United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Office of Air Quality
Planning and Standards
Research Triangle Park NC 27711
EPA-450/4-83-024
February 1984
Air
&EPA
National
Air Pollutant
Emission Estimates,
1940-1982
-------
EPA-450/4-83-024
National Air Pollutant
Emission Estimates, 1940-1982
Monitoring and Data Analysis Division
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Office of Air and Radiation
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
February 1984
-------
This report is published by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency to report information of general
interest in the field of air pollution. Copies are available free of charge to Federal employees, current
contractors and grantees, and nonprofit organizations - as supplies permit - from the Library Services
Office (MD-35), U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
27711; or, for a fee, from the National Technical Information Services, 5285 Port Royal Road, Spring-
field, Virginia 22161.
Publication No. EPA-450/4-83-024
-------
ABSTRACT
This report presents estimates of trends in nationwide air pollutant emissions for the five major
pollutants: particulates, sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, volatile organic compounds, and carbon
monoxide. Estimates are presented for each year from 1940 through 1982. Emission estimates are
broken down according to major classifications of air pollution sources. A short analysis of trends
is given, along with a discussion of methods used to develop the data.
in
-------
CONTENTS
Section Page
LIST OF TABLES vii
1. SUMMARY 1
2. NATIONWIDE EMISSION TRENDS, 1940-1982 3
2.1 Parti culates 3
2.2 Sulfur Oxides 3
2.3 Nitrogen Oxides 4
2.4 Volatile Organic Compounds 4
2.5 Carbon Monoxide 4
3. METHODS 31
3.1 Transportation 32
3.1.1 Motor Vehicles 32
3.1.2 Aircraft 32
3.1.3 Railroads 33
3.1.4 Vessels 33
3.1.5 Nonhighway Use of Motor Fuels 33
3.2 Fuel Combustion in Stationary Sources 33
3.2.1 Coal 33
3.2.2 Fuel Oil 34
3.2.3 Natural Gas 34
3.2.4 Other Fuels 34
3.3 Industrial Processes 34
3.4 Solid Waste Disposal. 35
3.5 Miscellaneous Sources 35
3.5.1 Forest Fires 35
3.5.2 Agricultural Burning 35
3.5.3 Coal Refuse Burning 35
3.5.4 Structural Fires 36
3.5.5 Nonindustrial Organic Solvent Use 36
-------
CONTENTS (continued)
Page
4. ANALYSIS OF TRENDS 37
4.1 Particulates 38
4.2 SuKur Oxides 40
4.3 Nitrogen Oxides 41
4.4 Volatile Organic Compounds 42
4.5 Carbon Monoxide 43
5. REFERENCES 46
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA AND ABSTRACT 49
vi
-------
LIST OF TABLES
Table Page
1. Summary of National Emission Estimates ?
2. Summary of Estimated Particulate Emissions, 1940-1970 6
3. Summary of Estimated Sulfur Oxide Emissions, 1940-1970 7
4. Summary of Estimated Nitrogen Oxide Emissions, 1940-1970. ... 8
5. Summary of Estimated Volatile Organic Compound
Emissions, 1940-1970 9
6. Summary of Estimated Carbon Monoxide Emissions, 1940-1970 ... 10
7. National Estimates of Particulate Emissions, 1970-1982 11
8. National Estimates of Sulfur Oxide Emissions, 1970-1982 .... 12
9. National Estimates of Nitrogen Oxide Emissions, 1970-1982 ... 13
10. National Estimates of Volatile Organic Compound Emissions,
1970-1982 14
11. National Estimates of Carbon Monoxide Emissions, 1970-1982. . . 15
12. Particulate Emissions from Transportation 16
13. Sulfur Oxide Emissions from Transportation 17
14. Nitrogen Oxide Emissions from Transportation 18
15. Volatile Organic Compound Emissions from Transportation .... 19
16. Carbon Monoxide Emissions from Transportation 20
17. Particulate Emissions from Fuel Combustion 21
18. Sulfur Oxide Emissions Fuel Combustion 22
19. Nitrogen Oxide Emissions from Fuel Combustion ......... 23
20. Volatile Organic Compound Emissions from Fuel Combustion. ... 24
21. Carbon Monoxide Emissions from Fuel Combustion 25
22. Particulate Emissions from Industrial Processes 26
VI 1
-------
LIST OF TABLES (continued)
Table Page
23. Sulfur Oxide Emissions from Industrial Processes 27
24. Nitrogen Oxide Emissions from Industrial Processes 28
25. Volatile Organic Compound Emissions from Industrial
Processes 29
26. Carbon Monoxide Emissions from Industrial Processes 30
27. Theoretical 1980 National Emission Estimates with 1970
Level of Control 45
vm
-------
NATIONAL AIR POLLUTANT EMISION ESTIMATES
1940-1982
1. SUMMARY
The primary objectives of this publication are to provide current
estimates of nationwide emissions for five major pollutants: oarticu-
late matter (PM), sulfur oxides (S02), nitrogen oxides (NOX), volatile
organic compounds (VOC), and carbon monoxide (CO). Estimates are
presented for 1940, 1950, and 1960 to give a historical perspective
of national air pollutant emissions, and for 1970 through 1982 as an
indication of recent trends. These data entirely replace those
published earlier for 1940-1980 in EPA report National Air Pollutant
Emission Estimates, 1940-1980 (EPA-450/4-82-001) and for 1970-1981 in
National Air Pollutant Emission Estimates, 1970-1981 (EPA-450/4-82-
012). Because of modifications in methodology and use of more refined
emission factors, data from this report should not be compared with
data in these earlier reports.
Reporting of emissions on a nationwide basis, while useful as a
general indicator of pollutant levels, has definite limitations.
National totals or averages are not the best guide for estimating
trends for particular localities. Yet, it is important that some
criteria be established for measurement of national progress in the
control of air pollutant emissions. The emission estimates presented
herein represent calculated estimates based on standard emission
inventory procedures. Since these data are estimates only and do not
represent the results of any program for the measurement of actual
emissions, their accuracy is somewhat limited. Similarly, it would
not necessarily be expected that these emission estimates would be in
agreement with emission estimates derived through a different emission
inventory procedure. The principal objective of compiling these data
is to identify probable overall changes in emissions on a national
scale. It should be recognized that these estimated national trends
in emissions may not be representative of local trends in emissions
or air quality.
-------
TABLE 1
SUMMARY OF NATIONAL EMISSION ESTIMATES
Units of
Measurement
Teragrams/Year
(106 metric tons/year)
(106 short tons/year)
Change 1940-1982
Change 1970-1982
Sulfur
Year Participates Oxides
1940
1950
1960
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1940
1950
1960
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
22.4
24.2
20.9
18.0
16.8
15.0
13.9
. 12.3
10.3
9.6
9.0
8.9
9.0
8.6
8.1
7.5
24.7
26.7
23.0
19.8
18.5
16.5
15.3
13.6
11.4
10.6
9.9
9.8
9.9
9.5
8.9
8.3
-67%
-58%
18.1
20.4
20.1
28.4
26.9
27.6
28.9
27.0
25.7
26.3
26.3
24.6
24.6
23.3
22.5
21.4
20.0
22.5
22.2
31.3
29.7
30.4
31.9
29.8
28.3
29.0
29.0
27.1
27.1
25.7
24.8
23.6
+18%
-25%
Nitrogen
Oxides
6.7
9.2
12.7
18.1
18.5
19.7
20.2
19.7
19.2
20.4
21.0
21.2
21.3
20.7
20.9
20.2
7.4
10.1
14.0
20.0
20.4
21.7
22.3
21.7
21.2
22.5
23.1
23.4
23.5
22.8
23.0
22.3
+201%
+12%
Volatile
Organics
17.1
19.3
21.9
25.3
24.5
24.5
24.0
22.5
21.0
22.1
21.9
22.4
21.9
20.8
19.4
18.2
18.8
21.3
24.1
27.9
27.0
27.0
26.5
24.8
23.1
24.4
24.1
24.7
24.1
22.9
21.4
20.1
+6%
-28%
Carbon
Monoxide
79.8
85.3
87.9
100.2
98.6
95.7
91.6
86.5
82.4
87.2
83.0
82.3
79.5
77.6
75.3
73.6
88.0
94.0
96.9
110.4
108.7
105.5
101.0
95.3
90.8
96.1
91.5
90.7
87.6
85.5
83.0
81.1
-8%
-27%
-------
2. NATIONWIDE EMISSION TRENDS, 1940-1982
Table 1 gives a summary of total national emission estimates for
1940-1982. Tables 2 through 11 present summaries for each year
according to the five major categories of sources: transportation,
stationary source fuel combustion, industrial orocesses, solid waste
disposal, and miscellaneous sources. More detailed breakdowns of
emissions for 1970 through 1982 are given in Tables 12 through 16 for
transportation, Tables 17 through 21 for stationary source fue1
combustion, and in Tables 22 through 26 for industrial orocesses.
In the industrial process tables the Standard Industrial Classi-Pica-
tion (SIC) which the process is included is shown. These designa-
tions are not intended to represent the complete emissions for all
SIC categories and serve only to identify and classify the industrial
process shown.
In all tables data are reported in metric units, either as teragrams
(1012 grams) or gigagrams (109 grams) per year. One teragram equals
approximately 1.1 x 106 short tons and one gigagram equal's approxi-
mately 1.1 x 103 short tons.
2.1 Particulates
Particulate emissions result primarily from industrial processes
and from fuel combustion in stationary sources. For 1940 and 1950,
emissions from transportation (coal combustion by railroads) and
miscellaneous sources (forest fires) were also significant. Emissions
from fuel combustion and industrial processes did not change sub-
stantially from 1940 to 1970. Since 1970, emissions from these
categories have been substantially reduced as the result of installa-
tion of air pollution control equipment. Particulate emissions from
transporation decreased substantially from 1940 to 1960 as the result
of the obsolescence of coal-burning railroad locomotives. From 1960
to 1982, particulates from transportation increased due to increased
travel by highway motor vehicles. Miscellaneous source emissions
decreased substantially from 1940 to 1970, primarily due to a maior
reduction in the acreage burned by forest wildfires. Solid waste
emissions increased from 1940 to 1970, but declined substantially to
1982 as the result of air pollution regulations prohibiting or
limiting the burning of solid waste.
2.2 Sulfur Oxides
Sulfur oxide emissions occur mostly from stationary source fuel
combustion and to some extent, from industrial processes. Sulfur
oxide emissions from combustion of coal by railroad locomotives were
also significant in 1940 and 1950. Emissions from solid waste dis-
posal and miscellaneous sources have always been minor. Emissions
from stationary source fuel combustion increased greatly from 1940 to
1970, primarily from increased coal combustion by electric utilities.
-------
From 1970 to 1982, emissions from fuel combustion have decreased
slightly. During this time period, fuel combustion, particularly of
sulfur-bearing Coal and oil, continued to increase, but the average
sulfur contents of fuels decreased and a limited number O-F pollution
control systems (flue qas desulfurization) were installed. Emissions
from industrial processes increased from 1940 to 1970 reflecting
increased industrial production. From 1970 to 1982, industrial
process emissions decreased primarily due to control measures by
primary nonferrous smelters and sulfuric acid plants.
2.3 Nitrogen Oxides
Nitrogen oxide emissions are produced largely by stationary source
fuel combustion and transportation sources. Emissions have steadily
increased over the period from 194-0 to 1970 as the result of increased
fuel combustion. From 1970 to 1982, the size of the increase was
reduced somewhat by controls installed on highway motor vehicles and
to a lesser extent by controls on coal-fired electric utility boilers.
Nitrogen oxide emissions by industrial processes increased from 1940
to 1970, but have remained about constant since then.
2.4 Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC)
The largest sources of VOC emissions are transportation sources and
industrial processes. Miscellaneous sources, primarily forest wild-
fires and non-industrial consumption of organic solvents, also contri-
bute significantly to total VOC emissions. Emissions from stationary
source fuel combustion and solid waste disposal are relatively small.
Transportation source emissions increased greatly from 1940 to 1970,
primarily as the result of increased travel by highway motor vehicles.
Since 1970 air pollution controls installed on motor vehicles have
been effective in reducing VOC emissions. Industrial process emis-
sions have increased, generally reflecting increased levels of indus-
trial production. Controls installed on industrial processes since
1970 have had a modest effect in preventing additional increases in
VOC emissions. Emissions from stationary source combustion declined
from 1940 through the mid-1970's and then increased to 1982, reflect-
ing primarily the trend in residential wood combustion.
2.5 Carbon Monoxide
Transportation sources are the largest emitters of carbon monoxide.
Major increases in emissions occurred from 1940 to 1970 as the result
of increased motor vehicle travel. From 1970 to 1982, transportation
emissions decreased as the result of highway vehicle emission con-
trols, despite continued increases in highway vehicle travel. Emis-
sions from stationary source fuel combustion have declined from 1940
through the mid-1970's and then increased slightly to 1982.
-------
Prior to 1970, residential coal and wood combustion contributed
significantly to CO emissions. However, as residential use of coal
has been replaced by other fuels, residential emissions have declined.
