United States
          Environmental Protection
          Agency
           Region 3
           6th and Walnut Streets
           Philadelphia, PA 19106
September 1979
&EPA
Draft Environmental
Impact Statement
Appendices
Horsham-Warminster-
Warrington,Pennsylvania
Wastewater Treatment
Facilities

-------
                      Draft Environmental Impact Statement
                                   Appendices
                                       on
                   Horsham-Warmins ter-Warrington,  Pennsylvania
                         Wastewater Treatment Facilities
                                  Prepared by:

                      U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
                                   Region III
                           Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

                       RICHARD V. PEPINO, PROJECT MONITOR

                  D. JEFFREY BARNETT, ASSISTANT PROJECT MONITOR
                        Prepared with the assistance of:
                                  WAPORA, Inc.
                              Berwyn, Pennsylvania

                          ROBERT SCOTT, PROJECT MONITOR
Type of action:

     Legislative (   )
     Administrative ( X )

-------
                          APPENDICES








A      Septic Tank System Analysis




B      Soil Suitability of Developable Land




C      Quality of Groundwater from Wells




D      PA-DER Criteria for Surface Water Quality




E      Baseline Water Quality Conditions




F      Peak Discharge for Little Neshaminy Creek and Park  Creek




G      Population Estimates by Subarea




H      Distribution of Land Uses by Subarea




I      Institutional Responsibilities in Land Use Management




J      AICUZ Recommendations for Land Use Changes




K      Community Services




L      Historic Cultural Resource Inventory




M      Cost of Alternative Systems




N      Overview of Waste Management Systems

-------
                             LIST OF TABLES


B-l     Soil suitability of developable  residentialy  zoned  land for land
          disposal of wastewater by subarea  (in  acres)

C-l     Quality of water in public water supply  wells in Horsham

C-2     Quality of water in public water supply  wells in Warrington

C-3     Quality of water in public water supply  wells in Warminster

D-l     Water quality parameters associated  with stream criteria and
          effluent limitations

E-l     Reported values for water quality in the planning area

F-l     Peak discharges of Little Neshaminy  Creek and Park Creek

G-l     Population estimates  for the  planning area,  1975-2020, by subareas

H-l     Land use in  the planning area  by subarea, 1978

H-2     Land use categories use  for land use mapping  of the planning area

1-1     Public institutional  responsibilities in land use managment in
          southeastern PA

K-l     Parks and  recreational  lands  in  the  planning  area

M-l     Costs for  alternative 1  by municipality

M-2     Costs for  alternative 2  by municipality

M-3     Costs for  alternative 3  by municipality

M-4     Costs for  alternative 4  by municipality

M-5     Costs for  alternative 5  by municipality

N-l     Four land  application systems
                                     ii

-------
                            LIST OF FIGURES






B-l     Soil suitability for subsurface disposal systems




C-l     Geology and well locations




K-l     Major industrial and commercial concentration




K-2     Public school and community services

-------
                          APPENDIX A

                 Septic Tank System Analysis
                               by
US-EPA Environmental Photographic Interpretation Center (EPIC)
                               A-l

-------
                          U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
                              OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
              ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING ANO SUPPORT LABORATORY - LAS VEGAS
                  P.O. BOX 15027. LAS VE6AS. NEVADA 89114 • 702/738-2989 |RS 555-2969)
   Date:  December 6, 1978

Reply to
  Attn of:
.  RSD
 Subject:  Horsham, Harrington, and Warminster EIS


    To:  Mr.  Robert Pickett, 3IR60
        EIS Preparation Section
        Region III
        Enclosed is completed report of the land use/cover inventory and
        septic tank system analysis for Horsham, Warrington, and Warmister
        Townships in Pennsylvania (RSD Project 7855)

        Inquiries concerning this report should be directed to the Program
        Manager at the Environmental Photographic Interpretation Center,
        FXS 557-3110.
        David N.  McNelis
        Director
        Remote Sensing Division

        Enclosure

        cc:(w/o encl)
        N. DeBenedictis (3IROO) Reg. Ill
        A. Trakowski (RD-680)
        M. Mastracci (RD-674)
        R. Jaquish,  RLS,  EMSL-LV
        V. Webb,  EPIC,  EMSL-LV
        F. Clawson,  EMSL-LV
                                        A-3

-------
Introduction

     The following report was produced at the request of the EIS Pre-
paration Section, EPA Region III for inclusion in an environmental
impact statement being prepared by the Regional office for evaluation
of alternative sewage collection systems for Warrington, Warminster,
and Horsham Townships in southeastern Pennsylvania (see location diagram).
The three requested tasks that have been completed by EPIC include:

     1) the compilation of photo-mosaics of the three townships,

     2) the preparation of land use/cover maps for the three
        townships, and,

     3) a photo-analysis of the area for the purpose of iden-
        tifying and locating failing on-lot septic tank systems.

Photo-Mosaics and Land Use/Cover

     Color aerial photography exposed at a scale of 1:24,000 was utilized
to produce the prints used in compiling the photo-mosaics, and also in
the analysis of land use/cover categories.  The modified Level II land
use/cover scheme used included the following categories:

     1  Urban and Built-up Land

        11 Residential
        12 Commercial/Services/Institutional
        13 Industrial and Utilities
        14 Transportation and Communications
        15 Recreational Areas and Facilities

     2  Agriculture

        21 Cropland and Pasture

     3  Rangeland

        32 Shrub, Brushland and Grassland

     4  Forestland

        41 Mixed Forest

     5  Water

        52  Lakes and Ponds

     7  Barren  Land

        76 Transitional Land/Construction
                                     A-4

-------
Septic Tank System Analysis

     Utilizing normal color, color infrared, and thermal infrared imagery
acquired 2 June 1978, an analysis was done on Warrington, Warminster,
and Horsham Townships to identify and locate individual home septic
tank systems exhibiting signs of failure at the time of the overflight.

     Failure of such systems can usually be attributed to one or more of
the following causes: 1) the soil used in the absorption field has too
slow a percolation rate to allow for adequate assimilation, filtration,
and biodegradation of sewage effluent flowing into it, 2) the septic
tank system is installed in an area where the seasonal water table is too
high for its designed use, 3) the system is installed too close to an
underlying impervious layer, 4) the soil used in the absorption field has
too high a percolation rate for effective attenuation of sewage effluent
prior to its reaching underlying groundwater, 5) mechanical malfunctions
or breakage in the septic tank, distribution box, and/or drainage pipes
has occurred, 6) caustic, toxic, or otherwise harmful substances which
could kill the bacteria in the septic tank or soil and cause clogging
have been flushed into the system, and 7) all or part of the system has
been improperly installed.  Other potential causes for on-lot disposal
system malfunctions can be found in Reference (1).

     With respect to remote sensing of failing septic tank systems,  only
those malfunctions which are noticeable on the surface can be detected on
aerial imagery.  Based upon work done in Nettle Lake (Ohio), Steuben
County (Indiana), and the Dayton-Springfield area in Ohio, it has been
determined that the primary surface manifestations associated with failing
septic tanks and/or absorption fields are: 1) conspicuously lush vege-
tation, 2) dead vegetation (specifically grass), 3) standing water or
seepage, and 4) dark soil where excess organic matter has accumulated.
In many cases, the outline of the drainage lines can be distinguished on
the aerial photography.   This does not always mean, however, that a
problem exists.

     All of these manifestations, or "signatures", are best distinguished
on normal color and color infrared film exposed at scales of 1:10,000
or larger.  Thermal infrared imagery does not appear to be as valuable
in discerning failing systems during this time of the year (i.e. spring
or summer).  It may be a more effective sensor, however, in either the
fall or winter when the importance of vegetation characteristics diminish
(e.g. when grass is dormant or light snow-cover is present), and tempera-
ture differences between sewage effluent and the ground become greater.

     Using the above signatures as "photo-interpretation keys", approxi-
mately one hundred and twenty (120) homesites in Warrington, Warminster,
and Horsham Townships were chosen for subsequent ground inspection.   Of
these, sixty-eight (68)  were determined to have failing septic tanks or
absorption fields at the time of the inspection.  An additional twenty-
five (25) systems exhibited signs of having failed in the past, or having
the potential for malfunctioning during periods of excessive use of
moderate to heavy rainfall.
                                  A-5

-------
     The overestimation of suspect sites was due to the similarity in sig-
natures of failing septic systems and some unrelated ground phenomena,
and the possibility that some of these sites were exhibiting signs of
malfunctioning systems during the overflight, but were not doing so
during the time of the ground inspection.  Despite the excess number
of suspect sites, most, if not all, of the major failures were believed
to have been identified and located.  Thus, based upon the photo analysis,
and the subsequent ground inspection, it was concluded that there are
several residential areas within the  three townships that are experiencing
problems with on-lot sewage disposal systems which result in visible
seepage, break-outs, or other types of wastewater release.
Reference

1) Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, Department of Environmental Resources,
   Technical Manual for Sewage Enforcement Officers, May 1975.
                                A-6

-------
             APPENDIX B




Soil Suitability of Developable Land
                B-l

-------
Table B-l.  Summary of soil suitability of developable residentially
  zoned land for land disposal of wastewater,  by subarea (in acres).
                Suitable          Probably Not            Not  Suitable
Subarea         Land Area       Suitable Land  Area         Land Area

1                    8                  51                    42
2                   22                  66                    131
312                      1
4                   50                 309                    254
5                   13                  41                    13
6                    0                  28                    200
7                   32                 151                    104
8                   49                 160                    82
11 (Warrington      88                  32                    181
    only)
                                 B-3

-------
           APPENDIX C

Quality of Groundwater from Wells
        in Planning Area
             C-l

-------
      PLANNING AREA BOUNDARY
      HORSHAM TOWNSHIP
      MUNIPAL AUTHORITY WELL
      WARRINGTON TOWNSHIP
      MUNICIPAL AUTHORITY WELL
      WARUINSTER  TOWNSHIP
      MUNICIPAL AUTHORITY WELL
      FORMATION CONTACT
      DASHED WHERE APPROXIMATELY LOCATED
      MEMBER CONTACT                 T     STOCKTON
      DASHED WHERE APPROXIMATELY LOCATED  RSU  UPPER SHALE MEMBER
     TR1ASSIC
     LOCATONS FORMATION
"Be , TRIASSIC STOCKTON FORMATION
^
^




RMATION



'..
^

\ 2
V
v
s
N
• V
3 X
"15
!'
N\
T. >• '
Rsm
- \\
- . -.

'',


10
      FAULT

      ANTICLINE

      TRIASSIC  DIABASE DIKE
     STOCKTON
     MIDDLE ARKOSE MEMBER
     STOCKTON
     LOWER ARKOSE MEMBER
FIGURE   C-T
GEOLOGY AND WELL LOCATIONS
                                                           C-3

-------
Table C-l.   Quality of water in public water supply wells  located  in the  Horsham Municipal  Authority
  service area in the Horsham,  Warrington,  and  Warminster  planning area.   The location of wells  is
  depicted in Figure C-l.   Values are expressed in mg/1  except where otherwise noted.   Blanks  indi-
  cate that no measurements are recorded (BCDH  1978) .
                                           PARAMETER
Map
Well
Date No.
July 1977 HI
112
113
o
4v 114
H 5
116
H7
H8
H9
H10
1111
H12
Turbidity

1
1
I
1
1
1.5
1
1
1
1
1
1

-------
Table C-2.   Quality of water in public water supply wells  located  in Warrington Township Municipal
  Authority service area in the Horsham,  Warrington,  Warminster  planning  area.   The location of
  wells is  depicted in Figure C-l.   Values are expressed in mg/1 except where otherwise noted.
  Blanks indicate that no measurements are recorded (BCDH  1978).
                                           PA II A METER



o
1
(Jl



Dace
March 1977
July 1977
July 1975
December 1975
December 1976
August 1976
January 1978
January 1977
January 1978
July 1977







Map
Well
No.
I & 2
1 £, 2
2
3
3
4
5
5
5
5
X
«j
v<
•d
•H
.0
to
H



1
<1
<1
<1
1
2.5
1.5
<1
1.5
< 1
w
4-1
•l-f
cj
3

ra
o.



8.4
7.6
7.5
7.0
7.6
7.9
7.8
7.9
7.8
7.9
>.
u
M PI
a o
•H U
•a a
.*
3 3



112
22
102
542
166
158
184
92
104
92

VI
VI
 W
•H o
p n
5 *J
M'H
H w



0.05
0.06
0.02
0.02
O.Q5
0.04
0.11
0.04
0.1)
0.04
e
D
0 C4
4J O
Ti *•<
JJ >H
•rl ^,
va



0.024
0.02
0
0.032
0.018
0.02
0.024
0.024
0.024
0.024

,.( E
• 0} a)
•M bO
III O
H U
.11 tJ
,1H Tl



3.06
3.5
1. 88
2. 13
1.22
2.42
1.74
0.56
J.74
0.56


o
j:
Cu



0.07
0.07
0.1
0.05
0.06
2.1
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.04

-------
            Table C-3.   Quality of water in public  water supply wells located  in Warminster Township Municipal
              Authority service area in the Horsham,  Warrington, Warminster planning area.   The location of
              wells is  depicted in Figure C-l.  Values are expressed in mg/1 except  where otherwise noted.
              Blanks indicate that no measurements  were recorded (BCDH 1978).
                                                         PARAMETER
   Date
July
o
i
 October 1973

 February 1975
 December 1975



 March  1976

 December 1976
Map
Well
No.
WMl
WM2
WM3
WM4
WM4
WM13
WM14
WM15
WM6
WM8
WM9
WM7
S
3
>i VI
U U
f< -H
•O C
-H 3
M
3 W .
H 0.


