oERA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Office of Air Quality
Planning and Standards
Research Triangle Park NC 27711
EPA-450/4-80-033
March 1981
Air
Example Emission
Inventory Documentation
For 1982 Ozone State
Implementation Plans
(SIPs)
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EPA-450/4-80-033
Example Emission Inventory
Documentation for 1982
Ozone State Implementation
Plans (SIPs)
by
Engineering-Science
501 Willard Street
Durham, NC 27701
and
Peat, Marwick, Mitchell
1990 K Street NW
Washington, DC 20006
Contract Nos. 68-02-3506 and 68-02-3509
EPA Project Officers: Thomas Lahre and George Bonina
Prepared for
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Office of Air, Noise, and Radiation
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
March 1981
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This report is issued by the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency
to report technical data of interest to a limited number of readers.
Copies are available free of charge to Federal employees, current
EPA contractors and grantees, and nonprofit organizations - in limited
quantities - from the Library Services Office (MD 35), Research Triangle
Park, NC 27711; or, for a fee, from the National Technical Information
Service, 5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield, VA 22161.
This report was furnished to the Environmental Protection Agency by
Engineering-Science, 501 Willard St., Durham, NC, and Peat, Marwick,
Mitchell, 1990 K St. NW, Washington, DC, in fulfillment of Contract
Nos. 68-02-3509 and 68-02-3506. The contents of this report are
reproduced herein as received from the contractors. The opinions,
findings and conclusions expressed are those of the authors and not
necessarily those of the Environmental Protection Agency. Mention of
company or product names is not to be considered an endorsement by
the Environmental Protection Agency.
Publication No. EPA-450/4-80-033
ii
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PREFACE
This document complements recent EPA guidance*'** on compiling reactive
VOC and NOX emission inventories for use in developing the 1982 ozone
State Implementation Plans (SIP's). Specifically, an example inventory is
presented and documented wherein emissions of reactive VOC and NOX have been
compiled for an imaginary ozone nonattainment area called Ozpneville. Emis-
sion totals are developed for area, point, and highway vehicle sources' for
a base year (1980) as well as a projected attainment year (1987). Two pro-
jection inventories are developed: 1) a baseline projection, considering
growth and on-the-books controls implemented in the 1979 SIP's and 2) a. SIP
strategy projection, which also considers the impact of control measures
incorporated in the 1982 ozone SIP's.
Several qualifications should be kept in mind when using this document.
First, many of the data presented are ficticious, although selected to be
fairly realistic. As such, they should not be applied indiscriminately to
any areas or source categories in lieu of using local data. Moreover, the
types and extent of controls hypothetically imposed in Ozoneville to achieve
the ozone standard may be quite different than those required in other
areas.
A second qualification is that all of the types of point sources of
VOC and NOX that will likely be encountered in a real inventory situation
are not exemplified in this document for the sake of brevity. The inventory-
ing agency's actual point source inventory will necessarily have to encompass
many more sources of VOC (including many to which RACT is applicable) than
have been included in this example inventory. In contrast, the^sections
on area and highway vehicle sources in this document are fairly inclusive
because of the limited number of source categories that must be dealt with
in each of these areas.
Finally, it should be noted that this document combines both the base-
line and SIP strategy inventories. According to EPA's ozone SIP inventory
requirements,** the SIP strategy inventory and.accompanying documentation
need not be submitted until July 31, 1982, or seven months after submittal
of the base year and baseline projection inventories. For convenience of
both preparation and subsequent review, it is recommended that the SIP strat-
egy inventory and documentation be combined with the base year and baseline
projection inventories for the final submittal accompanying the 1982 SIP.
* Procedures for the Preparation of Emission Inventories for Volatile
Organic Compounds: Volume I. Second Edition.EPA-450/2-77-028
>r*Final Emission Inventory Requirements for 1982 Ozone State Implementation
Plans. EPA-450/4-80-016
ii
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CONTENTS
PREFACE i i i
TABLES v
FIGURES .. vi
1.0 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1 -1
2.0 AREA SOURCES ..2-1
2.1 Gasoline Distribution 2-4
2.2 Nonindustrial Surface Coating... 2-7
2.3 Other Solvent Use 2-8.
2.4 Other Miscellaneous Sources ....2-16
2.5 Nonhighway Mobile Sources. ..2-36
2.6 References .2-50
3.0 POINT SOURCES 3-1
3.1 Tank Farms .....3-2
3.2 Rubber Tire Manufacturing 3-5
3.3 Paper Coating 3-9
3.4 Coi 1 Coating 3-20
3.5 Fabric Coating ..3-23
3.6 Wood Furniture 3-26
3.7 Metal Furniture 3-30
3.8 Dry Cleaning.. 3-32
3.9 Degreasing. 3-36
3.10 Graphic Arts 3-38
3.11 Waste Solvent Recovery Process. 3-41
3.12 Power Plants 3-42
3.13 References 3-44
4.0 HIGHWAY VEHICLES 4-1
4.1 Travel Estimation Process 4-1
4.2 Emission Estimation Process 4-3
4.3 Baseline and Control Strategy Travel and Emissions
Projections 4-10
5.0 QUALITY ASSURANCE 5-1
IV
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TABLES
1.1 Summary of Reactive VOC Emissions for Ozoneville
Nonattainment Area 1-3
1.2 Summary of Reactive NOX Emissions for Ozoneville
Nonattainment Area . 1-5
1.3 Nonreactive Volatile Organic Compounds 1-7
2.1 Area Sources of Reactive VOC and NOX 2-2
2.2 Population and Employment Data v 2-3
2.3 Estimated Gasoline Sales during the 1980 Ozone Season ...2-5
2.4 Summary of Gasoline Distribution Losses 2-6
2.5 VOC Emissions from Architectural Surface Coating 2-9
2.6 Summary of Automobile Refinishing VOC Emissions 2-10
2.7 VOC Emissions from Cold Cleaning Degreasing *' 2-11
2.8 Summary of Commercial and Coin Operated Dry Cleaning
Emissions 2-13
2.9 Emissions from Small Graphic Arts Facilities ...2-15
2.10 1980 Cutback Asphalt Usage and Corresponding VOC Emissions 2-17
2.11 VOC Emissions from Commercial/Consumer Solvent Use 2-18
2.12 Reactive VOC and NOX Emissions from Residential
Natural Gas Combustion 2-19
2.13 Reactive VOC and NOX Emissions from Commercial/Institutional
Natural Gas Combustion 2-21
2.14 Reactive VOC and NOX Emissions from Light Industrial
Coal Combustion 2-22
2.15 Reactive VOC and NOX Emissions from Light Industrial
Residual Oil Combustion .2-24
2.16 Reactive VOC and NOX Emissions from Light Industrial
Distillate Oil Combustion 2-25
2.17 Reactive VOC and NOX Emissions from Light Industrial
Natural Gas Combustion 2-26
2.18 Total Reactive VOC and NOX Emissions from Fuel Combustion 2-27
2.19 Estimates of Base Year Solid Waste Burned in On-Site
Incineration 2-28
2.20 Reactive VOC and NOX Emissions from On-Site Incineration 2-30
2.21 Reactive VOC and NOX Emissions from Open Burning 2-31
2.22 Reactive VOC and NOX Emissions from Forest Fires 2-32
2.23 Reactive VOC and NOX Emissions from Slash and Agricultural
Fiel d Burni ng 2-34
2.24 Reactive VOC and NOX Emissions from Structural Fires 2-35
2.25 Reactive VOC Emissions from Pesticide Application 2-37
2.26 Reactive VOC and NOX Emissions from Stationary Internal
Combustion Engines 2-38
2.27 Agricultural Equipment Emission Factors 2-40
2.28 Agricultural Equipment Emissions 2-41
2.29 Fuel Used by Construction Equipment in Base Year 1980 2-42
2.30 Construction Equipment Emissions 2-43
2.31 Fuel Consumption by Small Gasoline Engines in Base Year 1980..2-45
2.32 Lawn and Garden Equipment Emissions. 2-46
2.33 Diesel Locomotive Emissions 2-47
2.34 Aircraft Emissions at the Ozoneville International Airport....2-49
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3.1 Summary of Point Source Tank Farm Emissions 3-3
3.2 Summary of Point Source Pneumatic Rubber Tire
Manufacturing Emissions 3-8
3.3 Summary of Point Source Paper Coating Emissions 3-15
3.4 Summary of Point Source Coil Coating Emissions 3-21
3.5 Summary of Point Source Fabric Coating Emissions 3-24
3.6 Summary of Point Source Wood Furniture Coating Emissions 3-28
3.7 Summary of Point Source Metal Furniture Coating Emissions 3-30
3.8 Summary of Point Source Dry Cleaning Emissions 3-33
3.9 Summary of Point Source Degreasing Emissions 3-37
3.10 Summary of Point Source Graphic Arts Emissions 3-39
3.11 Summary of Point Source Waste Solvent Recovery Process
Emissions 3-41
3.12 Summary of Power Plant NOX Emissions 3-43
3.13 Summary of Power Plant Reactive VOC Emissions 3-43
4.1 Validation Results for 1977 Screenline Counts 4-4
4.2 Comparison of 1977 Passenger Counts with Assigned Volumes 4-5
4.3 Vehicle Mix Distributions 4-6
4.4 Average Temperatures and Humidity, June-August 4-8
4.5 Cold/Hot Start Operating Functions by Period and Area 4-9
4.6 Packages of Reasonably Available Control Measures To Be
Implemented .4-12
4.7 Total Forecasted Daily Vehicle Trips 4-16
4.8 Total VMT by County ....4-17
4.9 Average Daily Vehicle Operating Speed by Highway
Classification 4-18
4.10 Highway Source Emissions by County 4-19
4.11 Emission Factors by Highway Classification .4-20
4.12 Emission Reductions from RACM Packages in the Control
Strategy 4-24
4.13 Average Daily VMT by Vehicle Classification 4-25
4.14 Average Daily VMT by Highway Classification 4-26
4.15 Emissions by Highway Classification 4-27
4.16 Travel Data for Reasonableness Assessment 4-28
4.17 Methodology Review Sheet 4-29
4.18 Travel Data for Reasonableness Assessment 4-32
4.19 Emission Factor Inputs and Emission Inventory Outputs 4-33
4.20 Variable 11: Fraction of VMT per Vehicle Classification by
Model Year 4-34
4.21 Variable 12: Vehicle Emission Rates by Functional Class 4-35
4.22 Reasonableness Assessment for Travel Data 4-36
FIGURES
1.1 Ozoneville Study Area 1-2
4.1 Major Projects Included in Control Strategy for Ozoneville
Study Area 4-14
4.2 Emission Reductions for Highway Sources 4-21
vi
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1.0 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
States with areas classified as non.attainment with respect to the
National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS's) were required by the Clean
Air Act Amendments of 1977 to submit attainment plans in 1979 which demon-
strated attainment by 1982. States which were unable to show attainment of
the carbon monoxide and ozone standards by 1982 were granted extensions to
1987 for attainment. Plans demonstrating attainment by 1987 are required by
July 1, 1982.
This document presents the emission inventory for reactive volatile
organic compounds (VOC) and oxides for nitrogen (NOX) from nonhignway area,
point, and highway sources for the photochemical oxidant nonattainment area
.around Ozoneville. A map of the Ozoneville nonattainment area is shown in
Figure 1.1. The nonattainment area encompasses County A, County B, County C,
and County D. In Figure 1.1, the crosshatching indicates the corporate limits
of Ozoneville. The 1980 Census population is 2,061,978 for this standard
metropolitan statistical area (SMSA).
A number of agencies were involved in preparing various portions of the
Ozoneville inventory. The lead agency was the Ozoneville Regional Planning
Authority (ORPA). ORPA was directly responsible for overseeing the comple-
tion of each segment of the inventory, for running city-specific EKMA, and
for developing the control measures implemented in the 1982 SIP. Other agen-
cies provided data to ORPA necessary for compiling emission estimates. The
State Department of Environmental Regulation (DER) and Ozoneville Department
of Public Health (ODPH) provided various activity level data for use in the
area source inventory. Mail survey results from the DER were the primary
means of updating, the point source inventory. The Ozoneville Department of
Transportation (ODOT) and various other State and local agencies provided data
and technical assistance necessary for running the transportation and network
calculation models.
Tables 1.1 and 1.2 summarize reactive VOC and NOX emissions for the
entire Ozoneville nonattainment area. Emissions are presented for the base
year, 1980, and the projected attainment year, 1987. The baseline projection
totals reflect growth to 1987 as well as on-the-books controls (primarily as a
result of the 1979 SIP). The SIP strategy totals reflect additional control
measures committed to in the 1982 SIP. The stationary source emission categor-
ies in Table.1.1 are defined to reflect the application of reasonably available
control technology (RACT).
The 1980 emission totals were based on the most recent data available.
Area source totals were based on current population and employment data devel-
oped by the Ozoneville Regional Planning Authority (ORPA). Point source totals
were based on a 1980 mail survey, recent stack tests, and existing files. High-
way vehicle totals were computed by applying EPA emission factors (MOBILE 1)
to travel estimates resulting from ORPA's ongoing transportation planning
process. ,
The 1987 baseline projections for point and area sources were determined by
applying the appropriate growth factors to the 1980 emissions from individual
1-1
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County A
County B
County D
County C
FIGURE 1.1 Okoneville Study Area,
1-2
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TABLE 1.1. SUMMARY OF REACTIVE VOC EMISSIONS FOR THE OZONEVILLE NONATTAINMENT AREA
(kg/day, typical summer weekday)
Emission Source
Base Year
1980
Attainment Year
Baseline
projection
SIP
strategy
Point
Area
Point
Area-
Point
Area
STORAGE, TRANSPORTATION, & MARKETING OF VOC
Oil and Gas Production & Processing
Gasoline and Crude Oil Storage1
Synthetic Organic Chemical Storage&Transfer
Ship and Barge Transfer of VOC
Barge and Tanker Cleaning
Bulk Gasoline Terminal2.
Gasoline Bulk Plant3
Service Station Loading (Stage I)
Service Station Unloading (Stage II)
Other (specify) Tank Breathing/Truck Transit
6,160
6,341
7,593
1,076
703
4., 4 39
9,568
1,355
703
4,439
7,200
1*355
INDUSTRIAL PROCESS
Petroleum Refinery
Lube Oil Manufacture
Organic Chemical Manufacture
Inorganic Chemical Manufacture
Fermentation Process
Vegetable Oil Processing
Pharmaceutical Manufacture
Plastic Products Manufacture
Rubber Tire Manufacture
SBR Rubber Manufacture
Textile Polymers & Resin Manufacture
Synthetic Fiber Manufacture
Iron and Steel Manufacture
Other (specify)
INDUSTRIAL SURFACE COATING
Large Appliance
Magnet Wire
Automobile
Can
Metal Coil
Paper
.Fabric
Metal Wood Product
Miscellaneous Metal Product
Plastic Parts Painting
Large Ship
Large Aircraft
Other (specify)
(continued)
785
3,697
1,965
1,365
. 720
9,820
15,192
822
196
1,998
1,965
137
292
4,716
7,509
714
196
1,507
393
137
292
4,716
7,509
714
1-3
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TABLE 1.1 (continued)
Emission Source
NONINDUSTRIAL SURFACE .COATING
Architectural Coatings
Auto Refinishing
Other (specify)
OTHER SOLVENT USE
Degreasing
Dry Cleaning
Graphic Arts
Adhesives
Cutback Asphalt
Solvent Extraction Process
Consumer/Commercial Solvent Use
Other (specify)
OTHER MISCELLANEOUS SOURCES
Fuel Combustion
Sol id Waste Disposal
Forest, Agricultural, & Other Open
Burning
Pesticide Application
Waste Solvent Recovery Process
Stationary Internal Combustion Engine
MOBILE SOURCE
Highway Vehicle
Light Duty Automobile
Light Duty Trucks
Heavy Duty Gasoline Trucks
Heavy Duty Diesel Truck
Motorcycle
Off-Highway Vehicle
Rail
Aircraft
Vessel
TOTAL
Attainment Year
Base Year
1980
Point Area
11,788
9,691
166 8,994
5,360 3,710
1,216 1,682
0 0
1,161
0
16,144
158 294
5,725
1,271
1,166
15 0
196
79,990
11,540
9,312
4,338
635
5,753
3,114
649
47,441 192,163
Baseline
projection
Point Area
12,374
10,179
112 4,532
7,783 1,930
685 1,147
0 0
0
0
16,946 .
228 298
6,010
1,318
1,250
. 1.8 0
196
38,063
5 ,488
4,431
2,064
302
6,111
3,114
783
27,056 131,898
SIP
strategy
Point Area
12,374
10,179
112 4,532
2,383 1,172
465 670
0 0
0
0
16,946
228 298
6,010
1,318
1,250
9 0
196
36,062
4,603
4,380
2,042
294
6,111
3,114
783
19,364 125,328
1 Excludes storage facilities at service stations and bulk plants.
2 Emissions from loading tank trucks and rail cars.
3 Emissions from storage and transfer operations.
1-4
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TABLE 1.2. SUMMARY OF NOX EMISSIONS FOR THE OZONEVILLE NONATTAINMENT AREA
(kg/day, typical summer weekday)
Emission Source
Base Year
1980
Atta i nment Year
Baseline
orojection
Point
Area
Point
Area
SIP
strategy
Point
Area
EXTERNAL FUEL COMBUSTION
Utility Boiler
Industrial Boiler
Commercial, Institutional, Residential
50,889
58,979
16,967
17,289
58,979
17,289
STATIONARY INTERNAL COMBUSTION
Reciprocating Engine
Gas Turbine
4,702
4,702
4,702
INDUSTRIAL PROCESS
Chemical Manufacturing
Adipic Acid
Nitric Acid
Other
Iron and Steel
Mineral Products
Cement
Glass
Other
Petroleum Refining
Other
INCINERATION AND OPEN BURN.ING
1,861
1,985
1,985
MOBILE SOURCE
Highway Vehicles
Light Duty Automobile
Light Duty Truck
Heavy Duty Gaoline Truck
Heavy Duty Diesel Truck
Motorcycle
Off-Highway Vehicles
Rail
Aircraft
Vessel
51,866
6,539
7,422
22,549
26
6,366
11,579
284
39,290
4,953
5,622
17,048
20
6,862
11,579
355
36,701
4,158
5,534
16,920
20
6,862
11,579
355
TOTAL
50,889 130,050 58,979 109,589 58,979 105,989
1-5
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companies or emission categories and by accounting for emission reductions
already scheduled by Ozoneville's 1979 SIP revision. The 1987 control
strategy emissions were calculated by applying the additional PACT category
emission reductions contained in the 1982 SIP revision to the 1987 baseline
projection emissions.
The presumed emission reductions resulting from the application of the
1979 and 1982 RACT measures were generally derived from the respective CTG's.
Note that in the 1982 SIP, RACT was determined to be available for several
categories in Ozoneville for which Control Technology Guidelines (CTG) have
not been published by EPA. These additional controls were necessary to pro-
ject achievement of the National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) for
ozone by 1987.
Highway vehicle travel estimates were projected by applying ORPA's
standard four-step transportation modeling process to future estimates of
population, households, and employees. Non-linear interpolation of projections
originally produced for 1977 and 2000 was performed to develop travel estimates
for 1980 and 1987. The bulk of the projected reductions in highway vehicle
emissions are due to the Federal Motor Vehicle Control Program (FMVCP) and
inspection/maintenance (I/M). Each of these is reflected in the MOBILE 1
emission factors. The impact of transportation measures (RACM's) was primarily
simulated by evaluating reductions in regional travel resulting from each
package of measures.
The VOC's in this inventory are photochemically reactive. All identified
nonreactive VOC's (e.g., methane, ethane, and halogenated organics) were ex-
cluded from VOC totals for each source. Table 1.3 lists the nonreactive VOC's.
Section 2.0, 3.0 and 4.0 present the area source, point source, and
highway vehicle emission inventory documentations, respectively. Section 5.0
provides a description of the quality assurance program used to ensure that
the inventory contained accurate and complete data.
1-6
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TABLE 1.3 NONREACTIVE VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
Methane
Ethane
1,1,1-Trichloroethane (methyl chloroform)
Methylene chloride
Trichlorofluoromethane (CFC 11)
Dichlorodifluoromethane (CFC 12)
Chlorodifluoromethane (CFC 22)
Trifluoromethane (FC 23)
Trichlorotrifluoroethane (CFC 113)
Dichlorotetrafluoroethane (CFC 114)
Chloropentafluoroethane (CFC 115)
Sources: 42 FR 35314 - July 8, 1977
45 FR 48941 - July 22, 1980
1-7
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2.0 AREA SOURCES
This section documents the development of the area source emission
inventory for reactive volatile organic compounds (VOC) and oxides of
nitrogen (NOX). Area sources include non-highway mobile and stationary
sources that are too small or too numerous to be treated individually as
point sources. Table 2.1 lists the categories of area source VOC and.
NOX emissions. Highway vehicle sources are discussed in Section 4.0.
The emissions in the inventory are typical of a weekday during the
summer ozone season. The base year is 1980 and the projected attainment
year is 1987. Two projection inventories were made. First, baseline emis-
sions were projected for 1987 accounting for growth and controls scheduled
in the 1979 SIP. Also, a 1987 control strategy projection year inventory
was developed to include the proposed controls in the 1982 SIP.
Several documents provided basic guidance for the development of the
area source emission inventory. The first is Procedures for the Prepara-
tion of Emission Inventories for Volatile Organic Compounds Volume I, Se-
cond Edition, EPA-450/2-77-028. referred to as Volume I. Emission factors
were generally taken from Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors
(Including Supplements 1-10), AP-42, and appropriate Control Technology
Guidelines (CTG's).The structure and content of the inventory was based
on guidance presented in Final Emission Inventory Requirements for 1982
Ozone State Implementation Plans, EPA-450/4-80-016.. Nonreactive VOC were
excluded from the inventory based primarily on data in Volatile Organic
Compound (VOC) Species Data Manual, EPA-450/4-80-015 (2nd Edition), here-
after referred to as the VOC Species Manual. Basic demographic and em-
ployment data for both the base year of 1980 and the projection year of
1987 were provided by the Ozoneville Regional Planning Authority (ORPA).
Table 2.2 summarizes the basic demographic and employment data. Other
sources of information included the Ozoneville Department of Public
Health (ODPH) and the State Department of Environmental Regulation
(DER). A complete list of references is given in Section 2.6.
The documentation for each area source category is addressed in the
following manner. First, the area source category is defined and the base
year activity parameter calculations are discussed. The emission factor
for the source category is given and referenced. The baseline projection
factors are then developed, reflecting growth and "on the books" controls.
