United States
           Environmental Protection
           Agency
          Office of Air Quality
          Planning and Standards
          Research Triangle Park NC 27711
EPA-450/3-88-013
December 1988
           Air
&EPA
In-Situ Emission Factors
for Residential Wood
Combustion Units

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                                           EPA-450/3-88-013
        IN-SITU EMISSION FACTORS FOR

      RESIDENTIAL WOOD COMBUSTION UNITS
         Emissions Standards Division
    U. S. Environmental  Protection Agency
         Office of Air and Radiation
Office of Air  Quality Planning and  Standards
Research Triangle Park,  North Carolina  27711
                December 1988

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This report has been reviewed by the Emission Standards Division of the
Office of A1r Quality Planning and Standards, EPA, and approved for
publication.  Mention of trade names or commercial products is not
intended to constitute endorsement or recommendation for use.  Copies of
this report are available through the Library Services Office (MD-35),
U. S. Environmental  Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North
Carolina 27711; or,  for a fee, from the National Technical Information
Services, 5285 Port  Royal Road, Springfield,  Virginia 22161.

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                                           ABSTRACT

     This  document  recommends  participate emission factors  (grams per hour, grams per kilogram) for
existing traditional technology woodstoves and catalytic and noncatalytic units which meet (certified) or could
meet (certifiable)  the U.S.  Environmental  Protection  Agency's  (EPA) 1988  (Phase  I)  New  Source
Performance Standards (NSPS).   This  information is to  assist  EPA regional  offices  and state agencies in
estimating the emission contribution from existing technology woodstoves and the  airshed impact of replacing
those woodstoves with units that meet the NSPS.

     The woodstove  emission  factors are based on  field emission studies conducted during the 1985-86,
1986-87, and  1987-88 heating  seasons in three  localities  in North America.   The emission factors for the
traditional technology woodstoves are based on how those units are presently and in future years are expected
to perform.  The emission factors for 1988 NSPS certified/certifiable woodstoves are based on how these units
should perform in future years.

     While significant emission rate variability was demonstrated  in field studies, there are several cases where
individual certified woodstoves and/or  woodstove models (both  catalytic and   noncatalytic) have  shown
relatively low emission rates and variability.  These observations indicate that it is possible for new technology
woodstoves to  consistently produce relatively low emissions.  It is therefore  expected as  emission control
technology improves for NSPS-certified woodstoves, that a  more consistent pattern of relatively low emission
rate performance will be demonstrated in future studies.
                                                  111

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                                        CONTENTS
                                                                                           Page
Disclaimer	ii
Abstract	iii
Tables	   v

I.    Introduction	   1-1

II.   Conclusions & Recommendations	II-l

in.  Technical Approach	III-l
     a.   Traditional Technology Woodstove Emission Factors	EH-1
     b.   1988 NSPS-Certified/Certifiable Woodstove Emission Factors	IH-IO

IV.  Results & Discussion	IV-1
     a.   Traditional Technology Woodstove Emission Factors	IV-1
     b.   1988 NSPS-Certified/Certifiable Woodstove Emission Factors	IV-6

V.   References	V-l
                                              IV

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                                           TABLES
                                                                                             Page
II-l.      Recommended Particulate Emission Factors for Woodstoves	H-2
III-l.     Woodstove Models and Number of Emission Samples Collected During Field Studies
               (Traditional Technology Woodstoves)	HI-2
III-2.     Installation,  Burn  and  Particulate  Emission  Rate  Characteristics  -  Traditional
               Technology Woodstoves	HI-4
HI-3.     Mean Particulate Emission  and  Burn Rates by Woodstove Installation - Traditional
               Technology Woodstoves	III-8
III-4.     Mean Particulate Emission and Burn  Rates  by  Woodstove Model  - Traditional
               Technology Woodstoves	ffl-9
III-5.     Woodstove Models and Number of Emission Samples Collected During Field Studies
               (1988 NSPS Catalytic and Noncatalytic Certified or Certifiable Woodstoves)	ID-12
III-6.     Installation, Burn and Particulate Emission Rate Characteristics - Catalytic Woodstoves
               (1988 NSPS Certified/Certifiable)	HI-14
III-7.     Installation,  Burn  and  Particulate  Emission  Rate  Characteristics  -  Noncatalytic
               Woodstoves (1988 NSPS Certified/Certifiable)	m-18
III-8.     Mean Particulate  Emission  and Burn  Rates  by Woodstove Installation  - Catalytic
               Woodstoves (1988 NSPS Certified/Certifiable)	111-20
ni-9.     Mean Particulate  Emission and  Burn  Rates by Woodstove  Model -  Catalytic
               Woodstoves (1988 NSPS Certified/Certifiable)	m-20
111-10.     Mean Particulate Emission and Burn Rates by Woodstove  Installation - Noncatalytic
               Woodstoves (1988 NSPS Certified/Certifiable)	m-21
III-ll.     Mean Particulate  Emission  and Burn Rates  by  Woodstove Model - Noncatalytic
               Woodstoves (1988 NSPS Certified/Certifiable)	m-21
IV-1.     Data Base Sample Sizes - Traditional Technology Woodstoves	IV-2
IV-2.     Confidence Intervals - Traditional Technology Woodstoves	IV-2
IV-3.     Recommended Particulate Emission Factors - Traditional Technology Woodstoves	FV-3
IV-4.     Relationship  Between Area-Specific Average Gram per Kilogram Particulate Emissions
               and Burn Rates - Traditional Technology Woodstoves	FV-3
IV-5.     Burn Rate Frequency Distribution -  "Northeast"	IV-5
IV-6.     Data Base Sample Sizes - Catalytic Woodstoves (1988 NSPS Certified/Certifiable)	IV-7
IV-7.     Data Base Sample Sizes - Noncatalytic Woodstoves (1988 NSPS Certified/Certifiable)  ....  IV-7
IV-8.     Confidence Intervals - Catalytic Woodstoves (1988 NSPS Certified/Certifiable)	IV-8
IV-9.     Confidence Intervals-Noncatalytic Woodstoves (1988 NSPS Certified/Certifiable)	IV-8
IV-10.     Recommended Particulate  Emission Factors -  Catalytic  Woodstoves  (1988 NSPS
               Certified/Certifiable)	IV-9
IV-11.     Recommended Particulate Emission Factors - Noncatalytic Woodstoves (1988 NSPS
               Certified/Certifiable)	IV-9
IV-12.     Comparison of 1988 (Phase  I) NSPS Emission Limits with  Recommended 1988 NSPS
               Emission Factors	IV-9

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                                     I. INTRODUCTION

     The Environmental  Protection Agency (EPA) has promulgated New Source  Performance Standards
(NSPS) for residential  woodstoves.1   The purpose  of this report is to determine  appropriate  participate
emission factors  (gram per hour  [g/hr]  and gram per kilogram  [g/kg]) for existing traditional  technology
woodstoves  and those units which meet  or  could meet NSPS  requirements for catalytic and noncatalytic
stoves.  This  information is  to assist  EPA regional offices  and state agencies in estimating the  emission
contribution from existing technology woodstoves and the airshed impact of replacing those woodstoves with
units that meet the NSPS.

     The NSPS includes emission  limits for new woodstoves based upon testing conducted under laboratory
conditions.  Recent  in-home studies2'3'4-5'6'7 of woodstove participate emission  performance have produced
data which suggest  that woodstoves perform  differently under actual in-the-home operating conditions than
under  laboratory test conditions.   In  addition, the in-home  emission  rate data  collected to  date have
demonstrated  significant particulate  emission  rate (g/hr and g/kg) variability within woodstove technology
categories (traditional and NSPS "certified/certifiable" woodstoves [catalytic and non-catalytic]), and within
specific woodstove models.  The term  "NSPS certified/certifiable" refers  to woodstoves that are  (1) 1988
Oregon certified woodstoves that have been "grandfathered" under  Phase I NSPS  provisions and  (2) 1988
Oregon certified woodstoves  that could  have been  "grandfathered"  under the NSPS1  There  were  no
woodstoves used in any of the  field studies that were directly certified under the EPA 1988 (Phase I) or 1990
(Phase  II) New  Source Performance  Standards (NSPS).   Therefore,  the 1988 NSPS  certified/certifiable
woodstoves used in  the  field studies represent  a "first generation" of woodstove emission control technology
which  appears to be a contributing factor  to the observed in-situ  emission rate variability.   Woodstoves
"grandfathered"  under 1988  NSPS provisions  are  not subject  to  the  more  stringent direct-certification
requirements of the NSPS.

     The observed variability in measured "real world" emission rates for woodstoves has been attributed to
the following factors:

     •    Differences in fueling patterns (e.g., frequency, fuel load density) between woodstove operators;
     •    Differences in woodstove installations and chimney systems;
     •    Differences in burn rates between woodstoves;
     •    Differences in fuel characteristics in each home, or by region;
     •    Differences in how by-pass damper(s) and/or air draft settings are used; and

                                                 1-1

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     •     Differences in the integrity of key components of the emission control system  of each woodstove
           over time, e.g., catalysts, by-pass damper gaskets, fueling or ash clean-out door seals, etc.

While significant emission rate variability has been demonstrated, there are several cases where individual
certified woodstoves and/or  woodstove  models  (both  catalytic and noncatalytic) have shown  relatively low
emission rates and variability. These observations indicate that it is possible for new technology woodstoves to
consistently produce relatively low emissions.  It is therefore expected as emission control technology improves
for NSPS  direct-certified woodstoves,  that a  more consistent  pattern of  relatively  low  emission rate
performance will be demonstrated in future studies.
                                                  1-2

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                   H. CONCLUSIONS & RECOMMENDATIONS

     The recommended  participate  emission  factors (g/hr, g/kg) are  based on  in-situ  emission  studies
conducted during  the  1985-86, 1986-87, and 1987-88 heating seasons2-3'4-5'6'7.  Emission factors  have been
developed for the following three catagories of woodstoves:

     •    Traditional Technology (pre-NSPS) woodstoves;
     •    1988 NSPS Certified/Certifiable Catalytic woodstoves; and
     •    1988 NSPS Certified/Certifiable Noncatalytic woodstoves.