Beginning in the late 1970's residential combustion nf wood has
increased, however, and as a result CO emissions from residential
fuel combustion increased Carbon monoxide emissions from industrial
processes increased from 1940 to 1950 but have declined somewhat
since then. The decline is due largely to the obsolesence of a ^ew
high-polluting industrial processes such as carbon black manufacture
by the channel process and limited installation of control equipment
on other processes. These factors have been significant enough to
offset growth in industrial production which would otherwise have
caused a net increase in emissions. Carbon monoxide emissions from
solid waste disposal increased ^rom 1940 to 1970, hut have subse-
quently declined as the resuH of air pollution control efforts.
Substantial emissions of carbon monoxide from forest fires occurred
in 1940. In later years, these emissions have been much smaller due
to improved fire prevention efforts and more effective suppression of
wildfires.
-------
TABLE 2
1940-1970 SUMMARY OF ESTIMATED
EMISSIONS OF PARTICULATES
(TERAGRAMS/YEAR)
1940
1950
1960
1970
0.2
0.0
2.4
0.1
0.0
2.7
1.3
3.3
0.4
2.1
7.1
0.3
0.0
1.7
0.1
0.0
2.1
8.4
12.3
12.0
0.9
1.2
2.3
1.6
0.1
0.5
4.5
Source Category
Transportation
Highway Vehicles
Aircraft
Railroads
Vessels
Other Off-Highway
Transportation Total
Stationary Source Fuel Combustion
Electric Utilities
Industrial
Commercial Institutional
Residential
Fuel Combustion Total
Industrial Processes
Iron and Steel Mills
Primary Metal Smelting
Secondary metals
Mineral Products
Chemicals
Petroleum Refining
Wood Products
Food and Agriculture
Mining Operations
Industrial Processes Total
Solid Waste Disposal
Incineration
Open Burning
Solid Waste Total
Miscellaneous
Forest Fires
Other Burning
Misc. Total
Total of All Sources
NOTE: One teragram equals 10^2 grams (106 metric tons) or approximately
1.1 x 10° short tons. A value of zero indicates emissions of less than
50,000 metric tons.
3.0
0.6
0.3
1.7
0.3
0.0
0.4
0.8
1.3
.3.5
0.6
0.3
2.6
0.4
0.0
0.7
0.8
3.4
1.7
0.5
0.2
3.4
0.3
0.1
0.8
0.9
4.1
1.2
0.5
0.2
2.6
0.2
0.1
0.6
0.8
3.9
10.1
-------
TABLE 3
1940-1970 SUMMARY OF ESTIMATED
EMISSIONS OF SULFUR OXIDES
(TERAGRAMS/YEAR)
1940
1950
1960
1970
0.0
0.0
2.7
0.2
0.0
0.1
0.0
2.0
0.2
0.0
0.1
0.0
0.2
0.1
0.0
0.3
0.0
0.1
0.1
0.1
2.9
2.3
11.0
12.9
3.7
0.0
0.0
0.0
4.7
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.4
14.0
5.2
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.6
2.2
5.5
1.0
2.3
4.1
5.2
1.7
1.9
8.4
3.5
1.0
1.1
15.8
4.1
0.9
0.5
21.3
Source Category
Transportation
Highway Vehicles
Aircraft
Railroads
Vessels
Other Off-Highway
Transportation Total
Stationary Source Fuel Combustion
Electric Utilities
Industrial
Commercial Institutional
Residential
Fuel Combustion Total
Industrial Processes
Primary Metal Smelting
Pulp Mills
Chemicals
Petroleum Refining
Iron & Steel
Secondary Metals
Mineral Products
Natural Gas Processing
Industrial Processes Total
Solid Waste Disposal
Incineration
Open Burning
Solid Waste Total
Miscellaneous
Forest Fires
Other Burning
Misc. Total
Total of Al 1 Sources
NOTE: One teraqram equals 10^2 grams (10^ metric tons) or approximately
1.1 x 10° short tons. A value of zero indicates emissions of less than
50,000 metric tons.
2.6
0.1
0.2
0.2
0.3
0.0
0.3
0.0
2.9
0.1
0.4
0.3
0.5
0.0
0.5
0.0
3.1
0.1
0.4
0.6
0.4
0.0
0.5
0.1
3.8
0.1
0.6
0.7
0.5
0.0
0.6
0.1
6.4
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.5
0.5
18.1
0.0
0.5
0.5
20.4
0.0
0.5
0.5
20.1
0.0
0.1
0.1
28.4
-------
TABLE 4
1940-1970 SUMMARY OF ESTIMATED
EMISSIONS OF NITROGEN OXIDES
(TERAGRAMS/YEAR)
1940
1950
1960
1970
1.3
0.0
0.6
0.1
0.2
2.0
0.0
0.9
0.1
0.4
3.5
0.0
0.7
0.1
0.5
6.0
0.1
0.6
0.1
0.8
2.2
3.4
3.3
4.7
0.2
0.0
0.1
0.1
0.3
0.1
0.1
0.2
4.8
6.7
0.5
0.1
0.2
0.3
7.6
0.6
2.2
0.2
0.3
1.2
2.9
0.3
0.3
2.3
3.7
0.3
0.4
4.5
3.9
0.3
0.4
9.1
Source Category
Transportation
Highway Vehicles
Aircraft
Railroads
Vessels
Other Off-Highway
Transportation Total
Stationary Source Fuel Combustion
Electric Utilities
Industrial
Commercial Institutional
Residential
Fuel Combustion Total
Industrial Processes
Petroleum Refining
Chemicals
Iron and Steel Mills
Pulp Mills
Mineral Products
Industrial Processes Total
Solid Waste Disposal
Incineration
Open Burning
Solid Waste Total
Miscellaneous
Forest Fires
Other Burning
Misc. Total
Total of All Sources
NOTE: One teragram equals 10*2 grams (10^ metric tons) or approximately
1.1 x 10° short tons. A value of zero indicates emissions of less than
50,000 metric tons.
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.1
0.0
0.1
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.2
0.1
o.n
0.2
0.7
0.1
0.3
0.4
0.7
0.2
•WMIBi^^M
0.9
6.7
0.4
0.2
0.6
9.2
0.2
0.2
0.4
12.7
0.2
0.1
0.3
18.1
8
-------
TABLE 5
1940-1970 SUMMARY OF ESTIMATED
EMISSIONS OF VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
(TERAGRAMS/YEAR)
1940
1950
1960
1970
3.9
0.0
0.5
0.0
0.2
4.6
5.8
0,
0.
0,
0.4
6.9
0.8
0.4
0.1
0.0
0.1
1.0
0.8
3.2
1.2
0.5
0.1
0.0
0.1
2.1
1.2
5.2
1.0
9.7
1.1
0.7
0.1
0.0
0.2
2.4
1.6
6.1
1.4
10.6
Source Category
Transportation
Highway Vehicles
Aircraft
Railroads
Vessels
Other Off-Highway
Transportation Total
Stationary Source Fuel Combustion
Electric Utilities
Industrial
Commercial Institutional
Residential
Fuel Combustion Total
Industrial Processes
Chemicals
Petroleum Refining
Iron and Steel Mills
Mineral Products
Food and Agriculture
Industrial Organic Solvent Use
Petroleum Product Production
and Marketing
Industrial Processes Total
Solid Waste Disposal
Incineration
Open Burning
Solid Waste Total
Miscellaneous
Forest Fires
Other Burning
Misc. Organic Solvent Use
Misc. Total
Total of All Sources
NOTE: One teraqram equals 10^2 grams (10^ metric tons) or approximately
1.1 x 10° short tons. A value of zero indicates emissions of less than
50,000 metric tons.
0.9
1.6
0.7
0.1
0.0
0.2
4.0
2.1
8.7
1.8
3.1
0.6
0.8
4.5
17.1
1.7
0.6
1.3
3.6
19.3
0.9
0.5
1.7
3.1
21.9
0.7
0.3
2.3
3.3
25.3
-------
TABLE 6
1940-1970 SUMMARY OF ESTIMATED
EMISSIONS OF CARBON MONOXIDE
(TERAGRAMS/YEAR)
1940
1950
1960
1970
22.4
0.0
3.7
0.2
3.4
33.6
0.8
2.8
0.2
6.7
46.9
1.6
0.3
0.6
8.0
64.6
0.9
0.3
1.1
6.8
29.7
44.1
13.7
9.9
6.6
2.0
1.3
3.3
10.5
4.3
57.4
6.1
9.3
73.7
0.0
0.4
0.1
13.2
0.1
0.5
0.1
9.2
0.1
0.6
0.0
5.4
0.2
0.7
0.1
2.9
3.9
Source Category
Transportation
Highway Vehicles
Aircraft
Railroads
Vessels
Other Off-Highway
Transportation Total
Stationary Source Fuel Combustion
Electric Utilities
Industrial
Commercial Institutional -
Residential
Fuel Combustion Total
Industrial Processes
Chemi cals
Petroleum Refining
Iron and Steel Mills
Primary Metal Smelting
Secondary Metals
Pulp Mills
Industrial Processes Total
Solid Waste Disposal
Incineration
Open Burning
Solid Waste Total
Miscellaneous
Forest Fires
Other Burning
Misc. Total
Total of All Sources
NOTE: One teragram equals 1012 grams (106 metric tons) or approximately
1.1 x 10° short tons. A value of zero indicates emissions of less than
50,000 metric tons.
3.8
0.2
1.5
0.0
1.0
0.1
5.3
2.4
1.1
0.1
1.4
0.2
3.6
2.8
1.3
0.3
1.0
0.3
3.1
2.0
1.6
0.6
1.1
0.6
9.0
6.4
10
-------
TABLE 7
PARTICULATE
NATIONAL EMISSION ESTIMATES
(TERAGRAMS/YEAR)
1970
1971
1972 1973 1974 1975
1976
1977 1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
Source Category
Transportation
Highway Vehicles
Aircraft
Railroads
Vessels
Other Off-Highway
Transportation Total
Stationary Source Fuel Combustion
Electric Utilities
Industrial
Commercial Institutional
Residential
Fuel Combustion Total
Industrial Processes
Solid Waste Disposal
Incineration
Open Burning
Solid Waste Total
Miscellaneous
Forest Fires
Other burning
Misc. Organic Solvent
Misc. Total
Total of All Sources
NOTE: One teragram equals 10^2 grams (106 metric tons) or approximately 1.1 x 106 short tons. A value of zero Indicates emissions of less
than 50,000 metric tons.
0.9
0.1
0.1
0.0
0.1
1.2
2.3
1.6
0.1
0.5
4.5
10.1
0.4
0.7
1.1
0.7
0.4
0.0
1.1
18.0
1.0
0.1
0.1
0.0
0.1
1.3
2.1
1.2
0.1
0.5
3.9
9.4
0.4
0.5
0.9
0.9
0.4
0.0
1.3
16.8
1.0
0.1
0.1
0.0
0.1
1.3
1.9
0.9
0.1
0.4
3.3
8.8
0.3
0.4
0.7
0.7
0.2
0.0
0.9
15.0
1.1
0.1
0.1
0.0
0.1
1.4
1.8
O.B
0.1
0.4
3.1
7.9
0.3
0.3
0.6
0.7
0.2
0.0
0.9
13.9
1.1
0.1
0.1
0.0
0.1
1.4
1.7
0.7
0.1
0.4
2.9
6.4
0.3
0.3
0.6
0.8
0.2
0.0
1.0
12.3
1.1
0.1
0.1
0.0
0.1
1.4
1.5
0.6
0.1
0.4
2.6
5.0
0.3
0.3
0.6
0.6
0.1
0.0
0.7
10.3
1.1
0.1
0.1
0.0
0.1
1.4
1.3
0.5
0.1
0.5
2.4
4.4
0.2
0.2
0.4
0.9
0.1
0.0
1.0
9.6
1.1
0.1
0.1
0.0
0.1
1.4
1.2
0.5
0.1
0.6
2.4
4.0
0.2
0.2
0.4
0.7
0.1
0.0
0.8
9.0
1.1
0.1
0.1
0.0
0.1
1.4
1.2
0.4
0.1
0.6
2.3
4.0
0.2
0.2
0.4
0.7
0.1
0.0
0.8
8.9
1.1
0.1
0.1
0.0
0.1
1.4
1.2
0.5
0.1
0.7
2.5
3.8
0.2
0.2
0.4
0.8
0.1
0.0
0.9
9.0
1.1
0.1
0.1
0.0
0.1
1.4
1.1
0.5
0.1
0.8
2.5
3.2
0.2
0.2
0.4
1.0
0.1
0.0
1.1
8.6
1.1
0.1
0.1
0.0
0.1
1.4
1.1
0.5
0.1
0.9
2.6
2.8
0.2
0.2
0.4
0.8
0.1
0.0
0.9
8.1
1.1
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.1
1.3
1.0
0.4
0.1
0.9
2.4
2.4
0.2
0.2
0.4
0.9
0.1
0.0
1.0
7.5
-------
TABLE 8
SULFUR OXIDE
NATIONAL EMISSION ESTIMATES
(TERAGRAMS/YEAR)
Source Category 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982
Transportation
Highway Vehicles
Aircraft
Railroads
Vessels
Other Off-Highway
Transportation Total
Stationary Source Fuel Combustion
Electric Utilities
Industrial
Commercial Institutional
Residential
Fuel Combustion Total
Industrial Processes
Solid Waste Disposal
Inc1nerat1 on
Open Burning
Solid Waste Total
Miscellaneous
Forest Fires
Other burning
Misc. Organic Solvent
Misc. Total
Total of All Sources
NOTE: One teragram equals 1012 grams UO6 metric tons) or approximately 1.1 x 106 short tons. A value of zero Indicates emissions of less
than 50,000 metric tons.
