis of precedent-setting or controversial
risk assessment issues of Agency-wide interest.
The primary objective is to  promote  Agency
consensus on risk assessment and to ensure that
this consensus is incorporated into appropriate
guidance for Agency scientists and managers.
To fulfill this purpose, the Forum assembles risk
assessment experts from throughout the Agency
to study and report on  the issues formally and
from an Agency-wide scientific perspective.


   Forum activities  include  developing
scientific analyses, risk assessment  guidance,
and risk assessment methodology for  use  in
ongoing and prospective Agency actions; using
scientific and technical  analysis to propose risk
assessment positions for Agency programs; and
fostering consensus on these issues. Generally,
the  Forum  focuses  on   generic  issues
fundamental  to  the risk assessment process,
analysis of data used in risk  assessment, and on
developing consensus approaches.  Peer  review
and  quality assurance of  completed risk
assessments or  review of non-scientific risk
management issues are not  standard  Forum
functions. Risk Assessment  Forum reports and
actions are referred to the Risk  Assessment
Council for  consideration  of  policy and
procedural issues, and Forum scientific analyses
become Agency policy upon recommendation by
the Risk Assessment Council and  concurrence
by the EPA Administrator.


   As the administrative arm of the Forum, the
ORD's Forum  Staff  is  responsible  for
coordinating and implementing the work of the
Forum.  Accordingly, the staff  assists and
contributes to scientific analyses, coordinates all
activities involving the Forum and  its Technical
Panels, and manages all interaction between the
Forum and senior  EPA management, peer
reviewers, and the  public. At any one time, the
Staff  is working  with  a  total  of 40-60
participants on Technical Panels, Colloquia, and
Workshops from all parts  of the Agency.  In
addition, the Forum-sponsored  Guidelines
Implementation  Program involves a separate
group of approximately 60 people, again from all
parts of the Agency.

Issues
   The issues  before the Risk Assessment
Forum vary as risk assessment issues become
prominent or controversial within the Agency or
in the larger scientific community.  Issues
currently before the Forum  fall  into three
general categories:


•  Carcinogen  Risk Assessment. Recently
concluded  or ongoing Forum analyses  on
carcinogen risk assessment include:

   the relationship between ingested inorganic
   arsenic and skin cancer;

   policy guidance on the use of neoplastic
   nodules found in rat liver tissue;

   guidance on the use of non-tumor end points
   for assessing cancer risk in follicular cells of
   the thyroid gland;

   toxicity equivalency factors for dioxins other
   than 2,3,7,8-TCDD; and

   general topics under study  for revisions of
   EPA's  carcinogen risk   assessment
   guidelines (classification system weight-of-
   evidence scheme, policy on use of benign and
   malignant tumors, etc.).


•  Health Effects Other Than Cancer. Recently
completed or ongoing Forum projects relating to
health effects other than cancer include:

   risk  assessment guidelines  for  male
   reproductive effects;

   risk  assessment  guidelines for female
   reproductive effects;

   a  report on cholinesterase inhibition as an
   adverse toxicologic effect;

   risk assessment guidelines  for neuro-toxic
   effects;

   amendments  of EPA's 1986 guidelines for
   developmental toxicity (additional guidance
   on use the of data on maternal toxicity and
   on  quantification for devel-opmental
   effects);
                                           22

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                                                                   Risk Assessment Forum
    workshop report on the use of one- and two-
    generation reproduction studies;

    developmental and reproductive toxicity
    studies involving dermal  exposure; and

    general  risk  assessment guidelines for
    health effects other than cancer.
•  Exposure  Guidance.  Ongoing Risk
Assessment Forum projects on exposure  issues
include:

   exposure measurement guidelines to
   supplement EPA's exposure  guidelines
   issued in 1986;

   uncertainty  analysis  in   exposure
   assessment;

   exposure validation models; and

   guidance on standard factors for use in
   exposure assessment.
FY88 Products


Special Report on Ingested Inorganic Arsenic:
Skin Cancer; Nutritional Essentiality


Thyroid Follicular Cell Carcinogenesis:
Mechanistic and Science Policy Considerations


Proposed Guidelines for  Assessing Female
Reproductive Risk


Proposed Guidelines  for Assessing Male
Reproductive Risk


Notice of the Intent to Review the 1986 Guidelines
for Carcinogen Risk Assessment


Most Important Publication


Special Report on Ingested Arsenic: Skin Cancer;
Nutrition Essentiality
                                          23

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                      Senior Official for Research and Development
                                          Cincinnati
                                                     Francis T. Mayo assumed the position of
                                                 Senior Official for Research and  Development
                                                 (SORD) at the  Andrew W. Breidenbach
                                                 Research Center  (AWBERC)  in  August 1988
                                                 after having served as the Director of the Water
                                                 Engineering Research Laboratory since  1976.
                                                 Prior to 1976, he served  for five  years as  the
                                                 U.S.. EPA's Regional Administrator for Region
                                                 V. Mr. Mayo began his federal career with  the
                                                 Federal Water Pollution  Control  Administra-
                                                 tion in  1966. He  holds a bachelor's degree in
                                                 Civil Engineering from the University of Utah
                                                 and is an Adjunct Professor of Environmental
                                                 Science at the University of Cincinnati. Mr.
                                                 Mayo  was awarded two bronze metals  for
                                                 Meritorious Service by the U.S..  EPA in 1982
                                                 and 1986.
Functions

   The Office of the Senior Official for Research
and Development-Cincinnati is a field element of
the  Immediate  Office  of  the  Assistant
Administrator for Research and Development
(AARD). The Office functions as the official
spokesperson for ORD  and the  Agency  in
Cincinnati  and  has the lead responsibility for
coordinating with Region V and with ORD's lead
region, with Headquarters, and with program
offices on all appropriate matters. The Office also
has the lead responsibility for the planning and
coordination of outreach programs at the Andrew
W. Breidenbach Environmental Research Center
(AWBERC) including local Congressional affairs,
public affairs and community relations, academia
and training, media relations, international and
domestic visitors, intergovernmental  relations,
support services, and related programs.

   Specifically, the Office is  responsible for
initiating and directing programs of:

   Federal Technology Transfer Act
   ORD Training Focal Point
   Regulatory Compliance
   Congressional Relations
   Academic Relations
   Public Affairs and Community Outreach
   Technical Assistance
   Support Services
                                 Senior Official for Research
                                      and Development
                                         684-7951
                                  Support and Public Affairs
                                           Office
                                         684-7966

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                   Senior Official for Research and Development
                                Research Triangle Park

Functions

   The Senior Office of Research and Development
Official (SORDO) acts as the spokesperson for ORD
at the Research Triangle Park. His responsibilities
include coordinating with Region IV, the lead ORD
region, headquarters, and program  offices  on
matters that affect ORD/RTP. Through the Support
Services Office  (SSO), the SORDO  provides the
EPA-RTP,  N.C. laboratories with a range of
administrative and management  services  which
are more appropriately centralized  than secured by
each laboratory individually.

SSO provides:
   Public awareness and information
   Facility and equipment use
    Frank T. Princiotta assumed the duties as
Senior Office of Research and Development
Official at RTP in March 1988. He also serves as
the Director, Air and Energy  Engineering
Research Laboratory at RTP. His prior work
with EPA includes five  years (1975-1980) in the
Office of Environmental Engineering and
Technology  at EPA Headquarters.  Prior to
joining  EPA,  he worked with  Hittman
Associates (1966-1971)  and at the Office of the
U.S. Atomic Energy Commission (1962-1966).
Mr. Princiotta holds a B.S. degree in Chemical
Engineering from City College, New York and a
certificate in Nuclear  Engineering Graduate
Studies from the Oak Ridge School of Reactor
Technology, Oak Ridge, Tennessee.  He  has
received three EPA Bronze Medals and a Gold
Medal  for  management  and  technical
performance and a President's Meritorious
Executive Award for contributions to EPA's
energy research program.


  Environmental compliance and occupational
  health and safety program implementation

  Radiation safety program management

  Committee responsibilities  on  Human
  Resources Mini-Council, Union-Management
  Committee,  EEO Council, FWP, Training,
  Advisory and Facility Management

  Handling of outside  audit visits, Confidential
  Business Information, and health maintenance
  examinations

  Project officer responsibilities on incineration
  operation, chemical storage and issue, and
  audiovisual services support
                                 Senior Official for Research
                                     and Development
                                        629-2821
                                 Support and Public Affairs
                                          Office
                                         629-2613
                                             26

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      Office of Modeling, Monitoring Systems and Quality Assurance
                                                  Rick A. Linthurst is the Acting Director
                                               of the Office of Modeling, Monitoring Systems
                                               and Quality Assurance. Dr. Linthurst joined
                                               the Agency in 1985 as Director of the Acid
                                               Deposition Aquatic Effects  Research
                                               Program.  Before joining the Agency, he was
                                               the  Director of Ecological Services  for
                                               Kilkelly  Environmental  Associates and
                                               managed  the Acid  Deposition  Research
                                               Program at North Carolina State University.
                                               He has received two Bronze Medals.  Dr.
                                               Linthurst received his Ph.D. degree in Botany
                                               and a  master's degree in  Ecology at North
                                               Carolina State University and a bachelor of
                                               science degree in Biological Sciences from
                                               Lebanon Valley College in Pennsylvania.
FY89 BUDGET:
PERSONNEL
$87,200,000
       470
DIRECTOR
382-5767
     Quality Assurance Management
                 Staff
              382-5763
    Environmental Monitoring
      Systems Laboratory
        Cincinnati, OH
          684-7301
                                                     Program Operations
                                                            Staff
                                                          382-5783
                                Modeling and Monitoring Systems
                                             Staff
                                           382-5776
                Environmental Monitoring
                  Systems Laboratory
                    Las Vegas, NV
                      545-2525
                       Atmospheric Research and
                         Exposure Assessment
                             Laboratory
                       Research Triangle Park, NC
                             629-2106
                                         27

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 Office of Modeling, Monitoring Systems and Quality Assurance
Functions

   The Office of Modeling, Monitoring Systems
and Quality Assurance (OMMSQA) is responsible
to the Assistant Administrator for Research and
Development for planning, managing  and
evaluating a comprehensive program for:
   •   characterizing the  sources, atmospheric
       transformations and pathways, and the
       physical, chemical,  and  biological
       properties of pollutants stressing human
       and ecological systems;
   •   determining the status and trends in
       pollutant concentrations and  ecosystem
       condition;
   •   quantifying the exposure of humans and
       ecosystems to pollutants and  to support
       exposure assessments essential to the
       Agency risk assessment program;
   •   developing and  validating models to
       estimate  the atmospheric  sources,
       transport, fate and concentrations of
       pollutants for use  in exposure and  risk
       assessments and  in the development of
       effective control  strategies for risk
       reduction;
   •   developing the measurement techniques,
       analytical tools and quality assurance
       protocols  necessary  to  characterize,
       monitor, and assess  pollutant exposure and
       ecosystem condition;
   •   developing and supporting implementation
       of Agency-wide policies, procedures, and
       management systems aimed at assuring the
       quality of data procedures, produced by
       Agency programs. OMMSQA has a primary
       responsibility for generating research tools
       and data necessary for the Agency to
       predict air pollutant source to receptor
       relationships, and to conduct hazard and
       exposure assessments for developing risk
       management strategies for verifying their
       effectiveness.

   In carrying out these responsibilities, the
Office:
    identifies specific research,  development,
    demonstration and service  needs  and
    priorities;
    establishes program policies and guidelines;
    develops program plans including objectives
    and estimates  of resources required  to
    accomplish objectives;

    administers the approved  program and
    activities;

    assigns program responsibility and resources
    to the laboratories assigned by the Assistant
    Administrator;

    directs and supervises assigned laboratories in
    program administration; and

    conducts reviews of  program progress and
    takes action as necessary to assure timeliness,
    quality and responsiveness of outputs.

Program Activities
Air
  • National Ambient Air Quality Standards -
    Evaluate,  test,  improve  and standardize
    monitoring methodology  and systems for
    measuring criteria pollutants in ambient and
    personal air including the development of
    quality assurance procedures. Develop a data
    base of information  to support  the
    development and evaluation of secondary
    (welfare)  national  ambient  air quality
    standards  especially in the   areas of air
    pollutant effects  on visibility reduction and
    material damage.
  • New Source Performance Standards (NSPS)
    and State  Implementation Plans (SIPs) -
    Develop   and   evaluate   monitoring
    methodology in  support of NSPS and  SIPs
    including  remote  monitoring methods,
    compliance  methods and appropriate quality
    assurance procedures. Develop  and evaluate
    air quality models  that can  be used  in
    assessing  the effectiveness of abatement
    control  strategies on reducing ambient air
    concentration of  pollutants, including ozone
    and particulate matter.
  • Hazardous  Air Pollutant  Regulatory
    Activities -  Develop, evaluate  and validate
    monitoring methodology for hazardous air
    pollutants (HAPs) including source, ambient,
    and selected urban atmospheres. Also,
    determine the impact of HAPs on humans by
    the Total Exposure Assessment Methodology
    (TEAM) field studies. Conduct transport and
    fate studies to determine the concentrations,
                                             28

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                                Office of Modeling, Monitoring Systems and Quality Assurance
    transformation products and removal rate of
    HAPs in the atmosphere.
  • Mobile  Source  Pollutant  Regulatory
    Activities - Determine population exposure to
    mobile source  pollutants. Validate  the
    exposure - human activity pattern models.
    Characterize  the tailpipe  evaporative
    emissions of motor  vehicles using both
    conventional  gasoline fuels  and  alternative
    fuels such as methanol and  ethanol. The
    characterization studies will be conducted to
    determine the effects of driving conditions and
    seasonal conditions (winter vs summer) on
    motor vehicle emissions.
  • Indoor Air Quality Research  - Investigate
    sources,  exposures,  health effects and
    mitigation of pollutants  in indoor  air
    environments with other Federal agencies
    through the Committee on Indoor Air Quality
    (CIAQ).
  • Stratospheric Ozone - Air modeling analysis
    will be conducted to predict  the influence of
    increasing ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation on
    ambient ozone formation in  attainment  and
    non-attainment urban areas. Controlled
    chamber and field studies will be conducted to
    determine UV-B effects on selected materials.
    This work is an integral component of ORD's
    stratospheric ozone program.
  • Global Warming - Develop, evaluate  and
    improve measurement statistical methods and
    air quality models to  detect  and  predict the
    impact  of the emissions of trace  gases on
    regional climate and the resulting impact on
    regional ambient air quality levels. This work
    is an integral component of ORD's global
    climate program.
Water Quality
  • Water Quality Based Approach - Permitting.
    Provide assurance that ambient water quality
    monitoring data  for regulation setting,
    enforcement, or compliance purposes are
    scientifically valid and legally  defensible.
    Conduct interlaboratory validation studies to
    obtain precision and accuracy data for each
    monitoring method. Promulgate  "Analytical
    Methods for the Analysis of Pollutants" as
    required by Section 304(h) of the Clean Water
    Act.
  • Waste Water Treatment Technology - Provide
    quality control  materials and calibration
    standards for regulated  CWA  analytes.
    Conduct performance evaluation studies of
    EPA, EPA Contractor/Grantee, state and local
    laboratories. Evaluate and revise data quality
    criteria and develop reference materials as
    needed.
Drinking Water
  •  Drinking  Water Technology - Provide
     analytical procedures for use by the Agency,
     States, municipalities, and system operations
     to monitor contaminants to assure compliance
     with maximum contaminant levels pursuant
     to Section 1401 of the Safe Drinking Water
     Act and provide  quality assurance/quality
     control programs  for on-site evaluation and
     certification of drinking water monitoring
     laboratories. Provide support to laboratories
     and offices involved with data  collection in
     support of regulations and standards. Provide
     for methods development and analytical
     procedures to produce precise  and accurate
     total  measurement systems for  chemical,
     radiochemical, and microbiological analysis.
     Develop and distribute QC and PE samples for
     drinking water  laboratory certification
     program.
  •  Groundwater - Develop accurate and reliable
     total  measurement systems by  providing
     standardized methods, laboratory evaluations,
     performance evaluation and quality control
     samples, sample  testing, and verification.
     Develop methods for locating abandoned
     wells, geophysical methods to detect and
     evaluate underground movement of fluids
     from injection wells, provide quality control
     procedures and guidelines  to support
     Agencywide QA program, and develop
     methods for well head protection.
Hazardous Waste
  • Waste Identification - Provide for evaluation
    and modification of analytical .techniques for
    hazardous waste characterization so they are
    scientifically accurate and legally defensible.
    Develop and evaluate subsurface monitoring
    methods, including  statistical sampling
    designs, summary  methodologies and
                                              29

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 Office of Modeling, Monitoring Systems and Quality Assurance
    monitoring strategies for use at RCRA waste
    sites.
  • Quality Assurance - Provide support to assure
    the quality of the RCRA data generated by the
    USEPA regions, contractors and  state and
    local agencies.
  • Releases  -  Provide aerial  photography,
    satellite imagery,  and multispectral scanner
    support to assist  Regional Offices in  Spill
    Prevention, Control  and Counter-measure
    (SPCC) surveys, planning, and emergency
    response activities.  Develop  protocols for
    external monitoring around  underground
    storage tanks (UST). Evaluate  procedures for
    site characterization both to determine active
    leaks and the boundaries for corrective action.
    Provide methods  to  monitor  UST cleanup
    progress.

Pesticides
  • Health:   Markers,   Dosimetry,  and
    Extrapolation - Systematically evaluate the
    potential for use of biomarkers in exposure
    monitoring from an evaluation  of the
    literature and pilot studies of  pesticide
    exposure.

  • Exposure  Monitoring - Application of Total
    Exposure Assessment Methodology to
    investigate human exposure  to household
    pesticide usage.