Finally, any additional emission reductions from controls proposed by the
1982 SIP are briefly described.
2-1
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TABLE 2.1. AREA SOURCES OF REACTIVE VOC AND NO
X
Gasoline Distribution
Nonindustrial Surface Coating
Architectural Coatings
Auto Refinishing
Other Solvent Use
Degreasing
Dry-cleaning
Graphic Arts
Cutback Asphalt Paving
Commercial/Consumer Solvent Use
Other Miscellaneous Sources
Stationary Source Fuel Combustion
Solid Waste Disposal
Forest, Agriculturing, and Other Burning
Pesticide Application
Stationary Internal Combustion Engines
Non-highway Mobile Sources
Off-highway Vehicles
Railroad Locomotives
Aircraft
Vessels
2-2
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TABLE'2,2. POPULATION AND EMPLOYMENT DATA
ro
Employment
Popul
County 1980
A 675,048
B 301,727
C 612,400
D 472,803
ation
1987
714,994
310,517
636,628
502,153
Source: Employment and
Manufacturing
1980
118,373
40,802
61,417
57,562
Demographi
1987
120,396
41,362
62,546
57,739
Construction
1980
25,709
5,826
13,500
10,739
c Data Summaries
1987
26,595
5,834
13,664
10,844
by Census
Wholesale
1980
18,292
3,809
6,917
7,794
Tract,
1987
18,602
3,896
7,221
4,840
Minor Ci
Retail
1980
53,923
16,177
36,554
30,087
vil Divi
1987
57,386
16,786
39,172
30,870
si on,
Commercial/
Institutional
1980
158,641
54,762
102,654
84,639
and County
1987
170,989
57,436
114,535
87,816
1970-
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2.1 GASOLINE DISTRIBUTION
Four subcategories involving gasoline distribution losses were inven-
toried as area sources: (1) tank truck unloading (Stage I), (2) vehicle
fueling (Stage II), (3) underground tank breathing, and (4) tank truck
transit. Volume I recommends evaluating gasoline distribution losses by
these subcategories so that Stage I and Stage II control measures can be
more readily simulated when projecting emissions. The activity level for
each subcategory is gasoline sales. All gasoline distribution losses can
be considered photochemically reactive, as indicated in the VOC Species
Manual.
The state Bureau of Liquid Fuels Taxation was contacted to obtain
1980 gasoline sales data. Sales data was available by county and included
both taxable and non-taxable gasoline sales. The Bureau of Liquid Fuels
Taxation could not provide a seasonal variation in the sale of gasoline,
however. Data from Highway Statistics 1978 was used to determine a sea-
sonal scaling factor. Gasoline sales throughout the state during the sum-
mer months were 26% of the yearly sales. Although this data is specific
for 1978, the seasonal variation in gasoline sales was assumed to be the
same from year to year. No weekday adjustment was made based on informa-
tion supplied by the Bureau of Liquid Fuels Taxation. The seasonally ad-
justed amount of gasoline marketed per day by county is listed in Table
2.3.
For tank truck unloading, the percentage of gasoline delivered by
each of the three types of filling methods was determined. A random
telephone survey of 50 service stations revealed that 80 percent of the
service stations in the study area are equipped for submerged filling
while the remaining 20 percent employ splash filling. No service sta-
tions employed balance submerged filling (Stage I vapor recovery) in
1980. Using the hydrocarbon emission factors given in Table 4.4-5, AP-
42, a weighted emission factor of 8.1 lbs/1000 gallons throughput was
calculated. Table 2.4 lists base year VOC emissions from tank truck
unloading during a typical day in the ozone season for each county in
the study area.
An emission factor of 9.7 lb/1000 gallons throughput is given in
Table 4.4-4 of AP-42 for vehicle fueling operations which are not equipped
with controls. Spillage accounts for 0.7 lbs/1000 gallons. The AP-42
emission rate for underground tank breathing losses is 1 lb/1000 gallons
throughput. Table 2.4 lists base year VOC emissions from vehicle fueling
and underground tank breathing.
Table 4.4-3 of AP-42 lists emission factors for tank truck transit
losses. These factors are given for gasoline transferred in two modes:
(1) tanks loaded with fuel, and (2) tanks returning with vapor. Volume
I suggests the two factors be added together to obtain a compound factor
applicable to a round trip delivery. Typical and extreme values for
transit losses are given in Table 4.4-3 of AP-42. An average of the two
values was used. The round trip delivery emission factor, for tank truck
transit losses was calculated to be 0.29 lbs/1000 gallons transferred.
This factor could not be applied to the gasoline sales estimated given
in Table 2.3 since the amount of gasoline transferred in an area may
2-4
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TABLE 2.3. ESTIMATED GASOLINE SALES DURING THE 1980 OZONE SEASON,
OZONEVILLE STUDY AREA
County Estimated Gasoline Sales (gals/day)
A 550,300
B 253,300
C 499,200
D 374,600
2-5
-------
TABLE 2.4. SUMMARY Of GASOLINE DISTRIBUTION LOSSES
County Operation
A Tank Truck Unloading
Vehicle Fueling
Underground Tank Breathing
Tank Truck Transit
B Tank Truck Unloading
Vehicle Fueling
Underground Tank Breathing
Tank Truck Transit
C Tank Truck Unloading
Vehicle Fueling
Underground Tank Breathing
Tank Truck Transit
D Tank Truck Unloading
Vehicle Fueling
Underground Tank Breathing
Tank Truck Transit
Reacti
Base Year
2,067
2,475
255
96
4,893
951
1,139
117
44
2,251
1,875
2,245
231
87
4,438
1,448
1,734
179
67
ve VOC Emissi
(kg/day)
Baseline
Projection
1,447
3,119
321
121
5,008
666
1,435
147
55
2,303
1,313
2,829
291
110
4,543
1,013
2,185
226
84
ons
Control
Strategy
1,447
2,347
321
121
4,236
666
1,080
147
55
1,948
1,313
2,129
291
110
3,843
1,013
1,644
226
84
3,428
3,508
2,967
2-6
-------
exceed gasoline sales because some gasoline is delivered from bulk termi-
nals to bulk plants before it is delivered to service stations. From the
point source inventory and 1980 gasoline sales data it was determined that,
on the average, 30% of the gasoline sold in the study area was stored at
bulk plants. Therefore, the gasoline sales values listed in Table 2.3
were multiplied by 1.30 before the round trip delivery emission factor
was applied. Tank truck transit losses are listed for each county in
Table 2.4.
The ORPA estimated an annual growth in gasoline sales of 3.4% for
the study area. The state fuel tax office agreed that this rate was a
reasonable assumption. The 3.4% annual growth rate was used to project
gasoline distribution losses to 1987. The growth factor calculated from
this annual rate is 1.26. The 1979 SIP required approximately 40% of
the service stations in the study area to receive gasoline by balanced
submerged filling (Stage I vapor controls). All other service stations
were required to implement submerged filling. No splash filling will be
permitted. The emission factors in Table 4.4-4 were used to calculate
a weighted emission factor of 4.5 lb/1000 gallons throughput for tank
truck unloading. No additional controls on tank truck unloading will
be established in the 1982 SIP. Therefore, the growth factor of 1.26
along with the weighted emission factor was applied to the 1980 ozone
season gasoline sales in Table 2.3 to calculate VOC emissions from tank
truck unloading for both projection year inventories. VOC emissions
from tank truck unloading on a typical day during the 1987 ozone season
are presented for each county in Table 2.4.
No controls on vehicle fueling operations (Stage II vapor controls)
were established in the 1979 SIP. However, the 1982 SIP requires 30% of
the service stations in the study area to install State II vapor controls.
The emission factors found in Table 4.4-4 of AP-42 were used to calculate
a compound emission factor of 7.3 lbs/1000 gallons throughput for vehicle
fueling operations. The baseline projection emissions from vehicle fuel
were calculated by multiplying the base year emissions by the 1.26 growth
factor. The control strategy emissions were calculated by multiplying
1980 ozone season gasoline sales by 1.26 and applying the compound emis-
sion factor of 7.3 lbs/1000 gallons throughput. Table 2.4 lists VOC emis-
sions from vehicle refueling operations for both projection year inven-
tories.
No controls on underground tank breathing losses and tank truck tran-
sit losses are established in either the 1979 or 1982 SIP. Therefore, the
growth factor of 1.26 was used to project these losses for both projection
year inventories. These emissions are summarized for each county in Table
2.4.
2.2 NONINDUSTRIAL SURFACE COATING
Industrial surface coating operations have been included in the point
source inventory. Architectural surface coating and automobile refinish-
ing are major nonindustrial surface coating sources and were inventoried
as area sources.
2-7
-------
2.2.1 Architectural Surface Coating
The most accurate method of inventorying VOC emissions from the ap-
plication of architectural surface coatings is to obtain sales and dis-
tribution data from local wholesale and retail suppliers of solventborne
paints, varnishes, and other coatings. Due to manpower and budget con-
straints, this method could not be employed to estimate VOC emissions.
Instead, the national average factor of 4.6 pounds of emissions per cap-
ita per year recommended in Volume I was used. All the VOC emissions
from this source category are photochemically reactive. No seasonal ad-
justment is believed to be warranted in Ozoneville because winter tem-
peratures are warm enough to allow outdoor painting. Likewise, weekday/
weekend adjustment seems unwarranted since painting is as likely to occur
during weekdays as on the weekend. Table 2.5 lists the base year VOC
emissions from architectural surface coating in the four county Ozone-
ville study area.
No VOC emission reductions will occur either as a result of the 1979
or the 1982 SIPs. Therefore, the projection year VOC emissions were pro-
jected based upon 1980-1987 population growth. Table 2.5 lists VOC emis-
sions from architectural surface coating by county for the base year pro-
jection years.
2.2.2 Automobile Refinishinq
Two alternative methods are given in Volume I for estimating emis-
sions from automobile refinishing if local data are unavailable. One
method is to apply a factor of 1.9 Ibs/capita year to total population.
The other method is to apply a factor of 2.6 TPY/employee to the number
of employees in SIC codes 7531 and 7535. Since the emissions per em-
ployee method gives more conservative estimates, this method was used
to determine baseline VOC emissions. VOC emissions were projected to
grow with the increase in population from 1980-1987. All solvent is as-
sumed to be reactive. No seasonal adjustment is necessary. Emissions
are assumed to occur uniformly from Monday to Saturday. Hence, annual
emissions are divided by 312 rather than 365 to estimate weekday emis-
sions. A summary of baseline and projection year emission inventories
is given in Table 2.6.
2.3 OTHER SOLVENT USE
2.3.1 Degreasing, Small Industrial/Commercial
Open top vapor and conveyorized degreasing have been included in
the point source inventory. Cold cleaning degreasing is the only type
which will be treated as an area source. No cold cleaning solvent use
was identified in the point source inventory. Volume I recommends a
factor of 3 pounds of reactive VOC per capita per year for estimating
small cold cleaning emissions. No seasonal adjustment is necessary.
Emissions are assumed to occur uniformly from Monday to Saturday. Ta-
ble 2.7 lists the base year reactive VOC emissions from cold cleaning
degreasing for each county in the Ozoneville study area.
2-8
-------
TABLE 2.5. VOC EMISSIONS FROM ARCHITECTURAL SURFACE COATING
Reactive VOC Emissions
(kg/day)
BaselineControl
County Base Year Projection Strategy
A 3,859 4,091 4,091
B 1,725 1,777 1,777
C 3,501 3,641 3,641
D 2,703 2,865 2,8'65
2-9
-------
TABLE 2.6. SUMMARY OF AUTOMOBILE REFINISHING VOC EMISSIONS
County
A
B
C
D
Employment3 in SIC1
7531 and 7535
440
179
342
321
a Reference: County Business
Reactive VOC Emissions
(kg/day)
s
Base Year
3,326
1,354
2,585
2,426
Patterns 1980,
Baseline
Projection
3,526
1,394
2,688
2,571
Bureau of the
Control
Strategy
3,526
1,394
2,688
2,571
Census, U.S.
Department of Commerce.
2-10
-------
TABLE 2.7. VOC EMISSIONS FROM COLD CLEANING DECREASING
Reactive VOC Emissions
. (kg/day)
Baseline Control
County Base Year Projection Strategy
A 2,945 1,499 1,499
B 1,316 650 650
C 2,671 1,334 1,334
D 2,062 1,049 1,049
2-11
-------
The RACT established in the 1979 SIP for cold cleaning degreasing
will result in a 52% reduction in reactive VOC emissions from this source
category. No additional emission reductions will occur as a result of
the 1982 SIP. Consequently, VOC emissions from cold cleaning degreasing
can be projected to 1987 by multiplying baseline emissions by population
growth factors and a reduction factor of 48%. Table 2.7 lists the pro-
jected reactive VOC emissions for each county.
2.3.2 Dry Clean-ing
A survey of commercial and coin operated dry cleaners was conducted
for calendar year 1980 for County A. A brief survey form was developed
to obtain the following information: amount and type of cleaning solvent
used, number of employees; quarterly throughput; and type of control de-
vice (if any). The questionnaires achieved a 90% response and accounted
for 85% of the employees within the 7215 and 7216 SIC codes as reported
in County Business Patterns 1980. (Note: Industrial dry cleaning, cov-
ered by SIC 7218, is covered in the point source inventory; see Section
3.8.)
Emissions for County A were calculated using the survey data and the
assumption from AP-42 that all solvent input to dry-cleaning operations
is eventually evaporated to the atmosphere, so that the emission factor
is 2,000 Ibs/ton. From the survey, the emissions from commercial and
coin operated plants totaled 202 tpy of perchloroethylene and 86 tpy
of petroleum solvent. The emissions from commercial and coin operated
plants were scaled up in the following manner to account for establish-
ments not responding to the survey:
Nonreported = Reported Emissions x Total _ Reported
Emissions Reported Employment Employment Emissions
288
_ _
519 employees
x 611 employees - 288 tpy = 51 tpy
The nonreported emissions were assumed to have the some solvent type split
as the reported emissions.
The results of the survey were used to develop an emission-per-em-
ployee factor for commercial and coin-op plants that was used to deter-
mine emissions in the surrounding counties. The factors are 0.40 tpy
per employee for perchloroethylene solvents and 0.17 tpy per employee
for petroleum solvents. (Note: These emission-per-employee factors are
specific for Ozoneville and are not recommended for general application.)
These emission-per-employee factors were applied to employment within the
7215 and 7216 SIC categories to obtain the county-wide emission estimates
shown in Table 2.8.
Baseline projection emissions were determined using population as
the projection factor. The 1979 SIP requires a 70% control of emission
from perchloroethylene dry cleaning solvents by 1987. The 1982 SIP re-
quires emission reductions from dry cleaning operations using petroleum
solvents. The proposed control efficiency is 70%.
2-12
-------
TABLE 2.8. SUMMARY OF COMMERCIAL AND COIN OPERATED DRY CLEANING EMISSIONS
ro
i
County
A
B
C
D
Employment3 in
7215 and 7216
SIC Codes
611
404
588
328
Reactive VOC Emissions
(kg/day)
Type of
Cleaning Solvent
Petroleum
Perchloroethylene
Petroleum
Perchloroethylene
Petroleum
Perchloroethylene
Petroleum
Perchloroethylene
Base Year
351
829
213
564
307
819
171
456
Baseline
Projection
372
265
216
174
321
255
181
146
Control
Strategy
112
265
66
174
98
255
56
146
Reference: County Business Patterns 1980, Bureau of Census, U.S. Department of Commerce.
-------
Table 2.8 summarizes the emissions from commercial and coin operated
dry cleaning operations. No seasonal adjustment was made based on the
survey results. Emissions were found to occur Monday through Friday, so
that annual emissions were divided by 260 rather than 365 to estimate
weekday emissions.
2.3.3 Qraphtc-Wrts-
An emission factor of 0.8 1 b/capita/year is recommended for estimat-
ing reactive VOC emissions for small graphic arts facilities which emit
less than 100 tpy. Only one graphic arts facility, located in County C,
was identified as emitting more than 100 tpy of VOC. There were, several
smaller graphic arts facilities in the point source inventory that had
emission rates less than 100 tpy. The emissions from these sources were
subtracted from the per capita derived emission totals. For example,
six small graphic arts facilities are located in County A, with emission
rates of 10, 15, 27, 30, 35, and 51 tpy, so that:
Total
Emissions
= Per Capita
Factor
x Population - Sma11 Point
Source Emissions
°-8 1bs x 675,048 people - 168 tpy
person/year
= 270 tpy - 168 tpy = 102 tpy
Similarly, emissions from small graphic arts point sources in Counties
B, C, and D were 61, 20, and 46 tpy, respectively, and were subtracted
from the per capita derived emissions. All VOC are reactive, and no
seasonal adjustment was made. Emissions were assumed to occur uniformly
Monday through Saturday during the week. Emissions were projected to
increase with the growth in population. Since the control efficiencies
defined in the SIPs differ for different types of printing, the percen-
tage of printing done by the four methods of printing were estimated
using the CTG documents. The breakdown is:
Rotogravure
Flexographic
Offset
Letterpress
% of Facilities
40
15
35
10
% Reduction
in 1979 SIP
65
60
0
0
% Reduction
in 1982 SIP
0
0
60
60
Table 2.9 summarizes the emissions from small graphic arts facili-
ties.
2.3.4 Cutback Asphalt Paying
VOC emissions result from cutback asphalt paving when petroleum dis-
tillate solvents or diluents used to liquify the asphalt cement evaporate
at both the job site and the mixing plant. The state, transportation de-
partment supplied data on .the quantity of each type of cutback applied
in each of the four counties during T^80. However, the diluent content
2-14
-------
TABLE 2.9. EMISSIONS FROM SMALL (LESS THAN 100 TPY)
GRAPHIC ARTS FACILITIES
Type of
County Printing
A Rotogravure
Flexographic
Offset
Letterpress
B Rotogravure
Flexographic
Offset
Letterpress
C Rotogravure
Flexographic
Offset
Letterpress
D Rotogravure
Flexographic
Offset
Letterpress
React i
Base Year
119
44
104
29
296
70
26
61
18
175
262
98
230
65
655
222
83
195
56
ve VOC Emi
(kg/day)
Baseline
Projection
44
19
110
30
203
26
10
63
18
117
96
41
239
68
444
82
35
206
60
ssions
Control
Strategy
44
19
44
13
120
26
10
24
7
67
96
41
96
27
260
82
35
83
23
556 383 223
2-1$
-------
of each type was not known. Volume I recommends using default values of
25, 35, and 45 percent by volume for slow cure, medium cure, and rapid
cure cutbacks, respectively. Using these default, values and Table 4.5-1
of AP-42, the evaporative VOC emissions from cutback asphalt paving were
calculated for each county. Table 2.10 lists the 1980 cutback asphalt
use and corresponding VOC emissions for each county in the study area.
According to Volume I, all VOC emissions from cutback asphalt are photo-
chemical ly reactive. All cutback emissions were assumed to occur dur-
ing the months of application, primarily March through November in Ozone-
ville. The 1979 SIP abolished the use of cutback asphalts in the study
area. Cutback asphalts will be replaced by emulsified asphalts. There-
fore, VOC emissions from cutback asphalt paving will be zero during the
projection year.
2.3.5 Commercial/Consumer Solvent Use
Volume I recommends using a factor of 6.3 Ib/capita/yr for estimat-
ing reactive VOC emissions from this source category.
Emissions from this category were projected based upon 1980-1987 pop-
ulation growth factors. Table 2.11 summarizes VOC emissions from commer-
cial/consumer solvent use by county for the base year and projection year.
2.4 OTHER MISCELLANEOUS SOURCES
2.4.1 Fuel Combustion
This source category includes small boilers, furnaces, heaters, and
other heating units too small to be considered point sources. Four types
of fuels are used in the Ozoneville study area: bituminous coal, oil, na-
tural gas, and wood. Area source fuel use can be categorized into three
user types: residential, commercial/institutional, and light industrial.
Both VOC and NOX are emitted when fuels are combusted. The fuel combus-
tion category will be discussed by user type.
Fuels are combusted in residences for space heating, water heating,
and cooking. Space heating would not take place during the ozone season.
Therefore, residential coal and wood use was not included in the area
source inventory. Oil use for residential water heating is negligible
in Ozoneville. The major residential fuel used is natural gas. JLocaJ
fjuej jistrjbutors wen;?_able to supply residential natural gas usage for
^aJFuSflUoffi"foFTfS'O. "Tmr.ssitfrTTa'cfdrs'for hydrocarbons and NOX from'
domestic nal:ljFal^a^J£ombu£tu)n can be found in Table 1.4-1 of AP-42.
A factor of 8 l~bs7TO'^ cubic feeBis given for hydrocarbons. According
to the VOC Species Manual, only 40% by weight of the VOC emissions from
natural gas combustion are reactive. Therefore, an emission factor of
.3.2 lbs/10^ cubic feet was used to estimate reactive VOC emissions from
residential natural gas combustion. The AP-42 emission factor of 80
lbs/10b cubic feet was used to estimate NOX emissions. EPA-450/4-80-
016 recommends apportioning 1% of the annual total to the June through
August period. Residential natural gas usage was projected according
to 1987 population estimates obtained from ORPA. Table 2.12 lists re-
active VOC and NOX emissions from residential natural gas combustion by
county for the base year and the tv^o .projection year inventories.
2-16
-------
TABLE 2.10. 1980 CUTBACK ASPHALT USAGE AND CORRESPONDING VOC EMISSIONS
County
A
B
C
D
Rapid Cure
Usage (kg)
51,709
41,458
31,298
50,258
VOC Emissions
(kg/day)
60
48
36
59
Medium Cure
Usage (kg)
361,965
290,207
219,084
351,804
VOC Emissions
(kg/day)
264
212
160
257
Slow Cure
Usage (kg)
103,419
82,916
62,595
100,516
VOC Emissions
(kg/day)
19
15
12
19
Total
VOC Emissions
(kg/day)
343
275
208
335
I
I—*
—I
-------
TABLE 2.11. VOC EMISSIONS FROM COMMERCIAL/CONSUMER SOLVENT USE
County
A
B
C
D
ro
i— «
00
1980
Population
675,000
301,700
612,400
472,800
Base Year
Emissions (kg/day)
5,285
2,362
4,795
3,702
Population
Growth Factor
1.06
1.03
1.04
1.06
Baseline Projection
Emissions (kg/day)
5,602
2,433
4,987
3,924
Control Strategy
Emissions (kg/day)
5,602
2,433
4,987
3,924
-------
TABLE 2.12. REACTIVE VOC AND NO EMISSIONS FROM RESIDENTIAL NATURAL GAS COMBUSTION,
A
OZONEVILLE STUDY AREA
County
A
B
C
D
1980
(106
8
3
7
6
Use
ft3)
,490
,820
,680
,000
Base
Emissions
VOC
10
4
9
7
Year
(kg/day)
NOX
236
106
214
167
Population
.Grov/th
1
1
1
1
Factor
.06
.03
.04
.06
Baseline
Emissions
VOC
10
4
9
7
Projection
(kg/day)
NOV
251
109
223
177
Control Strategy
Emissions (kg/day)
VOC
10
4
9
7
NOX
251
109
223
177
PO
I
-------
Retail and wholesale stores, schools, hospitals, government and pub-
lic buildings, churches, and restaurants are all commercial/institutional
establishments. Fuels are combusted in commercial/institutional establish-
ments for space heating, cooling, water heating, and cooking. Since space
heating would not occur during the ozone season, commercial/institutional
coal and wood use were not included in the area source inventory. Oil use
for water heating in Ozoneville is believed to be negligible. Local fuel
distributors were able to supply total commercial/institutional natural
gas usage by county for 1980. The commercial/ institutional natural gas
usage in the point source inventory was subtracted from the total to de-
termine the area source natural gas usage. The emission factor of 3.2
lbs/10^ cubic feet used to estimate reactive VOC emissions from residen-
tial natural gas combustion was used for commercial/institutional natural
gas combustion as well. Table 1.4-1 of AP-42 lists a factor of 120 Ibs/
10b cubic feet for NOX emissions. EPA-450/4-80-016 recommends 15% of
annual commercial/institutional fuel use occurs during ozone season.