0.3
0.0
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.6
15.8
4.1
0.9
0.5
21.3
6.4
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.0
0.1
28.4
0.3
0.0
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.6
15.5
3.5
0.9
0.4
20.3
5.9
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.0
0.1
26.9
0.3
0.0
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.6
15.8
3.5
0.9
0.3
20.5
6.4
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.0
0.1
27.6
0.3
0.0
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.6
17.2
3.3
0.9
0.3
21.7
6.5
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.0
0.1
28.9
0.3
0.0
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.6
16.6
3.1
0.8
0.3
20.8
5.6
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
27.0
0.3
0.0
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.6
16.6
2.7
0.7
0.3
20.3
4.8
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
25.7
0.4
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.1
0.8
17.1
2.7
0.8
0.3
20.9
4.6
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
26.3
0.4
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.1
0..8
17.2
2.8
0.8
0.3
21.1
4.4
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
26.3
0.4
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.1
0.8
15.8
2.7
0.8
0.3
19.6
4.2
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
24.6
0.4
0.0
0.1
0.3
0.1
0.9
16.0
2.6
0.6
0.2
19.4
4.3
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
24.6
0.4
0.0
0.1
0.3
0.1
0.9
15.5
2.4
0.7
0.2
18.8
3.6
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
23.3
0.5
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.1
0.9
14.7
2.3
0.6
0.2
17.8
3.8
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
22.5
0.5
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.1
0.9
14.3
2.3
0.6
0.2
17.4
3.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
21.4
12
-------
TABLE 9
NITROGEN OXIDE
NATIONAL EMISSION ESTIMATES
(TERAGRAMS/YEAR)
Source Category 1970
Transportation
Highway Vehicles
Aircraft
Railroads
Vessels
Other Off-Highway
Transportation Total
Stationary Source Fuel Combustion
Electric Utilities
Industrial
Commercial Institutional
Residential /
Fuel Combustion Total
Industrial Processes
Solid Waste Disposal
Incineration
Open Burning
Solid Haste Total
Miscellaneous
Forest Fires
Other burning
M1sc. Organic Solvent
Misc. Total
Total of All Sources
NOTE: One teragram equals 10^2 grams
than 50,000 metric tons.
1971
1972 1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978 1979
1980
1981
1982
6.0
0.1
0.6
0.1
0.8
7.6
4.5
3.9
0.3
0.4
9.1
0.7
0.1
0.3
0.4
0.2
0.1
0.0
0.3
18.1
•> (10^
6.4
0.1
0.6
0.1
0.8
8.0
4.7
3.8
0.3
0.4
9.2
0.7
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0
0.3
18.5
metric
7.1
0.1
0.7
0.1
0.9
8.9
5.0
3.9
0.3
0.4
9.6
0.7
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.2
0.1
0.0
0.3
19.7
tons) or
7.5
0.1
0.7
0.1
0.9
9.3
5.3
3.9
0.3
0.4
9.9
0.8
0.0
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.1
20.2
7.2
0.1
0.7
0.1
0.9
9.0
5.3
3.7
0.3
0.4
9.7
0.7
0.0
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.0
0.0
0.2
19.7
approximately 1.1
7.2 7.5
0.1 0.1
0.7 0.7
0.1 0.1
0.9 1.0
9.0 9.4
5.2 5.6
3.4 3.7
0.3 0.3
0.4 0.4
9.3 10.0
0.7 0.7
0.0 0.0
0.1 0.1
0.1 0.1
0.1 0.2
0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0
0.1 0.2
19.2 20.4
x 106 short
7.7
0.1
0.7
0.1
1.0
9.6
6.0
3.7
0.3
0.4
10.4
0.7
0.0
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.0
0.0
0.2
21.0
tons. A
7.8
0.1
0.7
0.2
1.1
9.9
5.9
3.7
0.3
0.4
10.3
0.7
0.0
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.0
0.0
0.2
21.2
value of
7.6
0.1
0.8
0.2
1.1
9.8
6.2
3.6
0.3
0.4
10.5
0.7
0.0
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.0
0.0
0.2
21.3
7.6
0.1
0.8
0.1
1.0
9.6
6.4
3.0
0.3
0.4
10.1
0.7
0.0
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.0
0.0
0.2
20.7
zero indicates
7.8
0.1
0.7
0.2
0.9
9.7
6.5
3.0
0.3
0.4
10.2
0.7
0.0
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.0
0.0
0.2
20.9
emissions
7.8
0.1
0.7
0.2
0.9
9.7
6.2
2.7
0.3
0.4
9.6
0.6
0.0
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.0
0.0
0.2
20.2
of less
13
-------
TABLE 10
VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUND
NATIONAL EMISSION ESTIMATES
(TERAGRAMS/YEAR)
Source Category 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982
Transportation
Highway Vehicles
Aircraft
Railroads
Vessels
Other Off-Highway
Transportation Total
Stationary Source Fuel Combustion
Electric Utilities
Industrial
Commercial Institutional
Residential
Fuel Combustion Total
Industrial Processes
Solid Waste Disposal
Incineration
Open Burning
Solid Waste Total
Miscellaneous
Forest Fires
Other burning
Misc. Organic Solvent
Misc. Total
Total of All Sources
NOTE: One teragram equals 1012 grams (106 metric tons) or approximately 1.1 x 106 short tons. A value of zero indicates emissions of less
than 50,000 metric tons.
9.4
0.2
0.2
0.3
0.5
10.6
0.0
0.1
0.0
0.8
0.9
8.7
0.5
1.3
1.8
0.7
0.3
2.3
3.3
25.3
9.1
0.2
0.2
0.4
0.5
10.4
0.0
0.1
0.0
0.7
0.8
8.4
0.5
1.0
1.5
0.9
0.3
2.2
3.4
24.5
9.0
0.2
0.2
0.4
0.5
10.3
0.0
0.1
0.0
0.7
0.8
9.1
0.4
0.7
1.1
0.7
0.2
2.3
3.2
24.5
8.5
0.2
0.2
0.4
0.5
9.8
0.0
0.1
0.0
0.7
0.8
9.4
0.4
0.6
1.0
0.6
0.2
2.2
3.0
24.0
7.6
0.2
0.2
0.4
0.5
8.9
0.0
0.1
0.0
0.7
0.8
9.0
0.4
0.5
0.9
0.7
0.1
2.1
2.9
22.5
7.3
0.2
0.2
0.4
0.5
8.6
0.0
0.1
0.0
0.8
0.9
8.1
0.4
0.5
0.9
0.5
0.1
1.9
2.5
21.0
7.4
0.2
0.2
0.4
0.5
8.7
0.0
0.1
0.0
0.9
1.0
8.7
0.4
0.4
0.8
0.9
0.1
1.9
2.9
22.1
7.0
0.2
0.2
0.4
0.5
8.3
0.0
0.1
0.0
1.0
1.1
9.0
0.4
0.4
0.8
0.7
0.1
1.9
2.7
21.9
6.7
0.2
0.2
0.4
0.5
8.0
0.0
0.1
0.0
1.2
1.3
9.6
0.4
0.4
0.8
0.7
0.1
1.9
2.7
22.4
6.0
0.2
0.2
0.4
0.5
7.3
0.0
0.1
0.0
1.4
1.5
9.5
0.4
0.3
0.7
0.8
0.1
2.0
2.9
21.9
5.4
0.2
0.2
0.4
0.5
6.7
0.0
0.1
0.0
1.6
1.7
8.9
0.3
0.3
0.6
0.9
0.1
1.9
2.9
20.8
5.1
0.2
0.2
0.4
0.5
6.4
0.0
0.1
0.0
1.8
1.9
8.0
0.3
0.3
0.6
0.8
0.1
1.6
2.5
19.4
4.8
0.2
0.2
0.4
0.5
6.1
0.0
0.1
0.0
1.9
2.0
7.1
0.3
0.3
0.6
0.8
0.1
1.5
2.4
18.2
14
-------
TABLE 11
CARBON MONOXIDE
NATIONAL EMISSION ESTIMATES
(TERAGRAMS/YEAR)
Source Category 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982
Transportation
Highway Vehicles
A1rcraft
Railroads
Vessels
Other Off-Highway
Transportation Total
Stationary Source Fuel Combustion
Electric Utilities
Industrial
Commercial Institutional
Residential
Fuel Combustion Total
Industrial Processes
Solid Waste Disposal
Incineration
Open Burning
Solid Waste Total
Miscellaneous
Forest Fires
Other burning
Misc. Organic Solvent
M1sc. Total
Total of All Sources
NOTE: One teragram equals 10*2 grams (10^ metric tons) or approximately 1.1 x 106 short tons. A value of zero Indicates emissions of less
than 50,000 metric tons.
64.6
0.9
0.3
1.1
6.8
73.7
0.2
0.7
0.1
2.9
3.9
9.0
2.7
3.7
6.4
5.1
2.1
0.0
7.2
100.2
64.0
0.9
0.2
1.2
6.5
72.8
0.2
0.7
0.1
2.7
3.7
8.7
2.3
2.7
5.0
6.7
1.7
0.0
8.4
98.6
64.2
0.9
0.3
1.3
6.3
73.0
0.3
0.7
0.1
2.5
3.6
8.4
2.2
2.1
4.3
5.2
1.2
0.0
6.4
95.7
61.8
0.8
0.3
1.3
6.2
70.4
0.3
0.7
0.1
2.3
3.4
8.5
2.1
1.7
3.8
4.5
1.0
0.0
5.5
91.6
57.0
0.9
0.3
1.3
5.6
65.1
0.3
0.7
0.1
2.4
3.5
8.1
1.9
1.5
3.4
5.6
0.8
0.0
6.4
86.5
56.1
0.9
0.2
1.4
5.3
63.9
0.3
0.6
0.1
2.7
3.7
6.9
1.8
1.3
3.1
4.0
0.8
0.0
4.8
82.4
58.3
0.9
0.3
1.4
5.3
66.2
0.3
0.7
0.1
3.0
4.1
7.1
1.5
1.2
2.7
6.4
0.7
0.0
7.1
87.2
55.3
0.9
0.3
1.4
5.1
63.0
0.3
0.7
0,1
3.3
4.4
7.2
1.5
1.1
2.6
5.1
0.7
0.0
5.8
83.0
54.5
1.0
0.3
1.5
4.8
62.1
0.3
0.7
0.1
3.8
4.9
7.1
1.4
1.1
2.5
5.0
0.7
0.0
5.7
82.3
50.8
1.0
0.3
1.4
4.5
58.0
0.3
0.7
0.1
4.5
5.6
7.1
1.3
1.0
2.3
5.8
0.7
0.0
6.5
79.5
47.9
1.0
0.3
1.4
4.7
55.3
0.3
0.6
0.1
5.2
6.2
6.3
1.2
1.0
2.2
6.9
0.7
0.0
7.6
77.6
47.2
1.0
0.3
1.4
4.7
54.6
0.3
0.6
0.1
5.3
6.3
5.9
1.2
0.9
2.1
5.8
0.6
0.0
6.4
75.3
46.3
1.0
0.2
1.4
4.4
53.3
0.3
0.5
0.1
5.7
6.6
4.8
1.2
0.9
2.1
6.2
0.6
0.0
6.8
73.6
15
-------
TABLE 12
PARTICULATE EMISSIONS FROM TRANSPORTATION
(GI6AGRAMS/YEAR)
Source Category 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 _19_81 1982
Highway Vehicles
Gasoline-powered
Passenger cars
Light trucks - 1
Light trucks - 2
Heavy duty vehicles
Motorcycles
Diesel-powered
Passenger cars
Light trucks
Heavy duty vehicles
Highway Vehicle Total
Aircraft
Railroads
Vessels
Farm Machinery
Construction Machinery
Industrial Machinery
Other Off-highway Vehicles
Transportation Total 1,180 1,210 1,300 1,310 1,300 1,310 1,340 1,370 1,400 1,370 1,330 1,360 1,360
NOTE: One glgagram equals 109 grams or 103 metric tons (1.1 x Ifl3 short tons). Total may differ slightly from summary table value due_
to Independent rounding.
610
70
20
70
4
0
0
130
910
100
60
40
40
10
20
4
640
80
20
70
5
0
0
140
960
90
60
30
40
10
20
4
670
90
30
70
6
0
0
170
1,030
90
60
30
50
20
20
4
690
90
30
70
7
0
0
180
1,070
70
60
30
40
20
20
5
670
90
30
70
8
0
0
180
1,050
80
60
30
50
10
20
4
680
90
30
70
8
0
0
190
1.070
80
50
30
50
10
20
5
680
90
40
70
8
1
0
200
1,100
70
50
20
60
20
20
5
670
90
50
70
8
1
'0
210
1,110
70
50
30
60
20
30
5
670
90
60
70
8
2
0
230
1,130
70
50
30
70
20
30
5
620
80
60
70
8
4
0
240
1,090
70
60
30
70
20
30
5
570
80
60
70
6
10
3
270
1,080
70
50
30
60
20
20
5
550
90
70
70
5
20
5
310
1,110
70
50
30
60
20
20
5
540
90
70
70
5
20
6
320
1,110
70
50
30
60
20
20
5
16
-------
TABLE 13
SULFUR OXIDE EMISSIONS FROM TRANSPORTATION
(6IGAGRAMS/YEAR)
Source Category 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982
Highway Vehicles
Gasoline-powered
Passenger cars
Light trucks - 1
Light trucks - 2
Heavy duty vehicles
Motorcycles
Diesel-powered
Passenger cars
Light trucks
Heavy duty vehicles
Highway Vehicle Total
Aircraft
Railroads
Vessels
Farm Machinery
Construction Machinery
Industrial Machinery
Other Off-highway Vehicles
Transportation Total
NOTE: One glgagram equals 109 grams or 103 metric tons (1.1 x 103 short tons). Total may differ slightly from summary table value due to
to Independent rounding.