  • Support - Operation of  the pesticides and
    industrial chemical repository
Radiation
  • Manage Off-Site Radiation  Monitoring
    Program for DOE including hydrologic and
    human  surveillance  monitoring. Maintain
    quality  assurance  support  program for
    measurement  of  ionizing  radiation
    contaminants in air, water, milk and food.
Interdisciplinary
  • Manage the Agency-wide mandatory Quality
    Assurance   Program - Provide central
    management and oversight of the Agency's
    quality assurance program for environmental
    data  operations.  Key program elements
    include: development of QA Program Plans
    covering all Agency organizations  with
    environmental data operations; conduct of
    Management Systems Reviews of selected
    program; implementation of the Data Quality
    Objectives process; and management of an
    Agency-wide QA training program.
Toxics
  • Analytical  Methods Development for Toxic
    Substances - Develop immunoassays for
    measurement  of  organic compounds in
    biological and environmental samples  and
    investigate new separation procedures for
    analysis including chemometric approaches.
  • Health:   Markers,  Dosimetry,  and
    Extrapolation - Evaluate DNA and protein
    adducts for use in human exposure monitoring
    studies.
  • Exposure Monitoring Systems Development -
    Using available data and results from specific
    microenvironment studies, develop predictive
    models for human exposure and conduct
    microenvironment studies to categorize
    human activity patterns.
  • Biotechnology/Microbial and Biochemical
    Pesticides Control Agents -  Develop
    guidelines and processes for monitoring the
    release  of  genetically  engineered
    microorganisms (GEMS) in the environment.
    Conduct laboratory studies  for determination
    of half-life in bacterial aerosols.
  • Support - Provide quality assurance  and
    reference standards and develop guidelines to
    govern routine exposure and environmental
    monitoring for toxic chemicals.
Multi-Media Energy
  • Develop and apply the Eulerian Regional Acid
    Deposition Model  (RADM) as an assessment
    tool.
  • Provide quality assurance for wet/dry
    deposition measurements  and  methods
    development for monitoring and assist in the
    establishment   of  wet/dry  deposition
    monitoring network.
  • National Surface  Water Survey - assist in
    determining the normal, seasonal variability
    in surface water chemistry.
                                            30

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                                Office of Modeling, Monitoring Systems and Quality Assurance
  • Provide  long-term monitoring  support to
    detect changes  in surface  water through
    development of aquatic methods.
  • Evaluate atmospheric exposure in the Forest
    Effects Research Program.
  • Operate  field  test sites for  monitoring air
    quality to understand and quantify effects on
    materials and  cultural resources. Determine
    the effects of acid deposition on metals and
    painted surfaces.

Superfund
  • Provide techniques and procedures for site and
    situation assessments. Provide monitoring
    techniques and procedures for site assessment;
    geophysical methods; remote sensing; soil
    sampling methods and survey designs.
  • Assist in site-specific, monitoring  and
    characterization in support of  Superfund
    investigations.
  • Develop and evaluate monitoring techniques
    and systems which are rapid and inexpensive,
    integrate monitoring systems into  multi-
    media site assessments.
  • Provide  quality  assurance/quality  control
    support  for  the  Superfund  Contract
    Laboratory Program; to provide identification,
    assessment, and improvement of methods for
    evaluation of Superfund sites; and provide an
    independent  QA  laboratory to support
    monitoring activities.
  • Evaluate, validate, and demonstrate newly
    developed techniques  and systems  for
    characterization  and  assessment  of
    contamination at Superfund sites.
Issues

Expanding Environmental Characterization
Research

   Environmental characterization is essential to
determining what pollutants are released into the
environment, their transport, transformation
products, and  fate. This  information  is  the
foundation  of hazard identification  and
consequently the risk assessment  process.
Unfortunately, the  increasing pressure  to
investigate  pollutants  of visible importance  has
eroded efforts to identify potentially damaging
pollutants as is  needed to guide monitoring,
assessment, and dose-response research.
   OMMSQA is responsible for developing
methods and quality assurance  programs  for
environmental characterization. While having
some of the best environmental chemists in this
country, OMMSQA has maintained only a modest
program in this research area that includes source
characterization, atmospheric  transport,
transformation, and pollutant fate modeling, media
characterization,  and methods development. To
remain  on  the  cutting  edge of remote
characterization  techniques and analytical
chemistry will  require  increased attention to
characterization studies and, as importantly, state-
of-science analytical instrumentation.
   OMMSQA has recently chosen  to  make
environmental  characterization  one  of three
primary areas for  research emphasis. This will
require a revitalization of the methods development
programs, and they will be focused on supporting
our efforts in environmental trends monitoring.
The long-term goal of this research is to ensure that
in-house capabilities are  maintained to continue
meeting the methods development needs of the
Program Offices and Regions.
Environmental Status and Trends Detection

   Reports of ecosystem degradation are appearing
with increasing frequency and suggest that
cumulative, chronic, insult  from  multiple
pollutants is likely to be the cause. Addressing
emerging problems on a case-by-case basis with the
resources available is an ineffective  means of
getting ahead of the problems, bounding them and
knowing precisely  where research should be
conducted. A  fundamental limitation of the
Agency's  approach to dealing with emerging
problems is the absence of a  regional  scale,
integrated environmental monitoring program that
generates the data essential to improve our ability
to address large scale, complex  environmental
issues, verify the effectiveness of control programs,
or quantify, with known certainty, changes  in
ecosystem condition and pollutant exposures.

   Designing and implementing such a program
will  require interagency  cooperation, new
approaches to statistical designs for ecological
monitoring, development of indicators of ecological
condition and, most importantly, a long-term
commitment to the effort. OMMSQA and OEPER
                                             31

-------
       Office of Modeling, Monitoring Systems and Quality Assurance


have jointly been leading the Agency in developing    assessments and, consequently, risk management
a program (the Environmental Monitoring and    strategies developed for the Agency.
Assessment Program: EMAP) to define the current
status and trends in the environment. Capitalizing
on the success of the Acid Deposition Research
Program, both in terms of advancements  in
monitoring design and interagency  cooperation,
ORD is changing the way scientists are thinking
about the approach and chances for success of such
a program. Recent  support from the Science
Advisory Board, the USDA Forest Service, NOAA,
USGS, and CEQ continues to improve the potential
for implementing  EMAP and moves the Agency
closer  to making this essential  element of our
research a reality that will serve all Offices of EPA.

   The Program will require substantial in-house
and extramural funds for implementation and the
Administrator and the AA for ORD  will need to
continue visible  support within the scientific
community and with  other agencies to ensure the
success of this program.
Total Human Exposure

   The Science Advisory Board identified human
exposure as  one of the 10 areas of research that
needs to be expanded. Since a knowledge of human
exposure to pollutants through multiple pathways
is critical to assess risk, this program is designed to
generate the data required both to measure human
exposure and to develop exposure models. The
program includes the development  of exposure
measurement methods,  human  exposure
monitoring,  microenvirqnmental  studies,
development and  validation of human exposure
models, identification of sensitive and selective
exposure biomarkers and preparation of exposure
assessment documents. OMMSQA's environmental
characterization, fate and transport modeling also
supports human exposure Studies.

   OMMSQA is currently developing a strategic
research plan that  over  time  will significantly
advance this area of research within the core
expertise of the OMMSQA laboratories. Major
exposure studies in  several cities within the U.S.
demonstrate the applicability of the approaches
being used.  OMMSQA will now begin to work
toward regional and national scale efforts to better
quantify exposure. It is expected that the scientific
advancements being made and those expected over
the next few years will be a key to improved risk
                                             32

-------
           Atmospheric Research and Exposure Assessment Laboratory
                                                      Gary J. Foley is the Acting Director of
                                                  the newly formed Atmospheric Research and
                                                  Exposure Assessment Laboratory at Research
                                                  Triangle Park, NC. He has served  as  Staff
                                                  Director for ORD's  Acid Deposition Research
                                                  Program and Acting  Division  Director,
                                                  Energy  and Air, for ORD's  Office of
                                                  Environmental Processes  and  Effects
                                                  Research. Dr. Foley began his career  with
                                                  EPA in 1973 as a Senior Chemical Engineer.
                                                  Before joining the Agency, Dr. Foley served
                                                  as a Project Manager for the  American Oil
                                                  Company. He received his Ph.D. in Chemical
                                                  Engineering from the  University of
                                                  Wisconsin, Madison. Dr.  Foley has  been
                                                  awarded 3 Bronze Medals by EPA.
Functions

   The Atmospheric Research  and Exposure
Assessment  Laboratory  (AREAL), Research
Triangle Park, North Carolina conducts intramural
and  extramural research  programs,  through
laboratory and  field research, in the chemical,
physical, and biological sciences designed to:
  •  characterize and quantify present and future
     ambient air pollutant levels and resultant
     exposures to humans and ecosystems on local,
     regional,and global scale;
  •  develop and validate  models  to predict
     changes in air pollution levels  and air
     pollutant  exposures  and determine the
     relationships among the factors affected by
     predicted and observed change;
  •  determine  source-to-receptor relationships
     relating to ambient  air  quality  and air
     pollutant exposures, developing predictive
     models  to  be  used  for  assessments of
     regulatory  alternatives derived  from these
     relationships, directly or indirectly;
  •  provide support to  Program and Regional
     Offices  and to  state and local groups, in the
     form of technical advice, methods  research
     and  development,  quality assurance, field
     monitoring, instrument development, and
     modeling for quantitative risk assessment and
     regulatory purposes;
  • develop and carry out long-term research in
    the areas of atmospheric methods, quality
    assurance, biomarkers,  spatial statistics,
    exposure assessment, and modeling research
    to solve cutting edge scientific issues relating
    to EPA's mission;
  • collect, organize, manage,  and distribute
    research data on air quality,  human and
    ecosystem exposures and trends for Program
    and  Regional Offices,  ORD, the  scientific
    community, and the public at large.
   The Laboratory is composed of the following
major components: Office of the Director, Program
Design and Integration Staff, Program Operations
Staff,  Chemical Processes and Characterization
Division, Methods Research  and Development
Division,  Exposure Assessment Division, Quality
Assurance Division and the  Atmospheric Sciences
Modeling Division.
FY88 Products

"Phase Distribution and  Artifact Formation  in
Ambient Air Sampling for Polynuclear Aromatic
Hydrocarbons," Atmospheric Environment
Evaluation of Sampling and Analytical Methods for
Nicotine and Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons
in Indoor Air
                                             33

-------
 Atmospheric Research and Exposure Assessment Laboratory
Supercritical  Fluid  Extraction  -  Gas
Chromatography of Volatile Organic Compounds
(VOCs) from Tenax Devices

QA Support for  the National  Atmospheric
Deposition Program and National Trends Network
Monitoring Activities from 1984 -1987

"An Evaluation of the Semi-VOST Method for
Determining Emissions from Hazardous Waste
Incinerators," JAPCA

"Measurement of Atmospheric Concentrations of
Common Household  Pesticides: A Pilot Study,"
Environmental Monitoring and Assessment

"Mutagenic Atmospheric Aerosol Sources
Apportioned by Receptor Modeling"

"Field Comparison of Nitric Acid Measurement
Methods During the 1986 California Carbon Study"
"ASRL-RTP-J-1034 Rate Constant for the Reaction
of NO2 with Sulfur (IV) over the PH Range 5.3-13"

User's Guide to the Complex Terrain Dispersion
Model Volume 1. Model Description and User
Instructions

"Development and  Evaluation of the Regional
Oxidant Model for the Northeastern United States"
Improved Parameterization for Surface Resistance
to Gaseous Dry  Deposition in Regional Scale
Numerical Models
Most Important Publication

Proceedings of  the  1988  Symposium  on
Measurement of Toxic and Related Air Pollutants
                                            34

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                              Atmospheric Research and Exposure Assessment Laboratory
FY89 BUDGET:
PERSONNEL:
$42,041,000
       181
DIRECTOR
629-2106
              Program Design and
                Integration Staff
                  629-2188
                                        Program Operations
                                              Staff
                                            629-1357


Chemical
Processes
&Characterization
629-2194





Methods Research
& Development
629-2454






Exposure
Assessment
Research
629-2346





Quality Assurance
629-2198







Atmospheric
Sciences
Modeling
629-4542


                                           35

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            Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory - Cincinnati
                                                      Thomas A. Clark is the Director of the
                                                  Environmental  Monitoring  Systems
                                                  Laboratory. He previously served  as  its
                                                  Deputy Director since 1985. From 1973 -
                                                  1981,  Mr. Clark  worked in the  Quality
                                                  Assurance Division of EMSL-RTP in various
                                                  supervisory positions  and also  served as
                                                  Deputy Director of that  Laboratory  from
                                                  1981 -  1985 before moving to Cincinnati.  He
                                                  was awarded a Bronze Medal in 1986. Mr.
                                                  Clark  began his career  as  an Analytical
                                                  Chemist  at the Matheson Company in
                                                  Norwood, Ohio. He has  a bachelor's in
                                                  Chemistry from Xavier University.
Functions

   The Environmental Monitoring Systems
Laboratory - Cincinnati (EMSL-Cincinnati) has as
its primary mission to conduct  research in
development, evaluation, and  standardization of
chemical and biological methods for environmental
assessments; to conduct research for detecting,
identifying, and quantifying microbial pathogens
found in environmental media; and to operate the
U.S.  Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA)
Quality Assurance (QA) Program for maintaining
the scientific credibility of the Agency's water,
wastewater, and solid wastes/Superfund/ toxics
data bases.

   Developed and standardized methods are used
to identify inorganic and organic pollutants and to
detect and identify bacteria, viruses, parasites, and
aquatic organisms in the environment. Analytical
methods for effluent compliance monitoring
[304(h)] are improved, modified and updated on a
regular basis. These methods include procedures for
inorganic, organic and biological pollutants.
   Research is  conducted on biotechnological
methods  for  determining  the occurrence,
distribution,  transport,  and  fate  of  human
pathogenic parasites in the environment. Methods
are  developed  and evaluated for the detection,
enumeration, and identification of indicator and
pathogenic  bacteria in environmental media.
Methods for  sample handling,  transport, and
preservation are also developed. Field methods and
advanced state-of-the-art approaches are developed
to be applicable to drinking water, ambient water,
raw and treated wastewaters,  sediments, sludges,
and biological samples.

   The QA program involves method confirmation
and validation studies to establish  the  precision
and bias of USEPA's selected analytical methods,
QA manuals and guidelines, quality control  (QC)
samples, and calibration standards for all analytes
regulated under  water and  waste programs.
Performance  evaluation studies  and laboratory
certification activities are conducted to evaluate
and report on the competency of  analysts and
laboratories. A  QA monitoring  program  is
maintained for both biology  and chemistry, which
evaluates the adequacy of promulgated analytical
methods and procedures.


FY88 Products

    Draft Methods for Synthetic Organic Chemicals
in Drinking Water:

    •  "Method 505 - Analysis of Organohalide
      Pesticides  and  Aroclors in Water  by
      Microextraction and Gas Chromatog-raphy"
    •  "Method 507 - Nitrogen- and Phosphorus-
      Containing  Pesticides in  Water by Gas
                                             37

-------
  Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory - Cincinnati
      Chromatography  with  a  Nitrogen-
      Phosphorus Detector"
   •  "Method 508 - Determination of Chlorinated
      Pesticides in Water by Gas Chromatography
      with an Electron Capture Detector"
   •  "Method 515.1 -  Determination  of
      Chlorinated  Acids in  Water by  Gas
      Chromatography with an  Electron Capture
      Detector"
   •  "Method 525 - Determination of Organic
      Compounds in Drinking Water by Liquid-
      Solid Extraction  and Capillary Column Gas
      Chromatography/MassSpectrometry"
   •  "Method 531.1 - Measurement of N-
      Methylcarbamoyloximes   and    N-
      Methylcarbamates in Water by Direct
      Aqueous Injection HPLC with Post-Column
      Derivatization"

"Determination of Non-Volatile Toxic Organics in
Aqueous  Environmental Samples Using Liquid
Chromatography/Mass  Spectrometry,"  Analytical
Chemistry.

"Report on the Determination of Lead in Solders
and Drinking Water," Response to Office  of
Drinking Water Request.

"Determination of Mercury (II) and Organomercury
Compounds   by  Reversed-Phase   Liquid
Chromatography with Reductive Electrochemical
Detection," Analyst.

Short-Term Methods for Estimating the Chronic
Toxicity of Effluents  and Receiving Waters  to
Marine and Estuarine Organisms (304(h)  Test
Method)

"Toxicity Reduction at Municipal Wastewater
Treatment Plants," J. Water Poll. Contr. Fed.

Revision of two chapters in the "USEPA Manual of
Methods for Virology,"

   •  Chapter 11  (Revised March 1988). Virus
      plaque confirmation procedure.
   •  Chapter  10 (Revised December 1987). Cell
      culture procedures for assaying  plaque-
      forming viruses.

"Assessment of Recovery Efficiency of Beef Extract
Reagents  for  Concentrating  Viruses  from
Municipal  Wastewater  Sludge  Solids by the
Organic Flocculation Procedure,"  Appl. Environ.
Microbiol.
"Statistical Comparison and the Precision of the
Membrane Filter and Most Probable Number Total
Coliform Methods and the Heterotrophic Plate
Count Used for Water Analyses." Submitted to the
Office of Water.

"Precision and Relative Accuracy of the Membrane
Filter and Most Probable Number Total Coliform
Methods with Several Water Types,"  Submitted to
the Office of Water.

Annual Report to  the Office of Water and
Enforcement Permits on the Discharge Monitoring
Report-Quality  Assurance   Performance
Evaluation Study 7

Individual and Summary Reports to about 1400
local, state, and regional laboratories in Water
Pollution Performance Evaluation Studies 19 and
20.

Most Important Publication

"Final National Pesticide Survey Methods"
                                            38

-------
Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory- Cincinnati
FY89 BUDGET:
PERSONNEL:

$9,994,000 i
98 :

Senior Science Advisor
684-7364





Microbiology Research
684-7218


Virology
684-7334




DIRECTOR
684-7301









Program Oper
684-73



Chemistry Research
684-7309


ations Staff
30

Quality Assurance Research
684-7325

Inorganic Chemistry
684-7372

Bacteriology
684-7384


Parasitology and Immunology
684-7385


Development and Evaluation
684-7325

Organic Chemistry
684-7315


Aquatic Biology
684-8114


Project Management
684-7325
          39

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            Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory - Las Vegas
                                                     Robert N. Snelling is Acting Director of
                                                 the  Environmental  Monitoring  Systems
                                                 Laboratory, Las  Vegas, NV,  where he  had
                                                 previously served as Deputy Director since 1985.
                                                 From 1970-1985, Mr. Snelling held various
                                                 technical and managerial positions within lEPA.
                                                 A career Public Health Service Officer
                                                 commissioned in 1963, Mr. Snelling  began his
                                                 professional activities  as an instructor in
                                                 Environmental Radiological Health at the  Taft
                                                 Engineering Center in Cincinnati.  He  received a
                                                 master's degree in sanitary engineering from
                                                 the University of Cincinnati and a bachelor's
                                                 degree in civil engineering  from  Tufts
                                                 University.
Functions

   The Environmental Monitoring Systems
Laboratory-Las Vegas develops methods, systems
and strategies for monitoring the environment with
the primary purposes of assessing the exposure of
man and other receptors in the environment to
polluting substances, characterizing the status of
environmental quality, and identifying the trends
in environmental quality.

   The Laboratory develops and  applies  field
monitoring techniques, analytical methods, and
remote  sensing  systems  for  monitoring
environmental pollutants. It  field  tests,
demonstrates and applies these systems, and
initiates transfers of operational systems to Agency
user organizations.  It provides technical support to
Agency, Regional and Program Offices in response
to their requests for pollutant  monitoring,  testing
and surveillance assistance.