<1 6.9
<1 7.
<1 7.
<1 7.
2 7.
1 7.
<1 7.
<1 0.
<1 7.
<1 7.
<1 7.
1 7.
1
I
5
2
7
6
I
6
7
8
4
Alkalinity
as CaC03

46
114
150
112
132
124
85
130
126
126
108
140
Hardness

132
143
154
176
414
165
143
143
144
162
96
170
Ansonia
Nitrogen

0.05
0.06
0.05
0.09
0.04
0.02
0
0.06
0.03
0.02
0.02
0.07
Nitrite
Mitrogea

0.04
0.05
0.036
0.05
0.016
0.004
0.024
0.03
0.05
0.05
0.034
0.016
Nitrate
Nitrogen


4.10
4.
3.
3.
0,
3.
1.
0.
3.
4.
3.
3.
10
96
96
24
3
04
1
0
08
36
06
Chloride

33
22
15
21
7
16
44
13
19
20
16
16

0. )4
0.1
0.11
0.12 0.06
0.1
0.1
0.07
0.01 0.07
0.01 0.12
< .01 O.J3
0 .01 0.12

-------
        APPENDIX D

PA-DER Criteria for Surface
      Water Quality
          D-l

-------
            Table D-l.   Water quality parameters  associated with  stream  criteria and  effluent  limitations
              within the Horsham,  Warminster,  Warrington  Pennsylvania  planning  area  (PA-DER 1978).   Stream
              criteria  are extracted  from Chapter 93,  Title 25  of  the  Pennsylvania Code;  effluent limita-
              tions are according  to  the "Neshaminy  C  Criteria" issued by PA-DER  pursuant to the Pennsylvania
              Clean Streams Law as amended through 1976.   NC means no  criterion.
o
GO
            PARAMETER
            Coliform Bacteria
pH (pH units)
*
Dissolved Oxygen (mg/1)


Total Iron (mg/1)

Color (units)

Turbidity (units)

Temperature
            BOD5 (mg/1)
          STREAM

Not more than 5,000/100 ml as a
monthly average value nor more
than this number in more than 20%
of samples collected during
any month, nor more than 20,000/
100 ml in more than 5% of the
samples

6.0 - 8.5

Minimum daily average 5,0 mg/1;
no value less than 4.0 mg/1

£1.5

<50

£100

Not. more than a 5°F rise above ambient
temperature or a maximum of 87 °F,
whichever is less; rate of change
shall not. exceed 2°F per hour

£4.0 mg/1
                                                                                            EFFLUENT

                                                                                     £200 fecal organisms/100 ml
                                                                                     as the geometric mean
6.0 - 9.0

Same as in-stream


NC

NC

NC

NC
                                                                                     During the period 1 May to
                                                                                     31 October;
                                                                                     £6 as monthly average
                                                                                     £l5 at any time

                                                                                     During the period 1 Novembe:
                                                                                     to 30 April:
                                                                                     £12 monthly average
                                                                                     <30 at any time

-------
Table D-l.  Water quality parameters (continued).
PARAMETER
Suspended Solids (mg/1)
Dissolved Solids (mg/1)
NH3 - N (mg/1)
Total Nitrogen (mg/1)
          STREAM
Phosphate (total soluble)

Chlorine

Heavy Metals
(Cd, Cr, Ni, Hg, Pb,
Zn, Cu)
NC
Not more than 500 mg/1 as a
Monthly average value; not more
than 750 mg/1 at any time

<1.5a
NC
NC

NC

NC
      EFFLUENT

£30 as monthly average
<100 at any  time-

NC
During the period 1 June
to 31 October:
7 day average <3.0

During the period 1 June  to
31 October:
£8 mg/1

During the period 1 November
to 31 May:
£24 mg/1

NC

NC

NC
  Stream criterion from "Neshaminy C Criteria",

-------
Table D-l.  Water quality parameters (concluded).


General Water Quality Criteria

(a)  Water shall not contain substances attributable to municipal,  industrial,  or other
     waste discharges in concentration or amounts  sufficient to be  inimical or  harmful
     to the water uses to be protected or to human,  animal,  plant or aquatic life.

(b)  Specific substances to be controlled shall include, but shall  not be limited to,
     floating debris, oil, scum,  and other floating  materials,  toxic substances and
     substances which produce color, tastes, odors,  or settle to form sludge deposits.

-------
           APPENDIX E




Baseline Water Quality Conditions
                E-l

-------
Table E-l.   Reported values for  water  quality parameters  in  the Horsham-Warminster-Warrington planning area, Montgomery  and  Bucks  Counties,
  Pennsylvania,  1968-1977..  Samples  from all  stations  indicated ambient stream conditions except at Stations 3,  7,  9,  and  11,  where STP
  effluent  was collected.   Station locations  are  indicated in  Figure    .  NM indicates  that the parameter was not  measured.
                                                                     STATIONS
                                        la
CHEMICAL PARAMETER
Temperature (CC)
Avg. (range)
*
Dissolved Oxygen (mg/1)
Avg. (range)
BODs (mg/1)
Avg. (range)
pH (pH units)
Avg. (range)
Total Dissolved
Solids (mg/1)
Avg. (range)
'Total Suspended
Solids (mg/1)
Avg. (range)
Nitrates (as N) (mg/1)
Avg. (range)
Ammonia Nitrogen
(as N)(mg/l)
Av-. (range)
Phosphates (as P04)
(mg/1)
Avg. (range)
Turbidity (units not
A1/.;, (i ;iiij;i!)
Color (units not
/specified)
Avg. (range)
Tot.il Coll form/100 ml
Avg. (range)
1967 - 1968
14.3
(0.5-25.0)
11.3
(5.0-13.0)
NM
7.6
(6.8-8.9)

217
(176-298)
NM
1.00
(0.07-4.54)
NM
0.28
(0.13-0.60)

5
(1-12)

11
(2-40)
2,316
(90-28,500)
1968 - 1969 2b
12.0
(0.5-22.0) (19.5-28.5)
10.7
(5.0-17.8) (3.4-10.3)
NM NM
7.5 NM
(7.1-8.5)

216 NM
(173-267)
NM NM
1.01
(0.05-4.54) (0.04-0.36)
NM
(0.06-0.12)
0.40
(0.19-0.72) (0.24-1.10)

8 NM
(2-40)

11 NM
(2-30)
1,259 NM
(110-3,400)
3C 4b 1967 - 1968
14.5
NM (18.5-24.0) (0.3-31.0)
11.5
NM ( 2.8-10.9) (5.9-16.1)
23 NM NM
7.0 NM 7.6
(6.5-8.8)

NM NM 218
(172-272)
57 NM NM
2.45 0.89
(0.40-0.48) (0.12-3.82)
11.85 NM
(0.24-0.44)
5.7 0.21
(0.06-0.14) (0.12-0.69)

16 NM 11
(1-116)

NM NM 9
(3-30)
NM NM 1,244
(20-5,800)
1968 - 1969
13.5
(0.5-26.0)
12.1
(7.0-18.0)
NM
7.7
(6.9-8.8)

250
(204-323)
NM
1.13
(0-3.82)
NM
0.32
(0.16-0.71)

5
(2-10)

9
O-20)
: ,: 02
6b
(18.5-26.0)
( 6.0-10.2)
NM
NM

NM
N>I
(1.32-3.08)
(0.10-0.20)
(0.50-1.52)

NM

NM
NM

-------
  Table  E-l.   Reported values for water quality parameters in the Horshatn-Warminster-Warrington planning area (continued)
   CHEMICAL PARAMETER

   Temperature (°C)
     Avg.  (range)

   Dissolved Oxygen  (mg/1)
     Avg.  (range)

   BOD5  Oing/1)
     Avg,  (range)

   pH (pH  units)
     Avg.  (range)

   Total Dissolved
     Solids (mg/1)
     Avg.  (range)

   Total Suspended
rn   Solids '(mg/1)
-P»   Avg.  (range)

   Nitrates (as N) (mg/1)
     Avg.  (range)

   Ammonia Nitrogen
     (as N)(mg/l)
     Avg .  ( range)

   Phosphates (as  P(>4)
     Avg.  (range)

   Turbidity (units .not
     specified)
     Avg.  (range)

   Color (units not
   '  specified)
     Avg.  (range)

   Total Coliforms/100 ml       NM      NM           2,112           2,343             NM      NM           NM            NM       NM
     Avg.  (range)                                    (40-11,000)     (350-11,000)
7
7C 7b
NM 21.0
NM
(4.8-6.4)
23 14.0
NM 6.8
NM NM
NM 50
1.29
(1.32-3.08)
5.52
(0.10-0.20)
3.93
(0.50-1.52)
NM 27
NM NM

1967 - 1968
12.7
(0.3-26.5)
10.4
(7.6-15.0)
NM
7.2
(6.7-8.2)
199
(172-226)
NM
1.74
(0.69-5.89)
NM
0.81
(0.31-1.91)
7
(1-21)
14
(5-30)
8a 9 11
1968 - 1969 9° 9b 10b 11° llb
11.0 NM 24.0 NM
(0.5-24.5) (19.0-28.5) 23.0
10.8 NM NM
(6.0-15.) (4.0-4.9) ( 3.4-10.7) (4.0-8.2)
NM 19 NM 17
(18.0-54.4) 12.0
7.3 72 NM NM 72 NM
(6.8-8.2)
263 NM NM NM NM NM
(202-373)
NM 39 NM NM 37 NM
1.56 3.14 7.26 10.3
(0.49-5.39) (1.24-3.52) 11.00
NM 8.84 1.32 6.28 9.24
(0.38-2.53)
0.87 7.77 11.00 11.3
(0.34-2.24) (1.00-4.29) 8.03
9 17 NM NM 18 NM
(5-18)
12 NM NM NM NM NM
(6-25)

-------
Table E-l.  Reported values for water quality parameters in the Horsham-Warmlnster-Warrington planning area (continued).

                                                         12
                                                                                                                      14*
CHEMICAL PARAMETER
Temperature (°C)
Avg. (range)
Dissolved Oxygen (mg/1)
Avg. (range)
BOD5 (mg/1)
Avg. (range)
pH (pH units)
Avg. (range)
Total Dissolved
Solids (mg/1)
Avg. (range)
Total Suspended
Solids (mg/1)
m Avg. (range)
01
Nitrates (as. N) (mg/1)
Avg. (range)
Ammonia Nitrogen
(as N) (rag/1)
Avg. (range)
Phosphates (as P04)
Avg. (range)
Turbidity (units not
specified)
Avg. (range)
Color (units not
specified)
Avg. (range)
Total Coliforms/100 ml
Avg. (range)
j.£>
1967 - 1968
13.8
(2.0-26.5)
8.5
(4.1-13.6)
NM
7.0
(6.8-7.3)
260
(218-302)
NM
2.87
(0.89-11.1)
NM
10.8
(2.28-49.4)
9
C2-18)
20
C8-401
1,386
(0-5,800)
1968 - 1969 12b
12.0
(0.5-26) (19.0-26.0)
8.6
(2.2-13.0) (5.5-8.7)
NM NM
7.1 NM
(6.9-7.3)
344 NM
(238-452)
NM NM
2.96
(0.95-11.06) (6.38-14.08)
NM
(5.39-5.72)
16.7
(2.07-49.4) (7.81-8.69)
15 NM
(.5-100)
19 NM
(10-60)
1,954 NM
(.0-7,400)
13b 1967 - 1968
13.6
(19.5-24.0) (0.5-28.0)
9.1
(3.0-5.2) (4.9-13.2)
NM NM
NM 7.1
(6.8-7.5)
NM 256
(202-314)
NM NM
3.2
(0.46-9.68) (0.55-12.7)
NM
(4.4-5.17)
9.55
(7.34-8.25) (1.59-41.2)
NM 7
(1-30)
NM 24
(5-40)
NM 2,122
(90-5,700)
1968 - 1969
12.0
(0.5-26.5)
9.8
(4.9-17.0)
NM
7.3
(7.0-7.8)
316
(232-424)
NM
3.50
(0.83-12.72)
NM
15.45
(2.08-41.2)
14
(5-115)
15
(7-60)
2,025
(160-5,500)

-------
Table E-l.  Reported values for water quality parameters in the Horsham-Warminster-Warrington planning area (concluded).
       Data from Broadfoot et al.  1969,  1970.  Duplicate samples were taken at three week intervals during the period September 1967
          to September 1968 and during the period September 1968 to August 1969.