     The term  "NSPS Certified/Certifiable"  refers to woodstoves  that  are:   (1)  1988  Oregon Certified
woodstoves that  have been "grandfathered" under Phase I NSPS provisions,  and (2) 1988 Oregon Certified
woodstoves that  could have been "grandfathered" under the NSPS1. Since there were no 1988 or 1990 NSPS
direct-certified woodstoves in any of the in-situ studies, there are no recommended emission factors for these
technology categories.

     The traditional technology woodstove emission  factors  were based on judgements which considered
differences in woodstove  operation, installation, and fueling patterns  in different  geographic  areas.  The
recommended emission factors for this woodstove technology category are based on how these units presently
and should continue to perform.

     The recommended  participate   emission  factors  (g/hr,  g/kg)  for  1988  NSPS  certified/certifiable
woodstoves (catalytic and  noncatalytic) are based on how these units should  perform in future years.  This
approach is based  on observations that:  (1) several of the woodstove units demonstrating elevated emission
rates could be considered  "first generation" technology which is expected  to improve over time, and (2) there
was inferential evidence that  new technology woodstoves properly installed, operated, and maintained could
produce consistently low emissions.

     The recommended emission factors are also based on the assumption that woodstove emission control,
installation, and  maintenance  problems identified  in  field studies have  been or will be addressed by the
woodstove industry and/or regulatory agencies.

     The recommended particulate emission factors (g/hr, g/kg) are presented in Table II-l.  Also included in
this table are several  related statistical measures which are based on the data used to derive  the emission
                                                 II-l

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                                          Table 11-1

                   Recommended Participate Emission Factors for Woodstoves

Emission Rate
Standard Deviation
95% Confidence Interval
99% Confidence Interval
Traditional
Technology
Woodstoves
g/hr
21.3
7.4
21.3 ± 2.8
21.3 ± 3.7
g/kg
15.2 *
4.7
15.2 ± 1.8
15.2 ± 2.4
Catalytic Wood-
stoves (1988 NSPS
Certified/Certifiable)
g/hr
6.2
2.5
6.2 ± 2.2
6.2 ± 2.8
g/kg
6.6
2.2
6.6 ± 1.9
6.6 ± 2.5
Noncatalytic Wood-
stoves (1988 NSPS
Certified/Certifiable)
g/hr
9.2
5.5
9.2 ± 3.8
9.2 ± 5.0
g/kg
9.6
5.5
9.6 ± 3.8
9.6 ± 5.0
* For Traditional Technology woodstoves only, the g/kg emission factor may be calculated using the
  following equation:

  y = -9.77 x + 29.2,

  where

    x = Area-specific average burn rate, dry kg/hr; and

    y = Emission rate, g/kg.
                                            H-2

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factors.  Since the data bases upon which these emission factors are based are relatively small, the user should
apply the appropriate statistical caveats, e.g., confidence limits, when using the recommended emission factors
on either an absolute or relative comparison basis.

     The equation shown below Table II-l  can be used  to calculate  a gram-per-kilogram  (g/kg) emission
factor  for traditional technology woodstoves based  on the  average burn  rate  (dry kg/hr) in  a specific
geographic area if burn rate information is available.  At this time there are no recommendations regarding
adjusting  either  the   gram-per-hour  or   gram-per-kilogram  emission   factors   for   the   1988   NSPS
certified/certifiable woodstoves due to the limited amount ofin-situ emission and burn rate data available.

     Since the data  bases used to determine the recommended  emission factors are relatively small, it is
recommended  that  additional  in-situ  data  for traditional technology  and   NSPS-certified  woodstoves be
collected to reduce the associated statistical uncertainty. Additional emission  and burn rate data  may provide
the basis upon which area-specific emission factors for NSPS-certified woodstoves could be recommended.
                                                  n-s

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                                 . TECHNICAL APPROACH

A.  TRADITIONAL TECHNOLOGY WOODSTOVE EMISSION FACTORS
     There have been four studies2'3-4-6 conducted during the 1985-86 and  1986-87  heating seasons which
evaluated  the in-the-home (in-situ) particulate emission performance of traditional technology or pre-NSPS
woodstoves.  These studies were conducted in three regions of North America:  Northeastern United States as
represented by limited areas of upstate New York  and  Vermont2, the Portland, Oregon metropolitan area3-4,
and the City of Whitehorse, Yukon Territory, Canada.6

     All four studies including two other studies which only evaluated the in-situ emission performance of new
technology woodstoves5'7, used the same type of sampling equipment, the Automated Woodstove Emission
Sampler (AWES).  The operational and design characteristics of the AWES have been described in  detail in
several  reports2'3'4-6'8-9.   This emission sampler  was  designed  specifically  to measure residential wood
combustion (RWC)  particulate emissions under in-situ operating conditions. A recent study determined the
upper-limit absolute difference of emission rates between AWES and EPA reference  sampling Methods 5G
and  5H was 2.0  g/hr4-  However, this study concluded that when considering the sampling accuracies
associated with  Methods  5G,  5H, and  the AWES, there were no  statistically  significant differences in  the
emission rates between the three sampling methods.

     Data used to  produce previous emission factors for woodstoves  were  based primarily on laboratory
tests10.  These tests employed  a wide variety of sampling methods and fueling  techniques which preceded the
adoption of  uniform fueling and sampling method protocols as  developed by the Oregon Department of
Environmental Quality11 and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)1.   It is therefore difficult to
make any direct  comparisons between  the  in-situ data determined by  the AWES system  and  previous
laboratory studies. Since the AWES emission rates  are:  (1) comparable with emission  rates as determined by
EPA reference woodstove particulate sampling methods; and  (2) based on  "real world" operating conditions,
only  AWES-determined particulate emission rate (g/hr and g/kg) data are considered in the determination of
recommended emission factors for traditional technology and NSPS-certified/certifiable woodstoves.

     Presented  in Table in-1  is  a list of woodstove  models and in-situ emission  samples  collected  per
woodstove model for each region.  Since hundreds  of models of traditional technology woodstoves have been
produced over the last several decades,12 the issue of representativeness should be addressed initially.   In
reviewing  the  study designs  for  each of  the  completed  woodstove  field  studies, it appears  only  the
                                               m-i

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                  Table 111-1

    Woodstove Models and Number of Emission
      Samples Collected During Field Studies
       (Traditional Technology Woodstoves)
Study Area
"Northeast"2






"Northwest"3-4




"Whrtehorse"6









Stove Model
T-A
T-B
T-C
T-G
T-H
TH

T-B
T-D
T-vJ
T-K

T-B
T-E
T-F
T-L
T-M
T-N
T-0
T-P
T-Q

Emission samples
4
1
3
3
2
1
14
5
5
1
1
12
4
4
4
4
6
6
3
10
20
61
Total Woodstove Models Evaluated     17
Total Emission Samples              87
                    m-2

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 "Whitehorse" study included woodstoves in direct proportion to the types of traditional technology woodstove
 models installed  throughout  the City of Whitehorse.  This was a relatively  easy  task,  since one woodstove
 model, T-Q, has been installed in approximately 40 percent of the homes in the Whitehorse area13. For larger
 metropolitan areas, or areas with a more diverse population of installed models, the selection of homes based
 on the type of woodstove models installed becomes a much more difficult  task if resources only allow a limited
 number of homes to be  included in a particular study.  Since the number  of woodstove models included in the
 "Northeast" and  "Northwest" studies is limited, the emission data generated may not be representative of the
 full range or average of expected emission rates for these areas.

     Table III-2 presents the in-situ emission  rate data initially considered in the development  of emission
 factors for traditional technology woodstoves. Also included in this table is information regarding the type of
 chimney system attached to each woodstove and average burn  rate during each emission sampling period.  A
 review of woodstove use  and other information  associated with each paniculate  emission  sample led to a
 decision not to include eight emission  samples from the Whitehorse  Efficient  Woodheat Demonstration
 Study6 (values deleted in parentheses). Seven of the  deleted emission samples exceeded  the quality assurance
 (QA) objective that the ambient oxygen value  should  be within 20.9±2.0% absolute at  the end-of-sampling-
 period calibration.  Calculated emissions (g/hr, g/kg) have a potentially higher degree of associated uncertainty
 when this  QA criteria  is exceeded.   One additional  sample  was deleted due to the level of uncertainty
 associated with the emission rate calculation. This calculation was based on an assumed upper-limit  value of
 sample collected in the  methanol solvent  rinse.  Since average emission rates reported in both the "Northeast
 Cooperative Woodstove Study"2 and the "Northwest"  studies3'4 did  not  include individual emission  samples
 exceeding these quality  assurance objectives in the calculation of mean emission rates, the  eight data sets are
 deleted from the mean emission rates shown in subsequent tables in this report.