Fuel combustion is assumed to occur uniformly Monday through Saturday.
Commercial/institutional fuel use was projected according to 1987
commercial/institutional employment estimates obtained from ORPA. Table
2.13 lists reactive VOC and NOX emissions from commercial/institutional
natural gas combustion by county for the base year and the two projection
year inventories.
Light industrial fuel combustion area sources are those manufacturing
industries too small to be included in the point source inventory. Total
industrial fuel usage values were obtained for bituminous coal, residual
and distillate oil, and natural gas. The State Department of Commerce
supplied figures for the total amount of coal and oil purchased by county
manufacturers in 1980. Local fuel distributors were contacted to obtain
total industrial natural gas usage. Point source inventory industrial
fuel usage was subtracted from the totals to obtain area source industrial
fuel usage. Volume I states that area source industrial wood use is us-
ually ignored and neither coke nor process gas will be used by establish-
ments which are classed as area sources. No seasonal or weekday adjust-
ments were assumed in estimating weekday emissions. Light industrial
fuel use was projected according to 1987 manufacturing employment esti-
mates obtained from ORPA.
Table 1.1-2 of AP-42 lists emission factors for organics, aldehydes,
and NOX emissions from bituminous coal combustion in general industrial
boilers. The VOC Species Manual does not list percentages of nonreactive
VOC for coal combustion. Therefore, the Regional Air Pollution Study
(RAPS) hydrocarbon classification for fuel combustion was used. No spe-
cies split was available specifically for coal combustion. RAPS gives
a reactive percentage of 34% by weight for fuel combustion. AP-42 gives
an organics emission factor of 1 Ib/ton coal burned and an aldehydes emis-
.sion factor of 0.005 Ib/ton. Therefore, the reactive VOC emission factor
used for light industrial coal combustion was 0.345 Ib/ton of coal burned.
The AP-42 NOX emission factor of 15 Ib/ton of coal burned was used to es-
timate NOX emissions from light industrial coal combustion. Table 2.14
lists reactive VOC and NOX emissions from light industrial coal combus-
tion by county for the base year and the two projection year inventories.
2-20
-------
TABLE 2.13. REACTIVE VOC AND NO EMISSIONS FROM COMMERCIAL/INSTITUTIONAL NATURAL GAS COMBUSTION,
OZONEVILLE STUDY AREA
ro
i
ro
County
A
B
C
D
1980
(106
6
1
3
2
Usea
ft3)
,170
,710
,820
,670
Base
Emissions
VOC
18
5
10
8
Year
(kg/day)
NOV
644
178
399
279
C/I
Employment
Growth
1
1
1
1
Factor
.08
.05
.12
.04
Basel i ne
Emissions
VOC
19
5
12
8
Projection
(kg/day)
NOV
696
188
447
290
Control
Emissions
VOC
19
5
12
8
Strategy
(kg/day)
NOV
696
188
447
290
a These figures exclude point source natural gas fuel use.
-------
TABLE 2.14. REACTIVE VOC AND NO EMISSIONS FROM LIGHT INDUSTRIAL COAL COMBUSTION,
OZONEVILLE STUDY AREA
ro
ro
ro
County
A
B
C
D
1980 Use3
(tons)
19,900
10,500
13,800
15,200
Base
Emissions
VOC
9
5
6
7
Year
(kg/day)
NOX
371
196
257
283
Manufacturing
Employment
Growth Factor
1.02
1.01
1.02
1.01
Baseline
Emissions
VOC
9
5
6
7
Projection
(kg/day)
NO*
378
198
262
286
Control
Emissions
VOC
9
5
6
7
Strategy
(kg/day)
NOX
378
198
.262
286
a These figures exclude point source use.
-------
Table 1.3-1 of AP-42 lists emission factors for hydrocarbons and NOX
emissions from residual and distillate fuel oil combustion in industrial
boilers. For hydrocarbons, a factor of 1 lb/1000 gallons burned is listed
for both residual and distillate oil. According to the VOC Species Manual,
89% by weight of the VOC emissions from residual oil combustion are reac-
tive while 100% of the VOC emissions from distillate oil combustion are
reactive. Consequently, a reactive VOC emission factor of 0.89 lb/1000
gallons was used to estimate reactive VOC emissions from light industrial
residual oil combustion. A reactive VOC emission factor of 1 lb/1000 gal-
lons was used to estimate reactive VOC emissions from light industrial
distillate oil combustion. The NOX emission factors given in Table 1.3-1
of AP-42, 60 lb/1000 gallons and 22 lbs/1000 gallons for industrial resi-
dual and distillate oil combustion respectively, were used to estimate NOX
emissions. Table 2.15 lists reactive VOC and NOX emissions from light
industrial residual oil combustion by county for the base year and the
two projection year inventories. Table 2.16 does the same for light .in-
dustrial distillate oil combustion.
Table 1.4-1 of AP-42 lists hydrocarbon and NOX emission factors for
natural gas combustion in industrial process boilers. A factor of 3 lb/
106 cubic feet is given for hydrocarbons. According to the VOC Species
Manual, 40% by weight of the VOC emissions from natural gas combustion
are reactive. Consequently, a reactive VOC emission factor of 1.2 Ibs/
106 ft3 was used to calculate reactive VOC emissions from light indus-
trial natural gas combustion. The average of the two NOX emission fac-
tors given in Table 1.4-1 of AP-42, i.e., 175 lb/106 ft3, was used to
calculate NOX emissions from light industrial natural gas combustion.
Table 2.17 lists reactive VOC and NOX emissions from light industrial
natural gas combustion by county for the base year and the two projec-
tion year inventories.
Table 2.18 summarizes the emissions data given in Tables 2.12 through
2.17. It shows the total reactive VOC and NOX emissions from area source
fuel combustion by county for the base year and the two projection year
inventories.
2.4.2 Solid Waste Disposal
The area source solid waste disposal category includes on-site re-
fuse disposal by residential, commercial/institutional, and industrial
sources. On-site incineration and open burning are the two solid waste
disposal methods inventoried as area sources. Both VOC and NOX are emit-
ted.
No on-site incinerators are included in the point source inventory.
The factors in Volume I for estimating tons of solid waste burned by on-
site incineration are dated; therefore, officials of the Ozoneville Mun-
icipal Trash Collection Agency were queried to obtain updated factors.
Table 2.19 lists these factors along with the base year estimates of
solid waste by county generated from these factors. Table 2.1-1 of AP-
42 gives emission factors for hydrocarbon and NOX emissions from indus-
trial/commercial single chamber incinerators. The hydrocarbon emission
factor is 15 Ibs/ton of waste burned. According to RAPS, 58% of the
hydrocarbon emissions from waste incineration are reactive. Therefore,
2-23
-------
TABLE 2.15. REACTIVE VOC AND NO EMISSIONS FROM LIGHT INDUSTRIAL RESIDUAL OIL COMBUSTION,
OZONEVILLE STUDY AREA
County
A
B
C
D
1980
(103
50
16
24
22
Use3
gal)
,580
,800
,290
,590
Base Year
Emissions (kg/day)
VOC
56
19
27
25
3
1
1
1
NOV
,771
,253
,811
,684
Manufacturing
Employment
Growth Factor
1
1
1
1
.02
.01
.02
.01
Baseline Projection
Emissions (kg/day)
VOC
57
19
28
25
NOY
3,846
1,266
1,847
1,701
Control Strategy
Emissions (kg/day)
VOC
57
19
28
25
NOY
3,846
1,266
1,847
1,701
a These figures exclude point source use.
ro
-------
TABLE 2.16. REACTIVE VOC AND NOX EMISSIONS FROM LIGHT INDUSTRIAL DISTILLATE OIL COMBUSTION,
OZONEVILLE STUDY AREA
ro
ro
en
County
A
B
C
D
1980
(103
18
3
6
5
Usea
gal)
,560
,600
,180
,860
Base
Emissions
VOC
23
4
8
7
Year
(kg/day)
NOV
50.7
98
169
160
Manufacturing
Empl oyment
Growth
1
1
1
1
Factor
.02
.01
.02
.01
Baseline
Emissions
VOC
23
4
8
7
Projection
(kg/day)
NOV
517
99
172
162
Control
Emissions
VOC
23
4
8
7
Strategy
(kg/day)
NOV
517
99
172
162
a These figures exclude point source use.
-------
TABLE 2.17, REACTIVE VOC AND NO EMISSIONS FROM LIGHT INDUSTRIAL NATURAL GAS COMBUSTION,
OZONEVILLE STUDY AREA
County
A
B
C
D
1980
(106
8
2
4
3
Use3
ft3)
,200
,800
,260
,620
Base
Emissions
VOC
12
4
6 •
5
Year
(kg/day)
NOV
1,7.83
609
926
787
Manufacturing
Employment
Growth Factor
1.02
1.01
1.02
1.01
Baseline
Emissions
VOC
12
4
6
5
Projection
(kg/day)
NOV
1,819
615
945
795
Control
Emissions
VOC
12
4
6
5
Strategy
(kg/day)
NOV
1,819
615
945
795
a These figures exclude point source use.
ro
-------
TABLE 2.18. TOTAL REACTIVE VOC AND N0x EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION,
OZONEVILLE STUDY AREA
Base Year Baseline Projection Control Strategy
Emissions (kg/day) Emissions (kg/day) Emissions (kg/day)
County
A
B
C
D
VOC
128
41
66
59
NO,
7,391
2,440
3,776
3,360
VOC
130
41
69
58
N0y
7,507
2,475
3,896
3,411
VOC
13D
41
69
58
NOY
7,507
2,475
3,896
3,411
2-27
-------
TABLE 2.19. ESTIMATES OF BASE YEAR SOLID WASTE BURNED IN ON-SITE INCINERATION
Residential Solid Residential C/I Solid C/I Industrial Solid Industrial
Waste Factor Solid Waste Waste Factor Solid Waste Waste Factor (tons/ Solid Waste
County (tons/1000 pop.) (tons) (tons/1000 pop.) (tons) 1000 mfg. employ.) (tons)
ro
i
ro
00
A 57 38,475 69 46,575
B 57 17,214 69 20,838
C 57 34,884 69 42,228
D 57 26,961 69 32,637
130 15,340
130 5,330
130 7,930
130 7,540
-------
a reactive VOC emission factor of 8.7 Ibs/ton was used in the analysis.
The NOX emission factor of 2 Ib/ton given in Table 2.1-1 of AP-42 was
used as well. It was determined there are no seasonal or weekday vari-
ations in on-site incineration in the Ozoneville study area. On-site
incineration was projected according to population. Table 2.20 lists
reactive VOC and NOX emissions from onsite incineration by county for
the base year and the two projection year inventories.
An Ozoneville city ordinance prohibits open burning within the city
limits. Open burning permits are required from county health departments
for any open burning outside the city limits. Each of the four county
health departments were contacted to obtain estimates of tor\nage of non-
agricultural material burned during the ozone season. These tonnages are
shown in Table 2.21. Table 2.4-1 of AP-42 gives organics and NOX emis-
sion factors for open burning of nonagricultural material. Using the
organics factor found in AP-42 and the 58% reactive value for waste in-
cineration given in RAPS, a reactive VOC emission factor of 17.4 Ibs/ton
burned was determined. The NOX emission factor of 6 Ib/ton given in '
Table 2.4-1 of AP-42 was used to calculate NOX emissions. Open burning
activity was projected according to population. Table 2.21 lists reac-
tive VOC and NOX emissions from open burning by county for the base year
and the two projection year inventories.
2.4.3 Forest, Agricultural, and Other Open Burning
This area source category includes emissions from forest fires, slash
burning and agricultural field burning, and structure fires. Although
they are often intermittent in nature, many of these sources can produce
large quantities of air pollutant emissions.
The state department of forestry was able to provide data on acres
of land consumed by forest fires during the summer of 1980 for each county.
However, they could not estimate fuel loadings for the counties. There-
fore, the fuel loading factor given in Table 11.1-1 of AP-42 was used to
calculate the tons of material burned. AP-42 suggests a total hydrocar-
bons emission factor of 24 Ib/ton. The VOC Species Manual reports that
approximately 80% of the hydrocarbon emissions from forest fires are re-
active. Thus, a reactive VOC emission factor of 19.2 Ib/ton was used.
AP-42 recommends a NOX emission factor of 4 Ib/ton. According to ORPA,
no development is expected in those areas of the four counties which
experienced forest fires during the summer of 1980. Therefore, the tons
of material consumed by forest fires in the projection year were assumed
to be the same as the base year. Table 2.22 lists reactive VOC and NOX
emissions from forest fires by county for the base year and the two pro-
jection year inventories.
Slash burning is done in County B only, according to the State De-
partment of Forestry, who estimated that approximately ten acres of land
were slash burned during the 1980 ozone season. Volume I recommends
using a factor of 75 tons slash per acre. The emission factors used
for forest fires were used to estimate reactive VOC and NOX emissions
from slash burning. Slash burning activity was assumed to be the same
for the projection year as the base year.
2-29
-------
TABLE 2.20. REACTIVE VOC AND N0x EMISSIONS FROM ON-SITE INCINERATION,
OZONEVILLE STUDY AREA
County
A
B
C
D
Total Base
Year On-Site
Incineration
(tons)
100,390
43,382
85,042
67,138
Base Year
Emissions (kg/day)
VOC
1,085
469
919
726
NOy
249
108
211
167
Popul
Growth
1.
1.
1.
1.
at ion
Factor
06
03
04
06
Baseline Projection
.Emissions (kg/day)
VOC
1,150
483
956
770
NOy
264
111
219
177
Control Strategy
Emissions (kg/day)
VOC
1,150
483
956
770
NOy
264
111
219
177
ro
co
o
-------
TABLE 2.21. REACTIVE VOC AND N0x EMISSIONS FROM OPEN BURNING,
OZONEVILLE STUDY AREA
ro
t
CO
County
A
B
C
D
Estimated Base
Year Ozone Season
Nonagricultural
Open Burning
(tons)
9,300
5,200
7,900
6,400
Base Year
Emissions
VOC
816
456
693
561
(kg/day)
NOX
281
157
239
194
Population
Growth Factor
1.06
1.03
1.04
1.06
Baseline Projection
Emissions
VOC
865
470
721
595
(kg/day)
NO*
298
162
249
206
Control Strategy
Emissions
VOC
865
470
721
595
(kg/day)
NOy
298
162
249
206
-------
TABLE 2.22. REACTIVE VOC AND N0x EMISSIONS FROM FOREST FIRES,
OZONEVILLE STUDY AREA
County
A
B
C
D
Forest Material
Burned During the
Base Year Ozone
Season (tons)
99
297
0
77
Base
Emissions
VOC
10
29
0
7
Year
(kg/day)
NOY
2
6
0
2
Baseline
Emissions
VOC
10
29
0
7
Projection
(kg/day)
N0¥
2
6
0
2
Control
Emissions
VOC
10
29
0
7
Strategy
(kg/day)
NOY
2
6
0
2
oo
ro
-------
The county agricultural extension services were contacted to obtain
estimates of the acreage of fields which were burnt for cleaning purposes
during the summer of 1980. In addition, county fire departments were con-
tacted to obtain estimates of field acreage claimed by accidental fires.
Based upon conversations with the county agricultural extension agents,
it was assumed that 80 percent of the acreage burned was covered with
weeds while the remaining 20% was covered by field crops. Using the fuel
loading factors found in Table 2.4-2 of AP-42 for unspecified field crops
and weeds, the quantity of agricultural material burnt in each county dur-
ing the 1980 ozone season was calculated:
o County A - 540 tons
o County B - 1302 tons
o County C - 120 tons
o County D - 1000 tons
Table 2.4-2 of AP-42 lists an organics emission factor of 23 Ib/ton for
unspecified field crops: and 12 Ib/ton for unspecified weeds. The weighted
emission factor for organics then is 14 Ib/ton. Table 5-01-002 of the VOC
Species Manual shows that 100% of the VOC emissions from agricultural/land-
scape/pruning open burning are reactive. Thus, the 14 Ib/ton emission fac-
tor was used to calculate reactive VOC emissions. Table 2.4-2 of AP-42
does not give an emission factor for NOX. AP-42 states that "the rela-
tively low temperatures associated with open burning . . . suppress the
emissions of nitrogen oxides."
The nature of agricultural burning makes projections almost impossi-
ble. The county agricultural extension agents do not expect deliberate
s,nricui£ural burrnn" to increase* Therefore the nuantitu of anricultural
material burned during the projection year was assumed to be the same as
the base year. Table 2.23 lists reactive VOC and NOX emissions from slash
burning and agricultural field burning by county for the base and projec-
tion years.
The county fire marshals were contacted to obtain data on the number
of structural fires during the 1980 ozone season. AP-42 does not speci-
fically address structural fire emission factors but the Aerometric and
Emissions Reporting System (AEROS) does. AEROS reports a NOX emission
factor of 17 Ibs/structural fire. The hydrocarbon emission factor is 107
Ibs/structural fire. RAPS waste incineration species split lists a re-
active percentage of 58%. This percentage was used along with the AEROS
emission factor to develop a reactive VOC emission factor of 62 Ibs/struc-
tural fire. Structural fires were projected according to population. Ta-
ble 2.24 lists reactive VOC and NOX emissions from structural fires by
county for the base year and the two projection year inventories.
2.4.4 Pesticide Application
Agricultural and urban pesticide use were investigated to determine
VOC emissions from this area source category. Pesticide use in homes and
gardens is included in the commercial/consumer solvent use category.
The state department of agriculture was contacted to determine the
quantities and types of pesticides applied in the study area during the
2-33
-------
TABLE 2.23, REACTIVE VOC AND NOX EMISSIONS FROM SLASH AND AGRICULTURAL
FIELD BURNING, OZONEVILLE STUDY AREA
Base YearBaseline ProjectionControl Strategy
Emissions (kg/day) Emissions (kg/day) Emissions (kg/day)
County
A
B
C
D
VOC
38
165
8
71
N0y
0
15
0
0
VOC
38
165
8
71
NOy
0
15
0
0
VOC
38
165
8
71
NOy
0
15
0
0
2-34
-------
TABLE 2.24. REACTIVE VOC AND NOX EMISSIONS FROM STRUCTURAL FIRES,
OZONEVILLE STUDY AREA
County
A
B
C
D
Base Year
Structural
Fires
964
450
733
870
Base
Emissions
VOC
301
141
229
272
Year
(kg/day)
NOy
83
39
63
75
Population
Growth
1
1
1
1
Factor
.06
.03
.04
.06
Baseline
Emissions
VOC
319
145
238
288
Projection
(kg/day)
NOy
88
40
66
80
Control
Emissions
VOC
319
145
238
288
Strategy
(kg/day)
NO*
88
40
66
80
PO
I
CO
en
-------
ozone season. The local public health department provided estimates of
pesticide use in urban areas. The quantity of inorganic pesticides was
eliminated from the total pesticide usage. Then, as suggested in Volume
I, the remaining synthetic and nonsynthetic total was multiplied by a
factor of 0.9 to estimate the total amount that evaporates and can be
considered photochemically reactive.
The state department of agriculture estimated 1% annual growth rate
in agricultural pesticide use for the study area. It was assumed that
urban pesticide use would grow at the same rate. No controls on pesti-
cide application are established in the 1979 or 1982 SIPs. Table 2.25
lists estimates of reactive emissions from pesticide application for the
four county study areas during a typical day during the ozone season in
the base year and two projection year inventories.
2.4.5 Stationary Internal Cbmbus.ti.Qh Engrnes:
This source category includes exhaust emissions from large station-
ary internal combustion engines which are not entered on the point source
file. Turbines used by utilities for generating electricity are in the
point source inventory. Ozoneville Electric, which provides natural gas
to the four external counties, operates pumping stations along the main
natural gas pipeline. These are not included in the point source inven-
tory.
Two pumping stations along the main pipeline lie in the Ozoneville
study. One station is located in County B. The other is in County C.
Ozoneville Electric reported that each station has five reciprocating
natural gas compressors rated at.about 1800 Hp which operate continuous-
ly. Assuming 90 days of operation during the ozone season, each compres-
sor would run 3888 x 103 Hp-hr. The NOX emission factor of 24 lb/10^ Hp-
hr listed in Table 3.3.2-1 of AP-42 was used to calculate NOX emissions
during the ozone season. A hydrocarbon emission factor of 9.7 lb/103 Hp-
hr was listed in Table 3.3.2-1. AP-42 states that up to 10% of these hy-
drocarbons are nonmethane. Therefore, a reactive VOC emission factor of
1 lb/103 Hp-hr was used to calculate reactive VOC emissions during the
ozone season. Ozoneville Electric does not plan to add any new compres-
sors before 1987. Therefore, the emissions from this category during the
projection year were assumed to be equal to those during the base year.
Table 2.26 lists reactive VOC and NOX emissions from stationary internal
combustion engines by county for the base year and two projection year
inventories.
2.5 NONHIGHWAY MOBILE SOURCES
2.5.1 Agricultural Equipment
This source category includes exhaust emissions from farm tractors
and other self-propelled agricultural equipment. Space heating and com-
modity drying are not included. Emissions are based on the quantity of
diesel fuel and gasoline consumed.
2-36
-------
TABLE 2.25. REACTIVE VOC EMISSIONS FROM PESTICIDE APPLICATION,
OZONEVILLE STUDY AREA
County
A
B
C
D
1980 Organic
Pesticide
Usage (kg)
78,900
?37,700
11,800
144,200
Base Year
Emissions (kg/ day)
195
586
29
356
Pesticide
Use Growth
Factor
1.07
1.07
1.07
1.07
Baseline Projection
Emissions (kg/day)
209
628
31
382
Control Strategy
Emissions (kg/day}
209
628
31
382
ro
CO
-------
ro
CO
00
TABLE 2.26. REACTIVE VOC AND NOvEMISSIONS FROM STATIONARY INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES,
OZONEVILLE STUDY AREA
County
A
B
C
D
Total Base Year
Ozone Season
Operation
(103 Hp-hr)
0
19,440
19,440
0
Base Year
Emissions (kg/day)
VOC
0
98
98
0
NOV
0
2,351
2,351
0
Baseline Projection
Emissions (kg/day)
VOC
0
98
98
0
NOV
0
2,351
2,351
0
Control Strategy
Emissions (kg/day)
VOC
0
98
98
0
NOV
0
2,351
2,351
0
-------
The number of tractors and other farm equipment -- combines, balers,
and harvesters -- was obtained from the 1979 Census of Agriculture. Es-
timates of the annual hours of operation for each vehicle type, fuel con-
sumption rate, and gasoline-deisel split were obtained from Volume I.
The product of number of vehicles, hours of operation, and fuel consump-
tion rate is the fuel consumed.
Emission factors were broken down by type of machinery. Table 2.27
shows all factors used, which were taken directly from AP-42. From the
VOC Species Manual , it was determined that 21.5% of the VOC emission from
the gasoline-powered equipment and 9.7% of the diesel fuel emissions were
unreactive. The projection factor, agricultural employment,, is 1.10 for
Counties A, B, and D and 0.95 for County C. The emission inventory is
summarized in Table 2.28.
2.5.2 Construction Equipment
This source category includes off-highway exhaust emissions from con-
struction equipment using diesel or gasoline fuel. Emissions are based
on quantity of fuel consumed. Total off-highway diesel fuel used in the
state was given in the Energy Data Reports for 1980. However, this in-
cluded agricultural uses as well as construction.