       Data from Water Resource Engineers 1976.  All in-stream samples were collected on 4 August 1976.   At each station the
          in-stream samples were collected during the early morning (0400 to 0630)  and during the midday (1230 to 1420).  Effluent
          sample values were taken from the monthly operating reports of the respective STP's:

     pi
       Data from Bucks County Planning Commission 1977.   The values for each STP  are yearly averages (1974-1975) computed from the
          monthly operating reports of the respective STP's.

-------
             APPENDIX F

Peak Discharge for Little Neshaminy Creek
           and Park Creek
                F-l

-------
            Table F-l.  Peak discharges of Little Neshaminy Creek and Park Creek during the 10, 50, 100, and 500
             year storm events  (US-HUD 1978).
                                         Drainage Area
                                         (sq  mi)	
                                                           Peak Discharges  (cfs)
                                                  10 Year      50 Year      100 Year      500 Year
           Little Neshaminy Creek
              Downstream of Warrington
                Corporate Limits             25.4
              Downstream of Warminster
                 Corporate Limits
                                  28.7
                                                  2,437
2,492
            4,225
4,334
            5,489
5,851
             10,850
11,350
CO
Park Creek
   Confluence with Little
     Neshaminy Creek
                                             11.6
1,780
2,747
3,104
 3,824

-------
           APPENDIX G




Population Estimates by Subarea
                 G-l

-------
TableG-1.Population estimates for the Horsham,  Warminster,  and Warrington
  Pennsylvania, planning area, 1975 - 2020,  by subarea.
Subarea    1975     1980     1985     1990     1995      2000      2010     2020
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
498
1,471
46
589
380
305
762
608
1,119
145
43,371
732
2,229
46
656
404
336
807
904
1,188
145
46,657
861
2,591
46
744
435
377
865
1,270
1,298
145
47,565
975
2,909
46
799
456
402
897
1,475
1,329
145
48,357
1,114
3,712
93
859
484
526
1,010
1,586
1,344
171
48,834
1,253
4,523
142
919
512
650
1,123
1,661
1,361
196
49,343
1,322
4,930
164
1,103
599
1,209
1,465
1,946
1,369
273
49,517
1,388
5,335
191
1,287
688
1,406
1,806
2,231
1,376
350
49,690
 Total
 Plan-
 ning
 Area    49,294   54.104   56,197   57,790    59,715    61,683    63,717    65,748
                                  6-3

-------
             APPENDIX H




Distribution of Land Uses by Subarea
                 H-l

-------
Table H-l.
  1978.
Land use in the Horsham,  Warminster, and Warrington,  Pennsylvania planning area,  by subarea
Subarea

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
           T arlf1
           •ljeillu
            346
          1,275
             84
          1,807
            784
cd
•H
4-1
0
            -H
            CD
45.1
28.3
 7.1
11.8
12.4
       CO
       C
       O
       •H
       cO
                                         O
                                         (U
                                                           rt
                                                           c
                                                           O
                                                          -H
                                           >•,
                                           
-------
  Table  H-2.   Land 'use categories used for land use mapping of the Horsham,
   Warminster,  and  Warrington,  Pennsylvania planning area.
  Land Use Category
                             Definition
Residential
Land in residential use, ranging from high density multiple-unit
structures to low density estates on large lots.
Commercial, Services, and Institutional   Land used predominantly for the sale
              of products and services, as well as institutions such as schools
              or churches, public buildings, professional and office buildings,
              health facilities, and the grounds and parking areas that are
              related to such uses.

Industrial    Light to heavy manufacturing plants, industrial parks, and the
              grounds and parking areas that are related to such plants.

Utilities     All public service utilities, including sewage treatment plants,
              high-tension electric power lines, underground gas pipelines and
              associated rights-of-way.

Recreational  Parks, playgrounds, and public recreation areas; public and
              private golf courses and driving ranges.

Transitional  (Under Construction)   Land undergoing change, such as construction
              of structures, during preparation of land use map.
Cemeteries
 Cemeteries
Military Installation   The entire properties of the Willow Grove Naval Air Station
               (Horsham Township) and  the Naval Air Development Center (Warminster
               Township).
Railroad
 Railroad  tracks and  associated rights-of-way.
Underdeveloped   Non-urbanized land including  forests, oldfield and scrub,
              cropland, pasture, and other agriculturally related uses not
              included in any previous category.
                                       H-4

-------
                     APPENDIX I




Institutional Responsibilities in Land Use Management
                         1-1

-------
Table 1-1.  Public  institutional responsibilities in land use management  in
  southeastern Pennsylvania.
 LEVEL OF
GOVERNMENT
    AGENCY
                                              MAJOR RESPONSIBILITIES
Federal
    US-EPA
State
                   US-HUD
Department of
Community Affairs
               Department of Envi-
Regional
Delaware Valley
Regional Planning
Commission
No direct responsibilities except
  through funds provided for water and
  air quality management planning;
  review of NPDES and PSD permits.

Provides 701 planning funds to
  counties and eligible municipalities

Implementation and enforcement of
  Municipalities Planning Code
  (PA Act 247)

Review of Federal and State funded
  redevelopment and renewal plans

Provision of technical services to
  counties and municipalities

Issues land development-related permits
  (erosion and sedimentation control,
  dams and encroachments, water supply,
  sewage facilities)

Reviews and approves sewage facility
  plans, revisions, and supplements (as
  required by PA Act 537)

Reviews, prioritizes, and approves
  Federally-funded construction grants
  applications and plans for sewage
  facilities

Issues UPDES permits

A-95 Areawide Clearinghouse

Designated 208 water quality management
  agency for continuing planning under
  CWA

Responsibilities for inter-county
  coordination on a multitude of
  planning matters

Regional planning responsibilities in
  transportation, housing, and air
  quality
                                   1-3

-------
Table 1-1.  Public institutional  responsibilities  in  land use management
  (concluded).
 LEVEL OF
GOVERNMENT
Regional
County
    AGENCY

Delaware River
Basic Commission
Bucks County and
Montgomery County
Planning Commission
Municipal
Bucks County and
Montgomery County
Conservation
Districts

Planning Commissions
                Zoning Hearing Board
                Governing body
        MAJOR RESPONSIBILITIES

Review and recommendations on sewage
  facility plans and state-issued
  permits

Review of all land development proposals
  as required by PA Act 247

Original preparation of official sewage
  facility plans (as required by PA Act
  537) and review of plan revisions

Coordination among municipalities for
  Federally-funded 201 sewage facility
  planning and other planning efforts

Development of county plans addressing
  housing, transportation, open space,
  land use, and other concerns

Technical planning assistance to
  municipalities

Review of major subdivision plans and
  permit applications for erosion and
  sedimentation control
Prepare zoning and sub-division
  ordinances, master plans, and official
  maps

Review and make recommendations on land
  development proposals, zoning variances
  and special exceptions, and other  land
  management decisions

Hear and decide on requests for zoning
  cnanges, variances, and special
  exceptions (judicial  function)

Adoption of all ordianances, plans,  and
  official maps (legislative function)

Approval of all land development
  proposals

Provision of municipal  services, includ-
  ing police, recreation, libraries, and
  financial assistance  to fire companies
                                  1-4

-------
        APPENDIX J

AICUZ Recommendations for
     Land Use Changes
          J-l

-------
AIR  INSTALLATION  COMPATIBLE USE ZONE
   NAVAL AIR STATION WILLOW GROVE
     WILLOW  GROVE,  PENNSYLVANIA
          NORTHERN DIVISION
NAVAL FACILITIES ENGINEERING COMMAND
            CONTRACT NO.
          N62467-76-C-0149
             Prepared by
              CH2M HILL
          RESTON, VIRGINIA
                 For
          SOUTHERN DIVISION
NAVAL FACILITIES ENGINEERING COMMAND
                  J-3

-------
          TABLE V-5
LAND USE COMPATIBILITY MATRIX

CLEARLY
UNACCEPTABLE

VQO NORMALLY
OOO UNACCEPTABLE


	 NORMALLY

	 ACCEPTABLE



CLEARLY
ACCEPTABLE
SOURCE: CH2M HILL
•25 PERSONS OR MORE PER ACRE
"10 PERSONS OR LESS PER ACRE
AICUZ ZONES
C7 CLEAR ZONE

ATPinFNT POTFNTIAI 7ONF 1

NO NOISE ZONE


ACCIDENT POTENTIAL ZONE II

" NO NOISE ZONE


•j ACCIDENT POTENTIAL ZONE I

HIGH NOISE ZONE 3
-, ACCIDENT POTENTIAL ZONE I

MODERATE NOISE ZONE 2


i. •< ACCIDENT POTENTIAL ZONE 11

, ACCIDENT POTENTIAL ZONE 11
""- MODERATE NOISE ZONE 2
, NO ACCIDENT POTENTIAL
• HIGH NOISE ZONE
NO ACCIDENT POTENTIAL
MODERATE NOISE ZONE

P
LU
O
W
UJ
CC
Q
UJ
2


^



t"s
>. CO t
RESIDENTIAL - LOW DENSI
(1 DU/Acre or less)
RESIDENTIAL - MEDIUM DE
DEVELOPMENT (2-4 DU's


















L. 	
vsXw
VS6W

.1- CO
> ° z
f- a w
RESIDENTIAL - HIGH DENS
APARTMENTS (5 DU's/Ac
COMMERCIAL - RETAIL, IN

1
CXX
/^Xxx
v/C^x*x_,
r^v\r




, t
x/S/'S^
^Xxx^
^v xxx^
vVS<
0&
r*^^Y^
S^^^^y
r^MlB
(XX
 Z <
co 1- 2
Z < 0
UJ UJ (O -J
1- . CO <
X CO UJ CC
UJ O (-
_l H OC -J
— Z £ 3

S o Q


(C 5 (_ ^. <
Q r2 w Z
« Qu til (/) o
^ Q. 5 LLl —
COMMERCIAL - WHOLESAL
COMMERCIAL - PLANNED S
AND DRINKING ESTABLI!
SERVICES - PERSONAL, BU!
OFFICES
SERVICES - INDOOR RECRE
ACTIVITIES







\^\s{ ^5^3^^
^\^X> ^tj^J^
^^VXx ^xv)^^
i**r\f .... ^\ > ^








	 K/OO 5^5o *00x
	 !rVv5oO>Vy\
	 /cSc\ vKxC Ov^^
.
, .pllM
LAND USE

%
3 o
H § J
i «• i <
8 S § §
I — 03 2
> I O


!*j jy m oc
x w S:
o _j 2 Q
o 2 § £
INSTITUTIONAL - SCHOOLS
NURSING HOMES
INSTITUTIONAL - GOVERM
RECREATIONAL - PLAYGRC
PARKS
RECREATIONAL - COMMUN
PARKS



















^A^jXV^ 	

••••X")




J ui
CD >

UJ W
(/> Z
£/} UI


. z
jj o"
S. z
S cc
GROUP CAMPS. ENTERTA
INDUSTRIAL - MANUFACTU


O
'N/x/V

' * * * *



vVv
AAA


yy^<
xx^Cx*
pcy^
ri rS f*



X:::::
<%:::::



f»


7
,71

1-
x
UI ,
i
cc
INDUSTRIAL - MANUFACTU
















	






	 	

a
z
%
UJ
L)
0
DC
a.
-i
<
j

g


r u
3 fe
2 t"
niuwjini«i. rcinoLtuivi
AGRICULTURE - (EXCEPT L





























O
^f
«
^


OC
3
O
TRANSPORTATION, UTILITIE



























OT
UJ
UJ
h™
LU
5


U
»*»*
ill
DC
/"*
WILDLIFE MANAGEMEMT, FC

III


































Ui
OPEN SPACE. WATER BODIE
1 ^ ! ! ! .
	





