     Since significant intra- and inter-stove model emission rate variabilities are shown in the results  from all
 three study areas, there appeared to be no justifiable reason to delete other data. There is no reason to believe
 the range of emission rates shown in Table III-2  is not to be expected for traditional  technology woodstoves.
This variability is  demonstrated in the data in Tables III-3 and m-4. Table III-3 summarizes mean emission
 rates (g/hr and g/kg) and  burn rates (dry kg/hr) by each home (installation) in the three study  areas.  Table
III-4 summarizes  mean  emission and burn  rates by woodstove model.  Inter-home  emission rate variability is
most clearly demonstrated by the woodstove model T-Q emission rates. The  range of average emission rates
for woodstove model T-Q are 16.8 to 353 g/hr and 7.4 to 23.1 g/kg (Table m-3) with average  emission rates of
23.5  g/hr and 16.7 g/kg  (Table III-4).  The percentage differences in gram-per-hour  and  gram-per-kilogram
emission rates between  the lowest  (Home Wll)  and highest  (Home W01) average values  were 110% and
                                                 ni-3

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                        Table 111-2

Installation, Burn and Paniculate Emission Rate Characteristics
            Traditional Technology Woodstoves
Stove
Model
T-A



T-B







T-C


T-D




T-E


T-F


Study
Area
"Northeast"



"Northeast"
"Northwest"




"Whitehorse"



"Northeast"


"Northwest"




"Whitehorse"


"Whitehorse"


Home
Code
V06



V09
P03




W10



V14


P05




W03


W12


Chimney
Type
II



II
II




V



IV


I




VI


VI


Sample
Period
1
2
5
6
1
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
Burn Rate
dry kg/hr
2.45
1.60
1.52
1.86
1.12
1.68
1.26
1.02
0.94
1.25
1.28
1.15
1.44
1.49
1.67
1.45
0.92
1.37
1.12
0.94
1.01
0.92
1.18
1.04
1.31
1.44
1.76
1.44
1.49
1.82
Emissions
g/hr
2.9
4.7
12.7
17.3
15.4
22.3
9.7
10.8
9.5
16.7
28.6
16.5
22.5
24.6
16.9
23.5
20.3
29.4
28.7
21.4
27.1
20.9
5.7
8.6
(13.3)
10.1
26.7
20.3
(24.7)
29.4
g/kg
1.2
2.9
8.4
9.3
13.7
13.3
7.7
10.5
10.1
13.4
22.4
14.4
15.6
16.5
10.2
16.3
22.0
21.4
25.6
22.9
26.7
22.7
4.8
8.3
(10.2)
7.0
15.1
14.1
(16.6)
16.2
Ref.
2



2
4




6



2


4




6


6


Comments
a
a















b






c



                                                                 (continued)
                           III-4

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Table 111-2
(continued)
Stove
Model
T-G


T-H

T-l
•KJ
T-K
T-L



T-M




T-N




T-O


Study
Area
"Northeast"


"Northeast"

"Northeast"
"Northwest"
"Northwest"
"Whitehorse"



"Whitehorse"




"Whitehorse"




"Whitehorse"


Home
Code
N08


N14

N16
O05
O20
W05



W04



W13

W07


W09


W06


Chimney
Type
IV


IV

IV
V
V
VI



VI



V

VI


V


VI


Sample
Period
4
5
6
6
7
1
1
1
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
2
3
2
3
4
1
2
3
1
3
4
Burn Rate
dry kg/hr
1.91
2.19
2.00
2.45
1.57
1.55
1.41
1.08
1.67
1.59
1.64
1.73
1.90
1.25
2.01
1.87
1.85
1.74
1.88
2.12
2.57
0.93
0.70
0.88
1.22
1.26
1.13
Emissions
g/hr
32.6
26.6
30.9
34.0
29.0
13.9
23.1
18.8
10.9
14.1
13.4
18.7
40.7
29.2
35.7
26.3
33.0
26.7
32.8
21.5
(35.0)
18.2
17.7
11.3
19.2
18.8
15.7
g/kg
17.1
12.2
15.4
13.9
18.4
9.0
16.4
17.5
6.5
8.9
8.1
10.8
21.4
23.3
17.8
14.1
17.9
15.4
17.5
10.1
(13.6)
19.5
25.4
12.8
16.5
15.3
12.0
Ref.
2


2

2
3
3
6



6



6

6


6


6


Comments
d






e




f



f



c






                                          (continued)
   III-5

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Table 111-2
(continued)
Stove
Model
T-P






T-Q












Study
Area
"Whitehorse"






"Whrtehorse"












All Areas
Home
Code
W06


W13




W01


W02




W08

W11



W14


Chimney
Type
VI


V




V







VI

VI



V


Sample
Period
5
6
7
8
9
5
6
7
8
9
1
2
4
1
2
3
4
8
9
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
Mean (edited data)
^n-l
Burn Rate
dry kg/hr
1.11
0.77
1.14
0.66
0.61
1.29
1.35
1.19
0.89
0.89
.93
.32
.26
.45
.29
.46
0.90
0.75
0.56
1.65
1.50
1.30
2.37
2.02
2.02
2.60
1.16
1.07
1.04
1.71
1.44
0.45
Emissions
g/hr
(19.1)
(20.9)
16.1
12.6
10.0
33.2
16.4
22.9
17.5
17.8
49.8
30.4
25.8
28.9
17.2
17.3
(11.5)
17.7
13.1
22.5
(31.3)
31.7
10.5
14.1
23.6
18.9
24.7
25.7
(32.6)
28.0
21.0
8.6
g/kg
(17.2)
(27.4)
14.1
18.9
16.5
25.7
12.2
19.3
19.6
20.0
25.8
23.1
20.5
20.0
13.3
11.8
(12.8)
23.6
23.3
15.0
(24.1)
16.7
4.4
7.0
11.7
7.2
21.4
23.9
(31-4)
16.4
15.4
5.9
Ref.
6


6




6


6




6

6



6




Comments
c
c













9


c






c


                                          (continued)
   III-6

-------
                                          Table 111-2
                                         (continued)
Chimney Types
  Code
Description
    I
    II
   III
   IV
   V
   VI
Unlined masonry chimney located primarily inside the exterior walls of the house
Tile-lined masonry chimney located primarily inside the exterior walls of the house
Unlined masonry chimney located primarily outside the exterior walls of the house
Tile-lined masonry chimney located primarily outside the exterior walls of the house
Prefabricated metal chimney located primarily inside the exterior walls of the house
Prefabricated metal chimney located primarily outside the exterior walls of the house
Comments:

  a.   It  was  observed  that the  users of this  stove maintained  a deep ash  bed  (15  to 25
       cm  [6  to  9  in.])  when  operating  this  stove.    This ash bed  condition  effectively
       reduced the  firebox  size  of  the stove  from  84 liters (2.95 cubic  feet)'to 44  liters
       (1.6 cubic  feet)  and may  have  been  a  contributing  factor  to  this  relatively  low
       emission rate.

  b.   This stove model was an insert mounted into an unlined masonry chimney.

  c.   Ambient oxygen  (O^ value  associated  with   emission sample  greater  than  20.9 ±
       2.0  percent  absolute at  final  calibration.    Therefore,   calculated  emissions  (g/hr,
       g/kg) have a potentially higher degree of associated uncertainty.   Because  of the
       higher  uncertainty  associated  with  this emission  sample,  it  is deleted  from  the
       data base for calculating emission factors.

  d.   Operators  of  this  stove  kept  firebox  relatively  full  of  fuel   and  the  primary  air
       inlets  at  a  low   setting.    This  operating   practice  may  have  contributed  to  the
       relatively high observed emission rates.

  e.   While  stove  T-K  had a relatively  large firebox of  148  liters  (5.2  cubic  feet),  the
       operator of  this  stove  fueled  this  stove  with  small  loads,  i.e.  average  fuel  load
       density of 12 kg/m3 (0.73 Ib/ft3).

  f.    Woodstove  model  T-M  is a  "cabinet  style"   convection  heater  with  an  underfire
       primary air  combustion  system.  This type  of  combustion  system tends to  produce
       elevated emissions in wood-fired stoves.

  g.   Estimated upper-limit  emission  rate  due  to  loss of  methanol  solvent  rinse.   These
       emission  rates were  eliminated from the  data  base  to   calculate  emission  factors
       due to the associated uncertainty.
                                            III-7

-------
                          Table 111-3

Mean Particulate Emission and Burn Rates by Wood stove Installation
               Traditional Technology Woodstoves


Study Area
"Northeast"





Avg (unweighted)
Range
"Northwest"



Avg (unweighted)
Range
"Whitehorse"















Avg (unweighted)
Range
ALL AREAS
Avg (unweighted)
Range


Model
T-A
T-B
T-C
T-G
T-H
T-l


T-B
T-D
T-J
T-K


T-B
T-E
T-F
T-L
T-M
T-M
T-N
T-N
T-O
T-P
T-P
T-Q
T-Q
T-Q
T-Q
T-Q






Home
V06
V09
V14
N08
N14
N16


P03
P05
O05
O20


W10
W03
W12
W05
W04
W13
W07
W09
W06
W06
W13
W01
W02
W08
W11
W14




Mean Emission Rates


9/hr (er,^)
9.4 (5.9)
15.4 (0)
20.2 (2.7)
30.0 (2.5)
31.5 (2.5)
13.9 (0)
20.1 (8.9)
9.4-30.0
13.8 (5.6)
25.5 (4.1)
23.1 (0)
18.8 (0)
20.3 (5.1)
13.8-25.5
23.1 (5.0)
8.1 (2.2)
25.5 (4.7)
14.3 (5.0)
33.0 (6.5)
29.9 (4.5)
27.2 (8.0)
15.7 (3.8)
17.9 (1.9)
12.9 (3.1)
21.6 (7.0)
35.3 (12.7)
18.8 (5.9)
27.1 (6.5)
16.8 (5.7)
26.1 (1.7)
22.1 (7.6)
8.1 -33.0

21.3 (7.4)
8.1 -33.0

g/kg («rn-i)
5.5 (3.5)
13.7 (0)
16.2 (4.8)
14.9 (2.0)
16.2 (2.3)
9.0 (0)
12.6 (4.4)
5.5-16.2
11.0 (2.4)
23.9 (2.2)
16.4 (0)
17.5 (0)
17.2 (5.3)
11.0-23.9
17.2 (3.6)
7.6 (2.3)
15.1 (1.05)
8.6 (1.8)
19.2 (4.1)
16.6 (1.8)
13.8 (5.2)
19.2 (6.3)
14.6 (2.3)
16.5 (2.4)
19.4 (4.8)
23.1 (2.6)
18.4 (5.5)
15.8 (1.2)
7.4 (2.7)
20.5 (3.8)
15.8 (4.6)
7.4-23.1