120
20
5
20
0
0
0
110
260
10
130
150
30
10
20
1
610
120
20
6
20
0
0
0
110
280
10
110
130
30
10
20
1
590
130
20
6
20
0
0
0
130
310
10
120
120
30
20
20
1
630
130
20
7
20
0
0
0
140
320
10
120
140
30
20
20
1
660
130
20
8
20
1
0
0
150
320
10
120
140
30
20
20
1
660
130
20
8
20
1
0
0
150
330
10
110
140
30
20
20
1
660
140
30
10
20
1
0
0
160
360
10
120
160
40
20
20
1
730
150
30
10
20
1
1
0
170
370
10
120
180
40
20
30
1
770
150
30
20
20
1
1
0
180
390
10
110
210
40
20
30
1
810
150
30
20
20
1
3
0
190
410
10
120
250
50
20
20
1
880
140
30
20
20
1
6
2
220
430
10
120
270
40
20
20
1
910
140
30
20
20
0
9
3
240
470
10
110
250
40
20
20
1
920
140
30
20
20
0
10
4
250
480
10
110
200
40
20
10
1
870
17
-------
TABLE 14
NITROGEN OXIDE EMISSIONS FROM TRANSPORTATION
(GIGAGRAMS/YEAR)
Source Category 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 19H1 1982
Highway Vehicles
Gasoline-powered
Passenger cars
Light trucks - 1
Light trucks - 2
Heavy duty vehicles
Motorcycles
Diesel-powered
Passenger cars
Light trucks
Heavy duty vehicles
Highway Vehicle Total
A1rcraft
Railroads
Vessels
Farm Machinery
Construction Machinery
Industrial Machinery
Other Off-highway Vehicles
Transportation Total 7,620 8,110 8,880 9,280 8,990 8,920 9,400 9,680 9,860 9,710 9,530 9,760 9,620
NOTE: One glgagram equals 109 grams or 103 metric tons (1.1 x 103 short tons). Total may differ slightly from summary table value due
to Independent rounding.
3,700
440
180
550
3
0
0
1,100
5,970
110
640
90
400
180
220
10
3,900
480
200
580
4
0
0
1,170
6,430
110
620
100
410
190
230
9
4,290
570
240
620
5
0
0
1,380
7,110
100
690
100
430
200
240
10
4,500
590
260
640
5
0
0
1,450
7,450
100
730
120
410
220
240
10
4,210
550
270
600
6
0
0
1,520
7,160
100
730
110
440
190
250
10
4,220
540
280
590
6
1
0
1,530
7,170
100
660
120
430
190
240
10
4,270
580
350
630
6
2
0
1,690
7,520
100
690
130
490
210
250
10
4,270
600
400
630
6
2
' 0
1.800
7,700
100
700
150
510
250
260
10
4,210
590
470
620
6
4
0
1,900
7,800
110
710
170
540
260
260
10
3,880
580
490
600
10
10
2
2,030
7,600
120
750
180
560
230
260
10
3,610
580
480
590
10
20
5
2,260
7,560
110
750
150
460
230
260
10
3,460
620
520
600
10
30
10
2,500
7,820
110
710
190
480
200
240
10
3,330
630
510
580
10
30
10
2,680
7,790
110
660
160
470
200
220
10
18
-------
TABLE 15
VOC EMISSIONS FROM TRANSPORTATION
(GIGAGRAMS/YEAR)
Source Category 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982
Highway Vehicles
Gasol1ne-powered
Passenger cars
Light trucks - 1
Light trucks - 2
Heavy duty vehicles
Motorcycles
D1esel-powered
Passenger cars
Light trucks
Heavy duty vehicles
Highway Vehicle Total
Aircraft
Railroads
Vessels
Farm Machinery
Construction Machinery
Industrial Machinery
Other Off-highway Vehicles
Transportation Total 10,640 10,400 10,290 9,760 8,850 8,550 8,640 8,240 8,010 7,280 6,610 6,420 6,030
NOTE: One gigagram equals 109 grams or 103 metric tons (1.1 x 103 short tons). Total may differ slightly from summary table value due
to Independent rounding.
7,220
840
320
820
80
0
0
90
9,380
250
160
330
250
40
120
110
7,000
830
310
780
120
0
0
100
9,140
230
150
350
240
40
120
130
6,710
890
340
780
130
0
0
110
8,980
210
170
380
240
40
130
140
6,280
830
340
730
150
0
0
120
8,450
190
180
390
240
40
120
150
5,610
750
330
630
170
0
0
120
7,600
190
180
380
230
40
90
140
5,390
700
340
600
170
0
0
120
7,310
190
160
400
220
30
80
160
5,280
740
410
640
170
0
0
130
7,370
170
170
410
230
40
90
160
4,910
700
460
600
170
0
0
140
6,970
170
170
420
220
40
90
160
4,670
650
510
570
170
1
0
150
6,720
180
170
430
220
40
90
160
4,040
590
520
550
140
3
1
160
6,000
180
180
420
220
40
80
160
3,550
550
470
530
100
5
2
180
5,380
180
180
400
190
40
80
160
3,240
570
490
530
80
6
3
200
5,180
160
170
430
180
40
100
160
3,020
550
470
500
70
7
4
210
4,840
160
160
410
180
30
90
160
19
-------
TABLE 16
CARBON MONOXIDE EMISSIONS FROM TRANSPORTATION
(GIGAGRAMS/YEAR)
Source Category 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982
Highway Vehicles
Gasoline-powered
Passenger cars
Light trucks - 1
Light trucks - 2
Heavy duty vehicles
Motorcycles
Diesel-powered
Passenger cars
Light trucks
Heavy duty vehicles
Highway Vehicle Total
Ai rcraft
Railroads
Vessels
Farm Machinery
Construction Machinery
Industrial Machinery
Other Off-highway Vehicles
Transportation Total
NOTE: One gigagram equals 10^ grams or Ifl3 metric tons (1.1 x 1Q3 short tons). Total may differ slightly from summary table value due to
independent rounding.
48,250
5,060
1,800
8,960
240
0
0
300
64,610
900
250
1,150
3,570
580
1,780
840
73,680
47,610
4,990
1,750
8,990
360
0
0
310
64,010
890
240
1,220
3,450
510
1,710
870
72 ,900
46,550
5,520
1,980
9,410
400
0
0
360
64,220
860
260
1,230
3,140
470
1,810
910
72,900
44,430
5,240
1,980
9,300
450
0
0
380
61,780
840
270
1,350
3,?50
450
1,580
950
70,470
40,740
4,980
1,940
8,450
510
0
0
370
57 ,000
860
270
1,300
3,000
430
1,230
960
65,050
39,950
4,800
2,040
8,430
510
0
0
380
56,110
880
240
1,360
2,930
370
1,060
990
63 ,940
40,180
5,290
2,620
9,300
520
1
0
420
58,320
860
250
1,400
2,780
41C
1.07C
l.OOC
66.09C
37,370
4,990
2,910
9,110
510
1
0
450
55,340
900
260
1,420
2,600
360
1,100
1.020
63,000
36,270
4,780
3,340
9,100
520
2
0
470
54,480
960
260
1,470
2,370
340
1,070
1,050
62,000
32,890
4,550
3,470
8,920
420
5
1
510
50,750
990
270
1,420
2,240
370
820
1,080
57,940
30,430
4,350
3,240
9,010
310
10
3
570
47,920
990
270
1,380
2,040
460
1,110
1,090
55,260
28,750
4,700
3,530
9,290
220
10
6
660
47,170
960
250
1,440
1,880
370
1,330
1,100
54,500
28,030
4,740
3,530
9,140
200
20
8
690
46,350
970
240
1,390
1,780
320
1,190
1,110
53,350
20
-------
TABLE 17
PARTICIPATE EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION
(GIGAGRAMS/YEAR)
Source Category 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982
Coal
Electric utilities
Industrial
Residential/Commercial
Coal Total
Fuel Oil
Electric utilities
Industrial
Residential/Commercial
Fuel 011 Total
Natural Gas
Electric utilities
Industrial
Residential/Commercial
Natural Gas Total
Wood
Industrial
Residential
Mood Total
Other Fuels
Industrial
Residential
Other Fuels Total 44 44 44 44 33 43 43 33 33 33 32 22 22
Fuel Combustion Total 4,510 3,830 3,330 3,160 2,890 2,660 2,330 2,310 2,360 2,450 2,500 2,500 2,390
NOTE: One glgagram equals 10$ grams or Ifl3 metric tons (1.1 x Ifl3 short tons). Total may differ slightly from summary table value due
to Independent rounding.
21
2,220
1,300
120
3,640
110
80
80
270
6
20
10
36
140
380
520
40
4
1,960
920
110
2,990
120
80
70
270
6
20
10
36
130
360
490
40
4
1,750
650
80
2,480
120
80
70
270
6
20
10
36
140
360
500
40
4
1,690
550
80
2,320
130
90
70
290
6
20
10
36
140
330
470
40
4
1,560
440
70
2,070
130
80
60
270
5
20
10
35
130
350
480
30
3
1,420
360
60
1,840
120
70
60
250
5
20
10
35
90
400
490
40
3
1,150
250
50
1,450
120
80
60
260
5
20
10
35
90
450
540
40
3
1,060
230
50
1,340
140
90
60
290
5
20
10
35
100
510
610
30
3
1,050
220
50
1,320
140
80
60
280
5
20
10
35
100
590
690
30
3
1,040
250
50
1,340
120
70
50
240
5
20
10
35
100
700
800
30
3
1,010
250
50
1,310
110
60
50
220
6
20
10
36
100
800
900
30
2
1,010
280
50
1,340
90
50
40
180
6
20
10
36
90
830
920
20
2
910
220
60
1,190
70
50
40
160
5
20
10
35
90
890
980
20
2
-------
TABLE 18
SULFUR OXIDE EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION
(GIGAGRAMS/YEAR)
1978 1979 1980 1981 1982
source udieyuijr
Coal
Electric utilities
Industrial
Residential /Commercial
Coal Total
Fuel 011
Electric utilities
Industrial
Residential /Commercial
Fuel Oil Total
Natural Gas
Electric utilities
Industrial
Residential /Commercial
Natural Gas Total
Mood
Industrial
Residential
Mood Total
Other Fuels
Industrial
Residential
14,330
2,840
340
17,510
1,460
1,140
1,000
3,600
1
2
2
5
3
5
8
160
20
14,080
2,300
320
16,700
1,460
1,070
950
3,480
1
2
2
5
3
4
7
140
20
14,410
2,180
230
16,820
1,390
1,170
990
3,550
1
2
2
5
3
4
7
140
10
15,600
1,970
220
17,790
1,570
1,180
930
3,680
1
2
2
5
3
4
7
130
10
15,100
1,800
240
17,140
1,520
1,110
860
3,490
1
2
2
5
3
4
7
160
10
15,200
1,700
210
17,110
1,380
880
760
3,020
1
2
2
5
3
5
8
100
10
15,650
1,490
200
17,340
1,440
1,090
870
3,400
1
2
2
5
4
6
10
140
10
15,580
1,450
200
17,230
1,630
1,210
850
3,690
1
2
2
5
4
6
10
110
10
14,080
1,500
230
15,810
1,680
1,100
780
3,560
1
2
2
5
4
7
11
130
9
14,550
1,610
190
16,350
1,450
910
640
3,000
1
2
2
5
4
8
12
130
9^
14,190
1,380
140
15,710
1,310
850
720
2,880
1
2
2
5
4
10
14
120
6
13,580
1,560
170
15,310
1,130
680
560
2,370
1
2
2
5
4
10
14
100
6
13,330
1,500
210
15,040
950
700
550
2,200
1
2
2
5
4
10
14
80
5
Other Fuels Total 180 160 150 140 170 110 150 120 139 139 126 106 85
Fuel Combustion Total 21,300 20,350 20,530 21,620 20,810 20,250 20,900 21,060 19,520 19,510 18,740 17,800 17,340
NOTE: One gigagram equals 109 grams or 103 metric tons (1.1 x 103 short tons). Total may differ slightly from summary table value due to
Independent rounding.