The total number of tractors in the state for the year 1979 was
given in the 1979 State Census of Agriculture. A 1980 value was extra-
polated from these figures giving 121,075 tractors of which 65% (78,698)
were assumed to be gasoline and 30% (36,322) were assumed to be diesel
powered. Using average values for operational use of 1,460 gal/yr of
diesel fuel per tractor, the state total amount of diesel fuelused in
base year 1976 by agricultural tractors was calculated to be 53,030,000
gallons. This was subtracted from the off-highway diesel fuel total for
the state (109,662,000 gallons) and the resulting construction component
(56,632,000 gallons) was disaggregated to the counties according to heavy
construction contractors (SIC 16) listed in County Business Patterns 1980.
These calculations and the county fuel use obtained from them are given
in Table 2.29. Gasoline totals were obtained by using the suggested 10%
of diesel consumption suggested in Volume I.
Baseline projection emissions for 1987 were determined by changes in
construction employment for each county. This information was also found
in County Business Patterns 1980. The emission factors for both inventory
years were calculated from AP-42 by weighting the emission factor for each
type of equipment in accordance with its relative percent use. Gasoline
equipment and diesel equipment emission factors were calculated separately.
The VOC Species Manual was used to determine the percentage of VOC
emissions that were nonreactive. For diesel-powered construction equip-
ment, Table 6-07-021 gave this figure as 8.9%. The component split for
gasoline-powered vehicles (KVB Table 6-06-0210) listed 21.5% of VOC emis-
sions as unreactive. The inventory is summarized in Table 2.30.
2.5.3 Lawn and Garden Equipment
This source category includes off-highway exhaust emissions from
small gasoline engines of the type that would typically have a residential
2-39
-------
TABLE 2.27. AGRICULTURAL EQUIPMENT EMISSION FACTORS
Emission Factors (lb/1000 gallons fuel)
Gasoline
Pollutant
Exhaust VOC
Crankcase VOC
Evaporative VOCa
NOX
Aldehydes
Tractor
125
25.1
34.4
151
6.84
Non-Tractor
135
27.1
3.53
98.5
4.14
Diesel Fuel
Tractor
60.7
—
• —
335
12.1
Non-Tractor
57.1
—
307
10.2
a Units expressed as Ibs/unit-year.
2-40
-------
TABLE 2.28. AGRICULTURAL EQUIPMENT EMISSIONS
ro
County Fuel Type
A Tractor Gasoline
Non-Tractor Gasoline
Tractor Diesel
Non-Tractor Diesel
B Tractor Gasoline
Non-Tractor Gasoline
Tractor Diesel
Non-Tractor Diesel
C Tractor Gasoline
Non-Tractor Gasoline
Tractor Diesel
Non-Tractor Diesel
D Tractor Gasoline
Non-Tractor Gasoline
Tractor Diesel .
Non-Tractor Diesel
Amount of
Fuel Used
(gal/yr)
679,000
29,000
690,000
33,000
1,626,000
64,000
1,653,000
73,000
78,000
2,000
80,000
1,800
914,000
39,000
929,000
48,000
Reactive VOC Emissions
(kg/day)
Base
Year
157
5
56
2
220
376
10
135
6
527
18
0
7
_g
25
193
6
76
4
Baseline
Projection
173
6
62
2
243
414
11
149
7
581
17
0
7
_g
24
212
7
84
4
Control
Strategy
173
6
62
2
243
414
11
149
7
581
17 .
0
7
_0
24
212
7
84
4
Base
Year
128
4
288
13
433
305
8
689
28
1,030
15
0
33
_1
49
172
5
387
18
NOX Emissions
(kg/day)
Baseline
Projection
140
4
316
14
474
336
9
758
31
1,134
14
0
31
_1
46
189
5
426
20
Control
Strategy
. 140
4
316
14
474
336
9
758
31
1,134
14
0
31
_1
46
189
5
426
20
279
307
307
582
640
640
-------
TABLE 2.29. FUEL USED BY CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT
IN BASE YEAR 1980a
County
A
B
C
D
Heavy Construction
Employment'3
1,874
868
981
1,091
Diesel Fuel
Used (gal)
2,817,000
1,305,000
1,476,000
1,634,000
Gasoli ne Usedc
(gal)
281,700
130,500
147,600
163,400
a State total to apportion: 56,632,000.
b State total SIC 16 employment: 37,675.
c Assumed to be 10% of diesel use.
2-42
-------
TABLE 2.30. CONSTRUCTION EOUIPMENT EMISSIONS
ro
i
Emission Factor
(lbs/103 gals)
County
A
B
C
D
Fuel Type
Gasoline
Diesel
Gasoline
Diesel
Gasoline
Diesel
Gasoline
Diesel
voc
. 151.6
108.7
151.6
108.7
151.6
108.7
151.6
108.7
NO* .
36.6
422.2
36.6
422.2
36.6
422.2
36.6
422.2
Reactive VOC Emissions
(kg/day)
Base
Year
42
347
19
161
22
182
24
201
Baseline
Projection
44
364
20
169
24
200
26
221
Control
Strategy
44
364
20
169
24
202
26
221
Base
Year
13
1,479
6
685
7
775
7
858
NOv Emissions
(kg/day)
Baseline
Projection
14
1,553
6
719
8
852
8
944
Control
Strategy
14
1,553
6
719
8
852
8
944
-------
application; i.e., lawn mowers, small electric generators, garden tractors,
etc. Emissions are based on the quantity of fuel consumed, which is the
activity level.
The per capita fuel consumption is the product of the average con-
sumption per unit per year, the average number of units per capita, and
the population. The first parameter, average annual fuel consumption
per unit, can be calculated using data from AP-42. The national average
is 12.7 gallons per unit year, which should be adjusted according to the
number of non-freezing days as outlined in Volume I. The number express-
ing the ratio of non-freezing days in the Ozoneville AQCR to the national
average is 256/250; therefore, the adjusted consumption rate is 13.0 gal-
lons per unit per year. AP-42 cites the national average of 0.21 units
per capita, which should be adjusted for the dwelling unit vs. structure
distribution. According to the Statistical Abstract of the United States,
1977, 26% of all structures are multiple-units. The 0.21 units per capita
figure was, therefore, adjusted linearly according to how the multiple-
units figures for the individual counties compared to the national aver-
age. In this manner, those areas with a greater percentage of single
unit structures would be allocated more units per capita. These values
are shown in Table 2.31. Lawn and garden equipment fuel use is assumed
to occur uniformly from March through November.
The emission factors were taken from AP-42. They are a weighted
average of the factors for four-stroke lawn and garden engines, four-
stroke miscellaneous engines, and two-stroke lawn and garden engines.
They are: 448 Ibs per thousand gallons for volatile organic compounds,
and 41.9 Ibs per thousand gallons for oxides of nitrogen. As per Table
6-06-021D in the VOC Species Manual, 21.5% of the VOC is nonreactive.
The activity parameters for this category were projected according
to population. Table 2.32 summarizes the emission inventory for Lawn and
Garden Equipment.
2.5.4 Railroad Locomotives
This source category includes exhaust emissions from diesel locomo-
tive engines, both line-haul and switch engines, as well as emissions
from auxiliary equipment. Emissions are based on the quantity of diesel
fuel consumed.
The 1980 railroad fuel use in each county, shown in Table 2.33,
was obtained from the State Department of Environmental Resources (DER).
This information had been derived from the 1980 Annual Report of the Pub-
lic Utility Commission (PUC).
Projection year rail locomotive activity was based on conversations
with the major railway companies. Although one of the minor freight com-
panies expressed an interest in adding a new shift by 1987, 1980 activity
levels were assumed to remain the same. Verification was found in the
OBERS projections from the U.S. Department of Commerce. This reference
predicts no change in railroad earnings for the Ozonevill.e area until
1990, when a gradual decrease in earnings will begin.
2-44
-------
TABLE 2.31. FUEL CONSUMPTION BY SMALL GASOLINE ENGINES
IN BASE YEAR 1980
County
Adjusted Consumption Number of
Per Unit Per Year Units Per 1976
(gal) Capita Population
Annual
Consumption
A
B
C
D
13
13
13
13
0.221
0.231
0.244
0.255
675,048
301,727
612,400
472,803
1,939,413
906,086
1,942,533
1,567,342
2-45
-------
TABLE 2.32. LAWN AND GARDEN EQUIPMENT EMISSIONS
Reactive VOC Emissions
(kg/day)
County
A
B
C
D
Base
Year
1,131
528
1,132
913
Baseline
Projection
1,199
544
1,177
968
Control
Strategy
1,199
544
1,177
968
Base
Year
135
63
135
109
NOX Emissions
(kg/day)
Baseline
Projection
143
65
140
116
Control
Strategy
143
65
140
116
2-46
-------
TABLE 2.33. DIESEL LOCOMOTIVE EMISSIONS
Baseline Emissions
Fuel Used (kg/day)
County (gal/yr) VOC NOY
A 7,430,000 920 3,419
B 3,760,000 465 1J30
C 8,030,000 994 3,696
D 5,940,000 735 2,734
2-47
-------
Average locomotive emission factors were used for this category.
They are given in AP-42 as 99.5 pounds per thousand gallons for hydro-
carbons and 370 pounds per thousand gallons for oxides of nitrogen.
2.5.5 Aircraft
The only airport in the region is the Ozoneville International Air-
port in County C. The aircraft source category includes exhaust emis-
sions from aircraft and ground handling equipment. The activity para-
meter upon which emissions are based is the annual number of landing-
takeoff cycles (LTOs) for three types of aircraft: commercial, civil,
and military. This data was acquired for calendar year 1980 from the
FAA Aviation Forecast. Emissions were calculated using AP-42 emission
factors as shown in Table 2.34.
Estimates of growth rates in air traffic for the Ozoneville Inter-
national Airport were also provided in the FAA Aviation Forecasts and
were used to derive 1987 projection year LTOs. This reference provides
information on number of operations, from which LTOs can be calculated
by dividing by two.
2-48
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TABLE 2.34. AIRCRAFT EMISSIONS AT THE OZONEVILLE INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT
Aircraft Type
Air Carrier
Long-Range Jet
(707)
Medium-Range
(DC 9, 727)
Air Taxi
ro
-U Piston Transport
10 Turboprop
Military
Military Jet
Military Piston
Helicopter
General Aviation
Business Jet
Turboprop
Piston
1980
LTD
Cycles
690
8,759
480
4,320
3,574
150
38
23,836
35,754
11,918
1987
LTO
Cycles
807
9,985
707
6,696
4,074
225
43
27,172
55,419
17,877
Emission Factors
llbs/LTO-enginel
VOC
41.2
4.9
40.7
1.1
9.93
20.4
0.52
3.6
1.1
0.40
NOy
7.9
10.2
0.40
1.2
3.29
0.20
0.57
1.6
1.2
0.047
Reactive VOC Emissions
(kg/day)
Base
Year
356
53
24
6
44
.4
0
107
49
6
Baseline
Projection
414
61
36
9
50
6
0
122
76
9
NOX Emissions
(kg/day)
Base
Year
7
111
0
6
59
0
0
47
53
1
Baseline
Projection
8
127
0
9
73
0
0
54
83
1
Total
649
783
284
355
-------
2.6 REFERENCES
1. Procedures for the Preparation of Emission Inventories for Vola-
tile Organic Compounds, Volume I, Second Edition, EPA-450/2-77-
028; OAQPS, U.S. EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711; September
1980.
2. Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors (Including Supple-
ments 1-10), AP-42; OAQPS, U.S. EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC
27711; February 1980.
3. Final Emission Inventory Requirements for 1982 Ozone State Imple-
mentation Plans, EPA-450/4-80-016, OAQPS, U.S. EPA, Research
Triangle Park, NC 27711; December 1980.
4. Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) Species Data Manual, Second
Edition, EPA-450/4-80-015; OAQPS, U.S. EPA, Research Triangle
Park, NC 27711; July 1980.
5. Highway Statistics 1978; Federal Highway Administration, U.S.
DOT, Washington, D.C.
6. County Business Patterns 1980; Bureau of the Census, U.S. DOC,
Washington, D.C.
7. Residential and Commercial Area Source Emission Inventory Method-
ology for the Regional Air Pollution Study (RAPS), EPA-450/3-75-
078; OAQPS, U.S. EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711; September
1975.
8. Aerometric and Emissions Reporting System; OAQPS, U.S. EPA, Re-
search Triangle Park, NC 27711.
9. Energy Data Reports Sales of Fuel Oil and Kerosine; Bureau of
Mines, U.S. Department of the Interior, Washington, D.C.
10. 1979 Census of Agriculture; Bureau of the Census, U.S. DOC, Wash-
ington, D.C.
11. Statistical Abstract of the United States; Bureau of the Census,
U.S. DOC, Washington, D.C.
12. FAA Aviation Forecast; Federal Aviation Administration, U.S. DOT,
Washington, D.C.
2-50
-------
3.0 POINT SOURCES
This section documents the development of the point source emission
inventory for reactive VOC's and NOX for the Ozoneville nonattainment area.
In this inventory, point sources are defined as any facilities whose
emissions of reactive VOC and NOX equal or exceed 250 kg/day and/or for
which individual records are maintained. In many instances, point source
data are maintained for points emitting less than 250 kg/day if they are
part of facilities whose emissions exceed the point source cutoff. In some
instances, facilities emitting less than 250 kg/day are covered as point
sources where it is felt that such treatment is necessary to better simulate
the effects of controls on these sources in projection inventories.
The emissions from each point source in the inventory represent those
emitted on a typical weekday during the summer ozone season. The baseline
year is 1980. The baseline projection year is 1987; this projection
includes changes expected due to growth and to control limits specified by
the 1979 SIP revision. The control strategy projection year is 1987; this
projection includes the effect of proposed controls specified in the 1982
SIP revision.
The procedures followed in developing the point source inventory were
based on Procedures for the Preparation of Emission Inventories for Volatile
Organic Compounds Volume I, Second Edition, EPA-450/2-77-028 and Final Emis-
sion Inventory Requirements for 1982 Ozone State Implementation Plans, EPA
450/4-80-016. Emission factors and other emission estimates were obtained
from Compilation of Air Pollution Emission Factors (including supplements 1
- 10). AP-42 and from appropriate control technique guidelines (CTG's).
Information on products, solvent usage, employment, and growth was obtained
from questionnaires used in the 1980 VOC plant survey. Other demographic and
employment data were supplied by the Ozoneville Regional Planning Authority.
The point source documentation is broadly organized to correspond to
major RACT categories. Data on individual point sources are placed in the
appropriate emission category. This includes all data pertinent to source
operation, solvent and fuel usage, solvent storage, estimated growth, and
other parameters needed to complete the emission determinations. Calcula-
tions and assumptions used in estimating base year and projection emissions
are presented, along with discussions of the degree of controls to be imposed
as a result of the measures incorporated in the 1979 and 1982 SIP's.
3-1
-------
3.1 TANK FARMS
The Company G Oil Company operates a tank farm in County D. The
facility consists of 20 identical fixed-roof tanks, each 100 feet in diameter
and having an average vapor space height of 7 feet. Each tank has a white
roof and shell in good condition. During the summer, the tank farm stores
only gasoline (RVP 10) and has no daily variation in either the quantity
stored or the daily throughput of 20,000 gallons per tank. The conditions
during the summer average an ambient temperature of 80°F, an average diurnal
variation of 15°F, and an atmospheric pressure of 14.7 psia. The company
reported no planned increase in capacity, but expected a throughput increase
of 5% per year through 1990.
From AP-421, the fixed-roof breathing losses, LB, can be estimated from
LR = 2.21 x 10"4MF P ]0-68D1.73H0.51 T0.50p CK lb/day
[l4.7-pj P C
where M = molecular weight of vapor in storage tank (66 Ib/lb mole),
P = true vapor pressure at bulk liquid conditions (7.4 psia),
D = tank diameter (100 feet),
H = average vapor space height (7 feet),
T = average diurnal temperature change (15°F),
FQ = paint factor (1.0),
C = adjustment factor for small diameter tanks (1.0),
Kc = crude oil factor (1.0).
Substituting into the above equation, Lg = 443.6 Ib/day = 201.6 kg/day per
tank
The fixed-roof working losses, Lw, can be estimated from
L, = 2.40 x 10'2MPKnKr lb/day
W " ill*
where M, P, and Kc are defined above and Kn = turnover factor = 1.0.
Substituting into the equation, l_w = 11.7 lb/10^ gal throughput. Since the
daily throughput is 20,000 gallons,
Lw - (11.7)(20) = 234.0 Ib/day = 106.4 kg/day per tank.
The total losses from each tank are
Ltotal = 201-6 + 106-4 = 308 kg/day.
The total baseline emissions, Lj, from the entire tank farm are
LT = (308)(20) = 6160 kg/day.
Since the losses were calculated with data from the ozone season and
since there are no daily variations, no seasonal or weekday adjustments are
applied to the emissions.
The projected 5% annual growth gives a growth factor of 1.41 from 1980
to 1987 which is applicable to the working losses only, since throughput
rather than capacity is affected by the growth. Therefore the losses from
the 20 tanks because of increased throughput in 1987 are
L = (201.6 + (106.4)0.41)) 20 = 7032.5 kg/day.
3-2
-------
The 1979 SIP revision required a 90% reduction in emissions from fixed-roof
petroleum storage tanks, so the baseline projection emissions are
L = (7032.5)(0.10) = 703.3 kg/day.
The 1982 SIP revision has no further requirements for emission reductions.
The emissions are summarized in Table 3.1.
TABLE 3.1. SUMMARY OF POINT SOURCE TANK FARM EMISSIONS
County
Company
Reactive VOC Emissions
(kg/day)
Baseline
Growth projec- Control
factor Baseline tion strategy
D
Company G Oil Company
1.41 6,160.0 703.3
703.3
3-3
-------
PRINCIPAL EMITTING OPERATIONS AT POINT SOURCES OF REACTIVE VOC
FOR OZONEVILLE
(kg/day for a typical summer weekday in the base year)
Name and location Company G Oil Company in County D
Major reactive VOC source category Tank Farms
PRINCIPAL EMITTING OPERATION VOC
Fixed-Roof Tanks 6,160.0
3-4
-------
3.2 RUBBER TIRE MANUFACTURING
Company A Tire Company manufactures rubber tires and is located in
County C. In reply to the survey questionnaire, Company A was unable to
provide solvent usage data for each operation, but did supply the 1980 oper-
ating information which follows.
Company A operates on a 7 day workweek, 52 weeks per year and produces
tires at a rate of 12,000 per day. Hexane, which is reactive, is the solvent
used in all the company's tire manufacturing operations. It is stored in a
75,000-gallon fixed-roof tank and an average of 45,000 gallons per month are
purchased. The company estimates 3% per year growth from 1980 through 1987.
3.2.1 VOC Calculations for Tire Manufacturing Operations
Because Company A was unable to supply solvent usage data for specific
operations, the reactive VOC emissions from each operation were determined
from the VOC emission factors for each process (EPA-450/2-78-030)2. These
factors allow emission estimates based on the number of tires produced. One
major operation at Company A, sidewall cementing, is not covered in EPA-
450/2-78-0302. This process is estimated to have emissions at approximately
half the level of undertread cementing or (0.5) 0.095 = 0.0475 kilograms VOC
per tire. The emissison factors and the resulting baseline emissions for
each operation are summarized below.
Emission 1980 Baseline
Factor Emissions
Operation (kg vOC/tire) (kg/day)
Undertread cementing 0.095 1140
Bead cementing 0.0082 98.4
Tire building 0.033 396
Tread end cementing 0.015 180
Green tire spraying 0.100 1200
Molding and curing 0.0057 68.4
Finishing 0.002 24
Sidewall cementing 0.0475 (estimated) 570
3.2.2 VOC Calculations for Solvent Storage
Tank type: fixed roof, new condition
Number of tanks: one
Tank diameter: 35 feet
Tank height: 12 feet
Average diurnal temperature change: 15°F
Solvent stored: hexane
Annual average temperature: 60°F
Average temperature for July: 80°F
.Tank capacity: 75,000 gallons
Tank paint: specular aluminum
Throughput: 1500 gal/day
Average vapor space weight: 1.2 feet
3-5
-------
Calculation of breathing loss, LB from AP-421 :
fl fift
LR = 2.21xlO"4Mf P 1 D1'73 H0-51AT°'50FnCIC.
[14.7-PJ P C
where M = molecular weight of vapor in tank = 86,
P = true vapor pressure @ 60°F = 1.84 psia,
D = tank diameter,
H = average vapor space height,
T = average ambient temperature change from day to night,
Fg = paint factor =1.0,
C = adjustment factor for small-diameter tanks = 0.70, and
Kc = crude oil factor =1.0.
Therefore,
LB = 2.21 x 10"4(86)f 1.84 ]0-68(35)1-73(12+1.2)0-51(15)°-50(1.0)(0.7)(1.0)
114.7-1.84J
= 24.1 Ib/day =11.0 kg/day.
Seasonal Adjustment of breathing loss:
A seasonal adjustment factor may be determined by calculating the
ratio of the breathing loss at 60°F to the breathing loss at 80°F. In the
breathing loss calculation above, P is the only variable dependent on
temperature since T does not vary seasonally to any great degree. Thus,
FLB annual! Pannual^14'7 " pannual)"| * •
I.LB ozone J Lpozone/(14.7 - Pozone/ J
pannual = !-84 PS1'3 @ 60°F» and pozone = 3-17 Psia @80°F.
FLB annual! [(1.847(14.7 -
\.l - 1.84)lu-
k7 - 3.17)J
= 0.64, or LB ozone = 1.56 LB annual
I.LB ozone J L 3.17/(14.
Therefore, the breathing loss during the oxidant season becomes
LB ozone = (1.56) (11.0 kg/day) = 17.2 kg/day.
Calculation of working loss, LW, from AP-421 :
Lw = 2.40 x 10'2 MPKnKc
where M = molecular weight of vapor,
P = true vapor pressure,
Kn = turnover factor = 1.0, and
Kc = crude oil factor =1.0.
Therefore,
Lw - 2.40 x 10~
= 3.8 Ib/day = 1.7 kg/day.
Seasonal adjustment of working loss:
As with the breathing loss calculation, the P in the above working loss
equation becomes the only variable associated with seasonal changes. Thus,
3-6
-------
[Lw annual 1 j"pannuall
I, | = : I = 1-°? = °'58' and Lw ozone = l-7 Lw annual-
-w ozone
ozone
3717
And, the working loss during the ozone season becomes
Lw ozone = (1-7)(1.7 kg/day) = 2.9 kg/day.
Finally, the total solvent storage VOC emissions are
Ltotal = 17.2 + 2.9 = 20.1 kg/day.
3.2.3 Growth Projection and Emission Reduction
The company's expected 3%/year growth through 1987 yields a growth
factor of (1.03)7 or 1.23. The 1979 SIP requires reductions in emissions
from the following tire manufacturing operations: undertread cementing,
70%; bead cementing, 70%; tread end cementing, 70%; and green tire spraying;
.90%. The baseline projection emissions are [(baseline emis.)(growth factor)
(1 - % reduction, if applicable)] and thus, they may be summarized.
Operation
Undertread cementing
Bead cementing
Tire building
Tread end cementing
Green tire spraying
Molding and curing
Finishing
Sidewall. cementing
Solvent storage
Baseline
Projection Emissions (kg/day)
(1140
( 98.