15.2 (4.7)
5.5-23.9

Mean Burn Rate
dry kg/hr (a^)
1.80 (0.34)
1.12 (0)
1.35 (0.31)
2.01 (0.11)
2.06 (0.37)
1.55 (0)
1.65 (0.37)
1.12- 2.06
1.23 (0.29)
1.07 (0.18)
1.41 (0)
1.08 (0)
1.19 (0.16)
1.07- 1.41
1.34 (0.16)
1.24 (0.17)
1.67 (0.20)
1.66 (0.06)
1.76 (0.34)
1.80 (0.08)
2.00 (0.17)
0.99 (0.33)
1.19 (0.11)
0.80 (0.29)
1.12 (0.22)
1.50 (0.37)
1.10 (0.41)
1.46 (0.25)
2.25 (0.28)
1.31 (0.35)
1.45 (0.39)
0.80- 2.25

1.46 (0.37)
0.80- 2.25
Emission
Samples
(N)
4
1
3
3
2
1

14
5
5
1
1

12
4
3
3
4
4
2
2
3
3
3
5
3
5
2
4
3

53

79
                             III-8

-------
                       Table 111-4

Mean Paniculate Emission and Burn Rates by Woodstove Model
            Traditional Technology Woodstoves

Stove
Model
T-A
T-B
T-C
T-D
T-E
T-F
T-G
T-H
T-l
T-J
T-K
T-L
T-M
T-N
T-O
T-P
T-Q

Study
Area(s)
NE
NE.NW.WH
NE
NW
WH
WH
NE
NE
NE
NW
NW
WH
WH
WH
WH
WH
WH


Homes(s)
V06
V09, P03, W10
V14
P05
W03
W12
N08
N14
N16
005
020
W05
W04, W13
W07, W09
W06
W06, W13
W01, W02, W08
W11.W14
Average (unweighted)
Range
Mean Emission Rates


g/hr (ff^)
9.4 (5.9)
17.6 (6.6)
20.2 (2.7)
25.5 (4.1)
8.1 (2.2)
25.5 (4.7)
30.0 (2.5)
31.5 (2.5)
13.9 (0)
23.1 (0)
18.8 (0)
14.3 (5.0)
31.9 (5.6)
18.3 (9.6)
17.9 (1.9)
18.3 (7.1)
23.5 (9.2)
20.4 (7.0)
8.1 -31.9

g/kg (
-------
212%, respectively.  Since woodstove model T-Q emission rates are based on measurements from five homes
(17 samples), woodstove model-specific average emission rates based on limited observations, i.e. one home,
probably have a high degree of uncertainty.  Emission rate variability is also demonstrated by woodstove
models T-B, T-N, and T-P.  The ranges of average gram-per-hour emission rates for woodstove models T-B,
T-N, and T-P are 13.8 to 23.1 g/hr, 15.7 to 27.2 g/hr, and 12.9 to 21.6 g/hr, respectively (refer to Table III-3).

     From a statistical viewpoint, the sample sizes of the "Northeast" and "Northwest" studies appear to be
too small to adequately quantify the mean  emission rates for traditional technology woodstoves in these areas.
As a practical upper limit, the limit (L) around the sample mean should not be greater than 3.0 units at the
99 percent confidence limit for gram-per-hour emission rate data. This value of "L" was selected because of
the estimated  2.0 g/hr  absolute upper-limit accuracy of the  AWES4.   The  95 percent  and 99  percent
confidence limits can be expressed by the following equations:

     L  =  1.96 cr/N*4     (95% Confidence Limit)                                         (Equation 1)
     L  = 2S7ff/tf*     (99% Confidence Limit)                                         (Equation 2)
     where:    a- = assumed population standard deviation; and
               N = sample size.

The minimum number of samples (N)  needed can  be determined by  assuming a representative standard
deviation (
-------
under the direct  certification  provisions of the NSPS, whereas it  is allowed under the Oregon certification
rules. Neither 1988 nor 1990 direct-certified NSPS certified woodstoves (either catalytic or noncatalytic) were
included in any of the woodstove field studies, and therefore recommended emission factors are not developed
for these woodstove categories.  Table  III-5 lists the catalytic and noncatalytic woodstove  models that were
evaluated in field studies and  were either certified or certifiable under the 1988 NSPS emission limits.  Also
listed is the number of particulate emission samples collected per woodstove model.

     Field  tests of various models  of  1988 NSPS certified/certifiable woodstoves demonstrated  significant
emission rate variability both between homes with  the  same  woodstove model  and  between different
woodstove models.   Field  tests  of several models of woodstoves  conducted during the 1985  through 1988
heating seasons have shown that in-situ  emission rates of NSPS-certified woodstoves  are generally higher  (in
the range of 1 to 20 times higher) than laboratory certification levels.

     The recommended  particulate emission  factors  (g/hr,  g/kg)  for  1988  NSPS  certified/certifiable
woodstoves (catalytic  and noncatalytic)  are  based on how these units should perform  in future years.  This
approach to  evaluating emission data is based on  observations that:  (1) several  of the  woodstove  units
demonstrating elevated emission rates could be considered "first generation"  technology, and (2) there was
inferential evidence  that new technology  woodstoves properly installed,  operated,  and maintained could
consistently produce low emissions.  Therefore, the following criteria were used in determining whether or not
individual emission samples should be included in the data bases to determine emission factors for catalytic
and non-catalytic woodstoves:

     1.    Emission rate data which does not meet quality assurance objectives is deleted.
     2.    Emission rate data which are representative of a specific combination of catalytic woodstove model
          and  a  catalytic combustor which is  no longer available to the  consumer  as of July 1, 1988 are
          deleted.
     3.    Emission rate  data which appear to be anomalous, e.g., outlier, and appear to have resulted from
          poor operator practices  that  are correctable through an improved  public education program are
          deleted.   It is   assumed that  the  woodstove  industry, e.g.  manufacturers,  retailers, chimney
          sweeps/installers,  etc.,  and/or  regulatory agencies will develop  and  provide  improved public
          education  programs  to  address proper  woodstove  installation,  maintenance,  and  operating
          practices.
     4.    Emission rate data which appears to be anomalous and to have been influenced by an incompatible
          chimney system  installation is deleted.  (Note:  There  is presently only inferential evidence that
                                                ra-ii

-------
                               Table 111-5

                Woodstove Models and Number of Emission
                  Samples Collected During Field Studies
                  (1988 NSPS Catalytic and N on catalytic
                    Certified or Certifiable Woodstoves)
Study Area
"Northeast"2
"Northwest"4-5
"Whitehorse"6
Technology
Catalytic
Noncatalytic
Catalytic
Noncatalytic
Catalytic
Noncatalytic
Stove Model
C-A
C-D
NC-A
NOB
C-A
C-B
NC-B
NC-C
C-A
C-C
NC-0
Samples
15
1
4
7
5
3
5
4
9
10
10
NSPS Status
Certified
Certified
Certified
Certified
Certified
Certified
Certified
Certifiable
Certified
Certifiable
Certified
Total Woodstove Models Evaluated
Total Emission Samples
Catalytic     4
Noncatalytic  4

Catalytic     43
Noncatalytic  30
                                 m-12

-------
           "oversized"  or  "undersized" chimney systems may influence NSPS-certified woodstoves emission
           performance. Additional research is needed to confirm if there is a "cause and effect" relationship
           between  emission rates and chimney  system  configuration  as installed  with  NSPS-certified
           woodstoves.  If future studies confirm that improperly designed chimney systems adversely affect
           the  emission  performance  of  NSPS-certified  woodstoves,  regulatory agencies  may  modify
           certification programs to address this issue.)

     In selecting this criteria, it is assumed that woodstove emission control, installation, and  maintenance
problems identified in field studies have been or will be addressed by the woodstove industry and/or regulatory
agencies.

     The above criteria are used to delete all values hi parentheses, ( ), in Tables Ul-6 and III-7 from the data
bases used to determine emission  factors for 1988 NSPS-certified/certifiable woodstoves.  Tables III-8  and
III-9 show mean emission rates (g/hr and g/kg) and burn rates (dry kg/hr) for each installation and for each
woodstove  model for catalytic  technology woodstoves (1988 NSPS  certified/certifiable).   Tables 111-10  and
III-ll  show  mean emission and  burn rates  (by  installation and by woodstove  model)  for  noncatalytic
woodstoves (1988 NSPS certified/certifiable).
                                                ffl-13

-------
                         Table 111-6

installation, Burn and Paniculate Emission Rate Characteristics
    Catalytic Wood stoves (1988 NSPS Certified/Certifiable)

Stove
Model
C-A





























Study
Area
"Northeast"














"Northwest"




"Whftehorse"









Home
Code
V05

V11


N09



N18



C01

P02




W07



W11




Chim-
ney
Type
IV

II


IV



IV



IV

V




VI



VI




Catalytic
Combustor
Model
A

A


A



A



B

B




A



A





Sample
Period
4
5
2
6
7
1
4
6
7
4
5
6
7
1
2
1
2
3
4
5
5
6
8
9
5
6
7
8
9

Burn Rate
dry kg/hr
0.84
0.92
1.02
1.19
1.15
1.23
.31
.23
.37
.37
.57
.19
1.40
0.89
0.84
1.07
0.95
0.87
0.79
0.70
1.72
1.62
1.85
1.48
1.84
1.91
1.64
1.48
1.69
Emissions


9/hr
(9-0)
(31.4)
(6.1)
(6.3)
(7.0)
(15.7)
(21.2)
(17.1)
(29.6)
(20.6)
(41.3)
(31.6)
(29.2)
4.7
5.1
2.7
4.2
4.7
4.3
4.3
(7.4)
(7.5)
(21.0)
(25.4)
(13.1)
(22.0)
(11-3)
(12.0)
(19.4)

g/kg
(10.8)
(34.1)
(6.0)
(5.3)
(6.1)
(12.8)
(16.2)
(13.9)
(21.5)
(15.1)
(26.4)
(26.5)
(20.8)
5.3
6.1
2.5
4.4
5.4
5.4
6.3
(4-3)
(4-6)
(11.4)
(17.2)
(7.1)
(11.5)
(6-9)
(8.1)
(11.5)