    The Laboratory develops and operates  quality
assurance programs for radiation, hazardous
wastes, and  toxic/pesticide  monitoring.  This
includes the  development and maintenance of
reference standards, preparation  of performance
evaluation  materials, and the  conduct  of
performance  audits for EPA  as  well as other
Federal, state, and local laboratories.
   Under a Memorandum of Understanding with
the Department of Energy, the Laboratory collects
radiological surveillance  data and  performs
pathways research to determine the actual and
potential  radiation exposure to  man and his
environment from past  and present testing  of
nuclear devices.

FY88 Products

Application of Remote Sensing Techniques for
Estimating Spatial Variability of Dry Deposition of
Acidic Pollutants

"Bromo- and Bromochloro-polynuclear Aromatic
Hydrocarbons, Dioxins  and  Dibenzofurans  in
Municipal Incinerator Fly Ash," Biomedical and
Environmental Mass Spectrometry

Characterization of Household Hazardous Waste
from Marin County, California, and New Orleans,
Louisiana

"Estimation  of  Pollutant  Transport and
Concentration Distributions Over Complex Terrain
of Southern California Using Airborne  Lidar,"
Journal of the Air Pollution Control Association

Evaluation of  Existing Total Human  Exposure
Models
                                             41

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  Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory - Las Vegas
Field Comparison of Ground-Water Sampling
Methods-Interim Report

Geophysics Advisor Expert System

"Immunoassay Techniques for Pesticide Analysis"

"Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometric
Determination of Lead  Isotopes," Analytical
Chemistry

"Ion Abundance Criteria for Gas Chromatographic/
Mass Spectrometric Environmental Analysis," J.
Association of Analytical Chemistry
Most Important Publication

"Estimation  of Pollutant  Transport  and
Concentration Distributions over Complex Terrain
of Southern California Using  Airborne Lidar,"
Journal of the Air Pollution Control Association
                                             42

-------
                                   Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory - Las Vegas
FY89 BUDGET:
PERSONNEL:
$31,944,000
       162
   QA and Methods
    Development
      545-2103
      Advanced Monitoring
            Systems
            545-2237
  Methods Research
      545-2609
   Quality Assurance
      Research
      545-2383
      Aquatic and Subsurface
           Monitoring
           545-2368
         Remote and Air
           Monitoring
           545-2260
                           Environmental
                           Photographic
                        Interpretation Center
                            557-3110
Nuclear Radiation
  Assessment
    545-2305
Dose Assessment
   545-2538
 Field Monitoring
   545-2158
                                   Radioanalysis
                                    545-2136
Exposure Assessment
      Research
      545-2203
 Ecosystems Monitoring
       Program
      545-2203
  Exposure Monitoring
       Program
      545-2203

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 Office of Environmental Engineering and Technology Demonstration
                                              John H. Skinner is the Director of the
                                           Office of Environmental Engineering and
                                           Technology Demonstration.  He has been the
                                           Director of several Agency programs,
                                           including the Office of Solid Waste, the State
                                           Programs and  Resource Recovery Division,
                                           and the Land Disposal Division.  Before
                                           joining the Agency in  1972,  Dr. Skinner
                                           managed the Energy and Environmental
                                           Programs for the General  Electric Research
                                           and Development Center. He received a Ph.D.
                                           and  master's degree in  Aeronautical
                                           Engineering from  Rensselaer Polytechnic
                                           Institute  and a  bachelor's degree in
                                           Engineering from Hofstra University. He has
                                           received   the EPA  Gold  Medal  and
                                           Presidential Meritorious Executive Award.
FY89 BUDGET:
PERSONNEL:
$84,114.000
      356
DIRECTOR
382-2600


Program
Development
Staff
382-5747










Program
Management
Staff
382-2583










Risk Reduction
Engineering
Laboratory
Cincinnati, OH
684-7418








Air and

Energy
Engineering
Research Laboratory
Research Triangle
Park, NC
629-2821
                                      45

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 Office of Environmental Engineering and Technology Demonstration
Functions

   The Office of Environmental Engineering and
Technology Demonstration (OEETD) is responsible
to the Assistant Administrator for planning,
managing, and evaluating  a comprehensive
program of research,  development,  and
demonstration  of cost effective methods and
technologies to:

  • Control and manage hazardous  waste
    generation, storage, treatment and disposal;

  • Provide innovative technologies for response
    actions under Superfund and technologies for
    control of emergency spills of oils and
    hazardous waste;

  • Control environmental  impacts  of  public
    sector activities including publicly-owned
    waste water and solid waste facilities;

  • Improve drinking water supply and system
    operations, including improved understanding
    of water supply technology and water  supply
    criteria;

  • Characterize, reduce, and mitigate  indoor air
    pollutants including asbestos and radon; and

  • Characterize, reduce, and mitigate acid rain
    precursors  and other  pollutants  from
    stationary sources.


   OEETD is also responsible for the development
of engineering  data needed by the Agency in
reviewing premanufacturing notices relative to
assessing potential release and  exposure to
chemicals, treatability by waste treatment systems,
containment and control of genetically engineered
organisms and the development of alternatives to
mitigate the likelihood of release and exposure to
existing chemicals.

In carrying out these responsibilities, the Office:

  • Develops program plans and manages the
    resources assigned to it;

  • Implements  the approved programs and
    activities;

  • Assigns objectives and  resources to the
    OEETD laboratories;

  • Conducts appropriate  reviews to assure the
    quality, timeliness, and  responsiveness of
    outputs; and
  •  Conducts  analyses  of  the  relative
     environmental and socioeconomic impacts of
     engineering methods and control technologies
     and strategies.

   The Office of Environmental Engineering and
Technology Demonstration is the focal point within
the Office of  Research and  Development  for
providing liaison with the Department of Energy on
issues associated with clean coal  and energy
development. It is also the  focal point within  the
Office of Research and Development for liaison with
the rest of the Agency on  issues  relating  to
engineering research and  development and the
control of pollution discharges.


Program Activities
Air
       SOX and NOX control technologies (LIMB,
       AD VAC ATE, REBURNING)
       Hazardous  air   pollutant   control
       technologies
       Indoor  air source characterization and
       control technologies
       Ozone  attainment  - control  of  VOC
       emissions from products
       SARA  Title III  - Release  prevention
       techniques
       Global   Climate  -   Stratospheric
       Modification
Water Quality
       Municipal sewage  innovative and
       alternative wastewater and sludge
       technologies
       Toxicity  treatability  protocols for
       wastewater treatment processes
       Storm and combined sewer overflow control
       technologies
Drinking Water
       VOCs, pesticides, and radionuclides
       treatment technologies
       Disinfection  technologies, including
       evaluation of by-products
       Water quality problems in distribution
       systems, e.g. lead solder
                                             46

-------
                          Office of Environmental Engineering and Technology Demonstration
Hazardous Wastes/Superfund

   •   Pretreatment technologies for land disposal
   •   Waste  minimization  technologies and
       clearinghouse
   •   Land disposal technology, including air
       emissions
   •   Incineration of hazardous wastes and
       municipal solid wastes
   •   Cleanup  technologies  for  leaking
       underground storage tanks
   •   Superfund  Innovative   Technology
       Evaluations program (SITE)
   •   Develop cleanup technologies for Superfund
       sites
   •   Operate Superfund Test & Evaluation
       facility
   •   Municipal  solid  waste  and  sludge
       innovative technology evaluations (MITE)

Pesticides

   •   Indemnified pesticide disposal technologies
   •   Protective  clothing  for  pesticide
       applications

Radiation

   •   Radon mitigation technologies for schools
   •   Radon innovative technology evaluations
       (RITE)
Toxic Substances

   •  Treatability of toxic substances  for
       premanufacturing notices
   •  Asbestos  abatement technologies  for
       schools and tall buildings
   •  Release prevention  technologies  for
       biotechnology products
   Issues

   Municipal Solid Waste Research Redirection

       The Nation's mounting problem of how to
   manage municipal solid waste (MSW) requires
   reevaluation  of  MSW  practices  and
   identification of new, innovative technologies
   for management of waste material. A major
challenge over the next six months will involve
determining how to  effectively incorporate
these needs in reauthorization legislation for
RCRA. It is clear, however, that the law must
encourage the evaluation of alternative MSW
practices relating to source reduction and
recycling which can reduce the amount of
residuals for disposal,  and to  conserve  raw
materials and land disposal capacity. New
technologies for waste management associated
with combustion and composting also need to be
investigated. Technical  information  and
guidance  for  use by  municipal officials,
designers, engineers, and owners and operators
responsible for solid waste management needs
to be developed.

   To accomplish these goals, EPA  has
proposed the Municipal Waste  Innovative
Technology Evaluation  (MITE) program,
which would evaluate new, privately developed
technologies. Goals for the  MITE program
would be to foster development of improved
product  substitution, provide  up-to-date
cost/effectiveness information on innovative
new  equipment and techniques  for managing
wastes, and accelerate commercialization of
these techniques and technologies.
EPA Mobile Incineration System

   The EPA Mobile  Incineration  System,
presently located at the Denney Farm site in
Missouri,  has treated 8.5  million pounds of
waste material from the eight dioxin sites in
southwestern Missouri as of October 1988.
Ongoing budgeted incineration activities are
projected to be  completed in mid-December
1988. In addition, an application to permit the
incineration  of EPA-owned, cancelled 2,4,5-T
and silvex pesticides at the Denney Farm site
has been submitted by EPA to the  State of
Missouri. This request has neither been
approved nor denied; however, a recent letter
from the Director of the Missouri Department of
Natural Resources states that the request will
not be granted without the concurrence of the
local communities, which are currently opposed
to the  activity.  In  either event,  when
incineration activities  at Denney Farm are
complete, the site  must be closed. The system
will  then be transported from the site to
another as yet undetermined location. The cost
for closure activities is estimated to be between
                                             47

-------
Office of Environmental Engineering and Technology Demonstration
  $1.4  and  $2 million,  and the  cost for
  transportation of the unit to its next destination
  is estimated to be $50K. Before mid-December,
  it must be decided how the site will be closed
  and how the closure costs will be covered.
  Superfund Innovative  Technology Evaluation
  (SITE) Demonstration Program

     The  SITE demonstration program
  represents a unique partnership between the
  USEPA  and technology developers. The
  objective of this program is to encourage the use
  of improved technologies for the permanent
  remedy of uncontrolled hazardous waste sites
  through the development of objective cost and
  performance information on developing and
  emerging cleanup technologies. Congressional
  oversight hearings on the  SITE program may
  be  forthcoming in FY 89. The program has
  focused along three  lines:  (1) a full-scale
  demonstration program; (2) an emerging
  technologies development progam; and  (3)
  innovative technologies development within
  the USEPA.  Twenty-eight technologies have
  been selected for demonstration, six of which
  are completed; the  remaining technologies
  should be demonstrated in  FY 89. An additonal
  ten or more new technologies will be selected in
  1989. The emerging technologies program has
  selected seven  technologies that are currently
  undergoing testing. A  second solicitation has
  been made, and 16 technologies are undergoing
  review. As part of the  innovative  technologies
  program, three technologies developed by EPA
  have been selected for transfer to commercial
  use that will benefit both the hazardous waste
  industry and the American public. EPA will
  enter into a partnership with commercial users
  to further develop and commercialize these
  three mobile systems. A major focus of the SITE
  program  is the  rapid  dissemination  of
  demonstration results to the EPA  Regions and
  States via the Superfund Clearinghouse.

     To make the SITE program more timely,
  institutional  barriers within  EPA that cause
  great time delays in conducting demonstrations
  must be minimized or eliminated. Now that
  results of the  demonstrations are becoming
  available, effective means must  be  found to
  transfer this information to the Regions, States,
  and individuals making cleanup decisions. New
  and  innovative ways  to  encourage further
development of new technologies that can
ultimately be demonstrated in the program
need to be put into action. The EPA funds
should be leveraged with State and other
Federal Agency programs in order to attract
more technologies at a lower cost to EPA.
                                            48

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                 Air and Energy Engineering Research Laboratory


                                                      Frank T. Princiotta is the Director of
                                                  the Air and Energy Engineering Research
                                                  Laboratory  (AEERL), Research Triangle
                                                  Park,  NC. He has served  as a Division
                                                  Director of ORD's Office of Environmental
                                                  Engineering and Technology. Prior to going
                                                  to EPA Headquarters in 1975, he was Chief of
                                                  AEERL's  Engineering Test  Section.
                                                  Princiotta's career includes  engineering
                                                  positions with  Hittman  Associates and the
                                                  U.S. Atomic Energy Commission's New York
                                                  Operations.  EPA has  awarded  him a Gold
                                                  Medal, three  Bronze  Medals and  the
                                                  President's Rank of Meritorious Executive.
                                                  Princiotta has  a   B.S.   in  Chemical
                                                  Engineering from City  College of New York.
Functions

   The mission of the Air and Energy Engineering
Research Laboratory (AEERL) is  to  research,
develop and demonstrate methods and technologies
for  controlling air pollution from stationary
sources. Among these stationary sources are
electric power  plants, manufacturing  and
processing industries, and  incinerators.  The
Laboratory does not deal with pollution from
mobile sources or nuclear power plants.
   Staffed primarily by engineers, the Laboratory
creates and  improves  air  pollution control
equipment, seeks means of preventing or reducing
pollution through changes in  industrial processes,
develops  predictive models  and emissions
inventories, identifies and assesses the importance
of air pollution sources, and conducts fundamental
research to define the  mechanisms  by  which
processes, equipment, and fuel combustion produce
air pollution.
    Currently, AEERL is concentrating its efforts
in eight main program areas, which are  briefly
described below:
  •  Acid Rain:  Developing  means of controlling
     acid rain precursors, SO2 and NOX, including
     the Limestone Injection  Multistage Burner;
     developing models that will identify the best
     possible  control alternatives for various
     scenarios, and developing inventories  of acid
     rain precursor emissions.
• Air Toxics:  Developing control technologies
  for volatile organic  compounds  (VOCs);
  identifying sources of  VOCs;  developing
  improved designs that will  achieve better
  control  of woodstove  emissions;  and
  developing computerized advisory systems
  that will, for instance, assist permit writers in
  making decisions about new industries or that
  will  assist  local  emergency planning
  committees in  preparing  for accidental
  releases of hazardous chemicals.
• Hazardous Wastes: Studying the fundamental
  combustion  mechanisms that influence
  thermal  destruction of hazardous  wastes.
  Included are studies of droplet atomization of
  liquid wastes, failure modes in a small pilot-
  scale  rotary kiln, and small pilot-scale studies
  of fluidized-bed incineration.
• Indoor  Air Quality:   Developing  and
  demonstrating means of reducing the entry of
  naturally occurring radon into houses, schools
  and other public buildings. Studying  building
  materials and consumer products as sources of
  indoor air pollution.
• Municipal Waste Combustion:  Developing
  means of minimizing pollutant formation
  during combustion,  and determining  the
  effectiveness of various devices in controlling
  air pollution  from municipal  waste
  incinerators.
                                             49

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 Air and Energy Engineering Research Laboratory
  • Ozone  Non-Attainment:    Developing
    strategies,  process modifications  and
    improved technologies that will prevent, or
    reduce, the emission of hydrocarbons, nitrogen
    oxides and VOCs.
  • Stratospheric Ozone:   Evaluating the
    importance of various chlorofluorocarbons and
    other substances in depleting the Earth's
    protective ozone layer, and seeking to identify
    and recommend substitutes for depleting
    substances that are now in use.
  • Global  Climate Change:  Evaluating the
    importance of various substances (carbon
    dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide) as causes of
    global climate change and seeking innovative
    solutions to the problem. Also planned is the
    development of predictive  models  and
    inventories of emissions that are contributing
    to global climate change.
FY88 Products
1987 Assessment Models: AUSM (Advanced Utility
Simulation Model), ICE (Industrial Combustion
Emissions Model), PROMPT, and VOC
Controllability of Toxic Metal Emissions by Particle
Controls
Application of Radon Reduction Methods
(companion to "Radon Reduction Techniques for
Detached Houses - Technical Guidance ")
Radon Reduction Methods - A Homeowner's Guide
Organic Emissions from Indoor Materials and
Factors Affecting Emission Rates and Composition
Organic Emissions from Unuented Space Heaters

Mutagenic and  Tracer Emissions from Phase  II
Indoor Air Cancer Project Wood Stove Field Study
Nationally-Oriented Prevention Reference Manuals
for Three to  Six of the High Hazard Air Toxic
Chemicals
Reduction of VOC Emissions from Surface Coating
Operations via Process Modifications
Field Study of Efficiency Degradation of Wood Stove
Catalysts
Control ofEthylene Oxide Emissions from  Hospital
Sterilizers
Scale-up Criteria for  LIMB Tangentially-Fired
System
Most Important Publication
Radon Reduction Techniques for Detached Houses -
Technical Guidance (Second Edition)
                                             50

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                                          Air and Energy Engineering Research Laboratory
FY89 BUDGET:  $18,332,000
PERSONNEL:           97
    Combustion and
       Indoor Air
       629-2918
                            DIRECTOR
                            629-2821
                                                      Program Operations
                                                           629-2924
                          Engineering
                          Applications
                           629-3443
                                           Air Toxics Research
                                                629-4134
Combustion
 Research
629-2477
Indoor Air
629-2746
 Technology
Development
 629-2612
Technology
Applications
629-2973
   Acid
Deposition
629-3019
Air Toxics
 Control
629-2818
 Industrial
Processes
629-2853

                                           51

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                       Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
                                                     E. Timothy Oppelt has been  the Acting
                                                  Director of the Risk  Reduction Engineering
                                                  Laboratory since August 1988.  From 1979 to
                                                  July 1988, he held supervisory positions within
                                                  EPA in the Municipal  Environmental Research
                                                  Laboratory, Hazardous  Waste Engineering
                                                  Research Laboratory,  and  Waste Management
                                                  Division, Region V. He received an MBA degree
                                                  from Xavier University and two degrees in Civil
                                                  Engineering   from  Cornell  University: a
                                                  bachelor's and  master's. He  was awarded  the
                                                  EPA Bronze and Silver Medals.
Functions

   The mission and function of the Risk Reduction
Engineering Laboratory (RREL) is to provide an
authoritative, defensible,  engineering basis  in
support of the policies, programs and regulations of
the U.S.  Environmental  Protection Agency with
respect to  drinking water, hazardous wastes,
pesticides,  Superfund, toxics, and wastewater.
Research and technical  assistance/support are
conducted in the following specific areas:
   •   Drinking  Water:  Engineering solutions for
       the  treatment,  distribution,  and
       preservation of  public  drinking water
       supplies.

   •   Hazardous  Wastes:   Research  in
       incineration, land disposal practices, and to
       determine  existing  and  emerging
       alternatives  for treating,  detoxifying,
       volume reduction and waste minimization
       of hazardous materials and municipal solid
       wastes.

   •   LUST Trust Fund Technical  Support:
       Technical assistance on corrective action,
       site assessments, decision tools and cleanup
       technologies to  LUST Trust  Fund
       administrators and implementors.