( 396
( 180
(1200
( 68.
( 24
( 570
Ml
4)(1
)U
Ml
4)(1
Ml
Ml
.23)(0.
.23)(0.
.23)
.23)(0.
.23)(0.
.23)
.23)
.23)
30)
30)
30)
10)
= 420.
= 36.
= 487.
= 66.
= 147.
= 84.
= 29.
= 701.
7
3
1
4
6
1
5
1
20.1)(1.23)
= 24.7
The 1982 SIP requires no additional reductions for those operations
covered in the 1979 SIP; but it does require a 70% reduction in emissions
from sidewall cementing operations. Therefore, the control strategy emissions
are equal to the baseline projection emissions minus the 70% reduction in
emissions from sidewall cementing or
1997.5 - (0.70)701.1 = 1506.7 kg/day.
The emissions are summarized in Table 3.2.
TABLE 3.2. SUMMARY OF POINT SOURCE PNEUMATIC RUBBER TIRE MANUFACTURING EMISSIONS
County
Company
Reactive VOC Emissions
(kg/day)
Baseline
Growth projec- Control
factor Baseline tion strategy
Company A Tire Company
1.23 3696.9 1997.5 1506.7
3-7
-------
PRINCIPAL EMITTING OPERATIONS AT POINT SOURCES OF REACTIVE VOC
FOR OZONEVILLE
(kg/day for a typical summer weekday in the base year)
Name and location Company A Tire Company in County C
Major reactive VOC source category Rubber Tire Manufacturing
PRINCIPAL EMITTING OPERATION VOC
Undertread and sidewall cementing • 1710
Bead cementing 98.4
Tire building 396
Tread end cementing 180
Green tire spraying 1200
Tire curing 68.4
Solvent storage 20.1
Other (Finishing) 24
TOTAL 3696.9
3-8
-------
3.3 PAPER COATING
Four companies in the four-county nonattainment area do some form of
paper coating. The four companies submitted information on solvent use and
emissions (in response to a survey) in several formats; therefore, the calcu-
lations for reactive VOC are handled individually for each company.
3.3.1 Company K
Company K in County B coats paper used for decorative purposes. The
company reported the following solvent usage data for 1980. Coating lines
were estimated to account for 95% and solvent losses during mixing for 5% of
the 1980 toluene/methanol usage.
Operations Solvent Solvent Usage (kg/day)
Coating lines and mixing toluene 2540
Coating lines and mixing methanol 2540
Equipment cleanup isopropanol 265
The operating schedule is 16 hours a day, 5 days a week. The toluene and
methanol are stored in 80,000-liter fixed-roof tanks; the isopropanol
is stored in a 10,000-liter fixed-roof tank. All tanks are in old tank
conditions. All three of the solvents are reactive, thus all emissions are
reactive VOC's.
VOC Calculations for Coating Operations - Essentially all of the
solvent used in surface coating processes eventually evaporates3, thus,
emissions are 1kg per kg of solvent used.
Emission Point Solvent Baseline Emission, 1980 (kg/day)
Coating toluene 95% (2540) = 2413
methanol 95% (2540) = 2413
total 2413 + 2413 =4826
Mixing toluene 5% (2540) = 127
methanol 5% (2540) = 127
total 127 + 127 = 254
Equipment cleanup isopropanol 265
Throughput and operation are constant during the year, so no seasonal or
weekday adjustment is necessary.
VOC Calculations for Solvent Storage - Breathing losses, Lg, at 60°F
(from AP-42)1 are as follows.
Toluene: LR = 0.0048 kg/day/103 liters x capacity
= (0.0048/103)(80xl03) = 0.384 kg/day.
Methanol: LR = 0.0050 kg/day/103 liters x capacity
= (0.0050/103)(80xl03) =0.400 kg/day.
o
Isopropanol: LR = 0.0043 kg/day/100 liters x capacity
= (0.0043/103)(10xl03) = 0.043 kg/day.
Seasonal adjustments in breathing losses, LR ozone, are calculated as in the
coil coating example.
3-9
-------
Toluene: LB ozone = 1.63 LB annual = 1.63 (0.384)
= 0.626 kg/day.
Methanol: LB ozone = 1.625 LB annual = 1.625 (0.400)
= 0.065 kg/day.
Isopropanol: LB ozone = 1.52 LB annual = 1.52 (0.043)
= 0.065 kg/day.
The total storage tank breathing losses during the ozone season are
LB ozone = 0.626 + 0.65 + 0.065 = 1.34 kg/day.
Working losses, Lw, at 60°F (from AP-42)1 are as follows. For toluene
(0.87 kg/liter), the throughput is 2920 liters/day; for methanol (0.79 kg/-
liter), the throughput is 3215 liters/day; and for isopropanol (0.79 kg/-
liter), the throughput is 335 liters/day.
Toluene: Lw = 0.079 kg/103 liters throughput x throughput/day
= (0.079)(2.920) = 0.231 kg/day.
Methanol: Lw = 0.13 kg/103 liters throughput x throughput/day
= (0.13)(3.215) = 0.418 kg/day.
Isopropanol: Lw = 0.086 kg/10 liters throughput x throughput/day
= (0.086)(0.335) = 0.029 kg/day.
Seasonal adjustments in working losses, L^ ozone, are calculated in the same
manner as LB ozone:
Toluene: Lw ozone = 2.00 Lw annual = 2.00 (0.231)
= 0.462 kg/day.
Methanol: Lw ozone = 1.86 Lw annual = 1.86 (0.418)
= 0.777 kg/day.
Isopropanol: Lw ozone = 1.80 Lw annual = 1.80 (0.029)
= 0.052 kg/day.
The total daily storage tank working losses during the ozone season are
Lw ozone = 0.462 + 0.777 + 0.052 = 1.291 kg/day.
The resulting total storage tank losses, L, during the ozone season are
Ltotal = 1-34 + 1-291 = 2.631 kg/day.
Growth Projection and Emission Reduction - In response to the survey
questionnaire, Company K projected a steady 8% per year growth through 1990.
Thus (1.08)7 gives a growth factor of 1.71 for 1980 to 1987.
The 1979 SIP requires 81% emission reductions in VOC for paper coating
lines. Thus baseline projection emissions for the various operations would
be [(baseline emissions)(growth factor)(1 - % reduction, if applicable)].
Operation Baseline Projection Emissions (kg/day)
Coating lines (4876)(1.71)(0.19) = 1583
Mixing (254)(1.71) = 434
Equipment cleanup (265)(1.71) = 453
Solvent storage (2.631)(1.71) = 4.5
3-10
-------
The 1982 SIP requires no further reductions for any of the operations, so
the control strategy emissions are identical to the baseline projection
emissions. The emissions are summarized in Table 3.3.
3.3.2 Company L
Company L in County D coats carbon paper. In response to the 1980
survey questionnaire, the company reported exclusive use of the solvent
methyl ethylketone (MEK).
Operation Solvent Solvent Usage(kg/day)
Coating lines MEK 2387
Coating mixing MEK 126
Equipment cleanup MEK 125
Company L operates 7 days a week, 24 hours a day. MEK is purchased monthly
and stored in a 100,000-liter fixed-roof tank, which is in new tank con-
dition. MEK is reactive, thus all emissions are reactive VOC.
VOC Calculations for Coating Operations - Emission from surface coating
operations are 1 kg/kg of solvent used.3
Emission Point Solvent Baseline Emissions, 1980(kg/day)
Coating lines MEK 2387
Coating mixing MEK 126
Equipment cleanup MEK 125
These emissions require no seasonal adjustment, since throughput and
operations in this plant remain constant throughout the year.
VOC Calculations for Solvent Storage - Breathing losses, LB, at 60°F
(from AP-42)^ are as follows for MEK.
LR = 0.0087 kg/day/103 liters x capacity
= (0.0087/103)(100xl03) = 0.87 kg/day.
Seasonal adjustment in breathing losses, LB ozone, is calculated as before:
LB ozone = 1.53 LB annual = 1.53 (0.87) = 1.33 kg/day.
Thus 2.17 kg/day is the total storage tank breathing losses during the
ozone season for Company L.
Working losses, LW, at 60°F (from AP-42)1 MEK (0.80 kg/liter) and
for the total throughput of 3300 liters/day are as follows.
L = 0.25 kg/103 liters throughput x throughput/day
= (0.25) (3.300) = 0.825 kg/day.
Seasonal adjustment in working losses, Lw ozone, is calculated as before:
Lw ozone = 1.75 Lw annual = 1.75 (0.825) = 1.44 kg/day.
1.44 kg/day is the total storage tank working loss during the ozone season.
The resulting total storage tank losses, L, are
Ltotal = i-33 + J-44 = 2-77 kg/day.
Growth Projection and Emission Reductions - Company L projects a 5%
growth rate for 1981 and 1982; 3% for 1983, 1984 and 1985; and 7.5% for 1986
and 1987. The growth factor, for 1980 to 1987 is (1.05)2 (1.03)3 (1.075)2
or 1.39.
3-11
-------
The 1979 SIP requires 81% emission reductions in VOC for paper coating
lines. Thus the baseline projection emissions for the various operations
would be [(baseline emissions)(growth factor)(l-% reduction, if applicable)].
Operation Baseline Projection Emissions(kg/day)
Coating lines (2387)(1.39)(0.19) =630
Coating mixing (126)(1.39) = 175
Equipment cleanup (125)(1.39) = 174
Solvent storage (2.8)(1.39) = 4.0
The 1982 does not require any further reductions, so the control strategy
emissions are identical to the baseline projection emissions. The emissions
are summarized in Table 3.3.
3.3.3 Company M
Company M in County C coats paper for book covers. The company reported
the following production and materials use information for 1980 in response
to the survey questionnaire.
Purchases: 12,000 gallons isopropyl alcohol/month
Book cover coating: 22% solids (nitrocellulose), 78% solvent (isopropanol)
Coating uses: 463 gallons/day
Cleanup uses: approximately 450 gallons solvent/month
Operating schedule: 16 hours/day, 7 days/week
Isopropyl alcohol~storage: 50,000-liter floating-roof tank, new
conditions
Isopropyl alcohol is reactive, so all emissions are reactive VOC.
VOC Calculations for Coating Operations - Isopropanol used in mixing and
in coating line operations 12,000 - 450 = 11,550 gal/mo.
Isopropanol used in coating lines totals (463 gal coating/day)(78% solvent)
= 361.9 gal solvent/day. Multiplied by 30 days a month the solvent used in
coating is 10,857 gal/mo.
Assuming that the storage tank losses are negligible in comparison,
solvent losses in mixing must be 12,000 - (450 + 10,857) = 693 gal/mo. The
density of isopropanol is 6.6 Ib/gal x 0.454 kg/lb = 3.0 kg/gal; employing
this factor coupled with surface coating emissions of 1 kg/kg solvent used
and assuming 30 days per month, the baseline emissions are summarized below.
Operation Baseline Emissions, 1980 (kg/day)
Coating lines (10,857)(3.0)(1/30) = 1085.7
Mixing (693)(3.0)(1/30) = 69.3
Equipment cleanup (450)(3.0)(1/30) = 45
VOC Calculations for Solvent Storage - Standing losses, Ls, at 60°F
(from AP-42)1 are as follows for isopropanol.
LR = 0.00052 kg/day/103 liters x tank capacity
= (0.00052/103)(50xl03) = 0.026 kg/day.
Seasonal adjustment in standing losses, Ls ozone, calculated in a similar
manner to breathing losses in the coil coating example is as follows for
isopropanol.
Ls ozone = 1.54 Ls annual = 1.54 (0.026) = 0.04 kg/day.
3-12
-------
The total daily storage tank loss during the ozone season is
Ls ozone = 0.04 kg/day.
There are negligible withdrawal losses for isopropanol in a floating-roof
tank, thus the total storage tank losses during the ozone season are
Ltotal = °-04 kg/day.
Growth Projection and Emission Reduction - Company M projects a 5%
growth rate through 1987, thus the growth factor for 1980 through 1987 is
(1.05)7 or 1.41.
The 1979 SIP requires 81% emission reductions in VOC for all paper
coating lines. The baseline projection emissions would be [(baseline
emissions)(growth factor)(1 - % reduction, if applicable)].
Operation Baseline Projection Emissions(kg/day)
Coating lines (1085.7)(1.41)(0.19) = 290.9
Mixing (69.3)(1.41) = 97.7
Equipment cleanup (45)(1.41) = 63.5
Solvent storage (0.04)(1.41) = 0.06
The 1982 SIP requires no further reductions for any of the operations, so
the control strategy emissions are identical to the baseline projection
emissions. The emissions are summarized in Table 3.3.
3.3.4 Company N
Company N in County A manufactures waxed paper. In response to the
survey questionnaire, the company reported the following for 1980.
Operation Solvent Solvent Usage(kg/day)
Coating lines 'toluene 273
ethyl acetate 230
Mixing toluene 14
ethyl acetate 12
Equipment cleanup toluene 42
The operating schedule for Company N is 8 hours a day, 5 days a week.
Toluene and ethyl acetate are each stored in a 15-,000-liter fixed-roof tank.
The toluene tank is in old condition, and the ethyl acetate tank is in new
condition. Both solvents are reactive, therefore the emissions are reactive
VOC's.
VOC Calculations for Coating Operations - Emissions from surface coating
operations are 1 kg/kg of solvent used^.
Emission Point Solvent Baseline Emissions, 1980(kg/day)
Coating lines toluene 273
ethyl acetate 230
total 273 + 230 = 503
Mixing toluene 14
ethyl acetate 12
total 14 + 12 = 26
Equipment cleanup isopropanol 42
3-13
-------
Throughput and operation are constant during the year, so no seasonal adjustment
is necessary.
VOC Calculations for Solvent Storage - Breathing losses, LB, at 60°F
(AP-42)1 are as follows.
Toluene: LB = 0.0048 kg/day/103 liters x tank capacity
= (0.0048/103)(15xl03) = 0.072 kg/day.
Ethyl acetate: LR = 0.010 kg/day/103 liters x tank capacity
= (0.010/103)(15xl93) = 0.15 kg/day.
Seasonal adjustment in breathing losses, LB ozone, is calculated as in the
coil coating example:
Toluene: LB ozone = 1.163 LB annual = 1.63 (0.072) = 0.117 kg/day.
Ethyl acetate: LB ozone = 1.50 LB annual = 1.50 (0.15) = 0.225 kg/day.
The total storage tank breathing losses during the ozone season are
LB ozone = 0.117 + 0.225 = 0.342 kg/day.
Working losses, LW, at 60°F (AP-42)1 are as follows.
For toluene (0.87 kg/liter), the throughput is 415 liters/day; for ethyl
acetate (0.90 kg/liter), the throughput is 300 liters/day.
Toluene: Lw = 0.079 kg/103 liters throughput x tank capacity
= (0.079)(0.415) = 0.033 kg/day.
Ethyl acetate: Lw = 0.028 kg/103 liters throughput x tank capacity
= (0.028)(0.300) = 0.0084 kg/day.
Seasonal adjustment in working losses, Lw ozone, is calculated in the same
manner as LB ozone:
Toluene: Lw ozone = 2.00 Lw annual = 2.00 (0.033) = 0.066kg/day.
Ethyl Acetate: Lw ozone = 1.73 Lw annual = 1.73 (0.0084) = 0.015 kg/day.
The resulting total storage tank losses during the ozone season, L, are
Ltotal = °-342 + °-081 = °-42 kg/day.
Growth Projection and Emission Reduction - In response to the survey
questionnaire, Company N projected a steady 9% per year growth through 1984,
with a leveling off to 0% at that time through 1988. Thus the growth factor
is (1.09)4 or 1.41 for 1980 to 1987.
The 1979 SIP requires emission reductions in VOC of 81% for all paper
coating lines in the industry; however, Company N is not in compliance with
these requirements. Therefore the following are the baseline projection
emissions.
Operation Baseline Projection Emissions(kg/day)
Coating lines (503)(1.41) = 709.2
Mixing (26)(1.41) = 36.7
Equipment cleanup (42)(1.41) = 59.2
Solvent storage (0.42)(1.41) = 0.6
3-14
-------
The 1982 SIP does not require any further reductions for this emissions
category; however as part of .the control strategy for attainment for 1987,
enforcement procedures will be initiated to insure that Company N achieves
compliance with the 1979 SIP requirements before 1987. The control strategy
emissions are as follows.
Operation Control Strategy Emissions (kg/day)
Coating lines (716.3) (0.19) = 136.1
Mixing 114.2
Equipment cleanup 59.2
Solvent storage 0.6
The emissions are summarized in Table 3.3.
TABLE 3.3. SUMMARY OF POINT SOURCE PAPER COATING EMISSIONS
Reactive VOC Emissions
(kg/day)
Baseline
Growth projec- Control
County Company factor Baseline tion strategy
B Company K 1.71 5,347.6 2,475.5 2,475.5
D Company L 1.39 2,641 983 983
C Company M 1.41 1,200 452.2 452.2
A Company N 1.41 631 805.7 310.1
3-15
-------
PRINCIPAL EMITTING OPERATIONS AT POINT SOURCES OF REACTIVE VOC
FOR OZONEVILLE
(kg/day for a typical summer weekday in the base year)
Name and location Company K in County B
Major reactive VOC source category Paper Coating
PRINCIPAL EMITTING OPERATION VOC
Coating Lines 4826
Coating Mixing 254
Solvent Storage 2.6
Equipment Cleanup 265
TOTAL 5347.6
3-16
-------
PRINCIPAL EMITTING OPERATIONS AT POINT SOURCES OF REACTIVE VOC
FOR OZONEVILLE
(kg/day for a typical summer weekday in the base year)
Name and location Company L in County D
Major reactive VOC source category Paper Coating
PRINCIPAL EMITTING OPERATION VOC
Coating Lines 2387
Coating Mixing 126
Solvent Storage 2.8
Equipment Cleanup 125
TOTAL 2641
3-17
-------
PRINCIPAL EMITTING OPERATIONS AT POINT SOURCES OF REACTIVE VOC
FOR OZONEVILLE
(kg/day for a typical summer weekday in the base year)
Name and location Company M in County C
Major reactive VOC source category Paper Coating
PRINCIPAL EMITTING OPERATION VOC
Coating Lines 1085.7
Coating Mixing 69.3
Solvent Storage 0.04
Equipment Cleanup 45
TOTAL 1200
3-18
-------
PRINCIPAL EMITTING OPERATIONS AT POINT SOURCES OF REACTIVE VOC
FOR OZONEVILLE
(kg/day for a typical summer weekday in the base year)
Name and location Company N in County A
Major reactive VOC source category Paper Coating '
PRINCIPAL EMITTING OPERATION VOC
Coating Lines 503
Coating Mixing 26
Solvent Storage 0.42
Equipment Cleanup 42
TOTAL 571.42
3-19
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3.4 COIL COATING
The Company E Manufacturing Company in County B coats rolls of aluminum
alloy which eventually become residential housesiding. The operating sched-
ule is 7 days a week. In response to a survey questionnaire, the company
reported the following solvent-use data for 1979:
Operation Solvent Solvent Usage (kg/day)
Prime coating mixed solvents 250
Finish coating mixed solvents 375
Equipment cleanup isopropropanol 45
The company included solvent and coating mixing in each operation.
The solvents are purchased and stored in 55 gallon drums. The drums
are opened as they are used, and thus have negligable emissions.
The company did not respond to the 1980 survey, so solvent use for 1980
was determined from the company's 7.5% per year forecast of growth from 1979
to 1989. All the solvents are reactive, thus all emissions will be reactive
VOC's.
VOC Calculations for Coating Operations - Essentially all of the solvent
used in coating operations eventually evaporates, therefore emissions are
1 kg per kg of solvent used.
Emission Point 1979 Baseline Emissions (kg/day)
Prime coating 250
Finish coating 375
Equipment cleanup 45
Projected Emissions, 1980
Emission Point 7.5% Growth kg/day
Prime coating (250)(1.075) 268.8
Finish coating (375)(1.075) 403.1
Equipment cleanup (45) (1.075) 48.4
Throughput and operation are constant during the year, so there are no
seasonal adjustments.
Growth Projection and Emission Reduction - Company E's growth of 7.5%/yr
(1980-1987) yields a growth factor of 1.66.The 1979 SIP requires 81% emis-
sion reductions for coil coating operations; baseline emissions are equal to
[(baseline emis.)(growth factor)(l - % reduc.)] and summarized below.
Operation Baseline Projection Emissions (kg/day)
Prime coating (268.8)(1.66)(0.19) = 84.8
Finish coating (403.1)(1.66)(0.19) = 127.1
Equipment cleanup (48.4)(1.66) = 80.3
3-20
-------
The 1982 SIP requires no additional controls for coil coating, so the
control strategy emissions are identical to the baseline projection emis-
sions. Table 3.4 summarizes the emissions.
TABLE 3.4 SUMMARY OF POINT SOURCE COIL COATING EMISSIONS
County
Company
Growth
factor
Reactive VOC Emissions
(kg/day)
Baseline
projec- Control
Baseline tion strategy
B
Company E Manufacturing
1.66
720.3
292.2
292.2
3-21
-------
PRINCIPAL EMITTING OPERATIONS AT POINT SOURCES OF REACTIVE VOC
FOR OZONEVILLE
(kg/day for a typical summer weekday in the base year)
Name and location
Company E Manufacturing Company in County B
Major reactive VOC source category Coil Coating
PRINCIPAL EMITTING OPERATION
Prime coating
Finish coating
Equipment cleanup
VOC
268.8
403.1
TOTAL
48.4
720.3
3-22
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3.5 FABRIC COATING
Company U in County A coats fabric tor electrical insulating tapes and
for making hoses. A plant visit to Company U revealed the following solvent
usage for 1980.
Operation Solvent Solvent Usage (gal/yr)
Coating lines toluene 1,431,500
Mixing toluene 75,000
Equipment cleanup toluene 165,000
Company U operates 7 days a week 365 days a year, with throughput constant
throughout the year. The company purchases toluene monthly, and stores it
in a 150,000-gallon fixed-roof tank in new condition. Since toluene is a
reactive solvent, all VOC's will also be reactive.
VOC Calculations for Fabric Coating Operations - Emissions from surface
coating operations are 1 kg/kg of solvent used.3
Toluene has a density of 7.3 Ib/gal(0.454 kg/lb) = 3.314 kg/gal, so the
baseline emissions may be summarized as follows.
Emission Point Baseline Emissions, 1980 (kg/day)
Coating lines (1,431,500) 3.314/365 = 12,997.2
Mixing (75,000) 3.314/365 = 681.0
Equipment cleanup (165,000) 3.314/365 = 1,498.1
VOC Calculations for Solvent Storage - Breathing losses. LD. at 60°F
(from AP-42) for toluene:
LR = 0.035 lb/day/103 gal x tank capacity
= (0.035/103)(150 x 103) = 5.25 Ib/day
= 5.25 (0.454 kg/lb) = 2.38 kg/day.
Seasonal adjustment of breathing losses, LB ozone, were calculated the same
as the coil coating example.
LB ozone = 1.63 LB annual = 1.63(2.38) = 3.88 kg/day.
Thus, the total breathing loss during the ozone season is 3.88 kg/day.
Working losses, LW, at 60°F (from AP-42)1 for toluene.
The throughput of toluene is 4643 gal/day.