22
-------
Source Category
Coal
Electric utilities
Industrial
Residential/Commercial
Coal Total
Fuel Oil
Electric utilities
Industrial
Resldentlal/Commerclal
Fuel Oil Total
Natural Gas
Electric utilities
Industrial
Residential /Commercial
Natural Gas Total
Wood
Industrial
Residential
Wood Total
Other Fuels
Industrial
Residential
Other Fuels Total
Fuel Combustion Total
TABLE 19
NITROGEN OXIDE EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION
(GIGAGRAMS/YEAR)
1970 1971 1972 1973
1974
1975 1976
1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982
3,170
700
40
3,910
390
300
300
990
940
2,770
330
4,040
70
30
100
50
60
3,230
580
40
3,850
480
310
300
1,090
960
2,830
340
4,130
70
30
100
50
50
3,410
560
40
4.010
600
320
300
1,220
960
2,900
350
4,210
70
30
100
50
60
3,740
510
40
4,290
700
340
300
1,340
870
2,930
340
4,140
70
30
100
50
50
3,780
480
40
4,300
670
310
280
1,260
830
2,820
330
3,980
70
30
100
50
50
3,880
470
40
4,390
600
270
260
1,130
740
2,570
340
3,650
70
30
100
50
40
4,270
440
30
4,740
620
340
290
1,250
710
2,800
350
3,860
80
40
120
60
50
4,550
420
40
5,010
730
360
280
1,370
730
2,810
330
3,870
80
40
120
50
40
4,470
420
30
4,930
680
350
280
1,310
720
2,790
340
3,850
90
50
140
60
40
4,820
460
30
5,310
570
260
230
1,060
790
2,710
350
3,850
90
60
150
70
30
5,150
400
30
5,580
440
220
220
880
830
2,240
330
3,400
90
60
150
70
30
5,250
460
30
5,740
380
190
180
750
820
2,140
320
3,280
90
70
160
60
30
5,200
450
30
5,680
270
200
170
640
730
1,930
330
2,990
90
70
160
60
20
110 100 110 100 100 90 110 90 100 100 100 90 80
9,150 9,270 9,650 9,970 9,740 9,360 10,080 10,460 10,330 10,470 10,110 10,020 9,550
NOTE: One glgagram equals 109 grams or 103 metric tons (1.1 x 103 short tons). Total may differ slightly from summary table value due
to Independent rounding.
23
-------
TABLE 20
VOC EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION
(GIGAGRAMS/YEAR)
1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982
Coal
Electric utilities
Industrial
Residential /Coranerci al
Coal Total
Fuel 011
Electric utilities
Industrial
Residential /Commercial
Fuel 011 Total
Natural Gas
Electric utilities
Industrial
Residential /Commercial
Natural Gas Total
Wood
Industrial
Residential
Wood Total
Other Fuels
Industrial
Residential
Other Fuels Total
Fuel Combustion Total
20
4
60
84
7
4
8
19
5
70
20
95
40
700
740
7
2
9
950
20
3
50
73
9
5
8
22
5
70
20
95
40
660
700
7
2
9
900
20
3
30
53
10
5
8
23
5
70
20
95
40
660
700
8
2
10
880
20
3
30
53
10
5
8
23
5
70
20
95
40
620
660
7
2
9
840
20
3
20
43
10
5
7
22
5
70
20
95
40
640
680
7
2
9
850
20
3
20
43
10
5
7
22
4
60
20
84
40
740
780
10
2
12
940
20
3
20
43
10
5
8
23
4
70
20
94
50
840
890
10
2
12
1,060
20
2
10
32
20-
6
7
33
4
70
20
94
50
940
990
9
2
11
1,160
20
2
10
32
20
6
7
33
4
70
20
94
50
1,130
1,180
10
2
12
1,350
30
3
10
43
10
4
6
20
5
70
20
95
50
1,380
1,430
10
1
11
1,600
30
2
10
42
8
3
6
17
5
50
20
75
50
1,600
1,650
10
1
11
1,800
30
3
10
43
6
3
5
14
5
50
20
75
50
1,730
1,780
9
1
10
1,920
30
3
10
43
5
3
4
12
4
50
20
74
50
1,870
1,920
7
1
8
2,060
NOTE: One gigagram equals 109 grams or 103 metric tons (1.1 x 103 short tons). Total may differ slightly from summary table value due
to independent rounding.
24
-------
TABLE 21
CARBON MONOXIDE EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION
(GIGAGRAMS/YEAR)
Source Category 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982
Coal
Electric utilities
Industrial
Residential /Commercial
Coal Total
Fuel Oil '
Electric utilities
Industrial
Resi denti al/Commerclal
Fuel Oil Total
Natural Gas
Electric utilities
Industrial
Residential /Commercial
Natural Gas Total
Wood
Industrial
Residential
Wood Total
Other Fuels
Industrial
Residential
Other Fuels Total 20 20 30 20 20 30 30 30 30 28 26 26 25
Fuel Combustion Total 3,840 3,690 3,560 3,360 3,410 3,620 4,010 4,350 4,890 5,560 6,120 6,230 6,560
NOTE: One gigagram equals 109 grams or 103 metric tons (1.1 x 103 short tons). Total may differ slightly from summary table vdlue due
to independent rounding.
25
100
90
510
700
40
40
50
130
80
420
70
570
10
!,310
>,420
10
10
100
80
450
630
50
40
50
140
90
430
70
590
110
2,200
2,310
10
10
100
70
280
450
60
50
60
170
90
440
70
600
120
2.190
2,310
20
10
120
70
230
420
70
50
50
170
80
440
70
590
120
2,040
2,160
10
10
120
60
220
400
70
40
50
160
70
430
70
570
120
2,140
2,260
10
10
120
60
170
350
60
40
50
150
70
390
70
530
110
2.450
2,560
20
10
130
60
150
340
70
50
50
170
70
420
70
560
130
2.780
2,910
20
10
140
50
140
330
80
50
50
180
70
420
70
560
130
3.120
3,250
20
10
140
60
130
330
80
50
50
180
70
420
70
560
150
3,640
3,790
20
10
160
60
120
340
60
30
50
140
80
410
70
560
150
4,340
4,490
20
8
170
50
100
320
40
30
40
110
80
350
70
500
140
5,020
5,160
20
6
180
60
110
350
40
30
30
100
80
330
60
470
150
5,130
5,280
20
6
180
60
120
360
30
30
30
90
70
300
70
440
140
5,500
5,640
20
5
-------
TABLE 22
PARTICULATE EMISSIONS FROM INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
(GIGAGRAMS/YEAR)
Source Category
Cattle Feed lots (0211)
Cotton Ginning (0724)
Metallic Ore Mining (10)
Coal Mining (1211)
Crushed Stone (142)
Sand and Gravel (144)
Clays (145)
Potash/Phosphate Rock (1474,1475)
Feed and Grain Milling (204)
Lumber and Plywood (24)
Pulp Mills (261.262)
Chemicals (28)
Petroleum Refining (2911)
Asphalt Paving and Roofing (295)
Glass (321,322)
Cement (3241)
Brick and Tile (3251
Concrete, Lime, Gypsum (327)
Clay Sintering (3295)
Iron and Steel (3312)
Ferroalloys (3313)
Iron and Steel Foundries (332)
Primary Nonferrous Smelters (333)
Secondary Nonferrous Smelters (334,336)
Grain Elevators (4421.5153)
TOTAL
.1970
1971
1972 1973
1974
1975
1976 1977
1978
1979
1980
1981 1982
20
20
530
350
1,350
50
1,610
40
80
80
520
220
60
560
40
1.380
40
520
100
1.190
160
170
320
50
670
20
20
490
300
1,260
50
1,350
40
80
80
460
180
70
560
50
1.350
50
430
100
970
140
170
300
60
790
20
30
480
300
1.210
50
1.140
40
80
90
440
170
70
550
50
1,190
50
390
100
970
150
160
280
50
730
20
20
480
280
1,180
50
950
40
70
90
310
150
70
590
50
870
50
370
90
890
160
130
250
50
720
20
20
400
250
980
50
560
40
60
80
270
130
70
500
40
690
40
320
70
760
150
120
200
50
570
20
20
320
250
760
40
290
30
60
70
180
100
70
320
40
560
30
240
40
570
90
80
170
50
590
20
20
260
260
660
40
220
30
50
80
150
110
60
220
40
540
40
210
30
500
80
80
140
50
550
20
30
180
260
560
50
210
30
50
90
150
110
60
130
40
550
40
150
20
440
70
70
100
40
500
20
20
210
250
610
50
210
30
50
90
110
120
60
120
30
560
40
140
10
450
60
70
100
40
500
20
20
210
280
570
50
150
30
50
80
110
110
50
130
30
480
40
130
10
400
40
60
100
50
550
20
20
180
290
450
40
130
30
50
70
110
100
50
110
30
350
30
120
10
310
30
50
90
40
440
20
30
200
290
380
40
70
10
40
70
80
90
40
90
30
280
20
100
10
290
30
40
90
40
440
20
20
110
290
350
30
60
10
40
60
70
70
40
90
30
240
20
80
10
170
20
30
70
30
430
10,130 9,350 8,770 7,910 6,440 5,030 4,420 3.950' 3,960 3,760 3,170 2,810 2,400
NOTE: One glgagram equals 109 grams or 103 metric tons (1.1 x 103 short tons).
Independent rounding of data.
Total may differ slightly from sum of source category totals due to
26
-------
Source Category
Natural Gas Production (1311)
Pulp Mills (261,262)
Sulfur 1c Add (2819)
Carbon Black (2895)
Petroleum Refining (2911)
Glass (321,322)
Cement (3241)
Lime (3274)
Iron and Steel (3312)
Primary Copper (3331)
Primary Lead and Zinc (3332,3333)
Primary Aluminum (3334)
Secondary Lead (3341)
TOTAL
TABLE 23
SULFUR OXIDE EMISSIONS FROM INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
(GIGAGRAMS/YEAR)
1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979
1980
1981
1982
100
no
540
0
700
20
560
30
480
3,360
410
70
20
100
100
530
0
750
20
550
30
390
3,300
360
70
20
120
110
570
10
790
20
560
30
440
3,310
310
70
20
150
110
570
10
850
30
560
30
510
3.390
190
80
20
160
110
440
10
850
30
540
30
460
2,720
160
80
20
160
100
330
10
830
30
460
30
480
2,150
110
60
20
130
no
250
10
850
30
510
30
450
2,050
110
70
30
120
100
260
10
890
30
580
30
450
1,750
90
80
30
130
100
260
10
900
30
630
30
430
1,450
100
80
30
140
100
250
10
880
30
630
30
440
1,540
120
80
40
140
110
250
10
840
30
570
30
390
1,060
70
90
30
150
no
220
10
770
30
550
30
370
1,390
70
80
30
150
100
170
10
750
30
480
20
240
950
70
60
20
6.390 5,910 6,350 6,510 5,630 4,760 4,630 4,410 4,180 4,300 3,610 3,810 3,050
NOTE: One glgagram equals 10^ grams or 10^ metric tons (1.1 x 10^ short tons). Total may differ slightly from sum of source category totals due to
Independent rounding of data.
27
-------
TABLE 24
NITROGEN OXIDE EMISSIONS FROM INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
(GIGAGRAMS/YEAR)
Source Category
Pulp Mills (261,262)
Organic Chemicals (286)
Ammonia (2873)
Nitric Acid (2873)
Petroleum Refining (2911)
Glass (321,322)
Cement (3241)
Lime (3274)
Iron and Steel (3312)
TOTAL
1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982
20
60
30
150
220
40
90
20
70
20
70
40
140
230
40
90
20
70
30
60
40
140
230
50
100
20
70
30
80
40
140
240
50
100
20
80
30
70
40
130
240
50
100
20
80
20
60
40
110
240
50
80
20
70
30
60
40
110
240
50
90
20
70
30
60
40
110
260
60
90
20
70
30
60
40
100
260
60
100
20
80
30
70
50
100
250
60
100
20
70
30
50
50
100
240
50
90
20
60
30
50
SO
90
210
60
80
20
60
30
40
40
70
200
50
70
20
40
710 720 730 770 750 690 710 740 750 740
690
650
NOTE: One glgagram equals 109 grams or 103 metric tons (1.1 x 103 short tons).
of source category totals due to Independent rounding of data.
560
Total may differ slightly from sum
28
-------
TABLE 25
VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUND EMISSIONS FROM INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
(GIGAGRAMS/YEAR)
Source Category
Crude oil production, storage and
transfer (1311.4463)
Food and beverages (20)
Textiles (22) .
Graphic arts (27)
Plastics (2821.3079)
Organic chemicals (286)
Other chemicals (28)
Petroleum refining (2911)
Rubber tires (3011)
Iron and steel (3312)
Petroleum product storage and
transfer (5171,5541)
Dry cleaning (721)
Adhesivesl
Degreaslngl
Solvent extraction processes!
Surface coating!
Other organic solvent use*
TOTAL
1970
550
190
10
290
380
570
590
720
50
110
1,570
240
50
640
40
2.390
270
1971
560
190
10
270
360
600
530
760
50
80
1,640
230
40
560
40
2,230
240
1972
560
190
10
310
410
680
530
790
60
100
1.720
240
50
590
40
2.550
270
1973
560
180
10
320
430
740
550
820
60
110
1,780
240
50
600
40
2,570
290
1974
540
180
20
300
410
770
520
B50
50
100
1,730
240
50
540
40
2,340
280
1975
530
170
20
250
350
690
460
880
50
90
1,740
230
40
450
30
1,880
220
1976
530
170
20
280
390
810
510
890
50
100
1,780
250
40
490
30
2,090
250
1977
550
170
20
290
410
820
560
940
60
90
1,780
260
50
490
40
2,190
290
1978
570
180
20
350
470
820
560
970
60
90
1,810
290
60
550
50
2,510
280
1979
570
180
20
350
500
810
580
970
50
90
1.660
290
60
560
40
2,500
300
1980
560
1/0
20
340
460
710
530
970
40
80
1,490
290
50
510
40
2,320
290
1981
540
180
20
260
390
650
540
960
50
70
1.440
240
40
420
40
1,820
300
1982
530
180
20
240
360
500
460
920
40
50
1.390
210
40
360
30
1,530
250
8,670 8.410 9,100 9,360 8,960 8,090 8,690 9,020 9,620 9,510 8.870 7.981) 7,130
Ijhls Is a general category which Includes process emissions from organic solvent use In a wide variety of Industries. Thus no specific SIC is
given.