	

-------
                                                     TABLE V-6

                                            LAND USE OBJECTIVES MATRIX

;| 1 1 1 1 1 NO NEW
|| 1 1 1 1 II DEVELOPMENT

OOO RESTRICTED
' * X*> NEW DEVELOPMENT


NQ RESTRICTION
SOURCE: CH2M HILL
•RESTRICTED TO NOT MORE
THAN 25 PERSONS/ACRE.
"RESTRICTED TO NOT MORE
THAN 10 PERSONS/ACRE.
AICUZ ZONES
CZ CLEAR ZONE
, ACCIDENT POTENTIAL ZONE I
' NO NOISE ZONE
.. ACCIDENT POTENTIAL ZONE 11
11 NO NOISE ZONE
. , ACCIDENT POTENTIAL ZONE I
'"•' HIGH NOISE ZONE 3
. , ACCIDENT POTENTIAL ZONE 1
'"- MODERATE NOISE ZONE 2
.. , ACCIDENT POTENTIAL ZONE 11
"'* HIGH NOISE ZONE 3
„ , ACCIDENT POTENTIAL ZONE II
"- MODERATE NOISE ZONE 2
NO ACCIDENT POTENTIAL
' HIGH NOISE ZONE
NO ACCIDENT POTENTIAL
2 MODERATE NOISE ZONE
LAND USE
j
<
H
2
UJ
O
<
sX$<






KXX
xYY


!ysx
'0$



V)
UJ
o
X
RESIDENTIAL - HIGH DENSITY, MOBILE
APARTMENTS (5 DU's/Acre or more)
COMMERCIAL - RETAIL, INTENSIVE *



KXX
xx>




>Cv
vv<
sX/C
vo<
vsX
xVx


*
Ul
V)
Z
UJ
X
UJ

r
COMMERCIAL - WHOLESALE AND RETAI

X^
y\
A/
x>

'V
S,A
A,^
V^
A/
s A

^
A^
g|

^




o
z
1-
<
U)
UJ
H
COMMERCIAL - PLANNED SHOPPING CEN
AND DRINKING ESTABLISHMENTS













W"
vVSVvv
>w<
w
x&
wS?
w$<

_J
<
Z
o
v> ^

§§£






^ooVx<
^9vK/OC
ImlXXX
lllllJxx




w
h-
m «>
r? "J
I -
INSTITUTIONAL - SCHOOLS, CHURCHES,
NURSING HOMES
INSTITUTIONAL - GOVERNMENTAL SERV





Q
o
o
o
ED
RECREATIONAL - PLAYGROUNDS, NEIGH
PARKS



kb^^(»()f^''













soSr^

9s>s^
sXX^
XXX
x%%





_i
<
Z
o
RECREATIONAL - COMMUNITY AND REG
PARKS
i
4w
w*


o<

XXX
XXX



KXX
KXX




c
z
4
h
OC
O
UJ
RECREATIONAL - GOLF COURSES
RECREATIONAL - SPECTATOR SPORTS R





6<*x*j
**Vxv
— * iij
CD >.
5 -
GROUP CAMPS, ENTERTAINMENT ASSE
INDUSTRIAL - MANUFACTURING. INTENS





I I
11


INDUSTRIAL - MANUFACTURING. EXTEN!
1111
Xx*x
XXx


jSXA,
v








O '
Z
(/}


^
^








UJ
CC
t-
WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT. FORESTS. CEME
$&>
Xx>
<&t
xx><


(yxyxy
Xxx














OPEN SPACE, WATER BODIES















i


I
01

-------
COMPATIBLE LAND USE PLAN RECOMMENDATIONS

The objectives recommending compatible development are
incorporated in Tables V-5 and V-6.  These compatibility
matrices specify land use categories as acceptable or
unacceptable in terms of the AICUZ principle.  An
application of these recommended land uses to the
existing and proposed developments within the AICUZ can
provide a basis to guide land use decisions for this
area.

An objective evaluation on the part the area planning
agencies within and near the AICUZ regarding the review
and approval of development proposals and/or zoning
changes is necessary to achieve and promote compatibility.
The existing location of the Air Station  serves to
bridge the developed eastern and southern parts of
Horsham Township with the western and northern rural
parts of the Township.  This situation establishes an
AICUZ with three separate areas for  land  use management:

1.   The eastern and southern area should be restricted
     to further development with residential densities
     maintained at  a medium level  (not more than  2 to 4
     dwellings per  gross acre).  Commercial areas
     should be restricted to limit new eating and
     drinking establishments, theaters, amusements,
     gasoline service stations and similar people
     attractions.   Schools, churches and  any public
     service institutions should not be permitted.
                         J-6

-------
2.   The central area of NASWG includes the properties
     to the west of the facility which is under present
     development pressure.  Since this area is also the
     most impacted by the activities at the Station,
     extreme concern to limit residential use activity
     is recommended.  Present trends and adjacent land
     use development tend to suggest that much of this
     central area should expand as an industrial complex
     within the guidance of the 1-1 zoning criteria
     ("selected, large scale, non-nuisance industrial
     type establishments which require large sites and
     land areas").  Such developments would serve to
     protect the Navy's mission and to add to the Town-
     ship's growth without jeopardizing the health,
     safety and welfare of future Township residents.
     Provided, however, that accessory uses permitting
     concentration or large assembly of people are
     disallowed in the AICUZ.

3.   The northern AICUZ area is sparsely developed and
     currently lacks the public services that could
     change its present character.  Therefore, it is
     recommended that this impact area be retained in
     its present residential-conservation zoning category
     limiting housing to lot sizes of 3 acres or more
     for each dwelling unit.  Schools, churches and
     convalescent or nursing homes should not be permitted,
     Open space uses, golf courses, agricultural or
     conservation uses should be encouraged.

Particular attention should be given to the areas
adjacent to the runway ends designated as "clear zones."
These areas require special restrictions to provide
aircraft overrun areas and unrestricted visibility of
airfield approach lighting.  Due to the critical safety
                             J-7

-------
problem in these areas, Navy policy requires that they
be completely free of any type of development.

The clear zone at runway 33 has 69 acres of this zone
in heavy development, another 20 acres are undeveloped
and could be obtained.  Presently the Navy owns 39
acres in this clear zone.  In the northerly clear zone
(runway 15), the Navy owns over 84 acres, the Township
owns 18 acres and 26 acres are held privately and are
not yet developed.

Any proposal to add, change or alter private developments
in these clear zones should be reviewed by both Township
and Navy officials prior to deciding any proposed
action.  Similar consideration should be given to the
land areas within the high noise zone 3 and accident
potential zone I.

As a matter of general policy. Navy officials at NASWG
should maintain communications with each of the adjacent
municipal and county agencies regarding growth policy,
planning and development actions.  Navy participation
in the local government and planning ^process is necessary
to demonstrate good faith and cooperation with civilian
agencies.
                           J-3

-------
                    VII.  IMPLEMENTATION

The implementation of the compatible land use plan can
be achieved by a variety of actions available through
the functions of local government and through official
Navy policies.

LOCAL GOVERNMENT ACTION

First and foremost is the cooperation of local govern-
ment through their planning and land use control
authority.  This authority is given to the local planning
commission which has the responsibility of regulating
future development through a wide range of land use
controls including land use planning, zoning/ sub-
division regulation, official map preparation, cluster
housing ordinances, and site plan review.   These
controls provide local officials with the  tools necessary
to be able to guide and direct various land use types
and their extent throughout the municipality.

The authority to exercise these controls is provided by
state legislation under the police powers  which broadly
establish protection for public health, safety, and
general welfare.  These powers can be applied to
achieve compatible land use within the AICUZ; however,
they must be directed through the public process.  It
is within this process that the Navy can be effective
in explaining its mission and these AICUZ  objectives.

NAVY ACTION

It is important that the Navy personnel also
take an active role to assure implementation of its
                            J-9

-------
recommendations for compatible land use.  Several
programs and policies are available to the Navy as
described below.

Acquisition

One of the simplest and most direct is the outright
acquisition of restrictive easements on or title to all
land in the AICUZ area through purchase in fee simple,
purchase of development rights or land exchange.
However, this action on the Navy's part is not in the
best interests of all concerned since it is expensive,
it would remove productive land from the tax roles and
it would have a strong tendency to restrict development
in the vicinity.  While an acquisition policy is recom-
mended for the securing of runway clear zones, it is
not the most feasible way to obtain compatible land
use.  The general policy of the Navy is not to pursue
acquisition due to funding limitations and to avoid un-
popular condemnation procedures.

Public Awareness

Another action on the part of the Navy is to establish
public awareness through information programs, participation
in public affairs and activities.  Such participation
is effective and inexpensive.  Since an informed public
is an understanding public, the following methods
should be used:

1.   Make public speakers available to public and
     service club functions.  The AICUZ slide show,
     NAVFAC movies and presentations on the purpose and
     function of the Navy's mission are of general
     interest and well accepted by the public.
                           J-10

-------
2.   Use  the  newspapers, radio and TV to inform the
     public on  activities occurring at the NAS.
     Initial  information on the completed AICUZ study
     should be  given in a news release and followup
     releases made as adjustments to the AICUZ are
     made.  Information should also be released to
     alert the  public of forthcoming periods of intense
     or unusual aircraft operations.

3.   Make copies of the AICUZ study report available to
     each adjacent municipality, the County and to area
     libraries.  Maintain copies of the public information
     summary  on the AICUZ for ready distribution.
     Copies should be made available through the
     Chamber  of Commerce, the county economic development
     organization and others.

4.   A public information officer should be made
     responsible for issuing these data and providing
     other information outlets such as newsletters,
     news releases and media announcements.  Another
     responsibility would be to provide a liaison with
     major land holders and developers in the adjacent
     areas.

Command level Naval personnel should become active
participants in local government affairs.  Membership
on planning and zoning boards, school boards, and
governing bodies would be effective areas for making
the Navy's interests known and in gaining public
awareness.  It  is also a very visible means to show
that the Navy is a good neighbor and an integral part
of the community.
                          J-ll

-------
Noise complaints should be directly referred to the
AICUZ officer and/or a designated noise complaint
officer.  A "hotline" for this purpose could be es-
tablished and publicized for maximum effectiveness.
Followup letters of action taken should be sent to the
complaintant with copies sent to the adjacent area
governing body.

PUBLIC POLICY FORMULATION

Public policy constitutes the starting point for
initiating positive courses of action with respect to
pending issues and concerns.  Policy is the first step
in the preparation of program standards, and regulations
to achieve intended results.

In the context of the AICUZ, public policy is formulated
by public officials to provide a general guide for day-
to-day decision making regarding land use and environmental
quality.  To the extent practical, the Navy's role is
to augment existing and proposed public policy in order
to influence adequate consideration of AICUZ objectives.

In general, this approach to implementing AICUZ objectives
is advantageous in that its only requirements are
thorough preparation and diligent effort on the part of
the Navy.  However, the advantages of placing the
responsibility for achieving objectives in the hands of
public officials are sometimes outweighed by the disadvantages.
The basic disadvantage is that full effect of the
definitive policies that are needed can be diluted in
the political arena of policy formulation.  This not
only  results from the fact that policy-makers change
office, but also because public policy is directed at
creating a balance among various interest groups for
                            J-12

-------
the public's good.  Therefore, the government actions
necessary to achieve the Navy's AICUZ objectives may be
compromised in order to adequately account for other
public interests. It should be in the Navy's interest
to keep the AICUZ policy current within the government
process.
Local Land Use Control Policy.  Land use control policy
on the local level includes comprehensive planning,
zoning,- subdivision and land development regulation,
official map, planned residential developments, and
airport zoning.

Once established as local policy, each of the above
provide local government with effective tools in which
to shape and control their environment.

Any proposed development or major land use must be
presented to the planning commission and/or governing
body for review and approval prior to development.  In
each case, public hearings are held by the municipality
giving the public an opportunity to be heard.

These hearings provide the Navy with the opportunity to
give testimony and to go on record regarding AICUZ
objectives in those areas which may be subject to
incompatible development.  It is the required policy of
the municipality to publish a formal notice of these
hearings and to specifically inform adjacent land
owners of action that may effect their interests.
                         J-13

-------
The Navy's coordination with this planning process
should include the following:

1.    To be an initial part of the planning process by
     being active participants in local planning
     policy.

2.    To have on record as official Navy policy a copy
     of the AICUZ plan.

3.    To always make presentations at appropriate public
     hearings as a means to firmly establish the AICUZ
     objective.

Development Proposals and Official Review Agencies.
Every level of government; federal, state, regional,
county and local have review powers regarding major
developments.  Federal and state agencies become
involved where federal grants or loans are made to
assist in public works, parks, transportation networks
and housing.  State agency concerns regarding the
environment, water rights and human rights mandate
preliminary review; county and regional agencies review
land development proposals, drainage requirements and
capital improvements programs; and local governments
initiate, contribute, and participate in this review
process.  In each case, the Navy can influence the
review process to include the compatibility objectives
of the AICUZ by presenting supporting documentation to
the appropriate agency.

Federal Level Review.

1.   National Environmental Policy Act  (NEPA) requires
     a review of alternative courses of action in an
                        J-14

-------
     environmental impact statement where federal funds
     are involved for housing, utility systems, high-
     ways, airports, etc.  These alternatives must
     evaluate environmental impacts generated by the
     proposed project such as noise, safety and health.
     Federal EPA approval is contingent on environmental
     compatibility as determined by this analysis and
     review.

2.   Project Notification and Review System (A-95).  As
     established by the Federal Office of Management
     and Budget, Circular No.  A-95 requires that all
     federal aid for development purposes be consistent
     with local, regional, and state objectives and
     plans.  To accomplish this objective, all applications
     for federal grants and aids for public works must
     be first submitted for review and comment by the
     areawide comprehensive planning agency.  This
     agency reviews the project proposal in terms of
     the existing and planned development within the
     area as a "clearinghouse" process.  The Deleware
     Valley Regional Planning Commission (DVRPC) has
     been designated as a clearinghouse charged with
     the A-95 review requirement.  The Montgomery
     County Planning Commission assists the DVRPC in
     this process for projects located in the County.
     Submitting the AICUZ compatibility objectives and
     plan with these agencies can effectuate this
     review process.