L = 2.7 lb/103gal throughput x tank capacity
= 2.7(4.643) = 12.5 Ib/day
= 12.5(0.454 kg/lb) = 5.7 kg/day.
Seasonal adjustment of working losses, Lw ozone, were calculated the same as
the coil coating example.
Lw ozone = 2.00 Lw annual = 2.00(5.7) = 11.4 kg/day.
3-23
-------
The total working losses during the ozone season are 11.4 kg/day, and the
total storage tank losses during the ozone season are:
"-total = 3-88 + n-4 = 15-3 kg/day.
Growth Projection and Emission Reduction - Company U predicts a steady
7% growth per year through the 1980's.Therefore, the growth factor is
(1.07)7 or 1.61. The 1979 SIP requires a 81% reduction in solvent emissions
at the coating lines in the fabric and vinyl coating industries. Thus the
baseline projection emissions (baseline emissions)(growth factor)(1 - %
reduction, if applicable) are as follows.
Operation Baseline Projection Emissions(kg/day)
Coating lines
Mixing
Equipment cleanup
Solvent storage
Since the 1982 SIP requires no further emission reduction for fabric coating
or fixed-roof tanks, the control strategy emissions are identical to the
baseline projection emissions. The emissions are summarized in Table 3.5.
(12,997.2)(1.61)(0.19) = 3975.8
61) = 1096.4
61) = 2411.9
61) = 24.6
TABLE 3.5 SUMMARY OF POINT SOURCE FABRIC COATING EMISSIONS
County
Company
Reactive VOC Emissions
(kg/day)
Baseline
Growth projec- . Control
factor Baseline tion strategy
Company U
1.61 15,191.6 7,508.7 7,508.7
3-24
-------
PRINCIPAL EMITTING OPERATIONS AT POINT SOURCES OF REACTIVE VOC
FOR OZONEVILLE
(kg/day for a typical summer weekday in the base year)
Name and location
Company U in County A
Major reactive VOC source category Fabric Coating
PRINCIPAL EMITTING OPERATION
Coating Lines
Coating Mixing
Solvent Storage
Equipment Cleanup
TOTAL
VOC
12.997.2
681.0
15.3
1.498.1
15.191.6
3-25
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3.6 WOOD FURNITURE
Company T manufactures and coats the surfaces of wooden church pews in
County B. Two combinations of coatings are applied: for varnished pews,
sealer, stain, and varnish are used, and for painted pews, primer and paint
are used. Only the stain is applied by hand; all others are sprayed. The
coatings and a solvent (Sol-9) are purchased in 208-liter drums. Sol-9 is
used both for thinning the coatings and for equipment cleanup. Company T
responded to the 1980 survey with the following data.
Coating
Sealer
Stain
Varnish
Primer
Finish
Sol-9
1980
Usage
(liter/yr)
27,973
37,853
29,033
30,320
32,553
92,805
Coating
Density
(kg/liter)
1.52
1.21
1.55
1.63
1.76
0.81
Volatile Reactive
Solvents in
Purchased Coating
(% by wt)
25
0
30
30
40
100
Sol vent
Added to
Purchased Coating
(% by vol)
50
0
100
50
100
not applicable
The work schedule at Company T is 8 hours a day, 5 days a week, 52 weeks
a year. The company forecasts a 10% decline in the painted church pew bus
iness and a 20% increase in the varnished church pew business by 1987. The
use of solvent for cleanup will remain at the 1980 level through 1987.
VOC Calculations for Coating Operations - Essentially all of the solvent
used in coating operations eventually evaporates, thus emissions are 1 kg
per kg of solvent used. For coating operations at Company T the total emis-
sions from the use of a particular coating is the sum of the emissions
from the solvent originally in the purchased coating and the emissions from
the solvent added to that coating.
From the solvent in the purchased coating,
Emissions/day = (1980 usage)(coating density)(% solvent in coating).
(workdays/year)
Coating Coating Solvent Emissions (kg/day)
Sealer
Stain
Varnish
Primer
Finish
(27,973) (1.52) (0.25)7260 =
(37,853) (1.21) (0 )/260 =
(29,033) (1.55) (0.30)7260 =
(30,320) (1.63) (0.30)7260 =
(32,553) (1.76) (0.40)7260 =
40.88
0
51.92
57.02
88.14
Total 237.96
From the solvent added to the coatings,
Emissions/day = (1980 usage)(% solvent added) (solvent density).
(workdays/year)
3-26
-------
Sealer
Stain
Varnish
Primer
Finish
40.88 + 43.57
0+0
51.92 + 90.45
57.02 + 47.23
88.14 + 101.42
Added Solvent
Coating Emissions (kg/day)
Sealer (27,973) (0.50) (0.81)/260 = 43.57
Stain (37,853) (0 ) (0.81J/260 = 0
Varnish (29,033) (1.00) (0.81J/260 = 90.45
Primer (30,320) (0.50) (0.81J/260 = 47.23
Finish (32,553) (1.00) (0.81J/260 = 101.42
Total 282.67
Thus
total emissions/day = coating solvent emissions + added sol vent'emissions.
Total Emissions
from Coatings
Coating (kg/day)
84.45
0
142.37
104.25
189.56
Total 520.63
The thinning solvent not added to the coatings is used for equipment
cleanup. The emissions from this solvent are:
(92,805 1iter/yr)(0.81 kg/liter) - 282.67 kg/day = 6.45 kg/day.
260 days/yr
Therefore, the 1980 baseline emissions may be summarized as follows.
Operation Baseline Emissions, 1980 (kg/day)
Varnished pews 226.8
Painted pews 293.8
Cleanup solvent 6.5
Total 527.1
Throughput and operation are constant during the year, so there are no
seasonal adjustments.
Growth Projection and Emission Reduction - Company T supplied the
following growth factors: 1.2 varnished pews; 0.9 painted pews; and 1.0,
cleaning solvent. The 1979 SIP contained no control measures for wood
coating; thus, the baseline projection emissions are [(baseline emissions)
(growth factor)].
Operation Baseline Projection Emissions (kg/day)
Varnished pews (226.8) (1.2) = 272.2
Painted pews (293.8) (0.9) = 264.4
Cleanup solvent ( 6.5) (1.0) = 6.5
Totals 527.1 543.1
3-27
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The 1982 SIP requires no additional controls for wood furniture surface
coating, so the control strategy emissions are identical to the baseline
projection emissions. Table 3.6 summarizes the emissions.
TABLE 3.6 SUMMARY OF POINT SOURCE WOOD FURNITURE COATING EMISSIONS
Reactive VOC Emissions
(kg/day)
Baseline
Growth Projec- Control
County Company Factor Baseline tion Strategy
B Company T 1.2 226.8 272.2 272.2
0.9 293.8 264.4 264.4
1.0 6.5 6.5 6.5
Total 527.1 543.1 543.1
3-28
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PRINCIPAL EMITTING OPERATIONS AT POINT SOURCES OF REACTIVE VOC
FOR OZONEVILLE
(kg/day for a typical summer weekday in the base year)
Name and location Company T in County B
Major reactive VOC source category Wood Furniture Surface Coating
PRINCIPAL EMITTING OPERATION VOC
Sealer Coating • - 84.45
Varnish Coating 142.37
Primer Coating 104.25
Finish Coating • 189.56
Equipment Cleanup 6.45
TOTAL 527.1
3-29
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3.7 METAL FURNITURE
The Company I Manufacturing, Inc., produces metal patio furniture in
County B. In response to a survey questionnaire, the company indicated
that the yearly solvent consumption for 1980 was approximately 20,295
kilograms of perchloroethylene for the cleaning and pretreatment of the
furniture, 15,585 kilograms of perchloroethylene for equipment cleanup,
and 56,160 kilograms of solvent (composed of several ketones, esters, and
alcohol) for the combined coating and mixing operations. All solvents used
in the latter process, as well as perchloroethylene, are reactive; thus the
VOC emissions are reactive. The company reported an operating schedule of 6
days per week and a projected growth rate of 10% from 1980 to 1990. The
1979 SIP revision required a 75% reduction in reactive VOC emissions from
the surface coating lines.
As with most surface coating industries, essentially all of the solvent
used in the processes evaporates. The total baseline emissions, then, are
the sum of all of the solvents used in the various processes. The baseline
emissions for the cleaning and pretreatment become (20,295 kg/yr)/(6 x 52
day/yr) =65.0 kg/day; and those for the equipment cleanup, and the combined
coating and mixing operations become 50.0 and 180.0 kg/day, respectively.
There are no seasonal variations to require an ozone season adjustment.
The growth rate given by the company was interpolated to 1987 to give
a growth factor of 1.07. The projection factor with the 75% emission reduc-
tion gives the baseline projection emissions of
(65.0 + 50.0)(1.07) + (180.0)(1.07)(0.25) = 171.3 kg/day.
The 1982 SIP revision required no further emission reductions. Table 3.7
summarizes the emissions.
TABLE 3.7 SUMMARY OF POINT SOURCE METAL FURNITURE COATING EMISSIONS
Reactive VOC Emissions
(kg/day)
Baseline
Growth projec- Control
County Company factor Baseline tion strategy
B Company I Manufacturing Inc. 1.07 295.0 171.3 171.3
3-30
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PRINCIPAL EMITTING OPERATIONS AT POINT SOURCES OF REACTIVE VOC
FOR OZONEVILLE
(kg/day for a typical summer weekday in the base year)
Name and location Company I Manufacturing Inc. in County B
Major reactive VOC source category Metal Furniture Coating
PRINCIPAL EMITTING OPERATION VOC
Cleaning and Pretreatment . 65.0
Coating Operations(inc1udes coating mixing; coating&solvent mixing)180.0
Equipment Cleanup 50.0
TOTAL 295.0
3-31
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3.8 DRY CLEANING
3.8.1 Company B
Company B Cleaners, which employs 35 people, in County A reported
cleaning 625 tons of clothing in 1980. The amount of perch!oroethylene
purchased in 1980 was 68,182 kilograms. Assuming that all of the solvent
purchased during 1980 was lost to the atmosphere through evaporation (EPA
450/2-78-050)4 and since perchloroethylene is considered reactive, the
emissions are 68,182 kilograms of reactive VOC per year. Since the reported
cleaning activity for this plant stayed essentially constant throughout
the year, no seasonal adjustment was applied to the emissions. The plant
is open 6 days a week, thus weekday emissions are
(68,182 kg/yr)/(6 x 52 days/yr) = 217.9 kg/day.
Company B could provide no estimates for growth to 1987, so the reactive
VOC emissions were projected to grow with the increase in population from
1980 to 1987. For County A, this growth factor is 1.08. The 1979 SIP had
requirements for a 70% emission reduction from perchloroethylene dry clean-
ing operations. Table 3.8 summarizes the reactive VOC emissions data from
Company B.
3.8.2 Company 0
Company 0 Cleaners is an industrial-sized dry cleaning establishment
in County C. Company 0 reported cleaning 10,510,000 pounds of clothing
and purchasing 1,337,000 kilograms of Stoddard (petroleum) solvent in
1980. The company operates on a 5 day workweek and employs 52 people.
Assuming that all solvent purchased and used during a period of time
will be lost to the atmosphere through evaporation (EPA 450/2-78-050)4 and
knowing that Stoddard is reactive, Company 0 emissions were 1,337,000 kilo-
grams of reactive VOC for 1980. Daily emissions were 1,337,000/5(52) = 5142.2
kilograms per day. Since the Company's volume of cleaning is essentially
constant throughout the year, no seasonal adjustment is necessary.
Company 0 estimated a steady growth of 6% per year through 1987,
giving a growth factor of (1.06)7 or 1.50 for 1980 to 1987. The 1979 SIP
did not require emission reductions for petroleum solvent dry cleaning, so
the baseline projection emissions are
5142.2(1.50) = 7713.3 kg/day.
The 1982 SIP requires a 70% emission reduction for petroleum solvent dry
cleaning. Thus, the control strategy emissions will be
7713.3(1 - 0.70) = 2314.
Table 3.8 summarizes the emissions.
3-32
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TABLE 3.8 SUMMARY OF POINT SOURCE DRY CLEANING EMISSIONS
County
Company
Reactive VOC Emissions
(kg/day)
Baseline
Growth projec- Control
factor Baseline ti on strategy
A
C
Company B Cleaners
Company 0 Cleaners
1.06 217.9 69.3 69.3
1.50 5142.2 7713".3 2314
3-33
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PRINCIPAL EMITTING OPERATIONS AT POINT SOURCES OF REACTIVE VOC
FOR OZONEVILLE
(kg/day for a typical summer weekday in the base year)
Name and location Company B Cleaners in County A
Major reactive VOC source category Perch!oroethylene Dry Cleaning
PRINCIPAL EMITTING OPERATION VOC
Dry cleaning TOTAL 217.9
3-34
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PRINCIPAL EMITTING OPERATIONS AT POINT SOURCES OF REACTIVE VOC
FOR OZONEVILLE
(kg/day for a typical summer weekday in the base year)
Name and location Company 0 Cleaners in County C
Major reactive VOC source category Petroleum Solvent Dry Cleaning
PRINCIPAL EMITTING OPERATION VOC
Dry cleaning 5142.2
3-35
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3.9 DECREASING
3.9.1 Company C
Company C Metal Products in County B operates five conveyorized vapor
degreasers. In 1980, the company purchased 29,455 kilograms of perchloro-
ethylene and 19,636 kilograms of 1,1,1-trichloroethane, and the company
sent to a waste solvent recovery firm outside of the nonattainment area
7364 kilograms of perchloroethylene and 4909 kilograms of 1,1,1-trichloro-
ethane for recycling. Since 1,1,1-trichloroethane is a nonreactive VOC, it
is exempt from the inventory; only the perchloroethylene was inventoried.
Assuming that all of the perchloroethylene purchased during the year (less
the amount recycled) evaporated, the reactive VOC emissions equal 22,091
kilograms per year.
Company C operates 5 days per week, 52 weeks per year. Daily emissions
are then
(22,091 liters/yr)/(5 days/wk)(52 wk/yr) = 85.0 kg/day.
The average throughput during the summer quarter was actually 28%
because of scheduled maintenance shutdowns during the winter. A factor of
28%/25% or 1.12 was applied to the daily emissions to account for the increase
during the ozone season. Thus, the seasonally adjusted or baseline emissions
are 95.2 kilograms of reactive VOC per day.
A 5% per year growth from 1980 through 1987 is projected by the
company, so a growth factor of 1.41 was applied to the baseline emissions.
The 1979 SIP required a 55% reduction in emissions from conveyorized vapor
degreasers, so the baseline projection emissions become 60.4 kilograms of
reactive VOC per day. These results are in Table 3.9.
3.9.2 Company D
Company D Metal Products in County A operates three open-top vapor
degreasers. In 1980, 18,309 kilograms of perchloroethylene were purchased,
and none was recovered or recycled. This company has no scheduled mainten-
ance shutdowns or other variations in seasonal production, so no seasonal
adjustment was applied to the emissions. A 5 day per week operating schedule
results in baseline emissions of (18,309)/(5)(52) = 70.4 kilograms per day.
The company estimates the product sales growth as 8% from 1980 through 1985,
with static growth thereafter. A growth factor of 1.47 was applied to the
baseline emissions. The baseline'projection emissions were determined from
the 50% reductions required for open-top vapor degreasers in the 1979 SIP.
Table 3.9 summarizes the results.
3-36
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TABLE 3.9 SUMMARY OF POINT SOURCE DECREASING EMISSIONS
County
Company
Growth
factor
Reactive VOC Emissions
(kg/day)
Baseline
projec- Control
Baseline tion strategy
A Company D Metal Products
B Company C Metal Products
1.47
1.41
70.4
95.2
51.8
60.4
51.8
60.4
3-37
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3.10 GRAPHIC ARTS
3.10.1 Company H
The Company H Printing Company operates a packaging rotogravure
printing plant in County C. For 1980, the company reported using 118,000
liters of isopropanol for both the ink-mixing and the printing processes.
The solvent is stored in a single new fixed-roof 20,000 liter-tank with a
throughput of 455 liters per day. Isopropanol is a reactive compound, as
will be the VOC emissions from this plant. The plant operates 5 days a week
with no seasonal variations in work schedule or production. Since Company H
was not able to supply an expected growth rate through 1987, the company's
growth was projected to correspond to that of County A's population. The
1979 SIP required a 65% emission reduction from packaging rotogravure
printing.
From EPA 450/2-78-033^, all of the solvent used in the printing pro-
cess evaporates. The weekday adjusted baseline emissions for the printing
process, using a density of 0.79 kilograms per liter for isopropanol, are
(118,000 liters/yr) (0.79 kg/liter)/(5 days/wk)(52 wk/yr) = 358.5 kg/day.
No seasonal adjustment of the emissions is necessary.
are
The storage tank breathing losses, Lg, from the AP-42* emission factor
Lo = 0.0038 kg/day x 103 liters x tank capacity
= (0.0038) (20) = 0.076 kg/day.
An adjustment to the emissions is necessary to account for the 60°F differ-
ence in average. ambient temperature for which the emission factor was deter-
mined and for the ozone season temperature of 80°F. The AP-42* equation is
used to give an adjustment factor of 1.52. The baseline emissions for Lg are
LB = (0.076) (1.52) = 0.12 kg/day.
The storage tank working losses, LW, calculated from the AP-421 emission
factor are
Lw = 0.086 kg/103 liters throughput x throughput/day
= (0.086) (0.455) = 0.04 kg/day.
Using a temperature correction in the equation, the ozone season adjustment
factor is 1.8. The baseline emissions for Lw are
Lw = (0.04) (1.8) = 0.07 kg/day.
The total baseline emissions from the solvent storage tank are
Ltotal = °-12 + °'07 = °-19 kg/day.
The baseline emissions from the entire plant are 358.7 kilogram per day.
The 1980 through 1987 population growth yields a growth factor for
Company H of 1.04. By taking into account the required 65% emission reduc-
tion for the printing process, the baseline projection emissions are
((358.5) (0.35) + 0.19) 1.04 = 130.7 kg/day.
3-38
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No additional controls are required by the 1982 SIP revision. Table 3.10
summarizes the emissions.
3.10.2 Small Graphic Arts Facilities
There are 9 additional graphic arts point sources, 6 in County A and 1
each in Counties B, C and D. These plants all have daily emissions of
reactive VOC's which are less than 250 kilograms. The plant in County D and
4 of those in County A use the rotogravure printing process which is subject
to a 65% emission reduction under the 1979 SIP. The remaining plants use
the offset method which is subject to a 60% reduction in the 1982 SIP. All
purchase and store their solvents in 55-gallon drums. The companies were
not able to supply growth rate data so their emissions have been projected
to increase with the corresponding county's growth "in population. These
emissions are summarized in Table 3.10.
TABLE 3.10 SUMMARY OF POINT SOURCE GRAPHIC ARTS EMISSIONS
Reactive VOC Emissions
(kg/day)
County Company
C Company H Printing Company
A
A
A
A
A
A
B
C
D
Growth
factor
1.04
1.06
1.06
1.06
1.06
1.06
1.06
1.03
1.04
1.06
Baseline
358.5
29.1
78.5
87.2
101.8
43.6
148.3
177.4
58.2
133.8
Baseline
projec-
tion
130.7
30.8
29.1
92.4
37.8
16.2
55.0
182.7
60.5
49.6
Control
strategy
130.7
12.3
29.1
37.0
37.8
16.2
55.0
73.1
24.2
49.6
3-3y
-------
PRINCIPAL EMITTING OPERATIONS AT POINT SOURCES OF REACTIVE VOC
FOR OZONEVILLE
(kg/day for a typical summer weekday in the base year)
Name and location Company H Printing Company in County C
Major reactive VOC source category Graphic Arts
PRINCIPAL EMITTING OPERATION VOC
Rotogravure 358.5
Solvent Storage 0.2
TOTAL 358.7
3-40
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3.11 WASTE SOLVENT RECOVERY PROCESS
The Company F Recovery, Inc., in County C, specializes in recovering
trichloroethylene from vapor degreasing operations. In 1980, the company
processed an average of 39,500 kilograms during each 7-day workweek. They
used a new 30,000-liter fixed-roof tank to store the waste solvent and
packaged the recovered solvent in 55-gallon drums. The amount of solvent
processed is estimated by the company to increase at 3% per year through
1987, resulting in a growth factor of 1.23.
The emission factor (EPA 600/2-78-004f)6 for solvent reclaiming
(excluding the storage tank vent) is 2.089 grams per kilogram of solvent
processed; trichloroethylene is a reactive VOC, thus the reactive VOC
emissions from the company are 11.8 kilograms per day.
Reactive VOC's from solvent tank breathing loss, LB, and working loss,
Lw at 60°F (from AP-42)1 are:
LB = (0.013 kg/day-103 liters)(30xl03 liters) = 0.39 kg/day and
L, = (0.34 kg/103 liters throughput)(3.9xl03 liters throughput/
-w (0.34 kg/10
=1.33 kg/day.
throughput/day)
Using tank equations (AP-42)1 with storage temperature as the only variable,
the emissions adjusted for 80°F ozone season become
LB ozone = (0.39)(1.46) = 0.57 kg/day,
Lw ozone = 0-33)(1.67) = 2.22 kg/day, and
Ltotal = 0.57 + 2.22 = 2.79 kg/day.
The 1987 baseline projection emissions calculated with the growth
factor are
Process: (11.8)(1.23) = 14.5 kg/day,
Storage tank:.(2.79)(1.23) = 3.4 kg/day.
The 1982 SIP revision classifies waste solvent recovery as a reactive
VOC emission category to which reasonable available control technology
(RACT) is applicable, and requires emission reductions of 65%. The storage
tank emissions are not affected by this SIP revision; the 1987 control
strategy emissions are
Process: (14.5)(0.35) = 5.1 kg/day,
Storage tank: 3.4 kg/day.
The emissions are summarized in Table 3.12.
TABLE 3.11 SUMMARY OF POINT SOURCE WASTE SOLVENT RECOVERY PROCESS EMISSIONS
County
Company
Reactive VOC Emissions
(kg/day)
Baseline
Growth projec- Control
factor Baseline tion strategy
Company F Recovery, Inc.
1.23
14.6
17.9
8.5
3-41
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3.12 POWER PLANTS
3.12.1 Company Q
The Company Q Power Company operates a base-load steam electric gener-
ating plant with seven coal-fired boilers in County B. Stack tests conducted
on the seven boilers in March 1979 indicated NOX and VOC emissions of 1868.2
and 8.2 kilograms per hour, respectively, and that 70% (5.7 kg/h) of the
VOC's emitted from these boilers are reactive. At this time Company Q Power
reported coal consumption of 2280 tons per day. The plant operates at maxi-
mum generating capacity continually, so no seasonal or weekday adjustments
are necessary. The NOX and VOC emissions are 44,836.8 and 136.8 kilograms
per day.
Company officials indicated that an additional coal-fired 120 megawatt
output (1260 million BTU/hr) unit is scheduled to come on line in 1985.
The estimated coal consumption will be 1100 tons per day. Since this plant
is subject to the new source performance standard (NSPS) for electric util-
ity steam generating units built after September 18, 1978 of 0.5 pounds of
NOX per million BTU's of heat input, the 1987 baseline projection emissions
of NOX for this unit are
(1260)(0.5)(0.455 kg/lb)(24 h/day) = 6879.6 kg/day.