   •   Pesticides:  Technical support to  the Office
       of Pesticide Programs for technological
   alternatives for disposal of cancelled and
   suspended pesticides, and to  provide data
   and guidance on  the capabilities of
   protective clothing  for reducing working
   exposure to pesticides.

•  Superfund:  Technologies for response and
   remedial action for supporting enforcement
   actions and protecting personnel involved
   in  cleanup.   Superfund  Innovative
   Technology Evaluation (SITE) program to
   enhance development and demonstration of
   innovative  technologies as alternatives to
   containment.

•  Toxics Chemical Testing and Assessment:
   Alternatives   for  regulating   the
   manufacture and use of existing chemicals
   (including asbestos); assessing release and
   exposure in review  of Pre-manufacturing
   Notices (PMNs) for new chemicals; and
   techniques and devices to  contain and
   destroy genetically engineered organisms.

•  Wastewater (Municipal and Industrial):
   Cost-effective methods for the prevention,
   treatment and management  of municipal
   wastewater, sludges  and urban runoffs, and
   industrial processing,  manufacturing, and
   toxic discharges.
                                             53

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 Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
FY88 Products

Completed evaluations of five technologies for the
Superfund  Best  Demonstrated  Available
Technology (BDAT) program for contaminated
soils.

Completed tests of Best Demonstrated Available
Treatment (BDAT) technologies for two hazardous
waste streams in  support of OSW regulatory
development.

Completed six  Superfund Innovative Technology
Evaluations (SITE)  program demonstrations and
admitted nine new technologies into the
demonstration program.

Completed Technical Resource Document update
on "The Lining of Waste  Impoundments and
Disposal Facilities."

Developed a Treatability Data Base.
Developed a  Municipal Toxicity Reduction
Evaluation (TRE) Protocol.
Field Studies of the Effectiveness of Protective
Clothing for Agricultural Pesticide Operations.

Report on Assessment of Asbestos Removal Under
Latest Guidance Conditions.

Report on Azo Dye Adsorption Isotherm  Method
Development and Validation.

Report on the Destruction of Organics in Co-Fired
Boilers.

Report on All Virus Inactivation Data Developed to
date on the Inactivation of Hepatitis A Virus (HAV).

Report on Removal of Radon  with Low Cost/Low
Technology Treatment Techniques.
Most Important Publication

The EPA Manual for Waste  Minimization
Opportunity Assessments
                                             54

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                                                          Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory
FY89 BUDGET:
PERSONNEL:
$60,141,000
        185
    DIRECTOR
RREL-CINCINNATI
    684-7418
        Drinking Water
           Research
           684-7201
            Inorganics and
          Participates Control
             684-7370
                  Superfund
                 Technology
                Demonstration
                  684-7861
                   Water and
               Hazardous Waste
                   Treatment
                   Research
                   684-7601
              Site Demonstration and
                   Evaluation
                   684-7696
Waste Minimization
  Destruction and
Disposal Research
     684-7528
                  Hazardous Waste
                     Treatment
                    684-7519
            Microbiological
             Treatment
             684-7345
                 Releases Control
                  8-340-6635
                Municipal Wastewater
                    684-7655
 Municipal Solid Waste
    and Residuals
     Management
     684-7871
           Organics Control
             684-7342
                                                            Toxics Control
                                                             684-7509
                                        Thermal Destruction
                                           684-7504
           Systems and Field
             Evaluation
             684-7460
                                                             Treatment
                                                             Assessment
                                                             684-7629
                                                               Waste Minimization
                                                                  684-7529
                                                  55

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            Office of Environmental Processes and Effects Research

                                                   Courtney Riordan is the Director of the
                                                Office of Environmental Processes and Effects
                                                Research.  His prior experience with EPA
                                                includes Director, Office of Acid Deposition,
                                                Environmental Monitoring and  Quality
                                                Assurance; Acting Assistant Administrator,
                                                Office  of Research and  Development;
                                                Director, Office of Monitoring  Systems and
                                                Quality Assurance; Associate Director, Office
                                                of Air,  Land, and Water Use. Dr. Riordan
                                                received a  bachelor's  degree in Civil
                                                Engineering from Northeastern University in
                                                Boston, a Ph.D. in  Regional Planning and
                                                Systems Analysis from Cornell University in
                                                Ithaca,  New  York, and a J.D.  from George
                                                Washington University.
FY89 BUDGET:
PERSONNEL:
$86,600,000
       449
DIRECTOR
382-5950
     Terrestrial & Ground Water
            Effects Staff
             382-5600
                                                     QA & H&S Officer
                                                        382-5975
                                                     Program Operations Staff
                                                           382-5962
                                           Marine, Freshwater &
                                              Modeling Staff
                                                475-8930
Robert S. Kerr
Environmental
Research
Laboratory
Ada, OK
743-2224




Environmental
Research
Laboratory
Athens, GA
250-3134





Environmental
Research
Laboratory
Corvallis, OR
420-4601

Environmental
Research
Laboratory
Duluth, MN
780-5702

Environmental
Research
Laboratory
Gulf Breeze, FL
686-9011

Environmental
Research
Laboratory
Narragansett,
Rl
838-6001
                                           57

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 Office of Environmental Processes and Effects Research
Functions

   The Office of Environmental Processes and
Effects Research (OEPER) develops  from an
ecosystems perspective data and scientific and
technological methods necessary to understand,
predict, and manage the entry, movement, and
disposition of residuals (including biologicals) in
the environmental media—atmosphere, soil, ground
water,  and surface water-and in the food chain,
and to  determine'their effects on organisms and
higher  levels of integration.  Programs range from
fundamental process research critical for defining
the ecological effects of  microbial and  chemical
pollutants,  acid  deposition,  products  of
bioengineering, global climate changes, and loss of
stratospheric ozone,  to systems  and  decision
modeling, wetlands, marine systems, terrestrial
and  surface freshwater  environments, and
ecological risk assessment methods.  Another
emphasis area focuses on the determination  of the
status  of and changes in critical ecological
resources, as represented by landscape systems in
the United States and internationally. OEPER
provides technical support to the regions and the
states in environmental science and technology to
assist in problem solving and transfers information
and technology to users.
  the United States. The Agency's research and
  development program plays a vital role in
  generating the scientific information that is
  critically important for the risk assessments
  and regulations being promulgated by policy-
  makers both domestically and internationally.
  Water Quality Based Approach  - In  the
  transition from a technology based control of
  toxics to a Water Quality  Based Approach
  (WQBA) control of toxics in water many
  problems/issues have been addressed  but
  others still remain. The  research supporting
  the WQBA to the permitting of pollutant
  discharges into freshwater, estuarine and
  marine aquatic environments  has two major
  approaches: (1)  developing water quality
  criteria for individual contaminants, adapting
  the criteria to site-specific or ecoregional
  conditions,  and  developing modeling
  techniques to relate criteria to allowable
  discharges; and (2) developing methods for
  evaluating the toxic components of complex
  effluents  and predicting  maximum  safe
  chronic  contaminant   levels   using
  environmental endpoints.
Program Activities

  •  Global Warming - The potential effects of a
     global  warming induced by radiatively
     important trace gases are both drastic and
     uncertain. The range of consequences may
     well affect all factors of human existence,
     including air and water quality, distribution
     or even survival of vegetation types and
     wildlife, shifts  or loss of marine and
     freshwater  fisheries, and productivity of
     agricultural and forested lands. The Global
     Climate Change Research Program will
     investigate  and  estimate the  likely
     magnitude, timing and regional expressions of
     these effects, including their relationships to
     sources and sinks of the trace gases associated
     with climate change.

  •  Stratospheric Ozone - For the newly ratified
     Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete
     the Ozone Layer to be successful on a global
     scale, it is  essential  that  EPA provide
     scientifically  credible input into  the risk
     characterization  and scientific assessment
     mandated by the  Protocol and supported  by
• Marine, Estuaries and Great  Lakes  -
  Methodologies and information are needed for
  the  development  of  responsive  and
  scientifically valid ocean disposal  (ocean
  dumping and discharge through outfalls),
  estuarine  and  Great  Lakes programs.
  Research focuses on developing methodologies
  for predicting contaminant  movement and
  fate, exposures, and effects of contaminants on
  organisms,  communities, and ecosystems in
  sediments, freshwater, marine, and estuarine
  environments to permit better evaluation of
  pollutant impacts  and  make regulatory
  decisions.
• Ground Water - There is much uncertainty as
  to the  exposure of humans to contaminated
  ground water and the effects of the exposure
  on human health. Unregulated contaminants
  that pose a hazard to human health are being
  identified and analyzed for  as  an ongoing
  activity and studies on the fate and transport
  of contaminants will continue. There is a
  continuing  need   to  understand  the
                                             58

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                                    Office of Environmental Processes and Effects Research
  relationship of ground water contamination to
  the human health issue in order to decrease
  the uncertainties linking contaminants to
  human health.
  The clean-up and restoration of contaminated
  ground water is an issue of prime importance.
  One mode  of  clean-up utilizes  natural
  processes, such as bacterial degeneration of
  contaminants. The manipulation of natural
  process for ground  water clean-up is an
  application  that requires ongoing  research
  and development.
• Waste   Characterization   -   Waste
  characterization research is conducted under
  the hazardous waste  research program to
  provide information on the fate and effects of
  these chemicals in the environment.  The
  Office of Solid  Waste and Emergency
  Response uses this information in its  risk
  assessment listing, siting, and  land disposal
  restriction programs.
• Ecological Systems

  Field Validation:  To determine if laboratory
  methods, results  and simulation  models
  reflect the; true impacts of pesticides and toxic
  substances in natural  situations, field
  validation studies are necessary. These
  studies,, conducted  in marine/estuarine,
  freshwater  and  terrestrial  habitats,
  incorporate data on biotic responses,
  interactions and on ecological processes that
  prove or disprove laboratory approaches and
  findings and form the basis for suggestions on
  alternative   or  modified  evaluative
  approaches.

  Ecotoxicity:  To evaluate  toxic substances
  under TSCA and to register pesticides under
  FIFRA it is necessary to understand  how the
  toxicant moves into or through the biotic and
  the physical  portion  of an ecosystem,  the
  duration of exposure of the biota, the mode of
  toxicological action, the residues, the response
  of the receptor biota,  ecosystem composition
  and processes and  the eventual dispersion of
  the toxicant in the general matrix where the
  biota reside.  Research is  addressing these
  problems through development of testing
schemes  and  protocols, physiological
experimentation, exposure studies, and
comparative toxicological and ecosystem level
studies.

Risk Assessment:  When pesticides or toxic
substances are used or accidentally released
into the environment there is a need to be able
to evaluate the  risks to our ecosystems.
Research  is providing validated methods,
predictive  mathematical models, exposure and
effects data, applications and consultations.
Using these tools, assessments can be
conducted  for a given situation that indicates
the degree of risk that can be expected. This
information  factors into Agency regulatory
decisions.
Reducing Uncertainties in Risk Assessment
(RURA): There is a need for improved risk
assessments across many programs. This
research proposes to incorporate monitoring
and trend status with ecological evaluations of
selected critical ecosystems and thus be able to
predict the  impacts (risk) of cumulative and
multiple contaminant sources on ecosystem
structure and function. Presently, risk for
portions of systems can only be determined. To
ensure  that predictions and findings  are
reliable requires that extensive studies start
by covering important key items such as
hazards and  exposure  and  response
assessments and risk characterization with
improvements at the ecosystem level.


Biotechnology  Risk  Assessment: The
development of the biotechnology industry has
raised many questions about potential adverse
effects on ecology and ecosystems as a result of
industrial  utilization  and release of
genetically engineered  organisms. The
Agency  is presently involved in establishing
regulations for use of such organisms under
TSCA and FIFRA. The research program is
providing the Agency  with methods  for
assessing the potential risk resulting from
introducing engineered  microorganisms into
the environment. The three program areas
being investigated are: (1) exposure - detection
and  enumeration under  field conditions,
transport in the  environment, survival and
colonization, genetic exchange; (2)  effects on
ecosystem processes, on  higher organisms
                                           59

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Office of Environmental Processes and Effects Research
   (animals and plants); and (3) risk control  -
   design of field release, mitigation of adverse
   effects in field situations.

   Environmental Monitoring and Assessment
   Program (EMAP):  To prevent unwanted or
   irreversible damage to our ecosystem, EPA
   must know their current status, be able to
   determine  trends  in  their health or
   deterioration and be in a position to manage
   these systems to realize  continued  benefits.
   Research  is proposed that will classify,
   characterize and monitor  status and trends of
   important  ecosystems and their subclasses.
   Additionally, ecological  research will
   commence on agricultural, forest, freshwater
   wetlands,  near  coastal  and water quality
   limited stream/lake systems. Studies  would
   include selecting systems  and  critical
   indicator  endpoints, identifying hazards,
   assessing exposure, and applying state-of-the-
   art approaches for risk evaluations  and
   reduction  at regional levels.  Applying  this
   information augmented by other data bases
   will offer management options.

   Structure  Activity Relationships (SARs)  -
   Evaluation of each chemical is required under
   TSCA and FIFRA. These  evaluations  can
   require extensive time  and resources. An
   alternate,  more rapid approach is to compare
   the chemical with those of its chemical class
   having known similar molecular structure
   and chemical activity. Using a computerized
   data base and SAR models has proven to be of
   great value for the Agency. The data base and
   the system  are  undergoing expanded
   application to accommodate increasing
   numbers of new chemicals, reevaluation of old
   chemicals and enhancements to handle
   complex SARs for evaluating the  fate  and
   toxicity of chemicals in the  environment.
   Many of the models will be available to States
   and Regional EPA offices in the coming year
   over the  Office of Information Resource
   Management Network. A  new program for the
   development of advanced SAR techniques,
   particularly in  the  area  of quantitative
   molecular similarity  analysis, is  being
   planned to further decrease the man-hours
   involved in chemical evaluations.

 • Acid Deposition -  EPA's  Acid Deposition
   Research   Program  includes  research to
   1) estimate emissions from   manmade
     sources, 2) understand atmospheric processes,
     3) establish  deposition  monitoring  data
     bases, 4) understand and quantify aquatic
     effects,  5)  understand  and  quantify
     terrestrial effects, 6) understand and quantify
     the effects on materials, and 7) evaluate
     control technologies (to fulfill  the  needs
     expressed in the Energy and Security Act of
     1980, Title VII).

   In 1990, EPA in conjunction with the National
   Acid  Precipitation Assessment Program
   (NAPAP),  an   interagency   research
   coordination and assessment group chaired by
   the Administrator of EPA, will produce a final
   assessment  of  the sources,  extent, and
   magnitude of environmental effects due to acid
   deposition, and the scientific uncertainties
   associated with acid deposition cause-effect
   relationships. The 1990 assessment will provide
   a better basis upon  which  to evaluate the needs
   for as well as the effectiveness and efficiencies
   of proposed abatement and control programs (in
   accordance with the Acid Precipitation Act of
   1980, P.L. 96-294).
Issues

Stratospheric Ozone

   For the Montreal protocol to be successful on a
world-wide basis, it must be demonstrated to
China, India,  and other non-signatory, newly
industrialized and lesser developed countries that
depletion of stratospheric ozone will have an impact
on their citizens. Also, even if a total phase-out of
regulated CFCs occurs, there will be some depletion
of the ozone layer. Research is required to provide
impact scenarios for mitigative options.

Global Warming

   Although research to date has suggested that a
rise in the earth's temperature will occur, we only
know what the average change may be. We must
develop the ability to predict climatic changes on
regional levels. In addition,  changes of  the
magnitude predicted will have dramatic effects on
air and water quality. We must develop a sound
scientific understanding of the mechanisms  and
subsequent potential implications of global climate
change so that we can prepare to adjust both our
regulatory and non-regulatory  strategies to be
responsive to different fundamental environmental
conditions.
                                            60

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                                      Office of Environmental Processes and Effects Research
Ground Water Research

   We understand that the U.S. Department of
Agriculture intends to increase its ground-water
contamination research by $10 million. We need to
assure this is closely coordinated with research in
EPA. In addition, in the past session of Congress, a
number of bills  were introduced dealing  with
ground-water research, not only in EPA but also in
the U.S. Geological Survey and the Department of
Agriculture. These need to be watched closely.

Waste Characterization

   We need to make sure that improved cleanup
technologies  resulting from ongoing research are
implemented as soon as possible. Currently,
millions of dollars are being spent annually on
cleaning  up contaminated  ground water by
pumping out the liquid and treating it chemically,
physically, or biologically on the surface. Not only
is this expensive, but recent studies have indicated
how ineffective this technique can be. Many organic
contaminants bind tightly to soil particles and
resist removal when the contaminated ground
water is pumped.

   Pollution situations such as these may best be
remedied by treating the contaminants in situ, that
is, right in the soil matrix without attempts at
excavation or pumping, by using microorganisms
for biodegradation.  Such techniques are applicable
to  hazardous waste and Superfund sites and to
leaking underground storage tank contamination
situations.

Ecological Systems

   The successful determination of the ecological
status and future  trends in biological systems
requires a management commitment of resources
for periods of 10 or more years. This commitment is
necessary because perturbations in biological
systems often are of long-term  developmental
duration. In order to accomplish these objectives,
extramural assistance from other governmental
programs and academic institutions  will be
required. There is considerable suspicion in many
sectors about whether EPA can, in fact, make such
long-term  commitments. Past performance has not
been convincing.

Marine Estuaries and Great Lakes

   The current ocean disposal research program
responds to program office and regional needs as
they relate  to  ocean dumping and to needs
associated with ocean discharges through ocean
outfalls. Recently Congress passed a ban on the
ocean dumping of sewage sludge and industrial
wastes. Although this ban does not impact the
ocean dumping of dredged material, ocean dumping
monitoring activities, or activities associated with
the discharge of wastes through ocean outfalls, it is
expected that attempts will be made to eliminate or
reduce  ORD's  entire ocean  disposal  research
program.

Water Quality Based Approach

   Although contaminated  sediments  are
frequently identified as  major environmental
problems, concern has been expressed that effective
regulatory tools or strategies (e.g., water quality
criteria)  are  not  available  to  address  the
contaminated  sediment problems.  This issue  is
likely to put significant demands on ORD research
programs.

   Recent amendments  to the Clean Water Act
(CWA) and the Safe Drinking Water Act (SOWA)
have  required EPA  to expand or start new
programs and  regulatory  efforts.  These
requirements will place many  demands  on the
associated research programs, and some of these
demands will not be met. For example, the CWA
Amendments require significant involvement in
non-point sources of pollution (NPS). Currently,
ORD does  not have a NPS research program. This
will continue to be an important issue.