3.   Federally Assisted Housing.  The Department of
     Housing and Urban Development (HUD)  reviews both
     VA and FHA loan applications.   Approval of these
     applications is contingent upon factors such as
                           J-15

-------
     noise, safety, flooding and other features as part
     of the review process.  HUD has estabJished safety
     limits regarding noise exposure expressed in terms
     of CNR, NEF and Ldn and can withhold mortgage
     approval on sites exceeding recommended tolerances.

State Level Review.  Development controls and restric-
tions receiving state level attention include the
Pennsylvania Sewage Facilities Act  (Act 537), Department
of Environmental Resources, and Department of Community
Affairs.

County Review.  The county planning commission play an
important role in reviewing countywide developments and
planning proposals.  This activity extends to subdivision
review, planned residential developments, site plans,
A-95 review, environmental impact statements and
municipal comprehensive plans and zoning ordinances.
This responsibility can be employed to the benefit of
Navy AICUZ objectives and it is recommended that a
liaison between the command level and county planning
agencies be established for this purpose.

Local Level Review.  This is the action level where
plans, programs and proposals get resolved.  The Navy's
role in this process should be a foremost requirement
as discussed above under Local Land Use Control Policy.

OTHER STRATEGIES

Noise Abatement.  A number of noise abatement strategies
can be applied to known sources and location of noise
impact areas.  The baseline AICUZ defines the noise
sources and impact areas for NASWG.  The principal
                           J-16

-------
strategy for controlling significant noise sources at
Willow Grove is primarily to mitigate the A-4 static
runup noise by installing sound suppressors and to
alter the directional flight path to the southeast of
runway 33.  These efforts reduced both the APZ I and
noise zone 2 areas over portions of Horsham and Upper
Moreland Townships and Hatboro Borough to the east and
an area around Norristown Road to the west.

New housing constructed within the remaining AICUZ area
should be soundproofed.  The local building codes
should be amended to provide for approved soundproofing
materials and improved standards.

Other strategies to achieve the AICUZ objective include
the following:

1.   Municipal adoption of the AICUZ footprint.  The
     local governing bodies and planning commissions
     should review and adopt, after public hearing as
     required under Act 247, the AICUZ footprint.  The
     data incorporated in the final report should be
     used to support planning and zoning decisions by
     the municipal and county agencies.  Municipal
     agencies should include Horsham, Upper Moreland
     and Warrington Townships, Hatboro Borough, and
     Montgomery and Bucks Counties.

2.   A-95 Review.  Following local adoption of the
     AICUZ, a copy of the final report should be filed
     with the Montgomery and Bucks County A-95 clearinghouse
     agencies for carrying out their respective review
     responsibilities.
                            J-17

-------
3.    Fair Disclosure Ordinance.  Regulations similar to
     Act 89, Information Disclosure, (P.L. 288, No. 104)
     should be adopted by each local government.  Such
     regulations should require the disclosure by the
     seller of any property in the AICUZ of the accident
     potential zone and noise impact zone in which such
     property is located.

4.    Airport Zoning.  The provisions to establish
     airport zoning should be adopted as an ordinance
     in Horsham and Upper Moreland Townships and Montgomery
     County.  Every political subdivision in the State
     having an airport hazard area may adopt, administer
     and enforce, under the police power, airport
     zoning regulations regarding the regulation of
     land use and height of structures.  A copy of the
     Airport Zoning Act is included as Appendix E.

5.   Subdivsion and Land Development.  Ordinances for
     the regulation of subdivisions and land development
     have been adopted by each of the municipalities
     adjacent to NASWG.  It is recommended that the
     review process be amended to include the following
     for new developments within the AICUZ.

     a.   Subdivisions intended for uses not compatible
          with AICUZ objectives will not be approved.

     b.   Subdivision plats within the AICUZ will show
          the AICUZ accident potential and noise zones.

6.   Capital Improvements Programs.  Public investments
     for public works projects, schools,  institutions
                              J-18

-------
      and other public investments within the AICUZ area
      should adopt the following policy.

      a.    Public buildings  should not be located in
           conflict with AICUZ  objectives.

      b.    Capital Improvements Programs  should  be
           developed to encourage growth  in  areas not
           impacted by noise and accident potential.

      c.    Utility extension policies  should discourage
           incompatible land use patterns.

 7.    Citizen Participation.  In the implementation of
      the AICUZ  objectives,  public  understanding and
      citizen participation  should  be  encouraged.

 8.    Land Acquisition.   Where  necessary  and in  the
      public  interest,  acquisition  of  land to achieve
      the AICUZ  objectives can  sometimes  be  the  only
      means to benefit  public health and  safety.

 IMPLEMENTATION  PLAN

 The strategies  described above  can be  applied to  achieve
 implementation  of  the  recommended Compatible Land Use
 Plan.  Five  basic  goals  are identified and  make up the
 Implementation  Plan as shown on Figure VII-1.  These
 goals relate to the various defined strategies  and are
 outlined as  follows:

A.   Maintain the  runway clear  zones as  open area -
     restrict all  development.   Strategies  applicable
     to  implement  this goal include both airport  hazard
     zoning  and  standard zoning processes and sub-
     division regulations,.
                         J-19

-------
B.   Restrict any proposed development in Noise Zone 3
     areas.  Applicable strategies include zoning,
     airport hazard zoning, capital improvements programming,
     fair disclosure, and building code enforcement.

C.   Maintain established zoning categories where
     appropriate.  Strong zoning administration of
     existing zoning ordinances can help maintain
     compatible areas from being changed to incompatible
     zoning categories.  Objective subdivision and land
     development review, capital improvements programming,
     and information disclosure should be applied as
     additional management strategies.  Attention
     should be paid to the Land Use Objectives Matrix
     for guidance in the issuing of building permits
     (see Tables V-5 and V-6) and conformance to the
     Horsham Township "Air Transportation District" as
     proposed in its revised comprehensive plan.

D.   Lower residential density - limit new or expanded
     development.  These defined areas within the AICUZ
     are predominantly developed.  Therefore, any
     change in development should be to reduce the mag-
     nitude of the area impacted.  The goal toward
     limiting new or  ("zero") or expanded development
     should be controlled by zoning and subdivision
     regulations.  Building code enforcement to assure
     that  soundproofing measures are added to renovated
     structures and new construction.  "Zero" development
     goals will require controlled zoning and building
     permit allotment by the local government agency
     involved to help regulate expansion and to achieve
     lower densities.  Public building development
     and/or expansion should be monitored through
     capital improvements programming.
                             J-20

-------
E.   Expand 1-1 Industrial Zoning.  The area to the
     west of the Station is impacted by both accident
     potential and noise.  This environment is not
     suited to residential development, and therefore,
     should be discouraged.  Since industrial develop-
     ment trends are prevalent in this area, these
     trends should be allowed to continue.  Strategies
     would include zoning, subdivision regulations, and
     capital improvements programming for funding
     utility services and roads as may be required.
                            J-21

-------
            LEGEND
        COMPATIBLE ZONING
            CLEARLY
            ACCEPTABLE
            NORMALLY
            ACCEPTABLE
        jy£QM*ATIBLE ZONING
           NORMALLY-. •
           UNACCEPTABLE
           CLEARLY
           UNACCEPTABLE

           MAS
           BOUNDARY

           AICUZ
           'BOUNDARY

           NAOC
           BOUNDARY
           NADC AICUZ
           BOUNDARY

           SOURCE:
           CH2M HILL
                   4000
              FEET
  AICUZ STUDY
  NAVAL AIR STATION     Vl-^
  WII.LOO ..«ove. PA.
    EXISTING ZONING
      COMPATIBILITY
i lii-lVi-aa' '• .

-------
    APPENDIX K




Community Services
          K-l

-------
Table K-l.   Park and  recreational lands in the Horsham, Warminster, and
  Warrington PA   planning area by municipality.  Data from municipal
   officials 1978.
MUNICIPALITY
  NAME OF PARK
                                                             ACRES
Horsham Township
Warminster  Township
Warrington Township
 Ivyland Borough
Deep Meadow Park
Hideaway Park
Keith Valley Park

Maple Park
Kohler Park
Harness Park
Centennial Park
Kemper Park
Log College Park
Maple Street Playground
Meadow Run Park
Munro Park
Szymanek Park
Werner Park
Alou Village Park

Palomino Park
Warrington Tennis
  & Swim Club
2 small recreational areas
 51.8
  2.0
 32.6

  7.5
 68.6

162.5

 13.9
 10.6
 30.0
 26.6
  0.6
  1.9
 35.0
 10.8
  6.8
136.2

  3.1

  5.6
 20.0

  4
Upper Dublin Township
Three Tuns Playground
 Warwick Township
None in planning area
  0.0
                                   K-3

-------
	  PLANNING AREA BOUNDARY

 15   INDUSTRIAL FIRM

|^^  INDUSTRIAL PARK

I ",  \  COMMERCIAL CONCENTRATION
FIGURE  K-l
MAJOR  INDUSTRIAL AND COMMERCIAL  CONCENTRATIONS
                                    K-4

-------
     ELEMENTARY SCHOOL

     INTERMEDIATE SCHOOL

     SATELLITE SCHOOL

     HIGH SCHOOL

     SCHOOL DISTRICT BOUNDARY
FIGURE  K-2
PUBLIC   SCHOOL   AND   COMMUNITY   SERVICES
                                        K-5

-------
             APPENDIX L




Historic Cultural Resource Inventory
                  L-l

-------
Historic Cultural Resource Inventory

                              Horsjiam Township (Figure 2-7)
  LOCATION NO.
STATUS

(ENR)


(MCI)
                          (MCI)
          DESCRIPTION

Buttonwood Farm:  restored farm-
  house constructed c. 1720.

Phillip J. Baur House: original
  section constructed in 1730.
  There are several additions to
  house,  a barn (c. 1850),  and a
  springhouse on the site.

Sidney N. Repplier House: constructed
  during  the 1700's on a William
  Penn land grant.
                -^
              '
              Hip-roofed  house  owned  by
                M.  Robinson  during  1877.
                           (MCI)
              EE Novotny  House:  pre-Revolutionary
                War  house which  retains many
                original  features.
                                  1-3

-------
LOCATION NO.
                       STATUS
                       ENR
            DESCRIPTION
                                      A. J. White House: five bay colonial
                                        fieldstone house, constructed in
                                        two stone sections with a frame
                                        Victorian addition  and window
                                        trim.
                        (MCI)
     10
   11-20
Mrs. Herbert W. Anderson House:
  fieldstone house constructed
  c. 1797 with frame addition c. 1850.

Brogden House: stone house owned
  by J. Shutt in 1877.

Stone house constructed c. 1810,
  with additions to west end owned
  by C. F. Burkley in 1877.

J. Clayton House: stone house owned
  by J. Clayton in 1877.

Historic District of Prospectville:
  the village of Prospectville was
  established during the 1700's.
  Several eighteenth century struc-
  tures are still standing.  The
  building which contained a
  store and post-office, established
  in 1854 and operated by C. B.
  Reading between 1867 and 1903^has
  been replaced by a gas station.
  Two mid to late eighteenth century
  residences and a toll house are
  included in this historic cross
  roads village, the integrity of
  which has been altered by a
  modicum of twentieth century
  intrusions.
                                L-4

-------
LOCATION NO.
     11
     12
                     STATUS
                     ENR
                          DESCRIPTION

              Part-log,  part-stone  house  con-
                structed in  1758.   One  of few
                examples of  this early  type  of
                construction remaining  in Township.
                                    House owned by W.  Monteith in 1893.
                                      Part of cross-roads village of
                                      Prospectville established in the
                                      1700's.
     13
MCI
                                    Whitemarsh Cemetery Chapel.  This
                                      building was constructed for use
                                      as a schoolhouse in 1860.  May be
                                      second oldest chapel in Horsham
                                      Township.
                              L-5

-------
LOCATION NO.
STATUS
DESCRIPTION

                                     Late eighteenth and early nineteenth
                                       century structures of the cross-
                                       roads village of Prospectville.
                                       Number 14 is on Limekiln Pike.
                                       Numbers 15 and 16 are on Horsham
                                       Road southeast of the intersection
                                       of Limekiln Pike and Horsham Road.
      L5
                     MCI
                                      Campbell Toll House
                                 L-6

-------
LOCATION NO.
STATUS
                                              DESCRIPTION
               i
               i*
                                   Late nineteenth century house with
                                     decorative stickwork typical of
                                     Gothic stylistic influence.
   18
               Colonial farmhouse owned by T. Shnv
                during Iu77.  Original section has
                3 bays and  is two and one half
                stories high with dormers.
   19
               Stone structure, property of
                 J. White in 1877.
                     MCI
                                   Stone residence probably constructed
                                     as a tenant house.  Owned by
                                     A. Becker in 1877.
                                   William Donnelly house:  fieldstone
                                     house constructed c. 1810.  A
                                     large barn and springhouse also
                                     stand on the site.
                               L-7


-------
LOCATION NO.
STATUS
           DESCRIPTION
      23
MCI
                       (MCI)
      25
                                      Stone  farmhouse with mansard  roof
                                        and  former window additions,
                                        owned  by  C.  Houpt in  1877.   The
                                        stone  springhouse stands  across
                                        Limekiln  Pike opposite the  house,
Orville W. Marlin House:  constructed
  in 1875 to be used as the White-
  marsh Creamery, this building has
  been extensively altered for con-
  version to a residence.