Ref.
2

2


2



2



7

4



5
6



6






Comments
a
a
a,b
a,b
a,b
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a






f
a
a
a
a,c
a
a
a
a
a,c,d
                                                                   (continued)
                           111-14

-------
                                          Table 111-6
                                         (continued)
Stove
Model
C-B
C-C








C-D
Study
Area
"Northwest"
"Whrtehorse"








"Northeast"
All Areas
(edited data)
Home
Code
P06
W03




W14




COS
Chim-
ney
Type
V
VI




V




VII
Catalytic
Combustor
Model
C
D




D




E
Sample
Period
1
4
5
5
6
7
8
9
5
6
7
8
9
3
Mean
ffn-l
Bum Rate
dry kg/hr
1.83
1.61
1.10
0.99
1.05
1.27
1.11
0.86
1.19
0.86
1.09
1.07
0.86
0.92
0.96
0.14
Emissions
g/hr
(61.9)
(31.2)
(36.8)
8.6
10.5
6.2
9.0
11.9
6.2
10.0
4.3
15.4
8.2
4.3
6.9
3.4
g/kg
(33.8)
(19.4)
(33.0)
8.7
9.9
4.9
8.1
13.9
5.2
11.7
3.9
14.3
9.6
4.7
7.3
3.4
Ref.
4
6




6




7
Comments
e
e
e













Chimney Types
  Code
Description
   IV
   V
   VI
   VII
Unllned masonry chimney located primarily inside the exterior walls of the house
Tile-lined masonry chimney located primarily inside the exterior walls of the house
Unlined masonry chimney located primarily outside the exterior walls of the house
Tile-lined masonry chimney located primarily outside the exterior walls of the house
Prefabricated metal chimney located primarily inside the exterior walls of the house
Prefabricated metal chimney located primarily outside the exterior walls of the house
Stainless steel liner (8" diameter) inside masonry chimney primarily located inside the
     exterior walls of the house.
                                                                                   (continued)
                                            111-15

-------
                                         Table 111-6
                                         (continued)
Comments:

a.  The  combination  of  catalytic wood stove  model  "C-A"   with  catalytic  combustor  model
   "A" is  no longer available to the consumer as  of July  1,  1988.   Woodstove model "C-A"
   is  only  available with combustor "B."   For  this reason, these  emission  rate values  are
   deleted from the data base used to develop emission factors.

b.  Home V11 had the highest overall  mean  fuel load  (12.7  kg) and the lowest overall  mean
   loading   frequency  (0.09  Ib/hr) of  all  homes,  with  stove  model  C-A  in  the  "Northeast"
   Study.    This  type   of  fuel  loading  practice  may  have  contributed  to  the  observed
   relatively low emission rates.

c.  An inspection  of the emission control system of the woodstove  in  this home conducted
   in August  1987 revealed:   loose  bypass damper  gasket; weld  gaps on  the  bypass  damper
   door; bi-metallic coil tension  set-point on the  thermostat  was  improperly set; and  the
   gasket  around  the   catalyst   had   gaps.     Using  EPA   Methods  28  and  5G,   it  was
   determined  the catalyst  in this stove  had  prematurely failed.   However, it could  not be
   determined  if  the   catalytic  combustor  emission  reduction  performance failure  was  due
   to  inherent material   defects   in  the catalyst  and/or due  to the  stove  installation  and/or
   woodstove manufacturing problems.

d.  An inspection  of the emission control system in  this stove  in August  1987  revealed that
   the  catalytic   combustor  was  not  properly  seated.   This  improper  seating  may  have
   contributed  to the  seesaw emission rates  values  observed.   The improper seating  of  the
   catalyst was probably due to improper installation procedures.

e.  An  inspection  of  the   emission   control  system   of  this  stove  conducted  after  the
   collection of emission samples revealed the following:

   1.  Approximately  22.9 cm  (9 inches) of  the glass fiber gasket  that  seals  the  catalyst
       bypass  damper  was  missing  on  the   bottom edge  of  the  damper.   The gasket  is
       normally  fitted  into  a groove   located  on  the  damper door.    During  fuel  loading
       events, the bypass damper door  is opened,  exposing the  gasket.   It  is hypothesized
       that   the  missing  gasket  may have been  caused  by  fuel, e.g.,  logs,  2 by 4s,  etc.,
       contacting  the   gasket,  since  the missing  gasket  material  was  in  the  area  most
       exposed to the type of  potential  physical abrasion.    Since this  observation  is based
       on  one stove,  it  is  difficult to determine  if the problem  is  a stove  design  and/or
       operator related issue.

   2.  A portion  of  the missing bypass damper  gasket  had  fallen  into  the hinge  of  the
       bypass door, which  did  not  allow the bypass door to  seal  properly.   A  0.6  cm  (V4
       inch)  gap  between  the  bypass  door  and  its  jamb  was  formed   when  the   missing
       gasket  acted as  a wedge.  There was  no detectable  tactile  indication  of  whether  the
       bypass door was  fully  closed  or partially  open when  operating   the  damper  lever.
       The   lack   of  tactile  "feedback" to  determine  if the  bypass damper  door   is  fully
       closed appears to be a design problem.

                                                                                  (continued)
                                           111-16

-------
                                          Table 111-6
                                         (continued)

   3.  Approximately  one-third   of  the   catalyst  cells   were  plugged  with  ash.    The
       "upstream"  or combustion  gas  inlet  side  of the catalyst is the top  horizontal side  of
       the catalyst.   This  configuration  can lead to a  buildup of ash  on the  top surface  of
       the catalyst  versus  the  more  common  configuration  where  the  "upstream"  side  of
       the catalyst  is  either  the  bottom  horizontal or  side  face of  the catalyst.   Operator
       practices could  also have  contributed  to  the buildup  of  ash if  an  excessive amount
       of paper was used as fuel.

   4.  The gasket  used  on the removable  ash pan located on  the  bottom  of  the woodstove
       indicated  that  the  pan  was  not  seating  properly.   This  observation  appeared  to
       indicate that  an  underfire  air  condition may  have  occurred  during  the study.   This
       type  of  combustion gas   condition  can  cause  elevated  emissions  through   reduced
       combustion  efficiency.   Since  this   observation  is  based  on  only  one  stove,  it  is
       difficult to determine if the problem is a stove design and/or operator related issue.

   5.  It  appears  the  study  participant  did  not   regularly  inspect  the  woodstove's  gaskets
       and  mechanical   components  as  recommended  in  the  manufacturer's  stove
       operating instruction booklet.

   6.  Operator inexperience:    The  woodstove  was   the  first  integral  catalytic  woodstove
       used by the participants  in home P06.   The participants in this  home  claimed that it
       took  two  weeks  to  learn  how  to  operate  the  stove.    Since there  appears to  be
       evidence  that  the  operators  of   this   stove,  given  adequate  training   regarding
       operating  and  maintenance procedures, may  have  avoided some, if not  all, of the
       above  identified  problems,  these  emission  rate  values  are  deleted  from  the   data
       base used in the development of catalytic woodstove emission factors.

f.  Emission rates are the mean of the emission rates from co-located AWES units.
                                           111-17

-------
                         Table 111-7

Installation, Burn and Paniculate Emission Rate Characteristics
  Noncatalytic Wood stoves (1988 NSPS Certified/Certifiable)
Stove
Model
NC-A

NC-B








NC-C
NC-D




Study
Area
"Northeast"

"Northeast"

-


"Northwest"




"Northwest"
"Whitehorse"




All Areas
(edited data)
Home
Code
V12
V34

V35
V03

V14

N16


P04




P01
W04




W09
Chimney
Type
II
V

V
II

IV

IV


V




II
VI




V
Sample
Period
6
5
7
7
5
6
6
7
4
6
7
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
5
6
7
8
9
Mean
*n-l
Burn Rate
dry kg/hr
0.67
0.76
0.92
0.90
1.28
1.38
1.07
0.85
0.97
1.10
0.87
1.29
0.99
0.90
0.65
0.70
0.87
1.22
1.07
1.10
1.29
1.08
1.51
1.20
1.11
1.01
0.84
0.91
1.06
0.85
1.02
0.24
Emissions
g/hr
5.2
7.9
5.9
3.6
18.3
2.0
26.3
17.2
10.0
4.3
10.3
6.9
10.0
10.9
6.7
6.9
(19.4)
(17.4)
(13.3)
(24.1)
10.5
9.2
5.3
12.8
10.3
(19.4)
(18.3)
(17.9)
(17.9)
(22.2)
9.5
5.6
g/kg
7.7
10.4
6.4
4.0
14.3
1.4
26.6
20.4
10.3
3.9
11.9
5.3
10.1
12.1
10.3
9.9
(22.2)
(14.3)
(12.5)
(21.8)
8.1
8.5
3.5
10.7
9.3
(19.2)
(21.8)
(18.7)
(16.8)
(26.0)
9.8
5.7
Ref.
2
2

2
2

2

2


4




4
6




6
Comments






a
a








b
b
b
b





c,d
c
c
c
c

                                                                  (continued)
                           111-18

-------
                                         Table 111-7
                                        (continued)
Chimney Types
  Code
Description
    I
    il
   III
   IV
   V
   VI
Unlined masonry chimney located primarily inside the exterior walls of the house
Tile-lined masonry chimney located primarily inside the exterior walls of the house
Unlined masonry chimney located primarily outside the exterior walls of the house
Tile-lined masonry chimney located primarily outside the exterior walls of the house
Prefabricated metal chimney located primarily inside the exterior walls of the house
Prefabricated metal chimney located primarily outside the exterior walls of the house
Comments:

a.   According  to  Reference  2,  there  are  no  conclusive factors to  explain  the  elevated
     emission rates observed for stove model "NC-B" in home V14.