Acid Deposition

   The question of acid rain control has  been a
major environmental issue during the 1980's, with
significant implications relative to U.S. - Canadian
relationships. Significant  research progress has
been made on  this issue, most notably a 10-year
U.S.  interagency  effort—the  National Acid
Precipitation Assessment Program (NAPAP)--
scheduled  for completion in 1990. We know more
about this issue now than we  have known in the
past. The most comprehensive assessment will be
the  1990  NAPAP  assessment. Significant
environmental and economic implications  are
involved in any decisions of how to control acid
deposition. However, in order to obtain maximum
environmental benefits from minimal costs, acid
rain research will need to be continued even after a
national acid rain control program is implemented.
Such research will need to address:

•  updates of emissions inventories

•  verification, maintenance  and application of
   emissions, deposition, and effects models
                                             61

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  Office of Environmental Processes and Effects Research
•  deposition and  environmental  effects and
   trends monitoring.

Biotechnology Risk Assessment

   The use of bioengineered organisms is a unique
and rapidly evolving technology, and  the research
program has evolved correspondingly to meet the
Agency's need in evaluating a diverse array of
biotechnology products. With the introduction of
transgenic plants (genes from a wide  variety of
organisms are being inserted into crop  plants),
questions  of  human  health and  impact on
ecosystems  arise  necessitating  continued
cooperation among regulatory agencies.
                                             62

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                 Robert S. Kerr Environmental Research Laboratory

                               -,
      Clinton  W. Hall is the Director of the
  Environmental Research Laboratory,  Ada,
  Oklahoma, in which capacity he has served
  since 1980.  From  1971  to  1979, Mr.  Hall
  served in many Agency  programs.  Before
  joining EPA, he was a hydrologist for the
  Defense Intelligence Agency. He received a
  bachelor's degree  from  the University of
  Delaware  and a master's degree  in
  Groundwater Geology from the University of
  Connecticut. He participated in Advanced
  Graduate Study in Geophysics/ Geochemistry
  at Florida State University.  He was awarded
  the EPA Bronze Medal in 1978.
Functions

   The Robert S. Kerr Environmental Research
Laboratory (RSKERL) serves as U.S. EPA's center
for ground-water research, focusing its efforts on
studies of the transport and fate of contaminants in
the subsurface, development of methodologies for
protection and restoration of ground-water quality,
and evaluation of the applicability and limitations
of using natural  soil and subsurface processes for
the treatment of hazardous wastes. The Laboratory
has a long history  of research responsibilities
related to the use of soils and subsurface for waste
treatment and to the protection of the soil, ground
water and surface water.  These responsibilities
have included the development and demonstration
of cost-effective  methods for land  treatment of
municipal wastewaters, animal production wastes,
and petroleum refining and petrochemical wastes,
as well as the development of technologies for the
protection of ground-water quality.


   RSKERL carries out research through  in-house
projects  and cooperative  and  interagency
agreements  with  universities,  national
laboratories, and other research  centers. RSKERL
currently has  over  80 ongoing or planned
extramural projects at approximately 40  research
institutions in 25 states.
   An examination of  the environmental
legislation that relates to ground-water quality
protection reveals four  common  regulatory  or
management requirements:

•  Establishment of criteria for location, design,
   and operation  of waste disposal activities to
   prevent contamination of ground water  or
   movement  of contaminants to points  of
   withdrawal or discharge.

•  Assessment of the probable impact of existing
   pollution  on  ground water at points  of
   withdrawal or discharge.

•  Development  of  remediation technologies
   which are effective in protecting and restoring
   ground  water   quality  without  being
   unnecessarily complex or costly, and without
   unduly restricting other land use activities.

•  Regulation of the production, use, and/or
   disposal  of specific chemicals possessing  an
   unacceptably high potential for contam-inating
   ground water when released to the subsurface.

   These requirements translate into a need  for
definitive knowledge of the transport  and fate
characteristics of contaminants  in subsurface
environments, without the risk of (1) under-control
resulting in excessive ground-water contamination,
                                              63

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 Robert S. Kerr Environmental Research Laboratory
or (2) over-control resulting in uneconomical under-
utilization of the subsurface as a treatment
media.The mission of the RSKERL is to develop
that data base.
FY88 Products


DRASTIC: A Standardized System for Evaluating
Ground Water Pollution Potential Using
Hydrogeologic Settings


"Equivalence of Microbial Biomass Measures Based
on Membrane Lipid and Cell Wall Components,
Adenosine Triphosphate, and Direct Counts in
Subsurface Aquifer Sediments," Microbial Ecology


"Macromolecules Facilitate the Transport of Trace
Organics," The Science of the Total Environment
"Organic Cation Effects on the Retention of Metals
and  Neutral Organic Compounds on  Aquifer
Material," Journal of Environmental Science and
Health

Interactive Simulation of the Fate of Hazardous
Chemicals During Land Treatment of Oily Wastes:
Ritz User's Guide
Physics of Immiscible Flow in Porous Media


Bioplume II: Computer Model of Two-Dimensional
Contaminant Transport Under the Influence of
Oxygen Limited Biodegradation in Ground Water


A Field Evaluation of In-Situ Biodegradation for
Aquifer Restoration


Leaking Underground Storage Tanks: Remediation
with Emphasis on In Situ Biorestoration


"Decay of Dissolved Substances by Second-Order
Reaction. Problem Description and Batch-Reactor
Solutions," Journal of Environmental Science and
Health
Most Important Publication


"Sorption Nonequilibrium During  Solute
Transport," Journal of Contaminant Hydrology
                                             64

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                                     Robert S. Kerr Environmental Research Laboratory
FY89 BUDGET:   $8,434,000
PERSONNEL:           55
DIRECTOR
743-2224
   Processes and Systems Research
              743-2210
         Subsurface Processes
              743-2314
         Subsurface Systems
             743-2334
          Extramural Activities and Assistance
                      743-2212
             Extramural Activities and Assistance
                       743-2216
                 Application and Assistance
                       743-2308
                      r
                                         65

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                    Environmental Research Laboratory - Athens
                                                       Rosemarie C. Russo is the Director of
                                                   the Environmental Research Laboratory at
                                                   Athens, GA. She started with the Agency in
                                                   1978 as a Research  Chemist at  Duluth and
                                                   later became Associate Director for Research
                                                   Operations.  Her career includes.  Adjunct
                                                   Professor and Associate Director at Montana
                                                   State University; Senior Research Chemist,
                                                   Colorado State  University; Assistant
                                                   Professor, Dickinson College, Carlisle, PA;
                                                   Assistant Professor, Gettysburg College ; and
                                                   Instructor, University  of Minnesota-Duluth.
                                                   She received her B.S. in Chemistry from the
                                                   University of Minnesota-Duluth  and her
                                                   Ph.D.  in Inorganic Chemistry from the
                                                   University of New Hampshire.
Functions

   The Environmental Research Laboratory at
Athens conducts and manages fundamental  and
applied research to predict and assess the human
and environmental exposures and risks associated
with conventional and toxic pollutants in water and
soil. The research focus  is predictive ecological
science.
   This research identifies and characterizes the
natural biological and chemical processes that
affect the environmental fate and effects of specific
toxic substances, such as pesticides or metals.  The
results are applied in state-of-the-art mathematical
models for assessing and managing environmental
pollution problems.
    Lab-developed data  and assessment techniques
support EPA's major programs in hazardous waste,
pesticides, toxics, Superfund,  and water quality.
Staff expertise includes chemistry, computer
science, ecology, engineering, and microbiology.
    EPA's  Center  for Exposure Assessment
Modeling (CEAM), an internationally  known
center of modeling expertise located at the Athens
Lab,  provides models,  training, and support in
exposure  evaluation  and  ecological  risk
assessment.  CEAM assists the Agency and States
in environmental risk-based decisions concerning
the protection of surface water, soil, groundwater
and air.

FY88 Products

Application of Expert Systems Technology in Water
Quality Modeling

Characterizing  Pesticide  Distribution  in
Agricultural Settings
Estimating Sample  Requirements  for  Field
Evaluation of Pesticide Leaching

MINTEQA1, an Equilibrium Speciation Model
Modeling the Impact  of Conservation Tillage
Practices on Pesticide  Concentrations  in Ground
and Surface Waters

Physiologically Structured Population Models in
Risk Assessment
Predicting Chemical Reactivity by Computer
Risk of Unsaturated-Saturated Transport  and
Transformation  Interactions for  Chemical
Concentrations (RUSTIC)
                                              r,7

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 Environmental Research Laboratory - Athens


SARAH2, a Surface Water Assessment Model for    Most Important Publication
Back Calculating Reductions in Abiotic Hazardous
Waste
.,     . .  .  .   ,  .  .   „, f  n  ...  .,  ,  ,.       FGETS  (Food and Gill Exchange of  Toxic
Uncertainty Analysis in Water Quality Modeling       Substances), a Simulation Model for Predicting
                                                  Bioaccumulation  of Nonpolar  Organic
WASP4, a Hydrodynamic and Water Quality Model        Pollutants by Fish
                                            68

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                                     Environmental Research Laboratory - Athens
FY89 BUDGET:
PERSONNEL:
$8,168,000
       67
    Office of Research
       Operations
        250-3127
                                    DIRECTOR
                                    250-3134
        Chemistry
        250-3145
                                                                      I
                                             Office of Program
                                                Operations
                                                 250-3430
           Biology
          250-3103
Measurements
  250-3183
Assessment
 250-3160
                                                                Center for
                                                                Exposure
                                                               Assessment
                                                                Modeling
                                                                250-3549
                                         69

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                   Environmental Research Laboratory - Corvallis
                                                      Thomas A. Murphy is the Director of the
                                                  Environmental  Research Laboratory  at
                                                  Corvallis, Oregon.  He has  been in Agency
                                                  programs since 1970, including Nonpoint Source
                                                  Division and Air, Land, Water Use. From 1967-
                                                  1970 he was with the Federal Water Quality
                                                  Administration. He received a master's degree
                                                  in zoology and a Ph.D. degree in  Biology from
                                                  Yale. He received a bachelor's degree in biology
                                                  and chemistry from Knox College, and  a
                                                  certificate in animal  physiology from Glasgow
                                                  University.
Functions

   The Corvallis Laboratory conducts research
and assessment on the effects of pollutants  and
other human stresses on inland ecological systems
that include: plant and wildlife populations; soils
and other microbial systems;  forests, grasslands
and agricultural systems; wetlands; watersheds;
and regional landscapes.  It  also develops  and
evaluates  methods for mitigating effects on  and
restoring inland  ecological systems. The
Laboratory provides the Agency's  primary
scientific expertise in terrestrial ecotoxicology and
terrestrial, watershed and  regional ecology.
Current Laboratory activities include:

   •   effects of acidic deposition on surface waters
       and forests

   •   effects of tropospheric  ozone on crops  and
       forests

   •   effects  of global  climate change  and
       stratospheric ozone depletion on ecological
       systems

   •   effects of toxic chemicals on wildlife  and
       plants
   •   effects of genetically engineered organisms
       and microbial pest control  agents on
       terrestrial ecological systems

   •   hazardous  waste site  ecological impact
       evaluation

   •   evaluation of cumulative wetland loss

   •   mitigation of wetland loss

   •   uptake,  movement and metabolism of
       chemicals in plants

   •   regional  analysis of ecosystem conditions
       and trends

FY88 Products

"Action Spectra  and Their Key Role in Assessing
Biological  Consequences of Solar UV-B Radiation
Change"

"Analysis  of  Crop Loss for  Alternative Ozone
Exposure Indices"

"Atmospheric  Wet  Sulfate  Deposition and
Lakewater Chemistry"
                                              .1

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  Environmental Research Laboratory - Corvallis
Characteristics of Lakes  in the Western United
States
Revised Protocol for Bioassessment of Hazardous
Waste Sites
"Database Assessment of Phytotoxicity Data
Published on Terrestrial Vascular Plants"

"Ecoregions: An Approach to Surface  Water
Protection"

"Evaluation of Cumulative Effects on Wetland
Functions"

Lake and Reservoir  Management:  A Guidance
Manual

"Measuring Genetic Stability in  Bacteria of
Potential Use in Genetic Engineering"
"Role of Dietary Choices on the Ability of Bobwhite
to Discriminate Between Treated and  Untreated
Food"

"Statistical Analysis of Reported Growth Decline of
Pine Species in the Southeast"

The Release of Ice Minus Recombinant Bacteria at
California Test Sites

Most Important Publication

Chemical Characteristics of Streams in the Mid-
Atlantic and Southeastern United States
                                              72

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Environmental Research Laboratory -  Corvallis
! FY89 BUDGET: S
: PERSONNEL:

24,326,000 i
71 :




Ecotoxicology
420-4672


Wildlife Team
420-4672


Plant Team
420-4672


Microbiology Team
420-4672

DIRECTOR
ERL-CORVALLIS
420-4601




Terrestrial
420-4673


Ozone Team
420-4673
I
Forest Team
420-4R73
|

Global Team
420-4673



Watershed
420-4666


Aquatic Team
420-4666


Watership Team
420 4666


Wetlands Team
420-4666


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                    Environmental Research Laboratory - Duluth
                                                      Oilman D. Veith has been the Director of
                                                   the  Environmental  Research Laboratory at
                                                   Duluth (ERL-D) since 1987. He was Associate
                                                   Director of Research from 1984-1987; Chief,
                                                   Toxic Substances Research Branch, 1981-1984;
                                                   and Research Chemist,  1972-1981.  He began
                                                   his  career as an Assistant Professor of the
                                                   Water Chemistry Program at the University of
                                                   Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin.  He  was the
                                                   Chemical Advisor on Environmental Criteria,
                                                   World  Health Organization,  Geneva,
                                                   Switzerland, and founder of the People's
                                                   Republic of China/ERL-Duluth Scientific
                                                   Exhcange Program. Dr.  Veith received his B.S
                                                   in chemistry from Augustana  College and his
                                                   Ph.D. in Water Chemistry from the University
                                                   of Wisconsin. He has authored or co-authored
                                                   nearly 50 scientific papers.
Functions

   The Environmental Research Laboratory at
Duluth (ERL-D) conducts research to advance  our
fundamental understanding of aquatic toxicology
and freshwater ecology. Its mission is to develop a
scientific basis for EPA to create environmental
policies concerning the use of freshwater resources.
To accomplish this, ERL-D conducts the research,
development, and technical assistance programs
described below.

   Researchers are studying complex effluents  and
are developing cost-effective methods for managing
their toxicity in wastewaters. An ongoing project is
the development  of numerical water quality
criteria for industrial chemicals  to protect aquatic
life and its  uses. ERL-D scientists also develop
sediment criteria for chemicals  which pose long-
term contamination problems and describe the fate
and effects of pollutants in waters of the Great
Lakes.

   Pesticide scientists conduct research with both
biological and chemical insecticides. The biological
agent research is developing tests that will assess
the virulence, survival and distribution of these
unique forms in  natural and  laboratory systems.
Field studies are conducted to verify earlier results
from laboratory studies. Methods developed in both
research areas are being incorporated  into the
Federal pesticide registration process.

   Toxic  substances  research specializes  in
developing methodology  for conducting aquatic
toxicity tests and in predictive  aquatic toxicology.
The data base produced is being modeled using
computers so that  predictions  of toxicity can  be
made from  physical/chemical  properties  and
chemical structure. Scientists are also developing
procedures to define the mode  of toxic action and
understand the metabolism of chemicals. Studies to
determine the ecological significance and adequacy
of existing laboratory-derived  toxicity testing
methods  for protecting  aquatic life are being
conducted.

   Other researchers are investigating a series of
industrial chemicals to determine how fish absorb,
distribute, metabolize, and excrete chemicals. ERL-
D is participating in a national  study that
determines the levels of dioxin in fish, water, and
sediment  samples from across  the country.  In
addition  to analyzing  field samples, ERL-D is
conducting laboratory studies on the bioavailability
of dioxin.
                                              75

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 Environmental Research Laboratory - Duluth
FY88 Products

"Toxicokinetics and Toxicodynamics of Pyrethroid
Insecticides in Fish"
"Toxicity of Chlorpyrifos, Endrin, or Fenvalerate to
Fathead  Minnows Following Episodic or
Continuous Exposure"
"Environmental Contamination by Polychlorinated
Dibenzo-p-dioxins  and Dibenzofurans Associated
with Pulp and Paper Mill Discharge"
"Response of an Alaskan Wetland  to Nutrient
Enrichment"
"Structure-Toxicity  Relationships for Industrial
Chemicals Causing Type (II) Narcosis Syndrome"

"Fish Population Changes and Mechanisms
Associated with Changes in an Acidified Lake"
The Impact of Chlorine/Ammonia on Ecosystem
Structure and Function in Experimental Streams
Survival and Effects of Bacillus thuringiensis var.
israelensis Introduced into  Aquatic Microcosm
Communities
Development of Ecosystem Resiliency Data Base
Factors Controlling Recovery of Aquatic Systems
from Disturbance

Methods for Aquatic Toxicity Identification
Evaluations: Phase I. Toxicity Characterization
Procedures
Most Important Publication
Enclosures for Aquatic Field Testing of Pesticides:
The Effects of Chlorpyrifos on a Natural System
                                             76

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                                                Environmental Research Laboratory - Duluth
FY89 BUDGET:
PERSONNEL:
$7,765,000
       88
       Associate Director for
        Research Operations
             780-5572
   Toxic
 Substances
  Research
 780-5574
Pesticides
 Research
780-5552
Hazardous
  Waste
 Research
780-5567
                                                Associate Director for
                                                 Program Operations
                                                     780-5548
Large Lakes
 Research
313-675-
   7704
Monticello
Research
777-2491
                                              77

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                  Environmental Research Laboratory - Gulf Breeze
                                                      Raymond  Gene  Wilhour was named
                                                   Acting  Director of the Environmental
                                                   Research Laboratory at Gulf Breeze in April
                                                   1988. Before this appointment he had served
                                                   as Acting Deputy Director at ERL-Gulf
                                                   Breeze since August 1987. Dr. Wilhour has
                                                   served as scientist and team leader  at EPA
                                                   laboratories in  Research Triangle Park, NC,
                                                   and Corvallis,  OR .  As Chief of the Air
                                                   Branch, he was responsible for EPA research
                                                   on effects of air pollutants, acidic deposition,
                                                   and UV-B  radiation on agriculture,  forests,
                                                   and fresh waters. Dr. Wilhour received his BS
                                                   and MS  degrees in Forest Management and
                                                   his Ph.D. in Plant  Pathology  from
                                                   Pennsylvania State University.
Functions

   The Environmental  Research Laboratory at
Gulf Breeze develops and analyzes scientific data
on the impact of hazardous  materials released in
marine and  estuarine environments. Scientific
investigations  primarily involve  chemical
compounds and biological products regulated by
EPA's  Office of Pesticides and Toxic Substances,
the Office of Water Programs, and the Office of
Solid Waste and Emergency Response.