Paul A. Urfer House: original section
  constructed 1717.  An addition
  doubled the size of the house in
  1797.  There is a stone barn on
  the site. (ENR)
                                      McCallison House:   This five-bay
                                        house with eye-brow windows appears
                                        to have been constructed c. 1820-
                                        1840.  A Victorian peak addition
                                        to the gable roof interrupts the
                                        essentially Georgian architectural
                                        style of the house.
                                  L-8

-------
LOCATION NO.
STATUS
                                              DESCRIPTION
                     ENR
                                   Grist Mill constructed in 1830 by
                                     John E. Kenderdine.   This mill was
                                     known as the Ox Mill because it was
                                     designed to be powered by oxen
                                     walking a wooden belt.  The oxen
                                     did not survive.  Millworks are at
                                     Stever's Mill and the building is
                                     used as a residence.  (Smith, 1979)
    27
MCI
    28
    29
MCI
Miss Maria Snyder's Toll House:   This
  private residence built in 1850 was
  used as a toll house on the Limekiln
  Pike.

Stone house constructed in Georgian
  style, owned by M.  Jones in 1877.
                                   Richard P.  Hart House:   the original
                                     stone section of the  house was con-
                                     structed  c.  1770.   Frame wings were
                                     added about  1920.
                               L-9

-------
LOCATION NO.
    30
STATUS
MCI
           DESCRIPTION

Burgdorf House:  the house was con-
  structed c. 1730 by Archibald
  McClean, justice of the peace in
  Horsham Township and an Assembly-
  man in 1772.
    31
                                   George Felbin House:  The original
                                     section of this residence was con-
                                     structed in 1730.  A barn stands
                                     on the site adjacent to the
                                     Limekiln Pike.
                                L-10

-------
LOCATION NO.         STATUS
                                              DESCRIPTION
 32-38                             Davis Grove Historic District:   the
                     ENR             structures which are located  on
                                     Davis Grove Road in the vicinity of
                                     Park Creek were constructed during
                                     the mid-eighteenth and early  nine-
                                     teenth centuries.   During  1978,  they
                                     remained situated in a tranquil
                                     rural setting which retained  its
                                     nineteenth century historic integrity
                                     and ambience.  About 1734  Joseph
                                     Kenderdine constructed a mill on
                                     Park Creek at the present  intersection
                                     of Davis Grove Road and Keith Valley
                                     Road.  A raceway 0.75 mile long
                                     was hand excavated from this  mill to
                                     another mill built by Joseph
                                     Kenderdine on Limekiln Pike.   During
                                     1734, Davis Grove Road was opened as
                                     a private lane to provide  access to
                                     Joseph's mill.   Joseph Kenderdine
                                     apparently lived in a residence,
                                     constructed about 1738,  which
                                     formerly stood on the present
                                     Keller property southeast  of  the mill.
                                     The mill,  which was sold to John
                                     Shay in 1810, operated until  just
                                     prior to World War I.  John Shay
                                     also constructed a house on the
                                     southeast corner of Davis  Grove
                                     Road and Keith Valley Road which
                                     replaced Joseph Kenderdine's  earlier
                                     residence.  The house standing pre-
                                     sently adjacent to the Kenderdine
                                     mill on the northeast corner  of
                                     Davis Grove Road and Keith Valley
                                     Road had been constructed  by  1819.
                                     The area in the vicinity of  the mill
                                     remains virtually unaltered since
                                     the mid-nineteenth century.

      32                MCI         The Richard Harvey House:  a  colonial
                                     fieldstone house constructed  during
                                     1778 with a spring in the  basement.

      33                MCI         James L. Milford House:  a fieldstone
                                     farmhouse and barn constructed in
                                     1811 stand on this site which has
                                     attracted artists for many years.
                                L-ll

-------
LOCATION NO.
STATUS
DESCRIPTION
                     MCI

                                   Raymond Onyx House:  the farmhouse
                                     constructed during 1740, has been
                                     remodeled and enlarged.  A spring-
                                     house and large original barn
                                     remain on the site.
                                   Mrs. Charles Harper Smith House:  the
                                     stucco over stone house built in
                                     1813 by miller, John Shay contains
                                     a large walk-in fireplace.  The
                                     original wooden pump is in the
                                     kitchen.
     J6
 MCI
 FNK
                                   Kenderdine Mill:  the mill was con-
                                     structed in 1734 and is the only
                                     grist mill remaining as a mill in
                                     Horsham Township.  The original
                                     metalwork in  the barn was sold to
                                     provide metal for the war effort
                                     during World War I. During  the
                                     early nineteenth century a  hand-
                                     excavated raceway extended  from
                                     this mill to  the "ox mill"  on
                                     Limekilm Pike.  Traces of this
                                     raceway remain  south and west of
                                     the Kenderdine  Mill (Smith  [1919])
                                L-12

-------
LOCATION NO.
                      STATUS
                                              DESCRIPTION
    37
                                   Keller House:  a five-bay stucco over
                                     stone house built c. 1810 by John
                                     Shay.  Shay's house replaced an
                                     earlier house built by Joseph
                                     Kenderdine c. 1738.  Foundations of
                                     the earlier structure have been
                                     located on the site (Smith 1975:55),
                      ENR

                                   Original 1738 barn of the first house
                                     on  the Keller property stands in
                                     very poor condition on the west
                                     side of Davis Grove Road.
                                   Gerald Hamburg House:  This house
                                     constructed in 1856 of native field-
                                     stone is a fine example of Georgian
                                     architectural style.
                                L-13

-------
LOCATION NO,
    40
STATUS
            DESCRIPTION

E. Morgan House:  the present house
  constructed on the site c. 1775-
  1800 replaced an earlier house built
  by Jabez White sometime prior to
  1735.
     41
                                   A mid-nineteenth  century residence.
                                     constructed as  a  tenant house, and
                                     a  barn  stand  in good  condition at
                                     the  corner of Horsham Road and
                                     Babylon Road.
     42
                                    Colonial  house  presently  surrounded
                                      by  an industrial  complex on Horsham
                                      Road.   The  house  was  owned by
                                      J.  Shoemaker  in 1887.
                                L-14

-------
LOCATION NO.
S TAIL'S
                                              DESCRIPTION
    43
    44
                                   Babylon  Schoolhouse:  the schoolhouse,
                                     extant  in 1877, has been restored
                                     and  converted  to a  residence.
                      NR,  PI,
                      MCI
                      National
                        Historic
                        Landmark
             The Keith House at Graeme Park.  The
               land  on which the Keith House  is
               situated was purchased in 1717 by
               Sir William Keith,  first Lieutenant
               Governor of the Province of Pennsyl-
               vania under William Penn.  The
               original structure  was built by
               Keith c. 1721 as a  malt house.  In
               the 1730's Thomas Graeme converted
               the structure and added its fine
               Georgian interior finishes.  The
               Keith House is five bays across and
               two bays deep with  a gambrel roof
               and attic dormers.  During 1730, a
               barn  stood in the location of  the
               present barn.

                               L-15

-------
LOCATION NO.
    45
                     STATUS
DESCRIPTION
                                   Colonial house with two additions,
                                     presently used to house a fence
                                     company in an industrialized section
                                     if County Line Road.
                       Warrington Township (Figure 2-7)
     46
                                   Old Warrington Schoolhouse:  This
                                     building constructed in 1808 replaced
                                     the original schoolhouse built in
                                     1765.
                               L-16

-------
LOCATION NO,
    47
STATUS
                                              DESCRIPTION
                                    Hatboro  Federal Savings  Building:
                                      the original eighteenth  century
                                      building, owned by  J.  Groin in
                                      1876,  has been converted to  use
                                      as a bank.  Additions  conform to
                                      the architectural style  of the
                                      building.

                                    Vincent's Warrington Inn:   this Inn,
                                      which bears  a  date of  1792,  was
                                      operated  as  a  hotel in 1876.
                                      Several additions  have been  made to
                                      the  structure.
                              L-17

-------
LOCATION NO.
    49
STATUS
DESCRIPTION
                                 Four-bay stone house owned by
                                   A. Cooper in 1876.  Similar in
                                   construction style and material
                                   to Site No. 48.
    50
              Fine stone residence with ashlar
                patterns, owned by S.  Hough in  1876.

              Stone  farmhouse owned by R.  J.  Dobbins
                in 1876.
    52
                         ~~
                       f am
                                  Five-bay stucco over stone farmhouse
                                    constructed c. 1840 and owned by
                                    E.  French in 1876.
                              L-18

-------
LOCATION NO.
STATUS
                                              DESCRIPTION
     53
                                   White stucco over stone farmhouse,
                                      owned by J. Selser in 1878.
                                 "
                                   H. W. Davis House:  stucco over stone
                                     and frame farmhouse owned by
                                     J. Philips in 1878.
     35
                  BCR
                                   Arthur Harris House: the living room,
                                     library, and master bedroom of the
                                     house comprise the original section,
                                     constructed in 1760.  The second
                                     addition in 1800 contained a large
                                     walk-in fireplace.  A recent
                                     addition also has been made to the
                                     house.
                                L-19

-------
     LOCATION NO.
STATUS
DESCRIPTION
          6
BCR
*    >.
                                        Paul Valley Farm:  two  large  colonial
                                          houses,  one constructed  in 1727,
                                          and owned by Joseph  Penrose,  and
                                          one constructed  in 1846  remain
                                          on half  of a 500-acre tract purchased
                                          from William Penn by John  Paul in
                                          1727.
          57
                          Warminster And Warwick Townships (Figure 2-7)
                                        The Manse:   the stucco over stone house
                                          at 1760 Bristol Road was owned by
                                          the Petersons in 1876.   Its archi-
                                          tectural style suggests a construction
                                          date of c. 1810 for the original
                                          section.   A later addition doubles
                                          the size of the house.
           i
                           BCR
                                        Neshaminy Cemetery:  the cemetery
                                          contains an Indian grave.
                                      L-20

-------
LOCATION NO.
STATUS
                                             DESCRIPTION
                     BCR
                               '
                                  Neshaminy of Warwick Presbyterian
                                    Church: the original church on
                                    this tranquil site was constructed
                                    in 1727,  In  1743 there was a
                                    schism in the church and the
                                    original section of the present
                                    building was built to replace the
                                    1727 structure which was abandoned
                                    and razed.  The church, founded by
                                    William Tennant as the church of
                                    the Log College, was enlarged in
                                    1775 and remodeled to its present
                                    appearance in 1842.
   60
                    WTI
 61-73
                    ENR
              Darrah Farmstead: the farm may have
               been the residence of Reverend
               Beatty while he was pastor of the
               Warwick Neshaminy Church c. 1750.

              Hartsville Historic District:
              The  structures which originally were
               constructed at the cross-roads
               village of Hartsille stand today in
               a  setting virtually unchanged since
               the end of the nineteenth century.
               Traffic on Bristol Road and a
               modern gas station on the southeast
               corner of Bristol Road and Old York
               Road are the only significant intrusions
               on the peaceful settlement.  The
               structures exhibit a  range of architec-
                tural  styles  in a vogue between  the
               mid-eighteenth and late nineteenth
               centuries.   The 1770  Dare  Estate,
                the  1778 Polly Hart House, and  the
               Isaac  Lewis  House are  included  in
                the  Hartsville Historic District.
               The  Bucks  County Conservancy has
                indicated  that Hartsville  constitutes
               an historic  district  (Orally, Ms,
               Kathy  Auerback, 26 May  1978).
                              L-21

-------
LOCATION NO.
STATUS
DESCRIPTION
    62
                                   1180 Bristol Road: stucco over stone
                                     house with eyebrow windows, con-
                                     structed c. 1830.
                                   1140 Bristol Road:  five-bay .frame
                                     structure with dormers and elaborate
                                     decorative stickwork on first story
                                     porch.
     63
                                    1120  Bristol  Road:  frame building
                                     with  mansard  roof  and exterior
                                     chimney.  Victorian  style  structure
                                     appears  to  have been constructed
                                     c.  1870.
                                1-22

-------
LOCATION NO.
STATUS

BCR
WTI
                                              DESCRIPTION
     65
                    BCR
                                   Dare Estate:  the original section of
                                     this house, which was constructed by
                                     Reverend Charles Beatty, second
                                     minister of the Neshaminy of
                                     Warwick Church, may be 200 years
                                     old.  The interior has yellow pine
                                     random width floors.
               The Polly Hart House:  deeds to this
                 house have been traced to 1838.
                 Reverend Turner was a former owner,
                 and the house may be 200 years old.
                 Victorian additions have been
                 removed and the original house has
                 been altered.
    66
                                   Colonial stone house constructed in
                                     two sections at corner of Bristol
                                     Road and Old York Road.
                              L-23

-------
LOCATION NO.