b.   The flue pipe  of  this  stove  entered  a tile-lined  masonry  chimney that  measured 17.8
     cm  by  27.9 cm  by 3.7  meters high (7 inches by  11 inches  by 12 feet  high).  Since the
     manufacturer  of  this  stove   recommended   using   a   15.24 cm   (6   inch)  diameter
     chimney,   the   attached   chimney  system  may  have  been  "oversized"  for  this
     woodstove  model.  An inspection of  the  stove between  the  first and  second  sampling
     periods  revealed  no  obvious  problems  with  the  stove's  emission  control  system.
     While   it  is  possible  operator  practices  could  have  contributed   to  the   elevated
     emission rate  performance, it  is  hypothesized  that  the  oversized chimney system  is  a
     significant  contributing  factor to  this stove's  emission  performance.   For this reason,
     these  emission  values are  deleted  from  the data  base  used to  develop  emission
     factors for noncatalytic woodstoves (1988 NSPS-certified/certifiable).

c.   It is hypothesized  that the  configuration of  the  chimney  system  used  in  home  W09
     may  have  been a  contributing factor to  the  observed  emission rates.   The  relatively
     short length, 3.4  m  (11.2  feet),  of the  chimney  coupled  with  the mismatching  of  a
     15.24  cm   (6 inch)  diameter  flue pipe with  20  cm  (8  inch) packed pipe  may  have
     resulted  in  relatively  poor  draft  conditions  and  thereby  influencing  the   combustion
     efficiency  of the stove.   The  manufacturer recommends  a  uniform run  of 15  cm  (6
     inch) diameter   pipe.    An inspection  of  the emission  control  system   of  this  stove
     revealed no significant  problems.   For  the  above reasons,  these  emission  rate values
     are  deleted from  the  data  base  used to  develop  emission factors for  noncatalytic
     woodstoves (1988 NSPS-certified/certifiable).

d.   Ambient oxygen (0^ value associated  with  emission sample greater than  20.9 ± 2.0
     percent  absolute  at  final  calibration.    Therefore,  calculated   emissions  (g/hr,  g/kg)
     have a  potentially  higher degree of associated  uncertainty.   Because  of  the higher
     uncertainty  associated  with  this emission  sample, it  is deleted from the  data  base for
     calculating  emission   factors  for   noncatalytic   woodstoves   (1988  NSPS-
     certified/certifiable).
                                          111-19

-------
                          Table 111-8

Mean Particulate Emission and Bum Rates by Woodstove Installation
                     Catalytic Woodstoves
                (1988 NSPS Certified/Certifiable)
Study Area
"Northeast"
Avg (unweighted)
Range
"Northwest"
Avg (unweighted)
Range
"Whitehorse"
Avg (unweighted)
Range
ALL AREAS
Avg (unweighted)
Range
Model
C-A
C-D

C-A

C-B
C-B


Home
C01
cos

P02

W03
W14


Mean Emission Rates
g/hr (
-------
                         Table 111-10
Mean Particulate Emission and Burn Rates by Woodstove Installation
                   Noncatalytic Woodstoves
                (1988 NSPS Certified/Certifiable)
Study Area
"Northeast"
Avg (unweighted)
Range
"Northwest"
Avg (unweighted)
Range
"Whitehorse"
Avg (unweighted)
Range
ALL AREAS
Avg (unweighted)
Range
Model
NC-A
NC-A
NC-A
NC-B
NC-B
NC-B

NC-B

NC-D


Home
V12
V34
V35
V03
V14
N16

P04

W04


Mean Emission Rates
g/hr (*„.!)
5.2 (0)
6.9 (1.0)
3.6 (0)
10.2 (8.2)
21.8 (4.6)
8.2 (2.8)
10.1 (7.5)
3.6-21.8
8.3 (2.0)
8.3 (2.0)
9.6 (2.7)
9.6 (2.7)
9.2 (5.5)
3.6-21.8
g/kg (*„.!>
7.7 (0)
8.4 (2.0)
4.0 (0)
7.9 (6.5)
22.5 (2.1)
8.7 (3.5)
10.2 (7.0)
4.0-22.5
9.5 (2.5)
9.5 (2.5)
8.0 (2.7)
8.0 (2.7)
9.6 (5.5)
4.0-22.5
Mean Burn Rate
dry kg/hr (v^)
0.67 (0)
0.84 (0.08)
0.90 (0)
1.33 (0.05)
0.96 (0.11)
0.98 (0.09)
0.94 (0.22)
0.67- 1.33
0.91 (0.26)
0.91 (0.26)
1.06 (0.14)
1.06 (0.14)
0.96 (0.19)
0.67- 1.33
Emission
Samples
(N)
1
2
1
2
2
3
11
5
5
5
5
21
                         Table 111-11
  Mean Particulate Emission and Burn Rates by Woodstove Model
                   Noncatalytic Woodstoves
                (1988 NSPS Certified/Certifiable)
Stove
Model
NC-A
NC-B
NC-D
Study
Area(s)
NE
NE.NW
WH
Homes(s)
V12, V34, V35
V03, V14, P04
W04
Average (unweighted)
Range
Mean Emission Rates
9/nr Ovj)
5.6 (1.8)
10.8 (6.8)
9.6 (2.7)
8.7 (2.7)
5.6-10.8
g/kg K-i)
7.1 (2.7)
11.3 (6.9)
8.0 (2.7)
8.8 (2.2)
7.1-11.3
Mean Bum Rate
dry kg/hr (r^J
0.81 (0.12)
1.00 (0.23)
1.23 (0.17)
1.01 (0.21)
0.81 - 1.23
Emission
Samples
(N)
4
12
5
21
                            ra-2i

-------
                              IV.  RESULTS & DISCUSSION

A.   TRADITIONAL TECHNOLOGY WOODSTOVE EMISSION FACTORS
     Table IV-1 lists the number of emission samples used in the development of emission factors, woodstove
installations, and woodstove models per study area.  Confidence limits based on the data in Tables III-2, m-3,
III-4, and IV-1 are shown in Table IV-2.  While there are relatively small differences between the calculated
emission  factors, the  confidence interval is influenced by the data base size (N) and standard deviation (tr).
Since (1) the data in  Table III-3 showed significant emission rate variability between homes with the identical
woodstove  models and  (2) there are potentially thousands of different woodstove model/chimney  system
installation combinations, it is recommended that the data in Table ffl-3  be used as the basis for calculating
traditional technology woodstove emission factors and  related statistics.   Presented in Table IV-3 are the
recommended emission factors (g/hr, g/kg) and related statistics based on data in Table ffl-3.

     The average  area-specific gram-per-kilogram  emission factors and burn  rates in Table III-3 show a
correlation coefficient (r)  of -0.96 (Table IV-4).   This inverse  relationship supports laboratory data which
indicates  that emission rates decrease with increasing burn rate for most traditional technology woodstoves.
Higher burn rates  will generally result in  lower emissions  due to increased firebox temperatures and more
complete combustion of fuel and its combustion gases. While this relationship is based on a limited data base,
it may be of assistance to users in calculating a gram-per-kilogram emission factor based on the "average"
burn rate conditions in a specific geographic area.  The range  of burn rates upon which this  relationship was
developed is 0.80 to  2.25 dry kg/hr.  Based on the data in Table ffl-3,  there  appears to be no statistically
significant correlation between the area-specific gram per hour emission  factors and burn rates  (r  = 0.05).
There  is  no significant correlation between woodstove model-specific emission and burn rates (r = 0.40,
r =  -0.38, respectively) based on the data in Table ffl-4.

     As noted in the  comments in Table  ffl-2, there may have been factors, e.g.  fueling practices and chimney
system configuration,  that may have contributed to relatively low or elevated emission rates.  However, the
range  of  average  emission rates (g/hr, g/kg)  did not vary  significantly  between all three study areas
(Table ffl-3).  In each area there  were traditional technology woodstoves that produced emission rates under
10 g/hr.  Therefore, it did not appear to be justifiable to remove low emission  rates from the data base just
because there were below the expected emission rates for traditional technology woodstoves.

     An  unresolved question still remains as to the "true"  population gram-per-hour (or gram-per-kilogram)
mean emission rates in each of the study areas.  The variability of emission rates between homes with the same
woodstove model is significant.  While the amount  of data showing inter-home emission  rate variability with
                                                IV-1

-------
                                         Table IV-1

                                   Data Base Sample Sizes
                              Traditional Technology Wood stoves

Study Area
"Northeast"
"Northwest"
"Whitehorse"
All Areas
Emission
Samples
14
12
53
79
Woodstove
Installations
6
4
16
26
Stove
Models
6
4
9
17*
                        One of the stove models (T-B) was installed in all three
                        study areas.
                                         Table IV-2

                                     Confidence Intervals
                              Traditional Technology Woodstoves
Emission
Factor
g/hr
g/kg
Confidence
Limit
95%
99%
95%
99%
Data Base Used for Calculations
"Emission Samples"1
21.0 ± 1.9
21.0 ± 2.5
15.4 ± 1.3
15.4 ± 1.7
"Woodstove Installations"2
21.3 ± 2.8
21.3 ± 3.7
15.2 ± 1.8
15.2 ± 2.4
"Stove Model"3
20.4 ± 3.2
20.4 ± 4.4
14.6 ± 2.2
14.6 ± 2.9
1.  Calculations based on individual emission sample emission rates (Table III-2).
   N = 79, ffgfla-9.9, (rg/kg=5.9.

2.  Calculations based on average "woodstove installation" emission rates (Table III-3).
   N = 26, ff^ = 7.4, tr^g = 4.7.
3.  Calculations based on average "woodstove model" specific emission rates (Table III-4).