Using the March 1979 stack test data, a factor relating reactive VOC
emissions to coal consumption may be derived. Specifically,
(5.7 kg VOC/h)(24 h/day)/(2280 tons/day) = 0.06 kg VOC per ton coal.
Thus, the'1987 baseline projection emissions of reactive VOC for this new
unit may be estimated
(1100 tons/day)(0.06 kg/ton) = 66.0 kg/day.
There are no VOC or NOX emission reduction requirements in either the 1979
or 1982 SIP revisions. Therefore the NOX baseline projection and control
strategy emissions are
44,836.8 + 6879.6 = 51,716.4 kg/day,
and the reactive VOC baseline projection and control strategy emissions are
136.8 + 66.0 = 202.8 kg/day.
The emissions are summarized in Tables 3.12 and 3.13.
3.12 Company R
The Company R Power and Light in County D has four coal-fired boilers
which act as peaking units. Stack tests performed in August 1980 provided
an emission estimate for NOX of 280.2 kilograms per hour. Coal consumption
at the time of the stack test was 16 tons per hour. Based on the factor
derived from stack testing at Company Q, emissions of reactive VOC at Company
R are
(16 tons coal/h)(0.06 kg VOC/ton) = 0.96 kg/h.
The company reported that, between 6 a.m. and 12 p.m. (midnight) on
a typical summer weekday, the units operate at 80% generating capacity. No
3-42
-------
power generation occurs from 12 p.m. to 6 a.m. The seasonal power gener-
ation is summer 30%, fall 20%, winter 30%, and spring 20%. Based on these
values, and assuming that the results from the stack tests represent weekday
rates, the NOX baseline emissions are
(280.2 kg/h)(18 h/day)(0.30/0.20) = 6052.3 kg/day, and
the reactive VOC baseline emissions are
(0.96)(18)(0.30/0.20) = 20.7 kg/day.
The company estimates a 5% per year increase in power demand through 1987,
but there are no plans to increase the maximum generation capacity beyond
that now available at 100% load; additional power requirements will be met
by new plants scheduled to come on-line elsewhere on the company's electrical
grid. Therefore, a maximum 20% increase is expected by 1987, so the growth
factor is 1.2. The 1979 and 1982 SIP revisions do not identify power plants
as a category requiring emission reductions. The NOX baseline projection
and control strategy emissions are
(6052.3)(1.2) = 7262.8 kg/day, and
the reactive VOC baseline projection and control strategy emissions are
(20.7)0.2) = 24.8 kg/day.
The emissions are summarized in Tables 3.12 and 3.13.
TABLE 3.12 SUMMARY OF POWER PLANT NOY EMISSIONS
NOv Emissions
(kg/day)
County
B
D
Company
Company
Company
Q Power
R Power
Company
& Light
Growth
factor
1.0
1.2
Basel i
44
6
,836.
,052.
Baseline
projec-
ne tion
8
3
51,716.4
7,262.8
Control
strategy
51,716.
7,262.
4
8
TABLE 3.13 SUMMARY OF POWER PLANT VOC EMISSIONS
B Company Q Power Company
D Company R Power & Light
Reactive VOC Emissions
(kg/day)
County
Company
Growth
factor
Baseline
Baseline
projec- Control
tion strategy
1.0
1.2
136.8
20.7
202.8
24.8
202.8
24.8
3-43
-------
3.14 REFERENCES
1. Compilation of Air Pollution Emission Factors, Third Edition and
Supplements, AP-42, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research
Triangle Park, -NC, August 1977.
2. Control of Volatile Organic Emissions from Manufacture of Pneumatic
Rubber Tires. EPA-450/2-78-030, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, December 1978.
3. Control of Volatile Organic Emissions from Existing Stationary
Sources - Volume II: Surface Coating of Cans. Coils,.Paper, Fabrics,
Automobiles, and Light-Duty Trucks. EPA-450/2-77-008, U.S. Environ-
mental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, May 1977.
4. Control of Volatile Organic Emissions from Perch!oroethylene Dry
Cleaning Systems. EPA-450/2-78-050, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, December 1978.
5. Control of Volatile Organic Emissions from Existing Stationary
Sources - Volume VIII: Graphic Arts - Rotogravure and Flexography,
EPA-450/2-78-033, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research
Triangle Park, NC, December 1978.
6. Source Asessment: Reclaiming of Waste Solvents, State of the Art,
EPA-600/278-004f, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati,
OH, April 1978.
3-44
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4.0 HIGHWAY VEHICLES
This section documents the highway vehicle emission inventory for
reactive volatile organic compounds (VOC's) and oxides of nitrogen (NOx)
produced by gasoline- and diesel-powered motor vehicles. The emission
estimates in the inventory are for a typical weekday during the summer
oxidant season. In addition to the 1980 base year inventory, two emissions
estimates were projected for 1987. The baseline 1987 scenario accounts for
growth in the urban area, the Federal Motor Vehicle Control Program (FMVCP),
Inspection and Maintenance (I/M), and all transportation control measures
committed in the 1979 SIP. The 1987 control strategy scenario accounts for
all baseline controls, and all additional Reasonably Available Control
Measures (RACM's) committed in the 1982 SIP.
Guidance for the development of this portion of the inventory was pro-
vided by Final Emission Inventory Requirements for 1982 Ozone State Imple-
mentation Plans, EPA-450/4-80-016, and Guidelines for Review of Highway
Emission Inventories for 1982 SIP's, EPA-440/12-80-002. Demographic and
employment data used in the travel modeling process were documented in
Section 2 of this report and are consistent with projections developed for
Ozoneville in accordance with EPA's cost-effectiveness guidelines for waste-
water treatment facilities. The transportation models were run by ORPA,
with technical assistance from the Ozoneville Department of Transportation
(ODOT). Supplementary traffic data were supplied by various other state and
local agencies.
The highway vehicle inventory is documented as follows. First, the
procedures and models used for estimating regional travel are described.
Second, the data input into the emissions models are presented. Third, the
1987 baseline and control strategy scenarios are described in detail,
followed by the emissions and travel estimates for all scenarios (1980 Base
Case, 1987 Baseline Projection, and 1987 Control Strategy). Finally, the
reliability of the inventories is documented using the quality assurance
program presented in the EPA document Guidelines for Review of Highway
Emission Inventories for 1982 SIP's. EPA-440/12-80-002.
4.1 TRAVEL ESTIMATION PROCESS
4.1.1 Overview of the Travel Estimation Process
ORPA is the responsible agency for preparing the highway vehicle
emissions estimates. Travel estimates from two sources—ORPA's travel models
and 1977 traffic counts made by the Ozoneville Department of Transportation
(ODOT)--were used in developing the travel and emissions inventories.
A standard four-step transportation modelling process is used to simulate
traffic in all counties of the Ozoneville study area. These models were
calibrated using data from a 1960 home interview survey and were validated
using 1977 traffic count data. These models produced 1977 and 2000 trip
tables which were interpolated to yield the 1980 and 1987 trip tables used
in the assignment model to estimate vehicular travel.
4-1
-------
4.1.2 Trip Generation Model
Trip productions and attractions for 1977 and 2000 are predicted using
a cross classification model based on the 1960 home interview survey, with
minor updates to account for the increased size of the study area since
1960. The generation model is stratified by six area types and three trip
purposes and estimates trip rates using the number of residents, households,
and employees as input variables. The model predicts the number of person
trips for home-based work, home-based non-work and non-home-based trip
purposes and predicts vehicle trips for trucks and taxis.
4.1.3 Trip Distribution Model
A production constrained gravity model is used for trip distribution.
This model is stratified by trip purpose and distributes truck and taxi
trips using impedances set equal to the network travel times. For the other
trip purposes, the impedance is a more complicated function of both auto
and transit travel times. To develop the impedance for these trip purposes,
the highway travel time is multiplied by a factor which accounts for the
impact that a low transit travel time (as compared to highway travel time)
has on trip distribution.
4.1.4 Mode Split Model
A probit modal split model calibrated from the 1960 survey data is used
for modal split analysis. This model is stratified by three trip purposes,
two transit service types, and two auto ownership categories. Time and
cost for transit and highway trips are used as input variables. The mode
choice model allocates person trips for each of the trip purposes (HBW, HBNW
and NHB) into two modes - auto and transit. The auto trips are then sub-
divided into drivers and passengers using an auto occupancy model. This
model is also based on 1960 home interview data and is stratified by trip
purposes. Non-home-based trips are assumed to have a constant occupancy of
1.34, while occupancies for the other purposes are assumed to be functions
of highway travel time. Finally, the transit trips are subdivided into the
two submodes (i.e., bus and commuter rail) based on the assumption that all
travellers will use the shortest-time transit path to reach their destination.
The trip tables originally produced by the mode split model are for
travel in 1977 and 2000. In order to convert these trip tables to the years
appropriate for the SIP, a non-linear interpolation was performed which
produced factors to estimate the changes in productions and attractions for
1980 and 1987. A fratar model was used to convert the change in trips ends
into updated trip tables for 1980 and 1987.
4.1.5 Traffic Assignment Model
An iterative, capacity-restraint technique is used to load vehicle trips
onto the network. The network used for 1980 was based on a 1976 ORPA road-
way network updated by including highway projects which measurably impact
capacity, demand, or speed and were due for completion before or during 1980.
Highway and transit networks reflecting the baseline and the control strategy
conditions in 1987 were also utilized in this analysis.
4-2
-------
Trips were loaded onto these networks using an all or nothing assignment
technique. Travel times were readjusted on each link using volume to capacity
relationships and then the trips were re-loaded onto the revised network.
This process was repeated three times. The results from each iteration were
then averaged to produce a single set of link volumes.
4.1.6 Off-Network VMT
Off network travel in the ORPA area represents about 15% of the total
travel in the area. This travel was accounted for by multiplying the intra-
zonal trips (estimated by the distribution model but not assigned) and a
representative intrazonal travel distance. This representative distance is
assumed to be equal to the average trip length of one-half the over-the-
road radius of each zone. To simplify this process, average zonal radii,
stratified by area type, were employed. Off network speed is assumed to be
20 mph.
4.1.7 Speed Estimates
The speeds used as an input to MOBILE 1 were estimated for each link
using the procedure documented in the ORPA study, Freeway and Arterial
Operating Speeds (1975). This report related speed for all vehicle types to
"volume, capacity, speed limit and signal density on the link. ORPA modified
this procedure by adjusting the minimum speed up from 2.5 miles per hour and
by dampening the decrease in travel speed after volume exceeds capacity. The
input speed limits and minimum speeds are based on default values except
where those values were obviously inappropriate for Ozoneville. The number
of signals per mile is based on data from ORPA's road inventory file.
4.1.8 Quality Assurance of the Travel Estimation Process
The travel models were validated by comparing ground counts taken in
1976 and 1977 to simulated traffic volumes for 1977. The results showed
that the estimated error is within 10% for 10 of 12 screen!ines and that the
total simulated traffic crossing all screen!ines overestimates the observed
traffic by 2% (see Table 4.1). Another validation was made by comparing 1975
crossings of the Flood River Cordon line to simulated crossings of this
cordon. The results show that the maximum error for the various segments of
the cordon was 13% while the error for the entire cordon was 5%. Finally,
1977 simulated and observed transit patronage (by submode) was compared (see
Table 4.2). Although the simulation models under-estimated commuter rail
travel by 15%, total transit patronage was estimated to within about 1%.
4.2 EMISSION ESTIMATION PROCESS
4.2.1 Overview of Emissions Estimation Process
ORPA used information from its travel modelling process, various count
programs and several national studies to estimate highway emissions. Emissions
were computed on an hourly basis for each link in the highway network, and for
each zone for off-network travel. These emissions are then allocated to a
5km grid system based on the location of each link or zone. Ozoneville's
network calculation model does not distinquish travel-based and trip-based
emissions. The emission factors used were estimated with EPA's MOBILE 1 model.
4-3
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TABLE 4.1 VALIDATION RESULTS FOR 1977 SCREENLINE COUNTS
Screenline Ground Count
A 348,088
B 191,127
C 395,446
D 228,271
E 223,546
F 137,507
G 55,346
H 162,410
I 57,455
J 84,319
K 152,648
L 227,482
Model Assignment
354,451
200,525
439,049
260,778
208,984
131,057
43,655
156,854
56,181
82,810
164,541
224,662
Ratio of
Assignment/Ground
Count
1.02
1.05
1.11
1.14
0.93
0.96
0.78
0.97
0.98
0.98
1.08
0.99
Total
2,155,244
2,298,394
1.02
4-4
-------
4.2 COMPARISON OF 1977 PASSENGER COUNTS WITH ASSIGNED VOLUMES
Submode
Coimuter Rail
Bus
Total
1977 Passenger
Counts
3,600
548,400
552,000
1977 Assigned
Vol umes
3,060
543,420
546,480
Percent
Differences
-0.9%
-1%
4-5
-------
TABI F 4.3 VEHICLE MIX DTSTRIBUTJON1'.
Route Type
Freeway/Expressway
Major Arterial
Minor Arterial
Collector
Local
Average
Vehicle Type
LDV
0.82
0.83
0.84
0.86
0.84
0.835
LOT 1
0.04
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.06
0.050
LTD 2
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
HDG
0.04
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.02
0.03
HDD
0.07
0.06
0.05
0.03
0.02
0.05
MC
0
0
0
0
0.03
0.005
Source: ODOT, Vehicle Classification Counts
-------
4.2.2 Inputs to the Emissions Model
The hourly distributions of Tight duty vehicle and truck travel were
obtained from a 1972 FHWA report (An Analysis of Urban Area Travel by Time
of Day). This information was checked against data collected in 1978 from
20 count stations w the Ozoneville urban area. These counts were used to
adjust the FHWA distributions where available local information was found to
be significantly different.
The second input, the distribution of VMT by vehicle class, was obtained
from several hundred classification counts performed in 1977 and 1978. These
counts resulted in an estimate of light and heavy-duty vehicles stratified
by functional class. The heavy-duty vehicles were further stratified into
diesel and gas trucks using VMT data obtained from the 1977 Census of Trans-
portation for each type of truck registered in the Ozoneville study area.
The light duty vehicles were divided into auto and light duty trucks, based on
statewide registrations. Light duty trucks were further split into LOT 1 and
LOT 2 based on national sales statistics stratified by model year (See
Table 4.3) Data on the distribution of VMT by age of vehicle is based on
the MOBILE I defaults.
The third input to the emissions model is the summertime adjustment
factor. This factor converts the annual average weekday traffic estimated
by ORPA's models to the average summer weekday traffic. These factors are
the reciprocal of the factors used by the transportation department in
Ozoneville to convert traffic counts made during a summer weekday into an
annual daily traffic estimate. The data source for these factors is traffic
counts from permanent traffic counting stations.
The temperatures used in MOBILE 1 were obtained from the National
leather Service and varied with the time of day (See Table 4.4).
The percentage of cold and hot starts was estimated using the abbreviated
procedure developed by the State of Alabama Highway Department for FHWA !_/
(see Table 4.5). The input data for the procedure was developed from the
distribution of trips stratified by area type and purpose and the average
auto trip length stratified by trip purpose. These inputs were generated
using the 1977 ORPA travel simulation model. Another input, the fraction
of travel by trip purpose and time of day was obtained from the 1960 home
interview survey.
The final input to the emissions model is the I/M program. Only emission
factors for the 1987 scenarios are affected by I/M as it is currently scheduled
for implementation in 1982. All light duty vehicles must submit to the yearly
inspection at a licensed, privately-owned inspection station. The state has
orovided subsidies for mechanic training beginning in 1981. A stringency
factor of 25% is used when calculating emission factors.
- Ellis, G. W., et. al., The Determination of Vehicular Cold and Hot
Operating Fractions for Highway Emissions Calculation. DOT-FH-11-9207
4-7
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TABLE 4.4 AVERAGE TEMPERATURES AND HUMIDITY, JUNE-AUGUST
Period
AM Off- Peak
Peak
Mid- Day
PM Peak
Eveni ng
Off-Peak
Humidity: 103
Average dewpoi
Hours
3
6
9
15
18
21
grains per
nt: 68°F
- 6
- 9
- 15
- 18
- 21
- 3
pound
Degrees
Fahrenheit
72o
74°
85°
87°
79o
74°
Source: National Weather Service Statistics: Ozoneville 1980.
4-8
-------
TABLE 4.5 COLD/HOT START OPERATING FRACTIONS BY PERIOD AND AREA
PERIOD
(MRS)
3-6
6-9
9-15
15-18
18-21
21-3
NONCATALYTIC
CBD
34
35
9
20
8
20
% COLD
URBAN
36
36
13
21
9
19
SUBURBAN
36
37
14
19
9
18
RURAL
36
37
14
19
9
18
CATALYTIC
CBD
6
7
33
20
29
16
% HOT
URBAN
.4
5
29
18
25
16
SUBURBAN
5
6
29
20
25
17
RURAL
5
6
28
21
25
17
CBD
36
35
21
28
25
35
% COLD
URBAN
38
37
25
29
28
36
SUBURBAN
38
37
25
28
29
36
RURAL
38
37
26
28
29
' 36
I
10
Regional Daily Average
NONCATALYTIC
% Cold
19
CATALYTIC
% Hot % Cold
21 ' 29
Source: ORPA, Survey Data
-------
4.3 BASELINE AND CONTROL STRATEGY TRAVEL AND EMISSIONS PROJECTIONS
4.3.1 Description of Base Year, Baseline Projection, and
Control Strategy Scenarios
4.3.1.1 Base Year Scenario
A Baseline scenario was constructed for-the period 1980 through
1987 for the highway emission inventory. For the 1980 base year,
estimated 1980 study area population and employment were used to forecast
total travel demand. All highway and transit improvements scheduled to be
operational in the study area by the end of 1980 were included in the 1980
transit and highway networks. These improvements included the following:
• completion of 1-00 in County C,
• HOV lanes on 7 miles of SR-100,
0 a 5 percent increase in transit service, and
• the opening of six park and ride lots.
The previously described travel and emission modelling procedures
were used in cpnjuction with these inputs to estimate 1980 travel and
VOC and NOx emissions for the study area.
4.3.1.2 Baseline Projection Scenarios
The Baseline scenario for 1987 accounts for the following:
• projected population and employment growth between 1980 and 1987,
• changes in the price of gasoline over time,
t the FMVCP,
• the implementation of the area's I/M program in 1982, and
• all recommended RACM's in the 1979 SIP.
According to the 1979 SIP, the major RACM's scheduled to be implemented
by 1987 include:
• completion of the commuter rail line from County B,
• a 10% increase in transit service,
• HOV lanes in both directions on 1-00, in County C, and
t introduction of an areawide ridesharing program.
4-10
-------
The 1980 transit and highway networks and other inputs to the travel
and emission forecasting procedures were updated to reflect the above
conditions for 1987.
4.3.1.3 Control Strategy Scenario
The 1987 Control Strategy scenario includes all of the 1987 Baseline
RACM's and other inputs plus additional transportation RACM's necessary to
meet the NAAQS for ozone. ORPA, DER and the effected local governments
jointly determined the targeted emission reductions from the baseline
condition for point, area and highway sources. It was decided that highway
emissions should be reduced an additional 5% below the 1987 Baseline
Condition.
As outlined in the ERA-DOT Transportation-Air Quality Planning Guide-
1ines (June 1978), ORPA has emphasized the development and implementation of
packages of RACM's to meet the ozone NAAQS by the end of 1987. Specifically,
four packages of RACM's are recommended for implementation between 1980 and
1987 (see Table 4.6). These packages, which can be funded and implemented
by the end of 1987, are designed to reduce travel and emissions associated
with the following travel markets:
t peak and off-peak travel within the central business district (CBD),
• peak period radial travel to and from the CBD,
• peak and off-peak travel to suburban activity centers (e.g.,
industrial parks, shopping centers, universities, hospitals), and
• non-work travel occurring throughout the study area.
The location of selected RACM's is shown in Figure 4.1. Each package
of RACM's is described below.
Package A is designed to improve CBD traffic flow (i.e., speeds), and
decrease the number of automobiles operating in the CBD in order to reduce
emissions. These objectives will be accomplished through increased parking
fees and enforcement, reduced parking availability for commuters, increased
CBD transit service, and selected traffic flow improvements.
Package B is intended to reduce emissions related to CBD/Central City
(i.e., Ozoneville) oriented work trips. This package concentrates on
encouraging peak period travelers to use public transit, carpools and
vanpools rather than driving alone to work. The improvements in this package
include increases in transit service, leasing/constructing additional park
and ride facilities, extending the SR-100 HOV lane an additional 5 miles and
implementing a new reserved bus lane on SR-239, ramp metering with HOV
by-pass lanes, and an informational campaign stressing the advantages of the
new services.
4-11
-------
TABLE 4.6 PACKAGES OF REASONABLY AVAILABLE CONTROL MEASURES TO BE IMPLEMENTED
Package A: CENTER CITY TRANSPORTATION IMPROVEMENTS
• $2.00 Increase in parking tax
• Elimination of all long-term on-street parking in CBD
• Institute aggressive parking enforcement program
t Conversion of 12 two-way streets to one-way
• Computerize and synchronize 48 traffic signals in CBD
• Promote use of employer transportation subsidy program
(where applicable)
0 Operate CBD circulator bus service
Package B: COMMUTER RELATED REDUCTIONS
• 15% Expansion of peak hour transit service
t Lease or construct 2,500 additional park and ride parking spaces
0 Install ramp metering and HOV by-pass lanes on three freeways
0 Informational campaign to encourage the use of the existing ride
sharing program
0 HOV lanes on an additional 5 miles of SR-100, and 6 miles of SR-239
Package C: SUBURBAN ACTIVITY CENTER REDUCTIONS
0 Assist large employers in developing flextime programs
0 Assist large employers in developing their own carpool/vanpool
programs
0 Synchronize traffic signals on 14 arterials
0 Reconstruct 12 intersections to improve geometries and reduce
congestion
0 Implement 10 new bus routes serving suburban activity centers
(continued)
4-12
-------
TABLE 4.6 (Continued)
Package D: NONWORK TRIP COLD START REDUCTION STRATEGIES
• Establish demand responsive transit service in 6 suburban
localities and institute an informational campaign about
new services
• Improve bicycle access and storage facilities at three
shopping/business developments
t Institute public information campaign to encourage trip-chaining
4-13
-------
New IIOV Lanes
Ramp Metering
Existing Freeway
Activity Center
Proposed P&R Lot
Design Changes
In Intersection
Geometry
CBD Arterials
SR-100
I-00
Figure 4.1 Major projects included in control strategy for Ozoneville study area,
-------
Package C is designed to reduce emissions related to traffic in the
vicinity of suburban activity centers (e.g., industrial parks, shopping
centers, and suburban business districts). This package includes providing
technical assistance to major employers for establishing carpool/vanpool
and flextime programs implementing a series of traffic signalization and
intersection geometric improvements, and improving transit service to
such centers.
Package Dsis intended to reduce emissions, particularly cold start
emissions, associated with non-work-related vehicle trips. A demand
responsive .transit system is being established in six local communities,
along with regionwide improvements in bicycle facilities. These RACM's
are to encourage the use of alternative modes to the private auto for local
trips not easily served by fixed route transit. These new services and
facilities will be supplemented by a major regionwide information campaign
to inform the public of air quality problems and potential actions
(e.g., trip chaining) that they can take to reduce emissions.