    67
STATUS
DESCRIPTION
                                Outbuilding of Number 66, converted
                                  for use as a commercial establish-
                                  ment .
                   WTI
                                Hartsville Hotel:   a  famous stage
                                  stop on the route from New York
                                  to Philadelphia.  The original
                                  proprietor in 1744  was John Baldwin.
                                  Colonel William Hart kept the hotel
                                  between 1780 and  1817.
   Illl
                                Three bay  frame structure with
                                  bracketed roof and bracketed shed
                                  roofed porch with decorative
                                  stickwork.  Constructed c. 1870.
                            L-24

-------
LOCATION NO.
                   STATUS
                   PI
    71
                   WTI
          DESCRIPTION

Isaac Lewis House:  1040 Bristol Road.
  This two and one-yalf story,  stone,
  gable roofed house, constructed
  during the mid eighteenth century
  is listed on the Pennsylvania
  Register of Historic Places.
                                  Hartsville Fire House //I:  the
                                    building bears a sign "Built 1843
                                    by  the Ladies Association of
                                    Neshaminy Church."  The building
                                    was used for church and community
                                    purposes.
    72
                                  Elegent three bay structure with
                                    mansard roof, dormer windows and
                                    decorative stickwork in Gothic
                                    architectural style.
                              L-25

-------
LOCATION NO.
    73
STATUS
WTI
DESCRIPTION
                                   Duffy's Tavern:  about 1832,
                                     Reverend  James  P.  Wilson  started  a
                                     "classical school for boys" in
                                     the building which became the
                                     Roseland School for Girls, and is
                                     presently used as a tavern.
     74
                                   Three bay two and one-half story
                                     stucco over stone house at the
                                     intersection of Creek Road and
                                     Old York Road.
                                L-26

-------
LOCATION NO.
STATUS
DESCRIPTION
    75
                                    Residence at corner of Creek Road
                                      and Old York Road was formerly
                                      a grist mill.   The intersection
                                      is potentially an historic district,
    76
                                    Substantial stucco over stone struc-
                                      ture constructed c. 1850.  Porch
                                      and roof brackets are later
                                      additions.  This is one of three
                                      nineteenth century historic
                                      structures at the intersection
                                      of Creek Road and Old York Road.
                                1-27

-------
LOCATION NO.
    77
STATUS

PI, ENR,
BCR, WTI
          DESCRIPTION
                                    Headquarter's Farm or the Moland
                                      House: about 1750, John Moland
                                      built the original two and one-
                                      half story, stone, gable-roofed
                                      structure which was used as
                                      George Washington's headquarters
                                      in August of 1777.
     78
 WTI
     79
WTI
     80
 WTI
Pennebacher Farm:   here Lafayette
  first received his commission
  from Washington.  The house which
  was constructed in 1713, was leased
  by Washington during his stay in
  August 1777 (Bailey et al.1961 ).

Warminster Manor Inn: In 1730 Thomas
  Linter petitioned the court for a
  license "to keep a house of enter-
  tainment for man and horse".  In
  1791 the property belonged to Isaac
  Beans.  During the War of 1812,
  the drafters assembled at Bean's
  Tavern on 18 September 1814 for
  a march to Philadelphia.

John Craven Beans House: the original
  section of this house may have
  been built during the late 1700's.
  A datestone on  the later section
  bears the inscription "J.C. and
  ?? Beans 1847".
                                1.-28

-------
LOCATION NO.
    81
STATUS
 BCR
    82
WTI
    83
WTI
    84
BCR
    85
WTI
    86
WTI
           DESCRIPTION

Lukens-Jarrett House: Deeds to the
  Lukens-Jarrett House, similar
  in style to the pre-Revolutionary
  War McNab House in Tyler Park
  have been traced to 1775.

Philip Reeves House: Believed to be
  the ancestral home of the Nobel
  family the original kitchen with
  one room upstairs was constructed
  prior to 1734.  An addition was
  made in 1826.

Fireside Inn:  The Inn was originally
  the home of Job Nobel, in the 1700's,
  The house was later owned by Andrew
  Yerkes, and is presently used as
  an inn.

Vicinity of the Battle of Crooked
  Billet and cemetery which contains
  bodies of soldiers killed during
  the Revolutionary War.  At this
  site, General John Lacey and 400
  men fought a British detachment of
  800 men under Lieutenant Colonel
  Abercrombe.

Duval Farm:  The original section of
  this farm was constructed in 1762 by
  Harman Yerkes, the first member of
  the Yerkes family to settle in
  Warminster.  The eastern addition
  was made in 1810,  and the property
  remained in the Yerkes family
  until 1951.

John Hart J.  House:   Typical of
  Colonial Pennsylvania Manor Houses,
  this home was built in 1750 by
  John Hart,  son of John Hart who
  received a grant of 1,000 acres
  from William Penn in 1681.
                             L-29

-------
     LOCATION  NO.
                     STATUS
                           DESCRIPTION
       87
BCR
ENR
                                      Craven Hall:   There is  a  walk-in
                                        fireplace  in this structure which
                                        reflects  the Greek Revival influence
                                        of  the 1823-1850  addition and
                                        interior  renovations.   The original
                                        section was built c. 1780-1820
                                        a second  addition was made
                                        c.  1823-1850,  and there is a  third
                                        twentieth  century addition.
       88
View southeast on one of Ivyland's
shaded streets.
                 Ivyland Historic District:  Ivyland
                   was founded in 1873 by Edwin Lacey
                   on a section of a tract of land
                   which Thomas Hart received in 1719.
                   Lacey's plan was to provide facili-
                   ties for the 1876 Centennial
                   Exposition in Philadelphia.  The
                   Temperance House, a large four-
                   story building with a mansard roof
                   and porches surrounding the building
                   on the first and second stories
                   was designed to receive thousands
                   of extra visitors to the Philadelphia
                   area.  The hotel, however, was not
                   completed in time for the Centennial.
                   Ivyland Borough was incorporated in
                   1905.  It's shaded streets retain
                   a quiet late eighteenth-early
                   twentieth century dignity.  The
                   structures form a homogeneous
                   group typical of the architectural
                   styles of that period.
                                  L-30

-------
        APPENDIX M




Cost of Alternative Systems
             M-l

-------
Table M-l.  Summary of costs for Alternative 1 by municipality (in thousands of dollars).
COST

Construction Cost

Salvage

Annual Operation
 & Maintenance

Total Present
  Worth

Average Annual
  Equivalent Cost

Distribution of Costs

  Federal EPA
  Local Share

Annual Costs

  Operation and Main-
    tenance (Industrial
    and Commercial)
  Operation and Main-
    tenance (Residential)
  Debt Service
    (Industrial &
    Commercial)
  Debt Service
    (Residential)

Typical User Charges

  Monthly O&M (Resi-
    dential)
  Monthly Debt Service
  Total Monthly Charges
Upper
Dublin
454.1
187.5
15.0
555.7
51.9
340.6
113.5
0
15.0
0
10.4
1.21
0.84
2.05
Ho r sham
3,509.3
1,536.0
61.5
3,754.5
344.3
2,507.9
1,001.4
8.5
53.0
12.7
79.1
2.85
4.26
7.11
Warring ton
2,836.0
910.4
155.3
4,277.9
392.3
2,048.9
787.1
16.9
138.4
7.9
64.9
4.30
2.00
6.30
Warm ins ter
7,049.6
1,073.0
783.3
15,298.0
1,402.8
5,287.1
1,762.5
31.2
752.1
6.4
155.2
1.61
0.33
1.94
Warwick
192.2
29.3
21.4
417.6
38.3
144.1
48.1
1.3
20.1
0.3
4.1
4.80
0.98
5.78
Ivyland
115.2
17.5
12.8
249.8
22.9
86.4
28.7
0.6
12.2
0.1
2.5
1.66
0.34
2.00
All
Municipalities
14,156.3
3,753.7
1,049.3
24,563.7
2,252.5
10,415.0
3,741.3
58.5
990.8
27.4
315.6
1.82
0.58
2.40

-------
Table M-2.  Summary of costs for Alternative 2 for Horsham Township and all municipalities (in
  thousands of dollars).  Costs for all other municipalities in the planning area are same as
  indicated in Table M-l.

                                          Horsham
     COST                                 Township          All Municipalities

Construction Cost                          2,802.9               12,992.5

Salvage                                    1,248.2                3,296.0

Annual Operation &
  Maintenance                                141.2                1,107.1

Total'Present Worth                        3,997.4               24,157.3

Average Annual
  Equivalent Cost                            366.6                2,215.2

Distribution of Costs

   Federal EPA                             1,980.7                9,545.4
   Local Share                               822.2                3,447.1

Annual Costs

   Operation and Mainte-
     nance (Industrial
     and Commercial)                          19.5                   67.6
   Operation and Mainte-
     nance (Residential)                     121.7                1,039.5
   Debt Service (Indus-
     trial and Commercial)                    10.4                   25.2
   Debt Service
     (Residential)                            65.0                  291.0

Typical User Charges

   Monthly O&M (Residential)                   3.49                   1.80
   Monthly Debt Service                        3.50                   0.54
   Total Monthly Charges                       6.99                   2.34

-------
            Table M-3.   Summary of costs for Alternative 3 for Horsham Township and all municipalities
              (in thousands of dollars).  Costs for all other municipalities in the planning area are same
i
en
             as  indicated in Table M-l.
                COST
Construction Cost

Salvage

Annual Operation &
  Maintenance

Total Present Worth

Average Annual
  Equivalent Cost

Distribution of Costs

'  Federal EPA
   Local Share

Annual Costs

   Operation and Mainte-
     nance (Industrial
     and Commercial)
   Operation and Mainte-
     nance (Residential)
   Debt Service (Indus-
     trial and Commercial)
   Debt Service
     (Residential)

Typical User Charges

   Monthly O&M (Residential)
   Monthly Debt Service
   Total Monthly Charges
Horsham
Township

 3,953.4

 1,405.9


    98.4

 4,637.2


   425.2
 3,160.9
   792.5
                                                                13.6

                                                                84.8

                                                                10.1

                                                                62.6
                                                                 2.97
                                                                 3.37
                                                                 6.34
All Municipalities

     14,143.9

      3,453.7


      1,064.3

     24,798.0


      2,274.0
     10,725.6
      3,418.3
                                61.7

                             1,002.6

                                24.9

                               288.6
                                 1.78
                                 0.53
                                 2.31

-------
           Table M-4.  Summary of costs for Alternative 4 by municipality (in thousands of dollars).
i
CT>
COST
Initial
Construction Cost Phased
Initial
Salvage Phased
Annual Opera- Initial
tion and Phased
Maintenance
Total Present
Worth
Average Annual
Equivalent Cost
Distribution of Costs
Federal EPA
Local Share
Annual Costs
Operation and Mainte-
nance (Industrial
and Commercial)
Operation and Mainte-
nance (Residential)
Debt Service (Indus-
trial and Commercial)
Debt Service
(Residential)
Typical User Charges
Upper
Dublin
0
0
28.8
314.2
28.8

0
0

0
28.8
0
0

Monthly O&M (Residential) 1.77
Monthly Debt Service 0
Total Monthly Charges 1.77
Ho r sham
1,444.9
42.4
638.6
9.3
81.3
11.7
9,764.6
345.2

1,027.2
1,119.2

43.6
271.7
14.2
88.4

1.19
2.60
3.79
MUNICIPALITIES
Warrington Warminster
2,933.5
960.7
149.8
4,303.5
394.6

2,123.3
812.2

16.3
133.5
8.1
66.4

4.15
2.04
6.21
6,952.5
1,041.8
754.5
14,895.3
1,365.9

5,214.4
1,738.1

30.0
724.5
6.3
153.1

1.55
0.33
1.88
Warwick
183.1
28.3
20.5
405.0
37.1

141.9
47.2

1.3
19.2
0.3
4.0

4.58
0.96
5.44
Ivyland
113.4
17.0
12.3
242.9
22.3

85.1
28.3

0.5
11.8
0.1
2.5

1.61
0.34
1.95
All
Municipalities
11,635.4
58.4
2,681.4
9.3
1,047.2
11.7
23,925.5
2,194.0

8,591.9
3,745.0

91.7
1,189.5
29.0
314.4

1.70
0.55
2.25

-------
Table M-5.  Summary of costs for Alternative 5 for Horsham
  municipalities (in thousands of dollars).   Costs for all
  are same as indicated in Table M-l.
                 and Upper Dublin Townships and all
                 municipalities in the planning area
    COST