NOTE: One glgagram equals 109 grams or 103 metric tons (1.1 x 103 short tons). Total may differ slightly from sum of source category totals due to
Independent rounding of data.
29
-------
TABLE 26
CARBON MONOXIDE EMISSIONS FROM INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
(GIGAGRAMS/YEAR)
Source Category 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982
Pulp Mills (261,262) 550 550 590 610 610 550 620 630 650 660 720 720 690
Inorganic Pigments (2816) 20 20 20 20 30 20 30 30 30 30 30 30 30
Charcoal (2861) 50 50 50 50 40 30 30 40 40 50 40 40 30
Organic Chemicals (286) 310 320 380 400 410 410 410 450 490 510 450 470 420
Ammonia (2873) 100 110 110 110 110 120 120 130 120 130 140 140 110
Carbon Black (2895) 2.600 2,380 1,780 1,890 1,680 1,420 1,550 1,760 1,630 1,590 1,290 1,320 1,000
Petroleum Refining (2911) 2,000 2,070 2,100 2,140 2.060 2,040 1,960 1,870 1,780 1,690 1,600 1,110 1,070
Asphalt Roofing (2952) 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 20 20 20 10 10 10
Lime (3274) 10 10 20 20 20 10 20 20 20 20 10 10 10
Iron and Steel (3312) 1,620 1,470 1,560 1,580 1,460 1,100 1,180 1,160 1,210 1,200 910 990 660
Iron Foundries (3321) 1,090 1.160 1,180 1,060 920 590 590 470 440 410 310 290 230
Primary Aluminum (3334) 590 580 610 670 730 580 630 680 720 750 760 740 540
TOTAL 8,950 8,730 8,410 8,550 8,080 6,870 7,150 7,230 7,140 7,060 6,340 5,870 4,800
NOTE: One glgagram equals 109 grams or 10^ metric tons (1.1 x 103 short tons). Total may differ slightly from sum
of source category totals due to Independent rounding of data.
30
-------
3. METHODS
The generation of an emission inventory involves many steps to
achieve the desired result, which is to estimate the amount of
emissions for selected pollutants in a defined geographical area.
Ideally, nationwide emission estimates should result from a summation
of county, State, and regional data in which each component is reported
separately. The National Emissions Data System (NEDS) uses this
procedure. The methods used to prepare data for this publication are
as similar as possible to those used for NEDS data preparation.
Since NEDS uses a more detailed procedure involving calculation of
emissions for individual sources and summation of these individual
emission totals to produce national totals, there is a much greater
chance for errors or omissions to occur in the NEDS data. Because of
the basic similarity of techniques, discrepancies between national
totals reported herein and those given in NEDS reports are due largely
to incomplete data reporting and errors in the NEDS data. The quality
of NEDS data over time has improved so that the differences between
NEDS emission reports for 1977 and later years and national emission
totals determined by the procedure used for this publication are not
as great as in earlier NEDS reports. Moreover,'historical NEDS data
are not revised to account for updated emission factors, errors or
omissions in the data. As a result annual NEDS publications do not
necessarily represent a consistent trend in estimated emissions.
Because it is impossible to test every pollutant source indivi-
dually, particularly area sources, an estimating procedure must be
used. In order to do this, however, one must either estimate the
emissions directly or estimate the magnitude of other variables that
can then be related to emissions. These indicators include fuel con-
sumption, vehicle miles, population, sales, tons of refuse burned, raw
materials processed, etc., which are then multiplied by appropriate
emission factors to obtain emission estimates.
The limitations and applicability of emission factors must be
understood. In general, emission factors are not precise indicators
of emissions from a single source; rather, they are quantitative
estimates of the average rate of pollutant released as a result of
some activity. They are most valid when applied to a large number of
sources and processes. If their limitations are recognized, emission
factors are extremely useful in determining emission levels. A
detailed discussion of emission factors and related information is
contained in Reference 2. The emission factor thus relates quantity
of pollutants emitted to indicators such as those noted above, and is
a practical approach for determining estimates of emissions from
various source categories.
A basic discussion of trends is meaningful only when there is a
common basis for evaluation. It was necessary, therefore, to quantify
emissions using the same criteria for each year. This meant using the
31
-------
same estimation techniques, using equal or equivalent data sources,
covering the same pollutant sources, and using compatible estimates
of pollutant control levels from year to year. Estimates for previous
years were updated using current emission factors and including the
most recent information available. The criteria user! in calculating
emissions was the same for all years.
The methodology used in generation of emission estimates for
individual source categories follows.
3.1 Transportation
3.1.1 Motor Vehicles
Emission estimates from gasoline-and diesel-powered motor vehicles
were based upon vehicle-mile tabulations and emission factors. Eight
vehicle categories are considered; light duty gasoline (mostly passen-
ger cars), light, duty diesel passenger cars, light duty gasoline
trucks (trucks less than 6000 pounds in weight), light duty gasoline
trucks 6000 to 8500 pounds in weight, light duty diesel trucks, heavy
duty gasoline trucks and buses, and heavy duty diesel trucks and
buses, and motorcycles. The emission factors used are based on the
latest available data from Reference 3. The MOBILE 2 model, developed
by the EPA Office of Mobile Sources was used to calculate emission
factors for each year. For 1979-1982, the. updated "MOBILE 2.5" model,
was used to calculate emission factors for CO and NOX. The emission
factors are weighted to consider the approximate amount of motor
vehicle travel in low altitude areas, high altitude areas, and
California to obtain overall national average emission factors. For
each area a representative average annual temperature, together with
national averages for motor vehicle model year distributions and
hot/cold start vehicle operation percentages were used to calculate
the emission factors. Average speed is taken into account according
to the published distribution of vehicle-miles travelled (VMT) as
published in Reference 4. The published VMT are divided into three
road categories corresponding to roads with assumed average speeds of
55 miles per hour for interstates and other primary highways, 45
miles per hour for other rural roads, and 19.6 miles per hour for
other urban streets. For 1940 and 1950, average speeds were assumed
to be 45, 35 and 19.6 miles per hour for these roadway classifications.
3.1.2 Aircraft
Aircraft emissions are based on emission factors and aircraft acti-
vity statistics reported by the Federal Aviation Administration.5
Emissions are based on the number of landing-takeoff (LTO) cycles.
Any emissions in cruise mode, which is defined to be above 3000 feet
(1000 meters) are ignored. Average emission factors for each year,
which take into account the national mix of aircraft types for general
aviation, military, and commercial aircraft, are used to compute the
emissions.
32
-------
3.1.3 Railroads
The Department of Energy reports consumption of diesel fuel and
residual fuel oil by railroads.6 Average emission factors appli-
cable to diesel fuel consumption were used to calculate emissions.
The average sulfur content of each fuel was used to estimate SOX
emissions. Coal consumption bv railroads was obtained from References
7 and 13.
3.1.4 Vessels
Vessel use of diesel fuel, residual oil, and coal is reported by
the Department of Energy.6,7 Gasoline use is based on national boat
and motor registrations, coupled with a use factor (gallons/motor/
year) from Reference 8 and marine gasoline sales as reported in
Reference 4. Emission factors from AP-422 are used to compute emis-
sions. Since AP-42 does not contain an emission factor for coal use
by vessels, an average emission factor for coal combustion in boilers
was used.
3.1.5 Nonhighway Use of Motor Fuels
Gasoline and diesel fuel are consumed by off-highway vehicles. The
fuel use is divided into seven categories; farm tractors, other farm
machinery, construction equipment, industrial machinery, small general
utility engines such as lawnmowers and snowthrowers, snowmobiles, and
motorcycles. Fuel use is estimated for each category from estimated
equipment population and an annual use factor of gallons per unit per
year°, together with reported off-highway diesel fuel deliveries
given in Reference 6 and off-highway gasoline sales reported in
Reference 4.
3.2 Fuel Combustion in Stationary Sources
3.2.1 Coal
Bituminous coal, lignite, and anthracite coal use are reported by
the Department of Energy.',11 Most coal is consumed by electric
utilities. Average emission factors and the sulfur content of each
type of coal were used to estimate emissions. Degree of particulate
control was based on a report by Midwest Research Institute^ together
with data from NEDS10. Sulfur content data for electric utilities
are available from the Department of Energy11. Sulfur contents for
other categories are based on coal shipments data reported in Refer-
ence 7 and average sulfur contents of coal shipped from each pro-
duction district as reported in Reference 13 or 24. For electric
utilities, S02 emissions are adjusted to account for flue gas desul-
furization controls, based on data reported in Reference 25.
33
-------
3.2.2 Fuel Oil
Distillate oil, residual oil, and kerosene are consumed by station-
ary sources nationwide. Consumption by user category is reported by
the Department o? Energy.6 Average emission factors and the sulfur
content of each fuel v/ere used to estimate emissions.
3.2.3 Natural Gas
Natural gas consumption data are also reported by the Department of
Energy.12 Average emission factors from AP-42^ were used to calculate
the emission estimates.
3.2.4 Other Fuels
Consumption of wood has been estimated by the Department of Energy.27
Consumption of bagasse is based on data reported in NEDS.1° Sales of
liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) are reported in Reference.6 Estimated
consumption of coke and coke-oven gas are based on Reference 13 and
26, together with data from NEDS. Average emission factors were used
to calculate emissions.
3.3 Industrial Processes
In addition to fuel combustion, certain other industrial processes
generate and emit varying quantities of pollutants into the air. The
lack of published national data on production, type of equipment, and
controls, as well as an absence of emission factors, makes it impos-
sible to include estimates of emissions from all industrial process
sources.
Production data for industries that produce the great majority of
emissions were derived from literature data. Generally, the Minerals
Yearbook.13 published by the Bureau of Mines, and Current Industrial
Reports,I4 published by the Bureau of the Census, provide adequate
data for most industries. Average emission factors were applied to
production data to obtain emissions. Control efficiencies applicable
to various processes were estimated on the basis of published reports^
and from NEDS data.10
For the purposes of this report, petroleum product storage and
marketing operations (gasoline, crude oil, and distillate fuel oil
storage and transfer, gasoline bulk terminals and bulk plants, retail
gasoline service stations) are included as industrial processes.
Also included as industrial processes are industrial surface coating
and degreasing operations, graphic arts (printing and publishing),
and dry cleaning operations. All of these processes involve the use
of organic solvents. Emissions from the consumption of organic
solvents are estimated based on data reported in Reference 15. It is
assumed that all solvents consumed are eventually released as air
34
-------
pollution, except for industrial surface coating operations. Esti-
mates of the level of control for surface coating operations have
been derived from References 10 and 28. In addition, the methodology
given in Reference 15 has been updated to be consistent with similar
procedures used for estimating organic solvent emissions in the
National Emissions Data System (NEDS).29
3.4 Solid Waste Disposal
A study ^conducted in 1968 on solid waste collection and disposal
practices16 was the basis for estimating emissions from solid waste
disposal. Results of this study indicate that the average collection
rate of solid waste is about 5.5 pounds per capita per day in the
United States. It has been stated that a conservative estimate of
the total generation rate is 10 pounds per capita per day. The
results of this survey were updated based on data reported in NEDS
and used to estimate, by disposal method, the quantities of solid
waste generated. Average emission factors were applied to these
totals to obtain estimates of total emissions from the disposal of
solid wastes.
3.5 Miscellaneous Sources *
3.5.1 Forest Fires
The Forest Service of the Department of Agriculture publishes infor-
mation on the number of forest fires and the acreage burned.17 Esti-
mates of the amount of material burned per acre are made to estimate
the total amount of material burned. Similiar estimates are made to
account for managed burning of forest areas. Average emission factors
were applied to the quantities of materials burned to calculate
emissions.
3.5.2 Agricultural Burning
A study18 was conducted by EPA to obtain from local agricultural
and pollution control agencies estimates of the number of acres and
estimated quantity of material burned per acre in agricultural burning
operations. These data have been updated and used to estimate agri-
cultural burning emissions, based on average emission factors.
3.5.3 Coal Refuse
Estimates of the number of burning coal-refuse piles existing in
the United States are made in reports by the Bureau of Mines.1^
Their publication presents a detailed discussion of the nature,
origin, and extent of this source of pollution. Rough estimates of
the quantity of emissions were obtained using this information by
applying average emission factors for coal combustion. It was assumed
that the number 'of burning refuse piles decreased to a negligible
amount by 1975.
35
-------
3.5.4 Structural Fires
The United States Department of Commerce publishes, in their statis-
tical abstracts, information on the number and types of structures
damaged by firs.20 Emissions were estimated by applying average
emission factors for vvood combustion to these totals.