4.3.2 Travel and Emissions Projections
Because of the expected growth of population in the region, the estimated
number of vehicle trips (see Table 4.7) and vehicle miles of travel (see
table 4.8) are projected to increase between 1980 and 1987 for both the
Baseline and the Control Strategy scenarios. However, the additional
RACM's in the Control Strategy scenario are estimated to achieve a 3 percent
reduction in total vehicle trips and a 5.5 percent reduction in VMT
from the Baseline scenario in 1987. The RACM's in the Control Strategy
are estimated to maintain or, for selected classes of highways, improve
the average daily operating speeds in the region (see Table 4.9). These
speed improvements contribute to the reduction in VOC emissions.
Despite the increases in VMT and total trips from 1980, total VOC
and NOx emissions from highway sources in the Baseline scenario decrease
significantly by 1987 (Table 4.10) due to the FMVCP and I/M. These programs
account for 97 percent of the emission reductions of VOC from highway sources
in the Baseline scenario, while the RACM's in the 1979 SIP are responsible
for the remaining 3 percent. The reductions for the control strategy are
included below.
The effect of the FMVCP can readily be seen in Table 4.11. VOC
emissions per VMT in 1987 are approximately 45 percent of those in 1980 at
comparable speeds. 1987 Emissions factors for NOx are approximately
60 percent of those in 1980. The proportional effects of the FMVCP,
I/M and the combined RACM's can be seen graphically in Figure 4.2.
As indicated in Table 4.10, an additional 5.9 percent reduction in VOC
emissions and a 5.4 percent reduction in NOx emissions is estimated to be
achieved in 1987 by the implementation of the RACM's in the Control Strategy.
4-15
-------
TABLE 4.7 TOTAL FORECASTED DAILY VEHICLE TRIPS
Trip Base Baseline Control
Type Year Projection Strategy
Auto Vehicle Trips 3,911,773 4,475,002 4,332,737
Truck Vehicle Trips 440.154 489.130 489,130
Total 4,351,927 4,964,132 4,821,867
4-16
-------
TABLE 4.8 DAILY VMT BY COUNTY
County
A
B
C
D
Total
Base
Year
7,338,457
3,988,066
8,724,042
4,985,435
24,926,000
Baseline
Projection
8,567,304
4,284,218
9,709,685
5,997,225
28,558,432
Control
Strategy
8,092,731
4,046,689
9,170,987
5,664,956
26,975,363
4-17
-------
TABLE 4.9 AVERAGE DAILY VEHICLE OPERATING SPEED BY HIGHWAY CLASSIFICATION
00
Highway Classification
Interstate/Freeway/Expressway
Major Arterial
Minor Arterial
Collector
Local
Base Year
45
32
22
22
20
Vehicle Operating Speeds
(mph)
Baseline Projection
47
33
23
22
20
Control strategy
47
33
24
22
20
Average Daily Operating Speed
28.9
29.8
30.0
-------
TABLE 4.10 HIGHWAY SOURCE EMISSIONS BY COUNTY
County
A
B
C
D
Total
Base
Year
30,686
16,930
37,035
21,164
105,815
Reactive VOC
(kg/day)
Baseline
Projection
15,104
7,553
17,118
10,573
50,348
Control
Strategy
14,309
9,123
15,818
10,136
47,381
Base
Year
24,298
10,603
38,435
15,021
88,357
NOx
(kg/day)
Baseline
Projection
18,071
7,363
30,120
11,379
66,933
Control
Strategy
17,061
6,930
28,400
10,941
63,332
-------
ro
o
TABLE 4.11
EMISSION FACTORS BY HIGHWAY CLASSIFICATION*
Reactive VOC (gr/mi)
Highway
Classification
Interstate/
Freeway/
Expressway
Major Arterial
Minor Arterial
Collector
Local
Base
Year
3.25
3.85
4.82
4.82
5.04
Baseline
Projection
1.16
1.55
2.06
2.12
2,24
Control
Strategy
1.16
1.55
2.00
2.12
2.24
Base
Year
3.97
3.68
3.35
3.35
3.19
NOx (gr/mi)
Baseline
Projection
2.74
2.40
2.21
2.18
2.12
Control
Strategy
2.74
2.40
2.24
2.18
2.12
*Adjusted for typical summer conditions.
-------
120 r-
Figure 4.2 Emission reductions for highway sources
&
I
o
no
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20 -
10
KEY:
Year
I/M
1979.
RACM's
F
M
V
C
P
I/M
J982
RACM's
Baseline
Projection
REACTIVE VOC
Control
Strategy
F
M
V
C
P
I/M
1979_
RACM's
I/M
_1982
RACM's
Year
Baseline
Projection
NOx
Control
Strategy
Projected highway reactive VOC emissions w/o Control Measures
Projected highway NOx emissions w/o Control Measures
Reductions due to Control Measures
4-21
-------
Table 4.12 presents the emission reductions attributable to each of the
four packages of RACM's in the 1982 SIP. Approximately 40 percent of the
total VOC emission reduction from the control strategy RACM's is from
package A while 75 percent comes from packages A and B combined. Similarly,
74% of the NOx emission reduction comes from the same packages.
The control strategy packages are primarily effective in reducing the
number of passenger vehicle trips and their associated emissions. As can
oe seen in Table 4.13, while the total VMT in the region is reduced by 5
percent, the VMT for heavy-duty vehicles is not effected by these control
strategies. Major shifts in the work travel mode and smaller shifts away
from private automobile use for local trips are primarily responsible for
this change. The arterials and freeways show the highest reduction in
travel (Table 4.14), as longer work trips are the most effected by the
RACM's. The associated declines in emissions by highway class are shown
in Table 4.15. Because the control strategy primarily reduces the VMT from
passenger vehicles, most emission reductions come from the LDV and LOT 1 ,
vehicle classifications (see Table 4.16). Minor reductions occur from the
neavy duty vehicle classes as a result of small increases in vehicle
operating speeds.
One additional aspect to consider when comparing RACM packages, is
*he potential for future reduction associated with each package. While
oackages A & B are most effective at reducing emissions by 1987, the
travel related emissions they curtail are becoming a smaller and smaller
proportion of total VOC emissions. Similarly, packages C and D are the
initial steps towards controlling an increasing proportion of total emissions
trip-based, non-CBD, and cold start emissions. Further transportation
emission reductions will most likely come from reductions in non-CBD related
vehicle trips. Packages C and D set up the initial set of alternatives
to allow this reduction.
4.3.3 Quality Assurance
TO ensure the reliability of the 1980 base year inventory, a review
o-f tne travel and emissions estimates was performed using the EPA report,
Guidelines For Review of Emissions Inventories For Highway Emissions.
(EPA-440/12-80-002). Tables 4.17 through 4.22 are the worksheets used in
reviewing the 1980 inventory. As a result of this review, ORPA is confident
of the accuracy of regional totals of the highway emission estimates.
However, the variability in daily traffic, and the aggregate nature of the
travel modeling process suggest that emission estimates at the county, grid,
or link levels are likely to be less accurate than the regional estimates.
All of the Ozoneville 1980 travel and emissions estimates fall within
the "reasonable" ranges presented in the Guidelines. However, several
variables such as VMT/capita and the NMHC emission factors are on the low
end of the ranges. This situation appears to be related to the high
density of many of the older portions of the region, and the high level of
transit service available throughout most of the study area. All of the
inputs into MOBILE 1, (e.g., cold and hot starts, the vehicle fleet mix,
temperature and humidity data) were well within the "reasonable" limits.
4-22
-------
Both on-network and off-network travel are included in the VMT
estimates. The model assignments have been validated recently (1977),
and the models used are consistent with the state of the art in travel
forecasting. The Base Year, Baseline Projection, and Control Strategy
inventories were all subject to extensive in-house and public review
before being approved for use in the emission inventory.
Although no specific review methodology was applied for the 1987
travel and emissions estimates, both the Baseline Projection and Control
Strategy inventories have been checked for reasonableness relative to
1980 conditions. The 14% increase in VMT between 1980 and 1987 (see
Table 4.10) is considered reasonable in light of the continued growth
of the suburban communities. The increase in the average vehicle
operating speed is primarily due to the growth of travel on uncrowded
suburban arterials rather than on already congested or nearly congested
radial routes and CBD arte rials. Also contributing to improved speed
are the expected increase in peak hour transit ridership, and the
improvement of traffic flow conditions through new construction and
signalizatipn.
-------
TABLE 4.12 EMISSION REDUCTIONS FROM RACM PACKAGES IN THE CONTROL STRATEGY
County
A
B
C
D
Total
County
A
B
C
D
Total
Package A
400
75
600
125
1,200
Package A
460
78
780
126
1,444
Package B
250
150
500
120
1 ,020
Package B
300
150
650
120
1,220
VOC (kg/day)
Package C
75
75
100
70
320
NOx (kg/day)
Package C
125
75
140
70
410
Package D
75
130
100
122
427
Package D
125
130
150
122
527
-------
ro
in
TABLE 4.13 AVERAGE DAILY VMT BY VEHICLE CLASSIFICATION*
Classification
LDV
LOT 1
LOT 2
HOG
HDD
MC
o
Total
Base
Year
20,813,210
1,246,300
747,780
747,780
1,246,300
124,630
24,926,000
Baseline
Projection
23,846,292
1,427,922
856,752
856,752
1,427,922
142,792
28,558,432
Control
Strategy
22,625,937
1,210,776
711,184
856,752
1,427,922
142,792
26,975,363
* Using MOBILE I Vehicle Classifications
-------
TABLE 4.14 AVERAGE DAILY VMT BY HIGHWAY CLASSIFICATION
I
ro
Highway
Classification
Interstate/Freeway/
. Expressway
Major Arterial
Minor Arterial
Collector
Local
Total
Base
Year
3,489,640
9,970,400
5,234,460
2,492,599
3,738,901
24,926,000
Baseline
Projection
3,998,181
11,423,373
5,997,271
2,855,844
4,283,763
28,558,432
Control
Strategy
3,797,323
10,471,102
5,779,662
2,750,609
4,176,667
26,975,363
-------
lABLt 4.I& hMlSMUNb BY HIGHWAY CLASSIFICATION
Classification
Interstate/Freeway/
Expressway
Major Arterial
Minor Arterial
Collector
Local
Total
Classification
Interstate/ Freeway/
Expressway
Major Arterial
Minor Arterial
Collector
Local
Total
Base
Year
11,341
38,386
25,230
12,014
18,844
105,815
Base
Year
13,854
36,691
17,535
8,350
11,927
88,357
Reactive
Baseline
Projection
4,638
17,706
12,354
6,054
9,596
50,348
NOx
Basel i ne
Projection
10,955
27,416
13,254
6,226
9,082
66,933
VOC (kg/day)
Control
Strategy
4,405
16,230
11,559
5,831
9,356
47,381
(kg/day)
Control
Strategy
10,404
25,130
12,947
5,996
8,855
63,332
4-27
-------
TABLE 4.16 HIGHWAY SOURCE EMISSIONS BY VEHICLE CLASSIFICATION
ro
oo
Reactive VOC
Classification
LDV
LOT 1
LOT 2
HDG
HDD
MC
Base
Year
79,990
5,820
5,720
9,312
4,338
635
(kg/day)
Baseline
Projection
38,063
2,769
2,719
4,431
2,064
302
Control
Strategy
36,062
2,349
2,254
4,380
2,042
294
Base
Year
51 ,866
3,181
3,358
7,422
22,549
26
NOX
(kg/day)
Baseline
Projection
39,290
2,410
2,543
5,622
17,048
20
Control
Strategy
36,701
2,046
2,112
5,534
16,920
20
-------
TABLE 4.17
Reviewer • Jehs\ Oog.
Date- A an I 2.
METHODOLOGY REVIEW SHEET
1. Urban Area Ozon^Vl //<
2. What agency developed the base year HC and NOx emissions inventories for highway sources?
(List agency name, address and telephone number.)
/"> t ' f? • s* / Pi A ~7~L
C/2- Or\ t » ' '' d_ /v c~i_i on CL. / / / o-nr\ i n a ^>w / A
or/
/ OOO n/itN 5/7
Z) ~ 3 12- ~ 3/2.2*
3. a) For what base year have the emissions inventories been established? / ^ 0 O
b) If 1980 is not the aase year for the emission inventories, indicate why another year was used.
4. What type of procedure was used to estimate highway emissions? (Check one)
.Sf • Link-based procedure *
O Trip-based procedure *
LJ Hybrid procedure *
G Other (Please explain below)
Section II of this manual describes each of these procedures in more detail.
4-29
-------
TABLE 4.17 (cont.)
5. a) How were VMT and vehicle operating speeds estimated for use in developing the emissions inventories?
(e.g. Are the estimates based on traffic counts and travel time surveys or are they based on estimates
from the travel forecasting procedures used for urban transportation planning?)
UTPS -foa-r sTe.p jJ /{<-# />? / /? c\
77
b) Are there any elements of the travel estimation procedures that are questionable?
c) What year's data was used to calibrate the travel estimation procedures cited in Question 5a?
d) When were the procedures cited in question 5a last validated (i.e., checked to determine rf they can
reproduce observed traffic flows)?
6. Are estimates of "off-network" VMT (e.g., VMT on links normally not included in a computerized highway
network) accounted for in the highway emissions inventories? If yes, briefly describe how the VMT and
corresponding operating speeds estimates for each travel were determined.
Mg. .$" . yW 7"
/ ^
— A a-lf Th
4-30
-------
TABLE 4.17 (cont.)
7. a) What pracadura was wad. to esximra mobiia source trninion faeton? (Qiack one)
Q MOBILE 2
Q OttMr proeadura (Emar ram* of proadura)
b) If MOth«r/* was chackad in quanion 7a, daschfaa and ana tha adaquaoy of tha praeadura.
on tha abova. summariza and briafly dbeua any major dafleianciai in tha travd and anrnnom artmadun
uaad by Una urban araa.
a. 0
/3 ct-ra.*/ & e. f~> <, / a* c. / e s*
4-31
-------
TABLE 4.-18
WORKSHEET 1
TRAVEL DATA FOR REASONABLENESS ASSESSMENT
NAME OP URBAN AREA
///<•.
REGION OF COUNTY (SE2 FIGURE 33.
A/£
VARIABLE
ESTIMATE FOR BASE YEAR
VALUE UNITS
SOURCE
1.
O 60
dl
fl
^ t 70
1J30C1***
(0001
toon
(0001
ORP/H
at
w
«*
hi
i)
UJV
LOT IK sooo
HM
HOD
MC
on
Tim*
I. 2-16
7t 7
t i5
1.000* •*
(0001
(0001
(0001
(0001
(0001
(OOOt
(0001
(OOOt
(0001
M
el
41
an
OatfV
'">
ll
bi
OaNv V«*M* Trfw
3.
Wo
in 1
(OOOt
(0001
OP PA
7.
/. 10
4-32
-------
TABLE 4.19
WORKSHEET 2a
EMISSION FACTOR INPUTS AND EMISSION INVENTORY
OUTPUTS, ItEASONAIlLENESS ASSESSMENT*
NAME OF CITY.
O
VARIABLE
8. Average Daily Cold Start/
Hot Slarl Fractions
a) Cold Slarl Calalytl
b) Hot Slarl Calalytl
c) Cold Slarl Non catalyst
I9_ Meteorological Data
•) Summertime
Temperature .
b| Summertime .
Humidity
10. Tola! Annual 1 Ugh way
E minions
•I lie
b) NOx
ESTIMATE FO
VALUE
Z'l
il
n
103
w
K BASE YEAR
UNITS
Percent
** T.^^T^
•
/t-c.
•
•£»
CO
-------
"(ABIE 4.20
WORKSHEET 2b
VARIABLE 11: FRACTION OF VMT PER VEHICLE CLASSIFICATION BY MODEL YEAR
AGE
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
LI
BYE.*
\ 1
\J
W
*
ov
NAV**
.106
.142
.133
.123
.108
.092
.077
.064
.050
.035
.023
.016
.010
.007
.004
.003
.002
.002
.002
.002
LC
BYE.
\]
v\ \
V
>T1
NAV.
.093
.136
.126
.129
.097
.082
.075
.057
.044
.031
.023
.015
.018
.016
.014
.012
.011
.009
.008
.007
LC
av.E.
\
P
^0'
»
>T2
NAV.
.061
.116
.116
.115
.090
.081
.075
.062
.050
.042
.033
.022
.025
.023
.020
.018
.016
.014
.012
.010
HI
av.E.
\j-
m
V
)G
NAV
.061
.116
.122
.124
.098
.088
.079
.063
.049
.040
.030
.020
.021
.019
.016
.014
.012
.011
.010
.009
HI
BYE.
x)
\ *
V
3D
NAV
.102
.178
.168
.149
.101
.081
.067
.046
.031
.021
.016
.009
.008
.006
.006
.004
.003
.002
.002
.001
N
BYE.
.
[\
y \
V*
1C
NAV
.107
.286
.216
.140
.085
.051
.036
.025
.021
.016
.005
.003
.008
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
-p»
co
Finding*:
• B.Y.E. = Base Year Estimates
* * N.A.V. = National Averages Used as Default Values in Mobile 1.
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TABLE 4.21
WORKSHEET 2e
VARIABLE 12: VEHICLE EMISSION RATES BY FUNCTIONAL CLASS
(GM/VMT)
HIGHWAY
CLASSIFICATION
Timrt ff frT"t
INTERSTATE
HO*
S(Mrt_Z^_[MPHI
PRINCIPAL ARTERIAL
fllfiai ii^M*MHa Ui^
(^•Mi*fi^ •10-- —^ dAW^ aa^^^B^^ ^^^^^^ dK^k^^^M^^^ ^B^B^^ J ^
v T >E^v^Ef n*r nw flna nwx n HIBJ in«WEfiiEj WEIIUBV oi«mnnB| «Mf*iMa TOI* fjijBn
VMT nratinauiuii* nw iimnHttan of HM wttaBl IbM wtili tfM two Mild oMnpM in <Bi riWQii for
th*VMTuiouni.im.tjii.Thinri«^
* UBV inis Ttbto MB) fiMtnod* but nov tho now column iMotttnoi in tno OJMB mtHnd ''Wndlno*^*. Por on •xwnptti of ttiii
i o-o 4 puoHdU O and Woatoi 3 and 4.
4-35
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TABLE 4.22
WORKSHEET 3
REASONABLENESS ASSESSMENTF FOR TRAVEL DATA
VARIABLE
BASE YEAR REASONABLENESS
MEASURES
COMPUTATION
CRITERIA
FINDINGS
TASLX3
IXOrily VMT
•\1
•TO
*
X
J f - *i
I i -H
6 -/V
7- •&'
X
X
*
*
*
c*.
il LOV
W LOT«
e)
41 HOO
ti HOO
f» MC
f. O
•3.<3
as
X
X
X
(3M3U
X
8>12 X
XS-* X
X
X
0»1 X
Ok.
O It.
o <
OK
on
•I
III
X
X
(949)
X
1042 X
1«.TacrtVMT
17.V*lrtl
vs
TABLI7
1*14
Bl
TABUt
/./o
ok
4-36
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5.0 QUALITY ASSURANCE
The Ozoneville Regional Planning Authority (ORPA), as lead agency for
compiling the emissions inventory for the 1982 ozone SIP, has also assumed
the lead role in setting up a quality assurance program. As such, ORPA has
engaged in a number of activities at all stages of the inventory process to
help assure that inventory errors are minimized. These activities are
briefly itemized below.
POINT SOURCES
0 ORPA compared the major VOC sources listed in the Department of
Environmental Regulation (DER) point source data file with indepen-
dent listings in order to identify missing facilities. Primary em-
phasis was on major VOC sources covered by RACT which were identified
in Directory of Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) Sources Covered by
Reasonably Available Control Technology (RACT) Requirements,Volumes
I, II, and III, EPA-450/4-81-007 a,b,c. Any missing sources were iden-
tified to DER for inclusion in the point source mailing list.
0 Where possible, employment data from DER's individual point source
listings were summed (by source category) and compared with totals
published (by SIC) in County Business Patterns. If serious discrep-
ancies were found, additional effort was expended by DER in locating
the missing sources and adding them to the data base. In cases where
a significant portion of the employment in particular categories was
associated with small facilities emitting much less than the point
source cutoff level (250 kg/day), emission-per-employee factors were
applied to handle the small facilities, in aggregate, in the area source
inventory.
0 A review was conducted by ORPA's engineering department of the source
and emissions data coded in DER's point source files. Data items
checked for reasonableness were: classification codes, activity levels,
control measures and efficiencies, and emission factors. ORPA also
checked whether all operations were included that would normally be
associated with each type of facility, whether the appropriate nonre-
active solvents were excluded from consideration in the inventory, and
whether correct procedures were used for estimating summer weekday
emissions from annual data.
0 In a limited number of cases, followup plant visits were made to verify
the data reported in the mail survey. During these visits, all pro-
cesses were reviewed, the quantity and types of solvents used were
verified, and growth and control device data were obtained for use in
making projections. Selected stack tests were conducted.
AREA SOURCES <
0 A general review was conducted by senior level ORPA staff (not
originally involved in the area source effort) of all activity levels
and emission factors used in the emission calculations.
5-1
-------
0 A check was made to make sure all significant area sources of VOC and
NOX were included, the appropriate nonreactive solvents were excluded
from the emission totals, and that appropriate control reductions were
projected in 1987.
HIGHWAY VEHICLES
0 ORPA's four-step transportation planning process includes a validation
step wherein simulated traffic volumes projected by the models are
compared with actual ground counts. In addition, an iterative, capac-
ity-restrained technique is used to estimate travel occurtng on each
link in the highway network. The latter process is repeated until a
reasonable traffic assignment is completed.
0 ORPA reviewed its base year travel and emissions estimates using the
EPA report, Guidelines for Review of Emissions Inventories for Highway
Emissions. Ozoneville's data were checked to see if they fell within
"reasonable" ranges presented in the Guidelines.
(Note: More detail on the highway vehicle quality assurance program is
given in Section 4.)
5-2
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TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
1. REPORT NO. 2.
EPA-450/4-80-033
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
Example Emission Inventory Documentation for 1982
Ozone State Implementation Plans (SIPs)
7. AUTHOR(S)
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Engineering-Science
Durham, N.C.
Peat, Marwick, Mitchell
Washingt-nn, Tl.C..
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Air, Noise and Radiation
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards
Research Triangle Park, N.C; 27711
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
EPA Project Officer: Tom Lahre
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO.
5. REPORT DATE
March 1981
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-02-3506
68-02-3509
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
16. ABSTRACT
This report contains example documentation showing the items and format
required as part of the VOC/NOx emission inventory submittals for the
1982 ozone SIPs. EPA's summary reporting tables are exemplified. Doc-
umentation on point, area, and highway vehicle sources is included.
17. KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
a. . DESCRIPTORS b. IDENTIFI
Area sources VOC
Emissions
Highway vehicles
Inventor ies
NOx
Point sources
SIPs
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT 19. SECUHI
n i i - - j • Uncla
Release unlimited 20. SECURI
Uncla
ERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS C. COSATI Field/Group^
rY CLASS (This Report) 21. NO. OF PAGES
ssified 148
TY CLASS (This page) 22. PRICE
ssified
EPA Form 2220-1 (Rev. 4-77) PREVIOUS EDITION is OBSOLETE
-------
INSTRUCTIONS
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2. LEAVE BLANK
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Insert contract or grant number under which report was prepared.
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