   Laboratory scientists develop and evaluate test
systems to (1) evaluate and define mechanisms that
affect biodegradation and accumulation of toxicants
in aquatic food webs; (2) define procedures and
evaluate protocols for biological  treatment of
hazardous wastes;  (3) determine effects of
carcinogens,  mutagens, and  teratogens in aquatic
species; (4) develop principles and applications of
ecotoxicology,  including  measurement and
prediction of fate  and effect of chemicals and
synthetics on estuarine species and environments.
Methods also are  under development to  apply
laboratory observations to field situations and to
evaluate  potential risks from  the release of
biotechnological  products in  the marine
environment.
    Information from laboratory research is used to
establish guidelines, standards, and strategies for
management of hazardous materials in the  near-
coastal marine environment, to define and predict
its ecological  health, and  describe cause(s) of
aberrant conditions or changes  in its  ecological
status.
FY88 Products

"Adaptation of Aquatic Microbial Communities to
Pollutant Stress," Microbiol. Set.

"Constructing Microbial Strains for Degradation of
Halogenated  Aromatic   Hydrocarbons,"
Environmental Biotechnology: Reducing Risks from
Environmental Chemicals Through Biotechnology

"Comparison of the Seagrass Thalassia testudinum
and Its Epiphytes in the Field and in Laboratory
Test Systems," Environ. Exp. Bot.

"Inclusion Body Viruses.  II.  Baculoviruses of
Invertebrates Other Than Insects,"  Atlas of
Invertebrate Viruses

"Biological Containment of Genetically Engineered
Microorganisms," Classical and Molecular Methods
to Assess Environmental  Applications  of
Microorganisms

"Tumors of  the Cardiovascular System" Natl.
Cancer Inst. Monogr.

-------
 Environmental Research Laboratory - Gulf Breeze
"Field Sampling in Estuaries: The Relationship of
Scale to Variability," Estuaries

"Alterations in Growth, Reproduction, and Energy
Metabolism of Estuarine Crustaceans as Indicators
of Pollutant Stress,"  IUBS  Methods  Manual.
International Union of Biological Sciences
"Potential for Transfer  and Establishment of
Engineered Genetic Sequences," Trends Ecol. &
Evol.

Effects of Physico-Chemical and Biological Factors
on Genetic Exchange in Aquatic Environments
"Trichloroethylene Metabolism by Microorganisms
That  Degrade Aromatic Compounds," Appl.
Environ. Microbiol.

Acute Toxicity of Two Generic Drilling Fluids and
Six Additives, Alone and Combined, to  Mysids
(Mysidopsis bahia).
Most Important Publication
Detection of RNA  Sequences  to  Characterize
Natural Microbial Populations
                                             80

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                                         Environmental Research Laboratory - Gulf Breeze
FY89 BUDGET:
PERSONNEL:
$3,846,000
       55
   Program Support Staff
         686-9011
         Ecotoxicology
          686-9011
DIRECTOR
686-9011
                   Microbial Ecology &
                     Biotechnology
                       686-9011
                                             Research Support Staff
                                                   686-9011
                                                                         1
                               Pathobiology
                               686-9011
                                           HI

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                   Environmental Research Laboratory - Narragansett
                                                     Norbert A. Jaworski has been the Director
                                                  of the Environmental Research Laboratory in
                                                  Narragansett,  Rhode Island, since 1986. From
                                                  1970 to 1985,  he  was the director of several
                                                  Agency  research  laboratories,  including
                                                  Corvallis, OR;  Research Triangle Park, North
                                                  Carolina; and Duluth, Minnesota. Before joining
                                                  the Agency, he was a deputy director in the
                                                  Department of Interior. He received a Ph.D.
                                                  degree in  Water Resources Management from
                                                  the University of Michigan and bachelor's and
                                                  master's degrees in Civil Engineering from the
                                                  University of  Wisconsin  (Madison).  He has
                                                  written over 50 publications and technical
                                                  reports. He has received an EPA Gold Medal and
                                                  the Presidential Rank of Meritorious Executive.
Functions

   The Environmental  Research Laboratory at
Narragansett, Rhode Island, along with its Pacific
Coast  laboratory  in  Newport,  Oregon, is the
Agency's National Marine Environmental Quality
Research Laboratory. The  Laboratory's research
supports primarily the EPA Office of Water, Office
of Emergency and Remedial Response, and the
Office  of Air and  Radiation. The Laboratory's
efforts  respond to legislative requirements  of the
Clean Water Act, the Marine Protection, Research
and  Sanctuaries  Act, and the Superfund
Reauthorization Act. Major emphasis is placed on
providing the scientific base for environmental
criteria, waste disposal practices, environmental
analysis/ impacts, assessments, and marine and
estuarine risk assessments for regulatory activities
of responsible offices.

   The  Laboratory's principal  themes are:
Environmental Chemistry, Transport and  Fate,
Biological and Ecological Effects, Biomonitoring,
Ecological Risk Assessment, and Multidisciplinary
Information Management.

   The Laboratory is responsible for the following
research program areas: (1) marine and estuarine
disposal, discharge of (and recovery from) complex
wastes,  dredged   material,  and other  wastes;
(2) water use designation and derivation of criteria
for marine and  estuarine  water and  sediment;
(3) environmental assessment of ocean disposal and
discharges of waste and wastewaters; (4) technical
and research support for evaluating remediation
options   at   proposed   and   designated
marine/estuarine superfund sites; and (5) research
on the effects of global warming and the depletion
of stratospheric ozone on marine systems. Technical
assistance, technology transfer, and investigations
of an emergency  nature, e.g., spills of toxic
materials, also are provided to aid EPA offices in
evaluating environmental  threats posed  by
toxicants,  other  pollutants, and  physical
modifications along the Mid- and North Atlantic
Coast, the West Coast, and  other geographic
locations. Technical assistance  is also provided to
other federal agencies, states, municipalities, and
industry.


FY88 Products

"Biological Effects,  Bioaccumulation, and
Ecotoxicology of Sediment Associated Chemicals"

"Efficiency of Uptake of Hexachlorobenzene from
Water by the  Tellinid Clam,  Macoma nasuta,"
Aquatic Toxicology

"Hypoxia-Induced Respiratory Changes in English
Sole (Parophrys  uetulus Girard),"  Comp.
Biochemistry and Physiology
                                              - :

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 Environmental Research Laboratory - Narragansett
"Four Independent Approaches to  Developing
Sediment Quality Criteria Yield Similar Values for
Model Contaminants," Environmental Toxicology
and Chemistry

"A Hazard Assessment Research Strategy  for
Ocean  Disposal," Oceanic Processes in Marine
Pollution, Volume 3,  Ocean Waste Management
Policy and Strategies

Guidelines for Deriving Ambient Aquatic Life
Advisory Concentrations

Ambient Aquatic Life Water Quality Advisories for
Tributyltin, Saltwater Coordinator

"Use of Bioassays in  Determining the Toxicity of
Sediment to Benthic Organisms," Advances in
Environmental Sciences and Technology

"The Acute and Chronic Toxicity of Ammonia to
Marine Fish  and a Mysid,"  Environmental
Contamination and Toxicology

"Ambient Aquatic Life Water Quality Criteria for
Ammonia (Saltwater)," Saltwater Coordinator

"The Acute Toxicity of Sewage Sludge to Marine
Fish, Mysids, and Copepods. in Oceanic Processes,"
Marine Pollution; Urban Wastes in Coastal Marine
Environments
"Responses  of Polychaetes  to Cadmium
Contaminated Sediment: Comparison of Uptake
and Behavior," Environmental Toxicology and
Chemistry

"Case Study of a Marine Discharge: Comparison of
Effluent and Receiving Water Toxicity," Aquatic
Toxicology and Hazard Assessment

"Selected Chemical  Contaminants in Surface
Sediments of Commencement Bay and the Tacoma
Waterways,  Washington,  USA,"  Marine
Environmental Research

"Toxicological Methods for Determining the Effects
of Contaminated Sediment on Marine Organisms"

Report on  the Assessment and Application of
Pollutant Biomagnification in Near Coastal Waters
Most Important Publication

Short Term Methods for Estimating the Chronic
Toxicity of Effluents and Receiving Waters  to
Marine andEstuarine Organisms
                                             84

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                                           Environmental Research Laboratory - Narragansett
FY89 BUDGET:
PERSONNEL:
$6,788,000
       71
      DIRECTOR
ERL-NARRAGANSETT, Rl
         AND
     NEWPORT, OR
       833-6001
           Marine Effects
         (Narragansett, Rl)
             838-6000
                      Marine Processes
                      (Narragansett, Rl)
                         838-6037
                                   Pacific Division
                                    (Newport, OR)
                                   503-867-4040
            Biological Effects
              838-6027
          Physiological Effects
              838-6055
              Field Effects
              838-6078
                       Environmental
                         Chemistry
                                      Exposure Assessment
                                     	838-6037
                            J
                                      Ecosystems Analysis
                                           838-6056
                                Physical and Chemical
                                     Processes
                                   503-867-4038
                                                    Bioaccumulation
                                                    503-867-4042
                                                    Benthic  Effects
                                                    503-867-4031
                                               85

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                          Office of Health Research
                                                Ken  Sexton received a bachelor's degree
                                            from the U.S. Air Force Academy and a master's
                                            degree in both Environmental Engineering and
                                            Sociology from Washington State University
                                            and Texas Tech University, respectively.  His
                                            Ph.D. in Environmental Health Sciences is from
                                            Harvard  University. From 1983 to 1985, Dr.
                                            Sexton was  Director of the Indoor Air Quality
                                            Program for the State of California, and  from
                                            1985  to  1987, he was Director of Scientific
                                            Review at the Health Effects Institute in Boston,
                                            MA.  He has  published extensively in  the
                                            scientific literature  on human exposures to air
                                            pollution.
FY89 BUDGET:
PERSONNEL:
$57,800,000
       307
         Environmental
        Health Research
             Staff
           382-5893
                   Health Effects
                     Research
                    Laboratory
                     Research
                 Triangle Park, NC
                     629-2281
                  & Cincinnati, OH
                     684-7401
   Program
Operations Staff
   382-5891
                                        87

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 Office of Health Research
Functions


   The Office of Health  Research  (OHR) is
responsible for planning,  implementing, and
evaluating a comprehensive, integrated human
health research program. This program:

•  documents adverse  effects  to man from
   environmental exposure to pollutants which
   ORD uses to support the Agency's  regulating
   activities;

•  develops test systems, methods, and protocols;

•  conducts laboratory and field research studies;

•  develops  interagency programs  which
   effectively use pollutants;

•  offers technical assistance to the Regions and
   program offices;

•  develops health science policy for the Agency;
   and
•  provides a  focal point for the effects of human
   exposure to environmental pollutants.


The Program Operations Staff:

•  administers the ORD planning, reporting and
   review system;

•  develops management systems necessary to
   support programs, personnel and budgets of the
   office and associated laboratories;

•  reviews plans, progress, and resources for
   compliance with ORD, Agency and legislative
   requirements; and

•  recommends planning and  programming
   activities of the  office to  the  Office of
   Administration and Resources Management
   and  the  Office of Policy,  Planning and
   Evaluation.

The Environmental Health Research Staff:

•  plans,  manages,  and  evaluates research
   programs  dealing  with health impacts of
   exposures to criteria and  non-criteria air
   pollutants, emissions from mobile sources,
   drinking water, and ambient water pollutants,
   solid and hazardous wastes and toxic chemical
   substances  (including pesticides)  and
   Superfund;

•  develops health research policy, priorities and
   program plans;

•  determines resource allocations to carry out the
   health research program;

•  provides program implementation guidelines to
   the Health Effects Research Laboratory;

•  assures effective integration of all  laboratory
   health research activities; and

•  reviews laboratory management practices and
   research activities to  determine  progress
   toward program objectives.

•  provides health research information and
   advice  to steering committees, regulation
   review committees, interagency committees,
   and domestic and international organizations
   which request such assisstance.

Program Activities


   The Office of Health Research (OHR) supports a
research  program  that has  three main goals:
1) Develop, improve and validate toxicological test
methods  for use  by  the  Agency's  programs,
2) Produce  dose-response data that will allow the
Agency to perform the necessary risk assessments,
and 3) Conduct a research program to improve the
Agency's ability  to assess health risks  from
environmental exposures. These three goals serve
as the core around which each of the media specific
programs are planned and implemented. Below is a
brief description of the health issues which are
being addressed in OHR's research program.

Air

•  In the air health research program major efforts
   are being directed at providing dose-response
   data for use in risk of the six criteria pollutants.
   This research is being conducted using animal
   toxicology studies and both human clinical and
   epidemiological studies and both  human
   clinical and epidemiological studies and
   develops data describing the effects of exposure
   to these pollutants on  pulmonary  function,
   changes  in   host   defense  functions
   (immunotoxicity), cardiovascular disease, and
   neurological  function.  Research  is also
   developing better  methods to determine the
   deposition of pollutants in the lung in  order to
                                              88

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                                                                   Office of Health Research
   improve our risk assessment capabilities.
   Research on hazardous air pollutants is focused
   on determining the potential mutagenic and
   carcinogenic hazard of VOC's and mixtures of
   air pollutants. The indoor air health effects
   research program is focusing on developing
   methodology and data to evaluate the effects,
   both cancer and non-cancer,  from exposure to
   combustion emissions from kerosene  heaters,
   wood stoves, environmental tobacco smoke, and
   other sources of indoor air pollution.

Water

•  The drinking water health  effects research
   program primary  programmatic focus is to
   determine the health effects from the use of
   various drinking water disinfectants (chlorine,
   chloramine,  ozone).  Human  clinical and
   epidemiology studies are being planned and
   conducted to  determine the  relationship
   between water disinfection and both cancer and
   cardiovascular disease. A  major effort  to
   develop in vitro and in vivo test methods for use
   in screening concentrated  drinking water
   samples and complex  mixtures for potential
   health effects is underway. These methods are
   used to identify and isolate the biologically
   active components  or chemicals from drinking
   water concentrates for further in depth health
   characterization. Dose-response studies are also
   being conducted on specific drinking water
   disinfection by-products  to  support the
   development of drinking water standards.

Pesticides and Toxics

•  The pesticides and toxic substances research
   program focuses on developing test methods for
   determining the health effects from pesticides
   and commercial chemicals,  developing  both
   animal and human biomarkers to improve our
   understanding of exposure-dose relationships
   and to apply these methods in  biochemical
   epidemiology studies, research to determine the
   potential  health effects  from microbial
   pesticides and  genetically engineered
   organisms and research to develop structure
   activity relationship models to support TSCA
   section 5.

Hazardous Waste/Superfund

•  The major programatic issue being addressed in
   the hazardous waste health research program is
   to develop a test methodology for comparing the
   potential cancer and non-cancer health risks
    from hazardous  waste  incineration  and
    municipal waste combustion.

    Finally, the health effects Superfund research
program is conducting research to develop test
methods to screen and evaluate the potential health
hazard from exposure to waste mixtures.

Issues

Relationship Among EPA, NIEHS, and ATSDR in
Superfund Health Research

    The   Superfund   Amendments    and
Reauthorization Act of 1986 addressed the issue of
support to Superfund in the area of health  effects
assessment by authorizing a broad based Federal
program of research. The operating environment
created by this broad mandate is complex, having
many participants  and  many  interrelated
activities. Major participants include EPA/ORD
(both OHR and  OHEA), EPA/OSWER (OERR,
OWPE, and  many contractors), NIEHS,  and
ATSDR.

    Requirements for health  related activities
derive from the Act and are further provided for
and clarified in the National Contingency Plan for
Oil and  Hazardous Materials  Release (NCP), the
Remedial Investigation/Feasibility Study  guidance
document, the Superfund Public Health Evaluation
Manual, and  the  ATSDR Health Assessment
guidance manual. NIEHS is required to establish a
university-based basic research program. ATSDR is
to prepare qualitative Health Assessments and
Toxicological Profiles on  the most hazardous
substances found at  Superfund  sites,  perform
various health/epidemiologic  studies on exposed
populations, establish exposure and  disease
registries of certain at-risk populations,  and
implement a  research  program  for each
Toxicological Profile chemical. EPA is responsible
for establishing a quantitative program for
detecting, assessing, and evaluating the effects on
and risk to human health of hazardous substances.

    There exists  a wide lack of understanding of
how health information is brought into and made a
part of the Superfund site decision-making process,
what the various steps are, what products are used
in the process,  who  prepares  the  individual
products and the impact of each product on the
decision-making process.
                                              89

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   Efforts will be needed to coordinate  the
programs and the exchange of information that
results from them. We need to show that each of the
participants fills a niche not filled by others  and
that the research results from each of the programs
are generally useful to the others.


Development of effective interactions with the Health
Effects Institute (HEI) for both mobile source  and
asbestos issues

   The HEI is a non-profit organization founded in
1980 to assure that  credible, objective, and high-
quality scientific studies  are carried out on the
potential health effects of motor vehicle emissions.
EPA's Office of Research and Development
contributes $3 million per year to HEI, which is
matched by $3 million  from the automotive
industry.  Although  both sponsors make
recommendations about relevant  research needs,
HEI makes an independent decision about
appropriate research to address key questions. HEI
makes no recommendations on regulatory or social
policy.

   In the FY 1989  Report  of the House
Appropriations Committee, EPA is directed to give
HEI  $2 million,  to  be matched on at least 50-50
basis by contributions from private sources, for the
study of asbestos exposures  and their significance
in buildings. HEI was directed to submit a plan on
the organization,  staffing, and  peer review
structures,  the research work plan, and financial
commitments before any funds are obligated  for
research.

   The challenge for EPA is to evaluate the  HEI
experiment in  regard to research on the health
effects of automotive emissions and determine what
changes, if any, are needed to  improve  the
effectiveness of the current arrangement, and work
with HEI and the private sector  to construct an
appropriate research program that  addresses the
important issues associated with asbestos exposure
in buildings.

Decision about the productive use of the Task Force
on Environmental  Cancer and Heart and Lung
Disease

   The Clean  Air Act  Amendments  of 1977
established the Task Force and  charged it with
promoting  cooperation and coordination among
Federal agencies concerning environmental health
issues, including research. The EPA  Administrator
is Chairman of the Task Force, while the Director of
EPA's Office of Health Research is the Working
Group Chairman. The  Task Force meets  at the
discretion of the Administrator, while the Working
Group meets quarterly. In accordance  with the
provisions of the law, the Task Force submits an
annual  report  to Congress  on  research
recommendations.

   The EPA should decide how the Task Force can
best be used to promote interagency coordination on
important  environmental health  issues.
Specifically, a review  of Task Force activities
should be undertaken with an eye toward deciding
1) whether to recommend continuation, and  2)
given an affirmative response, how to go about
maximizing the effectiveness of the Task Force.
                                              90

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                          Health Effects Research Laboratory
Functions


   The Health Effects Research  Laboratory
(HERD is one of the 12 Office of Research and
Development (ORD) laboratories within EPA.

   HERL provides the health data base which
serves as the  foundation for the health-related
regulatory decisions of the Agency. In building this
foundation, evidence is gathered, not only from
internal research studies, but also from cooperative
agreements and contracts with universities and
private institutions, and through  agreements with
other governmental agencies.