   N=17>
                                            IV-2

-------
                    Table IV-3

     Recommended Paniculate Emission Factors
        Traditional Technology Woodstoves

Emission Rate
Standard Deviation
Range
95% Confidence Interval
99% Confidence Interval
g/hr
21.3
7.4
8.1 - 33.0
21.3 ± 2.8
21.3 ± 3.7
g/kg
15.2
4.7
5.5 - 23.9
15.2 ± 1.8
15.2 ± 2.4
                    Table IV-4

Relationship Between Area-Specific Average Gram per
   Kilogram Particulate Emissions and Burn Rates
        Traditional Technology Woodstoves

Location
"Northeast"
"Northwest"
"Whitehorse"
Average
Emission Rate
(g/kg)
12.6
17.2
15.8
Average
Burn Rate
(dry kg/hr)
1.65
1.19
1.45
   r = -0.96 r2 = 0.92

   Regression Equation: y = -9.77 x + 29.2,

                       where

                         x=Area-specific average
                            burn rate, dry kg/hr;
                            and

                         y=Emission rate, g/kg.
                      rv-3

-------
the same  woodstove model is  limited (only 5 woodstove  models), the data  do indicate a  high  degree of
uncertainty of determining average model-specific emission  rates based on data bases which include only  one
or two homes.  Since all the data bases in the "Northeast" and "Northwest" studies are small and based on
data sets of one specific woodstove model in  only one home, it is highly probable  that the calculated area-
specific mean emission rates in Table III-3 are  not representative of the "true" population.  It may be more of
a coincidence than any real relationship that the  absolute difference in mean emission rates between all three
study areas is 2.0 g/hr.

     There is some inferential evidence that the  area-specific  mean emission rates  (g/hr,  g/kg) for  the
"Northeast" and "Northwest" studies may be  higher than indicated by the data in Table ni-3.  The average
area-specific burn rate for the "Northeast" study (1.65 kg/hr) is based on fourteen (N = 14) emission samples
listed in Table m-2. A limited analysis of the  frequency distribution of traditional technology woodstove bum
rates from homes V09, V14, and N16 during the 1985-86 heating season indicated  a mean burn rate of 1.39  dry
kg/hr (refer to Table IV-5).  This analysis includes all the time the woodstoves  were operational  (including
non-AWES  sampling periods)  as  determined by  electronic data logging equipment.   Burn rates  were
determined on twenty-four-hour time periods  (5AM-5AM) between December  20, 1985  and April 7, 1986
(N = 166).    Since  it appears  that at least  area-specific  gram-per-kilogram  emission rates are inversely
proportional to burn rate (equation in Table IV-4), the "true Northeast" gram-per-kilogram emission rate may
be approximately 15 to 16 g/kg rather than the calculated 12.6  g/kg (Table IQ-3).

     The area-specific  emission rates for the "Northwest"  study are  based on emission rates for woodstove
models T-B, T-D, T-J,  and T-K.  There is some inferential evidence that  for at  least woodstove model T-K
typical  "Northwest" emission  rates for this woodstove model may be higher than  indicated  in Table III-3.  A
study performed for the Oregon Department of Environmental Quality (ODEQ)14 evaluating a catalytic add-
on device determined mean before-catalyst emission rates of 29.2 g/hr and 28.5 g/kg for woodstove model T-K.
These rates were based on four emission samples collected in two homes (two samples per  home).  Assuming
approximately  a  10  percent  increase b before-catalyst emission rates (based  on  analysis of data in  the
"Whitehorse" study6) due to the "dampering" effect of the  add-on devices, the corrected flue collar emission
rates would be approximately 26  g/hr and 24 g/kg at a burn rate of 1.1 dry kg/hr.

     Since the recommended  emission rates  are based on a relatively  small  data base, the user of  the
recommended emission factors should recognize the  limitations of the  data and apply the appropriate caveats,
e.g.,  use confidence limits,  when  using the  recommended  emission rates on either an absolute or relative
comparison basis.
                                                IV-4

-------
                                 Table IV-5
                  Burn Rate Frequency Distribution - "Northeast"

                     OMNI Environmental  Services, Inc.
                    »*»»**********»#*»»•******•»»*******
 Daily  (5  am  to 5 am)  Burn Rates Calculated as TC#1>10O
 Files:
   VO9.HRW:
   V14.HRW:
   NO8.HRW:
   N16.HRW:
   N16.HRW:
O1-21-86
01-24-86
01-17-86
12-20-85
01-29-86
(2100)
(150O)
(1500)
(160O)
(18OO)
to 03-03-86
to O3-31-86
to O4-02-86
to 12-23-85
to O4-07-86
(1400).  Number o-f  points:  38
(11OO).  Number o-f  points:  43
(14OO).  Number o-f  points:  38
(O6OO).  Number of  points:  2
(090O) .  Number o-f  points:  45
 Total # Data  Points:  166
Burn Re
Interval 1
; o.ooo -
> O. 1OO -
> O.20O -
> O.300 -
> 0.40O -
> O.50O -
> 0.6OO -
> 0.700 -
> O.BOO -
> O.9OO -
> l.OOO -
> 1.1OO -
> 1.2OO -
> 1.300 -
> 1.400 -
> 1.500 -
> 1.600 -
> 1.7OO -
> 1.8OO -
> 1.9OO -
> 2.OOO -
> 2.100 -
> 2.200 -
> 2.300 -
> 2.400 -
> 2.500 -
> 2.600 -
> 2.700 -
> 2.800 -
> 2.9OO -
> 3.OOO -
> 3. 1OO -
> 3.200 -
> 3.300 -
> 3.4OO -
> 3.5OO -
> 3.6OO -
> 3.7OO -
> 3. BOO -
> 3.9OO -
> 4.OOO -
> 4. 1OO -
> 4.2OO -
> 4.300 -
> 4.4OO -
> 4.5OO -
> 4.6OO -
> 4.7OO -
> 4. BOO -
> 4.900 -
»te
:kg/hr)
0. 10O
0.2OO
0.3OO
0.400
O.5OO
O.6OO
0.7OO
O.8OO
O.9OO
l.OOO
1. 10O
1.20O
1.3OO
1.400
1.500
1.6OO
1.7OO
1.8OO
1.9OO
2.OOO
2.100
2.2OO
2.3OO
2.4OO
2.500
2.600
2.700
2.8OO
2.9OO
3.OOO
3.1OO
3.200
3.300
3.400
3.500
3.6OO
3.700
3.800
3.9OO
4.OOO
4.1OO
4.200
4.300
4.4OO
4.5OO
4.6OO
4.7OO
4. BOO
4.9OO
5.000
n of
Points
0
O
0
2
2
5
3
4
8
7
15
14
11
14
14
12
11
9
2
3
1
5
3
3
1
0
1
1
O
1
1
O
1
1
O
O
O
0
0
0
0
O
0
0
0
O
0
0
0
0
Frequency
O.O
O.O
0.0
1.3
1.3
3.2
1.9
2.6
5.2
4.5
9.7
9.O
7. 1
9.0
9.0
7.7
7.1
5.8
1.3
1.9
O.6
3.2
1.9
1.9
O.6
O.O
O.6
0.6
O.O
O.6
O.6
O.O
O.6
O.6
0.0
O.O
0.0
0.0
0.0
O.O
O.O
O.O
0.0
0.0
O.O
0.0
0.0
0.0
O.O
O.O
Cumulative
Frequency (X)
O.O
O.O
O.O
1.3
2.6
5.8
7.7
1O.3
15.5
20.0
29.7
38.7
45.8
54.8
63.9
71.6
78.7
84.5
85.8
87.7
88.4
91.6
93.5
95.5
96.1
96.1
96.8
97.4
97.4
98.1
98.7
98.7
99.4
1OO.O
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100. O
10O.O
1OO.O
10O.O
100.0
100.0
1OO.O
1OO.O
1OO.O
1OO.O
10O.O
1OO.O
Days when  stove
 was not in  use
         11
Mean Burn  Rate    :
Standard Deviation:
        1.397
        O.55O
                                 IV-5

-------
B.   1988 NSPS-CERTDFIED/CERTIFIABLE WOODSTOVE EMISSION FACTORS
     As of July  21,  1988, there were 72 catalytic and  43 noncatalytic woodstove models that  had been
grandfathered or  directly  certified under the 1988 NSPS.15  Only 4 woodstoves  out of a total of 115 were
directly certified.   Therefore, the  NSPS certified/certifiable  woodstove  models used  as  the  basis  for
determining emission  factors  represent only 4 percent of the approved catalytic  units  and 7 percent of the
approved noncatalytic units.  In addition, none of the woodstoves evaluated  in the field studies were directly
certified under NSPS requirements. Tables IV-6 and IV-7 present the number of acceptable emission samples
collected, woodstove installations, and stove models used per study for catalytic and noncatalytic technologies.
Confidence intervals for calculated mean emission rates are shown in Tables IV-8 and IV-9  for catalytic and
non-catalytic technologies, respectively.

     Because of  the  limited data available,  and the demonstrated degree  of variability in emission rates
between homes (installations) with the same stove model, recommended emission factors are based on  the
data in Tables III-8 (catalytic technology) and HI-10 (noncatalytic technology).   Tables IV-10 and IV-11
present the  recommended  emission factors and  related statistics for 1988  certified/certifiable catalytic and
noncatalytic woodstove technologies.  A comparison of the recommended gram-per-hour emission factors for
1988 NSPS certified/certifiable catalytic and noncatalytic woodstoves with the 1988 (Phase 1) NSPS emission
limits is shown in Table IV-12.

     The differences between the 1988 NSPS (Phase I) emission limits and recommended emission factors can
be attributed to differences between the standardized fueling protocol  used for  certified woodstoves (EPA
Method 28)l  and  the  variability  associated  with in-situ  woodstove  fueling, operating,  installation,  and
maintenance conditions. An additional contributing factor could be that the  woodstoves used as the basis for
determining emission factors basically represent "first generation"  emission control technologies, which were
certified under the less stringent (as compared to EPA NSPS direct-certification provisions) Oregon rules.  It
is expected as emission control technology improves  for  NSPS-certified woodstoves that a  more  consistent
pattern of relatively low emission rate performance will be demonstrated.