3.5.5 Nonindustrial Organic Solvent Use
This category includes nonindustrial sales of surface coatings
(primarily for architectural coating) solvent evaporation from con-
sumer products (aerosols, space deodorants, polishes, toiletries,
etc.), use of volatile organic compounds as general cleaning solvents,
paint removers, and liquefaction of asphalt paving compounds, and
other undefined end uses. Total national organic solvent use is
estimated from chemical production reports of Reference 21, together
with estimates of the portion of total production for use as solvent
for each chemical.15,29 it is assumed that all solvent production is
equal to the amount necessary to make up for solvent lost through
evaporation.
36
-------
4. Analysis of Trends
National trends in air pollutant emissions are a function of a number
of factors. Air pollution control measures and economic conditions
have the strongest impact on total emissions. National emission trends
do not provide any insight into the distribution or concentration of
air pollution sources within the United States. Therefore, local
emission trends do not necessarily coincide with national emission
trends. Based on the national implementation of control measures for
some classes of sources, such as highway motor vehicles, it is reasonable
to infer that for most localities, the national trend in emissions
reasonably approximates local trends in emissions for the same class of
sources.
In addition to the fact that national emission trends do not measure
local changes in emission densities, national emission trends may not
be consistent with air quality trends because of the impact of
meteorological factors on air quality data. Also, the estimates for
PM, SOx, and NOx emissions include more substances than are routinely
measured by ambient air monitoring equipment. For example, high-volume
air samplers collect only suspended particulates approximately 0.3 to
100 micro-meters in diameter, but particulate emission inventories
include both suspended and settled particulates generated by man's
activities. Likewise, sulfur dioxide ($02) and nitrogen dioxide (N02)
ambient air monitors measure only those two compounds while oxides of
sulfur (SOx) and nitrogen (NOx) are included in the emission estimates.
In each case, the substance measured by the ambient air monitor is the
most prevalent constituent of its pollutant class or is acknowledged to
be its most representative indicator. In this report, emissions of
sulfur oxides are reported as the equivalent weight of $03, which is
the predominant sulfur oxide species. Some emissions of sulfur trioxide
($03) are also included, expressed at the equivalent weight of S02-
Similarly, nitrogen oxides include predominantly nitric oxide (NO) and
nitrogen dioxide (N02). Other nitrogen oxides are probably emitted in
small amounts. In this report all nitrogen oxide emissions are express-
ed as the equivalent weight of N02- Estimates of oxidant emissions are
not provided because most oxidant species are secondary pollutants
generated by photochemical reactions in the atmosphere. Emission
estimates of VOC, a major ingredient in oxiriant-producing reactions,
were developed from current emission factors.2,3 Generally excluded
from VOC estimates were emissions of methane, ethane, methyl chloroform,
and other compounds which are considered to be of neglible photochemical
reactivity. Organic species were identified based on Reference 22. If
no data were available for a source category, the total nonmethane hydro-
carbon or the total hydrocarbon emission factor from Reference 2 was
used. Highway vehicle emissions were esitmated as nonmethane VOC's.3
The following sections discuss the most important factors influencing
the emission trends for each pollutant.
37
-------
4.1 Particulates
1940-1970
The estimated participate emissions for 1940, 1950 and 1960 are 15 to
30 percent higher than in 1970. Even though industrial production
levels and the quantities of fuels consumed were lower than t^e post-
1970 period, the general lack of air pollution controls before 1970
resulted in relatively large particulate emissions. Also, for the
years 1940 and 1950, parti cul ate emissions from coal combustion by
railroads and from forest wildfires were significant.
A large portion of the particulate emissions from stationary source
fuel combustion, result from the combustion of coal. In 1940, coal was
consumed largely in the industrial and residential sectors. Residential
coal use has declined substantially since 1940, resulting in a corre-
sponding reduction in emissions. Industrial coal use has also declined,
but not to the same extent. The degree of control employed by industrial
coal consumers has increased, however, so that overall industrial coal
combustion emissions decreased by 1970 to only about 40 percent of the
estimated 1940 level. On the other hand, coal combustion by electric
utilities has increased greatly, from an estimated 51 million tons in
1940 to 321 million tons in 1970. This increased consumption resulted
in increased emissions from 1940 to 1950. Since then, particulate emis-
sions from electric utilities have decreased, despite continued in-
creases in coal consumption. Installation of improved control equip-
ment is responsible for this reduction.
Particulate emissions from industrial processes increased from 1940
to 1950, reflecting increased industrial production. From 1950 to 1970,
industrial output continued to grow, but installation of pollution
control equipment helped to offset the increase in industrial produc-
tion. As a result, from 1950 to 1960 industrial process emissions
stayed about the same, and decreased slightly from 1960 to 1970.
1970-1982
Since 1970, particulate emissions have decreased substantially as the
result of air pollution control efforts. The extent of the reduction is
most evident from the data in Table 27 which shows theoretical 1982
national emission estimates, assuming that pollutant control levels did
not change since 1970. Overall, particulate emissions would have
increased by about 4 percent from 1970 to 1982 with no change in the
degree of control from 1970. In comparison, as shown in Table 1,
particulate emissions decreased about 58 percent from 1970 to 1982.
Thus, 1982 actual particulate emissions were less than half of what
they might have been without additional control efforts since 1970.
A large portion of the particulate emissions from stationary source
fuel combustion result from the combustion of coal. In 1970, a larger
portion of coal was consumed in the industrial and residential sectors.
38
-------
Residential coal use has declined substantially since 1970, resulting
in a corresponding reduction in emissions. Industrial coal use has
also declined, but not to the same extent. The degree of control
employed by industrial coal consumers has increased, however, so that
overall industrial coal combustion emissions have decreased by 1982 to
only about 17 percent of the estimated 1970 level. On the other hand,
coal combustion by electric utilities has increased qreatly, from an
estimated 321 million tons in 1970 to 594 million tons in 1982. However,
particulate emissions from electric utilities have decreased, despite
continued increases in coal consumption. Installation of improved
control equipment is responsible for this reduction. New facilities
constructed in the 1970's were required to meet New Source Performance
Standards (NSPS) requirements to achieve a high degree of control.
From Tables 2 and 27, it can be seen that if the 1970 level of control
had remained in effect in 1982, electric utility emissions would have
nearly doubled, from 2.3 teragrams to 4.4 teragrams. Estimated actual
1982 emissions from electric utilities were 1.0 teragrams, a decrease
of 56 percent from 1970.
Particulate emissions from industrial processes have been reduced
substantially due to installation of improved control equipment mandated
by air pollution control programs. Since 1970, actual emissions from
industrial processes declined by over 75 percent. If the 1970 control
level had remained unchanged to 1982, emissions would have decreased
only about 15 percent. It should be noted that industrial production
levels for many sectors in 1982 were significantly lower than in the
previous few years, reflecting poor economic conditions. This down-turn
in industrial production also contributes to a decreased level of
emissions relative to 1970. Table 22 shows estimated emissions for
specific processes. These annual emissions estimates reflect changes in
production levels along with an increase in average control levels from
1970 to 1982.
Comments on Particulate Emissions Estimates
Caveats that should be noted with respect to these particulate
emission estimates are first that the estimates represent total particu-
late emissions, without any distinction of particle sizes. Thus, both
large particles and small particles are included. Emissions of very
large particles are more likely to settle out of the atmosphere and not
be measured as total suspended particulate by air quality monitoring
equipment. Small and intermediate size particles are more likely to
remain airborne and are more efficiently captured by total suspended
particulate air monitoring equipment. Small particles are also capable
of being inhaled into the human respiratory system, possibly causing
adverse health effects. The particulate emission controls that have
been employed to date have been most effective in reducing emissions
of large and intermediate size particles. The trend in the emissions
of small particles is not clearly known. It is very doubtful whether
small particle emissions have been reduced to the extent that total
particulate emissions have been reduced, however. It should be noted
39
-------
that some small particles may be formed in the atmosphere as the result
of various chemical and physical processes. Such particles are not
included in the estimated total particulate emissions. A second caveat
is that fugitive particulate (emissions from unconfined sources such as
storage piles, material loading, etc.) emissions are incompletely ac-
counted for in the emission totals. Rough estimates of industrial pro-
cess fugitive emissions are included for some industries. Area source
fugitive dust emissions (unpaved roads, construction activities, etc.)
are not included at all. Similarly, natural sources of participates,
such as wind erosion or dust, are not included. (An exception is forest
fires, some of which result from natural causes). In total, these
fugitive emissions may amount to a considerable portion of total
particulate emissions. The controls applied to these sources have so
far been minimal. Due to the lack of adequate emission factors and
emission inventory techniques for these sources, fugitive particulate
emissions have not been included in most emission inventories. As
additional data become available, it is expected that estimates of
fugitive particulate emissions will be included in future emission
inventories. It should be noted, however, that a major portion of the
fugitive particulate emissions are relatively large particles that
are not readily captured by particulate air quality monitors. Simi-
larly, these large particles do not effectively enter into the human
respiratory system.
4.2 Sulfur Oxides
1940-1970
From 1940 to 1970, major increases in sulfur oxide emissions occurred
as the result of increased combustion of fossil fuels such as coal and
oil. Industrial process emissions also increased, but to a lesser
extent. Sulfur oxide emissions from other source categories decreased,
primarily as the result of the obsolescence of coal-fired railroad
locomotives and a decrease in coal refuse burning.
1970-1982
Since 1970, total sulfur oxide emissions have declined about 25
percent as the result of use of fuels with lower average sulfur contents,
some scrubbing of sulfur oxides from fluegases, and controls on indus-
trial process sources. Significant emission reductions from industrial
processes have occurred, mostly from non-ferrous smelters and sulfuric
acid plants. By-product recovery of sulfuric acid at smelters has
increased since 1970. As a result, sulfur oxide emissions that previ-
ously would have been released to the atmosphere are recovered as
sulfuric acid. Since 1972, new sulfuric acid manufacturing plants have
been subject to New Source Performance Standards requirements. These
rules have contributed to decreased emissions, as new plants built to
meet new product demands or replace old facilities, must meet more
stringent emission limitations than old facilities.
40
-------
As shown in the tables, since 1970 sulfur oxide emissions from electric
utilities account for more than half of the total emissions. Combustion
of sulfur-bearing fuels, chiefly coal and residual fuel oil, is
responsible. Between 1970 and 1982, utility use of coal increased by
about 85 percent. Emissions from utilities have decreased, however,
because fuels with lower sulfur content have been used to the extent
that they were available. Also, flue gas desuKurization systems have
been installed so that by the late 1970's enough units were in service
to prevent increases in electric utility emissions. 1982 electric
utility emissions would have been approximately 12 percent higher
without the operation of flue gas desulfurization controls. The
theoretical 1982 national emission estimates given in Table 27 for
stationary fuel combustion sources are based on 1982 fuel amounts but
1970 average sulfur contents. On this basis, electric utility emissions
would have increased 75 percent. In fact, emissions decreased by 9
percent. Sulfur oxide emissions from other fuel combustion sectors
decreased, primarily due to less coal burning by these industrial,
commercial and residential consumers.
Comments on Sulfur Oxide Emission Estimates
Emissions of sulfur and nitrogen oxides have been identified as
precursors of acidic precipitation and deposition. To support Federal
research activities on the subject, more detailed historical emissions
estimates of sulfur and nitrogen oxides have been developed. Interested
readers may wish to review Reference 30, which contains State level
estimates of sulfur and nitrogen oxide emissions at five year intervals
from 1900 through 1980.
4.3 Nitrogen Oxides
1940-1970
Nitrogen oxide emissions result almost entirely from fuel combustion
by stationary sources and motor vehicles. From 1940 through 1970, NOx
emissions increased steadily as the result of increased fuel combustion.
1970-1982
Controls applied to sources of NOx emissions have had a limited effect
in reducing emissions through 1982. Table 27 shows that with the 1970
control level, national NOx emissions would have been only 13 percent
higher than actual 1982 emissions. The emissions from stationary fuel
combustion sources largely reflect the actual growth in fuel consump-
tion. For electric utilities, NSPS control requirements have held down
the growth in NOx emissions somewhat. Nevertheless, NOx emissions from
electric utilities increased 38 percent from 1970 to 1982. For mobile
sources, NOx emissions were controlled as a result O-P the Federal Motor
Vehicle Control Program (FMVCP). Nitrogen oxide emissions from highway
41
-------
vehicles would have increased 57 percent, had there been no change in
control level since 1970. The estimates of actual NOx emissions show
a 30 percent increase.
4.4 Volatile Orgnic Compounds
1940-1970
From 1940 through 1970, VOC emissions increased about 50 percent.
Major increases in highway vehicle travel and industrial production
were chiefly responsible. Emissions from these source categories were
about two and a half times higher in 1970 than in 1940. Emissions from
residential fuel combustion and forest fires declined substantially,
however. In 1940, residential fuel combustion and forest fires account-
ed for 40 percent of total national VOC emissions. By 1970, their
contribution to total VOC emissions had been reduced to 6 percent.
1970-1982
Since 1970, emissions of VOC decreased primarily due to motor vehicle
controls and less burning of solid waste. Had controls not been
implemented, a substantial increase in emissions from highway vehicles
would have occurred. From 1970 to 1982, vehicle-miles of travel in the
U.S. increased by about 42 percent.4 A comparable increase in emissions
would have occurred had 1970 control levels remained unchanged. As a
result of the controls put in place, VOC emissions from highway vehicles
actually decreased 49 percent. VOC emissions also decreased due to the
substitution of water-based emulsified asphalts (used for road paving)
for asphalts liquefied with petroleum distillates (cutback asphalts).