   Wide ranges of pollutants known or suspected
to cause health problems are studied. The research
focuses on air pollutants including indoor air and
mobile source pollutants, water pollutants, toxic
substances, pesticides, and hazardous wastes.

   The major mission of HERL is  to provide hazard
assessment-related research in  support of risk
assessment. To achieve this in a fashion compatible
with the water, solid  waste, air and radiation, and
pesticides and  toxic substances program offices
requires major research  emphasis on hazard
identification, dose-response studies, extrapolation,
and  dosimetry.  In most instances, providing the
necessary responsiveness to the  Program  Offices
requires HERL to make major advancements in the
     Lawrence W. Reiter has been the Director
 of the Health Effects Research Laboratory since
 April 1988. Prior to being named Director of the
 Laboratory, Dr. Reiter was Director of HERL's
 Neurotoxicology Division. Earlier in his career,
 he  was  responsible for  centralizing  the
 neurotoxicology  research program for  the
 Agency and received an EPA Bronze Medal in
 1979 for his role in  this  effort.  Additional
 awards Dr. Reiter has  received include  two
 Special Achievement Awards and the Agency's
 Scientific  and Technological  Achievement
 Award. Dr. Reiter serves on the editorial board
 of three  professional journals  and  is  an
 internationally recognized neurotoxicologist
 who has been involved in a variety  of activities
 to define and implement national priorities for
 environmental health  research in this area. He
 earned his Ph.D.  in neuropharmacology from
 the University of Kansas  Medical Center in
 Kansas City. Before joining EPA in 1973 as a
 research  pharmacologist, he was post-doctoral
 fellow and lecturer in environmental toxicology
 at the University of California-Davis.

state-of-the-art, especially for model development
and extrapolation. The diversity of the needs of
EPA has resulted in the  development of a broad-
based HERL program with multiple high priorities.
This has led to HERL's unique capability to conduct
research using oral, dermal, and inhalation routes
of  exposure; in vitro, animal toxicology, human
clinical, and epidemiological approaches; and a full
range of  toxicological  disciplines including
neurotoxicology,  reproductive  toxicology,
teratology and  perinatal  toxicology, geriatric
toxicology, pulmonary toxicology,  immunotoxi-
cology, cardiovascular toxicology, genotoxicology,
hepatotoxicology, other target organ toxicology,
dosimetry, and microbiology.
    Organizationally,  HERL consists  of  six
research divisions. While most of the research
facilities are located in the Research Triangle Park,
North Carolina, HERL has  one division,  the
Toxicology  and Microbiology Division, located in
Cincinnati, Ohio.  Also HERL has one  of  the
nation's few  sophisticated human inhalation
exposure facilities which is located on the campus of
the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.

-------
 Health Effects Research Laboratory
FY88 Products


"Effects of Inhalation of 0.25 PPM Ozone on the
Terminal Bronchioles of Juvenile and Adult Rats,"
Experimental Lung Research


"An  A2-Adrenergic  Mode  of Action  of
Chlordimenform on  Rat  Visual Function,"
Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology

"Developmental Effects of Maternal Stress in the
CD-I Mouse Induced by Restraint on Single Days
During the Period of Major Organogenesis,"
Toxicology


"Prenatal Dinocap Exposure Alters the Swimming
Behavior of Mice Due to Agenesis of Otholiths in
the  Inner Ear," Toxicology and Applied
Pharmacology

"Studies on  the Potent Bacterial Mutagen 3-Chloro-
4-(Dichloro-methyl)-5-Hydroxy-2(5-H)-Furanone:
Aqueous Stability, XAD Recovery and Analytical
Determination in Drinking  Water and in
Chlorinated Humic Acid Solutions," Mutation
Research
"Comparison of Chlordimeform and Carbaryl Using
a Functional Observational Batter" Fundamental
and Applied Toxicology

"A Case-SAR Study of Mammalian  Hepatic
Azoreduction," Journal of Toxicology  and
Environmental Health


"Acute Exposure of the Neonatal Rat to Triethyltin
Results in Persistent Changes in Neurotypic and
Gliotypic Proteins,". Journal of Pharmacology and
Experimental Therapeutics


"Effects of Ambient Ozone on Respiratory Function
in Active Normal Children," American Review of
Respiratory Disease
Most Important Publication

"Pulmonary Function and Symptom  Responses
After 6.6 Hour Exposure to 0.12 PPM Ozone with
Moderate Exercise," Journal of the Air Pollution
Control Association
"Chemical  Reactivity, Cytotoxicity,  and
Mutagenicity of Chloro-propanones," Toxicology
and Applied Pharmacology


"Genotoxicity of Acrylic Acid,  Methyl Acrylate,
Ethyl Acrylate, Methyl Methacrylate, and Ethyl
Methacrylate in L5178Y Mouse Lymphoma Cells,"
Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis
                                             92

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                                                     Health Effects Research Laboratory
FY89 BUDGET:
PERSONNEL:
$46,224,000
       286
      DIRECTOR
HERL-RTP & CINCINNATI
      629-2281
I
Inhalation
Toxicology
629-2655


Genetic
Toxicology
629-2537
I
Clinical
Research
919-
9(56-6200

1


Neuro-
toxicology
629-2671

Mutagenesis &
Cellular
Toxicity
629-3933
I
Toxicology
629-2531




Behavioral
Toxicology
629-2671

Carcinogenesis
& Metabolism
629-3847

1
I I
Developmental
and Cell
Toxicology
629-2771



Reproductive
Toxicology
629-2782

Neuro-
physiology
629-2760

Genetic
Bioassay
629-3849
System
Engineering
629-2617


Environ-
mental
Epidemiology
& Biometry
629-2330
I
Biostatistics
629-2598
Toxicology
& Micro-
biology
684-7401

Microbiology
& Hazard
Assessment
684-7870
I I
Perinatal
Toxicology
629-2327
Data
Management
629-5054
Environmental
Toxicology
684-7211
I I I
Cell Biology
629-2541
Epidemiology
629-1963
Biochemical
& Molecular
Toxicology
684-7411
                                          93

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                 Office of Health and Environmental Assessment
                                                   William H. Farland is the Director of the
                                                Office of Health  and  Environmental
                                                Assessment. He  has been with  EPA since
                                                1979, and served  as Deputy Director, Health
                                                and Environmental Review Division, Office of
                                                Toxic Substances  before joining ORD in 1986
                                                as Director of the Carcinogen Assessment
                                                Group. He received a Ph.D. and master's
                                                degree from University of California, Los
                                                Angeles, and a bachelor's degree in biology
                                                from Loyola University. He was  a National
                                                Cancer Institute  Postdoctoral  Fellow
                                                (National Research Service Awardee), at the
                                                University of California, Irvine,  California,
                                                and Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton,
                                                New York.
FY89 BUDGET:
PERSONNEL:
$18,304,000
       136
DIRECTOR
382-7317
                  Technical
                 Information
                    Staff
                  382-7345
                                                Program
                                               Operations
                                                 Staff
                                               382-7311
                                                           Program Liaison
                                                                Staff
                                                             382-7343
I
Human Health
Assessment Group
382-5898



Exposure
Assessment Group
475-8909



Environmental
Criteria
and
Assessment Office
Research Triangle
Park, NC
629-4173

I
Environmental
Criteria
and
Assessment Office
Cincinnati, OH
684-7531
                                           95

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 Office of Health and Environmental Assessment
Functions

   The Office of Health and Environmental
Assessment (OHEA) is the focal point within the
Environmental Protection Agency for the scientific
assessment of the  degree of risks imposed by
environmental pollutants in varying exposure
situations on human health and ecological systems.
OHEA occupies a critical location in the Office of
Research and Development (ORD) between: (1) the
researchers  in other ORD components who are
generating new findings and data, and (2) the
regulators in the EPA program offices and regions
who  must make regulatory, enforcement, and
remedial action decisions. In support of its mission
to provide the Agency  with the best possible
scientific assessments of risk to human health and
the  environment,  OHEA carries out three
functions:

•  Preparing human health risk  assessments to
   meet specific information needs of the EPA
   regulatory program  offices.  The risk
   assessments performed by OHEA serve as the
   scientific basis for regulatory and enforcement
   decisions.

•  Helping promote Agency-wide coordination and
   consistency of risk  assessments through the
   preparation of  guidelines; providing  expert
   advice,  reviews and data analysis;  and
   participation in the regulatory decision process.

•  Planning and conducting research leading to
   the reduction of uncertainties in risk
   assessment. As the  primary client for the
   results of this research, OHEA cooperatively
   plans research projects which are carried out by
   other ORD organizations (e.g., Health Effects
   Research Laboratory)  as well  as its  own
   selected extramural projects.

•  Providing information  on Reference Doses
   (RfDs) or Agency agreed-upon Risk Estimates
   of Carcinogenicity  (RECs)  through the
   Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS).

   In addition,  OHEA is  "home" to the Risk
Assessment Forum.

Program Activities
Air

   •  Evaluate research findings  concerning the
     health effects of hazardous air pollutants
     emitted from restricted stationary  sources or
     their transformation products, as well as
    background  information on physical and
    chemical properties, sources, emissions,
    transport and transformation, and ambient
    concentrations.  Such  assessments  also
    evaluate chemical compositions of fuel
    additives, diesel and gasoline exhausts,
    human exposure to motor vehicle pollutants,
    and evidence of resulting health effects.

  • Review and revise criteria for setting National
    Ambient Air  Quality Standards (NAAQS) for
    sulfur oxides, particulate matter, nitrogen
    oxides,  ozone and other photochemical
    oxidants, carbon monoxide and lead.

  • Develop an exposure  assessment/risk
    characterization framework, updating and
    revising  the Indoor Air Pollution Information
    Assessment  and the Indoor Air Reference
    Data Base, determine the  extent of population
    exposure to indoor air pollutants, and develop
    biological  contaminant measurement
    methods.

Water

  • Assess the health effects of exposure  to
    contaminants in drinking water,  specifically
    evaluating relevant scientific data describing
    the physical  and chemical properties, the
    pharmacokinetics, the  health effects  in
    animals and humans, and the mechanisms of
    toxicity.

  • Provide  guidance for assessing  the risk of
    human  exposure  to mixtures  of  toxic
    chemicals, and evaluate  site-specific health
    hazards for ambient waters as required by the
    states and EPA.

  • Provide  risk assessment methodologies for
    chemicals and pathogens in support  of
    regulatory decision making on the use and
    disposal of municipal sludge.

Hazardous Waste

  • Reduce  the  uncertainties in dioxin risk
    assessments by analyzing soil  ingestion
    patterns in children, and investigating the
    pharmacokinetics of 2,3,7,8-TCDD in rhesus
    monkeys as a model for pharmacokinetics in
    humans.

  • Develop a comprehensive risk assessment
    methodology for municipal waste incineration
    to  include the appropriate methods for
    assessing the risks resulting from the use of
                                             96

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                                              Office of Health and Environmental Assessment
     municipal waste incineration as well as the
     risks remaining after the  waste has been
     burned.

  •  Provide  chemical-specific  health  and
     environmental effects documents to support
     RCRA 3001 listing decisions and support to
     the land disposal restriction program in the
     form of reference dose (formerly Acceptable
     Daily Intake) documentation.

Toxic Chemical Testing/Assessment

  •  Provide evaluations and assistance to  the
     Office of Toxic Substances in the area of
     health risk  assessments  for  cancer,
     mutagenicity,  reproductive  and  develop-
     mental effects  and exposure to support
     decision-making under TSCA  (i.e., existing
     chemicals program,  PMN review, and test
     guidelines and test rules development).

  •  Develop assessment methods for cancer/non-
     cancer effects in humans caused by exposure
     to environmental chemicals.

Pesticides

  •  Provide evaluations and assistance to  the
     Office  of Pesticide  Programs in the area of
     health risk  assessments  for  cancer,
     mutagenicity,  reproductive  and  develop-
     mental effects and exposure.

Intermedia

  •  Provide uniform Agency-wide guidance on,
     and assures the consistency of, exposure  and
     risk assessments that support  regulatory
     decision-making  by  EPA through risk
     assessment guidelines, the Risk Assessment
     Forum, and the Integrated Risk Information
     System (IRIS).

Superfund

  •  Review and prepare site-, chemical- and
     situation-specific  exposure  and risk
     assessments to assist the program office  and
     Regions in evaluating the alternative courses
     of action and regulatory strategies that might
     be applied at uncontrolled Superfund sites.

  •  Provide  site- and  chemical-specific  health
     assessments to support enforcement office
     needs for the remedial planning  and cost
     recovery efforts.
  •  Develop data and procedures to  fill
     information and assessment gaps that exist in
     the various phases of the Superfund public
     health evaluation process, e.g.,  toxicity
     assessment,  risk characterization,  and
     exposure assessment.

  •  Provide   chemical-specific   data   on
     carcinogenicity and chronic effects to support
     program office activities necessary to adjust,
     by regulation, the Reportable Quantities (RQ)
     for hazardous substances. These include
     completion of the original CERCLA hazardous
     substance list and the Extremely Hazardous
     Substances List,  as well as listings in
     association with Section 3001 of RCRA
     support for designation of new substances, and
     review of old RQ calculations.
Issues

   OHEA's role in the Agency has been evolving
from an office that performs risk assessments to an
office that is a major force in assuring the
consistency and high scientific quality of risk and
exposure assessments  conducted in other parts of
the Agency. This evolution will continue, and
OHEA must find  ways of successfully fulfilling
these broader responsibilities.

Research/Risk Assessment

   OHEA should  continue its program, begun in
1987, to influence research efforts  to  reduce
uncertainties in risk assessment. OHEA has the
unique capability to provide direction, priority, and
scientific expertise to such  research, and  must
develop the means, working with other ORD offices,
to incorporate the  results of these research efforts
into  its  ongoing agenda of risk assessment
documents, its assessment guidelines, and the data
bases used  throughout the  Agency.  ORD is
pursuing major research efforts in understanding
ecological risk and  in improving  exposure
assessment. Pharmacokinetics, model validation,
and  reducing  the uncertainty  in  exposure
assessment are areas of future research. As the only
human health risk assessment group within  ORD,
OHEA is working to reduce uncertainty in risk
assessments through the validation of assumptions
about the species-to-species  extrapolation,  dose-
rate effects, dose-response models, biomarkers, and
gender equivalence and must continue to  develop
                                             97

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 Office of Health and Environmental Assessment
and evaluate new methods for improving
carcinogen risk assessment.

    OHEA is an important client for  research
conducted by the other ORD offices. OHEA needs to
develop its effectiveness in helping to plan needed
research to be conducted by other parts of ORD. The
ultimate result of such enhanced planning will be
research findings that are targeted to the needs of
the risk assessors.

National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS)

    The major scientific  assessment  issues
associated with NAAQS are as follows:

    Acid Aerosols are emerging as a major ambient
air quality  issue. In June 1988, the  Science
Advisory Board's Clean Air Scientific  Advisory
Committee  (CASAC)  recommended  that  the
Agency consider listing acid aerosols as  a criteria
pollutant for NAAQS regulation.  If such a listing
decision is made, then the Clean Air Act requires
criteria review and proposal of NAAQS within one
year.

    NAAQS review of Carbon Monoxide (CO) and
Nitrogen Oxide (NO) will present  additional major
issues during the next several years. Preparation
of revised criteria documents is underway.  The
major controversial issue is with CO. The CO issue
to be resolved focuses on whether previously
reported (but partially suspect) findings indicating
cardiovascular effects at 2-3% carboxyhemoglobin
(COHB)  levels  are substantiated  by better-
conducted, newer studies by (1) EPA/ORD Health
Effects Research Laboratory (HERD; and (2)  a
Health Effects Institute (HEI) sponsored  "three-
center study" being cooperatively carried out by
three major academic research groups.

Indoor Air

    The assessment of the  microenvironment,
especially indoor air, is an emerging EPA activity.
A key issue  is the merging of ongoing indoor air
research and assessments with traditional
assessments of the ambient  environment, i.e.,
assessing the risks of indoor exposures in relation
to the outside environment.  To  date,  exposure
assessments for air pollution have not considered
the fact that most people spend about 90% of their
time indoors exposed  to  concentrations of
"hazardous"  air pollutants that are 3 to 10 times
higher than those  found in  the  ambient
environment. OHEA expects to continue to play a
key   role    in    matrix   management
coordination/integration of ORD  indoor air
research efforts during the foreseeable future.
Work has begun to standardize the procedures for
risk assessments of various indoor air pollution
scenarios. This work and OHEA's approaches  to
assessing other environmental problems such  as
waste incinerators should be coordinated with the
objective of arriving at consistent risk assessment
approaches.

Toxicological Profiles

    OHEA participates in a cooperative effort with
the EPA Office of Toxic Substances (OTS) and the
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
(ATSDR) to both develop and review Toxicological
Profiles  as  mandated   by the   Superfund
Amendments and Reauthorization Act  (SARA).
This mandate requires ATSDR to prepare profiles
for each substance included on the first priority list
of 100 chemicals, which both the U.S.  Department
of Health and  Human Services (DHHS) and EPA
determined posed the most  significant potential
threat to human health, found at facilities on the
CERCLA National Priorities List. Beginning  in
1989, profiles will be developed for the second list of
100 chemicals. This is a major emerging issue that
is expected to continue for the next several years in
that it is a resource-intensive activity competing
with site-specific assessment issues and Superfund-
related research.

New Directions

    The issues here  concern a change in the way
OHEA does business, e.g.,  we are moving from  an
office preparing  chemical-specific  health
assessments to an office developing new and
improved risk assessment methodology,  and
providing review and  oversight for consistency  in
risk assessment approaches and in  EPA's  risk
assessment activities.  As  research needs are
defined through risk assessment activities, OHEA
must find better ways to  alert the  research
community to these research needs.
Most Important Publication

Integrated Risk Information System Database. A
Summary of Risk Assessment and Regulatory
Information on Chemicals
                                              98

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                             Exposure Assessment Group
                                                     Michael A. Callahan has  been the
                                                  Director of the Exposure Assessment Group
                                                  since 1986. His prior experience at EPA
                                                  includes positions in the Office of Toxic
                                                  Substances and the Office of Water. He began
                                                  his career as a chemist with the U.S. Army
                                                  Research and Development Center.  He has
                                                  been awarded three EPA Bronze Medals for
                                                  Commendable Service. He received a master's
                                                  degree  in organic chemistry from  George
                                                  Washington  University and  a bachelor's
                                                  degree  in  chemistry from Northwestern
                                                  University.
Functions
   The Exposure Assessment Group provides
advice on the exposure characteristics and factors of
agents  that are suspected of causing detrimental
health  effects;  provides state-of-the-art
methodology, guidance, and  procedures  for
exposure  determinations;  and   prepares
independent assessments of exposure and
recommendations concerning the  exposure
potential of specific agents. The  Exposure
Assessment Group consists of the  following  two
branches:

   The Exposure Assessment Application Branch
is responsible for performing exposure assessments,
applying exposure  assessment  methods to site-
specific cases, reviewing Regional Superfund risk
assessments, and reviewing exposure assessments
prepared by other organizations.