Construetion Cost

Salvage

Annual Operation
  and Maintenance

Total Present Worth

Average Annual
  Equivalent Cost

Distribution of Costs

   Federal EPA
   Local Share

Annual Costs

   Operation and Mainte-
     nance (Industrial
     and Commercial)
   Operation and Mainte-
     nance (Residential)
   Debt Service (Indus-
     trial and Commercial)
   Debt Service
     (Residential)

Typical User Charges

   Monthly O&M (Residential)
   Monthly Debt Service
   Total Monthly Charges
Upper Dublin
Township

    715.5

    201.7


     35.6

  ;,048.0


     96.1
Horsham
Township

 4,712.6

 1,688.0


   140.3

 5,775.4


   529.6
    All
Municipalities

   15,618.6

    3,937.5


    1,113.0

   26,699.9


    2,445.6
542.0
173.5
0
35.6
0
15.9
2.86
1.28
4.14
3,405.1
1,307.5
19.4
120.9
16.6
103.3
6.51
5.56
12.07
11,551.8
4,106.8
67.5
1,045.5
31.4
345.2
1.92
0.64
2.56

-------
             APPENDIX N




Overview of Waste Management Systems
                  N-l

-------
                                 APPENDIX N
Overview of Waste Management Systems

     The range of alternative waste management  systems  to  be initially
addressed in facilities planning is defined by  US-EPA Cost  Effectiveness
Analysis Guidelines [40 CFR part 35,  Subpart E, Appendix A (5)].   These
alternatives should include:

         -Systems discharging to receiving waters
         -Land application systems
         -On-site and other non-centralized systems
         -Systems employing the reuse of wastewater and recycling  of
          pollutants

     Systems discharging to receiving waters

     Systems which discharge wastewater directly to receiving  waters
(streams, rivers, lakes, and oceans)  require wastewater treatment  works.
These facilities remove objectionable constituents from the  wastewater and
discharge an effluent which is expected to meet State and  Federal
requirements for protection of surface water quality.  The  alternatives for
municipal wastewater treatment comprise 3 major categories:

         -Primary treatment
         -Secondary treatment
         -Advanced or Tertiary treatment

     The treatment processes described here are for conventional regional
treatment plants and as such may differ from treatment processes employed  in
small community treatment systems which utilize surface water  discharge.

     Primary treatment removes from the wastewater those pollutants  which
either will settle out or float.  Wastewater which enters a  plant  for  pri-
mary treatment first flows through a  screen.  The screen removes large
floating objects, such as rags and sticks, that may clog pumps and small
pipes.  The screens typically are made of parallel steel or  iron bars  with
openings of about 0.5 inches.

     The screened wastewater then passes into a grit chamber,  where  sand,
grit, cinders, and small stones are allowed to settle to the bottom.   The
grit or gravel removed by the grit chamber usually is taken  from the tank,
washed so that it is clean, and disposed of by landfilling  near the
treatment plant.

     After screening and grit removal, the wastewater still  contains sus-
pended solids, some of which can be removed from the sewage  by treatment in
a sedimentation tank.  These tanks are round or rectangular, usually 10 to
12 feet deep, and designed to hold the wastewater for periods  of 2 to  3
                                     N-3

-------
hours.  The rate of flow of wastewater must  be very slow  to  allow  sufficient
time for the suspended solids to sink to the bottom.  This mass  of settled
solids is called raw primary sludge.  The  sludge  is removed  from the
sedimentation'tank by mechanical scrapers  and pumps.

     The major purpose of secondary  treatment is  to remove  the  soluble  bio-
chemical oxygen demand (BOD) and suspended solids that  are  not  removed  by
primary treatment.  BOD is the amount of oxygen required  to  sustain micro-
organisms which consume the organic  matter present in sewage.   Secondary
treatment is the minimum level of  treatment  which municipalities currently
must provide.  In most cases, secondary treatment systems employ biological
processes and are designed to provide the  proper  environment for the micro-
organisms which break down the soluble organic materials.

     The basic requirements for secondary  treatment by  biologic  processes
are: a large supply of microorganisms, good  contact between  these  micro-
organisms and the organic material in the  wastewater, adequate  supplies of
oxygen, and the presence of environmental  conditions which  enhance the
growth and activity of these microorganisms  (for  example, proper temperature
and sufficient time).  A variety of  approaches have been  used in the past  to
meet these basic needs.  The most  common approaches are:

         -Trickling filters
         -Activated sludge
         -Oxidation ponds (or lagoons)

Secondary treatment also can be achieved by  non-biological  processes which
employ physical-chemical treatment or application to land.

Although secondary treatment processes, when coupled with disinfection, may
remove over 85 percent of the BOD  and suspended solids  and  nearly  all  path-
ogens, only minor amounts of some  pollutants, such as nitrogen,  phosphorus,
soluble COD, and heavy metals, are removed.  In certain situations, such as
when  the need to protect local water supplies is  great, pollutants contained
in a  secondary effluent are of major concern.  In these cases,  processes
capable of removing pollutants not adequately removed by  secondary treatment
are used in what is called tertiary  or advanced wastewater  treatment.   These
processes improve the effluent quality to  the point that  it  is  adequate for
many reuse purposes and may convert  what was originally a wastewater into  a
valuable resource.

     Advanced wastewater treatment processes may  include phosphorus removal,
filtration (to remove suspended or colloidal matter), carbon adsorption (for
removal of soluble organic materials which are resistant to biological
breakdown), and nitrogen control.

         Land application

     The land application of wastewater or treated effluent entails the use
of  plants, the soil surface, and the soil  matrix  to remove  certain waste-
water constituents.   In addition to  treatment, land application systems may
                                    N-4

-------
be used  for a combination of  water  reuse  and  disposal.   The renovated water
is either discharged  to  the groundwater or  collected  for discharge to
surface  waters.

     Four processes which have  been used  successfully for land-based treat-
ment of  wastewater effluents  are:   overland flow,  irrigation,  high-rate
irrigation, and  infiltration-percolation.   Except  for overland flow, all
processes have been used successfully  in  the  US  for the  treatment  of muni-
cipal wastewater.  In other countries, the  overland flow process has been
used effectively for domestic wastewater  treatment.   All  four  processes have
been applied to  industrial wastewater, both in this country and elsewhere.
Table N-l is a list of the characteristics  and requirements of the four land
application processes.

     The process characteristics, quality of  the treated  water, and how the
applied  water is dispersed differ greatly among  the four  processes.   The
quality  of the water after treatment is a function of soil  characteristics,
crop type, system management, and especially  loading  rate.   Loading rate and
land area requirements overlap  for  the different processes.  The wastewater
quality, climate, soil, geology, topography,  land availability, and quality
requirements for return  flow  generally determine which of  the  four land
treatment processes is most suitable for  a  particular region.

     On-site and other non-centralized systems

     Non-centralized collection, treatment, and disposal  systems may be used
to serve individual residences  (on-site systems) or clusters of residences
or commercial units (community  systems) which neither are connected into nor
a part of conventional treatment work.  In nonurban settings,  such arrange-
ments may offer a less costly alternative to  a conventional  central or
regional facility which  serves  a much more expansive  area.

     On-site systems may be publicly or privately owned.  On-site  technology
may include treatment with surface  or subsurface discharge,  recycle and re-
use, or  evaporation.   On-site .systems characteristically  provide treatment
and disposal of wastewaters in  the  immediate  locality of  their generation.

     Numerous strategies, including soil-dependent and non-soil dependent
systems, must be considered for on-site and community treatment and disposal
of wastewater.   Land application systems  and  surface  water  discharge
systems, as previously discussed for centralized facilities, also  may be
suitable and adaptable to non-centralized situations.   Commonly used on-site
technology includes the  following:

     •   Septic Tank - Soil Absorption Systems

     •   Aerobic Treatment - Soil Absorption  Systems

     •   Sand Filtration, Polishing and Disinfection
                                    N-5

-------
Table N-l.  Four land application processes for treatment of municipal wastewater.   (US-EPA 1976).




Overland flow












Irrigation
















Annual
loading
acre
ft/ac/yr
5 to 25












1 to 5















,:.,
Net irrigated
land area
requirement
for 1>mgd flow
45 to 225 ac
plus buffer
areas, etc.










225 to 1,100
ac plus buffer
areas, etc.

















Objective
Maximizes water treat*
ment

Crop harvest is incidental.

May be used as secondary
treatment of raw waste-
water or advanced treat-
ment of secondary treated
wastewater.



Maximizes agricultural
production by supplying
irrigation needs.

May be considered a
reuse option as well as
advanced treatment of
, partially treated waste-
water.









Soils and
geologic
materials
Suitable for slow or very
slow permeable soils and/
or high water table
conditions.
•
Generally requires natural
or constructed slopes of
2 to 8 percent.





Suitable for most irrigable
agricultural soils.

Irrigation method will
depend on soil, topog-
raphy and crop.













Dispersal of
applied water
Most water to surface
runoff.

Some water to evapo-
transpiration and very
little water to percolation.







Most water to evapo-
transpi ration.

Some water to percola-
tion and leaching of
salts.

Tailwater runoff from
surface irrigation can be
controlled.









Impact on quality
of applied water
BOO and suspended
solids greatly reduced.

High nitrogen removal.

Some phosphorous
removal.

Reduction of some heavy
metals.
Little change in total
dissolved ionic solids
(TDIS).
BOO and suspended
solids almost completely
eliminated.

Nutrients removed by
crop and soil.

Heavy metals adsorbed
or precipitated.

TDIS concentration
greatly increased by
evapotranspiration.
Little change in total
salts (applied =• leached).
Increase in hardness of
percolate.

-------
Table N-l.  Four land application processes for treatment of municipal wastewater.  (concluded)




High-rate
irrigation












Infiltration-
percolation











Annual
loading
acre
ft/ac/yr
1 to 10













1 1 to 500












Net irrigated
land area
requirement
for 1-mgd flow
110to 1.100
ac plus buffer
areas, etc.











2 to 100 ac
plus buffer
areas, etc.













Objective
Maximizes wastewater
treatment by supplying
nutrients and water as
needed by crop.

Agricultural crops are a
side benefit. In case of
conflict, wastewater treat-
ment is higher priority
than crop production.




Maximizes water filtration
and percolation to ground-
water.

Crop production is not a
benefit. There may not
be a crop.







Soils and
geologic
materials
Suitable for more perme-
able irrigable agricultural
soils.

Irrigation method will
depend on soil, topog-
raphy, and crop.

Requires good natural or
constructed drainage.




Suitable for highly
permeable soils.

Requires very good
natural or constructed
drainage.









Dispersal of
applied water
Most water to percola-
tion and evapotranspiration.

Tailwater runoff from
surface irrigation can be
controlled.

May result in buildup of
groundwater mound.





Most water percolates to
groundwater.

Some water to evapo-
transpiration.

No runoff.

May result in buildup of
large groundwater
mound.




Impact on quality
of applied water
BOD and suspended
solids almost completely
eliminated.

Nutrients removed by
crop and/or soil.

TDIS concentration in-
creased by evapotrans-
piration.
Additional salts leached
out of soil by excess
applied water (salt
loading).
BOD and suspended solids
reduced.

Some nutrient removal by
soil and crop.

Additional salts leached
out of soil by excess
applied water (salt
loading).

Increase in hardness of
percolate.

-------
     •   Mound Systems

     •   Evapotranspiration Systems

     •   Evaporation Systems

     •   Waterless Toilets/Greywater  Systems

     •   On-Site Recycle Systems

     •   Combination systems

     In choosing on-site systems,  first  it  is necessary  to  evaluate  design
constraints, such as soil types, site  topography, geological  character-
istics, climate, and water quality objectives.   Then  the construction,
operation, and maintenance requirements  must be  identified  for  each  system.
Although many choices are available for  on-site  and community systems, only
a few offer economical and environmentally  acceptable  solutions.

     Reuse of wastewater

     Reuse and by-product recovery is  one of the major techniques  for
handling wastewater.  Effluent quality required  for reuse varies greatly  by
the situation, however the ultimate pollutional  effect must not exceed that
which would occur if treatment and discharge or  land  application were
employed.  Wastewater effluent, after  varying levels  of  treatment, may be
reused for:

     •   Irrigation to recover nutrient  or  water value

     •   Industrial recycling to recover nutrient, water, or  heat  value

     •   Commercial recycling to recover nutrient, water, or  heat  value

     •   Aquaculture uses, including  all farming and  production operations

     •   Groundwater injection to  supplement water supplies or  prevent
         subsidence

     •   Development of arid lands

     In addition to effluent, other treatment plant wastes  such as sludges,
methane gas, and waste-activated carbon  also may be reused.   Sludge  may be
applied to land or used to provide raw materials for  industrial or commer-
cial manufacture of saleable products.   The sale of dried sludge as  a  soil
builder or conditioner may provide additional revenue.  Similarly, methane
gas can be put to beneficial use for  municipal or industrial  purposes.
                                     N-8

-------