     Due to  the limited number of emission  samples used to derive the recommended participate emission
factors, no adjustment factors based on burn rates are proposed.  As in the case with the recommended
emission factors for traditional technology woodstoves, the user should  recognize the limitations of the data
and apply the appropriate caveats,  e.g., use confidence limits, when using the recommended  emission factors
on either an absolute or relative comparison basis.
                                                FV-6

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                    Table IV-6

             Data Base Sample Sizes
               Catalytic Woodstoves
          (1988 NSPS Certified/Certifiable)

Study Area
"Northeast"
"Northwest"
"Whitehorse"
All Areas
Emission
Samples
3
5
10
18
Woodstove
Installations
2
1
2
5
Stove
Models
2
1
1
3*
*  One of the stove models (C-A) was installed in two
   study areas.
                   Table IV-7

             Data Base Sample Sizes
             Noncatalytic Woodstoves
          (1988 NSPS Certified/Certifiable)

Study Area
"Northeast"
"Northwest"
"Whitehorse"
All Areas
Emission
Samples
11
5
5
21
Woodstove
Installations
6
1
1
8
Stove
Models
2
1
1
3*
   One of the stove models (NC-B) was installed in two
   study areas.
                      IV-7

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                                          Table IV-8

                                     Confidence Intervals
                                     Catalytic Wood stoves
                                (1988 NSPS Certified/Certifiable)
Emission
Factor
g/hr
g/kg
Confidence
Limit
95%
99%
95%
99%
Data Base Used for Calculations
"Emission Samples"1
6.9 ± 1.6
6.9 ± 2.1
7.3 ± 1.6
7.3 ± 2.1
"Woodstove Installations"2
6.2 ± 2.2
6.2 ± 2.8
6.6 ± 1.9
6.6 ± 2.5
"Stove Model"3
5.9 ± 3.0
5.9 ± 3.7
6.3 ± 2.7
6.3 ± 3.6
1. Calculations based on individual emission sample emission rates (Table Ill-e).
   N = 18,   g/kg
3. Calculations based on average "woodstove model" specific emission rates (Table III-9).
                                          Table IV-9

                                     Confidence Intervals
                                   Noncatalytic Wood stoves
                                (1988 NSPS Certified/Certifiable)
Emission
Factor
g/hr
g/kg
Confidence
Limit
95%
99%
95%
99%
Data Base Used for Calculations
"Emission Samples"1
9.5 ± 2.4
9.5 ± 3.1
9.8 ± 2.5
9.8 ± 3.2
"Woodstove Installations"2
9.2 ± 3.8
9.2 ± 5.0
9.6 ± 3.8
9.6 ± 5.0
"Stove Model"3
8.7 ± 3.1
8.7 ± 4.0
8.8 ± 2.5
8.8 ± 3.3
1.  Calculations based on individual emission sample emission rates (Table 111-7).
   N=21,
2.  Calculations based on average "woodstove installation" emission rates (Table 111-10).
3.  Calculations based on average "woodstove model" specific emission rates (Table
   N=3»
                                                                                1-11).
                                             rv-8

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                  Table IV-10

    Recommended Paniculate Emission Factors
              Catalytic Woodstoves
         (1988 NSPS Certified/Certifiable)

Emission Rate
Standard Deviation
Range
95% Confidence Interval
99% Confidence Interval
g/hr
6.2
2.5
4.0 - 9.2
6.2 ± 2.2
6.2 ± 2.8
g/kg
6.6
2.2
4.7-9.1
6.6 ± 1.9
6.6 ± 2.5
                  Table IV-11

    Recommended Paniculate Emission Factors
            Noncatalytic Woodstoves
         (1988 NSPS Certified/Certifiable)

Emission Rate
Standard Deviation
Range
95% Confidence Interval
99% Confidence Interval
g/hr
9.2
5.5
3.6-21.8
9.2 ± 3.8
9.2 ± 5.0
g/kg
9.6
5.5
4.0 - 22.5
9.6 ± 3.8
9.6 ± 5.0
                  Table IV-12
Comparison of 1988 (Phase I) NSPS Emission Limits
 with Recommended 1988 NSPS Emission Factors
Technology
Catalytic
Noncatalytic
Phase I
Emission Limits (g/hr)
5.5
8.5
Recommended 1988 NSPS
Emission Factors (g/hr)
6.2
9.2
                     IV-9

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                                     V. REFERENCES


 1.   United States Environmental Protection Agency. Standard of Performance for New Stationary Sources;
     New Residential Wood Heaters.  Federal Register, Volume 53, Number 38, Section 40 CFR, Part 60.
     February 26,1988.

 2.   OMNI Environmental Services, Inc.  "Performance Monitoring of Catalyst Stoves, Add-Ons, and High-
     Efficiency  Stoves.   Field Testing for Fuel Savings, Creosote Build-Up and Emissions", Volume 1.
     Prepared for Coalition of Northeastern Governors, New York State Energy Research and Development
     Authority, and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.  October 1987.

 3.   Burnet,  P.B. and Simons, CA.   "Identification of Factors Which  Affect Combustion Efficiency and
     Environmental Impacts from Woodstoves", Task D, U.S. Department of Energy's Pacific Northwest and
     Alaska Regional Biomass Energy  Program (as administered by the Bonneville Power Administration).
     Contract No. DE-AC79-85BP18508. July 1988.

 4.   Simons,  CA.; Christiansen,  P.D.; Houck, I.E.; and Pritchett, L.C.   "Woodstove  Sampling Methods
     Comparability Analysis and In-Situ Evaluation of  New  Technology Woodstoves - Task G."   U.S.
     Department  of  Energy's Pacific  Northwest  and  Alaska Regional Biomass  Energy  Program  (as
     administered by the Bonneville Power Administration). Contract No. DE-AC79-85BP18508. June 1988.

 5.   Simons,  C.A.  "Final Report - Particulate Emission Test, Emission Control System Inspection and Leak
     Check - Blaze King 'King' in Home P02."  Prepared for the Oregon  Department of Environmental
     Quality and the Environmental Protection Agency. April 1988.

 6.   Simons,  C.A.; Christiansen, P.D.; Pritchett, L.C.; and Beyerman, G_A.  "Whitehorse Efficient Woodheat
     Demonstration."  Prepared  for the City of Whitehorse  and Energy, Mines and Resources Canada.
     September 1987.

 7.   "Catalyst for Success," Volume I, Issue 1, Corning Glass Works Company, March 1988.

 8.   Edmisten, N.; Simons,  CA.; and Tiegs, P.E.  "Major Studies and Preliminary Findings on Woodstove
     Performance in 91 Homes in Oregon, New York, and Vermont." APCA Paper 86-74.4, Annual Meeting,
     Air Pollution Control Association, Minneapolis, Minnesota.  June 1984.

 9.   Houck, J.E.; Simons, CA.; and Burnet, P.G.  "A System to Obtain Tune-Integrated Woodstove Emission
     Samples."   Proceedings of the 1986 EPA/APCA Symposium  on Measurement of Toxic Air Pollutants.
     Research Triangle Park, North Carolina. April 1986.

10.   United States Environmental Protection Agency.  "Emission Factor Documentation for AP-42: Section
     1.10, Residential Wood Stoves." EPA-340/4-82-003.  May 1983.

11.   Oregon  Department of Environmental Quality.  Administrative Rules for Certification of Woodstoves,
     OAR-340-21-100 through 340-21-190. June 8,1984.

12.   Satterfield, Gary, Wood Heating Alliance.  Personal communication. July 25,1988.

13.   "Statistical  Record—Whitehorse  Woodheating Appliances."   Building Inspector Branch, City  of
     Whitehorse. 1986.


                                              V-l

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14.   Christiansen,  P.D.; Simons, C.A.; and  Pritchett, L.C.  "An In-Situ Performance Evaluation  of Two
     Woodstove Catalytic Retrofit Devices," Oregon Department of Environmental Quality.  May 1987.

15.   U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.  "Residential Wood Heaters Certified by the U.S. Environmental
     Protection Agency." Stationary Source Compliance Division. July 21,1988.
                                               V-2

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                                   TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
                            (Please read Instructions on the reverie before completing)
 REPORT NO.
IPA-450/3-88-013
                                                              RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO.
 TITLE AND SUBTITLE
 In-Situ Emission Factors  for Residential  Wood
 Combustion  Units
                                       5. REPORT DATE
                                        December 1988
                                       6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
 AUTHOR(S)
                                                            I. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
 PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
 Office of Air  Quality Planning and Standards
 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
 Research Triangle Park, NC  27711
                                                            10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
                                       11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
2. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
 Office of  Air Quality Planning and Standards
 Air and Radiation
 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
 Research Triangle Park, NC  27711	
                                       13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
                                              Final	
                                       14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
5. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
6. ABSTRACT
      This report presents particulate emission factors  (grams per hour,
 grams per kilogram) for existing traditional  technology woodstoves and
 catalytic and  noncatalytic units which meett or could meet  the Environmental
 Protection Agency's 1988 new source performance standards.
7.
                                KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
                  DESCRIPTORS
                                               b.lOENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
                                                        COSATI Field/Group
 Air Pollution
 Pollution Control
 Woodstoves
 Residential Wood Combustion
 Wood Heaters
 Catalytic Stoves
 Noncatalytic stoves
Particulate Matter
Standards  of Performance
Air Pollution
13b
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT

  Unlimited
                          19. SECURITY CLASS I Tins Report/
                            Unclassified
                                                                           21. NO. OF PAGES
                             43
                                               20. SECURITY CLASS (TlliS page)
                                                 Unclassified
                                                                           22. PRICE
EPA farm 2220-1 (R«v. 4-77)   PREVIOUS EDITION is OBSOLETE

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