   The Exposure Assessment Methods Branch is
responsible for  developing  methods for use in
exposure assessments, chairing Agency-wide work
groups on subjects such as guidelines development
and  related  Risk  Assessment Forum  topics,
performing exposure assessments, and reviewing
exposure  assessments prepared  by  other
organizations.
   These branches  provide state-of-the-art
methodology, guidance, and procedures as well as
plan and execute research in the area of exposure
assessment.
FY88 Products
"Reference Physiological  Parameters
Pharmacokinetic Modeling"
i n
   "Estimating  Exposures to 2,3,7,8-TCDD"
   (External Review Draft)
   "Selection Criteria  for Mathematical Models
   Used in Exposure Assessment - Surface Water
   Models"
   "Selection Criteria  for Mathematical Models
   Used in Exposure Assessments: Ground-Water
   Models"


Most Important Publication

Selection Criteria  for Mathematical Models Used in
Exposure Assessments:  Surface Water Models and
Ground-Water Models
                                             99

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Exposure Assessment Group
                                        DIRECTOR
                                        475-8909
                    Exposure Assessment
                        Applications
                         475-8909
Exposure Assessment
      Methods
     475-8909
                                          100

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                           Human Health Assessment Group
                                                    Charles H. Ris  has been  the  Acting
                                                 Director of the Human  Health Assessment
                                                 Group since September 1988.  His prior
                                                 experience in EPA was in the Office of Health
                                                 and Environmental Assessment and the Office
                                                 of Planning and Review. He began is career as a
                                                 sanitary engineer with the U.S. Public  Service,
                                                 Water Supply Systems. He received two degrees
                                                 from Georgia  Tech: a bachelor's in Civil
                                                 Engineering and  a master's in  Sanitary
                                                 Engineering. He was awarded the EPA Silver
                                                 Medal.
Functions


   The Human Health Assessment Group provides
advice on the health risks associated with suspected
cancer-causing agents and the risks associated with
chemicals that are suspected of causing detrimental
reproductive effects,  including  mutagenic,
teratogenic, and other  adverse reproductive
outcomes and reduced  fertility. The Group is
composed of four branches:
   The Reproductive and  Developmental
Toxicology Branch is responsible for advising the
Agency on the health  risks  associated with
suspected  reproductive  and developmental
toxicants as interpreted from in vitro, experimental
animal, and human data.
   The Genetic  Toxicology Assessment Branch
advises the Agency on the health risks associated
with suspected genotoxins as interpreted from in
vitro, experimental animal, and human data.
   The Carcinogen Assessment Toxicology Branch
is responsible for advising the Agency's operating
programs on the  health  risks associated with
suspected cancer-causing agents as  interpreted
from animal toxicology and pathology data.
   The Carcinogen Statistics and Epidemiology
Branch advises the Agency  on the health  risks
associated with suspected cancer-causing agents as
interpreted from epidemiology data and the
statistical analysis of both epidemiologic and
animal data.
   These branches provide  state-of-the-art
methodology, guidance,  and procedures  for the
evaluation  of  carcinogenic,   mutagenic,
reproductive, and developmental effects; assure
quality and consistency in the Agency's scientific
risk  assessments; make recom-mendations on
testing requirements  (research)  needed for
adequate risk assessments;  prepare  independent
assessments of risk  and  make  recommendations
concerning the nature and extent of health hazards
associated with specific substances; and, plan and
execute research in  the areas of carcinogenicity,
mutagenicity, and reproductive and developmental
effects.
                                            101

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  Human Health Assessment Group
FY88 Products


"Proposed Guidelines for the Assessment of Male
Reproductive Risk," Federal Register


"Proposed Guidelines for the Assessment of Female
Reproductive Risk," Federal Register
   Research program to improve health risk
assessment by  identifying and reducing
uncertainty. Specific projects are:

   Physiologically based pharmaco-kinetic models

   Biologically based dose-response models

   Analyses of uncertainty
"Proceedings of the Workshop on One- vs. Two-
Generation Reproductive Effects  Studies," J. Am.
Coll. Toxicol
"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Guidelines
for Mutagenicity Risk  Assessment and Some
Comments on Aneuploidy," Aneuploidy, Part B:
Induction and Test Systems
Most Important Publication

  Human Health Risk Assessment Guidelines:
  Carcinogenicity, Mutagenicity, Developmental
  Toxicants, Male and Female Reproductive Risk
Cancer assessments written or reviewed to meet
regulatory needs of program offices.

    Special report on inorganic arsenic
    CERCLA Reportable Quantity Methodology
    194 CERCLA Reportable Quantity Profiles
    Lead carcinogenicity assessment
    PCB Drinking Water Criteria Document
    Styrene Drinking Water Criteria Document
    Phthalic  Acid   Esters   Health   and
    Environmental Effects  Profile (HEEP)   and
    Health Effects Assessment (HEA)
    Dieldrin Health Effects Assessment (HEA)
    EDB Health Effects Assessment (HEA)
    Lindane Drinking Water Criteria Document
    Perchloroethylene Health Effects Assessment
    (HEA)
    DBCP Drinking Water Criteria Document

    Explanations and  defenses of cancer
assessments in scientific and regulatory  areas;
meetings and workshops.

    Presentations to the Science Advisory Board on
    PCBs, styrene, and acrylamide
    Workshop on DEHP
    Presentations to the Office of Management and
    Budget (OMB) on  CERCLA   reportable
    quantity methodology and assessments
                                             102

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            Human Health Assessment Group


Carcinogen
Assessment
Toxicology
382-5898



Carcinogen
Assessment
Statistics and
Epidemiology
382-5898



Genetic
Toxicology
Assessment
382-5898



Reproductive and
Developmental
Toxicology
382-5898
103

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             Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office - Cincinnati
                                                     Steven D. Lutkenhoff is the Acting
                                                  Director of the Environmental Criteria and
                                                  Assessment Office in Cincinnati, OH (ECAO-
                                                  Cin). He previously served as Deputy Director
                                                  from 1984 to 1987.  Lutkenhoff came to the
                                                  Agency in 1972 as a Research Scientist for the
                                                  Health  Effects  Research Laboratory
                                                  Cincinnati and worked in that position until
                                                  he came to ECAO-Cin as a Staff Physiologist
                                                  in 1979. He began  his career as  Medical
                                                  Laboratory Technician at St.  Luke  Hospital
                                                  Laboratory. He was the recipient of a Bronze
                                                  Medal in 1980 and is a member of numerous
                                                  professional organizations. Lutkenhoff is a
                                                  graduate of Thomas More College with a B.S.
                                                  in Biology.
Functions

   The Environmental Criteria and  Assessment
Office in Cincinnati,  Ohio (ECAO-Cin) is
responsible for preparing criteria and assessment
documents  and developing risk assessment
methodology and guidelines. The  ECAO-Cin (1)
prepares and publishes new or revised criteria
documents when needed as  input  for setting
environmental  standards, (2)  prepares  and
publishes scientific assessment documents/health
risk assessment reports, which will serve as a basis
for decisions by the EPA Administrator regarding
the listing of pollutants for standards and control
under  various legislative authorities, and (3)
develops risk assessment methods, which provide
guidance for evaluating potential risks  to human
health from exposure to environmental pollutants.
The ECAO-Cin has three branches:

  •  The Chemical Mixtures Assessment Branch
     provides  support for the development of
     background documentation  and  technical
     support necessary  in  the formulation of
     human  health risk assessment activities as
     mandated by both the Comprehensive
     Environmental Response, Compensation, and
     Liability  Act of  1980  (CERCLA) and the
     Resource  Conservation and  Recovery Act
     (RCRA). These assessments establish the
     basis for regulatory activities associated with
    the   potential  human  exposure   to
    environmental  pollutants, particularly
    chemical mixtures.

  • The  Methods Evaluation and Development
    Staff coordinates the  development of risk
    assessment methods for chemical  mixtures
    and  systemic toxicity and reviews new
    methods in  response to identified Agency
    needs. The  branch also coordinates  the
    Agency's Integrated Risk Information System
    (IRIS). This activity helps ensure that the
    Agency's risk assessments remain  credible
    and  that state-of-the-art  methods  are
    continuously developed.

  • The  Systemic Toxicants Assessment Branch
    (STAB) provides support for the development
    of background documentation necessary in the
    formulation of human health risk assessment
    activities as mandated by the Clean Water Act
    (CWA) and  the  Solid  Waste  Disposal  Act
    (SWDA). Specific outputs include  criteria
    documents, health advisories, position papers
    for  variance  requests, and  disposition
    documents.
   The purpose of the Integrated Risk Information
System  (IRIS) is  to  provide information on
Reference Doses (RfDs)  or  risk  estimates of
                                             105

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 Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office - Cincinnati
carcinogenicity (RECs) for which consensus across
the Agency has been achieved. This consensus has
been reached through the work of the Intra-Agency
Reference Dose Work Group or the Carcinogen Risk
Assessment Verification Endeavor Work Group,
both of which are chaired by ECAO-Cin scientists.
This endeavor has eliminated the confusion gen-
erated by use of differing risk assessment values by
various  Program Offices and ORD and has
identified  issues regarding risk assessment
methodologies used and the data bases available.

   The development of qualitative or quantitative
risk assessment  methodologies for municipal
sludge  disposal/reuse will directly influence the
Office of Water Regulations and Standards (OWRS)
in regulating  the  impact  of sludge  on the
environment.

   The final "Guidelines for the  Health  Risk
Assessment  of Chemical  Mixtures"  and  the
development of the "Risk Assessment Guidelines
for Noncarcinogenic Health  Effects"  benefit the
entire  Agency  by  providing  definitive
methodologies to determine the  impact  of
pollutants on human health.

   ECAO-Cin played a direct part in the decision
process of  OWRS as to the  most efficient and
effective procedure to update the 1980 Ambient
Water  Quality Criteria as mandated by the  1987
amendments to the CWA.  ECAO-Cin will  be
responsible for developing these updates.

   OHEA/ECAO-Cin is responsible for developing
risk assessment criteria, in the form of Health and
Environmental Effects Profiles/Documents, Health
Effects Assessments,  and  Reportable Quantity
Documents for chronic toxicity, that will be used for
regulatory purposes by the Office of Solid Waste
and Emergency  Response (OSWER) as mandated
byRCRAandCERCLA.

   OHEA/ECAO-Cin participates in a cooperative
effort with the Office of Toxic Substances (OTS) and
the Agency for Toxic Substances  and Disease
Registry (ATSDR) to both develop and review
Toxicological Profiles as  mandated  by the
Superfund Amendments and  Reauthorization Act
(SARA). This  mandate requires ATSDR to prepare
profiles for each substance included on the first
priority list of 100 chemicals, which both the U.S.
Department  of Health and Human Services
(DHHS) and the U.S. EPA determined posed the
most significant potential threat to human health,
found at facilities  on the CERCLA  National
Priorities List.

   OHEA/ECAO-Cin  participates directly with
OSWER in preparing Listing/ Delisting Packages.
This procedure involves the scientific evaluation of
specific chemicals to either be added or deleted from
the List of Hazardous Wastes under RCRA.

   OHEA/ECAO-Cin  participates directly with
OTS to determine Test Rule  Development for
specific chemicals under TSCA.
FY88 Products

Public Comment Draft Toxicological Profiles for 12
chemicals (beryllium, chloroform, chromium,
nickel, N-nitrosodiphenylamine, PCBs, dioxin,
cyanide, lead, vinyl chloride, tetra-chloroethylene,
trichloroethylene); intra-Agency effort  with  OTS
and ATSDR as mandated by SARA.

Development of Reportable  Quantity (RQ)
documentation for Extremely Hazardous Substance
List (116 chemicals) under Sections 101-102 of
CERCLA/Superfund.

Public release of the Integrated  Risk Information
System  (IRIS) containing 380  assessments.  In
addition, the verification of 100  Reference Doses
(RfDs)  and risk estimates for carcinogenicity
(RECs) for IRIS.

Sponsorship of the International Symposium  on
Chemical Mixtures:  Risk  Assessment  and
Management (June 1988).

Preparation of Guidelines for the Development of
Ambient Water  Quality Health Advisories under
the CWA.

Final  Public  Comment  Drafts  for 30 Phase II
Drinking Water Criteria  Documents and External
Review  Drafts for 15  Phase V  Drinking Water
Criteria Documents under the Safe Drinking Water
Act (SDWA).

Final Drafts for 30  Drinking Water  Health
Advisories and 10 Water Quality Health Advisories
for the  Office of Drinking Water's (ODW) and
OWRS's nonregulatory Health Advisory Program.
                                             106

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                                   Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office - Cincinnati
Completion of 50 Health and  Environmental
Effects Documents for OSWER under RCRA and
CERCLA.

Development of 80  Reference  Doses (RfDs) in
support of the Land Disposal Ban.

Final Draft of the Technical Support Document on
Risk Assessment of Chemical  Mixtures to
supplement the 1986 Guidelines for the Health
Risk Assessment of Chemical Mixtures.

Internal Review Draft of the Risk Assessment
Guidelines for  Noncarcinogenic Health Effects in
collaboration with the Risk Assessment Forum.

Finalization of Development of a Qualitative
Pathogen Risk Assessment  for Ocean Disposal of
Municipal Sludge and Sludge Landfilling; and
Development of Risk Assessment Methodology for
Land Application and Distribution and Marketing
of  Municipal Sludge,  Municipal  Sludge
Incineration, Municipal Sludge Landfilling, and
Ocean Disposal of Municipal Sludge for OWRS.
Development of Methodology for the Assessment of
Health Risks Associated with  Multiple Pathway
Exposure to Municipal Waste Combustor (MWC)
Emissions for OAQPS.

Availability to the public by the National Technical
Information Service (NTIS) of approximately 100
Health Effects  Assessment documents and
approximately 200 Health and  Environmental
Effects Profiles. Previously these documents were
only available from the RCRA docket and OSWER's
Office of Emergency and Remedial Response
(OERR) and not listed on any public data base. This
action both informs the public  sector and relieves
the Program Offices of responding to requests.

Most Important Publication

Proceedings of International Symposium  on
Chemical Mixtures Risk  Assessment and
Management. Special Monograph Issue of
Toxicology and Industrial Health
                                            107

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Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office - Cincinnati
     FY89 BUDGET:     $5,395,600
     PERSONNEL:             36
  DIRECTOR
  684-7531
         Chemical Mixtures
            Assessment
             684-7534
Systemic Toxicants
   Assessment
    684-7523
Methods Evaluation and
    Development
      684-7544
                                            108

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     Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office - Research Triangle Park
                                                      Lester D. Grant has been the Director of
                                                   the Environmental Criteria and Assessment
                                                   Office in  Research Triangle Park (ECAO-
                                                   RTP) since 1978. From 1970 to 1980, he rose
                                                   from Instructor to Associate Professor in the
                                                   departments of Anatomy and Psychiatry at
                                                   the University of North Carolina. He was
                                                   awarded two EPA Bronze Medal Awards and
                                                   one  EPA  Gold Medal  Award. He received a
                                                   Ph.D.    and   master's   degree    in
                                                   Organizational/Physiological  Psychology
                                                   from Carnegie-Mellon University  and a
                                                   bachelor's degree in Social Psychology/ Pre-
                                                   Med Program  from  the University  of
                                                   Pittsburgh.
Functions

   The Environmental Criteria and Assessment
Office  at Research Triangle Park is primarily
responsible for  preparing criteria  and other
assessment documents for use in Agency regulatory
activities.  The  primary activities  consist  of
preparing and publishing (1) revised or new criteria
documents when prescribed by legislation  or
requested by national decision-  makers, (2) health
and environmental assessment documents  that
serve  as a basis for decisions by  the EPA
Administrator regarding the regulation and control
of pollutants, and (3) special health-related reports
as required by the Agency's various legislative
activities or  as  especially requested by other
governmental authorities. The ECAO-RTP carries
out these functions through its Environmental
Media  Assessment Branch, Hazardous Pollutant
Assessment Branch, and Technical Services Staff.


   The Environmental Media Assessment  Branch
develops broad  (usually  multi-disciplinary)
assessments of widespread pollutants or classes of
pollutants. These assessments require substantial
evaluation and integration of information not only
on health effects, but also on ecological or other
environmental effects. Additionally, they include
background information  on  sources, emissions,
transport and fate, and exposure aspects. Activities
include the preparation  of air quality criteria
documents and the preparation or review of cross-
media pollutant assessments.

   The Hazardous Pollutant Assessment Branch
conducts detailed studies of health (lexicological)
effects associated with specific individual
pollutants or classes of pollutants. A  principal
activity is the review or preparation of health
assessments for  particular pollutants under
consideration for possible listing as Hazardous Air
Pollutants. Another is the review or preparation of
assessments of the  health effects of specific
substances or classes of substances evaluated  for
regulation under Superfund or  water quality
statutes.

   The Technical Services Staff provides literature
searches and retrieval, reference verification, and
bibliographic database management; editing and
graphics services; automated system  support;
conference support services, and distribution and
printing. TSS also maintains docket and project
files,  and assures ECAO-RTP conformance to
Agency and  ORD  policies  for  peer  and
administrative review, ADP and quality assurance.
                                             109

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 Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office - Research Triangle Park
FY88 Products

   "Proceedings of Symposium on Lead-Blood
Pressure Relationships, Special Monograph Issue of
Environmental Health Perspectives"

"Acid Aerosols Issue Paper"

"Report to Congress  EPA  Indoor  Air Quality
Implementation Plan:  Appendix A:  Preliminary
Indoor Air Pollution Assessment Appendix E:
Indoor Air Reference Data Base "

"Health Assessment Document for Beryllium"

"Summary Review of Health Effects Associated
with Naphthalene"

"Summary Review of Health Effects Associated
with Propylene"
"Summary Review of Health Effects Associated
with M'onoehloroethame"

"Summary Review of Health Effects Associated
with Sodium Hydroxide"
"Summary Review of Health Effects Associated
with Propylene Oxide"

"Summary Review of Health Effects Associated
with Zinc and Zinc Oxide"

"Referee: Bibliographic Database Manager "

"Establishment of Air RISC Hotline"

"Indoor Air Reference Data Base"

"Technical Assistance/Physical Production  of
ATSDR/EPA Report to Congress on Nature and
Extent of Childhood Lead Poisoning  in the United
States"


Most Important Publication


Proceedings of Symposium on Lead-Blood Pressure
Relationship.  Special  Monograph Issue  of
Environmental Health Perspective
                                            110

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                Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office - Research Triangle Park
FY89 BUDGET:
PERSONNEL:
$3,510,000 i
       28 i
   Hazardous Pollutants
       Assessment
        629-4173
                                        Environmental Media
                                            Assessment
                                             629-4173
                                      111

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