This is reflected in the decreased emissions reported for miscellaneous
organic solvent use.
Through 1978 these decreases were offset by increases in industrial
process emissions. Since then, industrial process emissions have also
declined, so that overall total VOC emissions were reduced about 28
percent from 1970 to 1982. Industrial process emissions increased
due to higher production levels, particularly in industrial sectors
such as petroleum refining, organic chemical production, and industrial
uses of organic solvents. Control procedures employed were effective
in limiting the growth in emissions, however. In addition, source
production levels in 1980 through 1982 were relatively low due to poor
economic conditions. Through the mid-1970's, emissions from petroleum
product storage and marketing operations also increased as the result
of increased demand for petroleum products, particularly motor gasoline.
Since 1978, emissions from this source sector are estimated to have
decreased as the result of declining product demand and more effective
control measures.
In 1970, VOC emissions from residential fuel combustion were insigni-
ficant. However, in the late 1970's emissions began to increase due to
42
-------
the popularity of wood stoves and fireplaces for residential space
heating. In 1982, residential fuel combustion accounted for about 10
percent of total VOC emissions.
Comments on VOC Emission Estimates
Volatile organic compounds along with nitrogen oxides are participants
in atmospheric chemical and physical processes that result in the
formation of ozone and other photochemical oxidants. Emissions of VOC
that are most likely to have a role in such atmospheric processes are
included in the reported emissions estimates. Photochemically non-
reactive compounds such as methane are not included in the estimated
emissions of VOC. Biogenic sources of organic compounds such as trees
and other vegetation are not included either. Initial estimates are
that emissions of VOC from naturally-occurring sources exceed the amount
of anthropogenic emissions. The extent to which biogenic sources of VOC
contribute to oxidant formation, if at all, has not been clearly estab-
lished, however. Ambient concentrations of ozone are typically higher
during the summer months. As a result, analysis of seasonal, rather
than annual VOC emissions may be more appropriate to understand the
relationship between VOC emissions and high ozone concentrations in
the atmosphere. Sources such as residential space heating, which
occurs primarily during the winter would have little impact on summer
ozone levels.
4.5 Carbon Monoxide
1940-1970
From 1940 through 1970, the relative contribution by the various
source categories to total CO emissions changed considerably. In 1940,
highway vehicles contributed only about 28 percent of carbon monoxide
emissions. Residential fuel combustion (primarily of wood and coal),
forest fires and other burning (agricultural crop residues and coal
refuse) contributed about 50 percent of total CO emissions. From 1940
to 1970, highway vehicle emissions nearly tripled, while emissions from
residential fuel combustion and miscellaneous burning sources decresed
substantially. As a result, in 1970 highway vehicles accounted for 65
percent of total CO emissions. Industrial process CO emissions increas-
ed from 1940 to 1970 by about 36 percent. The largest increase
occurred in the petroleum refining sector, primarily as the result of
expansion of catalytic cracking capacity to meet increased demand for
gasoline and other middle distillates.
1970-1982
Since 1970, highway motor vehicles have been the largest contributing
source of CO emissions. The implementation of the Federal Motor Vehicle
Control Program (FMVCP) has been successful in reducing CO emissions
since the early 1970's. From 1970 through 1978, motor vehicle miles of
43
-------
travel increased 38 percent, but because of controls on new vehicles,
total CO emissions from highway vehicles decreased 16 percent. From
1978 to 1980, vehicle miles of travel declined about 1.7 percent. From
1980 to 1982 VMT increased 4.7 percent. Overall, from 1978 to 1982,
total VMT increased only by 2.9 percent. This lack of growth in vehicle
travel together with an increased degree of control because of stricter
emission standards for new vehicles and the gradual disappearance of
older uncontrolled vehicles from the vehicle fleet, produced an estimat-
ed 15 percent drop in highway vehicle emissions in just four years.
Overall from 1970 to 1982, without the implementation of FMVCP, highway
vehicle emissions would have increased 29 percent. By comparison,
actual emissions are estimated to have decreased 28 percent.
CO emissions from other sources have also generally decreased. In
1970, emissions from burning of agricultural crop residues were greater
than in more recent years. Solid waste disposal emissions have also
decreased as the result of implementation of regulations limiting or
prohibiting burning of solid waste in many areas. Emissions of CO from
stationary source fuel combustion occur mainly from the residential
sector. These emissions were reduced somewhat through the mid-1970's as
residential consumers converted to natural gas, oil, or electric heating
equipment. Recent growth in the use of residential wood stoves has
reversed this trend, but increased CO emissions from residential
sources continue to be insignificant compared to highway vehicle
emissions. CO emissions from industrial processes have generally been
declining since 1970 as the result of the obsolescence of a few high-
polluting processes such as manufacture of carbon black by the channel
process and installation of controls on other processes.
44
-------
TABLE 27
THEORETICAL 1982 NATIONAL EMISSION ESTIMATES
BASED ON 1970 LEVEL OF CONTROL
(TERAGRAMS/YEAR)
Source Category
PM
SO,
NO,
VOC
CO
Transportation
Highway Vehicles
Non-Highway
Transportation Total
Stationary Source Fuel Combustion
Electric Utilities
Industrial
Resi denti al /Commerci al
Fuel Combustion Total
Industrial Processes (SIC)
Mining Operations (10,2,13,14)
Food and Agriculture (02,07,20)
Wood Products (24,26)
Chemicals (28)
Petroleum Refining (29)
Mineral Products (32)
Metals (33)
Miscellaneous
Industrial Processes Total
Solid Waste
Miscellaneous
Total
1982 Actual Emissions (Table 1)
Theoretical 1982 Emissions As A
Percentage Of 1982 Actual Emissions
1970 Actual Emissions (Table 1)
Theoretical 1982 Emissions As A
1.4
0.2
1.6
4.4
1.0
1.0
6.4
3.1
1.4
0.7
0.2
0.1
2.1
1.0
0.0
8.6
1.2
1.0
18.8
7.5
250%
18.0
104%
0.5
0.4
0.9
27.7
2.7
0.8
31.2
0.3
0.0
0.1
0.6
0.9
0.6
2.8
0.0
5.3
0.1
0.0
37.5
21.4
175%
28.4
132%
9.4
1.9
11.3
6.9
2.7
0.7
10.3
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.2
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.0
0.6
0.4
0.2
22.8
20.2
113%
18.1
126%
12.7
1.3
14.0
0.0
0.1
1.9
2.0
0.0
0.2
0.0
1.8
1.1
0.0
0.1
5.3
8.5
2.1
3.2
29.8
18.2
164%
25.3
118%
83.2
7.1
90.3
0.3
0.5
5.8
6.6
0.0
0.0
0.7
2.2
2.0
0.0
2.1
0.0
7.0
7.1
fi.8
117.8
73.6
160%
100.2
118%
Percentage of 1970 Actual Emissions
45
-------
5. References
*1. National Emissions Report, National Emissions Data System (NEDS).
NADB, OAQPS, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle
Park, NC. Publication Mo. EPA-450/4-83-022. January 1984.
2. Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, Third Edition
(Including Supplements 1-14). US .Envi ronnental Protection Agency,
Research Triangle Park, NC. Publication No. AP-42.
3. Mobile 2 Users' Guide and Supporting Background Documentation
(Draft) US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Mobile Source
Air Pollution Control, Ann Arbor, Michigan. 1979.
*4. Highway Statistics. Federal Highway Administration, US Department
of Transportation, Washington, DC. 1982.
*5. FAA Air Traffic Activity. Federal Aviation Administration, US
Department of Transportation, Washington, DC. 1982.
*6. Petroleum Supply Annual 1982, Energy Information Administration,
US Department of Energy. Washington, DC. Publication No. DOE/EIA-
0340(82)71. June 1983.
*7. Coal Distribution January-December, Energy Information Administration,
US Department of Energy, Washington, DC. Publication Mo. DOE/EIA-
0125(82/40.). March 1983.
8. Exhaust Emissions from Uncontrolled Vehicles and Related Equipment
Using Internal Combustion Engines. Southwest Research Institute,
San Antonio, TX. Prepared for US Environmental Protection Agency,
Research Triangle Park, NC. EPA Contract No. EHS 70-108. Oct 1973.
9. Particulate Pollutant Systems Study. Midwest Research Institute,
Kansas City, MO. Prepared for US Environmental Protection Agency,
Research Triangle Park, NC. National Air Pollution Control
Administration Contract No. CPA 22-69-104. May 1971.
10. Standard Computer Retrievals from the National Emissions Data
System (NEDS). Unpublished computer report available from NADB,
OAQPS, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park,
NC.
*These publications are issued periodically. The most recent publication
available when this document was prepared is cited.
46
-------
*11. Cost and Quality of Fuels for Electric Utility Plants-1982, Energy
Information Administration, US Department of Energy, Washington,
D.C. Publication No. DOE/EIA-019K82). August 1983.
*12. Natural Gas Annual, Energy Information Administration, US Department
of Energy, Washington, DC. Publication No. DOE/EIA-0131(82). October
1983.
*13. Minerals Yearbook. Bureau of Mines, US Department of the Interior,
Washington, DC. 1981.
*14. Current Industrial Reports. Bureau of the Census, US Department
of Commerce, Washington, DC.
15. End Uses of Solvents Containing Volatile Organic Compounds, The
Research Corporation of New England, Wethersfield, CT, EPA
Publication EPA-450/3-79.-032, May 1979.
16. 1968 National Survey of Community Solid Waste Practices. Public
Health Service, US Department of Health, Education, and Welfare,
Cincinnati, OH. PHS Publication No. 1867. 1968.
*17. Wildfire Statistics. Forest Service, US Department of Agriculture,
Washington, DC. 1978.
18. Emissions Inventory from Forest Wildfires, Forest Managed Burns,
and Agricultural Burns. US Environmental Protection Agency,
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711. Publication No. EPA-450/3-74-
062. November 1974.
19. Coal Refuse Fires, An Environmental Hazard. Bureau of Mines, US
Department of the Interior, Washington, DC. Information Circular
8515. 1971.
20. Statistical Abstract of the United States. Bureau of the Census,
US Department of Commerce, Washington, DC. 1982-83(103rd ed.).
*21. Chemical and Engineering News, Annual Facts and Figures Issue,
American Chemical Society, Washington, DC. June 13, 1983.
22. Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) Species Data Manual Second Edition,
US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC.
Publication No. EPA-450/4-80-015. July 1980.
23. Standard Industrial Classification Manual 1972, Executive Office
of the President, Office of Management and Budget, Washington, DC.
*These publications are issued periodically. The most recent
publication available when this document was prepared is cited.
47
-------
*24. Coal Production, Energy Information Administration, US Deoartment
of Energy, Washington, DC. 1979. Publication Mo. DOE/EIA-0118(30)
May 1982.
*25. Project Summary Utility FGD Survey April-June 1933. PEOCo
Environmental, Inc., Cincinnati, OH. Prepared for Electric Power
Research Institute, Contract No. RP982-32. October 1983.
*26. Quarterly Coal Report, Energy Information Administration, U.S.
Department of Energy, Washington, DC. Publication Mo. DOE/EIA-
012K83/2Q). September 1983.
27. Estimates of U.S. Wood Energy Consunption from 1949 to 1981. U.S.
Department of Energy, Washington, DC. Publication Mo. DOE/EIA-
0341. August 1982.
28. Organic Solvent Use in Web Coating Operations, Emission Standards
and Engineering Division, US Environmental Protection Agency,
Research Triangle Park, NC. Publication No. EPA-450/3-81-012.
September 1981.
29. AEROS Manual Series Volume IV: NADB Internal Operations Manual.
OAQPS Guidelines No. 1.2-041. U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. January 1978.
30. Historic Emissions of Sulfur and Nitrogen Oxides in the United
States form 1900 to 1980. Pacific Environmental Services, Inc.
Durham, NC. Prepared under EPA Contract 68-02-3511, Task Mo. 31.
October 1983.
*These publications are issued periodically. The most recent publication
available when this document was prepared is cited.
48
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
1. REPORT NO.
EPA-450/4-83-Q24
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
5. REPORT DATE
February 1984
National Air Pollutant Emission Estimates, 1940-1982
7. AUTHOR(S)
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
Monitoring and Data Analysis Division
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Air, Noise and Radiation
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
1 1. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final - 1940-1982
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
16. ABSTRACT
This report presents estimates of trends in nationwide air pollutant emissions for
the five major pollutants: sulfur oxides, particulates, carbon monoxide, volatile
organic compounds, and nitrogen oxides. Estimates are broken down according to
major types of air pollutant sources. A short analysis of emission trends is
given, along with a discussion of methods used to develop the data.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS C. COSATI Field/Group
trends, emissions, Inventory, air
pollutants, nationwide, sulfur oxides,
carbon monoxide, partial!ates, volatile
organic compounds, nitrogen oxides, con-
trollable emissions, miscellaneous source;
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
Release unlimited
19. SECURITY CLASS (This Report)
Unclassified
21. NO. OF PAGES
20. SECURITY CLASS (Thispage)
Unclassified
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (R«v. 4-77) PREVIOUS EDITION is OBSOLETE
------- |